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CANADA 
DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS 



THE 

CANADA YEAR BOOK 

1922-23 



OFFICIAL STATISTICAL ANNUAL OF THE RESOURCES, 

HISTORY, INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC 

CONDITIONS OF THE DOMINION 



Published by Authority of 

The Honourable THOS. A. LOW, M.P., 

MINISTER OF TRADE AND COMMERCE 




OTTAWA 
F. A. ACLAND 

PRINTER TO THE KING S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 

1924 



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PREFACE. 

The Canada Year Book had its origin in the first year of the Dominion. The 
want of a publication that would assemble in conveniently accessible and summary 
form the chief comparative statistics of Canada, together with the necessary- 
descriptive matter, was felt immediately after Confederation, when the Year 
Book and Almanac of British North America," being, (to quote its sub-title), an 
Annual Register of political, vital and trade statistics, customs tariff, excise and 
stamp duties, and public events of interest in Upper and Lower Canada, New 
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and the Wesi 
Indies" was founded. Subsequently the title was altered to that of The Year 
Book and Almanac of Canada, an annual statistical abstract of the Dominion, 
and a Register of legislation and of public men in British North America, 
work was edited by Mr. Arthur Harvey, F.S.S., of the Department of Finance, 
but was in no sense a government publication. It was published annually from. 

1867 to 1879. 

In 1886, after the passing of a General Statistics Act, the "Statistical Abstract 
and Record of Canada" was instituted as an official book of reference respecting the 
institutions, population, finance, trade, and general conditions of the Dominion, 
"with comparative data for the United Kingdom, British Possessions and foreign 
countries." The work was prepared in the General Statistical Office of the Depart 
ment of Agriculture, and was continued annually until 1904 under the direction of 
Dr. George Johnson, F.S.S. In 1905, the General Statistical Office was amalgamated 
with the Census Office (which was at the same time made a permanent organization) , 
the Year Book being remodelled by the late Dr. Archibald Blue, Chief Officer, and 
continued under the title "The Canada Year Book, Second Series." 

In the reorganization and centralization of statistics which followed the Report 
of the Commission on Statistics of 1912, and the establishment of the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics in 1918, the continuous improvement of the Year Book, both 
in content and method of presentation, was made a primary object. A fundamental 
purpose of statistical organization is the securing of an apergu or conspectus of the 
country as an entity, especially as regards its manifold social and economic activities, 
which are thus viewed both in their totality and in their relations to each other. In 
addition, therefore, to the branches of the Bureau which deal with specific subjects, 
such as population, agriculture, mining, trade, education, etc., etc., and which work 
in collaboration with the various Dominion and Provincial Departments having 
jurisdiction in corresponding fields, there was created a "General Statistics Branch" 
whose functions are: (a) the carrying on of subsidiary inquiries on a great variety 
of subjects of less extent and complexity than those assigned to special branches in 
the Bureau, but essential to a complete and rounded scheme; (6) the synthesizing 
of general statistics and the interpretation of the general economic trend; (c) the 
preparation of digests and abstracts of statistics relating to group phenomena; and 
(d) the bringing of Canadian statistics as a whole into relation with British Empire 
and world statistics, under the necessary reservations suggested by differing political 
and economic systems in the different nations. In these multifarious activities, the 
Branch builds upon the inter-departmental organizations completed by the other 
branches of the Bureau (which provide for a pooling of data as between the Bureau 
and the various executive Departments, Dominion and Provincial), but also supple 
ments these materials with descriptive and other data drawn from a wide field. 

The most important publication of the General Statistics Branch of the Bureau 
is the Canada Year Book, which is a compendium of official data on the physiography, 
history, institutions, population, production, industry, trade, transportation, finance, 
labour, administration, and general social and economic conditions and life of the 
Dominion the whole conceived from the widest point of view and presenting the 
more salient statistics of the country against a background of interpretative matter 
designed to bring out their significance. It will be appreciated that a work of this 
character is dependent upon completion of the basic organization of statistics, and 
that it has been necessary therefore to develop the Year Book gradually, as the 
improved materials under the Bureau became available. 

With the present edition of the Year Book, the Bureau has entered upon the 
final stages of its revision of this important publication. The changes that have 

62373 k\ 



IV 



been made in recent years have been described in the preface for each edition. The 
present is marked by the omission of any leading topical article, effort having been 
concentrated during the past year on the general improvement of the several sections 
and their arrangement in logical form and sequence. Especially thorough has beer 
the revision of the sections on population and on the different phases of production. 

Among other features of the edition to which the special attention oi the reader 
may be directed are: the contributions by Sir Frederick Stupart, Director of the 
Meteorological Service of Canada, on the factors which control Canadian weather 
and on the development of the Meteorological Service; the expanded treatment of 
parliamentary representation in Canada and of provincial government : and min 
istries the summary of the principal data collected at the census of 1921 and the 
first detailed treatment of vital statistics; the addition to the production section 
of a general survey of production and of a sub-section on construction, and 
development of the other sub-sections under this heading; the more adequate 
treatment of internal trade; the insertion of sub-sections on roads and highways 
and on aerial navigation in the transportation and communications section; the 
publication of the Bureau s new index number of wholesale prices and of its statistics 
of retail prices; the introduction into the finance section of a discussion of national 
wealth and national income; the adding to the administration section of an entirely 
new sub-section on "public health and public benevolence," also of a select t 
oeraphy of leading books relating to Canadian history. 

Throughout the volume, the latest available information is included in each 
section, the tables in many cases including figures for the fiscal year 1922-23, and the 
letter-press supplying supplementary figures extending in some cases 



the ca^en *^ n * ed - ition of the Year Book has been edited by Mr. S. A. Cudmore, 



ne . . 

B A (Tor.), M.A., (Oxon.), F.S.S, F.R. Econ. Soc. Grateful acknowledgments 
are hereby tendered to the numerous officials of the Dominion and Provincial 
Governments who have generously assisted in the collection of information. ihe 
tables have in the main been compiled, as for many years, by Messrs Jas. rkead 
and Jos. Wilkins, while most of the diagrams have been drawn by Mr. R. K Wat 



R. H. COATS, 

Dominion Statistician. 



Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 
Ottawa, Dec. 31, 1923. 



SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. PAGI. 

1. Geographical Features 1-13 

1. General Description 1- 5 

1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories as in 1923 

2. Physiography .* 57 

3. Rivers and Lakes 7-12 

2. Drainage Basins of Canada 

3. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada 9-10 

4. Area, Elevation and Depth of the Great Lakes 

5. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces 11-12 

4. Islands 12-13 

2. Geological Formation 13-24 

1. Historical Outline and Geological Divisions 13-20 

2. Economic Geology of Canada, 1922 20-24 

3. Seismology in Canada 24-25 

4. The Flora of Canada 25-32 

5. Faunas of Canada 32-38 

6. The Natural Resources of Canada 36-38 

7. Climate and Meteorology 39-59 

1 . The Factors which Control Canadian Weather 39-43 

2. The Climate of Canada since Confederation 43 

3. The Meteorological Service of Canada 43-59 

6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations 48-53 

7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations 54-59 

II. HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY. 

1. History of Canada 60-80 

2. Chronological History of Canada, 1497 to 1923 80-88 

III. THE CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 

1. Constitutional Development of the Colonies Prior to Confederation 89-91 

2. The Constitution of the Dominion at Confederation 91-94 

3. Evolution of the National Constitution since Confederation 94-100 

IV. PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA. 

1. Nova Scotia 102-103 

2. New Brunswick 103-104 

3. Prince Edward Island 104-105 

4. Quebec 105-107 

5. Ontario 107-109 

6. Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta 110-113 

1. Manitoba 111-112 

2. Saskatchewan 112-113 

3. Alberta 113 

7. British Columbia 113-115 

V. PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA. 

1. Dominion Parliament 116-129 

1. Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1923 116 

2. Ministries since Confederation 117-118 

3. Duration and Sessions of Dominion Parliaments, 1S67-1923 118-119 

4. Representation in the Senate of Canada, by Provinces, according to the British 

North America Act, 1867, and amending Acts, as at Oct. 31, 1923 120-121 

5. Representation in the House of Commons of Canada, showing the effect of 

Representation Acts, 1867 to 1921 122 

6. Representation of the Provinces and Territoiies of Canada in the House of 

Commons, as determined by the British North America Act and the Censuses ^ 

of 1911 and 1921 . 123 

7. Table showing Application of Section 51, Subsection 4, of British North America 

Act, to representation of Ontario and Nova Scotia 124 

8. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the 

Representation Act, 1914, as at Oct. 31, 1923 124-129 

2. Provincial Governments 129-139 

9. Provinces and Territories of Canada, with present Areas, Dates of Admission to 

Confederation and Legislative Process by which this was effected 129 

10. Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923.... 130-139 

3. The Canadian High Commissioner and the Provincial Agents-General 39 



VI 

VI. POPULATION. PAGE. 

1. Growth and Distribution of Population ................................... ---- } 4 Ti?n 

1. Census Statistics of General Population .......................................... 140-149 

1 Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in the Census years 1871 to 

1921 ............................................................. .--. 14 

2 Percentage Distribution of Canadian population by Provinces and Territories 

1871 to 1921 ......................................................... 

3. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871 and 1921, and 

numerical increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921 ......... .............. 

4. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871, and increase per cent 

by decades from 1871 to 1921 ---- .. ..................................... 

5. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901 .............................................................. 144-148 

6. Density of Population in Canada according to the Census of 1921 .......... ... 

7. Movement of Population, including estimated Natural Increase, recorded 

Immigration, and estimated Emigration for the intercensal periods 1901-1911 

and 1911-1921 ......................................................... j 49 

2. Sex Distribution ........................................... ---- ............ ] *"J" 

8. Sex Distribution of the People of Canada, by Provinces, 1871-1921 ..... .. ..... 

9. Proportion of Sexes per 1,000 of Population in Canada, by Provinces, 1871- lol 

10. Masculinity of the Population of Various Countries .......................... 151 

3. Conjugal Condition ................................................... ..... lo^-io 4 

11. Conjugal Condition of the Population by numbers and percentages, as shown by 

Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921 ...................... .. 

12. Conjugal Condition of the People of Canada, classified as Single, Married, 

Widowed, Divorced, Legally Separated, and not given, by Provinces, Census 



13. Conjugal Condition of the Population, 15 years of Age and Over, 1921 ......... 1 53-1 54 

4. Dwellings and Families ........................................... ..... V, 

14. Number of Dwellings and Families in Canada, by Provinces, as shown by tne 

Census of 1921 ........................................................ 155-157 

15. Proportion per 1,666 of the Population by Age-Periods, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 

1911 and 1921 .......................................... -. ..... :^ "-li. 

16. Proportion per 1,000 of the Population by Age-Periods by Provinces, 1921, Wit! 

17. Male 1 and Female Population of Canada by Age-Periods, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911 

ar . f ] i <>-,>] ........................ 16O-157 

ana u^i .............................. ., r-ri ^o 

19. Origins of the People according to the Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1901, ioii and 

1921 ............................................... *"" 

20. Proportion per cent which the People of each Origin form of the Total Popula 

tion, 1871, 1881, 1901, 1911 and 1921 .................................... J 

21. Racial Origin of the Population, by Provinces and Territories, 1921 ...... ;; ] 

22. Racial Origins of the People for Nine Cities of 60,000 and over, as shown by the 

Census of 1921 ........................................................ i ro i r- 

7. Religions ................................................................... lw ~{i? 

23. Religions of the People at each Decennial Census, 1871-1921 ....... ..... ---- 

24. Ratio per cent of Specified Denominations to Total Population in Census Years. 

25. Religions of the People by Provinces, Census 1921 ........................... i rp_! A7 

8. Birthplaces .............................................. ........ / i i^-i inoi i r 

26. Birthplaces of the Population of Canada according to the Censuses of 1871- 

27. Population classified by Sex and Nativity, by Provinces and Territories, according 

to the Census of 1921 ................................................... _ {J21 

9. Ruraland Urban Population ............................ .- -. "-"> 

28. Rural and Urban Population by Provinces and Territories, 1891, 1901, 1! 

1921 ................................................................ 

29. Percentage Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Provinces and 

Territories, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921 .................... - - . ...... - 

30. Urban Population of Canada, divided by Size of Municipality Groups, 1 Ul, 

1911 and 1921 .................................... . ...... ............. \ \ 

31. Ratio of Females to Males in Rural and Urban Populations, 1921 .......... 

32. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1921, compared 

with 1871.-81.-91, 1901, -11 ................................. .- ,v ; : *- 

33. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 

1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911 .................................... 17f_1 77 

10. Quinquennial Population of the Prairie Provinces ............. . . . . .......... ii(i \ 

34. Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 1921. ....... . 

35. Population of the Prairie Provinces by Sex at each Census Period from 1870 lor 

Manitoba and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta ..................... irCiso 

11. Population of the British Empire ......................... . .;: ...... ;ii icn 

ntries 1911 and 1921 ...... 177- 



. . 

36. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 1911 and 1921 






12. Population of the World ................................ ..... / - ; JS, ifS 

37. Number and Density of the Population of the Various Countries of the World. . 1 

2. Vital Statistics ................................................................ } ?04 

1.* Natural Increase .................................... ........ : ---- . 

38. Summary of Births, Marriages, Deaths and Natural Increase, by Provinces, tor 

the calendar years 1920, 1921 and 1922 .......... . ........ . . ... 

39. Summary of Births, Marriages, Deaths and Natural Increase, by Cities of 10.0U 

and over, for the calendar year 1921 ...................................... J 

2 Ri r//j<? ................................ loo ly^ 

40. Summary Analysis oY Birth Statistics for the calendar years 1920 and 1921 ..... 

41. Births per 1,000 Married Women of Child-bearing age. by Provinces, 1921 ..... 



Vll 

VI. POPULATION concluded. PAOE. 

2. Vital Statistics concluded. 

42. Births by Sex and Ratio of Males to Females, 1921 189 

43. Illegitimate Births in Registration Area, by Age of Mother and by Provinces, 

1921 and 1922 190 

44. Stillbirths in Registration Area, by Age and Status of Mother and by Provinces, 

1921 and 1922 191 

45. Crude Birth Rates of Various Countries in Recent Years 192 

3. Marriages 192-194 

46. Marriages and Marriage Rates, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922 

47. Previous Conjugal Condition of Brides and Grooms, 1921 193 

48. Nativity, by Percentages of Persons Married, in the Registration Area, by 

Provinces, 1921 194 

49. Crude Marriage Rates of Various Countries in Recent Years 194 

4. Deaths 194-204 

50. Deaths and Death Rates, by Provinces, 1920, 1921 and 1922 

51. Excess of Births over Deaths, by Provinces, for each Sex and by Totals, 1921 . . 196 

52. Deaths in the Registration Area of Canada from Twenty Leading Causes, 1921 

and 1922 196-197 

53. Deaths from Tuberculosis in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1922 197-198 

54. Deaths from Cancer in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1922 198-199 

55. Crude Death Rates of Various Countries in Recent Years 199 

56. Infantile Mortality by Provinces, together with the rate per 1,000 Living Births, 

1920, 1921 and 1922 200 

57. Number and Ratio of Infant Deaths in the Registration Area to Living Births, 

by Sex and Provinces, 1921 201 

58. Infantile Mortality by Sex in the Registration Area by Principal Causes of 

Death, 1921 and 1922 201 

59. Rate of Infant Mortality per 1,000 Living Births in Various Countries of the 

World in Recent Years 202 

60. Rate of Infant Mortality per 1,000 Living Births in Great Cities of the World 

in Recent Years 

61. Maternal Mortality in the Registration Area by Age Groups, 1921-1922 

62. Maternal Mortality in the Registration Area by Causes of Death, 1921-1922. . . 204 

3. Immigration 205-215 

1. Statistics of Immigration 205-214 

63. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada from the United Kingdom, the United 

States and other countries, 1897-1923 206 

64. Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, by Nationalities and Races, Fiscal years 1916- 

1923 207-208 

65. Destination of Immigrants into Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1923 208 

66. Occupation and Destination of Total Immigrant Arrivals in Canada for the 

fiscal years 1922 and 1923 209 

67. Rejections of Immigrants upon Arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after 

Admission, by Principal Causes and by Nationalities, 1903-1923 210-211 

68. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1901-1923 

69. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1923 

70. Record of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1923 

71. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years, 1868-1923 

2. Immigration Policy 214-215 

VII. PRODUCTION. 

1. General Survey of Production 216-220 

1. Summary by Industries of the Value of Production in Canada during 1920 and 

1921 219 

2. Summary by Provinces of the Value of Production in Canada, 1920 219 

3. Percentages of the Value of the Net Production in each Industry to the Total 

Net Output of each Province, 1920 

2. Agriculture 220-309 

1 . Development of Agriculture in Canada 220-225 

1. The Beginnings of Agriculture 220-221 

2. Agriculture in the Provinces before Confederation 221-224 

3. Progress since Confederation 224-225 

2. The Government in Relation to Agriculture 225-235 

1. The Dominion Department of Agriculture 226 

2. Provincial Departments of Agriculture 226-227 

3. Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada 227 

4. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations 227-230 

5. Provincial Experimental Farms and Stations 230-235 

3. Statistics of Agriculture 235-309 

1. Acreage, Yield, Quality and Value of Crops 236-260 

1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-1922 

and five-year average, 1917-1921 ; 238-254 

2. Annual Average Yields per Acre of Field Crops for Canada, and by Provinces, 

from 1915-1922, with decennial averages for the years 1912-1921 255-257 

3. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye and Flaxseed in the three Prairie 

Provinces, 1920-1922. 

4. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 1917-1922 258 



via 



VII. PRODUCTION continued. PAQ. 

2. Agriculture continued. 

5. Field Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1921 and 1922 . 268 

6. Quality of Grain Crops, as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel, 

1913-1922 .- 259 

7. Average Values per Acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by 

Crop Correspondents 1908-1910, 1914-1922 260 

2. Farm Live Stock and Poultry 200-270 

8. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1921-1922 261-263 

9. Estimated Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, 1917-1922 263-264 

10. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspond- . 

ents, 1916-1922 265-266 

11. Average Values per head of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as estimated by Crop 

Correspondents, 1916-1922 266-267 

12. Estimated Total Values of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1916-1922 267-. 

13. Estimated Numbers and Values of Farm Poultry in Canada, 1921-1922 269-270 

3 Fur Farming 270-271 

14. Number of Fur Farms and Value of Land and Buildings, 1920, 1921 and 1922. . 271 

15. Number and Value of Fur Bearing Animals on Fur Farms in Canada, 1920, 1921 

and 1922 

4. Dairying Statistics 271 ~Zo 

16. Production and Value of Creamery Butter, by Provinces, 1920-1922 

17. Production and Value of Factory Cheese, by Provinces, 1920-1922. 272 

18. Miscellaneous Products of Dairy Factories, 1920, 1921, 1922 276 

19. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada, by 

Provinces, 1900, 1910, 1915 and 1920-1922 273-274 

20. Total Value of all Products of Dairy Factories, by Provinces, 1918-1922 

6. Fruit Production ; 275-277 

21. Fruit Trees, Bearing and Non-bearing, together with Average Number per .barm 

and per 100 Acres of Improved Land, 1911 and 1921 275 

22. Fruit Production for all Canada, together with the Average Production per Farm 

and per 100 Acres of Improved Land, 1900-1920 275 

23. Production and Value of Apples in Canada, by Provinces, m 1920, according to 

the Census of 1921 

24. Production and Value of Commercial Apples in Canada, by Provinces, 1921 and 

1922 

25. Production and Value of all Kinds of Commercial Fruits in Canada, 1920-1922. 

6. Farm Labour and Wages 278-280 

26. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as Estimated by Crop Correspondents, 

1915-1922 - ^78-279 

27 Average Wages per Year of Farm Help in Canada, as Estimated by Crop Corre 
spondents, 1920-1922 ^ 

7. Prices of Agricultural Produce ::. 280-292 

28. Weekly Range of Cash Prices per Bushel of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, 

Basis in store, Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922 .. . .. ...... 281-282 

29. Monthly Range of Average Cash Prices of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, Basis 

in store, Fort William-Port Arthur, 1920-1922 . . . ..... . . . 282-283 

30. Weekly Range of Cash Prices of Oats at Winnipeg, Basis in Store, Fort William- 

Port Arthur, 1922 -. -.-. 

31. Weekly Range of Cash Prices of Barley and Flaxseed at Winnipeg, Basis m Store, 

Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922 . .. v. ....... 284-/Si> 

32. Monthly Range of Average Cash Prices of Barley, Oats and Flaxseed at Winni 

peg, Basis in Store, Fort William-Port Arthur, 1920-1922 

33. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and 

Oats, 1920-1922 A . : ; 286-287 

34 Yearly Average Prices of Home Grown Wheat, Barley and Oats in England and 
Wales, 1902-1922 :-. . ,- 

35. Average Monthly Prices of Flour, Bran, and Shorts at Principal Markets, 11 

36. Average Prices per Cwt. of Canadian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 1920, 

1921 and 1922 .-: ;; 

37. Average Monthly Prices per Cwt. of Canadian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 

1922 

38. Average Prices per Ib. paid by Farmers for Grade Number 1 Clover and Grass- 

peed, by Provinces, during April and May, 1923, and Average Prices for Canada 

during April and May, 1919-1923 : 

39 Average Prices per Ib. Paid to Farmers for Clover and Grass-seed, by Provinces, 

during April and May, 1923, and Average Prices for Canada during April an. ^ 

40. Index Numbers of Agricultural Prices for Canada, 1914-1922 

f ^Q2 299 
8. Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics * 9Q9 

41. Estimated Production of \Vix.l. by Provinces, 1922 -; - 

42. Production and Value of Wool in Canada, 1915-1922 

43. Area and Yield of Tobacco in Canada, 1920-1922 ......... . . . ... ... . . . . - 

44. Area, Yield and Value of Sugar Beets in Canada and Production of Refined 

Beet-root Sugar, 1911-1922 . 

45. Maple Products in the Province of Quebec, 1918-1922 ...... 

46. Stocks of Grain in Farmers Hands at the end of th e Crop Years 1920-22 ... **0 

47. Stocks of Grain in Canada at the clo, Crop Years 1920, 1921 and 1922. 296-2. 7 

48. Stocks ol XVh.-Mt in Canada, March 81, J1-1M...... ...- -.-ly-- 207 

49. Stocks in Canada of Oats, Barley and Flaxseed, March 31, 1922 and 1923 

50. Distribution of Canadian Wheat Crops of 1921 and 1922 - 

51. Distribution of Canadian Oat Crops of 1921 and 1922 



IX 

VII. PRODUCTION continued. PAGE. 

2. Agriculture concluded. 

9. Summary Statistics of Agricultural Revenue and Wealth 299-301 

52. Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Revenue of Canada, by Provinces, 1918- 

1922 299-300 

53. Estimated Gross Agricultuial Wealth of Canada, by Provinces, 1922 301 

10. Statistics of the World s Agriculture 302-309 

54. Acreage and Production of Cereals and of Potatoes in various Countries of the 

World, 1921 and 1922 303-307 

55. Yields per Acre of Cereals and of Potatoes in Various Countries of the World, 

1921 and 1922 308-309 

3. Forestry 

1. Physiography, Geology and Climate from a Forestry Viewpoint 310-311 

2. Main Types of Forest Growth 312-314 

3. Important Tree Species 314-317 

4. Forest Resources 317-318 

1. Estimated Stand of Timber of merchantable size in Canada, by Regions, 1922. . 318 

5. Forest Administration 318-322 

6. Forest Utilization 322-339 

2. Lumber, Lath and Shingle Production in Canada for the calendar years 1908-1921 323 

3. Total Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, by Kinds of Wood, 

for the calendar year 1921 325 

4. Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, by Provinces, for the 

calendar year 1921 

5. Imports of Forest Products, by Chief Classes, calendar years 1920-22 

6. Exports of Forest Products, by Chief Classes, calendar years 1920-22 

7. Production, Consumption and Export of Pulpwood, calendar years 1908-22 

8. Pulp Production, Mechanical and Chemical, calendar years 1908-22 

9. Pulp Production, by Classes and Provinces, calendar years 1921-22 

10. Summary of Paper Production in Canada, calendar years 1917-22 

11. Paper Production in Canada, by Classes, calendar years 1921-22 335-336 

12. Exports of Wood Pulp, by Countries, calendar year 1922 

13. Imports of Wood Pulp, by Countries, calendar year 1922 

14. Exports of Paper, by Principal Countries, calendar year 1922 

15. Imports of Paper, by Principal Countries, calendar year 1922 

16. Summary Statistics of Forest Products, 1917-21 

17. Total Values of Primary and Secondary Forest Production, 1920-21 

7. Forest Depletion and Increment 340341 

4. Fur Trade 341-345 

1. Numbers and Values of Pelts Purchased by Traders from Trappers and Fur 

Farmers, years ended June 30, 1921-22 344 

2. Kind, Number, Total Value and Average Value of Pelts of Fur Bearing Animals 

taken in Canada, year ended June 30, 1922, with Comparative Average Values 
for the year ended June 30, 1921 

5. Fisheries 345-361 

1 . The Early Fisheries 345. 

2. The Canadian Fishing Grounds 346-349 

3. The Government and the Fisheries 349-351 

1. Government Bounties to Fishermen, in the fiscal years 1918-1921 

4. The Modern Fishing Industry 351-361 

2. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada, in the fiscal years 1870-1921 352 

3. Total Value of Fisheries, by Provinces in the calendar years 1917-21 ^ 352 

4. Quantity and Value of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1917-21 352-353 

5. Quantities and Values of Sea fish marketed during the calendar years 1920 and 

1921 354-355 

6. Quantities and Values of Inland Fish Marketed during calendar years 1920 and 

1921 356 

7. Yield of the Fisheries of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 

1920-1921 

8. Number of Fish Canning and Curing Establishments, by Provinces, 1921 ... 3o7 

9. Materials used and Value of Products of Fish Canning and Curing Establish 

ments, 1920-1921 357 

10. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in 

the Fisheries of Canada, 1920-21 

11. Number of Persons Employed in the Fisheries of Canada 1920-21 

12. Salaries and Wages in Fish Canning and Curing Establishments, 1920-21 

13. Value of Exports and Imports of Fish and Fish Products, 1902-1922 

14. Exports of the Fisheries, the Produce of Canada, by Principal Countries, in the 

fiscal years 1921 and 1922 

15. Exports of the Fisheries compared as to Quantity and Value, for the fiscal years 

1921 and 1922 360-361 

6. Mines and Minerals 361-400 

1 . General Production 361-369 

1. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, calendar years 1886-1921 

2. Mineral Production of Canada, calendar years 1921 and 1922 362-363 

3. Mineral Production of Canada compared as to Quantity and Value, calendar 

years !921 and 1922 



VII. PRODUCTION continued. PAGE. 

6. Mines and Minerals concluded. 

4. Mineral Production of Canada, by Provinces, 1899-1922 ..................... 

5. Mineral Production of Nova Scotia, 1920-1921-1922 ......................... 

6. Mineral Production of New Brunswick, 1920-1921-1922 t .................... 

7. Mineral Production of Quebec, 1920-1921-1922 ............................. 

8. Mineral Production of Ontario, 1920-1921-1922 ............................. 

9. Mineral Production of Manitoba, 1920-1921-1922 ........................... 

10. Mineral Production of Saskatchewan, 1920-1921-1922 ....................... 

11. Mineral Production of Alberta, 1920-1921-1922 ............................. 

12. Mineral Production of British Columbia, 1920-1921-1922 .................... 

13. Mineral Production of Yukon, 1920-1921-1922 .............................. 

2. Metallic Minerals ............................................................ 370-384 

! Gold .......... ....................................... 370-375 

14. Quantity of Gold Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1911-1922. 370 

15 Value of Gold Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1911-1922. . . . .571 

16. Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for calendar 

years 1920-1921 ....................................................... 07^077 

o qjl ver ............................................. 610-61 1 

17. Quantity and Value of Silver Produced in Canada during the calendar years 

1 ocy _ i Q22 .................................... o/ 

18. Quantity and" Value of Silver Produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the 
calendar years 1911-1922 ............................................... 

3 Copper ................................................ 

19! Quantity "and Vaiue ofCopper "Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar 

20. Copper Production of Seven Countries and of the World, 1913-1922 ........... 

4 Lead ............................................ 

21. Quantity and Value of Lead Produced from Canadian Ore, calendar yaars 

1887-1922 ............................................................. ^|V 

5 Nickel ............................................... 

22! Quantity and Value of Nickel Produced in Canada during calendar years 1889- 

1922 .................................................................. ?Si 

6. Cobalt ......................................................................... 

................................................ 382-383 

23. Production of Zinc in Canada, calendar years 161 1-1922 ...................... 382-383 

........................................................ 383-384 

24. Iron Ore Shipments and Production of Pig Iron, calendar years 1909-1922 ..... 

Non-Metallic Minerals ....................................................... 384-396 

........................................... 384-395 

25 . Production of Coal in Canada, calendar years 1909-1922 .... ---- . . ...... . 385 

26. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for Home Consumption, 

fiscal years 1901-1923 ............. . . . . . . . ...... ............... ||i 

27. Exports of Coal, the produce of Canada, fiscal years 1903-1923 ........... 

28. Annual Consumption of Coal in Canada, calendar years 1901- 

29. Coal made available for consumption in Canada, by Provinces, calendar year 

i noo ................ ooo-J JU 



- 
Coal Resources of the Provinces ................................................ 

30. Coal Resources of Canada, by Provinces and Classes of Coal . . . . . ........... 3> 

31. Coal Production in the Principal Countries of the World, 1913-1921 ........... . 

. , ...... 395-396 

2. Asbestos ............................................... 

32. Production of Asbestos and Asbestic in Canada, calendar years 1909 

3. Other Non-Metallic Minerals ..................................................... *** 

4. Clay Products and Structural Materials ................. 3J7 

33. Production of Cement in Canada, calendar years 1902-1922. .... ............. 

34. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, fiscal years 1. 192J .............. o 

5. Number of Mines, Capital, Labour, Wages, etc., by Principal Groups ................ 397-4 

35. Summary of Principal Statistics relative to Mining Metallurgical, Structural 

Materials and Clay Products Industries Operating Plants, 1921 ............... 39! 

7. Water Powers ..................................................... 

1. Water Powers of Canada. . .................................................. 

1. Developed Water Power of leading countries, 1922. ...... . ..... .......... 401 

2. Available and Developed Water Power in Canada, February 1, 1923 ........... 

3. Developed Water Power in Canada, February 1 1923. ... . . . . -. ; 

4. Developed Water Power in Canada, Utilized in the Central Electric Station ^ 

5. Developed Water Pcfwe r of Canada used in t h ePuip and Paper Industry, February ^ 

2. Central Electric Stations ................................................ ...... 404 ~ 4 

6. Statistics of Central Electric Stations, calendar years 1917-1921.. ... 

7. Electric Energy Generated in calendar years 1919, 1920, 1921 by Provinces. ... 

8 Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity 

Inspection Act in the fiscal years 1914-1923 ........... .... .... ---- vv ;: 

9 Electrical Energy Generated or Produced for Export by Canada undei 

authority of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the fiscal years. 
1918-1923 ............................................................. 



XI 

VII. PRODUCTION concluded. PAGE. 

7. Water Powers concluded. 

3. Public Ownership of Hydro-Electric Power 406-411 

10. Consolidated Operating Report of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of 

Ontario, 1912-1922 408 

11. Statement of Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Departments of 

Municipalities served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission, calendar 

years 1919-1922 409 

12. Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Electric Departments of Municipalities 

served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission for the calendar 

years 1919-1922 409-410 

8. Manufactures 411-459 

1. Evolution of Canadian Manufactures 411-413 

2. Statistics of Manufactures 413-443 

1. Growth since 1871 413-416 

1. Historical Summary of Statistics of Manufactures, by Provinces, 1870-1921. . . . 415-416 

2. Recent Manufacturing Production 417-431 

2. Volume of Products of Canadian Manufactures, 1915-1921 417 

3. Summary Statistics of Manufactures of Canada, 1919, 1920, 1921 

4. Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1920 418-419 

5. Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1921 419 

6. Summarv Statistics of Manufactures, by Groups of Industries (old classifica 

tion) 1918, 1919, 1920 420-421 

7. Statistics of the Numbers, Capital, Employees, Wages, Cost of Materials and 

Value of Products of Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1921, with summary 

by groups for 1920 (new classification) 422-431 

3. Capital Employed 430-432 

8. Capital Employed in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, in Percentages, by 

Provinces, 1915, 1917-21 432 

9. Capital Employed in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, by Industrial 

Groups, 1920-1921 432 

10. Capital Employed in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces 

and by Groups of Industries, 1921 432 

4. Employment 433-435 

11. Wage Earners in Manufacturing Industries, 1915-1921 433 

12. Average Yearly Earnings and Real Wages of Wage Earners in Manufacturing 

Industries, 1915-1921 434 

13. Male and Female Employees on Salaries and Wages, by Provinces, 1920 and -1921 435 

5. Power and Fuel 435-437 

14. Power used in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces and Groups 

of Industries, 1921 436 

15. Fuel used in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces, 1921 437 

6. Localization in Manufacturing Industries 437-443 

16. Statistics of Manufactures, by Cities, Towns, and Villages of 1,000 Population 

and over, 1920 438-443 

3. Typical Individual Manufactures 443-459 

1. Flour Milling 444-446 

17. Production and Export of Wheat Flour, by Months, during the Crop Year 

ending August 31, 1923 446 

2. The Boot and Shoe Industry 446-449 

3. The Woollen Industry 449-452 

4. The Iron and Steel Industry 452-456 

5. Chemical and Allied Industries 456-459 

9. Construction 459-462 

1. Relation of Construction Industry to General Business Conditions 459-461 

1. Cost of Materials and Value of Products in the Construction Industries as reported 

to the Industrial Census, 1920-1921 460 

2. Employees, and Salaries and Wages Disbursed in the Construction Industries, as 

reported to the Industrial Census, 1920-1921 

3. Value of General Construction completed by Classes of Work, 1921 461 

2. Construction in Transportation and Public Utility Industries 461 

3. Contracts Awarded 461-462 

4. Value of Construction Contracts awarded in Canada, 1918-1923, according to 

the compilation of MacLean Building Reports, Ltd 

4. Building Permits 462 

5. Values of Building Permits Taken out in 35 Cities for the calendar years 1918- 

1923 462 

VIII. TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
1. External Trade 463-579 

1. Historical Sketch of External Trade and Tariffs 463-465 

2. The Commercial Intelligence Service 465-466 

3. Statistics of External Trade 466-554 

1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1868-1923 470 



Xll 

VIII. TRADE AND COMMERCE continued. PAGE. 

1. External Trade concluded. 

2. Ratio of Exports to Imports and Value per Capita of Exports, Imports and 

Total Trade, 1868-1923 ................................. ................ 

3. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1868-1918 .................................. 4 ^ 

4. Duties Collected on Exports, 1868-1892, and on Imports for Home Consumption, 

1868-1923 ............................................................. 473 

5 Exports to the United Kingdom, United States and to other Countries, of Mer 

chandise, the produce of Canada, 1868-1923 ............................... 474 

6. Imports from the United Kingdom, United States, and from other Countries 

of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1923 ................. 475 

7. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States 

respectively, to Totals of Dutiable and Free in the 23 fiscal years 1901-1923. . 476 

8. Average Ad Valorem Rates of Duty Collected on Imports from the United 

Kingdom, United States, and all Countries in the 56 fiscal years 1868-1923 . . . 476 

9. Imports for Home Consumption of Certain Raw Materials used in Canadian 

Manufactures, 1902-1923 ................... ... ....... . - . ..... . 

10. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to all Countries by 

Classes of Merchandise, the Produce of Canada, by Values and Percentages, 
19201923 ......................................... 478 

11. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from all Count 

ries, by Classes of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, by Values and 
Percentages, 1920-1923 ................................. - - ..... .-. 

12. Exports of Canada to the United Kingdom, United States and all Countries, m 

Quantities and Values, by Classes of Home Produce in the 4 fiscal years 1920- 

1923 ................................................. 480-505 

13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and all Count 

ries, in Quantities and Values, by Classes entered for Consumption, in the 4 

fiscal years 1920-1923 ................................ - : 506-537 

14. Imports (Dutiable and Free) and Exports of Canadian and Foreign Produce, by 

Main Classes, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914, 1919-1922 ....... 538-539 

15. External Trade of Canada, by Main Groups and Degrees of Manufacture, 

according to Origin, year ended March 31, 1922 ........................ . 540-541 

16. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, compiled on a Classinca- 

tion according to Purpose, fiscal year ended March 31, 1922 ............ ..... 542-54b 

17. Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for Consumption and the ] 

Collected thereon at certain Ports, during fiscal years ended March 31, 1922 

and 1923 ........................................................... 547-048 

18. Imports of Canada, by values entered for Consumption, from the British Empire 

and Foreign Countries under the General, Preferential, and Treaty Hate 
Tariffs in the 2 fiscal years 1921-1922 ....................... ......... 

19. Aggregate Trade of Canada, by Countries, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 

1Qv> ........................................ SOU OOl 





20. Values of Export s of Home Produce from Canada to the British Empire and to 

Foreign Countries in the 5 fiscal years 1919-1923 .................. ........ 

21. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for Consumption from 

the British Empire and from Foreign Counties, in the 5 fiscal years 1919 

22. Value of Merchandise Imported into and Exported from Canada through the 

United States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1921-1922 ............. 

4. Canadian-West Indian Trade .................................................. 554-556 

23. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign West Indies, 

190123 ............................................. ooo 

24. Values of Exports (Domestic and Foreign) to the British and Foreign West 

Indies, by Countries, during fiscal years 1921-1923 ........... . ... . . . ---- . 

25. Values of Imports entered for Home Consumption (Dutiable and Free) from the 

British and Foreign West Indies, by Countries, during the fiscal years 1921-1923 

5. Statistics of the United Kingdom Import and United States Export Trade in Food 

Commodities ........................................................... 6d ~ 

26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 

imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the 

5 calendar years 1917-1921 ......................... . ........... 57-561 

27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products exported from the 

United States to principal countries, for the year ended June 30, 1917, and the 
calendar years 1918-1919-1920 and 1921 .................................. 50 

2. Internal Trade .............................................................. 58 - (i12 

"iSO 

1 . Interprovincial Trade ..................................................... 

28. Railway Traffic Movement of Wheat in Canada and its provinces, in tons, for 

the calendar yea> -1 1 !- ! ........................................ _ OSL 

2. Grain Trade Statistics ......................................................... 581-594 

29. Number and Storage Capacity of Grain Klvators in the I; irs 1913-1923.. 580-587 

30. Qua., d during the fiscal 121-1923.. ...... j*-&Wl 

31. Quantities of drain Jnsi><-cted during the fiscal larch 31, I .tM 1-592 

32. Shipments of Grain by Vessels from Fort William and Port Arthur, for the navi- 

gati. 1921-1922 ...................... . . . - - . . - ...... 

33. Shipments of Grain by Vessels and all-Rail Route, from Fort William and I ort 

Arthur, for the crop y id August 31, I l-l 1922... ................ - - 

34. Canadian Grain handl . tors in the East, by crop years endin* 

August 31, 1918-1 )22 ................................ ...... 

35. Canadian Grain handled in Public Elevators in the East, by Classes of Ports, 

during the crop year ending August 31, 1922 ................................ 



Xlll 

VIII. TRADE AND COMMERCE concluded. PAQB. 

2. Internal Trade concluded. 

3. Marketing of Live Stock and Animal Products 594-604 

36. Animals on Farms and Killed or Sold by Farmers in Canada, by censal years, 

1871-1921 596 

37. Index Numbers of Animals on Farms in Canada, from 1918 to 1922 596 

38. Live Stock Marketed through Stock Yards, Packers, etc., in several provinces 

of Canada, 1922 597-598 

39. Grading of Live Stock marketed at the Stock Yards of Canada, by provinces, 

calendar year 1922 598 

40. Receipts and Disposition of Live Stock at Principal Markets in Canada, calendar 

years 1921 and 1922 600 

41. Principal Statistics of the Slaughtering and Meat Packing Industry of Canada 

for censal years 1871-1921 601 

42. Live Stock slaughtered at Canadian Inspected Establishments, by months, 1921- 

1922 601 

43. Total and per capita Consumption of Meats in Canada, per annum, calendar 

years 1919-1922 602 

44. Summary of Interprovincial and Export Shipments of Meats for fiscal year 1922 603 

4. Cold Storage 604-606 

45. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1923 604-605 

46. Stocks of Food on hand in Cold Storage and in process of cure, by Months and 

Commodities, 1922 606 

5. Coal . 606-608 

47. Distribution of Coal through Retail Dealers, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922. . . . . 607 

48. Yearly Average Retail Prices of Coal in Canada, by Principal Municipalities, 

1920-1921-1922 607-608 

6. Bounties, Patents, Copyrights, and Trade Marks 608-612 

49. Bounties paid in Canada on Crude Petroleum, 1905-1923 609 

50. Number of Canadian Patentees, by province of residence, for the fiscal years 

1913-1923 610 

51. Statistics of Patents applied for, granted, etc., fiscal years 1919-1923 611 

52. Statistics of Copyrights, Trade Marks, etc., fiscal years 1919-1923 612 

IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS. 

1. Government Control over Agencies of Transpo-tation and Communication. . . . 614-616 

The Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada 615-616 

2. Steam Railways 616-637 

1. Historical Sketch 616-623 

2. Statistics of Steam Railways. 623-637 

1. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, June 30, 1835-1919, and December 31, 

1919-1922 623 

2. Steam Railway Mileage, by provinces, June 30, 1916-1919 arid December 31, 

1919-1922 624 

3. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, June 30, 1876-1919, and December 31, 

1919-1922 624 

4. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 

for the calendar year 1921 625 

5. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 

for the calendar year 1922 626 

6. Steam Railway Statistics, years ended June 30, 1901-1919 and for the calendar 

years 1919-1922 . 627 

7. Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line and per train 

< mile for years ended June 30, 1909-1919 and for calendar years 1919-1922. . . 627 

8. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways for the calendar years 

1919-1922 628 

9. Summary Analysis of Statistics of Passenger and Freight Services and Receipts, 

1910-1922 628-629 

10. Number of Steam Railway Employees, Amount of Salaries and Wages and 

Ratios of latter to Gross Earnings and Operating Expenses for years ended 

June 30, 1907-1919 and for calendar years 1919-1922 629 

11. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways for years ended June 30, 1918 

and 1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922 630 

12. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways during the calendar years 

1920, 1921 and 1922 630-631 

13. Areas of Land Subsidies Granted to Steam Railways by the Dominion and 

Provincial Governments up to December 31, 1922 632 

14. Railway Bonds Guaranteed by Dominion and Provincial Governments 633 

15. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railways up to December 

^ 31, 1922 633 

16. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses, and Revenue of Canadian Government 

Railways for the fiscal years 1868-1900, 1901-1922 and before Confederation.. 633-634 

17. Capital Expenditure on Government Railways to March 31, 1922 634 

18. Number of Passengers, Employees and others killed and injured on Steam 

Railways, for the years ended June 30, 1888-1919, and for calendar years 
1919-1922 635 

19. Number of Persons killed and injured on Steam Railways, for the calendar years 

1920 T 1922 635-636 

20. Canadian National Railways Train Traffic Statistics for years ended December 

31, 1920, 1921 and 1922 636-637 



XIV 

IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS continued. PAGE. 

3. Electric Railways ............................................. ......... 637-642 

21. Summary Statistics of Electric Railway Operation, years ended June 30, 1901- 

1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922 ................................... 

22. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways for the calendar years 1919-1922. 

23. Capital Liability of Electric Railways, years ended June 30, 1908-1919, and for 

calendar years 1919-1922 ................................... ........ 639 

24. Mileage Operated, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Rail 

ways in Canada, year ended December 31, 1921 .................. ........ . 

25. Mileage Operated, Capital, Earnings, Operating Expenses, Employees and 

Salaries and Wages of Electric Railways in Canada, year ended December 31, 

1922 ............................................................... 641-642 

26 Number of Passengers, Employees and others killed and injured on Electric 
Railways, years ended June 30, 1894-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. 

4. Express Companies ...................................... . - . . . ..... ............. 642-646 

27. Operating Mileage of Express Companies m Canada, by Routes, by .Provinces 

and by Companies, for the calendar years 1919-1922 ................... . . . . 

28. Earnings of Express Companies for the years ended June 30, 1915-1919 and for 

the calendar years 1919-1922 ........................... . . . ... . . ... .... 

29. Operating Expenses of Express Companies for the years ended June 30, 1 

1919, and for the calendar years 1919-1922 .......................... . . . . . - 

30. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper for the calendar 

years 1919-1922 ....................................................... 

S Roads and Hi&nways .................................. ..... 646648 

31. Classification oif Canadian Highway and Road Mileages as at October 31, 1922. 647 

32. Statement of progress of the provinces under Canada Highways Act, 1919, to 

March 31, 1922 ........................................................ 

33. Number of Motor Vehicles registered in Canada, by Provinces, 1907-1922 ...... 

34. Types of Motor Cars registered in Canada, by Provinces, 1922 .......... . . . . . 

35. Revenues from the Taxation of the Sale, Distribution and Operation of Motor 

Vehicles, by Provinces, for the calendar year 1922 .......................... 

Motor Vehicle Acts and Regulations in Force ........................................ 651- 

Imports and Exports of Motor Vehicles ............................................. 654-655 

36. Canadian Imports and Exports of Motor Vehicles, fiscal years ended March 31, 

1907-1923 ............................................................. 

37* Summary Statistics of civil Aviation in Canada, calendar years 1921 and 1922. 

38. Civil Aviation Accidents in Canada for the calendar years 1921 and 1922 ....... 

8 Canals ................................................... 657-667 

39. Canals of Canada, Length and Lock Dimensions, 1922 ........ ....... ..... . 658-659 

40. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Seasons of 1921 and 1922, by direction and 

- . .......... OOU 

41. Distribution of T otal Canal Traffic by month s , 1917-1922 .................... 

42. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1921-1922 ....... ;.- 

43. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the navigation 

seasons, 1921 and 1922 ............................. .......... ..... ...... 661-6W 

44. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the navigation 

seasons 1900-1922, by Nationality of Vessels and Origin of Freight. .... ..... 

45. Traffic through all Canadian Canals during the navigation seasons r 19^^, 

by Nationality of Vessels and Origin of Freight ................. .. .......... 

46. Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the navigation seasons 

1918-1922 ........................................... 663-0 

47. Total Expenditure and Revenue oif Canals, 1868-1922, and before Confederation 

48. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals for the fiscal 

years 1868-1922, and before Confederation ........................ 

49. Traffic through the Panama Canal by Nationality of Vessels, years ended June 

30, 1919-1922 ................................................. v i 

50 Summary of Commercial Traffic through the Panama Canal, years ended June 
30, 1915-1922 



, 

/-> ft > T_ ARfl 

1Pn Seagoing Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) entered and cleared at Canadian 
ports during the fiscal years 1921 and 1922 ..... ...... ..... . . ...... - 

Sea-going Vessels entered and cleared at the Pnncipal Ports of Canada, fiscal 

i ooo .......... ooy 

53. Sea-going Vessels entered inwards and outwards by countries, 1922 ....... . . . . 670 

54 Sea-going Vessels entered and cleared at Canadian Ports, with Cargo and in 

Ballast, 1901-1922 ............................ .......... ---- ........... 

55 Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting \essels) arrived at and 

departed from Canadian Ports, 1901-1922 ............... . . . .... . . . . . .--- 

56. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1 

1922 ......................................................... 

57 Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada 

and the United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1918-1922 ........ . . .... 

58. Statement showing, by Provinces, the Total Number and Tonnage of all Vessels 

entered and cleared at Canadian Ports during the fiscal year ended March 31, 
1922 ................................................... : 

59. Vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, 

60 Nu S mber e and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping of Canada, 
by Provinces, calendar years 1912-1921 ................................... 



XV 

IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS-concluded. PAGE. 

9. Shipping and Navigation concluded. 

61. Revenue of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1917-1922 676 

62. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1917-1922 676-677 

63. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 

1868-1922 677 

64. Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1922 678 

65. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, calendar years 

1908-1921 679 

66. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, for 1870-1900, for the years ended June 30, 

1901 to 1917, and for the calendar years 1918-1921 679 

67. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, fiscal years 1912-1922 679 

Canadian Government Merchant Marine .- 680 

10. Telegraphs 680-685 

68. Summary Statistics of all Canadian Telegraphs, for calendar years 1920 and 1921 681 

69. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, June 30, 1919, and for the calendar 

years 1919-1921 682 

70. Radio Stations licensed in Canada for the fiscal year 1923 683-684 

71. Canadian Government Steamers equipped with the Radiotelegraph, fiscal year 

1923 685 

72. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations, for the fiscal years 

1922 and 1923 685 

73. Wireless and Radio Stations in operation in Canada, as at March 31, 1923 685 

11. Telephones 686-688 

74. Progress of Telephones in Canada for years ended June 30, 1917-1919 and for the 

calendar years 1919-1921 686 

75. Number of Telephone Companies in Canada, by Provinces, December 31, 1921. 687 

76. Number of Telephone Companies in Canada, 1911-1921 687 

77. Telephones in use, Mileage of Wire and number of Employees, by Provinces, 

December 31, 1921 687 

78. Telephones in use, Mileage of Wire and Number of Employees, 1911-1921 688 

79. Financial Statistics of Telephone Companies, by Provinces, for the calendar 

year 1921 688 

80. Financial Statistics of Canadian Telephone Companies for the years 1912-1921. 688 

12. The Post Office 689-696 

81. Number of Post Offices in Operation in the several Provinces of Canada, 

March 31, 1922 690 

82. Statistics of Gross Postal Revenue of Offices collecting $10,000 and upwards, for 

the fiscal years 1921 and 1922 691-692 

83. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for the quinquennial 

years 1890 to 1910, and for the fiscal years 1911-1922 692-693 

84. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, fiscal years 1901-1922 693 

85. Money Orders by Provinces, fiscal years 1918-1922 694 

86. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, fiscal years 1917-1922 695 

87. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., fiscal years 1921 and 1922. 695 

88. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, fiscal years 1920-1922 696 

X. LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES. 
1. Labour 697-732 

1 . Occupations of the People 697-701 

1. Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations in Canada, by Ages, 1911 698 

2. Number of Males and Females ten years of age and over engaged in Gainful 

Occupations, by Provinces, 1881-191 i 698 

3. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Industries of Persons engaged in 

Gainful Occupations, 1881-1911 699 

4. Percentage Distribution by Sexes of the Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations, 

by Industries and Provinces, 1911 700 

5. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Nativity, Sex and Industries, of 

Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations, 1911 701 

2. Dominion Department of Labour 701-704 

3. Canada and the International Labour Organization 704-707 

Dominion-Provincial Conference relative to obligations of Canada under Labour 
Sections of Peace Treaties 706-707 

4. Organized Labour in Canada 707-715 

6. Membership of Trade Unions in Canada, 1911-1922 713 

7. International Trade Unions operating in Canada 713-714 

8. Non-international Trade Unions operating in Canada 715 

5. Fatal Industrial Accidents in Canada 715-716 

9. Fatal Industrial Accidents in Canada, 1922-23 716 

6. Employers Liability and Workmen s Compensation in Canada 716-721 

10. Provisions of Employers Liability and Workmen s Compensation Laws in the 

various Provinces in 1923 718-721 

7. Trade Disputes Strikes and Lockouts 722-727 

11. Record of Trade Disputes by years, 1901-1922 722 

12. Trade Disputes by Industries, 1922 724 

13. Trade Disputes by Causes and Results, 1922 725 

14. Trade Disputes by Months, 1920, 1921, and 1922 726 

15. Trade Disputes by Methods of Settlement, 1922 726-727 



XVI 

X. LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES concluded. PAQE. 

. Labour concluded. 

8. Employment and Unemployment 728-732 

16. Index Numbers of Employment as reported by Employers, by Industries, as 

at the end of each month, January, 1921 to October, 1923 730 

17. Percentages by Provinces of Unemployment in Trade Unions, 1915-1923 732 

2. Wages 732-743 

18. Index Numbers of Rates of Wages for Various Classes of Labour in Canada, 

1901-1923 733 

19. Rates of Wages and Hours of Labour of Employees of Steam Railways in 

Canada, 1921, 1922 and 1923 734 

20. Wages and Hours of Labour of Employees in and about Coal Mines in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923 734-735 

21. Samples of Wages and Hours of Labour for Various Factory Trades in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923 735-736 

22. Samples of Wages and Hours of Labour for Unskilled Factory Labour in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923 737 

23. Wages per Hour and Hours Worked per Week in Leading Trades in Canadian 

Cities, 1921, 1922 and 1923 737-738 

24. Median Weekly Wages in Manufacturing Industries, 1915-1921 739 

25. Weekly Wages of Employees in Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1920 and 

1921 739-740 

26. Wage Earners Classified by Groups of Industries and of Wages, 1920 and 1921. 740 
Minimum Wages of Female Employees 741-743 

27. Minimum Weekly Wages for Experienced Female Adults 742-743 

3. Prices 743-756 

1. Wholesale Prices 744-751 

28. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1921 746-748 

29. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices, by Groups of Commodities and by Months, 

l!] 9-1921 748 

30. Weighted General Index Numbers, 1919-1922 749 

31. Weighted Index Numbers by Groups, 1922 749 

32. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices by Origins and Degree of Manufacture, by 

Months, 1919-1921 749-750 

2. Retail Prices 752-756 

33. Index Numbers of Changes in the Cost of Living in Canada, Based upon Weighted 

Retail Prices, 1910-1923 752-753 

34. Prices and Index Numbers of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel, Lighting 

and Rent in 60 Cities in Canada, 1913-1921, and by Months for 1922 754-755 

35. Index Numbers of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel, Lighting, and 

Rent, in Canada, by Provinces and Months, 1922 756 

XI. FINAMCE. 
1. Public Finance 757-808 

1. Dominion Public Finance 757-780 

1. Balance Sheet of the Dominion of Canada, as at March 31, 1923 762 

2. Receipts and Disbursements, fiscal years ended March 31, 1919-1923 763-764 

3. Detailed Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1919-1923 764 

4. Detailed Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1919-1923 765 

5. Principal Items of Receipts of Canada on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1923 766 

6. Principal Items of Dominion Expenditure, 1868-1923 767-769 

7. Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1868-1923 770 

War Tar Revenue 770-772 

8. War Tax Revenue during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1915-1923 770 

9. War Tax Revenue collected by the Customs and Excise Department, 

by Provinces, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1922 and 1923 771-772 

10. Statement showing Amounts Collected under the Income War Tax Act and the 

Business Profits War Tax Act, by provinces, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 

1922 and 1923 772 

Inland Revenue . 773-775 

11. Excise and Other Inland Revenues for the fiscal years 1918-1923. .. . ! . . * . . . . . . 774 

12. Number of Excise Licenses issued during the fiscal years 1918-1923 774 

13. Statistics of Distillation for the fiscal years 1919-1923 774 

14. Quantities of Spirits, Malt Liquor, Malt and Tobacco taken out of Bond for 

Consumption, in fiscal years 1918-1923 775 

15. Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco, and amount of 

Excise and Customs Duties per head, in the fiscal years 1918-1923 775 

Provincial Subsides 775-776 

16. Subsidies and Other Payments of Dominion to Provincial Governments, 1919- 

1923 77Q 

17. Total of Subsidy Allowances from July 1, 1867 to March 31, 1923. . . .......... 776 

National Debt 776-780 

18. Summary of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1917-1923. .... 778 

19. Details of the Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1920-1923. . 778 

20. Details of the Gross Liabilities of Canada, March 31, 1920-1923 778 

21. Funded Debt Payable in London, New York and Canada, together with temped 

rary loans as at March 31, 1923 778-779 

22. Public Debt of Canada, July 1, 1867 to March 31, 1923. . . . . ." 780 



XV11 

XI. FINANCE continued. PAGE. 

1. Public Finance concluded. 

2. Provincial Public Finance 781-793 

23. Statement showing the or iinary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial 

Governments, for their respective fiscal years ending 1869-1922 783-785 

24. Annual Ordinary Receipts and Expenditures of the Provincial Governments, per 

head of population, 1919-1921 785 

25. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts of Provincial Governments 

for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921 786-787 

26. Classified Summary Statemen of Ordinary Expenditures of Provincial Govern 

ments for their respective fis-.al years 1917-1921 788-791 

27. Combined Itemized Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts and Expenditures 

of all Provincial Governments, for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921 790-791 

28. Assets and Liabilities of the Provincial Governments at the close of their respect 

ive fiscal years ended in 1921 792-793 

3. Municipal Public Finance 794-805 

29. Summary, by Provinces, of Municipal Statistics of Principal Interest of Cities of 

10,000 population and over, for the calendar year 1920 796-797 

30. Expenditures, Ordinary and Extraordinary, of Cities of 10,000 population and 

over, for the calendar year 1920 798-799 

31. Receipts, Ordinary and Extraordinary, of Cities of 10,000 population and 

over for the calendar year 1920 800 

32. Assets and Liabilities of Cities of 10,000 population and over for the calendar 

year 1920 801 

33. Summary, by Provinces, of Statistics of Principal Interest of Urban Municipali 

ties of 3,000 to 10,000 population, for the calendar year 1919 802-803 

34. Summary, by Provinces, of Statistics of Principal Interest, of Urban Municipali 

ties of 1,000 to 3,000 population, for the calendar year 1920 804-805 

4. National Wealth and Income 806-808 

35. Estimated National Wealth of Canada, 1920 806-807 

36. Amount of Income Assessed for the purposes of Income War Tax, by Provinces, 

for the fiscal years ended March 31, 192: 1923 808 

37. Number of Individual and Corporate Tax t tyers, by size of Incomes and amount 

of Taxes paid under the Income War Tax Act, fiscal years ended March 31, 

1922 and 1923 808 

2. Currency and Banking, Loan and Trust Companies 808-835 

1. Canada s Monetary System 888-814 

38. Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint in the calendar years 1920-1922. . . 810 

39. Gold Coinages of the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint, 1938-1922 810 

40. Composition of Canadian Gold Reserves, December, 31, 1905-1922 810 

41. Circulation in Canada of Silver and Bronze Coin, December 31, 1901-1922 811 

42. Dominion Notes Circulation and Reserves at June 30, 1890-1922 812 

43. Denominations of Dominion Notes in Circulation, March 31, 1918-1923 812 

44. Statistics of Bank Note Circulation, 1892-1922 813 

45. Circulating Medium in hands of the Public, 1900-1922 814 

2. Banking in Canada 815-833 

46. Historical Summary showing Development of the Canadian Banking Business, 

calendar years 1867-1922 818-819 

47. Assets of Chartered Banks, for calendar years 1919-1922 820 

48. Liabilities of Chartered Banks, for calendar years 1919-1922 821 

49. Assets of each of the Chartered Banks of Canada, December 30, 1922 822 

50. Liabilities of each of the Chartered Banks of Canada, December 30, 1922 823 

51. Deposits in -Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years, 

1918-1922 . . . . 824 

52. Loans of Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years 

1918-1922 824 

53. Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-1922 825-826 

54. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net Liabilities, 1892-1922 826-827 

55. Number of Branches of Banks in Canada, by Provinces, 1868, 1902, 1905, 

1915-1922 827 

56. Number and Location of Branches of Chartered Banks, as at December 30, 1922 828 

57. Number of Branches of Canadian Chartered Banks in other countries, with their 

Location, December 30, 1922 829 

58. Amount of Exchanges of the Clearing Houses of Chartered Banks in 16 leading 

cities, for the calendar years 1918-1922 829 

59. Canadian Bank Insolvencies since 1867 830 

60. Bank Absorptions in Canada since 1867 830-831 

61. Deposits with Government and other Savings Banks, as at June 30, 1868- 

1906, and March 31, 1907-1923 832 

62. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, March 31, 1918-1923 833 

63. Business of the Dominion Government Savings Banks, March 31, 1918-1923. . . 833 

64. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savings Banks, March 

31, 1918-1923 833 

3. Loan and Trust Companies 833-835 

65. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914-1922 834 

66. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1922 834-835 

62373 B 



xvni 



XI. FINANCE concluded. PAGE. 

3. Insurance ............................................................. 

1. Fire Insurance ............................................................... 

67 Fire Insurance in Force, Premiums Received, Losses Paid and Percentage of 

Losses to Premiums, 1869-1922. . ........... . . . . ......................... ! 

68. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1921 ......................... c 

69. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1922 ................... . ..... 841-844 

70. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other 

classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian 
transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922 ............................ 844-845 

71. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and 
" other classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other than 

Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922 ................... S4j 

72. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance or 

Fire Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expendi 
ture in Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such business 
in Canada, 1918-1922 ..................... . ...... ; ..... . - -.- 

73. Amount of Net Premiums written and Net Losses incurred in Canada, by 

Provinces, by Canadian, British and Foreign Companies transacting Fire 
Insurance Business, 1921 and 1922 ...................... . ................ 

74. Dominion and Provincial Fire Insurance in Canada, 1921 and 1 

75 Fire Insurance carried on property in Canada in 1921 under section 129 of the 
Insurance Act, 1917, by Companies, Associations or Underwriters not licensed 
to transact business in Canada ........................................... 

2. Life Insurance ............................................................... 849 ~ 8 

76. Life Insurance in Force and Effected in Canada, 1869-1922 ................... 

77. Life Insurance in Force and Effected in Canada, 1921 ........................ 

78. Life Insurance in Force and Effected in Canada, 1922 ........................ 

79. Progress of Life Insurance in Canada, 1918-1922 ............................ 

80. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1918-1921 ............. .... . . ...... . ---- 

81 Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies other 

than Canadian Companies, 1918-1922 ..... ... . . ... ......... ,- - 

82. Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Com- 

panics other than Canadian Companies, 1918-1922. . . . ..... ....... 

83 Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income i 

Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 

1918-1922 ........................................... 859-86 

84. Life Insurance on the Assessment Plan, 1918-1922 . . . 861 

85. Dominion and Provincial Life Insurance in Canada, 1921 and 1922 ............ 

O/2O QfiA 

3. Miscellaneous Insurance .................................................... 

86 Insurance Other than Fire and Life, 1922 ............... ............. 

87 Income and Expenditure, and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies 

doing only Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1922. .............. 

88. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian doing 

only Insurance business other than Fire and Life, I 1 22... . . ---- . . .... . ..... 

89. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 19 

90. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than * ire and Life, 1921 and 

i no ) ...................................... 

itf" ............. 866-867 

4. Government Annuities ..................................................... 

91. Government Annuities Fund Statement, March 31, 1922 and 1923 

92! Valuation on March 31, 1922 and 1923, of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant 

to the Government Annuities Act, 1908 ................................... 

4. Commercial^Failures^. _ . ^ -^ &> p rovinc e s ; and in Newfoundland for the 

calendar years 1921 and 1922 ..... ................ .......... 

94. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Branches of Business, "M0-l22. ^. . . ... 

95. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces and Classes, for 1 g(jg 

96 C^usefof FaUures in Canada and the United States, by numbers and percentages, 
years ended December 31, 1921 and 1922 ..... ...... R - v 

97. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1 8?1 

98. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1^922. (Dun) . . 

99. Assignments under the Bankruptcy Act, by Months, 1920-1923 ............... 



1. 



XII. EDUCATION. 874-887 

-^yof Education in Canada.- by Provinces; 1922, or Latest Year ^^ 
2. Nero Schools, Teachers and Pupils Yn Canada, by Provinces/ iooi, 1906, 

3 TlMn 1 T&35 !tt?S^Bj* Quebec, Ontario and 

Manitoba^ 1901. 1906, 1911. 1916-1922, Saskatchewan and Alberta, .1 Ui,, ^^ 

4 Numberof Teachers and Pupiis i n Roman Catholic Classical Colleges in Quol,,, , 

5 NuTber oT T^ 88 . 

6 NSSVTi^aS^^&tiii^n Schools inOntario iwi, ifc^ 



1922 



XIX 

XII. EDUCATION concluded . PAGE. 

1. General Education concluded. 

7 Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in 

Saskatchewan, 1908, 1011, 1916-1922 ..................................... 883 

8. Number of Teachers and Pupils in High Schools in British Columbia, 1901, 1906, 

1911, 1916-1922 .................................................... : . 

9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1901 , 

1906, 1911, 1916-1922 .................................................. 883-887 

10. Average Annual Salaries of School Teachers, by Provinces, 1921-1922, or latest 

Year Reported ................. > .................................... 

2. Vocational and Technical Education .......................................... 888-889 

11. Vocational Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, year ended June 30, 1922. . 



3. Higher Education 

12. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees ......... 891-893 

13. Universities of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff in the Various Faculties, 

1921-1922 ............................................................. 

14. Universities of Canada: Number of Students in the Various Faculties, 1921-1922 894-895 

15. Universities of Canada: Number of Students by Academic Years and Number 

of Degrees Conferred, 1921-1922 ......................................... 

16. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1921-1922 ...................... 897-89 

: 17. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees ............ 898-900 

. 18. Professional and Affiliated Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and 

ft Students, 1921-1922 ...................................... . .............. 900-901 

19. Colleges of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1921-1922 ......................... 902-903 

XIII. ADMINISTRATION. 

1. Public Lands .................................................................. 904-910 

1. Dominion Lands ............................................................. 904-907 

1. Disposition of the Surveyed Areas in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 

Jan. 1, 1923 ..................................................... .--- 905 

2. Homestead entries on Dominion Lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta 

and British Columbia ................................................. 

3. Homestead entries in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, 

by Nationalities, made during the fiscal years 1917-1922 .................... 

4. Receipts of Patents and Homestead entries in the fiscal years 1917-1922 ....... 907 

5. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants, and by 

the Hudson s Bay Company, in the fiscal years 1921-23 .................. 

2. Provincial Public Lands .................................... ................... 907-910 

2. Public Defence ................................................................ 911-915 

1. Militia Forces ............. ................................................... 911-913 

6. Permanent and Non-permanent Active Militia in Canada, 1923 ............... 912 

7. Money voted by Parliament for the Militia, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 

1921-24 ............................................................... 

2. The Natal Service ............................................................ 913 

3. The Air Board ............................................................... 914 

4. The Royal Military College .................................................... 914 

3. Public Health and Public Benevolence ........................................ 915-925 

1. Dominion Department of Health ............................................... 917-919 

2. Other Public Health Activities ................................................. 919-925 

1. Prince Edward Island .......................................... .. .................. 919 

2. Nova Scotia Department of Health ................................................. 

3. New Brunswick Department of Health ...................................... ........ 

4. Quebec Bureau of Health .......................................................... 920 

5. Ontario Board of Health .......................................................... 921 

6. Manitoba Board of Health ........................................................ 921 

7. Saskatchewan Bureau of Health .................................................... 

8. Alberta Department of Health .................................................... 

9. British Columbia Board of Health .................................................. 

10. The Canadian Red Cross Society ................................................... 

1 1 . Victorian Order of Nurses ........................................................ 

12. Mothers Allowances ............................................................. 

8. Mothers Allowances in Canada, 1922-23 ..................................... 

4. Public Works. ................................................................ 925-928 

9. Dimensions of Graving Docks owned by the Dominion Government ....... .... 926 

10. Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Dock Subsidies 

Act, 1910 ............................................................. 926 

11. Expenditure and Revenue of Public Works Department, for the fiscal years 

1917-22 ............................................................... 027 

Harbour Commissions ................................................................ 927 

5. The Indians of Canada .................................................. 928-931 

12. Indian Population of Canada, 1871-1921 ................................... 930 

13. Attendance of Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, fiscal year ended March 

31, 1922 .............................................................. 930 

14. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands, by Provinces, 1922 ...................... 930 

15. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 1922 ................. 

16. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total Values, by Provinces, 1922 

17. Sources and Values of Income of Indians, 1922 ............................. 931 



XX 

XIII. ADMINISTRATION-concluded. 

6. Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment . 932-938 

18. Number of Pensions in Force on March 31, 1923, by relationship of Dependants 

and Rank of Disabled, and Annual Liability Incurred thereon 934 

19.. Scale of Annual Pensions Granted to Dependants of deceased Sailors and Soldiers 
of the Canadian Naval Forces and Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective 

on September 1, 1923 935 

20. Scale of Annual Pensions to Disabled Sailors and Soldiers of the Canadian Naval 

Forces and Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective for years commencing 

Sept. 1, 1921, 1922 and 1923, under the Pension Act 936-937 

7. Miscellaneous Administration , 938-960 

1. The Soldiers Settlement Board 938-939 

2. Scientific and Industrial Research in Canada 939-942 

The Research Council of Canada 940-941 

The National Research Institute 941-942 

3. Department of Secretary of State 942-945 

21. Number of Companies Incorporated under the Companies Act and the amending 

Acts during the calendar years 1900-07, and for the fiscal years ended March 

31, 1908-1922. 943 

22. Naturalization in Canada, by Principal Nationalities, effected under the Natural 

ization Acts 1914-1920, during calendar years 1916-22 944 

4. National Gallery 94,5-94(5 

5. Royal Canadian Mounted Police 946-947 

23. Strength and Distribution of Royal Canadian Mounted Police on September 30, 

1922 947 

6. The Civil Service of Canada 947-948 

24. Employees of the Civil Service of Canada in Ottawa and outside of Ottawa,. as 

at December 31, 1921 948 

7. Judicial and Penitentiary Statistics 948-959 

25. Convictions by Groups of Criminal Offences, and Total Convictions for Minor 

Offences, 1876-1922, with proportion to Population 950 

26. Charges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences, by 

Provinces, 1920, 1921 and 1922 951 

27. Indictable Offences by Classes, during years ended September 30, 1920, 1921, 

1922. 951-952 

28. Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences 

1915-22 952 

29. Classification of Persons Convicted of Indictable Offences, 1916-1922 953 

30. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1911-1922 954 

31. Indictable and Summary Convictions, by Classes of Offences, 1918-1920 955 

32. Convictions for Drunkenness for the fivefyears 1918-1922 956 

33. Juvenile Criminals Convicted of Major Offences, by Classes of Offence, 1922, 

with Total and Yearly Average for the Period 1885-1922 956 

34. Population of Penal Institutions, 1918-1922 957 

Penitentiaries 957-959 

35. Movements of Convicts, 1916-1922 958 

36. Number of Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, 1916-1922 958 

37. Age of Convicts, 1915-1922 958 

38. Classification of Convicts, 1916-1922 959 

8. Divorces in Canada. . * 

39. Statistics of Divorces Granted in Canada, 1901-1922 960 

XIV. SOURCES OF STATISTICAL AND OTHER INFORMATION RELATIVE TO 

CANADA. 

1. The Dominion Bureau of Statistics - 961-969 

2. Acts administered by Dominion Departments 969-971 

3. Publications of Dominion Departments : 971-979 

4. Publications of Provincial Departments 979-986 

1. Prince Ed-ward Island 979 

2. Nova Scotia 979 

3. New Brunswick 979 

4. Quebec 979-981 

5. Ontario 981-983 

6. Manitoba 983 

7. Saskatchewan 984 

8. Alberta 984 

9. British Columbia 984-986 

10. Yukon Territory 986 

5. Select Bibliography of the History of Canada 986-989 



XXI 

XV. THE ANNUAL REGISTER, 1922-23. 

1. Dominion Legislation 990-995 

1 1922 990-993 

2. 1923 993-995 

2. Provincial Legislation, 1922 995-1006 

Prince Edward Island 995-996 

Nova Scotia 996-997 

New Brunswick 997-998 

Quebec 998-999 

Ontario. . 999-1001 

Manitoba 1001-1002 

Saskatchewan 1002-1003 

Alberta 1003-1004 

British Columbia 1005-1006 

3. Principal Events of the Years 1922-1923 1006-1010 

General Economic Conference ^?J? 

Conference at Washington re Rush-Bagot Treaty 1006-1007 

Signing of Trade Agreement between Canada and France 1007 

Third Assembly of the League of Nations 1007 

Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations 

Imperial Conference 

Provincial General Elections 

The Economic and Financial Years 1922 and 1923 1008-1009 

Obituary 1809-1010 

4. Extracts from the Canada Gazette 1011-1015 

Privy Councillors, 1923 

Lieutenant-Governors, 1923 

New Members of the House of Commons, 1922-23 

Cabinet Ministers, 1923 

Judicial Appointments, 1922-23 1011-1012 

Commissions, 1922-23 1012-10 o 

Imperial Honours and Decorations 

Day of General Thanksgiving . 

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN CANADA YEAR BOOK 1913-1921. 

(Not repeated in this Edition). 

Fifty Years of Canadian Progress, 1867 to 1917. By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S.. 

Editor, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa 1918 

History of the Greit War. By Brig.-General E. A. CRCIKSHANK, LL.D., F.R.S.C., 
Director of the Historical Section, General Staff, Department of Militia and 
Defence, Ottawa. With appendices 1M9 *-* 

Reconstruction in Canada. By S. A. CUDMORE, B.A. (Tor.), M.A. (Oxon.), F.S.S., 
F.R. Econ. Soc., Editor Canada Year Book, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 
Ottawa 1920 1-64 

LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. 

Map of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland Facing Preface 

Map : Geology of Eastern Canada 

Map : Geology of Western Canada 

Map of Canada showing Normal Mean Temperature and Precipitation in January Facing p. 

Map of Canada showing Normal Mean Temperature and Precipitation in July Facing p. 

Map: The Two Canadas in 1791 

Map: Canada at Confederation, 1867 73 

Map: Canada in 1870 

Map: Canada in 1872 74 

Map: Canada in 1905 74 

Diagram: Index Numbers of Average Prices of Field Crops, 1909-1922 

Diagram: Variation in Production and Average Value of Lumber, 1908-1921 

Diagram: Pulp wood Production, Manufacture and Export 

Diagram: Pulpwood Consumption, by Provinces, 1920-1921 

Diagram: Pulp Manufactured, by Provinces, 1920-1921 

Diagram: Paper Produced, by Provinces, 1920-1921 

Map: Dominion of Canada (Southern) Showing Origin of Coal Supply, 1922 

Diagram: Annual Consumption of Coal in Canada, 1901-1921 

Diagram: Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1901-1923 Facing p. 470 

Diagram: Movement of Canadian Wheat Crop, 1921-1922 

Diagram: Cattle Receipts and Prices at Toronto, Montreal, and Winnipeg, 1920-1921- 

1922 599 

Diagram: Twelve Years of Trade Unionism in Canada 

Diagram: Estimated Time Loss in Working Days, by Groups of Industries, 1901-1922. 
Diagram: Index Numbers of Employment as reported by Employers and Trade Unions, 

1920-1923 

Diagram: The Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1921 

Diagram: Prices of Raw and Finished Materials, 1919-1921 751 

Diagram: Weighted and Unweighted Index Numbers of Prices, 1919-1921 751 

Diagram : Organization of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics 



XX11 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA. 

Area of the Dominion of Canada in square miles: Land, 3, 603,909; Water, 125,756; Total, 3,729,665. 





Items. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1896. 


1901. 




F.stimated population . ... No. 


3,689,287 


4,324,810 


4,833,239 


5,086,000 


5,371,315 




Immigration . No. 


27,773 


47,991 


82,165 


16,835 


49,149 




Agriculture 1 
Wheat acres 


1,646,781 


2,363,554 


2,701,213 




4,224,542 




bush. 

$ 
Oats . acre;- 


16,723,873 
16,993,265 


32,350,269 
38,820,323 


42,223,372 
31,667,529 
3,961,356 


- 


55,572,368 
36,122,039 
5,367,655 




bush. 
$ 
Barley acres 


42,489,453 
15,966,310 


70,493,131 
23,967,655 


83,428,202 
31,702,717 
868,464 


- 


151,497,407 
51,509,118 
871,800 




bush. 
1 

Corn . asr< s 


11,496,038 

N.I 70, 735 


16,844,868 
11,791,408 


17,222,795 
8,611,397 
195,101 


: 


22,224,366 
8,889,746 
360,758 




bush. 
$ 
Potatoes acres- 


3,803,830 
2,883,14c 
403,102 


0,025,142 
5,415,085 
464,289 


10,711,380 
5,034,348 
450,190 


- 


25,875,919 
11,902,923 
448,743 




bush. 
- 
Hay and Clover acre? 


47,330,187 
15.211,774 
3,650,419 


55,268,227 
13,288,510 
4,458,349 


53,490,857 
21,396,34? 
5,931,548 


- 


55,362,635 
13,842,658 
(i,. 543, 423 




tons 

i.-ld Crops 
Total Area Acree 


3,818,641 
38,869,900 


5,055,811 
40,446,480 


7,693,733 
69,243,597 


- 


7,852,731 
85,625,315 




- 

Live Stock 
Horses No 


836,743 


1,059,358 


1,470,572 




194,953,420 

1,577,493 




$ 
Milch Cows No. 


1,251,20!. 


1,595,800 


1,857,112 


- 


118,279,419 
2,408,677 




$ 
Other Cattle No. 
S 
Sheep . No. 


1,373,081 
3,155,509 


1,919,189 
3,048,678 


2,263,474 
2,562,781 


- 


69,237,970 
3,167,174 
54,197,341 

2,510.2:(!i 




5 


1,366,083 


1,207,61!. 


1,733,850 





10,490,594 
2,353,828 




- 
Total value . . . S 


i 









16,445,702 
268,651,026 




Dairying 
Cheese factory . . . . Ib. 










220,833,469 




- 
R utter creamery . . . . . Ib. 


1,601,738 


5,464,454 


9,784,28 





22,221,430 
36,066,739 




Miscellaneous dairy products. . S 
Total value of dairy products | 

Fisheries 
Total value . $ 


7,573,199 


341,478 
15,817,162 


913,591 
18,877,874 


20,407,424 


7,240,972 
269,520 

29,731,922 
25,737,153 




Minerals 
Gold oz. 


105,187 


03,524 


45,01* 


133,262 


1,167,216 





Silver . ...... oz. 


2,174,412 


1,313.15/; 
358 


930,614 
414,523 


2,754,774 
3,205,34c 


24,128,503 
5,539,192 






Copper Ib. 





347, 27P 
3,260,424- 


409,549 
9,529,401 


2,149,503 
9,393.012 


3,265,354 

37, 8-7. OH- 




Lefd . Ib. 





,798 

204,800- 


1,226,703 
88,665 


1,021,960 
24,199,1177 


6,091 

.51.900,958 





f 

Xickol Ib. 


- 


8,216 s 

839,477 


3,857 
4,835,347 


71,1511 

:i.397,1K5 


2,249.3X7 
9,189,047 




- 

Pi" iron ton?- 


- 


498,2Sfi 


2,4.M,20S 


1. 188,990 


4,494,523 

27: 




* 
tons 


1,063,742 


1(6,192 

1,537.100 


338,901 
3,577,746 


1,12! 

3,745,711- 


3,512.92:* 
6,4^ 


- 


$ 

( Vmont brl. 


1,763,4233 


2,688,621 
69,8432 


7.019,425 
93,475 


7,226,46? 
149.090 


12,699,243 

450. : . . I 




$ 

Total value $ 


; 


81,909= 
10,221, 255< 


108,561 
18,976,616 


201,651 
22,474,256 


660,030 
65,797,911 

















i The figures of field crops (1871-1911), are for the preceding years. 1887. 1874. 1886. 



XX111 

STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA. 

Area of the Dominion of Canada in square miles: Land, 3,603,9C9; Water, 125, 76; Total, 3,729,665. 



1906. 


1911. 


1916. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923.1 




6,171,000 


7,206,643 


8,035,584 


8,478,546 


8,631,475 


8,788,483 


8,966,834 


9,146,456 


1 


189,064 


311,084 


48,537 


57,702 


117,336 


148,477 


89,999 


72,887 


2 




8,864,154 


15,369,709 


19,125,968 


18,232,374 


23,261,224 


22,422,693 


22,671,864 


3 


_ 


132,077,547 


262,781,000 


193,260,400 


263,189,300 


300,858,100 


399,786,400 


474,199,000 




_ 


104,816,825 


344,096,400 


457,722,000 


427,357,300 


242,936,000 


339,419,000 


316,606,700 




_ 


8,656,179 


10,996,487 


14,952,114 


15,849,928 


16,949,029 


14, 541, 229 


13,727,067 


4 


_ 


245,393,425 


410,211,000 


394,387,000 


530,709,700 


426,232,900 


491,239,000 


537,733,300 




_ 


86,796,130 


210,957,500 


317,097,000 


280,115,400 


146,395,300 


185,455,000 


177,704,400 




_ 


1,283,094 


1,802,996 


2,645,509 


2,551,919 


2,795,665 


2,599,520 


2,784,571 


5 


_ 


28,848,310 


42,770,000 


56,389,400 


63,310,550 


59,709,100 


71,865,300 


76,997,800 




_ 


14,653,697 


35,024,000 


69,330,300 


52,821,400 


28,254,150 


33,335,300 


32,055,700 




_ 


293,951 


173,000 


264,607 


291,650 


296,866 


318,397 


317,729 


6 


_ 


14,417,599 


6,282,000 


16,940.500 


14,334,800 


14,904,000 


13,798,000 


13,608,000 




_ 


5,774,039 


6,747,000 


22,080,000 


16,593,400 


12,317,000 


11,509,700 


12,466,000 




_ 


464,504 


472,992 


818.767 


784,544 


701,912 


683.594 


560, 942 


7 


_ 


55,461,478 


63,297,000 


75,344.940 s 


80,298,840 : 


64,407,6003 


55,745,300 


56, 460,000 s 




_ 


27,426,765 


50,982,300 


118,894,200 


129,803,300 


82,147,600 


50,320,000 


57,076,800 




_ 


8,289,407 


7,821,257 


10,595,383 


10,379,292 


10,614,951 


10,001,667 


9,725,602 


8 


_ 


10,406,367 


14,527,000 


16,348,000 


13,338,700 


11,366,100 


14,488,200 


14,844,900 




- 


90,115,531 


168,547,900 


338,713,200 


348,166,200 


267,764,200 


194,950,000 


102,882,000 








38,930,333 


53,049,640 


52,830,865 


59,635,346 


57,189,681 


56,569,794 




- 


384,513,795 


888,494,900 


1,537,170,100 


1,455,244,050 


931,863,67V 


982,293,200 


891,755,200 






2,598,958 


3,246,430 


3,667,369 


3,400,352 


3,813,921 


3,648,871 


3,530,641 


9 


- 


381,915,505 


418,686,000 


435,070,000 


361,328,000 


314,764,000 


264,043,000 


223,154,000 




- 


2,595,255 


2,835,532 


3,548,437 


3,530,238 


3,736,832 


3,745,804 


3,659,365 


10 


- 


109,575,!>26 


198,896,000 


327,814,000 


281,675,000 


190,157,000 


179,141,000 


173,015,000 







3,930,828 


3,763,155 


6,536,574 


5,947,142 


6,469,373 


5,974,065 


5,586,866 


11 


- 


86,278,490 


204,477,000 


381,007,000 


279,825 100 


183,649,000 


156,441,000 


143,458,000 




- 


2,174,300 


2,025,030 


3,421,958 


3,720,783 


3,675,860 


3,263,525 


2,753,860 


12 


_ 


10,701,691 


20,927,000 


50,402,000 


37,263,000 


23,308,000 


24,962,000 


21,321,000 




_ 


3,634,778 


3,484,982 


4,040,070 


3,516.678 


3,904,895 


3,915,684 


4,405,316 


13 


- 


26,986,621 


60,700,000 


102,309,000 


81,155,000 


54,842,000 


57,300,000 


52,312,000 




- 


615,457,833 


903,686,000 


1,296,602,000 


1,041,246,000 


766,720,000 


681,887,000 


613,260,000 




204,788,583 


199,904,205 


192,968,597 


166,421,871 


149,201,856 


162,117,494 


135,821,116 


_ 


14 


23,597,639 


21,587,124 


35,512,622 


44,586,168 


39,100,872 


28,710,030 


21,824,760 


- 




45,930,294 


64,698,165 


82,564,130 


103,899,707 


111,691,718 


128,744,610 


152,501,900 


- 


IS 


10,949,062 


15,645,845 


20,966,355 


56,371,985 


63,625,203 


48,135,439 


53,453,282 


- 




910,842 


1,814,871 


- 


34,238,449 


43,610,416 


35,078,548 


29,694,004 


- 


16 


35,457,543 


39,047,840 


- 


135,196,602 


146,336,491 


111,921,017 


104,972,046 


- 




36,279,485 


34,667,872 


35,860,708 


58,508,479 2 


49,241, 339 2 


34,931,935- 


41,800,210- 


- 




556,415 


473,159 


930,492 


766,764 


765,007 


926,32!.i 


1,263,364 


1,179,501 


1 


11,502,120 


9,781,077 


19,234,976 


15,853,478 


15,814,098 


19,148,9i 


26,116,050 


24,382,001 




8,473,379 


32,559,044 


25,459,741 


16,020,657 


13,330,357 


13,543,198 


18,581,439 


18,864,00( 


18 


5,659,455 


17,355,272 


16,717,121 


17,802,474 


13,450,330 


8,485,355 


12,576,758 


10,944,00( 




55,609,888 


55,648,011 


117,150,028 


75,053,581 


81,600,691 


47,620,820 


42,879,818 


86,312,001 


19 


10,720,474 


6,886,998 


31,867,150 


14,028,265 


14,244,217 


...953,555 


5,738,177 


12,515,000 




54,608,217 


23,784,969 


41,497,615 


43,827,699 


35,953,717 


66,679,592 


93,307.171 


112,600,000 





3,089,187 


827,717 


3,532,692 


3,053,037 


3,214,262 


3,828,742 


5,817,702 


7,882,000 




21,490,955 


34,098,744 


82,958,564 


44,544,883 


61,335,706 


19,293,060 


17,597,123 


61,444,000 


1 


8,948,834 


10,229,623 


29,035,498 


17,817,953 


24,534,282 


6,752,571 


6,158,993 


18,433,000 




598,411 


917,535 


1,169,257 


917,781 


1,090,396 


665,676 


428,923 


880,018 


! 


7,955,136 


12,307,125 


16,750,898 


24,577,589 


30,319,024 


17,307,576 


8,819,242 


- 




9,762,601 


11,323,388 


14,483,395 


13,681,218 


16,631,954 


15,057,495 


15,157,431 


17,132,531 


!3 


19,732,019 


26,467,646 


38,817,481 


54,413,349 


80,693,723 


72,451,656 


65,518,497 


74,269.000 




2,128,374 


5,692,915 


5,369,560 


4,495,257 


6,651,980 


5,752,885 


6,943,372 


7.662.00C 


i 


3,170,859 


7,644,537 


6,547,728 


9,802,433 


14,798,070 


14,195,143 


15,438,481 


14,291,000 




79,386,697 


103,230,994 


177,201,534 


176,686,390 


277,859,665 


171,923,342 


184,297,242 


214,102,000 





1 The figures for 1923 are subject to revision. - Calendar years. 3 Cwt. 



XXIV 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA continued. 





Items. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1896. 


1901. 




Manufactures 1 
Employees No. 


187,942 


254,894 


272,033 




339,173 




Capital . . . . $ 


77,964,020 


164,957,423 


353,213,000 


_ 


446,916,487 




Salaries and wages $ 


40,851,00!! 


59,401,70:; 


79,234,311 


_ 


113,249,350 




Products $ 


221,617,773 


309,731,867 


368,696,723 


_ 


481,053,375 




Trade- 
Exports 2 . . 8 


57,630,024 


83,944,701 


88,671,738 


109,707,80c, 


177,431,386 




Imports 3 $ 


84,214,388 


90,488,329 


111.533,954 


105,361,161 


177,930,919 




Total .. $ 


141,844,412 


174,433,030 


200,205,692 


215,068,916 


355,362,305 




Sxports, domestic 
Wheat bush . 


1,748,977 


2,523,673 


2,108,216 


9,919,54: 


9, 739.75S 


- 


$ 

Wheat flour brl. 


1,981,917 
306,339 


2, 593, 820 


1,583,084 
296,784 


5,771,01 ! 
186, 71t 


6,871,939 
1,118,700 




$ 
Oats bush. 


1,609,84(, 
542,386 


2,173,108 
2,926,635 


1,388,578 
260,560 


718,433 
968,13 . 


4,015,226 
8,155,063 




- 
Hay . tons 


231,227 

23,487 


1,791,873 
168,381 


129,917 
65,083 


273,S(>1 
214,640 


2,490,521 

252,977 




* 
Bacon and hams, shoulders cwt. 
and sides $ 


290,217 
103,444 
1,018,918 


1,813,208 
103,547 
758,334 


559.48S 
75,541 

628, 46S 


1,976,431 
537,361 
4,381,968 


2,097,882 
1,055,495 
11,778,446 




Butter . Ib. 


15,439,266 


17, 649. 4U1 


3,768,101 


5,889,241 


16,335,528 




$ 
Cheese . . . Ib. 


3,065,234 
8,271,439 


3,573,034 
49,255,523 


602,175 
106,202,140 


1,052,08!) 
164,689,123 


3,295,663 
195,926,697 




$ 

Gold* $ 


1,109,906 
163,037 


5,510,443 

767,318 


9,508,800 
554,126 


13,956,571 
1,099,053 


20,696,951 
24,445,156 




Silver oz. 








2,508,233 


4,022,019 




$ 
Copper 6 Ib . 


595,261 
6,246,000 


34,494 
39,604,000 


238,367 
10,994,498 


1,595,548 
3,575,482 


2,420,750 
26,345,776 




Nickel... . Ib. 


120,121 


150,412 


505,196 
5,352,043 


194,771 
6,996,540 


2,659,261 
9,537,558 


- 


- 
Coal tons 


318,287 


420,055 


240,499 
833,684 


486,651 
1,025,060 


958,365 
1,888,538 


. 


$ 

Vegetable products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood) f 
Animals and their products 
(except chemicals and fibres) $ 
Fibres, textiles and textile pro 
ducts . . . $ 


662,451 


..123,091 


2,916,465 
13,742,557 
36,399,140 

872,628 


3,249,069 
14,606,735 
48,763,906 
2,104,013 


5,307,060 
25,541,567 
68,465,332 
1,880,539 




Wood, wood products and paper $ 
Iron and its products . $ 




- 


25,351,085 
556 , 527 


28,772,187 
1,188,254 


33,099,915 

3,778,897 





Non-ferrous metals and their 
products . . .... $ 






1,618,955 


3,843,475 


33,395,096 




Non-metallic minerals and their 
products $ 







3,988,584 


4,368,013 


7,356,324 




Chemicals and allied products $ 
All other commodities $ 


- 


- 


851,211 
5,291,051 


481,661 
5,579,561 


791,975 
3,121,741 


20 


Total exports, domestic $ 

Imports for consumption 
Vegetable products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood). $ 
Animals and their products 
(except chemicals and fibres) $ 
Fibres, textiles and textile pro 
ducts . . . . $ 


57,630,024 


83,944,701 


88,671,738 

24,212,140 
8,080,862 
28,670,141 


109,707,805 

22,742,835 
7,599,802 
27,421,519 


177,431,386 

38,036,757 
14,022,896 
37,284,752 


. 


Wood, wood products and paper $ 
Iron and its products. . . . $ 


- 


- 


5,203,490 
15,142,615 


4,787,288 
13,393,762 


8,196,901 
29,955,936 




Non-ferrous metals and their 
products $ 






3,810,626 


2,967,439 


7,159,142 




Non-metallic minerals and 
their products (except chemi 
cals) $ 






14,139,024 


13,736,879 


21,255,403 


W W 

a-. 01 


Chemicals and allied products. $ 
All other commodities $ 


- 


- 


3,697,810 

8,577,246 


3,840,806 
8,870,831 


5,692,5(14 
16,326,568 




Total imports $ 


84,214,388 


90,488,329 


111,533,954 


105,361,161 


177,930,919 




Steam Railways 
Miles in operation No 


2,695 


7,331 


13,888 


16,270 


18,140 


- 


Capital $ 


257,035,188 


284, 41 9, 2 .): 


632,0iil. Ill 


697,212,941 


816,110,837 




Passengers No. 


5,190,416 


6,943,671 


13, 222, otlS 


13,059,023 


18,385,722 




Freight s tons 


5,670,836 7 


12,065,323 


21,753,021 


24,248,294 


36,999,371 




learnings $ 


19 470 539 


27,987,509 


48,192,099 


50,374 295 


72 898 749 





Expenses... S 


15,775,532 


20,121,418 


34,960,449 


34,893,337 


50.368.726 



The statistics of manufactures in 1871, 1881, 1919, 1920 and 1921, include works employing fewer 
than five hands, while those of 1891, 1901 and 1911 are for works employing five hands and over, except 
in the case of butter and cheese factories, flour and grist mills, electric light plants, lumber, lath and 



XXV 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA continued. 



1906. 


1911. 


1916. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923.8 




383,920 


515,203 




682,483 


685,349 


517,141 






I 


833,916,155 


1,247,583,609 





3,230,686,368 


3,443,276,053 


3,210,709,288 








2 


162,155,578 


241,008,416 





689,435,709 


816,055,139 


581,402,385 





- 


3 


706,446,578 


1,165,975,639 


- 


3,520,731,589 


4,024,739,463 


2,747,926,675 


- 


- 


i 


235,483,956 


274,316,553 


741,610,638 


1,216,443,806 


1,239,492,098 


1,189,163,701 


740,240,680 


931,451,443 


.-> 


283,740,280 


452,724,603 


508,201,134 


919,711,705 


1,064,528,123 


1,240,158,882 


747,804,332 


802,465,043 


6 


519,224,236 


727,041,156 


1,249,811,772 


2,136,155,511 


2,304,020,221 


2,429,322,583 


1,488,045,012 


1,733,916,486 




40,399,402 


45,802,115 


157,745,469 


41,808,897 


77,978,037 


129,215,157 


136,489,238 


215,074,566 


1 


33,658,391 


45,521,134 


172,896,445 


96,985,056 


185,044,806 


310,952,138 


179,990,730 


252,145,805 




1,532,014 


3,049,046 


6,400,214 


9,205,439 


8,863,068 


6,017,032 


7,414,282 


10,227,060 


I 


6,179,825 


13,854,790 


35,767,044 


99,931,659 


94,262,928 


66,520,490 


53,478,150 


60,075,426 




2,700,303 


5,431,662 


26,816,322 


17,879,783 


10,768,872 


14,321,048 


36,195,127 


29,022,347 




1,083,347 


2,144,846 


14,637,849 


15,193,527 


9,349,455 


14,152,033 


18,717,105 


14,533,015 




206,714 


326,132 


255,407 


492,208 


218,561 


179,398 


31,287 


58,300 


io 


1,529,941 


2,723,291 


5,849,426 


7,666,491 


4,087,670 


4,210,594 


650,379 


927,143 




1,029,079 


598,745 


1,536,517 


1,246,888 


2,236,426 


982,338 


992,080 


1,015,901 


u 


12,086,868 


8,526,332 


27,090,113 


40,242,175 


70,123,580 


31,492,407 


23,012,480 


22,536,397 




34,031,525 


3,142,682 


3,441,183 


13,659,157 


17,612,605 


9,739,414 


8,430,591 


21,994,578 


13 


7,075,539 


744,288 


1,018,769 


6,140,864 


9,844,359 


5,128,831 


3,224,390 


8,243,138 




215,834,543 


181,895,724 


168,961,583 


152,207,037 


126,395,777 


133,620,340 


133,849,800 


114,549,900 


: 1 


24,433,169 


20,739,507 


26,690,500 


35,223,983 


36,336,863 


37,146,722 


25,440,322 


20,828,234 




12,991,916 


5,344,465 


16,870,394 


9,202,033 


5,974,334 


3,038,779 


2,532,050 


5,449,469 


14 


7,261,527 


33,731,010 


27,794,566 


19,759,478 


12,379,642 


13,331,050 


13,601,420 


17,111,416 




4,310,528 


17,269,168 


14,298,351 


19,519,642 


14,255,601 


11,127,432 


8,711,304 


11,458,992 


U 


44,282,348 


55,005,342 


111,046,300 


65,612,400 


42,003,300 


36,167,900 


10,333,900 


21,451,300 


: 


7,148,633 


5,575,033 


14,670,073 


8,684,191 


5,253,218 


4,336,972 


1,029,417 


2,035,511 




23,959,841 


34,767,523 


70,443,000 


79,164,400 


44,140,700 


47,018,300 


10,904,700 


42,628,500 


17 


2,166,936 


3,842,332 


7,714,769 


11,170,359 


9,039,221 


9,405,291 


2,689,702 


8,880,641 




1,820,511 


2,315,171 


1,971,124 


1,8*.;, 639 


2,120,138 


2,277,202 


1,953,053 


2,089,438 


18 


4,643,198 


6,014,095 


6,032,765 


10,169,722 


13,183,666 


16,501,478 


13,182,440 


12,956,615 




55,828,252 


84,556,886 


257,249,193 


288,893,218 


416,122,771 


482,924,672 


317,578,963 


407,760,092 


[f 


84,570,644 


69,693,263 


138,375,083 


244,990,826 


314,017,944 


188,359,937 


135,798,720 


135,841,642 


20 


2,602,903 


1,818,931 


15,097,691 


28,030,381 


34,028,314 


18,783,884 


4,585,987 


7,850,843 


21 


45,716,762 


56,334,695 


83,116,282 


154,509,154 


213,913,944 


284,561,478 


179,925,887 


228,756,205 


22 


4,705,296 


9,884,346 


66,127,099 


81,910,926 


81,785,829 


76,500,741 


28,312,272 


51,137,912 


28 


28,455,786 


34,000,996 


66,036,542 


79,260,732 


54,976,413 


45,939,377 


27,885,996 


44,358,037 


\A 


7,817,475 


10,038,493 


11,879,741 


26,662,304 


30,342,926 


40,121,892 


22,616,684 


27,646,704 


28 


1,784,800 


2,900,379 


15,948,480 


56,799,799 


22,581,049 


19,582,051 


9,506,170 


14,046,940 


26 


4,002,038 


5,088,564 


87,780,527 


255,326,466 


71,722,908 


32,389,669 


14,030,001 


14,053,068 


27 


235,483,956 


274,316,553 


741,610,638 


1,216,443,806 


1,239,492,098 


1,189,163,701 


740,240 680 


931,451,443 




50,330,667 


79,214,342 


95,426,024 


157,506,654 


242,075,389 


261,081,364 


172,665,523 


161,669,784 


28 


23,616,835 


30,671,908 


38,657,514 


41,505,094 


95,098,743 


61,722,390 


46,645,789 


46,736,774 


29 


59,292,868 


87,916,282 


96,191,485 


178,190,241 


231,559,877 


243,608,342 


139,997,137 


170,146,958 


n 


14,341,947 


26,851,936 


18,277,420 


35,399,852 


43,183,267 


57,449,384 


35,791,487 


35,845,544 


;i 


49,436,840 


91,968,180 


92,065,895 


192,527,377 


186,319,876 


245,625,703 


110,210,539 


138,724,455 


ta 


17,527,922 


27,655,874 


29,448,661 


41,649,431 


52,103,913 


55,553,902 


29,773,413 


37,492,604 


B 


33,757,284 


53,335,826 


53,427,531 


135/250, 417 


121,956,176 


206,095,113 


137,604,140 


139,919,012 


14 


8,251,378 


12,489,776 


19,258,326 


34,282,647 


29,886,102 


36,334,612 


24,630,333 


25,793,101 


us 


27,184,539 


42,620,479 


65,448,278 


103,399,992 


62,344,780 


72,688,072 


50,485,971 


46,136,811 


-.., 


283,740,280 


452,724,603 


508,201,134 


919,711,705 


1,064,528,123 


1,210,158,882 


747,804,332 


802,465,043 




21,353 


2o,400 


37,434 


38,896 


39,384 


39,771 


39,773 


_ 


17 


1,065,881,629 


1,528,689,201 


1,893,125,774 


2,036,165,606 


2,170,030,128 


2,164,687,636 


2,159,277,131 


_ 


:s 


27,989,782 


37,097,718 


43,503,459 


43,754,194 


51,318,422 


46,793,251 


44,383.620 


- 


19 


57,966,713 


79,884,282 


109,659,088 


116,699,572 


127,429,154 


103,131,132 


108,530,518 


- 


} 


125,322,865 


188,733,494 


261,888,654 


382,976,901 


492,101,104 


458,008,891 


440,687,128 





41 


87,129,434 


131,034,785 


180,542,259 


341,866,509 


478,248,154 


422,581,205 


393,927,406 


- 


42 



shingle mills, lime kilns, brick and tile works and fish canneries. ^Exports of domestic merchandise only. 
* Imports of merchandise for home consumption. 4 The figures for 1919 are for gold exported to foreign 
countries only. 6 Copper, fine, contained in ore, matte, regulus, etc. 6 Year 1876. 7 Year 1875. 
The figures for 1923 are subject to revision. 

623730 



XXVI 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA concluded. 





Items. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1896. 


1901. 


1 


Electric Railways 1 
Miles in operation No. 










675 




Capital $ 





_ 


_ 


__ 






Passengers No. 


_ 


_, 


_ 





120,934,656 


. 


Freight tons 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


287,926 


- 


Earnings $ 


__ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


5,768,283 


6 


Expenses $ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


3,435,162 


: 


Canals 
Passengers carried No. 


100,377 


118,136 


146,336 


151,342 


190,428 




Freight tons 


. 3,955,621 


2,853,230 


2,902,526 


7,991,073 


5,665,259 




Shipping (sea-going) 
Entered tons 


2,521,573 


4,032,946 


5,273,935 


5,895,360 


7,514,732 


(l 


Cleared . " 


2,594,460 


4,071,391 


5,421,261 


5,563,464 


7,028,330 




Total " 


5,116,033 


8,104,337 


10,695,196 


11,458,824 


14,543,062 


: 



Telegraphs, Government, miles of line 
Telegraphs, other, miles of line 




1,947 


2,699 
27,866 


2,786 
28,949 


5,744 
30,194 





Telephones . No. 


_ 


_ 






63,192 




Motor vehicles . . " 


_ 


_ 


_ 









Postal- 
Money orders issued . . $ 


4,546,434 


7,725,212 


12,478,178 


13,081,861 


17,956,258 


[I 


Revenue . . . . ... $ 


803,637 


1,344,970 


2,515,823 


2,971,653 


3,421,192 




Expenditure ... . . $ 


994,876 


1,876,658 


3,161,676 


3,752,805 


3,837,376 


- 


Dominion Finance 
Revenue .... S 


19,335,561 


39,635,298 


38,579,311 


36,618,591 


53,514,701 





Eipeuditure $ 


15,633,083 


35,503,554 


36,343,568 


36,949,143 


46,866,368 




Gross debt $ 


115,492,683 


199,861,537 


289,899,230 


325,717,537 


354,732,433 




Assets $ 


37,786,165 


44,465,757 


52,090,199 


67,220,104 


86,252,429 




Net debt $ 


77,707,518 


155,395,780 


337,809,031 


358,497,433 


368,480,004 




Chartered Banks 
Capital paid up . . . . $ 


37,095,340 


59,534,977 


60,700,697 


62,043,173 


67,035,615 




Assets $ 


125,273,631 


200,613,879 


269,307,032 


320,937,643 


531,829,324 


i ; 


Liabilities (excluding capital 
and reserves) $ 


80,250,974 


127,176,249 


187,332,325 


232,338,086 


420,003,743 


- 


Deposits*. . $ 


56,287,391 


94,346,481 


148,396,968 


193,616,049 


349,573,327 




Savings Banks 
Deposits in Post Office $ 


2,497,260 


6,208,227 


21,738,648 


28,932,930 


39,950,813 






2,072,037 


9,628,445 


17,661,378 


17,866,389 


16,098,144 




Special $ 


5,766,712 


7,685,888 


10,982,232 


14,459,833 


19,125,097 




Loan Companies 4 


8,392,464 


73,906,638 


125,041,146 


143,887,377 


158,523,307 




Liabilities $ 


8,392,464 


71, 965, Ol- 


123,915,704 


143,296,284 


158,523,307 






2,399,136 


lS, 460, 268 


18,482,959 


19,404,878 


20,756 910 




Trust Companies 
Shareholders assets $ 










_ 


1 


Investments 6n trnst account. . S 
Dominion Fire Insurance 
Amount at risk, Dec. 31 $ 


228,453,784 


462,210,968 


759,602,191 


845,574,352 


1,038,687,619 


! 


Premium income for year t 


2,321,716 


3,827,116 


6,168,716 


7,075,850 


9,650,348 




Provincial Fire Insurance 
Amount at risk Dec 31. . . $ 














Premium income for year .... S 





_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 




Dominion Tjfe Insurance 


45,825,935 


103,290,932 


261,475,229 


327,814,465 


463,769,034 




Premium income for year . S 


1,852,974 


3,094,689 


8,417,702 


10,604,577 


15,189,854 


1 


Provincial Life Insurance- 
Amount at risk Dec 31 $ 








_ 


_ 


. 

4 | 


Premium income for year $ 
Education- 


~ 


891,000 


995,000 




1,083,000 


i 


No, of Teachers " 


13,559 


18,016 


23,718 





27,126 


i ! 


Total Public Expenditure. . . $ 






_ 


- 


11,014,925 

















i Calendar years 1920-1922. 2 Including amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada from 1901-1922. 
Active assets only. Including Building Societies and Trust Companies (1871-1911). Motor 
vehicles in 6 provinces numbered 2,130 in 1907. The figures for 1923 are subject to revision. 



XXV11 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA concluded. 



1906. 


1911. 


1916. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 




814 

237,655,074 
506,024 
10,966,871 
6,675,037 


1,224 
111,532,347 
426,296,792 
1,228,362 
20,356,952 
12,096,134 


1,674 
154,895,584 
580,094,167 
1,936,674 
27,416,285 
18,099,906 


1,696 
171,894,556 
686,124,263 
2,474,892 
35,696,532 
26,839,070 


1,699 
170,826,404 
804,711,333 
2,691,150 
47,047,246 
37,242,483 


1,687 
177,187,436 
719,305,441 
2,285,886 
44,536,833 
35,945,316 


1,724 
188,258,974 
738,908,949 
2,445,425 
49,660,485 
35,986,872 


- 


o o* ** co to H 


256,500 
10,523,185 


304,904 
38,030,353 


263,648 
23,583,491 


262,056 
9,995,266 


230,468 
8,735,383 


230,129 
9,407,021 


219,519 
10,026,055 


220,592 
11,199,434 


- 


8,895,353 
7,948,076 
16,843,429 


11,919,339 
10,377,847 
22,297,186 


12,616,927 
12,210,723 
24,827,656 


11,694,613 
13,566,780 
25,261,393 


12,010,374 
13,234,380 
25,244,754 


12,516,503 
12,400,226 
24,916,729 


13,620,183 
13,974,287 
27,594,470 


17,095,883 
17,182,454 
34,278,337 


10 


6,829 
31,506 

5_ 


8,446 
33,905 
302,759 
21,519 


10,699 
38,552 
548,421 
123,464 


11,428 
37,771 
724,500 
341,316 


11.454 
40,939 
856,266 
407,064 


11,207 
41,577 
902,090 
465,378 


11,455 
41,641 
944,029 
513,821 


- 




37,355,673 
5,993,343 
4,921,577 


70,614,862 
9,146,952 
7,954,223 


94,469,871 
18,858,410 
16,009,139 


142,375,809 
21,602,713 
19,273,584 


159,224,937 
24,449,917 
20,774,385 


173,523,322 
26,331,119 
24,661,262 


139,914,186 
26,554,538 
28,121,425 


143,055,120 
29,262,233 
27,794,502 


: 



80,139,360 
67,240,641 

392,269,680 
125,226,702 
267,042,978 


117,780.410 

87,774,198 
474,941,487 
134,899,435 
340,042,052 


172,147,838 
130,350,727 

936,987,802 
321,831,631 
615,156,171 


312,946,747 
232,731,283 

2,460,183,021 
647,598.2023 
1,812,584,819 


349,746,335 
303,843,930 

3,041,529,587 
792,660,9633 
2,248,868,624 


434,386,537 
361,118,145 

2,902,482,117 
561,603,133 
2,340,878,983 


381,952,387 
347,560,691 

2,902,347,137 
480,211,336 3 
2,422,135,801 


394,614,900 
332,293,732 

2,888,827,237 
435,050,3683 
2,453,776,869 


tO tO 1 K 

H-OCOOO 


91,035,604 
878,512,076 


103,009,250 
1,303,131,260 


113,175,353 
1,839,286,709 


115,004,960 
2,754,568,118 


123,617,120 
3,064,133,843 


129,096,339 

2,841,782,079 


125,456,485 
2,638,776,483 


124,373,293 
2,643,773,986 




713,790,553 
605.968,513 


1,097,661,393 
980,433,788 


1,596,905,337 
1,418,035,429 


2,495,582,568 
2,189,428,885 


2,784,068,698 
2,438,079,792 


2,556,454,190 
2,264,586,736 


2,364,822,657 
2,120,997,030 


2,436,587,628 
2,107,606,111 




45,736,488 
16,174,134 
27,393,194 


43,330,579 
14,655,564 
34,770,386 


40,008,418 
13,520,009 
40,405,037 


41,654,920 
11,402,098 
46,799,877 


31,605,594 
10,729,218 
53,118,053 


29,010,619 
10,150,189 
58,576,775 


24,837,181 
9,829,653 
58,292,920 


22,357,268 
9,247,121 
59,327,961 


to to to 

00 --J C7> 


232,076,447 
232,076,447 
23,046,194 


389,701,988 
389,701,988 
33,742,513 


70,872,297 
70,872,297 
8,987,720 


74,520,021 
74,520,021 
9,347,096 


90,413,261 
90,413,261 
15,257,840 


96,698,809 
96,698,809 
15,868,926 


102,493,145 
100,403,652 
16,910,558 


- 


w co to 

i- O 


_ 


- 


7,826,943 
47,669,243 


10,007,941 
73,133,017 


10,224,252 
73,704,706 


10,238,236 
88,036,507 


10,353,243 
101,078,205 


- 


CO CO 
COM 


1,443,902,244 
14,687,963 


2,279,868,346 
20,575,255 


3,720,058,236 

27,783,852 

849,915,678 


4,923,024,381 
40,031,474 

1,004,942,977 


5,969,872,278 
50,527,937 

1,054,105,011 


6,020,513,832 
312,564 

1,269,764,435 


6,348,637,436 
48,168,310 

1,036,200,959 


- 


.. 

3 


- 


- 


3,902,504 


4,302,492 


5,216,795 


5,545,549 


4,890,627 


- 


i 


656,260,900 
22,364,456 


950,220,771 
31,619,626 


1,422,179,632 
48,093,105 


2,187,837,317 
74,708,509 


2,657,0?5,493 

90,218,047 


2,934,843,848 
99,015,081 


3,171,388,996 
107,104,091 


- 


IS 

: 


- 


_ 


348,097,229 
5,311,003 


223,853,792 
4,407,833 


174,740,215 
3,282,669 


222,871,178 
4,389,008 


175,380,201 
4,329,716 


- 


10 

u 


1,173,009 
32,250 
16,368,244 


1,356,879 
40,516 
37,971,374 


1,622,351 
50,307 
57,362,734 


1,738,977 
53,990 
74,843,138 


1,812,618 
55,733 
76,835,089 


1,869,643 
56,607 
112,976,543 


1,950,000 
59,312 
114,711,249 


- 


ta 

4:-. 

M 



NOTE. 

In the foregoing Summary the statistics of immigration, fisheries (1871-1916), trade, shipping, the 
Post Office, the public debt, revenue and expenditure and the Post Office and Government Savings Banks 
relate to the fiscal years ended June 30 up to 1906, and from that on to the years ended March 31. Agricul 
tural, dairying, fisheries (1918-22), mineral, manufacturing, banking, insurance, loan and trust companies 
statistics relate to the calendar years and railway statistics to the years ended June 30, 1871-1919, and to 
the calendar years 1920-1922. Canal statistics are those of the navigation seasons. The telegraph statistics 
relate to the fiscal years for Government lines and to the calendar years for other lines. 



ERRATA. 

P. 5. Table 1. The land and water areas of Saskatchewan are 243,381 and 8,319 sq. 

miles respectively, instead of 242,808 and 8,892. The corresponding areas of 

Canada are 3,603,909 and 125,756 instead of 3,603,336 and 126,329, as given 

in the table. 
P. 25. The longitude of Saskatoon seismological station should be 106" 30 W. instead 

of 106 40 W. 
The registration of the Victoria Station should be correct to .1 sec. instead of 

correct to + 1 sec. 
P. 171. Table 30. The urban population of Canada in 1921 should be 4,352,442 

instead of 4,352,402. 



XXVI, 1 



I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

I. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 
1. General Description. 

Situation. The Dominion of Canada comprises the whole northern half of 
the North American continent except the United States territory of Alaska, and 
Labrador, a dependency of the island colony of Newfoundland. It is bounded on 
the west by the Pacific ocean and Alaska, the boundary with which was in part 
determined by the award of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal signed at Washington, 
Oct. 20, 1903; on the south by the 49th parallel, the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence 
river and additional lines set om by the Ashburton Treaty, signed Aug. 9, 1842; 
and on the east by the Atlantic ocean, the gulf of St. Lawrence, the undefined 
Labrador boundary and Davis strait. Northern boundaries have yet to be fixed 
by further exploration, but cape Columbia in north latitude 83 5 is the most 
northerly known point of land in the Dominion. The southernmost point is Middle 
island in lake Erie, in north latitude 41 41 , while from east to west the Dominion 
extends from about west longitude 57 the approximate boundary with New 
foundland to west longitude 141, the boundary with Alaska. Canadian territory 
thus extends over about 84 of longitude and 42 of latitude. 

Area. The area of the Dominion (including an estimate of 500,000 square 
miles for the provisional district of Franklin) is 3,729,665 square miles, a figure 
which may be compared with that of 3,743,529 for the United States and its depen 
dent territories, 3,800,000 the total area of Europe, 2,974,581 the total area of 
Australia, 3,913,560 the total area of China inclusive of dependencies, 3,275,510 
the area of Brazil, 1,802,577 the area of India, 121,633 the area of the United King 
dom and 13,419,046, the total area of the British Empire. By comparison with 
the last two figures Canada is seen to be over 30 times as large as the United King 
dom and to comprise almost 28 p.c. of the total area of the British Empire. 

Political Subdivisions. Canada is divided from east to west into the follow 
ing provinces: the Atlantic Maritime provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick, all three comparatively small in area; Quebec, covering 
a strip south of the St. Lawrence and the whole territory north of the St. Lawrence 
and east of the Ottawa to Hudson strait; Ontario, extending northward from the 
Great Lakes to Hudson bay; Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, the provinces 
of the interior continental plain, extending from 49 to 60 north latitude; and 
British Columbia, the province of the western mountain and Pacific coast region, 
also extending from 49 to 60. North of the 60th parallel of latitude the country 
is divided into the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, the latter area 
composed of the provisional districts of Mackenzie, Keewatin and Franklin. In 
actual area the three Maritime provinces, covering a total land area of 51,163 
square miles, make up but 1 -4 p.c. of the total land area of the country. Quebec, 
the largest in area of all the provinces, and Ontario cover 19-45 and 10-15 p.c. 
of the country s aggregate land area respectively. The four western provinces, 
taken in order as one proceeds west, constitute 6 4, 6 7, 7 and 9 8 p.c., the Yukon 
5 7 p.c., Franklin 13 8 p.c., Keewatin 5 7 p.c. and Mackenzie 13 9 p.c. of the land 
area of the Dominion. A brief description of each of the provinces is appended. 

Prince Edward Island. This, the smallest province of the Dominion, lies at 
the south of the gulf of St. Lawrence and is separated from the mainland of the 
623731 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



continent by Northumberland strait. It is 150 miles in length and varies from 4 
miles to 30 in width, covering an area of 2,184 square miles, some 200 square miles 
more than the state of Delaware and slightly more than half the area of the island 
of Jamaica in the British West Indies. Its rich red soil and red sandstone formations 
make up a distinctive and even topography, no point in the island attaining a 
greater altitude than 311 feet above sea level. A climate tempered by the surround 
ing waters of the gulf and yet free from the rigours of Atlantic storms, combined 
with numerous rivers, sheltered harbours and rolling plains, offers great induce 
ments to the pursuit of agriculture and of fishing. The province is noted for its 
predominance in the fox-farming industry, its lobster canneries, and its production 
of oats and potatoes. 

Nova Scotia. The province of Nova Scotia is 386 miles in length by from 50 
to 100 miles in width, a long and rather narrow strip of land lying parallel to the 
Maine and New Brunswick coast and joined to the latter by the isthmus of Chig- 
necto. It includes at its north the island of Cape Breton, which is separated from 
the mainland by the strait of Canso. The total area of the province is 21,428 square 
miles, a little over 2,000 square miles less than the combined area of Belgium and 
Holland, with which Nova Scotia may very well be compared as to climate, natural 
resources and accessibility. Cape Breton island, at the mouth of the gulf of St. 
Lawrence and sheltering Prince Edward Island from the Atlantic, is roughly 100 
miles in length with an extreme breadth of 87 miles, its area of 3,120 square miles 
enclosing the salt water lakes of Bras d Or, connected with the sea at the north by 
two natural channels and at the south by the St. Peter s ship canal. The ridge 
of mountainous country running through the centre of the Nova Scotian mainland 
divides it roughly into two slopes, that facing the Atlantic being generally rocky, 
barren and open to the sweep of Atlantic storms, while the other, facing the bay of 
Fundy and the gulf of St. Lawrence, consists for the most part of arable and fertile- 
plains and river valleys, and is noted for its general farming and fruit farming 
districts. The Atlantic coast is deeply indented with numerous excellent harbours. 

New Brunswick. With a total area of 27,985 square miles, New Brunswick 
may be compared to Scotland with its area of 30,405 square miles. The conform 
ation of the province is also rather similar to that of Scotland, for the country, 
although not mountainous, is diversified by the occurrence of a great number of 
low hills and valleys. While New Brunswick is essentially a part of the mainland, 
the bay of Chaleur at the north, the gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland 
strait at the east, the bay of Fundy at the south and Passamaquoddy bay at the 
southwest, provide the province with a very extensive sea coast. Although 
larger in area than Nova Scotia, New Brunswick does not cover as many degrees 
of latitude as does the former, its most southern point being a little south of 
45 north latitude and its most northern a little north of 48, while Nova Scotia 
extends roughly from the 43rd to the 47th parallel. To its southwest is a group 
of islands belonging to the province, the most important being Campobello with an 
area of 115,000 acres, Grand Manan with an area of 37,000 acres and the \Vc.-i 
Isles, with an area of 8,000 acres. The soil of these islands, similar to much of 
that on the mainland, is generally fertile, but only a small proportion of it is under 
cultivation. New Brunswick has been well called the best watered country in the 
world; its numerous rivers provide access to extensive lumbering areas in its interior 
and to many of the most attractive hunting and fishing resorts in the Dominion. 

Quebec. Quebec might with considerable accuracy be included among the 
Maritime provinces, for the gulf of St. Lawrence is really a part of the Athmtir, 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION 



while salt water washes the coasts of the province for many miles on its northern 
and western borders. Besides including a narrow strip of land between the St. 
Lawrence and the international and New Brunswick boundaries, Quebec extends 
northward from the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers to Hudson strait, covering 
over 17 of latitude and an area of 706,834 square miles. The combined areas of 
France, Germany, Sweden and Italy are some 7,000 square miles less than the area 
of Quebec. Apart from its importance as the threshold of Canada and the gate 
way through which ocean navigation must pass on its way to the interior of the 
continent, Quebec is also noted for its natural resources. The untold timber limits 
of its northern areas form the basis for a great pulp and paper industry of the present 
and the future. Its rivers, many of them as yet comparatively unknown, may be 
harnessed to supply over one-third of the electric power available in Canada. Its 
mineral deposits, particularly those of asbestos, have long been known for their 
quality and extent, and the fisheries of the St. Lawrence river and gulf are equally 
famuiar. Agriculturally, the climate and soil of the St. Lawrence shores and the 
plains of the Eastern Townships make the province eminently fitted for general 
farming operations. 

Ontario. The province of Ontario is the section of the Dominion contained 
between the great international lakes and Hudson bay and between the western 
boundary of Quebec and the eastern limits of Manitoba. Its most southern point 
is in north latitude 41 41 and its most northern in north latitude 56 48 . The 
total area comprised within its limits is 407,262 square miles, of which its water 
area of 41,382 square miles forms the unusually large percentage of 10-16. The 
province is a little more than 8,000 square miles less in area than are France and 
Germany together, and when compared with the states to the south Ontario is 
found to be almost equal in extent to the combined area of the six New England 
states, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
and Wisconsin. Many varieties of climate and soil are encountered, from the 
distinctively southern conditions found along the shores of lake Erie to the infinitely 
diverse ones of Hudson and James bay. Ontario, of all the provinces of Canada, 
is the centre of the country s manufacturing life, owing to its abundant water power 
resources and its proximity to the coal fields of Pennsylvania, but the many natural 
resources of its rural districts are not on this account neglected. Mining in the 
Sudbury, Cobalt and Porcupine districts is a thriving industry, the nickel coming 
from the Sudbury field amounting to three-fourths of the world s consumption; 
fruit farming in the Niagara district and general farming throughout the entire 
central part of the province are carried on extensively under unusually favourable 
conditions, while timber and furs are the most important products of the far north. 

Manitoba. Manitoba, the most easterly of the prairie provinces and also the 
oldest in point of settlement, extends roughly from a line joining the west coast of 
Hudson bay and the lake of the Woods to a line approximating closely to the 102nd 
meridian west from Greenwich. On the north and south it is bounded by the 60th 
and 49th parallels of latitude respectively. The total area of Manitoba is 251,832 
square miles. This area may be compared to that of the United Kingdom 
with its area of 121,633 square miles, and Manitoba is seen to be 8,566 square 
miles greater than twice the total area of the British Isles. The province is typically 
an agricultural one, its southern plains being specially adapted to this form of 
industry. Its northern districts, with a topography very different from that o 
its prairies, are of importance in the production of copper ore and of timber products 

62373 H 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



Saskatchewan. The central prairie province, contained within the western 
boundary of Manitoba, the 49th and 60th parallels of latitude, and the 110th meri 
dian, covers an area of 251,700 square miles, but slightly less than that of Mani 
toba, and greater by 5,000 square miles than the combined areas of the United 
Kingdom and Norway. The country consists for the most part of the open rolling 
prairie at an average altitude of 1,500 feet above sea-level, while in the north it 
assumes a more broken aspect and is as yet but slightly developed. The climate 
is quite different from that of eastern Canada, with less precipitation and perhaps 
slightly more severe features than are encountered in many other parts of the 
country, but it is nevertheless most favourable to plant and animal growth. The 
northern districts are abundantly watered by lakes and rivers and are rich in coal 
and timber resources. 

Alberta. Lying between Saskatchewan on the east and the Rocky mountains 
and the 120th meridian on the west, and bounded on the north and south by the 
Northwest Territories and the United States respectively, is the province of Alberta. 
Its area is slightly greater than that of Saskatchewan or Manitoba, comprising a 
total of 255,285 square ni les, a little more than the combined areas of Germany 
and Bulgaria. Formerly an almost exclusively ranching country, it has now become 
a great wheat producing region, the frontier of the grain growing area now approx 
imating to the line of the foot-hills of the Rockies. In the southwest, considerable 
coal and oil mining are carried on; lumbering is important in the more mountainous 
western parts and in the north, where some ranching is still pursued in the less 
populous sections. The climate of Alberta is a particularly favourable one, less 
severe in summer than more eastern parts of the country and tempered in winter by 
the "Chinook" winds from the Pacific. 

British Columbia. The province of British Columbia is in some respects the 
most favoured part of Canada. Within its boundaries are reproduced all the 
varied climates of the Dominion and almost every natural feature, whije some of 
its climatic and geographical conditions afe peculiar to the province. Extending 
from the Rockies to the Pacific and from the 49th to the 60th parallel of latitude, 
its limits contain an area of 355,855 square miles, more than three limes the area 
of Italy, slightly less than three times the area of the United Kingdom and but 
slightly less than the combined area of the United Kingdom, Norway and Italy. 
The many islands of the Pacific coast, notably Vancouver island with an area of 
about 13,500 square miles and the Queen Charlotte group, are included in the 
province and are remarkable for their temperate climate and abundant natural 
resources. Mention need hardly be made of the mineral resources, the great lumber 
trade, the fisheries and the agriculture of British Columbia. 

Yukon and Northwest Territories. The vast area of 1,449,300 square miles is 
included within the boundaries of Canada s northern subdivisions, tihe Yukon 
Territory and the three provisional districts of the Northwest Territories. This is 
almost twelve times the area of the United Kingdom, nearly half the area of the 
United States and more than the combined areas of the Argentine Republic and 
Chile in South America. Much of these northern regions is uninhabited, large 
areas of them even unexplored, but none the less they are of considerable potential 
economic value, owing to their possibilities in agricultural and pastoral production, 
to their mineral deposits such as the Yukon gold fields, as well as to their forest 
resources and their furs. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



Summary of Land and Water Area. For the convenience of the reader, 
the total land and water area of the Dominion, and its distribution into provinces 
and territories, is shown in Table 1. 

1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories as in 1923. 



Provinces. 


Land. 


Water. 


Total 
Land and 
Water. 


Prince Edward Island. . . . . . 


sq. miles. 
2,184 


sq. miles. 


sq. miles. 
2,184 


Nova Scotia 


21,068 


360 


21,428 


New B runswick 


27,911 


74 


27,985 


8uebec 


690,865 


15,969 


706,834 


ntario 


365,880 


41,382 


407,262 


Manitoba . . 


231,926 


19,906 


251,832 


Saskatchewan . . . 


242,808 


8,892 


251,700 


Alberta 


252,925 


2,360 


255,285 


British Columbia . . 


353,416 


2,439 


355,855 


Yukon . . 


206,427 


649 


207,076 


Northwest Territories 
Franklin 


500,000 




500,000 


Keewatin 


205,973 


6,851 


212,824 


Mackenzie 


501,953 


27,447 


529,400 










Total . 


3,603,336 


126,399 


3,729,665 











The water area is exclusive of Hudson bay, Ungava bay, the bay of Fundy, 
the gulf of St. Lawrence and all other tidal waters, excepting that portion of the 
river St. Lawrence which is between Pointe-des-Monts and the foot of lake St. 
Peter, in Quebec. 

2. Physiography. 

Topography. -The topographic features of the present surface of the American 
continent admit of its division, in Canada, into several physiographic provinces. 
The exposed surface of the old pre-Cambrian continent forms one of the largest 
divisions and has been called the Canadian Shield, the Archaean Peneplain and, in 
its southern portion, the Laurentian Highland. The mountainous country of the 
west constitutes the Cordilleras, while the mountains of eastern United States, in 
their continuation across the border, form the Appalachian highlands of eastern 
Canada. The Great Plains, with various subdivisions, occupy the area between 
the mountainous area of the west and the great, roughened surface of the Canadian 
Shield. The St. Lawrence lowland lies between the Laurentian and Appalachian 
highlands. Within the borders of the Canadian Shield an area on the southern 
margin of Hudson bay has been referred to as the "clay belt." It occupies a part 
of the basin that was submerged during the glacial period and covered with a coating 
of clay which smoothed over its inequalities and concealed most of the underlying 
rocks. Since its emergence the surface has been but slightly altered by drainage 
channels cut across it. 

Canadian Shield. The portion of the pre-Cambrian continent whose 
exposed surface still forms a large part of Canada, has an area of about two and 
a half million square miles. Its northern border crosses the Arctic archipelago, 
the eastern lies beyond Baffin island and Labrador and reaches the depressed area 
occupied by the St. Lawrence river, a short spur or point crossing this valley at the 
outlet of lake Ontario to join the Adirondack mountains in New York. The south 
ern boundary runs from the spur West to Georgian bay, skirts the north shore of 



6 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

lake Huron and sweeps almost entirely around the ancient depressed area occupied 
by lake Superior. The western edge, from the lake of the Woods and lake Winnipeg, 
bears northwest to the western end of lake Athabaska, and passes through the basins 
occupied by Great Slave and Great Bear lakes, reaching the Arctic ocean east of 
the Mackenzie River delta. In detail, the surface features of the Canadian Shield 
are irregular; but, viewed broadly, it has the conformation of a great plain, depressed 
toward the centre and in the north and slightly elevated along the eastern and 
southern borders, where it presents a somewhat steep outward slope. The general 
elevation < n the eastern portion is under 2,000 feet, and over the larger part of the 
plain is about 1,000 feet. The highest portion is along the northeastern margin 
where it presents a steep face to the sea, rising to a maximum altitude of about 
6,000 feet. 

Appalachian Region. The continuation of the Green mountains of Vermont 
into Canada may be traced in the Notre Dame mountains, which approach the 
St. Lawrence below Quebec and, continuing with more easterly trend, form the 
highland of the Gaspe peninsula. Over a large part of the region these hills hardly 
attain the dignity of mountains, but peaks rising 3,500 feet above the nearby coast 
are found in the Gaspe peninsula. The continuation of the White mountains of 
New Hampshire is found in the highlands of Maine and New Brunswick, the conti 
nuity being shown quite plainly by the rock-folding and other evidences of the 
great earth movements which caused the topography. An additional ridge appar 
ently forms the present province of Nova Scotia, and although the highlands of 
that province in few places rise to elevations greater than 1,500 feet, the rock struc 
ture indicates that it was a mountainous country at no very remote geological 
period. 

St. Lawrence Lowlands. The southern interior of the continent consists 
of a plain of low relief, bordered on the east by the Appalachian mountains, on 
the west by the Cordilleran mountaifl systems, and on the north by the 
Laurentian plateau. This plain, in its Canadian portion, is known as the St. 
Lawrence lowlands, ani extends from a short distance below Quebec city to lake 
Huron, with a length of 600 miles and an area of 35,000 square miles. To the 
northeast it becomes reduced in width, and in the vicinity of Quebec is represented 
by a narrow plateau or shelf on each side of the St. Lawrence river. The triangular 
area beyond, in which is the island of Anticosti, is structurally related to the central 
lowlands. The St. Lawrence lowlands may be divided into three sections: (1) the 
St. Lawrence river plain, separated from (2) the Eastern Ontario basin, by a point 
of crystalline rocks, and (3) the Ontario peninsula, a slightly more elevated plain 
whose eastern border is a steep escarpment, the eastern outcrop of a heavy lime 
stone bed which underlies the western peninsula. 

Great Plains. -A great area, including many diverse features, lies to the 
east of the Cordilleras. The portion that is included under the term Great Plains 
extends from the southwestern edge of the ancient surface forming the Canadian 
Shield, to the eastern edge of the mountainous region of the Cordilleras. In the 
belt traversed by the railway lines a three-fold division into pra rie steppes, rising 
one above the other, is clearly recognizable, though the divisions are not distinguish 
able in the region farther north to which the term prairie is not applicable. For the 
purpose of description these three divisions are adopted and a fourth is added for 
the broken hilly country of the foot-hills. The first or eastern division comprises 
the plain lying between the Canadian Shield and the plateau formed of Cretaceous 



RIVERS AND LAKES 



sediments; the second extends from the edge of this plateau westward to the erosion 
remnants of former Tertiary deposits; and the third stretches from this line west 
ward to the foot-hills. North of the prairie country these distinctions are less 
noticeable, and divisions two and three become merged into one. 

Cordilleran Region. The western part of the American continent is more 
or less mountainous. The Andean chain, which extends throughout the length 
of South America and broadens out in the United States and in Canada, has an 
average width of over 500 miles. This region, covering about 600,000 square 
miles in Canada, is the most elevated in the Dominion, many of the summits reach 
ing heights of 10,000 feet, with occasional peaks over 13,000 feet above sea level. 
The mountainous tract forming the Cordilleras can be divided broadly into three 
parallel bands; a series of plateaus and mountains, comprised in the Columbia, 
Interior, Cassiar and Yukon systems forming the central part, referred to as the 
Central Belt; another series of parallel ridges east of the central plateaus, formed 
of fault rocks and folds and including the Rocky and Arctic systems, known as the 
Eastern Belt; and a third division between the plateau country and the Pacific, 
composed of the Pacific and Insular systems, called the Western Belt. 

Following is a list of the principal named Canadian Cordilleran peaks exceeding 
12.000 feet in elevation: 



Name. 


Elevation. 


N.I 


>at. 


W.L 


ong. 


Range. 


Alberta 
\lberta 


feet. 
12,000 


52 


14 


117 


36 


Rocky mtns. 




12,000 


51 


48 


116 


56 




The Twins 


12,085 


52 


13 


117 


12 




British Columbia 


13,068 


53 


07 


119 


08 


H 


Yukon 


14,900 


60 


18 


140 


28 


St. Elias mtns. 


Cook 


13,700 


60 


10 


139 


59 






16,400 


60 


21 


139 


02 






16,971 


60 


35 


140 


39 






19,539 


60 


51 


140 


21 






17,147 


61 


01 


140 


28 






14,253 


60 


36 


140 


13 






13,860 


60 


19 


140 


52 




St Elias 


18,000 


60 


18 


140 


57 




Steele 


16,644 


61 


06 


140 


19 




Strickland 


13,818 


61 


14 


140 


45 






15,617 


60 


21 


139 


42 




Walsh 


14,498 


61 


00 


140 


00 




Wood 


15,885 


61 


14 


140 


31 



















3. Rivers and Lakes. 

General. The waterways of Canada constitute not only one of its most 
remarkable geographic features but one of the most vital elements of its national 
existence. The water area of 126,329 square miles is unusually large, constituting 
almost 3| p.c. of the total area of the country, whereas the water area of the United 
States forms but slightly more than 1| p.c. of its area. The Great Lakes, with 
the St. Lawrence river, form the most important system of waterways on the conti 
nent and one of the most notable fresh water transportation routes in the world. 
Their value in facilitating the cheap and speedy shipment of grain from the prairie 
provinces cannot be overestimated. These lakes never freeze over, but usually 
most of their harbours are closed by ice about the middle of December and remain 
frozen over until the end of March or the beginning of April. 



8 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



Drainage Basins. The great drainage basins of Canada are the Atlantic 
(554,000 square miles), the Hudson bay (1,486,000 square miles), the Arctic 
(1,290,000 square miles), the Pacific (387,300 square miles), and the gulf of Mexico 
(12,365 square miles). Table 2 indicates the drainage areas of the more important 
rivers. 

2. Drainage Basins of Canada. 



Drainage Basins. 


Area 
Drained. 


Drainage Basins. 


Area 
Drained. 


Atlantic Basin. 

Hamilton 


Sq, miles. 
29,100 


Hudson Bay Basin concluded. 
Kazan 


Sq. miles. 
39 700 


Miramichi 


5,400 


Dubawnt 


18 iOO 


St. John 


21 500 






St. Lawrence 


309,500 


Total 


1 A0 IUU) 


Saguenay 


35 900 






St. Maurice 


16 200 


P-K ifip Racln 




French 


8,000 


Yukon 


IA.C. ano 


Nipigon 


9,000 




9A fiOO 


Ottawa 


56,700 


Stewart 


91 000 


Lifevre 


3,500 


Felly 


91 300 


Gatineau 


9,100 


Lewes 


3n 100 






White 


i 1 ; ooo 


Total 


554,000 


Alsek 


11 200 






Taku 


7 600 


Hudson Bay Basin. 




Stikine 


20 300 


Koksoak 


62,400 


Nass .... 


7 400 


George 


20,000 


Skeena 


in QOO 


Big 


26, 300 


Fraser 


Q1 700 


Eastmain 


25,500 


Thompson 


91 800 


Rupert 


15,700 


Nechako 


1 s ! 700 


Broadback 


9,800 


B lackwater 


5 600 


Nottaway 


29,800 


Quesnel 


4 500 


Moose 


42,100 


Chilcotin 


7 500 


Abitibi 


11,300 


Columbia 


39 300 


Missinaibi 


10,600 


Kootenay 


15 500 


Albany 


59,800 


Okanagan 


6 000 


Kenoga mi 


20,700 


Kettle 


3 160 


Attawapiskat 


18,700 


Pend d Oreille 


1 100 


Winisk 


24 100 






Severn 


38,600 


Total 


387 <{00 


Hayes 


28 000 






Nelson 


370 800 


\rriit Ravin 




Winnipeg 


44 000 


Backs 


47 500 


English 


20,600 1 


Coppermine 


oq 100 


Red 


63,400 


Mackenzie 


682 000 


Assiniboine 


52,600 


Liard 


100 700 


Saskatchewan 


158,800 


Hay... 


25 700 


North Saskatchewan 


54,700 


Peace 


117 100 


South Saskatchewan 


65,500 


Athabaska 


58 900 


Red Deer . . 


18 300 






Bow 


11,100 


Total 


1 290 000 


Belly 


8 900 ! 






Churchill 


115 500 


Gulf of Mexico Basin 


12 365 











NOTE. Owing to overlapping, the totals of each drainage basin do not represent an addition of the 
drainage areas as given. Tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated by indentation of the names. The 
Gulf of Mexico basin is that part of the southern area of the prairie provinces drained by the Missouri and 
Mississippi rivers and their tributaries. 

St. Lawrence River System. Most important of the lakes and rivers of 
Canada is the chain of the Great Lakes with their connecting rivers, the St. Law 
rence river and its tributaries. This chain is called the St. Lawrence River system. 
The Great Lakes, separating the province of Ontario from the United States and 
connected by a series of canals with the St. Lawrence river, allow vessels drawing 
not over 14 feet of water to proceed from the Atlantic ocean to the interior of the 
Dominion as far as Fort \Villiam and Port Arthur, twin cities situated on lake 
Superior, practically half way across the continent. 

Other River Systems. Apart from the St. Lawrence, the great waterway 
of the eastern half of the Dominion, other systems also merit some attention. The 



RIVERS AND LAKES 



Saskatchewan river, for example, flowing eastward from the Rocky mountains to 
lake Winnipeg and thence northward by the Nelson river into Hudson bay, drains 
a great part of the plains of the western provinces. In the north, the Mackenzie 
river, with its tributaries the Slave, Liard, Athabaska and Peace rivers, follows 
the northerly slope of the Great Plain and empties into the Arctic ocean, its waters 
having traversed in all a distance of 2,525 miles. The Yukon river also, drain 
ing a great part of the Yukon territory, flows northward through Alaska into the 
Behring sea after a course of 2,300 miles. The Fraser, Columbia, Skeena and 
Stikine rivers flow into the Pacific ocean after draining the western slopes of the 
mountains of British Columbia. Table 3 gives the lengths of the principal rivers 
with their tributaries, classified- according to the course taken by their waters. 

3. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada. 



Names. 



Miles. 



Names. 



Miles. 



Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. 



Hamilton (to head of Ashuanipi) 

Natashkwan 

Rornaine 

Moisie 

St. Marguerite 

St. John.. 

M iramichi 

St. Lawrence (to head of St. Louis) . 

M anikuagan 

Outarde 

BersimiS; 

Saguenay ( to head of Peribonka) . 

Peribonka 

M istassini 

Ashwapmuchuan 

Chaudiere 

St. M aurice 

Mattawin 

St. Francis 

Richelieu 

Ottawa 

North 

Rouge 

North Nation . . . 

Lievre 

Gatineau 

Coulonge 

Dumoine 

South Nation 

M ississippi . f 

Madawaska 

Petawawa 

M oira 

Trent 

Grand 

Thames 

French (to head of Sturgeon) 

Sturgeon 

Spanish 

M ississagi 

Thessalon -. 

Nipigon (to head of Ombabika) . . 



Flowing into Hudson Bay. 

Hayes 

Nelson (to lake Winnipeg) 

Nelson (to head of Bow) 

Red (to head of lake Traverse) 

Red (to head of Sheyenne) 

Assiniboine , 

Souris 

Qu Appelle 

Winnipeg (to head of Firesteel) 

English 



350 
220 
270 
210 
130 
390 
135 
,900 
310 
270 
240 
405 
280 
185 
165 
120 
325 
100 
165 
210 
685 

70 
115 

60 
205 
240 
135 

80 

90 
105 
130 

95 

60 
150 
140 
135 
180 
110 
153 
140 

40 
130 



300 
390 
,660 
355 
545 
450 
450 
270 
475 
330 



Flowing Into Hudson Bay concluded. 

Nelson (to head of Bow) concluded. 

Saskatchewan (to head of Bow) 

North Saskatchewan 

South Saskatchewan (to head of Bow) 

Bow 

Belly 

Red Deer 

Churchill 

Beaver 

Kazan 

Dubawnt 

Severn 

Winisk 

Attawapiskat 

Albany (to head of Cat river) 

M oose (to head of M attagami) 

Mattagami 

Abitibi 

M issinaibi 

Harricanaw 

Nottaway (to head of \Vaswanipi) 

Waswanipi 

Rupert 

Eastmain 

Big 

Great Whale 

Leaf 

Koksoak (to head of Kaniapiskau) 

Kaniapiskau 

George 



Flowing into the Pacific Ocean. 

Columbia (total) 

Columbia (in Canada) 

Kootenay 

Fraser 

Thompson (to head of North Thompson) 

North Thompson 

South Thompson 

Chilcotin 

Blackwater 

Nechako 

Stuart 

Skeena 

Nass 

Stikine 

Alsek 

Yukon (mouth to head of Nisutlin) . 
Yukon (Int. boundary to head of Nisutlin) 

Stewart 

White - 

Pelly 

Macmillan 

Lewes . . , 



1,205 
760 
865 
315 
180 
385 

1,000 
305 
455 
580 
420 
295 
465 
610 
340 
275 
340 
265 
250 
400 
190 
380 
375 
520 
365 
295 
535 
445 
365 



1,150 
465 
400 
695 
270 
185 
120 
145 
140 
255 
220 
335 
205 
335 
260 
1,765 
7 655 
320 
185 
330 
200 
338 



10 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



3. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada concluded. 



Names. 



Flowing Into the Arctic Ocean. 

Mackenzie (to head of Finlay) . . 

Peel 

Arctic Red 

Liard 

Fort Nelson 

Athabaska 

Pembina 

Slave... 



Miles. 



2,525 
365 
230 
550 
260 
765 
210 
265 



Names. 



Flowing Into the Arctic Ocean con. 



Mackenzie concluded. 
Peace (to head of Finlay). 

Finlay 

Parsnip 

Smoky 

Little Smoky 

Coppermine 

Backs. . . 



Miles. 



1,065 
250 
145 
245 
185 
525 
605 



NOTE. In the above table the tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated by indentation of the 
names. Thus the Ottawa and other rivers are shown as tributary to the St. Lawrence, and the Gatineau 
and other rivers as tributary to the Ottawa. 

The Great Lakes. Table 4 shows the length, breadth, area, elevation 
above sea-level and maximum depth of each of the Great Lakes. 

4. Area, Elevation and Depth of the Great Lakes. 



Lakes. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Maximum 
depth. 


Area. 


Elevation 
above 
sea-level. 


Name. 

Superior 


miles. 
383 


miles. 
160 


feet. 
1 180 


square 
miles. 
31,810 


feet. 
602-29 


Michigan 


320 


118 


870 


22 400 


581-13 


Huron 


247 


10 


750 


23 010 


581-13 


St. Clair 


26 


24 


23 


460 


575 62 


Erie 


241 


57 


210 


9 940 


572-52 


Ontario 


180 


53 


738 


7 540 


246-17 















Lake Superior, with its area of 31,810 square miles, is the largest body of fresh 
water in the world. As the international boundary between Canada and the 
United States passes through the centre of lakes Superor, Huron, Erie and Ontario, 
only half of the areas of these lakes given m the above statement is Canadian. 
The whole of lake Michigan is within United States territory. From the western 
end of lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Lawrence there is, with the aid of the 
canal system, a continuous navigable waterway. The total length of the St. Law 
rence river from the head of the St. Louis river to the Pointe-des-Monts, at the 
entrance of the gulf of St. Lawrence, is 1,900 miles. The tributaries of the St. 
Lawrence, several of which have themselves important tributaries, include the 
Ottawa river, 685 miles long, the St. Maurice river, 325 miles long, and the Sa.gue- 
nay (to head of Peribonka), 405 miles long. 

Other Inland Waters. In addition to the Great Lakes there are large 
bodies of inland water in other parts of Canada. Of these only the following prin 
cipal lakes, with their respective areas, need be mentioned here: in Quebec, lake 
Mistassini (975 square miles); in Ontario, lake Nipigon (1,730 square miles); m 
Manitoba, lake Winnipeg (9,459 square miles), lake Winnipegosis (2,086 square 
miles) and lake Manitoba (1,817 square miles); in Saskatchewan, Reindeer lake 
(2,436 square miles); in Alberta, lake Athabaska (2,842 square miles). All these 
are within the boundaries of the provinces as at present constituted, and are exclu 
sive of lakes situated in the Northwest Territories, as, for instance Great Bear 
lake (11,821 square miles) and Great Slave lake (10,719 square miles) in the district 
of Mackenzie. 



RIVERS AND LAKES 



11 



Table 5 gives a list of the principal lakes of Canada by provinces, with the 
area of each in square miles. The table corresponds with the delimitation of the 
provinces as altered by the Boundary Extension Acts, 1912 (2 Geo. V, cc. 32, 40 

and 45). 

5. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces. 



Names of Lakes. 


Areas. 


Names of Lakes. 


Areas. 


Nova Scotia 
Bras d Or 


Square 
Miles. 
230 


Quebec concluded . 
Waswanipi 


Square 

Miles. 
100 


Little Bras d Or 


130 


Whitefish 


19 










Total 


360 


Total 


11,330 


New Brunswick 


74 


Ontario 
Abitibi, portion in Ontario 


331 






Bald . 


2 






Balsam . . 


17 




25 


Buckhorn . . 


14 




392 


Cameron . 


6 




319 


Couchiching 


19 




331 


Deer 


7 




g 


Dog 


61 




17 


Eagle 


128 


Burnt 


56 


Erie, portion in Ontario 


5,018 




3 


George portion in Ontario 


11 


Chibougamau 


138 


Huron, including Georgian bay, portion 






478 


in Ontario 


14,331 


.Evans 


231 


La Croix, portion in Ontario 


23 




59 


Lansdowne . 


98 


Gull 


125 


Long 


75 




57 


Manitou, Manitou island 


38 




245 


Mille Lacs Lac de 


104 




306 


Mud 


13 




87 


Muskoka . 


54 




65 


Namakan, portion in Ontario 


19 




441 


Nipigon . . 


1,730 




117 


s ipissing . 


330 




220 


Ontario, portion in Ontario 


3,727 




16 


Panache . 


35 




113 


Pigeon .... . 


15 




87 


Rainy, portion in Ontario 


260 




14 


Rice 


27 


Melville 


1 298 


St Clair, portion in Ontario 


257 


M emphremagog part in Quebec 


28 


St. Francis, river St. Lawrence, part 


24 


Menihek 


112 


St. Joseph 


245 


~\] into 


735 


Saganaga, portion in Ontario 


21 


Mishikamua 


612 


Sandy 


245 


V ishikamats 


122 


Seul 


392 




975 


Simcoe 


271 




206 


Scugog 


39 




56 


Stony 


19 


i^ichikum . . 


208 


Sturgeon, English river 


106 




g 


Sturgeon, Victoria county 


18 




56 


Superior, portion in Ontario 


11,178 


Olga 


50 


Timagami 


90 


Ossokmanuan 


131 


Tirniskaming, part 


52 


Papineau 


5 


Trout, English river 


134 


Patamisk 


44 


Trout, Severn river 


233 


Payne 


747 


Wanapi tei 


45 


Petitsikapau 


94 


Woods, lake of the, part in Ontario 


1,325 


Pipmaukin 


100 







Pletipi 


138 


Total 


41,188 


Quinze, Lac des .... . ... 


46 






Richmond 


269 


Manitoba 






13 


Atikameg . 


90 




59 


Cedar 


285 




350 


Cormorant . 


141 




56 


Dauphin 


200 


St Peter 


130 


Dog 


64 


Sandgirt 


106 


Ebb-and-flow 


39 


Simon 


12 


Etawney 


625 




65 


Gods 


319 




29 


Granville . . 


392 


Thirty-one Mile 


23 


Island . 


551 


Two Mountains 


63 


Kiskitto 


69 




270 


Kiskittogisu 


122 


Wakonichi . . 


44 


Manitoba.. 


1,817 



12 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF C AX ADA 



5. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces. concluded. 



Names of Lakes. 


Areas. 


Names of Lakes. 


Areas. 


Manitoba concluded . 
Moose 


Square 
M iles. 
552 


British Columbia 
Adams 


Square 

Miles. 

CO 


Namew, part 


12 


Atlin part 


001 


North Indian 


184 


Babine 


Oflfi 


Neultin, part 


76 


Chilko 




Playgreen 


224 


Harrison 




Reed 


86 


Kootenay 


99O 


Red Deer, west of lake Winnipegosis 


86 


Lower Arrow 


64 


Reindeer, part 


134 


Okanagan 


i^ 


St. Martin 


125 


Owikano 


as 


Setting 


58 


Quesnel 


147 


Shoal 


102 


Shuswap 




South Indian 


1,531 


Stuart 


220 


Swan 


84 


Tacla 




Todatara, part 


156 


Tagish part 


91 


Waterhen 


83 






Wekusko.. 


83 


"Upper Arrow 


QQ 


Winnipeg 


9 459 






Winnipegosis 


2,086 


Total 


2 4.1Q 


Woods, lake of the, part 


60 










XT *U 4. T 




Total 


19,895 


Aberdeen 


514 






Aylmer.. . 


612 


Saskatchewan 




Baker 


1 029 


Amisk 


111 


Clinton-Colden 


fi74 


Athabaska, part 


1,801 


Dubawnt 


1 654 


Buffalo 


281 


Franklin 


122 


Candle 


150 


Garry 


Q80 


Chaplin. .. 


66 


Gras Lac de 


(,74 


Cree 


406 


Great Bear 


11 821 


Cumberland 


166 


Great Slave 


10 719 


Dove 


242 


Kaminuriak 


368 


Ile-a-la-Crosse 


187 


M acdougall 


318 


Johnston 


131 


Maguse 


490 


Last Mountain 


98 


Martre Lac la 


1 225 


Little Quill 


70 


M ackay 


980 


Manitou 


67 


Nueltin part 


230 


Montreal 


138 


Nutarawit 


343 


Namew, part 


54 


Pelly 


331 


Plonge, Lac la. .. 


38.3 


Schultz 


123 


Quill 


163 


Thoalintoa 


184 


Red Deer, on Red Deer river 


97 


Xodatara part 


52 


Reindeer, part 


2,302 


Yathkyed 


858 


Ronge, Lac la . 


343 






White Loon 


97 


Total 


34.301 


Witchikan 


70 






Wollaston 


906 


Yukon 








Aishihik 


107 


Total ... 


8,329 


Atlin part 


12 


Alberta 




Kluane 


184 


Athabaska, part 


1,041 


Kusawa 


56 


Beaver 


89 




87 


Biche, Lac la 


125 


Marsh 


32 


Buffalo 


55 




48 


Claire 


404 


Teslin part 


123 


Lesser Slave ; 


480 






Pakowki 


72 


Total 


649 


Sullivan 


94 














Total 


3,360 


Canada 


120,925 











4. Islands. 

The northern and western coasts of Canada are fringed by islands, while along 
the eastern coast and in the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence river a smaller 
number of important islands are found. Those on the north are mostly within 
the Arctic circle, but include several situated as far south as James bay; they are 
included in the provisional districts of Franklin and Keewatin. Baffin, Victoria 
and Ellesmere are the largest of the northern islands, with areas estimated 
at 211,000, 74,000 and 76,600 square miles respectively. On the Pacific coast, 



GEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS 13 

south of the Alaskan boundary at Dixon entrance, are the Queen Charlotte islands 
(4,000 square miles) and Vancouver island (13,500 square miles), besides innumer 
able smaller islands. Manitoulin island in lake Huron and the Thousand Islands 
in the St. Lawrence at its outlet from lake Ontario are among the most important 
islands of our inland waters. On the eastern borders of the Dominion are the 
island of Anticosti, Prince Edward Island, one of the nine provinces, Cape Breton 
island and the Magdalen islands. 



II. GEOLOGICAL FORMATION. 1 
1. Historical Outline and Geological Divisions. 

Introduction. While politically and economically Canada is a new country, 
from the geological point of view its central and eastern parts are of extreme old 
age, forming probably the largest area of Archaean or pre-Cambrian rocks in the 
world. At the same time comparatively recent geological events have rejuvenated 
the region, impressing upon it many of the characteristics of youth, as a result of 
which the Dominion presents impressive contrasts in geological structure and 
physical features. 

When the officials of the Geological Survey commenced to study the geology 
of eastern Canada they found that the more ancient and crystalline rocks, the 
nucleus or protaxis about which the remainder of the continent was built up, extended 
north-eastwards and north-westwards on each side of James bay and Hudson 
bay. The American geologist Dana called this Canadian Archaean with its spread 
ing arms a V-formation, but when it became evident that the ancient rocks extended 
also along the north side of Hudson bay, the Viennese geologist, Suess, gave to 
this vast area the name of the Canadian Shield, a- term which has been accepted 
by subsequent writers. In the centre of the Shield there was at least in early tunes 
a depression filled by a shallow sea and now occupied by Hudson bay. 

A second Archaean protaxis is situated 500 miles south-west of the edge of 
the Shield, that of the Selkirk and Gold Range mountains in British Columbia. 
This is long, narrow, and somewhat interrupted, running from south-east to north 
west parallel to the coast. The debris resulting from the destruction of the 
mountainous Archaean areas piled up in the shallow seas around, and on their flanks 
and in the wide trough between them marine Palaeozoic rocks were laid down. 
Later, Mesozoic sediments were deposited upon them, practically completing the 
outline of Canada and extending south into \\hat is now the United States. 

Together with this growth in area went the upheaval of mountains, first in 
Archaean times, when apparently the whole surface of the Shield was covered by 
great mountain chains, next at the end of the Palaeozoic age, along the south 
eastern and south-western sides, and finally at the end of the Mesozoic era, when 
the Rocky mountains were elevated on the margin of the shallow interior sea. 
Outside of this area of mountain-building the rocks are fairly level and undisturbed, 
showing comparatively stable conditions throughout the continent. 

Historical Outline. Since more than half of Canada is covered by Archaean 
or pre-Cambrian formations, these must first be considered. The lowest rocks are 

Adapted from articles by R. W. Brock, M.A., LL.D., University of British Columbia, and Wyatt 
Malcolm, M.A., Dept. of Mines, Ottawa, in the Canada Year Book, 1921. 



14 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 






I s 

s 



I I 3 

.0 



bti t> 
y ^ 



or ? %t~&5 ?>v 5 ~o 9 ^ DP-" 

5 I w ll ^! I f ^ I -t 1 ,1 1 

Oj (j-!a,K4. -55. Q. ^ Q ^o o (j Q 

I 




GEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS 15 

the Laurentian granites and gneisses, which latter, though once believed to be 
sedimentary, are now known to be deep-seated eruptive rocks, which pushed up as 
molten material into the cold rocks above, lifting them as domes and themselves 
solidifying slowly far below the surface. These great domes of gneiss and granite, 
known as batholiths, are the commonest structure of the Archaean region. 

Though the Laurentian rocks are the lowest, they are not the oldest, as the 
Keewatin rocks were already cold and solid at the period when they were heaved 
upward upon the shoulders of the Laurentian. The Keewatin rocks also consist 
chiefly of eruptive rocks, lava flows and volcanic ash now metamorphosed into 
greenstones and schists. With them are found in many places thick deposits of 
ordinary sediments, now changed into gneiss or mica-schist, together with the band 
ed jasper and iron ore of the iron formation. 

Much marble or crystalline limestone is also found in the Grenville series of 
the southern Archaean, which is probably of the same age as the Keewatin. During 
that period thousands of feet of lava, ashes, mud and sand were laid down on a 
sea-bottom that has utterly vanished. This was followed by the eruption of the 
domes of gneiss, lifting the earlier rocks into great mountain ranges, which were 
afterwards worn down to stumps, disclosing their foundations of granite and gneiss 
enclosed in a rude network of Keewatin schist. 

The next formation, the Huronian, consists of a great sheet of boulder clay 
or tillite formed by wide-spread glaciers, and masses of water-formed sediments, now 
slate or quartzite or limestone. In many places the Huronian rocks still lie nearly 
flat on the worn surfaces of the older rocks, but in others they were caught in 
mountain-building operations and squeezed and rolled out into schists. The 
Animikie or Uppermost Huronian is also made up of sediments, very modern in 
appearance. 

The Keweenawan is the concluding formation of the Canadian Archaean, 
resulting from another outburst of volcanic activity. Thousands of feet of lava, 
ash rocks, coarse sandstones and conglomerates were piled up on various parts of 
the old continent. Keweenawtn intrusives are considered the source of the ores 
of silver, nickel and copper mined on a great scale in northern Ontario. Altogether, 
more than half of the Dominion owes its present configuration to forms shaped in 
the Archaean rocks though overlaid and sometimes obscured by later activities. 

Palaeozoic formations are all well represented in Canada, limestones, shales 
and sandstones of its various ages (Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and 
Carboniferous) contributing to the shaping of the country. These in many places 
lie almost undisturbed, but in far eastern Canada, where the Palaeozoic ended with 
the Appalachian mountain-building period, they are crumpled into great folds or 
torn asunder with profound faults. The Carboniferous of the Atlantic coast is 
valuable for its important coal-beds. 

The Mesozoic in its earlier formations (Triassic, Jurassic) is poorly represented 
in Canada, but its later formation, the Cretaceous, is of great importance, both for 
extent and economic features, its crumbling sandstones and shales underlying the 
prairies of western Canada and containing beds of coal at many places. During 
the Laramie period, a transition era between the Mesozoic and the Tertiary, were 
elevated the Rocky mountains, the latest and therefore the highest of the mountain 
ranges of Canada. 

By this tune the continent was complete within its main outlines; but during 
the Tertiary, sediments were deposited in several small western basins, while in 
southern British Columbia volcanic eruptions covered thousands of square miles 



16 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



fc^^itti*" 1 }^^ 

&te^#%ffii^&?^fb> 




GEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS. 17 

with lava or ashes. Thereafter the climate grew colder, and with the Pleistocene 
or Quaternary began the Glacial Period, which continued for a long time but was 
relieved by at least one inter-glacial period characterized by a warm climate. At 
the close of the Glacial Period the surface of the northern part of the continent 
had been profoundly modified, "the vast accumulations of loose materials, due to ages 
of weathering, being scoured away from the central parts of the glaciated areas, 
leaving bare rounded surfaces of fresh rock, while nearer the edges of the ice-sheets 
boulder clay was spread out or long loops of moraine were heaped up, blocking 
the valleys and transforming the whole system of drainage". During the subse 
quent thawing of the ice-sheets, the melting ice in the upper part of the valleys of 
the northward-flowing Canadian rivers formed glacial lakes in which sheets of silt 
or sand were deposited, forming what are now thousands of square miles of the 
most fertile lands of Canada. Also, as a consequence of the heavy load of ice, 
which at some points was two miles thick, the land sank some hundreds of feet, 
leaving thousands of square miles beneath the sea when the ice-sheets began to 
thaw. Relieved of its burden of ice, the sunken portions of the continent rose 
again, exposing wide belts of marine clay on the coastal plains. Many of the richest 
soils and the flattest plains of Canada owe their fertility and their smoothness to 
the process just described. Thus the geologically recent episode of the Ice Age 
"modified the old topography and hydrography of Canada, giving to one of the 
oldest lands under the sun its singularly youthful aspect". 

Geological Divisions. As a result of the process of geological development 
just described, the Canada of to-day may be divided into five main regions, each 
with distinctive characteristics of formation and present resources. A generally 
accepted division is as follows: 

1. The Appalachian or Acadian region, occupying the Maritime provinces 
and the mountainous south-eastern side of the province of Quebec. 

2. The Canadian Shield or Laurentian Plateau, the vast upland surround 
ing Hudson bay and stretching through twenty degrees of latitude to the 
Arctic circle and in places four or five degrees beyond it. 

3. The St. Lawrence Lowlands of southern Quebec and Ontario, extending 
south-west from the city of Quebec to the Detroit river. 

4. The Interior Continental Plain, contained between the western edge 
of the Canadian Shield and the Rocky mountains. 

5. The Cordilleran region, extending from the Rocky mountains to the 
Pacific coast. 

In addition two other less important regions may also be noted: 1. The 
Arctic Archipelago, including the islands of the Arctic ocean north of Hudson bay 
and 2. The Lowlands of James and Hudson bays. These last two regions, while 
distinct as to formation and peculiarities, are yet of insufficient importance and 
interest to warrant the further more detailed mention given to the five principal 
regions. 

Appalachian Region. The Appalachian region occupies the hi ly part of 
southeastern Quebec and the Maritime provinces. Here during remote geological 
ages the sedimentary beds of limestone, sandstone and shale that had been deposited 
beneath the sea were folded into mountain ranges, hardened, and intruded by igneous 
rocks. During long succeeding ages these mountains have been subdued, and little 
is left that may be regarded as mountains except the Notre Dame range of Quebec 
with a general elevation of 1,000 to 2,000 feet and with peaks rising above 3,500 

623732 



18 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 



feet, the broken hilly country of the northwestern part of New Brunswick, a section 
of this province bordering the bay of Fundy, and a central ridge in Nova Scotia. 

In the ordinary processes of erosion much of the loosened material resulting 
from rock decay was carried seaward, and in recent times glaciation denuded a 
great deal of the more elevated sections of country, leaving barely enough soil 
to support a forest growth. 

In some places sediments have been deposited subsequently to the great folding 
processes of earlier ages; they are unaltered, easily attacked by weathering agencies 
and are overlain by an ample depth of soil. The soils of Prince Edward Island, 
the Annapolis-Cornwallis valley and other sections are derived from these sand 
stones and shales of later deposition, the shales producing the clayey constituents 
and the sandstones yielding the sand that renders the soil porous and tillable. 
Calcareous slates have in places such as in Carleton and York counties, New Bruns 
wick, broken down into fertile soils. In eastern Quebec sufficient soil has been 
retained in the valleys to render the land arable. The great fertility of the reclaimed 
marshes of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is due to the fine silt deposited by the 
tides by which they were formerly submerged. 

In Canada the Appalachian extension is found to possess many of the minerals 
which have placed some of the eastern States in the foremost rank of mineral and 
industrial districts of the world. Important deposits of coal, gypsum, and gold are 
mined in Nova Scotia. Of lesser but still considerable importance are the iron, 
stone and building material industries; manganese, antimony, tripolite and barite 
are also mined, and some attention has been paid to copper. The principal minerals 
of New Brunswick are gypsum, iron, coal, stone for building purposes and grind 
stones, clays, antimony, manganese, mineral water and oil-bearing shales. Natural 
gas is also a commercial product. The chief asbestos mines of the world are situated 
in the southeastern part of the province of Quebec, where there are also important 
deposits of chrome iron ore, copper and pyjite. Iron ores and gold also occur. 

St. Lawrence Lowlands. The St. Lawrence lowlands consist of the gener 
ally level, arable land south of the Laurentian plateau. This lies on both sides of 
the St. Lawrence above Quebec, reaching south to the international boundary, 
occupies the eastern part of Ontario, east of a line running southward from a point 
about 50 miles west of Ottawa, and forms that portion of Ontario lying southwest 
of a line extending from Kingston to Georgian bay. 

These lowlands are among the most fertile of Canada s agricultural sections. 
They are underlain by flat-lying shales and limestones which yield readily to 
weathering. The physiographic features are favourable, and the residual material 
derived from the decomposition of limestones and shales results in a fertile, calcar 
eous, clayey soil. The loose surface deposits are of great depth, in places exceeding 
200 feet. 

The region was overridden by the great glacier, but the glaciation had apparently 
slight denuding effect on this part of the country, and served to mix the loose mate 
rials resulting from the weathering of the shales and limestones, and contributed 
the potash-bearing ingredients transported from the granitic areas of the Laurentian 
plateau. 

In its mineral deposits the area is very similar to the state of New York, its 
Palaeozoic rocks containing frequent occurrences of petroleum, natural gas, salt, 
gypsum and other non-metallic minerals. In addition, clay products, cement 
and other building materials are produced in large quantities. 



GEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS. 19 

Laurentian Plateau. North of the valley of the St. Lawrence, from New 
foundland to beyond the lake of the Woods, and enclosing Hudson bay like a 
huge V, is an area of pre-Cambrian rocks, estimated to cover 2,000,000 square 
miles, or over one-half of Canada. 

The plateau is underlain by hardened sediments and igneous rocks. The 
latter are much more widespread than the former, however, and granitic types 
predominate. Considerable inequalities of surface have been augmented by glacial 
action and a further effect of glaciation was the denuding of much of this region 
of its soil. Generally speaking, therefore, the physiographic and soil conditions 
are not favourable to agricultural pursuits. Over a great part of the area, how 
ever, sufficient soil has been retained to support a forest growth, although insuffi 
cient for agriculture. Within the plateau there are some valleys where areas of 
softer rock have afforded a greater abundance of soil that has not been removed 
by glaciation, and beautiful cultivated fields lend a pleasing contrast to the surround 
ing forest. In places the sediments deposited in the basins of glacial lakes have 
reduced the inequalities of the surface and produced large level areas of arable land. 
Interesting examples of these are furnished by the Clay Belt of northern Ontario 
and Quebec, traversed by the Canadian National railway, and by the flat section 
of country along the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway a few miles north 
of Sudbury. 

The rocks of this pre-Cambrian formation are remarkable for the variety of 
useful and valuable minerals they contain. Iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, 
gold, platinum, lead, zinc, arsenic, pyrite, mica, apatite, graphite, feldspar, quartz, 
corundum, talc, actinolite, the rare earths, ornamental stones and gems, building 
materials, etc., are all found, and are, or have been, profitably mined. Most of the 
other minerals, both common and rare, that are used in the arts have been found. 
Diamonds have not been located, but from their discovery in glacial drift from 
this area, it is altogether probable that they occur. 

A tongue of these pre-Cambrian rocks extends into New York state and supports 
some large and varied mineral industries. Another extension crosses over from 
Canada into Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In it are located the Michigan 
copper mines and the great lake Superior iron ranges. Along the southern edge of 
the pre-Cambrian in Canada there are the copper and gold deposits of Saskatchewan 
and Manitoba, the gold ranges of the lake of the Woods, the silver of Thunder bay, 
a succession of iron ranges occurring at intervals from Minnesota to the province 
of Quebec, the copper rocks of Michipicoten and Bruce Mines, the Sudbury copper- 
nickel deposits (probably the largest high-grade ore bodies in the world), the Mont 
real river and Cobalt silver areas, the world-famous Porcupine and other gold 
deposits, the corundum deposits of eastern Ontario, the magnetites of eastern 
Ontario and Quebec and their large apatite-mica deposits. In the far north about 
Coronation gulf, are rocks that will warrant prospecting, since they bear native 
copper very similar to the great Michigan occurrences. 

Interior Continental Plain. The greater portions of Manitoba and Saskat 
chewan that lie outside of the pre-Cambrian and the province of Alberta are pre 
eminently agricultural, the flat-lying shales and sandstones having weathered down 
into the clays and clay loams which have made the plains one of the great wheat 
producing districts of the world. The greatest proportion of the surface deposits 
is derived from these underlying rocks. Some large stretches of the region, how 
ever, were submerged by glacial lakes in which fine silts and clays, carried down 
from the surrounding land and introduced by glacial streams, were deposited. Such 

62373 2i 



20 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

is the very fertile Red River valley. This is a part of the bed of a great lake that 
extended from the Laurentian plateau west to the Manitoba escarpment ; it reached 
southward into the United States and northward 100 miles beyond lake "Winnipeg. 

The sedimentary rocks which underlie the greater part of the Interior Plain 
are chiefly of Cretaceous age and contain coal, building stones, clays, some of them 
high grade and cement materials. Natural gas over wide areas and under gmit, 
pressure has been tapped in northern Alberta, and some oil has been encountered in the 
southwest. The lower sandstones of the Cretaceous along the Athabaska river, 
where they come to the surface, are for miles saturated with bitumen. These tar 
sands will probably average 12 per cent in maltha or asphaltum. Recent prospect 
ing has discovered oil at Pouce CoupS on the Peace river, and at Fort Norman, 
on the Mackenzie river, near the Arctic circle. At other points in the Devonian 
rocks of the Mackenzie basin oil indications occur. The lignites of the eastern 
plains are useful for local purposes, and highly bituminized coals are found as the 
mountains are approached. Vast areas are underlain by lignite beds in Saskat 
chewan and Alberta, and the reserves of bituminous coal in Alberta are enormous. 
Gold is found in a number of the rivers coming from the mountains. Gypsum is 
quarried in Manitoba and important deposits also occur in Northern Alberta. 
Beds of salt have been discovered by drilling near McMurray, Northern Alberta. 

Cordilleran Region. The Cordilleran belt in South America, in Mexico, 
and in the western States, is recognized as one of the greatest mining regions of the 
world, noted principally for its wealth in gold, silver, copper and lead. The Cor 
dilleras stand unparalleled in the world for the continuity, extent and variety of 
their mineral resources. In Canada and in Alaska this belt maintains its reputa 
tion, although in both, for the greater part, it is unprospected. In Canada the belt 
has a length of 1,300 miles and a width of 400 miles. It is pre-eminently a great 
mining region. Its rocks range from the oldest formations to the youngest; vulcan- 
ism and mountain building processes have repeatedly been active. The chief 
products of its lode mines in Canada are copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc. The 
Yukon territory is noted for its production of placer gold and is now attracting 
attention with rich silver ores. In addition to these minerals there are, within the 
same region, enormous resources of coal of excellent quality, varying from lignite 
to anthracite, and conveniently distributed. 

The surface of the region is generally mountainous, though the interior section 
is reduced to an elevated plateau. Agricultural pursuits are therefore limited to 
the valleys. In these there are numerous terraces composed of silt carried down 
by streams issuing from former glaciers, the latter acting as eroding agents on the 
underlying rocks. These valley deposits are fertile and are well adapted to fruit 
culture. 

2. Economic Geology of Canada, 1922. l 

The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the most important reports 
and articles treating of the economic geology of Canada published during 1922. 
Brief notes are given on the contents of the most important reports. This paper 
also indicates where detailed information regarding the mineral resources of the 
country may be obtained, since the articles referred to, although recently published, 
do not necessarily contain the best and most complete information on the subject. 

Contributed by Wyatt Malcolm, M.A., Geological Survey, Canada. 



ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF CANADA. 21 

The numbers appearing after the names of writers or articles refer to the publishers 
listed at the end. 

Asbestos. Asbestos of the chrysotile variety is found at an elevation of 2,800 
feet above the railway 3 miles north of Arrowhead, British Columbia. It occurs, 
according to M. F. Bancroft 1 , in a belt of serpentine derived by alteration from a 
dyke of basic igneous rock. Slip fibre 4 to 5 inches long is found and cross fibre 
^ to f of an inch long. An interesting description by W. A. Rukeyser of the Quebec 
asbestos deposits appears in the Engineering and Mining Journal-Press. 

Coal. Field investigations are continued from year to year with a view to 
broadening our knowledge of the extensive coal fields of Canada. During the 
year the results of investigations by J. D. Mackenzie, J. R. Marshall and W. L. 
Uglow in the Cumberland coal field, British Columbia 5 , the Kananaskis area, 
Alberta, 1 and the North Thompson River area, British Columbia, 1 5 respectively, 
were published. A well illustrated detailed report by John A. Allan on the Drum- 
heller coal field, the source of an important supply of domestic fuel, appeared as 
one of a series of publications issued by the Scientific and Industrial Research 
Council of Alberta. This Council also published in its second annual report the 
results of analyses and boiler tests, and notes on storage and utilization of Alberta 
coals. 

Copper. An interesting and unusual type of copper deposit at the Drum 
Lummon mine on the west coast of British Columbia is described by V. Dolmage. 1 
The ore, which consists- of chalcocite, bornite and chalcopyrite, occurs in pegmatite 
dykes near their contact with the altered quartz diorite of the Coast Range bath- 
olith. Chalcocite and bornite in nearly equal proportions constitute over 90 p.c. 
of the ore minerals. The ores also carry gold and silver. Copper deposits on 
Lasqueti island are described by J. D. Mackenzie. 1 

Iron. Interest has been manifested for several years in the Belcher islands, 
Hudson bay, as a source of iron ore. As a result of investigations made in 1921, 
G. A. Young 1 reports that the iron-formation consists of five bands in which highly 
ferruginous zones 10 to 50 feet thick occur. Although no deposits of commercial 
value under existing conditions were seen, four representative samples gave on 
analysis 35-42 per cent to 44-96 per cent of metallic iron. A paper by F. Hille 4 
on the Mattawin iron range, Ontario, contains notes on the character of the ore 
and the commercial possibilities of the deposit. The iron ore deposits of Deroche 
and adjoining townships are briefly described by S. Brunton 1 and a brief description 
by W. H. Collins of the geological features of the various types of iron ores of 
Ontario appears in the Canadian Mining Journal. 

Gold. Gold continues to hold a position of increasing importance in Canada s 
mineral industry, and as a result the gold deposits receive considerable attention 
from economic geologists. In a report entitled Ontario Gold Deposits, their 
Character, Distribution and Productiveness" 3 , P. E. Hopkins presents concisely a 
wealth of information regarding the mode of occurrence of the gold deposits of 
Ontario and the extent of mining operations. C. W. Knight, in presenting a study 
of the Lightning River gold area, Ontario, 3 directs the prospector to the search for 
gold in the vicinity of feldspar porphyry and quartz porphyry intrusives. 

J. C. Murray in a paper on the Shear Zones of Porcupine 4 points to the fact 
that not only do the ores occur in the vicinity of porphyry intrusives, but that 
shearing and deformation are essential to the localization of the ore bodies. The 
gold deposits of the Larder Lake area lie, according to H. C. Cooke 1 , within bodies 
of dolomite which were formed by the alteration of other rocks along sheared zones. 



22 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

The gold occurs as thin leaflets in the free state in fine fractures in quartz of the 
quartz veins cutting the dolomite. The gold is of later age than the quartz and 
the pyrite and it is stated that absolutely no connection exists between the concen 
tration of pyrite, the only sulphide in the rock, and the gold content. 

Reports appeared during the year on other areas in Ontario where gold has 
been discovered and development work done. Among these are reports on the 
Goudreau area 1 3 by E. Thomson and A. G. Burrows, on the Schreiber area 3 by 
P. E. Hopkins, on the Boston-Skead area 3 by A. G. Burrows and P. E. Hopkins, on 
the Wanapitei area 1 by T. T. Quirke, and on the Black River area 3 by D. G. H. 
Wright. There were reports also by B. R. MacKay on the placers of the Chaudiere 
River basin, Quebec 1 , and by H. C. Cooke on the Rice Lake area, Manitoba 1 . 

Investigations made by W. A. Johnston in the Cariboo district, British Colum 
bia, 1 5 show that there is still a large amount of gold in this district that is recover 
able by dredging. The placers of Cedar creek, which have yielded considerable 
gold during the last year, are described by W. A. Johnston 4 , the gold-quartz veins 
of the Bridge River area, British Columbia 1 , by W. S. McCann, the quartz veins 
of the Barkerville area by W. L. Uglow 5 , and the Surf Inlet mine by V. Dolmage 1 . 

Nickel. A concise description of the Shebandowan, Ontario, nickel-copper 
deposits is given by J. G. Cross 4 . The ore occurs in lenses 2 to 20 feet wide and 
carries nickel, copper, and cobalt, and quite an appreciable amount of rare me tals 
of the platinum group. The nickel-copper deposits of the Oiseau River area, Mani 
toba, consist, according to H. C. Cooke 1 , of pyrrhotite carrying more or less pent- 
landite and chalcopyrite. The deposits are found as irregularly shaped accumula 
tions, or segregations, within a gabbro sill near what was originally its base. 

Oil-shale. Oil-shales are shales carrying organic matter from which oil can 
be obtained by retorting. They arouse increasing interest as the possible exhaustion 
of the world s petroleum resources forces itself upon public attention. The oil- 
shales of Canada that have attracted greatest attention are those of southeastern 
New Brunswick. A report on a detailed investigation made by W. J. Wright on 
a deposit at Albert Mines 1 contains descriptions of the geological formations and 
their structural features, the results of analyses of many samples, and suggestions 
as to how to test further the commercial possibilities of the deposit. There are 
other deposits in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but no detailed work was done 
on them. The results of experimental work in retorting the shales of the Rosevale 
area are presented by W. S. McCann 1 . 

Petroleum. Considerable information was published 1 during 1922 on the 
geology of Mackenzie River basin, more particularly in its relation to the petroleum 
possibilities of that part of Canada. A detailed description is given by A. E. 
Cameron of the sedimentary formations underlying the area to the southwest of 
Great Slave lake, an area drained by Hay and Buffalo rivers. E. J. Whittaker 
reports on geological observations made between Great Slave lake and Simpson, 
M. Y. Williams on the geology east of Mackenzie river between Simpson and 
Wrigley and G. S. Hume on the geology of North Nahanni and Root rivers west 
of the Mackenzie. General structural features of Mackenzie basin are described 
by D. B. Dowling. 

A consideration of the utilization of the bituminous sands of Athabaska river 
is presented by S. C. Ells in the summary report of the Mines Branch, Department 
of Mines, Ottawa, and by K. A. Clark in the second annual report of the 
Scientific and Industrial Research Council of Alberta. 



ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF CANADA. 23 

The Department of Lands, British Columbia, published a report by John A. 
Dresser on the results of borings made by the provincial government for oil near 
Peace river northwest of Hudson Hope. Five borings were made, but only a trace 
of oil was obtained. Suggestions are given in the report as to locations for further 
exploratory drilling. 

Silver. The Salmon River area, British Columbia, has recently been forced 
upon the attention of the mining public by the big dividends paid by the Premier 
mine. The ore deposits, which have been described by S. J. Schofield and G. 
Hanson, 1 are rich in silver and gold. The ore was deposited in fissures and shear 
zones from solutions emanating from the intrusive granite magma of the Coas< 
Range batholith. The deposits were afterwards to some extent enriched by 
secondary action. 

The results of a re-study by C. W. Knight of the Cobalt mining district were 
published in the Engineering and Mining Journal-Press. In summing up, the writer 
states that it is not likely that operations in Cobalt will ever again reach their past 
magnitude, but maintains that mining will doubtless be carried on for generations 
in or around Cobalt, or in the outlying areas of Gowganda, South Lorrain, Casey,. 
Montreal river and elsewhere in the district. In this connection it is interesting 
to know that work in South Lorrain has been revived and very rich silver ore is 
being mined. Another point of interest is the evidence presented by J. M. Bell in 
the Bulletin of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy of oxidation having taken 
place to a depth of at least 420 feet. A further contribution to the geology of 
Cobalt is made by A. R. Whitman in the University of California publications; it 
is claimed that the ores were deposited in joints developed as a result of folding 
subsequent to the solidification of the diabase and that they were derived from 
the diabase sheet itself, transported, and deposited through diffusion in relatively 
stagnant water. A consideration by E. S. Bastin of the nature of the silver- 
depositing solutions at Cobalt appears in Bulletin 735 of the United States 
Geological Survey. 

Further studies by W.. E. Cockfield 1 in the Mayo district, Yukon, show that 
the argentiferous lead ores of Davidson mountains are very similar to those of 
Keno hill although not quite so rich in silver. Other reports on silver producing 
areas are made by A. G. Burrows on Gowganda, 3 by G. Hanson on Upper Kitzault 
river, 1 and by A. L. Parsons on the Thunder Bay area. 3 

Miscellaneous. F. J. Alcock 1 describes in considerable detail the geology of 
the lead-zinc deposits of Lemieux township, Quebec. The lead and zinc minerals 
occur in veins cutting Devonian shales and limestones and are thought to be genetic 
ally related to deep-seated intrusives. The feldspar deposits in the Ottawa district 
are described in a paper by N. B. Davis 5 , who directs attention to a deposit in Derry 
township where a fine grade of cream or buff coloured feldspar is produced. 

H. S. Spence is the author of two valuable monographs published in 1922, 
one on talc and soapstone in Canada, and one on barium and strontium in Canada. 2 
These monographs contain descriptions of the known occurrences of the minerals 
in Canada, of the methods of mining and preparing the minerals for the market, 
and of their uses. A report by J. Keele and L. H. Cole presents the results of investi 
gations into the character and extent of the structural materials to be found along 
the St. Lawrence river between Prescott and Lachine. 2 

Preliminary statements regarding investigations on the alkali deposits of 
western Canada and mineral pigments in eastern Canada have been made respect 
ively by L. H. Cole and H. Frechette. 2 J. Keele describes in the Transactions of 



24 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

the Royal Society of Canada the occurrence of certain clays and sands in the basin 
of Moose river, Ontario, that are thought to be of Cretaceous age; some of the clays 
are high grade refractories. H. V. Ellsworth, in describing the radium-bearing 
pegmatites of Ontario 1 , states that radium and thorium minerals occur in the pegma 
tites in relatively great abundance, so disseminated that it appears improbable that 
concentrations will be found sufficiently large and rich to be of commercial value. 
In addition to the above, much valuable information on the development of 
the mining industry is contained in the annual reports of the various provincial 
departments of mines. 

SOURCES OF REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERRED TO ix THE TEXT: Geological Survey, Ottnwa. 2 Min->3 
Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa. "Department of Mines, Toronto, Ontario. " Canadian Mining 
Journal, Gardenvale, Quebec. 5 Canadian Institute of Minine and Metallurgy, Drummond Building 
Montreal, Quebec. 



III. SEISMOLOGY IN CANADA. 1 

Seismology the branch of science which treats of earthquakes has received 
considerable attention in Canada during recent years. It has been generally 
recognized that earthquakes are frequent in regions of adjustment of strata and 
are characteristic of the newer mountain and coast regions where abrupt changes 
in level are present. Seismological researches, while recording their location, 
duration and intensity, seek to determine particular causes. They ascertain the 
physical properties of the earth s crust and interior as revealed by the peculiarities 
of the recorded waves after their passage through the earth. Instruments as 
developed by seismological research for the better recording of earth tremors are 
being used commercially in many ways, not the least important being for the 
mapping out of underground densities in order to locate minerals and oil without 
frequent and expensive borings. 

During the years for which records are available, Canada has been but slightly 
affected by earthquakes. Historically a record shows that the St. Lawrence valley 
was shaken by a great quake in 1663. In 1899 a great disturbance occurred in 
Alaska at Yukatat bay, very close to Canadian territory. Slight shocks are very 
occasionally experienced in British Columbia and along the drainage system from 
the Great Lakes to the sea, but no damage to property or loss of life has been caused 
within the past century. It may be said that no active fault lines of any importance 
are found in Canada. 

At present five seismologic stations, all maintained by the Dominion Govern 
ment, are in active operation in Canada, and are situated at Halifax, Ottawa, 
Toronto, Saskatoon and Victoria. Two of these at Toronto and Victoria are 
under the Meteorological Branch of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, 
while the three remaining stations are controlled by the Dominion Observatory 
Branch of the Department of the Interior, with the assistance and co-operation 
of the universities at Halifax and Saskatoon. 

The records for Toronto and Victoria are published from Toronto, whence 
monthly bulletins are issued to seismological observatories interested, giving full 
details of all quakes as registered. The records for Ottawa, Saskatoon and Halifax 
are published from Ottawa. Monthly bulletins are issued to about 230 seismo 
logical observatories interested giving full details of the quakes as registered. These 

Contributed by Ernest A. Hodgson, M. A., Seismologist, Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. 



THE FLORA OF CANADA. 25 

are supplemented yearly by a publication giving the location of epicentres of all 
earthquakes of which any trace is registered at Ottawa. Data are gathered from 
all the reporting seismological stations of the world. 

Regular research work in seismology is carried on at Ottawa where the full 
time of two seismologists is given to the work of earthquake study alone. The 
reports are issued in the publications of the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. 

The natural and instrumental data for each station are as follows: 

Halifax. Lat., 44 38 N.; Long., 63 36 W.; Alt., 47-3 ra. Substrata, carbonaceous slate. Equip 
ment Small Mainka Pendulum Seismograph, Mechanical registration. Components N.S., E.W. Mass 
of each 139-3 kgm. Period of each, 10 sec. Damping ratio of each, 6:1. Magnification of each, about 60. 
Time is checked automatically each hour by signal from Western Union Telegraph and is to be depended 
on to one or two seconds. 

Ottawa Lat , 45 23 38* N.; Long., 75 42 57 W ; Alt., 82 m. Substrata, boulder clay over limestone 
(Ordovician) Equipment: (1) Bosch Horizontal Seismographs. Photographic registration. Independent 
components, N.S..E.W. Mass of each 200 gm . Period of each, about 5- 5 sec. Dampingratios.N.S., 2:1,E.W., 
18 1 Magnification of each, 120. (2) Milne-Shaw Horizontal Seismographs. Photographic registration. 
Independent components, N.S., E.W. Mass of each, 1 Ib. Period of each, 12 sec. Damping ratio of each, 
20-1 Magnification of each, 250. (3) Wiechert Vertical Seismograph. Mechanical registration. Mass, 
80 kgm Period, 6 sec. Damping ratio, 20:1. Magnification, about 160. (4) A deformation Instrument. 
Photographic registration. Components, N.S., E.W. Mass of each, about 20 gm. Period of each, about 
36 sec. Undamped. Used for determination of tilt. The time service at Ottawa is that of the Dominion 
Observatory and the registration on the record is kept correct to within 0-2 sec. 

Toronto Lat., 43 40 N.; Long., 79 24 W.; Alt., 115-5 m. Substrata, sand and gravel on boulder 
clay to a depth of about 15 m. then shale over crystalline rock (Laurentian) to a depth of about 335-5 metres. 
Equipment: (1) Milne Seismograph. Photographic registration. E.W. component. Mass, 0-23 kgm. 
Period 18 sec No damping. (2) Milne-Shaw Horizontal Seismographs. Photographic registration 
Independent components, N.S., E.W., Mass of each, 1 Ib. Period of each, 12 sec. Damping ratio of 
eacn, 20:1. Magnification of each, 150. 

Time markings by Toronto Observatory clock. The registration has an error of 2 sec. The time is 
checked by meridian transits. 

Saskatoon Lat., 5208 N.; Long., 106 40 W.: Alt. ,515m. Substrata, clay and sand. Equipment: 
Small Mainka Pendulum Seismograph. Mechanical registraton. Components, N.S., E.W. Mass of 
each, 139-3 kgm. Period of each, approximately 9 sec. Damping ratio of each, 5:1. Magnification of 
each about 60. 

Time by local clock, checked occasionally by telephone with train time. 

Victoria Lat., 48 24 50" N.; Long., 123 19 28" W.; Alt., 67-6 m. Substrata, igneous rock. Equip 
ment: (1) Milne Seismograph. Photographic registration. E.W. comp. Mass, 0-23 kgm. Period, 1! 
sec. No damping. (2) Milne-Shaw Horizontal Seismographs. Photographic registration. Independent 
components, N S , E.W. Mass of each, 1 Ib. Period of each, 12 sec. Damping ratio of each, 20:1. Magni 
fication of each, 250. (3) Wiechert Vertical Seismograph. Mechanical registration. Mass, 80 kgm. 
Period, 5 sec. Magnification, 70. 

Time service of the meteorological station. Registration correct to 1 sec. 



IV. THE FLORA OF CANADA. 1 

Introduction. It is a well known fact that, at a geologically recent period, 
practically the whole of Canada from the Rocky mountains east was covered with 
glacial ice which, slowly advancing southward, reached as far as Central Missouri. 
Whatever vegetation may have flourished in Canada before the glacial period was 
gradually forced to migrate southward as the ice advanced. During this retreat 
many species were no doubt wiped out of existence, but a certain number, belonging 
perhaps largely to types which now are found in the arctic regions, managed to sur 
vive. In fact, we must surmise that, during the glacial period, the vegetation 
immediately in front of the continental ice was arctic in character and that, when 
the glaciation reached its maximum, those parts of the United States which were 
immediately to the south of the ice had a flora similar to that now existing in the 
far north. 

With the return of a warmer climate and the gradual recession of the continental 
ice, vegetation began to move back northward, with the arctic types as a vanguard 

This article, reprinted in slightly abbreviated form from the 1921 Year Book, is a revised and popular 
ized edition of a paper, entitled "Flora of Canada," by the late Mr. J. M. Macoun, C.M.G., FO..8., and 
M. O. Malte, Ph. D., published in Canada Year Book, 1915, and also as Museum Bulletin No. 26, Geological 
Survey, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1917. 



26 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

followed by more temperate and southern ones. Generally speaking, the Canadian 
flora, as it exists today, may therefore be said to be composed of immigrants that 
took possession of the country after the glacial period and established themselves 
in botanical provinces in accordance with their specific requirements. These botanical 
provinces, generally referred to as zones, are briefly described in the following pages. 

The Arctic Zone. Botanically, the arctic zone is the region lying north of 
the tree line. In Canada it extends far to the south of the arctic circle, especially 
in the eastern parts of the Dominion. Its southern limit is, roughly, a line running 
from the estuary of the Mackenzie river to the mouth of the Churchill river on the 
west coast of Hudson bay. East of Hudson bay, the tree line, i.e., the southern 
boundary of the arctic zone, runs from about lat. 56 on Richmond gulf to the 
mouth of George river on the eastern shore of Ungava bay, and from there in a 
southeasterly direction along the coast of Labrador to Hamilton inlet. South of 
Hamilton inlet a narrow strip along the coast as far south as the strait of Belle Isle 
and extending a short distance to the west from there is also barren of real trees 
and therefore has an arctic aspect. This strip can hardly be included in the arctic 
zone proper, however, although a few arctic plants may be found there; the lack 
of trees and the barren appearance in general are caused by the arctic current 
which flows from the north along the coast and through the strait of Belle Isle. 

The vegetation in the arctic zone is generally of a low-growing and even dwarf 
ed type. The woody plants, even when half a century old or more, reach a very 
inconspicuous height in comparison with their next of kin farther south and are 
often prostrate or even trailing along the ground. In the more northern parts of 
the arctic zone the most conspicuous woody plants are willows and dwarf birches. 
Further south, on the tundra, i.e., the more or less boggy lowlands north of the tree 
line, the woody plants are chiefly represented by members of the blueberry family. 

In respect to herbaceous vegetation, the arctic flora of Canada is very closely 
related to the so-called circumpolar florar in general. Not only are there many 
species in arctic Canada which occur all around the north pole, but in general 
characteristics the Canadian arctic plants are very similar to arctic plants else 
where, particularly to those growing in Greenland and arctic Europe. 

A striking form of growth encountered in many species is the dense, compact, 
bunchy type, which especially is found well developed on rocky ground in the 
northern sections of the arctic zone. This form of growth is characteristic also 
of arid and semi-arid regions in hot climates, and at first sight it may seem strange 
that it should also be found in the arctic. The arctic zone, however, from a plant 
physiological point of view, is somewhat akin to arid regions farther south. In 
the latter regions the bunch growth is generally considered to be associated with 
a shortage of water supply in the ground, and to some extent the same may be 
said of arctic areas. The ground may apparently be well supplied with moisture, 
but the plants relying upon the moisture are often unable to utilize it on account of 
the temperature in the ground being at times so low that the water-absorbing 
parts of the plants are incapable of functioning. 

Compactness of growth is also displayed by a number of plants which, although 
not growing in defined bunches, form dense and often rather extended mats. On 
the other hand, there are quite a number of species which grow neither in bunches 
nor in mats; these are particularly common on the tundra. 

Practically all arctic plants are perennials. Owing to the shortness of the 
season they are often caught by early frost while the blossoms are still undeveloped 
and before their fruit has ripened. Indeed, many species regularly enter the winter 



THE FLORA OF CANADA. 27 

in this condition and hibernate with flower and leaf buds in an advanced stage of 
development. When the returning sun again wakes them up to renewed activity, 
they are therefore ready to spring into blossom over-night, as it were, and to present 
a surprisingly rapid development of vegetative as well as of floral organs. 

The Sub-arctic Forest Zone. The sub-arctic or so-called coniferous forest 
extends, in the east, from the arctic zone southward to a line running approximately 
from Anticosti to the south end of lake Winnipeg. This line is practically identical 
with the northern limits of the white and the red pine. West of lake Winnipeg the 
sub-arctic forest is bounded to the south and west by the prairies and the foot 
hills of the Rocky mountains, respectively. The Gaspe peninsula and sections of 
New Brunswick may also be included in the sub-arctic forest zone. 

The sub-arctic forest, as the name indicates, is decidedly boreal. The trees 
do not reach any imposing height and the number of species which make up the 
forest is small in comparison with the number occurring in the hardwood forest 
zone to the south. The sub-arctic forest is largely coniferous in character, the 
black and white spruce being the dominating trees. Of the other coniferous trees 
the Banksian pine is the most important species. It reaches perfection in the 
western part of the zone and constitutes the chief source of supply of lumber for the 
northern prairie region. The other trees characteristic of the zone in general are 
aspen and balsam poplar, white birch, larch, and balsam fir. Between the gulf 
of St. Lawrence and lake Winnipeg, white cedar, white elm, and ash are occasionally 
met with, but these trees cannot be properly considered as belonging to the sub 
arctic forest. 

Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the sub-arctic forest is the abundance 
of berry shrubs such as gooseberries, currants, blueberries, raspberries, yellow- 
berries, and high-bush cranberries. Another is the remarkable uniformity, in 
general character as well as in species, exhibited throughout the zone. This lack 
of variety is especially marked in the vegetation of the bogs, which are very numer 
ous throughout the zone, the species encountered in the bogs of any one part of 
the zone being characteristic of practically the whole sub-arctic forest. 

The herbaceous flora of the sub-arctic forest is also remarkably uniform through 
out, and hardly a species is found that does not occur either in the arctic zone or 
in the hardwood forest zone to the south. A noteworthy exception to this rule 
is a small water lily, in fact the smallest of the water lillies, which is found in this 
area only. 

The sub-arctic forest zone is as yet almost undisturbed by settlers except in 
some sections of the so-called clay belts of northern Quebec and Ontario. It forms 
a vast reserve of national wealth and may in the future furnish the chief supply 
of wood for the pulp and paper industries in eastern North America. 

The Hardwood Forest Zone. The hardwood forest zone includes all eastern 
Canada south of the sub-arctic forest, with the exception of a small region in south 
ern Ontario. It is characterized chiefly by deciduous trees, the principal ones being 
basswood, sugar maple, red maple, black ash, white ash, white elm, yellow birch, 
red oak, burr oak, and beech. Of the coniferous trees white pine, red pine, hem 
lock, and white cedar are the most important. The underbrush, although very 
variable and made up of a great number of species, is generally rather scanty and 
becomes conspicuous, as a component of the forest, only along its borders or where 
the woods are open. Among the most typical shrubs may be mentioned service 
berry, moosewood, purple flowering raspberry, sumach, poison ivy, and arrow- 
wood. 



28 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

As the rainfall is abundant throughout the zone, the herbaceous vegetation, 
where light and soil conditions are favourable, is rich in both species and individuals. 
In the woods proper it is rather insignificant after the foliage of the trees is fully 
developed. In the spring, however, it is very luxuriant and, especially where the soil 
is rich and deep, there is a magnificient display of beautifully coloured and showy 
flowers, for instance trillium, bellwort, dog s-tooth violet, showy orchis, jack-in-the- 
pulpit, spring beauty, vioiets (blue, yellow and white forms), hepatica, dutchman s 
breeches, squirrel corn, bloodroot, pepper-root, barren strawberry, flowering winter- 
green, blue phlox, etc. Others, less conspicuous but characteristic of the hard 
wood forest s spring flora, are species of sedges, wild ginger, blue cohosh, mitre- 
wort, star flower, showy lady s slipper, etc. Characteristic of the bogs of the zone 
are, among others, various species of orchids and the pitcher-plant. The autumn 
flowers are chiefly members of the composite family, with asters, golden rods, and 
joe-pye in greatest profusion. 

Very characteristic of the hardwood forest zone is the autumnal colouring of 
the leaves of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants which lasts a comparatively long 
time, from about the first week of September to the second week in October, depend 
ent on the dryness of the season. During that period a splendid display of colours 
is exhibited, especially in open, mixed woods where the underbrush is well developed. 
Shades of yellow, golden bronze, red and scarlet are mixed in a gorgeous symphony 
of colours, generally marvellously modulated by the sombre, deep, dark or bluish 
green of the conifers which are dotted among the deciduous trees. No such wealth 
of autumnal colour is met with in any of the other zones. 

The Carolinian Zone. This zone is confined to a small tract of land in 
southern Ontario, bounded to the south by lake Erie and to the north by a line 
running approximately from the northern shore of lake Ontario to Windsor. In 
general physiognomy it is rather similar to the hardwood forest flora just described, 
but differs greatly in its characteristic speeies which are decidedly southern. It 
exhibits a large number of plants, woody as well as herbaceous, which occur no 
where else in Canada. 

The most characteristic trees are the hickories (six species), the oaks (ten 
species), black walnut, chestnut, and sycamore. Less abundant and more local 
in their distribution are the cucumber tree, the tulip tree, the flowering dogwood, 
which all have beautiful and very conspicuous flowers, the papaw, the red mul 
berry, the American crabapple, the sour gum, the sassafrass, and others. 

The herbaceous vegetation is very rich and at least a hundred species which 
occur nowhere else in Canada are found in the zone. A few of the most conspic 
uous ones may be mentioned, viz.: yellow nelumbo or lotus flower, may apple, 
wild lupine, tick trefoil, flowering spurge, swamp rose mallow, wild pansy, prickly 
pear, poke milkweed, wild potato vine, downy phlox, water-leaf, bee balm, fox 
glove, tall bell flower, great lobelia, ironweed, dense button snakeroot, prairie dock, 
cup plant, sunflowers, tall coreopsis, Indian plantain and showy lady s slipper. 

Golden seal and ginseng were at one time abundant but are now practically 
extinct. Indeed a similar fate is also threatening many of the other species charac 
teristic of the zone, on account of the clearing of the land for agricultural purposes. 

The Prairie. Under the general term prairie is understood the vast grass- 
covered area of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. It is 
bounded to the east and north by the sub-arctic forest and to the west by the foot 
hills of the Rocky mountains. 



THE FLORA OF CANADA. 29 

The prairie, which begins a few miles east of Winnipeg, has been subdivided 
into three zones, known as the first, second and third " prairie steppes." These 
steppes are rather indefinite, botanically speaking, and they have one thing in common 
as far as the vegetation is concerned. The luxuriance and general appearance of 
their flora are to a conspicuous degree dependent on the rain and snowfall. In the 
case of the spring vegetation, the rainfall during the previous year and the snow 
fall during the preceding winter are dominant factors, so much so that, in the event 
of lack of sufficient precipitation, the spring flora may in certain years be either 
very poorly represented or even almost entirely absent. The summer and fall 
vegetation are to an equal extent dependent on the present season s precipitation 
and thus it may happen that a district which one year displays a luxuriant growth, 
rich in species and individuals, may in a following year appear almost barren of 
flowering plants. Lack of precipitation is also largely responsible for the fact that 
in some seasons the grass vegetation, so characteristic of the prairie, may remain 
practically at a standstill without heads or seeds being formed. 

First Prairie Steppe. This area includes " the low plain of Manitoba, bounded 
by a line of elevated country^ which commences at the international boundary at 
a point some distance west of Emerson, and extends northwestwardly under the 
names of Pembina, Riding, Duck, Porcupine and Pas mountains." 

The southeastern part of the area so defined differs from the true prairie in 
that it is characterized by many woodland plants which have their home east of 
the Great Lakes but which occur rarely, if at all, between lake Huron and the Mani 
toba border. Among these plants may be mentioned nettle tree, basswood, wild 
plum, hawthorn, Virginia creeper, moonseed, bloodroot, columbine, hog peanut, 
tick trefoil, prickly cucumber, species of gentian, lousewort, Indian paint-brush, 
ox-eye and cone-flower. The flora of this region is distinct from those of the areas 
farther to the northwest. 

The prairie proper of the first prairie steppe is confined chiefly to what is known 
as the Red River valley, i.e., the low, flat plains south and west of Winnipeg. In 
this region trees are met with only in narrow fringes along the rivers, oak, elm, 
poplar, and Manitoba maple being the most abundant. Away from the borders 
of streams the prairie is treeless. It is covered with an abundance of herbaceous 
plants, the most widely represented families being the composite family (asters, 
golden rods, etc.), the rose family, the pea family, the grass family, and the sedge 
family, but the species representing them can hardly be said to be characteristic 
of the zone, as practically all of them are found in suitable localities farther west. 

Second Prairie Steppe. This central region extends westward from the first 
prairie steppe to a line running approximately from the international boundary 
at longitude 103 30 in a northwesterly direction to Battleford. 

The flora is rather diversified and several very different plant associations are 
met with. In the north, where the prairie and the sub-arctic forest meet, the flora 
is composed of species characteristic of both zones, as is also the flora of the north 
ern parts of the third prairie steppe. In the southwestern part of the second prairie 
steppe, i.e., the country southwest of the Moose mountain, in Saskatchewan, the 
vegetation is in many respects similar to that of the drier sections of the third prairie 
steppe. The grass is very short and the vegetation in general of a type adapted 
to regions with a scant precipitation. In places, large sandy tracts exist which 
are covered with a profusion of cactus, and in others there is no vegetation except 
that peculiar to arid land. Considerable broken or park-like country is found 
near the hills forming the boundary between the first and second prairie steppes, 



30 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

and is also met with in the Qu Appelle River valley and in other parts of the zone. 
Poplar and oak are the chief trees of the bluffs and the herbaceous vegetation, as 
may be expected, is made up of a mixture of prairie and woodland forms. 

The major part of the second prairie steppe is true prairie, with no trees except 
in the river valleys. Shrubs occur, generally in low thickets or copses, and very 
frequently in small clumps composed of a single species. On the exposed prairie, 
where their growth always is stunted, snowberry, silver berry, buffalo berry, sask 
atoon, roses, and other species occur. In damp situations meadow sweet is met 
with, and in wet places, such as the borders of ponds and marshes, willows are 
abundant. The herbaceous vegetation varies somewhat with soil conditions but, 
taking the second prairie steppe as a whole, the numerous members of the pea 
family are perhaps the most characteristic flowering plants. 

Third Prairie Steppe. This region includes the rest of the prairie up to the 
foothills of the Rocky mountains. In its northern parts, i.e., north of lat. 52, the 
flora is very similar to that of the second prairie steppe, but in the southern parts it 
is very different. 

Except on Wood mountain and Cypress hills trees occur only along the borders 
of streams in the valleys, and the ponds, marshes, and lakes are not even fringed 
with shrubs. The rivers and creeks flow in deep, narrow valleys and the country 
is broken by coulees and low hills. The precipitation is scant and, as a result, the 
vegetation is often almost desert-like in character. 

Large districts, especially in the Coteau de Missouri belt, are characterized 
by the absence of drainage valleys, the result being that the water in the lakes and 
ponds is generally saline and that numerous alkali flats occur. The vegetation in 
such situations is sparse and largely made up of plants especially fitted for soils 
rich in salt. Indeed, in these inland ponds and marshes, a number of plants thrive 
which normally occur in profusion on the shores of the Atlantic ocean. 

The Rocky Mountains. A great mimber of prairie species are found at 
considerable altitudes in the foothills of the Rocky mountains. On the other hand, 
a number of sub-alpine forms descend practically to the prairie, the resuh being that in 
the foothills, where the two types of vegetation intermingle, the flora is very rich in 
species. As the foothills and the lower slopes are ascended, prairie forms gradually 
disappear and are replaced by mountain species. Vegetation in general becomes 
more luxuriant in appearance, herbaceous plants grow taller, shrubs become an 
important feature in the flora, and finally real forests are reached. 

In the well developed forests on the slopes the trees are largely coniferous, the 
principal ones being lodge-pole pine, whitebark pine, white spruce, balsam fir and 
highest up, larch. Shrubs are few in number, except in open and springy places, 
where bewildering thickets of many species of willows are found. The herbaceous 
vegetation is also rather scant, except along the edges, in open spaces, and along 
brooks and rivulets. In the dense forest, members of the blueberry and winter- 
green families are conspicuous. 

On the grassy slopes above the tree line the herbaceous vegetation again becomes 
very rich hi species, exhibiting the richness and brilliancy of colour in the flowers 
so characteristic of alpine vegetation hi general, until, just below the snow line, 
it takes on an appearance suggestive of arctic vegetation. In fact, many species 
occur on the higher levels in the Rockies which also have their homes in the arctic 
regions, a fact which may be satisfactorily explained, in the words of Darwin, as a 
result of conditions caused by the glacial period, as follows: " As the warmth 
returned (after the glaciation had reached its height) the arctic forms would retreat 



THE FLORA OF CANADA. 31 

northward, closely followed up in their retreat by the productions of the more 
temperate regions. And as the snow melted from the bases of mountains, the 
arctic forms would seize on the cleared and thawed ground, always ascending higher 
and higher, as the warmth increased, whilst their brethren were pursuing their 
northern journey. Hence, when the warmth had fully returned, the same arctic 

species, which had lately lived in a body together in the lowlands would 

be left isolated on distant mountain summits (having been exterminated on all 

lesser heights) and in the arctic regions 

The Selkirk Mountains. While the Rockies may be looked upon as a 
chain of individual mountains, the Selkirk range has more the character of a high- 
level plateau. As a result there are real alpine meadows in the Selkirks whereas, 
in the Rockies, similar plant formations are generally met with on steep slopes. 
Differences in the vegetation of the Rockies and the Selkirks above the tree line 
are -conspicuous and are due largely to the amount of precipitation, the Selkirks 
being favoured with a much more abundant moisture supply. For this reason 
the alpine meadow plant associations of the Selkirks extend almost to the snow 
line and, for the same reason, a number of high-alpine plants, which in the Rockies 
are characteristic of the bare peaks above the grassy slopes, are not met with at 
all in the Selkirks. 

The Selkirk forest differs from that of the Rocky mountains with regard to 
composition, as far as the trees are concerned, the principal species being cedar, 
Douglas fir, hemlock, and Engelmann s spruce. The undergrowth on the mount 
ains proper is quite similar to that of the Rocky mountain forest and, although more 
luxuriant, is not represented by many species. In the lower valleys, however, 
and on lower levels where the forest is more open in character, the shrubby as well 
as the herbaceous undergrowth is very different. Not only is it luxuriantly develop 
ed, but the species of which it is composed are of a different type. The Rocky mount 
ain flora is disappearing, its place being taken to such an extent by Pacific coast 
species that the casual observer will find it rather difficult to detect any conspic 
uous difference between the flora of the Selkirk valleys and that of the coniferous 
forest of the Pacific coast. 

The Coast Mountains. Although having a large number of plant species 
in common with the Selkirks, the Coast range must be considered a distinct botanic 
al zone, as many species occur there which are peculiar to this region alone. 

Owing to the long growing season, the high average temperature and the 
abundance of the precipitation, the vegetation in the valleys and lowlands of the 
Coast range is almost sub-tropical in appearance. The trees, especially the cedar, 
the Douglas fir, and the spruce, reach gigantic dimensions, and the forest possesses 
a luxuriant undergrowth. In old, untouched forests, fallen trunks, shrubs, and 
herbs form an almost impenetrable tangle, especially where salal and devil s club 
are luxuriantly developed. 

Trees characteristic of the valleys and the lowlands are the cedar, Douglas 
fir, Sitka spruce, hemlock, white fir, red alder, crabapple, broad-leaved maple, and 
cascara, while the characteristic shrubs include several species of willow, Oregon 
grape, species of currants and gooseberries, thimbleberry, salmonberry, roses, june- 
berry or saskatoon, devil s club, salal, blueberries, and red-fruited elder. 

The herbaceous vegetation is very rich. Many species of beautiful ferns are 
abundant, and the grass vegetation, especially along the coast, is luxuriantly 
developed. Of other herbaceous plants may be mentioned skunk cabbage, tril- 



32 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

Hum, wild lily-of-t he-valley, yellow pond lily, fringe-cup, false mitrewort, alum 
root, bleeding heart, goat s beard, twinflower and aster. 

The major part of Vancouver island has a typical Coast Range flora. The 
southeastern section, however, has a vegetation of a quite different type. There, 
the growth is influenced by the comparatively scant precipitation, with little rain 
between spring and fall. As a result the spring vegetation is much more conspic 
uous than the summer and fall vegetation, especially on open and rocky land. 
In addition, the section is characterized by a number of species which are more or 
less of a Californian type and which occur nowhere else in Canada. Among tho 
characteristic plants of this section of the island may be mentioned several species 
of brome grasses, camas, wild hyacinth, blue-eyed grass, spring-beauty, lupins, 
bird-foot clover, tall vetch, marsh hollyhock, godetia, arbutus or madrona, gilia, 
grove-lover, paint-brush, etc. 

Dry Belts of British Columbia. A few words may finally be said about 
the most important dry belts of British Columbia, including the Okanagan and the 
Kamloops districts. These regions, owing to the scant precipitation and to the 
nature of the soil, have a flora which strangely contrasts with that of the other 
parts of the British Columbia mainland. 

In the dry belts two floristic subdivisions may be recognized, which, however, 
run more or less into each other and for this reason will not be dealt with separately. 
One subdivision is characterized by so-called bunch grasses, of which " wild rye " 
is the most conspicuous species, and is more or less destitute of forest -forming trees. 
The other floristic subdivision of the dry belts is more densely wooded, the character 
istic tree of the forest being the yellow pine. On the whole, the dry belts may be 
said to be park-like in general character, with a rather desert-like ground vegetation. 



V. FAUNAS OF CANADA. 1 

Historical. Whether the fauna of the western hemisphere was derived from 
that of the eastern, or vice versa, as is contended by various authorities, there is 
a close relationship between them. Geological evidence shows that in previous 
ages types now found in but one of the great continental circumpolar divisions 
were common to both. Old and now submerged land connections between the 
continents have been postulated both from zoological and geological evidence, and 
a more or less complete continuity of land throughout the northern hemisphere, 
in former times, must be acknowledged before present American biotal conditions 
can be thoroughly understood. That this connection was in the far north and in 
what is now arctic or sub-arctic climate did not prohibit a continual interchange 
of warmth-loving species, for the presence of coal in very high latitudes points to 
milder if not tropical or sub-tropical conditions where now we find perpetual snow 
and ice. One must, therefore, conceive of a pre-glacial time when tree-ferns- and 
other luxuriant coal-producing forest types occupied extreme northern lands, and 
such animals as elephants, horses and other warmth-loving species could spread 
from one continent to the other. 

This intercontinental connection must have been made and broken numbers 
of times by the recurrence of glacial periods which covered this country with ice 

Abridged from an article contributed to the 1921 Year Book by P. A. Taverner, Department of Mines, 
Ottawa. 



FAUNAS OF CANADA 33 



to well south of the present Great Lakes and must at tunes have formed barriers 
more complete even than to-day to the passage of life across the far north. During 
these periods of alternate isolation and connection there was ample tune and oppor 
tunity for wide divergence in development in the faunas of the separated land 
masses, the extinction of connecting links and the occurrence of many complexities 
to confuse the clear picture of the historical succession, until to-day we find a nearly 
identical circumpolar fauna at the north progressively breaking up and differen 
tiating into peculiar and special New and Old World forms as it proceeds south. 

The general trend of geographical distribution in Canada is from southeast 
to northwest. Ocean currents have much to do with this. Our east coast is chilled 
by the cold arctic current coming directly down from the polar ice fields through 
Davis strait, and the west coast is warmed by the grateful temperature of the great 
final sweep qf the Japan current. When we realize that the barren Labrador 
coast is in almost the same latitude as southern British Columbia and is slightly 
south of the most southerly point of the British Isles, we can see what a funda 
mental influence these ocean currents have on the distribution of life upon our 
continent. Elevation also has a determining influence on climate and the distri 
bution of animal life. It is well known that high mountains even in the tropics 
present arctic conditions at their peaks. Less elevation has similar effect in pro 
portion to its height and often a rise of a few hundred feet will produce conditions 
that otherwise would only occur at considerable distance to the north. Not only 
do mountain ranges thus project long tongues of northern faunas into southern 
localities, but on the retreat of the ice at the end of glacial epochs they formed 
oases for the retreating cold-loving forms as they withdrew from the gradually 
warming lowlands. We thus have true arctic " relicts "of an ancient order isolated 
on mountain tops far from their natural habitats, boreal islands in a sea of more 
southern life. 

Zonal Distribution. The general outline of zonal life distribution is well 
known, as is the fact that tropical life differs from temperate and from arctic. Close 
study, however, shows that besides these broad and obvious associations minor 
ones also exist. Various attempts have been made to map them out, and perhaps 
the most successful and generally accepted one for our purposes is that which divides 
North America into three regions, Boreal, Austral and Tropical, with the first two 
each divided into three life zones: the Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian zones for 
the Boreal region and the Transition and Upper and Lower Austral zones for the 
Austral region. In Canada we have five of these zones represented from the north 
the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition and Upper Austral. These extend 
across the continent, roughly agreeing with latitude, but thrown out of regularity, 
as previously indicated, by local conditions and agreeing closely with the mid 
summer isotherms. 

The Arctic zone is the so-called " barren land " of the far north, and includes 
all the islands and the north shore of the continent. The distinctive land mammals 
of this zone are the polar bear, musk ox, barren land caribou, arctic fox, arctic hare 
and lemming. Amongst the characteristic birds are snow buntings, ptarmigan, 
longspurs, snowy owl and gyrfalcons. This region is the great nesting ground 
for many of our waders and more northern ducks and geese, but few are residents 
as most forms migrate in winter. 

The Hudsonian zone is the land of scrub forests, small stunted trees, mostly 
coniferous, and scattered dwarf willows and poplars. The southern boundary of 
this zone extends from the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence to near the mouth 

623733 



34 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

of James bay, thence in a wavy curve to Great Slave lake where it drops south 
suddenly to a latitude about on line with the lower point of the Alaska Pan-handle, 
and thence to near the coast. It thus includes the southern Ungava peninsula, 
a narrow belt extending northwest from James bay, the Yukon, northern British 
Columbia and southern Alaska. It is penetrated from the north by the Arctic 
zone which persists on the mountains of the Yukon and from the south by the 
Canadian zone which follows up the valleys of the Mackenzie and Peace rivers. 
It is shut off from the sea on the Pacific side by the Alaska Pan-handle which has 
an intrusive Canadian fauna. On the other hand, it works down the Rocky mount 
ains in a narrow band and scattered isolated spots across the United States bound 
ary. This zone can be considered more as a transition between the Canadian and 
Arctic zones than a primary division itself. It contains species whose centres of 
abundance are on either hand and a few peculiar to it. Musk oxen, caribou and 
ptarmigan range into it in whiter from the north, and it forms the extreme northern 
distribution of woodland caribou and moose. Its most characteristic birds are 
the rough-legged hawk, great-grey owl, northern shrike, pine grosbeak, white-winged 
cross-bill and fox sparrow. 

The Canadian zone occupies the greater area of Canada and can be roughly 
denned as the coniferous forest belt. It includes practically all the remainder of 
the Dominion except the inner shores of the Nova Scotia peninsula, southern 
Ontario and Quebec in a narrow strip from about Montreal to just below Georgian 
bay on lake Huron, the prairies, a small irregular fringe along the Pacific coast 
opposite Vancouver island and a few mountain valleys penetrating the southern 
boundary of British Columbia. It penetrates the Hudsonian zone on the north 
along the valleys of the Mackenzie and Peace rivers and runs up most of the Alaska 
Pan-handle. The characteristic life is more numerous than in the preceding zones 
and includes the moose, woodland caribou, lynx, marten, porcupine, varying hare, 
white-throated sparrow, numerous warblers, olive-backed thrush, three-toed wood 
peckers, pileated woodpecker, spruce gro"use and Canada jay. 

The Transition zone lies just along the southern border, including most of 
both shores of the bay of Fundy, a narrow belt following the north shores of lakes 
Ontario and Erie, all of the western prairies and intrusive valleys into the south 
of British Columbia and the shores of the strait of Georgia. The name Transition 
well describes its fauna. It contains comparatively few distinctive species, but in 
it many northern and southern forms meet. Its southern limit lies in the United 
States below, striking almost squarely across the continent on a line with the lower 
points of the Great Lakes, with excursions southward along the mountain ranges 
east and west and penetrated by extensions of the Upper Austral fauna along warm 
lowland valleys in the west. It forms the northern limit of range of the cotton 
tail and jack-rabbits and the American elk, and is just touched upon by the varying 
hare from the north; the common mole of the south meets the star-nosed and 
Brewer s mole of the north and the wild cat partially replaces the Canada lynx. 
Amongst birds, the wild turkey, bob-white, two cuckoos, towhee, wood thrush and 
yellow-throated vireo are here at the northern limit of their ranges, and the Balti 
more oriole, bluebird, catbird and bobolink overlap the solitary vireo and \Vilson s 
thrush. 

The Upper Austral zone in Canada is small in area, crossing our borders in a 
narrow shore belt along lake Erie, extending to the south side of lake Ontario and 
including the Niagara peninsula. It extends south as far as the northern borders 



FAUNAS OF CANADA 35 



of the Gulf States, variously dotted and cut into by intrusive branches of the neigh 
bouring faunas from either side, especially in the broken country of the west. 

The opossum is perhaps the most distinctive of the mammals of the zone and 
among birds we have the yellow-breasted chat, mockingbird, Carolina wren, Carolina 
chickadee, orchard oriole, barn owl, a number of distinctive southern warblers and 
some southern subspecific forms allied to more northern variations. 

These make the latitudinal or thermal divisions of our faunal life. Outside 
of the species mentioned are numerous forms that extend over the whole area, but 
show in different zones variations recognizable only to the expert. A good example 
is the hairy woodpecker. This bird breeds over all the wooded parts of North 
America, but the birds from the Lower Austral zone are quite separable by the 
trained eye from those of the Upper Austral and Transition and these from the 
large northern form of the Hudsonian. This is but one case of many where a 
northern and a southern race exist in the same species which are designated as 
subspecies. Some of these geographical races are so slightly differentiated as to 
require an expert to separate them while others are marked and striking. The 
critical difference between a full species and a subspecies is the fact that the latter 
intergrade and biend into each other gradually. With species the break between 
is sudden, and intermediates do not occur. 

Further Divisions. With this zonal distribution and a variation of life 
groups depending basically upon temperature, we have another system of distribu 
tion from east to west, depending largely upon physical conditions of habitat 
the arrangement of land and water or mountain ranges forming barriers or highways 
of migration and leading certain forms in certain directions while barring them 
from others and the comparative rainfall and humidity of climate. This has a 
primary direct influence upon such forms of life, as well as a secondary and indirect 
one through the plants and insects which give them food or shelter. 

The principal east and west division is made by the Rocky mountains, which 
successfully cut off the Pacific coast from close contact with eastern forms. The 
Rocky mountain system approximates the dividing line of the east and west faunas, 
leaving a triangular patch to the west including British Columbia, southern Yukon 
and southern Alaska as the we-tern or mountain fauna, and cutting through the 
Transition, Canadian and Hudsonian transcontinental zones. 

The mountain district is characterized by an abundant rainfall, a high average 
humidity and a greatly diversified and rugged topography, forming a succession 
of parallel mountain ranges and valleys which facilitate intercommunication in a 
north and south direction, while obstructing it from east to west. These topo 
graphical conditions continue to the south well into Mexico and enforce migration 
routes and conditions and associations more or less isolated. The marked humidity 
of the climate, especially near the coast, also causes or encourages special physiolog 
ical changes in numerous organisms tending as a rule to produce larger size and 
richer colouration. These differences in physical conditions and the isolation 
formed by the barrier mountains have produced a great number of forms peculiar 
to the district. In fact, comparatively few species, either of birds or animals, 
extend across the mountains from the east unmodified, and the native population 
can be divided into three heads: subspecific variations of eastern forms, species 
confined to the area and forms of evident mountain origin b ut spreading from 
them a certain distance eastward. 

Typical amongst the first may be mentioned the moose and woodland caribou, 
the Oregon subspecies of the ruffed grouse, Harris Rocky-mountain and Gairdner s 
6237331 



36 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

woodpeckers, northwest flicker, dusky and streaked horned larks, many forms of 
the warblers and sparrows and others. Of full species confined to this fauna are: 
Douglas squirrel, black-tailed deer, pika, yellow-bellied marmot, bushy-tailed wood 
rat, little striped skunk or spilogale, blue and Franklin s grouse, band-tailed pigeon, 
red-breasted and Williamson s sapsucker, Steller s jay, black and Vaux swift, black- 
chinned and rufous hummingbirds, Clark s nutcracker, northwestern crow, dipper, 
chesnut-backed chickadee, varied thrush and others. Forms typical of the mount 
ains but spreading a little way east are: hoary marmot, mule deer, grizzly bear, 
red-naped sapsucker, Lewis s woodpecker, red-shafted flicker, Hammond s and 
Wright s flycatcher, black headed grosbeak and many more. 

The Eastern fauna is comparatively homogeneous across the continent in a 
diagonal direction from Nova Scotia to Alaska, with but slight variation in physical 
aspect, except in the prairie region of the central west. In general the country is 
of low, even topography with good rainfall and is covered with a uniform forest 
of but little variety except that due to latitude and zonal distribution. 

In the west it is penetrated by a great semicircular expansion of the Transition 
zone, extending from the eastern Manitoban line along the international boundary 
to the mountains and north to Edmonton and Prince Albert, and characterized by 
great dryness, near-desert conditions and an almost entire absence of trees. 

The general tendency of this prairie fauna is towards small size and pale, 
bleached colouration. Species characteristic of it are the prong-horn antelope, 
bison, coyote, gopher, prairie chicken, sage hen, burrowing owl, Leconte s sparrow, 
and lark bunting, whose open country requirements debar them from wooded land. 
The remainder of its fauna is similar to that of the eastern country but generally 
subspecifically differentiated from it through the dryer climate and desert-like 
conditions. Some species included in this division are western horned owl, Say s 
phoebe, desert horned lark, pale goldfinch, western clay-coloured sparrow, Dakota 
song sparrow, prairie marsh wren, etc. 

True Eastern fauna, through generally similar from the far northwest to the 
Atlantic coast, does show a slight tendency to variation north of these plains, but 
the influence is slight and in broad treatment may be disregarded. Many species 
extend unmodified throughout the area, or when modification occurs it can usually 
be attributed to either thermal differences or the influence of the closely allied 
neighbouring prairie forms with which it comes in contact in migration. In general 
most of the subspecific forms mentioned as prairie or western are represented by 
type subspecies in this great eastern fauna, which is perhaps the most typical of 
Canada and gives distinctive character to our biotal resources. 



VI. THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF CANADA. 

The economic life of new countries must at first depend entirely, and later, 
mainly upon their natural resources. Older countries, after exhausting their most 
easily obtained resources, turn for a livelihood to manufacturing and similar pur 
suits, conserving their own resources and utilizing those of less developed areas. 
Canada is distinctly a new country, the resources of which are but now commencing 
to be appreciated; in recent years numerous surveys and investigations as to their 
extent and value have been made. A short summary of important details regarding 



THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF CANADA 37 



them follows. Fuller information will be found in the introductions to the later 
sections Agriculture, Furs, Fisheries. Forestry. Minerals. Water Powers of this, 
volum.e. 

Agricultural Lands. Of the total land area of the nine provinces (1,401,- 
316,413 acres) it is estimated that approximately 440,951,000 acres are available 
for use in agricultural production. The area now under cultivation is but a fraction 
of this total, that under field crops in 1921 being 59,635.346 acres. The area under 
pasture in the same year in all the provinces except Manitoba and Alberta was 
9.977,204 acres. These figures are exclusive of the Yukon and the Northwest 
Territories, where certain of the more hardy crops have been grown and where 
stock raising is possible. Farm lands of almost unlimited extent are to be had in 
all parts of the Dominion, and are among the most productive in the world. In 
1923 Canada was the world s leading exporter of wheat, while in the export of other 
grains she also occupied a prominent place. Fruit culture is carried on in the 
Maritime Provinces, in southern Ontario and in British Columbia, under favour 
able conditions of soil and climate. Stock raising is a flourishing pursuit on the 
prairies, while mixed and dairy farming proves profitable throughout the whole 
country. 

Furs. Canada is one of the world s greatest fur producers. As early as 1676, 
Canadian furs sold in England were valued at 19,500. Since that time vast areas of 
our northern territory have been exploited by hunter and trapper, the vast expanses 
of northern Quebec and Ontario and the Northwest Territories furnishing sub 
sistence for many of the most highly prized fur-bearing animals, among the most 
important of which are the beaver, fisher, various varieties of foxes, marten, otter 
and many others of less commercial value. The successful breeding of the fox on 
fur farms came in the period of rising prices after 1890. Other animals also have 
been domesticated, though less successfully than the fox raccoon, mink, marten, 
otter, skunk, muskrat and beaver. During the year 1921-22 the value of pelts 
purchased by traders from trappers in Canada amounted to $17,438,867. Pelts 
sold from fur farms in the calendar year 1921 were valued at $626 ; 900, and animals 
sold at $690,566. 

Forests. Among the most notable of all Canadian natural resources are those 
of the forests. From the days when early French settlers established ship-building 
yards alcng the St. Lawrence up to the pre?ent, when our forests supply millions of 
tons of pulp, paper, and other wood products yearly, these resources have been 
of immense value, not only to Canada but to the Empire. Canada s forest areas 
may be stated as follows: (1) the great fir forest of the Rocky mountains and 
Pacific coast, (2) the northern coniferous forest stretching in a wide curve from the 
Yukon, north of the Great Lakes to Labrador, and (3) the deciduous hardwood 
forest, extending from lake Huron through southern Ontario and Quebec to New 
Brunswick and the Atlantic coast. Estimates have placed the extent of timber 
lands in the Dominion at 932,416 square miles, of which 390,625 are covered with 
saw timber of commercial size, and the remainder with pulpwood. Next to Russia 
and the United States our resources are the most important in the world, in quality 
as well as in extent. The strength and durability of many of the woods of British 
Columbia place them amongst the most valuable in commercial use, while pulp 
woods from limits in eastern Canada are of equally high grade. Statistics of the 
total value of forest production in 1920 place it at $315,902,193. The value of pulp 
and paper products alone in 1922 was $155,785,388 ($236,420,176 in 1920). 



38 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

Fisheries. The first of Canada s resources to be exploited by Europeans was 
the fishing bgnks of the Atlantic coast. It is believed that for many years before 
the actual discovery and settlement of North America the cod-banks south of 
Newfoundland and east of Nova Scotia had attracted French fishermen by their 
abundant catches. These fishing grounds alone extend along a coast line of more 
than 5,000 miles, comprising an area of not less than 200,000 square miles, where 
many of the world s most valuable food fishes are caught. Other fishing grounds 
include the inshore expanses of the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes and innumerable 
other inland water areas, Hudson bay with a shore line of 6,000 miles and the Pacific 
coast, with its inland salmon fisheries and over 7,000 miles of well-protected shore. 
The value of Canadian fish products in 1918 (the record year) reached $60,250,544. 

Minerals. The numerous and varied mineral deposits of the Dominion form 
another of her most important resources. Their value was first appreciated early 
in the 17th century, when iron was mined in Cape Breton. Following a develop 
ment which has only become an important one during recent years, when the needs 
of manufacturing industries and a more settled civilization were to be met, Canada 
has now become one of the important mining countries of the world. Her coal 
resources are only now being exploited to any considerable extent, the estimated 
total reserves available amounting to 1,234,269,310,000 metric tons, approximately 
one-sixth s of the world reserve; over 85 per cent of the Canadian reserves are in 
Alberta. The total estimated reserves constitute almost one quarter of the total 
amount of coal available in North and South America. Extensive oil fields exist 
in the western provinces, where they remain practically undeveloped. Some smaller 
fields in Ontario have been exploited, while oil shale occurs in several parts of eastern 
Canada. In the production of natural gas, Canada holds second place among the 
countries of the world. Nickel deposits at Sudbury. Ontario, are as large as all 
others in the world combined, and produce six-sevenths of the world total. Copper 
deposits in the same area and in Manitoba, while not of great extent, still assure the 
maintenance and possible increase of the present rate of production. Arsenic in 
large quantities is a by-product obtained in the smelting of Ontario silver ores of 
the Cobalt and Porcupine districts, where the latter are found in large quantities. 
Gold, of which Canada was in 1921 the world s thiid largest producer, is also found 
in the same region, in British Columbia and in the Yukon. Canada is the second 
largest producer of iragnesite and the third largest producer of mica in the world. 
Large iron deposits, although of a low grade, are found in the district north of Lake 
Superior. The asbestos deposits of southern Quebec are unrivalled in the produc 
tion of this mineral. The total value of mineral production in Canada during 1922 
was $184,297,242. 

Water Powers. Canada s water area of 126.329 square miles, distributed 
as it is throughout all parts of the country, provides a large amourt of potential 
electric energy. It is estimated that 18.255.316 horse power are available at a 
minimum yearly flow, 32.075,998 at maximum flow and that a turbine installation 
of 41,700,000 horse power is available. Present turbine installation is set at 
2,973,759 horse power or only 7 p.c. of the possible amount. 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 39 

VII. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY. 
1. The Factors which Control Canadian Weather. 1 

Several prime factors play important roles in establishing climatic types, 
latitude, distance from the sea (especially on the western side of the continents), 
altitude, and prevailing winds, the last named being a variable, accounting for 
differences in the character of corresponding seasons in different years. 

Canada, with her huge area, has a wide range of climatic types, varying between 
temperate and arctic, and between marine and semi-arid. No country, however, 
has a climate altogether independent of the rest of the world; the atmosphere knows 
no political boundaries, but moves in accordance with physical laws. 

Prevailing Winds due to Inequality of Atmospheric Pressure. Meteoro 
logical research has shown that the earth s atmosphere is not spread uniformly 
over its surface, and that certain regions exist where the atmospheric pressure is 
either higher or lower than the general average the year round, and other regions 
where it changes with the seasons, The winds are the outcome of the tendency 
to establish an equilibrium, which, however, is never attained. This general 
circulation of the atmosphere is withal a mechanism of marvellous beauty and 
intricacy, which, owing to causes yet imperfectly understood, is subject to many 
variations. 

The most persistent and relatively unvarying feature of atmospheric distri 
bution is a belt of high pressure between latitudes 30 and 40 in the southern 
hemisphere. Its partial counterpart exists in the northern hemisphere, but is 
there subject to greater changes, which without doubt, result from the larger land 
areas in the north. Between these two belts of high pressure is a belt of relatively 
low pressure over the equatorial regions. To this distribution, with certain other 
factors, is due the system of trade winds, the northeast and southeast trades. Towards 
higher latitudes beyond 40 in both hemispheres, there is a tendency towards a 
gradual diminution of pressure, and westerly winds prevail in the middle and even 
higher latitudes. 

Unequal Heating of Land and Water. The physical properties of land 
and water, as regards temperature, play an important role. The earth receives 
almost all its heat from the sun, and the character of the surface on which it falls 
plays a very important r6le in determining climatic differences. Water has a 
large capacity for heat and, being a fluid, is mixed by the winds and kept fairly 
uniform in temperature to considerable depths. Thus the sun s heat warms the 
oceans very slowly, and for the same reason the oceans cool very slowly. On the 
other hand, the same solar heat warms a mass of land more rapidly than the same 
mass of water in the ocean, and moreover the sun s heat is all absorbed in the surface 
layers of the land, which thus become very hot ; similarly, when the sun is withdrawn, 
the land surface cools very rapidly. The result of these physical facts is that the 
northern portions of the continents of the northern hemisphere become very cold 
in winter, while the ocearg in corresponding latitudes remain warm, and as cooling 
of the lower strata of the atmosphere, resting over the lands, leads to contraction, 
the pressure becomes higher over the continents than over the seas, and conse 
quently, the tendency is for air to move from land to sea during the winter, while 
in summer, when all the continents become warmer than the oceans, the reverse 
holds. But the winter effect of contracting atmospheric lower strata is in operation 

Contributed by Sir Frederick Stupart, Director of the Meteorological Service of Canada. 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



more or less throughout the year over the ice covered arctic seas, and over Green- 
land with the result that in summer the barometric pressure is a little higher 
in the polar regions tbn in the middle latitudes. 

Cyclones and Anticyclones.-Tbis general average distribution of pressure 

has an important bearing on Canadian weather. Another important factor to be 

considered, is the influence of anticylonic and cyclonic areas. We have mentioned 

to east drift of the air over the middle latitudes, and it is within and more 

frequently towards the northern limit of this drift, that the phenomena of the 

ravelling anticyclone and cyclone are found. The anticyclonic area is a disturbance 

m the general drift of the atmosphere, usually of enormous extent, within which 

e air is moving spirally outwards from the higher to the lower pressure Within 

this region the weather is generally fine and settled. The cyclonic area is also a 

turbance, varying from a few hundred to more than fifteen hundred miles in 

It may be elliptical or circular or very irregular in form, and within 

boundaries the air is moving inwarde from a higher to a lower pressure This 

is the region of unsettled and stormy weather. 

The anticyclones and cyclones, designated as areas of high and low pressure 
more shortly as highs and lows, pass across the North American continent in 
Constant procession from west to east at velocities averaging 20 miles in summer 
) miles in winter. The highs, especially those first appearing in the more 
i regions, have a tendency towards a southeastward course, while the 
majority of the lows have a more directly eastward movement, the mean average 
track being from British Columbia to the Great Lakes and thence to Newfoundland 
is the passage of these high and low areas which brings to us the changing winds 
and weather; warm showery weather being associated with the lows, and fair, 
cool or cold weather, according to the season, with the highs. As example: the 
barometer is high, in say, Ottawa and Toronto, and begins to fall as a low approaches 
. Michigan, the wind sets in from the east or southeast and cloudiness increases, 
and within twelve hours conditions are more or less favouratle for rain. Rain 
falls continuously when warm, moist, expanding and hence cooling air is passing 
slantingly upward over a barrier of relatively cold air, and these conditions are 
frequently found in advance of the low, more especially in the colder seasons and 
occasionally in summer, But in summer it is more of ten -that the rain partakes 
rather of the character of showers, perhaps with thunder, and this occurs when, 
with the heating of the land, upward moving, convectional, and hence rapidly 
cooling currents, become prevalent. It is often thought that if only water vapour 
m the cloud would fall as rain, it would be sufficient for all purposes, but this is 
not so; the actual amount of water in the cloud is not much greater than is often 
obtained in a heavy dew. Before an abundance of rain can be obtained, it is neces 
sary to feed the cloud with a copious supply of water vapour. This supply is 
itained when the centre or trough of lowest pressure approaches the place of 
observation, and the rain usually becomes heavier, and as it passes, the wind shifts 
to the northwest, not infrequently with a squall, and the barometer begins to rise 
i advance of an oncoming. area of high pressure, accompanied by clearing weather. 
Such is an ordinary sequence cf events over the larger portion of Canada. 

Effect of Topography on Climate. The topography of a country, however, 
exercises an important influence on weather conditions, and there are many parts 
of Ontario, to say nothing for the moment of British Columbia, where, owing to 
topographical features, considerable rain or snow may fall with westerly winds, 



MAP OF CANADA SHOWING N 

140 70 IV) HO 







MEAN TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN JANUARY. 



NORMAL MEAN 

TEMPERATURE 

JA N UARY 

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICr 



NORMAL 

PRECIPITATION 
JANUARY 

Vnknotvn = F 




ISO 



MAP OF CANADA SHOWING NORMAL MEAN 
Vo** _ /SO 1*0 t O too 




To fixe p. 40. 


















; T 



i AND PRECIPITATION iN JULY. 
70 (>o yo so 



NORMAL MEAN 

TEMPERATURE 

JULY 



METEOROUOqiCAL SERVICE 
STATIONS = 



NORMAL 
PRECIPITATION 
FOR JULY 




CANADIAN CLIMATIC FEATURES 41 

when the barometer is rising behind a retreating low area. Immediately to the 
east of lake Huron and Georgian bay the land rises rather abruptly over 1,000 feet; 
westerly winds off the lake are deflected upwards by the increasing height of the 
land, and the air, expanding as it rises, is cooled below the dew point, with resulting 
precipitation. Hence it is that the snowfall in Grey, Bruce and neighbouring 
counties is greater than in the counties to the south and east, where the land falls 
away in elevation. This topographical effect is more general and more pronounced 
in British Columbia, where, in winter, the mean temperature of the sea is warmer 
than the land. The air coming eastward from the Pacific rises up the western 
slopes of the mountain ranges, and the cooling effect of expansion leads to very 
heavy rains on the outer coastline with lighter but still heavy rains on the lower 
mainland. 

Climatic Features of the Canadian Provinces. There are very interesting 
climatic features peculiar to each of the Canadian provinces. Beginning in the 
far west, the most striking feature is the mildness of the climate near the Pacific 
coast, where the controlling influence is the prevailing westerly winds which bring 
the warm moist air from the Pacific. In addition to this, when winds are northerly 
and easterly the air is being drawn from higher to lower levels, and is thus gradually 
warmed as the atmospheric pressure increases towards sea level. It is also due 
to this latter cause that the cold spells near the coast are never severe. Another 
feature is the seasonal character of the rainfalls. During the colder months of 
the j ear it is heavy while in summer it is very light. In the cold months, Pacific 
air, on reaching the continent, is cooled both by passing over a relatively cold land, 
and also a land with rapidly increasing elevation. In summer, on the contrary, 
the sea air is colder than the land, and it is only occasionally, even at high levels, 
that it is cooled below the dew point, hence the deficiency of rain during June, 
July and August. Another factor which plays an important r61e in British Columbia 
is the anticyclone moving southward from the Yukon. It is at such times that the 
severe east and northeast snowstorms occur in the mountains. 

A problem which is receiving much attention is that of the precipitation of 
the western provinces. It has not yet been definitely decided whence comes the 
moisture which falls in summer rains, but from recent investigation it would appear 
that the greater part is from the gulf of Mexico, though a certain proportion comes 
across the mountains south of Canada from the Pacific. The variation from season 
to season is certainly closely connected with the distribution of atmospheric pressure 
over other parts of the continent. It is surmised that a cold spring, following a 
cold winter with an abnormal accumulation of snow and ice in northeastern Canada, 
including Hudson bay, is usually there followed by a rather persistent abnormally 
high barometer, which in turn leads to a prevalence of east and northeast winds 
over the northern portion of the Great Lakes, and thence westward to the Canadian 
prairies, while over the northwestern portions of the continent, the pressure is 
relatively low. The stream lines of the warm lower atmosphere in the Mississippi 
valley will then be from the southeast, converging towards colder east and northeast 
winds, and gradually rising above them. With such conditions, which are strikingly 
like those which have prevailed this past spring, copious rains are likely to occur 
in the western Canadian provinces. When, in other seasons, a series of lows pass 
eastward across the Great Lakes, the reeultant stream lines in western Canada 
will be southwest and west and the rainfall west of the Great Lakes will be light. 

A factor which plays an important role in determining the character of western 
winters is tfce intensity of the anticyclones and the latitude in which they first 



42 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

appear. The weather chart of the northern hemisphere between longitude 40 E. 
and 180 W.,now prepared daily, includes data hoth from Alaska and from the 
sub-arctic portions of the north Atlantic, and there is a growing conviction that 
tbe pressure distribution in northwestern America in winter depends largely on 
the position and the intensity of the normal area of low pressure over the north 
Pacific, which is the resultant of the persistent development of deep cyclonic areas. 
In some seasons tbeee cyclonic areas enter tbe continent very far north, and 
appear actually to prevent tbe formation of tbe anticyclones, which are so intimately 
associated with great cold waves, and in such seasons, comparatively mild or even 
very mild winters prevail in the western provinces, the general flow of air being 
from the south and west. In other seasons, the Pacific cyclonic areas develop 
farther south, and enter the continent over British Columbia, and then great anti 
cyclones, accompanied by intense cold, develop in tbe Mackenzie River valley 
and Yukon, and sweep southeastward towards tbe Great Lakes and eastern Canada. 
One of the problems then to be solved has relation to the factors governing cyclonic 
development in tbe higher latitudes over the ocean, and one wonders whether 
a varying solar radiation may not cause changes in the barometric distribution 
in the tropics, which will affect the strength of the trade winds and which will in 
turn lead to variations in the great ocean currents, and then, according as the warm 
waters are abnormally far north or far south, the Pacific centre of action will also 
vary. The solution of such a problem may ultimately lead to the possibility of 
forecasting the character of coming winters. 

Canadian territory stretches northward beyond the arctic circle, from lands 
in the western provinces, where cereal crops are an assured success, to the barren 
lands where only mosses and lichen grow. A question of moment then, is how 
far north the lands of agricultural possibilities extend. Certainly, between the two 
limits, there is a wide zone, in the southern portion of which crops will in most 
years mature, and in the northern portion of which they will only very occasionally 
ripen. Throughout all this vast doubtful area k the factor of long summer sunlight 
plays an important r61e, and lengthens the period of growth, but another factor, 
acting adversely, is tbe liability of early and late summer freets, and tbe husbandman 
who sees his crops rapidly maturing is not unlikely to see them destroyed in August 
before ready for harvest. Graphs showing summer temperature curves at various 
stations show bow in August the downward trend of the curve is very rapid at 
tbe more nortberu stations. 

Tbe southern portions of Ontario, enjoy a particularly favourable climate, 
partly owing to tbeir being farther south than other portions of tbe Dominion. 
The most southerly point in Ontario is in the same latitude as Rome and Toronto 
is in the same latitude as Florence. The Great Lakes also exert an important 
influence in tempering tbe cold of winter and moderating the heat of summer, 
and undoubtedly have some influence in equalizing the precipitation, periods of 
drought there being less frequent than in corresponding latitudes to the west. 

The enormous territory included in northern Ontario and Quebec, north of 
a line passing through Quebec city, enjoys a fairly warm summer, and it is only 
as autumn advances that a marked difference of temperature is registered between 
these districts and those farther south. It is not latitude alone which leads to tbe 
shorter growing season and more severe winters in these northern parts, but rather 
the fact that the mean path of cyclonic depression lies in the valley of tbe St. Law 
rence to the south. 



THE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA 43 

In the southern portions of Ontario and Quebec the winds connected with cyclonic 
circulation commonly veer from east through south to west, while in the north 
they back through northeast to northwest and it is only occasionally that the 
warmer air of the south is wafted northwaid. This of course, leads to a steadier 
and more intense cold in winter, and, as this whole northern region has a fairly 
heavy precipitation, the snow lies deep in winter and does not disappear until 
quite late in the spring. It is practically certain that deforestation will nor appre 
ciably affect this northern climate, the causes which lead to existing conditions 
being the result of a world wide atmospheric circulation. 

The weather types peculiar to the Maritime provinces aie likewise largely 
controlled by factors apart from latitude (which is lower than that of Great Britain). 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick lie near the eastern coast line of America, and 
hence are affected at intervals by the cold waves coming from the interior of the 
continent. Then again the mean path of lows is directly over the northern 
part of the gulf of ST. Lawrence, hence conditions associated with cyclonic areas 
are of frequent occurrence. These conditions are accentuated by the fact that 
many storms, especially in winter, develop near the Atlantic coast between the 
Gulf Stream and the cold land, and, moving northeastward, cause gales and bring 
precipitation in the Maritime provinces and Newfoundland. 

2. The Climate of Canada since Confederation. 

Under the above beading Sir Frederick Stupart, Director of the Meteorological 
Service of Canada, contributed a short article, which for reasons of space is not 
reprinted here, to the 1921 edition of the Year Book (pp. 169-173); to it the 
interested reader is referred. 

3. The Meteorological Service of Canada. 1 

In order to secure information regarding the climate of Canada in the 17th 
and 18tb centuries, the "Relations of the Jesuits" have been carefully examined 
and the references to climatic phenomena collated under such headings as "winter", 
"summer", "drought", etc. From these notes it has been possible, in spite of the 
total lack of instrumental records, to arrive at certain conclusions regarding the 
general character of the Canadian climate in these early days. Broadly speaking, 
that climate was then very much the same as it is now. 

Some of the earliest instrumental meteorological records of the Canadian 
climate appear to have been made by Mr. Thomas Hutchins, an officer of the 
Hudson s Bay Company at York Factory and Severn House, in 1773, and it is 
believed that there are several other records by officers of the company in the 
archives of the Royal Society in London. 

Investigation of old provincial records has further shown that, during the 
early part of the 19th century, several individuals in Ontario, Quebec and the 
Maritime provinces kept meteorological records which it would be quite possible 
to bring together and publish; however, owing to their fragmentary character, 
it is unlikely that they would prove of any great value. Perhaps the most inde 
fatigable among observers prior to 1840 was the Rev. Mr. Bade, who has bequeathed 
us a record extending over many years. 



Contributed by Sir Frederick Stupart, Director of the Meteorological Service of Canada. 



44 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

Establishment of Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory. It was 

not, however, until the British government established a Magnetical and Meteoro 
logical Observatory in Toronto, that meteorological observations were begun on a 
basis which promised continuity and scientific precision. The first observatory 
building was erected under the direction of Lieutenant Riddell, R.A. It was of 
logs, rough cast on the outside and plastered on the inside, and was completed 
during the summer of 1840, magnetical and meteorological observations being 
begun in September of that year. Lieutenant Riddell returned to England in the 
spring of 1841, and Captain, afterwards General, Sir Henry Lefroy, who had estab 
lished an observatory of a similar character in St. Helena, was transferred to Toronto, 
in order that he might undertake a magnetic survey of British North America. 
Captain Lefroy remained as director of the observatory until, in the spring of 1853, 
it ceased to be an Imperial establishment. 

Upon the transfer of the observatory to the Government of Canada, arrange 
ments were made for retaining the military observers, and the institution was 
placed under the direction of Professor Cherriman, professor of mathematics 
and natural philosophy in the university of Toronto, who continued in charge 
for two years. During this period a stone observatory was erected on the exact 
site of the old frame building, the pillars on which the magnetic instruments were 
placed being left standing and the walls built around them. Presumably there 
was no change in the position of the meteorological instruments. 

In 1855 Professor G. T. Kingston, M.A. was appointed director of the obser 
vatory. For about ten years he apparently confined his attention almost exclusively 
to magnetic work and the local meteorology, but it is quite obvious from correspond 
ence and the various reports made by him to the Government that for some years 
prior to 1870 he had been considering the possibility of inaugurating a Meteorological 
Service in Canada along much the same lines as those then existing in Great Britain 
and the United States. In 1869 he addressed himself by letter and circular to 
persons actually engaged in meteorology, including the principals of several grammar 
schools, who for several years had acted as observers, and others who were interested 
in this movement, requesting their co-operation. The result was a steady increase 
in the number of observers, who now with unity of purpose and action made syste 
matic and similar observations in different portions of the Dominion. 

From October, 1869, to the spring of 1871, meteorological work in Canada was 
carried on by purely voluntary organization; no emoluments whatever were attached 
to the services of the observers, and the instruments were provided from private 
sources or lent from the Magnetic Observatory, Toronto, which also furnished 
the forms for registration. The work connected with organizing new stations 
and discussing and compiling returns was also gratuitously performed by the director 
and assistants of the observatory. Professor Kingston received much assistance 
from a few persons in the various provinces who recognized the usefulness of the 
proposed work. Among these were the late Archbishop Machray, of Rupert s 
Land, the late F. Allison, M.A., of Halifax, the late H. J. Cundall, C.E., of Prince 
Edward Island, and Captain Ashe, R.N., of Quebec. In more recent years Mr. 
E. Baynes Reed proved a most valuable officer of the service. 

In the spring of 1871, a grant of $5,000 made by the Dominion Government 
for the promotion of meteorological research gave considerable impetus to the 
movement. The preparation of a daily synchronous weather chart was begun in 
1873, but the information received in Toronto was quite inadequate to admit of 
daily forecasts and the issue of storm warnings. However, through the courtesy 



THE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA 45 

and goodwill of the Chief Signal Officer at Washington, warnings of expected storms 
in Canada were sent to Toronto, and thence forwarded to the various districts 
likely to be affected. By 1876 there were 15 stations in Canada reporting three 
times daily to Toronto, and reports from upwards of 50 American stations were 
also received at the observatory. Also the storm signal display stations had by 
this time been increased to 37, and observing stations of all classes numbered 115. 
Forecasts were first issued during the summer of this year, a chart of the weather 
with the probabilities for the ensuing 24 hours being prepared each morning at 10 
o clock and furnished to the Marine Exchange Board in Toronto for public inspection. 
After September 1, warnings were issued from the observatory without waiting 
for advice from Washington, and in October the daily forecasts were first printed 
in the Toronto evening papers. 

The Meteorological Service was now completely established, and during the 
45 years which have since elapsed, its growth has been steady, and its activities 
have greatly increased. At the time of writing (July, 1923) there are 686 observing 
stations, the records of which are published regularly in the "Monthly Record". 
The majority of these stations are necessarily in the more southern portions of 
the Dominion, but there are several stations in the Peace River district, at 
intervals in the Mackenzie River basin, between lake Athabaska and the Arctic 
sea, along the shores of Hudson bay and in the Yukon. 

Publications of the Meteorological Service. The "Monthly Record", 
which began as a two page issue in January 1877, is now a volume of 82 pages, 
including two maps, showing the distribution of precipitation and the temperature 
values and their departure from normal. A thirteenth number is published each 
year, containing the reports of stations received too late for the monthly issue, 
among which are usually those from the far north. From the inception of the 
Service until 1916, an annual Climatological Report was published, but the Monthly 
Records, with the supplement, bound together, now constitute the Annual Climato- 
logical Report of Canada. 

In addition to the Monthly Record there is published within a week a meteoro 
logical map for the month just closed, showing the distribution of rainfall over the 
Dominion, the temperature and departure from normal, and also fairly compre 
hensive notes descriptive of the prevailing weather and the condition of vegetation, 
or in winter of the depth of snow and thickness of ice. 

A Climatology of the Dominion is in progress. Parts I and II, covering British 
Columbia and the western provinces, have been published. Part III, for the 
province of Ontario, will shortly be sent to the printers and the part covering Quebec 
and the Maritime provinces will soon be ready. 

A brochure containing the Meteorological Report of the Toronto Observatory 
has been published annually for over 60 years. 

Weather Forecasting Service. The particular work which brings the 
service most closely into the public eye is weather forecasting. Forecasts are 
issued from the central office, Toronto, for all parts of the Dominion east of the 
Rocky mountains, and from Victoria for British Columbia. 

For the purposes of the weather map, on which forecasts are based, two daily 
reports, 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. Eastern standard time, are telegraphed to the central 
office, in Toronto from 39 stations in Canada, from 5 in Newfoundland and from 
Bermuda. Most of these reports are immediately forwarded to Washington, 
while Toronto receives about 100 similar reports from stations in the United States. 
Each report includes the reading of the barometer reduced to sea level, the tern- 



46 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



perature, the direction and velocity of the wind, and precipitation, if any. All 
these reports having been entered in a map of North America, lines called isobars 
connecting places with the same barometric pressure, are drawn and show graphically 
the distribution of pressure; the areas of high and low pressure are thus clearly 
marked out. Noting the movements of these areas as shown by previous maps, 
the forecasting official, from long experience, and a knowledge of many of the physical 
laws which govern atmospheric phenomena, is able to judge of changes likely to 
occur over subsequent periods of from one to several days. 

Supplementary to this weather chart of America, a chart is also prepared daily 
containing reports from Europe and Alaska, and also from the Azores and several 
sub-arctic stations in the North Atlantic. This chart is very helpful, showing 
as it does how intimately connected are the changes in all parts of the globe. 

The weather forecasts are issued twice daily, namely at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. 
and are usually in both instances for the ensuing 36 hours. At times the forecast 
is more extended, but there is no regular issue covering a longer period. The 
general means of disseminating the forecasts is by telegraph, and arrangements 
exist whereby every telegraph office in Canada should receive them without delay. 

In many parts of the Dominion, a copy of the forenoon forecast is supplied to 
central telephone offices and furnished to rural subscribers and shipping people 
when asked for. The forecasts are also broadcasted from all the government 
wireless stations for the benefit of shipping near the Atlantic coast and on the Great 
Lakes. 

In addition to the regular bi-daily issue of forecasts, special warnings of expected 
gales are telegraphed to agents at over 100 ports, where storm signals are displayed, 
and special notice is telegraphed to the railways when snowstorms and drifts 
are expected. 

The daily weather map is printed each morning in the Toronto and Winnipeg 
offices, and several hundred copies are distributed to commercial companies, insur 
ance companies, railways, and many other business concerns. In addition a large 
number of public schools and high schools receive the map, and as a result, a good 
knowledge of atmospheric changes is not uncommon among teachers, who, it is 
found, take pleasure in explaining the maps to their pupils. 

A very similar weather map is prepared at Victoria Meteorological Office, 
whence forecasts are issued for British Columbia and the sea routes adjacent thereto. 

Meteorological Research. Since research is essential to the life and progress 
of meteorology, a trained physicist and assistants are included in the staff of the 
central office. Meteorological research includes a scientific study of the earth s 
atmosphere and its circulation, and in view of this, increasing attention is devoted 
to exploration by balloons carrying self-recording instruments. Results are 
co-ordinated with those obtained in other countries by the same means. Further, 
as it it is probable that variation in the temperature and the position of the great 
ocean currents are factors intimately connected with prevailing winds and climatic 
control, transoceanic steamships are being equipped with thermometers for con 
tinuously registering the water temperature. The study of solar radiation and 
atmospheric electricity is not neglected. 

A subject which receives very serious attention is that of agricultural meteoro 
logy, which is concerned with the effect of weather changes on the growth, yield 
and quality of crops, more especially as this effect is modified by various methods 
of cultivation. Data for the determination of the epochs of wheat growth are now 
collected .by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for the use of this Branch, and 



THE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA 47 

special experiments are conducted by the Dominion Experimental Stations. Use 
is also made of the statistics which are published in earlier years, by co-ordinating 
the times of growth with the meteorological observations of these years. This 
branch is in the development stage and will have to create its own observational 
material in the future, since the work accomplished to date has shown that the 
statistics of earlier years were not gathered with sufficient attention to detail to 
permit of the rigid analysis which the nature of the work demands. 

Some preliminary notice of the work on wheat has been published as well as 
an article on the suitability of the climate of various districts in Canada for the 
production of sugar from the sugar beet. Work on oats, wheat and potatoes is 
progressing. 

Magnetic Observatories. The Magnetic Observatory which, as already 
stated, was established in 1840, was, on the recommendation of the present director 
of the Meteorological Service, removed to the village of Agincourt, 14 miles distant 
from Toronto, since it was found that the electrical development of railways and 
light was impairing the records. The work of observation has, however, been 
carried on without intermission and with increased equipment at the new site as a 
branch of the Meteorological Service, so that from 1840 to the present time there 
has been an uninterrupted record of changes in terrestrial magnetism one of the 
longest and most valuable records in the world. At this observatory, all the 
comp. sses attached to the theodolites of the Dominion Land Survey are annually 
adjusted, and the magnetic instruments used by the Dominion Observatory are 
here standardized. Another Magnetic Observatory was established near Atha- 
baska Landing, Alberta, in 1916, and a continuous record of the magnetic declina 
tion has since been obtained there, data very necessary to the Dominion surveyors 
as well as to the science of terrestrial magnetism. 

Miscellaneous Activities. Some attention has been given to seismology, 
mainly for the purpose of obtaining data for others to study; the service having 
suitable observers and locations for instruments. The first self -registering seis 
mometer in operation in Canada was placed in the Toronto Observatory in 1897, 
and later on another was placed in the office of the service in Victoria, B.C. Both 
these instruments have recently been replaced by others of a more sensitive type. 

The Meteorological Service has from its earliest days supervised the time 
service of the Dominion, making use of its observers, notably those at Toronto, 
Victoria, Montreal, Quebec and St. John, N.B., to take stellar observations and 
send out time signals. 

Tables 6 and 7 which follow, have been prepared by the Meteorological 
Service of Canada for insertion in the Year Book. For the interpretation of Table 
6 a note on the method used in measuring temperature and precipitation is appended . 

TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION. 

TEMPERATURE. At the stations of the Dominion Meteorological Service the highest 
and lowest temperature in each 24 hours, termed respectively the maximum and the mini 
mum, are recorded by self-registering thermometers. For any month the sum of the 
daily maxima, divided by the number of days of the month, is the mean maximum tem 
perature of that month. The mean minimum temperature is obtained in a similar manner. 
The half sum of the mean maximum and the mean minimum is called the mean temperature. 
The averages of these results for any particular month over a period of years are the average 
means for that period and are used as normal means or temperatures of reference. The 
highest and lowest temperatures recorded during the whole period of years are termed 
the extreme maximum and extreme minimum respectively. These latter figures are of 
course to be regarded as extraordinary, the more unlikely to recur the longer the period 
from which they have been derived. Temperatures below zero have the minus sign ( ) 



48 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



prefixed. The mean winter temperature is based on the records of January, February, 
March, November and December, and the mean summer temperature is based on those 
of June, July and August. 

PRECIPITATION. Under the collective term "precipitation" is included all moisture 
which has been precipitated from the atmosphere upon the earth: rain, snow, hail, sleet, 
etc. The amount of moisture is conveniently measured by determining the depth to which 
it has accumulated upon an impervious surface, and is always expressed in inches of depth. 
The total depth of snow is tabulated separately, but is added to the depth of rain after 
division by ten. An extended series of experiments in melting and measuring snow having 
been collated, the rule was deduced that a given fall of snow will, in melting, diminish 
on the average to one-tenth of its original depth. This rule is used in practice. All solid 
forms of precipitation other than snow are included in the tables of rain. 

6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations. 

VICTORIA, B.C. Lat. 48 25 N., long. 123 21 VV. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
daily. 


Mean 
daily 
max. 


Mean 
daily 
min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


39-2 
40-3 
43-1 
47-7 
53-0 
57-1 
60-3 
60-0 
55-6 
50-4 
44-5 
41-5 


43-5 
45-0 
49-2 
54-9 
60-7 
65-1 
69-2 
68-8 
63-3 
56-0 
48-6 
45-1 


35-0 
35-6 
37-0 
40-6 
45-3 
49-0 
51-2 
51-2 
47-9 
44-8 
40-5 
37-8 


56-0 
60-0 
68-0 
75-0 
83-0 
88-0 
90-0 
88-0 
85-0 
70-0 
63-0 
59-0 


-2-0 
6-0 
17-0 
24-0 
31-0 
36-0 
37-0 
37-0 
30-0 
28-0 
17-0 
8-0 


8-5 
9-4 
12-2 
14-3 
15-4 
16-1 
18-0 
17-6 
15-4 
11-2 
8-1 
7-3 


3-88 
3-08 
2-40 
1-73 
1-30 
0-93 
0-36 
0-65 
2-01 
2-55 
6-31 
5-86 


6-3 
4-5 
1-5 

S 

1-5 
0-5 


4-51 
3-53 
2-55 
1-73 
1-30 
0-93 
0-36 
0-65 
2-01 
2-55 
6-46 
5-91 


6-54 
6-20 
4-58 
5-40 
2-83 
2-37 
1-15 
2-26 
4-27 
5-60 
11-50 
12-41 


2-56 
0-96 
0-67 
0-21 
0-35 
0-08 
R 
0-00 
0-32 
0-46 
0-91 
1-66 


Feb 


Mar 


April 


Mav 


June 


July 


Aug 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


49-4 


55-8 


43-0 


90-0 


-2-0 


12-8 


31-06 


14-3 


32-49 


51-03 


22-58 





VANCOUVER, B.C. Lat. 49 17 N., long. 123 5 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Jan 


35-0 


39-2 


30-9 


55-0 


2-0 


. 8-3 


7-12 


14-4 


8-56 


10-54 


6-08 


Feb 


37-8 


43-1 


32-5 


58-0 


10-0 


10-6 


5-90 


3-2 


6-22 


10-17 


2-60 


M ar 


41-9 


49-0 


34-8 


61-0 


15-0 


14-2 


4-31 


1-5 


4-46 


10-29 


0-89 


April 


47-0 


55-8 


38-3 


79-0 


27-0 


17-5 


3-09 


_ 


3-09 


5-29 


1-04 


M ay 


53-5 


62-3 


44-7 


80-0 


33-0 


17-6 


3-56 


_ 


3-56 


5-39 


1-44 


June 


58-4 


67-7 


49-1 


88-0 


36-0 


18-6 


2-82 


_ 


2-82 


5-42 


1-43 


July 


63-2 


73-3 


53-0 


90-0 


43-0 


20-3 


1-33 


_ 


1-33 


2-45 


0-32 


Aug.. , 


61-5 


71-0 


52-0 


92-0 


39-0 


19-0 


1-71 


_ 


1-71 


5-86 


0-22 


Sept 


55-7 


64-0 


47-4 


82-0 


30-0 


16-6 


4-29 


_ 


4-29 


9-09 


1-61 


Oct 


49-2 


55-7 


42-6 


69-0 


23-0 


13-1 


5-69 





5-69 


9-20 


1-76 


Nov 


42-4 


47-1 


37-6 


63-0 


15-0 


9-5 


10-97 


3-1 


11-28 


18-99 


4-18 


Dec .. 


38-9 


42-8 


35-0 


58-0 


17-0 


7-8 


7-27 


2-9 


7-56 


9-55 


4-21 


























Year 


48-7 


56-0 


41-5 


92-0 


2-0 


14-5 


58-06 


25-1 


60-57 


72-29 


52-27 



























PORT SIMPSON, B.C. Lat. 54 34 N., long. 130 25 W. (Observations for 20 years.) 



Jan 


34-0 


40-0 


28-1 


64-0 


- 9-0 


11-9 


8-62 


9-8 


9-60 


16-74 


1-08 


Feb 


34-8 


41-8 


27-7 


63-0 


-10-0 


14-1 


6-07 


11-8 


7-25 


16-65 


1-93 


Mar 


37-6 


44-8 


30-3 


63-0 


11-0 


14-5 


5-06 


5-3 


5-59 


8-16 


1-41 


April 


41-6 


49-9 


33-4 


73-0 


18-0 


16-5 


4-85 


3-0 


5-15 


14-31 


2-24 


May 


48-3 


56-5 


40-0 


79-0 


27-0 


16-5 


5-14 




5-14 


9-84 


1-63 


June ; . . 


52-8 


60-5 


45-1 


88-0 


34-0 


15-4 


4-26 


_ 


4-26 


7-50 


1-20 


July 


56-0 


63-3 


48-8 


88-0 


29-0 


14-5 


4-42 


_ 


4-42 


9-41 


1-28 




56-7 


63-8 


49-5 


80-0 


31-0 


14-3 


6-93 


_ 


6-93 


14-11 


1-74 


Sept... 


52-2 


59-1 


45-2 


74-0 


30-0 


13-9 


9-03 


_ 


9-03 


14-63 


2-20 


Oct 


47-1 


53-5 


40-7 


65-0 


28-0 


12-8 


12-21 


_ 


12-21 


16-99 


6-71 


Nov 


39-7 


45-6 


33-7 


65-0 


6-0 


11-9 


11-47 


1-6 


11-63 


23-90 


3-26 


Dec 


36-9 


42-6 


31-2 


62-0 


5-0 


11-4 


10-11 


8-7 


10-98 


18-82 


5-23 


























Year 


44-8 


51-8 


37-8 


88-0 


-10-0 


14-0 


88-17 


40-2 


92-19 


126-48 


62-05 



























TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



49 



6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 
KAMLOOPS, B.C. Lat. 50 41 N., long. 120 18 W. (Observations for 22 years.) 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
daily. 


Mean 
daily 
max. 


Mean 
daily 
min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


22-4 
26-5 
37-6 
49-7 
57-5 
64-6 
69-6 
68-1 
58-4 
47-8 
35-8 
28-8 


28-3 
33-4 
47-3 
61-1 
70-3 
76-4 
82-7 
80-9 
69-3 
56-2 
41-5 
32-6 


16-5 
19-6 
27-8 
38-3 
44-8 
52-7 
56-5 
55-4 
47-4 
39-3 
30-2 
24-9 


54-0 
64-0 
70-0 
92-0 
100-0 
101-0 
102-0 
101-0 
93-0 
82-0 
72-0 
59-0 


-31-0 
-27-0 
- 6-0 
19-0 
26-0 
35-0 
42-0 
35-0 
28-0 
16-0 
-22-0 
-17-0 


11-8 
13-8 
19-5 
22-8 
25-5 
23-7 
26-2 
25-5 
21-9 
16-9 
11-3 
7-7 


0-13 
0-20 
0-20 
0-36 
0-93 
1-23 
1-27 
1-05 
0-94 
0-57 
0-40 
0-20 


7-7 
6-0 
1-2 

S 

0-2 
6-5 
13-5 


0-90 
0-80 
0-32 
0-36 
0-93 
1-23 
1-27 
1-05 
0-94 
0-59 
1-05 
1-55 


0-60 
1-17 
0-83 
1-38 
2-50 
3-07 
3-50 
3-73 
2-34 
1-41 
1-23 
0-64 


0-35 
0-02 
0-01 
R 
R 
0-57 
0-35 
0-00 
0-10 
R 
0-07 
0-12 


Feb 


Mar .... 


April 


M ay 


June 


July 


Aug 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


47-2 


56-7 


37-8 


102-0 


-31-0 


18-9 


7-48 


35-1 


10-99 


13-47 


7-07 





DAWSON, YUKOV. Lat. 64 5 N.,long. 133 20 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Jan 


-24-6 


-18-0 


-31-3 


30-0 


-68-0 


13-3 


0-00 


8-6 


0-86 


1-73 


R 


Feb 


-12-0 


- 4-3 


-19-6 


45-0 


-55-0 


15-3 


R 


7-3 


0-73 


1-35 


0-20 


Mar 


5-6 


16-5 


- 5-3 


52-0 


-47-0 


21-8 


0-01 


4-7 


0-48 


1-21 


0-00 


April 


27-6 


40-2 


1.5-1 


67-0 


-30-0 


25-1 


0-18 


4-7 


0-65 


1-68 


0-23 


May 


46-8 


59-0 


34-6 


85-0 


12-0 


24-4 


0-83 


0-4 


0-87 


2-00 


0-25 


June 


56-9 


70-3 


43-6 


90-0 


27-0 


26-7 


1-18 


0-3 


1-21 


2-66 


0-25 


July 


59-4 


71-9 


46-8 


95-0 


31-0 


25-1 


1-61 





1-61 


3-32 


0-62 


Au" 


54-0 


66-2 


41-7 


85-0 


23-0 


24-5 


1-51 





1-51 


2-38 


0-07 


Sept 


41-6 


51-1 


32-2 


78-0 


8-0 


18-9 


1-40 


1-8 


1-58 


3-52 


0-86 


Oct 


26-4 


32-7 


20-1 


68-0 


-22-0 


12-6 


0-29 


8-8 


1-17 


4-09 


0-10 


Nov 


0-4 


6-4 


- 5-6 


46-0 


-48-0 


12-0 


0-01 


12-4 


1-25 


2-60 


0-24 


Dec 


-10-2 


-4-3 


-16-1 


38-0 


-63-0 


11-8 


R 


10-9 


1-09 


2-09 


0-08 


Year 


22-6 


33-0 


13-0 


95-0 


-68-0 


20-0 


7-02 


59-9 


13-01 


17-75 


6-28 



























EDMONTON, ALTA. Lat. 53 35 N., long. 113 30 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Jan 


5-9 
10-6 
23-4 
40-8 
51-2 
57-3 
61-2 
59-0 
50-4 
41-7 
24-5 
16-0 


15-6 

21-1 
34-9 
52-9 
64-4 
70-1 
73-7 
71-6 
62-9 
53-2 
33-3 
24-7 


- 3-8 
0-1 
11-9 
28-6 
38-1 
44-4 
48-8 
46-4 
37-8 
30-3 
15-6 
7-3 


57-0 
62-0 
72-0 
84-0 
90-0 
94-0 
94-0 
90-0 
87-0 
82-0 
74-0 
60-0 


-57-0 
-57-0 
-40-0 
-15-0 
10-0 
25-0 
33-0 
26-0 
12-0 
-10-0 
-37-0 
-43-0 


19-4 
21-0 
23-0 
24-3 
26-3 
25-7 
24-9 
25-2 
25-1 
22-9 
17-7 
17-4 


0-06 
0-00 
0-05 
0-44 
1-73 
3-26 
3-56 
2-47 
1-33 
0-39 
0-06 
0-07 


7-0 
6-7 
6-2 
3-6 
1-3 
S 

0-7 
3-5 

6-7 
6-8 


0-76 
0-67 
0-67 
0-80 
1-86 
3-26 
3-56 
2-47 
1-40 
0-74 
0-73 
0-75 


2-49 
2-33 
1-93 
2-60 
4-04 
8-53 
11-13 
6-43 
4-32 
1-86 
3-57 
3-21 


0-05 
S 
R 
0-04 
. 0-20 
0-00 
0-15 
0-49 
0-00 
0-00 
0-00 
0-00 


Feb 


Mar 


April 


May .... 


June 


July . 


*j 
Aug 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year . . . 


36-9 


48-2 


25-6 


94-0 


-57-0 


22-6 


13-42 


42-5 


17-67 


27-81 


8-16 




MEDICINE HAT, ALTA. Lat. 50 2 N., long. 110 41 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 


Jan 


11-2 

12-8 
26-7 
45-1 
54-7 
62-5 
68-4 
66-0 
56-5 
45-8 
29-3 
21-1 


21-6 
23-5 
38-4 
58-8 
68-0 
75-6 
82-7 
80-7 
70-2 
58-7 
39-9 
31-0 


0-7 
2-1 
14-9 
31-4 
41-5 
49-3 
54-1 
51-4 
42-7 
32-9 
18-7 
11-2 


62-0 
64-0 
84-0 
96-0 
99-0 
107-0 
108-0 
104-0 
94-0 
93-0 
76-0 
68-0 


-51-0 
-46-0 
-38-0 
-16-0 
12-0 
30-0 
36-0 
31-C 
17-0 
-10-0 
-36-0 
-37-0 


20-9 
21-4 
23-5 
27-4 
26-5 
26-3 
28-6 
29-3 
27-5 
25-8 
21-2 
19-8 


0-00 
0-01 
0-11 
0-37 
1-70 
2-57 
1-73 
1-51 
0-88 
0-51 
0-08 
0-06 


6-1 
6-0 
5-0 
2-4 
0-5 
S 

0-4 
1-1 
6-4 
4-7 


0-61 
0-61 
0-61 
0-61 
1-75 
2-57 
1-73 
1-51 
0-92 
0-62 
0-72 
0-53 


1-72 
1-51 
1-62 
2-26 
6-29 
5-62 
4-86 
5-65 
2-41 
3-48 
3-11 
1-42 


0-00 
0-00 
S 
0-03 
0-12 
0-00 
0-09 
0-00 
0-00 
0-00 
R 
0-00 


Feb 


Mar 


April 


May 


June 


July 


Aug 


Sept . 


Oct 


Nov 
Dec 


Year 


41-7 


54-1 


29-2 


108-0 


-51-0 


22-2 


11-53 


32-6 


12-79 


22-28 


6-72 





623734 



50 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 

FORT VERMILION, ALTA. Lat. 53 21 N., long. 110 52 W. (Observations for 18 years.) 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
daily. 


Mean 
daily 
max. 


Mean 
daily 
min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


- U-8 
- 3-9 
11-8 
32-0 
49-3 
57-9 
61-0 
57-1 
47-3 
33-1 
14-0 
- 1-7 


- 2-5 
9-7 
26-0 
44-5 
63-3 
72-2 
75-2 
70-4 
58-2 
43-1 
22-4 
10-2 


- 27-1 
- 17-5 
- 2-4 
19-5 
35-3 
43-7 
46-9 
43-8 
36-4 
23-1 
5-6 
- 13-6 


50-0 
53-0 
63-0 
78-0 
93-0 
98-0 
94-0 
101-0 
84-0 
70-0 
48-0 
65-0 


-77-0 
-58-0 
-41-0 
-29-0 
13-0 
26-0 
28-0 
28-0 
9-0 
-14-0 
-26-0 
-50-0 


24-6 
27-2 
28-4 
25-0 
28-0 
28-5 
28-3 
26-6 
21-8 
20-0 
16-8 
23-8 


0-00 
0-00 
0-01 
0-23 
0-78 
1-65 
1-60 
1-57 
1-40 
0-26 
0-02 
0-00 


4-7 
3-7 
7-0 
6-1 
0-6 
0-1 

0-1 
2-1 
7-2 
5-0 


0-47 
0-37 
0-71 
0-84 
0-84 
1-66 
1-60 
1-57 
1-41 
0-47 
0-74 
0-50 


1-80 
0-65 
1-70 
1-85 
2-06 
3-44 
3-49 
3-32 
2-33 
0-81 
1-40 
1-60 


0-15 
0-20 
0-00 
0-00 
0-00 
0-25 
0-51 
0-53 
0-64 
0-00 
0-20 
0-20 


Feb 


M ar 


April 


May 


June 


July 


Aug 


Sept 


Oct 


TNOV 


Dec . 


Year 


28-6 


41-1 


16-1 


101-0 


-77-0 


25-0 


7-52 


36-6 


11-18 


14-78 


7-60 





FQRT CHIPEWTAN, ALTA. Lat. 58 46 N., long. 111 13 W. (Observations for 16 years.) 



Jan 


- 11-9 


- 3-5 


- 20-4 


45-0 


-55-0 


16-9 


0-00 


9-0 


0-90 


1-68 


0-02 


Feb 


- 9-1 


0-5 


- 18-7 


46-0 


-56-0 


19-2 


R 


5-8 


0-58 


2-03 


0-03 


Mar 


5-0 


15-1 


- 5-0 


47-0 


-41-C 


20-1 


R 


5-8 


0-58 


1-58 


0-09 


April 


28-5 


39-4 


17-6 


69-0 


-22-0 


21-8 


0-20 


4-4 


0-64 


3-04 


0-06 


May 


44-5 


53-8 


35-1 


83-0 


- 3-C 


18-7 


0-65 


1-6 


0-81 


2-08 


0-02 


June 


54-0 


64-6 


43-3 


90 


24-0 


21-3 


1-56 


0-1 


1-57 


3-31 


0-10 


July . . . 


61-5 


71-0 


51-9 


93-0 


26-0 


19-1 


2-64 


_ 


2-64 


9-52 


0-21 


AnfT 


58-1 


68-1 


48-2 


89-0 


25-C 


19-9 


1-64 


_ 


1-64 


3-67 


0-39 


Sept 


45-2 


53-0 


37-3 


79-0 


13-C 


15-7 


1-52 


0-5 


1-57 


2-93 


0-27 


Oct .... 


33-7 


40-1 


27-3 


66-0 


- 9-0 


12-8 


0-32 


4-3 


0-75 


5-30 


0-02 


Nov 


11-0 


17-9 


4-2 


56-0 


-33-0 


13-7 


0-05 


8-6 


0-91 


2-28 


0-26 


Dec 


2-2 


10-3 


- 5-9 


49-0 


-48-0 


16-2 


0-01 


9-1 


0-92 


3-20 


0-09 


























Year 


26-9 


35-8 


17-9 


90-0 


-56-0 


17-9 


8-59 


49-2 


13-51 


16-99 


6-70 



























QU APPELLE, SASK. Lat. 50 32 N. long. 103 57 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Jan 


0-6 


8-5 


- 9-7 


50-0 



-47-0 


18-2 


0-00 


6-9 


0-69 


2-28 


0-05 


Feb 


2-0 


11-2 


- 7-2 


50-0 


-55-0 


18-4 


0-00 


8-1 


0-81 


2-85 


0-12 


Mar 


16-0 


25-7 


6-2 


76-0 


-45-0 


19-5 


0-06 


9-6 


1-02 


4-11 


0-05 


April 


37-3 


49-1 


25-5 


89-0 


-24-0 


23-6 


0-43 


6-7 


1-10 


3-59 


0-29 


May 


49-8 


62-4 


37-3 


92-0 


8-0 


25-1 


2-40 


3-1 


2-71 


6-95 


0-25 


June 


59-6 


70-8 


48-4 


101-0 


25-0 


22-4 


3-69 


S 


3-69 


7-19 


0-32 


July 
Aug 


63-8 
61-1 


75-9 
73-3 


51-7 

48-9 


100-0 
100-0 


34-0 
27-0 


24-2 
24-4 


2-84 
2-04 





2-84 
2-04 


7-25 
5-03 


0-58 
0-30 


Sept... 


52-0 


64-0 


39-9 


93-0 


12-C 


24-1 


1-28 


1-0 


1-38 


4-61 


0-08 


Oct 


40-8 


51-5 


30-2 


86-0 


-12-C 


21-3 


0-53 


4-5 


0-98 


3-35 


S 


Nov 


21-8 


30-4 


13-3 


73-0 


-30-0 


17-1 


0-14 


8-4 


0-98 


2-51 


0-12 


Dec 


10-7 


18-5 


2-8 


49-0 


-40-0 


15-7 


0-01 


7-1 


0-72 


3-11 


0-03 


























Year 


34-5 


45-1 


23-9 


101-0 


-55-0 


21-2 


13-42 


55-4 


18-96 


26-47 


10-14 



























PRI.VCE ALBERT, SASK. Lat. 53" 12 N., long. 105 48 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Jan 


- 5-9 


5-3 


-17-1 


53-0 


-67-0 


22-4 


0-00 


8-2 


0-82 


2-00 


0-22 


Feb 


- 1-3 


11-3 


-13-9 


52-0 


-70-0 


25-2 


0-01 


6-8 


0-69 


2-15 


0-04 


Mar 


12-1 


26-2 


2-1 


68-0 


-44-0 


28-3 


0-10 


7-7 


0-87 


2-56 


0-17 


April . ... 


36-1 


48-7 


23-6 


86-0 


-23-0 


25-1 


0-38 


4-4 


0-82 


3-37 


0-03 


M ay 


48-9 


62-6 


35-2 


90-0 


2-0 


27-4 


1-34 


1-6 


1-50 


4-87 


0-01 


June 


58-1 


71-0 


45-1 


96-0 


17-0 


25-9 


2-67 


- 


2-67 


7-36 


1-00 


July 


62-0 


74-2 


49-8 


93-0 


33-0 


24-4 


2-31 


- 


2-31 


5-31 


0-17 


Aug 


58-8 


71-7 


46-0 


94-0 


22-0 


25-7 


2-31 


- 


2-31 


8-01 


R. 


Sept 


49-4 


61-7 


37-1 


87-0 


14-0 


24-6 


1-32 


0-7 


1-30 


2-94 


0-09 


Oct 


38-3 


49-2 


27-4 


85-0 


- 5-0 


21-8 


0-57 


2-3 


0-80 


1-97 


0-10 


Nov 


18-5 


27-4 


9-5 


66-0 


-41-0 


17-9 


0-12 


8-7 


0-99 


3-06 


0-07 


Dec 


5-3 


15-1 


- 4-5 


58-0 


-57-0 


19-6 


0-01 


8-0 


0-81 


2-61 


0-19 


Year . . 


31-7 


43-7 


19-7 


96-0 


-70-0 


24-0 


11-13 


48-4 


15-97 


29-88 


9-25 



























TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



51 



6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 

WINNIPEG, MAN. Lat. 49 55 N., long. 97 6 VV. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
daily. 


Mean 
daily 
max. 


Mean 
daily 
min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


- 3-5 
- 0-5 

15-2 
38-7 
51-5 
62-6 
66-2 
62-7 
54-1 
41-6 
22-0 
7-2 


6-8 
10-7 
26-7 
50-1 
64-5 
74-9 
78-1 
75-0 
65-9 
52-0 
30-8 
16-7 


-13-8 
-11.8 

3-6 
27-4 
38-5 
50-2 
54-3 
50-4 
42-2 
31-3 
13-3 
- 2-4 


42-0 
46-0 
73-0 
90-0 
94-0 
101-0 
96-0 
103-0 
99-0 
85-0 
71-0 
49-0 


-46-0 
-46-0 
-37-0 
-13-0 
11-0 
21-0 
35-C 
30-0 
17-0 
- 3-0 
-33-0 
-44-0 


20-6 
22-5 
23-1 
22-7 
26-0 
24-7 
23-8 
24-6 
23-7 
20-7 
17-5 
19-1 


0-01 

0-01 
0-21 
1-10 
2-06 
3-03 
3-25 
2-18 
2-07 
1-22 
0-17 
0-06 


8-1 
7-4 
9-6 
4-4 
0-9 

0-1 
1-4 

8-2 
8-6 


0-82 
0-75 
1-17 
1-54 
2-15 
3-03 
3-25 
2-18 
2-08 
1-36 
0-99 
0-92 


2-12 

1-80 
3-00 
5-64 
6-38 
6-30 
7-14 
4-75 
5-49 
5-67 
2-34 
3-99 


0-12 
0-09 
0-29 
0-25 
0-11 
0-45 
0-87 
0-77 
0-60 
0-29 
0-06 
0-11 


Feb 


Mar 


April 


May 


June 


July . ... 


Aug 


gept 


Oct 




Dec 


Year 


34-8 


46-0 


23-6 


103-0 


-46-0 


22-4 


15-37 


48-7 


20-24 


28-40 


14-38 




PORT ARTHUR, ONT. Lat. 48 27 N., long. 89 13 VV. (Observations for 30 years.) 


Jan 


6-2 
8-2 
19-6 
35-6 
46-0 
57-1 
62-6 
59-0 
52-8 
41-5 
26-7 
13-4 


17-1 
19-7 
30-8 
44-7 
55-6 
67-2 
73-5 
70-6 
62-3 
60-6 
34-6 
22-7 


- 4-6 
- 3-3 
8-4 
26-4 
36-5 
47-0 
51-7 
47-5 
43-3 
32-9 
18-7 
4-1 


48-0 
52-0 
70-0 
78-0 
89-0 
91-0 
96-0 
94-0 
88-0 
80-0 
69-0 
51-0 


-40-0 
-51-0 
-42-0 
- 3-0 
16-0 
20-0 
33-0 
31-0 
19-0 
1-0 
-22-0 
-38-0 


21-7 
23-0 
22-4 
18-3 
19-1 
20-2 
21-8 
23-1 
19-0 
17-7 
15-9 
18-6 


0-02 
0-05 
0-11 
1-19 
1-98 
2-69 
3-76 
2-77 
3-26 
2-39 
0-84 
0-18 


7-4 
6-5 
8-1 
3-6 
0-5 

0-9 
6-2 
6-6 


0-76 
0-70 
0-92 
1-55 
2-03 
2-69 
3-76 
2-77 
3-26 
2-48 
1-46 
0-84 


1-46 
2-77 
2-76 
3-09 
4-10 
6-94 
9-21 
5-00 
7-54 
5-27 
4-29 
2-68 


0-21 
0-04 
0-18 
0-07 
0-36 
0-50 
1-39 
1-02 
1-30 
0-37 
0-35 
0-02 


Feb 


Mar 


April .... 


M ay 


June 


July 


Aug 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


35-7 


45-8 


25-7 


96-0 


-51-0 


20-1 


19-24 


39-8 


23-22 


29-43 


18-80 





TORONTO, ONT. Lat. 43 39 N., long. 79 20 W. (Observations for 70 years,) 



Jan .... 


9 2-l 


29-1 


15-2 


58-0 


-26-0 


13-9 


1-14 


17-3 


2-87 


5-72 


0-61 


Feb 


21-7 


29-2 


14-1 


54-0 


-25-0 


15-1 


0-93 


16-5 


2-58 


5-21 


0-29 


Mar 


29-0 


36-3 


21-9 


75-0 


-16-0 


14-4 


1-50 


11-5 


2-65 


6-70 


0-66 


April .... 


41-4 


49-6 


33-3 


90-0 


6-0 


16-3 


2-15 


2-5 


2-40 


4-90 


0-09 


May 


52-7 


62-0 


43-3 


93-0 


25-0 


18-7 


2-97 


0-1 


2-98 


9-36 


0-52 


June 


62-6 


72-4 


52-9 


97-0 


28-0 


19-5 


2-76 


- 


2-76 


8-09 


0-57 


July 


68-1 


77-9 


58-2 


103-0 


39-0 


19-7 


3-04 


- 


3-04 


5-63 


0-36 


Aug 


66-6 


76-1 


57-1 


102-0 


40-0 


19-0 


2-77 


- 


2-77 


7-09 


R. 


Sept 


59-2 


68-2 


50-2 


97-0 


28-0 


18-0 


3-18 


- 


3-18 


9-76 


0-40 


Oct 


47-0 


54-9 


39-1 


86-0 


16-0 


15-8 


2-40 


0-6 


2-46 


5-96 


5o 


Nov 


36-3 


42-5 


30-1 


70-0 


- 5-0 


12-4 


2-49 


4-6 


2-95 


5-84 


11 


Dec 


26-3 


32-5 


20-0 


61-0 


-21-0 


12-5 


1-53 


13-0 


2-83 


6-00 


4/ 


Year 


44-4 


52-6 


36-3 


103-0 


-26-0 


16-3 


26-86 


66-0 


33-46 


50-18 


24-84 



























PARRY SOUND, ONT Lat. 45 20 N., long. 80 1 W. (Observations for 40 years.) 





14-3 


24-5 


4-0 


54-0 


-38-0 


20-5 


0-87 


31-5 


4-02 


7-75 


1-76 


Feb 


13-7 


24-9 


2-6 


58-0 


-38-0 


22-3 


0-76 


23-4 


3-10 


6-31 




Mar 


23-5 


34-3 


12-8 


71-0 


-27-0 


21-5 


1-33 


14-8 


2-81 


5-49 




April .... 


39-0 


49-4 


28-5 


82-0 


- 3-0 


20-9 


1-76 


3-1 


2-07 


4-03 


to 


M ay 


51-5 


62-4 


40-6 


90-0 


16-0 


21-8 


2-96 


0-6 


3-02 


6-06 




June .... 


61-8 


72-7 


50-9 


94-0 


31-0 


21-8 


2-47 


- 


2-47 


5-47 




July 


66-5 


76-9 


56-1 


98-0 


37-0 


20-8 


2-80 





2-80 


0-92 




Aug 


64-2 


74-5 


54-0 


93-0 


35-0 


20-5 


2-83 


- 


2-83 


4o 


1 *9 


Sept 


55-7 


67-6 


47-9 


90-0 


24-0 


19-7 


4-49 


S. 


4-49 


8-43 


OC7 


Oct 


45-8 


54-5 


37-1 


84-0 


9-0 


17-4 


3-83 


0-9 


3-92 


66 


2 no 


Nov 


33-5 


40-8 


26-2 


69-0 


-20-0 


14-6 


2-63 


14-9 


4-12 


AA 




Dec 


20-5 


29-7 


11-4 


56-0 


-39-0 


18-3 


1-22 


32-3 


4-45 


lo 




Year 


41-0 


51-0 


31-0 


98-0 


-39-0 


20-0 


27-95 


121-5 


40-10 


50-30 


31-59 



























6237341 



52 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 

COTTAM, ONT. Lat. 42 09 N., long. 82 44 W. (Observations for 20 years.) 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
daily. 


Mean 
daily 
max. 


Mean 
daily 
min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


22-0 
21-1 
32-8 
43-7 
55-6 
64-6 
70-6 
68-9 
61-6 
49-4 
37-8 
26-4 


31-6 
30-9 
42-8 
54-6 
67-6 
76-6 
83-0 
81-6 
74-4 
61-7 
47-9 
35-0 


12-3 
11-3 

22-8 
32-7 
43-6 
52-6 
58-2 
56-2 
48-9 
37-1 
27-8 
17-9 


62-0 
57-0 
80-0 
87-0 
95-0 
95-0 
100-0 
100-0 
97-0 
85-0 
74-0 
70-0 


-20-0 
-25-0 
- 8-0 
10-0 
19-0 
30-0 
36-0 
35-0 
26-0 
10-0 
8-0 
-11-0 


19-3 

19-6 
20-0 
21-9 
24-0 
24-0 
24-8 
25-4 
25-5 
24-6 
20-1 
17-1 


1-59 
1-61 
1-90 
2-34 
3-58 
4-18 
3-38 
2-49 
2-18 
2-48 
2-40 
1-82 


11-8 
10-1 
6-8 
2-1 
0-2 

0-1 
2-7 
8-2 


2-77 
2-62 
2-58 
2-55 
3-60 
4-18 
3-38 
2-49 
2-18 
2-49 
2-67 
2-64 


6-01 
6-16 
6-30 
4-54 
6-76 
7-21 
7-08 
5-66 
5-50 
5-36 
5-04 
4-42 


1-45 
1-11 
1-07 
0-47 
1-48 
0-41 
0-66 
0-00 
1-09 
1-07 
1-05 
0-90 


Feb 


Mar 


April 


May .. 


June 


July. . 


Aug 
Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


46-2 


57-3 


35-1 


100-0 


-25-0 


22-2 


29-95 


42-0 


34-15 


38-97 


26-67 





HAILEYBURY, OXT. Lat. 47 26 N., long. 79 38 W. (Observations for 20 years.) 



Jan 


6-4 


17-4 


4-6 


48-0 


40 -C 


22-0 


0-27 


17-5 


2-02 


3.43 


1-20 


Feb... 


7-8 


14-0 


3-4 


48-0 


-48-0 


17-4 


0-20 


18-0 


2-00 


3-94 


0-54 


Mar 


19-4 


21-6 


8-2 


66-0 


34-0 


13-4 


0-52 


16-0 


2-12 


4-43 


0-59 


April 


37-1 


48-0 


26-2 


81-0 


- 3-0 


21-8 


1-25 


5-8 


1-83 


4-38 


0-88 


May 


50-8 


62-2 


39-4 


93-0 


14-0 


22-8 


2-83 


1-5 


2-98 


4-73 


0-75 


June 


61-7 


73-4 


50-0 


100-0 


28-0 


23-4 


2-91 




2-91 


5-55 


0-72 


July 


66-0 


76-8 


55-4 


102-0 


36-0 


21-4 


2-72 




2-72 


8-21 


1-55 


Aug 


62-2 


72-7 


51-8 


94-0 


30-0 


29-9 


2-88 




2-88 


4-45 


1-14 


Sept 


55-3 


64-9 


45-7 


91-0 


24-0 


19-2 


2-31 




2-31 


7-44 


0-96 


Oct 


43-0 


51-5 


34-4 


80-0 


13-0 


17-1 


2-58 


2-8 


2-86 


5-20 


0-97 


Nov . . 


23-2 


35-2 


21-1 


67-0 


15-0 


14-1 


0-99 


13-7 


2-36 


4-35 


0-43 


Dec.. 


13-6 


22-0 


5-2 


51-0 


34-0 


16-8 


0-75 


19-9 


2-74 


3-95 


0-88 


























Year 


37-1 


46-7 


27-5 


102-0 


48-0 


19-2 


20-21 


95-2 


29-73 


39-77 


27-13 



























MONTREAL, QUE. Lat. 45 31 N., long. 73 34 W. (Observations for 50 years.) 


Jan 


12-7 
14-3 
24-6 
41-3 
52-9 
63-9 
69-1 
66-1 
58-5 
46-0 
33-3 
19-6 


20-8 
21-8 
31-7 
49-3 
61-6 
73-6 
77-4 
74-0 
66-2 
52-9 
39-2 
26-5 


4-6 
6-8 
17-4 
33-4 
44-3 
54-3 
60-8 
58-2 
50-8 
39-1 
27-4 
12-7 


53-0 
47-0 
61-0 
77-0 
89-0 
92-0 
95-0 
90-0 
90-0 
80-0 
68-0 
59-0 


-26-0 
-24-0 
-15-0 
8-0 
23-0 
38-0 
47-0 
43-0 
33-0 
21-0 
0-0 
-21-0 


16-2 
15-0 
14-3 
15-9 
17-3 
19-3 
16-6 
15-8 
15-4 
13-8 
11-8 
13-8 


0-85 
0-72 
l,-45 
1-69 
3-01 
3-21 
3-95 
3-35 
3-46 
3-13 
2-26 
1-17 


31-4 

26-1 
19-5 
5-3 
0-1 

1-4 
11-7 
25-2 


3-99 
3-33 
3-40 
2-22 
3-02 
3-21 
3-95 
3-35 
3-46 
3-27 
3-43 
3-69 


6-18 
6-35 
7-32 
4-19 
6-22 
8-00 
7-72 
7-89 
6-65 
7-47 
6-40 
5-94 


2-08 
0-49 
1-01 
0-48 
0-11 
0-90 
0-96 
1-23 
0-88 
0-65 
1-44 
1-12 


Feb .. 


Mar 


April 


May 


June 


July 


Aug 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


41-8 


49-6 


34-1 


95-0 


-26-0 


15-5 


28-25 


120-7 


40-32 


48-01 


30-97 





QUEBEC, QUE. Lat. 46 48 N., long. 71 12 W. (Observations for 20 years.) 



Jan 


9-7 


17-7 


1-8 


47-0 


34-0 


15-9 


0-64 


30-7 


3-71 


6-58 


1-10 


Feb.... 


12-0 


20-2 


3-7 


49-0 


32-0 


16-5 


0-74 


27-3 


3-47 


6-22 


0-98 


Mar . 


22-8 


30-7 


15-0 


64-0 


23-0 


15 -"5 


1-29 


19-9 


3-28 


6-16 


1-05 


April . . 


37-0 


45-3 


28-7 


80-0 


3-0 


16-6 


1-42 


6-4 


2-06 


6-57 


0-70 


M ay 


52-0 


62-0 


42-0 


88-0 


21-0 


20-0 


3-01 


0-4 


3-05 


6-93 


0-27 


June 


61-2 


70-8 


51-5 


90-0 


34-0 


19-3 


3-83 




3-83 


9-23 


1-32 


July 


66-1 


75-7 


56-6 


96-0 


39-0 


19-1 


4-30 




4-30 


7-12 


0-53 


Aug. . . 


62-8 


71-5 


54-1 


90-0 


38-0 


17-4 


4-00 




4-00 


9-58 


1-35 


Sept 


55-3 


63-6 


46-9 


88-0 


29-0 


16-7 


3-77 




3-77 


8-75 


1-08 


Oct 


42-0 


47-8 


36-3 


77-0 


14-0 


11-5 


2-94 


1-5 


3-09 


6-99 


0-93 


Nov 


32-2 


35-7 


28-7 


66-0 


10-0 


7-0 


1-75 


14-2 


3-17 


7-09 


0-90 


Dec 


15-0 


22-2 


7-8 


55-0 


27-0 


14-4 


0-85 


25-2 


3-37 


6-78 


1-13 


























Year 


39-0 


47-0 


31-1 


96-0 


34-0 


15-9 


28-54 


125-6 


41-10 


52-39 


32-12 



























TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



53 



6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- 
concluded. 

SOUTH WEST POINT, ANTICOSTI, QUE. Lat. 49 23 N., long. 63 38 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
daily. 


Mean 
daily 
max. 


Mean 
daily 
min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


11-9 
12-5 
21-0 
30-5 
39-8 
48-4 
56-6 
56-2 
48-7 
39-8 
30-2 
20-5 


19-8 
19-7 
27-1 
35-4 
45-0 
53-4 
62-3 
61-5 
54-4 
45-1 
35-4 
27-2 


4-0 
5-3 
15-0 
25-6 
34-5 
43-5 
51-0 
51-0 
43-0 
34-5 
25-1 
13-8 


47-0 
46-0 
47-0 
71-0 
78-0 
85-0 
79-0 
80-0 
73-0 
68-0 
57-0 
52-0 


-40-0 
-35-0 
-20-0 
- 3-0 
19-0 
26-0 
34-0 
28-0 
20-0 
8-0 
- 1-0 
-39-0 


15-8 
14-4 
12-1 
9 8 
10-5 
9-9 
11-3 
10-5 
11-4 
10-6 
10-3 
13-4 


0-58 
0-25 
0-50 
1-12 
2-40 
2-93 
3-14 
3-43 
2-92 
3-40 
2-05 
0-65 


18-3 
14-7 
12-0 
5-6 
0-4 
0-1 

0-5 

6-4 
14-7 


2-41 
1-72 
1-70 
1-68 
2-44 
2-94 
3-14 
3-43 
2-92 
3-45 
2-69 
2-12 


6-70 
4-70 
4-95 
7-92 
4-68 
5-58 
8-70 
4-92 
4-81 
9-85 
4-54 
5-10 


0-54 
0-27 
0-29 
R.05 
0-05 
0-40 
0-43 
0-76 
0-70 
0-54 
0-49 
0-32 


Fob 


Mar 


April 


May 


June 


July 
Aug 


Sept . 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


34-7 


40-5 


28-9 


85-0 


-40-0 


11-6 


23-37 


72-7 


30-64 


45-43 


15-83 





FREDERICTON, N.B. Lat. 45 56 N., long. 66 40 W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Jan .... 


13-3 


24-3 


2-2 


55-0 


-34-0 


22-1 


1-64 


23-9 


4-03 


8-34 


1-36 


Feb 


15-4 


26-6 


4-1 


51-0 


-35-0 


22-5 


0-96 


47-0 


5-66 


4-78 


0-48 


Mar .... 


26-5 


36-9 


16-0 


65-0 


-20-0 


20-9 


2-16 


25-6 


4-72 


7-58 


1-32 


April 


38-9 


49-5 


28-3 


82-0 


- 2-0 


21-2 


1-97 


10-0 


2-97 


4-43 


0-30 


May 


51-2 


62-8 


39-6 


92-0 


24-0 


23-2 


3-21 


0-1 


3-22 


9-08 


0-88 


June 


59-6 


71-7 


47-5 


92-0 


26-0 


24-2 


3-71 




3-71 


8-01 


1-47 


July 


65-9 


77-0 


54-8 


96-0 


40-0 


22-2 


3-03 


_ 


3-03 


6-28 


1-26 


Aug 


63-2 


73-7 


52-7 


95-0 


35-0 


21-0 


3-97 


_ 


3-97 


6-99 


0-76 


Sept 
Oct 


55-3 
43-4 


66-1 
54-2 


44-5 
32-6 


92-0 
81-0 


25-0 
15-0 


21-6 
21-6 


3-54 
4-02 


0-5 


3-54 
4-07 


7-73 
9-99 


0-91 
0-85 


Nov 


33-0 


40-9 


25-0 


68-0 


- 3-0 


15-9 


3-17 


9-0 


4-07 


6-47 


0-% 


Dec 


19-4 


28-2 


10-5 


58-0 


-26-0 


17-7 


1-56 


18-9 


3-45 


6-42 


1-18 


























Year 


40-4 


51-0 


29-8 


96-0 


-35-0 


21-2 


32-94 


135-0 


46-44 


54-62 


35-02 



























YARMOUTH, N.S. Lat. 45 53 N., long. 65 45 W. (Observations for 35 years.) 



Jan 


30-0 


34-3 


19-6 


54-0 


- 6-0 


14-7 


2-75 


20-3 


4-78 


0-92 


1-97 


Feb . . . 


25-7 


32-7 


18-8 


52-0 


12-0 


13-9 


2-13 


21-8 


4-31 


7-77 


2-28 


Mar .... 


31-8 


37-8 


25-7 


55-0 


2-0 


12-1 


3-32 


33-3 


4-65 


10-75 


1-45 


April .... 


39-7 


46-4 


33-1 


72-0 


17-0 


13-3 


3-17 


5-5 


3-72 


7-12 


0-82 


May 


48-1 


55-6 


40-6 


73-0 


25-0 


15-0 


3-77 


S. 


3-77 


7-66 


0-93 


June 


55-3 


63-0 


47-6 


79-0 


31-0 


15-4 


2-83 




2-83 


6-68 


0-69 


July 


60-8 


68-2 


53-2 


86-0 


41-0 


15-0 


3-38 


_ 


3-38 


8-42 


0-52 


Au". . . 


60-7 


67-9 


53-6 


83-0 


39-0 


14-3 


3-51 


_ 


3-51 


9-59 


1-08 


Sept 


56-0 


63-2 


48-8 


79-0 


31-0 


14-4 


3-50 


_ 


3-50 


5-70 


0-88 


Oct 


48-6 


55-4 


41-7 


74-0 


25-0 


13-7 


4-15 


0-3 


4-18 


11-38 


0-7S 


Nov 


41-8 


46-6 


37-1 


66-0 


11-0 


9-5 


3-77 


4-0 


4-17 


8-56 


1-51 


Dec 


31-1 


37-6 


24-5 


58-0 


- 3-0 


13-3 


3-31 


14-7 


4-78 


9-20 


1-88 


























Year 


44-1 


50-7 


37-0 


86-0 


-12-0 


13-7 


39-59 


79-9 


47-58 


70-90 


35-06 



























CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. Lat. 46 14 N., long., 83 S W. (Observations for 30 years.) 



Jan 


19-0 


27-0 


11-0 


52-0 


-19-0 


16-0 


1-46 


19-6 


3-42 


7-62 


1-10 


Feb 


18-0 


26-0 


9-0 


49-0 


-21-0 


17-0 


0-86 


17-5 


2-61 


6-37 


0-88 


Mar 


27-0 


34-0 


20-0 


54-0 


15-0 


14-0 


1-67 


13-9 


3-06 


5-54 


1-48 


April 


37-0 


44-0 


30-0 


74-0 


8-0 


14-0 


2-11 


8-8 


2-99 


6-10 


0-82 


May 


48-0 


56-0 


40-0 


. 81-0 


26-0 


16-0 


2-51 


1-0 


2-61 


5-85 


0-40 


June 


57-0 


66-0 


49-0 


87-0 


32-0 


17-0 


2-54 




2-54 


5-37 


0-47 


July 


66-0 


74-0 


58-0 


91-0 


37-0 


12-0 


2-96 





2-96 


8-97 


1-81 


Aug. . 


65-0 


73-0 


57-0 


92-0 


42-0 


16-0 


3-37 


_ 


3-37 


8-44 


0-94 


Sept 


58-0 


65-0 


50-0 


87-0 


34-0 


15-0 


3-36 


_ 


3-36 


8-75 


0-06 


Oct 


48-0 


54-0 


41-0 


77-0 


26-0 


13-0 


4-46 


0-2 


4-48 


10-38 


0-50 


Nov 


37-0 


42-0 


32-0 


62-0 


11-0 


10-0 


3-48 


6-0 


4-08 


8-00 


1-74 


Dec 


25-0 


32-0 


19-0 


52-0 


11-0 


13-0 


2-19 


16-0 


3-79 


7-25 


1-41 


























Year 


42-0 


49-0 


35-0 


92-0 


-21-0 


14-0 


30-97 


83-0 


39-27 


56-43 


32-45 



























PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations. 

(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 
VICTORIA, B.C., lat. 48 25 N., long. 123 21 W. 



Months. 


Sunshine average. 


Average 
no. days 
com 
pletely 
clouded. 


Wind. 


Average 
no. days with 


No. 
of hours 
per 
month. 


Per 
centage 
of 
possible 
duration. 


Aver 
age 
no. of 
gales. 


Aver 
age 
hourly 
velo 
city. 


Prevail 
ing 
direc 
tion. 


Strongest wind 
recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per 
hour. 


Direc 
tion. 


JfUB 


53-4 
79-4 
143-0 
184-8 
198-6 
215-1 
293-7 
256-9 
183-3 
118-3 
57-3 
38-1 


19-6 
27-9 
39-0 
44-9 
41-9 
44-7 
60-4 
58-0 
48-6 
35-3 
20-8 
14-9 


14 
7 
5 
2 
3 
1 
1 
1 
3 
7 
10 
13 


3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
3 
3 


9-0 
8-9 
9-0 
9-0 
8-8 
9-7 
9-1 
7-8 
6-5 
6-8 
9-9 
8-8 


N 
N 
SE 
SW 
SW 
SW 
SW 
SW 
SW 
E 
NE 
NE 


50 
48 
52 
50 
41 
49 
44 
43 
44 
56 
57 
59 


SE 

SW 

sw 
sw 
w 

sw 

sw 
sw 
sw 
sw 

SE 
SE 


- 


1 
1 
1 

1 

2 
3 
4 
1 
1 


- 


Feb 


Mar 


April 
May. . 


June 
July 


Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


Nov 
Dec 

Year.... 


1,821-9 


- 


67 


24 


- 8-6 


SW 


59 


SE 


_ 


15 


i 



*Sunshine, 1895-1910; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1915. 
"VANCOUVER, B.C., lat. 49 17 N., long. 1235 W. 



Jan 


46-4 
51-5 
135-6 
179-4 
220-0 
228-0 
265-6 
252-7 
162-9 
111-3 
51-1 
38-8 


17-3 
18-2 
36-9 
43-7 
46-5 
47-2 
54-6 
57-0 
43-3 
33-4 
18-6 
15-3 


17 
10 
7 
4 
3 
2 
2 
2 
5 
8 
13 
15 


Average 
less 
than 
one 
per 
month. 


4-3 
4-0 
5-0 
4-8 
4-8 
4-5 
4-1 
3-7 
4-6 
3-8 
4-3 
4-4 


E 
E 
E 

SE 
SE 
E 
S 
S 
S 
SE 
E 
E 


40 
26 
30 
25 
23 
27 
22 
20 
26 
35 
25 
30 


NW 
W 
SE 
W 
W 

w 
w 
w 

NW 
W 

NW 
W 


1 

1 
2 
1 
1 


3 
4 
1 

2 
6 
4 
4 


1 


Feb... 


Alar 
April.. . . 
May..,.. 
June 


July. 


Aug 


Sept 
Oct 
Nov 
Dec 

Year.... 


1,743-3 


- 


88 


- 


4-4 


SE 


40 


NW 


6 


24 


1 


Sunshine, 1908-1917; days clouded, 1909-1920; winB, days with thunder, etc., 1905-1920. 



, B.C., lat. 50 41 N., long. 120 18 W. 



Jan 


65-0 


24-7 


12 




3-5 


S 


25 


SE 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Feb 
Mar 
^pril 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


87-0 
166-0 
187-0 
224-0 
240-0 
295-0 
262-0 
185-0 
140-0 


31-1 
45-2 
45-2 
46-8 
50-1 
59-9 
58-6 
49-1 
42-3 


7 
4 
3 
3 
3 
1 
2 
3 
6 


Average 
less 
than 
one 
per 
month. 


3-1 
4-5 
4-8 
4-4 
4-1 
4-1 
3-5 
3-5 
3-6 


S 
SE 
S 
S 

sw 
sw 
sw 
s 

SE 


24 
31 
30 
30 
25 
40 
30 
40 
40 


NE 
W 
W 
W 
SE 
SE 
SE 
S 
NW 


1 


_ 


_ 


Nov 
Dec 


70-0 
50-0 


26-2 
20-1 


10 
13 




4-4 
3-3 


SE 

S 


40 
30 


W 

SE 


~ 


- 


- 


Year.... 


1,971-0 


- 


67 


- 


3-9 


S 


40 


Several. 


1 


- 


- 



fSunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1906-1920; wind, etc., 1897-1916. 

JEDMONTON, AI.TA., lat. 53 35 N. , long. 113 30 W. 



Jan 


79 


31-6 


10 


_ 


4-4 


W 


36 


W 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Feb 
Mar 
April 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


125 
174 
212 
222 
242 
273 
256 
184 
150 


45-7 
47-4 
50-7 
45-1 
47-8 
53-8 
56-3 
48-6 
46-2 


3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
3 
4 


1 


4-9 
5-6 
7-2 
6-8 
5-9 
5-3 
4-7 
5-3 
5-2 


W 

S 

SW 
SW- 

w 

sw 
w 
w 
w 


34 
28 
42 
36 
34 
30 
26 
36 
28 


NW 
NW 
NW 
SE 
NW 
NW 
NW 
W 
NW 


1 
3 
4 
2 
1 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


1 


Nov 
Dec 


87 
77 


33-9 
33-2 


7 
11 


- 


4-6 
4-2 


sw 
sw 


25 
34 


NW 
NW 


~ 


- 


~ 


Year.... 


2,081 


- 


54 


1 


5-3 


sw 


42 


NW 


11 


5 


1 



{Sunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1906-1920; wind. etc. 1897-1916. 



SUNSHINE, WIND AND WEATHER 



55 



7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 

(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 
*MEDICINE HAT, ALTA., lat. 50 2 N., long. 110 41 W. 



Months. 


Sunshine average. 


Average 
no. days 
com 
pletely 
clouded. 


Wind. 


Average 
no. days with 


No. 
of hours 
per 
month. 


Per 
centage 
of 
possible 
duration. 


Aver 
age 
no. of 
gales. 


Aver 
age 
hourly 
velo 
city. 


Prevail 
ing 
direc 
tion. 


Strongest wind 
recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per 
hour. 


Direc 
tion. 


Jan 


88 
117 
169 
220 
233 
268 
326 
284 
196 
158 
102 
82 


33-1 
41-6 
46-0 
53-4 
48-9 
55-0 
66-6 
63-8 
52-0 
47-7 
37-8 
32-9 


8 
6 
3 
2 
3 
1 
1 
1 

3 
4 
6 
9 


2 
2 
2 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 


5-9 
6-0 
6-6 
7-4 
7-5 
7-5 
6-4 
5-6 
5-8 
5-9 
6-1 
6-5 


SW 
SW 
SW 
W 
S 

sw 
sw 
sw 
sw 

W 

sw 
sw 


46 
51 
41 
50 
60 
61 
46 
50 
50 
60 
60 
60 


S 

S 
S, NW 
S 
N, W 
SW 
SW 
W 
S 
W 

sw 

N 


2 
4 
4 
3 

1 


1 


- 


Feb 
Mar 
April 
May 
June 


July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


Nov 
Dec 

Year.... 


2,243 


_ 


47 


21 


6-4 


sw 


61 


SW 


14 


1 


- 


*SimViinP, 1flnfi-191fi; HIAM r.londed. 1910-1920: wind, days with thunder, etc., 1895-1915. 


ROSTHERN, SASK., lat. 52 39 N., long. 
10621 W. 


PRINCE ALBERT, SASK., lat. 53 12 N., long. 105 48 W. 


Jan. ..... 


91-6 
137-7 
176-1 
220-8 
262-7 
280-1 
294-8 
272-9 
190-8 
141-4 
111-6 
78-3 


36-1 
50-0 
47-9 
53-6 
53-8 
56-0 
65-2 
60-3 
50-4 
43-3 
43-1 
33-0 


10 
4 
4 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
4 
6 
7 
11 


- 


3-3 
3-2 
4-0 
5-0 
4-9 
4-2 
3-6 
3-0 
3-8 
3-9 
3-4 
3-2 


s 
sw 
sw 

SE 

s 

SE 

sw 
sw 
sw 
sw 

s 
sw 


26 
29 
35 
36 
25 
31 
31 
24 
24 
28 
20 
32 


NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
SE 
N 
SE 
E 
Several. 
NW 
Several. 
N 


1 
3 

2 


1 
1 
1 


- 


Feb 


Mar 


April 
May. . 


June 
July 
Aug 


Sept 
Oct 


Nov. . 


Dec 
Year.... 


2,258-8 


_ 


57 


- 


3-8 


s 


36 


NW 


6 


3 


- 


Sunshine and days clouded, 1911-1920; wind 1896-1917, 1898 missing; days with thunder, etc., IS 


INDIAN HEAD, SASK., lat. 50 31 N., long. 
103 40^. 


QU APPELLE, SASK., lat. 50 32 N., long. 103 57 W. 


Jan 


81-4 
103-7 
131-8 
170-1 
214-4 
207-4 
272-4 
228-9 
162-8 
130-5 
68-8 
58-8 


32-8 
37-0 
35-9 
41-2 
44-6 
42-4 
55-5 
51-3 
43-2 
39-5 
25-7 
23-8 


10 
6 
6 
4 
5 
4 
2 
2 
5 
6 
8 
12 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 


9-4 
9-5 
9-6 
10-0 
9-8 
9-0 
8-2 
7-4 
8-4 
9-1 
9-1 
9-0 


NW 
NW 
W 

sw 
sw 
s 
sw 
sw 

W 

W 
W 

W 


66 
46 
48 
58 
50 
48 
42 
38 
41 
45 
42 
45 


NW 
W 

NW 
S 
NW 
SW 
NW 
SW,N\V 
SW 
NW 
NW 
NW 


2 
4 
5 
4 
1 


1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


1 


Feb 
Mar 
April.. . . 
May 
June 
July 

Sept..!.. 
Oct 


Nov.... 
Dec.... 

Year. .. 


1,831-0 


- 


70 


19 


9-0 


W 


66 


NW 


16 


12 


1 



Sunshine and days clouded, 1891-1910; wind, etc., 1897-1917 (1908 missing). 

. MAN. . lat.49 55 N. , long. 97 6 W. 



Jan 


110-3 
138-6 
175-0 
206-7 
250-7 
250-4 
290-5 
256-7 
179-6 
124-8 
89-6 
81-2 


41-4 
49-2 
47-7 
50-2 
52-3 
51-6 
59-5 
57-8 
47-7 
37-6 
33-2 
32-2 


9 
6 
7 
5 
4 
3 
2 
3 
4 
8 
10 
14 


7 
5 
6 
7 
6 
5 
5 
4 
6 
6 
5 
4 


12-8 
12-2 
13-1 
14-5 
14-5 
12-7 
12-1 
11-3 
13-0 
13-8 
12-4 
12-2 


W 

SW 

s 

E 
E 

E 

S 
S 
S 

s 
sw 


50 
55 
66 
60 
66 
46 
55 
43 
55 
60 
45 
59 


N, W 
NW 
NW 
W 
NW 
NW 
SW 
W 
W 
NW 
N, W 


1 
2 
4 
5 
3 
2 
1 


1 

1 





Feb 
Mar 
April.. . . 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


Nov 
Dec 


2.154-1 




75 


66 


12-9 


s 


66 


NW 


18 


2 


- 


fSunshine, 1882-1910; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, etc., 1897-1916. 



56 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 

(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 
HAIMSYBURY, ONT., lat. 47 26 N., long. 79 38 W. 



Months. 


Sunshine average. 




Wind. 


Average 
no. days with 


No. 
of hours 
per 
month. 


Per 

centage 
of 
possible 
duration. 


Average 
no. days 
com 
pletely 
clouded. 


Aver 
age 
no. of 
gales. 


Aver 
age 
hourly 
veloc 
ity. 


Prevail 
ing 
direc 
tion. 


Strongest wine 
recorded. 




Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per 
hour. 


Direc 
tion. 


der. 


Jan.... 


92 
119 
165 
193 
210 
259 
266 
221 
174 
110 
56 
61 


33-4 
41-6 
44-8 
47-3 
45-0 
54-5 
55-5 
50-3 
46-3 
32-8 
20-1 
23-2 


10 
7 
5 
5 
4 
2 
1 
2 
4 
7 
13 
12 


1 

2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


NW 
NW 
S 

s 

S 
SE 
SW 
S 
SW 
SW 
NW 
W 


8 
9 
9 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
10 
8 


N,NW 
SW 
SW 
N, NW 
NW 
SW 
Several 
NW 
S 
NW 
SW, W 
NW 


r - 
_ 

2 
4 
6 
4 
2 
1 


1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


- 


Feb... 


Mar 
April.. . 
May 
June 
July 


Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


Nov 
Dec 


Year.... 


1,733 


- 


72 


17 


2 


SW 


10 


Stt, W 


19 


IT 




*Sunshme, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1920. 


GRAVENHURST, OXT., lat. 44 56 N., 
Ion?. 79 23 W. 


PARRY SOUND, ONT., lat. 45 20 N., long. 80 1 H. 


Jan 
Feb... 


80-7 
126-3 
153-0 
189-4 
217-2 
229-8 
265-2 
252-6 
170-6 
138-5 
85-4 
61-5 


28-4 
43-4 
41-5 
46-9 
47-4 
49-4 
56-4 
58-2 
45-6 
41-0 
29-9 
21-5 


12 
8 
7 
5 
5 
2 
1 
1 
4 
7 
11 
14 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2 
1 


9-4 
9-0 
9-1 
8-9 
7-9 
6-8 
6-5 
6-9 
7-4 
8-7 
10-5 
9-4 


SE 
S 
SW 

s 
s 

SW 
SW 

s 

SW 

s 

SW 

s 


48 
49 
52 
36 
39 
36 
36 
30 
36 
36 
48 
37 


W 
W 

SW 
N 
SW 
SW 
NW 
SW.SE 
SW 
SW 
SW 
W,NW 


1 
1 

2 
2 
3 
3 
2 
2 


1 


- 


Mar.. 


April 
May 
June.... 


July... 


Aug... . 


Sept 
Oct 


Nov... 


Dec. . . 


Year. . . . 


1,970-2 


- 


77 


8 


8-4 


s 


52 


SW 


14 


1 


_ 


Sunshine, 1902-1910, 1915-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. 
tToROXTo, OXT., lat. 43 39 N.. long. 79 20 \V. 


Jan. 


77-9 
108-1 
150-0 
190-7 
218-9 
259-8 
282-2 
252-7 
207-8 
149-3 
85-3 
65-2 


27-0 
36-7 
40-5 
47-1 
47-9 
56-3 
60-4 
59-8 
55-4 
43-8 
29-4 
23-5 


11 
6 
6 
4 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
4 
8 
10 


6 
5 
5 
3 
2 
1 
1 

1 

2 
4 

7 


13-6 
13-7 
12-8 
11-9 
9-9 
8-7 
8-0 
8-0 
8-8 
9-9 
12-2 
13-2 


SW 
W 

SW 
SE 
SE 
SE 
S 
SW 
SE 
S 
SW 
SW 


56 
56 
60 
50 
54 
35 
36 
48 
50 
53 
50 
50 


NE 
E 
NW 

E 
W 
NE 
W, SW 
NE 
S 
W 
W 
SW 


1 

1 
3 
4 
5 
6 
3 
1 


2 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

2 
2 
2 
1 


- 


Feb 


Mar 


April 
May 
June. 


July 
Aug .. 


Sept 
Oct... 


Nov 
Dec. . . . 


Year.... 


2,046-9 


- 


56 


37 


10-9 


s 


60 


NW 


34 


15 


_ 


tSunshine, 1882-1910; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. 
WOODSTOCK, ONT., lat. 43 38 N., long. 80 46 W. 


Jan 


62-0 
88-7 
122-6 
167-4 
206-8 
246-1 
275-4 
238-0 
181-8 
135-7 
76-4 
54-1 


21-4 
30-2 
33-2 
41-7 
45-6 
53-7 
59-4 
55-4 
48-7 
41-7 
26-3 
19-4 


14 
8 
9 
6 
4 
2 
1 
2 
4 
6 
10 
15 


4 
4 
5 
4 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
4 


12-4 
12-3 
12-2 
12-1 
10-5 
8-9 
8-4 
8-0 
8-4 
10-5 
11-9 
12-4 


SW 
W 
SW 
SW 
SW 
W 
W 
SW 
W 
SW 
SW 
SW 


57 
47 
52 
48 
46 
36 
36 
40 
34 
40 
53 
49 


SW 
NW 
SW 
SW 
SW 
E 
SW 
SW 
NW 
NW 
SW 
SW 


1 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 


- 


Feb 
Mar 
April 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


Nov 
Dec 


Year. . . . 


1,855-0 


- 


81 


33 


10-7 


SW 


57 


SW 


12 


15 


_ 


Sunshine, 1882-1911; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1920. 



SUNSHINE, WIND AND WEATHER 



57 



7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 

(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 
MONTREAL, QUE., lat. 45 31 N., long. 73 34 W. 



Months. 


Sunshine average. 


Average 
no. days 
com 
pletely 
clouded. 


Wind. 


Average 
no. days with 


No. 
of hours 
per 
month. 


Per 
centage 
of 
possible 
duration. 


Aver 
age 
no. of 
gales. 


Aver 
age 
hourly 
veloc 
ity. 


Prevail 
ing 
direc 
tion. 


Strongest wind 
recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per 
hour. 


Direc 
tion. 


Jan 


76-0 
103-4 
145-9 
173-7 
204-6 
217-3 
238-4 
218-6 
171-5 
122-2 
68-5 
60-0 


34 
41 
45 
50 
51 
50 
59 
58 
53 
41 
30 
26 


12 
9 
6 
6 
4 
2 
1 
2 
4 
6 
11 
14 


6 
7 
8 
4 
2 
2 
1 

1 

2 
5 
5 


15-5 
16-7 
16-7 
14-9 
12-8 
11-6 
11-3 
10-6 
11-7 
12-9 
14-6 
14-0 


SW 
SW 
SW 

s 
s 

SW 
W 

SW 
SW 
SW 
SW 
SW 


56 
66 
60 
53 
49 
48 
42 
36 
38 
45 
58 
50 


SW 
NW 
SE,S\\ 
SW 
W 
SW.NW 
SW 
W 
SE.NW 
NW 
W 
NW 


1 
2 
3 
5 
4 
3 
1 


1 
1 
1 
1 

r 
i 

2 
1 
1 


1 


Feb 


Mar 
April 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 


Sept 
Oct . . 


Nov 
Dec 

Year.... 


1,800-1 


- 


77 


43 


13-6 


SW 


66 


NW 


19 


9 


1 



*Days clouded, 1901-1 



tQuEBEC, QUE.. lat. 46 48 N., long. 71 12 W. 



Jan 


86 


31-0 


11 


9 


15-0 


SW 


62 


NE 


- 


1 


- 


Feb 


105 


36-5 


8 


8 


16-1 


SW 


69 


NE 











Mar 


152 


41-4 


7 


8 


15-3 


SW 


72 


NE 


- 


1 


- 


April 


174 


42-5 


5 


7 


14-4 


NE 


54 


NE 


1 


1 


- 


May . 


197 


42-1 


4 


6 


14-4 


NE 


52 


W 


2 





- 


June 


248 


44-6 


4 


4 


13-2 


SE 


46 


NE 


4 


- 


- 


July 


223 


46-8 


2 


2 


11-6 


S 


43 


NE.SW 


7 


- 





Aug 


224 


48-4 


2 


1 


10-7 


SW 


39 


NE.SW 


5 


- 


- 


Sept 
Oct . . 


152 
123 


45-2 
40-2 


5 

8 


3 

4 


11-5 

12-4 


SW 

SW 


42 
66 


NE 
NE 


2 
1 


1 

2 





Nov. . 


65 


24-0 


10 


5 


14-0 


SW 


58 


NE 





1 





Dec 


70 


28-8 


13 


6 


13-9 


SW 


68 


NE 


~ 


1 


~ 


Year.... 


1,819 


_ 


79 


63 


13-5 


s 


72 


NE 


22 


8 


- 


tSunshine, 1903-1912; days clouded, 1903-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. 


WOLFVILUE, N.S., lat. 45 5 N., long 64 
21 W. 


YARMOUTH, N.S., lat. 45 53 N., long. 65 45 W. 


Jan 


84-0 


29-6 


10 


4 


13-2 


NW 


53 


SW.NW 


- 


2 


- 


Feb 


99-6 


34-4 


10 


4 


13-1 


NW 


60 


SW 





2 





Mar 


134-0 


36-4 


8 


4 


12-5 


SW 


60 


NW 





4 





April.. . . 


147-6 


36-6 


7 


2 


11-1 


SW 


43 


NW 


- 


4 





May 
June 


200-8 
230-0 


43-8 
49-4 


5 

2 


1 


9-9 
8-6 


SW 

s 


44 
40 


SE 


1 

2 


7 
7 


- 


July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct. . . . 


235-6 
232-4 
182-5 
151-4 


50-2 
53-6 
48-6 
44-8 


2 
2 
3 

7 


1 

2 


7-7 
6-7 
8-0 
10-0 


SW 
SW 
SW 

s 


36 
65 
48 
54 


S 
SW 
W 

SE 


2 
2 
1 
1 


13 
11 

7 
4 


- 


Nov 
Dec 


98-9 
67-2 


34-7 
24-8 


8 
11 


3 
3 


12-0 
12-6 


SW 
SW 


60 

62 


SW 


- 


2 
2 


- 


Year.... 


1,864-0 


_ 


75 


24 


10-5 


SW 


65 


SW 


9 


65 


- 


Sunshine, 1895-1910; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 1H96-191J>. 


*F n *n.rnroTON t N.B..lat.4556 N.. long.6640 W. 


Jan 


110-3 
124-2 
154-8 
184-6 
205-4 
217-6 
236-8 
223-0 
179-0 
151-4 


39-2 
43-1 
42-0 
45-6 
44-4 
46-4 
50-2 
51-2 
47-8 
44-8 


10 
8 
8 
7 
6 
5 
3 
3 
5 
6 


2 

2 
2 

1 
1 

1 


8-2 
9-3 
9-5 
8-2 
8-0 
7-4 
6-6 
6-7 
6-0 
7-7 


NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
SW 
W 
SW 
W 
NW 
W 


38 
49 
40 
36 
37 
34 
32 
28 
30 
33 


SW 
NW 

NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
SE.NW 


1 

2 
3 
2 
1 


1 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
4 
3 


- 


Feb 
Mar 
April. . . . 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


Nov 
Dec 


91-3 
94-1 


33-3 
35-9 


11 

12 


1 

2 


8-1 
8-5 


NW 
NW 


37 

42 


NW 


- 


2 


- 


Year.. 


1,972-5 




84 


12 


7-9 


W 


49 


NW 


9 


22 


- 


Sunshine, 1881-1911; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. 



58 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations- 
continued. 

(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages" are based.) 

. P.E.I., lat. 46 14 N., long. 63 8 W. 



Months. 
J an 


Sunshine average. 


Average 
no. days 
com 
pletely 
clouded. 


Wind. 


Average 
no. days with 


No. 
of hours 
per 
month. 


Per 
centage 
of 
possible 
duration. 


Aver 
age 
no. of 
gales. 


Aver 
age 
hourly 
velo 
city. 


Prevail 
ing 
direc 
tion. 


Strongest wind 
recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per 
hour. 


Direc 
tion. 


89 
112 
130 
153 
195 
226 
238 
229 
179 
114 
73 
60 


31-8 
38-9 
35-3 
37-6 
42-1 
48-2 
50-2 
52-4 
47-8 
33-9 
25-9 
22-3 


13 

10 
9 
9 
7 
6 
4 
5 
6 
11 
13 
17 


2 
1 

2 

1 
1 
1 


8-8 
8-4 
8-6 
8-4 
8-1 
7-0 
6-3 
6-5 
7-2 
8-2 
9-1 
9-0 


NW 
SW 
S 
SE 
S 
S 
SW 
SW 
SW 
SW 
W 
NW 


46 
55 
41 
33 
32 
28 
32 
31 
32 
38 
38 
38 


NW 

SE 
SW 

SE 
NE 
S 
SW 
SW 
S, NW 
S 
NE 
SW 


1 
1 

2 
2 
2 

1 


1 
1 

1 

1 
1 


- 


Feb 


Mar. 


April.. . . 
May 
June 


July 

Alltr 


Sept 
Oct. . 


Nov. . 


Dec 


Year.... 


1,798 


- 


110 


8 


8-0 


SW 


55 


SE 


9 


5 


- 



days clouded, 1907-1920; 
*CALGARY, ALTA., lat 



wind, etc., 1896-1920. 

51 2 N., long. 114 2 W. 



Wind. 



Average-number of days with 



Months. 


Average 
number 
of gales. 


Average 
hourly 
velocity. 


Prevailing 
direction. 


Strongest wind 
recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles p.h. 


Direction. 


January 


1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
19 


6-4 
6-6 
7-6 
8-5 
8-8 
8-6 
7-6 
7-3 
7-5 
6-5 
6-0 
6-5 

7-3 


W 
W 

SW 

w 

NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
W 
W 

w 


52 
48 
48 
56 
48 
50 
48 
36 
62 
40 
36 
52 


NW 
W 
SW 
NW 
N, NW 
W 
NW 
W 
NW 
W 
Several. 
W 

NTOC 


1 
1 
3 
2 

t 


_ 


1 


February 


March 


April 


May 


June 


July 


August 


September 


October 


November 


December 
Year 








^^ " 







"Wind, days with thunder, etc., 1897-1916. 

fPAs, MAN., lat. 53 49 N., long. 101 15 



W. 



/anuary 


1 


7-5 


W 


43 


NW 








February 


1 


7-2 


W 


40 


W 








March 


1 


7-5 


s 


45 


W 




1 




April 




8-3 


E 


41 


SW 








May 




8-5 


E 


40 










June 


2 


7-8 


SE 


44 


SW 


2 






July. . . 


1 


8-9 


W 


54 


SW 




2 




August 


1 


7-7 


W 


48 


NW 


o 


i 




September 


1 


6-8 


w 


41 


NW 




i 




October 


1 


7-5 


w 


42 


W 








November 




7-9- 


w 


33 


NW 








December 


- 


7-1 


SW 


38 


W 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Year... 


9 


7-7 


w 


54 


SW 


4 


& 





fWind, days with thunder, etc., 1910-1920. 

*PORT NELSON, MAN., lat. 57 N. , long. 92 56 W. 



January 


2 


12-4 


W 


34 


W NW 




i 




February 


3 


12-9 


W 


48 


NW 








March 


3 


11-4 


W 


41 


NE 




1 




April 


2 


12-8 


SE 


51 


NW 




I 




May 


1 


12-4 


NE 


40 


NE 




3 




June. 


3 


13-6 


NE 


38 


NE NW 


Q 


2 




July. 


2 


13-8 


NE 


53 


NE 


9 


j 




August 


2 


12-4 


SW 


42 


NE NW 


2 


2 




September. . . 


3 


12-8 


SW 


42 


SW NW 


1 


1 




October 


4 


13-6 


NW 


40 






1 




November 


5 


13-1 


NW 


43 


N 




2 




December 


2 


11-7 


W 


42 


NW 


- 




_ 


Year 


32 


12-7 


SW 


53 


NE 


9 


15 


- 



*Wind, days with thunder, etc., 1916-1920. 



SUNSHINE, WIND AND WEATHER 



59 



7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations- 
concluded. 

(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are }>ased.) 
fPoKT ARTHUR, ONT., lat. 48 27 N. ( long., 89 13 W. 



Months. 


Wind. 


Average number of days with 


Average 
number 
of gales. 


Average 
hourly 
velocity . 


Prevailing 
direction. 


Strongest wind 
recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per hour. 


Direction. 


January , 


1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 
1 
1 


6-9 
7-1 

7-8 
7-8 
7-8 
6-7 
6-4 
6-7 
7-1 
7-4 
8-1 
7-4 


NW 

NW 
NW 
S 
SE 
E 
S 
SW 

sw 
sw 

NW 

NW 


37 
50 
52 
39 
41 
51 
34 
41 
62 
42 
40 
52 


NW 
NW 
NW 
NW, NE 
NE 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 


1 
1 
2 
4 
3 
2 
1 


1 
2 
2 
1 
2 
2 
3 
1 
1 


- 


February 


March 


April 


May 


June 


July 


August . . 


September 


October 


N ovember 


December 


Year... 


8 


7-3 


SW 


62 


NW 


14 


15 


_ 



tWind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1920. 



RIVER, ONT. , lat. 51 30 N. , long. 94 2 W. 



January 


_ 


4-2 


SE 


28 


NW 


_ 


_ 





February 


_ 


3-3 


E 


22 


S, NW 


_ 


_ 


_ 


March 


_ 


4-4 


E 


30 


N 





_ 


_ 


April 


_ 


5-0 


E 


30 


N 


_ 


_ 


_ 


May 


_ 


5-6 


SE 


28 


SW 


1 


_ 


_ 


June 


_ 


5-0 


S 


32 


SW 


1 


_ 


_ 


July 





4-4 


SW 


23 


N 


2 


1 


_ 


August 


_ 


3-6 


S 


24 


SW 


2 


1 


_ 


September 


_ 


3-9 


sw 


24 


s 


2 


1 


_ 


October 


_ 


4-1 


SE 


25 


sw 


_ 


_ 


_ 


November 


_ 


4-6 


SE 


25 


NW, SW 





_ 


_ 


December. . . 




3-7 


S 


24 


S 


_ 


_ 























Year 


- 


4-3 


SE 


32 


SW 


8 


3 


- 



JWind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1920. 

"CocHRANE, ONT., lat. 49 4 N.,long. 80 58 W. 



January 


_ 


7-8 


W 


34 


NW 


_ 


_ 


_ 


February 


_ 


7-2 


NW 


32 


NW 


_ 


_ 


_ 


March 


_ 


8-2 


SW 


33 


NW 


_ 


_ 


_ 


April 


_ 


8-4 


SE 


35 


NW 


_ 


_ 


_ 


May 


_ 


8-5 


S 


35 


NW 


1 


1 


_ 


June 


_ 


8-4 


S 


34 


SW 


2 








July 


_ 


7-1 


W 


29 


sw 


3 


- 


- 


August 


_ 


6-5 


W 


31 


NW 


2 





- 


September 


_ 


7-3 


sw 


30 


SW 


1 


1 





October 


_ 


7-2 


sw 


35 


SE 





1 





November 




6-6 


sw 


30 


SW 


_ 


1 





December 


_ 


6-8 


NW 


27 


SW 


_ 


1 























Year 


- 


7-5 


SW 


35 


NW, SE 


9 


5 


- 



*Wind, days with thunder, etc., 1911-1920. 

tSoura WEST POINT, ANTICOSTI. QUE., lat. 49 23 N. , long. 63 38 W. 



January 


16 


21-9 


NW 


72 


NW 


_ 


_ 


- 


February 


13 


19-9 


SW 


65 


NW 


- 


1 


- 


March 


12 


18-6 


S 


68 


NW 





1 





April 


8 


15-8 


SE 


70 


NW 


_ 


3 





May 


6 


13-8 


SE 


52 


NW 





3 





June 


4 


13-3 


SE 


56 


W 


_ 


5 





July -: 


3 


12-1 


SE 


44 


W 


_ 


7 





August 


4 


12-3 


SE 


68 


W 





5 





September 


6 


14-3 


SE 


58 


NW 





3 





October 


10 


16-6 


S 


67 


W 





4 





November . 


11 


18-8 


SE 


98 


N 





1 





December 


14 


20-6 


SW 


71 


NW 





1 























Year 


107 


16-5 


S 


98 


N 


- 


34 


- 



fWind, days with thunder, etc., 1897-1920. 



II. HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY. 



I. HISTORY OF CANADA. 1 

ih n t bee ? , co dered desirable to load the text of this section with numerous dates For 

these the reader is referred to the chronological history printed at the end of this section of the YwrBook. 

The Founding of the French Colony. The year 1608 may be regarded as the 
birth-year of Canada. The country and the name had been made known by the 
voyages of the Breton sea-captain, Jacques Cartier, of St. Malo, in the early half 
of the preceding century, and one or two ill-fated and wholly abortive attempts 
at settlement had subsequently been made; but in 1608, under the leadership of 
Samuel de Champlain, of Brouages in Saintonge, the first permanent settlement 
was made. It was but a slender colony that he planted under the shadow of the 
great rock of Quebec; the germ of life, however, was there, a life which, surviving 
all perils and difficulties, finally struck its roots deep and branched out into a nume 
rous and vigorous people. 

The claim of France to the St. Lawrence country was held to have been estab 
lished by the discoveries made in the name of the French King, Francis I. It 

was assumed that what was then called Acadia, 
which may be described roughly as the region 
of our present Maritime provinces, had also 
become French territory, notwithstanding the 
fact that Cape Breton had been discovered in 
1497 by John Cabot, sailing under a commis 
sion from Henry VII of England. During the 
five years preceding the arrival of Champlain s 
colony at Quebec, settlements in which Cham- 
plain took part had been attempted by the 
French at Port Royal (Annapolis) in Nova 
Scotia, and at the mouth of the St. Croix river. 
The Fur Trading Companies. The 
main motive for the occupation of the country, 
so far as the adventurers Champlain perhaps 
alone excepted were concerned, was the fur 
trade, though the royal commissions or patents 
JACQUES CARTIER under which they operated invariably contained 

stipulations for actual colonization and for missionary work among the Indians. 
These stipulations were systematically evaded by a succession of associations or 
companies to whom privileges were granted. Of course there were difficulties in 
the way; the native Indians were uncertain in their movements and at times mena 
cing; but this was not the real deterrent to settlement. The adventurers thought, 
and with reason, that settlement would hamper trade. 

Champlain s colony had at first consisted of about thirty persons. Twenty 
years later, when it barely exceeded one hundred, Charles I of England during his 
war on France granted letters of marque to David Kirke, authorizing him to attack 
the French possessions in Canada. After fitting out a small fleet of privateers, 
Kirke s first stroke, early in 1628, was to capture, in the mouth of the St. Lawrence, 

T T Re ^ sed and abridged from the history prepared under the direction of Arthur G. Doughty CMC 
LL.D., Deputy Minister, Public Archives of Canada, for the 1913 Year Book. 




HISTORY OF CANADA 



61 



a French fleet of eighteen vessels, which were carrying out a number of new colonists 
for the settlement, as well as badly needed supplies of provisions, goods and military 
stores. Just at this time Cardinal Richelieu, moved by the representations Cham- 
plain had made as to the miserable condition and prospects of the colony, had 
resolved to create a company on a much wider basis than any previously formed. 
This was the Company of New France, more generally known as the Company of 
One Hundred Associates. The preamble of the edict issued set forth in forcible 
terms " the lamentable failure of all previous trading associations to redeem their 
pledges in the matter of colonization; and the new associates were, by the 
terms of their charter, bound in the most formal and positive manner to convey 
annually to the colony, beginning in the year 1628, from two to three hundred 
bona fide settlers, and, in the fifteen following years, to transport thither a total 
of not less than four thousand persons male and female." The charter contained 
other useful stipulations, including the maintenance of a sufficient number of clergy 
to meet the spiritual wants both of settlers and natives. So long as it fulfilled 
these conditions, the company was to have absolute sovereignty, under the French 
king, of all French possessions between Florida and the Arctic regions, and from 
Newfoundland as far west as it could take possession of the country. 

It was in furtherance of these plans that the fleet which Kirke captured had 
been sent out. Had Kirke sailed at once to Quebec the place would have fallen 
but he preferred to let starvation do his work. The following year he took the 
- town without a struggle and set up his brother as governor. Champlain and many 
of his associates returned to France. But in the meantime peace had been signed 
and in 1632 Canada was given back to France. 

It now remained to be seen what Riche 
lieu s company would effect. Crippled by the 
loss of the capital invested in the fleet of 1628, 
it did not accomplish much, although a beginning 
was made when Champlain returned to Quebec 
in May, 1633, bringing with him over a hundred 
settlers. His life was, however, drawing to a 
close, and he died on Christmas Day, 1635. 

Several events of special importance may 
be noted here. In 1639, two ladies of distinction 
arrived from France, Madame de la Peltrie and 
Madame Guyard, the latter better known as 
Mere de 1 Incarnation. Their monument is the 
Ursuline Convent of Quebec. In 1641 M. de 
Maisonneuve conducted a band of earnest 
followers to Montreal in order to found there 
a strictly Christian colony. Twelve years later 
Sister Margaret Bourgeoys established at Mont 
real the Congregation de Notre Dame for the education of girls. The year 1668 
is glorious in Canadian annals for what has been .called the Canadian Thermopylae. 
To avert an attack on Montreal^ Dollard, a young inhabitant of the place, and a 
score or so of companions threw themselves in the path of the Iroquois, and so 
sternly and heroically defended a position they had fortified on the river Ottawa 
that the Indians were disheartened and withdrew. Of the Canadians, all but one 
perished. 




CHAMPLAIN 



62 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 

The year 1659 is marked by the arrival of Monseigneur de Laval, with the 
title of Bishop of Petrsea, in partibus, and the powers of Vicar Apostolic, to preside 
over the church in New France; from 1674 to 1688 he exercised full powers as 
Bishop of Quebec. In 1663, the Company of New France practically acknow 
ledged its insolvency and made a surrender of all its rights and privileges to the 
King. It had not carried out its engagements; in fact its policy had differed little 
from that of its less distinguished predecessors. It had bound itself to plant in 
Canada not less than 4,000 settlers in fifteen years, yet a census taken in 1666, 35 
years after it had begun operations, showed that the whole population of the country 
was less than 3,500. 

Royal Government. -The King accepted the surrender made by the company 
and proceeded to establish a still larger one under the name of the West India 
Company. Colbert, the great Minister of Marine and Colonies and the incarnation 
of the mercantile system, was the inspirer of the idea; yet, as the prestige of Riche 
lieu had not saved the Company of New France from shipwreck, neither did that 
of Colbert and his royal master save the Company of the West Indies. It lost 
its monopoly of Canadian trade in 1669. The country had been governed since 
1663 by the Sovereign Council of New France. 

The first governor of New France to make a name for himself in history is 
Louis de Buade, Count Frontenac, who arrived in Canada in the year 1672; but a few 
years earlier a man of greater note had been sent to Canada as intendant, an office 
involving financial and judicial authority exercised in nominal subordination to the 
Governor as the King s personal representative, but with a large measure of prac 
tical independence. This was Jean Talon. He was the first to perceive the indus 
trial and commercial possibilities of the country, and the first to take any effectual 
steps for their development. Mines, fisheries, agriculture, the lumber trade and 
one or more lines of manufacture all received his attention. He returned to France 
shortly after the arrival of Frontenac, but he had given an impulse which had 
lasting effects upon the economic life of Canada. 

Frontenac, a veteran soldier, established good relations with the Iroquois, 
who had been the most dangerous -enemies of the colony, but his relations with the 
intendant, Jacques Duchesneau, who succeeded Talon after an interval of three 
years, were most unhappy, and those with Bishop Laval were somewhat strained. 
So much trouble did their disputes cause to the home government that both he and 
the intendant were recalled in 1682. Two mediocre governors, M. de la Barre, 
and the Marquis de Denonville, succeeded; after them Frontenac, now in his 
seventieth year, was again sent out. It was on the day of his departure from 
France, August 5, 1689, that the terrible massacre by the Iroquois, narrated in all 
Canadian histories, occurred at Lachine. 

A month or so before this, France had declared war on England as a sequel 
to the English Revolution of 1688, and Frontenac made it his first duty on arriving 
in Canada to organize attacks on the neighbouring English colonies. The massacre 
at Lachine was outdone by massacres by French and Indians at Schenectady, and 
other outlying English settlements. 

The English colonists did not remain passive under these attacks. In May, 
1690, an expedition under Sir Willram Phipps, a native of what is now the state 
of Maine, sailed from Nova Scotia, and took possession of Port Royal and other 
forts and settlements in that region. With a greatly increased force, some thirty- 
two ships in all and over two thousand men, he set sail for Quebec in full expect 
ation of capturing that fortress and making an end of French power in North 



HISTORY OF CANADA 



63 



America, but the expedition proved a disastrous failure and involved the people of 
Boston in a very heavy financial loss. 

The remaining years of Frontenac s second administration were marked by 
border warfare and negotiations with Indian allies and enemies, followed by a 
general peace which was solemnly ratified a few years later. Frontenac died on 
November 28, 1698. 

During the remainder of the French regime the history of Canada was marked 
by no outstanding events. The war of the Spanish Succession caused a renewal 
of war on the Canadian frontier, two of the principal incidents being the massacres 
of English colonists at Deerfield and Haverhill in Massachusetts (1708). In the 
summer of 1711 a powerful expedition was despatched against Quebec by way of 
the St. Lawrence under the command of Sir Hovenden Walker. Had this force 
reached Quebec it was amply sufficient to overpower any opposition that could 
have been made to it, but the elements seemed to be arrayed against the invader. 
A number of transports, crowded with troops, were wrecked at Sept lies, and the 
enterprise had to be abandoned. The war in Europe was, however, disastrous 
to France, and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) transferred to England the French 
possessions of Acadia and Newfoundland. The limits of Acadia were not at the time 
defined with any accuracy, and the French continued to occupy the mouth of the 
St. John river and what is now the city of St. John. Cape Breton, or as they called 
it, He Royale, was left by the treaty in their possession, together with He St. Jean, 



CANADA 

by tH 
Proclamation of 1763 



ifflll 

IP 














Reproduced by perm.ssion oi Sir Charles Lucas and tf.e uelegales of the Clarendon Press, Oxford 

CANADA IN 1763. 

now Prince Edward Island, and they perceived the importance of placing the former 
island in an adequate state of defence. Special attention was paid to the fortifica 
tion of Louisburg. War having again broken out between England and France, 
an expedition was formed in New England under the command of Sir William 



64 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 




Pepperell, to attack the French fortress. A small English squadron joined the 
expedition, and the capture of the place was accomplished on June 16, 1745. The 
peace of Aix la-Chapelle, in 1748, restored the fortress and the whole island to France, 
to the great disappointment of the New Englanders. Ten years later (July 26, 
1758), the Seven Years War having broken out, it again passed into the possession 
of Great Britain after a siege in which General Wolfe greatly distinguished himself. 
The Capture of Quebec and Cession of Canada. The expedition against 

Quebec was part of the war policy of the great 
William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who chose 
Wolfe for the command. The story of how 
Wolfe s army scaled the heights above the city 
on the night of September 12-13, 1759, is among 
the best known of historical incidents. The 
battle that ensued on the morning of the 13th 
has been rightly looked upon as one of the 
most decisive events in the world s history. 
Wolfe died victorious; Montcalm, no less gallant 
a soldier, was carried from the field fatally 
wounded, and expired on the following day. 
Quebec surrendered to the British, and the 
capitulation of Montreal, a year later, placed 
the whole country in their possession, though 
the Treaty of Paris, by which Canada was 
ceded to Great Britain, was not signed till 
GENERAL WOLFE February 10, 1763. 

Military Government. For a period of fifteen years after 1759, the govern 
ment of Canada was of a military character, and no small amount of confusion 
existed in the administration of justice and the general application of law to the 
affairs of the community. In the year 177.4, an important step was taken in the 
passing of the Quebec Act, which established a council with limited legislative 
powers, sanctioned the use of French law in civil matters, confirmed the religious 
orders in the possession of their estates, granted full freedom for the exercise of the 
Roman Catholic religion and authorized the collection of the customary tithes by 
the clergy. The Act also defined the limits of Canada as extending south to the 
Ohio and west to the Mississippi. On that account, and also on account of the 
recognition granted to the Roman Catholic church, it gave great umbrage to the 
older colonies. The following year witnessed, in the battle of Lexington, the first 
bloodshed in then- quarrel with the Mother Country. 

Towards the end of 1775 two bodies of colonial troops marched against 
Canada, one under Montgomery by way of lake Champlain, and the other 
under Benedict Arnold through the woods of Maine. Montreal was captured 
and the two commanders joined forces some miles above Quebec. On December 
31, each led an attack on that city from different quarters. Both attacks 
were repulsed; Montgomery was slain and Arnold was wounded. In the spring 
the Americans retreated and shortly afterwards evacuated the country. Canada 
had been saved by the Fabian policy of Carleton. 

The Grant of Representative Institutions. The task which devolved 
on Great Britain in the government of her new possession demanded an amount 
of practical wisdom which few of her statesmen possessed. The military men at 



HISTORY OF CANADA 



65 




GENERAL JIONTCALM 



the head of affairs in the colony Murray, Carleton, Haldimand were men of 

character and intelligence; but the questions arising between the two races which 

found themselves face to face in Canada, as an English immigration began to 

flow into the country, both from the British 

Isles and from the colonies to the south, hardly 

admitted of theoretical treatment. The Quebec 

Act, which created a nominative Council but not 

a representative Assembly, did not satisfy the 

new-comers. Racial antagonism was by this 

time causing friction, so the British Government 

decided to divide the Province of Quebec into 

the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, 

and to- give each a legislature consisting of two 

houses a nominative Council and an elective 

Assembly. The population of Lower Canada at 

this time was about 165,000 and that of Upper 

Canada probably 15,000. The population of 

the country as a whole had been greatly 

increased by the Loyalist emigration, partly 

voluntary, partly compulsory, from the United 

States. In Lower Canada the exiles found 

homes chiefly in that portion of the province 

known as the Eastern Townships and in the Gaspe peninsula, and in Upper 

Canada in the townships fronting on the St. Lawrence river, around the bay of 

Quinte, in the Niagara district and along the Detroit river. 

It was not, however, only the Canadian provinces that received accessions to 
population from this source. Considerable bodies of Loyalists directed their steps 
to the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and some also to Prince Edward 
Island. Wherever they chose to settle, lands were granted to them by the British 
government, and after a period of struggle with new conditions many began to find 
comfort and prosperity under the flag of their forefathers. These provinces all 
possessed what has been called a " pre-loyalist " element in their population, 
consisting of settlers from New England and other parts of what subsequently 
became the United States. These, as difficulties developed between Great Britain 
and her American colonies, did not, as a rule, manifest any very strong British 
feeling, and the relations between them and the later Loyalist settlers were not 
altogether cordial. 

Nova Scotia, which had been British since its cession under the Treaty of 
Utrecht, received parliamentary institutions as early as 1758, though in practice 
the administration was mainly in the hands of the Governor of the province and his 
Council. Up to the year 1784 it was held to embrace what is now New Brunswick 
and also Cape Breton, but in that year these were both constituted separate pro 
vinces. Cape Breton was reunited to Nova Scotia in the year 1820, not without 
considerable opposition on the part of the inhabitants. 

The representative institutions conferred upon the two Canadas by the Act 
of 1791 quickened political life in both provinces and stimulated emigration from 
the United States. After a time a demand began to be made in both provinces, 
but less distinctly in the lower than in the upper, for " responsible government. " 

In the absence of legislative control over executive administration, taxation 
was excessively unpopular, and without adequate appropriations, public works 
623735 



66 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



could not be undertaken on the scale which the public interest required. In Upper 
Canada antagonism grew up between the official party, to which the name of 
" Family Compact " was given, and those who desired more liberal institutions. 
In Lower Canada a similar condition developed, further embittered by racial feeling. 
The intentions of the home government were good, but the wants of the provinces 
were only imperfectly known, and the military governors who were sent out were 
not, as a rule, fitted to grapple with difficult political situations. The Governments 
of both Uprer and Lower Canada had at their disposal certain revenues collected 
under an Imperial Customs Act passed in 1774 for the express purpose of pro 
viding a permanent means of carrying on the civil government. In both 
provinces the liberal party demanded that the revenue in question should be 



THE TWO 



THE MARITIME PROVINCES 




Reproduced by permission of Sir Charles Lucas and the Delegates o. the Clare u on Press, Oxford. 

THE Two CANADAS IN 1791. 

placed under the control of the local legislature. In Upper Canada the matter was 
amicably arranged; the legislature took over the revenue and in return voted a 
small permanent civil list. In Lower Canada the legislature took over the revenue 
as offered by the home government, but refused to vote a civil list. Several years 
of political conflict ensued, the legislature refusing supplies and the government 
being obliged to take money from the military chest in order to pay salaries to 
the public officers. Finally an imperial Act was passed (February 10, 1837) sus 
pending the constitution of Lower Canada and authorizing the application of 
the provincial funds to necessary purposes. 

The War of 1812-15. In following the course of the internal political develop 
ment of the country, the present narrative has been carried past a very serious 
crisis in its earlier history, the war of 1812-15. The causes of the conflict have no 
connection with Canadian history, but Canada was made the theatre of operations, 
and Canadian loyalty to the Mother Country was put to a crucial test. The war 
was opened brilliantly by General Brock in the capture of Detroit, held by an 
American force much superior to his own (August 16, 1812), and at the battle of 
Queenston Heights (October 13, 1812), in which an invading force was driven back 
with heavy loss, but in which the gallant Brock fell. The subsequent course of the 
struggle was marked by alternate victory and defeat. In two naval battles, lake 



HISTORY OF CANADA 67 



Erie (September 10, 1813) and lake Champlain (September 11, 1814), the British 
fleets sustained serious reverses; while in the engagements of Stoney Creek (June 
5, 1813) and Crysler s Farm (November 11, 1813) and the very decisive one of 
Chateauguay (October 26, 1813), victory rested with the defenders of Canada. 
The main effect of the war, which was brought to a close by the Treaty of Ghent 
(December 24, 1814), was to strengthen British sentiment in Canada and to give 
to the Canadians of both provinces an increased sense both of self-reliance and of 
confidence in the protection of the Mother Country. Lower Canada suffered but 
little from the depredations of the enemy. Upper Canada, on the other hand, 
suffered seriously, her capital, York, having been captured and its public buildings 
burnt (April, 1813) and a large extent of her frontier devastated. Nevertheless, 
when Mr. Gore returned to the province in September, 1815, he reported that the 
country was in a fairly prosperous condition owing to the large amount of ready 
money which war expenditure had put into circulation. 

The Rebellion of 1837 and Lord Durham s Report. Towards the close 
of the year 1837, to resume the domestic history of the country, the political disagree 
ments to which reference has been made resulted in attempts at armed rebellion 
in both the Canadian provinces. These attempts were speedily repressed, especially 
in Upper Canada, where the insurrection was confined to a comparatively small 
section of the population, and occurred at a moment when the provincial govern 
ment, under Sir F. B. Head, was supported by a large majority of the legislative 
body. 

In consequence of these troubles, the Home Government decided to send out a 
special commissioner to make a thorough investigation, not only in Upper and 
Lower Canada, but in all the North American provinces, for all had suffered political 
restlessness. The person chosen was the Earl of Durham, son-in-law of the second 
Earl Grey, a man of marked ability and of advanced liberal views. His Lordship 
arrived at Quebec on May 29, 1838, commissioned as governor-general of the whole 
of British North America. His stay in the country lasted only five months, but he 
was, nevertheless, able to lay before the British Government in January, 1839, 
an exhaustive report, dealing principally with the affairs of the Canadas. He 
recognized that the tune had come for granting a larger measure of political inde 
pendence to both provinces, and, without indicating the scope he was prepared to 
allow to the principle, made it clear that in his opinion the chief remedy to be applied 
was " responsible government ". This, however, was to be conditional on a reunion 
of the provinces as a means of balancing the two races into which the population 
of Canada was divided, and of procuring as far as possible their harmonious co 
operation in working out the destinies of the country. The imperial authorities 
approved the suggestion, which, however, they recognized as involving very consider 
able difficulty. Lord Durham might have been entrusted with the duty of carrying 
it into effect had he not given up his commission on account of the criticism to which 
some of his plans had been subjected in the British Parliament. The man design 
ated for the task was Charles Poulett Thomson, afterwards raised to the peerage 
as Baron Sydenham and Toronto. 

Thomson arrived at Quebec in October, 1839, and applied himself vigorously 
to his task, the most difficult p irt of which was to render the proposition acceptable 
to the province of Upper Canada, already in full possession of its constitutional 
rights. The constitution of Lower Canada, as already mentioned, had been 
suspended, and had been replaced by the appointment of a special council with 
limited powers. After strenuous negotiations, Thomson succeeded in meeting 
623735| 



68 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 

certain demands of the western province, and, as the council in Lower Canada wag 
favourable to the scheme, he was able to draft a Bill which, with a few modifica 
tions, was enacted by the Home Government in 1840. General elections were held 
in February, 1841, and the legislature of the united provinces met in June. On 
September 3, Robert Baldwin, representing the constituency of North York, pro 
posed certain resolutions which were carried with little or no opposition, affirming 
the principle of responsible government. 

The United Provinces under Responsible Government. The French 
Canadians were almost without exception opposed to the union, and it was there 
fore impossible at the time to obtain their co-operation in the formation of a ministry. 
Sir Charles Bagot (Lord Sydenham had died in September, 1841) fully recognized, 
as had his predecessor, that the situation was a most unsatisfactory one; more 
over, he saw how easily a combination might at any moment be formed with the 
French Canadian vote in the assembly to defeat his government. He saw, indeed, 
such a combination on the point of being formed, and resolved to ask Mr. Lafon 
taine, the most influential French Canadian in the house, to take cabinet office. 
On condition that Baldwin should be taken in at the same time and that one or two 
other changes should be made in the cabinet, Lafontaine accepted the proposal, 
and the matter was arranged accordingly. The government so formed may be 
regarded as the first Canadian Ministry in the usual acceptation of the word. 

Sir Charles Bagot s successor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, had a misunderstanding 
with his ministers on a question of patronage and with one exception they resigned. 
A genera] election followed, with the result that the Governor-General was over 
whelmingly sustained in Upper Canada, while Lower Canada gave an almost equal 
majority in favour of the late government. The Draper- Viger government, which 
now came into power, had a most precarious support in the assembly, and in the 
general election of January, 1848, Lord Elgin being Governor-General at the time, 
Baldwin and Lafontaine were restored to office by a large majority. A leading 
member of their government was Mr. (afterwards Sir) Francis Hincks, who occupied 
the post of Inspector General, or, as he would to-day be designated, Finance 
Minister. Baldwin and Lafontaine having both retired in 1851, the Government 
was reconstructed, with Hincks as Prime Minister and A. N. Morin as leader of the 
Lower Canada section. 

Much useful legislation must be credited to the Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry. 
The session of 1849 alone produced the Judicature Act, the Municipal Corporations 
Act, which gave Canada a workable system of local government substantially the 
same as that which exists to-day, the Act for amending the charter of the University 
of Toronto and enlarging the basis of that institution, an Amnesty Act, which 
enabled any hitherto unpardoned rebels of 1837-8 to return to the country, and the 
Rebellion Losses Act. The latter Act, though carefully framed to exclude any 
payments to persons who had actively participated in the rebellion, was represented 
by certain opponents of the government as designed to recompense such persons, 
and its signature by Lord Elgin was followed by rioting in Montreal, then the seat 
of government. The Governor-General was mobbed as he drove through the 
streets, and the legislative buildings were set on fire and totally destroyed 
(April 25, 1849). One result was the removal of the seat of government to Toronto 
in the fall of the same year and the adoption of a system by which that city and 
Quebec were alternately to be the seat of government. The Hincks ministry was 
chiefly remarkable for the steps taken to develop a railway system in Canada and 
for the adoption of a Reciprocity Treaty between Canada and the United States. 



HISTORY OF CANADA 69 



In the making of this treaty Lord Elgin took the deepest interest, and it was largel 
due his skilful diplomacy and unusual powers of persuasion that the negotiations 
proved successful. Hincks himself visited Washington and argued the case in 
papers submitted to Congress. The treaty was undoubtedly beneficial to Canada, 
particularly when the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 caused a greatly 
increased demand for farm products of every kind. 

Although the union of the provinces and the introduction of responsible 
government gave a new stimulus to the political and social life of Canada, grave 
political difficulties were not long in developing. The differences between the 
eastern and western sections of the province were very marked and any political 
party which rested mainly on the votes of either section was sure to incur keen 
opposition in the other. The Draper-Viger government, formed by Sir Charles 
Metcalfe, rested mainly on Upper Canada votes; the Baldwin-Lafontaine govern 
ment, which followed, rested mainly on Lower Canada votes. The Act of Union 
had given equal representation in the Assembly forty-two members to each 
section of the province. Lower Canada at the time had th^larger population; 
but owing to immigration, the census of 1851 showed a balance in favour of Upper 
Canada. An agitation then sprang up in the west for representation by popula 
tion, but the demand was stoutly resisted by Lower Canada. The Hincks govern 
ment was defeated in 1854 by a combination of Conservatives and Reformers, 
and was succeeded in September of that year by a coalition under the premiership 
of Sir Allan MacNab. Under the new government, two very important measures 
were carried, the secularization of the clergy reserves, which for over twenty 
years had been a subject of contention in the country, and the abolition of what 
was known in Lower Canada as seigneurial tenure. Both were progressive 
measures, and the first was as strongly approved in Upper Canada as the second 
in Lower Canada. 

In 1855, the seat of government, which had been removed from Toronto to 
Quebec in the fall of 1851, was again transferred to the former city, where it remain 
ed till the summer of 1859. In December, 1857, the question of a permanent seat 
of government was decided in favour of Ottawa by Her Majesty Queen Victoria, 
to whom it had been left by a vote of the Canadian Parliament. 

In 1856 Mr. (afterwards Sir) John A. Macdonald, who, as Attorney General 
for the West, had been the most influential member of the coalition government, 
succeeded to the premiership, after ill-health had compelled the retirement of Sir 
Allan MacNab. Party spirit from this time onwards ran very high. Although 
a certain section of the Reformers had supported the coalition government, the 
bulk of the party remained in opposition under the leadership of George Brown, 
whose policy, while it won him many adherents in Upper Canada, had an opposite 
effect in Lower Canada, and thus arrayed the two sections of the province against 
each other. 

Improvements in Transportation. Considerable progress was meanwhile 
being made in the material development of the country. Even before the union, 
some important steps had been taken towards the development of a canal system. 
The Lachifle canal was opened for traffic in 1825; the Welland canal in 1829; the 
Rideau canal, constructed entirely at the expense of the home government, in 1832, 
and the Burlington canal, which made Hamilton a lake port, in the same year. 
An appropriation was made by the legislature of Upper Canada in 1832 for the 
Cornwall canal, but various causes interfered with the progress of the work, and it 
was not till the end of the year 1842 that it was completed. Further developments 



70 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



and improvements of the canal system followed, and the progress in this respect 
has been continuous to the present day. The total expenditure on canals in Canada 
down to Confederation is officially estimated at $20,962,244. 

The first steam railway in Canada was opened in 1837, between Laprairie, 
at the foot of the Lachine rapids on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, and St. 
Johns, on the Richelieu river, supplying a link in the railway and water communi 
cation between Montreal and New York. In 1847 a line was opened between 
Montreal and Lachine. The fifties were, however, pre-eminently the period of 
railway expansion in pre-Confederation times. In 1853 and 1854 the Great West 
ern railway was opened from Niagara Falls to Hamilton, London and Windsor. 
In 1853 communication was completed between Montreal and Island Pond, establish 
ing connection with a line from that place to Portland, and in 1854 the line was 
opened between Quebec and Richmond, thus giving railway communication between 
Quebec and Montreal. In December, 1855, communication was established between 
Hamilton and Toronto, and in 1856, by the Grand Trunk railway, between Montreal 
and Toronto. TMfc Northern railway from Toronto to Collingwood was completed 
in 1855 and the Buffalo and Lake Huron railway between Fort Erie and Goderich 
in 1858, though sections of it had been completed and operated earlier. 

River and lake navigation developed steadily from the year 1809, when the 
" Accommodation," a steamer owned by John Molson of Montreal, began to 
ply between Montreal and Quebec. The year 1816 saw the " Frontenac " launched 
in lake Ontario. Year by year larger and faster vessels were placed on our 
inland waters, the chief promoters of steamboat enterprises being in Upper Canada, 
the Hon. John Hamilton of Kingston and in Lower Canada, the Hon. John Molson. 
A large and powerful steamboat interest had been created by the middle fifties 
when the competition of the Grand Trunk railway gave a serious blow to lake 
and river transportation. 

It was in the fifties also that steam navigation was established between Canada 
and Great Britain. Mr. (afterwards Sir) Hugh Allan, of Montreal was the pioneer 
in this important enterprise. As early as 1853 some vessels of about 1,200 tons 
capacity were p aced upon the route between Montreal and Liverpool, and in 
1855 a mail contract was assigned to the Allan firm for a fortnightly service. The 
early history of this enterprise was marked by an unparalleled and most discour 
aging series of disasters; but with unflagging courage the owners of the Allan line 
held to their task, repaired their losses as best they could, and gradually succeeded 
in giving the service a high character for regularity and safety. 

The Genesis of Confederation. 1 The idea of a federation of the British 
provinces in North America had been mooted at various times. It had been 
hinted at in the discussion in the House of Commons on the Constitutional 
or Canada Act in 1791. William Lyon Mackenzie suggested it in 1825, and 
Lord Durham had given it his consideration, but was led to believe it impractic 
able in his time. The idea was taken up and strongly advocated by the British 
American League, a short-lived political organization of a conservative character 
formed at Montreal in 1849, with branches in other cities. In 1851 the question 
was brought before the legislature, but a motion for an address to the Queen on 
the subject only secured seven votes. In 1858, however, a strong speech in its 
favour was made by Mr. (afterwards Sir) A. T. Gait. Macdonald s government 
was defeated in 1858 but was reconstructed under Cartier with union of the 

a For a more detailed account of the Confederation negotiations, see Sir Joseph Pope s article, "The 
Story of Confederation," in the 1918 Year Book, pp. 1-13. 



HISTORY OF CANADA 71 

provinces as its policy. The political situation in Great Britain was not favour 
able to any decisive action at the time, and some years elapsed before the 
question was taken up in a practical manner. 

Towards the close of the year 1861 the country had been greatly excited over 
the Trent difficulty with the United States. At one moment war between Great 
Britain and the republic seemed imminent. It was doubtless under the influence 
of the national feeling thus aroused, that the government led by Cartier intro 
duced a Militia Bill of very wide scope. The government at- this time was receiving 
an extremely precarious support; and on their Militia Bill they sustained a decisive 
defeat, largely owing to the unpopularity of the measure in Lower Canada. "Upon 
the resignation of Cartier and his colleagues, J. S. Macdonald was entrusted with 
the task of forming a government. Two short-lived administrations followed, 
when it became apparent that parliamentary government in Canada, as it was 
then constituted, had come to a dead stop. On several fundamental questions 
there was between eastern and western Canada an antagonism of views which 
made it impossible for any government to receive adequate support. Thus the 
idea of a larger union, with a relaxation of the bonds in which Upper and Lower 
Canada were struggling, forced itself on the attention of the leading men of both 
parties. The leader in this new path was undoubtedly George Brown, who, early 
in the session, had been appointed chairman of a committee to consider the best 
means of remedying the political difficulties referred to. The committee had 
recommended the adoption of a federative system, either as between Upper and 
Lower Canada or as between all the British North American colonies. Brown 
having consented to co-operate, if necessary, with his political opponents to that 
end, a coalition government was formed under the leadership of J. A. Macdonald, 
in which Brown accepted the position of President of the Council. 

At this very time the three Maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Bruns 
wick, and Prince Edward Island were considering the question of a federal union 
amongst themselves, and had arranged a meeting at Charlottetown in September, 
1864, to consider the matter. A delegation from the legislature of Canada attended 
to place their larger scheme before the Maritime delegates. It was agreed to 
adjourn the convention to Quebec, there to meet on the 10th October. From the 
deliberations which then took place sprang the Dominion of Canada as it exists to 
day; for, although the federation as formed by the British North America Act only 
embraced the provinces of Ontario and Quebec (Upper and Lower Canada), New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, provision was made for taking in the remaining pro 
vinces and portions of British North America, as opportunity might offer. The 
immediate effect of Confederation was to relax the tension between Upper and 
Lower Canada, and, by providing a wider stage of action, to give a new and enlarged 
political life to all the provinces thus brought into union. 

The political history of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the period preceding 
Confederation ran parallel in many respects with that of Upper and Lower Canada. 
As already mentioned, New Brunswick became a separate province in 1784. Its 
first Legislative Assembly, consisting of twenty-six members, met at Fredericton 
in January, 1785. It was to be expected that the home authorities, dealing with 
sparse populations scattered over the vast extents of territory acquired by British 
arms, should have provided for them institutions and methods of administration 
to some extent of a paternal character. It was natural too that the point of view 
should in the first place be the imperial one. As result two conflicting tendencies 
arose, the tendency of the strictly colonial system to consolidate itself and to form 



72 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



vested interests, and the tendency of increasing population to demand for the 
people a fuller measure of political initiative and a well defined responsibiJity of the 
government to the electors. The main difference between the Maritime provinces 
and the Canadas hi this respect was that, while in the latter violent means were 
employed in order to bring about reforms, in the former, constitutional methods 
were strictly adhered to. In Nova Scotia, the cause of reform found its strongest 
champion in Joseph Howe; in New Brunswick the lead was taken by such men 
as E. B. Chandler ana L. A. Wilmot. For all the provinces the full recognition 
and establishment of the principle of responsible government may be assigned 
to the years of 1848 and 1849. 

The Confederation Agreement and the Extension of Canada. The 

principle of representation according to population was put into operation by the 
British North America Act, so far as the constitution of the elective chamber, 
henceforward to be called the House of Commons, " was concerned. In the 
old Canadian Legislature each section of the province returned sixty-five members. 
The new province of Quebec retained this measure of representation, and the 
other provinces were allowed representation in the same proportion as sixty-five 
bore to the population of the province of Quebec. In the upper house, or "Senate," 
equality of representation was established as between Ontario and Quebec, twenty- 
four seats being given to each, while New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were allowed 
twelve each. The debts of the several provinces were equitably provided for, 
and a payment at so much per head of population was made for provincial expenses 
out of the federal revenue arising from customs, excise, etc. In the course of a 
few years, certain financial readjustments which local circumstances seemed to call 
for were made in the case of both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 

In the old province of Canada the extinction of the Hudson s Bay Company s 
claims in Rupert s Land and the Northwest and the acquisition and organization 
of those vast territories had at different times occupied the attention of the govern 
ment. In the year 1856 the subject was mtich debated in the press, and in 1857 
Chief Justice Draper was sent to England to discuss the matter. In the speech 
from the throne in the year following the governor-general said; " Correspondence 
in relation to the Hudson s Bay Company and its territory will be laid before you. 
It will be for you to consider the propositions made by Her Majesty s Secretary 
of State for the Colonies to the company and to weigh well the bearings of these 
propositions on the interests and rights of Canada. Papers will also be submitted 
to you showing clearly the steps taken by the provincial government for the asser 
tion of those interests and rights and for their future maintenance." 

it was not, however, till after Confederation that definite action was taken. 
In the first session of the Dominion Parliament an address to the Queen was adopted 
embodying certain resolutions moved by the Hon. William McDougall. McDougall 
and Cartier were sent to England to follow the matter up, and after some months 
of negotiation they succeeded in arranging for the transfer. 

The first province formed out of the ceded territory was Manitoba. The appre 
hensions of the half-breed population that certain rights, regarded by them as 
prescriptive, would not be duly protected, retarded for some months the accession 
of the new province to the Dominion. An expeditionary force under Sir Garnet 
(later Field-Marshal Viscount) Wolseley was sent to the disturbed region, but 
before its arrival at Fort Garry (September 24, 1870) all opposition had ceased. 
The date of the legal creation of. the province was July 15, 1870, on which date 
the Northwest Territories were also placed under a territorial government. The 



HISTORY OF CANADA 



73 




CANADA AT CONFEDERATION IN 1867. 
(ONTARIO, QUEBEC, NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK). 







CANADA IN 1870, SHOWING THE NEW PROVINCE OF MANITOBA AND THE 
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES AS THEN ORGANIZED. 



74 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 




CANADA IN 1873, SHOWING THE ADDITION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (1871) AND 

OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (1873). 




CANADA IN 1905, SHOWING THE NEW PROVINCES OF SASKATCHEWAN AND 
ALBERTA AND THE YUKON TERRITORY. 

NOTE. The political divisions of Canada in 1923 are shown in the coloured map inserted immediately 
.before the table of contents. 



HISTORY OF CANADA 75 



subsequent development of the whole western region, the enlargement (twice) of 
the limits of Manitoba, the creation out of the Northwest Territories of the two 
provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta and of the Yukon Territory are matters 
within recent memory. The map on pages 73 and 74 illustrate the political 
development of Canada from 1867 to 1905. 

In 1867 British Columbia had a separate provincial Government, established 
in 1858. After the provincial Legislature had passed resolutions in favour of union 
with Canada on certain specified conditions, including the construction of a trans 
continental railway and the maintenance of a sea service between Victoria and 
San Francisco, the Pacific province on July 20, 1871, joinecf the Confederation. 
Two years later (July 1, 1873) Prince Edward Island also was admitted. 

In 1866, the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States of 1854 had been 
abrogated. The effect was temporarily depressing so far as Canada was concerned, 
but the main result was to create an active search for other markets, and in the 
same year a commission, headed by Hon. Wm. McDougall, was sent to the West 
Indies and South America with that object. In the same year an attack was made 
by the Fenians, chiefly soldiers from the disbanded armies of the northern states, 
on the Niagara frontier. In an engagement which took place near the village of 
Ridgeway, the Canadian volunteers sustained, for their numbers, considerable loss; 
but the enemy, hearing of the advance of a body of regular troops, made their 
escape to the American side, where they were arrested by the civil authorities. 

An important event in the early history of the Dominion was the negotiation 
of the Treaty of Washington (1871). The abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, 
had put an end to the fishing rights in British waters which, under that treaty, 
the Americans had enjoyed. American fishermen were, however, slow to recognize 
or accept the change, and were bent on enjoying the privileges to which they had 
grown accustomed. When some of their vessels were seized and confiscated much 
ill-feeling arose; and, as the Alabama claims were still unsettled, relations between 
Great Britain and the United States were in a highly unsatisfactory condition. 

In these circumstances it was decided to refer the principal matters in dispute 
between the two countries to a joint commission, consisting of five members from 
each; the Canadian Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, was appointed as a 
member on the British side in order that the interests of Canada might have full 
representation. The Commission accomplished some viseful work, inasmuch as 
. it provided a means for the settlement of the Alabama claims and of the San Juan 
question; but while the Canadian Parliament ratified the clauses relating to 
Canadian interests, the feeling was general that those interests had in a measure 
been sacrificed. The fisheries were to be thrown opeji to the Americans for a period 
of ten years, and a commission was to decide as to the compensation to be paid to 
Canada for the privilege. The Americans were to have free navigation of the St. 
Lawrence and the use of the Canadian canals on the same terms as Canadians, 
while the latter were to have the free navigation of lake Michigan. It had been 
hoped that some compensation might be obtained for losses inflicted by the Fenians, 
but the Americans refused absolutely to entertain the proposition. 

The government that was formed to carry Confederation underwent an impor 
tant change before that event took place. George Brown resigned in the month 
of December, 1865, the assigned reason being that he could not agree with his col 
leagues as to the expediency of pushing negotiations with the government at 
Washington on the subject of reciprocity. Later, when Confederation had been 
fully accomplished, a political question arose, namely, whether or not the govern- 



76 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 

ment should retain its coalition character. Sir John Macdonald was desirous of 
retaining his Reform colleagues, while Brown held that they should retire; they 
decided to remain. 

The first election under Confederation gave the Government a decided majority. 
The second, held in 1872, was again favourable to the Government, though its 
popularity had been somewhat lessened by the dissatisfaction with the Treaty 
of Washington, ratified the year before. Revelations made in 1873, as to the means 
by which election funds had been obtained by the government brought on a Cabinet 
crisis. To avoid impending defeat in the House of Commons, Sir John Macdonald 
resigned (Novembef 5, 1873) and Alexander Mackenzie, the recognized leader of 
the opposition, was called upon to form a government. A general election held 
early in the following year gave a large majority to the new administration. 

The Canadian Pacific and Intercolonial Railways. The agreement with 
British Columbia was that the transcontinental railway should be begun within two 
years after its becoming a province of the Dominion and the question was engaging 
the attention of Sir John Macdonald s Government in 1872, when an Act was passed 
defining the conditions on which a contracting company might construct the line. 
The change of Government involved to some extent a change of policy on the rail 
way question, but the defeat of the Mackenzie Government in September, 1878, 
threw the conduct of the enterprise again into the hands of Macdonald. The 
plan first adopted was that the railway should be built in sections by the govern 
ment, but the difficulties involved were such that in 1880 the work was turned 
over to a syndicate which undertook to form a company to build a road from a 
point near North Bay, Om,., to the Pacific, for a cash payment of $25,000,000 and 
25,000,000 acres of land in what was known as the " Fertile Belt ". The contract 
embraced other points which cannot be detailed. Certain sections of the line 
which the Government had already built, or was building, were also turned over to 
the company. This was the origin of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which 
has since become one of the most powerful .corporations in the world, controlling 
13,442 miles of railway. The last spike on the main line was driven on November 
7, 1885. 

In connection with Confederation a guarantee had been given by the Imperial 
Government of a loan of 3,000,000 sterling towards the construction of the Inter 
colonial railway. There was considerable delay in the construction of this line, 
-which was not opened through its entire length till the year 1876. That year was 
further marked by the establishment of the Supreme Court of Canada as a court 
of appeal from provincial jurisdictions. In the following year an International 
Commission, created under the terms of the Treaty of Washington to determine 
the amount to be paid to Canada for the ten years concession made to the United 
States in the matter of fisheries, gave an award known as the Halifax award of 
$5,500,000 in favour of Canada. 

The National Policy .The change of Government in 1878 was generally 
recognized as due to a growing feeling in favour of a protective policy for Canada, 
a policy which the Conservative party had adopted, but to which the Liberal 
leader, Mackenzie, was strongly opposed. A tariff, which may be taken as consti 
tuting the first phase of what has since been known as the " National Policy, " 
was introduced by the then Finance Minister, Sir Leonard Tilley, in the session 
of 1879, the effect of which was to raise the customs duties to an average of about 
30 per cent. The first tariff adopted under Confederation, while establishing free 
trade among the provinces, had imposed duties averaging 15 per cent on all goods 



HISTORY OF CANADA 77 



from abroad. This had been increased to 17^ per cent during the Liberal regime, 
which had coincided, in the main, with a period of great financial depression. The 
new tariff was thus a decided step in the direction of protection, and was held to 
be justified by its effect on the trade of the country. 

The year 1880 was marked by the transfer to Canada by Imperial Order in 
Council of all British possessions on the North American continent not previously 
specifically ceded. In the same year the Canadian Academy of Arts was establish 
ed and in the following year the Royal Society of Canada, both of which have been 
influential in promoting the cultural life of the Dominion. 

Reference has been made to certain troubles incident to the organization of 
a government for the province of Manitoba in 1869-70. After a lapse of fifteen years 
the same elements in the population which had then resisted the political change 
again broke out into open rebellion (March, 1885) in the Prince Albert district of 
the territory of Saskatchewan. Militia regiments were despatched from eastern 
provinces under the command of General Sir F. Middleton, and order was complete 
ly restored but not without some loss of life. The same year witnessed the com 
pletion of the Canadian Pacific railway, the last spike having been driven by Sir 
Donald A. Smith (later Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal) at a point called 
Craigellachie on November 7. Canada now possessed within her territory a line 
from ocean to ocean, though the first through train from Montreal to Vancouver 
did not pass over the line till the month of June following. 

General elections were held in the years 1882, 1887 and 1891, and on each 
occasion the Government of the day was sustained. On the last occasion, Sir John 
Macdonald, with his accustomed energy, threw himself into the campaign at a very 
inclement season of the year, but the strain was too great for his years and, when 
parliament met on April 29, he was in visibly impaired health. On June 6, 1891, 
he died, aged 76. By common consent he had done much to shape the political 
history of Canada. His gifts as leader and statesman were acknowledged not less 
freely by opponents than by his supporters. He was succeeded as premier by Sir 
John Abbot, who had only held the position for a year and a half when the state 
of his health compelled him to retire. Sir John Thompson, who succeeded him, 
reconstructed the Government but died while in England on public business in 1894. 

Three Conservative premiers had now died in the space of three years and 
a half. Sir Mackenzie Bowell was then placed at the head of an administration 
in which certain elements of disunion soon began to manifest themselves, as a 
result of which Sir Mackenzie, on April 27, 1896, yielded the reins of Government 
of Sir Charles Tupper, who had for some years been filling the office of High Com 
missioner for Canada in London. A question relating to the public schools of 
Manitoba had now become acute. Upon the establishment of the province a system 
of " separate schools " was organized under which the control of Catholic schools 
was left in the hands of the Catholic section of a general school board. The cancell 
ing of this arrangement in 1890 led to protests and a demand for the " remedial 
legislation" provided for by the British North America Act in cases in which 
educational rights enjoyed by any section of the population before Confederation 
were abridged or disturbed by subsequent legislation. The Privy Council, to whom 
the case had finally been appealed, decided that such remedial legislation was 
called for, and the Dominion Government was consequently under obligation to 
introduce it. The question was much discussed before and during the general 
election of June, 1896, but to what extent it influenced the result is doubtful. The 
Government sustained a decisive defeat (June 23, 1896). 



78 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 

The Period of Rapid Development. The death of Sir John Macdonald 
had been followed within a year by that of the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie (April 
17, 1892). The latter had not, however, been leader of the Liberal party for the 
last five years of his life, the Hon. (afterwards Sir) Wilfrid Laurier having been 
elevated to that position after the general election of 1887. On the accession to 
office of his Government on July 13, 1895, it was recognized that the business of 
the country had adapted itself to the measure of protection provided and that any 
abrupt change would be unwise. One of the earliest measures adopted was the reduc 
tion by one-fourth of the customs duties charged upon articles the growth, produce, 
or manufacture of the United Kingdom, or of certain specified British colonies, 
or of any others, the customs tariff of which was as favourable to Canada as the 
proposed preferential tariff to the colonies in question. An impediment to the 
immediate carrying into effect of this arrangement was found in the existence of 
certain commercial treaties made by Great Britain with Germany and Belgium; 
after this difficulty had been removed by the denunciation of the treaties in question, 
the reduced inter-Imperial tariff went into operation on August 1, 1898. From 
the application of this tariff, wines, spirituous liquors and tobacco were excepted. 
This " British Preference," as it was called, was further increased to one-third in 
the year 1900, but in 1904 this method of granting a preference was abandoned in 
favour of a specially low rate of duty on almost all imported dutiable commodities. 

In a general election which took place on December 7, 1900, the Government 
was sustained. Shortly afterwards Queen Victoria died and was succeeded by 
King Edward VII (January 22, 1901). It had been suggested by the Colonial 
Secretary (Mr. Chamberlain), at the accession of the King, that advantage should 
be taken of the presence in London of the premiers and probably other ministers 
of the self-governing colonies of the Empire, on the occasion of the coronation, to 
discuss various matters of imperial import, and a conference at which he presided 
was opened on June 30 and remained in session till August II. At this conference 
a number of important resolutions were adopted, including one recognizing the 
principle of preferential trade within the Empire and favouring its extension, and 
another recommending the reduction of postage on newspapers and periodicals 
between different parts of the Empire, to which effect was subsequently given. 

The development of Canada during the last twenty years, in population, 
commerce and industry has been very marked, and has been especially conspicuous 
in her western provinces. The Northwest Territories, which at first were governed 
from Winnipeg the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba being also Lieutenant- 
Governor of the territories were organized as the provisional districts of Assi- 
niboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabaska on May 17, 1882, under a Lieutenant- 
Governor of their own and with the seat of government at Regina. With the 
growth of population they rapidly advanced towards provincial status, and on 
September, 1905, the four territories were organized as the two provinces of Saskat 
chewan and Alberta, with capitals at Regina and Edmonton respectively. Their 
subsequent progress has been even more remarkable, owing to the large volume of 
population they have annually received both from the United States and from 
European countries, in addition to settlers from eastern Canada. The discovery 
of gold in the Yukon country led to its organization as the Yukon Territory (June 
13, 1898), and as such it returns a member to the House of Commons. The 
mining of gold and silver in Canada led to the establishment at Ottawa (January 
2, 1908) of a branch of the Royal Mint, where gold, silver, nickel and copper coins 
are struck for circulation in the Dominion. 



HISTORY OF CANADA 79 



Two very important arbitrations in which Canada was much interested have 
taken place since 1890, the first relating to the rights possessed by British subjects 
in the seal fisheries of Behring sea, and the second as to the boundary between 
Alaska (purchased by the United States from Russia in 1867) and Canada. In 
the first case the claims advanced, mainly on behalf of Canada by Great Britain, 
were fully upheld (September, 1893). In the second there was some disappoint 
ment in Canada over the award (October, 1903), which did not, however, in any 
serious degree affect Canadian interests. 

Canada s Part in the South African War. In the year 1899, the difficulties 
which had arisen between the British government and the Transvaal, on the sub 
ject of the legal disabilities under which British subjects in that country were labour 
ing, resulted in a declaration of war by the Republic. Sympathy with the Mother 
Country became so acute in Canada -as also in New Zealand and Australia 
that the Government felt impelled to take a share in the struggle by sending Cana 
dian troops to the scene of action. A first contingent of the Royal Canadian 
Regiment left Quebec on the steamer Sardinian on October 30, 1899. Others of 
this force followed, numbering in all 1,150 officers and men, while Mounted Rifles, 
Royal Canadian Dragoons and an artillery corps were also despatched to the front. 
In addition, Lord Strathcona sent out, at his own expense, a special mounted force 
of 597 officers and men. A total of 3,092 officers and men were despatched to 
South Africa in the years 1899 and 1900. The Canadian troops distinguished them 
selves by their bravery, particularly in the battle of Paardeberg (February 27, 
1900) in which the Boer general, Cronje, was forced to surrender. In 1901 there 
was a further enlistment in Canada of Mounted Rifles to the number of 900, at 
the expense of the Imperial Government, and also of 1,200 men for service in the 
South African constabulary. 

Conclusion. Politically, during the greater part of the pre-war period, 
Canada remained under the Government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, which, however, 
was defeated in 1911 on the issue of freer trade relations with the United States. 
The succeeding Conservative Government, under Sir Robert L. Borden, held office 
during the earlier part of the Great War, but toward its close broadened out to 
include Liberals who believed in the application of a measure of conscription to re 
inforce the Canadians at the front. The Union Government, still under Sir Robert 
Borden, was sustained at the election of December, 1917, and remained in office 
throughout the remainder of the war and demobilization period, but the Liberals 
who had consented in a great emergency to support it, one by one retraced their 
steps. Finally, the increasing weakness of the Government led its new leader, Mr. 
Arthur Meighen, to appeal to the country, which, in December, 1921. returned to 
power the Liberals under Mr. Mackenzie King, who had succeeded Sir Wilfrid 
Laurier as Liberal leader on the death of the latter in 1919. A notable feature of 
the election was the return to the House of Commons of 65 Progressive members, 
mainly agriculturists from Ontario and the Prairie provinces, their number consider 
ably exceeding that of the Conservatives in the new Parliament. 

Economically, the period between 1900 and the outbreak of the war was one 
of rapid expansion, owing largely to the great influx of immigrant labour (see sub 
section " immigration "), and of capital, the total outside capital invested in 
Canada in 1914 being estimated at $3,500,000,000, nearly 80 p.c. of which was 
British. This capital was largely invested in the construction of the new trans 
continental railways, which had been enabled to secure it partly through the 
guaranteeing of their bonds by Dominion and Provincial Governments. The 



80 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



untimely ending of the rapid growth period owing to the war, revealed that these 
railways could not meet their obligations, and the result was nationalization along 
the lines of the Drayton-Acworth report. (See sub-section "Steam Railways"). 

During and since the war, investments in Canada by the capitalists of the 
United States have greatly increased and at the commencement of 1923 Canada s 
total indebtedness to the outside world has been estimated at $5,250,000,000, about 
$2,750,000,000 to the United Kingdom and $2,500,000,000 to the United States. 
But while indebtedness has thus increased, national wealth and national income 
have grown at least proportionately with these obligations, to the people of other 
countries. Our intelligent and industrious population can still face the future 
with confidence. 

The history of Canada has now been covered in briefest outline down to the 
commencement of the war. The history of the war and Canada s part in it was 
dealt with in the leading article of the 1919 Year Book; the story of reconstruction 
in Canada has been summarized in the leading article of the 1920 Year Book; a 
description of the changes brought about by the war in the imperial and inter 
national status of Canada will be found in the next section of the present volume; 
to these articles the interested reader is referred. 



II. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA, 1497 to 1923. 



1497. 



June 24, Eastern coast of North 
America discovered by John Cabot. 

Cabot discovers Hudson strait. 

Caspar Corte Real visits New 
foundland and Labrador. 
1524. Verrazano explores the coast of 
Nova Scotia. 

June 21, Landing of Jacques Cartier 
at Esquimaux bay. 

Cartier s second voyage. He as 
cends the St. Lawrence to Stada- 
cona (Quebec), (Sept. 14), and 
Hochelaga (Montreal), (Oct. 2). 

Cartier s third voyage. 
1542-3. De Roberval and his party winter 
at Cap Rouge, and are rescued 
by Cartier on his fourth voyage. 

Sept. 1, Death of Cartier at St. Malo, 
France. 

Straits of Juan de Fuca discovered 

by de Fuca. 

1603. June 22, Champlain s first landing 
in Canada, at Quebec. 

Founding of Port Royal (Anna 
polis, N.S.). 

Champlain s second visit. July 3, 
Founding of Quebec. 

July, Champlain discovers lake 

Champlain. 
1610-11. Hudson explores Hudson bay 
and James bay. 

Brule ascends the Ottawa river. 

Oct. 15, Champlain made lieu 
tenant-general of New France. 

June, Champlain ascends the Ottawa 
river. 

Champlain explores lakes Nipis- 
sing, Huron and Ontario. (Dis 
covered by Brule and Le Caron). 



1498. 
1501. 



1534. 
1535. 



1541. 



1557. 
1592. 



1605. 
1608. 
1609. 



1611. 
1612. 

1613. 
1615. 



1616. First schools opened at Three Rivers 
and Tadoussac. 

1620. Population of Quebec, 60 persons. 

1621. Code of laws issued, and register 

of births, deaths and marriages 
opened in Quebec. 

1622. Lake Superior discovered by Brule. 

1623. First British settlement of Nova 

Scotia. 

1627. New France and Acadia granted 

to the Company of 100 Associates. 

1628. Port Royal taken by Sir David 

Kirke. 

1629. April 24, Treaty of Susa between 

France and England. July 20, 
Quebec taken by Sir David Kirke. 

1632. March 29, Canada and Acadia 

restored to France by the Treaty 
of St. Germain-en-Laye. 

1633. May 23, Champlain made first 

governor of New France. 

1634. July 4, Founding of Three Rivers. 
1634-35. Exploration of the Great Lakes 

by Nicolet. 

1635. Dec. 25, Death of Champlain at 

Quebec. 

1638. June 11, First recorded earthquake 
in Canada. 

1640. Discovery of lake Erie by Chau- 

monot and Brebeuf. 

1641. Resident population of New France, 

240. 

1642. May 17, founding of Ville-Marie 

(Montreal) . 

1646. Exploration of the Saguenay by 

Dablon. 

1647. Lake St. John discovered by de 

Quen. 



CHROXOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



81 



France, 3,918. 
Marie founded 



1648. March 5, Council of New France 1703 

created . 

1649. March 16-17, Murder of Fathers 

Brebeuf and Lalemant by Indians. 

1654. Aug., Acadia taken by an expe 

dition from New England. 

1655. Nov. 3, Acadia restored to France 

by the Treaty of Westminster. 

1659. June 16, Francois de Laval arrives 

in Canada as Vicar-Apostolic. 

1660. May 21, Dollard des Ormeaux and 

sixteen companions killed at the 
Long Sault, Ottawa river. 

1663. Company of 100 Associates dis 

solved. Feb. 5, severe earth 
quake. April, Sovereign Council of 
New France established. Popula 
tion of New France, 2.SOO, of whom 
800 were in Quebec. 

1664. May, Company of the West Indies 

founded. 

1665. Mar. 23, Talon appointed intendant. 

Population of New France, 3,215. 

1667. July 21, Acadia restored to France 

by the Treaty of Breda. White 
population of New 

1668. Mission at Sault Ste. 

by Marquette. 

1670. May 13, Charter of the Hudson s 

Bay Company grant d. 

1671. Population of Acadia, 441. 

1672. Population of New France, 6,705. 

April 6, Comte de Frontenac 
governor. 

1673. June 13, Cataraqui (Kingston) 

founded. 

1674. Oct. 1, Laval becomes first Bishop 

of Quebec. 

1675. Population of New France, 7,832. 

1678. Niagara Falls visited by Hennepin. 

1679. Ship Le Griffon built on Niagara 

river above the falls by La Salle. 
Population of New France, 9,400; 
of Acadia, 515. 

1682. Frontenac recalled. 

1683. Population of New France, 10,251. 

1685. Card money issued. 

1686. Population of New France, 12,373; 

of Acadia, 885. 

1687. March 18, La Salle assassinated. 

1689. June 7, Frontenac reappointed gover 

nor. Aug. 5, Massacre of whites by 
Indians at Lachine. 

1690. May 21, Sir William Phipps captures 

Port Royal, but is repulsed in an 
attack on Quebec (Oct. 16-21). 

1691. Kelsey, of the Hudson s Bay Co., 

reaches the Rocky Mountains. 

1692. Population of New France, 12,431. 

Oct. 22, Defence of Vercheres 
against Indians by Magdeleine 
de Vercheres. 

1693. Population of Acadia, 1,009. 

1697. Sept. 20, by the Treaty of Rys- 

wick, places taken during the 
war are mutually restored. 
D Iberville defeats the Hudson s 
Bay Co. s ships on Hudson Bay. 

1698. Nov. 28, Death of Frontenac. Popula 

tion of New France, 15,355. 

623736 



1706 
1709 
1710 

1711 



1713 



1720 

1721. 

1727. 
1728. 

1731. 
1734. 

1737. 

1739. 
1745. 

1747. 
1748. 
1749. 

1750. 

1752. 



1754. 
1755. 



1756. 
1758. 

1759. 



June 16, Sovereign Council of Canada 
becomes Superior Council and 
membership increased from 7 to 12. 
Population of New France, 16,417. 
British invasion 1 of Canada. 
Oct. 13, Port Royal taken by Nichol 
son. 

Sept. 1, Part of Sir H. Walker s 
fleet, proceeding against Quebec, 
wrecked off the Seven Islands. 
April 11, Treaty of Utrecht; Hud 
son bay, Acadia and Newfound 
land ceded to Great Britain. 
Aug., Louisbourg founded by the 
French. Population of New France, 
18,119. 

Population of New France, 24,234, 

of Isle St. Jean (P.E.I.), about 

100. April 25, Governor and 

Council of Nova Scotia appointed. 

June 19, burning of about one half 

of Montreal. 

Population of New France, 30,613. 
Population of Isle St. Jean (P.E.I.), 

330. 

Population of the north of the penin 
sula of Acadia, 6,000. 
Road opened from Quebec to Mon 
treal. Population of New France, 
37,716. 

Iron smelted at St. Maurice. French 
population of the north of the 
Acadia peninsula, 7,598. 
Population of New France, 42,701. 
June 17, Taking of Louisbourg by 

Pepperell and Warren. 
Marquis de La Jonquiere appointed 
governor, captured at sea by the 
English, took office Ang. 15, 1749. 
Oct. 18, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Louisbourg restored to France in 
exchange for Madras. 
June 21 , Founding of Halifax. British 
immigrants brought to Nova Scotia 
by Governor Cormvallis, 2,544 
persons. Fort Rouille (Toronto) 
built. 
St. Paul s Church, Halifax (oldest 

Anglican church in Canada) built. 
March 25, Issue of the Halifax 
"Gazette," first paper in Can 
ada. British and German popula 
tion of Nova Scotia, 4,203. May 
17, Death of. La Jonquiere. 
Population of New France, 55,009. 
July 10, Marquis de Vaudreuil- 
Cavagnal governor. Sept. 10, 

Expulsion of the Acadians from 
Nova Scotia. 
Seven Years War between Great 

Britain and France. 
July 26, Final capture of Louis 
bourg by the British. Oct. 7, 
First meeting of the Legislature 
of Nova Scotia. 

July 25, Taking of Fort Niagara 
by the British. July 26, Begin 
ning of the Siege of Quebec. July 
31, French victory at Beauport 
Flats. Sept. 13, Defeat of the 



82 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



French on the Plains of Abraham. 
Death of Wolfe. Sept. 14, Death 
of Montcalm. Sept. 18, Surrender 
of Quebec. 1784. 

1760. April 28, Victory of the French 
under Levis at Ste. Foy. Sept. 8, 
Surrender of Montreal. Military 
rule set up in Canada. Popula- 1785. 
tion of New France, 70,000. 

1762. British population of Nova Scotia, 1786. 

8,104. First British settlement in 
New Brunswick. 

1763. Feb. 10, Treaty of Paris by which 

Canada and its dependencies are 1787. 
ceded to the British. May, 
Rising of Indians under Pontiac, 
who take a number of forts and 1788. 
defeat the British at Bloody Run 
(July 31). Oct. 7, Civil govern 
ment proclaimed. Cape Breton 
and Isle St. Jean annexed to Nova 1789. 
Scotia; Labrador, Anticosti and 
Magdalen islands to Newfound- 1790. 
land. Nov. 21, General Jas. Murray 
appointed governor in chief. First 
Canadian post offices established 
at Montreal, Three Rivers and 
Quebec. 1791. 

1764. June 21, First issue of the Quebec 

"Gazette." Aug. 13, Civil govern 
ment established. 

1765. Publication of the first book printed 

in Canada, "Catechisme du Diocese 
de Sens." May 18, Montreal nearly 
destroyed by fire. Population of 
Canada, 69.810. 1792. 

1766. July 24, Peace made with Pontiac 

at Oswego. 

1768. Charlottetown, P.E.I, founded.. April 

11, Great fire at Montreal. April 

12, Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dor- 
Chester) governor in chief. 1793. 

1769. Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) 

separated from Nova Scotia, with 
governor and council. 

1770-72. Hearne s journey to the Cop 
permine and Slave rivers and 
Great Slave lake. 

1773. Suppression of the order of Jesuits 

in Canada and escheat of their 
estates. 1794. 

1774. June 22, Thn Quebec Act passed. 

1775. May 1, The Quebec Act comes 

into force. Outbreak of the 1795. 
American Revolution. M o n t- 
gomery and Arnold invade Canada. 1796. 
Nov. 12, Montgomery takes Mon 
treal; Dec. 31, is defeated and 1798 
killed in an attack on Quebec. 

1776. The Americans are defeated and 1800 

driven from Canada by Carleton. 

1777. Sept. 18, General Frederick Haldi- 

mand governor in chief. 

1778. Captain Jas. Cook explores Noot- 

ka sound and claims the north- 1803 
west coast of America for Great 
Britain. June 3, First issue of 1806 
the Montreal "Gazette." 
1783. Sept. 3, Treaty of Versailles, recog 
nizing the independence of the 
United States. Organization of 
the Northwest Company at Mont 



real. Kingston, Ont., and St. John, 
N.B., founded by United Empire 
Loyalists. 

Population of Canada, 113,012. 
Aug. 16, New Brunswick and (Aug. 
26) Cape Breton separated from 
Nova Scotia. 

May 18, Incorporation of Parrtown 
(St. John, N.B.). 

April 22, Lord Dorchester again 
governor in chief. Oct. 23; Govern 
ment of New Brunswick moved 
from St. John to Fredericton. 

C. Inglis appointed Anglican bishop 
of Nova Scotia first colonial 
bishopric in the British Empire. 

King s College, Windsor, N.S. 
opened. Sailing packet service 
established between Great Brit 
ain and Halifax. 

Quebec and Halifax Agricultural 
Societies established. 

Spain surrenders her exclusive rights 
on the Pacific coast. Population 
of Canada, 161,311. (This census 
does not include what becomes in 
the next year Upper Canada.) 

The Constitutional Act divides the 
province of Quebec into Upper 
and Lower Canada, each with 
a lieutenant-governor and legis 
lature. The Act goes into force 
Dec. 26. Sept. 12, Colonel J. G. 
Simcoe, first lieutenant-governor 
of Upper Canada. 

Sept. 17, First legislature of Upper 
Canadaopened atNewark (Niagara) . 
Dec. 17, First legislature of Lower 
Canada opened at Quebec. Van 
couver island circumnavigated by 
Vancouver. 

April 18, First issue of the "Upper 
Canada Gazette." June 28, Jacob 
Mountain appointed first Anglican 
bishop of Quebec. July 9, Importa 
tion of slaves into Upper Canada 
forbidden. Rocky Mountains 
crossed by (Sir) Alexander Macken 
zie. York (Toronto) founded by 
Simcoe. 

Nov. 19, Jay s Treaty between 
Great Britain and the United 
States. 

Pacific Coast of Canada finally 

given up by the Spaniards. 
Government of Upper Canada moved 

from Niagara to York (Toronto). 
St. John s Island (population 4,500) 

re-named Prince Edward Island. 
Founding of New Brunswick 
College, Fredericton (now Uni 
versity of N.B.). The Rocky 
Mountains crossed by David 
Thompson. 
Settlers sent by Lord Selkirk to 

Prince Edward Island. 
Nov. 22, Issue of "Le Canadien" 
first wholly French newspaper. 
Population Upper Canada, 70,718; 
Lower Canada, 2. r O,000; New Bruns 
wick, 35,000; P.E.I. ,9, 676. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



83 



1807. Simon Fraser explores the Fraser 
river. Estimated population of 
Nova Scotia, 65,000. 

1809. Nov. 4, First Canadian steamer 
runs from Montreal to Quebec. 

1811. Lord Selkirk s Red River settle 

ment founded, on land granted by 
Hudson s- Bay Company. 

1812. June 18, Declaration of war by 

the United States. July 12, 
Americans under Hull cross the 
Detroit river. Aug. 16, Detroit 
surrendered by Hull to Brock. 
Oct. 13, Defeat of the Americans 
at Queenston Heights and death 
of Gen. Brock. 

1813. Jan. 22, British victory at French- 

town. April 27, York (Toronto) 
taken and burned by the Ameri 
cans. June 5, British victory at 
Stoney Creek. June 24, British, 
warned by Laura Secord, captured 
an American force at Beaver 
Dams. Sept. 10, Commodore Per 
ry destroys the British flotilla on 
lake Erie. Oct. 5, Americans 
under Harrison defeat the British at 
Moraviantown. Tecumseh killed. 
Oct. 26, Victory of French-Cana 
dian troops under de Salaberry 
at Chateauguay. Nov. 11, Defeat 
of the Americans at Crysler s 
Farm. British storm Fort Niagara 
and burn Buffalo. 

1814. March 30, Americans repulsed at 

La Colle. May 6, Capture of 
Oswego by the British. July 5, 
American victory at Chippawa. 
July 25, British victory at Lun- 
dy s Lane. July, British from 
Nova Scotia invade and occupy 
northern Maine. Sept. 11, British 
defeat at Plattsburg on lake Cham- 
plain. Dec. 24, Treaty of Ghent 
ends the war. Population Upper 
Canada, 95,000; Lower Canada, 
. 335,000. 

1815. July 3, Treaty of London regulates 

trade with the United States. 
The Red River settlement destroy 
ed by the Northwest Company 
but restored by Governor Semple. 

1816. June 19, Governor Semple killed. 

The Red River settlement again 
destroyed. 

1817. July 18, First treaty with the 

Northwest Indians. Lord Selkirk 
restores the Red River settlement. 
Opening of the Bank of Montreal; 
first note issued Oct. 1. Popula 
tion of Nova Scotia, 81,351. 

1818. Oct. 20, Convention at London 

regulating North American fish 
eries. Dalhousie College, Halifax, 
founded. Bank of Quebec founded. 
1819-22. Franklin s overland Arctic ex 
pedition. 

1820. Oct. 16, Cape Breton re-annexed to 

Nova Scotia. 

1821. March 26, The Northwest Com 

pany absorbed by the Hudson s 

62373 6} 



Bay Company. Charter given to 
McGill College. 
1822. Population of Lower Canada, 427,465. 

1824. Population of Upper Canada, 150,066; 

of New Brunswick, 74,176. 

1825. Oct. 6, Great fire in the Miramichi 

district, N.B. Opening of the 
Lachine canal. Population of 
Lower Canada, 479,288. 

1826. Founding of Bytown (Ottawa). 

1827. Sept. 29, Convention of London 

relating to the territory west of 
the Rocky mountains. Popula 
tion of Nova Scotia, including 
Cape Breton, 123,630. 

1828. The Methodist Church of Upper 

Canada separated from that of the 
United States. 

1829. Nov. 27, First Welland canal opened. 

Upper Canada College founded. 

1831. June 1, The North Magnetic Pole 

discovered by (Sir) James Ross. 
Population Upper Canada, 
236,702; Lower Canada, 553,131; 
Assiniboia, 2,390. 

1832. Outbreak of cholera in Canada. 

Incorporation of Quebec and Mon 
treal. Bank of Nova Scotia 
founded. May 30, opening of the 
Rideau canal. 

1833. Aug. 18, The steamer Royal William, 

built at Quebec, leaves Pictou for 
England. 

1834. Feb. 21, The Ninety-two Resolu 

tions on public grievances passed 
by the Assembly of Lower Can 
ada. Mar. 6, Incorporation of 
Toronto. Population of Upper 
Canada, 321,145; of New Bruns 
wick, 119,457; of Assiniboia, 3,356. 

1836. July 21, Opening of the first rail 

way in Canada from Laprairie to 
St. John s, Que. Victoria Uni 
versity opened at Cobourg (after 
wards moved to Toronto). 

1837. Report of the Canada Commis 

sioners. Rebellions in Lower 
Canada (Papineau) and Upper 
Canada (W. L. Mackenzie). Nov. 
23, Gas lighting first used in 
Montreal. 

1838. Feb. 10, Constitution of Lower 

Canada suspended and Special 
Council created. March 30, The 
Earl of Durham governor in chief. 
April 27, Martial law revoked. 
June 28, Amnesty to political 
prisoners proclaimed . Nov. 1 , Lord 
Durham, censured by British parlia 
ment, resigns. Population Upper 
Canada, 339,422; Assiniboia, 3,966; 
Nova Scotia, 202,575. 

1839. Feb. 11, Lord Durham s report 

submitted to parliament. John 
Strachan made first Anglican bishop 
of Toronto. 

1840 July 23, Passing of the Act of Union. 
First ship of the Cunard Line arrives 
at Halifax. July 28, death of Lord 
Durham. 



84 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



1841. Feb. 10, Union of the two provinces 

the province of Canada, with 
Kingston as capital. Feb. 13, 
Draper-Ogden administration. 
April 10, Halifax incorporated. 
June 13, Meeting of first united 1856 
Parliament. Sept. 19, Death of 
Lord Sydenharn. Population of 
Upper Canada, 455,688; of P.E.I., 
47,042. 

1842. March 10, Opening of Queen s Univer 

sity, Kingston. Aug. 9, The Ash- 
burton Treaty. Sept. 16, Baldwin- 
Lafontaine administration. 1857 

1843. June 4, Victoria, B.C. founded. 

Dec. 12, Draper-Vigor administra 
tion. King s (now University) Col 
lege, Toronto, opened. 1858 

1844. May 10, Capital moved from King 

ston to Montreal. Knox College, 
Toronto, founded. Population of 
Lower Canada, 697,084. 

1845. May 28 and June 28, Great fires 

at Quebec. Franklin starts on 
his last Arctic expedition. 

1846. May 18, Kingston incorporated. June 

15, Oregon Boundary Treaty. June 
18, Draper-Papineau administration. 

1847. May 29, Sherwood-Papineau admin 

istration. Electric telegraph sir- 1859. 
vice opened ; Aug. 3, Montreal to 
Toronto; Oct. 2, Montreal to Que 
bec. Nov. 25, Montreal-Lachine 1860, 
railway opened. 

1848. March 11, Laf ont aine-B aid win 

administration. May 30, Freder- 
icton incorporated. Responsible 
government granted to Nova Scotia 
and New Brunswick. 

1849. April 25, Signing of the Rebellion 1861. 

Losses Act, rioting in Montreal 
and burning of the Parliament 
buildings. Nov. 14, Toronto made 
the Capital. Vancouver island 
granted to the Hudson s Bay Com 
pany. Population of Assiniboia, 
5,391. 

1851. April 6, Transfer of the postal system 1862. 

from the British to the Provincial 
Government; uniform rate of post 
age introduced. April 23, Postage 1863. 
stamps issued. Aug. 2, Incorpora 
tion of Trinity College, Toronto. 1864. 
Sept. 22, Quebec becomes the 
Capital. Oct. 28, Hincks-Morin 
administration. Responsible 
government granted to Prince 
Edward Island. Population 
Upper Canada, 952,004; Lower 
Canada, 890,261; New Brunswick, 
193,800; Nova Scotia, 276,854. 1865. 

1852. July 8, Great fire at Montreal. Dec. 

8, Laval University, Quebec, open 
ed. The Grand Trunk railway 
chartered. 

1854. June 5, Reciprocity Treaty with the 

United States. Sept. 11, MacNab- 
Morin ministry. Seignourial tenure 
in Lower Canada abolished. Secu- 1866. 
larization of the cl< rgy reserves. 

1855. Jan. 1, Incorporation of Ottawa. 

Jan. 27, MacNab-Tache administra 



tion. March 9, Opening of the 
Niagara suspension bridge. April 
17, Incorporation of Charlottetown. 
Oct. 20, Government moved to 
Toronto. 

The Legislative Council of Canada 
is made elective. First meeting 
of the legislature of Vancouver 
island. May 24, Tache-J. A. Mac- 
donald administration. Oct. 27, 
Opening of the Grand Trunk railway 
from Montreal to Toronto. Popu 
lation of Assiniboia, 6,691. 

Nov. 26, J. A. Macdonald-Cartier 
administration. Dec. 31, Ottawa 
chosen by Queen Victoria as 
future capital of Canada. 

Feb., Discovery of gold in Fraser 
River valley. July 1, Intro 
duction of Canadian decimal cur 
rency. Aug. 2, Brown-Dorion 
administration. Aug. 5, Comple 
tion of the Atlantic cable; first 
message sent. Aug. 6, Cartier- 
J. A. Macdonald administration. 
Aug. 20, Colony of British Columbia 
established. Control of Vancouver 
island surrendered by the Hudson s 
Bay Company. 

Jan., Canadian silver coinage issued. 
Sept. 24, Government moved to 
Quebec. 

Aug. 8, The Prince of Wales (King 
Edward VII) arrives at Quebec. 
Sept. 1, Laying of the corner stone 
of the Parliament buildings at 
Ottawa by the Prince of Wales. 
Prince of Wales College, Charlotte- 
town, founded. 

Aug. 14, Great flood at Montreal. 
Sept. 10, Meeting of the first 
Anglican provincial synod. Popula 
tionUpper Canada, 1,396,091; 
Lower Canada, 1,111,566; New 
Brunswick, 252,047; Nova Scotia, 
330,857; Prince Edward Island, 
80,857. 

May 24, Sand field Macdonald-Sicotte 
administration. Aug. 2, Victoria, 
B.C., incoiiporated. 

May 16, Sand field Macdonald-Dorion 
administration. 

March 30, Tache-J. A. Macdonald 
administration. Conferences on 
confederation of British North 
America; Sept. 1, at Charlotte- 
town; Oct. 10-29, at Quebec. 
Oct. 19, Raid of American Con 
federates from Canada on St. 
Albans, Vermont. 

Feb. 3, The Canadian Legislature 
resolves on an address to the 
Queen praying for union of the 
provinces of British North America. 
Aug. 7, Belleau-J. A. Macdonald 
administration. Oct. 20, Proclam 
ation fixing the seat of government 
at Ottawa. 

Mar. 17, Termination of the Reci 
procity Treaty by the United 
States. May 31, Raid of Fenians 
from the United States into Can- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



85 



ada; they are defeated at Ridge- 1877. 
way (June 2) and retreat across the 
border (June 3). June 8, First 
meeting at Ottawa of the Canadian 
legislature. Nov. 17, Proclamation 
of the union of Vancouver island 1878. 
to British Columbia. 

1867. March 29, Royal assent given to 

the British North America Act. 1879. 
July 1, The Act comes into force; 
Union of the provinces of Canada, 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 
as the Dominion of Canada; Upper 1880. 
and Lower Canada made separate 
provinces as Ontario and Quebec; 
Viscount Monck first governor 
general, Sir John A. Macdonald 
premier. Nov. 6, Meeting of the 
first Dominion Parliament. 

1868. April 7, Murder of D Arcy McGee 

at Ottawa. July 31, The Rupert s 
Land Act authorizes the acqui 
sition by the Dominion of the 
Northwest Territories. 

1869. June 22, Act providing for the govern 

ment of the Northwest Territories. 
Nov. 19, Deed of surrender to the 1881. 
Crown of the Hudson s Bay Com 
pany s territorial rights in the 
Northwest . Outbreak of the Red 1882. 
River Rebellion under Riel. 

1870. May 12, Act to establish the province 

of Manitoba. July 15, Northwest 
Territories transferred to the Dom 
inion and Manitoba admitted into 
Confederation. Sept. 24, Wolseley s 
expedition reaches Fort Garry (Win 
nipeg); end of the rebellion. 1883. 

1871. April 2, First Dominion census 

(populations at this and succeeding 
enumerations given in section on 
population). April 14, Act estab- 1884. 
lishing uniform currency in the 
Dominion. May 8, Treaty of 
Washington, dealing with questions 
outstanding between the United 
Kingdom and United States. July 1885. 
20, British Columbia enters Con 
federation. 

1873. March 5, Opening of the second 

Dominion Parliament. May 23, 
Act establishing the Northwest 
Mounted Police. July 1, Prince 
Edward Island enters Confedera 
tion. Nov. 7, Alexander Mac 
kenzie premier. Nov. 8, Incor- 1886. 
poration of Winnipeg. 

1874. March 20, Opening of the third 

Dominion Parliament. May, Ont 
ario Agricultural College, Guelph, 
opened . 

1875. April 8, The Northwest Territories 

Act establishes a Licutenant-Gov- 
ernor and Council of the Northwest 
Territories. June 15, Formation of 1887. 
the Presbyterian Church of Canada. 

1876. June 1, Opening of the Royal Military 

College, Kingston. June 5, First 
sitting of the Supreme Court f 
Canada. July 3, Opening of the 1888. 
Intercolonial Railway from Quebec 
to Halifax. 



June 20, Great fire at St. John, N.B. 
Oct., First exportation of wheat 
from Manitoba to the United 
Kingdom. Founding of the Uni 
versity of Manitoba. 

July 1, Canada joins the International 
Postal Union. Oct. 17, Sir J. A. 
Macdonald premier. 

Feb. 13, Opening of the fourth Dom 
inion Parliament. May 15, Adop 
tion of a protective tariff ("The 
National Policy"). 

Royal Canadian Academy of Arts 
founded, first meeting and exhi 
bition, March 6. May 11, Sir 
A. T. Gait appointed first Cana 
dian High Commissioner in Lon 
don. Sept. 1, All British posses 
sions in North America and 
adjacent islands, except New 
foundland and its dependencies, 
annexed to Canada by Imperial 
Order in Council ot July 31. Oct. 
21, Signing of the contract for 
the construction of the Canadian 
Pacific railway. 

April 4, Second Dominion census. 
May 2, First sod turned of the 
Canadian Pacific railway. 

May 8, Provisional Districts of 
Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Atha- 
baska and Alberta formed. May 
25, First meeting of the Royai 
Society of Canada. Aug. 23, 
Regina established as seat of 
government of Northwest Terri 
tories. 

Feb. 1, Opening of the fifth Dom 
inion Parliament. Sept. 5, 
Formation of the Methodist Church 
in Canada; United Conference. 

May 24, Sir Charles Tupper High 
Commissioner in London. Aug. 11, 
Order in Council settling the 
boundary of Ontario and Mani 
toba. 

March 26, Outbreak of Riel s second 
rebellion in the Northwest. April 
24, Engagement at Fish Creek. 
May 2, Engagement at Cut Knife. 
May 12, Taking of Batoche. May 
16, Surrender of Riel. Aug. 24, 
First census of the Northwest 
Territories. Nov. 16, Execution 
of Riel. 

April 6, Incorporation of Vancouver. 
June 7, Archbishop Taschereau 
of Quebec made first Canadian 
cardinal. June 13, Vancouver de 
stroyed by fire. June 28, First 
through train on the Canadian 
Pacific railway from Montreal to 
Vancouver. July 31, First quin 
quennial census of Manitoba. 

Interprovincial Conference at Quebec. 
April 4, First Intercolonial Con 
ference in London. April 13, Open 
ing of the sixth Dominion Parlia 
ment. 

Feb. 15, Signing of Fishery Treaty 
between United Kingdom and 
United States at Washington. 



86 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



Aug., Rejection of Fishery Treaty 
by United States Senate. 

1890. March 31, The Manitoba School 

Act abolishes separate schools. 1904 

1891. April 5, Third Dominion census. 

April 29, Opening of the seventh 
Dominion Parliament. June 6, 
Death of Sir J. A. Macdonald. 1905 
June 15, Sir John Abbott premier. 

1892. Feb. 29, Washington Treaty, pro 

viding for arbitration of the Behring 

Sea Seal Fisheries question. July 1906 

22, Boundary convention between 

Canada and the United States. 

Nov. 25, Sir John Thompson 1907 

premier. 

1893. April 4, First sitting of the Behring 

Sea Arbitration Court. Dec. 18, 
Archbishop Machray, of Rupert s 
Land, elected first Anglican primate 
of all Canada. 

1894. .June 28, Colonial Conference at 
Ottawa. Dec. 12, Death of Sir 
John Thompson at Windsor Castle. 
Dec. 21, (Sir) Mackenzie Bowell 
premier. 

1895. Sept. 10, Opening of new Sault Ste. 1908, 
Marie canal. Oct. 2, Proclama 
tion- naming the Ungava, Frank 
lin, Mackenzie and Yukon dis 
tricts of Northwest Territories. 

189C. April 24, Sir Donald Smith (Lord 
Strathcona) High Commissioner 
in London. April 27, Sir Charles 
Tupper premier. July 11, (Sir) 
Wilfrid Laurier premier. Aug., 
Gold discovered in the Klondyke. 
Aug. 19, Opening of the eighth 
Dominion Parliament. 

1897. July, Third Colonial Conference 

in London. Dec. 17, Award of J909. 
the Behring Sea Arbitration. 

1898. June 13, The Yukon district estab 

lished as a separate territory. 
Aug. 1, The British Preferential 
Tariff of Canada goes into force. 
Aug. 23, Meeting at Quebec of the 
Joint High Commission between 
Canada and the United States. 
Dec. 25, British Imperial Penny 1910. 
(2 cent) Postage introduced. 

1899. Oct. 11, Beginning of the South 

African war. Oct. 29, First Can- 
. adian Contingent leaves Quebec 
for South Africa. 

1900. Feb. 27, Battle of Paardeberg. April 

26, Great fire at Ottawa and Hull. 

1901. Jan. 22, Death of Queen Victoria 

and accession of King Edward 
VII. Feb. 6, Opening of the 1911. 
ninth Dominion Parliament. April 
1, Fourth Dominion census. Sept. 
16-Oct. 21, Visit to Canada of the 
Duke and Duchess of Cornwall 
and York (King George V and 
Queen Mary). 

1902. May 31, End of South African War, 

peace signed at Vereenigmg. June 
30, Meeting of fourth Colonial 
Conference in London. 1912. 

1903. Jan. 24, Signing of the Alaska Boun 

dary Convention. June 19, Incor 



poration of Regina. Oct. 20, 
Award of the Alaskan Boundary 
Commission. 

. Feb. 1, Dominion Railway Com 
mission established. April 19, 
Great fire in Toronto. Oct. 8, 
Incorporation of Edmonton. 
. Jan. 11, Opening of the tenth Domin 
ion Parliament. Sept. 1, Creation 
of the provinces of Alberta and 
Saskatchewan. 

. University of Alberta founded. Oct. 
8, Interprovincial Conference at 
Ottawa. 

. March 22, Industrial Disputes 
Investigation Act passed. April 
15-May 14, Fifth Colonial Con 
ference in London. New customs 
tariff including introduction of 
intermediate tariff. Sept. 19, New 
Commercial Convention with 
France signed at Paris. Oct. 17, 
First message by wireless tele 
graphy between Canada and the 
United Kingdom. University of 
Saskatchewan founded. 
. Jan. 2, Establishment of Ottawa 
branch of Royal Mint. April 11, 
Arbitration treaty between 
United Kingdom and United 
States. May 4, Ratification of 
Treaty for demarcation of bound 
ary between Canada and United 
States. June 21-23, Bicentenary of 
Bishop Laval celebrated at Quebec. 
July 20-31, Quebec tercentenary cele 
brations: visit to Quebec of Prince 
of Wales. Aug. 2, Great fire in 
Kootenay Valley, B.C. Univer 
sity of British Columbia founded. 
Jan. 11, Signing of International 
Boundary Waters Convention 
between Canada and United 
States. Jan. 20, opening of llth 
Dominion Parliament. May 19, 
Appointment of Canadian Com 
mission of Conservation. July 28, 
Conference on Imperial Defence in 
London. 

May 4, Passing of Naval Service Bill. 
May 6, Death of King Edward 
VII and accession of King George 
V. June 7, Death of Goldwin 
Smith. Sept. 7, North Atlantic 
Coast Fisheries Arbitration award 
of the Hague Tribunal. New 
trade agreement made with Ger 
many, Belgium, Holland and 
Italy. 

May 23-June 20, Imperial Conference 
in London. June 1, Fifth Dominion 
census. July 11, Disastrous fires 
in Porcupine district. Sept. 21, 
General election. Oct. 10, (Sir)R. L. 
Borden premier. Oct. 11, In 
auguration at Kitchener of Ontario 
Hydro-Electric Power Transmis 
sion System. Nov. 15, Opening 
of 12th Dominion Parliament. 
April 15, Loss of the steamship 
Titanic. April 15, Appointment 
of Dominions Royal Commission. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



87 



May 15, Extension of the bound 
aries of Quebec, Ontario and 
Manitoba. June 17, Judgment 
delivered by the Imperial Privy 
Council on the marriage question 
raised by the ne temere decree. 

1913. April 10, Japanese Treaty Act 

assented to. June 2, Trade agree 
ment with West Indies came into 
. force. 

1914. Jan. 21, Death of Lord Strathcona 

and Mount Royal, aged 94. May 
29, Loss of the steamship Empress 
of Ireland. Aug. 4, war with Ger 
many; Aug. 12, with Austria-Hun 
gary; Nov. 5, with Turkey. Aug. 
18-22, Special war session of Can 
adian Parliament. Oct. 16, First 
Canadian contingent of over 33,000 
troope land at Plymouth, Eng. 

1915. Feb., First Canadian -contingent 

lands in France and proceeds to 
Flanders. April 22, Second battle of 
Ypres. April 24, Battle of St. Julien. 
May 20-26, Battle of Festubert. 
June 15, Battle of Givenchy; 
gallantry of Canadian troops highly 
eulogized by F.-M. Sir John 
French. Oct. 30, Death of Sir 
Charles Tupper. Nov. 22, Issue 
of Canadian War Loan of 850,000,000. 
Nov. 30, War loan increased to 
S100,000,000. 

1916. Jan. 12, Order in Council author 

izing increase in number of Cana 
dian troops to 500,000. ,Feb. 3, 
Destruction of the Houses of 
Parliament at Ottawa by fire. 
April 3-20, Battle of St. Eloi. 
June 1, Census of prairie 
provinces. June 1-3, Battle of Sanc 
tuary Wood. Sept. 1, Corner 
stone of new Houses of Parliament 
laid by Duke of Connaught. Sept., 
Issue of second war loan,$100,000,000. 
.1917. Feb. 12-May 15, Visit to England 
of Prime Minister and colleagues 
for Imperial Conference. Feb. 21, 
Final Report of Dominions Royal 
Commission. March, Third war 
loan, $150,000,000. March 20-May 
2, Meetings in London of Imperial 
War Cabinet. March 21-April 27, 
Imperial War Conference. April 5, 
Declaration of war against Ger 
many by United States. April 9, 
Capture of Vimy Ridge. June 21, 
Appointment of Food Controller. 
Aug. 15, Battle of Loos, capture of 
Hill 70. Aug. 29, Passing of Mili 
tary Service Act. Sept. 20, Com 
pletion of Quebec bridge. Sept. 20, 
Parliamentary franchise extended 
to women. Dominion Government 
authorized to purchase 600,000 shares 
of C.N.R. stock. Oct. 26-Nov. 10, 
Battle of Passchendaele. Nov. 12, 
Fourth war loan (Victory Bonds). 
Dec. 6, Disastrous explosion at 
Halifax, N.S., Dec. 17, General 
election and Union Government 
sustained. 



1918. Mar. 18, Opening of first session of 
13th Parliament. Mar. 21, Germans 
launch critical offensive on west 
front. Mar.-April, Second battle 
of the Somme. April 17, Secret 
session of Parliament. JuneJuly 
Prime Minister and colleagues 
attend Imperial War Conference 
in London. July 18, Allies assume 
successful offensive on west iront. 
Aug. 12, Battle of Amiens. Aug. 26- 
28, Capture of Monchy le Preux. Sept. 
2-4, Breaking of Drocourt-Queant 
line. Sept. 16, Austrian peace note. 
Sept. 27-29, Capture of Bourlon 
Wood. Sept. 30, Bulgaria surrend 
ers and signs armistice. Oct. 1-9, 
Capture of Cambrai. Oct., Serious 
influenza epidemic. Oct. 6, First 
German peace note. Oct. 20, Cap 
ture of Denain. Oct. 25-Nov. 2, 
Capture of Valenciennes. Oct. 28, 
Issue of fifth war loan for 8300,000,000 
in the form of Victory Bonds. 
Oct. 31, Turkey surrenders and 
signs armistice. Nov. 4, Aus 
tria-Hungary surrenders and signs 
armistice. Nov. 10, Flight into 
Holland of German Emperor. 
Capture of Mons. Nov. 11, Germany 
surrenders and signs armistice. 
1919. Feb. 17, Death of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. 
Feb. 20-July 7, Second session of 
13th Parliament of Canada. Mar. 
7, * Appointment of government 
receiver of the Grand Trunk Pacific 
railway. May 1-June 15, Great 
strike at Winnipeg and other 
western cities. June 23, General 
election in Quebec, and retention of 
Liberal administration. June 28, 
Signing at Versailles of Peace 
Treaty and Protocol. July 24, 
General election in Prince Edward 
Island and defeat of Conservative 
administration. Aug. 5, Election 
of Right Hon. W. L. Mackenzie 
King as leader of Liberal party 
in Canada. Aug. 15, Arrival 
of H. R. H. the Prince of 
Wales for official tour, in Cana 
da. Aug. 22, Formal opening 
of Quebec Bridge by H.R.H. the 
Prince of Wales. Sept. 1, H.R.H. 
the Prince of Wales lays founda 
tion stone of tower of new Par 
liament Buildings at Ottawa. Sept. 
1-Nov. 10, Third or special peace 
session of 13th Parliament of Can 
ada. Sept. 15, Opening at Ottawa 
ot the National Industrial Con 
ference. Oct. 20, General election in 
Ontario, and formation of ministry 
by E. C. Drury, United Farmers 
Organization. Issue of sixth war 
loan for $300.000,000 in the form of 
Victory Bonds. Dec. 20, Organ 
ization of "Canadian National 
Railways" by Order in Council. 
1920 Jan. 10, Ratifications of the Treaty 
of Versailles. Feb. 19, Share 
holders ratify agreement for sale 



88 



HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY 



of the Grand Trunk railway 
to the Dominion Government. 
Feb. 26-July 1, Fourth session 
of the thirteenth Parliament of 
Canada. May 31-June 18, Trade 
Conference at Ottawa between 
Dominion and West Indian Govern 
ments. June 7-19, Convention ot 
American Federation of Labour at 
Montreal. June 29, Provincial gen 
eral election in Manitoba, Liberal 
government retained in office. July 
10, Sir Robert Borden is succeeded 
by Right Hon. Arthur Meighen 
as Premier. July 16, Ratifications 
of the Treaty of St. Germain- 
en-Laye. July 27, Provincial gen 
eral election in Nova Scotia, 
Liberal government sustained. 
Aug. 5-7, Imperial Press Conference 
at Ottawa. Aug. 9, Ratifications 
of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. 
Sept. 18-23, Ninth Congress of 
Chambers of Commerce of the 
Empire at Toronto. Oct. 9, Provin 
cial general election in New Bruns 
wick, Liberal government is sus 
tained. Oct. 20, Prohibition defeat 
ed in British Columbia. Oct. 25 
Referendum re complete prohi- 
, bition of the liquor traffic is carried 

in Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Saskat 
chewan and Alberta. Nov. 15, 
First meeting of League of Nations 
Assembly begins at Geneva, Swit 
zerland. Dec. 1, Provincial general 
election in British Columbia, 
Liberal government is sustained. 
1921. Feb. 14-June 4, Fifth Session of 
Thirteenth Parliament of Canada. 
April 18, Ontario votes for pro 
hibition of the manufacture, im 
portation and sale of alcoholic 
liquors. May 1, Government 
control of liquor traffic becomes 
effective in Quebec. May 10, 
Preferential tariff arrangement with 
British West Indies becomes effect 
ive. June 20-August 5, Imperial Con 
ference at which Canada is represent 
ed by Rt. Hon. Arthur Mcighen. 
June 9, At general election in Saskat 
chewan, Liberal government is 
sustained. July 18, At general 
election in Alberta, the United 
Farmers secure majority of seats. 
Sept. 5-Oct. 5, Second meeting of 
Assembly of League of Nations 
at Geneva; Canada represented 
by Rt. Hon. C. J. Doherty. Nov. 
11, Opening of conference on limita 
tion of armament at Washington, 
Sir liobfc. Bordon representing 
Canada. Dec. 6, Dominion general 
election. Dec. 29, New ministry 
(Liberal), with Right Hon. W. L. 
Mackenzie King as premier, is 
sworn in. 

1922. Feb. 1, Arms Conference at Wash 
ington approves 5-power treaty 
limiting capital lighting ships and 
dodging against unrestricted sub 



marine warfare and use of poison 
gas. Feb. 10, Hon. P. C. Larkin 
appointed High Commissioner for 
Canada in the United Kingdom. 
Mar. 19, \ ilhjalniur Stefansson 
announces taking possession of 
Wrangell island in Sept., 1921. 
April 10, General Economic Con 
ference opened at Genoa, Sir 
Chas. B. Gordon representing Can 
ada. July 13, Conference between 
Canada and the United States re 
perpetuating the Rush-Bagot 
Treaty regarding armament on 
the Great Lakes. Aug. 2, Alex 
ander Graham Bell, inventor of 
the telephone, died. Aug. 7, Allies 
Conference on war debts and repar 
ations opened at London. Sept. 
4, Third assembly of League of 
Nations opened at Geneva. Oct. 4, 
Order in Council consolidating 
separate lines in Canadian National 
Railway system and appointing new 
board of directors. Oct. 5, Serious 
forest fires in northern Ontario; 
town of Haileybury destroyed. 
Oct. 10, Mudania Armistice signed 
by Britain, France and Turkey. Oct. 
14, Fourth International Labour 
Conference at Geneva. Nov. 10, 
Turkish Peace Conference opened 
at Lausanne. Dec. 4, Opening of 
First International Postal Con 
ference at Ottawa, between repre 
sentatives of the United States and 
Canada. Dec. 6, Irish Free State 
inaugurated as one of the Domin- 
ions in the British Empire. Dec. 
9, Reparations Conference opened 
at London. Dec. 15, Signing of 
trade agreement between Canada 
and France, Hon. W. S. Fielding 
and Hon. E. Lapointe representing 
Canada. Passing of Act by Imper 
ial parliament removing embargo 
on Canadian cattle. 

1923. Jan. 1, National Defence Act, 1922, 
comes into effect amalgamating 
Militia, Naval and Air Force de 
partments. Jan. 4, Signing of trade 
agreement between Canada and 
Italy, Hon. W. S. Fielding and 
Hon. E. Lapointe representing 
Canada. April 1, Removal of 
British embargo on Canadian cattle 
effective. June 25, Provincial elec 
tions in Ontario ; Conservative 
party under 1 on. C. Howard Fergu 
son returned to power. July 26, Pro 
vincial elections in Prince Edward 
Island; Conservative paity under 
1 on. J. D. Stewart returned- to 
power. Sept. 3, Fourth session of 
League of Nations at Geneva, 
Canada represented by Hon. Sir 
L. Gouinand i.on. Geo. P. Graham. 
Oct. ), Imperial Conference and 
Imperial ] cmiomic Conference at 
London. Canada represented at 
the former by Rt. Hon. W. L. 
Mackenzie King. 



III. THE CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL 
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 1 

The Dominion of Canada is the largest in area and the mosl populous cf the 
great self-governing Dominions of the British Empire, which also include the 
Commonwealth of Australia, the Union of South Africa, the Dominion of New 
Zealand and the island colony of Newfoundland (with Labrador). These Domi 
nions enjoy responsible government of the B.ritish type, administered by Executive 
Councils (or Cabinets) acting as advisors to the representative of the Sovereign, 
themselves responsible to and possessing the confidence of the representatives 
elected to Parliament by the people, and giving place to other persons more accept 
able to Parliament whenever that confidence is shown to have ceased to exist. 

Of these Dominions, Canada, Australia, and South Africa extend over enor 
mous areas of territory, the first two approximating in area to Europe. Each 
section has its own problems and its own point of view, so that local parliaments 
for each section ,as well as the central parliament for the whole country, are required. 
These local parliaments, established when transportation and communication were 
more difficult and expensive than at present, were chronologically prior to the 
central body, to which on its formation they either resigned certain powers, as in 
the case of Australia, or surrendered all their powers with certain specified except 
ions, as in Canada and South Africa. Of such local parliaments, Canada at the 
present time has nine, Australia six and South Africa four. 

Besides the Dominions above enumerated, the Irish Free State (Saorstat 
Eireann) now possesses full Dominion status. The great Empire of India has 
internationally been accepted as a member of the League of Nations, and in its 
internal administration has been placed on the road, formerly traversed by the 
Dominions which are now fully self-governing, towards responsible government. 
Indeed, the whole evolution of the Empire, throughout all its parts which are more 
than mere fortresses like Gibraltar or trading stations like Hong Kong, is in the 
direction of responsible government, to be attained in the dependencies as it has 
been in what used to be called the colonies, by the gradual extension of self-govern 
ment in proportion to the growing capacities of their respective populations. It 
is the recognized aim of British administrators, by the extension of educational 
facilities and by just administration, to develop these capacities to the utmost, 
so that in the dependencies, as wel 1 as in the Dominions and in the Mother Country, 
the constitutional history of the future may be a record of " freedom slowly broad 
ening down from precedent to precedent." 

It is the purpose of this article to relate as briefly as possible, the process of 
this development of free government hi the Dominion of Canada. 

I. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLONIES 
PRIOR TO CONFEDERATION. 

The French Regime. The settlement of Canada commenced at a time 
when the extension of European trade and commerce throughout the world was 
being mainly carried on by chartered companies of merchants belonging to various 
nations, more particularly England, France and Holland. These companies each 
tried to monopolize the trade of the regions in which they established themselves, 

iAdaptecl from an article by S. A. Cudmore, M. A., F.S.S., published in the Canada Year Book, 1921. 



90 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

receiving from their sovereign charters which, theoretically at least, gave them a 
monopoly so far as their compatriots were concerned, while against foreign competi 
tion they maintained their position with the sword, even when their respective 
mother countries, thousands of miles and months of time distant, were at peace. 
Among such companies of this period were the English and Dutch East India 
Companies, the Guinea Company, the Russia Company, the Virginia Company, 
and a little later, the Hudson s Bay Company. Similarly, we find in the earliest 
stage of French enterprise in Canada that several short-lived companies successively 
possessed a monopoly of trade and employed such men as Champlain as governors 
and explorers of the new territories. The charters of these companies were, however, 
cancelled for violation of their terms, and at last in 1627, the monopoly of trade 
and the right to make grants of land was conferred upon the Company of One 
Hundred Associates, in consideration of its undertaking to settle the country and 
support missionaries to christianize the Indians. Governmentally, therefore, the 
first stage in Canadian history may be said to have been the autocratic government 
of a trading company. This company, however, failed to live up, to its agreement 
and its charter was cancelled in 1663, when Canada became a royal province, 
governed like an ordinary French province of those days, by a Governor to whom, 
as personal representative of the King, were entrusted the general policy of the 
country, the direction of its military affairs and its relations with the Indian tribes. 
The Bishop, as the head of the Church, was supreme in matters affecting religion, 
and the Intendant, acting under the authority of the King, not of the Governor, 
was responsible for the administration of justice, for finance and for the direction 
of local administration. A Superior Council also existed, with certain adminis 
trative powers which were more formal than real. This system continued until 
the end of the French regime. 

The British Colony. From the capitulation of Quebec on Sept. 18, 1759, 
and of Montreal on Sept. 8, 1760, to the signing of the Treaty of Paris on Feb. 10, 
1763, Canada was ruled by British military officers who instituted courts which 
applied French law and administered the country as an occupied territory, the 
final disposition of which was as yet unsettled. 

Upon the final surrender of the country by France under the Treaty of Paris, 
a Royal Proclamation of Oct. 7, 1763, defined the frontiers of the new province 
of Quebec, and provided that as soon as circumstances would admit, General Assem 
blies should be summoned, with power to enact laws for the public welfare and good 
government of the colony. In the meantime, courts were constituted for "dealing 
with civil and criminal cases according to the laws of England," with an appeal 
to the Privy Council. Under the Quebec Act of 1774, passed with the purpose of 
conciliating the new colonies at a time when the old colonies were falling off from 
their allegiance, the use of the old French civil law was resumed, while English 
criminal law continued to govern throughout the province, which was now extend 
ed to the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi. These boundaries were, how 
ever, abandoned at the Treaty of Versailles, 1783, when the Great Lakes became 
the dividing line. The influx of the United Empire Loyalists, English-speaking 
people accustomed to English laws, necessitated the division of the colony and the 
establishment of representative institutions. The Constitutional Act was passed 
in 1791, dividing the Canada of those days (the St. Lawrence valley) into two 
provinces, establishing in each province a nominated Legislative Council and an 
elected Legislative Assembly. Under this Act, upon which the government! of 
Canada was based throughout half a century, " the Executive was (through Crown 



THE CONSTITUTION AT CONFEDERATION 91 

revenue and military grants from the Home Government) financially, and worse 
still, constitutionally independent, and the House of Assembly, in seeking vaguely 
to cure a disease which it had not in reality diagnosed, frequently overstepped its 
sphere, with the result that it was dissolved time after time." (Lefroy, Constitu 
tional Law of Canada, pp. 20-21). 

The Constitutional Act was at first accepted as an improvement on the previous 
ly existing method of government, but as time went on, the increasing population 
and wealth of the provinces, combined with the narrow and selfish policy of the 
privileged few, led to frequent clashes between the Executive and the Assembly, 
complicated in Lower Canada by the difference of races. In 1837, a rebellion in 
each province, though speedily stamped out, led to the appointment of Lord Durham 
by the Home Government as a special commissioner clothed with more extensive 
powers than had ever before been held by a representative of the Crown in British 
North America. 

The famous report made by Lord Durham to the British Government is almost 
universally regarded as the greatest political document in Canadian history. He 
saw clearly the necessity of re-establishing harmony between the executive and the 
legislative branches of the government by making the former, as in the Mother 
Country, responsible to the latter. He insisted also upon the desirability of establish 
ing a free democratic system of municipal government, by participation in which 
citizens would secure a training which would be of use in fitting them for the wider 
duties of public life. Upper and Lower Canada were to be united under a single 
Parliament, and in the Act provision was to be made for the voluntary admission 
to the union of the other British North American provinces. 

While Lord Durham was disavowed by the Home Government, his report 
formed the basis of the Act of Union of 1841, which united Upper and Lower Canada 
under a single Parliament, in which each province was equally represented. This 
equality of representation in a single Parliament, applied to provinces of differing 
race, religion and institutions, finally became unworkable; deadlock became the 
parent of Confederation, under which each province could legislate on its own local 
affairs, while a common Parliament was established for all the provinces agreeing 
to enter the federation. 

Confederation. While suggestions for the union of the British North 
American provinces date as far back as 1789, the first legislative action looking to 
this end was taken by the Assembly of Nova Scotia in 1861. In 1864 delegates 
from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island assembled in Charlotte- 
town to confer in reference to a union of these provinces. A second convention 
at which the province of Canada was represented, met in Quebec on Oct. 10, 1864, 
at which seventy-two resolutions, which afterwards formed the basis of the British 
North America Act, were adopted and referred to the respective legislatures for 
their concurrence, which was finally given. The British North America Act received 
the Royal Assent on March 29, 1867, and came into force on July 1 of that year. 



II. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DOMINION AT 

CONFEDERATION. 

Constitution of Canada. In the preamble to the British North America 

.Act, it is stated that the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 

" have expressed their desire to be federally united into one Dominion, with a 



92 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 



Constitution similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom." Thus the Canadian 
constitution is not an imitation of that of the United States; it is the British Consti 
tution federalized. Like the British and unlike the American Constitution, it is 
not wholly a written constitution. The many unwritten conventions of the British 
Constitution are also recognized in our own; what we have in the British North 
America Act is a written delimitation of the respective powers of the Dominion 
and Provincial Governments, and an enactement of the terms of the Confederation 
agreement. The British North America Act simply divides the sovereign powers 
of the State between the provincial and the central authorities. 

The British North America Act declares that the executive government of 
Canada shall continue to be vested in the sovereign of the United Kingdom (sec. 
9), represented for federal purposes by the Governor General, as for provincial 
purposes by the Lieutenant-Governor. The Governor General is advised by the 
King s Privy Council for Canada, a committee of which constitutes the ministry 
of the day , 

The Dominion Parliament consists of the King, the Senate and the House of 
Commons. It must meet at least once a year, so that twelve months do not elapse 
between the last meeting in one session and the first meeting in the next. Senators, 
now 96 in number, appointed for life by the Governor General in Council, must 
be 30 years of age, British subjects, residents of the province for which they are 
appointed, and possess $4,000 over and above their liabilities. Members of the 
House of Commons (235 in 1921, but subject to increase as a result of the census 
of that year), are elected by the people for the duration of the parliament, which 
must not be longer than five years. 

Dominion Finance. Among the most important provisions of the British 
North America Act are those relating to the appropriation of public money and the 
raising of taxes for Dominion purposes. The House of Commons has the sole right 
of initiating grants of public money and of directing and limiting appropriations, 
yet the House of Commons must not (sec. 54)adopt or pass any vote, bill, resolution 
or address for the payment of any part of the public funds for any purpose that 
has not first been recommended to the house by message from the Governor 
General in Council during the session in which such vote or bill is proposed. This 
rule is of the most vital importance in promoting public economy, as it eliminates 
all possibility of private members combining to secure expenditures of public money 
in their constituencies, and leaves to the executive authority the initiation of all 
legislation requiring the expenditure of public funds; it is also operative in the Pro 
vincial Legislatures. 

Powers of Parliament. The powers of the Dominion Parliament include all 
subjects not assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures. More especially, 
under section 91, it has exclusive legislative authority in all matters relating to the 
following: public debt and property; regulation of trade and commerce; raising of 
money by any mode of taxation; borrowing of money on the public credit; postal 
service; census and statistics; militia, military and naval service and defence; 
fixing and providing for salaries and allowances of the officers of the government; 
beacons, buoys and lighthouses; navigation and shipping; quarantine and the 
establishment and maintenance of marine hospitals; sea-coast and inland fisheries; 
ferries on an international or interprovincial frontier; currency and coinage; bank 
ing, incorporation of banks, and issue of paper money; savings banks; weights 
and measures; bills of exchange and promissory notes; interest; legal tender; bank 
ruptcy and insolvency; patents of invention and discovery; copyrights; Indians 



THE CONSTITUTION AT CONFEDERATION 93 

and lands reserved for Indians; naturalization and aliens; marriage and divorce; 
the criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction, but 
including the procedure in criminal matters; the establishment, maintenance ?nd 
management of penitentiaries; such classes of subjects as are expressly excepted 
in the enumeration of the classes of subjects by this Act exclusively assigned to the 
legislatures of the provinces. 1 

Judicature. The appointment, salaries and pensions of judges are dealt with 
under sections 96 to 101. The judges (except in the courts of probate in New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia) are appointed by the Dominion Government from 
the bars of their respective provinces, and hold office during good behaviour, being 
removable by the Governor General only on address of the Senate and House of 
Commons. Their salaries are fixed and provided by Parliament. 

Under the provisions of section 101, empowering Parliament to establish a 
general Court of Appeal, the Dominion Parliament passed, in 1875, an Act to 
establish a Supreme Court and Court of Exchequer for the Dominion (38 Viet., 
c. 11). In 1877, however, these courts were separated and the Exchequer 
Court of Canada, with one judge, a registrar, and other proper officers, was establish 
ed. An additional judge was added to this court in 1912. 

The Supreme Court of Canada has appellate jurisdiction from all the courts 
of the provinces, and questions may be referred to it by the Governor General in 
Council. It has also jurisdiction in certain cases between the provinces, and in 
cases of controversies between provinces and the Dominion. While its judgment 
is final in criminal cases, there is in civil cases, subject to certain limitations, an 
appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in England, which also enter 
tains appeals direct from the provincial Courts of Appeal. The decisions of the 
Supreme Court and of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council constitute the 
case-law of our constitution, the legal interpretation of the constitution and of the 
varied powers of the Dominion and provincial legislatures. 

Finance. Under Part VIII of the British North America Act, the revenues 
which had previously accrued to the treasuries of the provinces were transferred 
to the Dominion, no tably the customs duties. The public works, cash assets and 
other property of the provinces, except lands, names, minerals and royalties, also 
became Dominion property. In its turn, the Dominion became responsible for 
the debts of the provinces. Since the main source of the revenues of the provinces, 
customs duties, was now taken over by the Dominion, the Dominion was to pay 
annual subsidies to the provinces for the support of then- governments and legis 
latures. These subsidies have from time to time been increased. 

Miscellaneous. Among the miscellaneous provisions contained in Part IX 
of the British North America Act, are sections providing for the retention of existing 
legislation of the provinces in force until repealed, the transfer of existing officials 
to the Dominion, and the appointment of new officials. The ParHament of Canada 
was also given power necessary to perform treaty obligations of Canada, as a part 
of the British Empire, towards foreign countries. 

Under section 133, either the English or the French language may be used by 
any person in the debates of Parliament or of the Legislature of Quebec, all Acts 
of which bodies are to be printed in both languages. Either language, too, may be 
used by any person in any court of Canada established under the Act, or in the 
courts of Quebec. 

1 Powers of Provincial Legislatures. For details of the general powers of Provincial Legislatures in Canada 
and their special powers in respect of education, as stated in sections 92 and 93 of the British North America 
Act, see commencement of the sub-section on Provincial and Local Government in Canada. 



94 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

Veto Power. Under section 56, it is provided that Acts of the Dominion 
Parliament, after receiving the assent of the Governor General, may within two 
years be disallowed by the Sovereign in Council. Similarly Acts of the provincial 
Legislature, after receiving the assent of the Lieutenant-Governor, may be disallow 
ed within one year by the Governor General in Council. 

This veto power on Dominion legislation has practically never been exercised 
by the Sovereign in Council. 1 In the case of controversies between the Dominion 
and the j rovinces, while the veto power has been exercised in the past, the present 
tendency is to let the matter be decided by the courts rather than disallow by an 
executive act legislation duly passed by the provincial legislatures. The argument 
is that if such legislation is annulled as ultra vires of the provincial legislature, 
then the Dominion Government, an executive body, has made itself the judge in 
its own case, which could be more properly decided by the courts; if legislation, 
admittedly intra vires of the provincial legislature, is annulled, on the ground of 
its immorality or unwisdom, then the annulling power has set itself up as an author 
ity on morality and wisdom. The Dominion Minister of Justice, in 1909, on the 
question of disallowing the Ontario legislation with respect to the Hydro-Electric 

Power Commission, stated the case as follows: 



" In the opinion of the undersigned, a suggestion of the abuse of power, 
even so as to amount to practical confiscation of property, or that the exercise 
of a power has been unwise or indiscreet, should appeal to your Excellency s 
government with no more effect than it does to the ordinary tribunals, and 
the remedy in such case is an appeal to those by whom the legislature is 
elected." 

III. EVOLUTION OF THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION 
SINCE CONFEDERATION. 2 

Since no attempt was made in the British North America Act to define the 
relations between the British and the Canadian Governments, those relations have 
necessarily passed and are still passing through a stage of gradual development in 
which they are influenced to a remarkable extent by custom and convention and the 
creation of "new conventions of the Constitution." From the very commence 
ment of our history as a nation there has been a gradual development of the powers 
of the Canadian Government, accompanied by a more liberal attitude on the part 
of British statesmen, largely due to the more advanced ideas of government which 
have permeated the administration of the mother country itself. In 1876, for 
example, the then Colonial Secretary proposed to issue permanent instructions to 
the Governor General providing that the latter should preside at meetings of the 
Council (a right which in the case of the Sovereign had long fallen into desuetude); 
that he might dissent from the opinion of the major part of the whole; and that 
in the exercise of the pardoning power in capital cases, he was to receive the advice 
of ministers, but to extend or withhold pardon or reprieve according to his own 
judgment (one of the last prerogatives to disappear in the case of the Sovereign). 

!This right has only baen exercised i i one rather technical case. In 1873 an Act of the Dominion Parliament 
empowered any committee of the Senate or House of Commons to examine witnesses upon oath when so 
authorized by resolution. "There was a confusion of opinion as to the competency of Parliament to enact 
it. The law officers of the United Kingdom eventually advised that the Act was ultra vires, and it was 
accordingly olisallowed for that reason and not upon considerations of policy." Borden, Canadian Consti 
tutional Studies, p. 65. 

2 In this part of the article, considerable use has been made of Sir Robert Borden s recently published 
volume, "Canadian Constitutional Studies." 



EVOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTION SINCE CONFEDERATION 95 

The then Canadian Minister of Justice, Hon. Edward Blake, secured in 1878 the 
issuance of a new set of instructions, in which the only provision that the Governor- 
General might act except on the advice of Ministers, related to the exercise of the 
pardoning power, providing that in cases where a pardon or reprieve might affect 
Imperial interests, the Governor-General should take these interests into his person 
al consideration in conjunction with the advice of his Ministers. 

The development of inter-Imperial relations up to the Great War may be 
studied in the records of the Colonial Conference. In the first Colonial Conference 
of 1887, we have a purely consultative gathering in calling which the chief aim of 
the British Government was to devise a method of more effective co-operation in 
defence. After a second, but constitutionally unimportant Conference had been 
held in Ottawa in 1894, the third Colonial Conference, attended only by Prime 
Ministers, was held in London in 1897, and the fourth, which Dominion Ministers 
attended to assist their Prime Ministers, in London in 1902. At the latter Confer 
ence a resolution was passed favouring the holding of such Conferences at intervals 
not exceeding four years at which " questions of common interest could be discuss 
ed and considered as between the Colonial Secretary and the Prune Ministers of 
the self-governing Colonies." In 1905 the Colonial Secretary, Mr. Lyttleton, 
suggested to the Dominions that the Colonial Conference should be changed into 
an Imperial Council, consisting of the Colonial Secretary and the Prime Ministers 
or their representatives. On Canada objecting to the use of the term " Council " 
the name was changed to "Imperial Conference." In 1907 the first "Imperial 
Conference " assembled; by an extraordinarily significant change, it was provided 
that future Conferences should be between the Government of the United King 
dom and the Governments of the self-governing Dominions, and that the Prime 
Minister of the United Kingdom (not the Colonial Secretary) was to be ex officio- 
President of the Conference, while the Prime Ministers of the Dominions and the 
Colonial Secretary were to be ex officio members. This was a move toward recogniz 
ing that the Home Government was simply primus inter pares among. the nations 
of the Empire. The Conference of 1911 met under this arrangement, and in 1912 
the British Government gave Canada an assurance that a Dominion Minister 
resident in London would be regularly summoned to all meetings of the Committee 
of Imperial Defence and that no important step in foreign policy would be taken 
without consultation with such representatives. In 1917 there was evolved what 
was known as the Imperial War Cabinet, a gathering of the five members of the 
British War Cabinet and the Prime Ministers of the self-governing Dominions. 

A resolution on the question of future constitutional relations passed unani 
mously at this Conference is of profound significance. It was as follows: 

" The Imperial War Conference are of opinion that the readjustment of 
the constitutional relations of the component parts of the Empire is too 
important and intricate a subject to be dealt with during the war, and that 
it should form the subject of a special Imperial Conference to be summoned 
as soon as possible after the cessation of hostilities. 

" They deem it their duty, however, to place on record their view that 
any such readjustment, while thoroughly preserving all domestic affairs, should 
be based upon a full recognition of the Dominions as autonomous nations 
of an Imperial Commonwealth, and of India as an important portion of the 
same, should recognize the right of the Dominions and India to an adequate 
voice in foreign policy and in foreign relations, and should provide effective 
arrangements for continuous consultation in all important matters of common 
Imperial concern, and for such necessary concerted action, founded on consult 
ation, as the several Governments may determine." 



96 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

In regard to the first paragraph of the above, the 14th resolution of the Confer 
ence of 1921 stated that " having regard to the constitutional developments since 
1917, no advantage is to be gained by holding a constitutional Conference." This 
sentence had reference to the consultation of the Dominions in regard to the terms 
of peace and their membership in the League of Nations. On Oct. 29, 1918, the 
question of representation of the Dominions in the peace negotiations was raised 
by the Prime Minister of Canada in a despatch to the Prime Minister of the United 
Kingdom. The Imperial War Cabinet eventually accepted the proposal, but when 
the question came before the Peace Conference at Paris on January 12, 1919, strong 
opposition wa? encountered, which was finally overcome. Through a combination 
of the panel system, by which the representatives of the British Empire might be 
selected from day to day as the nature of the subject demanded, with distinctive 
representation of each Dominion, the Dominions secured effective representation, 
and took no inconsiderable part in the Conference. 

As a natural development of this representation came the signature by the 
Dominion plenipotentiaries of ,the various treaties concluded at the Conference, 
the submission of these treaties for the approval of the Dominion Parliaments, 
and the appearance of the Dominions as Signatory Powers. Further, the Domi 
nions claimed that they should be accepted as members of the new League of 
Nations, and represented on its Council and Assembly. This claim was finally 
accepted, and the status of the Dominions as to membership and representation 
in the Assembly is precisely the same as that of other signatory members. As to 
representation on the Council, the Prime Minister of Canada obtained from Presi 
dent Wilson and Messrs. Clemenceau and Lloyd George, a signed declaration that 
"upon the true construction of the first and second paragraphs of that Article, 
representatives of the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire may be 
selected or named as members of the Council." At the first Assembly of the League 
of Nations at Geneva, from Nov. 15 to Dec. 18, 1920, Canada was represented by 
the Rt. Hon. Sir Geo. E. Foster, the Rt. Hon. Chas. Jos. Doherty and Hon. N. W. 
Rowell, the first of whom acted as a Vice-President of the Assembly. 1 

The participation of Canada in the Peace Treaty and in the League of Nations 
made it necessary for an official definition of Canadian nationals and Canadian 
nationality to be made, since among different measures adopted in connection 
with the operations of the League of Nations, were provisions defining certain 
rights and privileges to be enjoyed by the nationals of members of the League. A 
Canadian national was accordingly defined by 11-12 George V, chap. 4, as: (a) 
any British subject who is a Canadian citizen 2 within the meaning of The 
Immigration Act, chapter 27 of the Statutes of 1910, as heretofore amended; (6) 
the wife of any such person; (c) any person born out of Canada, whose father 
was a Canadian national at the time of that person s birth, or with regard to 
persons born before the passing of this Act, any person whose father at the time 
of such birth, possessed all the qualifications of a Canadian national as defined 
in this Act. In the debates on this Act it was thoroughly established that its 
effect was not in any way to supersede the term " British subject," but to 
create a sub-class of " Canadian nationals " within " British subjects." 

An account of the proceedings of this first Parliament of the Nations was given on pages 738 to 742 of 
the 1920 edition of the Year Book. 

According to the Immigration Act, 1910, a "Canadian citizen" is 

" (i) a person born in Canada who has not become an alien; 
(ii) a British subject who has Canadian domicile; 

(iii) a person naturalized under the laws of Canada who has not subsequently become 
an alien or lost Canadian domicile. 



EVOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTION SINCE CONFEDERATION 97 

A similar advance toward recognition of the existence of a Canadian nation 
is to be found in the gradual tendency toward direct negotiation instead of negotia 
tion through London with the diplomatic or consular representatives of other 
powers. For many years the consuls-general of other countries at Ottawa or Mont 
real, more especially the consuls-general of the United States, Japan, Italy and 
Germany, discharged diplomatic or semi-diplomatic functions in Canada, and Sir 
Wilfred Laurier in 1910 considered that while " this has been done without autho 
rity and is contrary to the rules that apply among civilized nations, it became a 
necessity because of the development of the larger colonies of the British Empire, 
which have become practically nations." Further, Mr. Blake in 1882, Sir Richard 
Cartwright in 1889, and Mr. Mills in 1892 moved resolutions in favour of Canadian 
diplomatic representation at Washington, emphasizing the fact that a Canadian 
diplomatic representative would be an envoy of the Queen, that he would act in 
co-operation with the British Ambassador at Washington, that he would be in 
direct communication with the Government of Canada, to whom he would be 
responsible, and that the growing importance of Canada s relations with the United 
States made such an appointment desirable. While at that time these proposals 
were regarded as premature, in 1918, when Canada and the United States were 
both devoting their energies to the great struggle against a common foe, it was 
found necessary to establish a Canadian War Mission at Washington, which in 
effect, though not in form, was a diplomatic mission. This brought to a head 
the question of Canadian diplomatic representation at Washington; the authorities 
in London were consulted, with the result that on May 10, 1920, it was announced 
to Parliament that " it has been agreed that his Majesty on advice of his Canadian 
ministers, shall appoint a Minister Plenipotentiary who will have charge of Canadian 
affairs and will at all times be the ordinary channel of communication with the 
United States Government in matters of purely Canadian concern, acting upon 
instructions from, and reporting direct to the Canadian Government. In the 
absence of the Ambassador, the Canadian Minister will take charge of the whole 
embassy and of the representation of Imperial as well as Canadian interests. He 
will be accredited by His Majesty to the President with the necessary powers for 
the purpose. This new arrangement will not denote any departure either on the 
part of the British Government or of the Canadian Government from the principle 
of the diplomatic unity of the British Empire." The principle involved in this 
arrangement had, as a matter of fact, already been accepted in the appointment 
of the International Joint Commission. Up to October, 1923, however, no Cana 
dian Minister to Washington had been appointed. 

Negotiation of Treaties. The right to negotiate commercial and other 
treaties has been developing almost from the beginning. In 1871, the Prime 
Minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald, became one of the British commis 
sioners acting under instructions from the British Government, at the conference 
that resulted in the Treaty of Washington. This dual function, however, he found 
a very difficult one. In 1874, Hon. Geo. Brown was associated with the British 
Minister at Washington for the purpose of negotiating a commercial treaty between 
Canada and the United States. In 1878, Sir A. T. Gait, later High Commissioner, 
was commissioned to undertake negotiations with France and Spain for better 
commercial relations, these negotiations, however, to be conducted by the British 
Ambassador. In 1884, the High Commissioner for Canada, Sir Charles Tupper, 
in conjunction with the British Ambassador to Spain, was given full powers to 
conduct negotiations for a commercial treaty between Canada and Spain, the 
623737 



98 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

negotiations to be conducted by Sir Charles Tupper and the convention to be 
signed by both plenipotentiaries. In 1891, the Canadian Parliament petitioned 
for the denunciation of the commercial treaties with the German Zollverein and 
Belgium, which prevented Canada from extending preferential treatment to British 
products. The Canadian tariff of 1897 provided for the grant of preferential treat 
ment to British goods, and at the Colonial Conference of that year, the Premiers 
of the self-governing colonies unanimously recommended "the denunciation at 
the earliest convenient time of any treaties which now hamper the commercial 
relations between Great Britain and her colonies." The treaties were accordingly 
denounced. In 1907, Mr. Fielding and Mr. Brodeur negotiated a commercial 
convention between Canada and France, and in 1911, the negotiations regarding 
reciprocity with the United States were carried on directly between the Govern 
ment of Canada and the government of the United States. In 1914, the Arbitra 
tion Treaty concluded between the British Empire and the United States, made 
provision that in case the British interests affected were mainly those of some 
one or other of the self-governing Dominions, the minister of the International 
Commission of Arbitration chosen from the British Empire might be selected 
from the Dominion principally interested. In December, 1918, commissioners 
were appointed by Canada and the United States to make a joint inquiry into 
fisheries questions arising between the two countries. As a result, a treaty looking 
to the preservation of the Pacific coast fisheries was signed by the Commissioners, 
but failed to secure ratification by the United States Senate. 

Defence. As early as 1862 the Government of Canada, following British 
precedents, successfully asserted the principle that the raising and maintenance 
of Canadian military forces were subject to the absolute control of the represent 
atives of the Canadian people. During the South African war, the last of the 
British garrisons was temporarily, and in 1905, permanently withdrawn and the 
defence of the naval stations at Halifax and Esquimalt was taken over by the Cana 
dian Permanent Force. When on the outbreak of war in 1914 Canadian forces 
were sent overseas, an important constitutional question was the sufficiency of 
Canadian legislation for the control and discipline of the forces when outside the 
Dominion. However, the Governor in Council is authorized by section 69 of the 
Militia Act to place the militia on active service beyond Canada for the defence 
thereof, and by section 4 of the same Act, the Army Act, the King s Regulations 
and other relevant laws not inconsistent with Canadian enactments have force 
and effect for the governance of the militia as if enacted by the Parliament of 
Canada. But the Army Act, in section 177, provides that where a force of militia 
is raised in a colony, any law of the colony may extend to those belonging to that 
force, whether within or without the boundaries of the colony. This settled the 
question of extra-territorial jurisdiction. Another important development was 
the establishment in London in October, 1916, of a Canadian Ministry of Over 
seas Military Forces with a resident Minister. In course of time this became an 
Overseas Canadian War Office, with an adequate staff and a systematic arrange 
ment of branches, administering the Canadian forces as a thoroughly autonomous 
body, under the primary direction of the Overseas Ministry, but finally responsible 
to the Canadian Parliament. 

Immigration. Though provinces may legislate in the matter of immigra 
tion, their legislation falls to the ground if it is inconsistent with the legislation or 
with the international obligations of the Dominion. Several Acts of the province 
of British Columbia restricting immigration have been disallowed on this account. 



EVOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTION SINCE CONFEDERATION 99 

Under the Dominion law, Chinese immigrants are subjected to a head tax of $500, 
while Japanese immigrants are handled under a " gentlemen s agreement " with 
the Imperial Japanese Government, Japan undertaking to restrict the flow of 
Japanese to Canada. The restriction of immigration from other parts of the 
Empire, and more particularly from India, is, however, a very difficult question 
because of its reaction on the loyalty of the Indian peoples to the Empire. The 
question was discussed at the Colonial Conference of 1897 and at the Imperial 
Conference of 1911, when it was pointed out that the reasons for existing restrictions 
were purely economic and did not involve the question of the inferiority of those 
restricted. In 1917. the matter was discussed at the Imperial War Conference. 
The principle of reciprocity of treatment was accepted, and at the 1918 Conference 
it was agreed that "It is an inherent function of the Governments of the several 
communities of the British Commonwealth, including India, that each should enjoy 
complete control of the composition of its own population by means of restriction 
on immigration from any of the other communities." Provision was, however, 
made for permitting temporary visits. This arrangement has settled, at least for 
the time, a dispute which endangered the stability of the Empire. 

Naturalization. For a long period a very vexed question was the right of 
naturalization. Up to 1914, the Dominions were unable to grant full naturaliza 
tion which would hold good throughout the Empire. In that year an Act of the 
British Parliament (4-5 Geo. V, c. 17), provided for the issue of a naturalization 
certificate to an alien by the Secretary of State on proof of five years residence, 
and the fulfilment of certain other conditions. Where the Parliaments of the 
Dominions enforced the same conditions of residence, their Governments were 
given power to issue certificates of naturalization, taking effect in all parts of the 
Empire that had adopted the Act. This was done by Canada in 1914 (4-5 Geo 
V, c. 44). 

Copyright. A difficult and anomalous situation with regard to copyright 
was similarly cleared up in 1911, the Imperial Copyright Act of that year being 
based on the principle that the Dominions must be free to legislate as they saw fit. 
The Act of 1911, therefore, does not extend to any Dominion unless the Parliaments 
of these Dominions have declared it to be in force; similarly, Dominion Parliaments 
may repeal it where it is in force. 

Granting of Titles. Another source of difficulty between the British 
Government and the Dominions has been the granting of titles by the former to 
citizens of the latter who have rendered services to the Empire as a whole. Oppor 
tunities of rendering such service came to many citizens of the Dominions during 
the war, and the British Government was generous in its recognition of these ser 
vices. Exception was taken in the Canadian Parliament to the granting of titles 
to Canadians, and in 1919 Parliament passed an address to His Majesty praying 
that he should "refrain from conferring any title of honour or titular distinction 
upon any of his subjects domiciled or ordinarily resident in Canada, save such 
appellations as are of a professional or vocational character or which appertain 
to an office." 

General Conclusion. While it can hardly be maintained that the Domin 
ions have as yet secured an adequate voice and influence in the direction of the 
Empire s foreign policy, it is to be observed that the powers of the Dominions 
have hitherto developed as the need for more extended powers has arisen. Without 
any violent break with the past, the Dominions have secured through the League 
62373 1\ 



!00 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

of Nations a voice in international affairs at least as powerful as that of such inde 
pendent nations as Argentina and Brazil. Ten years ago this would have been 
considered unthinkable without a total separation from the Empire, yet it has 
actually occurred. This progress of the Dominions in international status in the 
past decade is thus set forth by Oppenheim, in the third edition of his International 
Law, Vol. 1, sees. 94a and 94b: 

" 94a. Formerly the position of self -governing Dominions, such as Canada, 
Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, did not, in Inter 
national Law, present any difficulties. Then they had no international position 
whatever, because they were, from the point of view of International Law, 
mere colonial portions of the Mother Country. It did not matter that some 
of them, as, for example, Canada, and Australia, flew as their own flag the 
modified flag of the Mother Country, or that they had their own coinage, their 
own postage stamps, and the like. Nor did they become subjects of Inter 
national Law (although the position was somewhat anomalous) when they were 
admitted, side by side with the Mother Country, as parties to the adminis 
trative unions, such as the Universal Postal Union. Even when they were 
empowered by the Mother Country to enter into certain treaty arrangements 
of minor importance with foreign States, they still did not thereby become 
subjects of International Law, but simply exercised for the matters in question 
the treaty-making power of the Mother Country which had been to that extent 
delegated to them." 

" 94b. But the position of self-governing Dominions underwent a fundamental 
change at the end of the World War. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South 
Africa, and also India, were not only separately represented within the British 
Empire delegation at the Peace Conference, but also became, side by side 
with Great Britain, original members of the League of Nations. Separately 
represented in the Assembly of the League, they may, of_course, vote there 
independently of Great Britain. Now the League of Nations is not a mere 
administrative union Uke the Universal Postal Union, but the organized Family 
of Nations. Without doubt, therefore, the admission of these four self-govern 
ing Dominions and of India to membership gives them a position in International 
Law. But the place of the self-governing Dominions within the Family of 
Nations at present defies exact definition, since they enjoy a special position 
corresponding to their special status within the British Empire as " free com 
munities, independent as regards all their own affairs, and partners in those 
which concern the Empire at large." Moreover, just as, in attaining to that 
position, they have silently worked changes, far-reaching but incapable of 
precise definition, in the Constitution of the Empire, so that the written law 
inaccurately represents the actual situation, in a similar way they have taken 
a place within the Family of Nations, which is none the less real for being hard 
to reconcile with precedent. Furthermore, they will certainly consolidate the 
positions which they have won, both within the Empire and within the Family 
of Nations. An advance in one sphere will entail an advance in the other. 
For instance, they may well acquire a limited right of legation or limited treaty- 
making power. But from this time onward the relationship between Great 
Britain and the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire is not likely 
to correspond exactly to any relationship hitherto recognized in International 
Law unless the British Empire should turn into a Federal State." 

A list of the Departments of the Dominion Government, of the Acts which 
they administer and of the principal publications of each Department will be found 
in the section " Statistics and other Information relating to Canada." See, in 
the index, the entries " Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of 
Dominion Government," and "Publications of the Dominion Government." 



IV. PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 

IN CANADA. 

The source of the powers of the provincial governments of Canada is the 
British North America Act, 1867 (30-31 Viet., c. 3 and amendments). Under 
section 92 of the Act, the legislature of each province may exclusively make laws 
in relation to the following matters: amendment of the constitution of the 
province, except as regards the Lieutenant-Governor; direct taxation within 
the province; borrowing of money on the credit of the province; establishment 
and tenure of provincial offices and appointment and payment of provincial 
officers; the management and sale of public lands belonging to the province 
and of the timber and wood thereon; the establishment, maintenance and 
management of public and reformatory prisons in and for the province; the 
establishment, maintenance and management of hospitals, asylums, charities 
and eleemosynary institutions in and for the province, other than marine 
hospitals; municipal institutions in the province; shop, saloon, tavern, auctioneer 
and other licenses issued for the raising of provincial or municipal revenue; local 
works and undertakings other than interprovincial or international lines of ships, 
railways, canals, telegraphs, etc., or works which, though wholly situated within 
one province, are declared by the Dominion parliament to be for the general advant 
age either of Canada or of two or more provinces; the incorporation of companies 
with provincial objects; the solemnization of marriage in the province; property 
and civil rights in the province; the administration of justice in the province, inclu 
ding the constitution, maintenance and organization of provincial courts both of 
civil and criminal jurisdiction, and including procedure in civil matters in these 
courts; the imposition of punishment by fine, penalty, or imprisonment for enforcing 
any law of the province relating to any of the aforesaid subjects; generally all 
matters of a merely local or private nature in the province. 

Further, in and for each province the Legislature may, under section 93, exclu 
sively make laws in relation to education, subject to the following provisions. 

" (1) Nothing in any such law shall prejudicially affect any right or 
privilege with respect to denominational schools which any class of persons 
have by law in the province at the union. 

(2) All the powers, privileges and duties at the union by law conferred 
and imposed in Upper Canada on the separate schools and school trustees of 
the Queen s Roman Catholic subjects shall be and the same are hereby extend 
ed to the dissentient schools of the Queen s Protestant and Roman Catholic 
subjects in Quebec. 

(3) Where in any province a system of separate or dissentient schools 
exists by law at the union or is thereafter established by the legislature of the 
province, an appeal shall lie to the Governor-General in Council from any 
act or decision of any provincial authority affecting any right or privilege 
of the Protestant or Roman Catholic minority of the Queen s subjects in 
relation to education. 

(4) In case any such provincial law as from time to time seems to the 
Governor-General in Council requisite for the due execution of the provisions 
of this Section is not made, or in case any decision of the Governor-General 
in Council on any appeal under this Section is not duly executed by the proper 
provincial authority in that behalf, then and in every such case, and as far 
only as the circumstances of each case require, the Parliament of Canada may 
make remedial laws for the due execution of the provisions of this Section 
and of any decision of the Governor-General in Council under this Section." 



102 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

The purpose of these sections was to preserve to a religious minority in any 
province the same privileges and rights in regard to education which it had at the 
date of Confederation, but the provincial legislatures were not debarred from 
legislating on the subject of separate schools provided they did not thereby pre 
judicially affect privileges enjoyed before Confederation by such schools in the 
province. 

These powers, given to the four original provinces in Confederation, have, 
with some slight changes, been retained ever since and the more recently admitted 
provinces have assumed the same rights and responsibilities on their inclusion as 
units in the federation as were previously enjoyed by the older members. 

I. NOVA SCOTIA. 1 

The province of ;Nova Scotia has made no important changes in its constitu 
tion since it became one of the original members of Confederation in 1867. In 
that year the Legislative Council consisted of 36 members and the Legislative 
Assembly of 55 members. The number of members of the Council is now 21 and 
of the Assembly 43. Legislative councillors are appointed for life, and the mem 
bers of the Assembly are elected for four years, the maximum duration of its exist 
ence. The constitutional relations of the Ministry to the Assembly are based on 
the principles of responsible government by which it retains office only so long 
as it is supported by a majority in the Legislative Assembly. The local Ministry 
or Cabinet, styled the Executive Council, consists of the Prime Minister 
and President of the Council, the Provincial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the 
Minister of Works and Mines and the Minister of Highways. These are salaried 
officials; six other members have office without salaries. Agriculture, immigra 
tion and education are under the control and management of the government 
through certain boards and councils, each with its secretary and staff of officials. 

Municipal Institutions. Previous to Confederation, the local government 
of counties and townships was confided to the magistracy, which was an appointed 
body, holding commissions for life and not responsible in any way to the electorate. 
In the early years of its history this body did much useful and important public 
service, yet abuses here and there existed on account of the irresponsible nature of 
their tenure of office, which rendered reform and public accountability very difficult 
to obtain. Public opinion, however, and the controlling influence of the legislatures 
operating steadily upon even irresponsible bodies of life-appointed magistrates 
made the institution as it existed fairly acceptable to the people generally. In 
1875, the incorporation of the counties and certain townships, hitherto an optional 
action, was made compulsory, twenty-four municipalities being then established. 
In 1895, the Towns Incorporation Act was passed, making the incorporation of 
towns throughout the province optional. In 1921 there were 41 incorporated 
towns. 

The county councils consist of councillors elected by the ratepayers every 
three years. The warden or presiding officer is chosen by the council and holds 
office until the next election of councillors. The mayors of towns are elected by the 
ratepayers and hold office for one year. Halifax, the capital of the province, has 
a special charter, the mayor being elected annually and the eighteen aldermen for 
three years, six retiring each year but being eligible for re-election. 

1 This article, as well as those on the government of the other Maritime Provinces, is adapted from the 
article by the late Thomas Barnard Flint, D.C.L., Clerk of the House of Commons, in the Canada Year 
Book, 1915. 



NEW BRUNSWICK 103 



Judiciary. The provincial courts consist of (1) the supreme court, which is 
a court of appeal and also a circuit court, and (2) the county courts. Presiding 
over the supreme court are a chief justice and six other judges. One of these is a 
judge in equity, who also acts in divorce cases and one is admiralty judge of the 
exchequer court of Canada. The county courts have a limited original jurisdiction 
and an appeal jurisdiction from probate and magistrates courts in certain cases. 
The judges of this court are seven in number, each having a district of jurisdiction 
covering a county or group of counties and holding terms of court in the county 
towns of their respective districts. 

The judges of the supreme and county courts are appointed and paid by the 
Dominion Government, but the procedure of the courts in all civil matters is regu 
lated by provincial legislation. The purely provincial courts and courts of probate 
have jurisdiction over wills and intestate estates. Stipendiary and police magistrates 
courts and courts of justices of the peace are also under provincial jurisdiction. 
The judges of these courts and justices of the peace are appointed by the local 
government and are paid, in some cases by salaries and in others by fees. The 
sheriffs, clerks, registrars and officers of all the courts are appointed by the pro 
vincial authorities. 

In criminal cases the jurisdiction and procedure of all the courts are fixed by 
federal statutes. The procedure as to the selection of grand and petit jurors, of 
revisers of voters lists and assessment courts is fixed by the provincial statutes. 
In each county, and in some counties in one or more districts of a county, are offices 
for the registry of deeds and of all documents pertaining to transfers of or affecting 
titles to real estate as well as those creating and discharging liens on personal pro 
perty. 



II. NEW BRUNSWICK. 

The province of New Brunswick in all essential features of provincial adminie- 
tratior is similar to its neighbour, Nova Scotia. The province entered Confeder 
ation with a Legislative Council of 40 members holding their seats for life, a Legis 
lative Assembly of 40 members and an Executive Council of nine members. Under 
its powers of changing the provincial constitution, the Legislative Council was 
abolished by an act passed on April 16, 1891. The Assembly at present is com 
posed of 47 members, and the Executive Council is composed of (1) the Premier, 
(2) the Minister of Lands and Mines, (3) the Minister of Public Works, (4) the 
Provincial Secretary-Treasurer, (5) the Minister of Agriculture, (6) the Minister 
of Public Health, and (7) the Attorney-General. 

In New Brunswick the subject of public instruction is under the management 
of a Board of Education consisting of the Lieutenant-Governor of the province, 
the member? of the Executive Council, the Chancellor of the University of New 
Brunswick and the Chief Superintendent of Education. 

Municipal Institutions. In the matter of municipal institutions and the 
establishment of responsible local government, New Brunswick has passed through 
several stages of development very similar to those of Nova Scotia, and the old 
regime of county government by magistrates, who were in no way responsible to 
the people, in time gave way to more modern forms. Municipal incorporation 
was rendered optional by an early Act of 1851, which, however, had but little effect 
beyond the division of counties into parishes with a certain amount of local auto- 



104 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

nomy and some limited powers of administration which have been recognized in 
subsequent legislation. Later, however, an Act of 1877, providing for compulsory 
incorporation, was put into force, and, with its amendments, is substantially effect 
ive at the present time. It provides that county councils be constituted as bodies 
corporate, having two councillors elected yearly from each parish in the county. 
The councils elect from among their members a presiding officer who is styled the 
warden and who holds office until the next election of councillors. Councils may 
themselves, however, provide by by-law for their election biennially, a provision 
which does not apply to the municipality of the city and county of St. John which 
still holds a charter granted in the year 1785. In addition to a warden, each council 
elects a secretary, a treasurer and an auditor who may not be a councillor nor hold 
any office under the council. The councils also appoint overseers of the poor, 
constables, commissioners of highways, collectors of rates and other parish and 
county officials as may be necessary. 

The qualifications of voters for the councils are very liberal. In general every 
British subject of legal age, having real property of any value if a resident, or if 
not, having real property to the value of one hundred dollars, is entitled to vote . 

Judiciary. The provincial courts of New Brunswick, similar to those of 
Nova Scotia, consist of the supreme court and of county courts, the supreme court 
consisting of the appeal division presided over by the chief justice of New Bruns 
wick and two puisne judges, and the King s bench division, presided over by a chief 
justice and three puisne judges. There are six county court judges with juris 
diction in the fifteen counties of the province. Parishes are provided with local 
courts presided over by commissioners who are ex officio justices of the peace, and 
in some cases they are provided with stipendiary or police magistrates. These 
commissioners have civil jurisdiction in debts not exceeding eighty dollars and in 
cases of tort when the damages claimed to not exceed thirty-two dollars. 



III. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 

At the time of entering the Union, the government of Prince Edward Island 
consisted of a Governor and an Executive Council, a Legislative Council of 13 
members, and a House of Assembly of 30 members. The Legislative Council was 
made elective in 1862 and so continued until its abolition after the union in 1873. 
The former Legislative Council districts, after the passage of the Abolition Act, 
elected members to the Legislative Assembly, fifteen in number, while the same 
districts elected members to the Assembly on a different franchise, thus practically 
amalgamating the two houses into one Assembly of 30 members. The electoral 
system, as far as voting is concerned, is practically one of manhood suffrage. The 
Executive Council of Prince Edward Island consists of (1) the President of the 
Council, and Attorney-General, (2) the Provincial Secretary-Treasurer, who is also 
Commissioner of Agriculture, (3) the Commissioner of Public Works, and (4) six 
members without portfolio. 

With regard to the judiciary, the supreme court has a chief justice and two 
assistant judges. The judge of the county court for Queen s county is 
also the local judge in admiralty of the exchequer court. The supreme 
court is also a court of appeal and has jurisdiction in appeal chancery 
cases. It has original jurisdiction both in civil and criminal matters. In 
civil cases of debt the action must be for an amount above $32, and 



QUEBEC 105 



all cases beyond the jurisdiction of the county court may be tried before a judge 
of the supreme court. The assistant judges of this court have also chancery powers. 
There is a surrogate and probate court for the province with one judge. A system 
of county courts is established consisting of three judges, one for each county. 
These are appointed and paid by the federal government and have jurisdiction 
in suits up to the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars. Education is under the 
direction of a Board of Education consisting of the members of the Executive 
Council of the province, the Superintendent of Education, who is also secretary 
of the Board, and the Principal of Prince of Wales College. 



IV. QUEBEC. 1 

Political and Administrative Organization. The first assembly of repre 
sentatives of the people to be elected by popular vote sat at Quebec, the capital 
of Lower Canada, in 1792, after the establishment of the parliamentary government 
which still exists and which originated in the Constitutional Act of 1791. A similar 
form of government was at the same time established in the province of Upper 
Canada. This state of affairs lasted down to 1840, when the two provinces were 
united, and the territory formed by the union of the two Canadas received the 
name of province of Canada. Finally, in 1867. a confederation of four provinces 
was set up. The provinces of Ontario. Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 
were the first to join in establishing a central government, the seat of which was 
fixed by the Imperial Government at Ottawa. 

The legislature of Quebec is composed of three branches: the Legislative 
Assembly of eighty-five members representing the eighty-six electoral divisions 
of the province (the counties of Charlevoix and Saguenay have the same repre 
sentative); the Legislative Council of twenty-four members nominated for life by 
the Lieut enant-Governor in Council; and finally an Executive Council composed 
of the Lieutenant-Governor and his advisors, the ministers of the Crown. 

The Legislative Assembly and also the Legislative Council have the power 
to bring forward bills relating to civil and administrative matters and to amend or 
repeal the laws which already exist. A bill, to be approved by the Lieutenant- 
Governor, must have received the assent of both Houses. Only the Legislative 
Assembly can bring forward a bill requiring the expenditure of public money. The 
extreme length of a Parliament is five years. The premier is assisted by seven 
ministers, each with departmental portfolios (one of them, the treasurer, having 
two portfolios) and by two ministers without portfolio. 

Municipal Organization. For the purposes of local or municipal adminis 
tration, the province of Quebec is divided into county municipalities, 74 in number; 
these include rural municipalities and villages, as well as town municipalities hitherto 
organized under the former municipal code. In 1922 there were 22 city, 87 town 
and 261 village municipalities, as well as 943 rural municipalities, a total of 1,313 
local municipalities. Each local municipality is administered by a corporation 
composed of seven members in the rural municipalities and of a number varying 
according to the municipality in the cities and towns. In rural municipalities, the 
election of candidates for the municipal council takes place annually in the month 
of January when three of the six councillors are replaced, while the mayor is elected 

J Adapted from the article by G. E. Marquis, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Quebec, in the 1921 
Year Book. 



106 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

for a two year term. The county council is composed of all the mayors of the 
villages and rural municipalities in the county. The head of this body bears the 
name of warden and is elected at the March quarterly meetings of the council. 

Most of the towns and cities are organized into separate corporations inde 
pendent of any county council, in virtue of special charters granted by the legis 
lature. The composition varies in different municipalities. The powers of the 
municipal councils are very extensive, being applicable, however, only to questions 
of purely local interest, while their regulations must contain no provisions incom 
patible with the municipal laws of the country. They can appoint officials to 
manage the business of the municipality ; form committees to undertake particular 
branches of the administration; make all highway regulations; nominate a local 
board of health; see to the maintenance of order; and finally aid colonization and 
agriculture by imposing direct taxes upon the taxable property of municipalities. 

All sums necessary for local public administration may be raised by the muni 
cipal council by means of direct taxation on the property in the municipality as 
well as on certain business stock. 

Every two years assessors are named by the council who establish the value 
of the real property of their municipality. These assessors must make a new 
assessment roll every three years, but must amend and correct this roll every year. 
With this assessment as a basis, the municipal council raises the taxes which it 
needs to meet the expenses of administration. A few years ago a Department of 
Municipal Affairs was established to supervise more closely the carrying out of 
the municipal law and especially the borrowing of money. 

School Organization. Public instruction in the province of Quebec 
is governed by a single act called the Law of Public Instruction, although there 
are two kinds of schools, one for the Catholics and the other for the Protestants 
or non-Catholics. This is what is called the confessional system. Regulations for 
each of these religious units are prepared by the Catholic Committee or the Pro 
testant Committee of the Council of Public instruction, respectively, and submitted 
for the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council before going into force. 
The territorial unit administered by a school corporation is called a school muni 
cipality. This may differ in boundaries from the parish and even from the local 
municipality. There are 1,746 of these school municipalities, of which 1,394 are 
Catholic and 352 Protestant. School municipalities are constituted at the request 
of a group of ratepayers by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council on the recommend 
ation of the Superintendent of Public Instruction or occasionally by an Act of the 
legislature. Each of them must be divided into school districts, except in cities 
and towns. School administration is in the hands of five commissioners or three 
trustees. In the same municipality the dissentients or religious minority elect the 
trustees to direct the affairs of the dissentient schools while the majority elect the 
commissioners. 

The school commissioners and trustees are elected for three years, five of the 
former or three of the latter forming a school corporation. Their duties are nume 
rous, but in brief it may be said that they must erect a school in each school district, 
look after the maintenance, provide the necessary equipment, engage teachers, 
supervise their teaching and settle the differences which may arise between teachers 
and parents. 

Like the municipal corporations, the school corporations have the right to 
impose taxes for the construction and maintenance of schools and for the payment 
of the teaching staff. School taxation is distributed over all the taxable property 



ONTARIO 107 



of the school municipality; the assessment roll prepared by the Municipal Council 
must, except in rare cases, serve as a basis for the taxation imposed by the school 
corporations. 

Formerly the school corporations had under their control schools of four kinds; 
kindergartens, elementary primary, intermediate primary and superior primary 
schools. A modification of the above classification was made in September, 1923, 
under which the last three types of schools were reduced to two which are the 
primary course (4 years) and the intermediate course (4 years). The programme 
of studies has been modified so as to give a more suitable type of education to country 
children, so as to keep them on the land, and to provide for town and city children 
an education which will fit them for industry, commerce and finance. 

Besides the schools under control of the school corporation, there are also the 
classical colleges where secondary instruction is given, as well as four universities, 
not including several special schools. The whole school organization is directed by 
the Council of Public Instruction, which prepares the school regulations and the 
programme of studies. It chooses also the professors and principals of the Normal 
schools, as well as the examiners of candidates for teachers certificates; finally, 
it approves as it sees fit, the textbooks which are submitted to it. When the two 
Committees of the Council sit together, thus constituting the Council, its 
chairman is the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who also directs the Depart 
ment of Public Instruction. He is named for life by the Lieutenant-Governor in 
Council, but the Provincial Secretary is the spokesman of this department, and is 
responsible before the provincial legislature for its administration. 



V. ONTARIO. 1 

Historical. The northern part of what is now the province of Ontario came 
under British rule in 1713, by the Treaty of Utrecht, the southern part in 1763, 
by the Treaty of Paris. At the latter date the whole white population was only 
about 1,000, mainly settled along the Detroit river. By Royal Proclamation of 
Oct. 7, 1763, the eastern part of the province, and by the Quebec Act of 1774 (14 
Geo. Ill, c. 83), the whole of what is now southern Ontario, became part of the 
province of Quebec, under French civil and English criminal law and without any 
representative government. The immigration of the United Empire Loyalists 
and their settlement in the country led to an increasing demand both for English 
civil law and for representative institutions. This demand was met by the passing 
of the Constitutional Act of 1791 (31 Geo. Ill, c. 31), which established the pro 
vince of Upper Canada with a Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative Council of not 
fewer than seven, and a Legislative Assembly of not fewer than sixteen members, 
to be elected by the people. These representatives of the people, however, had 
little control over the Executive Council, and the result was the struggle for respon 
sible government which culminated in the rebellion of 1837, after which Lord 
Durham s report paved the way for its introduction and the union of the Canadas 
by the Act of Union (3-4 Viet., c. 35). 

Present Constitution. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario, the single 
chamber of the legislature of the province, was originally composed of 82 elected 
members, the number, however, having been increased until the present when 

Adapted from the article by S. A. Cudmore, Editor Canada Year Book, in the 1921 Year Book. 



108 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

its total is 111. It is elected for four years on an adult suffrage basis and holds 
annual sessions so that 12 months shall not intervene between the last sitting in 
one session and the first sitting in the next. 

The Executive Council consists (1923) of thirteen members, nine of them 
holding portfolios as follows: Prime Minister and Minister of Education; Attorney- 
General; Secretary and Registrar; Treasurer; Lands and Forests; Agriculture; 
Public Works and Highways; Labour; Mines. 

Besides the regular departments, certain commissions have been created for 
specific purposes. They include the Niagara Falls Park Commission, the Railway 
and Municipal Board, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission and the Timiskaming 
and Northern Ontario Railway Commission. 

Municipal Government. Under the system established by the Constitu 
tional Act of 1791, municipal administration was carried on in the mam by the 
courts of quarter sessions, whose members were appointed by and responsible to 
the governor in council. As urban communities began to grow, there commenced 
an agitation for local self-government, which after many rebuffs, resulted in 1832 
in the grant to Brockville of a limited measure of control of the local police. In 
1833 Hamilton and in 1834 Belleville, Cornwall, Port Hope and Prescott received 
similar powers, while in the latter year York became a self-governing city with a 
mayor, aldermen and councillors under the name of Toronto, Kingston receiving 
in 1838 a similar constitution, though being denied the name of city. 

Upon the introduction of responsible government, the District Councils Act 
of 1841 was passed, giving a considerable measure of local self-government with a 
large measure of control by the central authorities and a few years later, a more 
comprehensive measure, the Municipal Act of 1849 came into force. 

This Act has been called the Magna Charta of municipal institutions, not only 
for Ontario, but for the newer provinces which largely copied Ontario institutions. 
Its main features are still clearly visible in the municipal system of to-day. 

Under this system there existed in 1868, when the first legislature of Ontario 
assembled, 539 local self-governing units, including 36 counties, 399 townships, 
and 104 cities, towns and villages. In 1921, there were in the province 911 local 
self-governing units, including 38 county municipalities, 557 townships, 149 villages, 
143 towns and 24 cities. There was thus m that year a local self-governing body for 
every 3,200 of the population of the proyince, and the general effect has been to 
inil iate the masses of the people in the problems of self-government, so that Ontario 
has been described by eminent students of democratic governments as one of the 
most perfect democracies in existence. 

Townships and Villages. Township municipalities may be organized in 
hitherto unorganized territory when the population of the geographical township 
of six miles square is not less than 100, and where the inhabitants of an area not 
surveyed into townships exceed 100 on not more than 20,000 acres. The township 
is governed by a chief executive officer styled reeve, and four others who may be 
deputy reeves or councillors, depending on the number of municipal electors. These 
provisions apply also to villages, which may be created out of districts or parts 
of townships where a population of 750 exists on an area not exceeding 500 acres. 
Police villages with certain limited rights of self-government may be formed by 
county councils where a population of not less than 150 exists upon an area of not 
less than 500 acres and where the majority of freeholders and resident tenants of 
the locality petition therefor. Police villages are administered by three trustees 
who may be created a body corporate where the population exceeds 500. 



ONTARIO log 



Towns. Towns may be incorporated on conditions prescribed by the Ontario 
Railway and Municipal Board, but must have not less than 2,000 population. A 
town in unorganized territory is governed by a mayor and six councillors, or if the 
population is not less than 5,000, by a mayor and nine councillors. A town not in 
unorganized territory is governed by a mayor, a reeve, as many deputy reeves 
as the town is entitled to have as its representatives in the county council, and three 
councillors for each ward where there are less than five wards, or two councillors 
for each ward where there are five or more wards. Towns having not less than 
5,000 population may, by by-law approved by the electors, withdraw from the 
jurisdiction of the county council. 

Cities. Cities, which are always entirely separate in government from their 
counties, must have, when constituted, a population of 15,000. They are governed 
by a mayor, a Board of Control if such exists, and, at the option of the council, 
two or three aldermen for each ward. Boards of Control, who may be elected by 
general vote in any city of more than 45,000 people and must be so elected in cities 
of over 100,000, form a sort of executive authority for the larger cities 
giving a large portion of their tune to the public service, and being paid a salary 
considerably higher than the alderman s indemnity. The duties of the Board of 
Control include the preparation of estimates, the awarding of contracts, the inspec 
tion of municipal works, and the nomination of officers and their dismissal or sus 
pension. The Board reports to the council, in which its members also have a vote, 
and its action is subject to approval or reversal by the whole council. The council 
may not ma.ke appropriations or expenditures of sums not provided for by the 
Board s estimates, without a two-thirds vote of the members present. 

Counties. All members of county councils are also members of the councils 
of the municipalities within the larger county municipality, being the reeves and 
deputy reeves of townships, villages and towns. The presiding officer of the county 
council is called the warden, and is annually chosen from among the reeves who 
are members of the council. The county council has charge of the main highways 
and bridges, the courthouse, gaol, house of refuge, registry office, etc. Its rates are 
collected through the constituent local municipalities. Provisions for the erection 
of one kind of urban municipality into another are given hi the Municipal Act. 

Judiciary. Under the Law Eeform Act of 1909 (9 Edw. VII, c. 28), the 
Supreme Court of Ontario is established hi two divisions, the appellate division 
and the high court division, the former being a continuation of the old court of 
appeal and the latter a continuation of the old high court of justice. The appellate 
division is composed of not less than two divisional courts, each with five justices, 
who. try appeals from the high court and the other courts of the province, and 
from whose decision appeals may in certain cases be made to the Supreme Court 
of Canada. The justices of the High Court hold assizes at least twice a year in 
each county, with a very comprehensive jurisdiction. In each county or district 
there is a court presided over by a judge, who sits at least twice a year, with or 
without a jury, to try minor civil actions. Each county judge also presides at 
least twice yearly over a court of general session, with a limited jurisdiction in 
criminal matters. Criminals may, with their own consent, be tried by the county 
judge without a jury. Each judicial district is divided into court divisions in each 
of which a division court is held by the county judge, or his deputy, at least once in 
every two months. These courts are for the recovery of small debts and damages. 
The county judges hold revision courts for the revision of assessment rolls and of 
voters lists; they are also judges of the surrogate courts, which deal with the 
estates of deceased persons. 



110 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

VI. MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA. 1 

Historical. On the prairies there have been two distinct trends of historical 
and political development that of the Red River and that of the Territories. 
The whole region was originally under the sway of the Honourable Company of 
Adventurers trading into Hudson s Bay. In the case of Red River, responsible 
self-rule came with the transfer to Canada. The Territories possessed absolutely 
no form of government prior to their incorporation in the Dominion. 

On September 4, 1812. Captain Miles Macdonell, in the name of Lord Selkirk, 
took formal possession of the District of Assiniboia at the forks of the Red and 
Assiniboine rivers. This was the first act of government in what is now western 
Canada. 

The district was governed for several years by a governor and council appoint 
ed by Selkirk, and although it was responsible to only a slight degree to those whose 
interests it was expected to regard and foster, its membership was largely represent 
ative of the leaders in the community. In 1841, the Municipal District of Assini 
boia was formed, its establishment marking the beginnings of self-government in 
the west. 

The series of Dominion Acts relating to the west begins with "An Act for 
the temporary government of Rupert s Land and the Northwestern Territory when 
united with Canada," June 22, 1869. This Act sought to prepare for the transfer 
of the Territories from the local authorities to the government of Canada. A year 
later the Manitoba Act (33 Viet., c. 3) launched upon its independent constitutional 
career the eld district of Assiniboia, now in possession of complete self-govern 
ment. For a short time there was a temporary government with two ministers and 
the Legislative Assembly. After this, government was carried on with the Legis 
lative Assembly and a Legislative Council, but without a premier. At the end 
of six years the Legislative Council was abolished. Without a Legislative Council 
but with a premier and a Legislative Assembly, the province assumed the constitu 
tional form which has endured to the present day. 

On the establishment of the province of Manitoba, the Territories were not 
at first given a separate government. They were administered from Fort Garry 
by the Lieut enant-Governor of Manitoba with the aid, first of a small executive 
council of three, and then with the aid of a more formal but still provisional North 
west Council. The charter of the separate political existence of the Territories 
is the Northwest Territories Act, 1875 (38 Viet., c. 49). The development of the 
country had already become a rapid one. The construction of the Canadian 
Pacific railway exerted a powerful influence on its growth and tended to a great 
extent to determine the course of settlement. While the capital was still at Battle- 
ford, in 1881, Chief Factor Lawrence Clarke was elected to represent the district 
of Lome on the Northwest Council. Three years later the elected representatives 
of the people became numerous enough to exert an influence upon legislation. In 
1886 a territorial judiciary was established. Then followed a parliamentary struggle 
for the control of the purse. In quick succession came the Advisory Council, the 
Executive Committee, the Executive Council. In the contest between represent 
atives of the settlers and the Dominion officials, victory lay with the people and 
with the cause of popular government. It was not, however, till 1897, on the eve 
of a remarkable growth in population and economic development, that the govern 
ment of the Territories, which for half a decade had been giving expression to the 

Adapted from the article by Rev. E. H. Oliver, Ph. D., F.R.S.C., in the 1921 Year Book. 



MANITOBA 



people s wi l, was made completely responsible in form as it had already be 
fact. 

The increased volume of immigration necessitated heavier expenditures upon 
education, public works and local administration. It was impossible to introduce 
municipal organizations into many districts outside the limits of the denser settle- 
The result was to impose excessive burdens upon the territorial govern 
ment. Financial embarrassments gave rise to constitutional aspirations Finally 
after a prolonged agitation, the Saskatchewan and Alberta Acts (4-5 Edw VIl 
cc. 42 and 43), provided for the erection on September 1st, 1905, of two provinces 
Saskatchewan and Alberta. 

Provincial Constitutions. -Each of the three provinces has a Lieutenant- 
Governor, appointed by the Dominion Government, who holds office for five years 
Within his term he is not removable except for cause assigned, communicated to 
him in writing. His powers are exercised in accordance with the principles of 
responsible government, with the advice and consent of the provincial cabinet 
Each province also, has in its cabinet a Minister of Public Works, an Attorney- 
General, a Minister of Agriculture, a Provincial Treasurer, a Minister of Education 
and a Provincial Secretary. More than one department or sub-department is 
frequently under one responsible minister. In addition each province has a Legisla 
ture consisting of the Lieutenant-Governor and the Legislative Assembly. There 
must be a yearly session. Though the Assembly may be dissolved at any time it 
must not continue longer than a fixed period of years after a general election. 

1. Manitoba. 

Municipal Government. The stages in the growth of municipal institu 
tions in Manitoba are marked by the legislation of the years 1871, 1873, 1882 and 
1900. In 1871, the County Assessment Act and the Parish Assessment Act made 
provision for dealing with local finance. An Act of 1873 provided for the erection 
of a local municipality in districts containing not less than 30 freeholders. In 
1883, the province was divided into 26 counties and 3 judicial districts. Then 
by the General Municipal Act of 1900, every city, town, village and rural municipal 
ity became a body corporate. Over all of these bodies, excepting cities having 
separate charters of incorporation, is the supervision of a department of Municipal 
Affairs. By legislation enacted in 1921, a Tax Commission was established in 
order to improve the standard of municipal assessment throughout the province, 
and especially in rural areas where some laxity had existed. 

A feature peculiar to local government in Manitoba is the "Improvement 
District," that portion of a rural municipality or incorporated village formed into 
a particular territory to provide for local improvements. It differs in both nature 
and functions from the improvement districts of Saskatchewan and Alberta. In 
general, the other forms of municipal organization are the rural municipalities 
villages, towns and cities. 

School Districts. The most elementary and in many ways the most import 
ant unit of self-government on the prairies is the school district, the local organiza 
tion for the support and administration of educational affairs. Its individual 
character depends largely on whether it is a rural, village, town, city or consolidated 
district, but the most common of these, the rural district, is governed by a board 
of three trustees elected by the ratepayers for three years, one being elected and 
one retiring annually. Still another form also exists, the rural municipality school 
organization, an aggregation of rural schools under one board of trustees. 



112 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

Other Forms. As mentioned above, the other forms of municipal organiza 
tion in addition to the improvement district are the rural municipalities, villages, 
towns and cities. The rural municipality is a permanent corporate body with 
powers to legislate on matters such as public health, cemeteries, hospitals, cruelty 
to animals, fires, municipal buildings, etc. It collects the school taxes in the 
district and may borrow by means of debenture issues. Certain license fees may 
be collected but taxation constitutes the principal source of revenue. The council 
consists of the reeve and six or four councillors as determined by by-law. 

Villages are incorporated under the Municipality Act in which a primary 
requirement is that a minimum number of 500 inhabitants be resident on an area 

of 640 acres. 

Towns may be erected on a petition from any locality with over 1,500 inhabi 
tants. The council consists of the mayor and two councillors from each ward. 

A city in Manitoba may be formed on application from a town containing over 
10,000 inhabitants. Its council is composed of a mayor, a board of control similar 
to those of Ontario, and two aldermen from each ward. Its powers are the familiar 
ones including the acquisition of property, public safety, public order and morality, 
fire protection, libraries, drainage, sewerage and water supply. 

Judiciary. The courts of the three provinces are essentially the same. In 
Manitoba there are the court of appeal, with a chief justice and four puisne judges, 
the court of King s bench, the surrogate court and the county courts. In Saskat 
chewan are the court of appeal and the court of King s bench (with the supreme 
court judges having jurisdiction in bankruptcy) and several district courts. In 
Alberta there are the trial and appellate divisions of the supreme court (the judges 
acting in bankruptcy as above) and also several judicial districts and sub-judicial 
districts presided over by district judges. 

2. Saskatchewan. 



The province- of Saskatchewan began its existence in 1905 with numerous 
municipal customs and organizations which it received as a legacy from the old 
Northwest Territories. Many of them were soon discarded on the recommend 
ation of investigating commissions and among the earliest moves of the new pro 
vince in the direction of municipal government was the amending of local improve 
ment Acts and the consolidating of other Acts relating to municipalities. 

In general, local government in Saskatchewan is similar to that of Manitoba. 
The school district is the most important governmental unit. Improvement 
districts in both Saskatchewan and Alberta differ from those in Manitoba in that 
they consist of those sparsely settled areas where there exists either no municipal 
organization whatever or one of a very simple character. As a rule each local 
improvement district has exactly the same area as the rural municipality into which it 
may subsequently be transformed. This is generally the territorial unit of 18 
miles square or 9 townships. Taxes are collectible by the Department of Municipal 
Affairs and are expended within the district on highways, the destruction of animal 
and insect pests, etc. 

Villages may be incorporated when 50 people actually resident in a hamlet 
make application. Taxes may be levied on land at its fair actual value, on 
buildings and improvements at 60 p.c. of their value and on personal property 
and income. On written petition of two-thirds of the number of ratepayers, a 
by-law providing for the assessment of land only may be passed. 



BRITISH COLUMBIA 113 



Towns may be erected from villages having over 500 inhabitants. The land 
and improvements are assessed on the same basis as in villages, but in addition, 
the town has the power of imposing an income tax, a tax on personal property and 
a tax on improvements. 

Towns of 5,000 inhabitants may be incorporated as cities under a general City 
Act. The city may, at its own volition, assess land values, exempting buildings 
and improvements. City government is by mayor and aldermen elected by the 
people and by appointed commissioners, a contrast to the elective boards of control 
common to eastern cities. 

3. Alberta. 

From the standpoint of government, the development of Alberta since its 
creation in 1905 has been very similar to that of Saskatchewan, in much the 
same way as these two provinces have been closely allied with Manitoba in the 
application of older, eastern methods of government to western conditions. 

In Alberta also, the five main forms of municipal organization exist: improve 
ment and municipal districts, villages, towns and cities. The school district is again 
a vital element in the organization of government and, in Alberta, is similar in 
constitution to those of the other prairie provinces. The council of rural muni 
cipalities is generally elected at large, although, with the electors approval, it 
may provide for election by divisions in a manner similar to that seen in Saskat 
chewan where the reeve is elected at large while each of the six councillors is chosen 
by a division of a township and a half. A village in Alberta is not a corporate 
body and its powers are very limited. It may be established where any centre of 
population contains 25 occupied dwelling houses within an area of 640 acres. When 
a village population reaches 700 it may be established as a town and towns again 
may become cities on application and granting of a special charter. As each city 
conducts its affairs according to the provisions of its charter (since there is no City 
Act governing their creation) methods of city government in the province show 
considerable differences. 



VII. BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 . 

British Columbia entered Confederation on July 20, 1871. The province 
had been constituted in 1866 by the union of the colony of Vancouver Island and 
its dependencies with that of British Columbia. Local responsible government 
began before Confederation, but previously the colonies had been administered by 
two mixed elective and appointed councils. The Lieutenant-Governor and a Cabinet 
not to exceed twelve ministers constitute the present administration . The Cabinet 
is composed of the following: the Premier, who is also Minister of Railways and 
President of the Council; Attorney-General and Minister of Labour; Minister of 
Finance and Minister of Industries; Provincial Secretary and Minister of Educa 
tion; Minister of Lands; Minister of Mines and Commissioner of Fisheries; Minister 
of Public Works; Minister of Agriculture. 

British Columbia has a single chamber legislature, consisting of 47 members. 
Vancouver s representation has been increased from 2 members in 1894 to 6 at 
present, elected at large. Victoria returns 4 members, while the other 36 ridings 
are one-member constituencies. The term of the Legislative Assembly, formerly 
four years, was increased to five years in 1913. 

Adapted from the article by John Hosie in the 1921 Year Book. 
623738 



114 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

Judiciary. The principal courts of the province in the order of authority 
are as follows: 

1. Court of Appeal, consisting of a chief justice and four puisne judges. The 
appellate jurisdiction of this court is wide, covering appeals from all judgments 
and orders of the supreme court, appeals from the county courts, appeals from 
the opinion of a judge of the supreme court on constitutional questions referred 
to him by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, etc. It is also the court of ^appeal 
for the province in all criminal cases under the Criminal Code of Canada. 

2. The Supreme Court, consisting of a chief justice and five puisne judges. 
It has general jurisdiction throughout the province as a superior court of record, 
and there are certain appeals under provincial legislation which are heard before 
it. Its jurisdiction is exercisable by each individual judge as and for the^ court. 

3. County Courts, of which there are nine. These have jurisdiction in all 
personal actions where the amount involved does not exceed $1,000; in actions of 
ejectment where the value of the premises does not exceed $2,500; in equity cases 
where the amount involved does not exceed $2,500. They have wide jurisdiction 
under the provincial mining acts, and upon appeals from small debts courts. 
The administration of criminal justice is also largely in their hands. 

4. Small Debts Courts, with jurisdiction in personal actions up to $100. They 
are presided over by judges appointed by the provincial government. 

In addition to the above courts there are many stipendiary magistrates "and 
justices of the peace, exercising a more or less limited jurisdiction under the Criminal 
Code of Canada as well as under the Summary Convictions Act. 

Education. The Department of Education is under a Minister who is also 
Provincial Secretary. The Superintendent of Education has the rank of a deputy 
minister. Supervision is in the hands of two high school inspectors, sixteen inspec- 
ors of schools, and one inspector of manual training schools. The system is non- 
sectarian. Attendance is compulsory fron} the age of 7 to 14. The provincial 
university was authorized by legislation in 1908, but was not opened until 1915. 
It confers degrees hi Arts, Applied Science and Agriculture, and has power to grant 
degrees in all branches except theology. 

Other educational institutions include two normal schools and over forty high 
schools. There are also night schools for instruction in academic and technical 
subjects. Manual training and household science departments are in operation L in 
many high schools and elementary schools. 

The maintenance of all city and town schools, and a large majority of the 
rural schools, is provided for by local or district assessment, supplemented by 
grants from the provincial treasury. Control of these schools is vested in the local 
authorities, subject to the regulations of the department. Cities and organized 
municipalities elect their boards by popular vote. These boards appoint municipal 
inspectors and other officers. 

Municipal Government. Local administration is at present based on the 
Municipal Act and amending statutes, together with the Village Municipalities 
Act. Large powers of local self-government are conferred by the existing system. 
An urban municipality may be formed by a community of not less than 100 male 
British subjects, provided the owners of more than half of the land petition for it. 
District municipalities may be organized by 30 resident male British subjects of 
full age. Village municipalities may be formed by petition where the number of 
residents does not exceed 1,000 but the provisions of the Municipal Act shall not 



BRITISH COLUMBIA 115 



apply thereto. The city organizations are of the same general type, differing only 
in details. In all, the chief executive officer is the mayor, and all have elective 
councils. 

The Municipal Act has provision for the board of control, but neither this nor 
the Commission system is in operation. All the larger cities have dropped the ward 
system. Vancouver, the largest city, has reduced its council to eight members. 
The municipal franchise for ordinary purposes is open to adult male residents and 
to female householders and real estate owners. Only owners of real estate, male 
or female, may vote on money by-laws. Such by-laws are necessary for expendi 
tures beyond the ordinary revenue, requiring the issue of debentures. They require 
a three-fifths majority of the votes cast. The chief executive of a district muni 
cipality is the reeve and in most other respects the district municipality is similar 
to the city government. 

While tfie general municipal system is established by common legislation, 
several municipalities have secured certain modifications by special enactment. 
Each has its own system of assessment and taxation. Vancouver, for example, 
levies taxes upon fifty per cent of the value of improvements. 

Under the Municipal Cemeteries Act, 1921, municipalities are given power 
to establish cemeteries, mausoleums and crematoriums. Two or more municipali 
ties may act together in the matter, with a joint board of control appointed by the 
respective councils. 

Aid is now given the municipalities from the receipts from government sale 
of liquor, from receipts for motor licenses, and from a newly imposed tax on betting 
at race meetings. The apportionment of such moneys is on a basis of population. 



62373 8 i 



V. PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN 

CANADA. 

I. DOMINION PARLIAMENT. 

The Dominion Parliament is composed of the King, represented by the Governor- 
General, the Senate and the House of Commons. The Governor-General is appoint 
ed by the King in Council. Members of the Senate are appointed for life by the 
Governor-General in Council and members of the House of Commons are elected 
by the people. As a result of the working out of the democratic principle, the 
part played by the King s representative and the Upper Chamber of Parliament 
in the country s legislation has been, in Canada as in the mother country, a steadily 
decreasing one, the chief responsibilities involved in legislation being assumed 
by the House of Commons. 

The Governor-General of Canada The Governor-General is appointed by the 
King as his representative in Canada, usually for a term of five years, with a salary 
fixed at 10,000 sterling per annum and forming a charge against the consolidated 
revenue of the country. Trie Governor-General is bound by the terms of his com 
mission and can only exercise such authority as is expressly entrusted to him. 
He acts under the advice of his Ministry, which is responsible to Parliament, and, 
as the acting head of the executive, summons, prorogues and dissolves Parliament 
and assents to or reserves bills. In the discharge of these and other executive 
duties, he acts entirely by and with the advice of his Ministry (the Governor- 
General in Council). In matters of Imperial interest affecting Canada, he consults 
with his Ministers and submits their views to the British government. The royal 
prerogative of mercy in capital cases, formerly exercised on the Governor-General s 
own judgment and responsibility, is now Exercised pursuant to the advice of the 
Ministry. 

A list of the Governors-General from the time of Confederation, with the 
dates of their appointment and assumption of office, is given in Table 1. 

1. Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1923. 



Name. 


Date of 
appointment. 


Date of 
assumption 
of office. 


Viscount Monck GCMG 


June 1, 1867 


July 1, 1867 


Lord Lisgar GCMG 


Dec. 29, 1868 


Feb. 2, 1869 


Thp Farl of T~)iiffprin KPKCBGCMG 


May 22, 1872 


June 25, 1872 


Thp Marnnis of T ornp KT GCMG 


Oct. 5, 1878 


Nov. 25, 1878 




Aug. 18, 1883 


Oct. 23, 1883 


Lord Stanley of Preston G C B 


May 1, 1888 


June 11, 1888 


T he Earl of Aberdeen KT GCMG 


May 22, 1893 


Sept. 18, 1893 


The Earl of Minto GCMG 


July 30, 1898 


Nov. 12, 1898 


The Earl Grey GCMG 


Sept. 26, 1904 


Dec. 10, 1904 




Mar. 21, 1911 


Oct. 13, 1911 


Thp Dnlcfi nf Dftvnnshirp KG GCMG GCVO 


Aug. 19, 1916 


Nov. 11, 1916 




Aug. 2, 1921 


Aug. 11, 1921 









The Ministry A system of government based upon the British, by which a 
Cabinet or Ministry (composed of members of the House of Commons or the 
Senate), responsible to Parliament, holds office while it enjoys the confidence of 



DOMINION MINISTRIES 



117 



the people s representatives, is found in Canada. The Cabinet is actually a com 
mittee of the King s Privy Council for Canada. Without enlarging upon the 
features of the system, it may be sufficient to note that the Cabinet is responsible 
to the House of Commons, and, following established precedent, resigns office 
when it becomes evident that it no longer holds the confidence of the people s 
representatives. Members of the Cabinet are chosen by the Prime Minister; 
each of them generally assumes charge of one of the various departments of the 
government, although one Minister may hold two portfolios at the same time, 
while other members may be without portfolio. The present Ministry consists 
of 19 members. Three of them are without portfolio while four others, including 
the Prime Minister, are in charge of two or more departments. 

The Prime Ministers since Confederation and their dates of office, together 
with the members of the present Ministry, are given in Table 2. 

2. Ministries since Confederation. 

1. Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, Premier. From July 1, 1867 to Nov. 6, 1873. 

2. Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, Premier. From Nov. 7, 1873 to Oct. 16, 1878. 

3. Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, Premier. From Oct. 17, 1878 to June 6, 1891. 

4. Hon. Sir John J. C. Abbott, Premier. From June 16, 1891 to Dec. 5, 1892. 

5. Hon. Sir John S. D. Thompson, Premier. From Dee. 5, 1892 to Dec. 12, 1894. 

6. Hon. Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Premier. From Dec. 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896. 

7. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Premier. From May 1, 1896 to July 8, 1896. 

8. Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier. From July 11, 1896 to Oct. 6, 1911. 

9. Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden, Premier. (Conservative Administration). From Oct. 10, 1911 to 

Oct. 12, 1917. 

10. Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden, Premier. (Unionist Administration). From Oct. 12, 1917 to July 10, 

1920. 

11. Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen, Premier. (Unionist "National Liberal and Conservative Party"). From 

July 10, 1920 to Dec. 29, 1921. 

12. Rt. Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Premier. From Dec. 29, 1921. 

NOTE. A complete list of the members of Dominion Ministries from Confederation to 1913 appeared 
in the Year Book of 1912, pp. 422-429. A list of the members of the Dominion Ministries from 1911 to 
1921 appeared in the Year Book of 1920, pp. 651-653. 

TWELFTH DOMINION MINISTRY. 

(According to precedence of the Ministers as at the formation of the Cabinet.) 



Office. 



Occupant. 



Date of 
Appointment. 



Prime Minister, Secretary of State for 
External Affairs, President of the Privy 
Council 



Minister of Finance 

Minister of National Defence. 



Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King 
Right Hon. William S. Fielding 



Hon. George P. Graham. . 
Hon. Edward Macdonald 1 . 
Hon. Edward Macdonald. 



Postmaster General 

Minister without Portfolio. 



Hon. Charles Murphy. . . 
Hon. Raoul Dandurand. 



Minister of Soldiers Civil Re-Establish 
ment and the Minister in charge of and to 
administer the Department of Health 

Minister of Public Works 



Hon. Henri S. Beland. 

Hon. Hewitt Bostock. 
Hon. James H. King.. 



Minister of Justice and Attorney General. . . 

Minister of Customs and Excise 

Minister of Marine and Fisheries 

Solicitor General. . 



Hon. Sir Lomer Gouin. 
Hon. Jacques Bureau. . . 
Hon. Ernest Lapointe.. 



Hon. Daniel D. McKenzie. 
Hon. E. J. McMurray 



Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

April 28, 1923 

Aug. 17, 1923 
4 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 



Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Feb. . 3, 1922 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 
< 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Sept. 12, 1923 



Acting Minister. 



118 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA 



TWELFTH DOMINION MINISTRY concluded. 



Office. 



Minister of Immigration and Colonization. . 
Minister of Trade and Commerce. . . 



Minister without Portfolio 

Secretary of State 

Minister of Railways and Canals. 



Minister of the Interior, Superintendent 

L. General of Indian Affairs and Minister of 

Mines.. 



Minister of Agriculture 

Minister of Labour 

Minister without Portfolio. 



Occupant. 



Hon. James A. Robb. 



Hon. James A. Robb.. 
Hon. Thomas A. Low. 



Hon. Thomas A. Low. 
Hon. Arthur B. Copp. . 



Hon. William C. Kennedy. 
Hon. George P. Graham... 



Hon. Charles Stewart 

Hon. William R. Motherwell. 

Hon. James Murdock 

Hon. John. E. Sinclair... 



Date of 
Appointment. 



Aug. 17, 1923 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Aug. 17, 1923 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

April 28, 1923 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 

Dec. 29, 1921 



In Table 3 are given the dates of the opening and prorogation of the sessions 
of the various Dominion Parliaments from 1867 to 1923. 



3. Duration and Sessions of Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1923. 



Number of 
Parliament. 


Ses 
sion. 


Date of 
Opening. 


Date of 
Prorogation. 


Days 
of 

ses 
sion. 


Elections, writs 
returnable, dissolutions, 
and lengths of 
Parliaments. 10 


1st Parliament 


1st 
2nd 
3rd 


Nov. 1, 1867 
April 15, 1869 
Feb 15, 1870 


May 22, 1868 
June 22, 1869 
May 12 1870 


1181 
69 
87 


Aug., Sept., 1867. 
Sept 24 1867 4 


2nd Parliament 1 


4th 
5th 

1st 


Feb. 15, 1871 
April 11, 1872 

Mar. 5 1873 


April 14, 1871 
June 14, 1872 

Aug 13 1873 


59 
65 

81 2 


July 8, 1872.5 
4 y., 9 m., 15 d. 
July, Aug. .Sept., 72.3 
Sept 3 1872 * 


3rd Parliament 


2nd 

1st 
2nd 
3rd 


Oct. 23, 1873 

Mar. 26, 1874 
Feb. 4, 1875 
Feb. 10, 1876 


Nov. 7, 1873 

May 26, 1874 
April 8, 1875 
April 12 1876 


16 

62 
64 
63 


Jan. 2, 1874/ 
ly.,4m.,0d. 
Jan. 22, 1874.3 
Feb. 21, 1874." 
Aug 17 1878 5 


4th Parliament 


4th 
5th 
1st 
2nd 


Feb. 8, 1877 
Feb. 7, 1878 
Feb. 13, 1879 
Feb. 12, 1880 


April 28, 1877 
May 10, 1878 
May 15, 1879 
May 7 1880 


80 
93 
92 
86 


4 y., 5 m., 25 d. 

|Sept. 17, 1878. 
Nov 21 1878 4 


5th Parliament 


3rd 
4th 
1st 
2nd 


Dec. 9, 1880 
Feb. 9, 1882 
Feb. 8, 1883 
Jan. 17, 1884 


Mar. 21, 1881 
May 17, 1882 
May 25, 1883 
April 19 1884 


103 
98 
107 
94 


^May l8, l882.s 
3 y., 5 m., 28 d. 
June 20, 1882. 
Aug 7 1882 4 


6th Parliament . 


3rd 
4th 
1st 
2nd 


Jan. 29, 1885 
Feb. 25, 1886 
April 13, 1887 
Feb 23 1888 


July 20, 1885 
June 2, 1886 
June 23, 1887 
May 22 1888 


173 
98 
72 
90 


Jan. l5, 1887.5 
4 y., 5 m., 10 d. 
Feb. 22, 1887. 
April 7 1887 * 


.7th Parliament 


3rd 

4th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 


Jan. 31, 1889 
Jan. 16, 1890 
April 29, 1891 
Feb. 25, 1892 
Jan 26, 1893 


May 2, 1889 
May 16, 1890 
Sept. 30, 1891 
July 9, 1892 
April 1 1893 


92 
121 
155 
136 
66 


Feb. 3, 1891.5 
3y.,9m., 27 d. 

March 5, 1891. 
April 25 1891 4 


8th Parliament i 


4th 
5th 
6th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 


Mar. 15, 1894 
April 18, 1895 
Jan. 2, 1896 
Aug. 19, 1896 
Mar. 25, 1897 
Feb. 3, 1898 


July 23, 1894 
July 22, 1895 
April 23, 1896 
Oct. 5, 1896 
June 29, 1897 
June 13, 1898 


131 
96 
111 
48 
97 
131 


April 24, 1896.5 
5 y., Om., Od. 

June 23, 1896. 
July 13, 1896. 1 




4th 
5th 
1st 
2nd 


Mar. 16, 1899 
Feb. 1, 1900 
Feb. 6, 1901 
Feb. 13, 1902 


Aug. 11, 1899 
July 18, 1900 
May 23, 1901 
May 15, 1902 


149 
168 
107 
90 


Oct. 9, 1900. 
4 y., 2 m., 26 d. 
Nov. 7, 1900. 3 
Dec. 5, 1900 4 




3rd 
4th 


Mar. 12, 1903 
Mar. 10, *)04 


Oct. 24, 1903 
Aug. 10, 1904 


227 
154 


Sept. 29, 1904. 
3y., 9 m., 26 d. 



DOMINION PARLIAMENTS 



119 



3 Duration and Sessions of Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1923 concluded. 



Number of 
Parliament. 


Ses 
sion. 


Date of 
Opening. 


Date of 
Prorogation. 


Days 
of 

ses 
sion. 


Elections, writs 
returnable, dissolutions, 
and lengths 
of Parliaments. 10 


10th Parliament 


1st 
2nd 


Jan. 11, 1905 
Mar. 8, 1906 


July 20, 1905 
July 13, 1?06 


191 
128 


Nov. 3, 1904. 3 
Dec. 15, 1904. 


llth Parliament 


3rd 
4th 

1st 


Nov. 22, 1906 
Nov. 28, 1907 

Jan. 20, 1909 


April 27, 1907 
July 20, 1908 

May 19, 1909 


157 

236 

120 


Sept. 17, 1908.6 
3 v., 9 m., 4d. 
Oct. 26, 1908.3 
Dec. 3, 1908.- 1 


12th Parliament 


2nd 
3rd 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 


Nov. 11, 1909 
Nov. 17, 1910 
Nov. 15, 1911 
Nov. 21, 1912 
Jan. 15, 1914 
Aug. 18, 1914 


May 4, 1910 
July 29, 1911 
April 1, 1912 
June 6, 1913 
June 12, 1914 
Aug. 22, 1914 


175 

196 7 
139 
173 
148 
5 


July 29, 1911. 6 
2 y., 7 m., 28 d. 

Sept. 21, 1911. 
Oct. 7, 1911. 4 


13th Parliament 


5th 
6th 
7th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 


Feb. 4, 1915 
Jan. 12, 1916 
Jan. 18, 1917 
Mar. 18, 1918 
Feb. 20, 1919 
Sept. 1, 1919 


April 15, 1915 
May 18, 1916 
Sept. 20, 1917 
May 24, 1918 
July 7, 1919 
Nov. 10, 1919 


71 
127 
207 9 
68 
138 
71 


Oct. 6, 1917. 6 
6y., m., d. 

Dec. 17, 1917.3 
}Feb. 27, 1918.< 


llth Parliament 1 


4th 
5th 
1st 
2nd 


Feb. 26, 1920 
Feb. 14, 1921 
Mar. 8, 1922 
Jan. 31, 1923 


July 1, 1920 
June 4, 1921 
June 28, 1922 
June 30, 1923 


127 
111 
113 
151 


Oct. 4, 1921.5 
3y., 7m., 6 d. 
\Dec. 6, 1921.3 
/Jan. 14, 1922.* 



1 Adjourned from 21st December, 1867, to 12th March, 1868, to allow the local Legislatures to meet. 
1 Adjourned 23rd May till 13th August. 3 Period of general elections. 4 Writs returnable. 6 Dissolution 
of Parliament. * Duration of Parliament in years, months and days. The life of a Parliament is counted 
from the date of return of election wiits to the date of dissolution, both days inclusive. 7 Not including 
days (59) of adjournment from May 19th to July 18th. 8 Not including days (25) of adjournment from Dec. 
19th, 1912, to Jan. 14th, 1913. Not including days (39) of adjournment from Feb. 7th to April 19th, 1917. 
10 The ordinary legal limit of duration for each parliament is five years. 

A brief resume of the history of parliamentary representation follows. Attention 
may be drawn to the growth in the number of members of both the Senate and 
the House of Commons since Confederation and to the greatly increased unit of 
representation in the lower house. 

The Senate. The British North America Act, 1867, provides in sections 21 
and 22 that "the Senate shall consist of seventy-two members, who shall be styled 
Senators. In relation to the constitution of the Senate, Canada shall be deemed 
to consist of three divisions, (1) Ontario; (2) Quebec); (3) The Maritime Provinces, 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; which three divisions shall be equally represented 
in the Senate as follows, Ontario by twenty-four Senators; Quebec by twenty-four 
Senators; and the Maritime Provinces by twenty-four Senators, twelve thereof 
representing New Brunswick and twelve thereof representing Nova Scotia. In the 
case of Quebec, each of the twenty-four Senators representing the province shall be 
appointed for one of the electoral divisions of Lower Canada specified in schedule 
A to Chapter I of the Consolidated Statutes of Canada." The upper chamber of 
the Dominion Parliament, while it has been distinctly secondary in importance 
to the lower, as in most other bi-cameral legislatures, has still remained an integral 
part of the Canadian Parliamentary system. 

The first increase in the membership of the upper chamber took place in 1871, 
when Manitoba and British Columbia, upon entering Confederation, were given 
two and three Senators respectively. In 1873 Prince Edward Island was civen 
four Senators, the representation of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick being reduced 
by two Senators each. In 1882 Manitoba was given an additional member and 
in 1892 another. The Northwest Territories, in 1888, were given representation 



120 PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA 



by two Senators, the number being increased to four in 1904. Saskatchewan 
and Alberta, on their creation in 1905, were each allotted four seats. At that time 
the membership by Provinces was .--Ontario, 24; Quebec, 24; Nova Scotia, 10- 
New Brunswick, 10; Prince Edward Island, 4; British Columbia, 3; Manitoba 4- 
Saskatchewan, 4; Alberta, 4, a total of 87 members. Following the increased 
representation given to the western provinces by the Representation Act, 1914 
the number of senators was increased in 1917 to 96 by 5-6 Geo. V, c. 45 (an Act 
of the Imperial Parliament). A fourth "division," represented by 24 members 

comprising the area of the Dominion situated to the west of Ontario was created, 
and each of the four western provinces was represented in the Senate by 6 members 
While the total number is thus 96, provision is made by the Act for the creation 
of additional senators by the Governor-General. The total, however, must never 
exceed a maximum of 104. Senators are entitled to be addressed as "Honourable" 

The personnel of the Senate, by provinces, as at Oct. 31, 1923, is shown in 
Table 4. 

^-Representation in the Senate of Canada, by Provinces, according to the British 
^orth America Act, 1867, and amending Acts, as at Oct. 31,1923. 



Names of Senators. 



Prince Edward Island (4 

senators) 

Yeo, John 

Prowse, Benj. C 

Murphy, Patrick C 

McLean, John 



Post Office 
Address. 



Nova Scotia (10 senators) 

Farrell, Edward M 

Roche, William 

Curry, Nathaniel 

Ross, Wm.B 

Girroir, E. L 

McLennan, John S 

Tanner, C. E 

Stanfield, John 

McCormick, John 

Martin, Peter 



New Brunswick (10 senators) 

Poirier, Pascal 

King ( G. G 

Daniel, J. W 

Bourcjue, T. J 

Fowler, G. W . 

Todd, Irving R 

McDonald, J. A 

Black, Frank B 

Turgeon, Onesiphore 



Quebec (24 senators) 1 

Bolduc, Joseph, P.C 

Montplaisir, H 

Thibaudeau, A. A 

Dandurand, R..P.C 

Catgrain, J. P. B 

Beique, F. L 

Legrie, J. H 

Tessier, Jules 

David, L. O 

Cloran, H. J 

Mitchell, Wm 

DessaulJes, G. C 

Lavergne, Louis 



Port Hill. 
Charlottetown. 
Tignish. 
Souris. 



Liverpool. 

Halifax. 

Amherst. 

Middleton. 

Antigonish. 

Sydney. 

Pictou. 

Truro. 

Sydney Mines. 

Halifax. 



Shediac. 

Chipman. 

St. John. 

Richibucto. 

Sussex. 

Mill town. 

Shediac. 

Sackville. 

Bathurst. 



St. Victor de Tring 

Three Rivers. 

Montreal. 

Montreal. 

Montreal. 

Montreal. 

Louiteville. 

Quebec. 

Montreal. 

Montreal. 

Drummondville. 

St. Hyacinthe. 

Arthabaska. 



Names of Senators. 



Quebec concluded. 
Wilson, J. M. . 

Pope, RufusH 

Beaubien, C. P 

L Esperance, D. O 

Foster, G. G.. 

White, R. S 

Blondin, P. E., P.C 

Chapais, Thomas 

Webster, L. C 

Boyer, Gustavo 



Post Office 
Address. 



Ontario (24 senators) 

Mcflugh, Geo 

Belcourt, N. A., P.C 

Ratz, Valentine 

Gordon, Geo 

Smith, E. D ......! 

McCall, Alexander 

Donnelly, J. J 

Lynch -Staunton, G 

Robertson, G. D., P.C . 

Blain, Richard 

Fisher, J. H 

Bennett, W. H . 

Webster, John 

Mulholland, R. A... 
O Brien, M. J.... 
White, G. V... 
Reid, J. D..P.C.... 
Foster, Sir G. E., P.C 

Kemp, Sir A. E., P.C . 

Macdonell, A. H 

McCoig, A. B 

Hardy, A. C 

Pardee, F. F 



Montreal. 

Cookshire. 

Montreal. 

Quebec. 

Montreal. 

Montreal. 

Grand .Mere. 

Quebec. 

Montreal. 

Rigaud. 



Aylesworth, Sir A. B., P.C. . 

lanitoba (6 senators) 

Watson, Robt 

Sliarpe, W. H . . 

McAieans, L 

B6nard, Aim6 

Schaffner, F. L 

Bradbury, G. H 



Lindsay. 

Dttawa. 

NTew Hamburg. 

Slorth Bay. 

Winona. 

Simcoe. 

Pinkerton. 

Hamilton. 

Welland. 

Brampton. 

Paris. 

Midland. 

Brockville. 

Port Hope. 

lienfrew. 

Pembroke. 

Prescott. 

Ottawa. 

Toronto. 

Toronto. 

Chatham. 

Brockville. 

Sarnia. 

Toronto. 



3 ortage la Prairie, 
klanitou. 
Vinnipeg. 
Vinnipeg. 
Vinnipeg. 
Selkirk. 



One seat vacant. 



THE SENATE 



121 



4. Representation in the Senate of Canada, by Provinces, etc. concluded. 



Names of Senators. 


Post Office 
Address. 


Names of Senators. 


Post Office 
Address. 


Saskatchewan (6 senators) 
Ross, James H 


Regina. 


Alberta concluded. 
Harmer, Wm J 




Laird, H. W 


Regina. 


Griesbach, W A 




Willoughby, W. B 


Moosejaw. 


Cote, Jean Leon 




Turriff, J. G 


Ottawa, Ont. 






Calder, J. A., P.C 


Regina. 


British Columbia (6 senators) 




Gillis, A. B 


Whitewood. 


Bostock Hewitt P C 








Planta, A. E 


Nanaimo 


Alberta (6 senators) 




Barnard, G. H 


Victoria 


Lougheed, Sir J. A., P.C 


Calgary. 


Tavlor, J. D 


New Westminster 


De Veber, L. George 


Leth bridge. 


Green, R. F 




Michener, Edward 


Red Deer. 


Crowe, S. J.. 













The House of Commons. The British North America Act provides under 
section 37 that "The House of Commons shall consist of one hundred and eighty-one 
members, of whom eighty-two shall be elected for Ontario, sixty-five for Quebec, 
nineteen for Nova Scotia and fifteen for New Brunswick." Further, under section 
51, provisions were made for decennial re-adjustments of representation in accordance 
with the results of the decennial census of the Dominion. The section provides 
that the province of Quebec shall always have a fixed number of 65 members, 
and that there shall be assigned to each of the other provinces such number of 
members as will bear the same proportion to the number of its population (ascer 
tained by the census) as the number 65 bears to the population of Quebec (within 
its area as in 1911). A further provision in subsection 4 of section 51 stipulates 
that "on any such re-adjustment the number of members for a province shall not 
be reduced unless the proportion which the number of the population of the province 
bore to the number of the aggregate population of Canada at the then last preceding 
re-adjustment of the number of members for the province is ascertained at the then 
latest census to be diminished by one twentieth part or upwards." By an amend 
ment to the British North America Act passed by the Imperial Parliament in 1915 
(5-6 Geo. V, c. 45), it was enacted that "notwithstanding anything in the said Act, 
a province shall always be entitled to a number of members in the House of Com 
mons not less than the number of senators representing such province." As a 
consequence of this amendment the representation of Prince Edward Island has 
remained at 4 members. 

Re-adjustments in Provincial Representation. The first Dominion Parlia 
ment was chosen by the electors in the general election held from Aug. 7 to Sept. 20, 
1867. Its lower chamber was composed of 181 members, as set out by the foregoing 
provisions of the British North America Act. During its existence, the inclusion 
of Manitoba as a province of the Dominion on May 12, 1870, and of British Columbia 
on July 20, 1871, resulted in the addition of four and six members respectively. 
As a result of the census of 1871, a further increase took place through the addition 
of six new members for Ontario, two for Nova Scotia and one for New Brunswick, 
at the general election of 1872; further, in 1874, after the admission of Prince Edward 
Island to the Dominion, six members were added from that province. The results 
of the general election of 1882 again show increased representation arising out of 
the census of 1881 increases of three for Ontario and one for Manitoba bringing 
the total number of members up to 210. The elections of 1887, in which an addi 
tional member for Ontario and four new members for the Northwest Territories 
(later Saskatchewan and Alberta) were returned, brought a further increase to a 



122 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA 



total of 215. Later redistributions following the censuses of 1891 and 1901 resulted 
u/increases in the number of members from the new electoral districts of the western 
provinces and the Yukon, and reductions in the representation given to Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick, the total number, however, remaining practically 
the same. The number of members for Ontario also showed, as a consequence 
of the census of 1901, a decrease, after the election of 1904, from 92 to 86. The 
results of the four elections of 1891, 1896, 1900 and 1904 show the number of members 
returned to have been 215, 213, 216 and 214 respectively. In 1908, following the 
passing of the Representation Act of 1907, a total of 35 members from the Maritime 
provinces, 10 members each from Manitoba and Saskatchewan, together with 
7 from Alberta, a new member for British Columbia and unchanged representation 
from Quebec and Ontario showed a grand total of 221 members in the House of 
Commons. No further changes were made until after the election of 1911, when an 
amendment to the Representation Act provided that the House of Commons should 
consist of 221 members as follows, Ontario, 86; Quebec, 65; Saskatchewan, 10; 
British Columbia, 7; Alberta, 7; Manitoba, 10; Nova Scotia, 18; New Brunswick, 
13; Prince Edward Island, 4; Yukon Territory, 1. A further Representation Act 
of 1914 provided for an increase in the number of members to 235, divided among 
the provinces as follows, Ontario, 82; Quebec, 65; Nova Scotia, 16; New Brunswick, 
11; Manitoba, 15; British Columbia, 13; Prince Edward Island, 4; Saskatchewan, 
16; Alberta, 12; Yukon Territory, 1. This Act is now in force but as a result of the 
census of 1921 a further Bill, providing for increases in the number of members 
from the western provinces and for a decrease in the number of members from 
Nova Scotia and a grand total of 245 members, was given a first reading on February 
13, 1923. It establishes the basis on which the fifteenth Parliament of Canada 
will probably be constituted. 

The effect of the various Representation Acts, as shown by the number of 
rhembers returned to the House of Commons for the various provinces, at the general 
elections in the years for which figures are given is shown in Table 5. 

5. Representation in the House of Commons of Canada, showing the effect of 

Representation Acts, 1867 to 1921. 



Province. 


1867. 


1872. 


1882. 


1896. 


1904. 


1908. 


1911. 


1917. 


1921. 


Ontario 


82 


88 


91 


92 


86 


86 


86 


82 


82 


Quebec 


65 


65 


65 


65 


65 


65 


65 


65 


65 


Nova Scotia 


19 


21 


21 


20 


18 


18 


18 


16 


16 


New Brunswick 


15 


16 


16 


14 


13 


13 


13 


11 


11 


Manitoba 




4 


5 


7 


10 


10 


10 


15 


15 


British Columbia 


_ 


6 


6 


6 


7 


7 


7 


13 


13 


Prince Edward Island 
Saskatchewan 


- 




6 


5 

\ 


4 


4 
10 


4 
10 


4 
16 


4 
16 


Alberta 


_ 


_ 


m 


/ 4 


10 


7 


7 


12 


12 


Yukon 


m 


_ 


_ 




1 


1 


1 


1 


1 






















Total 


181 


200 


210 


213 


214 


221 


221 


235 


235 























While the number of members of the House of Commons has been growing 
fairly steadily since Confederation, the unit of representation one-sixty-fifth 
of the population of Quebec within its 1911 boundaries has also been increased 
after each census in consequence of the expanding population of Quebec. The 
units of representation as shown by the six decennial censuses taken since Con- 



THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 



123 



federation, are as follows: 1871, 18,331 persons; 1881, 20,908; 1891, 22,901; 1901, 
25,368; 1911, 30,819; 1921, 36,283. 

The Present Redistribution Problem. The method by which the repre 
sentation of provinces is determined may be further explained. The population 
of Quebec, it has been shown, constitutes the basis from which the unit of repre 
sentation in the other provinces is determined, Quebec s representation of 65 mem 
bers in the House of Commons remaining constant. The provisions of the Quebec 
Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, however, while they provided for an enlargement 
of the area of the province, stipulated that the population of the newly added areas 
should not be included in any computations relative to representation. Quebec s 
population in 1921 (excluding the population of Ungava) was 2,358,412, which, 
divided by 65, gives a unit of representation of 36,283. The quotient, therefore, 
obtained by dividing the population of each province (Prince Edward Island ex- 
cepted) as shown at the date of the census, by the unit 36,283 indicates, except 
where subsection 4 of section 51 of the Act applies, the number of members to 
which each province is entitled. The method is illustrated in Table 6. 

. Representation of the Provinces and Territories of Canada in the House of 

Commons, as determined by the British North America Act and the 

Censuses of 1911 and 1921. 







Census 1911. 






Census 1921. 




Province. 


Population. 


Quotient 
based on 
Unit. 


Repre 
sentation. 


Population. 


Quotient 
based on 
Unit. 


Repre 
sentation. 


Prince Edward Island 


93,728 


3-04 


4 


88,615 


2-44 


4 


Nova Scotia 


492,338 


15-98 


16 


523,837 


14-44 


14 


New Brunswick 


351,889 


11-42 


11 


387,876 


10-69 


11 


Ontario 


2,527,292 


82-00 


82 


2,933,662 


80-86 


82 


Manitoba 


461,394 


14-97 


15 


610,118 


16-82 


17 


Saskatchewan 


492,432 


15-98 


16 


757,510 


20-88 


21 


Alberta 


374,295 


12-14 


12 


588,454 


16-22 


16 


British Columbia 


392,480 


12-74 


13 


524,582 


14-46 


14 


Quebec (without Ungava) . . . 


2,003,232 


65-00 


65 


2,358,412 


65-00 


65 


Totals 


7,189,080 


_ 


234 


8,773,066 


_ 


244 


Quebec (Ungava) 


2,544i 






2,787 






Yukon... 


8,512 


_ 


1 


4,157 


_ 


1 


N.W.T 


6,507 


_ 




7,988 


_ 




R.C, Navy 




_ 


_ 


485 


_ 


_ 
















Canada 


7,206,643 


_ 


235 


8,788,483 


_ 


245 

















1 Represents the population in the area added to Quebec by the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 
1912, the population of which by sec. 2, ss. "A" of said Act, is to be excluded from the population of the 
province in ascertaining the unit of representation. 

From the foregoing figures it is evident that the representation of the four 
western provinces should be increased while that of Nova Scotia should be 
diminished. 

Again, the application of the provisions of subsection 4 of section 51 of the 
Act (quoted above) to Nova Scotia and Ontario (the only provinces in which a 
noticeable decrease in the rate of growth of population is found) is shown in Table 7. 



124 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA 



7. Table showing Application of Section 51, Subsection 4, of British North America 
Act, to Representation of Ontario and Nova Scotia. 



Province. 


Proportion which Popula 
tion of each Province bears 
to the Total Population of 
Canada. 


Decrease in 
proportion 
from 1911 
to 1921. 


Ratio of 
Decrease in 
proportion 
from 1911 to 
1921 to 
proportion 
in 1911. 


Decrease, 
greater, 
equal to or 
less than one- 
twentieth of 
proportion 
in 1911. 


1911. 


1921. 


Ontario 


35069 
06831 


33380 
05960 


01689 
00871 


0481 
1275 


less, 
greater. 


Nova Scotia 





The above table shows that under the provisions of section 51, subsection 4 
of the B.N.A. Act, no reduction should take place in the representation of Ontario 
because the proportion which the number of the population of the province bore 
to the number of the aggregate population of Canada at the readjustment of the 
number of members for the province based on the census of 1911 is ascertained 
at the census of 1921 to be diminished by less than one-twentieth part. The pro 
portion for Nova Scotia, having diminished by more than one-twentieth part, 
the provisions of subsection 4 of section 51 do not apply and the representation 
of Nova Scotia should be reduced in accordance with the provisions of section 51, 
sub-sections 2 and 3 of the Act. 

Therefore the representation to which each province is entitled as a result 
of redistribution based upon the 1921 census will be as follows: Alberta 16, British 
Columbia 14, Manitoba 17, New Brunswick 11, Nova Scotia 14, Ontario 82, Prince 
Edward Island 4, Quebec 65, Saskatchewan 21, Yukon I. 1 

The electoral districts for the House of Commons of Canada, with their popu 
lations by the census of 1921, number of qualified voters and numbers voting in 
1921, together with the names and addresses of members, as at Oct. 31, 1923, are 

shown in Table 8. 

, 

8. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the 
Representation Act, 1914, as at Oct. 31, 1923. 



Provinces and 
Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Voters 
on 
list. 


Number 
of votes 
polled. 2 


Name of Member. 


P.O. Address. 


Prince Edward Island 

(4 members) 
King s 


20,445 


11,189 


8,728 


Hughes J J 




Prince 


31,5l 


16,172 


13,332 


Mac-Lean A E 




Queen s 


36,650 


19,518 s 


30 496 3 




l- iMor-tlrJ "P I- 1 T 










\Mackinnon, D. A 


Charlottetown P E I 


Nova Scotia (16 mem 
bers) 
Antigonishand Guys- 
borough 


27,098 


15,104 


11,748 


Mclsaac C F 




Cape Breton North 
and Victoria 


31,325 


16,652 


11.588 4 


Kelly, F. L... 


North Sydney N S 


Cape Breton South 








Carroll, VV. F.... 


Sydney N S 


and Richmond 


76,362 


37,635 


51,5553 


IKyte, Geo. W 


St Peter s N S 


Colchester 


25,196 


15,458 


11,483 


Putnam H 




Cumberland 


41,191 


24,033 


17,346 


Logan H J 


Am hpr^t X" ^ 


Digby and Anna 
polis 


28,965 


16,368 


12,596 


Lovett.L. J. . 


Bear River. N.S. 



1 Under the British North America Act, 1886 (49-50 Viet., chap. 35) the Parliament of Canada is given 
power to provide for the representation in the Senate and House of Commons of territories forming part 
of the Dominion of Canada, but not included in any province, In virtue of this provision, the Yukon 
Territory was by 2 Edw. VII, c. 37, granted representation by one member in the House of Commons 

2 From Report of Chief Electoral Officer, 1921. 

3 Each voter could vote for two candidates. 

4 Votes and voters from returns of general elections, 1921. 



THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 



125 



8. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the 
Representation Act, 1914, as at Oct. 31, 1923 continued. 



Provinces and 
i, ^ Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Voters 
on 

list. 


Number 
of votes 
polled, i 


Name of Member. 


P.O. Address. 


Nova Scotia con. 
Halifax 


97,228 


53,839 


60,639 


\Finn, RE 1 


Halifax N S 


Hants 


19,739 


11,781 


8,843 


/Maclean, Hon. A. K. 5 . 
Martell L H 


Halifax, N.S. 
Windsor N S 


Inverness 


23,808 


12,712 


8,825 


Chisholm A W 




King s 


23,723 


14,359 


10,948 


Robinson E \V 


Wolfville N S 


Lunenburg 


33,742 


18,591 


12,495 


Duff, Wm 




Pictou 


40,851 


27,680 


20,014 


Macdonald Hon E M 


Pj/tnii M 


Shelburne and 
Queen s 


23 435 


13 155 


9 877 


Fielding Rt Hon W S 


Ottawa Onf 


Yarmouth and Clare 


31,174 


17,106 


12,903 


Hatfield, P.LaC 


Yarmouth, N S 


New Brunswick (11 

members) 
Charlotte 


21,435 


13,066 


10 304 


Grimmer R, W 


St Stephen N B 


Gloucester 


38,684 


16,565 


10 632 4 


Robichaud J G 




Kent 


23,916 


10,847 


7,755 


Leger AT 5 


Richibucto N B 


Northumberland .... 


33,985 


17,110 


12,112 


Morrissy , John 


Newcastle, N.B. 


Restigouche and 
Mada waska 


42,977 


19,108 


9 407 


Michaud Pius 




Royal 


32,078 


19,492 


13 704 


Jones G 13 




St. John City and 
Counties of St. 
John and Albert... 

Victoria and Carle- 
ton 


69,093 
33,900 


38, 838 2 
18,194 


45,1072 
11 822 


\Baxter, Hon. J. B. M.. 
/MacLaren, Murray 

Caldwell, T W 


St. John, N.B. 
St. John, N.B. 

^lorenceville N B 


Westmoreland 


53,387 


29 619 


20 670 


Copp Hon A B 




York-Sunbury 


38,421 


21 736 


14 750 


Hanson, R B 


Fredericton N B 


Quebec (65 members)- 
Argenteuil 


17,165 


8,927 


7 295 < 


Stewart, Hon Chas 


Ottawa Ont 


Bagot 


18,035 


9,333 


7 214 


Marcile J E 


Yctonvale Que 


Beauce 


53,841 


20,968 


13 442 


Beland Hon H. S 


Ottawa Ont 


Beauharnois 


19,888 


10 076 


8 541 


Papineau, L J 


Valleyfield Que. 


Bellechasse 


21,190 


9 157 


6 335 


Fournier, C. A 


St Charles Co., Belle 


Berthier 


19 817 


9 462 


7 540 


Gervais, Theodore 


chasse, Que. 
Berthier (en haut), Que. 


Bonaventure 


29 092 


13 090 


7 781 


Marcil Hon Chas 


Ottawa Ont. 


Brome 


13 471 


7 441 


5 978 


McMaster, A R 


Vestmount, Que. 


Chambly-Vercheres. 


34,643 


14,800 


13,844 


\rchambault, J 


Montreal, Que. 


Champlain 


48 009 


21 377 


16 982 


Desaulniers, A L 


Ste Anne de la Perade, 


C harlevoix-Montmo- 
rency 


28 874 


12 589 


10 646 


Casgrain, P. F 


Que. 
Montreal, Que. 


Chateauguay-Hunt- 
ingdon 


26 731 


13 427 


10,582 


Robb, Hon. J.A 


Ottawa, Ont. 


Chicoutimi - Sague- 
nay 


90 609 


34 432 


27,152 


Savard, Edmond 


Chicoutimi, Que. 


Compton 


32 285 


15 561 


12,144 


Hunt, A. B 


Bury, Que. 


Dorchester... . 


28 954 


11 898 


8,474 


Cannon, Lucien 


Quebec, Que. 


Drummond and Ar- 
thabaska 


44 823 


19 925 


15,882 


Laflamme, J. N. K 


Montreal, Que. 


Gaspe . 


40 375 


17 063 


12 092 


Lemieux, Hon. R.. 


Ottawa, Ont. 


Hull... 


43 541 


20 873 


14 543 


Fontaine, J. E . . . 


Hull, Que. 


Joliette 


25 913 


12 370 


10,275 


Denis , J . J 


oliette, Que. 


Kamouraska. . 


22 014 


10 139 


7,367- 


Bouchard, G 


Ste. Anne de la Poca- 


Labelle 


35 927 


14 654 


10 447 


Fortier, H. A 


tiere, Que. 
lull, Que. 


Laprairie and Na- 
pierville 


20 065 


9 691 


5 675 


Lanctot, Roch 


St. Constant, Que. 


L Assomption - Mont- 
calm 


28 318 


14 183 


9,788 


Seguin, P. A 


L Assomption, Que. 


Laval-Deux Mon 
tagues 


38,314 


13,575 


10,095 


Ethier, J. A. C 


St. Scholastique, Que. 


Levis... 


33,323 


15,465 


12,864 


Bourassa, J. B 


St. Romuald, Que. 



1 From Report of Chief Electoral Officer, 1921. 

2 Each voter could vote for 2 candidates. 

3 Mr. Finn was elected on Dec. 4, 1922. 

4 Votes and voters from returns of general elections, 1921. Rt. Hon. Mr. Fielding, Mr. Kobichaud, 
Hon. Mr. Stewart and Mr. Bouchard were elected by acclamation on Jan. 19, Nov. 20, Feb. 28 and May 
15, 1922, respectively. 

* This seat is now vacant. 



126 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA 



8. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the 
Representation Act, 1914, as at Oct. 31, 1923. continued. 



Provinces and 
Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Voters 
on 
list. 


Number 
of votes 
polled. 1 


Name of Member. 


P.O. Address. 


Quebec con. 

L Islet 


17,859 


7,743 


5,878 


Fafard, J. F 


L Islet Co L Islet Que 


Lotbiniere 


21,837 


10,064 


7,566 


Vien, Thos 


Quebec Que 


Maskinonge . 


16,945 


7,959 


6,133 


Desrochers, E 




Matane 


36,303 


15,189 


10,411 


Pelletier, F. J .... 


kinonge, Que. 
Matane Que 


Megantic .... 


33,633 


14,188 


10,5162 


Roberge, E . . 


Laurierville Que 


Missisquoi 


17,709 


9,558 


8,097 


Kay, W.F . . . 


Phillipsburg Que 


Montm agny 


21,997 


10,245 


6,507 


Dechene, A. M 


Alontmagny Que 


Montreal Island 
Hochelaga 


73,526 


30,322 


22,573 


St. Pere, E. C 


Montreal Que 


Jacques Cartier 


89,297 


42,636 


30, 131 J 


Rheaume, J T 


Montreal Que 


Laurier-Outremont 
Maisonneuve 


72,047 
64,933 


31,492 
24,838 


21,7252 
18,487 


Gouin, Hon. Sir Lomer. 
Robitaille, C 


Ottawa, Ont. 
Maisonneuve, Que. 


St. Ann 


52,049 


22,024 


17,453 


Walsh, J.C 


Montreal, Que. 


St. Denis 


78,920 


33,418 


23,948 


Denis, J. A 


Montreal, Que. 


Westmount-St. 
Henry 


62,909 


30 906 


25,042 


Mercier, Paul . ... 




St James 


42,443 


17,593 


12,906 


Rinfret, F ... 




St. Antoine 


32,394 


17,155 


14,464 


Mitchell, W. G 


Montreal, Que. 


St. Lawrence-St. 
George 


36,912 


16 754 


13,774 






George Etienne 
Cartier 


54,800 


19,523 


13,946 


Jacobs, S. W 


Montreal, Que. 


St. Mary . . . 


63,975 


27,330 


20,635 


Deslauriers, H 


Montreal, Que. 


Nicolet 


29,695 


13,536 


10,6322 


Descoteaux, J. F 


St. Monique, Que. 


Pontiac 


46 4 201 


24,326 


16,701 


Cahill, F. S 


Campbell s Bay, Que. 


Portneuf 


34,452 


15,772 


11,259 


Delisle.M. S 


Portneuf, Que. 


Quebec County 


31,130 


13,249 


11,409 


Lavigueur, H. E 


Quebec, Que. 


Quebec East 


38,330 


14,736 


10, 490 2 


Lapointe, Hon. E 


Ottawa, Ont. 


Quebec South 


27, 706 


12,971 


10,667 


Power, C . G 


Quebec, Que. 


Quebec West 


37 993 


16,104 


13,486 


Parent, Geo . ... 


Quebec, Que. 


Richelieu 


18,764 


9,095 


6,758 


Cardin, P. J. A 


Sorel, Que. 


Richmond and Wolfe 


42 248 


18 420 


13,372 


Tobin, E.W 


Bromptonville, Que. 


Rimouski 


27,520 


11,221 


7,642 


d Anjou, J. E. S. E 


Rimouski, Que. 


St. Hyacinthe-Rou- 

ville 


36,754 


17 636 


14,076 


Morin, L. S. R 


St. Hyacinthe, Que. 


St. Johns and Iber- 
ville 


23,518 


11,388 


8 765 




Iberville, Que. 


Shefford 


25 644 


12 003 


9 044 


Boivin G H 


Granby, Que. 


S herbrooke 


30 786 


17 290 


13 661 


McCrea F. N 


Sherbrooke, Que. 


Stanstead 


23 380 


12 619 


10 041 


Baldwin W K 


Coaticook, Que. 


Temiscouata 


44 310 


18 141 


13 837 




Fraserville, Que. 


Terrebonne 


33 908 


15 270 


12 593 


Prevost J E 


St. Jer6me, Que. 


Three Rivera and St. 
Mnuriof* . . 


50,845 


24,570 


803 ! 


Bureau, Hon. J 


Ottawa, Ont. 




21 620 


10 397 


8 473 




St. Polycarpe, Que. 


Wright 


21,850 


10, 169 


7 737 


Gendron, R. M 


Maniwaki, Que. 


Yamaska 


18,840 


8,715 


6 638 


Boucher, Aime 


Pierreville, Que. 


Ontario (82 members) 
Algoma, E 


40,618 


16,879 


12,356 


Carruthers , John 


Little Current, Ont. 


Algoma, W 


33,676 


16,091 


10,728 


Simpson, T . E 


Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 


Brant 


20,085 


11,174 


8,134 


Good, W. C 


Paris, Ont., R.R. 4. 


Brantford 


33,292 


18,537 


13,049 


Raymond, W. G 


Brantford, Ont. 


Bruce, N 


20 872 


12,278 


10 467 


Malcolm, James 


Kincardine, Ont. 


Bruce, S .. 


23 413 


13,752 


10,871 


Findlay, J. W 


Elmwood, Ont., R.R. 1. 


Carleton 


32 673 


17,185 


13,473 


Garland, W. F 


Ottawa, Ont. 


Dufferin. 


15 415 


10 260 


7 823 


Woods, R. J 


Corbetton, Ont., R.R. 2. 


Dun das 


24 388 


15 184 


11 255 


Elliott, Preston 


Chesterville, Ont. 


Durham 


24 629 


16 392 


12,516 


Bowen, Fred. W 


Newcastle, Ont., R.R. 2. 


Elgin, E 


17 306 


11 057 


8,186 


Stansell, J. L 


Staffordville, Ont. 


Elgin, W 


27 678 


19 027 


12,041 


McKillop, H. C 


West Lome, Ont. 


Essex, N . 


71 150 


40 837 


19,840 


Healy, A. F 


Windsor, Ont. 


Essex, S 


31,425 


17,242 


12.410 5 


Graham, Hon. G. P 


Ottawa, Ont. 


Ft. William and 
Rainy River 


39 661 


16,912 


11,090 


Manion, Hon. R. J 


Fort William, Ont. 


Frontenac 


20 390 


11,694 


9,358 


Reed, W. S 


Harrowsmith, Ont., 












R.R. 2. 



From Report of Chief Electoral Officer, 1921. 

2 Votes and voters from returns of general election, 1921. Messrs. Roberge, Rheaume, Gouin, Lapointe, 
Descoteaux, Bureau and Graham were elected by acclamation on Nov. 20, Nov. 20, Jan. 19, Jan. 19, 
May 14, May 21 and Jan. 19, 1922, respectively. 



THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 



127 



. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the 
Representation Act, 1914, as at Oct. 31, 1923 continued. 



Provinces and 
Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Voters 
on 

list. 


Number 
of votes 
polled. 1 


Name of Member. 


P.O. Address. 


Ontario con. 
Glengarry and Stor- 
mont 


38,573 


21,145 


16,224 


Kennedy, J W 


Apple Hill Ont 


Grenville 


16,644 


10,748 


7,331 


Meighen, Rt Hon A 


Ottawa Ont 


Grey, N 


30,667 


18,945 


14,996 


Duncan, M R 




Grey, S. E 


28,384 


17,371 


13,996 


Macphail, Agnes C 




Haldimand 


21,287 


13,106 


9,828 


Senn, M C 


Caledonia Ont R R 3 


Halton 


24,899 


15,685 


12,207 


Anderson, R K 


Milton Ont 


Hamilton, E 


49,820 


32,092 


15,162 


Mewburn Hon S C 




Hamilton, W 


39,298 


28,342 


13,553 


Stewart, T J 




Hastings, E 


23,072 


12,613 


9,852 


Thompson, T. H 




Hastings, W 


34,451 


19,029 


13,488 


Porter, E G 


Belleville Ont 


Huron, N 


23,540 


15,227 


11,838 


King J W 




Huron, S 


23,548 


14,735 


12,148 


Black, Wm 


Seaforth Ont R R 3 


Kent 


52,139 


30,590 


23,6293 


Murdock Hon J 


Ottawa Ont 


Kingston 


24,104 


16,789 


11,974 


Ross, A. E 


Kingston, Ont 


Lamb ton, E 


25,801 


15,704 


12,532 


Fansher, B W 




Lambton, W 


32,888 


20,301 


15,314 


LeSueur, R V 




Lanark 


32,993 


20,885 


15,571 


Preston, R F 




Leeds 


34,909 


22,526 


17,298 


Stewart, H A 


Brockville Ont 


Lennox and Adding- 
ton 


18,994 


11,962 


9,371 


Sexsmith, E. J 


Bath Ont 


Lincoln 


48,625 


28,778 


17,433 


Chaplin, J D 


St Catharines Ont 


London 


53,838 


32,907 


22,026 


White, J F 


London Ont 


Middlesex, E 


27,994 


15,945 


10,712 


Hodgins, A L 


Ettrick Ont 


Middlesex, W 


25,033 


15,342 


12,027 


Drummond J D. F 


Ailsa Craig Ont R R 3. 


Muskoka 


19,439 


11,175 


7,189 


Hammell.W J 


Raymond Ont 


Nipissing 


58,565 


30,022 


18,834 


Lapierre E 4. 




Norfolk 


26,366 


15,943 


11,686 


Wallace J A 


Simcoe Ont , R.R. 4. 


Northumberland .... 


30,512 


18,444 


14,733 


Maybee, M. E 


Trenton, Ont., R.R. 6. 


Ontario, N 


15,420 


9,478 


7,708 


Halbert R H 


U xbridge Ont 


Ontario, S 


31,074 


17,968 


13,158 


Clifford L O 


Oshawa Ont 


Ottawa 


93,740 


67,821 


84,369 


/Chevrier ERE. . 


Ottawa Ont. 










\McGiverin H B 


Ottawa Ont. 


Oxford, N... 


24,527 


15,043 


12,149 


Sinclair D J 


Woodstock, Ont. 


Oxford, S 


22,235 


14,175 


11,236 


Sutherland D 


Ingersoll, Ont. 


Park dale 


80,780 


52,233 


18,956 


Spence, David 


Toronto, Ont. 


Parry Sound 


27,022 


13,365 


9,190 


Arthurs James 


Powassan, Ont. 


Peel 


23,896 


16,037 


12,057 


Charters Samuel 


Brampton, Ont. 


Perth, N 


32,461 


19,072 


14,811 


Rankin J P 


Stratford, Ont. 


Perth, S .. . 


18,382 


11,291 


9,102 


-Forrester Wm 


Mitchell, Ont. 


Peterborough , E . 


13,716 


8,032 


6 471 


Brethen G A 


Norwood, Ont., R.R. 1. 


Peterborough, W 


29,318 


18,001 


11,655 


Gordon, G. N 


Peterborough. Ont. 


Port Arthur and Ke- 
nora . 


43,300 


17,438 


10 814 


Kennedy, D 


Dryden, Ont. 


Prescott. .... 


26,478 


12,726 


8 821 


Binette Joseph . ... 


St Anne de Prescott, 


Prince Edward 


16,806 


10,809 


8,943 


Hubbs, John 


Ont. 
Picton, Ont. 


Renfrew, N 


23,856 


13,368 


10 252 


AlcKay, Matthew 


Pembroke, Ont. 


Renfrew, S 


27,061 


14,550 


11,4403 


Low, Hon. Thos. A. 4 . . . . 


Renfrew, Ont. 


Russell 


43,413 


21.G79 


15 965 3 


Murphy, Hon. Chas 


Ottawa, Ont. 


Simcoe, E 


37,122 


20,409 


15,697 


Chew, Manley 


Midland, Ont. 


Simcoe, N 


22,100 


13,737 


10,347 


Ross.T.E 


Guthrie, Ont. 


Simcoe, S 


24,810 


15,130 


11,329 


Boys, W. A 


Barrie, Ont. 


Timiskaming 


51,568 


27,363 


16,926 


McDonald , A 


Cobalt, Ont. 


Toronto, Centre 


51,768 


30,528 


11,161 


Bristol, Hon. E 


Toronto, Ont. 


Toronto, E 


64,825 


39 435 


15 002 


Ryckman E B 


Toronto, Ont. 


Toronto, N 


72,478 


47,622 


20,985 


Church, T. L 


Toronto, Ont. 


Toronto, S 


37,596 


31,907 


7,566 


Sheard, Chas 


Toronto, Ont. 


Toronto, W 


68,397 


37,199 


11,764 


Hocken, H. C 


Toronto, Ont. 


Victoria 


33,995 


20,433 


15 886 


Thu^ston, J. J 


Fenelon Falls, Ont. 


Waterloo, N.... 


41,698 


23,778 


12,531 


Euler, W. D 


Kitchener, Ont. 


Waterloo, S... 


33,568 


21,484 


14,149 


Elliott, Wm 


Gait, Ont., R.R. 7. 


Welland 


66 668 


30,947 


21,259 


German, W . M 


Welland, Ont. 


Wellington, N. 


19 833 


12 204 


9 029 


Pritchard, John . . . 


Harriston, Ont. 


Wellington, S... 


34.327 


23,008 


16.957 


Guthrie. Hon. Hugh . . 


Guelph, Ont. 



1 From Report of Chief Electoral Officer, 1921. 

2 Each voter could vote for two candidates. 

3 Votes and voters from returns of general election, 1921. 
were elected by acclamation on Jan. 19, 1922. 

4 Hon. Mr. Low was elected by acclamation after his appointment to office on Aug. 17, 1923. 



Hon. Mr. Murdock and Hon. Mr. Murphy 



128 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA 



8. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the 
Representation Act, 1914, as at Oct. 31, 1923 continued. 



Provinces and 
Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Voters 
on 
list. 


Number 
of votes 
polled.^ 


Name of Member. 


P.O. Address. 


Ontario con. 

Wentworth 


64,449 


37,976 


21,857 


Wilson, G. C... 




York, E 


77,950 


48,783 


18,536 


Harris J H 




York, N 


23,136 


14,418 


12,273 


King Rt Hon W L M 


Ottawa Ont 


York, S 


100,054 


58,499 


21,723 


Maclean W F 




York, W 


70,681 


41,925 


19,719 


Drayton Hon Sir H L 


Ottawa Ont 


Manitoba 

(15 members) 
Brandon 


40,183 


18,896 


14,126 


Forke Robert 




Dauphin 


35,482 


15,281 


9,974 


Ward.W.J 




Lisgar 


29,921 


9,739 


7,783 


Brown J L 




Macdonald 


23,824 


11,744 


9,084 


Lovie, W.J 




Marquette 


41,254 


19,828 


14,864 


Crerar Hon T A 




Neepawa 


28,356 


. 13.539 


10,069 


Milne Robert 




Nelson 


19,806 


5,888 


4,181 


Bird, T. W 




Portage la Prairie. . . 


22,254 


10,491 


8,615 


Leader, Harry 




Provencher 


29,308 


9,859 


6,824 


Beaubien, A. L 




Selkirk . . . 


55 395 


21,997 


14 926 


Bancroft L P 




Souris. . . . . 


26,410 


13 953 


11,110 






Springfield 


58,870 


19,832 


12,454 


Hoey, R. A ... 




Winnipeg, Centre. . . . 


76,470 


35,000 


19 , 643 


Woodsworth, J. S 




Winnipeg, N 


62,957 


17,623 


10,647 


McMurray, E. J. 2 . 




Winnipeg, S 


59,628 


31,473 


19,641 


Hudson, A. B ... 




Saskatchewan 

(16 members) 
Assiniboia 


34,789 


15,411 


, 11,640 


Gould, O. R 




Battleford .... 


33,641 


16,077 


10 822 


McConica T H 




Humboldt 


55 225 


24,135 


16 264 


Stewart C W 




Kindersley 


44,772 


24,163 


17,002 


Carmichael, A. M 




Last Mountain 


50,055 


20,195 


12,720 


Johnston, J. F ... 


Blad worth Sask 


Mackenzie 


55 629 


17 931 


11 706 


Campbell M N 


Pelly Sask 


Maple Creek 


56 064 


25 284 


17 256 


McTaggart N H 


Gull Lake Sask 


Moosejaw 


50 403 


25 896 


16 322 


Hopkins E N 




N. Battleford 


47,381 


20,696 


14,196 


Davies, C C .... 


N Battleford Sask 


Prince Albert 


56,829 


25,496 


15, 983 J 


Knox, Andrew 


Prince Albert Sask 


Qu Appelle 


34 836 


16 021 


12 100* 


Millar John 




Regina 


49,977 


24,389 


17,388 2 


Motherwell, Hon. W. R 




Saltcoats 


43,785 


15,602 


11,084 


Sales, Thomas . . . 




Saskatoon 


55,151 


26,507 


15,066 


Evans, John 




Swift Current 


53,375 


23,776 


16,290 


Lewis, A. J 




Weyburn 


35,668 


14,263 


9,247 


Morrison, John . . 


Yellow Grass Sask. 


Alberta (12members)- 
Battle River 


49,173 


22,111 


15,389 


Spencer, H. E 




Bow River . . . . 


55,356 


24,720 


15,569 


Garland, E. J 




Calgary, E 


44,995 


22,591 


14,285 


Irvine, William 




Calgary, W 


44,311 


23,534 


16,181 


Shaw, J. T 




Edmonton, E 


56.548 


27,755 


13,440 


Kellner, D. F 




Edmonton, W 


74.267 


38,557 


23,167 


Kennedy, D. M .. . . 


Waterhole Alts. 


Lethbridge.. 


37,699 


14,570 


10,106 


Jelliff, L. H " 


R/aloy Alta. 


Macleod 


34 008 


15 148 


10 212 


Coote G G 




Medicine Hat 


43,179 


21,449 


14,212 


Gardiner, Robert .... 


Excel Alta. 


Red Deer 


49,629 


23,190 


15,746 


Speakman, A 


Penhold Alta. 


Strathcona 


42,520 


18,611 


11,350 


Warner, D W 


Edmonton, Alta. 


Victoria ..... 


56 739 


21 470 


14 167 


Lucas W T 




British Columbia 

(13 members) 
Burrard 


69 922 


35 463 


21 991 


Clark, J A 


Vancouver B C. 


Cariboo 


39,834 


16 055 


11 135 


McBride, T G 


Stump Lake, Kamloops, 


Comox-Alberni 


32,009 


11,357 


7,725 


Neill A W 


B.C. 
Alberni, B C. 


Fraser Valley 


28,811 


11,130 


8 452 


Munio, E A . 


Chilliwack, B C..R.R. 2. 


Kootenay, E 


19,137 


14,634 


5 201 


King, Hon J H 


Ottawa Ont. 


Kootenay, W 


30,502 


12,874 


9,856 


Humphrey, L*. W . . 


Nelson, B C. 


Nanaimo... 


48,010 


21,300 


15,066 


Dickie. C. H.. 


Duncan, B.C. 



!From Report of Chief Electoral Officer, 1921. 

2 Votes and voters from returns of general election, 1921. Rt. Hon. Mr. King, and Hon. Mr. Mother- 
well were elected by acclamation on Jan. 19, 1922, Hon. Mr. McMurray was elected on Oct. 24, 1923, after 
his appointment to office. 



PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS 



129 



8. Representation in the House of Commons according to the Districts of the 
Representation Act, 1914, as at June 39, 1923. concluded. 



Provinces and 
Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 

1921. 


Voters 
on 
list. 


Number 
of votes 
polled.i 


Name of Member. 


P.O. Address. 


Br. Columbia con. 

New Westminster. . . 


45,982 


18,983 


12,765 


McQuarrie, W. G.. 


New Westminster B C 


Skeena 


28,934 


9,605 


6,579 


Stork, Alfred 


PrinoA frnnprt R C* 


Vancouver, Centre. . . 


60,879 


31,436 


18.219 


Stevens, Hon. H. H.... 


Vancouver B C 


Vancouver, S 


46,137 


19,847 


12,985 


La drier, L J 




Victoria City 


38,727 


18,563 


12,603 


Tolmie, Hon S F 


Victoria B C 


Yale 


35,698 


16,228 


12 468 


MacKelvie J A 


Vprnnn Tl O 


Yukon Territory 

(1 member) 
Yukon 


4,157 


1,658 


1,388 


Black. George.. , 


Dawson. Y.T. 



Votes and voters from returns of general election, 1921. 

II. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS. 

Table 9 gives the names and areas, as in 1923, of the several provinces, terri 
tories and provisional districts of the Dominion, together with the dates of their 
creation or admission into the Confederation and the legislative process by which 
this was effected. 

. Provinces and Territories of Canada, with present Areas, Dates of Admission to 
Confederation and Legislative Process by which this was effected. 



Province, 

Territory 
or District. 


Date of 
Admission 
or Creation. 


Legislative Process. 


Present Area (square miles). 


Land. 


Water. 


Total. 


Ontario 


July 1, 1867.. 
" 1, 1867.. 
" 1, 1867.. 
" 1, 1867.. 

" 15, 1870.. 

" 20, 1871.. 
" 1, 1873.. 
Sept. 1, 1905.. 
" 1. 1905.. 
June 13, 1898.. 

Jan. 1, 1920 . 
" 1, 1920.. 
" 1, 1920.. 


Act of Imperial Parliament 
The British North America 
Act, 1867 (30-31 Vict.,c. 3), and 
Imperial Order in Council of 
May 22, 1867. 
Manitoba Act, 1870 (33 Viet., c. 3) 
and Imperial Order in Council, 
June 23, 1870. 
Imperial Order in Council, May 
16, 1871. 
Imperial Order hi Council, June 26, 
1873. 
Saskatchewan Act, 1905 (4-5 Edw. 
VII, c. 42). 
Alberta Act, 1905 (4-5 Edw. VII, 
c. 3). 
Yukon Territory Act, 1898 (61 
Viet., c. 6). 

{Order in Council, March 16, 1918 


365,880 
690,865 
21,068 
27,911 

231,926 

353,416 
2,184 
243,381 
252,925 
206,427 

501,953 
205,973 
500,000 


41,382 
15,969 
360 
74 

19,906 
2,439 

8,319 
2,360 
649 

27,447 
6,851 


407,262* 
706,834* 
21,428 
27,985 

251,8323 

355,855 
2,184 
251,700* 
255,285* 
207,076 

529,4005 
212,824* 
500,000= 


Quebec 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Manitoba 


British Columbia 

Prince Edward 
Island. 
Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


Yukon 


Mackenzie . ... 


Keewatin . . ... 


Franklin 


Total. . . 


3.603.909 


125.756 


3.729.665 



1 This area was increased by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889, and the Ontario Boundaries 
Extension Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 40). 

Increased by Order in Council of July 6, 1896, and Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, 
c. 45). 

Increased by Extension of Boundaries of Manitoba Act, 1881, and Manitoba Boundaries Extension 
Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 32). 

4 Alberta and Saskatchewan now cover approximately the area formerly comprised in the districts of 
Assiniboia, Athabasca, Alberta and Saskatchewan, established May 17, 1882, by minute of Canadian P. C. 
concurred in by Dominion Parliament and Order in Council of Oct. 2, 1895. 

6 By an Order in Council of June 23, 1870, Rupert s Land, acquired under the Rupert s Land Acts of 
1867 and 1868, and the undefined Northern Territories were admitted into the Confederation. The original 
Northwest Territories, mentioned in the Manitoba Act, 1870, was established by the Northwest Terri 
tories Act, 1880 (43 Viet., c. 25), the district of Keewatin haying been previously defined by an Act of the 
Dominion Parliament (39 Viet., c. 21). The provisional districts of Yukon. Mackenzie, Franklin and Ungava 
were defined in an Order in Council of Oct. 2, 1895, their boundaries being changed by Order in Council 
of Dec. 18, 1897. By Order in Council of July 24, 1905, the area of Keewatin not included in the Northwest 
Territories was annexed to the latter from Sept. 1. 1905. By the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912, Ungava 
was made a part of the province of Quebec and the remaining area of the Northwest Territories south of 
60 N. latitude was divided between Manitoba and Ontario. 

623739 



130 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION 



Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and Ministries in the Provinces. 

In each of the provinces the King is represented by a Lieutenant-Governor, appoint 
ed by the Governor-General in Council, and governing with the advice and assistance 
of his Ministry or Executive Council which is responsible to the Legislature and 
resigns office when it ceases to enjoy the confidence of that body. The Legislatures 
of all the provinces with the exception of Quebec and Nova Scotia are uni-cameral, 
consisting of a Legislative Assembly elected by the people. In Quebec and Nova 
Scotia there is a Legislative Council as well as a Legislative Assembly. 

The Lieutenant-Governors of the provinces, details regarding the Legislature* 
and Ministries since Confederation, together with the names of the Ministers of 
the present administrations, are given in Table 10. For a detailed description of 
the Provincial Governments the reader is referred to Section IV of the Year Book, 
"Provincial and Local Government." 

10. Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces. 1867-1923. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


W. C. F. Robinson 


June 10, 1873 


P. A. Maclntyre 


May 13, 1899 


Sir Robert Hodgson 


Nov. 22, 1873 


D. A. McKinnon 


Oct 3 1904 


Thomas H. Haviland 


July 14, 1879 


Benjamin Rogers 


June 1 1910 


Andrew Archibald Macdonald 


Aug. 1, 1884 


A. C. Macdonald 


June 2 1915 


Jedediah S. Carvell 


Sept. 21, 1889 


Murdock MicKinnon. . . . 


Sept. 3 1919 


Geo. W. Howlan 


Feb. 21, 1894 















LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 

Sessions. 


Date of First 
Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st 


3 i 


Mar. 5, 1874 


July 1, 1876 


2nd 


3 


Mar. 15, 1877 


M<ar. 12 1879 


3rd 


4 


April 24, 1879 


April 15, 1882 


4th 


4 


Mar. 20, 1883 


June 5, 1886 


5th 


3 


Mar. 29, 1887 


Jan 7, 1890 


6th 


4 


M.ar. 27, 1890 


Nov. 18, 1893 


7th 


4 


Mar. 28, 1894 


June 2, 1897 


8th Gen Assembly 


3 


April 5, 1898 


Nov. 14, 1900 


9th Gen. Assembly 


4 


Mar. 19, 1901 


Nov. 9, 1904 


lUth Gen Assembly 


4 


Feb. 8, 1905 


Oct. 15, 1908 


1 1th Gen. Assembly 


3 


Feb. 2, 1909 


Dec. 5, 1911 


12th Gen. Assembly 


4 


Mar. 7, 1912 


Aug. 21, 1915 


13th Gen. Assembly 


5 


Mar. 29, 1916 


June 26, 1919 


14th Gen. Assembly 


4 


Mar. 6, 1920 


June 14, 1923 











MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation . 


1 


Hon. L. C. Owen 


July __ 1873 


2 


Hon. L. H. Davies 


Aug. , 1876 


3 ... 


Hon. W. W. Sullivan 


April , 1879 


4 


Hon. N. McLeod 


Nov. , 1889 


5 


Hon. F. Peters 


April , 1891 


6 


Hon. A. B. Warburton 


Oct. , 1897 


7 


Hon. D. Farquharson 


Aug. , 1898 


8 


Hon. A. Peters 


Dec. 29, 1901 


g 


Hon. F. L. Haszard 


Feb. 1, 1908 


10. 


Hon. James Palmer 


May 16, 1911 


11 


Hon. John A. Mathieson 


Dec. 2, 1911 


12 


Hon. Aubin E. Arsenault 


June 21, 1917 


13 


Hon. J. H. Bell 


Sept. 9, 1919 


14 . . 


Hon. J. D. Stewart 


Sept. 5, 1923 









PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 



131 



19. Lieutenant- Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 con. 

THE STEWART (PRESENT) MINISTRY. 



Office. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Premier, President of the Council, and 
Attorney and Advocate General. . . . 


Hon. J. D. Stewart 


Sept. 5, 1923 


Provincial Secretary Treasurer and 
Commissioner of Agriculture 


Hon. J. H. Myers 


Sept. 5, 192.3 


Commissioner of Public Works 


Hon. J. A. Macdonald 


Sept. 5, 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. J. A. McNeill 


Sept. 5, 192.3 


Alinister without Portfolio 


Hon. Murdock Kennedy 


Sept. 5, 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. L. J. Wood 


Sept. 5, 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. A. P. Prowse 


Sept. 5, 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. W. J. P. McMillan 


Sept. 5, 1923 


Alinister without Portfolio 


Hon. A. F. Arsenault 


Sept. 5, 1923 









NOVA SCOTIA. 
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Lieut -Gen Sir W F Williams 


July 1, 1867 


IJalachv Bowes Dalv 


Julv 11, 1890 


Major-Gen Sir C Hastings Doyle 


Oct. 18, 1867 


Malachv Bowes Daly 


Julv 29, 1895 


Lieut -Gen Sir C Hastings Doyle 


*Jan 31, 1868 


Alfred G . Jones 


Aug. 7, 1900 




May 31, 1870 


Duncan C . Fraser 


Mar. 27, 1906 




May 1, 1873 


James D. McGregor 


Oct. 18, 1910 


\ G Archibald 


July 4, 1873 


David MacKeen 


Oct. 19, 1915 




July 4, 1883 


McCallum Grant 


Nov. 29, 1916 


A W McLelan 


July 9, 1888 


McCallum Grant 


Mar. 21, 1922 











J Second term. 



LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 
Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


l s t 


4 


Jan. 30, 1868 


April 17, 1871 


2nd . 


3 


Feb. 22, 1872 


Nov. 23, 1874 


3rd 


4 


Mar. 11, 1875 


Aug. 21, 1878 


4th 


4 


Mar. 6, 1879 


May 23, 1882 


5th . . . 


4 


Feb. 8, 1883 


May 20, 1885 


gth 


4 


Mar. 10, 1887 


April 21, 1890 


7th . ... 


4 


April 2, 1891 


Feb. 15, 1894 


8th 


3 


Jan. 31, 1895 


Mar. 20, 1897 


gth 


4 


Jan. 27, 1898 


Sept. 3, 1901 


10th .... 


4 


Feb. 13, 1902 


May 27, 1906 


Hth 


5 


Feb. 19, 1906 


May 15, 1911 


12th 


6 


Feb. 23, 1911 


Mav 22, 1916 


13th 


4 


Feb. 22, 1917 


June 28, 1920 


14th 




Mar. 9, 1921 














MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


i 


Hon H. Blanchard 


July 4 1867 


2 


Hon. Wm. Annard 


Nov. 7 1867 


? 


Hon. P. C. Hill 


May 1875 


4 


Hon. S. D. Holmes 


Oct. 1878 


5 


Hon. J. S. D. Thompson 


May 1882 


> 


Hon. W. T. Pipes 


Aug. 1882 


7 


Hon. W . S. Fielding 


July 1884 


a 


Hon. Geo. H. Murray 


July 20 1896 


9 


Hon. E. H. Armstrong 


Jan. 24 1923 









62373 9 i 



132 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION 



!. Lieu tenant- Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 con. 

THE ARMSTRONG (PRESENT) MINISTRY. 



Office. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Premier, President of Council, and 
Minister of Public Works and Mines. . 


Hon. E. H. Armstrong... . 


Jan 24 1923 


Provincial Secretary 


Hon. D. A. Cameron 


Jan 24 19 9 3 


Attorney General 


Hon. W. J. O Hearn 


Jan 24 19 i:> 3 


Minister of Highways 


Hon. W. Chisholm 


J-in 24 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. R. M. Macgregor 


June 28 1911 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. O. T. Daniels. 


Jan 24 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. J.C.Tory 


Mar 22 1921 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. J. W . Comeau 


May 26 19 9 1 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. J. McKinley 


Feb 13 192 1 ? 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. J. A. McDonald 


Feb 13 1923 









NEW BRUNSWICK. 
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Major-Gen. Sir C. Hastings Doyle. . 


July 1, 1867 


John A . Fraser 


Dec. 20 1893 


Col F. P. Harding 


Oct. 18, 1867 


A. R. McClelan 


Dec 9 1896 


L A. Wilmot 


July 14, 1868 


Jabez B. Snowball 


Feb. 5 1902 


Samuel Leonard Tilley 


Nov. 5, 1873 


L. J. Tweedie 


Mar 2 1907 


E. Baron Chandler 


July 16, 1878 


Josiah Wood 


Mar. 6, 1912 


Robert Duncan Wilmot 


Feb. 11, 1880 


G. W. Ganong 


June 29, 1916 


Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley 


Oct. 31, 1885 


William Pugsley 


Nov. 6, 1917 


John Boyd 


Sept. 21, 1893 


William F. Todd 


Feb. 24, 1923 











LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 
Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st 


3 


Feb. 13, 1868.. 


June 3, 1870 


2nd 


5 


Feb. 16, 1870 


May 15, 1874 


3rd : 


5 


Feb. 18, 1875 


May 14, 1878 


4th 


4 


Feb. 27, 1879 


May 25, 1882 


5th 


5 


^eb. 28, 1883 


April 2, 1886 


6th 


3 


Mar. 3, 1887 


Dee. 30, 1889 


7th 


3 


Mar. 13, 1890 


Sept. 28, 1892 


1st (new order) * 


3 


Mar. 9, 1893 


Sept. 26, 1895 


2nd 


3 


Feb. 13, 1896 


Jan. 28, 1899 


3rd 


4 


Mar. 23, 1899 


Feb. 5, 1903 


4th 


5 


Mar. 26, 1903 


Jan. 23, 1908 


5th 


5 


April 30, 1908 


May 25, 1912 


fith 


4 


Feb. 13, 1913 


Jan 20, 1917 


7th 


4 


May 10, 1917 


Sept. 16, 1920 


8th 




Mar. 17, 1921 













1 Since the abolition of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick in 1892, the legislatures of that province 
have been officially re-numbered. 

MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


1 


Hon. A. R. Wotmore 


1867 


2 


Hon. G.E.King 


1872 


3 


Hon. J. J. Fraser 


1878 


4 


Hon. D. L. Hannington 


1882 


5 


Hon. A. G. Blair 


1883 


g . 


Hon. Jas. Mitchell 


July , 1896 


7 . . 


Hon. II. It. Emmerson 


Oct. , 1897 


g 


Hon. L. J. Tweedie 


Aug. 31, 1900 


o 


Hon. Wm. Pugsley 


Mar. 6, 1907 


10 


Hon. C. W. Robinson 


May 31, 1907 


H 


Hon. J. D. Hazen 


Mar. 24, 1908 


12 


Hon. James K. Flemming 


Oct. 16, 1911 


13 


Hon. George J. Clarke 


Dec. 17, 1914 


14 


Hon. James A. Murray 


Feb. 1, 1917 


15 . 


Hon. Walter E. Foster 


April 4, 1917 


16... 


Hon. P. J. Veniot 


Jan. 25, 1923 



NEW BRUNSWICK 



133 



li. Lieutenant- Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 con. 

THE VENTOT (PRESENT) MINISTRY. 



Office. 



Name. 



Date of 
Appointment. 



Premier and Minister of Public Works 

President of Council 

Attorney General 

Provincial Secretary-Treasurer 

Minister of Lands and Mines 

Minister of Agriculture 

Minister of Health 

Minister without Portfolio . . 



Hon. P. J. Veniot 

Hon. Fred Magee 

Hon. James P. Byrne 

Hon. Judson E. Hetherington. 

Hon. C. W. Robinson 

Hon. D. W. Mersereau 

Hon. W. F. Roberts 

Hon. J. E. Michaud.... 



Jan. 25, 1923 

Oct. 1, 1920 

April 4, 1917 

Dec. 2, 1920 

Oct. 1, 1920 

Dec. 2, 1920 

April 4, 1917 

Jan. 4, 1921 



QUEBEC. 

LIE UTENA NT-GOVERNORS. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Sir N. F. Belleau... 


July 1, 1867 


L. A. Jette 


Feb 2 1898 


Sir N. F. Belleau 


Jan 31, 1868 


L. A. Jette 


"Feb 2 1903 


Rene Edouard Caron 


Feb. 11, 1873 


Sir Charles A P.Pelletier 


Sept 4 1908 


Luc Letellier de St. Just 


Dec. 15, 1876 


Sir Francois Lano elier 


May 5 1911 


Theodore Robitaille 


July 26, 1879 


Sir Pierre E Leblanc 


Feb 9 1915 


L. F. R. .Wasson 
A. R. Angers 


Nov. 7, 1884 
Oct. 24, 1887 


Right Hon. Sir Charles Fitz- 
patrick 


Oct 21, 1918 


Sir J . A . Chapleau 


Dec. 5, 1892 


Hon. L. P Brodeur 


Oct. 31, 1923 











*Second term. 



LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 
Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st... 


4 


Dec 27 1867 


May 27 1871 


2nd 


4 


Nov 7 1871 


June 7 1875 


3rd 


3 


Nov 4 1875 


Mar 22 1878 


4th 


4 


June 4 1878 


Nov 7 1881 


5th 


5 


Mar 8 1882 


Sept 9 1886 


6th 


4 


Jan 27 1887 


May 10 1890 


7th 


1 


Nov. 4, 1890 


Dec 22 18S1 


8th.. 


6 


April 26, 1892 


Mar. 6, 1897 


8th 


3 


Nov 23, 1897 


Nov. 14, 1900 


10th 


4 


Feb. 14, 1901 


Nov. 4, 1904 


llth 


4 


Mar 2, 1905 


May 6, 1908 


12th 


4 


Mar. 2, 1909 


April 15, 1912 


13th 


4 


Nov. 5, 1912 . . 


April 14, 1916 


14th 


3 


Nov. 17, 1916 


May 22, 1919 


15th 


4 


Dec. 10, 1919. . . . 


Jan. 10, 1923 











MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


I.. 


Hon . P . J . C hauveau 


July 15 1867 


2 


Hon. G Ouimet 


Feb 26 1873 


3 ... 


Hon C E B De Boueherville 


Sept 22 1874 


4 


Hon. H. G. Joly 


Mar 8, 1876 


5 


Hon J A Chapleau 


Oct 30 1879 


6 


Hon. J. A. Mousseau. . . . 


July 31, 1882 


7 


Hon J J Ross 


Jan 23 1884 


8 


Hon. L O Taillon 


Jan 25 1887 


9 


Hon. H Mercier 


Jan 27 1887 


10 




Dec 21 1891 


11 


Hon. L. O. Taillon . . 


Dec 16, 1892 


12 


Hon. E. J. Flynn . . ... 


May 12, 1896 


13 


Hon. F. G. iy(archand . . 


May 26, 1897 


14 


Hon. S N Parent 


Oct 3 1900 


15 


Hon. Sir L. Gouin 


Mar 23, 1905 


16... 


Hon. Louis Alexandre Taschereau. . 


Julv 8. 1920 



134 



PARLIA MKXTAh Y REPRESENTATION 



10. Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 con. 

THE TASCHEBEAU (PRESENT) MINISTRY. 



Office. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Prime Minister and Attorney General 


Hon. L. A. Taschereau. . . 


July 0, 1920 


Minister of Agriculture 


Hon. J. E. Caron 


Nov. 18, 1909 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. N. Perodeau 


Mar 14, 1910 


Minister of Lands and Forests 


Hon. H. Mercier 


\ug 25, 1919 


Minister of Public Works and Labour 


Hon. A. Galipeault 


Aug 25, 1919 


Minister of Mines, Fisheries and Col- 
onization 


Hon. J. E. Perrault 


Aug. 25, 1919 


Provincial Secretary and Registrar 


Hon. A. David 


Au". 25, 191 


Minister of Roads 


Hon. J: L. Perron 


Sept. 27, 1921 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. E . Moreau 


Sept. 2U, 1921 


Provincial Treasurer and Minister of 
Municipal Affairs 


Hon. J. Nicol 


Nov. 23, 1921 









ONTARIO. 

LIEUTENANT-GOVBRNOES. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Major-Gen. H. W . Stisted 


July 1, 1867 


Sir Oliver Mo wat 


Nov. 18, 1897 


\V. P. Howland 


Julv 14, 1868 


Sir William Mortimer Clark 


April 20, 1903 


John W . Crawford 


Nov. 5, 1873 


Sir John M. Gibson 


Sept. 22, 1908 


D. A. Macdonald 


Mav 18, 1875 


Lt.-Col. Sir John S. Hendrie 


Sept. 26, 1914 


John Beverly Robinson 


June 30, 1880 


Lionel H. Clark 


Nov. 27, 1919 


Sir Alexander Campbell 


Feb. 8, 1887 


Henry Cockshutt 


Sept, 10, 1921 


Sir George A. Kirkpatrick 


Mav 30, 1892 















LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 




Number of 

Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st 


4 


Dec. 27, 1867 


Feb. 25, 1871 


2nd . . 


4 


Dec. 7, 1872 


Dec. 23, 1874 


3rd 


4 


Nov. 24, 1875 


April 25, 1879 


4th . 


4 


Jan. 7, 1880 


Feb. 1, 1883 


5th 


3 


Jan. 23, 1884 


Nov. 15, 1886 


6th 


4 


Feb. 10, 1887 


April 26, 1890 


7th 


4 


Feb. 11, 1891 


May 29, 1894 




4 


Feb. 21, 1895 


Jan. 28, 1898 



(jth 


5 


Aug. 3, 1898 


April 19, 1902 


10th 


2 


Mar. 10, 1903 


Dec. 13, 1004 


llth 


4 


Mar. 22, 1905 


May 2, 1908 


12th 


3 


Feb 16, 1909 


Nov. 13, mil 


13th 


3 


Feb. 7, 1912 


May 2, 1914 


14th 


5 


Feb. 16, 1915 


Sept. 29, 1919 


15th 


4 


Mar. 9, 1920 


May 4, 1923 











MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


1 . . 


Hon. J. S. Macdonald 


July 16, 1867 


2 


Hon. E . Blake 


Dec. 30, 1871 


3 . . 


Hon. O. Mowat 


Oct. 25, 1872 


4 


Hon. A. S. Hardy 


July 25, 1896 


5 


Hon. G. W. Ross 


Oct. 21, 1899 


(i . . 


Hon. Sir J. P. Whitney 


Feb. 8, 1905 


7 . . 


Hon. Sir William Howard Hearst 


Oct. 2, 1914 


$ 


Hon. Ernest Charles Drury 


Nov. 14, 1919 


g 


Hon. George Howard Ferguson 


July 16, 1923 









ONTARIO 



135 



10. Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 con. 

THE FERGUSON (PRESENT) MINISTRY. 



Office. 


Name. 


Date of Appointment. 


Premier and Minister of Education 


Hon. G. H. Ferguson 


July 16, 1923 


Attorney General 


Hon. \V. F. Nickle 


July 16 1923 


Minister of Public Works and Highways 


Hon. Geo. S. Henry 


July 16, 1923 


Provincial Treasurer 


Hon. \V. H. Price 


July 16 1923 


Minister of Mines 


Hon. Charles McCrae 


July 16 1923 


Minister of Public Health and Labour 


Hon. Dr. Forbes Godfrey 


July 16 1923 


Minister of Agriculture 


Hon. John S. Martin .. 


July 16 1923 


Provincial Secretary 


Hon. Lincoln Goldie 


July 16 1923 


Minister of Lands and Forests . . . 


Hon. James W . Lyons 


July 16 1923 


Minister without Portfolio. ... 


Hon. Sir Adam Beck 


July 16 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. Thos. Crawford 


July 16 1923 


Minister without Portfolio 


Hon. Dr. Leeming Carr. . . 


July 16 1923 


Minister without Portfolio. . 


Hon. J. R. Cooke 


July 16, 1923 









1 Second term. 



MANITOBA. 
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


A.G.Archibald..- 


May 20, 1870 


J.C. Patterson 


Sept. 2, 1895 


Francis Goodschall Johnson.. 


April 9, 1872 


Sir D. H. McMillan 


Oct. 16, 1900 


Alexander Morris 


Dec. 2, 1872 


Sir D. H. McMillan 


J May 11, 1906 


Joseph Ed. Cauchon 


Dec. 2, 1877 


D. C. Cameron 


Aug. 1, 1911 


James C. Atkins 


Sept. 22, 1882 


Sir James A. M. Aikins 


Aug. 3, 1916 


J.C. Shultz 


July 1, 1888 


Sir James A.M. Aikins 


: Aug. 7, 1921 











LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 

Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st 


4 


Mar. 15, 1871 


Dec. 16, 1874 


>nd 


4 


Mar. 31, 1875 


Nov. 11, 1878 


3rd 


1 


Feb. 1, 1879 


Nov. 26, 1879 


4th 


4 


Jan. 22, 1880 


Nov. 13, 1882 


5th 


4 


Mav 17, 1883 


Nov. 11, 1886 


6th . 


9 


April 14, 1887 


June 16, 1888 


7th 


5 


Aug. 28, 1888 


June 27, 1892 


8th 


3 


Feb. 2, 1893 


Dec. 11, 1895 


9th 


4 


Feb. 6, 1896 


Nov. 16, 1899 


10th 


4 


Mar. 23, 1900 


June 25, 1903 


llth . 


4 


Jan. 7, 1904 


Feb. 28, 1907 


12th 


3 


Jan. 2, 1908 


June 20, 1910 


13th 


4 


Feb. 9, 1911 


June 15, 1914 


14th 


2 


Sept. 18, 1914 


July 16, 1915 


loth 


5 


Jan. 6, 1916 


Mar. 27, 1920 


tilth 


2 


Feb. 10, 1921 


June 24, 1922 


17th.. 




Jan. 18, 1923 






MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


1 . . 


Hon. A. Boyd 


Sept. 16, 1870 


> 


Hon. N. A. Girard 


Dec. 14, 1871 


3 


Hon. H. J. H. Clarke 


Mar. 14, 1872 


4 .... 


Hon. N. A. Girard 


July 8, 1874 


5 ... 


Hon. R. A. Davis 


Dec. 3, 1874 


6 .... 


Hon. John Norquay 


Oct. 16, 1878 


7 ... 


Hon. D. H. Harrison 


Dec. 26, 1887 


a 


Hon T. Greenway 


Jan. 19, 1888 


9 


Hon H. J. Macdonald 


Jan. 8, 1900 


10 


Hon. Sir R. P. Roblin 


Oct. 29, 1900 


11 


Hon. T. C. Norris 


May 12, 1915 


12 


Hon. John Bracken 


Aug. 8, 1922 



136 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION 



10. Lieutenant- Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 oon. 

THE BRACKEN (PRESENT) MINISTRY. 



Office. 


Name. 


Date of Appointment. 


Prime Minister, Railway Commissioner 
and Provincial Lands Commissioner. 


Hon. John Bracken 


Aug. 8, 1922 


Provincial Treasurer, !V inister of Tele 
phones and Telegraphs 


Hon. F. M. Black 


Aug. 8 1922 


Attorney General 


Hon. R. W. Craig 


Aug. 8 1922 


Minister cf Education 


Hon. John Bracken 


Aug. 8 1922 


Minister of Agriculture and Immigration 


Hon. Neil Cameron 


Aug. 8 1922 


Minister of Public Works 


Hon. W. R. Clubb 


Aug. 8 1922 


Provincial Secretary 


Hon. D. L. McLeod 


Aug. 8 1922 









SASKATCHEWAN. 
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


A. E. Forget 


Sept. I, 1905 


Sir Richard Stuart Lake 


Oct. 6, 1915 


Geo. W. Brown 


Oct. 5, 1910 


H W . Newlands 


Feb. 17, 1921 











LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 
Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st... 


3 


Mar 29, 1906 


July 20, 1908 


2nd 


4 


Dec 10, 1908 


June 15, 1912 


3rd 


6 


Nov. 14, 1912 


June 2, 1917 


4th 


4 


Nov 13 1917 


, 1921 


5th . ... 




Dec. 8, 1921 













MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


I.. 


Hon Walter Scott 


Sept. 5, 1905 


2 


Hon W M Martin . 


Oct. 20, 1916 


3 


Hon C. A Dunning 


April 5, 1922 









THE DUNNING (PRESENT) MINISTRY. 



Office. 


Name. 


Date of Appointment 


Premier, President of Council, Provin 
cial Treasurer Minister of Railways 




Oct. 20, 1916 


Minister of Public Works and Minister 
of Telephones 


Hon A P McNab 


Dec. 10, 1908 


Minister of Education, and Minister in 
charge of Bureau of Publications and 
King s Printer s Office 


Hon S J Latta . 


Oct. 20, 1917 


Minister of Agriculture, and Minister of 
Municipal Affairs 




April 27, 1920 


Minister of Highways, and Minister in 
charge of Bureau of Labour and In 
dustries 


Hon. J. G. Gardiner 


April 5, 1922 


Attorney General, and Minister in 
charge of Bureau of Child Protection 




April 5, 1922 


Provincial Secretary, and Minister of 
Public Health . . 


Hon. J. M. Uhrich 


April 5, 1922 









SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA 



137 



10. Lieutenant- Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 con. 

ALBERTA. 
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 





Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Opnrwp H V 




Sept. 1, 1905 


Robert George Brett 


Oct. 6, 1915 


George H V 




K)ct 5, 1910 


Robert George Brett 


iQct. 20, 1920 













JSecond term. 



LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 
Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st 


4 


Mar. 15, 1906 


, 1909 


2nd 


4 


Feb. 10, 1910 


Mar. 25, 1913 


3rd 


5 


Sept. 16, 1913 


May 14, 1917 


4th 


4 


Feb. 7, 1918 


June 23, 1921 


5th 




Feb. 2, 1922 














MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


1 


Hon. Alex. Rutherford 


Sept. 2, 1905 


2 


Hon A. L. Sifton 


May 26, 1910 


3 


Hon. Charles Stewart 


Oct. 30, 1917 


4 


Hon. Herbert Greenfield 


Aug. 13, 1921 









THE GREENFIELD (PRESENT) MINISTRY-. 



Office. 


Name. . 


Date of Appointment. 


Premier, Provincial Treasurer and 


Hon Herbert Greenfield 


Aug. 13, 1921 
Aug. 13, 1921 
Aug. 13, 1921 
Aug. 13, 1921 
Aug. 13, 1921 
Aug. 13, 1921 

Aug. 13, 1921 
Aug. 13, 1921 




Hon J E Brownlee 








Hon George Hoadley 




Hon P E Baker 


Minister of Railways and Telephones. . 
Minister of Municipal Affairs and 


Hon V W Smith 


Hon R G Reid 




Hon Mrs. Walter Parlby 







BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 



Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


J. W. Trutch .- 


June 5, 1871 


Sir Henri G. Joly de Lotbiniere. . 


June 21, 1900 




June 27 1876 




May 11, 1906 




June 2l 1881 


T, W. Patterson 


Dec. 3, 1909 




Feb 7 1887 


Sir Frank S. Barnard 


Dec. 5, 1914 




Nov 1 1892 


Col. Edward G. Prior 


Dec. 9, 1919 




Nov 18 1897 


Walter C. Nichol 


Dec. 24, 1920 











138 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION 



!. Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 1867-1923 con. 

LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 
Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st... 


4 


Feb. 16 1872 


Aug 30 1875 


2nd 


3 


Jan 10 1876 


April 12 1887 


3rd 


5 


Julv 29 1878 


June 13 1882 


4th.... 


4 


Jan 25 1883 


June 3 1886 


5th 


4 


Jan 24 1887 


May 10, 1890 


6th 


4 


Ja 15, 1891 


June 5, 1894 


7th.... 


4 


Nov. 12, 1894 


June 7, 1898 


8th 


2 


Jan 5 1899 


April 10 1900 


9th.... 


4 


July 19 1900 


June 16 190 9 


10th 


3 


Nov 26 1903 


Dec 24 1906 


llth... 


3 


Mar 7 1907 


Oct 20 1909 


12th.... 


3 


Jan 20 1920 


Feb 27 19 1 9 


13th.... 


4 


Jan 16 1913 


June 1 Hilii 


14th.... 


4 


Alar 1 1917 


Oct 23 1920 


15th 




Feb 28 1921 













MINISTRIES. 



Ministry. 


Premier. 


Date of Formation. 


I.. 


Hon J F McCreight 


Dec 1871 


f> 




Dec 23 1872 


3... 


Hon G A Walkem 


Feb 11 1874 


4 


Hon \ C Elliot 


Feb 1 1876 


5 


Hon J Walkem 


June 26 1878 


6 


Hon R Beaven 


June 13 1882 


7 


Hon W Smythe 


Jan 28 1883 


8 


Hon A E B Davie 


April 1 1887 


9 


Hon J Rob^on 


Aug 3 1889 


10 


Hon T Davie 


July 2, 1892 


11 


Hon J H Turner 


Mar 4 1895 


12 




Aug 12 1898 


13 




Mar 1 1900 


14 




June 15 1900 


15 


Hon E G Prior 


Xov 21 1902 


16 


Hon R McBride 


June 1 1903 


17 


Hon \Vm J Bowser 


Dec 15 1915 


18 


Hon Harlan Gwey Brewster 


\ov 19 1916 


19 


Hon. John Oliver.. 


Mar. 6, 1918 



THE OLIVER (PRESENT) MINISTRV. 



Office. 


Name. 


Date of Appointment. 


Premier, and President of the Council 


Hon. John Oliver 


Mar. 6, 1918 


Provincial Secretary, Minister of 
Education and .Minister of Railways 


Hon. J. D. Maclean. 


Mar. 6, 1918 


Attorney General and Minister of Labor 


Hon. A . M . Manson 


Jan. 28, 1922 


Minister of Lands 


Hon. T D Pattullo 


Mar 6 1918 


Minister of Finance and Minister of 
Industries 


Hon. John Hart 


Mar 6, 1918 


Minister of Agriculture 


Hon. E. D Barrow 


Mar 6, 1918 


Minister of Mines and Commissioner of 
Fisheries 


Hon William Sloan 


Mar 6, 1918 


Minister of Public Works 


Hon. W. H.Sutherland.., 


Jan. 28, 1922 



THE TERRITORIES. 
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS, 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
Appointment 


A. G.Archibald 


May 10, 1870 
April 9, 1872 
Dec. 2, 1872 
Oct. 7, 1876 
Dec. 3, 1881 




July 1, 1888 
Oct. 31, 1893 
May 30, 1898 
Oct. 11, 1898 
Mar. 30, 1904 


Francis Goodschall Johnson 


C. H. Mackintosh 


Alexander Morris 




David Laird 


A E Forget 


Kdgar Dewdney 


A E Forget 







1 Second term. 



THE C AX ADI AN HIGH COMMISSIONER 



139 



10. Lieutenant- Governors, Legislatures and Ministries of Provinces, 

1867-1923 concluded. 
LEGISLATURES. 



Legislature. 


Number of 
Sessions. 


Date of 
First Opening. 


Date of 
Dissolution. 


1st 


3 


Oct. 31, 1888 


By effluxion of time. 


2nd 


a 


Dec. 10, 1891 


Oct. 1, 1894 


3rd 


4 


Aug. 29, 1895 


Oct. 13, 1898 


4th 


4 


April 4, 1899 


April 26, 1902 


5th 


13 


April 16, 1903 


Aug. 31, 1905 



NOTE In 1888 the districts of Alberta, AssinUroia, Athabaska and Saskatchewan, called the North 
west Territories, with their capital at Regina, were given local responsible government, and the old . JN< 
west Council was replaced by the Northwest Legislature, which existed until Aug. 31 
area approximately comprised within their limits was formed into the provinces of Alberta and Saskatche 
wan in 1905, and these provinces were given systems of government similar to the other provinces of the 
Dominion. The remaining areas (the Yukon Territory and the provisional districts of Franklin. Iveewatm 
and Mackenzie) are now administered by the Northwest Territories Branch of the Department of the 
Interior. 

III. THE CANADIAN HIGH COMMISSIONER AND THE 
PROVINCIAL AGENTS-GENERAL. 

The policy of the early North American colonies, in maintaining in London 
accredited representatives for business and diplomatic purposes, was recognized 
in the eighteenth century as being a more satisfactory means of communication 
with the home government than that provided by occasional official visits or by 
correspondence. Edmund Burke, the noted British statesman, held the position 
of agent of the colony of New York for some years following 1771. Of the Canadian 
colonies, Nova Scotia was the first to adopt the plan, its legislature having appointed 
an agent in London in 1761. New Brunswick was similarly represented in 1786, 
Upper Canada as early as 1794, Lower Canada in 1812 and British Columbia in 
1857. For some years after 1845 several of the colonies were represented in London 
by Crown Agents, appointed by the Secretary of State and paid by the colonies 
themselves. This system, however, was of but short duration. 

With the federation of the provinces in 1867, a new political entity was brought 
into existence, which could not avail itself of the services of the provincial agents. 
To overcome the inadequacy of the methods of communication between the Can 
adian and Imperial governments (carried on at that time by correspondence between 
the Governor-General and the Secretary of State) the position of Canadian High 
Commissioner was created in 1879 (See R.S.C., 1906, c. 15). This official is the 
representative of the Canadian Government in London, appointed by the Canadian 
Government and clothed with specific powers as a medium through which constant 
and confidential communications pass between the Governments of Great Britain 
and of Canada. 

Sir Alexander Gait was the first Canadian High Commissioner, holding office 
from November, 1879, until May, 1883, when he was succeeded by Sir Charles 
Tupper. Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal was appointed in 1896, Sir George 
Perley in 1914, and the present incumbent, Hon. P. C. Larkin, in February, 1922. 

Agents-General. The older provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick 
Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia still adhere to the practice of former days 
and are represented in London by Agents-General. These officials are appointed 
by the legislatures of the provinces under general authority given in the British 
North America Act and act for their Governments in capacities very similar to that 
of the High Commissioner, with the exception, perhaps, that their duties have 
tended to become of a business rather than a diplomatic nature. 



VI. POPULATION. 



I. GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION. 
1. Census Statistics of General Population. 

Since the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, decennial censuses have 
been taken on the de jure plan as of the dates April 2, 1871, April 4, 1881, April 5, 
1891, April 1, 1901, June 1, 1911 and June 1, 1921. The population of Canada 
and its percentage distribution as on these dates, together with the absolute and 
percentage increases from decade to decade, is given in Tables 1 to 4 immediately 
following. 

1. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in the Census years 

1871 to 1921. i 



Province or Territory. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island .... 


94 021 


108 891 


109 078 


inq 9*w 


no 790 




Nova Scotia 


387 800 


440 572 


450 396 


Az.n ^74. 


4.09 9.. ft 




New Brunswick 


285 594 


321 933 


321 263 


VI] 190 


0X1 Q QQ 




Quebec 


1,191 516 


1 359 027 


1 488 535 


1 fi48 8Q8 


9 nn^ 77ft 2 




Ontario 


1,620 851 


1 926 922 


2 114 321 


2 ]g9 947 


2 97 OQ9 -2. 




Manitoba 


25 228 


62 260 


152 506 


255 211 


4fi1 s.QJ.2 




Saskatchewan 








91 279 


AQ9 409 


717 1A 


Alberta 








73 022 


07J. 90(13 


CQQ A^A 


British Columbia 


36 247 


49 459 


98 173 


178 657 


qoo 4 S (k 


MA XQ<y 


Yukon Territory . . 








97 91Q 


8 cio 




Northwest Territories 4 
Pi0yal Canadian Navy 


48,000 


56,446 


98,967 


20, 129 


6.507 2 


7,988 
















Total 


3,689,357 


4,321,810 


4 833 239 


CL QJI Qis 


7 9flfi fiia 


8 -500 Iftl 

















Percentage Distribution of Canadian Population by Provinces and Territories, 

1871 to 1921. 



Province or Territory. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


. p.c. 
2-55 


p.c. 
2-52 


p.c. 
2-25 


p.c. 
1-92 


p.c.^ 
1-30 


p.c. 
i .ni 


Nova Scotia 


10-51 


10- 19 


9-32 


8- M\ 


fi.83 


5 -OR 


New Brunswick 


7-74 


7-43 


6-65 


fi- it; 


4.. 88 


4. J.1 


Quebec 


32-30 


31-42 


30-80 


30 70 


97.83 


Oft .07 


Ontario 


43-94 


44-56 


43-74 


40-fil 


QK.n? 


00.00 


Manitoba 


0-68 


1-44 


3-16 


4.7S 


fi .-40 


6.Q4. 


Saskatchewan 








1-70 


6-84 


8.fi9 


Alberta 








1-36 


5-19 


tt.7(l 


British Columbia 


0-98 


1-14 


2-03 


3-33 


5-45 


5 -Q7 


Yukon Territory 








0-51 


n.19 


0,nz 


Northwest Territories 4 


1-30 


1-30 


2-05 


0-37 


0-09 


n-0 i 


Royal Canadian Navy 






























100 00 


100 00 


100 00 


100 00 


100 00 


Hi" mi 



page 



1 The population of the Prairie Provinces, according to the quinquennial census of 1916, is given on 
(177. 2 As corrected as a result of the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. As corrected by transfer 

-X-1I In t * f.r* r*.f TTnmm4- O _-,. 1 4 L. fOCO \ * XT i. 1 ~ J. T^ i . f ml I 1 



of population of Fort Smith (368) to Northwest Territories. The decrease shown in the population of 
the Northwest Territories after 1891 is due to the separation therefrom of vast areas to form Alberta, 
Saskatchewan and the Yukon Territory, ana to extend the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. 



CENSUS STATISTICS OF POPULATION 



141 



3. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871 and 1921, and numerical 
increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921. 



Province or 
Territory. 


Popula 
tion 
in 
1871. 


Increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921. 


Popula 
tion 
in 
1921. 


Increase 
1871 
to 
1921. 


1871 
to 
1881. 


1881 
to 
1891. 


1891 
to 
1901. 


1901 
to 
1911. 


1911 
to 

1921. 


Prince Edward I. . 
Nova Scotia 


94,021 
387,800 
285,594 
1,191,516 
1,620,851 
25,228 

36,247 
48,000 


14,870 
52,772 
35,639 
167,511 
306,071 
37,032 

13,212 
8,446 


187 
9,824 
30 
129,508 
187,399 
90,246 

48, 714 
42,521 


-5,819 
9,178 
9,857 
160,363 
68,626 
102,705 
91,279 
73,022 
80,484 
27,219 

-78,838 


-9,531 
32,764 
20,769 
356,878 
344,345 
206,183 
401,153 
301,273 
213,823 
-18,707 

-13,622 


-5,113 
31,499 
35,987 
355,423 
406,370 
148,724 
265,078 
214,159 
132, 102 
-4,355 

1,481 
485 


88,615 
523,837 
387,876 
2,361,199 
2,933,662 
610,118 
757,510 
588,454 
524,582 
4,157 

7,988 
485 


-5,406 
136,037 
102,282 
1,169,683 
1,312,811 
584,890 
757,510 
588,454 
488,335 
4,157 

-40,012 
485 


New Brunswick. . . 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia.. 
Yukon Territory. . 
Northwest 
Territories l ... . 
Royal Canadian 
Navy 


Canada .... 


3,689,257 


635,553 


508", 439 


538,076 


1,835,338 


1,581,840 


8,788,483 


5,099,336 





4. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871, and increase per cent 

by decades from 1871 to 1921. 





Popula 


Per cen 


; increase 1 


ay decades 


from 1871 


to 1921. 


Per cent 


Province or 
Territory. 


tion 
in 
1871. 


1871 
to 
1881. 


1881 
to 
1891. 


1891 
to 
1901. 


1901 
to 
1911. 


1911 
to 
1921. 


increase 
in 50 
years. 


Prince Edward Island 


94,021 


15-82 


0-17 


5-33 


0.93 


T.lfi 


e 7c 


Nova Scotia 


387,800 


13-61 


2-23 


2-04 


7.1Q 


6.4.0 




New Brunswick 


285,594 


12-48 


0-01 


3-07 


f.97 


1ft. 9^ 




Quebec 


1,191,516 


14-06 


9-53 


10-77 


21-64 


17.79 


no 17 


Ontario 


1,620,851 


18-88 


9-73 


3-25 


15-77 


lfi.08 


an QQ 


Manitoba 


25,228 


146-79 


144-95 


67-34 


80-79 


^9.9. 


201Q At) 


Saskatchewan 










4QO.J.O 


KO . 00 




Alberta 










410. KO 


K7.99 




British Columbia 


36 247 


36-45 


98-49 


81-98 


119-68 


9 J.fl 


1 Q47 OA 


Yukon Territory 










fiS-71 


. 1 . 1ft 




Northwest Territories 1 


48,000 


17-60 


75-33 


79-66 


67-67 


99 . 7fi 


QOOft 


















Canada 


3,689,357 


17-23 


11-76 


11-13 


34-17 


21 . Q 


19C.OO 



















Early Censuses. The credit of taking the first census of modern times belongs 
to Canada. The year was 1665, the census that of the colony of New France. Still 
earlier records of settlement at Port Royal (1605) and Quebec (1608) are extant; 
but the census of 1665 was a systematic "nominal" enumeration of the people, 
taken on the de jure principle, on a fixed date, showing age, sex, occupation, and 
conjugal and family condition. A supplementary enquiry in 1667 included the 
areas under cultivation and the numbers of sheep and cattle. When it is recalled 
that in Europe the first census dates only from the eighteenth century (those of 
France and England from the first year of the nineteenth), and that in the United 
States as well the census begins only with 1790, the achievement of the primitive 
St. Lawrence colony in instituting what is today one of the principal instruments 
of government may call for more than passing appreciation. 

1 The decreases shown in the population of the Northwest Territories since 1891 are due to the separa 
tion therefrom of immense areas to form the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Yukon 
Territory, as well as to extend the boundaries of the older provinces of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. 



142 POPULATION 



The census of 1665 (the results of which occupy 154 pages in manuscript, still 
to be seen in the Archives at Paris, with a transcript at Ottawa) showed some 
3,215 souls. It was repeated at intervals more or less regularly for a hundred years. 
By 1685 the total had risen to 12,263, including 1,538 Indians collected in villages. 
By the end of the century it had passed 15,000, and this was doubled in the next 
twenty-five years. Not to present further details, it may be said that at the time 
of the cession (1763) the population of New France was about 70,000, whilst another 
10,000 French (thinned to these proportions by the expulsion of the Acadians) were 
scattered through what is now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward 
Island. The British population of Nova Scotia was at this time about 9,000. 

After the cession, our chief reliance for statistics must be laid for half a century 
and more upon the reports of colonial governors more or less sporadic though 
censuses of the different sections under British rule were taken at irregular intervals. 
British settlement on a substantial scale in the Gulf Provinces and in Ontario dates 
only from the Loyalist movement which followed the American Revolution, at the 
end of which, i.e., about the year of the Constitutional Act (1791), the population 
of Lower Canada was approximately 163,000, whilst the newly constituted Province 
of Upper Canada under Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe numbered perhaps 15,000, 
and the addition of the Maritime colonies brought the total well over 200,000. A 
decade later Canada began the nineteenth century with a population of probably 
not less than 250,000 or 260,000. Subsequent censuses gave the population of 
the different colonies as follows: Upper Canada (1824) 150,069, (1840) 432,159; 
Lower Canada (1822) 427,465, (1844) 697,084; New Brunswick (1824) 74,176, 
(1840) 156,162; Nova Scotia (1817) 81,351, (1838) 202,575; Prince Edward Island 
(1822) 24,600, (1841) 47,042. 

The policy of desultory census-taking was ended in 1847 by an Act of the 
Canadian Legislature creating a "Board of Registration and Statistics," with 
instructions "to collect statistics and adopt measures for disseminating or publish 
ing the same," and providing also for a decennial census. The first census there 
under was taken in 1851, and as similar censuses were taken by New Brunswick and 
Nova Scotia in the same year, we have a regular measure of population growth in 
Canada over the past seventy years. The fifties saw a very rapid development, 
especially in Ontario, whilst the sixties showed only less substantial gains. In the 
years following Confederation, again, there was a spurt, the increase between 1871 
and 1881 (which included several lean years towards the end) being 635,553, or 17-23 
p.c. In neither of the two decades next following, however, was this record equalled, 
either absolutely or relatively, the gains in each being under 550,000, or 12 p.c. 
With the end of the century the population of Canada had reached approximately 
five and a quarter millions, or twenty times that of 1800. 

Twentieth Century Expansion. It is within the confines of the present 
century that the most spectacular expansion of the Canadian population has taken 
place. The outstanding feature was, of course, the opening to settlement of the "last 
best West." The unorganized territories of British North America had been ceded to 
the Dominion soon after Confederation, and the West had been tapped and traversed 
by the Canadian Pacific Railway in the eighties and nineties. But though western 
population doubled with each of these decades, it was only with the launching of a 
large-scale immigration movement after 1900 that western settlement and pro 
duction became a first-rate economic factor. Simultaneously an almost equally 
striking development occurred in the industrial centres of Eastern Canada, which 
formed the immediate basis for the move upon the West. At the back, of course, 



THE CENSUS OF 1921 143 



was the heavy inflow of British capital a total of two and a half billions of dollars 
within a dozen years which went to finance the large constructive undertakings 
(chiefly railway and municipal) which characterized the movement and which 
represented at bottom the traditional policy of England in search of cheap and 
abundant food for her workshop population. The years 1901 to 1911, in brief, 
form the decas mirabilis of Canadian expansion. The immigration movement just 
mentioned, which had previously run well under 50,000 per annum, rose rapidly to 
over five times that volume, eventually passing 400,000 in a single year. In the ten 
years 1901 to 1911 it totalled over 1,800,000, and though at least a third of these 
were lost (partly in the return to Europe of labour temporarily attracted by the 
railway and other developments in progress, and partly in the never-ceasing and 
natural "drag" of the United States upon a virile and less wealthy people), it formed 
the chief factor in the gain of 34 p.c. which the total population of Canada registered 
in that decade, and which was larger than the relative growth of any other country 
during the same period. The movement was continued and even intensified in the 
first three years of the second decade of the century, after which a recession set in 
to which the outbreak of the war gave a new and wholly unexpected turn. Never 
theless the decade which closed with the census of 1921 again showed over 1,800,000 
immigrant arrivals in Canada, and though the proportionate loss of these was very 
heavy (probably as much as two-thirds), Canada s relative gain for the decade 
was again among the largest in the world. 

The Census of 1921. According to the final results of the 1921 census, the 
total population of the Dominion on June 1, 1921, was 8,788,483, as compared with 
7,206,643 on June 1, 1911, an increase of 1,581,840 or 21-95 p.c. in the decade, as 
compared with 34-17 p.c. during the decade from 1901 to 1911. Reduced as is the 
rate of increase during the past ten years, it is higher than the rate of increase in any 
other of the principal countries of the British Empire except Australia, where the 
rate was only slightly greater, and considerably higher than that of the United 
States. 

The countries which comprise the British Empire, as also the United States, 
have on the whole suffered much less in actual loss of life from the war and its 
consequences than have the continental countries of Europe. None of them has 
actually declined in population during the period, as many continental European 
countries have done. Their percentage increases, however, have in almost all cases 
been lower than in the previous decade. Thus the population of England and 
Wales increased between 1911 and 1921 only from 36,070,492 to 37,885,242, or 
4-93 p.c., as compared with an increase of 10-89 p.c. in the previous decade; Scot 
land, again, increased only from 4,760,904 to 4,882,288, or 2-5 p.c., as compared 
with 6-5 p.c. between 1901 and 1911. 

Of the oversea Dominions, New Zealand increased from 1,008,468 to 1,218,270 
or 20-8 p.c., as compared with 30-5 p.c., while the white population of South Africa 
increased from 1,276,242 to 1,522,442 or 19-3 p.c. On the other hand, the Common 
wealth of Australia, the only Dominion to grow more rapidly in the second decade 
of the twentieth century than in the first, increased from 4,455,005 in 1911 to 
5,436,794 in 1921, or 22-04 p.c., as compared with 18-05 p.c. The population of 
the continental United States increased between 1910 and 1920 from 91,972,266 
to 105,710,620, an increase of 14-9 p.c. as compared with 21 p.c. in the preceding 
decade. 

Considering now the Dominion of Canada itself, it becomes evident from 
Tables 1 and 2 that in this country, as formerly in the United States, there is a 



144 



POPULATION 



distinct movement of population frdm East to West. In the decade from 1911 to 
1921, there occurred in the four western provinces an increase of population from 
1,720,601 to 2,480,664 or 44-2 p.c., while the five eastern provinces increased from 
5,471,023 to 6,295,189, an increase of 824,166 persons, which, though absolutely 
larger than the figure for the West, constitutes an increase of only 15 p.c. over the 
1911 population. The same conclusion may be deduced from Table 2, which shows 
that while in 1871 only 2-96 p.c. and in 1881 only 3-88 p.c. of the population of the 
country dwelt west of the lake of the Woods, the percentage in 1891 was 7-24, in 
1901, 12-02, in 1911, 24-09 and hi 1921, 28-37 p.c. On the other hand, the three 
easternmost Maritime provinces, which 1871 contained 20-80 p.c. of the popu 
lation of the Dominion, had in 1881, 20-14 p.c., in 1891, 18-22 p.c., in 1901, 16-64 
p.c., in 1911, 13-01 p.c., and in 1921 only 11-38 p.c. of the population. Ontario 
and Quebec the old pre-Confederation Province of Canada still remain the chief 
centre of population, their population being in 1921 60-25 p.c. of the total as com 
pared with 76-24 p.c. in 1871, 75-98 p.c. in 1881, 74-54 p.c. in 1891, 71-34 p.c. in 
1901, and 62-90 p.c. in 1911. In other words, the net result of the half century 
has been that in 1921 only three-fifths of the population of the Dominion lived in 
these provinces as compared with more than three-fourths in 1871. 

In 1881 the "centre" of population east and west was in the county of Prescott, 
Ontario, not far from Caledonia village. In 1891 it had moved west to the vicinity 
of Ottawa, where it remained in 1901. In 1911 the county of Victoria, Ontario, 
contained the centre, and it is probably in Simcoe county, Ontario, at the present time. 

The populations of the several provinces and electoral districts of Canada in 
1921 are given by sex in Table 5. 

5. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


population, 1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Per 
sq. 
mile. 


Canada 


3,00:5, 900.00 
2,184 36 

641-18 
778-23 
764-95 

21,068 00 1 
2,212-00 
1,355-10 

1,210-90 
1,451-00 
1,683-00 
1,983-65 
2,123-38 
1,229-00 
1,408-75 
804-00 
1,202-00 
1,124-00 
2,022-48 
1,198-99 


4,529,915 

44,887 

10,570 
16,026 
18,291 

266,472 

13,988 
16,031 

39,759 
12,647 
21,072 
14,633 
48,455 
10,165 
12,421 
12,045 
17,295 
20,537 
11,913 
15,511 


4,258,538 
43,728 

9,875 
15,494 
18,359 

257,365 

13,110 
15,294 

36,603 
12,549 
20, 119 
14,332 
48,773 
9,574 
11,387 
11,678 
16,447 
20,314 
11,522 
15,663 


8,788,483 
88,615 

20,445 
31,520 
36,650 

523,837 

27,098 
31,325 

76,362 
25,196 
41,191 
28,965 
97,228 
19,739 
23,808 
23,723 
33,742 
40,851 
23,435 
31,174 


2 44 

40 56 

31-88 
40-50 
47-91 

24-86 

12-25 
23-11 

63-06 
17-36 
24-47 
14-60 
45-78 
16-06 
16-90 
27-45 
28-07 
36-34 
11-58 
26-00 


7,206,643 
93,728 

22,636 
32,779 
38,313 

492,338 

29,010 
29,888 

66,625 
23,664 
40,543 
29,871 
80,257 
19,703 
25,571 
21,780 
33,260 
35,858 
24,211 
32,097 


5,371,315 
103,259 

24,725 
35,400 
43,134 

459,574 

31,937 
24,650 

48,602 
24,900 
36, 168 
30,579 
74,662 
20,056 
24,353 
21,937 
32,389 
33,459 
24,428 
31,454 


Prince Edward Island 

Kings 






Nova Scotia 


Antigonish and Guys- 
borough 


Cape Breton North and 
Victoria 


Cape Breton South and 
Richmond 


Colchester 


Cumberland 


Digby and Annapolis 
Halifax City and County 








Pic to u 


Shelburne and Queens 
Yarmouth and Clare 



NOTE The land areas here given for the provinces and electoral districts are as measured by a plani- 
meter on the map, and include the areas of small lakes and other waters which have not been measured. 
1 By map measurement. 



PROVINCES AND ELECTORAL DISTRICTS 



145 



5. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901 continued. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


Population, 1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Per 
sq. 
mile. 


New Brunswick 


27,911-Ofli 

1,283-40 
1,869-81 
1,778-02 
4,740-60 

4,542-56 
2,855-53 

1,302-88 
3,402-64 
1,442-18 
4,693-74 

690,865-001 

783-36 
346-14 
1,891-04 
147-03 
652-64 
2,192-74 
3,463-61 
488-15 
337-00 
1,497-95 
4,303-09 
626-52 
492,140-74- 
1,439-04 
941-60 
1,197-82 
4,551-47 

1,023-18 
86-94 
3,013-50 
1,037-50 
2,948-80 
319-20 
4,448-40 

378-12 
271-83 
772-80 
726-40 
58-10 
2,940-00 
3,495-67 
780-16 
375-21 
630-13 
626-07 
126,437-193 
6,722-91 
2,799-59 
2-20 
3-59 
116-66 
193-10 
1,224-32 
2,089-44 

520-58 


197,351 

10,853 
19,697 
12,317 
17,354 

22,258 
16,698 

33,754 
17,706 
26,959 
19, 755 

1,180,028 
9,085 
9,003 
27,320 
9,805 
10,665 
9-927 
14,879 
7,024 
17,285 
24,760 
14,642 
13,582 
47,182 
16,945 
15,038 
22,816 
20,945 
26,746 
35,828 
22,020 
44, 178 
12,700 
11,137 
18,931 
10,352 
14,225 
34,201 
14,459 
16,523 
9,097 
10,992 
32,298 
8,609 
18,795 
17,161 
8,887 
11,341 
14,841 
25, 169 
17,350 
15,234 
17,836 
12,239 
18,349 
9,289 
21,693 
13,865 
25,884 
14,823 
38,276 
17,910 


190,525 

10,582 
18,987 
11,599 
16,631 

20,719 
15,380 

35,339 
16,194 
26,428 
18,666 

1,181,171 
8,080 
9,032 
26,521 
10,083 
10,525 
.9,890 
14,213 
6,447 
17,358 
23,249 
14, 232 
13, 149 
43,427 
15,340 
13,916 
22,007 
19,430 
28,054 
37,698 
21,521 
45,119 
13,213 
10,877 
16,996 
9,713 
14,093 
37,846 
13,855 
16,800 
8,762 
10,845 
32,635 
8,336 
17,508 
16,472 
8,822 
10,656 
14,854 
21,032 
17,102 
15,896 
20,494 
15,467 
19,644 
9,475 
20,555 
13,655 
26, 165 
17,571 
40,644 
18,844 


387,876 

21,435 
38,684 
23,916 
33,985 

42,977 
32,078 

69,093 
33,900 
53,387 
38,421 

3,361,199 

17,165 
18,035 
53,841 
19,888 
21,190 
19,817 
29,092 
13.471 
34,643 
48,009 
28,874 
26,731 
90,609 
32,285 
28,954 
44,823 
40,375 
54,800 
73,526 
43,541 
89,297 
25,913 
22,014 
35,927 
20,065 
28,318 
72,047 
28,314 
33,323 
17,859 
21,837 
64,933 
16,945 
36,303 
33,633 
17,709 
21,997 
29,695 
46,201 
34,452 
31,130 
38,330 
27,706 
37,993 
18,764 
42,248 
27,520 
52,049 
32,394 
78,920 
36,754 


13 90 

16-70 
20-68 
13-45 
7-16 

9-46 
11-23 

53-03 
9-96 
37-02 
8-18 

3-42 

21-91 
52-10 
28-47 
135-26 
32-47 
9-04 
8-40 
27-60 
102-80 
32-05 
6-71 
42-67 
0-18 
22-44 
30-75 
37-42 
8-87 

42-55 
1,027-11 
8-60 
21-22 
12-18 
62-86 
6-37 

74-88 
122-59 
23-11 
30-06 
1,117-61 
5-76 
10-39 
43-11 
47-20 
34-91 
47-43 
0-36 
5-12 
11-12 
17,422-73 
7,717-55 
325-67 
97-17 
34-51 
13-17 

70-60 


351,889 

21,147 

32,662 
24,376 
31,194 

32,365 
31,491 

63,263 
32,990 
44,621 
37,780 

2,005,776 

16,766 
18,206 
51,399 
20,802 
21,141 
19,872 
28,110 
13,216 
28,715 
39,824 
27,972 
26,562 
65,888 
29,630 
25,096 
41,590 
35,001 
51,937 
44,884 
37,917 
56,855 
23,911 
20,888 
30,115 
19,335 
28,506 
44,264 
25,275 
28,913 
16,435 
22,158 
33,796 
16,509 
27,539 
31,314 
17,466 
17,356 
30,055 
31,479 
30,260 
28,046 
30,922 
24,163 
30,506 
19,810 
39,491 
23,951 
41,541 
34,794 
45, 141 
35,473 


331,120 

22,415 
27,936 
23,958 
28,543 

22,897 
32,832 

62,684 
30,446 
42,060 
37,349 

1,648,898 
16,407 
18,181 
43,129 
21,732 
18,706 
19,980 
24,495 
13,397 
24,318 
32,015 
25,813 
27,562 
48,291 
26,460 
21,007 
38,999 
30,683 
53,673 
14, 193 
33,851 
21,966 
22,255 
19,099 
22,291 
19,633 
26,996 
13,237 
24,685 
26,210 
14,439 
20,039 
12,402 
15,813 
18,521 
23,878 
17,339 
14,757 
27,209 
28, 127 
24,176 
24,381 
28,645 
21,833 
24,897 
18,576 
34, 137 
21,636 
41,225 
47,653 
10,391 
34,950 


Charlotte 


Gloucester 


Kent 


Northumberland 


Restigouche and Mada- 
waska 


Royal 


St. John City, County 
and Albert 


Victoria and Carleton... 
Westmorland 


York and Sunbury 


Quebec 


Argenteuil 


Bagot 


Beauce 


Beauharnois 


Bellechasse 


Berthier 


Bona venture 


Brome 


Chambly and Vercheres.. 
Champlain ... ... 


C harl e voix-Montmorency 
Chateauguay -Huntingdon 
Chicoutiuii-Sao uenay. . . 


Compton 


Dorchester 


Drummond & Arthabaska 
Gasp6 


George-Etienne Cartier. . . 
Hochelaga 


Hull 


Jacques Cartier 


Joliette 


Kamouraska 


Labelle 


Laprairie and Napierville 
L Assomption-Montcalm . 
Laurier-Outremont 


Laval-Two Mountains 
Levis 


L Islet 


Lotbiniere 


Maisonneuve 


Maskinong6 


Matane 


Megantic 


Missisquoi 


Montmagny 


Nicolet 


Pontiac 


Portneuf 


Quebec County 


Quebec East 


Quebec South 


Quebec West 


Richelieu 


Richmond and Wolfe 
Rimouski 


Ste. Anne 


St. Antoine 


St. Denis 


St. Hyacinthe-Rouville. . . 



1 By map measurement, 
organized parts. 

6237310 



Includes part added by Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. Includes un- 



146 



POPULATION 



5. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1*11 

and 1901 continued. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


Population, 1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Per 

sq. 
mile. 


Quebec concluded. 
St James 


403-02 

567-20 
237-59 
432-47 
1,806-18 
781-82 

2,568-05 
336-75 

2,297-27 
393-12 

365, 800-00 

20,678-17 
22,153-98 
334-23 
86-86 
950-95 
699-46 
650-87 
556,64 
576-11 
628-98 
362-52 
357-58 
239-27 
467-53 

12,784-68 
1,595-91 
697-33 
462-83 
669-79 
1,038-03 
488-13 
362-69 
2-69 
3-54 
1,291-41 
1,031-57 
660-11 
635-31 
818-50 
3-54 
647-81 
575-57 
1,137-99 
899-68 
1,169-77 
332-41 


20,462 
11,943 
18,150 
30,842 
12,970 
15, 148 
11,714 
22,638 
16,972 

25,438 
10,969 
29,785 
11,424 
9,432 

1,481,890 

22,815 
18,332 
10,180 
16,364 
10,684 
11,904 
16,751 
7,996 
12,338 
12,457 
8,872 
13,860 
37,111 
16,129 

21,573 
10,972 

19,528 
8,266 
15,395 
14,610 
10,889 
12,748 
24,983 
18,893 
11,997 
17,130 
11,657 
11,692 
26,646 
11,666 
13,084 
16,976 
16,332 
17,338 
9,638 
24,874 
25,364 
14,581 
12,678 
10,153 
31,508 
13,305 
15,012 
7,875 
15,762 
43,232 
12,232 
11,133 


21,981 
11,575 
18,762 
33,133 
12,674 
15,638 
11,666 
21,672 
16,936 

25,407 
10,651 
33,124 
10,426 
9,408 

1,451,772 

17,803 
15,344 
9,905 
16,928 
10,188 
11,509 
15,922 
7,419 
12,050 
12,172 
8,434 
13,818 
34,039 
15,296 

i 8,088 
9,718 
19,045 
8,378 
15,272 
13,774 
10,398 
12,151 
24,837 
20,405 
11,075 
17,321 
11,883 
11,856 
25,493 
12,438 
12,717 
15,912 
16,661 
17,571 
9,356 
23,751 
28,474 
13,413 
12,355 
9,286 
27,057 
13,061 
15,500 
7,545 
15,312 
50,508 
12,295 
11,102 


42,443 
23,518 
36,912 
63,975 
25,644 
30,786 
23,380 
44,310 
33,908 

50,845 
21,620 
62,909 
21,850 
18,840 

2,933,662 

40,618 
33,676 
20,085 
33,292 
20,872 
23,413 
32,673 
15,415 
24,388 
24,629 
17,306 
27,678 
71,150 
31,425 

39,661 
20,390 
38,573 
16,644 
30,667 
28,384 
21,287 
24,899 
49,820 
39,298 
23,072 
34,451 
23,540 
23,548 
52, 139 
24,104 
25,801 
32,888 
32,993 
34,909 
18,994 
48,625 
53; 838 
27,994 
25,033 
19,439 
58,565 
26,366 
30,512 
15,420 
31,074 
93, 740 
24,527 
22,235 


58-35 

45-21 

129-58 
54-06 
24-53 
43-37 

19-80 
64-20 

9-51 
47-92 

8 02 

1-96 
1-52 
60-09 
383-28 
21-95 
33-47 
50-19 
27-69 
42-33 
39-16 
47-74 
77-40 
297-36 
67-21 

3-10 

12-77 
55-31 
35-96 
45-78 
27-34 
43-60 
68-65 
18,520-44 
11,101-11 
17-86 
33-39 
35-66 
37-06 
03-70 
6,809-03 
39-82 
57-13 
28-99 
38-80 
16-23 
146-28 
8,095-94 
58-18 
33-28 
12-26 
5-25 
41-56 
43-32 
30-54 
89-37 
19,734-74 
59-74 
62-81 


44,057 
21,882 
38,883 
62,521 
23,976 
23,211 
20,765 
36,430 
29,018 

36,153 
20,439 
56,088 
21,171 
20,387 

2,527,292 

37,699 
28,752 
19,259 
2fi,617 
23,783 
26,249 
24,417 
17,740 
25,973 
26,411 
17,597 
26,715 
38,006 
29,541 

32,158 
21,944 
38,226 
17,545 
33,957 
31,934 
21,562 
22,208 
39,793 
37,279 
24,978 
30,825 
26,886 
26,097 
49,391 
20,660 
28,827 
29,109 
34,375 
36,753 
20,386 
35,429 
46,300 
23,465 
27,300 
21,233 
43,679 
27,110 
32,892 
17,141 
23,865 
77,182 
25,077 
22,294 


42,618 
20,67 .i 
21,889 
40,631 
23,628 
18,426 
18,998 
29,185 
26,816 

29,311 
20,373 
40, 960 
19,589 
21.50H 

2,182,947 

25,211 
17,894 
18,273 
19,867 
27,424 
31,596 
22,880 
21,036 
28,350 
27,570 
17,901 
25,685 
28,78 t 
29,955 

18,461 
24,746 
40,580 
21,021 
33,003 
36,587 
21,23: , 
19,545 
24,000 
28,634 
27,943 
31,34s 
30,966 
30,854 
40. 67:; 

19,788 

34,440 
29,723 
37,232 

37,975 
23,346 
30,552 
37,976 
23,339 
31,387 
20,971 
24,931 
29,147 
33,550 
18,390 
22,01s 
59, 140 
25,644 
22,760 


St. Johns and Iberville. . . 
St. Lavrrence-St. George . 
Ste. Marie 
Shefford 


Sherbrooke 


Stanstead 


Temiscouata 


Terrebonne 


Three Rivers and St. 


Vaudreuil-Soulanges 


Westmount-St. Henri 
Wright . 




Ontario 


Algoma East 


Algoma West 


Brant 


Brantford 








Dufferin 




Durham 




Elgin West 


Essex North 


Essex South 


Fort William and Rainy 


Frontenac 


Glengarry and Stormont . 
Grenville 


Grey North 


Grey Southeast 


Haldimand 


Halton 




Hamilton West 


Hastings East 


Hastings West 


Huron \orth 


Huron South 


jvent 


Kingston 


Lambton Fast .... . . . 


Lambton West 


Lanark 


Leeds ... 


Lennox and Addington. .. . 
Lincoln 


London 


6-65 
481-00 
752-14 
1,585-38 
11,157-32 
634-26 
704-29 
504-82 
347-69 
4-75 
410-56 
353-99 


Middlesex East 


Middlesex West 


Muskoka 


X ipissing 


Norfolk 


Northumberland 


Ontario North 


Ontario South 


Ottawa 


Oxford North 


Oxford South 





By map measurement. 



PROVINCES AND ELECTORAL DISTRICTS 



147 



5. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901 continued. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


Population, 1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Mules. 


Females. 


Total. 


Per 

so. 
mile. 


Ontario concluded . 
Park dale 


4,336-00 
468-51 
429-77 
409-81 
891-38 
553-81 
207,570-90 
494-29 
390-40 
1,057-81 
1,644-95 
698-68 
529-39 
574-88 
558-61 
46,211-00 

2,834-23 
273-20 
242-63 
387-27 
.580-46 
438-88 
451-97 
64-52 
430-56 
202-28 
158-52 

231,926 OOi 

2,914-06 
5,468-75 
1,979-96 
2,390-90 
5,454-24 
3,491-53 
173,975-18 
1,710-22 
4,261-36 
10,689-84 
3,586-35 
15,944-15 

59-46 

243,381 00 

5,850-86 
6,651-96 
8,320-95 
11,264-30 
7,085-51 
5,856-34 
15,149-09 
5,591-12 
72,000-00 
76,499-00 
4,458-06 
2,063-25 
4.554-69 


38,820 
14,716 
12,371 
16,223 
9,315 
7,101 
14,382 
24,136 
13,429 
8,288 
12,339 
13,765 
22,084 
18,888 
11,227 
12,655 
30,219 
25,326 
31,096 
32,378 
19,335 
32,717 
17,621 
20,591 
16,440 
36,360 
10,182 
17,161 
32,574 
38-163 
11,840 
49,572 
35,361 

320,567 

21,315 
19,254 
15,652 
12,936 
22,433 
15,464 
10,705 
12,027 
15,819 
29,539 
14,341 
30,935 
39,126 
32,060 
28,862 

413,700 

18,831 
18,561 
30,300 
25,758 
27,731 
29,907 
31,318 
27,376 
26,121 
31,054 
18,819 
26,395 
23.261 


41,960 
12,306 
11,525 
16,238 
9,067 
6,615 
14,936 
19,164 
13,049 
8,518 
11,617 
13,296 
21,329 
18,234 
10,873 
12,155 
21,348 
26,442 
33,729 
40,100 
18,261 
35,680 
16,374 
21,107 
17,128 
30,308 
9,651 
17,166 
31,875 
39-787 
11,296 
50,484 
35,320 

289,551 

18,868 
16,228 
14,269 
10,888 
18,821 
12,892 
9,101 
10,227 
13,489 
25,756 
12,069 
27,935 
37,345 
30,897 
30,766 

343,810 

15,958 
15,080 
24,926 
19,014 
22,324 
25,722 
24,746 
23,027 
21,260 
25,775 
16,017 
23,582 
20.174 


80,780 
27,022 
23,896 
32,461 
18,382 
13,716 
29,318 
43,300 
26,478 
16,806 
23,956 
27,061 
43,413 
37,122 
22,100 
24,810 
51,568 
51,768 
64,825 
72,478 
37,596 
68,397 
33,995 
41,698 
33,568 
66,668 
19,833 
34,327 
64,449 
77,950 
23,136 
100,054 
70,681 

610,118 

40,183 
35,482 
29,921 
23,824 
41,254 
28,356 
19,806 
22,254 
29,308 
55,395 
26,410 
58,870 
76,470 
62,957 
59,628 

757,510 

34,789 
33,641 
55,225 
44,772 
50,055 
55,629 
56,064 
50,403 
47,381 
56,829 
34,83 
49,977 
43.795 


6-23 
51-01 
75-53 
44-85 
15-38 
52-93 
0-21 
53-56 
43-04 
22-64 
16-45 
62-13 
70-12 
38-44 
44-41 
Ml 

11-99 
152-62 
138-35 
172-14 
34-16 
78-21 
142-59 
1,208-15 
53-73 
494-63 
445-88 

2,63 

13-78 
6-49 
15-11 
9-96 
7-56 
8-12 
0-11 
13-01 
6-87 
5-18 
7-36 
3-69 
1 
| 3,347-71 

3 12 
5-96 

5-06 
6-63 
3-97 
7-06 
9-49 
3-70 
9-01 
0-66 
0-74 
7-81 
24-22 
9-62 


59,609 
26,547 
22,102 
30,235 
18,947 
15,499 
26,151 
39, 109 
26,968 
17,150 
23,617 
27,852 
39,434 
35,294 
24,699 
25,060 
37,380 
54,792 
53,712 
51,318 
43,956 
57,804 
36,499 
33,619 
28,988 
42,163 
22,292 
32,200 
34,634 
32,864 
22.415 
31,933 
35,831 

461,394 

39,734 
23,358 
25,978 
20,802 
32,384 
23.923 
1 1 , 737 
22,059 
24.276 
32,653 
27,133 
37,247 
58,903 
45,682 
35,525 

492,432 

31,975 
21,667 
36,617 
22,229 
33,093 
36,940 
19,730 
31,552 
24,330 
35,839 
30,470 
44,202 
32,313 


22,303 
24,930 
21,475 
29,256 
20,615 
16,291 
20,704 
10,526 
27,035 
17,864 
24,556 
27,676 
35,166 
29,845 
26,071 
26,399 
3,378 
45,888 
36,763 
20,766 
38,108 
41,069 
38,511 
27,124 
25,470 
31,588 
26,120 
29,526 
26,818 
8,478 
22,419 
18,964 
17,905 

255,211 

25,047 
12,617 
26,899 
17,324 
20,435 
19,140 
2,359 
14,969 
14,129 
16,443 
22,634 
20,290 
] 
.- 42,925 

91,279 

9,053 
1,355 
1,652 
31 
1,575 
11,984 
1,473 
3,725 
4,579 
16,644 
17,133 
6,581 
10,874 


Parry Sound 


Peel 


Perth North 


Perth South . 


Peterborough East 


Peterborough Wst 


Port Arthur and Kenora . 
Prescott 


Prince Edward 


Renfrew North 


Renfrew South 


Russell 


Sinicoe East 


Simcoe North 


Sirncoe South 


Timiskaming 


Toronto Centre 


Toronto East 


Toronto North 


Toronto South 


Toronto West 


Victoria 


Waterloo North 


Waterloo South 


Welland .. 


Wellington North 


Wellington South 


Wentworth 


York East 


York North 


York South 


York West 


Manitoba 


Brandon 


Dauphin 


Lis^ar 


Macdonald 


MarQuette 


Neepawa ... 


Nelson.. . 


Portage la Prairie . 


Provencher 


Selkirk 


Souris 


Springfield 


Winnipeg Centre 


Winnipeg North 


Winnipeg South 


Saskatchewan 


Assiniboia ... 


Battleford 


Humboldt . . 


Kindersley 


Last Mountain 


Mackenzie 


Maple Creek 


Moose Jaw 


North Battleford. . 


Prince Albert 


Qu Appelle 


Regina 


Saltcoats . . . 



By map measurement. 
62373101 



148 



POPULATION 



5. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1931, 1911 

and 1901 concluded. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


Population, 1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Per 
sq. 
mile. 


Saskatchewan concluded. 

Saskatoon 


3,453-38 

7,958-48 
6,051-89 

352,985 DO 

13,191-90 
11,259-86 
2,033-59 
4,630-00 
57,172-40 
112,497-43 
5,498-33 
9,017-00 
12,497-00 
13-431-84 
5,309-09 
6,386-45 

353,416-00 

620-79 
164.693-50 
18,227-46 
304-95 
13,367-11 
12,979-11 
2,717-00 
6,102-41 
123,896-14 
5-73 
32-24 
7-50 
10,462-06 

206,427-00 
1,207,926-00 


28,862 
29,220 
19,826 

324,208 

27,483 
32,460 
23,819 
22,733 
30,719 
41,947 
21,072 
18,976 
23, 982 
27,426 
22,682 
30,909 

293,409 

34,387 
23,934 
20,665 
17,054 
11,983 
16,880 
26,079 
25,059 
19.083 
34,867 
23,439 
20,107 
19,872 

2,819 
4,129 
485 


26,289 
24,055 
15,862 

264,246 

21,690 
22,896 
21,176 
21,608 
25,829 
32,320 
16,627 
15,032 
19,197 
22,203 
19,838 
25,830 

231,173 

35,535 
15,900 
11,344 
11,757 
7,154 
13,622 
21,931 
20,923 
9,851 
26,012 
22,698 
18,620 
15,826 

1,338 
3,859 


55,151 
53,275 
35,688 

588,454 

49,173 
55,356 
44,995 
44,341 
56,548 
74,267 
37,699 
35,008 
43,179 
49,629 
42,520 
56,739 

524,582 

69.922 
39,834 
32,009 
28,811 
19,137 
30,502 
48,010 
45,982 
28,934 
60,879 
46,137 
38,727 
35,698 

4,157 
7,988 
485 


15-97 
6-69 
5-89 

2 33 

3-73 
4-92 
22-13 
9-58 
0-99 
0-66 
6-86 
3-77 
3-46 
3-69 
8-01 
8-88 

1-48 
112-63 
0-24 
1-75 
94-48 
1-43 
2-35 
17-67 
7-54 
23 
10,624-60 
1,431-04 
5,163-60 
3-41 

0-02 
0-007 


31,633 
28,691 
31,081 

374,295 

26,352 
27,304 
35,163 
30,023 
30,926 
35,386 
29,487 
30,779 
24,697 
37,507 
28,355 
38,316 

392,480 

48,493 
26.541 
19,739 
22,645 
22,466 
28,373 
31,878 
29,384 
22,685 
60,104 
?0,446 
31.660 
28,066 

8,512 
6,507 


2,964 
484 
1,172 

73,922 

59T 
1,565 
5,526 
3,546 
7,685 
7,641 
5,995 
8,228 
3,185 
7,568 
12,635 
8,851 

178.657 

1,267 
29,155 
8,444 
8,219 
8,446 
23,516 
22,293 
14,855 
13,013 
27,010 
1,520 
20,919 
i 

27,21 
20, 12 


Swift Current 


Weyburn 


Alberta 


Battle River 


Bow River 


Calgary East 


Calgary West 


Edmonton East 


Edmonton West . . 


Lethbridge 


Maclood 


Medicine Hat. 


Red Deer 


Strathcona 


Victoria 


British Columbia 


Burrard. . 


Cariboo 


Comox-Alberni 


Fraser Valley 


Kootenay East 


Kootenay West 


Nanaimo 


New Westmnister 


Skeena. . . 


Vancouver Centre 


Vancouver South 


Victoria 


Yale 


Yukon 


Northwest Territories. 


Royal Canadian Navy 
Canada 


3,603,909 00 


4,529,945 


4,258,538 


8,788,483 


2 44 


7,206,643 


5, 371, SIS 





1 By map measurement for provinces and electoral districts. 

2 Includes Yale District. Included in Cariboo District. 

Density of Population. The density of population in 1921 (i.e., the number 
of persons per square mile of the land area), is shown by provinces and for the country 
as a whole in Table 6. Generally speaking, the density of population decreases as 
one travels westward, but the enormous area of the province of Quebec reduces 
the density of its population to the low figure of 3-42. As among the nine provinces, 
the density of population is greatest in Prince Edward Island and least in British 
Columbia. 

6. Density of Population in Canada according to the Census of 1921. 



Prince Edward Island 


40-56 


Saskatchewan 


3-12 


Nova Scotia 


24-86 


Alberta 


2-35 


New Brunswick 


13-90 


British Columbia 


1-48 


Quebec 


3-42 


Yukon Territory 


0-02 


Ontario 


8-02 


Northwest Territories 




Manitoba 


2-63 










Canada 


8-44 











SEX DISTRIBUTION 149 



Elements of Growth. The lack of comprehensive and comparable vital 
statistics for the whole of Canada, together with the lack of statistics of emigration, 
makes it difficult to determine how far the growth of population is due to natural 
increase and how far to immigration. The following estimate (Table 7) may, 
however, be of interest. During the last decade, in addition to some 60,000 Can 
adians who died overseas and nearly 20,000 who took their discharge in the United 
Kingdom, there were also great numbers of residents of Canada most of them 
recent immigrants who left Canada to join the forces of the Mother Country 
and of her allies in the Great War and did not return. The estimated figure given 
for emigration in the decade 1911-1921 may therefore be regarded as of a distinctly 
abnormal character. 

7. Movement of Population, including estimated Natural Increase, recorded Immi 
gration, and estimated Emigration, for the intercensal periods 1901-1911 and 
1911-1921. 



Decades and Items. 



No. 



Decade 1901-1911 

Population, Census of April 1, 1901 



Natural increase (1901-1911 inclusive), estimated. 
Immigration (April 1, 1901 to May 31, 1911) 



5,371,315 

853,566 

1,847,651 



Total. 



Population, Census of June 1, 1911 

Emigration (April 1, 1901 to May 31, 1911), estimated. 

Decade 1911-1921- 



Population, Census of June 1, 1911 

Natural increase (1911-1921), estimated 

Immigration (June 1, 1911 to May 31, 1921). 



8,072,532 

7,206,643 

865,889 



7,206,643 
1,150.659 
1,728,921 



Total. 



Population (Census of June 1, 1921) 

Emigration (June 1, 1911 to June 1, 1921), estimated. 



Net gain in population, 1901-1911. 
Net gain in population, 1911-1921. 



10.086,223 
8,788,483 
1,297,740! 

1,835,328 
1,581.840 



1 This figure includes also the 60,000 Canadian lives lost at the front and the soldiers (about 20,000) 
enlisting in Canadian forces and receiving their discharge in the United Kingdom. 

2. Sex Distribution. 

Throughout the older countries of the world there is usually found an excess 
of female over male population, more especially as in most of these countries the 
eensus is taken on a de facto instead of, as in Canada, on a de jure basis . The causes 
of this excess of female population are: (1) the normally higher rate of mortality 
among males; (2) the greater number of males who travel; (3) the effects of war; 
(4) the employment of males in the army, navy and merchant marine; and (5) the 
preponderance of males among emigrants. In the newer countries of the world,, 
however, the last of these causes results in a general excess of male over female 
population. Both of these phenomena are exemplified in Table 10. 

In Canada there has been such an excess of male population from the com 
mencement of its history, the first census of 1665 showing 2,034 males to only 1,181 
females. As the colony increased in numbers, the disproportion between the sexes 
became smaller, more especially since the French-Canadian population after about 
1680 was not reinforced by immigration from the old world. In 1784, when the 
English-speaking immigration to Canada for purposes of settlement was com- 



150 



POPULATION 



mencing, there were 54,064 males and 50,759 females in the country. At the middle 
of the nineteenth century, there were 449,967 males to 440,294 females in Lower 
Canada, and 499,067 males to 452,937 females in the more newly-settled Upper 
Canada, and since Confederation the same phenomenon of considerable excess of 
males has occurred throughout the growing Northwest. The great immigration 
of the first decade of the present century resulted in raising what is calle.d the 
"masculinity" of the Canadian population (i.e., the excess of males over females 
per 100 of population) to the highest point in recent history, viz., 6-07 p.c. in 1911. 
The great war, however, both checked immigration and took some 60,000 young 
Canadian male lives as its toll, with the result that at the census of 1921 the mas 
culinity of our population was only 3 p.c. 515 males to 485 females per 1,000 of 
population. Thus masculinity in the country as a whole and also in all the provinces 
except Prince Edward Island, has been since 1911 on the decline a phenomenon 
which must be regarded with satisfaction, since an approximation to equality in 
the numbers of the sexes is desirable both in the interests of morality and also as 
promotive of the birth rate (an important consideration in a country where the 
density of population is only 2-44 to the square mile). In Table 8 statistics are pre 
sented, showing the number of males and females in each of the provinces and 
territories at each census since 1871, while Table 9 shows the proportions of the 
sexes and excess of males per 1,000 of population. The statistics of Table 10 show 
the position of Canada among other countries of the world in regard to mascu 
linity. 

8. Sex Distribution of the People of Canada, by Provinces, 1871-1921. 



Provinces. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Prince Edward Island 


47,121 

193,792 
145,888 
596,041 
828,590 
12., 864 

20,694 
24,274 


46,900 
194,008 
139,706 
595,475 
792,261 
12,364 

15,553 
23,726 


54,729 
220,538 
164,119 
678,175 
978,554 
35, 123 

29,503 
28,113 


54,162 
220,034 
157,114 
680,852 
948,368 
27,137 

19,956 
28,333 


54,881 
227,093 
163,739 
744,141 
1,069,487 
84,342 

63,003 
53,785 


54,197 
223,303 
157,524 
744,394 
1,044,834 
68,164 

35,170 
45,182 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan . . ... 


Alberta 


British Columbia . 


Yukon Territory 


Northwest Territories. 


Canada 


1,869,264 


1,819,993 


2,188,854 


2,135,956 


2,460,471 


2,372,768 




Provinci - 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Prince Edward Island 


51,959 
233,642 
168,639 
824,454 
1,096,640 
138,504 
49,431 
41,019 
114,160 
23,084 
10,176 


51,300 
225,932 
162,481 
824,444 
1,086,307 
116,707 
41,848 
32,003 
64,497 
4,135 
9,953 


47,069 
251,019 
179,867 
1,012.815 
1,301,272 
252,954 
291,730 
223,792 
251,619 
6,508 
3,350 


46,659 
241,319 
172,022 
992,961 
1,226,020 
208,440 
200,702 
150,503 
110,861 
2,004 
3,157 


44,887 
266,472 
197,351 
1,180,028 
1,481,890 
320,567 
413,700 
324,208 
293,409 
2,819 
4,129 
485 


43,728 
257,365 
190,525 
1,181,171 
1,451,772 
289,551 
343,810 
264,246 
231,173 
1,338 
3,859 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario .... . . 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory 


Northwest Territories 


Royal Canadian Navy 


Canada 


3,751,708 


2,619,607 


3,821,995 


3,384,64$ 


4,529,945 


4,258,538 





SEX DISTRIBUTION 



151 



9. Proportion of Sexes per 1,000 of Population in Canada, by Provinces, 1871-1921. 



Provinces. 



Prince Edward Island. . . . 

Nova Scotia 

New Brunswick 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan 

Alberta 

British Columbia 

Yukon Territory 

Northwest Territories. . .. 



Canada. 



1871. 



Males- 



501 
500 
511 
500 
511 
510 



571 
506 



507 



Fe 
males, 



499 
500 
489 
500 
489 
490 



429 
494 
493 



Excess 
of Males 

over 
Females. 



2 
22 

22 
20 

142 

12 



14 



1881. 



Males. 



503 
501 
511 
499 
508 
564 



597 
498 
506 



Fe 
males. 



497 
499 
489 
501 
492 
436 



403 
502 



494 



Excess 
of Males 

over 
Females. 



6 
2 

22 

-2 

16 

128 



194 
-4 



1891. 



Males. 



504 
504 
510 
500 
506 
553 



642 
543 



509 



Fe 
males. 



496 
496 
490 
500 
494 
447 



358 
457 



491 



Excess 
of Males 

over 
Females. 



8 

8 

20 

12 
106 



284 
86 



18 



Provinces. 



Prince Edward Island . . 

Nova Scotia 

New Brunswick 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan 

Alberta 

British Columbia 

Yukon Territory 

Northwest Territories. 
Royal Canadian Navy. 



Canada. 



1901. 



Males. 



503 
508 
509 
500 
502 
543 
541 
562 
639 
848 
506 



512 



Fe 
males. 



497 
492 
491 
500 
498 
457 
459 
438 
361 
152 
494 



488 



Excess 
of Males 

over 
Females. 



6 
16 
18 

4 

86 

82 

124 

278 

696 

12 



1911. 



Males. 



502 
510 
511 
505 
515 
548 
592 
598 
641 
765 
515 



530 



Fe 
males. 



498 
490 
489 
495 
485 
452 
408 
402 
359 
235 
485 



470 



Excess 
of Males 

over 
Females. 



4 

20 

22 

10 

30 

96 

184 

196 

282 

530 

30 



60 



1921. 



Males. 



507 
509 
509 
500 
505 
525 
546 
551 
559 
678 
517 
1,000 



515 





Excess 


Fe 


of Males 


males. 


over 




Females. 


493 


14 


491 


18 


491 


18 


500 


- 


495 


10 


475 


50 


454 


92 


449 


102 


441 


118 


322 


356 


483 


34 


- 


1,000 


485 


.30 



10. Masculinity of the Population of Various Countries. 



Country. 


Year. 


Excess of 
males over 
females in 
each 100 
population. 


Country. 


Year. 


Excess of 
males over 
females in 
each 100 
population. 




1918 


7-27 


Spain 


1920 


-1-34 




1921 


3-00 


Switzerland 


1910 


-1-62 




1921 


2-92 


France 


1911 


-1-74 




1921 


2-88 


Sweden 


1920 


-1-76 




1921 


2-26 


Italv 


1911 


-1-81 




1920 


1-98 


Finland 


1919 


-2-12 




1921 


1-58 


Denmark 


1921 


-2-44 




1919 


1-08 


Norway 


1920 


-2-60 




1915 


0-75 


Scotland 


1921 


-3-79 




1920 


0-22 


Austria 


1920 


-4-24 




1920 


0-19 


Prussia 


1919 


-4-49 


Chile 


1920 


-0-57 


England and Wales 


1921 


-4-54 




1920 


0-66 


Poland 


1920 


-4-66 




1920 


0-67 


German Empire 


1919 


-4-78 




1920 


1-04 


Russia 


1920 


-4-78 








Portugal 


1911 


-5-08 















1 White population only. 

NOTE. The minus sign ( ) indicates a deficiency of males. 



152 



POPULATION 



3. Conjugal Condition. 

In Table 11 are given in summary form, together with percentages, the statistics 
of the conjugal condition of the population, as single, married, widowed, divorced, 
legally separated and not given, for the six censuses since 1871. Especially notable 
is the larger percentage of married in the more recent years. This is mainly attribut 
able to the larger percentage of adults to total population in our own time. Note 
worthy also is the larger percentage of divorced and legally separated in recent 
The reader should also consult in the index the heading "Divorces in Canada, 
1868-1922," for the number of divorces granted in each year since Confederation! 

The conjugal condition of the 1921 population is shown by provinces in Table 
12 and by age-groups in Table 13. 

11. Conjugal Condition of the Population by numbers and percentages, as shown 
by Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921. 



Sex. 


Single. 


Married. 


Widowed. 


Divorced 


Legally 
Separ 
ated. 


Not 
Given. 


Total. 


1871 
Male 


1 183 787 


S43 n37 


07 407 










Female 


1 099 216 


U9 33Q 






" 





1,764,311 


1881 
Male 


1 447 415 


Ran tut 


en one 








1,721,450 


Female 


1 336 981 


ROD <C4(I 


inn 40 e 




_ 


-~ 


2,188,854 


1891 
Male 


1 601 541 


796 153 


co 777 








2,135,956 


Female 


1,451 851 


701 on? 


ion nic 




_ 





2,460,471 


1901 
Male 


1 748 582 


Q9K 019 


79 o97 








2,372,768 


Female 


1 564 Oil 


oi)A nni 




661 


** 


~ 


2,751,708 


1911 
Male 


2 369 766 


1 331 853 


CQ 1 %t 


o^4 






2,619,607 


Female 


1 941 886 


1 251 4fi8 


mfiCft 


ooy 


1,286 


29,097 


3,821,995 


1921 
Male 


2 698 754 


1 fine one 




Dvl 


,584 


9,363 


3,384,648 


Female . 


2 378 844 


1 p/M 7fi1 




,b70 




9,418 


4,529,945 


1871 
Male 


p.c. 
67-10 


p.c. 
30- 7s 


p.c. 

9.9 


,7ol 

p.c. 


p.c. 


7,680 
p.c. 


4,258,538 
p.c. 


Female 


63-85 


31 -51 


4.fiA 




" 


~ 


100 


1881 
Male. . . . 


66-12 


31 < * 1 > 


9 QQ 








100 


Female. . 


62-59 


39. 98 


5. 1Q 




- 


~ 


100 


1891 
Male 


65-09 


32-3fi 


9. 15 








100 


Female 


61-18 


33-38 


K. A A 






~ 


100 


1901 
Male 


63-55 


33-7R 


2 .CO 








100 


Female 


59-70 


34."<!> 


5.77 


Ul 




" 


100 


1911 
Male 


62-01 


34-8.5 


9.31 


Ul 
.AO 






100 


Female 


57-37 


3fi .Q7 


5.31 




Uo 


76 


100 


1921 
Male 


59-57 


37.40 


2.0,4 




Uo 


28 


100 


Female 


55-86 


3ft. 39 


5.55 




~ 


21 


100 














18 


100 



1 Legally separated included with divorced. 



CONJUGAL CONDITION 



153 



12. Conjugal Condition of the People of Canada classified as Single, Married, 
Widowed, Divorced, Legally Separated, and not given, by Provinces, Census 1921. 



Provinces. 


Males. 


Single. 


Married. 


Widowed. 


Divorced 1 


Not given 


Total. 




27,634 
162,835 
121,428 
736,144 
828,538 
196,072 
263,186 
199,741 
159,629 
1,808 
1,460 
279 


15,668 
94,808 
69,674 
406,540 
607,186 
117,480 
142,431 
117,081 
125,656 
735 
935 
201 


1,549 
8,440 
5,918 
32,912 
42,954 
6,472 
7,456 
6,667 
7,118 
152 
66 
4 


24 
217 
125 
603 
1,135 
246 
337 
413 
547 
22 
1 


12 
172 
206 
3,829 
2,077 
297 
290 
306 
459 
102 
1,667 
1 


44,887 
266,472 
197,351 
1,180,028 
1,481,890 
320,567 
413,700 
324,208 
293,409 
2,819 
4,129 
485 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory 


Northwest Territories 


Royal Canadian Navy 


Total 


2,698,754 


1,698,395 


119,708 


3,670 


9,418 


4,529,945 




Provinces. 


Females. 


Single. 


Married. 


Widowed. 


Divorced 1 


Not given 


Total 


Prince Edward Island 


24,717 
144,859 
109,670 
720,362 
759,901 
162,928 
196,499 
143,958 
114,199 
582 
1,169 


15,616 
93,384 
68,860 
399,271 
589,518 
113,795 
136,270 
110,190 
103,433 
576 
848 


3,358 
18,752 
11,676 
57,809 
99,259 
-12,249 

10,567 
9,607 
12,846. 
75 
221 


18 
210 
106 
758 
1,369 
260 
233 
289 
483 
4 
1 


19 
160 
213 
2,971 
1,725 
219 
241 
202 
212 
98 
1,620 


43,728 
257,365 
190,525 
1,181,171 
1,451,772 
289,551 
343,810 
264,246 
231,173 
1,338 
3,859 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 7777777 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory 


Northwest Territories 


Total 


2,378,844 


1,631,761 


236,522 


3,731 


7,680 


4,258,538 





Includes "legally separated." 



13. Conjugal Condition of the Population, 15 Years of Age and Over, 1921. 



Age Periods. 


Total 
popula 
tion. 


Single. 


Married. 


Widowed. 


Divorced. 


Unknown. 


Number. 


Per 
cent. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Number. 


15-19- 
Males 


403,259 
398,559 

350,984 
360,227 

347,645 
338,874 

343,263 
309,623 

342,313 
290,080 

286,470 
240,666 

236,896 
198,133 

195,141 
166,817 


400,929 
371,969 

287,438 
205,386 

165,836 
97,394 

95,571 
53,090 

68,726 
37,907 

47,273 
28,634 

33,463 
22,054 

25,163 
18,810 


99-4 
93-3 

81-9 
57-0 

47-7 
28-7 

27-8 
17-2 

20-1 
13-1 

16-5 
11-9 

14-1 
11-1 

12-9 
11-3 


2,275 
26,364 

62,812 
152,605 

178,994 
235,513 

242,444 
247,409 

265,917 
240,088 

230,132 
197,768 

193,384 
159,028 

158,616 
126,183 


0-6 
6-6 

17-9 
42-4 

51-5 
69-5 

70-6 

79-9 

77-7 
82-8 

80-3 
82-2 

81-6 

8G-3 

81-3 
75-6 


28 
175 

600 
1,971 

2,519 
5,527 

4,789 
8,592 

7,103 
11,497 

8,438 
13,773 

9,542 
16,611 

10,863 
21,438 


0-2 
0-6 

0-7 
1-6 

1-4 
2-8 

2-1 
3-9 

2-9 
5-7 

4-0 
8-4 

5-6 
12-9 


6 
38 

87 
244 

234 

424 

387 
517 

470 
576 

556 
478 

455 
424 

457 
370 


21 
13 

47 
21 

62 
16 

72 
15 

97 
12 

71 
13 

52 
16 

42 
16 


Females 


20-24 
Males 


Females 


25-29 
Males 


Females 


30-34 
Males 


Females 


35-39 
Males .... 


Females 


40-44 
Males 


Females 


45-49 
Males 


Females 


50-54 
Males 


Females . . . 



154 



POPULATIOX 



13. Conjugal Condition of the Population, 15 Years of Age and Over, 1921 concluded. 



Age Periods. 


Total 
popula 
tion. 


Single. 


Married. 


Widowed. 


Divorced. 


Unknown. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Number. 


55-59 
Males 


148,137 
132,167 

126,400 
112,885 

90,621 
81,383 

60,581 
56,850 

35,584 
35,767 

18,137 
19,465 

7,142 
8,237 

1.8CO 
2,380 

412 

565 

90 
93 

11,601 
9,676 

2,994,875 
2,752,771 

8,788,483 
4,529,945 
4,258,538 


16,876 
13,634 

13,916 
12,037 

8,514 
8,109 

5,302 
5,983 

2,800 
3,642 

1,335 
2,038 

485 
816 

129 
228 

17 
55 

4 
5 

1,508 
1,002 

1,173,777 
881,791 

5,077,598 

2,698,754 
2,378,844 


11-4 
10-3 

11-0 
10-7 

9-4 
9-9 

8-8 
10-5 

7-9 
10-2 

7-4 
10-5 

6-8 
9-9 

7-2 
9-6 

4-1 

9-7 

4.4 
5-4 

13-0 
10-4 

39-2 
32-3 

57-8 
59-6 
55-8 


119.693 
94,061 

98,588 
70,275 

68,125 
43,234 

41,786 
23,152 

21,645 
10,302 

9,171 
3,552 

2,913 
961 

589 
195 

123 
40 

34 

2 

1,154 

989 

1,69?, 241 
1,630,732 

3,330,156 

1,698,395 
1,631,761 


80-8 
71-2 

78-0 
62-3 

75-2 
53-1 

68-9 
40-7 

60-8 
28-8 

50-6 
18-3 

40-8 
11-7 

32-7 
8-2 

29-9 
7-1 

37-8 
2-2 

9-9 
10-2 

56-7 
59-2 

37 9 

37-5 
38-3 


11,191 
24,198 

13,573 
30-366 

13,770 
29,913 

13,352 
27,642 

11,082 
21,787 

7,604 
. 13,849 

3,728 
6,457 

1,079 
1,949 

271 
470 

51 
86 

125 
221 

119,583 
236,301 

356,230 

119,708 
236,522 


7-6 
18-3 

10-7 
26-9 

15-2 
36-8 

22-0 
48-6 

31-1 
60-9 

41-9 
71-2 

52-2 
78-4 

59-9 
81-9 

65-8 
83-2 

56-7 
92-5 

1-1 
2-3 

4-0 
8-6 

40 

2-6 
5-6 


349 
266 

300 
186 

183 
112 

107 
54 

44 
21 

19 
13 

8 

2 

2 
1 

6 
5 

3,664 
3,726 

7,401 

3,670 
3,731 


28 
8 

23 
21 

29 
15 

34 
19 

13 
15 

8 
13 

8 
1 

1 
7 

1 

1 

8,808 
7,459 

610 

221 

17,098 

9,418 
7.680 


Females 


60-64 
Males 


Females 


65-69 
Males 


Females 


70-74 
Males 


Females 


75-79 
Males 


Females 


80-84 
Males 


Females 


85-89 
Males 


Females 


90-94 
Males . . 


Females. 


95-99 
Males 


Females 


100 and over 
Males 


Females 
Age not given 
Males 


Females 


Total, 15 years and 
over x 
Males 


Females. ... 


Total all ages 


Males 


Females 





1 Exclusive of ages not given. 

NOTE. Ages of persons legally separated are included with divorced. 



4. Dwellings and Families. 

In 1921 the number of occupied dwellings in Canada, exclusive of the Yukon 
and Northwest Territories, for which the statistics are not available, was 1,768,129 
and the number of families 1,901,227 as compared with 1,408,689 dwellings and 
1,482,980 families in the same area in 1911, and 1,018,015 dwellings and 1,058,386 
families in 1901. 

The average number of persons per dwelling in 1921, as respects the 8,775,853 
persons in the nine provinces, was 4-96 as against 5 -11 in 19 11 and 5 -23 in 1901; 
this would imply that the Canadian people are not less adequately housed than in 
the past. The average number of persons per family was 4-62 in 1921 as against 
4-85 in 1911 and 5-03 in 1901, indicating a continued decline in the average number 
persons constituting a household. 



DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES 



155 



14. Number of Dwellings and Families in Canada by Provinces, as shown by the 

Census of 1921. 



Provinces. 


Dwell 
ings. 


Fam 
ilies. 


Provinces. 


Dwell 
ings. 


Fam 
ilies. 




No. 
18 628 


No. 
18 801 


Saskatchewan 


No. 

163,661 


No. 
168,555 




102 807 


108,723 


Alberta 


136,125 


141,190 




70 428 


76,949 


British Columbia 


123,003 


134,040 




398,384 


442,356 


Yukon Territory 


_ 


- 


Ontario 


637,552 


681,629 


Northwest Territories 


- 


- 


Manitoba 


117,541 


128,984 


Total 


1,768,129 


1,901,227 















5. Age Distribution. 

The same causes which have in the past rendered the sex distribution of popu 
lation in Canada somewhat unusual have also affected its age distribution. In the 
first stages of the settlement of a new colony, men in the prime of life constitute the 
bulk of the population, and women and children are conspicuous by their absence, 
so that there will be a disproportionately large male population between the ages 
of 20 and 50, together with a low birth rate. Later on in the settlement of a new 
country where there is land and food for all and where the early disproportion of 
the sexes has been overcome, there is a very high rate of natural increase, and an 
extraordinarily large proportion of children among the population. Thus in 1871 
(see Table 15), no fewer than 287 out of every 1,000 of the population of Canada 
were children under 10 years of age and over half the total population (526-76 out 
of every 1,000) were under 20 years of age. But with the growing urbanization of 
population, the average age at marriage increased and children came to be regarded 
as a liability rather than an asset. Thus in 1911, out of every 1,000 of the popula 
tion, only 231-83 were under 10 years of age and 423-42 under 20 years of age. 
In 1921, however, 239-68 per 1,000 of the population were under 10 years of age 
and 434-82 per 1,000 under 20 years, the increase since 1911 being probably 
attributable to the decline in the proportion of adult immigrants to the total popu 
lation. 

Again, the change in the age distribution of the population of Canada since 
1871 may be illustrated as follows: taking the Canadian who in 1921 was at the 
median age (i.e., had exactly as many of the population younger than he as were 
older than he), we find that as nearly as can be estimated, this Canadian was in 
1921, 23-943 years of age. Taking the males alone, their median age was in 1921, 
24 732 years, while the median age for females was 23 173 years. Now, taking the 
population of the four original provinces as taken at the census of 1871, and securing 
its median age, as nearly as can be estimated we find that that age was for the total 
population 18-799 years, for the male population 18-777 years and for the female 
population 18-821 years. Thus the Canadian of median age with exactly as many 
people younger as there are older, was in 1921 5-144 years older than in 1871 a 
fact mainly attributable to the smaller proportion of children in the population in 
the more recent year, but partly to the longer average period of life. 



156 



POPULATION 



15. Proportion per 1,000 of the Population by Age-Periods, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 

1911 uiid 



Age Periods. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Under 1 year 


30-567 


98 m Q 


94.Q99 








1 4 years... 


115-649 


ino.KnR 




Z4-497 


25-734 


23-859 


5 9 " 


140-691 


m.9M 


m.949 


ao-^ll 


97-413 


96-486 


1019 " 


239-854 


997.404. 


91Q. 719 


600 


108 685 


119-334 


2029 " 


171-436 


175-957 


1 7R.ORO 


^lU-aUo 


191-585 


195-138 


3039 " 


111-404 


113-099 


199.07Q 


OOU 


189 335 


159-041 


40-49 " 


79-995 


83-817 


3.441 




141-938 


146-246 


5059 " 


54-788 


58-086 


fto . oc A 




100-071 


109-480 


60 and over 


55-128 


63-269 


70 1 41 




69-121 


73-080 


Not given 


0-487 


1 1 . "IRQ 


10 .fiCQ 




71-027 


74-915 










Io7 


5-090 


2-421 



16. Proportion per 1,000 of the Population by Age-Periods by Provinces 1921 

with Totals for 1911. 



Provinces. 


0-9 
years. 


10-19 
years. 


20-44 
years. 


45-69 
years. 


70 years 
and over. 


Age not 
given. 


Prince Edward Island 


218-83 


204-31 


Q19 . oo 








Nova Scotia 


229-58 


208-32 


T*l . %o 




60 -24 


0-50 


New Brunswick 


247-07 


213-41 


.97. 1Q 




47-26 


0-81 


Quebec 


264-22 


9 1 Q . 9fi 






38-53 


1-22 


Ontario 


207-66 


180-66 


377.44 


loU-oz 


27-08 


3-83 


Manitoba 


258-99 


1 Q7 . 44 


o 70 . on 




o4-o7 


1-55 


Saskatchewan 


289 93 


190 67 


QC9.QQ 


145 -o^ 


16-87 


0-99 


Alberta 


262-36 


1 05 . QC 


4on . .Q 




o5 


1-04 


British Columbia 


198-31 


158 07 


494. 57 




11-70 


0-99 












lo "12 


1-74 


Canada, 1921 1 


239-68 


195*14 


3fi -27 


KiO. lW 
















AO-11 


2-42 


Canada, 19111 


231-83 


191-59 


^fiS.^C 


















28-12 


5-09 



N rthWeSt Territories are not *. in th * table, but are included 

17. Male and Female Population of Canada by Age-Periods, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911 

and 1921. 



Age Periods. 




1881. 







1891. 






Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


TotaJ. 


Under 1 year 


61 704 


59 473 


191 177 


fi! QOR 






1 year 


50 298 


48 988 


OR KCft 




09, J49 


120,457 


2 years 


65 187 


fi3 OfiO 


mOCfi 




10 3 


102,993 


3 years 


62 217 


60 455 


mR79 




63 , 898 


129,363 


4 years 


60 616 


59 144 


m7fiH 




o2,U47 


125,901 












Dl.OUO 


124,891 


Total under 5 years. . . . 


300,022 


290,429 


590,451 


306,115 


297,490 


603,605 


5 to 9 years... 


281 216 


273 446 


ZZA Aft 


9Q7 QR=i 






10 to 14 " 


259 154 


247 78 


KHA CQO 




,OU5 


H 585,990 


15 to 19 " 


237 317 


239 281 


47fi ^OR 




269,287 


549,176 


20 to 24 " 


211 634 


217 771 


49Q 40% 




z54,41i 


512,737 


25 to 29 " 


165 339 


166 236 


} }] rye 




ioO,ylo 


473,057 


30 to 34 " 


131 051 


129 538 


9fin *wo 




IVoi llo 


387,646 


35 to 39 " 


115 029 


113 515 


09R ZAA. 




loo, /z4 


319,590 


40 to 44 " 


97 807 


95 537 


m ^44 


110 ne.1 




270,450 


45 to 49 " 


86 784 


89 ^K4 


l(l( 1AO 






231,639 


50 to 54 " 


72 046 


68 7(J 


140 ROR 




( J4 , yyz 


195,819 


55 to 59 " 


57 379 


53 07 


tin 40K 




O&tOOO 


171,426 


60 to 64 " 


52 006 


45 354 


07 2n 




DOfUoy 


129,976 


65 to 69 " 


36 544 


32 052 


fiS ^Qfi 


44 717 




120,222 


70 to 74 " 


26 158 


23 453 


4<) ft11 


.9 Q41 




84,889 


75 to 79 


16 361 


UB4Q 


01 mn 






62,847 


80 to 84 


9 251 


8 ^07 


17 ^^R 




17,oo4 


37,911 


85 to 89 


3 344 


^ 1^1 


^.40^ 




1C, 151 


20,949 


90 to 94 


987 


1 094 


9 OS1 




t 6\)0 


8,550 


85 to 99 


330 


379 


700 




,4oo 


2,796 


100 and over 


99 


110 


90Q 


411 


437 


848 


Not given 


28 996 


29 773 


W 7AO 


















01,081 


63,116 


Total population 


2,183,854 


2 135 956 


4TM ^1(1 


2 (I ll 4-1 
















,O7,JDO 


,833,239 



AGE DISTRIBUTION 



157 



17. Male and Female Population of Canada by Age-Periods, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911 

and 1921 concluded. 







1901. 






1911. 






1921. 




Age Periods. 






















Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Under 1 year 


66,464 


65,116 


131,580 


93,513 


91,946 


185,459 


105,953 


103,731 


209,684 


1 year 


62,384 


61,203 


123,587 


87,399 


86,002 


173,401 


104,575 


103,213 


207 788 


2 years 


65,245 


64,182 


129,427 


90,697 


88 ,943 


179 , 640 


105^815 


104J 152 


u\J 1)1 OO 

209,967 


3 years 


64,748 


64, 158 


128,906 


89,688 


87,730 


177^418 


108^421 


106^214 


2 14, 635 


4 years 


65,455 


64,030 


129,485 


86,922 


84,643 


171,565 


108 685 


106 , 891 


2 15] 575 






















Total under 




















5 years 


334,296 


318,689 


642,985 


448,219 


439,264 


887,483 


533,449 


524,201 


1,057,650 


5 to " 9 years 


311,134 


304,765 


615,899 


395,045 


388,207 


783,252 


528,700 


520,061 


1,048,761 


10 to 14 


295,674 


284,665 


580,339 


354,911 


345,401 


700,312 


461,320 


151,829 


913,149 


15 to 19 


280,275 


272,228 


552,503 


351,244 


329,129 


680,373 


403,259 


398,559 


801,818 


20 to 24 


256,981 


251,823 


508,804 


385,855 


320,435 


706,290 


350,984 


360,227 


711,211 


25 to 29 


216,334 


207,051 


42:^,385 


370,494 


287,684 


658,178 


347,645 


338,874 


686,519 


30 to 34 


188,125 


174,942 


363,067 


310,339 


244,777 


555,116 


343,263 


309,623 


652,886 


35 to 39 


172,553 


158,673 


331,226 


257,875 


209,904 


467,779 


342,313 


290,080 


632,393 


40 to 44 


152,036 


137,822 


289,858 


213,018 


176,677 


389,695 


286,470 


240,666 


527,136 


45 to 49 


125,636 


113,550 


: .;,>, 186 


178,715 


152,768 


331,483 


236,896 


198,133 


435,029 


50 to 54 


106,107 


97,857 


203,964 


152,718 


132,366 


285,084 


195,141 


166,817 


361,958 


55 to 59 


82,136 


78,535 


160,671 


112,952 


100,096 


213,048 


148,137 


132,167 


280,304 


60 to 64 


72,807 


68,156 


140,963 


94,318 


83,786 


178,104 


126,400 


112,885 


239,285 


65 to 69 


54,497 


51,176 


105,673 


67,626 


63,523 


131,149 


90,621 


81,383 


172.004 


70 to 74 


39,086 


37,2^>4 


76,380 


47,807 


46,197 


94,004 


60,581 


56,850 


117,431 


75 to 79 


24,548 


23,248 


47,796 


30,266 


29,260 


59,526 


35,584 


35,767 


71,351 


80 to 84 


13,090 


12,740 


25,830 


15,550 


15,921 


31,471 


18,137 


19,465 


37,602 


85 to 89 


*,848 


4,990 


9,838 


6,184 


6,687 


12,871 


7,142 


8,237 


1-5,379 


90 to 94 


1,356 


1,554 


2,910 


1,693 


2,010 


3,703 


1,800 


2,380 


4,180 


95 to 99 
100 ani over. 


| 423 


538 


961 


417 
62 


502 
58 


919 
120 


412 
90 


565 
93 


977 
183 


Not given 


29,766 


19,311 


49,077 


26,687 


9,996 


36,683 


11,601 


9,676 


21 277 




















**!* i 


Total popu 




















lation 


3,751,708 


2,819,607 


5,371,315 


3,821,995 


3,381,648 


7,206,643 


4,529,945 


4,258,538 


8,788,483 



6. Racial Origin. 

In five out of the six censuses of Canada since Confederation the racial origin 
of each person has been secured, the exception being in 1891. The object of this 
question is to ascertain from what basic ethnic stocks the Canadian population, 
more particularly the recently immigrated population, is derived. The answer 
"Canadian" is not accepted under this heading as the purpose of the question is 
to obtain, in so far as possible, a definition of "Canadian" in terms of racial deriv 
ation. Of this procedure of the Census, criticism has been received on two main 
grounds: (a) That there are Canadians whose family is of several generations 
residence in the country who may not know their ultimate racial origin, or who 
may be of very mixed racial origin; and (6) that the practice tends to perpetuate 
racial distinctions which it is desirable to obliterate. As against these criticisms 
respectively, the following must be considered: (a) that Canadians whose family 
is of three or more generations residence are enumerated and differentiated through 
the question on the birth place of parents above described; (6) that notwithstand 
ing the desirability of racial assimilation, there are special features in connection 
with the process that require appraisement and study; for example, 295 children 
of Chinese fathers and 618 of Japanese fathers were born in Canada (not including 
the province of Quebec) in 1921. Again, the fact that the constitution of Canada 
is based on the presence of two dominant races points to the desirability of a measure 
ment of these factors; only recently it has been widely pointed out that the original 



158 POPULATION 



French colony, numbering 75,000 at the date of the Conquest, has expanded to over 
three millions today; measurements of this kind would be impossible if the answer 
"Canadian" instead of "French" were accepted under the heading of racial origin, 
yet undoubtedly if the descendants of the original French colonists are not "Can 
adians," no one is; (c) finally, racial origin is an important subject for study in a 
"new" country like Canada from a scientific standpoint, i.e., from the standpoint 
of the student of ethnology, criminology, and the social and "biometric" sciences 
in general. 

To accept the answer "Canadian" to the question on racial origin would con 
fuse the data and defeat the purpose for which the question is asked. 

Racial Distribution in 1901-1911 and 1921. The racial origins of the people 
of Canada as collected at the censuses of 1871, 1881, 1901, 1911 and 1921 are shown 
in Table 19, while percentage figures are given in Table 20 for the populations of 
the various racial origins at the above censuses. 

During the past decade the total increase of population was 1,581,840. The 
increase in the population of English origin was 722,346 or 45-68 p.c. of the total; 
of Irish 57,433 or 3-63 p.c.; of Scottish 175,757 or 11-11 p.c.; of other British 
16,382 or 1-03 p.c.; of French 397,892 or 25-28 p.c. The British races were respon 
sible for 61-66 p.c. of the total increase in population during the decade, and. 
together with the French population, which is almost wholly a native-born popula 
tion, account for 1,369,997 or more than 86-5 p.c. of the total increase for the 
decade. 

When the change in the racial distribution of the population during the first 
two decades of the century is considered, one of the most notable features is the 
increase in the population of English race from 23-47 p.c. in 1901 to 25-30 p.c. in 
1911 and 28-96 p.c. in 1921. The Irish element in the population has declined 
fairly rapidly from 18-41 p.c. hi 1901 to 14-58 p.c. and 12-60 p.c. in 1921, and the 
Scottish from 14-90 in 1901 to 13-85 in 1911 and 13-36 in 1921. The total popula 
tion of the British races was 57-03 p.c. in 1001, 54-08 p.c. in 1911 and 55-40 p.c. 
in 1921. The other great racial element in the population is the French, which 
constituted 30-70 p.c. of the total population in 1901, 28-52 p.c. in 1911 and 27-91 
p.c. in 1921. Thus 87-73 p.c. of the population were in 1901 of the two great racial 
stocks, 82-60 p.c. in 1911 and 83-31 p.c. in 1921. Thus, taking the past 20 years as 
a unit of time, there has been a decline in the percentage of the British and French 
racial elements to the total population. 

This decline has in the main been due to the immigration of continental Europ 
eans to Canada during the past twenty years, which have seen the growth of the 
Scandinavian element in our population from -58 p.c. to 1-90 p.c., of the Hebrews 
from -30 p.c. to 1-44 p.c., and of the Italians from -20 to -76 p.c. The population 
of German race, if we may accept the statistics furnished, has declined from 5-78 
p.c. of the total in 1901 to 3 -35 p.c., but on the other hand, the Dutch have increased 
from -63 p.c. in 1901 to 1-33 p.c. in 1921. Altogether, the percentage of the to<al 
population of European racial origin, other than British and French, increased 
from 8-51 p.c. of the total in 1901 to 14-15 p.c. in 1921. 

Asiatic immigration to Canada in the past twenty years has been responsible 
for the increase of the Asiatic population from 0-44 p.c. to 0"-75 p.c. of the popula 
tion. In the same period the population of Negro origin have declined from 0-32 
p.c. to 0-21 p.c. of the total, and that of Indian origin from 2-38 p.c. to 1-26 p.c. 



RACIAL ORIGINS 



159 



19. Origins of the People According to the Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1901, 1911 and 1921. 



Origin. 


1871. 


1881. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


British- 
English 


No. 
706,369 


No. 
881 301 


No. 
1 260 899 


No. 
1 823 150 


No. 
2 545 496 


Irish 


846,414 


957 403 


988 721 


1 050 384 


1 107 817 


Scotch 


549 946 


699 863 


800 154 


997 880 


1 17? RQ7 


Other 


7,773 


9,947 


13,421 


25,571 


41,953 


Total British 


3,110,503 


3,548,514 


3,063,195 


3,896,985 


4,868,903 


French 


1,082 940 


1 298 929 


1 649 371 


2 054 890 


2 45^ 751 


Austrian 






10 947 


42 535 


107 671 


Belgian 






2 994 


9 593 


234 


Bulgarian and Roumanian 






354 


5 875 


15 235 


Chinese 




4 383 


17 312 


07 774 


39 587 


Czech (Bohemian and Moravian) . . 










s sun 


Dutch 


>9 662 


30 412 


33 845 


54 986 


mR14 


Finnish 






2 502 


15 497 


21 494 


German 


202 991 


254 319 


310 501 


393 3 9 


294 636 


Greek 






291 


3 594 


5 740 


Hebrew.. . ., 


125 


667 


16 131 


75 681 


126 196 


Hungarian 






1 549 


11 605 


13 181 


Indian ......... ,,.,,, . , 


23,037 


108 547 


127 941 


105 492 


110 596 


Italian 


1,035 


1 849 


10 834 


45 411 


66 769 


Japanese 






4 738 


9 021 


15 868 


Negro 


21,496 


21,394 


17 437 


16 877 


18 291 


Polish... . 






6 285 


33 365 


53 403 


Russian .... . . 


607 


1 227 


19 825 


43 142 


100 064 


Scandinavian-. . ... . ... 


1 623 


5 223 


31 042 


107 535 


167 359 


Serbo-Croatian 










3 906 


Swiss 


2,962 


4 588 


3 865 


6 625 


1 837 


Turkish 






1 681 


3 880 


313 


Ukranian Buko vinian 






3 


9 960 


1 616 


Galician 


_ 




5 682 


35 158 


24 456 


Ruthenian 


_ 




4 


29 845 


16 861 


Ukranian 


_ 


_ 






63 788 


Various 


1,220 


3,952 


1,454 


20 652 


18 915 


Unspecified 


7,561 


40,806 


31,539 


147,345 


21,249 


Grand Total 


3,185,761 


4,324,810 


5,371,315 


7,206,643 


8,788,483 



20. Proportion per cent which the People of Each Origin Form of the Total 
Population, 1871, 1881, 1901, 1911 and 1921. 



Origin. 


Number per cent of Population. 


1871. 


1881. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


British 
English 


p.c. 
20-26 

24-28 
15-78 
0-23 


p.c. 

20-38 
22-14 
16-18 
0-23 


p.c. 
23-47 
18-41 
14-90 
0-25 


p.c. 
25-30 
14-58 
13-85 
0-35 


p.c. 
28-96 
12-60 
13-36 
0-48 


Irish 


Scotch 


Other 


Total British 


60 55 


58-93 


57-03 


54-08 


55 40 


French 


31-07 

0-85 
5-82 

0-66 
0-03 

0-62 

0-02 
0-05 

0-08 

0-03 
0-22 


30-03 
0-10 

_2 

0-70 
5-88 
0-02 

2-51 
0-04 

0-50 

0-03 
0-12 

0-11 

0-09 

0-94 


30-70 
0-20 
0-06 
0-01 
0-32 

0-63 
0-05 
5-78 
0-01 
0-30 
0-03 
2-38 
0-20 
0-09 
0-32 
0-12 
0-37 
0-58 

0-07 
0-03 

0-11 

0-03 
0-58 


28-52 
0-59 
0-13 
0-08 
0-39 

0-76 
0-22 
5-46 
0-05 
1-05 
0-16 
1-46 
0-63 
0-13 
0-23 
0-46 
0-60 
1-49 

0-09 
0-05 
0-14 
0-49 
0-41 

0-29 
2-04 


27-91 
1-23 
0-23 
0-17 
0-45 
0-10 
1-34 
0-24 
3-35 
0-06 
1-44 
0-14 
1-26 
0-76 
0-18 
0-21 
0-61 
1-14 
1-90 
0-04 
0-15 
0-01 
0-02 
0-28 
0-19 
0-73 
0-22 
0-24 


Austrian 


Belgian 


Bulgarian and Roumanian 


Chinese 


Czech (Bohemian and Moravian) . . 


Dutch 


Finnish ... 


German 


Greek 


Hebrew 


Hungarian 


Indian 


Italian 


Japanese 


Negro 


Polish . . 


Russian 


Scandinavian 


Serbo-Croatian 


Swiss 


Turkish 


Ukranian Bukovinian, . . .... 


Galician 


Ruthenian 


Ukranian 


Various 


Unspecified 


Total 


100 00 


100 00 


100 00 


100-00 


100-00 



NOTE. Origins were not taken in 1891. Includes "half-breeds". Includes Danish, Icelandic, 
Norwegian and Swedish; in 1921 they were respectively 21,124, 15,876, 68,856 and 61,503. ^Included 



with Austrians. 



4 Included uith Galicians. 



160 



POPULATION 



21. Racial Origin of the Population, by Provinces and Territories, 1921. 



No 


Origins. 


P.E. 

Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Brunswick 


Quebec. 




Population Tota 


88 615 


523 817 


.187 87fi 


29*1 1QQ 


1 


British 


75 627 


407 618 


<J>r^ /V)fi> 


9Kj ino 


9 


English 


93 313 


202 106 


197 RRA 


IQfi QS9 


3 


Irish 


18 743 


55 712 


fis fi?n 


O4. Q47 


4 


Scotchi 


33 437 


148 000 


51 308 


A3 Q15 


5 


Otheri 


134 


1 800 


1 3fiO 


1 9fi4. 


6 


French 1 


11 971 


56 619 


mill 


i oon 977 


7 


Austrian 


2 


682 


80 


1 Qfll 


8 


Belgian 


2 


841 


919 


3984 


9 


Chinese 


14 


315 


log 


? 135 


10 


Czech (Bohemian and Moravian) 




229 


7 


82 


11 


Danish 1 


17 


352 


976 


KM 


12 


Dutch 


239 


11 506 


} AQfi 


1 411 


13 


Finnish 


1 


45 


35 


76 


14 


Glerman 


260 


27 046 


1 K lX 


4 fifift 


15 


Glreek 


3 


150 


54 


t 780 


16 


Hebrew 


21 


2 161 


1 9 41 


47 077 


17 


Hungarian 




180 


ft 


80 


18 


[celandic 


1 


g 




11 


19 


Indian 


235 


2 048 


1 -JQI 


11 566 


20 


Italian 


26 


1 620 


367 


Ifi 141 


21 


Japanese 




3 


3 


32 


22 


STegro 


43 


6 175 


1 190 


i 046 


23 


Norwegian. . 


10 


482 


588 


705 


24 


3 olish 




980 


KK 


3 264 


25 


Roumanian 




111 


11 


1 371 


26 


Russian 


1 


520 


185 


> 802 


27 


Serbo-Croatian 




107 


// 


67 


28 


Albanian 










29 


Croatian. . 










30 


Jugo-Slavic 




106 


7 


64 


31 


Montenegrin 






2 




32 


Serbian 




1 


2 


3 


33 


Slovenian 










34 


Swedish 


6 


490 


578 


908 


35 


Swiss 


7 


833 


31 


764 


36 


Syrian .. - 


83 


1 140 


594 


2 570 


37 


Ukranian 




389 


3 


t 176 


38 


Bukovinian 








7 


39 


Galician. ... 




88 


2 


386 


40 


Ruthenian 




44 


1 


47 


41 


Ukranian 




257 




736 


42 


Jnspecified 1 


44 


519 


534 


6 066 


43 


Carious 


# 


667 


138 


8 125 


44 


Arabian 




20 


7 


42 


45 


Armenian 


1 


4 




119 


46 


Brazilian 








1 


47 


Bulgarian 


_ 


27 


25 


78 


48 


Chilian 






4 




49 


Egyptian 








16 


50 


Eskimo 








27 


51 


Hawaiian 




v 






52 


Hindu 






1 


11 


53 


Jamaican 










54 


Laplander 






_ 


_ 


55 


Lettish 




2 


_ 


20 


56 


Lithuanian 


_ 


168 


_ 


1,209 


57 


Maltese 




12 


^ 


30 


58 


Mexican 




3 




8 


59 


Persian 








3 


60 


Portuguese 




167 


35 


51 


61 


Spanish 


1 


246 


49 


402 


62 


Turkish 




17 


17 


106 


63 


Other 




1 




2 















1 Totals for Canada include personnel of Royal Canadian Navy. 



RACIAL ORIGIXS 



161 



21. Racial Origin of the Population, by Provinces and Territories, 1921. 



Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon. 


Northwest 
Territories. 


Canada. 


No. 


2,933,662 


610,118 


757,510 


588,454 


524,583 


4,157 


7,988 


8,788,483 




g,m,oi5 

1,211,660 


350,992 
170,286 


400,416 

206,472 


551,820 
180,478 


387,513 
221 , 145 


1,847 
769 


473 
234 


4,868,903 
2,545,496 


1 
2 


590,493 
465,400 
14,462 


71,414 
105,034 
4,258 


84,786 
104,678 
4,480 


68,246 
96,062 
7,034 


54,298 
104,965 
7,105 


369 
662 
47 


106 
130 
3 


1,107,817 
1,173,637 
41,9.53 


3 
4 
5 


248,275 


40,638 


42,152 


30,913 


11,246 


284 


258 


2,452,7ol 


g 


11,790 


31,035 


39,738 


19,430 


2,993 


20 




107,671 


7 


3,175 


5,320 


3,477 


2,590 


1,324 


7 


2 


20 , 234 


C 


5,625 


1,331 


2,667 


3,581 


23,533 


1 


_ 


39^587 


o 

9 


1,336 


1,028 


2,574 


2,537 


1,040 


7 


_ 


8,840 


10 


2,450 


3,429 


4,287 


6,772 


2,191 


37: 


17 


21,124 


11 


50,512 


20,728 


16,639 


9,490 


3,306 


34 


1 


117,506 


12 


12,835 


506 


1,937 


2,926 


3,112 


21 




21,494 


13 


130,545 


19,444 


68,202 


35,333 


7,273 


155 


12 


294 , 636 


14 


2,078 


257 


363 


350 


703 


2 




5,740 


15 


47,798 


16,669 


5,380 


3,242 


1,696 


8 


1 


126 \ 196 


i<-* 

16 


1,737 


828 


8,946 


1,045 


343 


7 




13,181 


17 


137 


11,043 


3,593 


507 


575 




_ 


15 876 


18 


26,654 
33,355 


13,869 
1,933 


12,914 
689 


14,557 
4,028 


22,377 

8,587 


1,390 
22 


3,873 
1 


110, S14 
66,769 


J.O 

19 
20 


161 


53 


109 


473 


15,006 


28 




15,868 


21 


7,220 


491 


396 


1,048 


676 


6 


_ 


18,291 


22 


3,416 


4,203 


31,438 


21,323 


6,570 


107 


14 


68,856 


23 


15,787 


16,594 


8,161 


7,172 


1,361 


19 




53,403 


24 


3,120 


919 


5,645 


2,017 


276 




_ 


13,470 


25 


8,605 


14,009 


45,343 


21,212 


7,373 


7 


7 


100,064 


26 


1,^49 


111 


827 


sot 


695 


11 


$6 


3, 90S 


27 


41 


1 


1 


- 


- 





_ 


43 


28 


19 
1,044 


102 


816 


792 


1 

656 


11 


26 


20 
3,624 


29 
30 


138 


8 


10 


6 


3 
25 


: 





5 

193 


31 

32 


7 


... ... 


.- . 


4 


10 


.. .. - 


.. __ 


21 


33 


6,713 


8,023 


19,064 


15,943 


9,666 


109 


3 


61,503 


34 


5,014 


897 


1,823 


2,468 


983 


12 


5 


12,837 


35 


2,709 


310 


466 


198 


211 


1 




8,282 


36 


8,307 


44,189 


28,097 


23,827 


793 




_ 


10S,7%1 


37 


179 


192 


1,209 


28 


1 


_ 


_ 


1,616 


38 


2,748 


10,288 


6,598 


3,930 


416 


_ 


_ 


24,456 


39 


806 


7,987 


3,327 


4,618 


31 


_ 


_ 


16,861 


40 


4,574 


25,662 


16,963 


15,251 


345 


_ 


_ 


63,788 


41 


7,636 


891 


1,787 


2,254 


1,454 


6 


53 


21,249 


42 


8,408 


438 


380 


596 


1,706 


9 


9,i4 


12,711 


43 


19 


4 


4 


2 


_ 


_ 


_ 


98 


44 


508 


4 


8 


8 


13 


- 


_ 


665 


45 


7 
1,378 


40 


87 


80 


1 
50 








9 
1,765 


46 

47 


1 











29 





_ 


34 


48 


11 





- 


2 


- 


- 


_ 


29 


49 


~ 











- 





3,242 


3,269 


50 


2 





- 





20 





_ 


22 


51 


28 


8 


6 


10 


951 


1 


- 


1,016 


52 


8 


* 

















8 


53 








6 


_ 


1 


1 


_ 


8 


54 


35 


111 


34 


156 


23 




_ 


381 


55 


309 


45 


84 


94 


60 


1 


_ 


1,970 


56 


217 


17 





1 


2 





_ 


279 


57 


10 


5 


7 


15 


22 


_ 


_ 


70 


58 


29 





34 


_ 


14 


_ 


_ 


80 


59 


47 


13 


2 


44 


106 


2 


_ 


467 


60 


704 


186 


67 


156 


395 


2 


_ 


2,208 


61 


91 


5 


38 


28 


10 


1 


_ 


313 


62 


4 




3 


; 


9 


1 


~ 


20 


63 



6237311 



162 



POPULATION 



22. Racial Origins of the People for Nine Cities of 60,000 and over, as shown 

by the Census of 1921. 



Origins. 


Montreal. 


Toronto. 


Winnipeg. 


Vancou 
ver. 


Jamil ton. 


Ottawa. 


Quebec. 


Cal 
gary. 


Liondon. 


British 
English 


88.014 


260,860 


58,321 


49,931 


56,984 


25,907 


3,728 


27,425 


34,378 


Irish 


34,484 


97,361 


23,315 


14,126 


16,845 


27,551 


4,075 


9,082 


10,806 


Scotch 


25,672 


83,620 


37,069 


27,878 


20,263 


14,434 


822 


15,599 


9,789 


Other 


460 


3,389 


1,864 


1,674 


1,005 


323 


10 


843 


539 


Total British 


148,630 


445,230 


120,569 


93,609 


95,097 


68,215 


8,635 


52,919 


.-,,-,,.-,r; 


French 


390, 168 


8,350 


3,944 


2,252 


1,956 


30,442 


85,350 


1,408 


759 


\ustrian . . 


1,223 


1,165 


6,785 


271 


872 


222 


7 


435 


84 


Belgian 


1,941 


215 


284 


228 


15 


93 


71 


91 


19 


Chinese 


1,735 


2,134 


814 


6,484 


374 


282 


98 


688 


238 


Czech (Bohemian 
and Moravian) . . 
Dutch 


66 
432 


72 
3,961 


305 
1,236 


72 
738 


78 
1,615 


25 
402 


9 
10 


26 
628 


3 

624 


Finnish 


8 


735 


70 


301 


19 


8 


- 


22 


1 


German 


1,520 


4,689 


4,762 


1,117 


2,944 


2,005 


94 


876 


1,234 


Greek 


1,446 


812 


139 


328 


125 


97 


73 


68 


61 


Hebrew 


42,717 


34,619 


14,449 


1,270 


2,560 


2,799 


375 


1,247 


703 


Hungarian 


67 


59 


344 


25 


200 





3 


14 


2 


Indian 


156 


183 


44 


59 


219 


44 


12 


22 


58 


Italian 


13,922 


8,217 


1,311 


1,590 


3,268 


1,124 


156 


425 


582 


Japanese 


15 


42 


35 


4,246 


_ 


9 


- 


41 


4 


Negro 


862 


1,236 


424 


324 


375 


38 


14 


66 


209 


Polish 


1,427 


2,380 


5,696 


174 


1,478 


172 


7 


287 


173 


Rumanian 


1,026 


256 


389 


34 


435 


207 


1 


97 


9 


Russian 


2,067 


1,332 


3,791 


357 


950 


133 


5 


1,973 


115 


Scandinavian 


977 


1,109 


6,147 


2,660 


467 


371 


37 


1,098 


179 


Serbo-Croatian. . 
Swiss . . 


59 

428 


163 
583 


53 

278 


127 
154 


157 
122 


79 


1 

18 


12 

154 


3 
53 


Syrian 


1,499 


387 


156 


94 


9 


152 


64 


18 


76 


Ukranian- 
Bukovinian 
( ialioian .... 


327 


16 
365 


6 
2,013 


76 


120 


15 
69 


- 


57 


7 
6 


liuthenian 
Ukranian 


34 
690 


116 
652 


1,540 

2,813 


31 


145 
105 


26 
100 


~ 


4 

92 


7 




1,623 


1,333 


159 


350 


281 


37 


15 


24 


33 


Unspecified 


2.341 


1,472 


422 


246 


165 


675 


138 


208 


221 


Grand total 


til*. . .(Hi 


531,893 


179,087 


117,217 


114,151 


107,843 


95,193 


63,305 


60,959 



7. Religions. 

The religions of the people of Canada have been recorded at each of the censuses 
taken since 1871, the instruction book issued to the enumerators at the census of 
1921 stating that the religion of each person shall be recorded, specifying the 
denomination, sect or community to which the person belongs or adheres, or which 
he or she favours. The number of persons stating their preference for each of the 
principal religious bodies at each of the censuses is given in Table 23, while per 
centage figures are presented in Table 24. 

In recent years there will be noted certain changes in the religious distribution 
of the population, corresponding in a considerable degree to the changes in racial 
origin noted above. For example, contemporaneously with the increase in the 
percentage of persons of English race during the past 20 years, there has taken 
place an increase in the Anglicans from 12-69 p.c. of the population in 1901 to 
16-02 p.c. in 1921. The Presbyterians, to some extent as a result of Scottish immi 
gration, have also increased from 15-68 p.c. of the total population in 1901 to 16-03 
p.c. in 1921. Further, synchronizing with increasing immigration from continental 
Europe, the Lutherans have increased in the same period from 1-72 to 3-28 p.c., 
the Greek Church from 0-29 p.c. to 1-93 p.c. and the Jews from 0-31 to 1-42 p.c., 
while increasing Asiatic immigration is reflected in the growth of the adherents of 
Eastern religions from 0-29 p.c. to 0-46 p.c. 

Of the total population of 1921 (8,788,483) 8,572,516, or 97-6 p.c., are classi 
fied as belonging to some Christian denomination or sect; 173,143 or 1-9 p.c. as 



RELIGIONS 



163 



non-Christian, this figure including 125,190 Jews, 40,727 of Oriental religions and 
7,226 Pagans, leaving less than 0-5 p.c. otherwise reported. 

In Table 25 are given for Canada and for the provinces, the number of persons 
accredited to each of 64 specified religions, as well as (in a footnote) the totals for 
Canada for 57 others. In addition there were 119 sects enumerated, each with 
fewer than 10 adherents. Thus altogether 240 distinct sects or denominations are 
reported as compared with 203 in 1911 and 157 in 1901. 

23. Religions of the People at each Decennial Census, 1871-1921. 



Religions. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Adventists 


6,179 


7 211 


6 354 


8 058 


10 406 


19 911 


Agnostics 








3 613 


3 110 


KQA 


Anglicans 


494,049 


574 818 


646 059 


681*494 


1 043 017 


1 407 QIQ 


Baptists 1 


239,343 


296 525 


303 839 


318 005 


382 720 


491 7in 


Brethren 


2,305 


8 831 


11 637 


8 014 


9 278 


Ufi9fi 


Buddhists 








10 407 


10 012 


n9SS 


Christians 








7 484 


17 9 64 


1 9 11Q 


Christian Science 








2 619 


5 073 


n 89R 


Confucians , , , . , 


_ 






5 115 


14 562 


97 11Q 


Congregationalists 


21 , 829 


26 900 


28 157 


28 293 


34 054 


3(1 174 


Disciples of Christ 




20 193 


12 763 


14 900 


11 329 


Q ^71 


Doukhobors 


_ 






8 775 


10 493 


19 R18 


Evangelical Association 


4,701 






10 193 


10 595 


11 QflS 


Friends (Quaker) 


7,345 


6 553 


4 650 


4 100 


4 027 


^ 140 


Greek Church 


18 






15 630 


88 507 


169 82 


Jews 


1,115 


2,396 


6 414 


16 401 


74 564 


125 190 


Lutherans. . . . 


37 935 


46 350 


63 982 


92 524 


99Q OA4 


907 AOA 


Mennonites (inc. Hutterites) 
Methodists 


567,091 


21,234 
742 981 


847 765 


31,797 
916 886 


44,625 
1 079 993 


58, 797 
1 158 744 


Mormons 


534 






6 891 


15 971 


19 656 


No Religion 


5,146 


2 634 




4 810 


26 027 


91 73a 


Pagans 


1 886 


4 478 




15 107 


n84f) 


7 99fi 


Plymouth Brethren. . 


2 229 






3 040 


3 438 


fi 4S > 


Presbyterians 


544,998 


676 165 


755 326 


842 531 


1 116 071 


1 4fl8 819 


Protestants 


10,146 


6 519 


12 253 


11 612 


30 265 


Ifi 110 


Roman Catholics 


1,492 029 


1 791 982 


1 992 017 


2 229 600 


2 833 041 


Q IS"? fifi3 


Salvation Army 






13 949 


10 3og 


18 834 


94 7fi1 


Union Church 








29 


633 


8 798 


Unitarians. 


2,275 


2 126 


1 777 


1 934 


3 224 


4 925 


Other pects 


27,553 


20 145 


36 942 


17 923 


31 316 


57 q7 


Not given 


17,055 


86,769 


89,355 


43,222 


32,490 


19,351 


Total... 


3.485.761 


4.324.810 


4.833.239 


5.371.315 


7.206.843 


8.788. 483 



Including Tunkers. 

24. Ratio per cent of Specified Denominations to Total Population in Census Years. 



Denominations. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Adventists 


p.c. 
0-18 


p.c. 
0-17 


p.c. 
0-13 


p.c. 
0-15 


p.c. 
0-14 


p.c. 
0-16 


Anglicans 


14-17 


13-35 


13-37 


12-69 


14-47 


16-02 


Baptists 


6-87 


6-86 


6-29 


5-92 


5-31 


4-80 


Christians 








0-13 


0-23 


0-14 


Congregationalists 


0-63 


0-62 


0-58 


0-53 


0-47 


0-35 


Disciples 




0-47 


0-26 


0-28 


0-16 


0-11 


Eastern religions 








0-29 


0-39 


0-46 


Evangelicals 


0-13 






0-19 


0-15 


0-16 


Greek Church 








0-29 


1-23 


1-93 


Jews 


0-03 


0-60 


0-13 


0-31 


1-03 


1-42 


Lutherans 


1-09 


1-06 


1-32 


1-72 


3-19 


3-28 


Mennonites 2 








0-59 


0-62 


0-67 


Methodists 


16-27 


17-11 


17-54 


17-07 


14-98 


13-18 


Mormons 


0-02 






0-13 


0-22 


0-22 


No Religion 


0-15 






0-09 


0-36 


0-25 


Pagans 


0-05 


0-10 


0-56 


0-28 


0-16 


0-08 


Presbyterians 


15-63 


15-64 


15-63 


15-68 


15-48 


16-03 


Protestants 


0-29 


0-15 


0-25 


0-22 


0-42 


0-41 


Roman Catholics 


42-80 


41-43 


41-21 


41-51 


39-31 


38-50 


Salvation Army 






0-29 


0-19 


0-26 


0-28 


All others 


1-20 


0-37 


0-59 


0-94 


0-95 


1-32 


Unspecified 


0-49 


2-07 


1-85 


0-80 


0-47 


0-23 


Total.. 


10) -09 


100-00 


100-00 


100-00 


100 00 


1(!-00 



1 Eastern Religions include Confucians, Buddhists, Mohammedans, Shintos, Sikhs, Hindus. 
* Included with Baptists in 1891. 



2373 11 J 



164 



POPULATION 



25. Religions of the People by 



No. 


Religions. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Brunswick. 


Quebec. 




Population Total 


88,615 


523,837 


387,876 


2,361,198 


i 




14 


1,240 


956 


1,656 


2 




1 


20 


1 


27 


3 




5,057 


85,604 


47,020 


121,932 


A 


\postolic Brethren 


_ 


5 


4 


~> 10 


5 


\theists 


1 


7 


23 


UO 


R 




5,316 


86,833 


86,254 


9,256 


7 






_ 












4 


192 


270 


651 








7 





87 


10 




_ 


- 





13 






_ 


S 


25 


21 


19 




_ 


_ 


- 


- 


1Q 


Christian Church 


123 


83 


51 


21 


14 


Christian Reform 


_ 


- 


- 





15 




475 


1.C03 


596 


182 


ifi 




3 


224 


152 


427 






24 


117 


206 


24 


1 a 


Church of God (New Dunker) 


12 


87 


- 


12 


19 




9 


78 


57 


1,314 


90 




8 


2,372 


559 


4,715 


91 


Deist 




1 


1 


8 


99 




426 


74fi 


911 


7 


95 




_ 


_ 





1 


94 




., 




- 


4 


91 




_ 


33 


56 


96 


Oft 




1 


28 


4 


111 


27 




_ 


27 


7 


17 


28 




29 


3 


16 





90 




5 


950 


116 


5,961 


^fi 




_ 


74 


28 


236 


01 




16 


460 


98 


53 


QO 








- 


- 


33 




18 


1,974 


1,213 


47,759 


34 


Labor Church 


_ 





- 





35 




_ 


8,077 


378 


i2,209 


3fi 




3 


2 


4 


6 


?? 




11,408 


59,065 


34,872 


41.884 


<?8 




_ 


40 





10 


3Q 




_ 


40 


10 


31 


40 




_ 








- 


41 




8 


46 


7 


59 


49 




_ 


- 


- 





49 




6 


1 





29 


AA 




13 


18 


8 


35 


45 




75 


555 


228 


979 


4fi 




1 


7 


68 


286 


" 




25 


76 


218 


374 


40 




5 





- 


- 


4Q 




_ 


121 


110 


337 


in 




25,945 


109,860 


41,211 


73,445 


11 




35 


165 


423 


18,620 


CO 




- 


- 


7 


9 


KQ 




39,312 


160,802 


170,319 


2,019,518 


14 




108 


2,071 


736 


658 


11 




_ 


- 





11 


Ifi 




_ 


- 








17 




2 


7 


2 


99 


Ifi 







18 


2 


6 


CQ 




_ 


- 


- 


14 


An 




_ 





14 


1 


(1 




_ 


5 





38 


60 




17 


89 


46 


676 


CO 




_ 


19 


1 


6 


AA 




1 


114 


94 


378 


fil 




24 


42 


41 


150 


66 


Not Given 


85 


418 


453 


6,690 



Totals for Canada include personnel of Royal Canadian Navy. 71 

Various sects comprise 25 Armenian, 25 Assembly, 12 Bahais 17 Big Church, 1, ist 71 

Brotherhood 10 Brother of Man, 95 Carmelite, 19 Children of God, 27 Church Community, 95 Church of 

Fkst Born? 16 Christ s Church of China. 76 Communist 45 Daniel s Band 34 1 Dissenters ,12 Esoteric ; Law. 

11 First Christ Church, 138 Followers of Christ,. 33 Followers of Jesus, 37 Golden Rule 17 Holy Cross. 

58 Holy Roller, 39 Holy Worker, 23 Interdenominational, 74 Jesus Way, 18 Liberal, 72 Lith. H 



RELIGIONS 



165 



Provinces, Census 1921. 



Om.irio. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon. 


Northwest 
Territories . 


Canada. 


No. 


2,933,662 


610,118 


757,510 


588,454 


524,582 


4,157 


7,988 


8,788,483 




1,998 


578 


2,893 


3,533 


1,347 


_ 


_ 


14,215 


1 


65 


52 


44 


111 


273 





- 


594 


2 


648, 883 


121,309 


116,224 


98,395 


160,978 


1,582 


648 


1,407,959 


3 


137 


295 


135 


24 


238 


- 


- 


848 


4 


132 


113 


68 


269 


388 


- 


- 


1,041 


5 


148,634 


13,652 


23,696 


27,829 


20,158 


85 


10 


421,730 


6 


178 


11 


86 


21 


17 


- 


- 


313 


7 


6,442 


625 


1,159 


1,103 


1,180 


- 


- 


11,626 


8 


114 


19 


97 


393 


10,559 


12 


- 


11,288 


9 


150 


16 


26 


5 


61 


- 





271 


10 


1,151 


105 


71 


88 


342 


- 


- 


1,810 


11 


279 


_ 


4 


- 








- 


283 


12 


1,266 


371 


641 


1,438 


226 


- 


- 


4,223 


13 


1 


45 


65 


242 


- 





- 


353 


14 


4,754 


281 


2,030 


2,298 


940 


- 


- 


12,559 


15 


5,032 


1,361 


925 


1,932 


3,711 


59 


- 


13,826 


16 


1,036 


625 


745 


777 


186 


- 


- 


3,740 


17 


613 


65 


327 


595 


70 





- 


1,781 


18 


2,113 


691 


1,128 


2,266 


19,663 


- 


- 


27,319 


19 


12,218 


2,395 


2,555 


3,228 


2,513 


3 


6 


30.574 


20 


448 


2 


_ 


10 


7 








477 


21 


6,460 


302 


223 


197 


99 


- 


- 


9,371 


22 


17 


84 


7,176 


306 


5,074 








12,658 


23 


15 


110 


127 


680 


39 





- 


979 


24 


10,311 


220 


1,489 


1,626 


76 


- 


- 


13,908 


25 


180 


79 


126 


197 


388 


12 


- 


1,126 


26 


1,987 


109 


411 


309 


281 


1 


- 


3.149 


27 


2,140 


54 


90 


65 


52 








2,449 


28 


20,509 


56,670 


47,171 


35,815 


2,612 


13 


- 


169 , 822 


29 


2,233 


162 


380 


160 


60 


- 


- 


3,333 


30 


2,655 


756 


800 


627 


1,213 


- 


- 


3,678 


31 


171 


79 


55 


18 


19 


- 


- 


342 


32 


47,458 


16,593 


5,328 


3,186 


1,654 


6 


1 


125,190 


33 


6 
66,863 


764 
39,472 


21 
91,988 


38 
60,573 


1 
17,659 


254 


11 


830 
287,484 


34 
35 


13,645 


21,295 


20,544 


3,125 


172 





1 


58,797 


36 


685,406 


71,200 


100, 851 


89,070 


64,810 


117 


18 


1,158,744 


37 


490 


120 


533 


451 


116 





- 


1 , 763 


38 


77 


31 


144 


63 


82 


- 


- 


478 


39 


29 




42 


648 


22 








741 


40 


5,789 


331 


1,440 


11,373 


600 


3 


- 


19,656 


41 


15 




7 


4 


232 


- 


- 


258 


42 


125 


109 


47 


82 


217 


- 


- 


616 


43 


194 


79 


149 


182 


229 








907 


44 


3,231 


1,491 


2,610 


5,089 


7,149 


295 


36 


21,738 


45 


2,635 


599 


1,556 


479 


610 


- 


985 


7,226 


46 


2,713 


1,228 


1,075 


1,048 


246 


- 


- 


7,003 


47 


5 


87 




9 


2 





- 


108 


48 


3 370 


613 


438 


426 


1,067 


_ 


- 


6,482 


49 


613,429 


138,201 


162,165 


120,868 


123,022 


579 


45 


1,408,812 


50 


4,312 


2,697 


3,250 


3,252 


3,389 


207 


- 


36,350 


51 


33 


111 


374 


781 


27 


- 


1 


1,343 


52 


575,266 


105,394 


147,292 


97,178 


63,980 


699 


3,849 


3,383,663 


53 


13,746 


2,027 


1,552 


1,773 


2,086 


- 


- 


24,763 


54 


3 


3 


3 


10 


819 


- 


- 


849 


55 


3 




1 


6 


417 


_ 


- 


427 


56 


763 


128 


26 


210 


319 


- 


- 


1,558 


57 


727 


75 


236 


43 


36 


- 





1 , 143 


58 


168 


16 


5 


28 


135 


- 


- 


366 


59 


209 


172 


80 


47 


54 


- 


- 


577 


fiO 


1,817 


3,348 


2,891 


579 


50 


- 


- 


8,728 


61 


1,082 


1,541 


337 


570 


544 


3 


20 


4,925 


62 


1,872 


43 


301 


1,012 


74 





- 


3,328 


63 


317 


21 


63 


76 


30 





- 


1,094 


64 


844 


363 


315 


460 


299 


2 


- 


2.540 


65 


4,698 


730 


876 


1,155 


1,663 


225 


2,357 


19,351 


66 



Church, 13 Lot of Jesus, 34 Materialist, 64 Messiah. 16 Metropolitan, 27 Nationalist, 29 Philosophist, 30 
Polish Church, 24 Provestory, 56 Rationalist, 15 Rosecrucian, 30 Round Church 2 Sabbath Keeper, 
134 Saints, 12 Saved by Grace, 13 Schismatic, 37 Sectarist, 61 Serbian Church, 76 Shiloite, 50 Socialists, 
25 Solomon Reformists, 34 Swiss Ch., 27 Taoist, 16 Temple of God, 15 Temple Society, 1. Testimony of 
Jesus, 33 Truth, 32 Ukranian Catholic, 11 Workers, 21 Zion Chapel, 92 Zionist together with 364 of 
119 other sects each of which numbers fewer than 10 adherents. 



166 



POPULATION 



8. Birthplaces. 

The nativity of the population of Canada, as at each of the six censuses, is 
shown by Canadian-born, British-born, United States-born and other foreign-borm 
in Table 26. The table shows that in 1871, 97-22 p.c. of the population were born 
under the British flag, while half a century later the percentage had declined to 
89-87 p.c. Among these, the Canadian-born population was at its maximum per 
centage in 1901, with 86-98 p.c. of the total, while in 1921 that percentage is at its 
minimum, 77-75 p.c. As a consequence of the large immigration from the United 
Kingdom in the first two decades of the century, the British-born population has 
increased from 7-83 p.c. in 1901 to 12-12 p.c. in 1921. 

The foreign-born population has been divided into United States-born and 
other foreign-born. Worthy of note is the fairly steady increase of the United 
States-born population from 1-85 p.c. in 1871 to 4-26 p.c. in 1921. Other foreign- 
born increased from 0-93 p.c. in 1871 to 6-25 p.c. in 1911, but have declined slightly 
to 5-87 p.c. of the total population in 1921. 

The nativity of the 1921 population is indicated by sex in Table 27, for the 
various provinces and territories. In the Maritime Provinces, the population is 
shown by the census to be about 93 p.c. native-born, and in Quebec about 92 p.c. 
In Ontario, however, the proportion sinks to about 78 p.c., in Manitoba to about 
63 p.c., in Saskatchewan to about 64 p.c., in Alberta to about 53 p.c., and in 
British Columbia to barely over 50 p.c. 

About 40 p.c. of the total British-born population is in Ontario, while the 
British-born element bears the greatest proportion to the total in British Columbia, 
viz., 30-6 p.c. The foreign-born element reaches its maximum percentage in the 
rapidly growing provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta where it constitutes 
26-3 p.c. and 29-5 p.c. of the total population respectively. 

26. Birthplaces of the Population of Canada according to the Censuses of 1871-1*21. 



Year. 


Canadian 
Born. 


British 
Born. 


Foreign Born. 


Total 
Popula 
tion. 


Proportion to Total Population. 


Canadian 
Born. 


British 
Born. 


Foreign Born. 


Born 
in 
United 

States. 


Born 
in other 
Foreign 
Countries. 


United 
States 
Born. 


Other 
Foreign 
Born. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


p.c. 


p.c. 


p.c. 


p.c. 


1871.... 


2,892,358 


496,477 


64,447 


32,479 


3,485,761 


82-98 


14-24 


1-85 


0-93 


1881.... 


3,715,492 


478,235 


77,753 


53,330 


4,324,810 


85-91 


11-06 


1-80 


1-23 


1891... 


4,185,877 


490,232 


80,915 


76,215 


4,833,239 


86-61 


10-14 


1-67 


1-58 


1901.... 


4,671,815 


420,712 


127,899 


150, 889 


5,371,315 


86-98 


7-83 


2-38 


2-81 


1911.... 


5,619,682 


833,422 


303,680 


449,859 


7,206,643 


77-98 


11-56 


4-21 


6-25 


1921.... 


6,832,747 


1,065,454 


374,010 


516,272 


8,788,483 


77-75 


12-12 


4-26 


5-87 



BIRTHPLACES 



167 



27. Population Classified by Sex and Nativity, by Provinces and Territories, 

according to the Census of 1921. 





Total. 


Canadian Born. 


British Born. 


Foreign Born. 


Provinces and 
Territories. 










Male. 


Female. 


Both 
Sexes. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Fe 
male. 


Male. 


Fe 
male. 


P. E. Island. . . . 


44,887 


43,728 


88,615 


43,702 


42,548 


509 


565 


676 


615 


Nova Scotia 


266,472 


257,365 


523,837 


243,181 


237,151 


15.445 


14,074 


7,846 


6,140 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


197,351 
1,180,028 
1,481,890 
320,567 
413,700 
324,208 

293,409 
2,819 


190,525 
1,181,171 
1,451,772 
289,551 
343,810 
264,246 

231,173 
1,338 


387,876 
2,361,199 
2,933,662 
610,118 
757,510 
588,454 

524,582 
4,157 


186,417 
1,082,483 
1,139,262 
198,284 
241,557 
166,176 

136,758 
1.583 


180,001 
1,090,140 
1,152,717 
189,462 
216,276 
148,914 

127,288 
1,017 


5,495 
44,830 
237,220 
61,651 
57,430 
55,724 

87,769 
486 


5.214 
45,034 
222,357 
51,463 
42.925 
43,668 

72,983 
86 


5,439 
52,715 
105.408 
60,632 
114.713 
102,308 

68.882 
750 


5,310 
45,997 
76,698 
48,626 
84.609 
71,664 

30,902 
235 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan . . 
Alberta 


British Colum 
bia 


Yukon Terrify- 


N. W. Territor 
ies 


4,129 
485 


3,859 


7,988 
485 


3,951 

49 


3,830 


80 
433 


13 


98 
3 


16 


Royal Canadian 
Navv 


Canada-l21 


1,529,945 


1,258,538 


8,788,483 


3,443,403 


3,389,344 


567,072 


498,382 


519,470 


370,812 


1911. 


3,821,995 


3,384,648 


7,206,643 


2,849,442 


2,770,240 


501,138 


332,284 


471,415 


282,124 



9. Rural and Urban Population. 

In Table 28 are given statistics showing the growth of rural and urban popula 
tion respectively since 1891. For the purposes of the census, the population residing 
in cities, towns and incorporated villages has been defined as urban, and that out 
side of such localities as rural. Thus the distinction here made between "rural" 
and "urban" population is a distinction of provincial legal status rather than of 
size of aggregations of population within limited areas. Since the laws of the various 
provinces differ in regard to the population necessary before a municipality may be 
incorporated as urban (the laws of Saskatchewan, for example, making provision 
that 50 people actually resident on an area not greater than 640 acres may claim 
incorporation as a village, while the Ontario law now requires that villages asking 
for incorporation shall have a population of 750 on an area not exceeding 500 acres), 
the line of demarcation between rural and urban population is not uniformly drawn 
throughout the Dominion, as far as comparable aggregations of population are 
concerned. To a limited extent, however, Table 30 will permit the student of popu 
lation statistics to make, at least for Canada as a whole, his own line of demarcation 
between rural and urban population. 1 

i In the United States, urban population is classified by the Census Bureau as that residing in cities and 
other incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more, and in "towns" having 2,500 inhabitants or 
in Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island. While such "towns", under the forms of 

* j _ A i _j.l_. . 1 !_ ^V. .-._.-. si + .._ *Virt TTw-f*ii-l G+nt^o f^tiTiaiia "Riit*oo it 



more 



local government existing in these states are partly rural in character, the United States Census Bureau 
considers that the total urban population of these states is not greatly exaggerated thereby. 



168 POPULATION 



While a summary comparison between urbanization in Canada in 1921 and in 
the United States in 1920 would lead us to the conclusion that our country, though 
far less densely peopled than the United States, had an almost equally large per 
centage of its population in urban communities, viz., 49-52 per cent in Canada as 
compared with 51-4 per cent in the United States, the fact that in the United States 
inhabitants of places having under 2,500 population are included with rural popu 
lation, while in Canada the inhabitants of many places with less than 100 popula 
tion are classed as urban, must be taken into account. A fairer basis of comparison 
is secured if the .same population limits are taken for both countries, as may be done 
by using Table 30. Thus, at the census of 1920, the United States had 25-9 p.c. 
of its population resident in cities of 100,000 and over, while Canada in 1921 had 
only 18 87 p.c. of its population in such places. The United States had an additional 
16-4 p.c. of its population residing in cities of between 10,000 and 100,000 popula 
tion, and 4-7 p.c. in cities and towns of 5,000 to 10,000, while Canada had in cities 
of these categories only 13-32 p.c., and 4-36 p.c. respectively of its population. 
Thus, taking all places of 5,000 and over the lowest population for which com 
parative figures are readily available 47 p.c. of the population of the United States 
resided in such places as compared with 36-55 p.c. of the population of Canada, 
showing the much higher degree of urbanization which has been reached in the 
United States a natural thing in an older settled and more densely peopled country. 

On the basis of the census classification, it is apparent from Table 28 that in 
the last decade, as in the previous one, urben communities absorbed somewhat 
over two-thirds of the totr.1 increase in population, with the result that the urban 
population of Canada was in 1921 nearly equal to the rural. Out of every 1,000 
persons in the country, 505 were resident, on June 1, 1921, in rural and 495 in urban 
communities, as compared with 545 in rural and 455 in urban communities on 
June 1, 1911, 625 in rural and 375 in urban communities in 1901, and 682 in rural 
and 318 in urban communities in 1891. 

From Table 30, showing the distribution of urban population in Canada by 
size of cities and towns, it becomes evident that for the first time in its census history 
Canada possesses cities of more than half a million population. These are Montreal 
and Toronto, with 618,506 and 521,893 inhabitants respectively, the former having 
in its neighbourhood several "satellite" cities, Verdun, Westmount, Lachine, Outre- 
mont, which, with other smaller towns in its vicinity, bring the population of 
"Greater Montreal" to the 700,000 mark. No other city has attained the 200,000 
mark, but during the past decade Hamilton and Ottawa have been added to Winni 
peg and Vancouver as cities of over 100,000 population, while Quebec, which in 
1911 was, together with Hamilton and Ottawa, in the 50,000 to 100,000 class, has 
been joined in that class, though at a considerable interval, by Calgary, London, 
Edmonton and Halifax. Details of the population of these and other smaller cities 
and towns of 5,000 and over, are given by censuses from 1871 to 1921 in Table 32, 
while the populations of urban communities having a population of from 1,000 to 
5,000 in li 21 are given for 1901, 1911 and 1921 in Table 33. 



RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION 



169 



28. Rural and Urban Population by Provinces and Territories, 1891, 1901, 1911 

and 1921. 



Provinces. 


1891. 


1901. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Prince Edward Island 


94,823 
373,403 
272,362 
988,820 
1,295,323 
111,498 
_i 
_i 

60,045 
_i 

_i 


14,255 
76,993 
43,901 
499,715 
818,998 
41,008 

37,228 
1,537,098 


88,304 
330,191 
253,835 
994,8338 
1,246,969 
184,775 
77,013* 
54,489 2 
88,478 
18,077 
20,129 


14,955 
129,383 
77,285 
654,0658 
935,978 
70,4363 
14,266 s 
18,5332 
90,179 
9,142 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory . 


Northwest Territories 


Royal Canadian Navy 


Canada .. . 


3,296,141 


3,357,093 


2,014,222 




Provinces. 


1911. 


1921. 


Numerical increase 
in decade 1911-21. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Prince Edward Island . . . 


78,758 
306,210 
252,342 
1,038,9348 
1,198,803 
261,029* 
361,037 
236,6332 
188,796 
4,647 
6.507 10 


14,970 
186, 128 
99,547 
966,8428 
1,328,489 
200,365 
131,395 
137,662 2 
203,684 
3,865 


69,522 
296,7996 
263,432 
1,038,630 
1,226,379 
348,502 
. 538,552 
365,550 
277,020 
3,182 
7,988 
485 


19,093 
227,038* 
124,4446 
1,322,569 
1,707,283 
261,616 
218,958 
222,904 
247,562 
975 


-9,236 
-9,411 
11,090 
- 304 
27,576 
87,473 
177,515 
128,917 
88,224 
-1,465 
1,481 
485 


4,123 
40,910 
24,897 
355,727 
378,794 
61,251 
87,563 
85,242 
43,878 
-2,890 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario . . . 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia . 


Yukon Territory 


Northwest Territories. . 


Royal Canadian Navy 
Canada - - 


3,933,696 


3,272,947 


4,436,011 


4,352,442 


502,345 


1,079,495 



1 The population (98,167) in territory now comprised in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and in 
the Yukon and Northwbst Territories was classified as rural in the Census of 1891. 2 Volume 1, Census 
1911, places the urban population of Alberta for that year at 141,937. Included in this figure was the 
population (5,250) of tw fclve places which, according to the Report of the Municipal Commissioner for 
Alberta, were not then incorporated. The places so included were Aetna, Bankhead, Bellevue. Bickerdike, 
Canmore, Cardiff, Exshaw, Hillorest, Passburg, Queonston and Elmpark. The correction resulting from 
this and from other small adjustments consequent upon more definite knowledge as to incorporated areas, 
places the urban population for 1911 at 137,602. Similar corrections have been made in the urban and rural 
figures for the Census of 1901. 3 As corrected in Census Report, Prairie Provinces, 1916. 4 As changed by 
Extension of B mndaries Act, 1912. Corrected by information received since Bulletin 1 was printed, 
which transfeirel population of Shediac and Hampton to urban column and population of Salisbury to rural. 
Corrected by information received since Bulletin 2 wa.s printed, giving Clark s Harbour as an incorpor 
ated town. 7 As changed by Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 8 The urban population of 970,791 shown 
in Volume 1, Census 1911, is reduced to 966,842 by the transfer of the population of Maniwaki, Aiartinville, 
Moisie, St. Bruno, St. Martin and St. Vincent de Paul from urban to ruial; by adjustments in area of the 
villages of Ste. Anne and Ste. Genevi^ve; and Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 9 Urban and rural 
population for 1911 and 1901 are as corrected in Census Report, Prairie Provinces, 1916. 10 As reduced by 
Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 



170 



POPULATION 



29. Percentage Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Provinces and 

Territories, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921. 





18? 


H. 


19( 


)1. 


Provinces. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Rural. 


Urban. 




86-93 


13-07 


85-52 


14-48 


Nova Scotia . 


82-91 


17-09 


71-85 


28-15 




84-78 


15-22 


76-66 


23-34 




66-43 


33-57 


60-33 


39-67 




61-26 


38-74 


57-12 


42 -8 4 




73-11 


26-89 


72-40 


27-60 




__} 




84-37 


15-63 




_i 




74-62 


25-38 




62-08 


37-92 


49-52 


50-48 




_i 




66-41 


33-59 




_i 




100-00 
























Cans da 


68 20 


31-89 


62 50 


37-30 















19 


11. 


19: 


11. 


Provinces 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Prince Edward Island 


84-03 


15-97 


78-45 


21-55 


Nova Scotia 


62-20 


37-80 


56-66 


43-34 




71-71 


28-29 


67-92 


32-08 


Quebec 


51-80 


48-20 


43-99 


56-01 




47-43 


52-57 


41-80 


58-20 




56-57 


43-43 


57-12 


42-88 


Saskatchewan 


73-32 


26-68 


71-10 


28-90 


Alberta . . 


63-22 


36-78 


62-12 


37-88 


British Columbia 


48-10 


51-90 


52-81 


47-19 


f 
Yukon Territory 


54-59 


45-41 


76-55 


23-45 


N.W. Territories 


100-00 




100-00 




Royal Canadian Navy 






100-00 














Canada 


54 58 


45 42 


50-48 


4* 52 













NOTE. In using this table, reference should be made to the notes appended to the preceding table 
showing rural and urban population by numbers. 

1 The population in the territory now comprised in the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and 
the Yukon and Northwest Territories was classified as rural in the census of 1891. 



RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION 



171 



30. Urban Population of Canada, divided by Size of Municipality Groups, 1901, 

1911 and 1921. 







1901. 






1911. 






1921. 




In Cities and Towns 


Num 




Per cent 


Num 




Per cent 


Num 




Per cent 


of 


ber 


Popula 


of 


ber 


Popula 


of 


ber 


Popula 


of 




of 


tion. 


Total 


of 


tion. 


Total 


of 


tion. 


Total 




Places. 




Pop. 


Places. 




Pop. 


Places. 




Pop. 


Over 500,000 














2 


1,140,399 


12-97 


Between 




















1 400,000 and 500,000 


- 


- 


_ 


1 


470,480 


6-53 


_ 


- 


_ 


300,000 and 400, 000 











1 


376,538 


5-22 


_ 


- 


_ 


200,000 and 300,000 


2 


475,770 


8-86 


- 


- 


_ 


_ 


^ 


_ 


100,000 and 200,000 


- 








2 


236,436 


3-28 


4 


518,298 


5-90 


50,000 and 100,000 


3 


181,402 


3-38 


3 


247,741 


3-44 


5 


336,650 


3-83 


25,000 and 50,000 


5 


188,869 


3-52 


6 


241,007 


3-34 


7 


239,096 


2-72 


15,000 and 25,000 


3 


55,499 


1-03 


13 


237,551 


3-30 


19 


370,990 


4-22 


10,000 and 15,000 


8 


95,266 


1-77 


18 


221,322 


3-07 


18 


224,033 


2-55 


5,000 and 10,000 


37 


275,919 


5-14 


46 


323,056 


4-48 


54 


382,762 


4-36 


3,000 and 5,000 


50 


190,789 


3-55 


60 


226,212 


3-14 


73 


276,026 


3-14 


1,000 and 3,000 


187 


320,433 


5-97 


251 


429,553 


5-97 


292 


489,461 


5-57 


500 and 1,000 
Under 500 


179 


130,238 
107,614 


2-42 
2-00 


247 


180,784 
90,284 


2-51 
1-25 


~ 


} 374,727 


4-26 


Total 


_ 


3,021,799 


37-64 




3,280,964 


45-53 




4,352,402 


49-52 























31. Ratio of Females to Males in Rural and Urban Populations, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Provinces. 


Rural. 


Urban. 


Prince Edward Island 


P.O. 
93-55 


p.c. 
112-90 


Alberta . . . 


p.c. 
74-63 


p.c. 
94-04 


Nova Scotia 


92-45 


102-26 


British Columbia 


71-91 


87-16 


New Brunswick 


91-48 


108-19 


Yukon ... 


45-76 


51-33 


Quebec 


93-09 


106-02 


N. W Territories . 


93-46 




Ontario 


88-66 


105-24 








Manitoba 


84-36 


98-90 


Canada, 1921 


86-20 


102-68 


Saskatchewan 


79-29 


93-23 


Canada, 1911 


83-52 


94-95 















32. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,< 

compared with 1871-81-91-1901-11. 



inhabitants in 1921. 



NOTE. The cities and towns in which a Board of Trade exists are indicated by an asterisk(*). 
cases the population is for the city or town municipality as it existed in 1921. 



In nil 



Cities and Towns. 


Provinces. 


Population. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Montreal 


Quebec 


115,000 
59,000 
241 

26, 880 
24,141 
59,699 

18,000 

29,582 
41,325 
3,270 
4,253 

8,107 
3,800 


155,238 
96,196 
7,985 

36,661 
31,307 
62,446 

26,266 

36,100 
41,353 
5,925 
6,561 

9,616 
6,890 


219,216 
181,215 
25,639 
13,709 
48,959 
44,154 
63,090 
3,876 
31.977 

38,437 
39,179 
16,841 
10,322 

12,753 

296 
11,264 


328,172 
209,8922 
42,340 
27,010 
52,634 
59,928 
68,840 
4,392 
37,976 
4,176 
40,832 
40,711 
20,919 
12,153 
2,249 
16,619 
113 
1,898 
13,993 


490,504 
381,833* 
136,035 
100,401 
81,969 
87,062 
78,710 
43,704 
46,300 
31,0643 
46,619 
42,511 
31,660 
17,829 
30,213 
23,132 
12,004 
11,629 
18,222 


618,506 
521,893 
179,087 
117,217 
114,151 
107,843 
95,193 
63,305 
60, 959 
58,821 
58,372 
47,166 
38,727 
38,591 
34,432 
29,440 
25,739 
25,001 
24,117 


Toronto 


Ontario 


Winnipeg 


Manitoba 


Vancouver 


British Columbia. . . 
Ontario 


Hamilton 


Ottawa 


H 


Quebec 


Quebec. ... 


Calgary 


Alberta 


London 


Ontario 


Edmonton. . 


Alberta 


Halifax 


Nova Scotia 
New Brunswick .... 
British Columbia. . . 
Ontario 


St. John 


Victoria 


Windsor 


Regina 


Saskatchewan 


Brantford 


Ontario 


Saskatoon 


Saskatchewan 


Verdun... 


Quebec 


Hull.. 


u 



172 



POPULATION 



32. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 
compared with 1871-81-91-19dl-ll. continued. 



Cities and Towns. 


Provinces. 


Population. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Sherbrooke 


Quebec 


4,432 

7,570 
2,743 
12,407 
879 
4,611 

7,864 

6,878 
200 
600 

4,313 

2,197 
1,696 

2,929 

5,873 
3,827 

8,807 
7,305 
3,369 
3,185 

3,746 

6,091 
5,102 

3^)82 

1,800 
3,047 

1,393 
1,322 
1,110 

5,636 
6,006 

1,508 
3,022 
1,541 

4,049 

2,033 

2,500 

3,398 
1,150 
876 

1,226 

1,796 
1,594 


7,227 
1,480 
8,670 
4,054 
14,091 
780 
6,812 

9,631 

9,890 
884 
5,032 

8,239 
8,367 
2,406 

3,874 
2,347 
1,500 
7,873 
387 
5,187 
1,283 
11,485 
9,516 
4,426 
3,992 

5,321 

7,597 
7,609 
2,274 
5,373 

3,906 
3,268 
1,6-15 
2,595 
1,935 
2,911 
1,870 

2,340 
5,791 
6,218 
3,786 

2,820 
4,314 
2,291 

5,080 
3,461 

4,468 

3,4!>5 

1,095 
4,854 
2,087 
1,040 

1,437 
1,520 

3,042 
2,066 


10,110 
2,427 
8,334 
7,425 
19,263 
2,414 
9,717 

9,170 

10,537 
3,076 
8,762 
2,459 
9,500 
10,366 
3,761 
3,778 

6,692 
3,349 
6,678 
9,052 
795 
7,535 
1,553 
11,373 
9,916 
7,497 
4,060 

7,016 

7,301 
8,791 
3,781 
8,612 

5,515 
3,347 

4,595 
3,770 
2,277 
4,752 
2,035 

2,442 
6,669 

6,502 
6,252 

4,401 
4,722 
4,175 

6,081 

5,102 

6,805 
933 

5,550 
3,864 
1,710 
3,363 
1,289 
2,513 

4,363 
2,941 


11,765 
9,909 
9,981 
9,747 
17,961 
7,169 
12,886 
3,633 
9,946 
1,558 
11,496 
8,856 
9,026 
6,945 
9,959 
11,485 
6,365 
5,620 
3,214 
8,176 
5,702 
6,499 

1,148 
7,866 
2,019 
12,080 
9,117 
8,776 
4,894 
2,072 
9,210 
2,530 
2,768 
9,242 
8,940 
4,964 
8,833 
1,570 
11,055 
4,220 
6,130 
4,447 
3,826 
4,907 
1,863 
2,027 
3,191 
7,057 
7,117 
4,806 
3,256 
5,156 
4,030 
4,569 

2,511 

7,003 
5,993 
1,785 
6,704 
6,430 

3,174 
5,949 
5, 155 
3,77: , 
3,901 
1,464 
4,646 

4,217 
3,537 


16,405 
17,723 
13,691 
15,196 
18,874 
14,920 
18,360 
16,499 
12,484 
13,823 
15,175 
14,579 
11,345 
16,562 
12,946 
14,054 
11.688 5 
13,839 
11,220 
9,947 
9,248 
13,199 
10,770 
4,820 
10,299 
7,483 
11,203 
9,876 
12,558 
7,436 
9,0:55 
9,797 
7,737 
4,265 
8,703 
9,374 
8,973 
9,320 
5,608 
9,449 
6,346 
8,306 
6,383 
5,880 
6,828 
5,318 
4,150 
7,470 
8,420 
7,208 
5,058 
7,261 

5, .103 
6,774 
S,196 ; 
4,783 
6,964 
6,107 
6,254 
6,598 
6,600 
3,302 
4,663 
6,420 
6,370 
4,750 
5,892 

L ,101 

5,418 
4,184 
3,988 
4,359 


23,515 
22,545 
22,367 
21,763 
21,753 
21,092 
20,994 
20,541 
19,881 
19,285 
18,128 
17,593 
17,488 
17,007 
16,094 
16,026 
15,404 
15,397 
14,886 
14,877 
14,764 
14,495 
13,256 
13,249 
13,216 
12,821 
12,347 
12,206 
12,190 
11,940 
11,097 
10,859 
10,692 
10,625 
10,470 
10,043 
9,998 
9,935 
9,634 
9,215 
9,113 
9,088 
8,974 
8,937 
8,774 
8,654 
8,621 
8,327 
8,174 
8,114 
7,899 
7,886 
7,875 
7,734 
7,703 
7,652 
7,631 
7,620 
7,5u2 
7,558 
7,419 
7,073 
7,059 
7,016 
6,936 
6,790 
6,785 
6,766 
6,738 
6,585 
6,393 
5,902 
5,883 


Sydney 


Nova Scotia 


Three Rivers 


Quebec 


Kitchener 


Ontario 


* Kings ton 




*Sault Ste Marie 




Peterborough 




Fort William 




*St. Catharines 




*Moose Jaw 


Saskatchewan 


*Guelph 


Ontario 


Weetmount 


Quebec 


*M one ton 


Mew Brunswick 
Vova Scotia 


*Glace Bay 


Stratford 


Ontario 


*St. Thomas 


H 


*Lachine 


Quebec 


Brandon 


Manitoba 


Port Arthur 


Ontario 


Sarnia 


a 


Niagara Kails 


it 


New Westminster 


British Columbia. . . 
Ontario 


Chatham 


Outremont 


Quebec ... . 


Gait 


Ontario 


St. Boniface . 


Manitoba 


Charlottetown and Royalty . . . 
Belleville 


P. E. Island 
Ontario 


Owen Sound .... 


u 


Oshawa ... . 


u 


*Lethbridge 


Alberta 


St. Hvacinthe 


Quebec 


North Bay. 


Ontario 


Shawinigan Falls 


Quebec 


*L-evis 


u 


Brockville 


Ontario . 


*Anih<Tst 


N ova Scotia . 


Woodstock 


Ontario 


Medicine Hat 


Alberta 


Valleyfield 


Quebec 


Joliette 


u 


Nanaimo and suburbs 


British Columbia. . . 
Nova Scotia 
Quebec 


New Glasgow ... 


Chicoutimi 


Orillia 


Ontario 


Welland 


u 


Sudbury 


u 


Sydney Alines 


Nova Scotia 


Sorel 


Quebec 


Fredericton . 


New Brunswick 


Dartmouth 


Nova Scotia 


Thetford Mines 


Quebec 


Pembroke . . 


Ont ario 


St. Johns 


Quebec 


Riviere du Loup 


it 


North Vancouver 


British Columbia.. 
Quebec 


Grand Mere 


Lindsay 


( ntario 


Truro 


Nova Scotia 


Prince Albert 


Saskatchewan 


Cornwall 


Ontario 


* Yarmouth 


Nova Scotia 


Walker ville 


Ontario 


Midland 


u 


Barrio 


u 


Smith Falls 


II 


Granby 


Quebec 


Portage la Prairio 


Manitoba 


( up \iagdeleine .. 


Quebec 


North Sydney 


Nova Scotia 


Prince Rupert 


British Columbia.. 
Ontario 


Trenton..!. 


Waterloo... 





POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES 



173 



32. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1921, 
compared with 1871-81-91-1901-11. concluded. 



Cities and Towns. 


Provinces. 


Population. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 




Ontario 


2,829 

1,671 
1,159 
1,408 

4,442 

1,174 
4,022 


4,445 

900 

1,920 
2,032 
1,419 

4,957 

1,248 
4,318 


4,939 
4,813 

2,042 
2,868 
1,843 
1,806 
4,829 

2,410 
2,100 
4,191 


5,755 
4,559 

2,652 
4,150 
3,619 
2,308 
5,202 
4,239 
776 
2,335 
5,2738 
3,516 
700 
4,573 


7,090 
5,713 

2,934 
3,817 
4,400 
3,473 
3,883 
6,158 
5,074 
3,169 
3,910 
4,476 
3,978 
2,309 
4,763 


5,882 
5,870 
5,681 
5,615 
5,603 
5,570 
5,544 
5,491 
5,423 
5,407 
5,327 
5,324 
5,312 
5,230 
5,159 
5,151 
5,150 


Ford City 


a 




Nova Scotia 


New Wkterford 


n 


La Tuque .... 


Quebec 


*CamDbcllton 


New Brunswick 


*Hawkesbury 


Ontario 


*St Jer&me 


Quebec 


* Preston 


Ontario 




M 


*Cobourg 


H 




u 


Stellarton . . 


Nova Scotia 


*Nelson. ... 


British Columbia. . . 
Quebec 




* York ton 


Saskatchewan 


"Ineersoll.. 


Ontario. . . 



1 Includes Maisonneuve, Cartierville, Bordeau and Sault-au-Reeollet. 2 Includes North Toronto, less 
67 in 1911 transferred to Township of York. 3 Includes town of Strathcona. * Includes town of Steelton. 
6 Includes parish of Lachine and Summerlea town. 6 Includes Notre-Dame des Victoires. * Includes 
North Vancouver District. > Includes suburbs in 1901. 

33. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 

1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911. 



Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island. 


2 875 


2,678 


3,228 


New Brunswick concluded. 
Grand Falls 


644 


1,280 


1,327 




1,140 


1,089 


1,094 


Sunny Brae 






1,171 










Richibucto 


100 


871 


1,158 


Nova Scotia. 








St. George 


733 


988 


1,110 


Westville 


3,471 


4,417 


4,550 


St . Andrews 


1,064 


987 


1,065 


Windsor 


3,398 


3,452 


3,591 










Bridgewater 


2,203 


2,775 


3,147 


Quebec. 








Pictou 


3,235 
306 


3,179 
2,719 


2,988 
2,963 


Lauzon : 
Jonquiere 


3,416 


3,978 
2,354 


4,966 
4,851 




1 274 


1 749 


2,844 


Longueuil (city) 


2,835 


3,972 


4,682 




2 916 


2,681 


2,792 


Montmagny 


1,916 


2,617 


4,145 




3 391 


2,856 


2,748 


St. Lambert 


1,362 


3,344 


3,890 




1,731 


2,304 


2,717 


Buckingham ; 


2,936 


3,854 


3,835 




1,546 


2,589 


2,390 


East Angus 






3,802 




1,937 


2,109 


2,294 


Victoria ville 


1,693 


3,028 


3,759 




1,838 


1,787 


1,746 


Rimouski 


1,804 


3,097 


3,612 


Wolf vi lie 


1 412 


1 458 


1 743 


Coaticook 


2,880 


3,165 


3,554 




1 088 


648 


1,732 


St. Pierre 


505 


2,201 


3,535 




1 479 


617 


1,626 


Farnham 


3,114 


3,560 


3,343 




1 026 


392 


1,424 


Beauport 






3,240 


Oxford 


1 285 


,392 


1,402 


St. Laurent 


1,390 


1,860 


3,232 




1 445 


435 


1,360 


M6gantic 


2,171 


2,816 


3,140 




1 150 


1,247 


1,230 


St. Jerome do Matane 


1,176 


2,056 


3,050 




866 


951 


1,177 


Ste. Therese 


1,541 


2,120 


3,043 




1 046 


1 006 


1,152 


Aylmer . 


2,291 


3,109 


2,970 




858 


996 


1,086 


Drummondville 


1,450 


1,725 


2,852 










Ste Agathe des Monts 


1,073 


2,020 


2,812 












822 


2,141 


2,799 


New Brunswick. 








Black Lake 




2,645 


2,656 


Chatham . 


4,868 


4,666 


4,506 


Pointe Claire St. Joachim 


555 


793 


2,617 






1 821 


4 035 


Brompton ville 




1,239 


2,603 




2 507 


2 945 


3,507 




2,022 


2,407 


2,592 


St Stephen 


2 840 


2 836 


3,452 


Kenogami 






2,557 




3 644 


3,856 


3,380 


Iberville 


1,512 


1,905 


2,454 


Bathurst 


1 044 


960 


3,327 


Richmond 


2,057 


2,175 


2,450 




1,398 


1,906 


2,198 


Nicolet 


2,225 


2,593 


2,342 




1 444 


2 039 


2 173 


Windsor 


2,149 


2,233 


2,330 




2 044 


1 804 


1,976 


BaieSt. Paul 


1,408 


1,857 


2,291 




1 075 


1,442 


1,973 


Beauharnois 


1,976 


2,015 


2,250 




862 


1,650 


1,958 


Ste. Anne de Bellevue 


1,343 


1,416 


2,212 








1,924 


Mont-Laurier 


_ 


752 


2,211 


Marvsville... 


1,892 


1,837 


1,614 


Bagotville 


507 


1,011 


2,204 



174 



POPULATION 



33. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,009 and 5,000 inhabitants in 
1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911. continued. 



Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Q uefoec concluded . 


1 364 


1 335 


2 193 


Ontario. 

Dundas 


3,173 


4,299 


4,978 




783 


2,224 


2,189 


Renfrew 


3,153 


3,846 


4,906 




1 451 


2 388 


2,158 


Thorold 


1,979 


2,273 


4,825 




1 248 


1 737 


2,068 


Brampton 


2,748 


3,412 


4,527 




1 555 


1 588 


2,066 


Port Hope 


4,188 


5,092 


4,456 




1 797 


1 886 


2,063 


Cobalt 




5,638 


4,449 




1 822 


1 990 


2,056 


Sandwich 


1,450 


2,302 


4,415 




1 586 


1 559 


2,032 


Paris 


3,229 


4,098 


4,368 








1,989 


Sturgeon Falls 


1,418 


2,199 


4,125 




1,583 


1,751 


1,919 


Goderich 


4,158 


4,522 


4,107 






1,717 


1,904 


Arnprior 


4,152 


4,405 


4,077 




826 


1,449 


1,883 


Penetanguishene 


2,422 


3,568 


4,037 




352 


703 


1,882 


Wallaceburg 


2,763 


3,438 


4,006 


Ste Rose 


1,154 


1,480 


1,811 


Simcoe 


2,627 


3,227 


3,953 








1,793 


St. Marys 


3,384 


3,388 


3,847 


St Tite 


991 


1,438 


1,783 


Timmins 






3,843 








1,776 


Carleton Place 


4,059 


3,621 


3,841 




1 565 


1,675 


1,77 


Perth 


3,588 


3,588 


3,790 






1,167 


1,764 


Mimico 


437 


1,373 


3,751 




_ 




1,756 


Haileybury 




3,874 


3,743 




1,306 


1,587 


1,748 


Leamington 


2,451 


2,652 


3,675 






1,355 


1,735 


Newmarket 


2,125 


2,996 


3,626 


Sacr Coeur de J6sus 


206 


996 


1,709 


Gananoque 


3,526 


3,804 


3,604 




1,272 


1,653 


1,693 


Parry Sound 


2,884 


3,429 


3,546 


Bedford 


1,364 


Ii432 


1,669 


Rockland 


1,998 


3,397 


3,496 




1 199 


1,602 


1,667 


Port Colborne 


1,253 


1,624 


3,415 


St Joseph (Richelieu) 


647 


1,416 


1 , 658 


Picton 


3,698 


3,564 


3,356 


Ste Anne de Beaupr6 


847 


2,066 


1,648 


Cochrane 




1,715 


3,306 




1,018 


1,606 


1,646 


Oakville 


1,643 


2,372 


3,298 




1 120 


1 211 


1,554 


Bowmanville 


2,731 


2,814 


3,233 




1 175 


1 402 


1,549 


Dunnville 


2,105 


2,861 


3,224 




296 


1 224 


1,492 


Weston 


1,083 


1,875 


3,166 








1,488 


Petrolia 


4,135 


3,518 


3,148 




481 


1,005 


1,466 


Fort Frances 


697 


1,611 


3,109 




851 


1,004 


1,462 


Napanee 


3,143 


2,807 


3,038 








1,457 


Tilsonburg 


2,241 


2,758 


2,974 


Trois-Pistoles 




_ 


1,454 


Campbellf ord 


2,485 


3,051 


2,890 




_ 


1,677 


1,448 


Whitby 


2,110 


2,248 


2,800 




1,117 


1,440 


1,445 


Hanover 


1,392 


2,342 


2,781 




615 


861 


1,442 


Hrfspeler 


2,457 


2,368 


2,777 








1,419 


Amherstburg 


2,222 


2,560 


2,769 


Belceil - 


702 


1,501 


1,418 


Bui lington 


1,119 


1,831 


2,709 


St Benoit Joseph Labre . . 




1 070 


1,416 


Strathroy 


2,933 


2,823 


2,691 




1 122 


1 265 


1,401 


New Toronto 


209 


686 


2,669 




1 108 


1 363 


1,394 


Meaford 


1,916 


2,811 


2,650 








1,360 


Prescott 


3,019 


2,801 


2,636 






1 171 


1,354 


Copper Cliff 


2,500 


3,082 


2,597 




_ 




1,332 


Merritton 


1,710 


1,670 


2,544 




1 605 


1,747 


1,320 


Listo wel 


2,693 


2,289 


2,477 








1,311 


Bracebridije 


2,479 


2,776 


2,451 


St F61icien 


_ 


581 


1 306 


Almonte 


3,023 


2,452 


2,426 




_ 




1,293 


Bridgeburg 


1,356 


1,770 


2,401 




1,017 


1,331 


1,290 


Portsmouth 


1,827 


1,786 


2,351 








1,267 




2,97! 


2,601 


2,344 


Gi ffard 






1,254 


Aurora 


1,590 


1,901 


2,307 




995 


1,458 


1,234 


New Liskeard 




2,108 


2,268 








1,225 


Hunts ville 


2,152 


2,358 


2,246 






1 024 


1 213 




1,91 


2,323 


2,195 


Port d Alfred 






1 213 


Aylmer 


2,204 


2,102 


2,194 








1,17 




2,511 


2,340 


2,187 




934 


1,12 


1,15 


Wingham 


2,392 


2,238 


2,092 




62 


89 


1,14 


Kincardine 


2,077 


1,956 


2,077 




1 21 


1 16 


1,14 




1,313 


1,583 


2,061 


St R6mi 


1 080 


1 02 


1,13 


Clinton 


2,547 


2,254 


2,018 


Greenfield Park 






1,11 




1,060 


1,782 


2,016 








1,104 


Grimsby 


1,00 


1,669 


2,004 


St Eustache 


1,07 


99 


1,09 


Milton 


1,37 


1,654 


1,873 




69 


88 


1,09 


1 Ridgetown 


2,40 


1,954 


1,855 




81 


89 


1,07 


Deseronto 


3,52 


2,013 


,847 


Chambly Basin 


84 


90C 


1,06 


Blind River 


2,65 


2,55 


,843 


St George East 


544 


1 41 


1,05 




2,245 


1,983 


,829 








1,04 


Mitchell 


1,945 


1,76 


,800 






79 


1,03 




1,39 


1,534 


,796 


Abord-a-Plouffe... 


_ 




1,01 


Kingsville 


1,53 


1,42 


1,783 



POPULATION OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES 



175 



S3. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 
1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911. concluded. 



Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Ontario concluded. 
Wiarton 


2,443 


2,266 


1,726 


Manitoba concluded. 
Souris 


839 


1 854 


1 710 


Acton 


1,484 


1,720 


1,722 


Carman 


1 439 


1 071 


1 5Q1 


Mount Forest 


2,019 


1,839 


1,718 


Minnedosa 


1 052 


1 483 


1 505 


Chealey 


1,734 


1,734 


1,708 


Virden ... 


901 


l 550 


1 361 


Tilbury 


1,012 


1,368 


1,673 


Morden .... 


1 522 


1 130 


1 268 


Thessalon 


1,205 


1,945 


1,651 


Stonewall 


589 


1 005 


1 112 


Essex . . 


1,391 


1,353 


1,588 


Tuxedo 






1 (]R9 


Blenheim 


1 653 


1 387 


1 565 










Fort Erie 


890 


1 146 


1 546 


Saskatchewan. 








Southampton 


1,636 


1,685 


1,537 


North Battleford (city) 




2 105 


4 108 


Humberstone 






1,524 


Swift Current (city) 


121 


i 059 


3 518 


Palmerston 


1,850 


1,665 


1,523 


Weyburn (city) 


113 


2 210 


3 193 


Vankleek Hill 


1,674 


1,577 


1,499 


Melville 




1 816 


2 808 


Durham 


1,422 


1,581 


1,494 


Estevan 


141 


1 081 


2 290 


Port Dalhousie 


1,125 


1,152 


1,492 


Kamsack 




473 


2 002 


Gravenhurst 


2,146 


1,624 


1,478 


Humboldt 




859 


822 


Victoria Harbour 


989 


1,616 


,463 


Melfort 




599 


746 


Port Dover 


1,177 


1,138 


,462 


Biggar 




315 


535 


Mattawa 


1,400 


1,524 


,462 


Indian Head 


768 


i 985 


439 


Morrisburg 


1,693 


1,696 


,444 


Canora 




435 


230 


Rainy River 




1,578 


,444 


Battleford 


609 


1 335 


1 229 


Exeter 


1,792 


1,555 


1,442 


Shaunavon 






1 146 


Forest 


1,553 


1,445 


1,422 


Gravel bourg 






1 106 


Brighton 


1,378 


1,320 


1,411 


Watrous 




781 


1 101 


Alliston 


1,256 


1,279 


1,376 


Moosomin 


868 


1 143 


1 099 


Niagara 


1,258 


1,318 


1,357 


Rosthern 


413 


1 172 


1 074 


New Hamburg 


1,208 


1,484 


1,351 


Assiniboia 






1 006 


Dresden 


1,613 


1,551 


1,339 


Kindersley 




456 


1 003 


Tweed 


1,168 


1,368 


1.339 


Maple Creek 


382 


936 


1 002 


Keewatin 


1,156 


1 24 


1,327 










L Orignal 


1,026 


1 347 


1,298 


Alberta. 








Port Elgin 


1,313 


1 235 


1,291 


Drumheller 






2 499 


Capreol 






1,287 


Red Deer (city) 


323 


2 118 


2 328 


Havelock 


984 


1,436 


,268 


Wetaskiwin (city) 


550 


2 411 


2 061 


Harriston 


1,637 


1,491 


,263 


Camrose . . . 




1 586 


1 892 


Point Edward 


780 


874 


,258 


Macleod . 


796 


1 844 


1 723 


Beamsville 


832 


1,096 


,256 


Taber 




1 400 


1 705 


Cardinal 


1,378 


1,111 


,241 


Cardston 


639 


1 207 


1 612 


Caledonia 


801 


95 


,223 


Ponoka 


151 


642 


1 594 


Kemptville 


1,523 


1,192 


,204 


Coleman 




1 557 


1 590 


Lakefield 


1,244 


1,397 


,189 


Blairmore 


231 


1 137 


1 552 


Iroquois Falls 






,178 


Vegreville 




1 029 


1,479 


Norwich 


1,269 


1,11 


1,176 


Stettler 




1 444 


1 416 


Hagersville 


1,020 


1,106 


1,169 


Raymond 




1 465 


1 394 


Riverside 






1,155 


Hanna 






1 364 


Parkhill 


1,430 


1,289 


1,152 


Vermilion 




625 


1 272 


Port Perry 


1,465 


1,148 


1,143 


High River 


153 


1 182 


1 198 


Chippawa 


460 


707 


1,137 


Eds- on . 




497 


1,138 


Elora 


1,187 


1,197 


1,136 


Redcliff 




220 


1,137 


Sioux Lookout 




550 


1,127 


Lacombe . . , . 


490 


1 029 


1,133 


Winchester 


1,101 


1,143 


1,126 


Magrath . . . 


424 


995 


1,069 


Port Credit 






1,123 








1 061 


Waterford 


1,122 


1,083 


1,123 


Big Valley 






1 057 


Arthur 


1,285 


1,102 


1,104 


Beverly 






1 039 


Bobcavgeon . . 


914 


1 000 


1 095 










PortMcNicoll 






1.074 


British Columbia. 








Shelburne 


1,188 


1,113 


1,072 


Kamloops ... . 




3 77? 


4.501 


Watford 


1,279 


1,092 


1,059 


Fernie . ... 




3 14f 


4 . 343 


Madoc 


1,157 


1,058 


1,058 


Vernon 


80? 


2 671 


3.6R5 


Richmond Hill 


629 


652 


1,055 


Cum berland 


73? 


1 237 


3,176 


Stouffville 


1,223 


1,034 


1 053 


Trail 


1 360 


1 460 


3 020 


Chelmsford . 


493 


550 


1,045 


Revelstoke 


1 600 


3 017 


2 782 


Fenelon Falls 


1,132 


1,053 


1,031 


Cranbrook 


1 1<M> 


3 0<10 


2 725 


Dryden 


140 


715 


1,019 


Kelowna 


261 


1 663 


2 520 


Eganville 


1,107 


1,189 


1,015 


Port CoQuitlam . , 






2.148 


Markham 


967 


909 


1,012 


Rossland . . . 


6,156 


2 826 


2.097 


Tavistock 


403 


981 


1,011 


Prince George 






2.053 










Ladysmith 


74C 


3.295 


1,967 


Manitoba. 








Chilliwack 


277 


1,657 


1.767 


Transcona 


_ 


_ 


4,185 


Merritt . . 




703 


1.721 


Dauphin 


1,135 


2,815 


3,885 


Grand Forks . . 


1,012 


1,577 


1.4R9 


Selkirk 


2,188 


2,977 


3 726 








1 178 


Neepawa 


1,418 


1,864 


1,887 


Port Alberni 






1 056 


Pas 






1,858 


Port Moody . 






1,030 



















176 



POPULATION 



10. Quinquennial Population of the Prairie Provinces. 

The Census and Statistics Act, 1905, provided for taking a census of population 
and agriculture in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1906 and in every tenth 
year thereafter, thus instituting, in addition to the general decennial census for all 
Canada, a quinquennial census of population and agriculture for the three prairie 
provinces. The quinquennial census of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta was 
therefore taken as for June 1, 1916, and the complete results were published in a 
report dated January 12, 1918. A summary of the principal data was published in 
the Year Book for 1918, pages 105-112. 

Total Population of Prairie Provinces. The male and female population 
of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (a) by provinces, (6) by the electoral dis 
tricts constituted by the Representation Act, 1914 (4-5 Geo. V, c. 51), and (c) by 
cities, towns and villages, as compared with the population by sex for 1911 and by 
totals for 1901 and 1906, was published in the Year Book of 1916-17 (pp. 95-105). 
The total population of the three prairie provinces in 1916 was returned as 1,698,220, 
as compared with 1,328,121 in 1911, 808,863 in 1906 and 419,512 in 1901. As the 
population of the prairie provinces in 1921 was 1,956,082, the increase during the 
five year period since 1916 was 257,862 or 15-18 p.c. This comparatively low 
rate of increase, as compared with the increase of 28 p.c. during the five years 
ended 1916, was undoubtedly due to the effect of the war in restricting immigration. 
Table 34 shows the population of the prairie provinces for 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 
and 1921, the population being distinguished by sex for 1911 and 1916. In Table 35 
are furnished statistics of the population of Manitoba from 1870, and of Saskatche 
wan and Albert^, from 1901, with the percentage of increase in each quinquennium. 

34. Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 1921 



Provinces. 


1901. 


1906. 




1911. 






1916. 




1921. 




Total. 


Total. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Total. 


Males, 


Fe 
males. 


Total. 


Total. 


Manitoba 


255 211 


365 688 


252 954 


208 440 


4fi1 104 


904 fiOQ 


OKO OC1 






Saskatchewan 


91,279 


257 763 


291 730 


200 70 9 


409 439 


Ofi 3 7Q7 


OCA (\AO 




DlU, llo 


Alberta 


73 022 


185 41 9 


223 792 


isri Rno 


074. one 


977 9c.fi 






















*lv t 4W 


490,520 


5oo,454 


Total 


419,512 


808,863 


768 476 


ssq cit 


1 t2X 171 


OQZ ft-*> 
























u3o, ;U 


,9j6,08J 



35. Population of the Prairie Provinces by Sex at each Census Period from 1870 
for Manitoba and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta. 



Province and Years. 


Population. 


Increase over Preceding Census. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total., 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Manitoba 
1870 


No. 

6,317 
35,123 
59,594 
84,342 
i 

138,504 
205,183 
252,954 
294,609 
320.567 


No. 

5,911 
27,137 
49,046 
68, 164 
i 

116,707 
160,505 
208,440 
259, 251 
289.551 


Xo. 

12,228 
62,260 
10R.640 
152,506 
193,425 
255,211 
365,688 
461,394 
553,860 
610.118 


No. 

28,806 
24,471 
24,748 

54,162 
66, 679 
47,771 
41,655 
1& 9.18 


p.c. 

456-01 
69-67 
41-53 

64-22 
48-14 
23-28 
16-51 

8. SI 


No. 

21,226 
21,909 
19,118 

48,543 
43,798 
47,935 
50,811 
sn snn 


p.c. 

359-10 
80-73 
38-98 

71-22 
37-53 
29-87 
24-37 

11. RQ 


No. 

50,032 
46,380 
43,866 
40,919 
102,705 
110,477 
95,706 
92,466 

5 95fi 


p.c. 

409-16 
74-49 
40-37 
26-83 
67.34 
43-29 
26-17 

20-04 
in. 1C. 


1881.. 


1886.., 


1891 


1896 


19012 


J906 


1911.. 


1916.., 


1921.. 



1 In 1896 the Census consisted of a count of population only. 
5 Ten-year increase shown. 



POPULATION OF BRITISH EMPIRE 



177 



35. Population of Prairie Provinces by Sex at each Census Period from 1870 for 
Manitoba and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta concluded. 



Province and Years. 


Population. 


Increase over Preceding Census. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Mai 


es. 


Ferns 


les. 


Tot 


al. 


Saskatchewan 
1901 


No. 

49,431 
152,791 
291,730 
363,787 
413,700 

41,019 

108,283 
223,792 
277,256 
324,208 

228,954 
466,257 
768,476 
935,652 
1,058,475 


No. 

41,848 
104,972 
200,702 
284, 04S 
343,810 

32,003 
77, 129 
150,503 
219,269 
264,L 4!i 

190,558 
342,606 
559,645 
762,568 
897,607 


No. 

91,279 
257,763 

492,432 
647,835 
757,510 

73.022 
185,412 
374,295 
496,520 
588,454 

419,512 
808,863 
1,328,121 
1,968,220 
1,956,082 


No. 

103,360 
138,939 
72.057 
49,913 

67,264 
115,509 
53,464 
46,952 

237,303 
302,219 
167,176 
122,823 


p.c. 

209-10 
90-93 
24-70 
13-72 

162-98 
106-67 
23-89 
16-93 

103-64 
64-82 
21-75 
13-13 


No. 

63,124 

95,730 
83 , 346 
59,762 

45, 126 
73,374 
68,766 
44,977 

152,048 
217,033 
202,923 
135,039 


p.c. 

150-84 
91-20 
41-52 

21-04 

141-00 
95-13 
45-69 
20-51 

79-79 
63-35 
36-26 
17-71 


No. 

166,484 
234,669 
155,403 
109,675 

112,390 
188,883 
122,230 
91,929 

389,351 
519,25.8 
369,495 
257,862 


p.c. 

182-39 
91-05 
31-50 
16-93 

153-91 
101-87 
32-66 
18-51 

92-81 
64-20 
28-87 
15-18 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1921 


Alberta 
1901 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1921 


Prairie Provinces 
1901 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1921 





11. Population of the British Empire. 

During the decade 1911-1921 the boundaries of the British Empire were con 
tracted by the voluntary giving up of Egypt and expanded by the addition of various 
territories as a result of the war. The increases of territory were mainly in Africa, 
where the Tanganyika Territory, Southwest Africa, and portions of the Cameroons 
and Togoland were added to the Empire, with an aggregate area of 731,000 square 
miles and an estimated population of slightly over 5,000,000. In Asia the territories 
acquired by mandate from the League of Nations include Palestine and Meso 
potamia, with 3,619,282 inhabitants on an area of 152,250 square miles. In the 
Pacific the territories added to the Empire include Western Samoa, the Territory of 
New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and part of the Solomon islands, all of 
which were formerly German possessions. According to the most reliable estimates 
the total area of these regions is 90,802 square miles with a population of 637,051. 

Statistics of the area and population of the territories included in the British 
Empire in 1921 are given in Table 36, together with comparative figures of popula 
tion for 1911. 

36. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 1911 and 1921. 

(From the British Statistical Abstract, Statesman s Year Book, and other sources.) 



Countries. 


Area in 
square 
miles, 1921. 


Population. 


Census of 
1911. 


Census of 
1921. 


Europe. 


58,340 
30,405 
\ 32,586 

227 
75 
li 
117 


36,070,492 
4,760,904 
1,250,531 
(3,139,688) 
52,016 
96,899 
19, 120 
211,564 


37,885,242 
4,882,288 
1.284.000 2 
3,139,688 3 
60,238 
89,614 
21,000 
213,000 


Scotland 


Northern Ireland 


Irish Free State 








Malta 6 


Total. Eurooe... 


121,7511 


45,601,911 


47,575,070 



6237312 



178 



POPULATION 



36. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 
1911 and 1921 continued. 



Countries. 


Area in 
square 
miles, 1921. 


Population. 


Census of 
1911. 


Census of 
1921. 


Asia. 


80 
1,382 

31,106 
4,000 
42,000 


46,165 
12,000* 

208, 183 
21,718< 
500,000 


54,923 
12,000* 

208,1833 
25,454 
600,000 




Borneo^ 




Sarawak 


Total Borneo 


77, 106 


729,901 


833,637 




275 
25,331 

3,584 
391 

1,093,074 
709,555 


4,106,350 

274,108 
366,145 
90,594 

44,221,377 
70,88S,854 


110,000* 
4,504,549 
70,000* 
SIO.SOS- 10 
625,166 

247,003,293 
71,939,187 


Ceylon 6 


Maldive Is 




Hong Kong 








Total India 


1,802,629 


15,110,231 


318,942,480 


Straits Settlements 


1,572 
28 
62 


715,529 
6,546 
1,463 
749 


881,939 

1,100 
800 






Cocos or Keeling Is 


Total Straits Settlements and dependencies 


1,662 


724,287 


883,839 


Asiatic Mandates 
Palestine 


9,000 
143,250 


_ 


757, 182 
2,849,2821 






152,250 


- 


3,606,464 


Federated Malay States 


7,875 
3,138 
2,573 
14,037 


494,057 
294,035 
130,199 
118,708 


599,055 
401,009 
178,762 
146,064 






Pahang 


Total Federated Malay States 


27, 623 


1,036,999 


1,324,890 


Unfederated Malay States 


7,500 
3,800 
316 
5,870 
6,000 


180,412 
245,986 
32,746 
286,751 
154,073 


282,244 
338.554 
40,091 
309,293 
153,092 


Kedah . . 


Perlis . . . 




Trengganu 


Total Unfederated Malay States 


23,486 


899,968 


1,123,274 


Wei-Hai-Wei 


285 


147, 133 


1 


Total. Asia . 


2,116,084 


323,543,881 


332,302,030 


Africa. 

British East Africa 


245,060 
365,000 
110, 300 10 
640 
380 
720 
89 
39,573 
47 
34 


2,402,863 

2,843,325 
114,000 
83,000 
368,791 
6,690 
970,430 
3,477 
400 


2,376,000 
4,122,000 
3,066,327 ! 
1 197,000* 

| 385,074 

1,201,983 
3,747 
250 
130 


Tanganyika Terr (late German East Africa) 






Pemba 












Tristan da Cunha . . 



POPULATION OF BRITISH EMPIRE 



179 



Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 
1911 and 1921 continued. 



Countries. 


Area in 
square 
miles, 1921. 


Population. 


Census of 
1911. 


Census of 

1921. 


Africa concluded. 
Seychelles 


156 

68,000 

11,716 
275,000 
149,000 
291,000 
6,678 

276,966 
35,284 
50,389 
110,450 
322,400 


22,691 
344,323 

404,507 
125,350 
771,077 
822,482 
99,959 

2,564,965 
1,194,043 
528, 174 
1,686,212 


24,811 
300, 000 

437,712 
152,983 
803,620 
931,500 
133,563 

2.782,719 
1,429,398 
628,827 
2,087,636 
227,432 




South Africa 




Rhodesia Southern 


Rhodesia Northern 




Union of South Africa 


>Jatal 




Transvaal 


South West Africa 


Total Union of South Africa . . . 


795,489 


5,973,394 


7,156,012 


West Africa 


336,700 

31,000 
4,132 
79,506 
31,100 
12,600 
30,000 


J9,269,000 21 
\7, 857, 983 

146, 101 
1,503,386 
360,000* 

1,403,132" 


118,500,000 

400,000* 
240,000* 
2,078,043 
527,914 
188,265 
1,541,311 


British Cameroon . .... 


Gambia . . . 




Northern Terr Prot . 


Togoland . . . 


Sierra Leone 20 


Total, West Africa 


525,038 


20,539,602 


23,475,533 


Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 


1,014,000 


3,400,000 13 


5,850,000 


Total, Africa 


3,897,930 


39,396,361 


50,678,345 


America. 

Bermuda* ... . 


19 
3,729,665 
7,500 
89,480 
8,592 
42,734 
120,000 

4,404 
166 
4,207 
89 
166 

56 
68 
50 
34 
170 
33 
305 
1,862 
114 

233 
150 
133 


18,994 
7,206,643 
3,275 
296,041 
40,458 
238, 670 
3,949 

55,944 
171,983 
831,383 
5,486 
5,615 

5,557 
26,283 
12,945 
4,075 
32,265 
12,200 
33,863 
312,803 
20,749 

48,637 
41,877 
73,636 


20,127 
8,788,483 
3,271 
307,391 
45,317 
263,683 
3,621 

53,031 
156,312 
858, 188 
5,253 
5,612 

j- 122,242 
\ 365,913 

} 

52,250 
44,925 
73,406 


Dominion of Canada 


Falkland Is. . 


British Guiana 14 . . 


British Honduras 


Newfoundland 


Labrador 


West India Islands 
Bahamas 


Barbados 


Jamaica 


Cayman Is 


Turk s and Caicos Is 


Leeward Islands 
Virgin Is 


St. Christopher 












Trinidad 


Tobago 


Windward Islands 
St Lucia 


St Vincent 


Grenada and the Grenadines 


Total, West Indies 


12,239 


1,695,321 


1,737,132 


Total, America 


4,010,329 


9,503,351 


11,169,025 


8237312* 










180 



POPULATION 



36. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 
1911 and 1921 concluded. 



Countries. 


Area in 
square 
miles, 1921. 


Population. 


Census of 
1911. 


Census of 
1921. 


Australasia. 

Australia, Commonwealth of 
New Sout h Wales \ 


309,432 
940 
87,884 
380,070 
523,620 
975,920 
20,215 
670,500 


1,646,734 
1,714 
1,315,551 
408,558 
3,310 
282,114 
191,211 
605,813 


2,090.7i;:; 
2,57. 
1,531.529 
495,336 
3,870 
332,213 
213,877 
757,634 


Federal Capital Terr / 


Victoria 


South Australia . \ 


Northern Terr / 


\V, stern Australia 


Tasmania . . . 


Queensland 


Total, Commonwealth 15 . . 


2,974,581 


4,455,005 


5,436,794 


Territory of Papua 


90,540 
103,861 
1,260 
10 

7,083 

385 

70,000 
15,752 
3,800 
11,000 
208 
16 
2 

J 


380,000" 
1,008,468 

139,541 
23,737 

150,000 
31,121 
59 
140" 

30 
168 


276,888 
1,218,913 
37,157 
2,129 

157,266 

23,572 

350,000 
188,000* 
17,0005 
150,650* 
36,122 
59 
140 

30 

168 


Dom. of New Zealand 18 


Terr, of Western Samoa . ... 


Nauru 


Fiji 


Pacific Islands 
Tongan Is Prot. (Friendly Is.) 


Teir. of New Guinea (late German New Guinea) !,.:*. 
Xew Guinea (Kaiser Wilhelm s Land) 


Bismarck Archipelago 


Solomon Is. Prot 


Brit. Solomon Islands Prot 


Gilbert and Ellice Is. Colony 


Phoenix Group 


Pitcairn . . . . . ... 


Starbuck Is 


Jarvis Is 


Maiden * 


Total, Pacific Islands 


101,200* 


205,255 


765,741 


Total, Australasia 


3,278,535* 


6,188,2*9 


7,894,888 


Grand total 


i:t. I M,. -.!!). 


124,133,076 


149,719,258 


. 

SUMMARY BY CONTINENTS 
Europe 


121,7511 
2,116,084 
3,897,920 
4,010,229 
3,278,535- . 


45,601,214 
323,543,881 
39,296,361 
9,503,351 
6,188,269 


47,575,070 
332,302,030 
50,678,245 
11,169,025 
7,894,888 


Asia 


Airica 


America 


Australasia 





1 Territory heretofore known as the United Kingdom: area, 121,633 square miles; population, 1921, 
47,341,070. - Estimated population Northern Ireland, 1922. 3 Census 1911. No census in 1921. * Estim 
ated population. 6 Estimated population, 1919. 6 Excluding the military and persons on ships in narbour?. 
7 Administered by England under a convention dated 4th June, 1878; annexed on the 5th November, 1914. 
* By the Shantung settlement at Washington, January, 1922, Wei-Hai-Wei is restored to China. Adminis 
tered provinces only. 10 Including 16,169 square miles of water within the territorial limits of the Uganda 
Protectorate. "Estimated population, December, 1921. u Including 567,5(>1 children -sex not stated. 
13 Estimated population, 1917. 14 Exclusive of certain Aborigines estimated to number 13,000 at the census 
of 1911. 16 The population stated for Australia is exclusive of full-blooded Aborigines, estimated at 100,000 
in 1911. 16 Number of Papuans estimated. 17 Population in 1920. The area (280 square miles) and 
population (12,598 in 1911) of the Cook and other islands of the Pacific arc excluded. The Maori population 
(49,844 in I Jin is also excluded. 19 Population in 1914. Preliminary return. - l Northern Protectorate 
and Southern Nigeria and Colony in 1911. 



POPULATION OF THE WORLD 



181 



12. Population of the World. 

Statistics giving the number and density of the population of the various 
continents and countries of the world at the latest enumerations are presented in 
Table 37, which has in the main been based upon the similar table in the official 
year book of the Commonwealth of Australia. In many cases, more especially in 
Africa, the populations are rough approximations. 

37. Number and Density of the Population of the Various Countries of the World. 



Country. 


Population. 


Country. 


Population. 


Number. 


Density. 1 


Number. 


Density. 1 


Continents 


474,970,182 
1,017,676,054 
144,368,361 

145,531,487 
64,267,810 

8,569,840 


126-60 
59-86 
12-55 

18-19 
9-45 

2-46 


Asia concluded. 
Russia in Asia 


21,046,008 
10,350,730 
9,500,000 
9,121,000 
8,456,900 
6,470,250 
6,380,500 
5,731,189 
5,600,000 
5,500,000 
4,504,549 
3,452,248 
3,000,000 
3,000,000 
2,849,282 
2,500,000 

2,470,900 
2,372,403 
2,096,973 
2,000,000 
1,811,725 
1,427,000 
1,324,890 
1,214,391 
1,123,274 
883,839 

833,637 
800,000 
770,000 
025, 166 
548,472 
519,000 
500,000 
377,815 
310,808 
265,200 
250,000 
168,000 
147, 177 
110,000 
74,866 
70,000 
54,923 
12,000 


3-56 

90-48 
15-13 
45-86 
30-95 
159-64 
26-04 
144-15 
103-70 
5-50 
177-82 
156-92 
26-19 
37-97 
19-89 
96-90 

34-32 
92-10 
61-73 
34-54 
2-78 
528-52 
47-96 
79-68 
47-83 
531-79 

10-81 
8-29 
85-56 
1,598-89 
334-84 
21-62 
6-10 
51-54 
86-72 
1,353-06 
12-50 
884-21 
516-41 
440-00 
18,716-50 
608-70 
6-10 
8-68 




Philippine Islands 




Persia.? 


North and Central 
America and the 


Siam . ... 


Turkey in Asia 


Tonking 




Afghanistan 


Australasia and Poly- 


Annam . 


Nepal 


TYitfll 


Arabia (Independent) . . 
Ceylon 


1,855,383,734 


33-43 


Europe 




122,288,160 
59,857,283 
47,341,070 
40,070,161 
39,209,766 
26,886,399 

20,783,844 
17,393,149 
13,595,816 
11,337,686 
7,840,832 
7,684,272 
6,841,155 
6,131,445 
5,957,985 
5,903,762 
5,447,077 
4,861,439 
4,800,000 
3,880,320 
3,335,237 
3,289,195 
2,646,306 
1,891,000 
1,750,000 
1,503,193 
1,400,000 
351,380 
263,824 
213.000 
94,690 
49,806 
22,956 
21,000 
12,027 
10,716 
5,231 


73-78 
326-25 
388-85 
362-19 
184-38 
180-39 

106-70 
142-24 
250-55 
118-56 
219-91 
654-31 
543-73 
199-29 
167-88 
34-12 
129-90 
119-57 
31-07 
242-88 
22-30 
191-85 
21-17 
173-77 
75-56 
60-13 
121-74 
495-62 
264-08 
1,820-51 
2-38 
6,225-75 
2,869-50 
11,200-00 
316-50 
164-86 
27-39 


Syria . 


Bokhara 




Mesopotamia 




Smy rna 


Italy 


Kurdistan and Armenia 
(Turkish) 




Poland 


Georgia 


Spain (incl. Canary and 
Balearic Islands.) 
Rumania 


Azerbaijan 


Cambodia 


Far Eastern Republic. . 
Kiau Chau 




Jugoslavia 


Federated Malay States 
\rmenia 




Belgium 


Malay Protectorate. . . . 
Straits Settlements 




Austria 


British North Borneo, 
Brunei and Sarawak. 
Laos 


Portugal 






Palestine 


Bulgaria 


Hong Kong and Depend 
Goa, etc 






Khiva 




Oman 




Timor, etc 




Cyprus 




French India 




Bhutan 




Kwang Chau Wkng 
Wei-hai-wei 






Bahrein Islands 




Macao, etc 


Malta 


Maldive Islands 


Iceland 


Aden and Dependencies 
Sokotra 






Total 


Gibraltar 


1,017,676,054 


59-85 


San Marino 

Liechtenstein 


Africa- 
Belgian Congo 


16,750,000 

18,500,000 
13,387,000 
9,000,000 
8,000,000 
4,122,000 
7,156,012 
5,800,974 
4,119,000 

3,545,575 


18-41 

54-94 
38-25 
9-16 
22-86 
11-29 
8-99 
26-11 
8-50 

15-55 




Total 


Nigeria and Protector 
ate 


474,970,182 


126-60 


Asia- 
China and Dependen 
cies 




436,094,053 
247,003,293 

77,606,154 
71,939,187 
49. Nil 047 


111-43 

225-97 

297-03 
101-38 

87-38 


French Equat. Africa. 
Abyssinia : . . . . 


Tanganyika Territory. 
Union of S. Africa 
Algeria 


British India 


Japan and Dependencie 


Angola 


Feudatory Indian State 

T~liit/h "P.osat TnrliAQ 


Madagascar and adja 
cent islands. .. 



1 Number of persons per square mile. 



182 



POPULATION 



37. Number and Density of the Population of the Various Countries 

of the World concluded. 



Country. 


Population. 


Country. 


Population. 


Number. 


Density. 1 


Number. 


Density. 1 


Africa concluded. 
Morocco 


6,000,000 
5,850,000 
3,120,000 
3,066,327 
3,000,100 
2,376,000 
2,400,000 
2,093,939 

2,078,043 
2,000,000 
1,851,200 
1,735,120 
1,545,680 
1,500,000 

1,541,311 
1,225,323 
1,201,983 
400,000 

1,000,000 
860, 590 
800,000 
800,000 
700,225 
650,000 
600,000 
497,712 
188,265 
500,000 
405,681 
385,074 
300,000 
289,000 
260,000 
240,000 
227,432 
200,000 
197,000 
173, 190 
152,983 
149, 793 
133,563 
95,617 
65,000 

58,907 
24,811 
23,844 
20,000 
3,747 
250 


26-90 
5-76 
7-29 
27-79 
19-43 
9-69 
6-54 
41-88 

26-13 
50-00 
19-44 
3-94 
12-67 
9-01 

51-04 
16-54 
30-37 
31-73 

2-46 
10-26 
0-52 
7-33 
2-02 
4-66 
77-92 
42-48 
14-94 
22-84 
8-86 
475-98 
4-41 
20-73 
0-75 
58-08 
0-70 
21-12 
193-13 
178-55 
0-56 
101-21 
20-00 
66-40 
11-23 

163-63 
159-04 
29-29 
20-73 
79-72 
7-35 


North and Central 
America and West 

Indies concluded. 
Newfoundland and 
Labrador . 


267,304 
244,439 
229,822 
156,312 
170,581 
122,242 
55,036 
53,702 
53,031 
45,317 
26,051 
20, 127 
13,449 
5,612 
5,253 
3,918 


1-64 
634-91 
318-31 
941-64 
330-58 
170-73 
0-09 
133-26 
12-04 
5-27 
197-36 
1,059-32 
0-29 
25-05 
59-02 
42-13 


Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.. 
Portuguese East Africa. 
Uganda Protectorate.. . 
Upper Volta 


Martinique 


Kenya Protectorate 
Senegambia and Niger. 
Tunis 


Guadeloupe and Depen. 
Barbados 


Windward Islands 


Gold Coast and Pro 
tectorate 


Leeward Islands 


Alaska 


Liberia 


Curacao 


French Guinea 


Bahamas 




British Honduras. 


Ivory Coast 


Virgin Islands of U.S.A.2 
Bermudas 


French Cameroon 


Sierra Leone and Pro 
tectorate . . 


Greenland (Danish) 
Turks and Caicos Is. ... 
Cayman Islands. 


Senegal 


Nyasaland Protect. . . 


St. Pierre and Miquelon 
Total 




Tripolitania and Gyre- 


145,531,487 


18-19 


South America- 
Brazil (incl. Acre) 


Dahomey 


30,645,296 
8,698,516 

5,855,077 
4,620,201 
3,754,723 
2,889,970 
2,411,952 
2,000,000 
1,494,953 
1,000,000 
401,428 
307,391 
113,181 
49,009 
22,858 
2,255 
1,000 


9-35 

7-54 

13-28 
6-40 
12-95 
5-62 
6-05 
17-24 
20-72 
5-69 
12-40 
3-44 
2-40 
1-53 
43-37 
0-35 
1-00 


French Sahara 


Rio de Oro and Adrar. 
Territory of \iger 


Argentine Republic 


Columbia (excl. Pana 
ma) 


Italian Somaliland 


Spanish \torocco 


Peru 




Chile . 


Xogoland (British) .. 


Bolivia 


Togoland (French) . . . 


Venezuela 


Eritrea 


Ecuador 


Mauritius and Depend., 
British Somalilcind 


Uruguay 


Paraguay 




Panama Republic 


\l!auretania .... .... 


British Guiana 


Gambia and Protect.. . 
South West Africa 


Dutch Guiana 


French Guiana , 




nama Canal Zone 
Falkland Islands 


Zanzibar and Pemba. . . 
Reunion 


South Georgia 


Bechuanaland Protect.. 
Cape Verde Islands. . . . 


Total 


64,267,810 


9-45 




Australasia and Poly 
nesia 

Commonwealth of Aus 
tralia 


Comoro and Mayotte. . 
French Somali Coast.. . 
St. Thomas and Prince 
I slands 


5,436,794 
1,218,913 
255,912 

276,888 

555,000 
200,000 
157,266 

150,650 
60,000 

55,700 

49,690 
37,157 

31,477 
36, 122 
23,572 
14,246 
8,324 
2,129 


1-83 
11-73 
39-68 
3-06 

6-19 
1-65 
22-20 

13-69 
10-91 

7-70 

51-76 
29-48 

20-71 
175-58 
61-22 
63-32 
81-61 
212-90 




Fernando Po, etc 


New Zealand 


Ilni 


Hawaii 


St ITelenn 


Papua 


Ascension 


Territory of New Gui- 


Total 


144,368,361 


12-55 


Dutch New Guinea 

Fiii 


North and Central 
America and West 
Indies- 
United States 


105,710,620 
15,501,684 
8,788,483 
2,889,004 
2,500,000 
2,003,579 
1,501,000 
1,299,809 
897,405 
858, 188 
638,119 
637,114 
468,373 
365.913 


35-55 
20-21 
2-31 
65-34 
245-00 
41-49 
113-86 
378-40 
46-42 
203-99 
12-97 
14-39 
20-36 
185-17 


Solomon Islands (Brit 
ish) 


New Hebrides 


New Caledonia and De 
pendencies 




Canada 


Marshall Islands, etc. 
(Japanese mandate) . . 
Western Samoa 


Cuba 


Haiti 




French Establishments 


Salvador 


Porto Rico 


Gilbert and Ellice Is. . . 
Tonga 


San Domingo 




Guam 


Nicaragua 


Samoa (American) 
Nauru Island 


Honduras 




Total.. 


Trinidad and Tobaeo. . . 


8,569.840 


2-46 



1 Number of persons per square mile. 2 Late Danish West Indies. 



VITAL STATISTICS 183 



II. VITAL STATISTICS. 

The collection of vital statistics commenced in Canada, as in England, with 
the registration of baptisms, marriages and burials by the ecclesiastical authorities. 
These registers, maintained by the priests from the first settlement of the country, 
have made it possible for the vital statistics of the French colony to be compiled 
from the year 1610. 1 In the beginning, only one copy of such records was made, 
but in 1678 the Sovereign Council of Quebec ordered that in future such records 
should be made in duplicate, and that one copy, duly authenticated, should be 
delivered to the civil authorities. This arrangement was continued after the cession 
of the country to England, and was extended to the newly-established Protestant 
churches by an Act of 1793, but the registration among these latter remained seriously 
defective, both in Lower Canada and in the newly-established province of Upper 

Canada. 

In English-speaking Canada, vital statistics were from the commencement 
seriously defective, the pioneer settlers often going out into the wilds far from the 
authority of government and the ministrations of religion. While a law existed in 
Upper Canada requiring ministers of religion to deposit duplicates of their registers 
of baptisms, marriages and deaths with the clerks of the peace for transmission to 
the provincial secretary, this law remained practically a dead letter. Again, the 
efforts made to secure records of births and deaths at the censuses of 1851 and 1861 
produced most unsatisfactory and even ridiculous results, as was pointed out by 
Dr. J. C. Tache, secretary of the board of registration and statistics, in a memorial 
published in the report of the Canadian Minister of Agriculture for the year 1865. 
Nevertheless, in spite of the inherent unsoundness of securing at a point of time in a 
decennial census a record of births and deaths occurring over a considerable period 
of time, this method was persisted in down to 1911, when the obviously untrust 
worthy character of the results obtained led to the discarding of the data obtained 
at the inquiry. In Montreal and Toronto, for example, the local records showed 
11,038 and 5,593 deaths respectively in the calendar year 1910, while the census 
records showed only 7,359 and 3,148 deaths respectively in the year from June 1, 
1910, to May 31, 1911. Similar discrepancies were shown for other areas, proving 
the census data to be very incomplete. 

The Dominion Government instituted in the early 80 s a plan for compiling 
the annual mortuary statistics of cities of 25,000- population and over, by subsidizing 
local boards of health to supply the information under special regulations. A 
beginning was made with the five cities of Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Halifax 
and St. John. By 1891 the list had grown to 25, at a time when in most of the 
provinces the only birth and death statistics were those of the municipalities. Upon 
the organization of provincial bureaus of vital statistics, however, this work was 
abandoned, though a conference of Dominion and provincial officials, held in 1893, 
passed a resolution calling upon the provincial and Dominion authorities to co 
operate in the work of collecting, compiling and publishing the vital statistics of the 
Dominion. This resolution had, however, no immediate practical results in securing 
accurate or comparable vital statistics. 

Each province (except New Brunswick, which had no vital statistics) enacted 
its own legislation on vital statistics and administered such legislation according 
to its own individual methods. While the vital statistics of Ontario were published 

i For a summary of the vital statistics of the Roman Catholic population from 1610 to 1883, see the 
Statistical Year Book of Quebec, 1921, English or French edition, p. 51. For details by years of this move 
ment of population, see Vol. V of the Census ol 1871 , pp. 160-265 and Vol.IV of the Census ot 1 81, pp. 134- 



184 POPULATION 



in considerable detail annually from 1871, the arrangements for the collection of 
data were unsatisfactory. Only in 1906 was the publication of vital statistics begun 
in Prince Edward Island (no report for 1912 has ever been issued), and in Nova 
Scotia the publication of vital statistics dates only from 1909. Because of the 
lacunae, and even more because of the incomparability of facts collected, of methods 
of collection and of standard of enforcement, Canadian vital statistics remained 
extremely unsatisfactory and impossible to be compiled on a national basis, as was 
pointed out by the 1912 commission on official statistics, which recommended that 
"for the Dominion, now engaged in building up its national unity, it is important 
that uniform data should render possible to statisticians the institution of true 
interprovincial and international comparisons. By effective co-operation of the 
provinces with the Dominion this object should be capable of attainment without 
sacrificing the liberty of each province to satisfy its own special statistical require 
ments." 

The scheme of co-operation, thus outlined, has now been brought into effect as 
a consequence of the establishment of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics under the 
Statistics Act of 1918, which specifically provided that the Bureau should publish 
an annual report on vital statistics, and of the Dominion-Provincial conferences on 
vital statistics. The scheme was in the first instance drawn up in the Bureau and 
submitted to the various provinces; later a Dominion-Provincial conference on 
vital statistics was held in June, 1918, when a comprehensive and final discussion 
took place. 

At the conferences of 1918, it was agreed: (1) that the model Vital Statistics 
Act prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, when accepted by the legisla 
tures, should f<;rm the basis of the vital statistics legislation of the several provinces, 
thus seeming uniformity and comparability; (2) that the provinces should under 
take to obtain the returns of births, marriages and deaths on the prescribed forms 
as approved ;u:d Adopted at the conference, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics to 
supply the forms free of charge; (3) that the provinces should forward to the Dom 
inion Bureau of Statistics, at such times as might be agreed upon, either the original 
return of births, marriages and deaths, or certified transcriptions of the same; the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics to undertake the mechanical compilation and tabu 
lation of the same. 

Under the scheme outlined above, the vital statistics of all the provinces, except 
Quebec, have been secured and compiled on a uniform basis for the year 1920, and 
with the commencement of 1921, it became possible to issue complete monthly 
statements for the eight provinces. The first annual report has been issued, covering 
the year 1921, and may be obtained on application to the Dominion Statistician. 

Statistics showing births, marriages, deaths and natural increase in the nine 
provinces of Canada in recent years are given under the various headings in the 
following tables. The statistics for the eight provinces constituting the registra 
tion area of Canada are compiled for the provinces in the Dominion Bureau of 
Statistics, while the figures for Quebec are taken from the provincial returns. The 
totals for the nine provinces are approximately equivalent to what they would be 
for the Dominion as a whole, since the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Terri 
tories, which are not as yet covered by the new scheme of vital statistics, contain 
between them less than l-700th of the population of the Dominion. 

Two important considerations should be borne in mind by the students who 
use either these tables or provincial reports for comparative purposes. 



NATURAL INCREASE 185 

First, in spite of the improvements recently effected, registration generally, 
and the registration of births in particular, is not universally carried out. The great 
extent of the country, and the isolation of many of its inhabitants, partly account 
for this unsatisfactory situation. 

Secondly, the great differences in the age and sex distribution of the population 
in different provinces, as shown by the Census of 1921, make comparisons (of crude 
birth rates, for instance), as among the provinces unfair and misleading. Thus, 
for instance, in British Columbia in 1921, there were only 773 females of ages 15 to 

44 to every 1,000 males of these ages, while in Quebec there were 1,017 and in Prince 
Edward Island 986. Evidently in view of the great disproportion between the sexes 
in British Columbia, the crude birth rate per 1,000 of population in that province 
cannot properly be compared with the crude birth rate in Quebec or Prince Edward 
Island. Again, in consequence of different age distributions of population in the 
different provinces the Prairie Provinces, for instance, have a very young popula 
tion because of the healthy young immigrants whom they attract a comparison of 
crude death-rates of the provinces is misleading. In the Prairie Provinces, taken as 
a unit, only 126 per thousand of the 1911 population and 149 per thousand of the 
1921 population had passed 45 years of age, while in Quebec 178, in Ontario 233 
and in Prince Edward Island 264 per thousand of the population were in 1921 over 

45 years of age. These latter provinces, having a much larger proportion of persons 
of advanced ages, will inevitably have a higher crude death rate per thousand of 
population than the Prairie Provinces. 

The natural increase of the population of Canada is first dealt with, followed by 
detailed tables of births, marriages and deaths in the order named. 

1. Natural Increase. 

Summary statistics of the births, marriages, deaths and natural increase per 
1,000 of population are given for the years 1920, 1921 and 1922 by provinces in 
Table 38. The figures for 1922 are provisional and are not available for the province 
of Quebec, which is not included in the registration area. 

The province of Quebec has perhaps the highest rate of natural increase per 
1,000 of population of any civilized country, 20-0 in 1920 and 23-4 in 1921. This 
brings the average for Canada (exclusive of the territories) up to 15-6 in 1920 and 
17-8 in 1921, while the remaining eight provinces, constituting the registration 
area, show as their rate of natural increase 13-7 for 1920 and 15-7 in 1921. In 
Australia the average rate of natural increase for the quinquennium 1917 to 1921 
was 14-26 and in New Zealand 13-29, in England and Wales 7-20 and in Scotland 
8 54 per thousand of population, so that the registration area of Canada compares 
quite favourably with other British countries. It must be remembered, however, 
that 1917 and 1918 were war years. 

The rates of natural increase per annum per 1000 of mean population for 
other countries during recent years are as follows, the peiiod on which observation 
is based being given in each case in parentheses: Denmark (1911-15), 12-87; Japan 
(1914-17), 12-26; Netherlands (1916-20), 12-25; Norway (1911-15), 11-82; 
Finland (1913-17), 9-14; Italy (1913-17), 8- 11; Switzerland (1912-16), 7-89; 
Sweden (1916-20), 6-60; Spain (1915-19), 4-60; Ireland (1916-20), 3-89; France 
(1910-14), 0-43. 



186 



POPULATION 



The present natural increase of the population of Canada is in the neighbour 
hood of 150,000 per annum, about one-third of which is due to Quebec. 

The births, marriages, deaths and natural increase per thousand of population 
in Canadian cities having a population of 10,000 and over are given for the calendar 
year 1921 in Table 39. 



38. Summary of Births, Marriages, Deaths and Natural Increase, by Provinces 
for the calendar years 1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Province. 


Births. 


Birth 
rate per 
1,000 
living. 


Marri 
ages. 


Marri 
age 
rate per 
1,000 
living. 


Deaths. 


Death 
rate per 
1,000 
living. 


Excess 
of 
births 
over 
deaths. 


Rate of 
natural 
increase 
1,000 
per 
living. 


1920. 
Prince Edward Island 


2,301 


25-9 


607 


6-8 


1,279 


14-4 


1,022 


11-5 


^Jova Scotia 


13,181 


25-3 


4,411 


8-5 


7,563 


14-5 


5,621 


10-8 


^Cew Brunswick 


10,778 


28-1 


3,780 


9-9 


5,628 


14-7 


5,150 


ft. 4 


Ontario 


72,297 


25-0 


29,361 


10-2 


40,410 


14-0 


31,887 


11-0 




18,322 


30-6 


6,068 


10-1 


6,511 


10-9 


11,811 


19-7 




22,839 


31-1 


5,320 


7-2 


5,918 


8-1 


16,921 


23-0 


Alberta 


16,531 


29-0 


5,107 


9-0 


5,674 


10-1 


10, 857 


19-1 


British Columbia 


10,492 


20-5 


4,690 


9-2 


4,739 


9-2 


5,753 


11-8 




















Total for Registration Area. . . . 


166,741 


26-0 


59,344 


9-4 


77,722 


12-3 


89,022 


13-7 




86,328 


37-2 


21,587 


9-3 


40,686 


17-5 


45,642 


20-0 




















Canada (exclusive of the Terri 
tories) 


253,069 


39 i 


80,931 


94 


118,408 


13-7 


m.Kiu 


15 6 




















1921. 
Prince Edward Island 


2,156 


24-3 


518 


5-9 


1,209 


13-6 


947 


10-7 


N"ova Scotia 


13,021 


24-9 


3,550 


6-8 


6,420 


12-3 


6,601 


12-6 




11,465 


29-6 


3,173 


8-2 


5,410 


14-0 


6,055 


15-6 




74, 152 


25-3 


24,871 


8-5 


34,551 


11-8 


39,601 


13-5 




18,478 


30-3 


_ 5,310 


8-7 


5,388 


8-8 


13,090 


21-5 




22,493 


30-0 


5,101 


6-7 


5,596 


7-4 


16,897 


22-6 


\lberta 


16,561 


28-1 


4,661 


7-9 


4,940 


8-4 


11,621 


20-0 




10,563 


20-3 


3,889 


7-4 


4,208 


8-0 


6,445 


12-3 




















Totsl for Registration Area 


168,979 


26-3 


51,073 


8-0 


67,722 


10-6 


101,257 


15-7 


Quebec 


88,749 


37-6 


18,659 


7-9 


33,433 


14-2 


55,316 


23-4 


Canada (exclusive of the Terri 
tories) 


257,788 


29 4 


69,732 


8-0 


101,155 


11 5 


156,573 


17-8 


1922. 


2,055 


23-4 


579 


6-6 


1,089 


12-4 


966 


11 -0 




12,591 


23-8 


3,167 


6-0 


6,616 


12-5 


5,975 


11-3 




11,461 


29-2 


2,795 


7-1 


5,129 


13-1 


6,332 


16-1 




71,264 


23-9 


23,360 


7-8 


33,969 


11-4 


37, 295 


12-5 




17,694 


28-3 


4,808 


7-7 


5,747 


9-2 


11,947 


19-1 




21,897 


27 -9 


5,061 


6-4 


6,016 


7-7 


15,881 


20-2 




15,896 


26-0 


4,263 


7-0 


5,115 


8-4 


10,781 


17-6 


British Columbia 


9,694 


18-0 


3,657 


6-8 


4,494 


8-3 


5,200 


9-7 


Total for Registration Area 


162,552 


24-8 


47,690 


7-3 


68, 175 


10-4 


94,377 


14-4 





















NOTE. All figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 

Birth, marriage and death rates for 1920 and 1922 are calculated on the estimated population for 1920 
and 1922, and for 1921 on the population as shown by the census of 1921. 



NATURAL INCREASE 



187 



39. Summary of Births, Marriages, Deaths and Natural Increase, by Cities of 10,000 

and over, for the calendar year 1921. 



Cities. 


Census 
population, 
1921. 


Births. 


Marriages. 


Deaths. 


Excess 
of births 
over 
deaths. 


Natural 
increase 
per 1,000 of 
population. 


P. E. Island- 
Charlotte town 


10,814 


337 


148 


278 


59 


5-45 


Nova Scotia 

Halifax 


58,372 


1,836 


922 


903 


933 


15-98 


Sydney 


22,545 


472 


227 


278 


194 


8-60 


Glace Bay . . 


17,007 


255 


111 


223 


32 


1-88 


New Brunswick 

St. John 


47,166 


1,225 


558 


785 


440 


9-33 


Moncton 


17,488 


620 


204 


235 


385 


?2-01 


Quebec 


618,506 


21,136 


5,984 


10,293 


10,843 


17-53 


Quebec 


95,193 


4,015 


857 


1,806 


2,209 


23-21 




25,001 


839 


93 1 


281 


558 


22-32 


Hull 


24,117 


1,075 


193i 


258 


817 


33-88 


Sherbrooke 


23,515 


785 


175 1 


339 


446 


18-97 


Three Rivers 


22,367 


955 


182 


392 


563 


25-17 


Westmount 


17,593 


71 


31i 


138 


-67 


3-81 


Lachine 


15,404 


602 


59 


193 


409 


26-55 




13 249 


92 


35 > 


80 


12 


0-91 


St Hvacinthe 


10 859 


308 


94 1 


132 


176 


16-21 




10 625 


567 


71 1 


174 


393 


36-99 


J^evis 


10,470 


357 


46 1 


208 


149 


14-23 


Ontario- 
Toronto 


521,893 


13,378 


6,309 


5,884 


7,494 


14-36 


Hamilton 


114,151 


3,498 


1,354 


1,459 


2,039 


17-86 


Ottawa . 


107,843 


3,250 


1,149 


1,644 


1,606 


14-89 


Xjondon 


60, 959 


1,458 


672 


974 


484 


7-94 


Windsor 


38,591 


1,326 


653 


465 


861 


22-31 


B rantf ord 


29,440 


858 


329 


338 


520 


17-66 


Kitchener 


21,763 


611 


247 


261 


350 


16-08 




21 753 


648 


262 


430 


218 


10-02 


Fort William ... 


20 541 


695 


204 


255 


440 


21-42 


Peterborough. . 


20 994 


554 


260 


273 


281 


13-38 


Sault Ste Mane 


21 092 


706 


245 


265 


441 


20-91 


St Catharines 


19 881 


710 


259 


298 


412 


22-73 


Guelph 


18,128 


424 


226 


316 


108 


5-96 


Stratford 


16,094 


458 


200 


231 


227 


14-10 


St Thomas 


16,026 


385 


170 


223 


162 


10-11 


Port Arthur 


14 886 


518 


165 


197 


321 


21-56 


Sarria 


14,877 


379 


166 


181 


198 


13-31 


N iagara Falls 


14,764 


447 


383 


172 


275 


18-63 


Chatham 


13,256 


391 


212 


231 


160 


12-07 


Gait 


13,216 


359 


125 


158 


201 


15-21 


Belleville 


12,206 


365 


159 


206 


159 


13-03 


Owen Sound .... 


12 190 


332 


109 


185 


147 


12-06 


Oshawa 


11 940 


409 


111 


154 


255 


21-36 


North Bay 


10 692 


417 


124 


130 


287 


26-84 


Brockville 


10,043 


258 


114 


177 


81 


8-07 


Manitoba 

W innipe " 


179 087 


6 323 


2,810 


1,774 


4,549 


25-40 


Brandon 


15,397 


492 


234 


214 


278 


18-06 


St Boniface 


12 821 


472 


157 


316 


156 


12-17 


Saskatchewan 

Regina 


34,432 


1,171 


680 


376 


795 


23-09 


Saskatoon 


25 739 


938 


572 


332 


606 


23-54 




19 285 


695 


393 


213 


482 


24-99 


Alberta- 
Calgary 


63,305 


2,086 


1,074 


722 


1,364 


21-55 


Edmonton 


58,821 


2,136 


1,059 


782 


1,354 


23-02 


Lethbridge 


11,097 


406 


234 


156 


250 


22-53 


British Columbia- 
Vancouver 


117,217 


3,298 


1,606 


1,377 


1,921 


16-39 


Victoria 


38,727 


926 


426 


437 


489 


12-63 


New Westminster. . . 


14.495 


441 


177 


227 


214 


14-76 



1 Catholics only. 



188 



POPULATION 



2. Births. 

Almost throughout the civilized world, the birth rate has in the past generation 
been on the decline, though the consequent decline in the rate of natural increase 
has to a considerable extent been offset by a decline in the death rate. 

The crude birth rate of England and Wales, for example, was 35-4 per 1,000 
population on the average of the decennium 1871-80, 32-5 in 1881-90, and 29-9 in 
1891-1900. In 1913 the birth rate was 24-1 and though it rose to 25-5 in 1920 it 
fell again to 22 -4 in 1921. 

Similarly in France, the crude birth rate declined from an average of 25-4 per 
1,000 population in the 1870 s, 23-9 in the 1880 s and 22 -2 in the 1890 s to 20-4 in 
1920. In Germany, again, the crude birth rate was 39-1 in the 1870 s, 36-8 in the 
1880 s, 36-1 in the 1890 s and 23-6 in 1922. 

In Canada the birth rate still stands at the comparatively high figure of 29-4 
per 1,000 in 1921 the last year for which complete figures are available. This is, 
however, largely due to the influence of Quebec, where the birth rate stood at the 
very high figure of 37-6 per 1,000 in 1921, as compared with 26-3 per 1,000 in the 
registration area, where the figures varied from 20-3 per 1,000 in British Columbia 
to 29-6 in New Brunswick, 30-0 in Saskatchewan and 30-3 in Manitoba. 

Preliminary figures for 1922 show 162,552 living births, of which 158,738 
were single births; 1,889 were twin births (3,778 infants); and there were 12 cases 
of triplets (36 infants). Complete statistics for 1920 and 1921 are given in Table 40. 

40. Summary Analysis of Birth Statistics for the calendar years 1920 and 1921. 



Province. 


Living births. 


Single 
births. 


Number 
pairs of 
twins. 




Il 
legiti 
mates. 


Birth 
rate per 
1,000 
popu 
lation. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


WumDe 
cases o 
triplets 


1920. 
Prince Edward Island. . . 
Nova Scotia 


1,172 
6,740 
5,578 
37,044 
9,399 
11,836 
8,463 
5,458 


1,129 
6,439 
5,200 
35,253 
8,923 
11,003 
8,068 
5,034 


2,301 
13,179 
10,778 
72,297 
18,322 
22,839 
10,531 
10,492 


2,257 
12,872 
10,540 
70,655 
17,845 
22,221 
16,107 
10,292 


22 
152 
113 
791 
231 
303 
209 
100 


1 
1 
20 
5 

4 
2 


71 
453 
234 
1,387 
328 
219 
273 
96 


25-9 
25-3 
28-1 
25-0 
30-6 
31-1 
29-0 
20-5 


New Brunswick 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total Registration Area. 
Quebec 


85,690 
44,975 


81,049 
41,353 


166, 739 
86,328 


162,798 
_i 


1,921 
-i 


33 

_i 


3,061 
_i 


26-0 
37-2 


Canada (exclusive of the 
Territories) 


130,66: 


132,402 


253,067 


162, 798 * 


1,8*1- 


332 


3,061- 


29 4 

24-3 
24-9 
29-6 
25-3 
30-3 
30-0 
28-1 
20-3 


1921. 
Prince Edward Island. . . 
Nova Scotia 


1,073 
6,695 
5,942 
38,307 
9,455 
11,620 
8,493 
5,549 


1,083 
6,326 
5,523 
35,845 
9,023 
10,873 
8,068 
5,104 


2,156 
13,021 
11,465 
74,152 
18,478 
22,493 
16,561 
10,653 


2,104 
12,702 
11,209 
72,548 
18,025 
21,873 
16,171 
10,404 


26 
158 
128 
784 
222 
304 
192 
123 


1 

12 
3 
4 
2 
1 


49 
396 
205 
1,592 
420 
258 
299 
128 


New Brunswick 
Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total Registration Area. 
Quebec 


87,134 
46,705 


81,845 
42,044 


168,979 
88,749 


165,036 
_i 


1,937 
_i 


23 
-i 


3,347 
_ i 


26-3 
37-6 


Canada (exclusive of the 
Territories) 


133,839 


123,889 


257,728 


165,036" 


1,937 s 


232 


3.34V2 


29 4 





1 These statistics are not available for the Province of Quebec. 

2 Partial totals for eight provinces, figures for Quebec not being available. 



BIRTHS 



189 



Undoubtedly the test of birth rate most generally accepted by vital statisticians 
is supplied by the comparison of the total number of legitimate births with the 
total number of married women between the ages of 15 and 45, though a small 
number of births occur where the mothers are either below 15 or past the 45th 
birthday. This test is applied to the registration area of Canada in Table 41. 

41. Births per 1,000 Married Women of Child-bearing Age, by Provinces, 1921. 



Province. 


Married 
women 
between 
the ages of 
15 and 45 
years. 


Legitimate 
births. 


Legitimate 
births 
per 1,000 
married 
women of 
child-bear 
ing age. 


Prince "Edward. Island 


No. 

8,610 


No. 

2,107 


No. 

245 




57,916 


12,625 


218 




44,333 


11,260 


254 




379,307 


72,560 


191 




82,325 


18,058 


219 




104,348 


22,235 


213 




83,353 


16, 262 


195 


British Columbia 


73,039 


10,525 


144 




833,231 


165,632 


199 


Quebec 


265,488 


88,749 


3341 


Canada (exclusive of Territories) 


1,09S,719 


354,3811 


232 1 











i No statistics of illegitimate births in Quebec are available. The total number of births in Quebec 
has accordingly been used, though as a result the fertility of Quebec and of Canadian married women is 
somewhat overestimated. 

Table 42 shows the number of living births reported for each province in 1921 
which were male and female, together with the proportion of male to female births. 
Prince Edward Island is the only province in which the number of female births 
exceeded male births. The preliminary figures for 1922 indicate that among every 
1,000 born in 1922, 512 were males and 488 females, as compared with a proportion 
of 516 to 484 in 1921 and 514 to 486 in 1920. 

42. Births by Sex and Ratio of Males to Females, 1921. 



Province. 


Births, 1921. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males 
to 
1,000 
females. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Prince Edward Island 


2,156 
13,021 
11,465 
74, 152 
18,478 
22,493 
16,561 
10,653 


1,073 
6,695 
5,942 
38, 307 
9,455 
11,620 
8,493 
5,549 


49-8 
51-4 
51-8 
51^7 
51-2 
51-7 
51-3 
52-1 


1,083 
6,326 
5,523 
35,845 
9,023 
10,873 
8,068 
5,104 


50-2 
48-6 
48-2 
48-3 

48-8 
48-3 
48-7 
47-9 


999 
1,058 
1,073 
,069 
.018 
,069 
,053 
,087 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick . . 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total Registration Area 
Quebec 


158,979 

88,749 


87,134 
46,705 


51-6 
52-6 


81,845 
42,044 


48-4 
47-4 


1,065 
1,111 


Canada (exclusive of the 
Territories) 


257,728 


138,839 


51 9 


123,889 


48 1 


1,080 





190 



POPULATION 



Illegitimacy. The ratio of illegitimate to total births is, generally speaking, 
low in Canada as compared with other countries. 

Out of 168,979 living births in the registration area of Canada 3,347, or 2 p.c., 
were returned in 1921 as the issue of unmarried mothers. Preliminary statistics 
for 1922 show that out of 162,552 births reported in the registration area, 3,308 or 
2 p.c., were illegitimate. Statistics are given in Table 43. 

43. Illegitimate Births in Registration Area by Age of Mother and by Provinces, 

1921 and 1922. 



Age of mother. 


P.E.I. 


N.8. 


N.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


SasK. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total. 


1921. 
Under 15 years 


1 




3 


11 


4 


5 




2 


9ft 


15-19 


14 


151 


72 


551 


144 


106 


1 


50 


1 089 


20-24 


19 


168 


84 


528 


154 


66 


1 


45 


1 065 


25-29 


7 


43 


26 


208 


56 


31 


1 


13 


385 


30-34 


3 


16 




112 


30 


30 




14 




35-39 




9 


- 


63 


19 


11 




2 


111 


40-44 




5 


: 


15 


9 


5 




2 


39 


45-49 








4 


2 








R 


Not given 


5 


4 


3 


100 


2 


4 


296 




414 






















Male 


16 


201 


113 


796 


222 


122 


154 


68 


1 692 


Female 


33 


195 


92 


796 


198 


136 


145 


60 


1 655 






















Total births 


49 


396 


iil. i 


1,592 


420 


258 


299 


128 


3 347 






















Per cunt of total births. . . 


2-3 


3-0 


1-8 


.2 1 


2-3 


1-1 


1-8 


1-2 


2-0 


1922. 
Under 15 vears 




2 


3 


20 


5 


1 


6 


2 


39 


15-19 


14 


182 


89 


544 


110 


105 


105 


51 


1 230 


20-24 


16 


171 


78 


479 


145 


75 


104 


29 


Y *<< 

1 097 


25-29 


10 


H 


26 


192 


56 


27 


36 


15 


420 


30-34 


5 


24 


8 


102 


37 


21 


22 


9 


228 


35-39. . . 




12 


8 


58 


20 


13 


17 


3 


131 


40-44 




5 


5 


14 


6 


3 


4 




37 


45-49 




1 




1 


1 








3 


Not given 


4 




4 


98 




2 


15 




/ 

123 






















Afule 


23 


236 


115 


822 


210 


131 


169 


45 


1 751 


Female 


26 


219 


106 


686 


200 


116 


140 


64 


1,557 






















Total births . 


49 


r>:> 


221 


1,508 


410 


247 


309 


109 


3,308 






















Per cent of total births . . . 


2-4 


3-6 


1-9 


2-1 


2-3 


1-1 


1-9 


1-1 


2-0 



NOTE. The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 



BIRTHS 



191 



Stillbirths. Statistics of the number of children born dead in 1921 and 1922 
are shown below for the registration area of Canada, according to the status and 
age of the mother. In Quebec in 1921 there were in all 2,837 still-births. 

44. Stillbirths in Registration Area by Age and Status of Mother, and by 

Provinces, 1921 and 1922. 



Age of mother. 



1921. 

Under 15 years of age 

15 years 

16 " 10 

17 " 11 

18 " 26 

19 " 16 

20 " 21 

21 10 

22 18 

23 14 

24 16 

25 9 

26 12 

27 6 

28 - 3 

29 " 

30 years and over 

Unknown 

Total 240 

1922. 

Under 15 years of age 

15 years 5 

16 " 11 

17 " 15 

18 " 22 

19 " 16 

20 " 13 

21 " 7 

22 " 9 

23 " 12 

24 " 9 

25 " 13 

26 " 5 

27 " 2 

28 " 3 

29 " 2 

30 years and over 

Unknown 

Total.. 192 



Stillbirths, Registration Area. 



Unmar 
ried 
mothers . 



Married mothers. 



Total. 



P.E.I. 



3 

2 

3 

24 
11 



58 



63 



\-.s. 



2 

6 

5 

8 

12 

18 

12 

15 

19 

23 

21 

12 

16 

22 

164 

141 



496 



2 

5 

9 

13 

12 

11 

27 

15 

15 

28 

21 

18 

19 

23 

197 

1 



416 



3 

7 

6 

8 

4 

19 

11 

8 

10 

12 

10 

11 

10 

8 

87 
100 

314 



8 

9 

2 

8 

9 

6 

11 

15 

13 

11 

11 

14 

112 

28 



259 



Ont. 



o 

12 

43 

78 

92 

85 

125 

127 

157 

158 

173 

106 

150 

119 

1,284 

626 



3,340 



1 

4 

19 

45 

54 

89 

97 

99 

130 

137 

108 

146 

157 

119 

107 

1,310 

388 



3,010 



Man. 



1 
4 
11 
11 
10 
10 
21 
14 
20 
25 
21 
35 
23 
16 
253 
111 

586 



13 
10 
11 
14 
24 
20 
18 
29 
25 
28 
34 
21 
314 
3 



566 



Sask. 



1 
1 

2 

4 

11 

9 

16 

20 

23 

18 

14 

20 

17 

22 

29 

16 

276 

129 



628 



1 

6 

10 

16 

22 

20 

16 

23 

20 

13 

22 

32 

20 

255 

145 



621 



Alta. 



399 



399 



1 

7 

12 

7 

17 

12 

18 

19 

17 

12 

14 

18 

22 

182 

69 



427 



B.C. 



7 
4 
4 
6 
4 

11 
7 
9 

11 
9 

76 
175 



326 



1 

1 
1 
1 
4 

4 

10 

14 
2 

13 
9 
6 
6 

91 
132 



295 



3 

4 

24 

44 

103 

132 

162 

169 

219 

203 

243 

258 

263 

204 

244 

193 

2,198 

1,721 

6,387 



18 
47 
111 
125 
155 
182 
202 
227 
248 
235 
250 
264 
247 
217 
2.513 
797 



NOTE. Figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 



Birth Rates in Various Countries. The relative position occupied by Can 
ada and its individual provinces among the countries of the world with respect to 
crude birth rate (the annual number of births per 1,000 of population) is shown in 
Table 45. 



192 



POPULATION 



45. Crude Birth Rates of Various Countries in Recent Years. 



Country. 


Year. 


Crude 
Birth 
Rate. 


Country. 


Year. 


Crude 
Birth 
Rate. 


Russia, European 


1909 


44-0 


Finland ... 


1920 


25-1 


Rumania 


1914 


42-5 


Switzerland 


1920 


25-1 


Bulgaria 


1911 


40-2 


Australia 


1921 


25-0 


Serbia 


1912 


38-0 


Prussia 


1921 


24-9 


Quebec 


1921 


37-6 


Norway 


1921 


24-6 


Chile 


1914 


37-0 


South Australia 


1921 


24-1 


Ceylon 


1920 


36-5 


Ontario 


1922 


23-9 


Japan 


1921 


35-1 


Nova Scotia ... 


1922 


23-8 


Jamaica 


1919 


34-1 


United States^ .... 


1920 


23-7 


Portugal 


1920 


32-2 


Germany 


1922 


23 -6 


Spain 


1921 


30-4 


Prince Edward Island 


1922 


23-4 


Hungary 


1922 


29-4 


Western Australia 


1921 


23-4 


Canada 


1921 


29-4 


New Zealand 


1921 


23-3 


New Brunswick 


1922 


29-2 


Victoria 


1921 


23-2 


Union of >S. Africa (whites).. . . 


1920 


28-9 


United Kingdom 


1921 


22-5 


Manitoba 


1922 


28-3 


England and Wales 


1921 


22-4 


Netherlands 


1920 


28-2 


Austria 


1920 


22-1 


Saskatchewan 


1922 


27-9 


Belgium 


1920 


21-4 


Tasmania 


1921 


27-0 


Sweden 


1921 


21-4 


Queensland 


1921 


26-6 


France 


1920 


20-4 


New South Wales 


1921 


25-9 


Ireland 


1921 


20-2 


Denmark 


1921 


25-5 


Italy 


1917 


19-0 


Scotland 


1921 


25-2 


British Columbia . 


1922 


18-0 















Birth Registration Area. 



3. Marriages. 



Nearly a century ago it was observed in the United Kingdom that the number 
of marriages tended to be high when the price of wheat was low and to be low when 
the price of wheat was high. This was quite naturally the case among a population, 
the majority of which was living at a comparatively low standard of comfort, and 
where the staple food, as a consequence, was the chief factor in the cost of living. 

More recently, the curve showing mairiage rates has in the United Kingdom 
and in other English-speaking countries ceased to bear any constant relation to the 
price of wheat, the staple food of the people, though it still does so in poorer countries. 
Its place in influencing the marriage rate, has, however, been taken by the general 
level of prosperity. Marriages in such countries as the United Kingdom, the United 
States, Canada and Australia tend to increase in "good times" and to diminish in 
"hard times," when great numbers of those who are contemplating marriage are 
led to postpone such marriage until the advent of better industrial conditions. 

Even in the short period covered by the vital statistics of the registration area 
of Canada, the truth of the above statement is supported by the evidence. In 
1920, a year of great prosperity, the marriages occurring in the registration area of 
Canada numbered 59,344 or 9-4 per thousand of population; in 1921 they declined 
to 51,073 or 8-0 per thousand, and in 1922 to 47,690 or 7-3 per thousand of popula 
tion, largely owing to the industrial depression in these years. It should also be 
mentioned, of course, that there doubtless occurred in 1920 a number of deferred 
marriages, which under more normal conditions would have occurred in the war 
years. Summary statistics of marriages contracted in 1921 and 1922 appear in 
Table 46. 



MARRIAGES 



193 



46. Marriages and Marriage Rates, by Provinces, 1921 and 



Provinces. 


Population 
in 
thousands, 
1921. 


Marriages, 1921. 


Population 
in 
thousands, 
1922. 


Marriages, 1922. 


No. 


Per 

1,000 
pop. 


No. 


Per 

1,000 
pop. 


Prince Edward Island 


89 
524 
388 
2,934 
610 
758 
589 
525 


518 
3,550 
3,173 
24,871 
5,310 
5,101 
4,661 
3,889 


5-8 
6-8 
8-2 
8-5 
8-7 
6-7 
7-9 
7-4 


88 
528 
392 
2,981 
626 
786 
611 
539 


579 
3,167 
2,795 
23,360 
4,808 
5,061 
4,263 
3,657 


6-6 
6-0 
7-1 
7-8 
7-7 
6-4 
7-0 
6-8 


Nova Scotia . 


New Brunswick . . . 


Ontario 


Manitoba 




Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada (registration area) 


6,417 
2,361 

8,775 


51,073 
18,659 

69,733 


8-0 
7-9 

8-0 


6,551 


47,690 


7-3 


Quebec 


Canada (exclusive of the Terri 
tories) 





NOTE. The figures for 1922 are preliminary. 

Conjugal Condition of Brides and Grooms. Statistics showing the 
previously existing conjugal condition of the contracting parties in the 51,073 
marriages which took place in the registration area in 1921 are presented in Table 47. 

47. Previous Conjugal Condition of Brides and Grooms, 1921. 



Marriages between 



Provinces. 


Bachelors and 


Widowers and 


Divorced Men and 


Spin 
sters. 


Wi 
dows. 


Di 
vorced 
Women. 


Spin 
sters. 


Widows. 


Di 
vorced 
Women. 


Spin 
sters. 


Wi 
dows. 


Di 
vorced 
Women. 


Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia 


No. 

446 
2,965 
2,607 
20,958 
4,438 
4,240 
3,787 
2,975 


No. 

17 
154 
141 
1,052 
254 
303 
276 
247 


No. 

10 
23 
49 
40 
26 
40 
92 


No. 

28 
227 
221 
1,657 
307 
289 
276 
243 


No. 

25 
168 
141 
1,032 
215 
204 
220 
186 


No. 

3 
7 
20 
6 
2 
10 
27 


No. 

1 
18 
19 
68 
38 
24 
37 
67 


No. 

1 
4 

8 
28 
9 
11 
7 
19 


No. 

1 

6 
7 
3 
2 
8 
33 


New Brunswick 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada (registration 
area) 


42,416 


2,444 


280 


3,248 


2,191 


75 


272 


87 


CO 





Nativity of Brides and Grooms. It may be noted in Table 48 that more 
than 50 p.c. of brides and grooms in the western provinces were not Canadian born, 
while in the eastern provinces in most instances more than 70 p.c. were native born. 
In Prince Edward Island 97 p.c. of contracting parties were Canadian born. In 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick more than 80 p.c. were native born. Altogether 
40-1 p.c. of the grooms and 36-7 p.c. of the brides were born outside of Canada. 



6237313 



194 



POPULATION 



48. Nativity, by Percentages, of Persons Married in the Registration Area, 

by Provinces, 1921. 



Province-. 


Popu 
lation in 
thous 
ands. 


Marriages. 


Per cent distribution of Grooms and Bride.- by 
Nativity. 


Total. 


Per 

1,000 
popu 
lation. 


Born in province 
of residence 


Born in other 

provinces. 


Born 

where. 


Grooms. 


Brides. 


Grooms. 


Hrides. 




Brides. 


Prince Edward 
Island 


89 
524 
388 
2,9?4 
610 
758 
589 
525 


518 

3,550 
3,173 
24,871 
5,310 
5, 101 
4,661 
3,889 


5-8 
6-8 
8-2 
8-5 

--7 
6-7 
7-8 
7-4 


92-3 
76-3 
73-4 
03 -6 
26-4 
7-1 
7-0 
13-7 


94-6 
81-3 
78-0 
66-7 
37-2 
15-6 
14-2 
18-3 


5-0 
8-4 

10-1 
5-6 
18-1 
31-1 
26-1 
22-6 


1-9 
4-5 
8-4 
4-7 
14-1 
28-1 
25-1 
2(1-5 


2-7 
17-3 
16 -5 
30-8 
55-5 
61-5 
66-9 


3-5 

14-2 
13-(> 
38-6 
4S-7 
56-3 
60-7 
61-2 


Nova Scotia . . 


New Brunswick 
Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


\lberta 


British Columbia. 

Canada (registra 
tion area) 


6,417 


51,073 


79 


46 9 


52 


13 


11 3 


Ml 


36 7 





Marriage Rates in Various Countries. For comparative purposes, the 
crude marriage rate per 1,000 of population in various countries of the world is 
shown for the indicated years in Table 49. 

49. Crude Marriage Rates of Various Countries in Recent Years. 



Country. 


Year. 


Crude 
Marriage 
Rate. 


7 

Country. 


Year. 


Crude 
Man i 
R:i 




1921 


11-9 


Canada 


1921 


79 




1922 


11-1 


Quebec 


1921 


7-9 




1922 


10-5 


Tasmania 


1921 


:-s 




1911 


10-3 


Queensland 


1921 


7-8 




1921 


10-3 


.Ontario 


1922 


7-8 




1919 


9-9 


Manitoba 


1922 


7-7 




1920 


9-9 


France 


1913 


7-5 




1911 


9-4 


Austria 


1912 


7-4 




1921 


9-2 


New Brunswick 


1922 


7-1 




1921 


9-1 


Alberta 


1922 


7-0 




1920 


9-0 


Xorway 


1921 


6-9 




1921 


8-9 


British Columbia 


1922 


6-8 




1921 


8-8 


Finland 


1920 


6-7 




1920 


8-8 


Sweden 


1921 


6-6 




I J M 


8-8 


Prince Edward Island 


1922 


5-6 




1921 


8-7 


Saskatchewan 


1922 


6-4 




1921 


8-6 


Ireland 


1919 


6-1 




1914 


8-5 


Nova Scotia 


1922 


6-0 




1921 


8-4 


Chile 


1907-10 






1912 


8-0 


Ceylon 


1920 


5-2 




1921 


8-0 


Portugal 


1918 


5-0 




1921 


8-0 


Italv 


1920 


4-1 




1909 


7.9 


-la maica 


1909-12 


4-1 















4. Deaths. 

Within the past century and more especially within the past generation there has 
occurred generally throughout the countries of the white world a notable decline in 
the death rate, except where man has brought death upon himself through wars 
and the aftermath of wars. How far t his decline has been due to advances in medical 
science, how far to better sanitation and how far to the improvement in the 
general conditions of living as a result of the increase in the productive power of 
humanity, is in dispute, but concerning the facts there is no doubt. 



DEATHS 



195 



Perhaps the most impressive testimony regarding this decline in the death 
rate is furnished by the mortality statistics of Sweden, where vital statistics have 
been kept with great accuracy for the whole nation ever since 1750. There the 
crude death rate declined from an average of 35-67 per 1,000 in the decade 1751-60 
to 14-29 in the decade 1911-20, and to 12-78 (preliminary figure) in 1922. 

Similarly, in England, the crude death rate, which was 22-6 per 1,000 in the 
60 s and 21-3 in the 70 s and 18-2 in the 90 s of the last century, declined to 15-5 
in 1906, 13-8 in 1913 and 12-1 in 1921. In Scotland, again, the rate was 22-1 in 
the 60 s, 21-8 in the 70 s, 18-5 in the 90 s, 16-4 in 1906 and 13-6 in 1921. 

Of course, the preceding statements are not to be taken to mean that every 
year will show a decline in the death rate as compared with the preceding year. 
There will always be years of specially high mortality, as for instance 1918, when the 
death rate in Ontario, the most populous of the provinces included in the registra 
tion area of Canada, was 15-3 per 1,000 as against 12-0 in 1917 and 11-9 in 1919", 
Over a decade, however, these idiosyncrasies of individual years are reduced ta 
negligibility, and it remains true that from decade to decade there is, generally 
speaking and under normal conditions, a decline in the crude death rate of the count 
ries of the white world. 

As for Canada, there is little doubt but that the decline in the death rate which 
has been observed in other countries has also occurred among ourselves, though 
on account of the improved registration in recent years the diminution of the death 
rate is not apparent from the statistics collected. In Quebec, however, where the 
same methods of registration have been employed for many years, the mortality 
has shown a decline in recent years from 17-89 per 1,000 in 1910 to 14-15 per 1,000 
in 1921, largely on account of the reduction in infant mortality. 

The total deaths and death rates are given in Table 50 for the registration area 
of Canada, by provinces. It is worthy of note that the total deaths in 1921 and 
1922 (preliminary figures for the latter year) show a considerable decline as com 
pared with 1920, the first year in which the statistics are available on a comparative 
basis for the area. 

50. Deaths and Death Rates by Provinces, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Provinces. 


Population 
(in thousands). 


Total 
Deaths. 


Crude death rate per 
1,000 population. 


1920 
estirn. 


1921 
census. 


1922 

estirn. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia . 


89 
520 
384 
2,889 
598 
735 
570 
511 


89 
524 
388 
2,934 
610 
757 
588 
525 


88 
528 
392 
2,981 
626 
786 
611 
539 


1.279 
7,563 
5,628 
40,410 
6,511 
5,918 
5,674 
4,739 


1,209 
6,420 
5,410 
34,551 

5,388 
5,596 
4,940 
4.208 


1,089 
6,616 
5,129 
33,969 
5,747 
6,016 
5,115 
4,494 


14-4 
14-5 
14-7 
14-0 
10-9 
8-0 
10-0 
9-3 


13-6 
12-3 
13 -fl 
11-8 
8-8 
7-4 
8-4 
8-0 


12-4 
12-5 
13-1 
11-4 
9-2 
7-7 
8-4 
8-3 


Xe\v Brunswick 


Ontario 


Manitoba 
Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada (registration area) 
Quebec 


6,296 
2,323 


6,415 
2,361 


6,551 


77, 722 
40,686 


67,722 
33,433 


68,175 


12-3 
17-5 


10-6 
14-2 


10-4 


Canada (exclusive of 
Territories). . 


8.619 


S.776 




I18.4M 


III I.I.-,.-, 




IS. 7 


ill 





Mortality by Sex. According to Table 51, the number of male children born 
in 1921 in the registration area exceeded the total male deaths for the year by 
50,723, while the gain in the female population during the same period was 50.534. 
62373131 



196 



POPULATION 



That is to say, while the number of male children born exceeded the females by 
5,289, yet, owing to the higher mortality among males as compared to females, 
98 : 77, the net increase for the year of the male over the female population in the 
registration area was reduced to 189. 

51. Excess of Births over Deaths, by Provinces, for each Sex and by Totals, 1921. 







Males. 






Females 




Both sexes. 


Provinces. 


Births. 


Deaths. 


Excess of 
births over 
deaths. 


Births. 


Deatns. 


Excess of 
births over 
deaths. 


Excess of 
births over 
all deaths. 


Prince Edward Island. . 
Nova Scotia 


1,073 
6,695 


619 
3,372 


454 

3,323 


1,083 
6,326 


590 
3,048 


493 
3,278 


947 
6,601 


N^ew Brunswick 


5,942 


2,858 


3,084 


5,523 


2,552 


2,971 


6,055 


Ontario 


38,307 


18,062 


20,245 


35,845 


16,489 


19,356 


39,601 


Manitoba 


9,455 


2,964 


6,491 


9,023 


2,424 


6,599 


13,090 




11,620 


3,078 


8,542 


10,873 


2,518 


8,355 


16,897 


Alberta 


8,493 


2,858 


5,635 


8,068 


2,082 


5,986 


11,621 


British Columbia 


5,549 


2,600 


2,949 


5,104 


1,608 


3,496 


6,445 


















Total 


87,134 


36,411 


50,723 


81,845 


31,311 


50,534 


101,357 



















Mortality by Cause. In Table 52 are shown the deaths in the registration 
area in 1921 and 1922 by twenty leading causes. In both years diseases of the 
heart headed the list with 8-9 p.c. in 1921 and 9-6 p.c. in 1922 a significant increase. 
Pneumonia came second with 8-8 p.c. in 1921 and 9-3 p.c. in 1922, cancer in third 
place with 7-13 p.c.. in 1921 and 7-47 p.c. in 1922, and tuberculosis in fourth place 
with 7-07 p.c. in 1921 and 6-76 p.c. in 1922. While a comparison covering only 
two consecutive years must be considered as of a very tentative nature, the increases 
in heart disease and cancer must be regarded as very significant, especially since 
similar increases are occurring in other countries. On the other hand, the decline in 
tuberculosis must be considered as altogether satisfactory. 

52 Deaths in the Registration Area of Canada from Twenty Leading Causes, 

1921 and 1922. 



Causes of Death. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total. 

6,021 
5,966 
4,826 
3,903 
886 
3,250 
3,218 
2,914 

2,600 
2,555 
2.2B5 
2,041 
1,297 
940 
905 
862 
809 
816 
735 
678 
20,235 


1921. 


96 
97 
77 
112 
16 
20 
42 
126 

47 
15 
27 
44 
16 
20 
15 
9 
36 
11 
9 
6 
368 


563 
505 
480 
579 
123 
195 
241 
614 

211 
161 
291 
196 
63 
70 
87 
49 
144 
56 
44 
39 
1,709 


420 
500 
279 
344 
69 
141 
295 
389 

175 
88 
149 
126 
56 
84 
4(i 
35 
96 
47 
37 
30 
2,004 


3,394 
3,005 
2,585 
1,731 
352 
1,630 
1,619 
1,404 

1,553 
1,824 
1,029 
1,145 
653 
509 
510 
493 
382 
344 
511 
358 
9,520 


429 
563 
427 
305 
115 
330 
377 
82 

177 
127 
185 
116 
148 
57 
71 
81 
52 
72 
34 
54 
1,586 


339 
498 
309 
256 
66 
460 
326 
136 

143 
99 
247 
140 
172 
69 
S3 
90 
18 
123 
34 
47 
1,941 


308 
446 
281 
260 
53 
3iO 
243 
98 

97 
84 
252 
111 
156 
67 
47 
60 
48 
107 
31 
33 
1,848 


472 
352 
388 
316 
92 
164 
75 
65 

197 
157 
85 
163 
33 
64 
46 
45 
33 
56 
35 
111 
1,259 








Tuberculosis, other organs 


Diarrhoea and enteritis. . . 
Senility 


Cerebral haemorrhage, 














Congenital malformations 








All other causes 


Total. . . 


1,209 


6,420 


5,410 


34,551 


5,388 


5,596 


4,940 


4,208 


67,722 



DEATHS BY CAUSES 



197 



52. Deaths in the Registration Area of Canada from Twenty Leading Causes. 

1921 and 1922 concluded. 



Causes of Death. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B, 


Ont. 


Man. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total. 


1922. 
Diseases of heart 


Ill 


578 


487 


3,752 


442 


368 


318 


534 


6,590 


Pneumonia 


107 


659 


481 


3,135 


561 


539 


443 


395 


6,320 


Cancer 


85 


534 


321 


2,605 


445 


345 


317 


440 


5,092 


Tuberculosis, lungs 


96 


559 


354 


1,629 


307 


254 


238 


320 


3,757 


Tuberculosis, other organs 
Premature birth 


15 

20 


132 

228 


63 

188 


347 
1,672 


69 

366 


86 
444 


65 
370 


75 

189 


852 
3,477 


Diseases of arteries 


20 


140 


110 


2,044 


157 


124 


124 


154 


2,873 


Diarrhoea and enteritis. . . 
Senility 


23 
142 


165 
561 


207 
337 


1,112 
1,266 


520 
82 


421 
161 


285 
82 


106 
60 


2,839 
2,691 


Cerebral haemorrhage, 
apoplexy 


45 


278 


169 


1,586 


168 


106 


89 


148 


2,589 


Influenza 


24 


218 


196 


961 


183 


293 


269 


209 


2,353 


Nephritis 


33 


210 


134 


1,100 


179 


160 


126 


156 


2,098 


Congenital debility 


26 


217 


170 


874 


172 


258 


148 


73 


1,938 


Diphtheria 


7 


45 


44 


410 


150 


199 


134 


23 


1,012 


Congenital malformations 
Bronchitis 


3 
13 


55 
95 


33 
39 


491 
445 


94 
73 


101 
54 


73 
83 


53 
40 


903 
842 


Appendicitis 


4 


57 


39 


331 


89 


125 


125 


66 


836 


Anaemia chlorosis 


13 


44 


31 


525 


50 


32 


33 


47 


775 


Paralysis 


22 


115 


100 


368 


37 


25 


27 


40 


734 


Diabetes mellitus 


8 


52 


45 


370 


58 


44 


55 


74 


706 


All other causes 


272 


1,674 


1,581 


8,946 


1,545 


1,877 


1,711 


1,292 


18,898 






















Total.. 


1,089 


6,616 


5,129 


33,969 


5,747 


6,016 


5,115 


4,494 


68,175 



Tuberculosis. Deaths assigned to tuberculous affections numbered in the 
aggregate, 4,789 in 1921 and 4,608 in 1922, the latter figures being subject to revision. 
The males numbered 2,439 in 1921 and 2,353 in 1922; the females, 2,350 and 2,255 
respectively. The mortality rate for the registration area was 747 per million 
people in 1921 and 703 per million (provisional) in 1922. In England the crude 
rate per million population was 1,131 in 1920. Tuberculosis caused in 1921 out of 
every 1,000 deaths, 106 in Prince Edward Island, 109 in Nova Scotia, 76 in New 
Brunswick, 60 in Ontario, 78 in Manitoba, 58 in Saskatchewan, 63 in Alberta and 97 
in British Columbia. 

53. Deaths from Tuberculosis in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1922. 



Sites. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total. 


1921. 

Respiratory system. Total 
M 
F 
Meninges and central 
nervous system Total 
.\i 
F 
Intestines and peri 
toneum Total 


112 
57 
55 

7 
2 
5 

4 


579 
274 
305 

52 
38 
14 

22 


344 
147 
197 

31 
17 
14 

18 


1,731 

856 
875 

119 

67 
52 

85 


305 
165 
140 

50 
27 
23 

23 


256 
131 
125 

18 
11 

7 

17 


260 
133 
127 

17 
9 

8 

20 


316 
211 
105 

46 
26 
20 

16 


3,903 
1,974 
1,929 

340 
197 
143 

205 


M 

F 
Vertebral column . . .Total 
M 
F 
Joints Total 


3 
1 

2 

2 


10 
12 
13 
11 
2 
3 


8 
10 
6 
3 
3 


31 
54 
28 
12 
16 
14 


11 
12 
6 
3 
3 
4 


4 
13 
5 
3 
2 
2 


12 

8 
3 
3 

2 


6 
10 
7 
5 
2 
4 


85 
120 
70 
40 
30 
29 



F 
Other organs Total 


2 


2 
1 
11 


10 


6 
8 
48 


1 
3 
11 


1 
1 
6 


2 
5 


2 
2 
6 


12 
17 

99 


M 
F 
Disseminated Total 


2 
1 


7 
4 
22 


6 
4 
4 


26 
22 
58 


5 

6 
21 


2 
4 
18 


3 

2 
6 


4 
2 
13 


53 
46 
143 


M 
F 
Total, both sexes .... 


1 
128 


8 
14 
702 


2 
2 
413 


32 
26 
2 083 


9 
12 
420 


14 
4 
322 


3 
3 
313 


10 
3 
408 


78 
65 
4,780 


M 
F 


62 
66 


350 
352 


183 
230 


1,030 
1,053 


221 

199 


166 
156 


163 
150 


264 
144 


2,439 
2,350 



198 



POPULATION 



53. Deaths from Tuberculosis in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 

1922 concluded. 



Sites. 


P 1" T 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


S:\sk. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total. 






















1922. 




















Kft-pirutorv svstem. . . .V 


50 


266 


177 


797 


149 


127 


121 


214 


1,901 


F 


46 


293 


176 


832 


158 


127 


117 


106 


1,855 


Menimu S and central 




















nervous svstem \> 


2 


38 


7 


82 


17 


15 


12 


16 


169 


F 


1 


2: 


9 


45 


10 


14 


7 


10 


123 


Intestines and periton 




















eum . V 


1 


10 


9 


35 


3 


11 


S 


12 


89 


F 


5 


10 


14 


59 


11 


8 


10 


8 


125 


Vertebral column M 


2 


3 


4 


15 


1 


4 


4 


5 


38 


F 





5 


1 


16 


4 


2 


2 


1 


31 


Joints M 


1 


6 


1 


4 


_ 


2 


] 


5 


20 


r 


1 


2 




9 


2 




2 




16 


Other organs M 


_ 


4 


6 


24 


2 


8 


9 


3 


56 


i 


_ 


8 


2> 


22 


4 


1 


3 


S 


43 


Disseminated M 


_ 


9 


5 


27 


10 


15 


4 


10 


80 


F 


2 


10 


5 


29 


5 


6 


3 


2 


62 


Total, both st \rs. 


111 


691 


416 


1,976 


376 


: .!ii 


303 


395 


4,608 


M 


56 


336 


209 


964 


182 


182 


159 


265 


2,353 


F 


55 


355 


207 


1,012 


194 


158 


144 


130 


2,255 



X"iE. . The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 

Cancer. Deaths assigned to cancer aggregated in 1921 4,826, 2,309 males 
and 2,517 females, and in 1922 5,092, 2,414 males and 2,678 females. The crude 
rate was in 1921, 752 and in 1922, 777 per million population. Out of every 1,000 
deaths in the registration area in 1922, 75 were assigned to cancer as compared with 
71 in 1921. By provinces, the number of deaths due to cancer per 1,000 total deaths 
were in 1922 as follows, figures for 1921 being given in parentheses for comparative 
purposes: Prince Kdward Island, 78 (64); Nova Scotia, 81 (75); New Brunswick, 
<))! (52); Ontario, 77 (75); Manitoba, 77 (79); Saskatchewan, 57 (55); Albcrla, 
() 2 (57); British Columbia, 98 (92). 

54. Deaths from Cancer in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1922. 





















Total, 


Sites. 


P.K.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


regis 
tration 




















area. 


1921. 




















Buccal cavitv M 


3 


13 


6 


87 


9 


11 


~ 


13 


147 


F 


- 


1 


1 


11 


3 


- 


1 


- 


17 


Stomach and liver M 


21 


96 


76 


483 


118 


89 


85 


90 


1,058 


F 


13 


90 


17 


877 


78 


48 


28 


49 


730 


Peritoneum, intestines, 




















and rectum M 


5 


33 


11 


178 


29 


18 


32 


32 


338 


F 


7 


41 


17 


213 


24 


18 


16 


38 


374 


Female genital organs. . . F 


4 


38 


23 


236 


43 


29 


20 


40 


433 


Breast F 


6 


19 


20 


235 


21 


31 


16 


29 


377 


Skin. . M 


1 


11 


7 


41 


4 


3 


6 


5 


78 


F 




3 




25 




4 




- 


32 


Unspecified organs M 


9 


65 


35 


387 


58 


41 


40 


53 


688 


F 


8 


70 


36 


312 


40 


17 


32 


39 


554 


Total-... ..M. 


39 


218 


135 


1,176 


218 


162 


168 


193 


2,309 


F 


38 


262 


144 


1,409 


209 


147 


113 


195 


2,517 


Total, both sexes. .. . 


77 


480 


279 


2,S8f 


tr, 


309 


281 


388 


1,82$ 



COMPARATIVE DEATH RATIOS 



199 



54. Deaths from Cancer in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1923 concluded. 



Site-. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


X.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


. B.C. 


Total, 
regis 
tration 
area. 


1922. 
Jiuccal oavitv M 


- 


20 


13 


80 


14 


13 


10 


12 


167 


F 
Stonuicb and liver M 


18 


4 
109 


1 
64 


14 
476 


109 


2 
97 


78 



103 


25 
1,054 


F 
Peritoneum, intestines, 
and rectum M 


14 
6 


112 
23 


60 
23 


391 

20.3 


87 
33 


56 
29 


43 
23 


73 
34 


836 
374 


Female <:enital organs. . .F 
J5reu-t . F 


5 
4 

11 


44 
36 
34 


30 
15 
23 


236 

243 
231 


22 
46 
33 


14 

25 
24 


29 
36 
21 


36 
45 
37 


415 

450 
414 


Skin M 


2 


19 


7 


49 


7 


4 


10 


6 


104 


F 

Unspecified oro tin- ^1 


1 
9 


4 

67 


5 
43 


27 
379 


60 


1 
53 


2 
45 


2 
59 


42 
715 




10 


62 


37 


277 


34 


27 


20 


29 


496 


Total- V 


40 


238 


150 


1.187 


223 


196 


166 


214 


2,414 


F 


45 


296 


171 


1.418 


222 


149 


151 


.226 


2,678 


Total, both sexes 


85 


534 


321 


2,605 


US 


345 


317 


440 


5,092 



XOTE. The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 

Comparative Death Rates of Different Countries. In Table 55 will be 
found a comparative statement of the crude death rates of various countries and 
provinces for the latest available year. It is worthy of note that three Canadian 
provinces have the lowest death rates in the list, and that the registration area of 
Canada ha* a lower death rate than any other leading country except Australia 
;md New Zealand. The low death rates are in all three cases due in part to a favour 
able age distribution of population. 

55. Crude Death Rates of Various Countries in Recent Years. 



Country. 


Year. 


Crude 
Death 
Rate. 


Country. 


Year. 


Crude 
Death 
Rate. 




1922 
1922 
1922 
1921 
1922 
1921 
1921 
1921 
1921 
1921 
1932 
1921 
1921 
1920 
1922 
1921 
1920 
1921 
1921 
1922 
1922 
1921 
1920 
1920 


7-7 
8-3 
8-4 
8-7 
9-2 
9-3 
9-5 
9-9 
10-0 
10-3 
10 4 
10-4 
10-5 
11-1 
11-4 
11-5 
11-9 
12-1 
12-4 
12-4 
12-5 
12-5 
12-9 
13-1 


iS ew Brunswick 


1922 
1920 
1921 
1921 
1921 
1921 
1920 
1922 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1916 
1922 
1912 
1921 
1911 
1919 
1921 
1914 
1914-18 
1907-16 
1909 
1920 


13-1 
13-4 
13-6 
13-6 
14-2 
14-2 
14-4 
15-1 
15-2 
16-2 
16-5 
20-1 
20-8 
21-1 
21-3 
21-5 
22-2 
22-7 
23-8 
24-4 
28-6 
28-9 
29-6 




Belgium 




Scotland 




Prussia 




Quebec 




Ireland . . . , 




Switzerland 




Germany 




Finland 




Austria 




France 




Italy 




Hungary 


Union of South Africa (whites) 




Spain 




Bulgaria 




Jamaica 




Japan 




Rumania 




Portugal 




Chile 




Russia, European 




Ceylon 


United States 





Registration Area. 



200 



POPULATION 



Infantile and Maternal Mortality. 

In recent years a great part of the energy devoted by the medical profession 
and sanitarians to bring about a decline in the death rate has gone to reduce infant 
mortality, and in this field a large measure of success has been attained. In Canada 
both the Dominion, provincial and municipal health authorities have taken part 
in the struggle to reduce infantile mortality, and usually, in the absence of epidemics, 
each year is showing an improvement. Even in the three years for which the figures 
are available for the registration area, there is evident a considerable decline in 
infantile mortality. While in 1920 more than 10 p.c. of all children born died in the 
first year of life, in 1921 the proportion dropped to 8-8 p.c. or 14,893 deaths in a 
total of 168,979 births, and in 1922 the infantile death rate showed a further 
betterment, dropping to 8-6 p.c. or 14,069 deaths in a total of 162,552. Deaths of 
children under one year of age constituted 20-6 p.c. of all deaths in 1922, as com 
pared with 21-9 p.c. in 1921, and 21-4 p.c. in 1920. Table 56 shows that in nearly 
every province the infant death rate per 1,000 living births is lower in 1922 than it 
was in the two preceding years. 

56. Infantile Mortality by Provinces, together with the rate per 1,000 Living Births, 

1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Provinces. 


Infant Deaths. 


Infant Death Rate 
per 1,000 Births. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Prince Edward Island 


184 
1,536 
"1,454 
7,497 
1,882 
1,958 
1,545 
638 


180 
1,311 
1,299 
6,768 
1,533 
1,814 
1,391 
602 


150 
1,225 
1,188 
5,910 
1,666 
1,874 
1,430 
626 


80-0 
116-5 
134-9 
103-7. 
102-7 
85-7 
93-5 
60-8 


83-5 
100-7 
113-3 
91-2 
83-0 
80-6 
84-0 
56-5 


73-0 
97-3 
103-7 
S2-9 
94-2 
85-6 
90-0 
64-6 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada (registration area) 


16,694 
14,134 


14,893 
11,387 


14,069 


100-1 
163-7 


88-1 
128-3 


86-6 


Quebec 


Canada (exclusive of the territories) 


30,828 


36,280 


- 


121-8 


102 


- 


i 



NOTE. The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 

Infant Mortality by Sex. Table 57 shows that while male births in 1921 ex 
ceeded female births by 5,289, yet owing to the greater mortality among male 
infants, their net advantage at the end of the year was only 3,066. For the registra 
tion area, the ratio of deaths to 1,000 births was 98 for males, as against 77 for 
females, and 88-1 per 1,000 births both sexes. 



INFANT MORTALITY 



201 



57. Number and Ratio of Infant Deaths in the Registration Area to Living Births, 

by Sex and Provinces, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Males. 


Females. 


Both 

Sexes. 


Living 
Births. 


Deaths under 1 yr. 


Living 
Births. 


Deaths under 1 yr. 


Deaths 
per 
1,000 
Births. 


Number. 


Per 1,000 
Births. 


.Number. 


Per 1,000 
Births. 


Prince Edward Island 


1,073 
6,695 
5,942 
38,307 
9,455 
11,620 
8,493 
5,549 


95 
738 
740 
3,918 
888 
1,048 
808 
343 


88 
110 
124 
102 
92 
90 
95 
62 


1,083 
6,326 
5,523 
35,845 
9,023 
10,873 
8,068 
5,104 


85 
573 
559 
2,845 
665 
7G6 
583 
259 


80 
90 
101 
79 

74 
70 
72 
51 


83-5 
100-7 
113-3 
91-2 
83-0 
80-6 
84-0 
56-5 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick , 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Totals.. 


87,134 


8,558 


98 


81,845 


6,335 


77 


88-1 



Infant Mortality by Cause. More than 82 p.c. of the total infant mortality in 
1921 was attributed to 12 diseases, being 83 p.c. for male children and 82 p.c. for 
female children. In 1922 the same 12 causes were responsible for more than 86 p.c. 
of the infant mortality. In Table 58 are given the statistics of infant mortality 
by causes for both years. 

58. Infantile Mortality by Sex in the Registration Area, by Principal Causes of 

Death, 1921 and 1922. 







192). 






1922. 






Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Premature birth 


1,862 


1,391 


3,253 


1,998 


1,479 


3,477 


Diarrhoea and enteritis 


1,348 


969 


2,317 


1,203 


931 


2,134 


Congenital debility 


1,322 


943 


2,265 


1,139 


797 


1,936 


Pneumonia 


918 


676 


1,594 


889 


661 


1,550 


Bronchitis 


150 


116 


266 


104 


94 


198 


Congenital malformations 


470 


363 


833 


504 


385 


889 


Convulsions 


325 


201 


526 


284 


205 


489 


Whooping cough 


194 


212 


406 


143 


138 


281 


Other infectious diseases 


293 


190 


483 


527 


370 


897 


Syphilis 


45 


33 


78 


34 


30 


64 


Meningitis .... 


92 


83 


175 


58 


44 


102 


Hernia 


64 


41 


105 


50 


27 


77 


Cause of death not stated 


472 


354 


826 


408 


293 


701 


Other diseases . .... 


1,003 


763 


1,766 


727 


547 


1,274 
















Total ... 


8,558 


6,335 


14,893 


8,068 


6,001 


14,069 


Rate ner 1,000 livins births. . . 


98-2 


77-7 


88-1 






86-6 



NOTE. The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 

Infant Mortality in Various Countries. The rate of infant mortality to 
living births has been greatly reduced in civilized countries by the recent advances 
in medical science and in sanitation. The low record is held at the present time by 
New Zealand, where in 1921 the rate of infantile mortality was only 47-8 per 1,000 
living births as compared with 68 in 1905. Queensland, with an infantile mortality 
rate of 54-2 in 1921, made a remarkable record for a sub-tropical country, while 
Norway and Sweden with rates of 62 3 and 64 4 respectively in the latest available 
years, were the lowest among European countries. 

As showing the improvement in recent years, it may be stated that the rate of 
infantile mortality in England and Wales has been reduced from 128 per 1,000 
living births in 1905 to 83 in 1921, while the rate in Germany has declined from 
196 in 1904 to 134 in 1921. In the Netherlands, again, the rate has declined from 



21Y2 



POPULATION 



131 per 1,000 living births in 1905 to 72-8 in 1920. Statistics arc given by loading 
countries in Table 59. 

59. Rate of Infant Mortality per 1,000 Living Births in Various Countries of the 

World in Recent Years. 



Country. 


Year. 


Rate of 
infant 
mortality. 


Country. 


Vi .ir. 


Rate of 
infant 
mortality. 




1921 


47-8 


Scotland 


1921 


90-0 




1921 


54-2 


Alberta 


1922 


90-0 




1919 


62-3 


Denmark 


1920 


90- 7 


^Vew South Wales 


1921 


62-6 


Manitoba . 


1922 


94-2 




1917 


64-4 


Finland 


1920 


96-7 




1922 


64-6 


Xova Scotia, 


1922 


97-3 




1921 


65-5 


Belgium 


1919 


102-9 




1921 


65 7 


New Brunswick 


1922 


103-7 




1921 


72-8 


Quebec 


1921 


128-3 




1920 


72-8 


German v 


1921 


134-0 




1922 


73-0 


Prussia 


1922 


134-0 




1921 


76-0 


Serbia 


1911 


146-0 




1912 


78-0 


Snain 


1921 


147-4 




1921 


78-0 


Italy 


1921 


147-5 




1921 


78-3 


Bulgaria 


1911 


156-0 




1919 


82-0 




1919 


161-0 




1922 


82-9 


Japan 


1921 


168-5 




1921 


83-0 


Cevlon . . 


1920 


182-0 




1921 


83-0 


Rumania 


1914 


187-0 




1920 


83-8 


Hungary 


1922 


199-6 




1922 


85-6 


\\istria 


1918 


205-8 


I nited States 1 


1920 


85-8 


Russia, European 


1909 


248-0 


Canada 1 


i9r* 


86 6 


Chile 


1914 


286-0 



1 Registration Area. 

Infant Mortality in Cities. In former times cities wore considered to be 
"the gravoyaids of population." The number of deaths, consequent upon the rapid 
spread of infectious diseases, was generally greater than the number of births and 
it was the prevailing opinion that cities would naturally come to an end if they were 
not being constantly reinforced by fresh young life from the prolific countryside. 
The unhoahhiness of cities was especially destructive of infant life, and it is one of 
the greatest triumphs of our time that the city life is in our days, if not as 
healthy, yet not necessarily more dangerous to human life or especially to infant 
life, than life in the country as a whole. 

To give particular examples, the rate of infantile mortality in London, England 
\\as in 1921, 80 per 1,000 living births as compared with a rate for England and 
\Valos of 83 per 1,000. New York City experienced in 1921 an infant mortality of 
71 per 1,000 as against a rate of 85 -8 per 1,000 for the registration area of the United 
States. The department of the Seine (Paris) had in 1919 an infantile mortality 
of 113 per 1,000 living births as compared with 123 for the 77 departments of France 
for which the vital statistics were collected. In Germany again, the infant mor 
tality for Berlin was, in 1921, 135 per 1,000 living births as compared with 134 for 
t he whole country. 

In Canada, our experience, except in the province of Quebec, has also up to 
the present been rather favourable to the cities. Montreal had in 1921 an infant 
mortality of 158 per 1,000 living births as compared with 128 for the province of 
Quebec. On the other hand, Toronto had in 1921 an infant mortality of 91 per 
1,000 living births as against 91-2 for the province of Ontario. So too, 
Winnipeg experienced in 1921 an infantile mortality of 77 per 1,000 as compared 
with S3 for Manitoba, and Vancouver in 1921 an infantile mortality of 59 per 1,000 
living births as compared with 56-5 in the same year in the province of British 
Columbia as a whole. 



MATERNAL MORTALITY 



203 



Statistics of the rate of infantile mortality arc given for the leading cities of 
the world for the latest available years in Table 60. 

60. Rate of Infantile Mortality per 1,000 Living Births in Great Cities of the World 

in Recent Years. 



City. 


Year. 


Rate of 
infantile 
mortality. 


City. 


Year. 


Rate of 
infantile 
mortality. 


Auckland 


1920 


48 


Edinburgh 


1921 


96 


Amsterdam 


1921 


54 


Ant we i p 


1921 


98 


Christiania 


1921 


54 


Tjiverpool 


1921 


105 


Zurich 


1916 


55 




1921 


106 


Rome 


1915 


56 


Aberdeen 


1921 


108 


Victoria. 


1921 


56 




1916 


111 


Vancouver.. . . 


1921 


59 




1921 


115 


Stockholm 


1921 


61 


Belfast 


1921 


115 


Brisbane 


1921 


62 


Dublin 


1921 


128 


Sydney, New South Wales 


1921 


62 


Munich . 


1921 


126 


Copenhagen 


1921 


67 


Genoa 


1916 


126 


New York 


1921 


71 


Berlin Germany 


1921 


135 


Geneva 


1916 


73 


Halifax 


1921 


135 


Wellington 


1920 


74 


T^eipzi .... .... 


1921 


136 


Adelaide 


1921 


74 


Ottawa 


1921 


139 


Melbourne 


1921 


74 


Cologne 


1921 


140 


Hobart 


1921 


75 


Chicago 


1916 


145 


Winnipeg 


1921 


77 


V ienna 


1921 


146 


Hamilton 


1921 


78 


St John 


1921 


147 


London, Eng 


1921 


80 


Prague 


1921 


151 


Perth, W. Australia 


1921 


81 


Sherbrooke 


1920 


154 


Birmingham 


1921 


82 


Marseilles 


1916 


157 


Regina 


1921 


82 




1921 


158 


Washington 


1919 


85 


Quebec 


1921 


163 


E dmonton 


1921 


89 


Bresiau 


1921 


170 


Saskatoon . 


1921 


91 




1912 


170 


Toronto 


1921 


91 


Madrid 


1915 


177 


London, Ont 


1921 


92 


Florence . . 


1916 


192 


Buenos Aires 


1916 


94 


Petrograd 


1912 


249 


Manchester 


1921 


94 




1921 


281 


Paris 


1921 


95 


Bombay 


1920 


556 


Hamburg 


1921 


95 





















Maternal Mortality. A subject of cognate interest with infantile mortality 
is that of maternal mortality. The maternal mortality in the eight provinces con 
stituting the registration area of Canada is shown by age groups in Table 61, and 
by causes in Table 62. 

61. Maternal Mortality in the Registration Area, by Age Groups, 1921 and 1922. 



Age crouds. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total. 


1921. 
15-19 


1 


2 


4 


22 


3 


7 


4 




43 


20-24 




13 


7 


51 


14 


22 


18 


12 


137 


25-29 . . 


2 


10 


9 


93 


15 


19 


34 


7 


189 


: J ,o-: 


3 


22 


20 


174 


39 


68 


46 


29 


401 


40-4!) 


1 


9 


7 


47 


10 


12 


9 


3 


98 






















Totals 


7 


56 


47 


387 


81 


138 


111 


51 


868 






















Rate per 1,000 living births 


3-2 


4-3 


4-1 


5-2 


. 4-4 


5-7 


6-7 


4-8 


5-1 


1922. 
15-19 


1 


3 


5 


18 


4 


7 


6 


2 


46 


20-24. 


2 


13 


5 


70 


8 


23 


19 


6 


146 


25-29 


3 


14 


14 


71 


29 


28 


24 


7 


190 


30-39 




32 


30 


158 


43 


50 


47 


33 


393 


40-49 


1 


8 


5 


51 


14 


17 


13 


11 


120 


50 and over 








1 


1 








2 


Age not stated 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 




_ 


_ 


_ 


1 






















Totals 


1 


70 


59 


370 


99 


125 


109 


59 


89S 






















Rateper 1,000 living births 


3-4 


5-6 


5-1 


5-2 


5-6 


5-7 


6-9 


6-1 


5-5 



XOTK. The fiacres for 1922 are subject to revision. 



204 



POPULATION 



2. Maternal Mortality in the Registration Area, by Causes of Death, 1921 and 1922, 



Cause of death. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


>v.B. 


Ont. 


Man. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total, 
regis- 
ration. 
area. 


1921. 

Accidents of pregnancy- 
total 


1 


8 


3 


98 


17 


26 


23 


11 


187 


(a) Abortion 




1 


2 


39 


9 


8 


9 


4 


72 


(b) Ectopic gestation. . . 
(c) Other accidents of 
pregnancy 


1 


1 
6 


1 


11 

48 


3 
5 


18 


8 
6 


4 
3 


27 
88 


Puerperal haemorrhage 
Other accidents of child 
birth total 


1 
1 


8 
5 


13 
4 


47 
48 


7 
15 


17 
21 


9 
21 


5 
5 


107 
120 


fa) Caesarean section.. . 
(b) Other surgical oper 
ations and instru 
mental delivery 
(c) Others under this 
title 


1 


1 

1 
3 


4 


4 

4 
40 


2 
13 


21 


2 
19 


3 

2 


12 

5 

103 




I 


9 


6 


75 


24 


33 


26 


14 


189 


Phlegmasia alba dolens; 
puerperal embolism or 
sudden death in puer- 




2 


3 


14 


3 


4 


t 
k 

3 


3 


32 


Puerperal albuminuria ant 
convulsions 


2 


23 


15 


81 


14 


21 


18 


9 


183 


Following childbirth (not 
otherwise defined) 
Puerperal diseases of the 
breast 




1 


3 


24 


1 


6 


11 


4 


50 


Totals 


7 


56 


47 


387 


81 


128 


111 


5 


SSS 






















1922. 

Accidents of pregnancy- 
total 


2 


12 


12 


78 


18 


27 


25 


18 


192 


(a) Abortion 


_ 


6 


2 


34 


9 


12 


17 


13 


98 


(b) Ectopic gestation., 
(c) Other accidents o 
pregnancy 


2 


1 
5 


4 
6 


18 
26 


3 
6 


5 
10 


2 
6 


5 


33 
Ml 
66 


Puerperal haemorrhage... 
Other accidents of child 
birth total 




5 

8 


6 
6 


55 
42 


14 
11 


21 
10 


12 
16 


6 
4 


119 
97 


(a) Caesarean section .. 
(b) Other surgical ooer 
ations and instiu 
mental delivery. . . . 
(c) Others under thi 
title 


- 


1 

7 


2 
4 


15 

3 
24 


2 
9 


1 

1 

8 


1 

2 
13 


4 


21 

7 
N 
69 




2 


12 


14 


59 


24 


31 


22 


9 


173 


Phlegmasia alba dolens 
puerperal embolism o 
sudden death in puer 




2 


2 


22 


4 


4 


8 


4 


46 


Puerperal albuminuria anc 
convulsions 


c t 


21 


11 


85 


19 


M 

WQ 


23 


13 


197 


Following childbirth (no 
otherwise defined) . . . 
Puerperal diseases of th 
breast 


1 


10 


8 


29 


8 
1 


9 


3 


C 
V 


73 

1 


Totals . . . 




70 


59 


370 


99 


125 


109 


59 


898 























NOTE. The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 



IMMIGRATION 205 



III. IMMIGRATION. 

Immigration has throughout Canadian history played a great part in reinforcing 
Canadian population, especially the English-speaking population. While the great 
majority of French-Canadians can trace their genealogy back to ancestors who left 
the Old World 200 or 250 years ago, or even longer, the great bulk of English- 
speaking Canadians are comparative newcomers both to Canada and to this con 
tinent, though a considerable number of the United Empire Loyalist families had 
been resident in the old colonies for generations before they moved north to estab 
lish English-speaking settlements in Canada. During the middle third of the 
nineteenth century there was a great English-speaking immigration which settled 
the province of Ontario and made it for the first time more populous than the sister 
province of Quebec, thus bringing about the agitation for representation by popula 
tion. Thereafter immigration slackened until the dawn of the twentieth century 
brought another flood of settlers to the newly opened territories of the Great North 
West, resulting hi an increase of population between the censuses of 1901 and 1911 
greater than the combined increase of the three decades from 1871 to 1901. 

1. Statistics of Immigration. 

Immigration during the second decade of the twentieth century promised at 
its commencement to be even greater than during the first. In its first three years 
no fewer than 1,141,547 persons are reported to have entered Canada for purposes 
of settlement. If this rate had been maintained, the population of Canada in 1921 
would certainly have been in excess of ten millions instead of being less than nine 
millions. The war, which commenced on August 4, 1914, dried up the sources of 
our immigration in Great Britain and Continental Europe, where every able-bodied 
man was needed for the defence of his country. Immigrant arrivals from the 
United Kingdom in 1918 only numbered some 3,000 as compared with 150,000 in 
1913; from Continental Europe immigrant arrivals numbered only about 3,000 in 
1916 as compared with approximately 135,000 in 1914. Since the war, immigration, 
though increasing, has never approached that of the pre-war period, which is prob 
ably a fortunate circumstance, since the capital necessary to set in employment 
such great bodies of labourers as came to Canada in 1912 and 1913 could hardly 
have been secured. 

Immigration to Canada, as to other new countries, is generally greatest in 
"boom" periods, when capital as well as labour is leaving the older countries for 
the newer in order to secure the more remunerative investments generally to be 
found in virgin territories where the natural resources are still unexploited. In 
periods of depression, however, the sending abroad of both capital and labour is 
diminished, both preferring at such times to endure the evils which they know at 
home rather than take the risks of a new departure at a distance. This proposition 
is aptly illustrated by the statistics of Table 63, which show that during the past 
25 years, immigration was at its minimum in the year of deepest depression, 1897, 
that it steadily increased from that time forward until 1908, that a decline took 
place in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1909, on account of the short depression of 
1908, that thereafter immigration steadily increased till 1913, while the fiscal year 
ended March 31, 1914, showed a decline due to the depression which occurred in 
the year preceding the war. In the fiscal years 1915 to 1919 political rather than 
economic conditions restricted immigration, but with the expansion of business at 
the end of the war eur immigration was more than doubled, while the depression 



200 



POPULATIOX 



which characterized 1921 and 1922 is reflected in the declining immigration of the 
fiscal years ended March 31, 1922 and 1923. The improvement in business 
conditions in 1923 has been reflected in an increase of immigration during the first, 
half of the fiscal year ending March 31, 1924. During these six months 94,333 
settlers entered Canada as compared with 46,331 in the same period of the pre 
ceding year an increase of 104 p.c. 

The number of immigrant arrivals in Canada from the United Kingdom, the 
United States and other countries is given by years from 1897 in Table 63. 

63 Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada from the United Kingdom, the United 

States and other countries, 1897-1923. 



Fiscal 

Years. 


Immigiant Arrivals 
from 


Total. 


Fiscal 
Years. 


Immigrant Arrivals 
from 


Total. 


United 
King 
dom. 

11,383 
11,173 
10,660 
5,141 
11,810 
17,259 
41.71)2 
50,374 
65,359 
86,796 
55,791 
120,182 
52,901 
59, 790 


United 
States. 


Other 
Coun 
tries. 


United 
King 
dom. 


United 

States. 


Other 

Coun 
tries. 


1&O71 


2,412 
9,119 
11,945 
8,543 
17,987 
26,388 
49,473 
45,171 
43,543 
57,796 
34,659 
58,312 
59,832 
103,798 


7,921 
11,608 
21,938 
10,211 
19,352 
23,732 
37,099 
34,786 
37,364 
44,472 
34,217 
83,976 
34,175 
45,206 


21,716 
31,900 
44,543 
23,895 
49, 149 
67,379 
128,364 
130,331 
146,266 
189,064 
124,667 
262,469 
146,908 
208,794 


1911 


123,013 
138,121 
150,542 
142,622 
43, 276 
8,664 
8,282 
3,178 
9,914 
59,603 
74,262 
39,020 
34,508 


121,451 
133,710 
139,009 
107,530 
59,779 
36,937 
til. 389 
71,314 
40,715 
49,656 
48,059 
29,345 
22,007 


66,620 
82,406 
112, SSI 
134,726 
41,734 
2,936 
5,703 
4,582 
7,073 
8,077 
26, 156 
21,634 
16,372 


311,084 
354,237 
402,432 
384,878 
144,789 
48,537 
75,374 
79,074 
57,702 
117,336 
148,477 
89,999 
72,887 


1CQQ1 


1912 


IQQQl 


1913 


10002 


1914 


10O1 


1915 


1009 


1916 


1QA9 


1917 




1918 


1Q AC 


1919 




1920 


1OO73 


1921 


1908 


1922 
1923 


1QOQ 


1910 






i Calendar year. 2 Six months, January to June, inclusive. 3 Nine months ended March 31. 
NOTE See Table 7 of this section for an estimate of the movement of population between the 
censuses oi 1911 and 1921. 



Nationality of Immigrant Arrivals. Immigration, which was at a low ebb 

during the war period, may once more become, when normal conditions are restored, 
the chief means of reinforcing population and populating the vast waste spaces of 
Canada. Under such conditions the racial and linguistic composition of that immi 
gration becomes of paramount importance. Canadians generally prefer that settlers 
should be of a readily assimilable type, already identified by race or language witl 
one or other of the two great races now inhabiting this country and thus prepared 
for the assumption of the duties of democratic Canadian ntisoii.-hip. Since the 
French are not to any great extent an emigrating people, th is means that the pre 
ferable settlers are those who speak the English language those coming from the 
Tinted Kingdom or the United States. Next in order of readiness of assimilation 
are the Scandinavians and the Dutch, who readily learn English and are already 
acquainted with the working of free democratic institutions; a few years ago m<t 
Canadians would have included the Germans in the same category. Settlers from 
Southern and Eastern Europe, however desirable from the purely economic point of 
view, are less readily assimilated, and the Canadianizing of the people from these 
regions who came to Canada in the first fourteen years of this century is a problem 
both in the agricultural Prairie Provinces and in the cities of the East. Less assimil 
able still, according to the general opinion of Canadians, are those who come to 
Canada from the Orient. 



IMMIGRANT ARRIVALS 



207 



On the whole the great bulk of Canadian immigration of the past generation 
has been drawn from the English-speaking countries, and from those continental 
European countries where the population is ethnically nearly related to the British. 
The nationalities of the immigrant arrivals of the 8 years from 1916 to 1923 are 
shown in Table 64. 

64. Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, by Nationalities and Races, fiscal years 1916-1923. 



Nationalities. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1022. 


1923. 


Biitish Subjects British Isles 
English 


5 857 


5 171 


2 477 


7 954 


45 173 


47 fiS7 


90 99- 




Irish 


818 


958 


174 


336 


2 751 


fi Q>M 


3 -.7.) 


1V^, 15,S 


Scottish 


1 887 


2 062 


473 


1 518 


10 997 


10 9JC 


H">Qf> 


,000 


Welsh 


102 


88 


54 


106 


682 


Q43 


ft O7 


,u/l 


















ool 


Total, British Isles 


8 664 


8 2S2 


3 178 


9 914 


t;9 My) 


74 9fi9 


on nori 




















o4,oUN 


Other British- 
Africans, South 


11 


1 


4 




91 


CO 






Australians 


32 


18 


34 


9 1 ; 


R. 


on 




41 


Bermudians 




16 


10 


i 


i 


D 




67 


East Indians . ... 


1 










10 






Jamaicans 


9 





94 


2 


Q 


1 D 




21 


Maltese 


4 


109 


144 


2 


405 


I4n 


44 


oO 


Newfoundlanders 


255 


1 243 


1 199 


512 


44 1 ? 


1 f 14 9 


Qft7 




New Zoalanders 


18 


12 


13 


1 1 


SI 


40 


9- 


. >;>_ 


















oo 


Total, Other British 


330 


1 405 


1 48 


367 


004 


1411 


KA9 




















, oUct 


Grand Total, British Subjects... 

European Continental Nationali 
ties 
Albanians 


8,991 


9,687 


4,606 


10,481 


60,597 


75,673 

C 


39,582 


36,316 


Austrians 


15 








c 


9ft 




1 


Belgians 


172 


r>6 


19 


4.^ 


1 V*9 


1 ft^X 




Jo 


Bulgarians 


1 








1 






olo 


Czechoslovaks 




i 






A 


OAO 


i ^9 


19 


Dutch 


186 


151 


<1<t 


CQ 


1 ZA. 






1U1 


Esthonians 
















119 


Finnish 


139 


949 


113 


2 


AA 


1 4O1 




12 


French 


180 


199 


114 


999 


1 ZQA 






1 171 


Germans 


27 


9 


1 


i 


19 






Jol 


Greeks 


145 


258 


45 


4 


.Q 


7 




Jlo 


Hebrews, n.e.s 


18 


28 


2 


1 T 


39 


Q9O 


9 ooft 




Hebrews, Austrian 


1 










1 




Oov> 


Hebrews, German 


















Hebrews, Polish 










3ft 


1 Ron 


591ft 




Hebrews, Russian 


46 


108 


30 


7 


4X 


949 


RJ\1 




Hungarians 












00 






Italians 


388 


758 


189 


4t| 


1 1ft 1 ! 


OCA 




26 


Jugo-S!avs 


(5 


9 




j 


19 


on 


1 SO 




Latvians 


















Lithuanians 














10 




Luxembergers. . 










Hi 


1ti 






Polish 


g 


12 




t 


7fl 








Portuguese 




1 


1 




3 


A 




, J J 1 


Rumanians 


4 


4 






91 


no 






Russians 


40 


26 


49 


49 


1 


1 O77 


091 




Scandinavians - 
Danes 


167 


145 


74 


44 


933 


M 1 


Kit 




Icelanders 


15 


9 


3 


12 


[f 


^n 


ai 




Norwegian 


232 


303 


235 


91 


179 


490 


4^0 


^07 


Swedes 


177 


332 


156 


101 


241 


71^ 


4i > 


lllv 


Spanish 


11 


76 


28 


19 


i T 


909 






Swiss 


42 


30 


12 


11 


100 


OQK 


1^7 




Turks 




5 






i 


o 


<j 




Ukranians 








2 




401 


SO 


J ( : 




















Total European Continental 
Xationalities... 


2.020 


2.831 


1.158 


727 


S.filJi 


211. SO 


1S.51S 


1:1 >ftw 



208 



POPULATION 



64. Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, by Nationalities and Races, fiscal years 

1916-1923^concludod. 



Nationalities. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Non-European Nationalities or 
Races 
Arabians . 












8 


5 


2 


Argentinians 





_ 


_ 


_ 


2 


4 




4 


Armenians 





3 


2 


_ 


10 


85 


70 


59 


Chinese 


88 


393 


769 


4,333 


544 


2,435 


1,746 


711 


Cubans 


1 


3 


1 




2 








Egyptians 








_ 




9 


2 




Japanese 


401 


648 


883 


1,178 


711 


532 


471 


369 


Mexicans 






1 


3 




1 






Negroes 


34 


98 


35 


22 


61 


144 


42 


42 


Persians 


3 




2 


2 




1 


9 


1 


Syrians 


3 


9 


2 




18 


443 


123 


91 


West Indians 


38 


293 


273 


220 


62 


110 


24 


44 


Other Countries 


3 








3 






1 




















Total Non-European Nationali 
ties 


571 


1,447 


1,968 


5,758 


1,413 


3,772 


2,493 


1,324 




















From the United States 1 


36,95? 


61,109 


71,343 


40,736 


49,711 


48,169 


29,412 


22,039 




















Grand Total. . 


48,537 


75,374 


79,074 


57,702 


117,336 


148,477 


89,999 


72.8S7 



1 Includes United States citizens via ocean ports. 

Destination of Immigrant Arrivals. The destination of the immigrant 
arrivals in Canada are given for the period from 1901 to 1923 in Table 65, which 
may be compared with the census tables (Tables 1 to 4 of this section) showing the 
increase of population in the decades between 1901 and 1921. While immigration 
to the Maritime Provinces during the period was comparatively small that to 
Quebec was very considerable, and that to Ontario very large. The lion s share of 
the immigrant arrivals, however over 1,520,000 persons gave the Prairie Prov 
inces as their destination, and 410,619 stated their destination as British Columbia 
or the Yukon. 

65. Destination of Immigrants into Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1923. 



Fiscal Year. 


Mari 
time 
Prov 
inces. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Sask 
atche 
wan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Colum 
bia and 
Yukon 
Terr y. 


Not 
shown . 


Totals. 


1901.. 


2,144 
2,312 
5,821 
5,448 
4,128 
6,381 
6,510 
10,360 
6,517 
10,644 
13,236 
15,973 
19,806 
16,730 
11,104 
5,981 
5,710 
5,247 
3,860 
5,554 
6,353 
3,222 
3,298 


10,216 
8,817 
17,040 
20,222 
23,666 
25,212 
18,319 
44, 157 
19,733 
28,524 
42,914 
50,602 
64,835 
80,368 
31,053 
8,274 
10,930 
9,059 
6,772 
13,078 
21,100 
13, 724 
9,343 


6,208 
9,798 
14,854 
21,266 
35,811 
52,746 
32,654 
75,133 
29,265 
46, 129 
80,035 
100,227 
122,798 
123,792 
44,873 
14,743 
26,078 
23,754 
13,826 
39,344 
62,572 
34,590 
30,444 


11,254 
17,422 
39,535 
34,911 
35,387 
35,648 
20,273 
39,789 
19,702 
21,049 
34,653 
43,477 
43,813 
41,640 
13, 196 
3,487 
5,247 
6,252 
4,862 
11,387 
12,649 
8,904 
6,037 


14 
22 
43 
40 
39 
28,728 
15,307 
30.5UO 
22,146 
29,218 
40,763 
4(, 15S 
45, 147 
40,999 
16,173 
6,001 
9,874 
12,382 
8,552 
14,287 
13.392 
9,894 
8,186 


160 
199 
898 
397 
289 
26,177 
17,559 
31,477 
27,651 
42,509 
44,782 
45,957 
48,073 
43, 741 
18,263 
7,215 
12,418 
16,821 
11,640 
20,000 
17,781 
11,825 
8,798 


2,600 
3,483 
5,378 
6,994 
6,008 
12,406 
13,650 
30,768 
21,862 
30,721 
54,701 
51,843 
57,960 
37,608 
10,127 
2,836 
5,117 
5,559 
8,190 
13,686 
14,630 
7,840 
6,781 


2,567 
3,348 
1,838 
1,093 
1,977 
1,766 
395 
195 
32 


49, 149 
67,379 
128,364 
130,331 
146,266 
189,064 
124,667 
262,469 
146,908 
208, 794 
311,084 
354,237 
402,432 
384,878 
144,789 
48,537 
75,374 
79,074 
57,702 
117,336 
148,477 
89,999 
72.887 


1602 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


1923 


Total... 


176,339 


577,958 


1,040,940 


510,374 


1,010,427 


410,748 


13,211 


3,740,197 



OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT ARRIVALS 



209 



Occupation of Immigrant Arrivals. As stated below in the paragraphs 
dealing with immigration policy, the settlers most universally acceptable to Can 
adians are those who settle on the land or those females who enter domestic service. 
In Table 66 will be found statistics of the occupations of immigrant arrivals in 
Canada during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1922 and 1923. 

66. Occupation and Destination of Total Immigrant Arrivals in Canada for the 

Fiscal Years 1922 and 1923. 







1922. 






1923. 




Description. 


Via 
Ocean 
Ports. 


From the 
United 

States. 


Totals. 


Via 
Ocean 
Ports. 


From the 
United 
States. 


Totals. 


Farmers and farm labourers 
Men 


11,556 


8,049 


19,605 


11,370 


6,380 


17,750 


Women 


3,600 


2,384 


5,984 


2,536 


2,070 


4,606 


Children 


3,185 


2,861 


6,046 


2,242 


2,544 


4,786 


General labourers 
Men 


2,812 


1,802 


4,614 


2,675 


884 


3,559 


Women 


844 


445 


1,289 


388 


229 


617 


Children 


594 


. 340 


934 


344 


169 


513 


Mechanics 
Men 


3,623 


2,285 


5,908 


4,158 


1,382 


5,540 


Women 


1,886 


544 


2,430 


1,293 


386 


1,679 


Children 


919 


453 


1,372 


836 


351 


1,187 


Clerks, traders, etc. 
Men 


1,404 


1,175 


2,579 


1,003 


688 


1,691 


Wbmen 


1,049 


489 


1,538 


651 


315 


966 


Children 


428 


283 


711 


237 


181 


418 


Miners 
Men 


494 


146 


640 


920 


175 


1,095 


Women 


101 


19 


120 


111 


30 


141 


Children . 


109 


22 


131 


142 


25 


167 


Domestics 
Women 


6,880 


755 


7,635 


6,273 


701 


6,974 


Not classified 
Men 


3,256 


1,995 


5,251 


2.264 


1,387 


3,651 


Wbmen 


9,973 


3,073 


13,046 


7,359 


2,414 


9,773 


Children 


7,941 


2,225 


10, 166 


6,078 


1,696 


7,774 
















Totals- 
Men 


23,145 


15,452 


38,597 


22,390 


10,896 


33, 286 


Women 


24,333 


7,709 


32,042 


18,611 


6,145 


24, 756 


Children 


13,176 


6,184 


19,360 


9,879 


4,966 


14,845 
















Totals 


60,654 


29,345 


89,999 


50,880 


22,007 


72,887 
















Destination 
Maritime Provinces 


2,033 


1,189 


3,222 


2,368 


930 


3,298 


Quebec 


9,357 


4,367 


13,724 


6,163 


3,189 


9,343 


Ontario 


25,741 


8,849 


34,590 


24,417 


6,027 


30,444 


Manitoba 


7,188 


1,716 


8,904 


4,580 


1,457 


6,037 


Saskatchewan 


5,365 


4,529 


9,894 


4,413 


3,773 


8,186 


Alberta 


5,243 


6,582 


11,825 


4,113 


4,685 


8,798 


British Columbia 


5 722 


2 008 


7,730 


4,819 


1,833 


6,652 


Yukon 


5 


105 


110 


7 


122 


129 

















Prohibited Immigration. The following is a summary of the classes whose 
admission to Canada is prohibited under the existing regulations. The regulations, 
however, do not apply to Canadian citizens or persons having Canadian domicile: 

(1) Imbeciles, feebleminded persons, epileptics, insane persons, persons 
of constitutional psychopathic inferiority, persons suffering from chronic 
alcoholism and those mentally defective to such a degree as to affect their 
ability to earn a living. 
6237314 



210 



POPULATION 



(2) Persons afficted with tuberculosis or with any loat-hosome, contagious 
or infectious disease or a disease which may be dangerous to public health; 
immigrants who are dumb, blind or otherwise physically defective. 

(3) Prostitutes and women and girls coming to Canada for any immoral 
purpose, pimps, procurers and persons who have been convicted of any crime 
involving moral turpitude. 

(4) Professional beggars or vagrants, charity aided immigrants and 
persons who are likely to become public charges. 

(5) Anarchists, persons who disbelieve in or are opposed to organized 
government or who belong to any organization teaching disbelief in or opposi 
tion to organized government, persons who have been guilty of espionage or 
high treason and persons who have been deported from Canada. 

(6) Persons over fifteen years of age unable to read. The literacy test, 
however, does not apply to a father or grandfather over fifty-five years of age, 
or to a wife, mother, grandmother or unmarried daughter or widowed daught er. 

The Immigration Act provides for the rejection and deportation of immigrants 
belonging to the prohibited classes and also for the deportation of those who become 
undesirables within Canada within five years after legal entry. 

The operation of the above regulations is illustrated in Table 67, which gives 
the numbers of immigrants rejected or deported after admission, the causes of such 
rejection or deportation, and the nationalities of those deported, for each of the ten 
fiscal years ended 1914 to 1923, together with the totals for the 21 fiscal years from 
1903 to 1923. 

67. Rejections of Immigrants upon Arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after 
Admission, by Principal Causes and by Nationalities, 1903-1923. 



Principal causes. 


Number Rejected at Ocean Ports. 


Total. 


1903- 
1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Accompanying patients.. 
Alien enemies 


434 

754 
87 
65 
6 
1,675 

1,768 
4,162 

295 
10 


76 
102 
3 
994 

76 
398 

178 


58 
56 
2 

452 

71 
319 

40 


4 
17 
4 
38 

55 
34 

11 


8 
4 

66 

55 
30 

22 


1 
11 
1 
19 

19 
12 

8 


2 
4 
1 

10 

27 
19 

7 


9 

J 
1 
3 

28 

125 
21 

474 


13 
4 



14 
255 

236 
09 

291 
32 


39 
5 
2 

6 

202 

20S 
60 

278 
193 


13 
3 
20 

4 
24 

119 
37 

318 
94 


655 
12 
978 
92 
103 
6 
8,842 

2,759 
:>, I . l 

1,922 
10 
319 


Had character 


Contract labour 


Criminality 


Head tax 


Lack of funds 


Likely to become a pub 
lic charge 


Medical causes 


Not complying with 
regulations 
Previously rejected 
Unskilled labour, B.C.. 

Totals 


9,256 


1,827 


998 


163 


174 


71 


70 


662 


!t,V5 


l.IKi 


632 


15,889 




Principal causes. 


Number Deported after Admission. 






Accompanying patients. 
Bad character 


145 

506 
1,083 
2,296 

24 
2,853 


10 
159 
376 
570 

4 
715 


34 
128 
404 
379 

789 


.") 
68 
329 
206 

635 


9 
60 

277 
98 

161 


39 

84 
274 
39 

91 


10 
35 
236 

70 

103 


18 
22 
334 
123 

158 


37 
52 

586 
133 

236 


48 
105 
030 
313 

950 


52 

66 
543 

282 

10 
67 


407 
1 , 2S5 
5,072 
4,509 

38 

7.: , 7 ) 


Criminality 


Medical causes 


Not complying with 
regulations 


Public charges 


Totals 


6,907 


l,s:n 


1,7:51 


I.-,M:J 


605 


527 


454 


655 


1,044 


2,046 


1,632 


l.S.fiM 





J U VENILE IMMIGRA TION 



211 



67. Rejections of Immigrants upon Arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after 
Admission, by Principal Causes and by Nationalities, 1903-1923 concluded. 



Nationalities. 



British 

American 

Other countries. 



Totals 



Number Deported after Admission. 



1903- 
1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Total. 


4,358 
1,066 
1,483 


952 
405 
477 


877 
461 
.396 


602 
437 
204 


186 
324 
95 


36 
407 
84 


99 
279 
76 


184 
392 

79 


295 
616 
133 


1,107 

725 
214 


888 
520 
224 


9,584 
5,632 
3,465 


6,907 


1,834 


1,734 


1,243 


605 


527 


154 


655 


1,014 


2,016 


1,632 


18,681 



Juvenile Immigration. Among the most generally acceptable immigran 
arrivals are the juveniles of both sexes, who are trained by highly accredited British 
organizations for Canadian life before coming to Canada, the boys being taught the 
lighter branches of farm work, while the girls are instructed in domestic occupations. 
On arrival in Canada the boys are placed on farms, while the girls are placed either 
in town or country, but the organizations remain the legal guardians of the children 
until they have reached maturity, and in addition the children are subject to 
efficient and recurrent Government inspection until they reach their nineteenth 
year. This inspection is under the control of the Supervisor of Juvenile Immigra 
tion. 

The number of juveniles immigrated to Canada in each year since 1901, to 
gether with the number of applications for their services, is given in Table 68, from 
which it may be seen that the applications are in recent years from 10 to 15 times 
the number of young persons immigrated. 

68. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1981-1923. 



Fiscal 
Yeai . 


Juvenile 
immigrants. 


Applications 
for their 
services. 


Fiscal 
Year. 


Juvenile 
immigrants. 


Applications 
for their 
services. 


1901 


No. 
977 


No. 

5 783 


1913 


No. 

2,642 


No. 
33,493 


1902 


1 540 


8 587 


1914 . . . . . 


2,318 


32,417 


1903 


1 979 


14,219 


1915 


1,899 


30,854 


1904 . 


2 212 


16,573 


1916 


821 


31,725 


1905... 


2 814 


17,833 


1917 


251 


28,990 


1906 


3 258 


19,374 


1918 




17,916 


19071 


1 455 


15 800 


1919 


_ 


11,718 


1908 


2,375 


17,239 


1920 


155 


10,235 


1909 


2 424 


15 417 


1921 


1,426 


19,841 


1910 


2 422 


18 477 


1922 


1,211 


15,371 


1911 . 


2 524 


21,768 


1923 . .... 


1,184 


17,005 


1912 


9 fiCQ 


^i run 














Total 


38,576 


151,675 















NOTE. The above are included in the total number of immigrants recorded elsewhere. 
1 Nine months 

Oriental Immigration. The immigration to Canada of labourers belonging 
to the Asiatic races, able because of their low standard of living to underbid the 
white man in selling their labour is fundamentally an economic rather than a racial 
problem, affecting most of all those portions of the country which are nearest to the 
East and the classes which feel their economic position threatened. 

62373 14J 



212 



POPULATION 



Chinese Immigration. As a result of the influx of Chinese into Canada, legis 
lation was passed in 1885 (48-49 Viet., c. 71) providing that thereafter Chinese of 
the labouring class should be required as a condition of their entry into Canada to 
pay a head tax of $50 each; on January 1, 1901 (62-64 Viet., c. 32), this amount 
was increased to $100 and on January 1, 1904 (3 Edw. VII, c. 8) to j-500. This tax 
is paid by Chinese immigrants, with the exception of consular officers, merchants 
and clergymen and their families, tourists, men of science, students and teachers, a 
record showing the number of Chinese admitted who paid the tax, the number 
exempt from it, and the revenue realized being given by years from 1886 in Table 
69. In recent years the number of Chinese immigrants entering Canada has been 
much reduced, owing to the operation of Orders in Council (renewed every six months 
from December 8, 1913, and replaced by an Order in Council of June 9, 1919) under 
which the landing in British Columbia of skilled and unskilled artisans and labourers 
is prohibited. 

69. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1923. 



Fiscal Year. 


Paying 
tax. 


Exempt 
from tax. 


Percentage of 
total arrivals 
admitted 
exempt 
from tax. 


Registra 
tion for 
leave. 


Total 
Revenue. 


1886-91 ... 


No. 
4,590 


No. 

222 


p.c. 
4-61 


No. 
7,041 


- 
239,664 


1892 


3,276 


6 


0-18 


2,168 


166,503 


Ig93 


2,244 


14 


0-62 


1,277 


113,491 


1894 


2,087 


22 


1-04 


666 


105,021 


Ig95 


1,440 


22 


1-50 


473 


72,475 


1896 


1,762 


24 


1-34 


697 


88,800 


1897 


2,447 


24 


0-97 


768 


123,119 


1898 


2,175 


17 


0-78 


802 


109, 7.54 


1899 


4,385 


17 


0-39 


859 


220,310 


1900 


4,231 


26 


0-61 


1,102 


215,102 


1901 


2,518 


26 


1-02 


1,204 


178,704 


1902 


3,25 


62 


1-73 


1,922 


364,972 


1903 


5,245 


84 


1-58 


2,044 


526, 744 


1904 


4,719 


128 


2-64 


1,920 


474,420 


1905 


8 


69 


89-61 


2,080 


6,080 


1906 


22 


146 


86-90 


2,421 


13,521 


19071 


91 


200 


68-::; 


2,594 


48,094 


1908 . 


1,482 


752 


33-6J 


3,535 


746,535 


1909 


1,411 


695 


33-00 


3,731 


713,131 


1910 


1,614 


688 


29-89 


4,002 


813,003 


1911 


4,515 


805 


15-13 


3,956 


2,262,056 


1912 


6,083 


498 


7-57 


4,322 


3, 04.1,71 :. 


1913 


7,078 


367 


4-93 


3,742 


3,549,242 


1914 


5,274 


238 


4-32 


3,450 


2,644,593 


1915 


1,155 


103 


8-19 


4,373 


588, 124 


1916 


20 


69 


77-53 


4,064 


19,389 


1917 


272 


121 


30-78 


3,312 


140,487 


1918 


650 


119 


15-47 


2,907 


336,757 


1919 


4,006 


267 


<>!;> 


3,244 


2,069,669 


1920 


363 


181 


33-27 


5,529 


538,479 


1921 


885 


1,550 


63-66 


6,807 


474,332 


1922 . 


1,459 


287 


16-44 


7,532 


743,032 


1923 


652 


59 


8-30 


6,682 


434,557 


Totals 


81,744 


7,908 


8-82 


101,226 


22,189,882 















Nine months. 



The Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 (13-14 Geo. V, c. 38) restricts the entry 
to or landing in Canada of persons of Chinese origin or descent, irrespective of 
allegiance or citizenship, other than government representatives, Chinese children 
born in Canada, merchants (defined by what regulations the Minister of Immigra- 



ORIENTAL IMMIGRATION 



213 



tion and Colonization may prescribe) and students the last two classes to possess 
passports issued by the Government of China and endorsed by a Canadian immi 
gration officer. 

Japanese immigration to Canada was comparatively negligible prior to the Russo- 
Japanese war of 1904-5, but thereafter assumed considerable proportions, no fewer 
than 7,601 Japanese immigrants entering Canada, largely from Hawaii, in the fiscal 
year ended March 31, 1908, and settling mainly in British Columbia. In that year 
an agreement was made with the Japanese Government under which the latter 
undertook to limit the number of passports issued to Japanese emigrating to Canada, 
while the Canadian Government agreed to admit those possessing such passports, 
while prohibiting others from entering. The statistics of Table 70 show that hi this 
way Japanese immigration has been effectively limited. 

East Indian immigration to Canada, like Japanese, is shown by the statistics 
of Table 70 to have been negligible down to 1907, when no fewer than 2,124 East 
Indian immigrants arrived. However, as a consequence of the operation of section 
38 of the Immigration Act of 1910, East Indian immigration has since that date 
been comparatively small. A resolution of the Imperial War Conference of 1918 
declared that "it is the inherent function of the Governments of the several com 
munities of the British Commonwealth that each should enjoy complete control 
of the composition of its own population by means of restriction on immigration 
from any of the other communities." However, it was recommended that East Indians 
already permanently domiciled in other British colonies should be allowed to bring 
in their wives and minor children, a recommendation which was implemented, so. 
far as Canada was concerned, by Order in Council of March 26, 1919. However., 
in the fiscal years ended March 31, 1921, 1922 and 1923, only 10, 13, and 21 East 
Indian immigrants respectively were admitted. 

70. Record of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1923. 



Fiscal 
Year. 


Chi 
nese. 


Japan 
ese. 


East 
Indians. 


Total. 


Fiscal 
Year. 


Chi 
nese. 


Japan 
ese. 


East 
Indiaas. 


Total. 


1901.. 


No. 

2,544 


No. 

6 


No. 


No. 
2,550 


1913 . 


No. 
7,445 


No. 

724 


No. 
5 


No. 
8 174 


1902 


3,587 




_ 


3,587 


1914 


5,512 


856 


88 


6 45ft 


1903 . . 


5 329 


_ 




5 329 


1915 


1 258 


592 




1 850 


1904 


4 847 






4 847 


1916 


89 


401 


1 


491 


1905 


77 


354 


45 


476 


1917 .. 


393 


648 




1,041 


1906 


168 


1,922 


387 


2,477 


1918 .. 


769 


883 




1 652 


19071 


291 


2,042 


2,124 


4,457 


1919 ... 


4,333 


1,178 




5 511 


1908 


2,234 


7,601 


2,623 


12,458 


1920 


544 


711 




1,255 


1909 


2,106 


495 


6 


2,607 


1921 


2,435 


532 


10 


2,977 


1910 


2,302 


271 


10 


2,683 


1922 


1,746 


471 


13 


2,230 


1911 .... 


5,320 


437 


5 


5,762 


1923 . . . 


711 


369 


21 


1,101 


1912 


6181 


76 "i 


Q 


7 -240 






















Total 


60,821 


21,258 


5,341 


87,220 























1 Nine months. 



214 



POPULATION 



Expenditure on Immigration. The sums expended by the Dominion 
Government on immigration in each of the fiscal .years ended 1868 to 192. ! 
inclusive, ns stated in the Public Accounts issued annually by the Department of 
Finance, are shown in Table 71. 

71. Expenditure on Immigration in the Fiscal Y ears 1868-1923. 

(Compiled from the Tublio Account?). 



iTear. 


- 


Year. 


? 


Year. 


| 


Year. 


$ 


1868 . 


36,050 


1883 


373 958 


1898 


261 195 


1912 


1 365 000 


1869 


26,952 


1884 . . 


511 209 


1899 


255 879 


1913 


407 112 


1870 


55,966 


1885 


423,861 


1900 


434,563 


1914 


893 298 


1871 


54 , 004 


1S86 . . 


257 355 


1901 


444 730 


1915 


ii5S 18? 


1872 


109,954 


1887 . . 


341 236 


1902 


494 842 


1916 


307 480 


1873 


265, 718 


1888 


244 789 


1903 


642 914 


1917 


181 991 


IS 74 . . 


291,297 


1889 


202 499 


1904 


744 788 


1918 


211 954 


1875 


278,777 


1890 . . 


110 092 


1905 


972 357 


1919 


112 07!! 


1876 


338,179 


1891 . . 


181,045 


1906 


842 668 


1920 


388 185 


1S77 


309,353 


1892 . . 


177,605 


1907 . 


611 201 


1921 


688 961 


1878 


154,351 


1893 . 


180 677 


1908 


1,074 697 


1922 


2,052 371 


hS7!l 


186, 403 


1894 . . . 


202,235 


1909 


979 326 


1923 


1,987,745 


1880 


161 213 


1895 


195 653 


1910 


960 676 






1881 


2 14. 251 


1896 . . 


120, 199 


1911 


1,079 130 


Total 


34,420,982 


INN" 


215,339 


1897. ... 


127,438 



























i Xine months. 

2. Immigration Policy. 

At the close of the war there was a general anticipation that the movement of 
immigration to Canada would again become very heavy, but for several reasons 
this anticipation was not realized. Canada, in common with all other countries, 
experienced a share of the dislocation of business and the industrial uncertainties 
of the reconst ruction period. The demobilization of the Canadian forces, coincident 
with the suspension of all war activities, created a surplus of labour which made it 
impracticable for the Canadian Department of Immigration and Colonization to 
extend inducements to immigration. The welfare of the country seemed to demand 
that, as a rule, only those should be admitted who would assist in developing its 
natural resources, chief among which is its fertile agricultural land. Farmers and 
farm labourers became more than ever the objective of the Department. Other 
factors contributing to a lower immigration as compared with the period immedi 
ately preceding the war were the high cost of ocean and laud transportation and the 
balance of exchange against British and European set tiers, coupled with the generally 
impoverished condition of some of the countries which had formerly contributed 
immigrants, and the fact that, although great areas of land were still available in 
( anada as free homesteads, t hey were now located for the most part at considerable 
distances from railways. The recent policy of the Department has been not to 
encourage settlement in localities likely to require additional railway construction 
at an early date. Most of the restrictive regulations have now been cancelled, but 
they created in the minds of many people outside of ( anada some doubt as to their 
welcome in the Dominion. 



IMMIGRATION POLICY 215 



During 1923, on account of the return of prosperity and the absorption of sur 
plus labour, it became increasingly evident that popular opinion in Canada favoured 
a resumption of immigration activities on a considerable scale. The Government 
annoi;nc< d its intention of encouraging the migration of the largest possible number 
of those clashes of settlers which Canada can absorb. This policy was embodied 
in a statement made by the Hon. J. A. Kobb shortly after his appointment as 
-Minister of Immigration and Colonization, and elicited favourable comment in the 
British press, which welcomed a resumption of Canadian immigration activities. 
While, as the Minister pointed out, there are would-be immigrants into Canada 
who are not suited for the Dominion owing to physical, moral or industrial unfit- 
ness or becatise they belong to races that cannot be assimilated without social or 
economic loss to Canada, there are in Great Britain and Continental Europe tens 
of thousands of skilled workers and unskilled workers (not agriculturists) who 
would be an asset to Canada if steady employment could be found for them. 

The present immigration policy of the Canadian Government recognizes that 
while Canada requires increased population, quality rather than quantity must 
count : that British immigration must hold first place in the programme, and that 
the selection of Canada s new settlers must have due regard to their physical, 
industrial, and financial fitness, ar.d the Dominion s power of absorption. 

The greatest need is for those able and willing to settle on the land and assist 
in agricultural development. While capital is essential to immediate land settle 
ment, its absence will not close the road to prosperity to those strong of hand and 
stout of heart, determined to succeed. The open door policy prevails for those 
classes likely to succeed and for whom there is a demand. In the interests of the 
immigrant and of Canada, determination of fitness, as far as possible, takes place 
before the immigrant leaves his own country. Final approval is not given until 
the immigrant arrives in Canada, but those \\ho consult the Canadian Government 
agents overseas are able to learn the conditions of admission, and many journeys 
\\hichvould have ended in reject on arc thus prevented. As the British Wr< 
alone cannot furnish a sufficient quota of the agricultural classes, efforts are being 
made to encourage immigration from certain areas of the continent of Europe 
and from the United States. 

Steps have been taken to ensure efficient co-operation with the British Govern 
ment under the terms of the Empire Settlement Act as they apply to affording 
assistance to those of the agricultural and house-worker classes from the Mother 
country. To promote the better functioning of colonization activities in Canada, 
the machinery of the Soldier Settlement Board has been co-ordinated with that of 
the Department of Immigration and Colonization. This action has placed at the 
command of the Department a large and well organized staff, with representatives 
throughout the Dominion thoroughly conversant with local conditions and able 
to advise and direct the newcomer to his best advantage. 



216 PRODUCTION 



VII. PRODUCTION. 

This section includes a general survey of production, followed by statistics 
of agriculture, the fur trade, forestry, fisheries, minerals, water powers, manu 
factures and construction. 

The term "production" is used in this connection in its popular acceptation, 
i.e., as including such processes as the growing of crops, extraction of minerals, 
capture of fish, conversion of water power into electrical current, manufacturing, 
etc., in economic phrase, the creation of "form utilities." It dees not include 
various activities which are no less "productive" in a broad and strictly economic 
sense, such as (a) transportation, refrigeration, merchandising, etc., which add 
to commodities already worked up into form the further utilities of "place", "time" 
and "possession", and (b) personal and professional services, such as those of the 
teacher and doctor, which are not concerned with commodities at all, but are never 
theless useful to a civilized society representing, in economic language, the creation 
of "service utilities". 

As showing the importance of these latter activities, it may be pointed out, 
for comparison with the figures in the accompanying tables, that railway gross 
earnings in 1920 amounted to $492,101,104, street railway gross earnings to $47,047,- 
246, and telephone and telegraph earnings to $44,811,140, all of which from a broad 
point of view may be considered as "production". It may be further noted that 
of 2,723,634 persons ten years of age and over employed in 1911 in gainful occupa 
tions in Canada, 217,544 were engaged in transportation, 283,087 in trade and 
merchandising, 411,232 in domestic, personal and professional service, and civil 
and municipal government, a total of 911,863 or one-third of the whole. In 
other words, only about two-thirds of usefully and gainfully employed persons are 
engaged hi "production" according to the definition adopted in the present state 
ment. We might therefore add one hah" to the present total as a rough estimate 
of the value in dollars of the total productive activity of the Canadian people accord 
ing to the economist s definition of production, which approximates to the concept 
of national income. 

I. GENERAL SURVEY OF PRODUCTION. 

There is frequent demand in Canada for a survey of production that will differ 
entiate the more important branches and at the same time give a purview of the 
whole that is free from overlapping. This is somewhat difficult to accomplish with 
clearness, in view of the varying definitions that attach to industrial groups from 
different points of view. For example, brick, tile and cement are frequently included 
in "mineral production" as being the first finished products of commercial value 
resulting from the production process; frequently, however, they are regarded as 
"manufactures" in view of the nature of the production process, both allocations 
being correct according to the point of view. 

The accompanying tables show the total value of all commodities produced 
in Canada during 1920 and 1921, the values being as in the producers hands. 

"Gross" and "Net" Production. The values of products are shown under 
two headings, namely, "gross" and "net". "Gross" production shows the total 
value of all the individual commodities produced under a particular heading. "Net" 
production represents an attempt to eliminate the value of materials consumed in 
the production process. For purposes of ordinary economic discussion the net 



GENERAL SURVEY OF PRODUCTION 217 

figures should be used in preference to the gross, in view of the large amount of 
duplication which the latter includes because of the necessity of making the indi 
vidual items self-contained. 

Interpretation of Items. The primary industries of agriculture, fishing, 
forestry, mining, etc., are separated in this statement from the secondary or manu 
facturing process. The close association between the two at points and the over- 
lappings that are apt to occur have already been pointed out. As further explain 
ing the procedure that has been followed in drawing up the tables, the following 
notes are appended : - 

Agriculture. Dairy factories are included under this heading; farm dairy 
products (gross) include the milk consumed whole and sold to dairy factories, 
and butter, etc., made on the farm. 

Forestry. -Forestry production is understood to consist of the operations in 
the woods as well as those of saw mills and pulp mills, the latter being limited 
to the making of first products such as lumber, lath, shingles, pulp and cooper 
age stock. 

Fur Production. The item of fur production is limited to wild life pro 
duction. To obtain a total of the peltries produced in Canada it would be 
necessary to add the wild life output to the production of pelts on fur farms. 
Mineral Production. Under mineral production all items are included 
that might be allocated to "manufactures". Considerable overlapping exists 
as between "mineral production" on the one hand and "manufactures" on the 
other. The Bureau presents the detailed statistics of these groups (the chief 
of which are smelters, brick, cement, lime, etc.) in its reports on mineral pro 
duction, since their product is the first to which a commercial value is ordinarily 
assigned. 

Total Manufactures. The figure given for the heading is a comprehensive 
one, including the several items listed with the extractive industries above, 
though also frequently regarded as "manufactures", viz., dairy factories, fish 
canning and curing, saw mills, pulp mills, shipbuilding and certain mineral 
industries. This duplication is eliminated from the grand total as well as from 
"manufactures, n.e.s." listed in Table 3. 

For the purpose in hand, a change was made in the total value of manu 
factured products, viz., $2,747,926,675 in 1921, as shown hi the subsection on 
manufactures. The totals for construction, hand trades and repair, exclusive 
of shipbuilding, amounting to $191,436,045, and for the central electric stations, 
amounting to $73,636,094, were deducted, and the value of the products of 
certain mineral industries amounting to $53,213,256 was added. 

Manufactures, n.e.s. The figures given for manufactures, n.e.s., are exclu 
sive of the value of the products of all manufacturing processes closely asso 
ciated with the extractive industries that are frequently included under this 
heading; hence it is obvious that the grand total is equivalent to an amount 
obtained by adding the values for manufactures, n.e.s., and for the other eight 
divisions. 

Analysis of Tables. On reference to Table 1, it will be observed that in 
1920 manufactures outstripped agriculture as the chief wealth-producing industry, 
the net output of manufactures in 1920 being nearly $1,559,000,000 as contrasted 
with a total of $1,520,000,000 for agriculture. When the cost of materials is 
added to the net output, the lead of manufacturing is obviously much greater. 
Confining the analysis to net production, forestry contributed 11 p.c. of the total 



i> is PRODUCTION 



output of 3,682,000,000 as compared with 41 p.c. for agriculture. Mineral pro 
duction followed with a value of about 5.8 p.c. of the net output (Table 3). Con 
traction is credited with a net production of $136,000,000 or 3.7 p.c. Other 
industries, each credited with less than 2 p.c. of the national pi-eduction, weie {ho 
generation of electric power, custom and repair work, fisheries and trapping, which 
cont ributed to the value of production during 1920 in the order named. 

Manufactures, construction and repair shops such as garages, blacksmithing 
and steam laundries are regaided as secondary production, which may be contrasted 
with the extractive or primary industries. Deducting the net value of the products 
made by manufacturing establishments closely associated with the primary indus 
tries, a value of about $1,957,000,000 remained in 1920 as the product of the strictly 
extractive processes. This compares with $1,404,000,000, the net value of secondary 
production after all duplication has been eliminated. In other words, the combined 
extractive industries exceeded in net ovitput the secondary industries by $553,000,000 
in 1920. 

With reference to the provincial statistics given in Tables 2 and 3, the analysis 
relates to the net production in 1920. The pre-eminence of Ontario as the most 
productive province is distinctly shown in Table 2. It produced in 1920 about 
38 p.c. of the Canadian total of $3,682,000,000. Quebec held second place with 
26-2 p.c., and the three western provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta and British 
Columbia followed with percentages of 7-8, 7-2 and 6-2 respectively. The well 
known agricultural resources of Manitoba enabled the province to contribute 5-7 
p.c. of the net output for 1920. 

A series of percentages designed to show the relative importance to each prov 
ince of the several productive industries in 1920 is given in Table 3. Tofacilit. to 
comparison the percentages of the net output of manufactures to the net production 
of all industries have also been computed. 

Xova Scotia was dependent almost equally on agriculture and manufacturing. 
The contribution of agriculture was 32-9p.c. as compared with a percentage o f 
23-3 for manufactures, n&.8. The percentage for the whole of the manufactured 
product was 31-9. The mining industry was also important with a production 
of 18-4 p.c. Agriculture, including fur-farming, contributed 81 p.c. of the net 
output of Prince Edward Island. Farming was the chief industry of New Bruns 
wick and lumbering was a close second, the respective contributions being 40-6 
and 35-4 p.c. The whole of manufactures was represented by a percentage of 31-4, 
while manufactures, n.e.s. was valued at 13-3 p.c. 

The income derived from manufacturing in Quebec was greater than that 
from any other industry. The portion, aside from the output of establishments 
associated with the extractive industries, was equivalent to 37-6 p.c., while the net 
output of the entire manufacturing process, referred 10 the same base, was 48- 1 p.c. 
Farming held second place with a production of 36-9 p.c. and forestry with an out 
put of 14-4 p.c. occupied third rank in this connection. A simi ar order obtained 
in the province of Ontario, the pre-eminence of manufacturing being more marked 
than in the sister province of Quebec. The percentages for agriculture and forestry 
were 30-7 and 8-1 respectively. Mining was credited with an output of 4-8 p.c. 
and construction followed with a production of 3-7 p.c. Nearly X7 p,c. of the 
output of Saskatchewan was derived from farming, and the records of Manitoba 
and Alberta were 60 p.c. and 72-5 p.c. respectively. Manufacturing held second 
place in Manitoba and mining in Alberta, themineial pi< duct ion of Alberta, consist 
ing chiefly of coal mining, formed 12-7 p.c. of the net output of the province. 



CKXERAL SURVEY OF PRODUCTION 



219 



Lumbering constituted the chief industry of British Columbia, although manu 
facturing, agriculture and mining were also of importance, indicating the variety 
of the resources of the western province. Nearly 38 p.c. was contributed by the 
lumber industry, while farming and mining contended for third place with per 
centages of 17-8 and 17-2 respectively. The chief industry of the Yukon Terri 
tory was mining, with an output of 48-5 p.c. of the total production of the Territory. 

1. Summary by Industries of the Value of Production in Canada during 

1929 and 1921. 





19 


20. 


192 


1. 




Gross. 


Net. 


Gross. 


Net. 


Agriculture 


$ 
2 099,209,494 


- 
1,519,842,776 


$ 

1 485 109 796 


$ 
1 09 422 570 


Forestry 


545,763,505 


408,831,482 


343,122,670 


258,325 785 


Fisheries 


63,588 428 


49,241 339 


43 456 34 


34 931 935 


Trapping . . 


20 999,300 


20 999 300 


9 527 029 


9 527 029 


Mining 


22", 859, 665 


213,041,895 


171,923,342 


16 9 926 580 


Electric power 


65 705 060 


65 705 060 


73 376 580 


73 376 580 












Total primary production 


3 9 3 V 5 452 


2 277 661 352 


2 126 515 759 


1 631 510 621 












Construction . . 


206 168 135 


135 871 044 


1 9 1 836 367 


76 396 407 


Custom and repair . . 


102 266 442 


63 962 896 


89 108 737 


57 956 11 


Manufactures 1 


3,675,989,988 


1,588,544,194 


2,536,067,792 


1 151 970 2 9 6 












Total ^econdary production 1 


3 qS4 494 5f,5 


1 758 381 134 


2 747 012 896 


1 9 86 3" 745 












Grand total 


6,352,856,119 


3,681,948,905 


4,485,487,785 


2,728,906,285 













1 The item "manufactures" includes dairy factories, saw mills, pulp mills, fish canning and curing, 
shipbuilding and certain mineral industries, which are alto included in other headings aboye. This duplica 
tion amounting to a gross of $654,693,898 and a net of $354.093,581 for 1920 and a gross of $388,040,870 and a 
net of 5188,927,081 for 1921 is eliminated from the grand total. 

2. Summary by Provinces of the Value of Production in Canada, 1920. 





19 


20. 


Percent 
ages of 




Gross 
Valve. 


Net 
Value. 


Net 
Value. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 
33 648 064 


1 

24 399 552 


0-7 


Nova Scotia 


285 079,452 


185,292,183 


5-0 


New Brunswick 


185,862,194 


115,305,489 


3-1 


Quebec 


1 637 681 148 


962 419 765 


26-2 


Ontario 


2 723,133,265 


1,399,556,657 


38-0 


Manitoba. . . 


347 461 153 


210 599 661 


5-7 


Saskatchewan 


384,684,146 


287,312,910 


7-8 


Alberta. . . . 


376 420 786 


264 571,430 


7--> 


British Columbia . . . . 


375,560,788 


229,138,933 


6-2 


Yukon 


3 325 123 


3,252,325 


0-1 










Grand Total 


6, . {.52, 856, 119 


3,681,948,905 


100-0 











220 



PRODUCTION 



3. Percentages of the Value of the Net Production in each Industry to the 
Total Net Output of each Province, 1929. 



Industry. 




Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Agriculture 




81-0 


32-9 


40-6 


36-9 


30-7 


Forestry 




4-2 


8-7 


35-4 


14-4 


8-1 


Fisheries 




7-0 


6-9 


3-8 


0-3 


0-2 


Trapping 




1-5 


0-1 


0-2 


0-5 


0-4 


Mining 






18-4 


2-2 


3-0 


4-8 


Electric power 




0-4 


1-0 


1-0 


1-9 


2-2 


Construction 




0-4 


7-2 


2-2 


4-1 


3-7 


Repair work 




0-7 


1-5 


1-3 


1-3 


1-9 


Manufactures, n.e.s 




4-8 


23-3 


13-3 


37-6 


48-0 
















Grand Tota 1 




100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 
















Total manufactures (percentage to gran 
net nroduction) 


d total of 


9-3 


31-9 


31-4 


48-1 


57-6 
















Industry. 


Mani 
toba. 


Saskat 
chewan . 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon. 


Canada. 


Agriculture 


60-0 


86-8 


72-5 


17-8 




41-3 


Forestry - 


2-0 


1-6 


1-2 


37-9 


_ 


11-1 


Fisheries . 


0-6 


0-1 


0-2 


9-8 


1-0 


1-3 


Trapping 


1-5 


0-8 


0-6 


0-3 


(1)44-1 


0-6 


Mining . . ^ 


2-0 


0-7 


12-7 


17-2 


48-5 


5-8 


Electric power. 


1-3 


0-7 


1-0 


3-0 


3-0 


1-8 


Construction. . . 


3-5 


1-1 


1-0 


6-8 


2-3 


3-7 


Repair work. . . < .. 


2-4 


1-6 


1-5 


2-7 


1-1 


1-7 


Manufactures, n e s 


26-7 


6-6 


9-3 


4-5 




32-7 
















Grand Total 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100 -0 
















Total manufactures (percentage to grand 
total of net oroduction) . . 


29-6 


7-8 


11-5 


33-3 


2-3 


42-3 



( ) Includes the trapping industry of the Northwest Territories. 

II. AGRICULTURE. 

Agriculture, in the wider acceptation of the term as including stock raising and 
horticulture, is the chief industry of the Canadian people, employing in 1911,34-3 
p.c. of the total gainfully occupied population. In addition it provides the raw 
material for many Canadian manufactures and its products constitute a very large 
percentage of Canadian exports. It is therefore treated here in considerable detail. 

The section commences with an account of the "Development of Agriculture 
in Canada." Thereafter is found a statement of current Governmental activities 
in connection with the promotion of agriculture, including those of the 
Dominion and Provincial Experiment Stations. Then come the statistics of agri 
culture, including field crops, farm live stock and poultry, fur farming, dairying, 
fruit, farm values, farm labour and wages, prices and miscellaneous, and since 
Canadian exports of agricultural commodities are sold in the world market, the 
section closes with a sub-section on the world s statistics of agriculture, compiled 
from the publications of the International Institute of Agriculture. 

1. Development of Agriculture in Canada. 1 

The Beginnings of Agriculture. 

In the whole area now constituting Canada, the first settlement, and at the 
same time the first effort at agricultural production made by white men, was most 

1 Abridgement and revision of the article by Dr. Grisdale, published in the Year Book for 1921, p. 202. 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE 221 

probably that begun at Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia, by the French 
under de Monts in 1605. Here some of the settlers cultivated patches of land and 
grew maize, pumpkins and beans, while cows were brought here by Poutrincourt in 
1606. The Indians also grew maize to a small extent to supplement food obtained 
by hunting. According to the census of 1671, the Acadians, then numbering 441, 
had 429 arpents under cultivation, together with 866 cattle, 407 sheep and 36 goats. 
Thereafter the settlers continued to clear the lands and reclaim the fertile marshes 
from the sea, chiefly along the Basin of Minas, on which hay grew abundantly. 

In the valley of the St. Lawrence, farming on a small scale appears to have been 
carried on by Champlain, the founder of Quebec, as early as 1608, when cattle were 
imported and hay and fodder grown, together with wheat and other grains. In 1626, 
Champlain established a farm at Cap Tourmente for cattle which he sent from 
Quebec. 

The first real farmer, however, was Louis Hebert, who landed in Quebec in 
1617 and immediately began to clear and cultivate the soil on what is now part of 
Upper Town, Quebec. His only tool was a spade, but he worked away till the soil 
was ready to receive the seed and also planted some apple trees. Hebert was followed 
by other farmers, among them Guillaume Couillard, Abraham Martin and Robert 
Giffard, the latter of whom was said to have had in 1635 large crops of wheat, peas 
and Indian corn. In the district of Three Rivers, Pierre Boucher had large crops of 
grains and vegetables, and in 1648, Pierre Gadbois and others commenced farming 
on land where now stands the city of Montreal. 

The land was held under seigneurial or feudal tenure, similar to that prevailing 
in old France, a system which seems to have promoted the development of agri 
culture. Many former hunters and traders settled down as cultivators of the soil, 
and came to be known as "habitants." 

In 1667 there were 11,448 arpents of land under cultivation, while the farmers 
owned 3,107 cattle and 85 sheep. More live stock of all kinds was gradually brought 
into the country. A census of 1721 gives the following statistics: arpents under 
cultivation, 62,145; in pasture, 12,203; grain harvested wheat, 282,700 bushels; 
barley, 4,585 bushels; oats, 64,035 bushels; peas, 57,400 bushels; corn, 7,205 
bushels; flax, 54,650 lb.; hemp, 2,100 lb.; tobacco, 48,038 Ib. There were at 
this time 5,603 horses, 23,288 cattle, 13,823 sheep and 16,250 swine in the colony. 

The period following the English conquest of Quebec, 1760 to 1850, was a 
critical one for agriculture, the governing classes being too much engrossed in 
politics to pay much attention to it. However, the settlement of the Eastern Town 
ships was begun in 1774 by the United Empire Loyalists, who brought their cattle 
with them. These settlers were granted lands which were held under the tenure 
known as "free and common soccage." These settlements made good progress and 
were reinforced later on by French-Canadians from the seigneuries. 

Agriculture in the Provinces before Confederation. 

Prince Edward Island. The first record of settlement in Prince Edward 
Island or St. John Island, as it was then called, was in 1713, when some families of 
Acadians migrated to its shores, bringing a few cattle with them. In 1763 the island 
was ceded to Great Britain, divided, and granted to persons who had claims on the 
ground of military service, but practically no attempt was made to cultivate the land. 
However, farming received a slight impetus on the arrival in 1783 of the United 
Empire Loyalists, who brought their cattle with them and began to cultivate the 
land. The country was undulating and the soil was found to be a bright red loam, 



222 PRODUCTION 



very suitable for the growing of cereal crops and potatoes. Rich deposits of mussel 
mud were found, which were used as fertilizer with good results. Soon Prince 
Edward Island oats and potatoes were listed on the markets of the Maritime 
Provinces. 

Nova Scoiia. While the territory which is now Nova Scotia became a British 
possession by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the first English-speaking settlement 
was made in Halifax in 1749, and for military rather than economic purposes. 
However, between 1751 and 1753 about 1,615 German and Swiss immigrants had 
settled in what is now the county of Lunenburg. Further, after the expulsion of 
the Acadians from Port Royal in 1755, a considerable number of Now Englanders 
had settled in the Annapolis Valley. As early as 1762, 14,340 acres were und.-r 
cultivation producing hay, grain and potatoes and supporting some live stock. In 
1783, after the Peace of Paris, many United Empire Loyalists came to Xova Scotia, 
bringing their live stock with them. They received from the British Government 
grants of land, agricultural implements and seed corn. 

In the Atlantic Provinces generally, the farmers were unprogressive and farm 
ing was at a rather low ebb when, in 1818, a series of letters published in the Acadian 
Recorder under the signature of "Agricola," attracted public attention. These 
letters dealt with all phases of the industry. The people were awakened from their 
lethargy and the outcome was the formation at the end of 1818 of the Central 
Agricultural Society of which "Agricola," now found to be John Young, a Scotsman 
who had come to Nova Scotia a few years previously, became secretary. Twenty- 
five other agricultural societies were organized within the next two years. Yearly 
exhibitions were held, improved stock and seed were distributed and conditions 
improved generally. 

New Brunswick As early as 1605 French adventurers, ascending the Si. 
John river, noticed fields of Indian corn on the flats along its shores; but the first 
settlement was made by some fifty Acadians with a few cattle near that river in 1693. 
When Acadia was ceded to Great Britain* in 1713, others moved north from the 
peninsula of Nova Scotia into New Brunswick, settled in the valleys and devoted 
themselves to growing corn and hay. The land was very fertile and produced 
abundant crops. About 1762 a number of Massachusetts colonists formed a settle 
ment at a place now called Maugerville; others took the alluvial lands between 
there and the Jemseg river. In 1784, when a large part of the land belonging to 
the Acadians was seized by the British and given to the United Empire Loyalists, 
the Acadians moved to the northern part of the Province and founded the nourish 
ing settlement of Madawaska. The rich soil along the St. John river, when only 
cleared of the trees and harrowed, produced 20 bushels of corn and 20 bushels of 
wheat per acre and when properly worked gave much better yields. In 1788 seventy 
acres of land were sold for 42 3s. 6d., but in the early years of the nineteenth 
century, land rose rapidly in value. Large quantities of hay, roots and vegetables 
of all kinds, as well as beef and mutton, were marketed at St. John. 

Quebic. During two centuries and a half the habitant varied his system of 
farming very little. When the land was cleared of trees, wheat and oats were sown 
among the stumps. Two crops of this nature were harvested and then hay and 
other grasses were grown for several years. When the stumps were sufficiently 
rotten, the land was ploughed. Half the land was ploughed in three consecutive 
years and seeded to cereals and roots; the other half was kept for the production 
of hay as pasture for live stock. This was alternated during the next three 
years, and so on. The quantity of live stock kept was small compared with the 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



area of the farm. This was not a very scientific system, but the soil was so rich that 
the crops of grain, roots and hay were always plentiful, so much so that flour, wheat 
and peas were being exported in 1749. Butter and cheese were always made, while 
maple sugar has been one of the regular products since 1690, and potatoes were 
first grown in 1758. 

Ontario. Agriculture in Ontario may be said to have begun in 1671, when 
Frontenac founded the first settlement near Kingston. He was granted a vast 
territory on the understanding that he would foster agriculture and stock raising; 
but little agricultural work was actually done, as all of the settlers time was taken 
up in warring with the Indians. In 1701, a small settlement on the Detroit river 
was started by La Motte Cadillac, who is said to have brought some cows with him. 

The first English-speaking agricultural settlement was not commenced until 
1783, when the United Empire Loyalists arrived from the United States. They 
settled principally around Niagara, York, now Toronto, and the bay of Quinte, 
the settlements along the bay of Quinte and the St. Lawrence river being among 
the most populous. Townships were surveyed and grants of land given. As these 
exiled settlers were very poor owing to the confiscation of their property, they had 
to be provided with rations, clothes, implements, seed grain, etc. A cow was allotted 
to every two families and other articles were divided among them. The implements 
supplied them were very crude, but by combining their efforts they were able to 
clear open spaces in the forests, build rude huts and sow the seed among the stumps. 
The crops of wheat, corn, etc., grown on this virgin soil gave excellent yields for the 
first three years, but the crop of 1788 was a failure. During these years, flour mills 
were built at Cataraqui river, Napanee, Matilda, Niagara Falls, fort Erie and 
Grand river. The pioneers had many hardships to contend with, not the least being 
the depredations of the Indians and wild beasts. Later, during the Crimean war, 
the price of wheat rose from 30 cents to $2 per bushel, which, followed by the high 
prices obtaining during the American Civil War, gave many of the farmers their 
first real start, enabling them to bring in cattle, horses and sheep from Lower Canada 
and the United States. 

The building of roads, under an Act of 1793, opened up the country, and soon 
grain, especially corn, was being exported. Cheese and butter were made, and a 
market was opened at Kingston in 1801. Wheat was the leading cereal produced, 
the valley of the Thames being noted for the quantity and quality of this grain. 
After the war of 1812, grants of 100 acres with provisions and implements were made 
to the soldiers. Legislation was passed to encourage the growing of hemp, but little 
success was obtained in the handling of this crop. According to the census of 1817, 
the Midland districts of Ontario contained 3,600 horses, 100 oxen, 6,185 cows and 
1,654 young cattle. 

NorJiw^t Territories. The earliest attempts at cultivation in the Wc-t 
date from the arrival of the Selkirk settlers at the Red river in 1812. The twenty- 
two men who composed the settlement immediately commenced to break the land, 
which was sown with winter wheat. The wheat crops of 1813 and 1814 were com 
plete failures, owing both to lack of knowledge and to the fact that the only imple 
ment available for breaking the sod was the hoc. The yield of potatoes and tur 
nips was, however, good, and the crop of 1815 was a success. 

During the first few years of the settlement, there was great rivalry between 
the North-West Company and the Hudson s Bay Company, which ended in blood 
shed in 1816. Many of the settlers were killed and the remainder fled up lake 
Winnipeg to Jack river. Early in 1817 a relief force was sent by Lord Selkirk, fort 



224 PRODUCTION 



Douglas was recaptured and the settlers were persuaded to return and resume farm 
ing. Misfortune, however, seemed to follow the efforts of this colony, its crops being 
wiped out by grasshoppers in 1818 and 1819. As the supply of seed was exhausted, 
some of the settlers went south to Wisconsin and, after much hard labour, returned 
with 250 bushels of seed. Small crops followed and the people were only saved from 
suffering and want by the generosity of Lord Selkirk. 

In 1882 the population was 681 and the numbers of live stock were: horses, 78; 
oxen, 6; cattle, 48; calves, 39; sheep, 10; pigs, 12. The quantities of seed sown 
were in bushels: wheat, 235; barley, 142; corn, 12; potatoes, 570. The first 
satisfactory crop of grain was reaped in 1824, wheat yielding 44 bushels from the 
plough and 68 bushels after the hoe. It was gathered with the sickle and threshed 
with the flail. The crops varied during succeeding years, but by 1830 the colony 
was in a flourishing condition. 

In the territories now known as the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta 
the agriculture of early days was limited to the trading posts of the Hudson s Bay 
Company. About these posts settlers grew vegetables, wheat, barley and oats. 

British Columbia Daniel Williams Harmon was the first farmer in British 
Columbia, settling in the Eraser Lake district. Entries in his diary show that in 
1811, 1815 and other years, he planted potatoes, vegetables and barley and that the 
yields were large, one bushel of potatoes producing forty-one, and five quarts of 
barley sown yielding five bushels. For many years fine crops were grown in this 
district and at the posts of the Hudson s Bay Company, which, together with the 
North-West Company, was the pioneer in agriculture in British Columbia. In 
1837 the Hudson s Bay Company had a large farm near fort Vancouver, producing 
grain, vegetables and other crops and carrying all kinds of live stock. They had 
large farms at Nisqually and Cowlitz and smaller ones on Vancouver island, Dr. 
John McLoughlin being one of the great promoters of agriculture. With the gold 
rush to the Cariboo in the 50 s, and the springing up of mining camps, an impetus 
was given to farming. This was the beginning of stock raising in the valleys of 
the Thompson and Nicola. Later many of the miners turned to farming and stock 

raising. 

Progress Since Confederation. 

The political union of Canada, as effected under the British North America 
Act, 1867, did much to stimulate agricultural progress throughout Canada, especially 
as it allowed the establishment of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, 
whose efforts have been a powerful addition to those of the Provincial Departments 
of Agriculture. Universal agricultural depression in the eighties led to the creation 
of the e -perimental farm system and the consequent improvement of agricultural 
practice in many directions. Great changes in the incidence of farming operations 
were brought about by the opening up of the Prairie Provinces through the building 
of the Canadian Pacific Railway, completed for traffic in 1886. Various changes of 
fiscal policy on the part of both Canada and the United States have had important 
results. An influence, temporarily, in the wrong direction was the adoption in 1890 
of the McKinley tariff, the effect of which was largely to exclude Canadian agri 
cultural products from the United States. Grain growing in Ontario and Eastern 
Canada generally was adversely affected by this tariff and also by the rapidly 
increasing grain production of the Prairie Provinces under conditions of virginal 
fertility and low cost. These conditions diverted the trade in agricultural products 
from the United States to the United Kingdom and gave rise to the establishment 
in Eastern Canada of cheese factories and creameries and to an important export 



THE GOVERNMENT IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE 225 

trade in dairy products, especially cheese, to the United Kingdom. The introduction 
from Denmark in 1882 of the centrifugal cream separator was another noteworthy 
element in the expansion of the Canadian dairying industry. Through the efforts 
of the Dominion and Provincial Departments of Agriculture and other varied forms 
of associated activity, much improvement in agricultural practice has been accom 
plished. In connection with dairying alone the present practice of forcing milk pro 
duction in the winter as well as in the summer, largely through the use of corn 
silage, was undreamed of a generation ago. Similar remarks apply to the year- 
round forcing of meat production, also a practice now followed by advanced 
farmers where the conditions are suitable. 

Towards the end of the nineteenth century a policy of extensively adver 
tising the agricultural possibilities of Canada for the attraction of new immi 
grants was vigorously pursued and proved highly successful. The annually increasing 
tide of fresh settlers, and the investment in Canada of large amounts of British 
capital, were indeed outstanding features of the first decade of the present century, 
and the extraordinary progress in the settlement and development of the Prairie 
Provinces was due to these factors. The number of new immigrants arriving in a 
single year reached its maximum in 1913 with 402,432. Then came the outbreak 
of the great war in 1914, causing a complete disruption of national life and entailing 
consequences profoundly affecting agriculture. Reviewing the period as a 
whole in the light of the statistics available, it may be stated that with a population 
of 8,966,834 as compared with 3,454,000, the acreage under wheat has grown from 
1,646,781 in 1870 to 22,500,000 in 1922, and the wheat production, which was not 
more than 16| million bushels in 1870, reached the maximum of almost 400 million 
bushels in 1922. l Canada is, in fact, at the present time the world s second largest 
wheat-producing and wheat-exporting country, ranking next to the United States; 
indeed in the crop year ended July 31, 1923, Canadian wheat exports exceeded those 
of the United States. The value of all field crops, which in 1870 was estimated to be 
$196,789,000, 2 attained its maximum with $1,537,169,000 in 1919 and was $962,- 
526,000 in 1922. For 1870 the value of farm live stock has been estimated at about 
$142,000,000, whilst in 1922 the estimated value was $681,887,000. 

2. The Government in Relation to Agriculture. 

It is provided in section 95 of the British North America Act that "in each 
province the Legislature may make laws in relation to agriculture in the province"; 
it is also "declared that the Parliament of Canada may from time to time make 
laws in relation to agriculture in all or any of the provinces; and any law of the 
Legislature of a province relative to agriculture shall have effect in and 
for the province as long and as far only as it is not repugnant to any Act of the 
Parliament of Canada." In other words, the right of concurrent legislation by the 
Dominion Parliament and Provincial Legislatures is expressly established. 

As a result of this provision, there exist at the present time Departments of 
Agriculture with Ministers of Agriculture at their head both in the Dominion and 
in all the nine provinces, though in most of the provinces the portfolio of agriculture 
is combined with one or more other portfolios in the hands of a single Minister. A 
short sketch of the functions of the various Departments is appended. 

*The yield of wheat in 1923 ia provisionally estimated by the Bureau of Statistics at 469,761,000 
bushels. 

2 Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics, May, 1923, p. 185. 

6237315 



226 PRODUCTION 

1. The Dominion Department of Agriculture. 

The Dominion Department of Agriculture was constituted in 1868 under 
authority of 31 Viet., c. 53, with numerous functions which were by no means 
purely agricultural, including (1) agriculture; (2) immigration and emigration; 
(3) public health and quarantine; (4) the marine and emigrant hospital at Quebec; 
(5) arts and manufactures; (6) the census, statistics and the registration of statistics; 
(7) patents of invention; (8) copyright; (9) industrial designs and trade marks. 

In the course of time the purely agricultural work of the Department came to 
demand greater attention; the non-agricultural functions were one by one en 
trusted to other Departments of the Government, while specialization became the 
order of the day within the Department itself. At the present time it includes the 
following branches: (1) Experimental Farms; (2) Dairy and Cold Storage; 
Health of Animals; (4) Live Stock; (5) Seed; (6) Entomological; (7) Fruit; (8) 
Publications; (9) Agricultural Instruction Act; (10) International Institute. 

For the Acts of Parliament administered by the Dominion Department of 
Agriculture, see in the index "Acts of Parliament, list of principal, administered by 
Departments of Dominion Government." For the publications of the Department, 
covering a wide field of information, see in the index the entry "Publications of the 
Dominion Government." 

2. Provincial Departments of Agriculture. 

Prince Edward Island. The Department is under a Minister entitled Com 
missioner of Agriculture, and supervises agricultural instruction, the agricultural 
and technical high school, the cheese and butter factories, and the women s insti 
tutes of the province. 

Nova Scotia. The Department of Agriculture of Nova Scotia was in 1921 
divided into six main branches: (1) Agricultural Societies, Exhibitions and Associ 
ations, (2) Horticultural Branch, (3) Entomological Branch, (4) Dairying Branch, 
(5) Poultry Branch, (6) Women s Institutes. 

New Brunswick. The branches of the New Brunswick Department were in 
1921 as follows: Immigration and Farm Settlement, Elementary Agricultural 
Education, Agricultural Societies, Dairy Division, Live Stock Division, Horti 
culture Division, Soils and Crops Division, Poultry Division, Apiary Division, 
Women s Institute Branch and Entomological Branch. 

Quebec. The Quebec Department of Agriculture includes the following 
divisions: Dairy, Agronomy, Live Stock, Horticulture, Poultry, Council of Agri 
culture. 

Ontario. The Ontario Department of Agriculture includes the following 
branches: Agricultural Societies, Live Stock, Institutes and Dairy, Fruit, Co 
operation and Markets, Statistics and Publications, Agricultural Representatives 
Branch (supervising the work of 48 local representatives in 1921), Colonization and 
Immigration. The Department conducts the affairs of the Ontario Agricultural 
College and the Ontario Veterinary College at Guelph, and the Agricultural School 
at Kemptville. 

Manitoba The Manitoba Department of Agriculture includes an Agri 
cultural Extension Service, a Weeds Commission, a Dairy Branch, a Publications 
and Statistics Branch, a Live Stock Branch, a Game Branch, besides operating the 
Manitoba Agricultural College. 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS 227 



Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan Department includes six principal 
branches: the Live Stock Branch, the Field Crops Branch, Dairy Branch, the 
Bureau of Statistics Branch, the Game Branch and the Co-operative Organization 
Branch. 

Alberta. The Alberta Department conducts the following main services: 
Dairy, Live Stock, Veterinary, Agricultural Schools and Demonstration Farms, 
Seeds and Weeds, Poultry, Fairs and Institutes, Branding, Crop Reports and 
Statistics. 

British Columbia. The branches of the Department of Agriculture are: 
Horticultural, Live Stock, Dairy, Inspection and Fumigation of Imported Fruits, 
Nursery Stock, etc., Entomology and Plant Pathology, Markets, Apiary Inspection, 
Statistics and Publications. 

For the publications of the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, see in the 
index the entry "Publications of Provincial Governments." 

3. Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada. 

Among the most important contributions of Canadian Governments to the 
development of agriculture throughout the country, is the maintenance of agricul 
tural experiment stations where research work in both plant and animal breeding 
and adaptation to climatic conditions is carried on. Already this work has had a 
profound effect in the improvement of Canadian agriculture: for example, in the year 
1923 about 360,000,000 bushels of Marquis wheat, a variety produced at the Central 
Experimental Farm at Ottawa, were grown in Canada. Amongst the earlier experi 
ments undertaken, the results of which have passed permanently into good Cana 
dian farm practice, may be mentioned those relating to early seeding, summer 
fallowing, the use of farmyard manure, the fertilizing value of clover crops and the 
introduction into western agriculture of suitable grasses and clovers. Both the 
common red clover and alfalfa are now entering into western rotations as the result 
of efforts on the part of the farms to obtain hardy strains and to discover means 
of resistence to winter-killing. Further experiments with earlier-ripening and 
drought-resisting cereals are now being carried on, each new discovery increasing 
the cultivable area of Canada. Other researches relate to the production of frost- 
resisting fruit trees for the Prairie Provinces. This research work has already 
had a profoundly ameliorating effect upon the Canadian agriculture; a state 
ment regarding the work now under way at the Dominion and Provincial experi 
ment stations is appended. 

Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations. 

Central and Branch Farms. Inaugurated in 1886 by Act of Parliament, 
the Dominion Experimental Farms system was at first made up of the Central Farm 
at Ottawa and four branch Farms: one at Nappan, Nova Scotia, for the Maritime 
Provinces; one at Brandon for Manitoba; one at Indian Head for the Northwest 
Territories, and one at Agassiz for British Columbia. 

The opening up and rapid settlement of the Dominion have led to a corres 
ponding increase in the number of Experimental Farms and Stations 1 . These, with 
the two Tobacco Stations, now total 24, with a total acreage of 12,757, as compared 
with the original five Farms, having a total acreage of 3,472, as established in 1886. 
The following table shows the present number of Farms and Stations with the 
acreage of each and the date of establishment. 

1 The five original farms established in 1886 are known as "Experimental Farms": those added since 
are styled "Experimental Stations." No distinction in the work is expressed by these titles. 

62373 15J 



228 



PRODUCTION 



DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS AND STATIONS, 1923. 



Farm or Station. 


Province. 


Acreage. 


Date 

e>tab- 
lished. 




Ontario 


467 


1886 




Ontario 


1,282 


1916 




Ontario 


249 


1909 




Prince Edward Island 


151 


1909 




Nova Scotia 


460 


1886 




Nova Scotia 


434 


1912 




New Brunswick 


520 


1912 




Quebec 


340 


1911 




Quebec 


339 


1911 




Quebec 


455 


1914 




Quebec 


1,200 


1916 




Quebec 


65 


1912 




Manitoba 


625 


1886 




Manitoba 


302 


1915 




Saskatchewan 


680 


1886 




Saskatchewan 


650 


1908 




Saskatchewan 


520 


1910 




Saskatchewan 


640 


1920 




Alberta 


850 


1907 




Alberta 


400 


1906 




British Columbia 


53 


1912 




British Columbia 


550 


1914 




British Columbia 


1,400 


1886 




British Columbia 


125 


1912 











In addition there are nine sub-stations, viz.: Salmon Arm, B.C.; Swede Creek, 
Yukon Territory; Fort Vermilion, Grouard and Beaverlodge, Alberta; Forts Smith, 
Resolution and Providence, Northwest Territories; and Betsiamites, Saguenay 
County, Que. Experimental work under the Division of Illustration Stations is 
conducted on 15 farms in Saskatchewan, 11 in Alberta, 10 in British Columbia, 
31 in Quebec, 10 in New Brunswick and 11 in Nova Scotia. 

Organization of the System of Experimental Farms. The Central Farm at Ottawa, 
as its name implies, is the centre or headquarters of the system. Thereat are situated 
the Director, having control and general supervision of the whole, and the chief 
technical officers, having charge each of his special line of work, both at the Central 
and Branch Farms. At Ottawa, the policy to be pursued throughout the system is 
settled by agreement after discussion by the Director, the technical officers and 
the superintendents on whose branch farms the work is to be conducted. The 
technical staff at Ottawa supervise the actual experimental work at the Central 
Farm. At the branches, the superintendents are in charge of the carrying out of the 
various lines of general experiment and also conduct experiments of local importance. 
Exclusive of the Division of Bacteriology, about to be organized, the Divisions 
at Ottawa, which represent the different lines of work carried on throughout the 
system, and which have each a technical officer in charge, are as follows: (1) Animal 
Husbandry; (2) Bees; (3) Botany; (4) Cereals; (5) Chemistry; (6) Extension and 
Publicity; (7) Economic Fibre Production; (8) Field Husbandry; (9) Forage 
Plants; (10) Horticulture; (11) Illustration Stations; (12) Poultry and (13) Tobacco. 
Briefly the main lines of the work of these Divisions are as follows: 

Animal Husbandry. This Division comprises work with beef cattle, dairy cattle 
and dairying, horses, sheep and swine, and undertakes experiments in the breeding, 
feeding, housing and management of each of these classes of live stock. 

g ees , The Bee Division covers the breeding, feeding and manipulation of bees, 
and the study of bee products, including their marketing. 



DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS 229 

Botany. The work of this Division falls into two classes, economic botany 
and plant pathology. The former includes the study of medicinal, poisonous and 
economic plants. Different varieties and strains of fibre plants are also studied, 
and special attention is given to the life history and control of weeds. The Division 
has also charge of the arboretum at the Central Farm. In plant pathology, in addi 
tion to the pathological laboratory at Ottawa, there are laboratories at Charlotte- 
town, P.E.I., Fredericton, N.B., St. Catharines, Ont., Brandon, Man., Indian 
Head, Sask., and Summerland, B.C. Investigations are being conducted into diseases 
affecting forest trees, fruit trees, cereals, small fruits, potatoes, vegetables and 
tobaccos. 

Cereals. In the Cereal Division, the work comprises the production, by cross 
breeding and selection, of new varieties of grains and the testing of these as to their 
suitability for various parts of Canada. Approved varieties are grown on. a larger 
scale and samples are distributed free to applicant farmers. Among the more 
recent varieties produced in this Division and now widely grown in Canada are the 
Arthur pea and the Huron, Marquis and Prelude wheats. Two interesting varieties 
now being introduced are the ruby wheat, ripening not quite as early as Prelude 
but yielding better, and the Liberty Hull-less oat, which should greatly widen the 
field of usefulness of this cereal and simplify the processes of its manufacture into 
food for man and beast. The Division also carries on extensive milling and baking 
tests. 

Chemistry. The work of the Division of Chemistry comprises the analysis 
of fodders and feeding stuffs, fertilizers, soils, well waters, insecticides, fungicides, 
etc. It also assists other Divisions in chemical problems and does a large amount 
of analytical work for other branches of the Department and for military and 
civilian use abroad. Field tests with various kinds and quantities of fertilizers are 
carried on by this Division at a number of the branch farms and stations. 

Extension and Publicity. This Division acts as a connecting link between the 
Experimental Farms and the farmer by making the work of the former as widely 
known as possible. Two chief means used are the exhibits at as many fairs as 
possible each year and the extension of the departmental mailing lists. 

Economic Fibre Plants. The Division studies the areas in Canada suitable 
for fibre production, the best varieties and strains of seed of fibre plants, cultural 
methods, harvesting, retting and scutching processes, etc. Chiefly for demonstra- 
tional purposes, the Division is operating at Clinton, Huron County, Ontario, a 
leased commercial flax mill. 

Field Husbandry. This Division applies, under field conditions, the results 
obtained by other Divisions more directly engaged in scientific research. Some of 
the main lines of work under way are tests of fertilizers, methods of drainage, 
rotations and cultural methods. Data of cost of production of field crops are gathered 
in connection with this work. 

Forage Plants. The Division has for its work the variety testing of grasses, 
leguminous forage plants, field roots and Indian corn; plant breeding with these; 
the collection of genera and species likely to be of value as forage plants; the study 
of the possibilities and methods of growing root seed, including sugar beets, in 
Canada, and the distribution for trial of seed of varieties newly obtained and not 
available commercially. 

Horticulture. The work of the Division of Horticulture falls under four main 
heads: vegetable gardening, orcharding and small fruits, ornamental gardening 



230 PRODUCTION 



and plant breeding. In the three first named, the testing of varieties is a main feature, 
with a view to ascertaining the hardiest, earliest, best-yielding and most disease- 
resistant sorts. In plant breeding, the aim is the improvement of existing sorts by 
cross-breeding. Greenhouse work is also given special attention at Ottawa. Can 
ning experiments and demonstrations are carried on. 

Illustration Stations. This Division forms another connecting link between 
the Experimental Farms and the farmer. These Stations are now 88 in number. 
Each is located on the farm of a representative farmer, who does the work according 
to directions framed to illustrate the best rotations, the best varieties of crops, and 
the best cultural methods, as determined by the work of years on the Experimental 
Farms. 

Poultry. The scope of work of the Poultry Division has been greatly extended 
during the last few years. It now covers the following main lines of investigation: 
artificial and natural incubation, poultry breeding, systems of breeding and rearing, 
production of heavy-laying strains, feeding for eggs and table, and housing of 
poultry. Poultry survey work, i.e., the endeavour to get groups of farmers in 
various localities to keep accurate records of their poultry costs and returns, is 
already showing results in the better housing, breeding and care of the farm flock. 
Egg-laying contests and record of performance work are carried on. 

Tobacco. The Tobacco Division deals with the breeding, variety tests and 
cultural methods, the warehousing and marketing of tobacco. A complete analysis 
of the soils of the tobacco-producing regions of Canada is being made. During the 
growing season,, inspectors examine the tobacco fields of as many growers as 
possible, with a view to suggesting the best cultural methods and means of com 
bating diseases and insect pests. 

In addition to the work done by the Division of Extension and Publicity and 
Illustration Stations, the results of the work of the Experimental Farms are made 
available to the farmer (1) by correspondence; (2) by publications; (3) by "Season 
able Hints," now in its eighth year, a l(>-page pamphlet brought out every four 
months, with a circulation of about 383,000; and (4) by articles in the press. The 
Farm officers devote considerable time each year, to lecturing, demonstrating, 
judging at fairs and assisting at Short Courses in Agriculture. Excursions to the 
various farms are also a valuable means of bringing the work to the attention of the 
farmer. 

Provincial Experimental Farms and Stations. 
Nova Scotia. 

College of Agriculture, Truro. About 430 acres are devoted to general 
farming, gardening and investigations. Conducted primarily as a college and 
distributing station for pure-bred live stock and seeds, investigational work does 
not occupy so prominent a position as it does at a purely experimental station. 
Nevertheless, practical experiments are being carried on, amongst which the follow 
ing, together with those described qn pages 305 and 306 of the 1921 Year Book, 
are the most important. 

A permanent pasture experiment was begun twelve years ago to determine the 
value of top dressing with basic slag, acid phosphate and wood ashes. In addition 
to the foregoing, the application of crude kainite is now being tried on the permanent 
pasture. Fairly extensive experiments are being tried with Wild Kentish clover as 
a pasture crop. 



PROVINCIAL EXPERIMENTAL FARMS 231 

Experiments to determine the fertilizing value of a crude salt mined at Mala- 
gash have given good results for mangolds, but results with other crops have not 
been impressive. 

Three classes of silage crops are being tried under identical conditions, viz.: 
corn, sunflowers and O.P.V. (the college name for a mixture of oats, peas and 
vetches). The value of the O.P.V. mixture is now thoroughly proved under Nova 
Scotia conditions. Sunflowers have given good results for four years, but corn has 
proved very variable. A trench silo filled in 1922 gave very satisfactory results. 
Field and garden experiments have shown good results from the use of home grown 
oats, wheat, turnips and tomatoes, as compared with seed of these crops grown 
elsewhere. Experiments already carried on for two years are being continued in 
the control of scab hi potatoes by the application of ground sulphur and inoculated 
sulphur. Experiments have been conducted in the control of the cabbage root 
maggot, and with insects affecting orchard fruits, carrots and other vegetables. 
The cabbage root maggot is now perfectly controlled, but further work remains to 
be done with other root and vegetable pests. Extensive experiments in the control 
of insect pests on fruit trees are being carried out, mainly at points in the Annapolis 
valley, where conditions are more favourable for such investigations than at the 
college. Model orchards at some 35 localities outside of the recognized fruit belt 
are operated to determine varieties and methods suitable for these localities. Details 
of the college experimental work, including results obtained, are published in the 
Annual Report of the Secretary for Agriculture for the Province. 

The College enrols about 50 to 100 students annually in its regular course and 
from 200 to 300 annually in various short courses. Numerous extension short 
courses are annually conducted at various centres in the province. 

A college prospectus, issued annually, contains complete accounts of the nature 
of the studies in these courses. 

Quebec. 

Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue. The College is situated about 
20 miles west of Montreal and is incorporated with McGill University. The College 
property comprises 786 acres, divided as follows: main farm, 584 acres; cereal 
husbandry plots, 75 acres; poultry department, 17 acres; orchard, 35 acres; vege 
table gardens, 25 acres; the campus, including driveways, lawns, trees, shrubs, 
flower beds, school garden and recreation fields for students of both sexes, 50 acres. 
The agricultural engineering, animal husbandry, bacteriology, botany, cereal 
husbandry, chemistry, horticulture, physics, poultry, zoology, and entomology 
departments are all well equipped for the numerous researches and experiments 
under way. In the School of Agriculture, the courses offered include 4-year courses, 
leading to the B.S.A. and B.Sc. in Agr. degrees, a 4 months winter practical course 
for farmers and farmers sons, and various short courses. Postgraduate work can 
be taken in cereal husbandry, entomology, plant pathology, bacteriology, etc. 
the higher degrees offered being M.S.A., M.Sc. and Ph.D. In the School of House 
hold Science, the courses include a 4-year course, leading to the degree of Bachelor 
of Household Science, a 2-year institution administration course, a 1-year home- 
maker course, three short courses each of about 3 months duration in household 
science, etc. In the School for Teachers, courses under the Protestant Committee 
of the Council of Public Instruction of the Province of Quebec are offered leading 
to model, kindergarten and elementary diplomas. The teaching and experimental 
staff of the College consists of about 60 members. The total enrolment for 1921-22 
was 762. More complete information respecting the work of the College will be 



232 PRODUCTION 



found oh record in the Canada Year Book of 1916-17, pp. 241-242, and 1918, pp. 
235-237. The annual report of the College and the annual announcement should be 
consulted. 

Oka Agricultural Institute. Situated on the Lake of Two Mountains, 
about 20 miles from Montreal, the Oka Agricultural Institute is one of the oldest 
experimental farms in Canada. It was affiliated to Laval University of Mont 
real (now University of Montreal) on March 25, 1908. The total area of the farm 
comprises 1,800 acres, including all kinds of soil. Horticulture holds an important 
place. The area devoted to fruit trees is about 40 acres, and includes 4,000 trees 
(apples, cherries, pears and plums) grown according to the most recent methods. 
Special attention is given to the breeding of live stock. The dairy herd is of con 
siderable importance and has been entirely -formed at the Institute itself. Official 
milk records begun in 1918 have already resulted in the registration of 52 animals 
in the "Record of Performance," with an average yield exceeding 10,000 Ib. of milk. 
The raising of swine, poultry and bees is also practised. The poultry houses shelter 
thousands of birds, amongst them the famous hen "Chantecler," bred by the poultry 
manager and registered in the United States Standard of Perfection in 1921. Mention 
should also be made of the modern rabbit hutch, 70 ft. x 13 ft., probably unique of its 
kind in Canada. The Institute can accommodate about 150 indoor students. The 
present curriculum includes (1) a scientific course of four years leading to the 
University degree of B.S.A.; (2) a practical course of two years for young men less 
advanced, embracing all the principal agricultural subjects such as general agri 
culture, cereals, fodder plants, rural and hygienic construction, machines and 
motors, the cultivation of fruits and vegetables and the breeding and utilization 
of farm live stock. The famous Oka cheese (Port du Salut) made at this Institute is 
widely known throughout the North American continent. 

School of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere. This school, with 
accommodation for 125 boarders, is situated on the southern slope of a hill domin 
ating a farm of nearly 600 acres. Within oae mile of the Intercolonial Railway and on 
the Quebec-Rlviere-du-Loup line, it is easily accessible, and attracts thousands of 
visitors, who seek agricultural information from both the School and the Dominion 
Experimental Station, which is not more than a mile from the village. The students 
of the School are divided into (1) those taking a four-years agronomic course, and 
(2) those receiving special practical training for two years. The School is affiliated 
to Laval University, Quebec, which awards the degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor of Science 
in Agriculture) to successful students of the first class, whilst those in the other 
receive a Certificate of Agricultural Proficiency (Brevet de Capacite Agricoje). 
Lectures in adjacent parishes are frequently given by the School professors, who also 
conduct agricultural pages in two of the largest provincial weeklies for the extension 
of new agricultural information. Cultural experiments are also undertaken at the 
School, and bulletins are published. 

Ontario. 

Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Guelph. The 

College and Experiment Station were established in 1874 to train young farmers in 
the science and practice of agriculture and to conduct agricultural experiments for 
the benefit of the province. The land property consists of a little more than 700 
acres of average loam soil. The farm property consists of 500 acres; experimental 
plots of about 100 acres and campus and woodlots form the remainder. The growth 
of the institution as an educational centre has been very rapid. Academic work 



PROVINCIAL EXPERIMENTAL FARMS 233 

at the present time requires the space and equipment of sixteen large buildings 
for dormitories, class rooms and laboratories. Courses offered include a four-year 
course for the degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor of Science in Agriculture), a two-year 
course for the Associate Diploma, winter courses for farmers and farmers sons, 
summer courses for teachers of the province and domestic science courses at Mac- 
donald Institute. The teaching and experimental staff consists of about seventy- 
five members. In 1874 the College opened with 28 students. The total enrolment 
in long and short courses in the academic year 1921-22 was 2,112. More complete 
information respecting the researches and experimental work undertaken at the 
college will be found on record in the Canada Year Book of 1916-17, pp. 243-245, 
and 1918, pp. 238-241. Also reference may be made to the Forty-seventh Annual 
Report of the College, covering the year 1921. 

Manitoba. 

Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg. Field husbandry experiments 
are conducted in five divisions: (1) Forage Crop Improvement; (2) Cereal Crop 
Improvement; (3) Soil and Crop Management; (4) Co-operative Experiments; 
and (5) Studies in Quality of Farm Crops. The work of the Forage Crops Improve 
ment Division has for its object the production and improvement of plants suitable 
under Manitoba conditions for pasture, hay and fodder. Varieties and strains of 
forage crops have been imported from the United States and European countries, 
and improvement is being obtained by selection and hybridization. The major 
investigations are being conducted with alfalfa and red clover, but work is also 
being done with sweet clover, timothy, western rye, brome, meadow fescue and 
meadow foxtail. Profitable results have been obtained in fodder corn, especially 
by securing early maturing strains. In the Cereal Crop division, the work consists 
of the testing and classification of cereal varieties with a view to standardization. 
The crops under study are wheat, oats, barley, flax, spring and fall rye, peas and 
buckwheat. Introductions of cereals have been made from various parts of the 
world, and selections have been made which promise to be of value. Hybridization 
for improvement is also followed, and some promising crosses are now under test. 
In the Soil and Crop Management division the projects include soil renovation and 
soil cultivation experiments, experiments in cereal crops, perennial and annual 
forage crops, hoed crops and cropping sequence. Work is also being done in silage 
and in ascertaining the carrying capacity of the grasses and clovers when used for 
pasture. Co-operative experiments are being conducted in order to determine the 
varieties and practices best suited to the different agricultural zones of the province. 
These experiments are being conducted with both government institutions and 
individual farmers. In this work experimental fields, on which complete variety tests, 
fertility tests and management tests are made, are operated at the Birtle Demon 
stration Farm, Killarney Demonstration Farm, Teulon High School Farm, Elkhorn 
Indian School Farm, and Pas Indian School Farm. Tests in which farmers are 
trying out three or more varieties or methods are in operation at about 100 places. 
In addition to this, considerable work is being done co-operatively on the reclamation 
of peat lands and drifting soils. Studies in quality of farm crops are being con 
ducted with wheat and barley. In the former case milling and baking tests have 
been made of wheat from different points of the province with an idea of estab 
lishing the quality of wheat grown under different soil and climatic conditions. 

The Departments of Botany and Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Physics, 
Chemistry and Engineering are also carrying on numerous investigations. 



234 PRODUCTION 



Saskatchewan. 

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. The College of Agriculture has 
over 1,300 acres of land at the University and another 560 acres about 35 miles 
distant which were bequeathed to the College by a pioneer settler, an ex-student 
of the University of Cambridge, England. Of the 1,300 acres, 210 acres are set 
aside for experimental work in field husbandry and horticulture. Two hundred and 
seventy acres of prairie were purchased in 1918, 100 acres of which have been broken 
for the Field Husbandry Department. The remaining 800 acres are operated as a 
general farm with great diversification of crops. The buildings, paddocks, etc., 
are located on an adjoining half section of land designated as the campus or building 
plot. The College offers a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of 
Science in Agriculture (B.S.A.), and a three-year associate course for farmers sons 
intending to make farming their life work. Short courses in general agriculture, 
tillage, crops, live stock, poultry, dairying and engineering, are held for adult 
farmers during the winter months, both at the College and at various points through 
out the province. 

Practical experiments are undertaken in the departments of field and animal 
husbandry, as well as a variety of scientific investigations in the departments of chem 
istry, physics, biology, engineering, etc. 

Alberta. 

College of Agriculture, Edmonton South. A College of Agriculture has 
been established at the University of Alberta, Edmonton South. A definite four- 
year course with matriculation entrance leading to the B.Sc. degree is under way. 
Students from the provincial schools of agriculture will enter the second 
year of the course after satisfying special entrance requirements. At these 
schools various experiments are in progress as described in the 1920 edition of the 
Year Book, p. 286. At the College itself numerous agricultural experiments are 
also being conducted, including the followirtg tests: Determination as to whether 
the present varieties of wheat, oats, barley and peas are suitable for the Park Belt 
sections of Alberta; breeding and selection of promising varieties of wheat for earlier 
maturity combined with high milling qualities; the testing of alfalfas, red clover, 
sweet clover and alsike for winter hardiness and of sweet clover in the Open Plains 
sections to determine its drought hardiness; varieties of corn and sunflowers for 
fodder; relative suitability of corn and sunflowers for the Park Belt; selection of a 
suitable grain corn for the dry sections; growth of alfalfa and sweet clover for hay 
and seed ; nurse crops with clover and timothy. Extensive experiments in the feeding 
of cattle, sheep and swine have been under way for three or four years. They include 
both winter feeding and summer pasture work. Other researches have been made 
on the utilization of the best native grasses of Alberta; hay and pasture production; 
effects of frost on grain; production of alfalfa seed; factors of hardiness in winter 
wheat; sunflowers; potatoes; seed production; various experiments with cattle, 
sheep and swine. A start has been made in a definite soil survey of the province, 
beginning with the soil-blown area of the south. 

British Columbia. 

Department of Agriculture. Horticultural Branch. Demonstration work 
in continuation of researches previously undertaken was again carried on this year. 
This included work on the control of the strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus 
ovatus, Linn.) and the various strengths of lime-sulphur sprays to be used in the 



STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 235 

control of apple scab. Soil work was also continued along -the line of cover crops 
as well as the use of commercial fertilizers. New work was undertaken in the use 
of oil sprays for the control of blister mite, oyster-shell scale and leaf roller, and also 
in the commercial use of spreaders for spraying work. 

Soil and Crop Branch. The seed potato inspection and certification work 
started in 1921 by the Soil and Crop Branch was continued and extended during 
1922, in co-operation with the provincial plant pathologist. 

University of British Columbia. Progress has been made with the clearing 
and preparation of land for experimental and general farm purposes. The results 
obtained by the departments of agronomy and horticulture are becoming increas 
ingly valuable, especially for farmers and gardeners cultivating upland coast soils. 
In the department of animal husbandry, excellent foundation stock has been pur 
chased, consisting of Jerseys, Ayrshires, Shorthorns and Herefords, and good York 
shire and Berkshire pigs and Southdown, Shropshire and Oxford Down sheep have 
also been acquired. Seven Clydesdale mares formerly at Colony Farm now form 
the horse-breeding nucleus. Departments of dairying and poultry have been 
organized, and are carrying on investigational and instructional work. In addition 
to the teaching and investigational work at the University, the members of the 
Faculty of Agriculture, in co-operation with the Dominion and Provincial Govern 
ments, have organized and conducted considerable extension work throughout the 
province. 

3. Statistics of Agriculture. 

Annual Statistics. Since 1918 the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, in co 
operation with the nine Provincial Governments, has been collecting annually the 
basic agricultural statistics of Canada. These statistics are secured by means of a 
simple schedule calling for a statement of the areas sown to field crops and of the 
numbers of farm animals alive on June 15. When completed they are compiled 
into totals by the Bureau, and the areas as finally estimated form the basis for the 
estimation during the growing season and after harvest of the yields of field crops. 
These yields are estimated in each district by the experienced crop correspondents 
of the Bureau. In 1922 schedules were returned for about 25 p.c. of the farms of the 
Dominion, and, on the basis of these 25 p.c., estimates for the field crops and live 
stock of the Dominion were prepared. 

In six of the provinces the schedules were distributed in 1923 through the 
agency of the rural schools, in British Columbia and in Prince Edward Island they 
were mailed direct to farmers; in Quebec, through the co-operation of the Quebec 
Bureau of Statistics, the schedules were distributed by local agents under the 
direction of the agronomists or district agricultural representatives. This system 
has been found effective in securing a larger sample of the farms of the country than 
could be obtained in any other way. 

Census Statistics. At each of the six decennial censuses of Canada taken since 
Confederation, statistics of the agricultural activities carried on throughout the 
country have been secured, such, for example, in the kter censuses, as the acreage 
sown, the yield of crops, the value of that yield, the number of fruit trees, the 
value of farms, the number of live stock, etc. In the publication of the results of 
each of these censuses, a special volume has been devoted to agricultural (and 
horticultural) activities, and this will be the case in the publications of the census 
of 1921, some of the results of which are used in the following statistics. Censuses 
of population and agriculture have also been taken for the three Prairie Provinces 
in 1906 and 1916. 



236 PRODUCTION 



Presentation of Agricultural Statistics. In the current edition of the Year 
Book, the statistics of agriculture are presented under the following headings: (1) 
Acreage, yield, quality and value of crops, (2) Farm live stock and poultry, (3) Fur 
farming, (4) Dairying, (5) Fruit, (6) Farm labour and wages, (7) Prices, (8) Mis 
cellaneous, (9) Summary of agricultural revenue and agricultural wealth, (10) 
World statistics of agriculture. 

1. Acreage, Yield, Quality and Value of Crops. 

Field Crops, 1917-22. In Table 1 are presented for Canada, by provinces, 
estimates of the area, yield, quality and value of the principal field crops for each 
of the six years 1917 to 1922, with the five-year averages for the period 1917 to 1921. 1 
The estimates of 1922 are based upon statistics collected from about 168,000 
farmers throughout Canada in June of that year under arrangements made between 
the Dominion and Provincial Governments in accordance with plans dating from 
1917 for the four provinces of Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, 
and from 1918 for the remaining five provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova 
Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba. As was pointed out in previous 
editions of the Year Book (see 1920 edition, p. 188), comparability with the statistics 
of 1917 and 1918 was somewhat affected by the change in the method of estimation 
which then took place. In estimating totals for the year 1922 it was possible to use 
a preliminary count of the number of farms, according to the schedules of the census 
of 1921 as received and compiled. 

Season of 1921-22. Taken altogether, the Canadian agricultural season of 
1922 was of marked excellence. In parts of the Dominion, notably British Columbia 
and the northern and central districts of Alberta and Saskatchewan, severe drought 
prevailed during the growing season up to the end of July; but in the southern dis 
tricts of Alberta and Saskatchewan the rainfall was ample, and the grain crops were 
superior to any since 1915. These conditions were a very welcome change from a 
series of bad seasons in the southern and clrier districts of the two provinces. In 
Manitoba and Ontario an excellent all-round harvest was gathered. In Quebec the 
grain crops were generally good, and the yields were superior to those of last year. 
Potatoes however in this province, as a consequence of drought in September follow 
ing excessive rains, did not realize early expectations, and the tubers were as a rule 
small and few. Abundant rains in the Atlantic provinces resulted in good grain 
crops, but the yield of potatoes was below average, and the wet season induced 
rotting. The fall of 1922 was fine and mild, enabling cattle to be kept out of doors 
until a late date; and in most parts of the Dominion live stock entered upon the 
winter with plentiful supplies in prospect. 

Areas and Yields of Grain Crops. The total yield of wheat in Canada 
for the year 1922 was finally estimated at 399,786,400 bushels from an area of 
22,422,693 acres, as compared with 300,858,100 bushels from 23,261,224 acres in 
1921 and with 236,025,200 bushels from 18,545,863 acres, the annual average for 
the five years 1917-21. The total for 1922 consisted of 18,956,000 bushels from 
892,569 harvested acres of fall wheat and of 380,830,400 bushels from 21,530,124 
sown acres of spring wheat. The total wheat crop of 399,786,400 bushels, as finally 
estimated, was the largest on record for Canada, and compares with 393,542,600 
bushels, the previous record crop of 1915. The average yield per acre of all wheat 

1 Statistics of acreage, yield, and value of various field crops collected at the decennial censuses since 
1871 will be found in the "Statistical Summary of the Progress of Canada," immediately following the 
Table of Contents. 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 237 

for 1922 worked out at 17f bushels, as compared with 13 bushels in 1921, with 12f 
bushels, the five-year average, and with 26 bushels, the record for 1915. For fall 
wheat the average yield per acre in 1922 was 21J bushels, as against 21| bushels in 
1921 and 22\ bushels, the five-year average. For spring wheat the 1922 average 
was 17f bushels, as compared with 12f bushels in 1921 and 12J bushels, the five- 
year average. 

Oats yielded in 1922 the total of 491,239,000 bushels from 14,541,229 acres, as 
compared with 426,232,900 bushels from 16,949,029 acres in 1921, with 530,709,700 
bushels from 15,849,928 acres, the record crop of 1920 and with 436,130,380 bushels 
from 15,170,961 acres, the annual average for the five years 1917-21. The average 
yield per acre for 1922 was 33f bushels, as against 25i bushels in 1921 and 28| 
bushels, the five-year average. Barley yielded a total of 71,865,300 bushels from 
2,599,520 acres, as compared with 59,709,100 bushels from 2,795,665 acres in 1921 
and with 62,350,808 bushels from 2,707,801 acres, the five-year average. The 
average yields per acre were 27f bushels in 1922, 21 bushels in 1921 and 23 bushels, 
the five-year average. Flaxseed gave a total yield of 5,008,500 bushels from 
565,479 acres, as compared with 4,111,800 bushels from 533,147 acres in 1921 and 
with 5,914,480 bushels from 1,008,409 acres, the five-year average. The yield per 
acre was 8-85 bushels in 1922, 7| bushels in 1921 and 5-85 bushels, the average. 

For the remaining cereal crops, the total yields for 1922 were in bushels as 
follows, the corresponding totals for 1921 and for the five-year average being shown 
within brackets: Rye 32,373,400 (21,455,260; 11,066,132); peas 3,170,100 (2,769,- 
081; 3,408,824); beans 1,303,300 (1,089,900; 1,716,236); buckwheat 9,701,200 
(8,230,100; 9,260,100); mixed grains 27,707,700 (22,271,500; 26,872,656); and 
corn for husking 13,798,000 (14,904,000; 13,629,440). 

Root and Fodder Crops. Expressed in centals of 100 lb., the yield of potatoes 
in 1922 was 55,745,300 from 683,594 acres, as compared with 64,407,600 centals 
from 701,912 acres in 1921, and with 66,118,860 centals from 739,474 acres, the 
five-year average. The yield per acre of 1922 was 81^ centals, compared with 91| 
centals in 1921 and with 89| centals, the five-year average. Turnips, mangolds, 
etc., produced a total of 43,973,500 centals from 224,256 acres in 1922, as against 
39,575,150 centals from 227,675 acres in 1921 and with 49,398,040 centals from 
275,705 acres, the five-year average. The yield per acre in 1922 was 196 centals, 
as compared with 173| centals in 1921 and with 179 centals the average. Sugar 
beets produced 190,400 tons from 20,725 acres in 1922, as against 268,000 tons from 
28,367 acres in 1921 and 243,600 tons from 24,231 acres, the average. The yield per 
acre was in 1922, 9-20 tons, in 1921, 9-45 tons .and for the average 10 tons. Of hay 
and clover the total yield was in 1922 14,488,200 tons from 10,001,667 acres, as 
compared with 11,366,100 tons from 10,614,951 acres in 1921 and with 13,901,960 
tons from 10,071,857 acres, the average. The yield per acre was 1-45 ton in 1922, 
1-07 ton in 1921 and 1-40 ton, the average. Grain hay in Alberta and British 
Columbia gave a total yield in 1922 of 1,624,100 tons, as compared with 1,288,976 
tons in 1921. Of alfalfa, the total yield in 1922 was 806,400 tons from 305,933 
acres, as compared with 662,200 tons from 263,892 acres, and with 489,798 tons 
from 207,114 acres, the five-year average. The yield per acre was 2-65 tons in 
1922, 2 1 tons in 1921 and 2-35 tons the average for the five years. Fodder corn 
yielded 5,879,000 tons from 654,624 acres in 1922, as against 6,361,600 tons from 
585,395 acres in 1921 and with 4,884,796 tons from 510,946 acres, the average. 
The yield per acre in 1922 was 9 tons, as against lOf tons in 1921 and 9 tons the 
five-year average. 



238 



PRODUCTION 



Values of Field Crops. The average prices per unit, as received by fanners 
in 1922, are estimated from the reports of crop correspondents for all Canada as 
follows, the corresponding prices for 1921 and for the five-year average 1917-21 
being given within brackets: Per bushel: Fall wheat $1.01 ($1.02; $1.89); spring 
wheat 84 cents (80 cents; $1.65); all wheat 85 cents (81 cents; $1.66); oats 38 cents 
(34 cents; 62 cents); barley 46 cents (47 cents; 92 cents); rye 58 cents (72 cents; 
$1.15); peas $1.84 ($1.96; $2.78); beans $2.85 ($2.90; $5.02); buckwheat 84 cents 
(89 cents; $1.36); mixed grains 60 cents (62 cents; $1.05); flaxseed $1.72 ($1.44; 
$2.66); corn for husking 83 cents (83 cents; $1.32); Percental: potatoes 90 cents 
($1.28; $1.55); turnips, mangolds, etc., 54 cents (67 cents; 86 cents). Per ton: 
hay and clover $13.46 ($23.56; $19.24); alfalfa $12.77 ($19.95; $19.97); fodder 
corn $4.97 ($7.05; $6.80); grain hay $12.87 ($12.17, 1921); sugar beets $7.88 
($6.50; $10.07). 

The total values of field crops in 1922 are estimated as follows, the corresponding 
values for 1921 and for the five-year average 1917-21 being given within brackets: 
Wheat $339,419,000 ($242,936,000; $392,546,320); oats $185,455,000 ($146,395,300; 
$270,406,080); barley $33,335,300 ($28,254,150; $57,487,784); rye $18,703,200 
($15,399,300; $12,744,150); peas $5,818,200 ($5,439,400; $9,467,240); beans 
$3,713,800 ($3,155,800; $8,613,200); buckwheat $8,140,800 ($7,285,100; $12,618- 
020); mixed grains $16,500,700 ($13,901,220; $28,088,214); flaxseed $8,638,900 
($5,938,400; $15,747,620); corn for husking $11,509,700 ($12,317,000; $18,040,080); 
potatoes $50,320,000 ($82,147,600; $102,776,960); turnips, mangolds, etc., 
$23,886,000 ($26,620,400; $42,259,360); hay and clover $194,950,000 ($267,764,200; 
$267,459,520); grain hay $20,910,000 ($14,476,000 in 1921); alfalfa $10,295,000 
($13,211,000; $9,780,740); fodder corn $29,197,600 ($44,880,800; $33,207,060); 
sugar beets $1,500,000 ($1,742,000; $2,453,100). The aggregate value of all field 
crops in 1922 is $962,293,200, as compared with $931,863,670 in 1921. 

1 Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel . 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Canada- 
Fall wheat 1917 


acres. 
725,300 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
15,533,450 


lb. 
59-37 


$ 
2-08 


$ 
32,336,900 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


416,615 
672,793 
814,133 
720,635 
892,569 
669,895 


19-00 
23-75 
24-00 
21-50 
21-25 
22-25 


7,942,800 
16,006,000 
19.469,200 
15,520,200 
18,956,000 
14,894,330 


61-19 
61-20 
60-14 
58-77 
59-91 
60-13 


2-08 
2-45 
1-88 
1-02 
1-01 
1-89 


16,516,000 
39,336,000 
36,550,500 
15,846,000 
19,059,000 
28,117,080 


Spring wheat 1917 


14,030,550 


15,50 


218,209,400 


59-48 


1-93 


420,701,700 


19K 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


16,937,287 
18,453,175 
17,418,241 
22,540,589 
21,530,124 
17,875,968 


10-75 
9-50 
14-00 
12-75 
17-75 
12-25 


181,132,550 
177,254,400 
243,720,100 
285,337,900 
380,830,400 
221,133,870 


58-69 
58-53 
59-07 
58-10 
60-31 
58-77 


2-02 
2-36 
1-60 
0-80 
0-84 
1-65 


365,161,700 
418,386,000 
390.806,800- 
227,090,000 
320,360,000 
364,429,240 


All wheat . . 1917 


14,755.850 


15-76 


233,742,850 


59-46 


1-94 


453,038,600 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averaees.. ... 1917-21 


17,353,902 
19.125,968 
18,232,374 
23,261,224 
22,422,693 
18,545,863 


11-00 
10-00 
14-50 
13-00 
17-75 
12-75 


189,075.350 
193.260,400 
263,189,300 
300,858,100 
399,786,400 
236,025,200 


59-44 
59-12 
59-35 
58-11 
60-24 
59-10 


2-02 
2-37 
1-62 
0-81 
0-85 
1-66 


381,677,700 
457,722,000 
427,357,300 
242,936,000 
339,419,000 
392,546,320 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



239 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Canada con. 
Oats 1917 


acres. 
13,313,400 


bush. 
30-25 


bush. 
403,009,800 


Ib. 
33-55 


$ 

0-69 


* 

277 065 300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


14,790,336 
14,952,114 
15,849,928 
16,949,029 
14,541,229 
15,170,961 


28-75 
26-25 
33-50 
25-25 
33-75 
28-75 


426,312,500 
394,387,000 
530,709,700 
426,232,900 
491,239,000 
436,130,380 


35-61 
34-16 
35-62 
32-97 
35-68 
34-38 


0-78 
0-80 
0-53 
0-34 
0-38 
0-62 


331,357,400 
317,097,000 
280,115,400 
146,395,300 
185,455,000 
270 406 080 


Barley... ..1917 


2,392,200 


23-00 


55,057,750 


46-97 


1-08 


59 654 400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


3,153,711 
2,645,509 
2,551,919 
2,795,665 
2,599,520 
2,707,801 


24-50 
21-25 
24-75 
21-25 
27-75 
23 -CO 


77.287.24C 
56,389,400 
63,310,550 
59,709,100 
71,865,300 
62,350,808 


47-24 
46-32 
47-62 
46-05 
47-66 
46-84 


1-00 
1-23 
0-83 
0-47 
0-46 
0-92 


77! 378^670 
69,330,300 
52,821,400 
28,254,150 
33,335,300 
57 487 7S4 


Rye 1917 


211,880 


18-25 


3 857 200 


53-44 


1-62 


fi 9A7 Oftft 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


555,294 
753,081 
649,654 
1,842,498 
2,105,367 
802,481 


15-25 
13-50 
17-50 
11-75 
15-50 
13-75 


8,504,400 
10,207,400 
11,306,400 
21,455,260 
32,373,400 
11 066 132 


55-60 
55-09 
55-44 
55-06 
55-71 
54-93 


1-49 
1-40 
1-33 
0-72 
0-58 
1-15 


12,728,600 
14,240,000 
15,085,650 
15,399,300 
18,703,200 

19 744 IRA 


Peas 1917 


198,881 


15-25 


3 026 340 


50.01 


3.154 


in 794 inn 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


235,976 
230,351 
186,348 
192,749 
178,890 
208, 861 


18-25 
14-75 
19-00 
14-25 
17-75 
16-25 


4,313,400 
3,406,300 
3,528,100 
2,769,981 
3,170,100 
3 408 824 


59-93 
59-60 
60-44 
59-42 
60-08 
59-84 


2-99 
2-86 
2-42 
1-96 
1-84 
2-78 


12,899,100 

9,739,300 
8,534,3 
5,439,400 
5,818,200 

94fi7 94(1 


Beans ..1917 


92,457 


13-75 


1 274 000 


59-70 


7-45 


Q 403 dnn 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


228,577 
83,577 
72,163 
62,479 
79,899 
107,851 


15-50 
16-50 
17-50 
17-50 
16-25 
16-00 


3,563,380 
1,388,600 
1,265,300 
1,089,900 
1,303,300 
1 716 236 


58-67 
59-99 
59-73 
59-30 

59-39 
50.40 


5-41 
4-48 
3-88 
2-90 

2-85 
K.no 


19,283,900 
6,214,800 
4,918,100 
3,155,800 
3,713,800 

8C19 OAft 


Buckwheat... ..1917 


395,977 


18-00 


7 149 400 


46-49 


l-4fi 


1A AAO Af\f\ 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


548,097 
444,732 
378,476 
360, 758 
430,982 
425 608 


20-75 
23-50 
23-75 
22-75 
22-50 
21-75 


11,375,500 
10,550,800 
8,994,700 
8,230,100 
9,701,200 
9 260 100 


47-41 
47-23 
47-95 
47-35 
47-80 

47-90 


1-58 
1-50 
1-28 
0-89 
0-84 
1 .3fi 


18,018,100 
15,831,000 
11,512,500 
7,285,100 
8,140,800 

19 filfi non 


Mixed grains 1917 


497,236 


32-50 


16 157 080 


44-41 


1 .Ifi 


i o oni 7KA 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


921,826 
901,612 
811,634 
861,1361 
779,800 
798 689 


38-75 
31-00 
40-00 
25-75 
35-50 
33-75 


35,662,300 
27,851,700 
32,420,700 
22,271,500 
27,707,700 
26 872 656 


46-39 
44-83 
44-65 
41-62 
44-33 

44.38 


1-14 

1-36 
0-90 
0-62 
0-60 
i .p>; 


40,726,500 
37,775,400 
29,236,200 
13,901,220 
16,500,700 


Flaxseed 1917 


919 500 


6-50 


K Q34 QAn 


<!4.73 


2 .fie 




1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


1,068,120 
1,093,115 
1,428,164 
533,147 
565,479 
1 008 409 


5-75 
5-00 
5-60 
7-75 
8-85 
5-85 


6,055,200 
5,472,800 
7,997,700 
4,111,800 
5,008,500 

5Q14 4ftA 


53-72 
55-14 
54-79 
54-34 
55-04 

KA, KA 


3-13 
4-13 
1-94 
1-44 

1-72 


18,951,000 
22,609,500 
15,502,200 
5,938,400 
8,638,900 


Corn for husking 1917 


234,339 


33-00 


7 762 700 


KR.10 


1 *ft4 


1A 0/17 <V\A 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . . . . 1917-21 


250,000 
264,607 
291,650 
296,866 
318,397 
267.482 


56-75 
64-00 
49-25 
50-25 
43-25 
Si -nn 


14,205,200 
16,940,500 
14,343,800 
14,904,000 
13,798,000 
13 R9Q ddl) 


53-97 

56-45 
55-56 
55-45 

SS.S4 


1-75 
1-34 
1-16 
0-83 
0-83 

1.30 


24,902,800 
22,080,000 
16,593,400 
12,317,000 
11,509,700 

1Q fMf. AOA 



Including "Other grains" in Manitoba. 



240 



PRODUCTION 




..-Area, TU*. Qua,,,, 



Field crops. 


Arc 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight j 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Vverage 
price 
per 

cental. 


Total 
value. 


Canada^con. 

Potatoes l"i 


acri 

656,958 
735,192 
818,767 
784,544 
701,912 
683,594 
739,474 

218,233 
325,037 
317,296 
290,286 
227,675 
224,256 
275,705 

8,225,034 
10,544,625 
10,595,383 
10,379,292 
10,614,951 
10,001,667 
10,071,857 

1,220,000 
60,390 
60,612 
57,603 
56,626 
59,535 

109,825 
196,428 
226,869 
238,556 
263,892 
305,933 
207,114 

366,518 
502,069 
511,769 
588,977 
585,395 
654,624 
510, 94C 

14,0(K 
| 18,00( 
24,50( 
36,28! 
28,36 
20,72 
24,23 

36,00 
8 30,25 
35,59 
37,60 
34,10 
2 32,53 
1 34,73 

7 201,00 
8 169,72 
9 174,93 
183, 4 
1 189,4 
!2 182,55 
!1 183,71 


centals. 

72-95 
85-15 
92-00 
102-35 
91-75 
81-55 
89-40 

145-35 
188-75 
176-95 
200-45 
173-80 
196-10 
179-15 
tons. 
1-66 
1-40 
1-55 
1-30 
1-07 
1-45 
1-40 

1-25 
2-50 
2-25 
2-70 
1-75 
2-50 

2-39 
2-25 
2-20 
2-45 
2-jjp 
2-65 
2-35 

7-34 
9-50 
9-7J 
9-6C 
10 -7 
9-(K 
9-5J 

8-4( 
10-CK 
9-8( 
11-3 
9-4 
9-2 
10-0 

bush. 
14-5 
20-0 
17-0 
12-0 
6 16-7 
21-2 
1 16-fl 

32-2 
9 34- 
7 34-C 
2 27-; 
3 27-( 
9 35- 
4 31-( 


centals. 

47,935,200 
62,607,720 
75,344,940 
80,298,840 
64,407,600 
55,745,300 
66,118,860 

31,725,500 
61,349,800 
56,144,300 
58,195,450 
39,575,150 
43,973,500 
49,398,040 
tons. 
13,684,700 
14,772,300 
16,348,000 
13,338,700 
11,366,100 
14,488,200 
13,901,960 

1,133,476 
1,525,000 
151,000 
136,400 
155,500 
99,100 
147,633 

262,400 
446,400 
494,200 
583,790 
662,200 
806,400 
489,798 

2,690,370 
4,787,500 
4.942.76C 
5.641.75C 
6,361,60C 
5,879,(XK 
4,884,79f 

117, 60( 
180, 00( 
240, 00( 
412, 40( 
268,001 
190,40 
243,60 

bush. 
552,00 
606,00 
624,60 
452,90 
5 573,00 
5 688,80 
555,70 

5 6,482,30 
5.839.0C 
K) 6,038,00 
5 5,095,OC 
K) 5,118,OC 
5 6,533,(K 
X) 5,714, 4f 


Ib. 




- 
- 
- 


- 
- 

57-6 
59-9 
59-0 
55-5 
59-8 
59-7 
58-4 

34-8 
36-4 
10 36-C 
32-1 
10 36-C 
K) 32-C 
10 35-C 


$ 

1-69 
1-63 
1-58 
1-62 
1-28 
0-90 
1-55 

0-92 
0-85 
0-98 
0-83 
0-67 
0-54 
0-86 
per ton. 
10-33 
16-25 
20-72 
26-10 
23-56 
13-46 
19-24 

10-00 
12-00 
29-00 
33-12 
20-20 
26-34 
27-18 

11-59 
17-84 
21-85 
23-79 
19-95 
12-77 
19-97 

5-14 
6-15 
6-92 
7-7, 
7-0 
4-9i 
6-8C 

6-7! 
10-2, 
10-81 
12-81 
65 
7-8 
10-0 
per 
bush. 
2-0 
2-2 
2-7 
2-0 
1-0 
9 1-2 
2-fl 

0-f 
2 0-7 
0-J 
5 0-1 
14 0-! 
10 (H 
18 0-- 




80,804,400 
102,235,300 
118,894,200 
129,803,300 
82,147,600 
50,320,000 
102,776,960 

29,253,000 
52,252,000 
54,958,700 
48,212,700 
26,620,400 
23,886,000 
42,259,360 

141,376,700 
241,277,300 
338,713,200 
348,166,200 
267,764,200 
194,950,000 
267,459,520 

11,335,000 
18,300,000 
4, 379, COO 
4,518,000 
3,111,000 
2,610,000 
4,012,667 

3,041,300 
7,963,500 
10,800,200 
13,887,700 
13,211,000 
10,295,000 
9,780,740 

13,834,900 
29,439,100 
34,179,500 
43,701,000 
44,880,800 
29,197,600 
) 33,207,060 

793,800 
i 1,845,000 
i 2,606,000 
} 5,278,700 
) 1,742,000 
3 1,500,000 
1 2,453,100 

9 1,091,000 
2 1,344,000 
3 1,705,200 
906,000 
573,000 
5 863,000 
2 1,123,840 

5,185,800 
7 4,535,000 
5 5,132,000 
3,567,000 
,0 2,560,000 
U 2,662,000 
3 4,195,960 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 191721 


Turnips, mangolds, etc. .1917 

1919 
1920 
1921 
, . 1922 
Averages 1917~21 


TTnv and clover . .1917 


191S 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Grain hay, (Alberta).... 1921 
Ay* ^ 
Grain hay (B C ) 1919 


1921 
1922 
Averages 1919-21 


Alfalfa ..1917 


1018 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Fodder corn 1917 


1915 
1920 
1921 
1925 
Averages 1917-2] 


Riitrar beets 191 


101 1 

191! 
1921 

192 
192 
Averages 1917-2 


Prince Edward Island 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 


Oats I 91 


U 191 

191 
19: 
19: 
19: 
Averages 1917-! 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



241 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Prince Edward Island con. 
Barley 1917 


acres. 
3,500 


bush. 
28-50 


bush. 
99,750 


Ib. 
46-45 


$ 

1-22 


$ 

121,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


5,672 
5,636 
5,046 
6,334 
4,716 
5,238 


28-50 
29-00 
24-50 
23-25 
29-00 
26-50 


162,000 
164,000 
123,000 
147,400 
136,300 
139,230 


49-31 
50-00 
47-47 
48-41 
48-47 
48-33 


1-25 
1-40 
1-27 
0-75 
1-01 
1-18 


203.400 
229,700 
156,200 
110,550 
137,700 
164,310 


Peas... ..1917 


60 


14-00 


840 


60-60 


2-86 


2,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


460 
490 
164 
212 

277 
277 


16-00 
16-00 
16-50 
23-50 
21-00 
17-25 


7,300 
8,100 
2,700 
5,000 
5,800 
4,788 


60-66 
60-00 
60-00 
55-00 
59-00 
59-25 


2-90 
3-25 
3-00 
1-25 
2-35 
2-68 


21,200 
26,300 
8,100 
6,300 
13,600 
12,860 


Buckwheat.. ..1917 


2,500 


29-00 


72,500 


47-80 


1-32 


95,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


5,592 
4,094 
4,035 
i_ 2,932 
2,723 
3,830 


21-75 
20-75 
23-50 
24-75 
27-25 
23-50 


122,000 
87,800 
95,000 
7?, 800 
74,200 
90,020 


48-77 
48-80 
46-67 
46-15 
47-00 
47-64 


1-44 
1-50 
1-30 
0-75 
0-82 
1-29 


175,500 
132,000 
123,500 
54,600 
60,800 
116,260 


Mixed grains 1917 


7,800 


38-25 


298,400 


42-61 


0-98 


292,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


13,475 
18,900 
16,504 
16,770 
17,326 
14,690 


44-50 
44-00 
33-75 
29-25 
37-75 
38-00 


600,000 
843,400 
556,600 
491,900 
652,200 
558,060 


45-00 
44-00 
41-44 
41-47 
41-00 
42-90 


1-04 
1-22 
0-85 
0-80 
0-63 
1-01 


623,400 
1,039,400 
473,000 
393,520 
407,700 
564,344 


Potatoes... ..1917 


35,000 


centals. 
105-00 


centals. 
3,675,000 




percental. 
1-25 


4,594,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . . 1917-21 


31,543 
36,234 
36,322 
36,921 
35,553 
35 204 


102-00 
75-00 
102-00 
96-95 

74-75 
95-85 


3,217,380 
2,717,400 
3,704,820 
3,579,480 
2,657,700 
3 374 816 


- 


1-04 
1-41 
Ml 

0-75 
0-50 
1-10 


3,378,000 
3.850,000 
4,013.600 
2,684,600 
1.329,000 
3 704 04fl 


Turnips, mangolds, etc.. 1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages. .. . 1917-21 


8,100 
8,246 
12,337 
9,397 
9,961 
8,115 
9 608 


252-70 
260-25 
259-20 
241-00 
285-20 
285-00 
260-10 


2,047,000 
2,146.000 
3,198,000 
2,264,500 
2,841,100 
2,313,000 
2 499 320 


_ 


0-62 
0-58 
0-51 
0-60 
0-47 
0-36 
0-55 


1, 269.000 
1,244 700 
1,638,800 
1,359,000 
1,336.400 
833,000 
1 369 580 


Hay and clover 1917 


197,000 


tons. 
1-55 


tons. 
305 400 




per ton. 
12-67 


3 869 000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


222,691 
237,883 
243,394 
255,010 
258,559 
231 196 


1-50 
1-80 
1-25 
0-80 
1-45 
1-35 


334,010 
428,000 
304,200 
215,200 
379,400 
317 360 


- 


14-17 
20-00 
26-00 
30-00 
12-00 
19-87 


4,732,800 
8,564,000 
7,909.000 
6,455,200 
4,553,000 
6 306 000 


Fodder corn 1917 


250 


7-00 


1 800 




5-00 


9 000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


420 
522 
190 
485 
670 
373 


5-25 
12-00 
8-00 
10-00 
7-50 
8-85 


2,200 
6,260 
1,500 
4,800 
5,000 
3 31 


- 


9-00 
8-00 
10-00 
6-00 
6-00 
7-40 


19,800 
50.000 
15,000 
28,800 
30,000 
24 520 


Nova Scotia- 
Spring wheat 1917 


16 200 


bush. 
15-75 


bush. 
255 150 


57-93 


per 
bush. 
2-34 


597 000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages .. 1917-21 


32,737 
28,931 
26,116 
16,294 
14,493 
24 055 


22-25 
19-50 
19-50 
15-50 
20-25 
19-25 


728,000 
564,000 
511,900 
252,000 
293,600 

4fip 91 n 


59-43 
58-32 
59-00 

58-77 
59-08 

iS.fiQ 


2-36 
2-81 
2-15 
1-42 
1-60 

9.^1 


1,718,000 
1,585,000 
1,098,000 
357,000 
470,000 
i n?i n<v> 


6237316 















242 



PRODUCTION 



1 Area Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-1921 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 

yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Nova Scotia con. 

Oata .; 1917 


acres. 

123,000 
145,036 
158,838 
152,976 
136,904 
136,862 
143,351 

4,800 
11,571 
13,894 
11,487 
8,686 
7,155 
10,087 

300 
531 
1,046 
470 
369 
243 
543 

170 
1,753 
1,896 
1,046 
775 
639 
1,128 

1,000 
8,829 
6,859 
4,617 
2,982 
3,108 
4,857 

10,900 
19,342 
17,384 
13,106 
9,404 
8,657 
14,027 

4.00C 
5,40< 
8,62* 
6,171 
4.7K 
4,49i 
5,7* 

41,001 
51,25 
62,06 
50,09 
39,16 
38,05 
48,71 

9,10 

8 23,82 
9 30,29 
19,94 
15,43 
2 16,16 
19.71 


bush. 

29-25 
37-25 
36-00 
30-25 
28-75 
33-25 
32-50 

24-75 
30-00 
31-25 
26-00 
23-00 
27-25 
27-75 

15-00 
14-50 
29-50 
15-00 
14-25 
20-25 
20-50 

14-25 
18-75 
20 -CO 
20-50 
16-75 
22-00 
19-00 

17-75 
16-25 
12-75 
18-50 
19i25 
19^00 
16-00 

21-00 
23-00 
25-25 
22-25 
20-50 
24-00 
22-75 

24 -OC 
36 -OC 
37-5C 
32 -5( 
30 -0( 
30-5( 
29 -5( 

centals. 
104-9. 
111-4 
96-6 
122-2 
98-2 
97-1 
107-3 

175-4 
3 195-6 
268-8 
6 215-8 
6 247-5 
2 .215-6 
9 228-5 


bush. 

3,597,800 
5,403,000 
5,718,000 
4,636,800 
3,927,400 
4,549,000 
4,656,600 

118,800 
347,000 
434,000 
298,400 
200,100 
194,000 
279,660 

4,500 
7,700 
31,000 
7,100 
5,260 
4,900 
11,112 

2,400 
33,000 
38,000 
21,400 
12,981 
14,000 
21,556 

17,750 
143,000 
87,000 
85,900 
57,800 
59,000 
78,290 

228,900 
445,000 
439,000 
291,400 
192,500 
208,000 
319, 36C 

96,000 
195, (KK 
218, 0(K 
200, 6<X 
141, 1(K 
137, 50( 
170, 14( 

centals. 
4,303,80* 
5,865,601 
5,995,201 
6,125,401 
3,848,40 
3,695,4 
5,227,68 

1,596,50 
4,660,35 
5 8,144,50 
5 4,305,50 
3,820,50 
3,484,50 
4,505,47 


Ib. 

32-28 
34-69 
34-54 
33-45 
34-15 
34-50 
33-82 

46-54 
48-19 
46-97 
46-76 
47-58 
47-96 
47-21 

54-50 
55-67 
53-00 
56-00 
52-50 
56-00 
54-33 

58-50 
59-50 
58-50 
56-81 
58-20 
57-00 
58-30 

59-00 
59-14 
57-56 
58-50 
59-86 
58-83 
58-81 

46-56 
47-10 
47-23 
47-27 
48-07 
46-94 
47-25 

39-91 
42-24 
46-77 
39 -2( 
44-4f 
45 -7( 
) 42-5! 

- 
- 

- 
- 

- 








$ 

0-92 
1-06 
1-14 
1-00 
0-74 
0-66 
0-99 

1-34 
1-62 
1-77 
1-51 
1-16 
0-98 
1-55 

1-67 
1-85 
1-55 
1-50 
1-50 
1-38 
1-59 

4-44 
3-20 
3-84 
3-67 
3-36 
3-00 
3-57 

7-95 
7-34 
6-37 
6-00 
4-36 
4-00 
6-42 

1-14 
1-35 
1-55 
1-36 
1-0 
0-95 
1-34 

1-24 
l-3( 
l-5c 
1-3: 
0-9; 
0-8. 
l-3( 

per cental 
1-5, 
1-5 
1-8 
1-6 
1-5 
0-9 
1-6 

0-9 
1-1 
1-2 
1-2 
0-4 
0-6 
1-0 


$ 

3,310,000 
5,727,000 
6,519,000 
4,614,000 
2,897,300 
2,988,000 
4,613,460 

159,200 
562,000 
768,000 
452,000 
231,600 
191,000 
434,560 

7,500 
14,200 
48,000 
10,650 
7,900 
6,800 
17,650 

10,700 
106,000 
146,000 
78,500 
43,600 
42,000 
76,960 

141,100 
1,050,000 
554,000 
515,400 
251,800 
236,000 
502,460 

261,000 
601,000 
680,000 
397,000 
203,500 
189,000 
428,500 

119,000 
254,000 
334,000 
265,000 
136,700 
117,000 
221,740 

} 6,599,000 
5 9,092,000 
1 10,891.000 
} 9,966,000 
8 6,093,000 
1 3,572,000 
3 8,528,200 

4 1,501,000 
5 5,406,000 
9,773,000 
4 5,368,000 
1,528,000 
2,090,000 
4 4,715,200 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Barley ...1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Rye ..1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Peas ..1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Beans ..1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Buckwheat . . 1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
A verages 191 72 3 


]VIixod grains 1913 


1918 

19H 
192( 
192] 
192i 
Averages 19172 


Potatoes 191 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 


Turnips, mangolds, etc.. 191 
iy i 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averages.. ..1917-2 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



243 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-1921 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
ton. 


Total 
value. 


Nova Scotia con. 
Hay and clover 1917 


acres. 
542,000 


tons. 
1-65 


tons. 
894 300 


Ib. 


$ 

H-83 


$ 
in nnn nnn 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


605,464 
678,357 
632,069 
571,661 
558,052 
605 910 


1-45 
2-10 
1-50 
1-35 
1-55 
1-60 


878,000 
1,425,000 
948,000 
771,700 
871,000 

009 40fl 


- 


20-00 
22-34 
35-00 
23-00 
16-25 

9fi. Oft 


17,560,000 
31,835,000 
24,966,000 
17,749,000 
14,154,000 

9fi t*3 Q firtrt 


Alfalfa 1917 


V 

30 


3-50 


100 




l^.ftf} 


1 IAA 


Fodder corn 1917 


48C 


9-20 


4 400 




6.0/1 


9ft A(\f\ 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


4,644 
2,960 

1,451 
1,466 
1,179 
2,200 


9-50 
9-50 
8-00 
6-50 
7-55 
8-85 


44,000 
. 28,000 
11,600 
9,500 
8,900 
19 500 


- 


9-00 
8-00 
10-00 
6-00 
9-50 

8 .40 


396,000 
224,000 
116,000 
57,000 
84,600 

ico ocn 


New Brunswick- 
Spring wheat 1917 


16,000 


bush. 
12-00 


bush. 
192 000 


58-43 


per 
bush. 

2-25 


43? Hftn 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages.... 1917-21 


49,453 
35,641 
29,485 
28,028 
22,629 
31 721 


19-00 
17-50 
15-75 
15-25 
17-50 
16-75 


940,250 
623,000 
464,400 
427,000 
396,000 

KOQ QQn 


59-68 
59-61 
58-25 
59-20 
59-29 
w.ns 


2-32 
2-80 
2-11 
1-50 
1-73 


2,183,700 
1,744,400 
979,900 
641,000 
685,000 


Oats 1917 


190 000 


22-50 


4 27"; 000 


w.w 


O.Q4 




1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 19-17-21 


224,442 
305,484 
309,071 
284,728 
313,937 
262 745 


31-50 
30-25 
29-50 
25-00 
30-75 
28-00 


7,051,400 
9,261,000 
9,117,600 
7,118,000 
9,666,000 
7 3fi4 finn 


35-32 
"35-10 
34-93 
31-50 
35-85 
34. m 


0-97 
0-98 
0-60 
0-65 
0-58 

Ofi9 


6,877,400 
9,086,000 
5,470,600 
4,627,000 
5,606,000 


Barley 1917 


1 800 


22-00 


*3Q Rf]f\ 


49. (24 






1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 191 7-21 


6,601 
10,662 
8,177 
8,898 
7,551 
7 228 


24-75 
26-75 
23-75 
17-00 
25-00 
23-00 


163,140 
285,000 
194,200 
151.000 
188,000 

Ififi 5SS 


47-81 
47-48 
46-50 
47-64 
48-28 

d.fi.4.7 


1-55 
1-35 
1-41 
1-11 
0-94 

1 **fi 


253,279 
385,000 
273,800 
168,000 
177,000 


Rye 1918 


308 


16-25 


5AA( 






zzo, /y4 


1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1918-21 


353 
254 
479 
580 
348 


20-00 
14-00 
17-50 
19-00 
17-25 


7,000 
3,600 
8,400 
11,000 
6/yin 


56-00 
57-00 


2-00 
1-80 
1-00 
1-00 

1 7 


,000 
14,000 
6,500 
8,400 
11,000 


Peas 1917 


4CO 


1 "i-Pfl 


Goo/) 






,4<0 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


4,077 
4,697 
2,844 
2,124 
2,227 
2 828 


14-75 
14-75 
15-00 
12-75 
14-25 
14. in 


60, 100 
69,000 
42,700 
27,000 
32,000 


59-37 
59-85 
60-50 
59-75 
60-73 


3-68 
3-03 
2-35 
2-25 
2-81 


1< ,000 
221,200 
209,000 
100,300 
61,000 
90,000 


Beans 1917 


300 


1Q-50 


1 s*n 


oy-yo 


97 


121,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


5,491 
6,409 
4,254 
2,292 
3,559 
3 749 


15-50 
16-50 
16-25 
12-75 
18-00 
I 1 ?.? 1 ; 


85,580 
106,000 
69,100 
29,000 
64,000 

CQ 1Aft 


59-39 
58-58 
60-00 
59-50 
59-67 


8-05 
5-25 
3-39 
4-00 
3-35 


ol.iOO 
689,400 
556,000 
234,200 
116,000 
214,000 


Buckwheat 1917 


57 000 


19-50 


1 111 K.()[\ 


Ati AC 


O/ 


i32y,aou 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


72,483 
74,642 
66,366 
49,812 
54,605 
64 061 


20-75 
25-00 
22-75 
22-25 
25-00 

99 r > \ 


1,499,500 
1,871,000 
1,509,800 
1,108,000 
1,393,000 

1 41 O QAA 


47-38 
47-74 
46-69 
47-84 
48-50 


1-65 
1-36 
1-45 
1-00 
0-97 


2,477,000 
2,547,000 
2,189,200 
1,108,000 
1,351,000 


62373 16-J 










oo 


1,915,440 



244 



PRODUCTION 



1 Area Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-23 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 

yield . 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


New Brunswick con. 

Mixed ffrains .1917 


acres. 
840 
4,292 
5,297 
3.395 
4,089 
3,632 
3,583 

46,000 
57,272 
75,573 
78,335 
74,875 
74,811 
66,411 

7,700 
18,507 
24,279 
20,030 
17,745 
16,202 
17,652 

568,000 
740,637 
786,175 
726,380 
694,497 
700,581 
703,138 

1,178 

85 
3,459 
5,906 
5,243 
3,738 
5,503 
3,686 

277,400 
365,670 
251,089 
222,045 
180, 61f 
145,047 
259,364 

1,492.7(K 
! 1, 932,721 
) 2,141,10; 
) 2,205,90! 
2,366,81( 
> 2,252,011 
1 2,027,84< 

1 165,601 
189,20 
234,89 
194,44 
1 191,67 
155,57 
195,16 

22,45 
8 
9 33,48 
28,46 
1 24,94 
2 18,73 
1 27,67 


bush. 
19-50 
32-50 
33-75 
29-75 
23-50 
31-00 
29-75 
centals. 
89-90 
95-10 
86-65 
118-80 
129-75 
98-50 
105-65 

150-25 
175-00 
183-25 
176-50 
174-75 
198-65 
175-40 
tons. 
1-60 
1-50 
1-40 
1-20 
0-90 
1-50 
1-30 

1-50 

9-00 
4-50 

5-00 

wo 

7-00 
7-50 
6-20 

bush. 
14-00 
17-25 
16-75 
17-00 
15-25 
15-75 
16-25 

21-75 
1 27 2, r 
26-7J 
30-21 

) 21-2J 

27 -7. 
25 -5( 

18-51 
24 
I 22-7. 
25-2 
21-2 
22-7 
22-5 

16-7 
3 16-2 
1 17-2 
2 18-7 
17-2 
6 15-5 
9 17-2 


bush. 
16,380 
139,900 
179,000 
101,000 
96,000 
113,000 
106,456 
centals. 
4,134,600 
5,446,560 
6,474,120 
9,306,180 
9,715,200 
7,369,000 
7,015,332 

1,157,000 
3,238,750 
4,449,400 
3,535,300 
3,101,000 
3,218,000 
3,096,290 
tons. 
909,000 
1.111.000 
1,111,000 
871,700 
625,000 
1,051,000 
925,540 

1,800 

770 
15,600 
30,000 
41,900 

26,000 
41,000 
22,854 

bush. 
3,883,600 
(i. 308, 000 
4,206,000 
3,775,000 
2,754,000 
2,286,001 
4,185,320 

32.466.20C 
52,667.0CK 
57,275,WK 
66, 729, OCX 
i 50,591,00( 
> ti2.281.OCX 
) 51,945,641 

3,063,6(X 
4. 551, (XX 
5 5,344,001 
5 4,910,001 
5 4,073,00 
3,549,00 
4,388,32 

376,00 
472,00 
5 578,00 
5 534,00 
5 430,00 
288,50 
5 478,00 


Ib. 
43-29 
42-97 
43-83 
41-00 
41-67 
49-11 
42-55 
[ 

57-94 
58-82 
59-12 
59-45 
58-19 
59-39 
58 -7C 

34-3-1 
35-95 
35-47 
36-51 
35-24 
36-2; 
) 35-5 

48-1 
48-K 

47-e: 

47-8 
46-1 
i 46-8 
47-5 

53-3 
o4-7 
55-8 
55-7 
53-8 
53-1 
54-7 


i 

1-10 
1-25 
1-23 
1-17 
0-88 
0-84 
1-16 
>er cental. 
1-88 
1-67 
1-62 
1-17 
1-50 
0-83 
1-50 

1-22 
1-16 
1-15 
0-40 
0-34 
0-78 
0-83 
per ton. 
10-29 
15-30 
20-26 
27-87 
25-00 
14-00 
19-18 

9-00 

6-00 
10-00 
8-00 
10-00 
10-00 
10-00 
9-45 
per 
bush. 
2-46 
2-28 
2-86 
2-24 
1-5S 
1-5? 
2-35 

0-92 
1-0( 
1-Of 
0-8 
0-6( 
0-6 
0-8< 

I 1-5 
i 1-6 
1-6 
1-4 
1-Q 
0-9 
1-4 

1-7 
2-1 

: 2-0 

1-8 
1-2 
1-2 
2 1-8 


$ 

18,000 
175,200 
220.000 
118,200 
84,000 
95,000 
123,080 

7,787,000 
9,077,600 
10,466,000 
10,857,200 
14,573,000 
6,116,000 
10,552,160 

1,412,000 
3,757,000 
5,155,000 
1,414,100 
1,054,000 
2,510,000 
2,558,420 

9,354,000 
16,998,300 
22,512,000 
24,294,300 
15,625,000 
14,714,000 
17,756,720 

16,200 

4,600 
156,000 
240,000 
419,000 
260,000 
410,000 
215,920 

9,553,700 
14,382,000 
12.02 .i. 00(1 
8,456,000 
4,379,000 
3,491,000 
9,759,940 

29,868,900 
52,667,000 
, 60. 712, 000 
i 58,722,000 
) 30,355.000 
I 38,614,000 
) 46,464,980 

3 4,840,500 
I 7, 37:;. (KM) 
I 8,764,000 
[ 6,923,000 
B 4,073,000 
2 3,277,000 
6 6,394,700 

669,300 
991,000 
1,156.000 
8 1,004,000 
. r .:!8,000 
6 1.400 
2 871,660 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Potatoes . 1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


Turnips, mangolds, etc. .1917 

1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . . . 191721 


Hay and clover ... 1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
19.22 
Averages 191721 


Alfalfa 1918 


Fodder corn.. ..1917 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-2] 

Quebec 

Spring wheat . . . 1917 


1918 
1918 
192C 
1921 
1925 
Averages . .. 1917-21 


Oats . .191- 


19U 

191! 
192( 
192 
192 
Averages 1917-2 


Barley . . 191 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averages 1917-2 


Rye ....191 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averaees. . . . 1917-2 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



245 



1 Area Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-23 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield . 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Quebec con. 
Peas 1917 


acres. 
66,457 


bush. 
12-00 


bush. 

797,500 


Ib. 
59-75 


$ 

4-51 


$ 
3,596,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


107,386 
81,642 
60,870 
65,259 
64,096 
76,323 


15-50 
15-00 
17-00 
14-75 
14-25 
15-00 


1,664,000 
1,225,000 
1,035,000 
963,000 
914,000 
1,136,900 


60-26 
60-14 
60-74 
59-43 
60-03 
60-06 


4-14 
3-62 
3-36 
2-50 
2-74 
3-66 


6,889,000 
4,435,000 
3,478,000 
2,408,000 
2,506,000 
4,161,340 


Beans . ..1917 


55,157 


15-00 


827,400 


59-90 


7-77 


6,428,900 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . 1917-21 


109,803 
43,202 
35,835 
28,272 
29,812 
54,454 


17-00 
19-75 
18-00 
18-75 
17-00 
17-25 


1,867,000 
853,000 
645,000 
530,000 
505,500 
944,480 


59-45 
59-81 
60-15 
59-16 

58-77 
59-69 


5-72 
4-52 
4-08 
3-18 
3-15 
5-35 


10,679,000 
3,856,000 
2,632,000 
1,685,000 
1,592,000 
5,056,180 


Buckwheat . . . 1917 


163,577 


16-50 


2,699,000 


46-55 


1-73 


4,669,300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


227,018 
170,043 
151,765 
150,666 
167,185 
172,614 


20-75 
24-00 
25-75 
23-25 
22-50 
22-00 


4,711,000 
4,081,000 
3,908,000 
3,503,000 
3,760,000 
3,780,400 


48-20 
47-72 
48-19 
47-08 
46-20 
47-55 


1-77 
1-70 
1-38 
1-00 
0-94 
1-53 


8,338,000 
6,938,000 
5,393,000 
3,503,000 
3,547,000 
5,768,260 


Mixed grains 1917 


122,819 


21-25 


2,609,900 


. 44-50 


1-33 


3,471,200 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


194,288 
157,637 
143,423 
168,245 
139,697 
157,282 


27-00 
27-00 
29-25 
24-00 
26-75 
25-75 


5,246,000 
4,256,000 
4,195,000 
4,038,000 
3,744,000 
4,068,980 


45-49 
44-54 
46-10 
43-31 
43-32 
44-79 


1-46 
1-50 
1-26 
0-85 
0-79 
1-29 


7,659,000 
6,384,000 
5,286,000 
3,432,000 
2,957,000 
5,246,440 


Flaxseed . ..1917 


5,700 


8-25 


47,000 


53-2 


3-37 


158,400 


1918 
1919 
192 
192 
192 
Averages 1917-2 


7,357 
11,384 
16,035 
8,64 
5,88 
9,82 


11-25 
9-75 
11-5 
11-50 
10-00 
10-7 


83,000 
111,000 
184,000 
99,400 
58,200 
104,88 


54-6 
53-4 
55-7 
52-7 
52-4 
53-9 


3-74 
3-9 
3-5 
3-5 
2-7 
3-6 


310.000 
434,000 
637,000 
354,000 
160,200 
382,680 


Corn for husking . . . 191 


74,33 


24-2 


1,802,700 


56-8 


2-2 


4,056,000 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averages ... . 1917-2 


54,69 
43,60 
47,74 
46,18 
53,37 
53,31 


21-7 
41-00 
29-7 
29-5 
28-00 
28-2 


1,190,00 
1,788,00 
1,420,00 
1,362,00 
1,492,00 
1,512,54 


56-4 

55-9 
55-2 
53-7 
56-1 


2-1 
1-84 
1-5 
1-1 
1-2 
1-8 


2,518,000 
3,290,000 
2,258,000 
1,567,000 
1,911,000 
2,737,800 


Potatoes... ..191 


226,91 


centals. 
48-00 


centals. 
10,894,80 




per centa 
2-3 


25,058,000 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averages 1917-2 


264,87 
315,59 
310,69 
222,084 
206,23 
268,03 


88-2 
108-9 
111-3 
97-5 
82-3 
93-1 


23,361,600 
34,368,000 
34,579,80 
21,653,40C 
16,983,00 
24,971,52 


- 


1-6 
1-4 
1-6 
1-3 
1-0 
1-5 


38,157,000 
48,688,000 
57,633,000 
28,871,000 
18,342,000 
39,681,400 


Turnips, mangolds, etc.. 191 
191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averages 1917-2 


70,19 
95,52 
87,49 
83,61 
53,084 
48,81 
77,98 


112- 
147- 
158- 
164- 
159- 
158- 
149- 


7,879,500: 
14,114,00 
13,890,000 
13,765,00 
8,467,00 
7,719, 00( 
11,623,10( 


- 


1-1 
1-06 
1-0 
1-00 
0-8 
0-8 
1-0 


9,298,000 
14,960,800 
14,723,000 
13,765,000 
6,774,000 
6,638,000 
11,904,160 


Hay and clover . . 19 


2,961,98, 


tons. 
1- 


tons. 
5,065,000 


_ 


per ton 
9-5 


48,523,000 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averages. . . .1917-2 


4,533,26 
4,299,36 
4,290,12 
4,426,67 
3,998,03 
4.102,28 


1- 
I- 

1- 
0- 
1- 
1- 


6,799,900 
6,449,001 
5,363,OOM 
4,205,00 
5,397,00 
5,576,38 


_ 


15-7 
20-& 
29-OX 
29-OX 
14-0( 
. 20-2 


107,098,400 
132,462,000 
155,527,000 
121,945,000 
75,558,000 
113,111,080 



246 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-1921 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield . 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
ton. 


Total 
value. 


Quebec con. 
Alfalfa . 1917 


acres. 
3,818 


tons. 
2-26 


tons. 
8,600 


Ib. 


$ 

8-37 


$ 
72,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


4,144 

28,488 
28,200 
29,300 
30,200 
18,790 


2-25 
2-35 
2-40 
2-20 
1-50 
2-30 


9,300 
67,000 
68,000 
64,500 
45,300 
43,480 


- 


11-70 
14-22 
21-00 
25-00 
11-50 
19-20 


109,000 
953,000 
1,428,000 
1,613,000 
521,000 
835,000 


Fodder corn 1917 


69,030 


8-50 


586,800 




5-00 


2,934,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


86,358 
74,007 
86,833 
89,546 
120,592 
81,155 


7-25 
8-25 
8-00 
9-00 
7-25 
8-20 


626, 100 
611,000 
695,000 
806,000 
874,000 
664,980 


- 


7-42 
8-41 
10-20 
9-50 
6-50 
8-26 


4,645,700 
5,139,000 
7,089,000 
7,657,000 
5,681,000 
5,492,940 


Ontario- 
Fall wheat... ....1917 


656,500 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
14,114,800 


59-38 


per bush. 
2-09 


29,499,900 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


362,616 
619,494 
762,371 
621,420 
813,935 
604,480 


19-50 
24-30 
24-30 
22-00 
21-90 
22-50 


7,054,800 
15,052,000 
18,492,000 
13,667,900 
17,793,000 
13,676,300 


59-80 
61-33 
60-20 
58-55 
59-89 
59-85 


2-09 
2-45 
1-89 
1-05 
1-01 
1-91 


14,763,000 
36,877,000 
34,890,500 
14,362,000 
18,031,000 
26,078,480 


Spring wheat. . . . . 1917 


" 113,000 


19-50 


2,203,500 


69-32 


2-08 


4,583,300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


351,423 
361,150 
267,367 
152,904 
124,206 
249, 169 


23-25 
15-60 
16-80 
12-50 
16-90 
18-00 


8,186,200 
5,646,500 
4,480,500 
1,907,500 
2,100,000 
4,484,840 


59-84 
58-27 
57-92 
56-85 
58-81 
58-44 


2-03 
2-46 
1-81 
1-06 
1-00 
2-02 


16,638,000 
13,890,400 
8,112,600 
2,014,000 
2,100,000 
9,047,660 


All wheat.. ..1917 


769,500 


21-25 


16,318,300 


59-36 


2-09 


34,083,200 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


714,039 
980,644 
1,029,738 
774,324 
938,141 
853,649 


21-25 
21-20 
22-30 
20 -1C 
21-25 
21-25 


15,241,000 
20,698,500 
122,972,500 
15,575,400 
19,893,000 
18,161,140 


60-54 
59-76 
59-10 
57-88 
59-44 
59-33 


2-06 
2-45 
1-87 
1-05 
1-01 
1-93 


31,401,000 
50,767,400 
43,003,100 
16,376,000 
20,131,000 
35,126,140 


Oats... ..1917 


2,687,000 


36-50 


98,075,500 


34-11 


0-72 


70,614,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


2,924,468 
2,674,341 
2,880,053 
3,094,958 
3,034,090 
2,852,164 


45-00 
29-30 
44-90 
23-40 
38-20 
35-75 


131,752,600 
78,388,000 
129,171,300 
72,575,000 
116,034,000 
101.992,480 


35-58 
32-76 
35-95 
28-69 
34-48 
33-42 


0-78 
0-91 
0-58 
0-47 
0-40 
0-69 


102,212,000 
71,378,000 
74,670,300 
33,774,000 
46,404,000 
70,529,740 


Barley.. ..1917 


361,000 


31-00 


11,191,000 


47-20 


1-16 


12,981,600 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


660,404 
569,183 
484,328 
462,176 
433,922 
507,418 


36-75 
23-10 
34-40 
22-00 
32-20 
29-75 


24,247,700 
13,134,000 
16,660,350 
10,149,000 
13,972,000 
15,076,410 


48-13 
45-81 
48-70 
44-42 
47-73 
46-85 


1-06 
1-32 
0-94 
0-63 
0-57 
1-03 


25,809,000 
17,215,000 
15,653,200 
6,390,000 
7,932,000 
15,609,760 


Rye... ..1917 


68,000 


17-75 


1,207,000 


55-69 


1-64 


1,979,500 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


112,726 
140,072 
133,090 
122,868 
152,709 
115,351 


16-00 
15-80 
17-70 
14-50 
16-40 
16-25 


1,813,000 
2,219,000 
2,349,900 
1,775,600 
2,500,000 
1,872,900 


55-65 
54-97 
55-30 
54-29 
56-13 
55-18 


1-55 
1-48 
1-35 
0-88 
0-76 
1-29 


2,818,400 
3,279,000 
3,176,200 
1,571,000 
1,900,000 
2,424,820 


Peas ..1917 


126,000 


16-75 


2,110,500 


59-88 


3-21 


6,774,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
192 
192 
Averages ..,.1917-2 


113,862 
127,253 
109,187 
105,964 
105,544 
116,453 


21-00 
14-30 
20-20 
13-60 
19-70 
17-00 


2,381,000 
1,816,500 
2,209,500 
1,441,100 
2,077,000 
1,991,720 


59-85 
59-97 
60-43 
59-50 
59-8 
59-93 


2-24 
2-31 
2-00 
1-50 
1-40 
2-3C 


5,338,700 
4,180,000 
4,419,000 
2,166,000 
2,907,000 
4,575,680 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



247 



l._Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-32 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-1921 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yieid 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Ontario con. 
Beans 1917 


acres. 
36,000 


bush. 
11-75 


bush. 
423,000 


Ib. 
"59-42 


$ 
6-79 


$ 
2,872,200 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


100,082 
22,920 
22,744 
26,509 
39,999 
41,651 


13-75 
12-60 
16-70 
16-10 
15-60 
14-00 


1,387.800 
288,500 
380,500 
427,500 
623,000 
581,460 


59-27 
61-74 
59-70 
59-27 
59-13 
59-88 


4-66 
3-79 
3-10 
2-35 
2-48 
4-32 


6,464,500 
1,039,000 
1,181,100 
1,006,000 
1,545,000 
2,512,560 


Buckwheat . , . . 1917 


162,000 


18-75 


3,037,500 


46-69 


1-37 


4,161,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


223,662 
178,569 
143,204 
147,944 
197,812 
171,076 


20-50 
22-80 
22-30 
22-70 
21-60 
21-25 


4,598,000 
4,072,000 
3,190,500 
3,353,800 
4,266,000 
3,650,360 


46-96 
46-71 
48-10 
47-38 
47-62 
47-17 


1-40 
1-36 
1-07 
0-72 
0-70 
1-20 


6,426,600 
5,534,000 
3,409,800 
2,416,000 
2,993,000 
4,389,560 


Mixed grains . 1917 


295,000 


37-75 


11,136,300 


44-99 


1-12 


12,472,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


619,389 
628,761 
581,689 
618,289 
552,399 
548,626 


44-25 
31-40 
44-20 
26-20 
38-50 
36-50 


27,462,400 
19,735,300 
25,712,400 
16,188,500 
21,270,000 
20,046,980 


46-01 
44-71 
44-50 
39-95 
44-38 
44-03 


1-09 
1-35 
0-81 
0-58 
0-58 
0-99 


29,823,900 
26,672,000 
20,709,000 
9,373,000 
12,255,000 
19,810,120 


Flaxseed.. ..1917 


4,000 


13-00 


52,000 


55-00 


3-70 


192,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


15,925 
13,717 
21,053 
7,534 
4,556 
12,446 


12-25 
9-40 
10-70 
8-90 
10-70 
10-75 


196,200 
129,500 
224,900 
66,700 
48,600 
133,860 


56-72 
59-86 
56-50 
52-53 
49-75 
56-12 


3-41 
3-48 
2-43 
1-58 
0-98 
2-93 


670,000 
450,500 
545,500 
105,400 
47,700 
392,760 


Corn for husking 1917 


160,000 


37-25 


5,960,000 


54-58 


1-72 


10,251,200 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


195,310 
221.004 
243,909 
250,684 
265,018 
214,181 


66-75 
68-60 
53-00 
54-00 
46-50 
56-50 


13,015,200 
15,152,500 
12,914,800 
13,542,000 
12,306,000 
12,116,900 


58-23 

56-60 
55-86 
56-07 
56-32 


1-72 
1-24 
Ml 

0-72 
0-78 
1-26 


22,384,800 
18,790,000 
14,335,400 
10,750,000 
9,598,700 
15,302,280 


Potatoes 1917 


142,000 


centals. 
80-20 


centals. 
11,388,600 




per cental 
1-67 


18,981,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


166,203 
157,286 
157,509 
161,096 
172, 858 
157,419 


69-95 
57-75 
92-00 
56-30 
70-65 
70-80 


11,625,600 
fl, 087, 000 
14,377,020 
9,240,000 
12,210,000 
11,143,644 


- 


2-10 
2-29 
1-61 
1-67 
0-90 
1-84 


24,413,000 
20,820,000 
23,131,200 
15,400,000 
10,989,000 
20,549,040 


Turnips, mangolds, etc.. 1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


94,000 
141,001 
123,029 
119,744 
104,157 
105,033 
116,386 


170-45 
230-15 
173-75 
242-15 
175-65 
222-60 
201-30 


16,023,500 
32,448,000 
21,378,000 
28,994,900 
18,293,000 
23,318,000 
23,427,480 


- 


0-70 
0-64 
0-6 
0-57 
0-70 
0-3 
0-64 


11,216,000 
20,767,000 
14,027,000 
16,518,000 
12,805,000 
8,885,000 
15,066,600 


Hay and clover 1917 


2,998,000 


tons. 
1-70 


tons. 
5,097,000 




per ton. 
10-2 


52,295,000 


1918 
1919 
192 
192 
192 
Averages 1917-2 


3,470,036 
3,508,266 
3,533,740 
3,551,655 
3,575,66 
3,412,34 


1-32 
1-59 
1-26 
1-1 
1-5 
1-4 


4,956,900 
5,589,00 
4,459,000 
3,954,200 
5,568,00 
4,739,22 


- 


16-5 
20-6 
24-3 
21-2 
12-4 
18-3 


75,848,000 
115,161,000 
108,356,000 
84,027,000 
69,049,000 
87,137,400 


Alfalfa... ..191 


52,00 


2-74 


142, 50C 




10-0 


1,436,000 


191 
191 

192 
192 
192 
Averages.. ..1917-2 


144,01 
146,79 
162,82 
177,20 
221,32 
136.56 


2-2 
2-1 
2-4 
2-5 
2-8 
2-4 


329,00(1 
314, 40C 
399,58 
456,40 
629, IOC 
328,37 


- 


15-7 
20-2 
23-4 
20-0 
11-5 
19-1 


5,191,000 
6,351,000 
9,384,400 
9,128,000 
7,266,000 
6,298,080 



248 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-32 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


"iield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
ton. 


Total 
value. 


Ontario con. 

Fodder corn 1917 


acres. 
265,000 


tons. 
7-54 


tons. 
1,998,000 


Ib. 


$ 

5-00 


$ 

9,990,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


380,946 
399,549 
449,176 
438,343 
438,819 
386,603 


10-35 
10-05 
10-39 
11-44 
10-06 
10-25 


3,944,300 
4,014,000 
4,668,050 
5,015,100 
4,413,000 
3,927,890 


- 


5-73 
6-30 
6-85 
6-50 
4-35 
6-24 


22,601,000 
25,304,000 
31,976,000 
32,598,000 
19,197,000 
24,493,800 


Sugar beets... ..1917 


14,000 


8-40 


117,600 




6-75 


793,800 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


18,000 
24,500 
36,288 
28,367 
20,725 
24,231 


10-00 
9-80 
11-37 
9-45 
9-20 
10-05 


180,000 
240,000 
412,400 
368,000 
190,400 
243,600 


- 


10-25 
10-86 
12-80 
6-50 
7-88 
10-07 


1,845,000 
2,606,000 
5,278,700 
1,742,000 
1,500,000 
2,453,100 


Manitoba 

Fall wheat 1917 


3,860 


bush. 
22-25 


bush. 
85,900 


. 62-33 


per 
bush. 
2-20 


189,000 


1918 
Averages 1917-18 


2,734 
3,297 


18-00 
20-50 


49,000 
67,450 




2-06 
2-15 


101,000 
145,000 


Spring wheat 1917 


2,445,000 


16-75 


40,953,800 


60-82 


2-05 


83,955,300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


2,980,968 
. 2,880,301 
2,705,622 
3,501,217 
3,125,556 
2,902,621 


16-25 
14-25 
13-90 
11-15 
19-25 
14-25 


48,142,100 
40,975,300 
37,542,000 
39,054,000 
60,051,000 
41,333,440 


60-16 
57-22 
59-56 
56-62 
60-52 
58-87 


2-06 
2-40 
1-83 
0-91 
0-83 
1-87 


99,173,000 
98,341,000 
68,769,000 
35,539,000 
49,842,000 
77,155,460 


All wheat... ..1917 


2,448,860 


16-75 


41,039,700 


60-86 


2-05 


84,144,300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


2,983,702 
2,880,301 
2,705,622 
3,501,217 
3,125,556 
2,903,940 


16-35 
14-25 
13-90i 
11-15 
19-25 
14-25 


48,191,100 
40,975,300 
i 7, 542, 000 
39,054,000 
60,051,000 
41,360,420 


57-22 
59-56 
56-62 
60-52 
58-56 


2-06 
2-40 
1-83 
0-91 
0-83 
1-87 


99,274,000 
98,341,000 
68,769,000 
35,539,000 
49,842,000 
77,213,460 


Oats... ..1917 


1,500,000 


30-25 


45,375,000 


27-27 


0-67 


30,401,300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


1,714,894 
1,847,267 
1,873,954 
2,226,376 
1,851,608 
1,832,498 


31-75 
31-25 
30-75 
22-27 
40-25 
29-00 


54,473,500 
57,698,000 
57,657,000 
49,442,500 
74,433,000 
52,929,200 


35-21 
33-42 
34-89 
32-03 
36-04 
32-56 


0-71 
0-72 
0-56 
0-30 
0-31 
0-59 


38,676,000 
41,420,000 
32,007,000 
14,833,000 
23,074,000 
31,467,460 


Barley... ..1917 


708,000 


22-50 


15,930,000 


46-27 


1-07 


17,045,100 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


1,102,965 
893,947 
839,078 
1,0437144 
968,783 
917,427 


25-25 
19-25 
21-00 
18-87 
29-75 
21-50 


27,963,400 
17,149,400 
17,520,000 
19,681,600 
28,863,000 
19,648,880 


48-54 
43-90 
46-31 
45-02 
47-54 
46-01 


0-89 
1-17 
0-80 
0-43 
0-41 
0-86 


24,887,000 
20,137,000 
13,988,000 
8,463,000 
11,834,000 
16,904,020 


Rye... ..1917 


37,000 


17-25 


638,300 


54-03 


1-62 


1,034,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


240,469 
298,932 
148,602 
257,793 
421,603 
196,559 


16-25 
13-75 
15-50 
13-83 
16-75 
14-75 


3,935,700 
4,089,400 
2,318,600 
3,564,700 
7,078,000 
2,909,340 


73-66 
54-89 
54-91 
54-90 
55-19 
58-48 


1-41 
1-28 
1-35 
0-79 
0-61 
1-22 


5,549,000 
5,228,000 
3,140,100 
2,816,000 
4,318,000 
3,553,420 


Peas... ..1919 


5,666 


14-25 


81,400 


60-00 


2-08 


170.000 


1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages.. ..1919-21 


4,162 
10,958 
11,000 
6.928 


15-00 
13-75 
23-50 
14-25 


62,200 
151,400 
258,500 
98,333 


60 -CO 
60-00 
58-00 
60-00 


1-10 
2-50 
1-25 
2-09 


68,400 
378,500 
323,000 
205,633 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



249 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-23 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Manitoba con. 
Mixed grains 1917 


acres. 
1,400 


bush. 
31-00 


bush. 
43,400 


Ib. 


$ 
1-25 


$ 
54,250 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


30,309 
30,355 
28,800 
10,473 
13,503 
20,267 


28-25 
25-00 
21-25 
19-85 
30-00 
24-50 


856,000 
759,000 
612,000 
208,000 
405,000 
495,680 


43-50 
40-56 
43-50 
42-50 
48-00 
42-51 


1-03 
1-40 
1-87 
0-40 
0-38 
1-30 


882,000 
1,063,000 
1,144,000 
83,000 
154,000 
645,250 


Flaxseed 1917 


16,300 


9-00 


146,700 


54-50 


2-85 


418,100 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


107,961 
57,379 
146,455 
61,689 
66.68C 
77,957 


10-00 
9-00 
7-90 
8-83 
11-00 
8-75 


1,091,000 
520,300 
1,157,800 
544,700 
734,000 
692, 100 


54-72 
55-05 
54-66 
54-78 
55-54 
54-74 


3-15 
4-26 
2-25 
1-50 
1-80 
2-74 


3,437,000 
2,215,000 
2,587,700 
817,000 
1,321,000 
1,894,960 


Potatoes ... 1917 


34,400 


centals. 
63-55 


centals. 
2,185,800 




percental. 
1-27 


2,769,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


45,000 
42,000 
37,000 
38,081 
38,798 
39,297 


111-00 
75-55 
55-30 
92-30 
96-00 
81-00 


4,995,000 
3, 172, SCO 
2,046,000 
3,514,920 
3,725,000 
3,182,844 


- 


0-93 
1-34 
2-32 
0-75 
0-47 
1-20 


4,662,000 
4,266,000 
4,733,300 
2,636,000 
1,751,000 
3,813,260 


Turnips, mangolds, etc.. 1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


2,500 
9,910 
6,045 
7,404 
4,411 
4,630 
6,054 


92-60 
125-85 
92-05 
72-65 
115-65 
145-25 
101-85 


231,500 
1,247,400 
556,500 
538,000 
510,050 
673,000 
616,690 


- 


1-26 
0-88 
1-19 
1-87 
0-54 
0-56 
1-08 


292,000 
1,097,700 
663,000 
1,005,100 
275,000 
377,000 
666,560 


Hay and clover 1917 


75,000 


tons. 
1-00 


tons. 
75,000 




per ton. 
11-11 


833,300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


74,000 
260,378 
208,512 
244,672 
222,617 
172,512 


1-00 
1-50 
1-50 
1-55 
1-75 
1-45 


74,000 
401,400 
311,900 
378,500 
394,000 
248, 160 


- 


16-00 
16-99 
16-00 
13-00 
10-00 
15-09 


1,184,000 
6,818,000 
4,968,900 
4,921,000 
3,940,000 
8,745,040 


Alfalfa... ..1917 


4,400 


2-07 


9,100 




13-45 


122,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


3,600 
5,181 
3,679 
5,676 
4,609 
4,507 


2-25 
2-20 
2-00 
2-59 
2-60 
2-25 


8,100 
11,400 
7,410 
14,700 
12,200 
10,142 


- 


18-00 
22-40 
22-45 
17-00 
14-00 
18-55 


145,800 
256,200 
166,400 
250,000 
171,000 
188,160 


Fodder corn 1917 


9,800 


4-86 


47,600 




7-50 


357,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


12,340 
16,867 
17,042 
17,296 
28,853 
14,669 


5-50 
6-80 
4-40 
7-20 
7-50 
5-85 


67,900 
114,500 
74,400 
124,900 
216,000 
85,860 


- 


10-50 
13-28 
19-00 
9-00 
6-00 
11-94 


713,000 
1,520,000 
1,412,000 
1,124,000 
1,296,000 
1,025,200 


Saskatchewan- 
Fall wheat 1917 


10,000 


bush. 
17-00 


bush. 
170,000 


60-00 


per 

bush. 
2-07 


351,900 


Spring wheat 1917 


8,263,250 


14-25 


117,751,300 


60-92 


1-95 


229,615,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages.. ..1917-21 


9,249,260 
10,587.363 
10,061,069 
13,556,708 
12,332,297 
10.343.530 


10-00 
8-50 
11-25 
13-75 
20-25 
11-50 


92,493,000 
89,994,000 
113,135,300 
188,000,000 
250,167,000 
120.274.720 


60-97 
59-00 
59-95 
58-36 
61-50 
59-84 


1-99 
2-32 
1-55 
0-76 
0-85 
1-56 


184,061,000 
208,787,000 
175,360,000 
142,880,000 
212,642,000 
188,140.600 



1 Including other grains. 



250 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Saskatchewan con. 
All wheat 1917 


acres. 
8,273,250 


bush. 
14-25 


bush. 
117,921,300 


Ib. 

60-91 


$ 

1-95 


$ 

229,966,900 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


9,249,260 
10,587,363 
10,061,069 
13,556,708 
12,332,297 
10,345,530 


10-00 
8-50 
11-25 
13-75 
20-25 
11-50 


92,493,000 
89,994,000 
113,135,300 
188,000,000 
250,167,000 
120,308,720 


60-97 
59-00 
59-95 
58-36 
61-50 
59-84 


1-99 
2-32 
1-55 
0-76 
0-85 
1-56 


184,061,000 
208,787,000 
175,360,000 
142,880,000 
212,642,000 
188,210,980 


Oats... ..1917 


4,521,600 


27-25 


123,213,600 


34-58 


0-62 


76,392,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


4,988,499 
4,837,747 
5,106,822 
5,681,522 
5,098,104 
5,027,238 


21-50 
23-10 
27-70 
30-00 
35-25 
26-00 


107,253,000 
112,157,000 
141.549,000 
170,513,000 
179,708,000 
130,937,120 


34-38 
35-48 
35-00 
35-24 
35-93 
34-94 


0-70 
0-70 
0-41 
0-24 
0-29 
0-50 


75,077,000 
78,510,000 
58,035,000 
40,372,000 
52,115,000 
65,677,280 


Barley.., ..1917 


669,900 


21-00 


14,067,900 


46-84 


1-00 


14,067,900 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


699,296 
492,586 
519,014 
497,730 
636,456 
575,705 


17-00 
18-20 
20-25 
26-75 
29-00 
20-50 


11,888,000 
8,971,000 
10,510,500 
13,343,000 
18,511,000 
11,754,280 


46-10 
46-87 
46-75 
47-75 
47-97 
46-86 


0-88 
1-08 
0-66 
0-36 
0-38 
0-78 


10,461,000 
9,689,000 
6,931,000 
4,858,000 
6,971,600 
9,201,380 


Rye... ..1917 


53,250 


18-75 


998,400 


43-00 


1-63 


1,627,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


123,500 
190,482 
172,449 
1,208,299 
900,931 
349,596 


11-50 
10-50 
14-70 
11-25 
18-00 
11-75 


1,420,000 
2,000,000 
2,535,000 
13,546,000 
16,164,000 
4,099,880 


55-19 
55-52 
56-14 
56-04 
56-23 
53-18 


1-50 
1-31 
1-26 
0-67 
0-53 
0-91 


2,130,000 
2,620,000 
3,194,000 
9,080,000 
8,567,000 
3,730,280 


Peas... ..1917 


2,605 


17-25 


44,900 


60-00 


4-00 


179,600 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


4,251 
4,853 
2,519 
2,535 
2,302 
3,353 


20-00 
18-00 
14-50 
19-90 
22-50 
18-00 


85,000 
87,300 
36,500 
48,800 
51,800 
60,500 


60-00 
60-00 

61-00 
60-60 
60-24 


1-50 
4-00 
2-00 
2-50 
2-00 
2-80 


128,000 
349,000 
73,000 
122,000 
103,600 
170,320 


Beans.., ..1918 


861 


18-00 


15,000 




6-45 


97,000 


1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1918-21 


1,820 
793 
967 
2,199 
1,110 


10-00 
17-00 
16-25 
12-75 
14-00 


18,200 
13,500 
15,700 
28,000 
15,600 


60-00 

60-00 
60-00 
60-00 


4-00 
4-00 
2-00 
2-50 
4-09 


72,800 
54,000 
31,000 
70,000 
63,700 


Mixed grains 1917 


39,500 


32-00 


1,264,000 


50 -CO 


1-25 


1,580,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


23,449 
22,017 
18,361 
23,081 
29,425 
25,282 


21-00 
35-00 
33-50 
30-00 
29-25 
30-25 


492,000 
771,000 
615,000 
692,000 
861,000 
766,800 


45-00 

40-20 
45-00 
45-07 


1-10 
1-40 
1-25 
0-28 
0-30 
1-09 


541,000 
1,079,000 
769,000 
194,000 
258,000 
83^,600 


Flaxseed 1917 


753,700 


6-25 


4,710,600 


55-55 


2-60 


12,247,600 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


840,957 
929,945 
1,140,921 
426,849 
466,177 
818,474 


5-00 
4-80 
5-00 
7-50 
8-75 
5-45 


4,205,000 
4,490,000 
5,705,000 
3,230,000 
4,079,000 
4,468,120 


54-43 
53-82 
53-95 
55-38 
55-94 
54-63 


3-10 
4-14 
1-82 
1-38 
1-71 
2-63 


13,036,000 
18,589,000 
10,383,000 
4,443,000 
6,975,000 
11,739,720 


Potatoes 1917 


67,700 


centals. 
79-85 


centals. 
5,406,000 




per cental 
1-42 


7,659,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Areraees.. ..1917-21 


59,783 
66, 176 
53,814 
58,606 
55,600 
61,216 


69-75 
102-00 
76-50 
105-90 
72-25 
87-05 


4,170,540 
6,750,000 
4,116,600 
6,206,400 
4,012,000 
5,329,908 


- 


1-60 
1-48 
2-08 
0-83 
0-80 
1-43 


6,672,900 
10,013,000 
8,576,000 
5,172,000 
3,210,000 
7,618,580 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



251 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
cental. 


Total 
value. 


Saskatchewan con. 

Turnips, mangolds, etc.. 1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


acres. 

11,103 
9,760 
13,932 
10,449 
7,870 
8,666 
10,623 


centals 

77-75 
112-85 
128-85 
150-50 
84-75 
112-25 
112-95 


centals 

863,500 
1,101,650 
1,795,500 
1,572,500 
667,000 
973,000 
1,200,030 


Ib. 


$ 

1-82 
1-82 
2-24 
, 1-88 
1-20 
0-98 
1-89 


$ 

1,572,000 
2,005,000 
4,022,000 
2,956,000 
800,000 
953,000 
2,271,000 


Hay and clover 1917 


260,275 


tons. 
1-42 


tons. 
369,600 




per ton. 
10-12 


3,740,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


315,117 
265,417 
234,532 
278,601 
255,024 
270,788 


1-15 
1-05 
1-40 
1-60 
1-40 
1-30 


362,400 
279,000 
328,300 
445,800 
360,400 
357,020 





11-92 
17-00 
10-00 
11-25 
8-00 
11-82 


4,319,800 
4,743,000 
3,283,000 
5,015,000 

2,883,000 
4,220,160 


Alfalfa.. ..1917 


9,500 


1-61 


15,300 




13-40 


205,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


6,943 
11,526 
10,473 
8,926 
7,341 
9,474 


1-40 
1-60 
2-25 
3-00 
1-85 
2-00 


9,700 
18,400 
23,600 
26,800 
13,600 
18,760 


- 


17-50 
27-50 
20-00 
17-50 
12-50 
19-42 


169,800 
506,000 
472,000 
469,000 
170,000 
364,360 


Fodder corn 1917 


15,658 


2-00 


31,300 




8-00 


250,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . . 1917-21 


11,186 
6,690 
16,685 
22,789 
38,645 
14,602 


5-65 
12-50 
3-75 
11-35 
4-85 
6-85 


63,200 
84,000 
62,600 
258,700 
187,000 
99,960 


- 


10-50 
12-50 
18-00 
8-50 
7-00 
10-58 


663,600 
1,050,000 
1,127,000 
2,199,000 
1,309,000 
1,058,000 


Alberta- 
Fall wheat 1917 


51,700 


bush. 
20-50 


bush. 
1,059,900 


60-53 


per 
bush. 
1-98 


2,098,600 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages. .. . 1917-21 


44,065 
40,600 
38,000 
85,114 
64,554 
51 , 896 


15-00 
15-75 
18-75 
17-25 
13-00 
17-50 


661,000 
640,000 
713,000 
1,468,000 
839,000 
908,380 


60-00 
60-80 
61-00 
60-33 
60-50 
60-53 


1-92 
2-43 
1-52 
0-71 
0-77 
1-55 


1,269 000 
1,555,000 
1,084,000 
1,042,000 
646,000 
1,409,720 


Spring wheat 1917 


2,845,600 


18-25 


51,932,200 


60-86 


1-73 


89,842,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


3,848,424 
4,241,903 
4,036,483 
5,038,290 
5,701,041 
4,002,140 


6-00 
8-00 
20-50 
10-25 
11-25 
12-15 


23,091,000 
33,935,000 
82,748,000 
51,576,000 
64,137,000 
48,656,440 


59-94 
60-07 
61-32 
61-77 
60-58 
60-79 


1-92 
2-31 
1-52 
0-77 
0-77 
1-55 


44,335,000 
78,390,000 
125,777,000 
39,714,000 
49,385,000 
75,611,740 


All wheat... ..1917 


2,897,300 


18-25 


52,992,100 


60-81 


1-74 


91,941,300 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


3,892,489 
4,282,503 
4,074,483 
5,123,404 
5,765,595 
4,054,036 


6-00 
8-00 
20-50 
10-35 
11-25 
12-25 


23,752,000 
34,575,000 
83,461,000 
53,044,000 
64,976,000 
49,564,820 


59-97 
60-11 
61-30 
61-66 
60-58 
60-77 


1-92 
2-31 
1-52 
0-77 
0-77 
1-55 


45,604,000 
79,945,000 
126,861,000 
40,756,000 
50,031,000 
77,021,460 


Oats 1917 


2,537,900 


34-00 


86,288,600 


37-09 


0-63 


54,361,800 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . . 1917-21 


2,651,548 
2,767,372 
3,089,700 
2,911,743 
1,614,500 
2,791,653 


22-75 
23-75 
37-25 
22-00 
22-00 
28-00 


60,323,000 
65,725,000 
115,091,000 
64,192,000 
35,519,000 
78,323,920 


35-94 
36-60 
38-09 
37-38 
36-07 
37-02 


0-73 
0-64 
0-36 
0-24 
0-35 
0-50 


44,036,000 
42,064,000 
41,433,000 
15,406,000 
12,432,000 
39,460,160 


Barley... . 1917 


472, 100 


22-00 


10,386,200 


45-16 


0-98 


10,178,500 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages.. ..1917-21 


470,073 
414,212 
480,699 
568,191 
378,053 
481.055 


16-50 
25-50 
26-50 
20-50 
16-50 
22-00 


7,756,000 
10,562.000 
12,739,000 
11,657,000 
6,238,000 
10,620,040 


44-17 
47-00 
48-12 
48-57 
46-99 
46-60 


0-97 
1-09 
0-62 
0-3? 
0-42 
0-77 


7,523,000 
11,512,600 
7,898,000 
3,730,000 
2,620,000 
8,168.420 



252 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 

measured 
bushsl. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


Alberta con. 
Rye . 1917 


acres. 

30,880 


bush. 
20-50 


bush. 
633,000 


Ib. 
55-25 


$ 

1-50 


$ 

949,500 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


47,877 
83,804 
160,960 
222,136 
603,583 
109,131 


17-25 
14-CO 
21-25 
9-00 
10-25 
14-75 


826,000 
1,173,000 
3,420,000 
1,999,000 
6,187,000 
1,610,200 


54-90 
55-14 
56-85 
55-29 
55-73 
55-49 


1-41 
1-42 
1-25 
0-62 
0-55 
1-15 


1,165,000 
1,666,000 
4,275,000 
1,239.000 
3,403,000 
1,858,900 


Peas 1917 


1,851 


17-50 


32,400 


60-00 


2-00 


64,800 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


1,994 
1,603 
2,899 
2,357 
1,591 
2,141 


18-00 
18-00 
17-00 
21-00 
11-60 
19-00 


36,000 
29,000 
49,000 
56,600 
18,500 
40,600 


60-00 
60-00 
60-00 
60-00 
60-00 
60-00 


1-50 
3-00 
2-00 
2-00 
2-00 
2-05 


54,000 
87,000 
98,000 
113,000 
37,000 
83,360 


Beans 1918 


763 


18-00 


14,000 


60-00 


6-45 


90,000 


1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1918-21 


69C 
2,305 
339 
100 
1,024 


10-00 
17-00 
19-00 
14-25 
16-25 


6,900 
39,000 
6,400 
1,400 
16,575 


60-00 
60-00 
60-00 
60-00 
60-00 


4-00 
4-00 
2-00 
2-00 
4-33 


28,000 
156,000 
13*000 
2,800i 
71,750i 


Mixed grains 1917 


24,027 


25-75 


618,700 


51-50 


1-20 


742,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


27,989 
26,000 
8,398 
9,813 
14,314 
19,245 


21-50 
36-25 
30-00 
22-75 
25-50 
27-50 


602,000 
943,000 
252,000 
223,000 
370,000 
527,740 


40-00 
57-00 
43-00 
43-00 
44-50 
46-90 


1-15 

0-83 
1-00 
0-27 
0-40 
0-96 


692,000 
783,000 
252,000 
60,000 
148,000 
505,880 


Flaxseed 1917 


139,800 


7-00 


978,600 


54-00 


2-78 


2,720,500 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


95,920 
80,690 
103,700 
28,434 
22, 186 
89,709 


5-00 
2-79 
7-00 
6-00 
4-00 
5-75 


480,000 
222,000 
726,000 
171,000 
88,700 
515.520 


55-25 
55-75 
55-40 
57-00 
54-79 
55-48 


3-12 
4-15 
1-83 
1-28 
1-52 
2-59 


1,498,000 
921,000 
1,329,000 
219,000 
135,000 
1,337,500 


Potatoes... ..1917 


48,917 


centals. 
90-85 


centals. 
4,445,400 




percental. 
1-27 


5,631,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


44,247 
45,848 
43,000 
51,377 
42,502 
46,678 


42-30 
107-85 
99-60 
95-10 
65-75 
87-55 


1,871,640 
4,944,720 
4,282,800 
4,885,800 
2,791,000 
4,086,072 


- 


1-85 
1-38 
1-67 
0-83 
0-83 
1-33 


3,462,500 
6,840,200- 
7,138,000 
4,072,000 
2,317,000 
5,428,740, 


Turnips, mangolds, etc. 1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


10,947 
12,506 
12.500 
12,300 
8,202 
9,289 
11,291 


103-75 
94-25 
110-75 
130-85 
76-75 
86-75 
105-20 


1, 136, 000 
1,178,700 
1,384,400 
1,609,750 
629,500 
806,000 
1,187,670 


- 


1-48 
1-32 
2-12 
2-00 
0-60 
0-60 
1-65 


1,681,000. 
1,555,900, 
2,934,900 
3,219,500 
378,000 
484,000 
1,953,860 


Hay and clover 1917 


493,522 


tons. 
1-48 


tons. 
730,400 




pel ton. 
10-92 


7,976,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


469,000 
433,296 
383,527 
454,883 
291.723 
446,846 


0-85 
1-10 
1-30 
1-00 
0-80 
1-15 


398,700 
476,600 
498,600 
454,900 
234,400 
511,840 





15-82 
20-89 
20-00 
10-00 
16-00 
15-14 


6,307,400 
9,956,200 
9,972,000 
4,549,000 
3,750,000 
7,752,120 


Grain hay.. 1921 






1,133,476 




10-00 


11,335,000 


1922 


1,220,000 


1-25 


1,525,000 


- 


12-00 


18,300,000 



AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 



253 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-23 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 con. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield . 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
ton. 


Total 
value. 


Alberta con. 

Alfalfa 1917 


acres. 
31,396 


tons. 
2-05 


tons. 
64,400 


Ib. 


$ 
10-73 


$ 
691,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


24,285 
21,553 
19,906 
30,000 
26,539 
25,428 


, 2-00 
2-00 
2-25 
1-75 
2-20 
2-00 


48,600 
43,000 
44,800 
52,500 
58,400 
50,660 


- 


21-50 
29-16 
24-00 
12-00 
15-00 
18-53 


1,044,900 
1,254,000 
1,075,000 
630,000 
876,000 
938,980 


Fodder corn 1917 


3,976 


1-00 


4,000 


_ 


7-00 


28,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . . . . 1917-21 


700 
900 
7,644 
6,991 
15,648 
4,042 


5-50 
5-58 
4-25 
10-00 
5-25 
5-70 


3,800 
5,000 
32,500 
69,900 
82,200 
23,040 


_ 


10-50 
10-50 
18-00 
4-00 
5-00 
8-55 


40,000 
52,500 
585,000 
280,000 
411,000 
197,100 


British Columbia- 
Fall wheat 1917 


3,240 


bush. 
31-75 


bush. 
102, 853 


6C-67 


per 
bush. 
1-92 


197,500 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


7,200 
12,699 
13,762 
14,101 
14,080 
10,200 


24-75 
24-75 
19-25 
27-25 
23-00 
24-25 


178,000 
314,000 
264,200 
384,300 
324,000 
248,670 


59-67 
59-50 
60-00 
61-25 
60-00 
60-22 


2-15 
2-88 
2-18 
1-15 
1-18 
2-01 


383,000 
904,000 
576,000 
442,000 
382,000 
500,500 


Spring wheat . . - 1917 


18,100 


28-50 


515,850 


59-55 


2-00 


1,031,700 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 

All wheat 1917 


, 29,000 
31,202 
32,453 
32,426 
32,324 
28,636 

21,340 


22-00 
22-00 
18-75 
24-50 
22-00 
22-75 

29-00 


638,000 
686, COO 
610,100 
794,400 
711,000 
648,870 

618, 7CO 


60-25 
58-50 
60-00 
60-00 
61-17 
59-66 

59-94 


2-08 
2-79 
2-21 
1-25 
1-24 
2-04 

1-99 


1,327,000 
1,914.000 
1,348,300 
993,000 
882,000 
1,322,800 

1,229,200 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


36,200 
43,901 
46,215 
46,527 
46,404 
38,837 


22-50 
22-75 
19-00 
25-25 
22-25 
23-10 


816,000 
1,000,000 
874,300 
1,178,700 
1,035,000 
897,540 


59-96 
59 -CO 
60-00 
60-05 
60-70 
59-79 


2-09 
2-82 
?-20 
1-22 
1-22 
2-03 


1,710,000 
2,818,000 
1,924,300 
1.435,000 
1,264,000 
1,823,300 


Oats... .1917 


60,200 


53-75 


3,235,800 


35-50 


0-90 


2,912,200 


1918 
1919 
192C 
1921 
19?2 
Averages 1917-21 


39.000 
45,021 
47,992 
56,535 
57,513 
49,749 


39-75 
47-25 
34-75 
48-75 
43-75 
45-50 


1,550,000 
2,127,00( 
1,663,000 
2,756.CO( 
2,516,000 
2,266,360 


34-17 
36-00 
36-00 
35-14 
37-14 
35-36 


1-00 
1-07 
0-96 
0-57 
0-62 
0-87 


1,550,000 
2,276,000 
1,596,500 
1,571,000 
1,560,000 
1,981,140 


Barley.. ..1917 


5,500 


29-25 


160,900 


48-67 


1-28 


206,000 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-2 


7,927 
10,49" 
9,646 
8,333 
7,306 
8,481 


26-50 
33 -CO 
37-75 
34-75 
29-25 
32-75 


209,000 
346,000 
364,100 
307,000 
214,000 
277,400 


52-50 

47-75 
50-00 
48-33 
48-78 
49-45 


1-47 
1-82 
1-50 
0-75 
0-91 
1-38 


307,000 
630,000 
546,200 
230,000 
195,000 
383,840 


Rye... ..1918 


820 


30-00 


25,000 


60-00 


2-07 


52,000 


1919 
1920 
192 
192 
Averages 1918-2 


4,91 
5,367 
5,614 
6,982 
4,178 


22-50 
25-75 
22-50 
20-00 
25-00 


110,000 
138,200 
126,300 
140,000 
99,875 


54-75 
55-00 
54-00 
55-50 
55-94 


2-08 
2-02 
1-10 
0-95 
1-75 


229,000 
279,200 
139,000 
133,000 
174,800 


Peas . . 191 


1,338 


23-75 


31,800 


59-83 


2-46 


78,200 


191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
Averages.. ..1917-2 


2,19 
2,25 
2,65 
2,56 
2,21 
2,20 


21-50 
23-00 
26-00 
25-00 
25-75 
24-00 


47,000 
52, COO 
69,100 
64,100 
57,000 
52,800 


60-00 
59 -OC 
59-00 
59-43 
60-OC 
59-4 


3-00 
2-60 
3-05 
2-20 
2-0 
2-6 


141,000 
137,000 
211,000 
141,000 
119,000 
141,640 



254 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-33 and 

Five- Year Average, 1917-21 concluded. 



Field crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total 
value. 


British Columbia con. 
Beans 1918 


acres. 
2,748 


bush. 
18-50 


bush. 
51,000 


lb. 


$ 

4-20 


S 

214,000 


1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages . 1918-21 


1,677 
1,615 
1,118 
1,122 
1,789 


17-25 
20-00 
21-00 
20-00 
19-00 


29,000 
32,300 
23,500 
22,400 
33,950 


60-00 
60-00 
60-50 
60-00 
60-17 


3-75 
4-50 
2-25 
2-40 
3-84 


109,000 
145,400 
53,000 
54,000 
130,350 


Mixed grains 1917 


1,850 


40-00 


74,000 




0-70 


51,800 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 

Potatoes... ..1917 


3,228 
4,017 
4,893 
5,663 
5,009 
3,930 

15,024 


21-50 
36-50 
36-00 
34-00 
31-00 
33-50 

centals. 
99-90 


69,000 
147,000 
176,100 
193,000 
155,000 
131,820 

centals. 
1,501,200 


50-00 
41-00 

45-00 
45-50 


1-10 
1-37 
1-25 
0-75 
0-70 
1-05 

percental. 
1-15 


76,000 
201,000 
220,000 
145,000 
109,000 
138,760 

1,726,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


15,013 
18,000 
17,780 
16,704 
19,187 
16,504 


136-80 
102-00 
99-00 
105-60 
120-00 
108-05 


2,053,800 
1,836,000 
1,760,220 
1,764,000 
2,302,200 
1,783,044 


- 


1-62 
1-67 
2-13 
1-50 
1-17 
1-63 


3,320,300 
3,060,000 
3,755,000 
2,646,000 
2,694,000 
2,901,540 


Turnips, mangolds, etc.. 1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages ,.1917-21 

Hay and clover 1917 


4,590 
5,758 
7,387 
7,403 
6,809 
7,347 
6,390 

129,254 


172-35 
211-00 
182-50 
217-50 
183-00 
200-00 
194-35 

tons. 

1 = 


791,000 
1,214,950 
1,348,000 
1,610,000 
1,246,000 
1,469,000 
1,241,990 

tons. 
239,000 


- 


1-28 
1-20 
1-50 
1-62 
1-34 
0-76 
1-41 

per ton. 
17-60 


1,012,000 
1,457,000 
2,022,000 
2,608,000 
1,670,000 
1,116,000 
1,753,980 

4,206,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-21 


114,414 
126,251 
127,017 
137,301 
141,413 
126,847 


1-UO 
1-50 
2-00 
2-30 
1-65 
1-90 


217, 4CO 
189,000 
254,000 
315,800 
233,000 
243,040 


- 


33-25 
35-25 
35-00 
23-68 
27-25 
28-36 


7,228,600 
6,662,000 
8,890,000 
7,478,000 
6,349,000 
6,893,000 


Grain hay. . . . 1919 


60,390 


2-50 


151,000 




29-00 


4,379,000 


1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1919-21 


60,612 
57,603 
56,626 
59,535 


2-25 
2-70 
1-75 
2-50 


136,400 
155,500 
99,100 
147,633 


- 


33-12 
20-20 
26-34 
27-18 


4,518,000 
3,141,000 
2,610,000 
4,012,667 


Alfalfa.. ..1917 


8,681 


2-58 


22,400 




22-92 


513,400 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
Averages 1917-2: 

Fodder corn 1917 


12,268 
13,331 
13,478 
12,785 
15,918 
12, 109 

2,239 


3-25 
3-00 
3-00 
3-70 
3-00 
3-15 

7-00 


39,900 
40,000 
40,400 
47,300 
47,800 
38,000 

15,700 


- 


32-25 
37-00 
33-71 
23-70 
27-00 
30-33 

15-00 


1,286,800 
1,480,000 
1,361,900 
1,121,000 
l.L 01,000 
1,152,620 

235,500 


1918 
1919 
1920 
192 
192 
Averages . ..1917-2 


2,016 
4,368 
4,713 
4,74 
4,715 
3,61 


10-10 
11-50 
11-50 
9-85 
11-00 
10-3 


20,400 
50,000 
54,200 
46,700 
51,900 
37,400 


- 


10-00 
12>OI 

17-75 
14-50 
15-00 
14-3 


204,000 
600,000 
962,000 
677,000 
779,000 
535,700 

















ANNUAL AVERAGE YIELD OF CROPS 



255 



2. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from 
1915 to 1922, with Decennial Averages for the years 1912-21. 



Field Crops. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Ten year 
average, 
1912-21. 


Canada- 
Fall wheat 


bush. 
28-50 


bush. 
?1-50 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
19-00 


bush. 
23-75 


bush. 
24-00 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
21-25 


bush. 
23-00 


Spring wheat 


25-75 


16-75 


15-50 


10-75 


9-50 


14-00 


12-75 


17-75 


15-50 


All wheat 


26-00 


17-00 


15-75 


11-00 


10-00 


14-50 


13-00 


17-75 


15-75 


Oats 


40-25 


37-25 


30-25 


28-75 


26-25 


33-50 


25-25 


33-75 


32-25 


Barley 


31-50 


23-75 


23-00 


24-50 


21-25 


24-75 


21-25 


27-75 


25-00 


Rye... 


20-50 


19-50 


18-25 


15-25 


13-50 


17-50 


11-75 


15-50 


16-00 


Peas 


17-75 


14-50 


15-25 


13-25 


14-75 


19-00 


14-25 


18-00 


16-25 


Beans . . 


16-75 


12-75 


13-75 


15-50 


16-50 


17-50 


17-50 


16-25 


16-00 


Buckwheat 


?3-00 


17-50 


18-00 


20-75 


23-50 


23-75 


22-75 


22-50 


22-25 


Mixed grains 


37-50 


25-75 


32-50 


38-75 


31-00 


40-00 


25-75 


35-50 


33-50 


Flax seed 


13-25 


12-50 


6-50 


5-75 


5-00 


5-60 


7-75 


8-85 


9-50 


Corn for husking 


56-75 


36-25 


33-00 


56-75 


61-00 


49-25 


50-25 


43-25 


52-50 


Potatoes 


entals. 
74-55 


entals. 

80-25 


centals. 
72-95 


centals. 
85-15 


centals. 
92-00 


centals. 
102-35 


centals. 
91-75 


centals. 
81-55 


centals. 
91-20 


Turnips, etc 


192-00 


132-00 


145-35 


188-75 


176-95 


200-45 


173-80 


196-10 


182-60 


Hay and clover .... 


tons. 
1-36 


tons. 
1-86 


tons. 
1-66 


tons. 
1-40 


tons. 
1-55 


tons. 
1-30 


tons. 
1-07 


tons. 
1-45 


tons. 
1-40 


Fodder corn 


10-17 


6-65 


7-34 


9-50 


9-75 


9-60 


10-75 


9-00 


9-40 


Sugar beets 


7-83 


4-75 


8-40 


10-00 


9-80 


11-37 


9-45 


9-20 


9-40 


Alfalfa 


2-65 


2-91 


2-39 


2-25 


2-20 


2-45 


2-50 


2-65 


2-45 


Prince Edward Island 

Spring wheat 


bush. 
19-00 


bush. 
16-75 


bush. 
14-50 


bush. 
20-00 


bush. 
17-00 


bush. 
12-00 


bush. 
16-75 


bush. 
21-25 


bush. 
17-75 


Oats . . , 


34-75 


37-25 


32-25 


34-50 


34-00 


27-75 


27-00 


35-75 


34-50 


Barley 


29-00 


29-25 


28-50 


28-50 


29-00 


24-50 


23-25 


29-00 


27-75 


Peas 


15-75 


22-25 


14-00 


16-00 


16-00 


16-50 


23-50 


21-00 


18-75 


Buckwheat 


29-00 


27-25 


29-00 


21-75 


20-75 


23-50 


24-75 


27-25 


26-25 


Mixed grains 


38-75 


41-25 


38-25 


44-50 


44-00 


33-75 


29-25 


37-75 


39-50 


Potatoes 


centals. 
68-85 


centals. 
123-60 


centals. 
105-00 


centals. 
102-00 


centals. 
75-00 


centals. 
102-00 


centals. 
96-95 


centals. 
74-75 


centals. 
103-65 


Turnips, etc 


224-75 


238-50 


252-70 


260-25 


259-20 


241-00 


285-20 


285-00 


247-75 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-77 


tons. 
1-70 


tons. 
1-55 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-80 


tons. 
1-25 


tons. 
0-80 


tons. 
1-45 


tons. 
1-50 


Fodder corn 


13-00 


13-00 


7-00 


5-25 


12-00 


8-00 


10-00 


7-50 


9-50 


Nova Scotia- 


bush. 
18-50 


bush. 
19-50 


bush. 
15-75 


bush. 
22-25 


bush. 
19-50 


bush. 
19-50 


bush. 
15-50 


bush. 
20-25 


bush. 
19-50 


Oats 


31-25 


34-75 


29-25 


37-25 


36-00 


30-25 


28-75 


33-25 


32-75 


Barley 


26-25 


26-25 


24-75 


30-00 


31-25 


26-00 


23-00 


27 ; 25 


27-50 


Rye 


15-00 


17-00 


15-00 


14-50 


29-50 


15-00 


14-25 


20-25 


19-75 


Peas 


18-75 


17-75 


14-25 


18-75 


20-00 


20-50 


16-75 


22-00 


19-75 


Beans 


17-50 


16-25 


17-75 


16-25 


12-75 


18-50 


19-25 


19-00 


17-00 


Buckwheat 


21-75 


24-50 


21-00 


23-00 


25-25 


22-25 


20-50 


24-00 


23-75 


Mixed grains 


34-25 


34-00 


24-00 


36-00 


37-50 


32-50 


30-00 


30-50 


32-00 


Potatoes 


centals. 
84-75 


centals. 
120-60 


centals. 
104-95 


centals. 
114-45 


centals. 
96-60 


centals. 
122-25 


centals. 
98-25 


centals. 
97-10 


centals. 
113-55 


Turnips, etc. .. .. 


195-00 


202-00 


175-45 


195-60 


268-85 


215-85 


247-50 


215-60 


220-50 


Hay and clover 
Fodder corn 


tons. 
1-78 
4-64 


tons. 
1-80 

8-75 


tons. 
1-65 
9-20 


tons. 
1-45 
9-50 


tons. 
2-10 
9-50 


tons. 
1-50 
8-00 


tons. 
1-35 
6-50 


tons. 
1-55 
7-55 


tons. 
1-65 
8-55 


Alfalfa 


2-30 


5-00 


3-50 










_ 


_ 


New Brunswick- 
Spring wheat . . 


bush. 
19-00 


bush. 
17-25 


bush. 
12-00 


bush. 
19-00 


bush. 
17-50 


bush. 
15-75 


bush. 
15-25 


bush. 
17-50 


bush. 
17-25 


Oats 


27-75 


30-50 


22-50 


31-50 


30-25 


29-50 


25 -CO 


30-75 


28-75 


Barley 


23-00 


23-75 


22-00 


24-75 


26-75 


23-75 


17-00 


25-00 


23-75 


Peas 


17-00 


16-50 


15-00 


14-75 


14-75 


15-00 


12-75 


14-25 


15-00 


Beans 


21-25 


15-25 


19-50 


15-50 


16-50 


16-25 


12-75 


18-00 


16-00 


Buckwheat 


22-75 


22-75 


19-50 


20-75 


25-00 


22-75 


22-25 


25-00 


23-50 


Mixed grains 


31-50 


34-25 


19-50 


32-50 


33-75 


29-75 


23-50 


31-00 


30-00 


Potatoes 


centals. 
86-55 


centals. 
115-20 


centals. 
89-90 


centals. 
95-10 


centals. 
85-65 


centals. 
118-80 


centals. 
129-75 


centals. 
98-50 


centals. 
111-30 


Turnips, etc 


164-50 


205-50 


150-25 


175-00 


183-25 


176-50 


174-75 


198-65 


172-25 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-39 


tons. 
1-48 


tons. 
1-60 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-40 


tons. 
1-20 


tons. 
0-90 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-35 


Fodder corn 


7-00 


10-00 


9-00 


4-50 


5-00 


8-00 


7-00 


7-50 


6-25 


Quebec 

Spring wheat 


bush. 
20-00 


bush. 
15-00 


bush. 
14-00 


bush. 
17-25 


bush. 
16-75 


bush. 
17-00 


bush. 
15-25 


bush. 
15-75 


bush. 
16-50 


Oats 


30-25 


22-75 


21-75 


27-25 


26-75 


30-25 


21-25 


27-75 


26-75 


Barley 


26-50 


20-00 


18-50 


24-00 


22-75 


25-25 


21-25 


22-75 


23-00 


Rye 


16-75 


14-25 


16-75 


16-25 


17-25 


18-75 


17-25 


15-50 


17-00 


Peas 


16-50 


14-00 


12-00 


15-50 


15-00 


17-00 


14-75 


H-25 


15-25 


Beans 


22-00 


17-75 


15-00 


17-00 


19-75 


18-00 


18-75 


17-00 


17-50 


Buckwheat. . 


24-75 


19 00 


16-50 


20-75 


24-00 


25-75 


23-25 


22-50 


22-50 



256 



PRODUCTION 



2. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from 
1915 to 1922, with Decennial Averages for the years 1912-21 con. 



Field Crops. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Ten year 
average, 
1912-21. 


Quebec con. 

Mixed grains 


bush. 
?9-75 


bush. 
20-25 


bush. 
21-25 


bush. 
27-00 


bush. 
27-00 


bush. 
29-25 


bush. 
24-00 


bush. 
26-75 


bush. 
26-50 


Flax seed 


12-00 


10-50 


8-25 


11-25 


9-75 


11-50 


11-50 


10-00 


10-75 


Corn for husking 


31-25 


24-75 


24-25 


21-75 


41-00 


29-75 


29-50 


28-00 


28-50 


Potatoes 


centals. 
89-85 


centals. 
78-60 


centals. 
48-00 


centals. 
88-20 


centals. 
108-90 


centals. 
111-30 


centals. 
97-50 


centals. 
82-35 


centals. 
93-45 


Turnips, etc 


154-10 


132-50 


112-25 


147-75 


158-75 


164-65 


159-50 


158-15 


148-60 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-26 


tons. 
1-75 


tons. 
1-71 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-25 


tons. 
0-95 


tons. 
1-35 


tons. 
1-35 


Fodder corn 


8-61 


8-00 


8-50 


7-25 


8-25 


8-00 


9-00 


7-25 


8-00 


Alfalfa 


2-84 


2-65 


2-26 


2-25 


2-35 


2-40 


2-20 


1-50 


2-35 


Ontario- 
Fall wheat 


bush. 
28-25 


bush. 
21-25 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
19-50 


bush. 
24-30 


bush. 
24-30 


bush. 
22-00 


bush. 
21-90 


bush. 
23-00 


Spring wheat . . 


22-25 


16-25 


19-50 


23-25 


15-60 


16-80 


12-50 


16-90 


18-00 


All wheat 


27-75 


20-75 


21-25 


21-25 


21-20 


22-30 


20-10 


21-25 


22-00 


Oats 


39-75 


25-50 


36-50 


45-00 


29-30 


44-90 


23-40 


38-20 


35-50 


Barley 


34-25 


23-00 


31-00 


36-75 


23-10 


34-40 


22-00 


32-20 


29-75 


Rye... 


20-00 


17-50 


17-75 


16-00 


15-80 


17-70 


14-50 


16-40 


17-00 


Peas 


17-75 


14-25 


16-75 


21-00 


14-30 


20-20 


13-60 


19-70 


16-50 


Beans 


16-00 


11-75 


11-75 


13-75 


12-60 


16-70 


16-10 


15-60 


15-00 


Buckwheat 


21-75 


14-50 


18-75 


20-50 


22-80 


22-30 


22-70 


21-60 


21-25 


Mixed grains 


40-00 


26-00 


37-75 


44-25 


31-40 


44-20 


26-20 


38-50 


36-00 


Flax seed 


12-50 


9-25 


13-00 


12-25 


9-40 


10-70 


8-90 


10-70 


12-50 


Corn for husking 


58-50 


37-25 


37-25 


66-75 


63-60 


53-00 


54-00 


46-50 


56-25 


Potatoes 


centals. 
55-65 


centals. 
36-60 


centals. 
80-20 


centals. 
69-95 


centals. 
57-75 


centals. 
92-00 


centals. 
56-30 


centals. 
70-65 


centals. 
70-95 


Turnips, etc 


197-25 


105-50 


170-45 


230-15 


173-75 


242-15 


175-65 


222-60 


194-10 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-32 


tons. 
2-00 


tons. 
1-70 


tons. 
1-32 


tons. 
1-59 


tons. 
1-26 


tons. 
1-11 


tons. 
1-56 


tons. 
1-40 


Fodder corn 


10-63 


6-50 


7-54 


10-35 


10-05 


10-39 


11-44 


10-06 


9-90 


Sugar beets 


7-83 


4-75 


8-40 


10-00 


9-80 


11-37 


9-45 


9-20 


9-40 


Alfalfa 


2-72 


3-00 


2-74 


2-28 


2-14 


2-45 


2-58 


2-84 


2-45 


Manitoba- 
Fall wheat 


bush. 
23-25 


bush. 
16-00 


bush. 
22-25 


bush. 
18-00 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


Spring wheat 


24-75 


11-00 


16-75 


16-25 


14-25 


13-90 


11-15 


19-25 


16-25 


All wheat 


24-75 


11-00 


16-75 


16-25 


14-25 


13-90 


11-15 


19-25 


16-25 


Oats 


38-50 


33-50 


30 >$ 


31-75 


31-25 


30-75 


22-27 


40-25 


31-75 


Barley 


29-50 


20-00 


22-50 


25-25 


19-25 


21-00 


18-87 


29-75 


23-25 


Rye. . 


18-00 


18-50 


17-25 4 


16-25 


13-75 


15-50 


13-83 


16-75 


15-00 


Mixed grains 


33-50 


32-25 


31-00 


28-25 


25-00 


21-25 


19-85 


30-00 


25-00 


Flax seed 


8-25 


13-75 


9-00 


10-00 


9-00 


7-90 


8-83 


11-00 


9-75 


Potatoes 


centals. 
51-45 


centals. 
88-35 


centals. 
63-55 


centals. 
111-00 


centals. 
75-55 


centals. 
55-30 


centals. 
92-30 


centa s. 
96-00 


centals. 
85-65 


Turnips, etc . . 


125-12 


72-50 


92-60 


125-85 


92-05 


72-65 


115-65 


145-25 


112-50 


Hay and clover . . 


tons. 
1-02 


tons. 
1-83 


tons. 
1-00 


tons. 
1-00 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-55 


tons. 
1-75 


tons. 
1-45 


Fodder corn. . 


2-63 


2-75 


4-86 


5-50 


6-80 


4-40 


7-20 


7-50 


5-75 


Alfalfa 


1-36 


2-75 


2-07 


2-28 


2-20 


2-00 


2-59 


2-60 


2-25 


Saskatchewan- 
Spring wheat 


bush. 
25-00 


bush. 
16-25 


bush. 
14-25 


bush. 
10-00 


bush. 
8-50 


bush. 
11-25 


bush. 
13-75 


bush. 

20 -25 


bush. 
14-75 


Oats 


43-50 


43-00 


27 25 


21-60 


23-10 


27-70 


30-00 


35-25 


31-25 


Barley ... . 


31-75 


27-00 


21-00 


17-00 


18-20 


20-25 


26-75 


29-00 


23-00 


Rye . 


28-25 


24-00 


18-75 


11-50 


10-50 


11-70 


11-25 


18-00 


15-75 


Peas 


15-50 


32-50 


17-25 


20-00 


18-00 


14-50 


19-25 


22-50 


19-25 


Mixed grains 


25-25 


35-00 


32-00 


21-00 


35-00 


33-50 


30-00 


29-25 


30-75 


Flax seed 


13-25 


12-25 


6-25 


5-00 


4-80 


5-00 


7-50 


8-75 


9-50 


Potatoes 


rentals. 
66-15 


centals. 
93-45 


centals. 
79-85 


centals. 
69-75 


centals. 
102-00 


centals. 
76-50 


centals. 
105-90 


centals. 

72 25 


centals. 
91-05 


Turnips, etc 


116-50 


126-50 


77-75 


112-85 


128-85 


150-50 


84-75 


112-25 


145-90 


Hay and clover . . . 


tons. 
1-39 


tons. 
5 


tons. 

1 -41! 


tons. 
1-16 


tons. 
1-Ofl 


tons. 
1-40 


ton-. 
1-60 


tons. 
1-40 


tons. 
1-40 


Fodder corn . . . 


2-40 


2-60 


2-00 


5-65 


12-50 


3-75 


11-35 


4-85 


6-45 


Alfalfa 


1-83 


2-85 


1-61 


1-40 


1-60 


2-25 


3-00 


1-85 


2-00 


Alberta- 
Fall wheat 


l>u>h. 
31-25 


luisll. 

30-25 


bush. 
20-50 


bush. 
15-00 


bush. 
15-75 


bush. 
18-75 


bush. 
17-25 


bnah. 
18-00 


bush. 
21-25 


Spring wheat 


31-00 


25-00 


18-25 


6-00 


8-00 


20-50 


10-25 


11-25 


16-00 


All wheat 


31-00 


25-00 


18-25 


6-00 


8-00 


20-50 


10-35 


11-25 


16-25 


Oats 


46-00 


48-00 


34-00 


22-78 


23-75 


37-25 


22-00 


22-00 


34 -i 50 


Barley 


32-25 


29-00 


22-00 


16-50 


25-50 


26-50 


20-50 


16-50 


25-00 


Rye 


23-50 


24-50 


20-50 


17-25 


14-00 


21-25 


9-00 


10-25 


16-00 


Peas 


20-00 


20-00 


17-50 


18-00 


18-00 


17-00 


24-00 


11-60 


18-75 


Mixed grains 


37-25 


30-00 


25-75 


21-50 


36-25 


30-00 


22-75 


25-50 


28-25 


Flax seed . . 


14-00 


13-75 


7-00 


5-00 


2-75 


7-00 


6-00 


4-00 


8-75 



GRAIN YIELDS OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES 



257 



2. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from 
1915 to 1922, with Decennial Averages for the years 1912-21 concluded. 



Field Crops. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Ten year 
average, 
1912-21. 


Alberta con, 

Potatoes 


centals. 
85-20 


cental?. 
98-25 


centals. 
90-85 


centals. 
42-30 


centals. 
107-85 


centals. 
99-60 


centals. 
95-10 


centals. 
65-75 


centals. 
91-80 


Turnips, etc 


117-60 


139-75 


103-75 


94-25 


110-75 


130-85 


76-75 


86-75 


110-50 


Hay and clover . . 


tons. 
1-31 


tons. 
1-93 


tons 
1-48 


tons. 
0-85 


tons. 
1-10 


tons. 
1-30 


tons. 
1-00 


tons. 
0-80 


tons. 
1-25 


Fodder corn 


3-42 


2-56 


1-00 


5-50 


5-58 


4-25 


10-00 


5-25 


5-25 


Alfalfa 


2-15 


2-65 


2-05 


2-CO 


2-CO 


2-25 


1-75 


2-20 


2-25 


British Columbia 

Fall wheat 


bush. 
33-50 


hush. 
30-75 


bush. 
31-75 


bush. 
24-75 


bush. 
24-75 


bush. 
19-25 


bush. 
27-25 


bush. 
23-00 


bush. 
27-25 


Spring wheat 


32-50 


31-00 


28-50 


22-00 


2>-CO 


18-75 


24-50 


22-00 


24-25 


All wheat 


32-75 


31 -CO 


29-00 


22-50 


22-75 


19-00 


25 -?5 


??-25 


?5-25 


Oats 


61-75 


6C-50 


5.3 75 


39-75 


47-25 


34-75 


48-75 


43-75 


52-25 


Barley 


40-25 


45-75 


|| 


26-50 


33-00 


37-75 


34-75 


29-25 


34-50 


Peas 


29-75 


33-75 


23-75 


21-50 


?3-00 


26-00 


?5-CO 


25-75 


26-50 


Mixed grains 


4C-00 


50-00 


40-00 


21-50 


36-50 


36-00 


34-00 


31-00 


39-50 


Potatoes 


centals. 
"148-35 


centals. 
113-40 


centals. 
99-90 


centals. 
136-80 


centals. 
102-00 


centals. 
99-00 


centals. 
1C5-60 


centals. 

1 ; U CO 


centals. 
117-75 


Turnips, etc 


227-75 


25C-CO 


172-35 


211-00 


182-50 


217-50 


183-00 


200 00 


210-35 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
2-34 


tons. 
2-67 


tons. 
1-85 


tons. 
1-90 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
2-00 


tons. 
2-30 


tons. 
1-65 


tons. 
2-25 


Fodder corn 


12-62 


10-00 


7-00 


10-10 


11-50 


11-50 


9-85 


11-00 


10-25 


Alfalfa 


3-52 


2-88 


2-58 


3-25 


3-00 


3-00 


3-70 


3-00 


3-25 























Grain Yields of the Prairie Provinces. The total yields in the three Prairie 
Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) are finally estimated as follows: 
ttheat 375,194,000 bushels from 21,223,448 acres, as compared with 280,098,000 
bushels from 22,181,329 acres in 1921; oats 289,660,000 bushels from 8,564,212 
acres, as compared with 284,147,500 bushels from 10,819,641 acres in 1921; barley 
53,612,000 bushels from 1,983,292 acres, as compared with 44,681,600 bushels from 
2,109,065 acres in 1921; rye 29,429,000 bushels from 1,926,117 acres, as compared 
with 19 ; 109,700 bushels from 1,688,228 acres in 1921; and flaxseed 4,901,700 
bushels from 555,043 acres, as compared with 3,945,700 bushels from 516,972 acres 

in 1921. 
i- 

3. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye and Flaxseed in the three Prairie 

Provinces, 1920-22. 



Provinces. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922 


Prairie Provinces 

Wheat 


acres. 
16,841,174 


acres. 
22,181,329 


acres. 
21,223 448 


bush. 
934 138,300 


bush. 
?80 C98 000 


bush. 
375 194 000 


Oats 


10,070,476 


10,819,641 


8 564 212 


314 297 000 


284 147 500 


289 660 000 


Barley 


1,838,791 


2,109,065 


1,983 292 


40 760 SCO 


44 681 600 


53 612 COO 


Rye 


482,011 


1,688,228 


1,926,117 


8 273,600 


19 109 700 


29 429 000 


Flaxseed 


1,391,076 


516,972 


555,043 


7 588 800 


3 945 700 


4 901 700 


Manitoba 

\\heat 


2,705,622 


3,501,217 


3 125 556 


37 542 000 


39 C54 000 


6C 051 000 


Oats 


1,873 954 


2,2 :>6 376 


1 851 60S 


57 657 000 


49 442 500 


74 433 000 


Barley 


839 , 078 


1,043 144 


968 783 


17 S ^0 000 


19 681 600 


28 863 000 


Rye 


148,602 


257,793 


421 603 


2 318 600 


3 564 700 


7 078 000 


Flaxseed 


146,455 


61,689 


66,680 


1 157 800 


544 700 


734 000 


Saskatchewan- 
Wheat 


10,061,069 


13,556,708 


12,332,297 


113 135,300 


188 000 000 


250 167 000 


Oats 


5,106 822 


5,681 522 


5 098 104 


141 549 000 


170 513 000 


179 708 000 


Barley 


519 014 


497,730 


636 456 


10 501 500 


13 343 000 


18 511 000 


Rye 


172,449 


1,208,299 


900 931 


2 535 000 


13 546 000 


16 164 000 


Flaxseed 


1,140,921 


426,849 


466 177 


5 705 000 


3 230*000 


4 079 000 


Alberta 

Wheat 


4,074 483 


5,123 404 


5 765 595 


83 461 000 


53 044 000 


64 976 000 


Oats 


3,089 700 


2,911 743 


1 614 500 


115 091 000 


64 19 9> 000 


35 519 000 


Barley 


480,699 


568 191 


378 053 


12 739 COO 


11 657 000 


6 238 000 


Rye 


160,960 


222,136 


603 583 


3 420 000 


1 999 000 


6 187 000 


Flaxseed 


103,700 


28,434 


22 186 


726 000 


171 000 


88 700 

















6237317 



258 



PRODUCTION 



4. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 

AREAS. 



Provinces. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada 


acres . 
42,602,288 


acres. 
51,437,190 


acres. 
53,049,640 


acres. 
52,830,865 


acres. 
59,635,346 


acres. 
57,189,681 


P. E. Island 


491,210 


488, 180 


526,628 


536,105 


552, 184 


543,069 


Nova Scotia 


752,980 


910,387 


1,011,144 


919,547 


807,858 


789,096 


New Brunswick 


888,125 


1,188,200 


1,335,118 


1,253,834 


1,171,305 


1,205,817 


Quebec 


5,778,139 


8,201,362 


7,973,021 


7,905,987 


8,051,989 


7,435,300 


Ontario 


8,233,500 


10,000,063 


9,915,884 


10,108,272 


10,075,073 


10,258,613 


Manitoba 


4,837,660 


6,325,150 


6,344,318 


6,020,310 


7,421,786 


6,747,240 


Saskatchewan 


14,678,042 


16,332,872 


17,430,554 


17,347,901 


21,774,483 


19,833,167 


Alberta 


6,692,616 


7,739,391 


8,170,971 


8,389,521 


9,417,870 


10,005,623 


British Columbia 


250,016 


241,585 


342,002 


349,388 


362,798 


371,756 

















VALUES. 



Canada 


S 

1,144,636,450 


$ 

1,372,935,970 


- 
1,537,170,100 


$ 

1,455,244,050 


$ 

931,863,670 


S 
962,293,200 


P. E. Island 


16,530,000 


16,277,800 


22,367,400 


18,530,400 


14,202.970 


10.889,800 


Nova Scotia 


23,313,400 


41,486,200 


63,357,000 


47,846,550 


29,556,400 


24,140,400 


New Brunswick 


24,404,200 


42,891,270 


53,134,400 


46, 355, 300 


38,325,400 


31,979,000 


Quebec 


153,197,900 


276,776,90:) 


309,963,000 


330,251,000 


219,154,000 


lti."),LJ9,600 


Ontario 


251,095,100 


384,013,900 


383,573,900 


375,746,900 


239,627,400 


222,599,400 


Manitoba 


137,470,750 


180,507,500 


182,097,200 


133,989,900 


72,135,500 


98,078,000 


Saskatchewan 


349,488,200 


299,362,100 


340,029,800 


271,213.000 


215,635,000 


296,227,200 


Alberta 


176,965,800 


113,072,700 


158,044,400 


204,291,500 


82,780,000 


94,946,800 


British Columbia 


12,171,100 


17,547,600 


24,603,000 


27,017,500 


20,447,000 


18,273,000 

















t In Table 5 is given a comparison of the quauuiy ana value of the 1922 and 
1921 crops. Taking the field crops as a whole, the total value in 1922 is greater than 
in 1921 by 3-3 p.c., the increase being caused by larger quantities to the extent of 
20-4 p.c., offset by lower prices to the extent of 17-1 p.c. 

5. Field Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1921 and 1922. 

("000" omitted). 



Field Crops. 


Actual 
Value, 
1922. 


Value at 
prices of 
1921. 


Actual 
Value, 
1921. 


Increase (-f ) 
or de 
crease ( ). 


Due to 
higher (+) 
or 
lower ( ) 
prices. 


Due to 

larger (+) 
or 
smaller ( ) 
quantities. 


Fall wheat 


$ 

19,059 


$ 

19,335 


$ 

15,846 


S 

+ 3,213 


S 

- 276 


$ 

+ 3,489 


Spring wheat 


320,360 


304,664 


227,090 


+ 93,270 


+ 15,696 


+ 77,574 


All wheat 


339,419 


323,999 


242,936 


+ 96,483 


+ 15,420 


+ 81,063 


Oats 


185,455 


167,021 


146,395 


+ 39,060 


+ 18,434 


+ 20,626 


Barley 


33,335 


33,777 


28,254 


+ 5,081 


- 442 


+ 5,523 


Rye. 


18,703 


23,309 


15,399 


+ 3,304 


- 4,606 


4- 7,910 


Peas 


6,141 


6,720 


5,439 


+ 702 


- 579 


+ 1,281 


Beans 


3,714 


3,780 


3,156 


+ 558 


- 66 


624 


Buckwheat 


8,140 


8,634 


7,285 


+ 855 


- 494 


+ 1,349 


Mixed grains 


16,501 


17,179 


13,902 


+ 2,599 


- 678 


+ 3,?77 


Flaxseed . .... 


8,639 


7,212 


5,938 


+ 2,701 


+ 1,427 


+ 1,274 


Corn for husking 


11,510 


11,452 


12,317 


- 807 


+ 58 


865 


Potatoes 


50,320 


71,354 


82,148 


- 31,828 


- 21,034 


- 10,794 


Turnips, etc 


23,886 


29,462 


26,620 


- 2,734 


- 5,576 


+ 2,842 


Hay and clover 


194,950 


341,342 


267, 764 


- 72,814 


-146,392 


+ 73,578 


Grain hay 


20,910 


- 


14,476 


+ 6,434 


+ 2,671 


+ 3,763 


Alfalfa 


10,295 


16,088 


13,211 


- 2,916 


- 5.793 


+ 2,877 


Fodder corn . 


29,198 


41,447 


44,881 


- 15,683 


- 12,249 


- 3,434 




1,500 


1,238 


1,742 


- 242 


+ 262 


- 504 
















Totals 


962,616 


1,122,253 


931,863 


+ 30,753 


-159,637 


+ 190,390 
















Increase or decrease 








p.c. 
+ 3-3 


p.c. 
- 17-1 


p.c. 
+ 20-4 

















QUALITY OF GRAIN CROPS 



259 



Quality of Grain Crops, 1913-1922. Table 6 gives the average weight 
per measured bushel for each of the principal grain crops from 1913 to 1922, with 
the ten-year average for the period 1912-1921. 

The table shows that in 1922 fall wheat, 59 91 lb., whilst superior to 1921 was 
slightly below the ten-year average of 60 lb. The weight was above the ten-year 
average for five and below it for six years. For spring wheat, 60-31 lb., the quality 
was better than in 1921, 58-10 lb., and also better than the average, 58-94 lb. The 
weight was above average for five years and below it for six years. For all wheat 
the weight in 1922, 60-24 lb., was higher than in 1921, 58-11 lb., and higher than 
the average 59-18 lb. It was above average hi eight years and below it hi three 
years. Oats, 35-68 lb., were above 1921, 32-97 lb., and above the average of 34-96 
lb. They were above average in seven years and below in four years. Barley, with 
a weight in 1922 of 47-66 lb., was above 1921, 46-05 lb., and above average, 47-13 
lb. It was above average in seven years and below average hi four years. For the 
remaining crops the decennial averages were as follows, the number of times the 
average was exceeded being placed within brackets: peas 59-72 lb. (8); beans 
59-60 lb. (7); buckwheat 47-69 lb. (5); mixed grains 44-47 lb. (7); flax 54-62 (8); 
corn for husking 55-95 lb. (6). 

6. Quality of Grain Crops as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel, 

1913-23. 



Crop. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Ten-year 
average, 
1912-21. 


Fall wheat 


lb. 
60-25 


lb. 
59-61 


lb. 
59-71 


lb. 
59-52 


lb. 
59-37 


lb. 
61-19 


lb. 
61-20 


lb. 
60-14 


lb. 

IS. 77 


lb. 

50.01 


lb. 


Spring wheat 


60-37 


59-46 


60-31 


56-51 


59-48 


58-69 


58-53 


59-07 


58-10 


fin. 31 




All wheat 


60-34 


59-49 


60-19 


57-10 


59-46 


59-44 


5Q-19 


w. 3 s ; 


5ff.11 






Oats 


36-48 


35-31 


36-61 


33-86 


33-55 


35-61 


34-Tfi 


II-K 1 ) 


09. 07 




oy*lo 


Barley 


48-41 


47-22 


48-26 


45-66 


46-97 


47-24 


4fi.?9 


47. R9 


4fl.fi c . 




o4-yo 


Rye 


55-66 


55-47 


56-32 


54-95 


53-44 


55-60 


55 -OP 


I") .44 


f^.Hfi 


RK 71 




Peas 


60-00 


60-53 


60-74 


59-88 


59-81 


59-93 


^Q.fiO 


fifl.44 


KQ. 49 






Beans 


59-70 


60-21 


59-61 


60-00 


59-70 


58-67 


5Q QQ 


"jQ.73 


CQ . OH 


en on 




Buckwheat 


50-32 


48-20 


48-02 


46-35 


45.4(1 


47-41 


47-23 


47. Q 1 ! 


47.35 






Mixed grains. . . 


44-74 


45-51 


44-98 


43-13 


44-41 


dfi.^Q 


44. R3 


44. ft** 






4/-oy 


Flaxseed 


55-79 


52-49 


55-28 


54-99 


54-73 


53-72 


55-14 


54 -70 


tlA, OJ. 


KK ,(\A 


44-47 


Corn for husking 


56-27 


56-62 


56-32 


56-51 


56-18 


53 -97 




lfi-4 1 ; 


W. ifi 


KK , 4K 





























Average Values of Farm Land. The average value of the occupied farm 
lands of Canada, which includes both improved and unimproved land, together 
with dwelling houses, barns, stables and other farm buildings, is shown in Table 7 
to have been $40 per acre in 1922, as compared with $40 in 1921, $48 in 1920, $46 
in 1919, $41 in 1918, $38 in 1917, $36 in 1916 and $35 in 1915. By provinces, the 
value for 1922 is highest in British Columbia, viz., $120. In the other provinces 
the average values of farm lands per acre are reported as follows for 1922: Ontario 
$64; Quebec $58; Prince Edward Island $45; Nova Scotia $34; New Brunswick 
and Manitoba $32; Saskatchewan $28 and Alberta $24. The average values in 
1922 of orchard and fruit lands, including buildings, etc., in the fruit growing 
districts of Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia are estimated as follows: 
Nova Scotia $93 ($117); Ontario $127 ($137); British Columbia $320 ($300). 
The figures within brackets represent the averages for 1921. 



62373-17! 



260 



PRODUCTION 



7 Averaee Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by 
Crop Correspondents, 1908-10, 1914-22. 



Provinces. 


DOS. 


1909. 


1910. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada 


S 
31 


S 
32 


S 
33 


37 


S 
35 


$ 
36 


S 
38 


$ 

41 


$ 
46 


- 
48 


$ 
40 


$ 

40 


P E Island 


34 


32 


31 


39 


38 


39 


44 


44 


51 


49 


46 


45 


r^ova Scotia 


25 


31 


25 


28 


28 


34 


34 


36 


41 


43 


35 


34 




21 


! 


19 


26 


22 


29 


29 


35 


32 


35 


28 


32 


Quebec 


42 


43 


43 


47 


51 


52 


53 


57 


72 


70 


59 


58 




47 


50 


48 


54 


52 


53 


55 


57 


66 


70 


63 


64 




27 


29 


29 


32 


30 


32 


31 


32 


35 


39 


35 


32 


Saskatchewan 


20 


22 


2? 


24 


24 


23 


26 


29 


! 


32 


29 


28 


Alberta 


18 


20 


24 


21 


23 


22 


27 


28 


29 


32 


28 


24 


British Columbia 


76 


73 


74 


150 


125 


119 


149 


149 


174 


175 


122 


120 



On-hard and Ftuit Lands, 1922: Nova Scotia, S93 ($117 in 1921); Ontario, S1 7 ($137 in 1921); Biitish 
Columbia, S320 ($300 in 1921). 

2. Farm Live Stock and Poultry. 

Numbers of Farm Animals. In Table 8 are given by provinces the numbers 
of each description of farm live stock in Canada for the year 1922 as compared 
with 1921, according to estimates made jointly by the statistical authorities of 
Dominion and Provincial Governments. 1 The total number of horses , in Cam 
on June 15, 1922, was estimated at 3,648,871, as compared with 3,813,921 in 
Mules numbered 9,202, as against 10,424; milch cows 3,745,804, as against 3,73, ,8, 
other cattle 5,< 74,065, as against 6,469,273; total cattle 9,719869 as a gi 
10,207,105; sheep 3,263,^, as against 3,675,857; swme W^J**** 
3,8<:4,85 and poultry (all descriptions) 42,930,562, as against 37,18- v<- 
descriptions of farm live stock show, therefore, a decrease as compared with I 
excepting milch cows and swine, both of which have slightly increased. 
is most marked in the case of sheep, which have declined m number by - 
since 1921 and by 457,25S since 1920. By provinces, horses have increased only in 
Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and British Columbia. Milch cows have 
increased in all provinces, except Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Alberta, 
which show a decrease. Total cattle show increases in Prmce Edward Is and, New 
Brunswick, Saskatchewan and British Columbia, but decreases in the oth 
inces. Sheep have declined in all provinces, except Nova Scotia .and .Saskatchewan, 
the decrease being most marked in Alberta, where the number has fallen fron 
523 599 to 260,366. Swine show a decrease in all the eastern provinces, but 
^crease in the Prairie Provinces and in British Columbia. Poultry have increased 
in all the provinces, except Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 



mediately following the Table of Contents. 



NUMBERS OF FARM LIVE STOCK 



261 



8. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1921-1922. 

Classification HORSES: Stallions, Mares and Geldings, 2 years old and over: Colts and Fillies, under 
2 years. CATTLE: Bulls for breeding; Milch Cows; Calves, under 1 year; Steers, 2 years old and over; 
All other cattle. 



Provinces. 


1921. 


192?. 


Provinces. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada- 
Horses 


No. 
42,811 


No. 
46,682 


Nova Scotia 

Horses 
Stallions 


No. 

974 


No. 
1,124 




1 746,580 


1,689,519 


Mares 


32,555 


31,599 




1,545,002 


1,514,159 


Geldings 


24,603 


23,425 


Colts and fillies 


479,528 


398,511 


Colts and fillies 


3,189 


2,766 


Total 


3,813,921 


3,648,871 


Total 


61,321 


58,914 




10,424 


9,202 


Cattle- 
Bulls 


5,065 


4,750 










143,780 


144,937 








Calves 


68,137 


59,486 


Cattle 






Steers 


38,080 


34,589 


Bulls 


285,372 


278,570 


Other cattle 


78,230 


75,940 


Milch cows 
Calves 


3,737,832 
2,321,732 


3,745,804 
2,170,152 


Total 


333,292 


319,702 


Steers 
Other cattle 


881,123 
2,981,046 


803,900 
2,721,443 














Sheep 


324,260 


329,345 














1 otai 


















Swine 


52,064 


47,504 




3C7C oc7 


3OAQ O 


























Hens 


708,753 


910,205 


Swine 


3,854,895 


3,915,684 


Turkeys 


7,853 


9,519 










13,460 


17,311 








Ducks 


10,678 


12,770 














Poultry 
Hens 


34,340,474 


39,434,873 


. Total 


740,744 


949,805 


Turkeys 
Geese 


1,199,494 
883,690 


1,590,?81 
947,269 








Ducks 


762,135 


958,139 


New Brunswick 


















Total 


37,185,793 


42,930 562 


Stallions 


3,011 


3,324 










34,702 


35,810 


Rabbits (British Col 






Geldings . . . 


28.C93 


27,307 


umbia only) 


65,789 


51,623 


Colts and fillies 


4,152 


3,711 




















Total 


69,958 


70,152 


w^ w 












P. E. Island 

Horses 

Stallions 


88 


67 


Cattle- 
Bulls 


9,954 


9,440 


Mares 


14,515 


16,875 


Milch cows 


139,055 


146,054 


Geldings 


13,110 


12,6?2 


Calves 


58,845 


61,874 


Colts and fillies 


3,568 


3,?66 


Steers 


22,877 


25,934 








Other cattle 


64,715 


59,813 




















Total 


295,446 


303,115 














Cattle 
Bulls , 


3,195 


2,744 








Milch cows 


55 022 


51,613 


Sheep 


236,951 


236,031 






OA rico 








Steei s 


7,C43 


5,544 


Swine 


89,337 


85,260 




















r> it 






Total 


138 195 


143 942 


Hens 


679,542 


1,168,619 










29,452 


44,282 








Geese 


22,585 


25,057 


Sheep 


131,763 


105,703 


Ducks 


11,826 


13,538 




















Total 


743,405 


1,251,496 


Swine 


42,447 


37,351 




















Poultry 
Hens . . . . 


647 , 088 


781,745 


Horses 
Stallions 


7,264 


7,883 


Turkeys 


4,153 


12,751 


Mares 


197,546 


177,308 


Geese 


27,069 


34,882 


Geldings 


167,173 


155,423 


Ducks 


11,133 


16,295 


Colts and fillies 


34,976 


27,976 


Total 


689 443 


845 673 


Total 


406,959 


368,590 















262 



PRODUCTION 



8. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1921-1922 con. 



Provinces. 


1921. 


1922. 


Provinces. 


1921. 


1922. 


Quebec concluded 
Cattle- 


No. 


No. 


Manitoba concluded 
Swine 


No. 

224,704 


No. 
235,214 


Bulls 


105 041 


99 924 








Milch cows 


1,040,389 


1,006,992 


Poultrv 






Calves 


441.701 


384,561 


Hens 


3,449,598 


3,250 990 


Steers 


66,533 


49,248 


Turkeys 


172,830 


210.709 


Other cattle.. . 


399,730 


317,665 


Geese . 


72,847 


73,833 










fii mi 


7fi ^7K 


Total 


2 053 394 


1 858 390 














Total 


Q 7<ifi 9Qfl 


3fi19 1(18 














Sheep 


1,006,617 


990,918 


Saskatchewan 
























Stallions, 


13,612 


13,892 


Swine... . 


833,920 


728,926 


Mares 


505,905 


508,416 










487 813 


48Q 1fi9, 


Poultry 






Colts and f llies 


16l!948 


132,032 




3 476 729 


6 117 723 








Turkeys 


146,004 


?06,659 


Total 


1,169,278 


1,143,502 




19Q Cfil 


1 9 5 247 








Ducks . 


80,618 


68,673 


Mules 


10,111 


8,907 














Total 


3,833,215 


6,518,332 


Cattle- 












Bulls 


32 405 


33 423 


Ontario 






Milch cows 


421,706 


456,006 


Horses 






Calves 


889,126 


398,240 


Stallions 


3,665 


3,569 


Steers 


167,478 


173,668 


Mares . 


353,075 


350,998 


Other cattle 


552,617 


541,449 




979 (187 


979 449 








Colts and fillies 


65,410 


58,843 


Total 


1,563,332 


1,602,786 














Total 


694,237 


685,852 














Sheep 


188 021 


191 937 


OnfHn 












Bulls 


67,759 


69,077 








Milch cows 


1,201 ?70 


1 235 665 


Swine 


432,776 


563,069 


Calves 


651 532 


fi9fi I ll 








Steers 


?49,099 


234,049 


Poultry- 






Other cattle 


717 453 


671 037 


Hens 


9,051,788 


7,705,102 








Turkeys 


255 923 


419 063 


Total 


2,890 113 


2,836 181 


Geese 


109,365 


121,530 








Ducks 


136 933 


210 255 














Sheep 


1,081,828 


986,617 


Total 


9,554,009 


8,455,950 














Swine 


1,563,807 


1,553,434 


Alberta- 
Horses 














11 848 


11 009 


Poultry 






Mares 


398,015 


372,655 


Hens 


10 389 852 


1? 740 844 


Geldings 


360,362 


358,069 


Turkeys 


9 9 1,377 


336,447 


Colts and fillies 


146,285 


121,583 




411 91Q 


44fi i87 








Ducks 


363,758 


440,539 


Total 


916,510 


863,316 














Total 


11,458,206 


13,964,317 


Cattle- 












Bulls 


36 964 


36 294 


Manitoba 






Milch cows . 


423,838 


392,037 


Horses 






Calves 


441,806 


393,502 


Stallions 


1,500 


5 020 


Steers 


246,446 


205,058 


Mares 


191,159 


173,590 


Other cattle 


705,148 


626,151 




17Q A 1 )") 


1 R4 QOQ 










53 697 


41 033 


Total . . 


1,854,202 


1.653,042 














Total 


419,789 


374,632 














Sheep 


523 599 


?60 366 


Ontf In 












Bulls 


20,493 


17,708 










251 799 


252 245 


Swine 


574,318 


623,188 




mQ7Q 


mi94 








Steers ... 


83,567 


75,810 


Poultry- 






Other cattle 


269 921 


221 653 


Hens 


4,534.042 


4,908,543 










283 . Hti 


337,336 


Total 


817,759 


740,740 


Geese 


83,363 


89,724 










62 814 


86 536 














Sheep 


131 361 


112,863 


Total 


4,963,565 


5,422,139 















NUMBERS OF FARM LIVE STOCK 



263 



8. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1921-1922 concluded. 



Provinces. 


1921. 


1922. 


Provinces. 


1921. 


1922. 


British Columbia 


No. 


No. 


British Columbia con. 

Sheep 


No. 
51,457 


No. 
49,745 




S4Q 


794 








Mares 


19,108 


22,268 








Geldings 


18,298 


21,320 








Colts and fillies 


6,303 


6,701 


Swine 


41,522 


41,738 














Total 


44,558 


51,083 


























Hens 


1,403,082 


1,851,102 




313 


295 


Turkeys 


8,556 


13,515 










11 918 


13 198 


Cattle 






Ducks 


23,360 


3?, 957 


Tinlla 


4 4Qfi 


5 210 










57,973 


60,255 


Total 


1,446,916 


1,910,772 




48 798 


48 750 








Steei s 












Other cattle 


150,175 


147,756 














Rabbits 


65 789 


51 623 


Total 


261,372 


261,971 





















In Table 9 are given in summary form the numbers of farm live stock for 
Canada and by provinces for the years 1917-22. For numbers of live stock for 
various years back to 1871, see the "Statistical Summary of the Progress of Can 
ada," immediately following the Table of Contents. 

9. Estimated Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, 1917-22. 



Live stock. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada- 


No. 
3,412,749 


No. 
3,609,257 


No. 
3,667,369 


No. 
3,400,352 


No. 
3,813,921 


No. 
3,648,871 




3,202,283 


3,538,600 


3,548,437 


3,504,692 


3,737,832 


3.745,804 


Other cattle 


4,718,657 


6,507,267 


6,536,574 


6,067,504 


6,469,273 


5,974,065 


Total cattle 


7,920,940 


10,045,867 


10,085,011 


9,572,196 


10,207,105 


9,719,869 


Sheep 


2,369,358 


3,052,748 


3,421,958 


3,720,783 


3,675,857 


3,263,525 


Swine 


3,619,382 


4,289,682 


4,040,070 


3,516,587 


3,854,895 


3,915,684 


Prince Edward Island- 
Horses . 


38,948 


32,620 


34,576 


35,569 


31,311 


32,830 


Milch cows . . 


46,032 


41,429 


45,662 


49,932 


55,022 


51,613 


Other cattle . 


54,970 


69,092 


79,815 


89,211 


83,173 


92,329 


Total cattle 


101,002 


110,521 


125,477 


139,143 


138,195 


143,942 


Sheep 


90,573 


73,046 


114,955 


128,529 


131,763 


105,703 


Swine 


35,236 


40,814 


49,510 


49,917 


42,447 


37,351 


Nova Scotia- 
Horses 


64,193 


70,101 


69,589 


67,583 


61,321 


58,914 


Milch cows 


131,442 


157,829 


162,230 


170,308 


143,780 


144,937 


Other cattle 


135,046 


249,422 


243,831 


228,153 


189,512 


174,765 


Total cattle 


266,488 


407,251 


406,061 


398,461 


333,292 


319,702 


Sheep 


200,979 


259,847 


261,529 


403,567 


324,260 


329,345 


Swine 


49,850 


68,238 


69,982 


57,950 


52,064 


47,504 


New Brunswick- 
Horses 


65, 169 


66,590 


77,828 


76,737 


69,958 


70, 152 


Milch cows 


100,221 


120,123 


153,058 


147,760 


139,055 


146,054 


Other cattle 


89,456 


166,624 


211,964 


185,228 


156,391 


157,061 


Total cattle 


189,677 


286,747 


365,022 


332,988 


295,446 


303,115 


Sheep 


103,877 


140,015 


212,745 


280, 090 


236,951 


236,031 


S wine 


69,269 


79,814 


104,939 


92,925 


89,337 


85,260 


Quebec 

Horses 


379,276 


496,811 


463,902 


433,199 


406,959 


368,590 


Milch cows 


911,023 


1,163,865 


1,056,347 


1,030,809 


1,040,389 


1,006,992 


Other cattle 


958,010 


1,245,819 


1,213,297 


1,101,403 


1,013,005 


851,398 


Total cattle 


1,869.033 


2,409,684 


2,269,644 


2,132,212 


2,053,394 


1,858,390 


Sheep 


849,148 


959,070 


1,007,425 


1,031,982 


1,006,617 


990,918 


Swine. : . 


712,087 


997,255 


935,425 


836,431 


833,920 


728,926 



264 



PRODUCTION 



9. Estimated Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, 1917-22 concluded. 



Live stock. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Ontario 

Horses 


No. 

887,246 


No. 

732,977 


No. 

719 569 


No. 
704 640 


No. 

AQ4 997 


No. 

fiRI 859 


Milch cows 


1 082 119 


1 097 039 


1 141 016 


1 170 010 


1 9fl4 97fl 


1 995, Kfi5. 


Other cattle 


865 947 


1 770 683 


1 786 175 


1 711 817 


1 RR^ 849. 


1 cr\ti cif* 


Total cattle 


1 947 966 


2 867 722 


2 927 191 


2 881 8 7 


28on 11*? 


9 89fi 181 


Sheep 


595 477 


972 341 


1 101 740 


1 129 084 


1 081 898 


QSfi fi17 


Swine 


1,236 064 


1 656 386 


1 695 487 


1 614 356 


1 ifiS 807 


1 559 494 


Manitoba- 
Horses 


324,175 


384 772 


379 356 


356 68 


410 780 


974 R99 


Milch cows 


202,177 


225 659 


227 872 


221 785 


911 70Q 


050 O.15 


Other cattle 


357,870 


521 240 


553 899 


536 189 


565 960 


488 4Q*i 


Total cattle 


560 047 


746 899 


781 771 


757 974 


817 759 


740 740 


Sheep 


80,588 


136 782 


167 170 


156 716 


131 361 


mRR? 


Swine 


175,013 


284 596 


261 542 


212 54 


224 704 


995 014 


Saskatchewan 

Horses 


880 301 


990 OC9 


1 078 452 


939 805 


1 ifio 978 


1 149 KflO 


Milch cows 


354 430 


352 989 


374*062 


354 507 


491 70fi 


AZR fiflK 


Other cattle 


856 687 


926 342 


1 005 501 


969 555 


1 141 626 


1 14f. 78ft 


Total cattle .... 


1,211 090 


1 279 331 


1 379 563 


1 324 062 


1 563 33 9 


1 fi09 78fi 


Sheep... 


127 892 


134 177 


146 911 


160 918 


j8 02 


mo 1 ?? 


Swine 


573 938 


521 240 


432 367 


321 900 


43 776 


5,fi9 OfiQ 


Alberta 

I Torses 


718,317 


791,246 


800 380 


741 851 


916 510 


863 316 


Milch cows 


325 861 


328 702 


336 596 


305 607 


423 838 


909 cm 


Other cattle 


1 209 433 


1 362 880 


1 247 448 


1 050 334 


1 430 364 


1 261 COS 


Total cattle 


1 535 294 


1 691 582 


1 584 044 


1 355 941 


1 854 20 


1 653 04? 


Sheep 


276 966 


332 179 


364 498 


383 4 9 4 


593 599 


260 366 


Swine 


730 237 


601 534 


445 858 


286 556 


574 318 


623 188 


British Columbia- 
Horses 


55,124 


44 131 


43 717 


44 070 


44 558 


51 083 


Milch cows 


49, COS 


50 965 


51 594 


53 974 


57 973 


60 9 55 


Other cattle 


191,338 


195 165 


194 644 


195 614 


203 399 


201 716 


Total cattle 


240,343 


246 130 


246 238 


249 588 


261 372 


261 171 


Sheep 


43,858 


45 291 


44 985 


46 473 


51 457 


4<i 74"> 


Swine 


37 688 


39 8C5 


44 960 


44 010 


41 5 


41 738 

















Values of Farm Live Stock and of Wool. The average values for horses 
and cattle in 1922 (Tables 10 and 11) showed a further fall, as compared with the 
extraordinary drop reported in 1921, as compared with 1920. With exceptions in 
one or two of the eastern provinces, the fall was general, but was most accentuated 
in the Prairie Provinces. Only in the case of sheep and swine was there some 
small recovery. For Canada as a whole, horses under one year averaged $34, as 
against $38 in 1921; horses one year to under three years $70, against $79; and 
horses three years old and over $111, against $123. Cattle under one year were 
$11, against $12; cattle one year to under three years $2.5, against $26; cattle three 
years old and over $38, against $39. For all descriptions the average value per 
head for Canada was as follows: horses $72, as against $83 in 1921; milch cows 
$48, against $51; other cattle $26, against $28; all cattle $35, against $37; sheep 
$8 against $6, and swine $15, against $14. For swine per 100 Ib. live weight the 
average is $10, the same as in 1921. 

The price of wool shows some increase, as compared with the low record of 
1921, the average prices in 1922 for Canada being 17 cents per Ib. unwashed, and 
24 cents per Ib. washed, as against 14 and 22 cents respectively in 1921. 

Applying the average values per head to the numbers as returned in June last, 
it is possible to calculate approximately, as is done in Table 12, the total value 
of farm live stock in Canada for the year 1922, as compared with 1921, in brackets, 
as follows: Horses $264,043,000 ($314,764,000); milch cows $179,141,000 ($190,- 



VALUES OF FARM LIVE STOCK 



265 



203,000); other cattle $156,441,000 ($183,647,000); all cattle $335,582,000 ($373,- 
850,000); sheep $24,962,000 ($23,308,000); swine $57,300,000 ($54,042,000). 
Thus, the estimated total value of these descriptions of farm live stock amounted 
to $681,887,000, as compared with $765,964,000 in 1921, $1,046,717,000 in 1920 
and $903,686,000 in 1916. 



10. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspond 
ents, 1916-22. 





Horses. 




Other horned, 
cattle. 


Swine 




Wool per Ib. 


Provinces. 


Undei 
1 
year. 


1 year 
to 
under 
3 


3 
years 
and 


Milch 
cows. 


Under 
1 
year. 


1 yeai 
to 
under 
3 


3 
years 
and 
over. 


per 
ICC Ib. 
live 
weight. 


Sheep. 


Un 
washed. 


Washed. 






years. 








years. 














S 


$ 


S 


S 


S 


S 


S 


$ 


$ 


S 


$ 


Canada 1916 


54 


109 


160 


70 


20 


43 


63 


12 


10 


0-37 


C-50 


1917 


57 


116 


167 


84 


24 


52 


77 


17 


15 


0-59 


0-75 


1918 


56 


112 


162 


87 


25 


57 


88 


16 


16 


0-62 


0-80 


1919 


55 


108 


161 


92 


25 


56 


83 


16 


15 


0-55 


0-70 


1920 


49 


102 


151 


80 


20 


45 


67 


15 


10 


0-22 


0-32 


1921 


38 


79 


123 


51 


12 


26 


39 


10 


6 


0-14 


0-22 


1922 


34 


70 


111 


48 


11 


25 


38 


10 


8 


0-17 


0-24 


P. E. Island 1916 


37 


76 


112 


52 


14 


31 


46 


12 


9 


* 0-37 


0-47 


1917 


41 


79 


118 


63 


17 


37 


54 


17 


14 


0-60 


0-76 


1918 


43 


86 


131 


71 


17 


38 


60 


16 


15 


0-65 


0-83 


1919 


53 


97 


146 


83 


20 


48 


72 


16 


14 


0-46 


0-59 


1920 


45 


93 


141 


60 


14 


31 


47 


13 


8 


0-19 


0-26 


1921 


35 


74 


112 


38 


9 


20 


30 


9 


5 


0-13 


0-19 


1922 


39 


76 


119 


47 


10 


23 


35 


10 


7 


0-17 


0-21 


Nova Scotia 1916 


50 


99 


150 


53 


13 


33 


54 


11 


7 


0-39 


0-49 


1917 


49 


101 


149 


63 


18 


41 


63 


17 


9 


0-61 


0-74 


1918 


51 


ICO 


152 


65 


15 


40 


62 


17 


10 


0-71 


0-88 


1919 


55 


109 


167 


76 


17 


46 


75 


18 


11 


0-62 


0-76 


1920 


51 


1C7 


157 


71 


16 


40 


66 


16 


8 


0-21 


0-29 


1921 


41 


88 


134 


44 


10 


24 


41 


11 


4 


0-15 


0-20 


1922 


40 


82 


133 


45 


10 


23 


40 


11 


6 


0-18 


0-23 


New Brunswick.. 1916 


55 


113 


169 


48 


13 


28 


44 


12 


6 


0-36 


0-48 


1917 


54 


118 


165 


63 


16 


37 


55 


16 


10 


C-59 


0-74 


1918 


60 


125 


175 


65 


18 


38 


58 


17 


12 


0-71 


0-89 


1919 


62 


125 


204 


70 


17 


41 


58 


17 


11 


0-57 


0-73 


1920 


58 


120 


176 


61 


15 


35 


53 


15 


8 


0-21 


0-32 


1921 


43 


96 


151 


40 


10 


23 


33 


10 


5 


0-13 


0-19 


1922 


46 


99 


155 


40 


11 


25 


36 


11 


6 


0-19 


0-26 


Quebec .. 1916 


49 


105 


155 


62 


16 


35 


52 


14 


11 


0-44 


0-58 


1917 


53 


117 


171 


81 


19 


43 


67 


20 


15 


0-65 


0-83 


1918 


53 


114 


1H 


79 


18 


40 


62 


17 


14 


0-63 


0-83 


1919 


55 


120 


179 


84 


19 


42 


64 


17 


13 


0-57 


0-76 


1920 


50 


111 


169 


75 


16 


35 


54 


17 


10 


0-29 


0-42 


1921 


36 


85 


136 


46 


9 


21 


33 


11 


6 


0-21 


0-31 


W22 


38 


85 


135 


45 


10 


22 


35 


12 


8 


0-21 


0-32 


Ontario... . 1916 


52 


105 


151 


76 


23 


51 


71 


12 


13 


0-34 


0-44 


1917 


55 


105 


147 


92 


29 


63 


90 


17 


18 


0-55 


0-66 


1918 


54 


105 


146 


96 


29 


65 


94 


17 


20 


0-61 


0-76 


1919 


53 


101 


144 


107 


29 


64 


95 


17 


18 


0-54 


0-67 


1920 


52 


100 


143 


92 


25 


55 


82 


16 


12 


0-18 


0-25 


1921 


48 


88 


126 


59 


13 


32 


47 


10 


8 


0-10 


0-15 


1922 


43 


82 


121 


58 


16 


33 


48 


10 


9 


0-15 


0-19 


Manitoba 1916 


61 


123 


171 


74 


21 


47 


67 


11 


12 


0-31 


0-37 


1917 


63 


127 


178 


88 


27 


55 


83 


16 


16 


0-51 


0-55 


1918 


65 


126 


182 


91 


?8 


65 


93 


16 


17 


0-56 


0-67 


1919 


59 


117 


172 


90 


26 


59 


85 


16 


15 


0-54 


0-61 


1920 


50 


104 


154 


71 


18 


43 


65 


14 


9 


0-17 


0-23 


1921 


37 


75 


117 


45 


10 


21 


31 


9 


6 


0-09 


0-14 


1922 


33 


71 


110 


42 


10 


23 


34 


8 


7 


0-131 0-17 



266 



PRODUCTION 



II. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspond 
ents, 1916-22 concluded. 





Horses. 




Other horned 
cattle. 


Swine 




Wool per Ib. 


Provinces. 


Under 
1 
year. 


1 year 
to 
under 
3 


3 

years 
and 
over. 


Milch 
cows. 


Under 
1 
year. 


1 vear 
to 
under 
3 


3 

years 
and 
over. 


per 
100 Ib. 
" live 
weight. 


Sheep. 


Un 
washed. 


Washed 






years. 








years. 














1 


$ 


t 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


- 


* 


Saskatchewan.... 1916 


65 


133 


188 


73 


22 


47 


67 


10 


10 


0-28 


0-33 


1917 


69 


1.37 


194 


85 


27 


58 


83 


15 


14 


0-50 


0-54 


1918 


64 


134 


190 


91 


30 


64 


92 


15 


17 


0-56 


0-71 


1919 


56 


108 


162 


91 


27 


60 


86 


16 


15 


0-51 


0-62 


1920 


46 


97 


149 


73 


19 


45 


66 


13 


8 


0-19 


0-28 


1921 


31 


71 


118 


49 


11 


27 


40 


9 


6 


0-1? 


0-15 


1922 


25 


55 


93 


40 


9 


22 


33 


8 


7 


0-16 


0-20 


Alberta 1916 


51 


102 


151 


77 


27 


51 


73 


11 


10 


0-28 


C-37 


1917 


55 


109 


161 


89 


33 


62 


87 


16 


15 


0-51 


0-55 


1918 


48 


96 


142 


93 


32 


64 


95 


15 


15 


0-57 


0-69 


1919 


40 


82 


125 


89 


26 


57 


83 


16 


14 


0-52 


0-64 


1920 


32 


72 


114 


71 


20 


45 


64 


14 


10 


0-18 


0-22 


1921 


20 


46 


65 


48 


10 


25 


37 


9 


6 


0-12 


0-20 


1922 


14 


32 


60 


38 


8 


19 


30 


9 


7 


0-15 


0-23 


British Columbial916 


48 


87 


144 


9C 


24 


48 


72 


13 


11 


0-29 


0-45 


1917 


50 


101 


155 


103 


29 


62 


89 


17 


14 


0-46 


52 


1918 


52 


98 


150 


106 


29 


65 


93 


15 


15 


0-54 


0-64 


1919 


63 


110 


167 


118 


35 


70 


102 


19 


16 


0-49 


0-58 


1920 


50 


103 


162 


125 


30 


68 


95 


19 


11 


0-17 


0-3? 


19?1 


33 


75 


138 


85 


18 


40 


58 


12 


8 


0-08 


0-12 


1922 


25 


54 


105 


69 


13 


30 


46 


11 


9 


0-17 


0-25 



NOTE. See paragraph relating to production and value of wool on page 292. 



11. Average Values per head of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as estimated by Crop 

Correspondents, 1916-22. 



Farm Animals. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada- 
Horses 


* 

129 


$ 

126 


$ 

127 


$ 

119 


$ 

106 


1 

83 


1 

72 


Milch cows 


70 


86 


87 


92 


79 


51 


48 


Other cattle . . 


54 


57 


61 


58 


47 


28 


26 


Total cattle ... 


61 


69 


70 


70 


59 


37 


35 


Sheep 


10 


15 


16 


15 


10 


6 


8 


Swine 


18 


26 


26 


25 


23 


14 


15 


Prince Edward Island- 
Horses ... 


87 


88 


103 


114 


109 


84 


92 


Milch cows . . 


52 


64 


71 


83 


60 


38 


48 


Other cattle 


35 


38 


44 


53 


34 


21 


26 


Total cattle 


42 


50 


54 


64 


43 


28 


34 


Sheep 


9 


14 


15 


14 


8 


5 


7 


Swine 


20 


27 


29 


27 


24 


16 


19 


Nova Scotia 

I forces 


108 


111 


117 


127 


119 


98 


95 


Milch cows 


53 


63 


65 


76 


71 


44 


45 


Other cattle 


38 


45 


44 


54 


43 


27 


26 


Total cattle 


45 


54 


53 


63 


55 


34 


35 


Sheep 


7 


9 


10 


11 


8 


4 


6 


Swine 


18 


29 


30 


29 


24 


18 


18 


New Brunswick 

Horses 


127 


127 


141 


138 


139 


115 


110 


Milch cows 


49 


63 


65 


70 


61 


40 


40 


Other cattle 


33 


40 


41 


42 


39 


23 


25 


Total cattle 


41 


52 


51 


53 


49 


31 


32 


Sheep 


7 


10 


12 


11 


8 


5 


6 


Swine... 


17 


27 


28 


31 


22 


17 


17 



VALUES OF FARM LIVE STOCK 



267 



11. Average Values per head of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as estimated by Crop 

Correspondents, 1916-22 concluded. 



Farm Animals. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Quebec- 
Horses 


$ 

115 


$ 
132 


$ 

131 


$ 

134 


$ 

- 126 


t 

89 


$ 

100 


Milch cows 


62 


82 


79 


84 


75 


46 


45 


Other cattle t 


51 


46 


45 


44 


38 


23 


23 


Total cattle 


57 


63 


61 


61 


56 


35 


35 


Sheep 


11 


15 


14 


13 


10 


6 


g 


Swine 


17 


29 


26 


24 


26 


16 


19 


Ontario- 
Horses 


125 


113 


111 


110 


108 


96 


00 


Milch cows 


76 


93 


96 


107 


92 


59 


58 


Other cattle 


65 


63 


67 


68 


57 


34 


34 


Total cattle 


71 


79 


78 


83 


71 


45 


44 


Sheep 


13 


19 


20 


18 


12 


8 


9 


Swine 


18 


25 


27 


25 


23 


13 


14 


Manitoba- 
Horses 


128 


138 


141 


131 


114 


89 


84 


Milch cows 


74 


88 


91 


90 


71 


45 


42 


Other cattle 


51 


57 


64 


58 


44 


23 


25 


Total cattle 


59 


69 


73 


67 


52 


30 


31 


Sheep 


12 


16 


17 


15 


9 


6 


7 


Swine 


17 


24 


26 


26 


22 


14 


14 


Saskatchewan 

Horses 


149 


138 


149 


125 


108 


82 


67 


Milch cows 


73 


85 


91 


91 


73 


49 


40 


Other cattle 


51 


59 


66 


62 


45 


28 


23 


i Total cattle 


58 


66 


73 


70 


59 


33 


28 


Sheep 


10 


14 


17 


15 


8 


6 


7 


Swine 


17 


25 


28 


26 


20 


14 


13 


Alberta 

Horses 


121 


122 


107 


94 


80 


64 


42 


Milch cows 


77 


89 


93 


89 


71 


48 


38 


Other cattle 


56 


64 


70 


60 


45 


28 


21 


Total cattle 


61 


70 


74 


66 


51 


32 


?5 


Sheep 


10 


15 


15 


14 


10 


6 


7 


Swine 


17 


24 


24 


25 


18 


13 


12 


British Columbia- 
Horses 


108 


118 


123 


1?9 


126 


100 


78 


Milch cows 


94 


103 


106 


118 


125 


85 


69 


Other cattle 


55 


65 


67 


71 


72 


40 


33 


Total cattle 


66 


73 


75 


81 


83 


50 


41 


Sheep 


11 


14 


15 


16 


11 


8 


9 


Swine 


19 


21 


24 


28- 


21 


17 


16 



















12. Estimated Total Values of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1916-22. 



Province and Year. 


Horses. 


Milch cows. 


All 
Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 


Total. 


Canada.. ..1916 


$ 
418,686,000 


$ 
198,896.000 


$ 
403,373,000 


- 
20,927,000 


$ 
60,700,000 


$ 

903,686,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 

P. E. Island 1916 


429,123,000 
459,155,000 
435,070,000 
361,328,000 
314,764,000 
264,043,000 

3,355 000 


274,081,000 
307,244,000 
327,814,000 
278,482,000 
190,203,000 
179,141,000 

2 39<i 000 


544,676,000 
706,058,000 
708,821,000 
566,973,000 
373,850,000 
335,582,000 

4 369 000 


35,576,000 
48,802,000 
50,402,000 
37,263,000 
23,308,000 
24,962,000 

799,000 


92,886,000 
112,751,000 
102,309,000 
81,153,000 
54,042,000 
57,300,000 

766,000 


1,102,261,000 
1,326,766,000 
1,296,602,000 
1,046,717,000 
765,964,000 
681,887,000 

9,289,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 


3,408,000 
3,353,000 
3,935,000 
3,880,000 
2,637,000 
3,011,000 


2,923,000 
2,922,000 
3,794,000 
2,975,000 
2,079,000 
2,482,000 


4,998,000 
5,930,000 
8,024,000 
5,991,000 
3,861,000 
4,857,000 


1,245,000 
1,081,000 
1,603,000 
1,073,000 
654,000 
779,000 


947,000 
1,183,000 
1,320,000 
1,205,000 
688,000 
726,000 


10,598,000 
11,547,000 
14,882,000 
12,149.000 
7,840,000 
9,373,000 



268 



.PRODUCTION 



12. Estimated Total Value of Fa-m Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 

1916-22 concluded. 



Province anil Year. 


Horses. 


Milch cows. 


All 
Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine . 


Total. 




S 


S 


- 


? 


> 


S 


Nova Scotia 1916 


6,933,000 


6,897,000 


12,172,000 


1,3C6,000 


935,000 


21,346,000 


1917 


7,141,000 


8,314,000 


14,391,000 


1,809,000 


2,626,000 


25,967,000 


1918 


8,194,000 


10,337,000 


21,383,000 


1,433,000 


?, 020, 000 


33.030,000 


1919 


8,838,000 


12,329,000 


25,496,000 


2, 877, COO 


2,029,000 


39,240,000 


1920 


8,066,000 


12,033,000 


21,927,000 


3,260,000 


1,395,000 


34,648,000 


1921 


6,007, COO 


6,259,000 


11,335,000 


1,437,000 


937,000 


19,716,000 


1922 


5,588,000 


6,575,000 


11, 145, COO 


2,003,000 


862,000 


19,598,000 


New Brunswick. . . . 1916 


8,244,000 


4,861,000 


7,904.000 


689,000 


1,202,000 


18,039,000 


1917 


8,244,000 


6,314,000 


9,848,000 


1,039,000 


1,853,000 


20,984,000 


1918 


9,385,000 


7,810,000 


14,580.000 


1,642.000 


2, 219, COO 


27,826,000 


1919 


10,776,000 


1C,64C,OOC 


19,510,000 


2.449.00C 


3,291,000 


36,026,000 


1920 


10,666,000 


9,013,000 


16,237.000 


2,241,000 


2,044,000 


31,188,000 


1921 


8,045,000 


5,562,000 


9,159,000 


1,185,OCO 


1,519,000 


1,). 1)08, 000 


1922 


7, 709, COO 


5, 879, COO 


9,828,000 


1,303,000 


1,486,000 


20,326,000 


Quebec... . 1916 


38,252,000 


39,668,000 


66,720,000 


5,226,000 


9,C32,000 


119,230.000 


1917 


49,875,000 


74, 248, COO 


118,078,000 


12,737,000 


20,294,000 


200,984,000 


1918 


65,C82,COO 


91,945,000 


148,007,000 


13,427,000 


25,929,000 


252,445,000 


1919 


62,163,000 


88, 734, COO 


133,119,000 


13, 097, COO 


22,450,000 


236,829,000 


1920 


55,583,000 


77,311,000 


119,164,000 


10,320,000 


21,747,000 


206,814,000 


1921 


36,219,000 


47,858,000 


71,157,000 


6,C40,000 


13,343,000 


126,759,000 


1922 


37,023,000 


45,162,000 


64,813,OCO 


7,587,000 


13,664,000 


123,087,000 


Ontario... . 1916 


112,026,000 


82,241,000 


140,866,000 


7,370.000 


25,283,OCO 


285,545.000 


1917 


100,259,000 


100, 096, COO 


154, 428. COO 


11,016,000 


31,211,000 


296,914,000 


1918 


81,169.000 


105,515,000 


224, 280, COO 


19, 766, CCO 


43, 896. 000 


369,111,000 


1919 


79,153,000 


121,623,000 


242, 895, COO 


19,831,000 


42,387,000 


384,266,000 


1920 


76,197,000 


107,128.000 


205,007,000 


13,349,OCO 


37.641,000 


332, l .)l. 000 


1921 


66,349,000 


71, 250, COO 


128,767,000 


8, 249, COO 


20.659,000 


224,024,000 


1922 


61,520,000 


71,167,000 


125,916,000 


8, 904, COO 


22,415,000 


218,755,000 


Manitoba . 1916 


41, 494, COO 


14,427,000 


32,678,000 


883, COO 


3,500,000 


78,555,000 


1917 


44,574,000 


17,8; 


38,330,000 


1,289,000 


4,157,000 


88,350,000 


1918 


54,371,000 


20,622,000 


54,168,000 


2,317,000 


7,517,000 


118, 373, COO 


1919 


49,523,000 


20, 609, COO 


52,684,000 


2,518,000 


7,185,000 


111.010,000 


1920 


40,536,000 


15,698,000 


39,341. COO 


1,389.000 


4,601,000 


85.870,000 


1921 


37,305.l,im 


11, 378, COO 


. 24,508,000 


783, COO 


3,C39,000 


65,635,000 


1922 


31,599,000 


10,589,000 


22,891,000 


789,000 


3;320,000 


58,5D9,000 


Saskatchewan 1916 


125,023,000 


23, 358, COO 


58,508,000 


1,242.000 


9,022,000 


193,795.000 


1917 


121,482,000 


30.213,000 


80,329,000 


1,822,000 


14, 491 , TOO 


218,125,000 


1918 


147,511,000 


32,122,000 


93,261,000 


2,281,000 


14,595.000 


257,1148,000 


1919 


139,807,000 


34,040, COO 


96,381.000 


2,204,000 


11,242,000 


249,634,000 


1920 


101,499,000 


25,879,000 


69,509,000 


1,287.000 


6,438,000 


178,733,000 


1921 


95,463,000 


20,577,000 


52,1 


1,200,000 


5,903,000 


154,865,000 


1922 


76,978,000 


18,405,000 


44,469,000 


1,364,OCO 


7,200,000 


130,011,000 


Alberta 1916 


73,737,000 


21, 3.51.0! HI 


70.789.000 


2,926,000 


10,260,000 


157,712,000 


1917 


87,635,000 


29,083,000 


106,789,000 


4,016,000 


17,708,000 


216,148,000 


1918 


84,662,000 


30,5<) ,i. oni i 


li ."). 1)71,000 


4,983.000 


14,437,000 


230.C53.000 


1919 


75,236,000 


29, 957, COO 


104,804.000 


5,103,000 


11,146,000 


196,289,000 


1920 


59,348,000 


21,698,000 


68.963,000 


3,833,000 


5,158,000 


137,302,000 


1921 


58,283,000 


20,312,000 


59,760,000 


3,34K.roo 


7,188,000 


128,579,000 


1922 


36,630,000 


14,724,000 


40,848,000 


1,785,000 


7,168,000 


86,431,000 


British Columbia. . . .1916 


6,622,000 


3,696,000 


9,367,000 


486,000 


700,000 


17,174,000 


1017 


6,505,000 


5,048,000 


17,485,000 


603,000 


791,000 


25,384,000 


1918 


5,428,000 


5, 402, COO 


18,478,000 


670,000 


955,000 


25,540,000 


1919 


5, 639, COO 


6,088.000 


19,908,000 


720,000 


1,259,000 


27,526,000 


1920 


5,553,000 


6,747.0 iO 


2(1. S3 1,000 


511,000 


924,000 


27,819,000 


1921 


4,456.000 


4,928,000 


13,064,000 


412,000 


706,000 


18,638,000 


1922 


3,985,000 


4,158,000 


10,815,000 


418,000 


459,000 


15,707,000 



Nora. "Milch cows" are included in "All Cattle," so that the totals in the last column are obtained 
by adding "Horses," "All cattle," "Sheep" and "Swine." 



FARM POULTRY 



269 



Farm Poultry. Table 13 gives the number and values of farm poultry in 
1922, as compared with 1921, the values being estimated by application to the 
numbers of average values per head as reported by crop correspondents. The total 
estimated number of farm poultry has increased from 37,185,793 in 1921 to 
42,930,562 in 1922. 

For Canada as a whole the average values per head of each description of farm 
poultry were returned as follows: turkeys $3, as compared with $3.39 in 1921; 
geese $2.28, against $2.42; ducks $1.17, against $1.25; other fowls 84 cents, against 
90 cents. The average values for 1922, multiplied by the numbers as returned in 
June last, give approximately the total values of farm poultry for all Canada as 
follows, the corresponding totals for 1921 being given within brackets: turkeys 
$4,822,800 ($4,069,300); geese $2,161,300 ($2,134,300); ducks $1,118,300 ($950,- 
900); other fowls $33,092,903 ($30,860,600); total $41,195,330 ($38,015,103). The 
greater total value in 1922 was due to increase in the numbers returned. 

13. Estimated Numbers and Values of Farm Poultry in Canada, 1921-22. 



Description. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada 

Turkeys 


No. 

1,199,494 


No. 
1,590,281 


S per 
head. 

3-39 


Sper 
head. 

3-CO 


S 
4,069,300 


$ 
4,822,800 


Geese 


883,690 


947, 26S 


2-42 


2-28 


2,134,300 


2,161.300 


Ducks , 


762,135 


958,139 


1-25 


1-17 


950,900 


1.118,300 


Other fowls 


34,340,471 


39,434,873 


0-90 


0-84 


30,860,600 


33.092,9.0 
















Totals 


37,185,793 


42,930,562 


_ 




38,015 100 


41 195 300 
















P. E. Island- 
Turkeys 


4,153 


12,751 


4-33 


3-90 


18,000 


49,700 


Geese 


27,069 


34,882 


2-75 


2-69 


74,400 


93,800 


Ducks 


11,133 


16,295 


1-39 


1-28 


15,500 


20,900 


Other fowls 


647,088 


781,745 


0-89 


0-83 


575,900 


648,800 
















Totals. 


689,443 


845,673 






683 800 


813 200 
















No?a Scotia 

Turkeys 


7,853 


9,519 


3-98 


3-52 


31,300 


33,500 


Geese 


13,460 


17,311 


2-83 


2-66 


38,000 


46,000 


Ducks 


10,678 


12,770 


1-50 


1-39 


16,000 


17,800 


Other fowls 


708,753 


910,205 


0-91 


0-82 


645,000 


746,400 
















Totals 


740,744 


949,805 






730 300 


843 700 
















New Brunswick 

Turkeys 


29,452 


44,282 


4-24 


4-55 


124,900 


201 , 500 


Geese 


22,585 


25,057 


2-92 


2-87 


65,900 


71 , 900 


Ducks 


11,826 


13,538 


1-50 


1-55 


17,700 


21,000 


Other fowls 


679,542 


1,168,619 


1-05 


1-02 


713,500 


1,192,000 
















Totals 


743,405 


1,251,496 






922 000 


1 486 400 
















Quebec- 
Turkeys 


146,004 


206,659 


3-62 


3-66 


528,500 


756.400 


Geese 


129,864 


125,247 


2-31 


2-43 


300,000 


301.400 


Ducks ... . 


80,618 


68 673 


1-38 


1-36 


111 300 


93 400 


Other fowls . 


3,476,729 


6,117,723 


1-12 


1-00 


3,893 900 


6 178 900 
















Totals 


3,833,215 


6,518,302 






4,833,700 


7,333 100 
















Ontario 

Turkeys 


291,377 


336,447 


4-18 


3-77 


1,217,000 


1,268,400 


Geese 


413,219 


446,487 


2-48 


2-37 


1,024,800 


1,058 200 


Ducks 


363,758 


440,539 


1-31 


1-29 


476,500 


568 300 


Other fowls 


10,389,852 


12,740,844 


1-05 


0-99 


10,909,300 


12,613.400 
















Totals 


11,458,206 


13,964,317 






13,627 600 


15 508 300 

















270 



PRODUCTION 



13. Estimated Numbers and Values of Farm Poultry in Canada, 1921-22 coiHuded. 



Description. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


Manitoba 

Turkeys 


No. 

172,830 


No. 

210,709 


$per 
head. 

3-25 


$ per 

head. 

2-46 


$ 

561,700 


$ 

518,300 


Geese 


72,847 


73,833 


2-20 


1-91 


160,300 


141,000 


Ducks 


61,015 


76,576 


1-03 


0-98 


62,800 


75,000 


Other fowls 


3,449,598 


3,250,990 


0-78 


0-68 


2,690,700 


2,210,700 
















Totals 


3,756,290 


3,612,108 


_ 




3,475,500 


2,945,000 
















Saskatchewan 

Turkeys 


255,923 


419,063 


2-85 


2-42 


729,400 


1,114,100 


Geese 


109,365 


121,530 


2-29 


1-96 


250,400 


238,200 


Ducks 


136,933 


210,255 


1-07 


0-94 


146,500 


197,600 


Other fowls 


9,051,788 


7,705,102 


0-70 


0-61 


6,336,300 


4,700,100 
















Totals 


9,551.009 


8.455,950 






7,462,600 


6,250,000 
















Alberta 

Turkeys 


283,346 


337,336 


2-90 


2-46 


821,700 


829,800 


Geese 


83,363 


89,724 


2-22 


1-92 


185,000 


172,300 


Ducks 


62,814 


86,536 


1-13 


0-96 


71.000 


83,100 


Other fowls 


4,534,042 


4,908,543 


0-70 


0-59 


3, 173, SCO 


2,896,000 
















Totals 


4,963,565 


5,422,139 






4,251,500 


3,981,200 
















British Columbia- 
Turkeys 


8,556 


13,515 


4-30 


3-78 


36,800 


51,100 


Geese 


11,918 


13,198 


2-98 


2-69 


35,500 


35,500 


Ducks 


23,360 


32,957 


1-44 


1-25 


33,600 


41,200 


Other fowls 


1,403,082 


1,851,102 


1-37 


1-03 


1,922,200 


1,906,600 
















Totals 


1,446,916 


1,910,772 


_ 


_ 


2,028,100 


2,034,400 

















3. Fur Farming. 

Fur Farms of Canada, 1922. The^erm "fur farm" includes farms devoted 
entirely to the raising of fur-bearing animals, together with parts of farms where 
the raising of fur-bearing animals is carried on as a distinct branch of the operations. 
Of such farms there were in Canada in 1922, according to the reports issued by the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1,026, including 977 fox farms and 49 farms raising 
miscellaneous fur-bearing animals, the former showing an increase of 202 over 
1921, and the latter an increase of 12. This increase was general throughout the 
Dominion except in Yukon Territory. The total value of the land and buildings 
was $1,925,951, as compared with $1,589,300 in 1921 (Table 14), and of the fur- 
bearing animals $5,864,153, as compared with $5,977,545 in 1921 (Table 15). The 
slight decline in the value of fur-bearing animals was due to the drop in the value 
of silver foxes, the numbers of which showed an increase of 4,364, or 24 p.c., over 
1921, while their value showed a decrease of $126,338, or 2 p.c.; their general 
average value being only $254, as compared with $322 in 1921. 

The fur-bearing animals born in captivity in 1922 numbered 19,199, while 
3,626 died and 8,278 were killed for their pelts. The total number of live animals 
sold was 4,339, of which 3,794 were silver foxes. The total amount received by fur 
farmers in 1922 from the sale of live animals and pelts was $1,537,525, as compared 
with $1,498,105 in 1921. For a more intensive study of fur farms the reader is 
referred to the report on Fur Farms, 1922, which may be obtained, as Jong as copies 
are available, on application to the Dominion Statistician. 



DAIRYING STATISTICS 



271 



14. Number of Fur Farms and Value of Land and Buildings, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Provinces. 


Fur Farms. 


Value of Land and Buildings. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 

309 
55 
57 
80 
42 
2 
2 
15 
11 
14 


No. 

375 
108 
64 
109 
94 
6 
5 
14 
21 
16 


No. 

435 
121 
86 
156 
128 
19 
9 
26 
30 
16 


$ 

640,489 
67,875 
101,354 
121,498 
70,928 
53,268 
33,000 
59,700 
13,029 
41,450 


$ 

763,235 
127,724 
132,810 
173,204 
144,049 
90, 850 
37,075 
61,875 
21,100 
37,378 


$ 

810,694 
129,493 
160,605 
238,967 
200,360 
202,685 
40,200 
62, 137 
45,080 
35,730 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory 


Totals for Canada 


587 


812 


1,026 


1,202,591 


1,589,300 


. 1,925,951 





15. Number and Value of Fur-bearing Animals on Fur Farms in Canada, 1920, 

1921 and 1922. 



Kind of Animal. 


Number of Fur-bearing 

Animals. 


Value of Fur-bearing 

Animals. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Silver Fox 


No. 

13,694 
1,103 
373 
3 
1 
188 
3 
6 
23 
33 

2 
1,100 


No. 

17,954 
1,237 
484 

210 
8 
5 
55 
99 
9 
2 
2 
39 
1 
2,250 
750 


No. 

22,318 
1,384 
435 
10 
16 
288 
3 
7 
105 
34 

3 
81 

5,157 
941 


$ 

4,536,417 
87,735 
11,810 
748 
100 
4,835 
100 
675 
260 
125 

100 
80,000 


$ 

5,789,465 
102,850 
10, 035 

5,366 
410 
700 
854 
500 
65 
200 
200 
1,300 
50 
5,550 
60,000 


$ 

5,663,127 
103,055 
8,626 
2,200 
700 
6,051 
175 
700 
1,313 
396 

150 
2,400 

7,310 
68,050 


Patch Fox 


Red Fox 


Blue Fox 


White Fox.. .. 


Mink 


Marten 


Fisher 


Raccoon 


Skunk 


Opossum .... 


Lynx 


Bear 


Brown Beaver 


White Beaver .... 


Muskrat 


Karakul Sheep 


Total 


16,529 


23,105 


30,782 


4,722,905 


5,977,545 


5,864,153 





4. Dairying Statistics. 

The first permanent introduction of cows into Canada was undoubtedly made by 
Champlain at Quebec between 1608 and 1610. In 1629 he had 60 or 70 cattle on 
his farm at Cap Tourmente. In 1660, Colbert, the great French Minister, sent to New 
France representatives of the best dairy cows of Normandy and Brittany. In 1667 
there were 3,107 head of cattle in New France and in 1671, 866 in Acadia. The 
first cattle in what is now Ontario were taken thither by La Motte Cadillac in 1701. 
In 1823 a herd of 300 cattle was driven north to the Red River Settlement and sold 
to the settlers. Cattle in British Columbia date from as early as 1837. 

Cheese Production. The early French colonists made butter and cheese, 
of which the "fromage raffing still made on the Isle of Orleans is probably a survival. 
The United Empire Loyalists introduced cheese and buttermaking into the districts 
settled by them, and as early as 1801 sent their surplus butter and cheese to the 
United States. The first modern cheese factory in Canada commenced business 
in the county of Oxford in 1864, while shortly afterwards factories were established 



272 



PRODUCTION 



in the Burkville and Belleville districts of Ontario, in Missisquoi County, Quebec, 
near Essex, New Brunswick, and in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia. These factories 
were established before 1870; after that date the number rapidly increased. 

Creameries. The first creamery in Canada was established at Athelstan, 
Huntington County, Quebec, hi 1873, while the first cream separator was installed 
at Ste. Marie, Beauce County, Quebec, in 1882. The first Ontario creamery was 
established in 1875, and what was probably the first cream separator in Ontario 
was installed at Belleville in 1883. 

Production and Value of Creamery Butter. The total quantity of creamery 
butter produced in Canada in 1922 (Table 16) was 152,501,900 lb., of the value of 
$53,453,262, as compared with 12^,7 14, (10 lb., of the value of $48,13c,439 in 1921, 
an increase in quantity of 23,757,200 lb., or 18 p.c., and an increase in value of 
$5,317,843, or 11 p.c. The increase in value is due to the increased quantity, as the 
average price per pound dropped from 37 cents in 1921 to 35 cents in 1922. 
Increased production of creamery butter is shown by all the provinces, the largest 
proportionate increase being hi Quebec, where the production increased during the 
year by 8,7b,0,C67 lb., or 18 p.c. 

16. Production and Value of Creamery Butter, by Provinces, 1920-22. 



Provinces. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Prince Edward Island 


lb. 

1,166,032 


lb. 
. 1,109,546 


lb. 

1,262,006 



674,744 


$ 
452,523 


$ 

449,303 


Nova Scotia 


2,503,188 


3,C94,768 


3,329,426 


1,518,757 


1,306,465 


1,244,958 




1,053.649 


1,152,168 


1,224,930 


606,891 


475,112 


467,287 


Quebec 


41, 63?, 511 


48,478,403 


57,258,470 


23,580,949 


17,594,921 


. 20.024,039 




37.234.9118 


43,471,532 


51,633,070 


21,343,858 


16,680,247 


18,218,629 




7,578,549 


8,541,095 


10,559,601 


4,282,731 


3,253,057 


3,603,491 




6,638,656 


7,030,053 


8,901,144 


3,727,140 


2,552,698 


3,06(1,573 


Alberta 


11,821.2!H 


13.04S, 493 


15,417,070 


6.555,509 


4,543,007 


5,126,844 


British Columbia 


2,062,844 


2,818,552 


2,916,183 


1,334,624 


l.L 77,409 


1,252,158 


Total 


111,691,718 


128,744,010 


153,501,900 


63,635,203 


48,135,439 


53,453,282 

















* 

Production and Value of Factory Cheese. The total production of factory 
cheese in 1922 (Table 17) was 13 >,S21,llti lb., of the value of $21,821,70,0, as com 
pared with 162,117,494 lb., of the value of $28,710,030 in 1921, a decrease in quantity 
of 20,216,378 lb., or 16-2 p.c., and a decrease in value of $6,885,270, or 21 p.c. The 
average price of cheese fell from 17 cents in 1921 to 16 cents in 1922. The provinces 
showing increased production were Prince Edward Island, 4-18 p.c.; Nova Scotia, 
8-08 p.c.; Alberta, 0-14 p.c.; and British Columbia, 2-87 p.c. 

17. Production and Value of Factory Cheese, by Provinces, 1920-22. 



Provinces. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Prince Edward Island 


lb. 
2,081,277 


lb. 
1,681,779 


lb. 
1,752,233 


1 

525,635 


$ 

293,651 


I 

284,471 


Nova Scotia 


52,638 


29,440 


31,820 


14,865 


5,578 


5,010 


New Brunswick 


1,235,008 


1,100,382 


926,052 


336,409 


203,941 


147,503 


Quebec 


52,162,777 


54,242,735 


38,923,770 


13,372,250 


9,197,911 


6,065.539 




92,784,757 


103,432,696 


92,707,059 


24,605,823 


18,676,380 


15,036,980 


Manitoba 


116,229 


255,829 


102,354 


31,611 


47,341 


16,747 




28,367 


22,659 


12,448 


7,790 


4.209 


2,026 




398,750 


930,660 


931,992 


110,355 


200,478 


183,860 


British Columbia 


342,053 


421,314 


433,388 


96,134 


80,541 


82,624 


Total 


149,201,856 


162,117,494 


135,821,116 


39,100,872 


28,710,030 


21,824,760 

















DAIRYING STATISTICS 



273 



Condensed Milk and Milk Powder. The quantity of condensed milk made 
in Canada in 1922 was 21,241,080 lb., of the value of $2,388,319, a decrease in 
quantity of 17,756,856 lb., or 45-53 p.c., as compared with 1921. The quantity of 
evaporated milk made was 32,392,570 lb:, valued at $3,137,039, a slight increase in 
quantity over 1921. The quantity of milk powder and skim milk powder made in 
1922 was 7,352,716 lb., valued at $1,173,447. Of the 23 condenseries in operation 
in Canada in 1922, 20 were situated in Ontario, and to the total value of products of 
condenseries of $9,501,345 Ontario contributed $8,256,861. Table 18 shows the 
quantity and value of products other than butter and factory cheese for the years 
1920, 1921 and 1922. 

18. Miscellaneous Products of Dairy Factories, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 





19 


>0. 


19 


a. 


19 


22. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Condensed milk lb. 


53,662,699 


$ 
10,202,230 


38,997,936 


I 

5,837,787 


21,241,080 


1 

2,388,319 


Evaporated milk lb. 


30,469,642 


3,809,653 


31,202,713 


3,428,456 


32,392,570 


3,137,039 


Milk powder lb. 


7,574,668 


2,178,176 


1,703,496 


554,918 


1,430,466 


456,371 


Skim milk powder lb. 






5,749,229 


830,585 


5,922,250 


717,076 


Sterilized milk . . lb 


7,608,927 


785,044 


6,696.264 


719,009 


150,000 


11,000 


Skim condensed milk... lb. 
Condensed coffee and 
cocoa lb. 


363,294 
531,451 


18,723 
147,052 


1,307,781 
324,011 


51,788 
94,065 


1,505,354 
297,348 


58,876 
60,257 


Whey butter lb. 


1,516,932 


757,156 


1,337,404 


431,114 


1,140,386 


345,946 


Casein lb. 


109,958 


19,233 


98,136 


9,814 


82,538 


10,294 


Icecream gal. 


2,996,514 


4,151,949 


3,007,337 


3,957,918 


2,771,925 


3,669,564 


Milk sold gal . 


28,199,796 


14,249,858 


27,660,810 


12,846,749 


31,097,939 


12,309,128 


Cream sold. . . (lb. butter fat) 
Buttermilk sold 


7,379,131 


6,533,098 
306,235 


8,051,215 


5,734,638 
300,278 


9,219,324 


5,607.315 
269,276 


Sundry 


_ 


452.009 


_ 


271,429 


_ 


653,543 
















Total 




43,610,416 


_ 


35, 078.54S 


_ 


29,694,004 

















Retrospective Statistics. In Table 19 the production and value of creamery 
butter and factory cheese is compared by provinces and for all Canada for the years 
1900, 1910 and 1915, and annually from 1920 to 1922. Table 20 shows the total 
value of all the products of dairy factories by provinces for the five years 1918 to 
1922. 

19. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada, by 
Provinces, 1900, 1910, 1915 and 1920 to 1922. 



Years. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Creamery Butter. 


Factory Cheese. 


Canada 1900 


No. 

3,576 
3,625 
3,513 
3,165 
3,121 
3,095 

47 
45 
42 
37 
34 
33 


lb. 

36,066,739 
64,489,398 
83,991,453 
111,691,718 
128,744,610 
152,501,900 

562,220 
670,908 
539,516 
1,166.032 
1,109,546 
1,262,006 


$ 

7,240,972 
15,597,807 
24,385,052 
63,625,203 
48, 13,), 439 
53,453,282 

118,402 
156,478 
151,065 
674,744 
452,523 
449,303 


lb. 

220,833,269 
199,904,205 
183,887,837 
149,201,856 
162,117,494 
135,821,116 

4,457,519 
3,293,755 
2,260,000 
2,081,277 
1,681,779 
1,752,233 


$ 

22,221,430 
21,587,124 
27.097,176 
39,100,872 
28,710,030 
21,824,760 

449,400 
354,378 
327,700 
525,635 
293,651 
284,471 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Prince Edward Island 1900 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 



6237318 



274 



PRODUCTION 



19. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada, by 
Provinces, 1900, 1910, 1915 and 1920 to 1922 concluded. 



- 

Years. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Creamer] 


r Butter. 


Factory 


Cheese. 


Nova Scotia... ..1900 


No. 
33 


Ib. 
334,211 


$ 

68,686 


Ib. 
568,147 


1 

58,321 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

New Brunswick 1900 


18 
27 
26 
26 
25 

68 


354,785 
1,240,483 
2,503,188 
3,094,768 
3,329,246 

287,814 


88,481 
346,011 
1,518,757 
1,306,465 
1,244,958 

58,589 


264,243 
125,580 
52,638 
29,440 
31,820 

1,892,686 


29,977 
18,837 
14,865 
5,578 
5,010 

187,106 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Quebec . . . 1900 


42 
43 
38 
38 
35 

1,992 


849,633 
776,416 
1,053,649 
1,152,168 
1,224,930 

24,625,000 


212,205 
231,838 
606,891 
475,112 
467,287 

4,916,756 


1,166,243 
1,165,651 
1,235,008 
1,100,382 
926,052 

80,630,199 


129,677 
168, 08& 
336,409 
203,941 
147,503. 

7,957,621 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Ontario . . 1900 


2,143 
2,058 
1,809 
1,774 
1,752 

1,336 


41,782,678 
36,621,491 
41,632,511 
48,478,403 
57,258,470 

7,559,542 


9,961,732 
10,899,810 
23,580,949 
17,594,921 
20,024,039 

1,527,935 


58,171,091 
54,217,113 
52,162,777 
51,242,735 
38,923,770 

131,967,612 


6,195,254 
7,571,691 
13,372,250 
9,197,911 
6,065,539 

13,440,987 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Manitoba... ..1900 


1,254 
1,164 
1,058 
1,059 
1,053 

69 


13,876,888 
26,414,120 
37,234,998 
43.471,532 
51,633,070 

1,557,010 


3.331,025 
7,534,653 
21,343,858 
16,680,247 
18,218,629 

292,247 


136,093,951 
125,001,136 
92,784,757 
103,432,696 
92,707,059 

1,289,413 


14.769.56& 
18,831,413 
24,605,823 
18,676,380 
15,036,980 

124,025 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Saskatchewan 1900 


42 
59 
57 
51 

47 

5 


2,050,487 
5,839,667 
7,578,549 
8,541,095 
10,559,601 

143,645 


511,972 
1,693,503 
4,282,731 
3,253,057 
3,603,491 

29,362 


694,713 
726,725 
116,229 
255,829 
102,354 

. 6,000 


81,403 
109,008 
31,611 
47,341 
16,747 

868 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Alberta. , ..1900 


27 
29 
47 
56 
60 

18 


1,548,696 
3,811,014 
6,638,656 
7,030,053 
8,901,144 

601 489 


381,809 
1,055,000 
3,727,140 
2,552,698 
3,066,573 

123,305 


26,730 

28,367 
22,659 
12,448 

21,693 


3,396 

7,790 
4,209 
2,026 

3,102 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 

British Columbia.. ..1900 


56 
62 
55 
49 
60 

8 


2,149,121 
7,544,148 
11,821,291 
13,048,493 
15,417,070 

395,808 


533,422 
2,021,448 
6,555,509 
4,543,047 
5,126,844 

105,690 


193.479 
381,632 
398,750 
930,660 
931,992 


23,473 
68,441 
110,355 
200.478 
183,860 


1910 
1915 
1920 
1921 
1922 


9 
29 
34 
34 
30 


1,206,202 
1,204,598 
2,062,844 
2,818,552 
2,916,183 


420,683 
451,724 
1,334,624 
1,227,409 
1,252,158 


10,000 
342,053 
421,314 
433,388 


2,000 
96,134 
80,541 
82,624 



20. Total Value of All Products of Dairy Factories, by Provinces, 1918^22 . 



Provinces. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada 


$ 

107,340,859 

855,374 
1,423,451 
768,034 
31,033,944 
54,785,716 
6.119,219 
3,261,222 
5,550,583 
3,543,307 


% 

135,196,603 

1,184,163 
1,974,269 
1,167,256 
36,790,037 
69,897,519 
7,042,646 
5,042,377 
7,872,541 
4,225,794 


1 

146,336,491 

1,252,013 
2,517,338 
1,196,354 
37,732,572 
75,926,248 
7,788,178 
5,536,245 
8,838,298 
5 549,245 


S 

111,924,017 2 

786,696 
1,517,870 
897,288 
26,796,939 
60,046,795 
6,052,676 
4,197,808 
6,522,814 
3,977,820 


S 

104,972,046 

793,819 
1,917,033 
858,765 
26,089,578 
53.542.6C5 
6,459,836 
4,553,541 
6,831,470 
3,925,399 


P. E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 




Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


1 The total value of dairy products in 1901 and various subsequent years is shown in the "Statistical 
Summary of the Progress of Canada," immeiiately following the table of contents. 
2 Includes the sum of Jl, 127, 311 not apportioned by Provinces. 



FRUIT PRODUCTION 



275 



5. Fruit Production. 

Fruit culture in Canada is mainly carried on in several widely-separated 
regions. Apples are chiefly grown in the Annapolis valley in Nova Scotia, in 
Ontario and in British Columbia. Peaches are grown in the Niagara peninsula, 
along lake Erie, and in British Columbia; plums and cherries in Ontario and 
Quebec. 

Statistics of the number of bearing and non-bearing fruit trees, collected at 
the census of 1921, are published in Table 21, together with comparative figures 
for 1911; from these it may be seen that only in peaches was there an increase 
during the decade in the number of bearing trees. Nevertheless, when the statistics 
of production of Table 22, also collected at the census, are consulted, there is 
evident a great increase since 1910 in the production of apples, peaches, plums and 
cherries. This may indicate that to-day fruit-growing is on a much more scientific 
basis than in the past, and that the yield per bearing tree is larger because of the 
greater attention given to the selection of stock and the care of trees. 

21. Fruit Trees, bearing and non-bearing, together with average number per farm 
and per 100 acres of improved land, 1911 and 1921. 



Kinds. 


Trees, bearing. 


Trees, non-bearing. 


Trees 
per farm. 


Trees per 100 
acies 
improved land. 


1911. 


1921. 


1911. 


1921. 


1911. 


1921. 


1911. 


1921. 


Fruit Trees- 
Apple 


No. 

10,617,372 
839,288 
581,704 
1,075,130 
741,992 
146,659 


No. 

9,802,218 
1,021,709 
501,586 
985,267 
688,504 


No. 

5,599,804 
1,056,359 
385,538 
637,220 
495,082 
141,233 


No. 

2,649,740 
174,513 
172,304 
266,889 
195,999 


No. 


No. 

17-51 

1-68 
0-95 
1-76 
1-24 


No. 


No. 

17-57 
1-69 1 
0-95 
1-77 
1-25 


Peach 


Pear 


Plum 


Cherry 


Other 


Total.. 


14.003.145 


13.999.284 


8,315.336 


3.459.445 


_ 


23 14 




23 -28 



22. Fruit production for all Canada, together with the average production per farm 
and per 100 acres of improved land, 1900-1920. 



Kinds. 


Total Production. 


Average Production. 


1900. 


1910. 


1920. 


Per farm. 


Per 100 acres 
improved land. 


1900. 


1910. 


1920. 


1900. 


1910. 


1920. 


Orchard fruits 
Apples bush. 
Peaches " 
Pears .... " 


18,626,186 
545,415 
531,837 
557,875 
336,751 
70,396 


10,618,666 
646,826 
504,171 
508,994 
238,974 
47,789 


17,475,414 
1,076,223 
521,036 
808,369 
502,447 


34-23 
1-00 
0-96 
1-02 
0-61 
0-13 


14-87 
0-90 
0-70 
0-71 
0-33 
0-07 


24-57 
1-51 
0-70 
1-14 
0-71 


61-75 
1-81 
1-76 
1-85 
1-11 
0-23 


21-79 
1-33 
1-03 
1-05 
0-49 
0-09 


24-66 
1-52 
0-74 
1-14 
0-71 


Plums " 


Cherries " 
Allother.... " 

Total " 


20,668,460 


12,565,420 


20,383,489 


37-95 


17-58 


28-63 


68-51 


25-78 


28-77 


Small fruits 
Grapes Ib. 


24,302,634 
21,707,791 


32,898,438 

18,686,662 
i 

3,830,609 
9.000.208 


33,269,412 

15,411,188 
8,378,718 

2,002,136 
843.407 


44-62 
39-85 


46-03 

26-15 

i 

5-36 
12-60 


46-79 

21-67 
11-78 

2-82 
1-10 


80-56 
71-96 


67-50 

38-35 

i 

7-86 

18.47 


46-94 

21-74 
11-82 

2-82 

1.1Q 


Straw 
berries qts. 
Raspberries. " 
Currants and 
gooseber 
ries " 


Other small 
fruits.. . " 



Included with other small fruits. 
6237318^ 



276 



PRODUCTION 



Fruit Production of Canada, 1920-22. The accompanying tables show 
(23) the production and value of apples in Canada, by provinces, in 1920, accord 
ing to the Census of 1921; (24) the production and value of commercial apples in 
Canada by provinces in 1921 and 1922; and (25) the production and value of all 
kinds of commercial fruits in Canada for the years 1920 to 1922. The values in 
Table 23 represent the prices paid to growers on the farm for the fruit alone; but 
the values in Tables 24 and 25 for the years 1921 and 1922 represent the wholesale 
market prices of graded fruit, including all charges such as packing, insurance, 
transportation, marketing, etc. Also the data for 1920 result from the Census 
of 1921, whilst the data for the years 1921 and 1922 represent estimates, based 
partly on the Census of 1921, and issued jointly by the Dominion Bureau of 
Statistics and the Fruit Branch of the Department of Agriculture. 

23 Production and Value of Apples in Canada by Provinces in 1920, according to 

the Census of 1921. 



\ 

Provinces. 


Total 
quantity. 


Average 
price. 


Total 
value. 




barrels. 
58,255 


$ c. 

2 68 


1 

156,097 




1,440,812 


2 73 


3,936,000 




130,876 


3 00 


393,527 




334,045 


3 71 


1,239,168 




3,257,483 


2 02 


6,592,359 




496 


6 30 


3,127 




606,665 


444 


2,696,329 











Total 


5,828,632 


2 58 


15,016,607 











24. Production and Value of Commercial Apples in Canada, by Provinces, 1921 and 



Provinces. 


Year. 


Total 
quantity. 


Average 
price. 


Total 
value. 




1921 


barrels. 
2,036,065 


. * c. 

5 45 


1 

11,096,554 




1922 
1921 


1,891,852 
138,589 


4 15 
5 00 


7,851,185 
692,945 




1922 
1921 


173,236 
124,564 


4 50 
5 66 


779,562 
704,686 




1922 
1921 


216,984 
1,932,280 


7 00 
7 10 


,51o,oS8 
13,719,188 




1922 
1921 


1,739,000 
1,136,202 


4 37 
8 46 


, bus , (no 
9,607,717 




1922 


1,027,333 


6 75 


6,934,497 




1921 


5,367,700 


6 67 


35,821,090 




1922 


5,048,405 


4 90 


24,692,182 



FRUIT PRODUCTION 



277 



25. Production and Value of all Kinds of Commercial Fruits in Canada, 1920-1922. 



Fruits. 


Year. 


Total 
quantity. 


Average 
price. 


Total 
value. 


Tree Fruits: 

Apples :-v 


1920 


barrels. 
5,828,632 


$ c. 

2 58 


$ 
15 016 607 


Pears 


1921 
1922 

1920 


5,367,700 
5,048,405 
bushels. 
520 330 


6 67 
4 90 

1 38 


35,821,090 
24,692,182 

715 776 


Plums and Prunes 


1921 
1922 

1920 


435,968 
461,227 

809 363 


2 58 
1 45 

1 21 


1,124,162 
668,854 

979 237 


Peaches 


1921 
1922 

1920 


575,575 
408,438 

1 077 195 


1 47 
1 28 

1 19 


844,412 
522,393 

1 281 632 


Cherries 


1921 
1922 

1920 


366,715 
577,561 

485 128 


2 30 

1 56 

2 38 


844,936 
904,325 

1 153 429 


Small Fruits: 

Strawberries 


1921 
1922 

19 9 


211,210 
202,740 
quarts. 
15 658 346 


2 75 
2 38 

19 


580,827 
481,850 

2 977 041 


Raspberries 


1921 
1922 

1920 


10,149,000 
8,678,200 

8 360 518 


16 

18 

23 


1,622,960 
1,526,050 

1 962 681 


Other Berries 


1921 
1922 

1920 


7,522,950 
6,271,725 

2 827 241 


15 
18 

19 


1,123,001 
1,159,287 

539 138 


Grapes 


1921 
1922 

1920 


2,931,790 
2,837,549 
Ib. 
33 269 4P 


17 
15 

07 


489,062 
428,757 

2 328 860 




1921 
1922 


46,872,308 
70,308,462 


05 
05 


2,812,338 
3,515,423 


Total Values 


1920 






26,954 401 




1921 
1922 


_. 





45,262,788 
33,899,121 



Summary of Fruit Production of Canada. For the year 1920 the census 
statistics of production and value are as follows Apples, 5,828,632 barrels, 
$15,016,607; pears, 520,330 bushels, $715,776; plums and prunes, 809,363 bushels, 
$979,237; peaches, 1,077,195 bushels, $1,281,632; cherries, 485,128 bushels, 
$1,153,429; strawberries, 15,658,346 quarts, $2,977,041; raspberries, 8,360,518 
quarts, $1,962,681; other berries, 2,827,241 quarts, $539,138; grapes, 33,269,412 
Ib., $2,328,860. Altogether the value to growers of the various kinds of fruit 
specified represents for the year 1920 a total of $26,954,401. For the year 1922 
the estimated production and value of the various fruits produced commercially 
are as follows, with the corresponding figures for 1921 given within brackets 
Apples, 5,048,405 barrels, $24,692,182 (5,367,700 barrels, $35,821,090); pears, 
461,227 bushels, $668,854 (435,9P8 bushels, $1,124,162); plums and prunes, 408,438 
bushels, $522,393 (575,575 bushels, $844,412); peaches, 577,561 bushels, $904,325 
(366,715 bushels, $814,936); apricots, 37,766 bushels (31,205 bushels); cherries, 
202,740 bushels, $481,850 (211,210 bushels, $580,827); strawberries, 8,678,200 
quarts, $1,526,050 (10,149,000 quarts, $1,622,960); raspberries, 6,271,725 quarts, 
$1,159,787 (7,522,950 quarts, $1,123,001); other berries, 2,837,549 quarts, $428,757 
(2,931,290 quarts, $489,062); grapes, 70,308,462 Ib., $3,515,423 (46,872,308 Ib., 
$2,812,338). The total estimated value of the commercial fruit production of 1922, 
as computed at the average wholesale prices in the city markets, is therefore 
$33,899,121, as compared with $45,262,788 in 1921. 



278 



PRODUCTION 



6. Farm Labour and Wages. 

Average Wages of Farm Help. For 1922 the average wages of farm help 
showed a substantial decline as compared with 1921, and a still greater decline as 
compared with 1920, the record year. For the whole of Canada the average wages 
per month of farm helpers during the summer season of 1922 were for men $59 and 
for women $39, including board, the average value of which was $21 for men and $17 
for women. In 1921 the corresponding averages were $67 for men, including board, 
value $22, and $42 for women, including board, value $18. For the complete year 
1922 the average value of wages and board was $594 for men and $418 for women, 
as compared with $669 for men and $449 for women in 1921. The average yearly 
value of board in 1922 is $235 for men and $191 for women, as compared with $248 
for men and $200 for women in 1921. By provinces the average wages for men and 
women respectively in the summer season, and including board, were in 1922 as 
follows, the figures for 1921 being given within brackets for comparison: Prince 
Edward Island $40 and $27 ($45 and $27); Nova Scotia $50 and $29 ($56 and $31); 
New Brunswick $53 and $32 ($54 and $31); Quebec $53 and $29 ($58 and $32); 
Ontario $57 and $37 ($60 and $38) ; Manitoba $63 and $43 ($79 and $50) ; Saskatche 
wan $64 and $46 ($80 and $51); Alberta $64 and $45 ($78 and $54); British Col 
umbia $75 and $54 ($79 and $54). 

In Table 26 the total value of wages and board is given for 1922, as compared 
with previous years, and in Table 27 the value of the yearly board for 1922, as 
compared with 1921 and 1920 is given separately. 

26. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents, 

1915-22. 





Males oer month in 


Females per month in 


Males 


Females 




summer season. 


summer season. 


per 


per 








year. 


year. 


Provinces 













Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 


Wages 
and 


Wages 
and 








board. 






board. 


board. 


board. 









$ 


$ 




: 


- 


$ 


Canada ... . 1915 


22 


15 


37 


9 


11 


20 


341 


200 


1916 


26 


17 


43 


9 


13 


22 


397 


228 


1917 


45 


19 


64 


19 


15 


34 


611 


364 


1918 


49 


21 


70 


21 


17 


38 


681 


416 


1919 


54 


24 


78 


24 


19 


43 


764 


465 


1920 


60 


26 


86 


27 


20 


47 


821 


492 


1921 


45 


22 


67 


24 


18 


4? 


669 


449 


1922 


38 


21 


59 


22 


17 


39 


594 


418 


P. E. Island 1915 


17 


10 


27 


6 


g 


15 


238 


137 


1916 


18 


13 


31 


9 


9 


18 


301 


167 


1917 


26 


14 


40 


13 


10 


23 


407 


254 


1918 


31 


15 


46 


14 


11 


25 


469 


n 


1919 


33 


18 


51 


15 


13 


28 


5C4 


318 


1920 


42 


18 


60 


18 


14 


32 


572 


372 


1921 


29 


16 


45 


15 


12 


27 


460 


287 


1922 


26 


14 


40 


15 


12 


27 


415 


295 


Nova Scotia H<n 


21 


12 


33 


8 


- 


16 


310 


169 


1916 


23 


16 


39 


8 


11 


19 


365 


195 


1917 


37 


17 


54 


14 


13 


26 


543 


296 


1918 


41 


19 


60 


16 


14 


30 


590 


326 


1919 


47 


22 


69 


18 


16 


34 


628 


346 


1920 


49 


24 


73 


21 


17 


38 


735 


4C8 


1921 


36 


?0 


56 


17 


14 


31 


592 


352 


1922 


31 


19 


50 


16 


13 


29 


536 


327 



AVERAGE WAGES OF FARM HELP 



279 



26 Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents, 

1915-23 concluded. 



Provinces. 


Males per month in 
summer season. 


Females per month in 
summer season. 


Males 
per 
year. 


females 
per 
year. 


1 
Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
Board. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


New Brunswick 1915 


$ 

20 
22 
39 
49 
56 
56 
35 
34 

20 
25 
42 
45 
53 
62 
39 
35 

18 
23 
41 
42 
48 
52 
40 
37 

30 
30 
47 
55 
63 
70 
53 
4C 

?5 
. 31 
50 
61 
66 
72 
54 
40 

27 
32 
53 
60 
67 
76 
52 
41 

30 
28 
53 
6 
65 
64 
52 
47 


$ 

14 
14 
18 
20 
23 
23 
19 
19 

13 

16 
17 
20 
23 
24 
19 
18 

13 

16 
18 
20 
22 
23 
20 
20 

15 
18 
21 
23 
26 
28 
26 
23 

17 
18 
23 
25 
28 
30 
26 
24 

17 
20 
23 
26 
28 
31 
26 
23 

19 
22 
25 
28 
3 
3 
71 
28 


$ 

34 

.;>; 
57 
69 
79 
79 
54 
53 

33 
41 

59 
65 
76 
86 
58 
53 

31 
39 
59 
62 
70 
75 
60 
57 

45 
48 
68 
78 
89 
98 
79 
63 

42 
49 
73 
86 
94 
102 
80 
64 

44 
52 
76 
86 
95 
107 
7 
64 

49 
50 
7 
89 
9 
9 
7 
7 


$ 

8 
7 
15 
17 
20 
19 
17 
17 

6 
9 
17 
2C 
22 
24 
18 
17 

6 
19 
18 
19 
22 
25 
22 
21 

14 


$ 

8 
10 
13 
14 
15 
16 
14 
15 

10 
11 

12 
13 
15 
16 
14 
12 

11 
13 

14 
16 
18 
19 
16 
16 

13 
15 

17 
19 
20 

24 
22 
19 

14 
15 
18 

20 
23 
25 
29 
21 

14 
16 
19 
22 
24 
26 
23 
2 

16 
18 
2 
25 
27 
27 
23 
24 


1 

16 
17 

28 
31 
35 
35 
31 
32 

16 

20 
29 
33 
37 
40 
32 
29 

17 
32 
32 
35 
40 
44 
38 
37 

27 
27 
40 
45 
52 
58 
50 
43 

24 
26 
41 
49 
55 
60 
51 
46 

24 
29 
44 
50 
58 
62 
54 
45 

3 
29 
4 
57 
64 
6 
54 
54 


$ 

308 
328 
572 
725 
804 
785 
575 
520 

301 
371 
523 
575 
695 
767 
559 
510 

304 
360 
561 
6C7 
691 
736 
609 
569 

390 
454 
689 
791 
889 
975 
798 
640 

386 
434 
734 
849 
912 
1,003 
795 
673 

404 
501 
784 
863 
976 
1,038 
746 
628 

463 
543 
803 
903 
1,065 
1,033 
855 
849 


$ 

153 

164 
306 
335 
401 
391 
332 
317 

159 
196 
287 
317 
372 
407 
335 
306 

179 
206 
344 
382 
431 
470 
418 
397 

245 
283 
452 
494 
557 
559 
552 
471 

?41 

?78 
470 
545 
598 
653 
556 
502 

253 
299 
476 
569 
648 
638 
566 
482 

287 
325 
481 
589 
715 
742 
613 
636 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Quebec ...1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
192C 
1921 
1922 

Ontario ..1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Manttoba 1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 

Saskatchewan 1915 


12 
23 
26 
32 
34 
28 
24 

10 
11 
23 
29 
32 
35 
29 
25 

10 
13 
25 
28 
34 
36 
31 
24 

11 

1 
27 
34 
37 
3 
3 
30 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
19?1 
1922 

Alberta. ..1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
192 
192 

British Columbia. . . 191 


191 
181 
191 
191 
192 
192 
192 



280 



PRODUCTION 



27. Average Wages per Year of Farm Help In Canada, as estimated by Crop Corres 
pondents, 







Males. 






Females. 




Provinces. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Canada 1920 


1 

543 


$ 

278 


$ 

001 


$ 

27 *i 


% 

917 


S 

AQf> 


1921 
1922 

Prince Edward Island 1920 


4?1 
359 

371 


248 
235 

201 


669 
594 

572 


249 
227 

212 


200 
191 

Ififl 


449 
418 

979 


1921 
1922 

Nova Scotia 1920 


282 
247 

472 


178 
168 

263 


460 
415 

735 


151 
165 

218 


136 
130 

ion 


287 
295 

AftO 


1921 
1922 

New Brunswick 1920 


364 
327 

531 


228 
209 

254 


592 
536 

785 


182 
177 

913 


170 
150 

17S 


352 
327 

OQ1 


1921 
1922 

Quebec . 1920 


361 
328 

524 


214 
192 

243 


575 
520 

767 


183 
168 

235 


149 
149 


33? 
317 

4n7 


1921 
1922 

Ontario 1920 


360 
322 

474 


199 

188 

262 


559 
510 

736 


193 
176 

259 


142 
130 

211 


33& 
306 

470 


1921 
1922 

Manitoba 1920 


382 
348 

650 


227 
221 

325 


609 
569 

975 


233 
225 

312 


185 
172 

247 


41& 

397 

"ilQ 


1921 
1922 

Saskatchewan 1920 


503 
381 

667 


295 
259 

336 


798 
640 

1 003 


303 
250 

364 


249 
221 

289 


552 
471 

653 


1921 
1922 

Alberta 1P20 


498 
398 

697 


297 
275 

341 


795 
673 

1 038 


302 
267 

360 


254 
235 

978 


556 
502 

fi^R 


1921 
1922 

British Columbia. . . 1^0 


463 
367 

684 


283 
261 

349 


746 
628 

1 033 


318 

248 

431 


248 
234 

311 


566 
482 

742 


1921 
1922 


552 
526 


303 
323 


855 
849 


353 
342 


260 
294 


613 
636 



7. Prices of Agricultural Produce. 

Tables 28 to 33 and 35 to 39 record the average prices of Canadian agricul 
tural produce and Table 34 the yearly average prices from 1902 of British-grown 
wheat, barley and oats. Tables 28 to 32 record the average prices of Canadian 
grain at Winnipeg, basis in store Fort William-Port Arthur, weekly, for the weeks 
ended Saturday during the year 1922 (Tables 28, 30, 31) and in monthly averages 
for the three years 1920 to 1922 (Tables 29, 32). Table 33 gives the monthly 
range of average prices in British markets of Canadian wheat and oats for the 
years 1920 to 1922, the English currency, weights and measures having been 
converted into Canadian equivalent denominations at the par rate of exchange. 
Table 35 gives the monthly average prices of flour, bran and shorts at principal 
markets in 1922, Table 36 the average prices of Canadian live stock at principal 
markets for the three years 1920 to 1922, and Table 37 the average monthly 
prices of selected descriptions of Canadian live stock at principal markets in 1922. 
The last-named table is an abridgment of the more detailed classification appear 
ing in the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics. Tables 38 and 39 give the 
average prices per Ib. paid to and paid by fanners in Canada for clover and grass- 
seed in 1923 and previous years. 



PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 



281 



28. Weekly Range of Cash Prices per bushel of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, 
basis in store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922. 

(Per bushel of 60 Ib.) 
SOURCE: BOARD OF GRAIN COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA. 



Date. 


No. 1 
Northern. 


No. 2 
Northern. 


No. 3 
Northern. 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Feed. 


1922. 
January 7 


$ c. $ c. 

1.07|-1. 13 I 
1.10J-1.141 
1.14H-16I 
1.141-1.18! 

i.ni-i.15} 


$ c. $ c. 

1.021-1.08! 
1.05|-1.08| 
1.091-1.121 
1.101-1.151 

1.06H 111 


$ c. $ c. 

0.93f-0.98i 
0.95|-0.99| 
0.99J-1.02f 
l.Olf-1.051 

0.97i-1.01i 


$ c. $ c. 

0.881-0.921 
0.891-0.931 
0.94i-0.97| 
0.951-0.981 

0.921-0. 95} 


So. $ e. 

0.811-0.851 
0.821-0.861 
0.871-0.901 
0.891-0.911 

0.851-0.881 


S c. $ c. 

0.721-0.761 
0.741-0.781 
0.79f-0.82f 
0.811-0.841 

0.771-O.SOf 


$ c. $ c. 

0.66!-0.70J 
0. 68|-0. 72f 
0.731-0.76} 
0.751-0.781 

0.711-0 .74| 


" 14 


" 21 


" 28 


Average. . . . 


February 4 . . 
11... 
18... 
25... 

Average. . . . 


1.181-1.211 
1.23 -1.28} 
1.341-1.391 
1.42 -1.46} 

1.29f-1.34 


1.151-1.181 
1.20 -1.24| 
1.292-1.34f 
1.37 -1.41} 

1.251-1.291 


1.051-1.09* 
1. 11|-1. 17i 
1.231-1. 27 J 
1.30J-1.34i 

1.17f-l. 221 


0.98 J-l. 031 
1.051-1.101 
1.161-1.21f 
1.231-1.28 

1.111-1. 15J 


0.90|-0.96 
0.974-1.021 
1.081-1.121 
1.151-1.191 

1.03 -1.07} 


0.831-0.89 
0.911-0.961 
1.02 -1.051 
1.08 -1.121 

0.96H.001 


0.771-0.83 
0.851-0.90} 
0.96 -0.99J 
1.021-1.061 

0.901-0.941 


March 4 


1.431-1.471 
1. 39^-1. 47| 
1.36 -1.43J 
1.37f-l. 411 

1.39 -1.45 


1.381-1.421 
1.35i-1.42| 
1.312-1.39} 
1.321-1. 37 I 

1.341-1.401 


1 29-J- 1 34 3 


1.21J-1. 271 
1. 17}-1. 24? 
1.131-1.211 
1.151-1.191 

1.17 -1.231 


1.10}-]. 17} 
1.06}-1. 13| 
1.021-1.101 
1.041-1.081 

1.06 -1.121 


1.03M.10} 
0.99}-1. 06| 
0.94 -1.01} 
0.94|-1. 00} 

0.98 -1.021 


0.97}-1 .04} 
0.921-1.001 
0.891-0.971 
0.921-0.961 

0.921-0.99} 


" 11 . 


1 26J 1 32 s 


" 18 ... 


1.22J-1-301 
1.24J-1.291 

1.26 -1.31f 


" 25. . . 


Average.... 


April 1.. 


1.36J-1.38f 
1.351-1.381 
1.37}-1.45i 
1.44f-1.501 
1.451-1.491 

1. 39f-l. 44f 


1.311-1.34} 
1.31 -1.33J 
1.32f-1.40| 
1.38-1.451 
1.40 -1.44 

1.342-1 39}io 


1. 24f-l. 27 
1.23 -1.251 
1.24|-1.31i 
1.301-1.361 
1.31-1-1.35 

1.26Ko-1.31J 


1.151-1.17} 
1.151-1.181 
1.16}-1. 241 
1.211-1.26 
1.20 -1.231 

1.171-1.32 


1 04 1 1 Ofi 3 


0.94}-0.96} 
0.94}-0.97| 
0.97 -1.041 
1.01H-05 
0.98 -1.011 

0.971-1.01 


n nil n QOT 


" 8 ... 


1.04}-!. 07| 
1.07 -1.141 
1.111 1-15 
1.081-1. Ill 

1.071-1.11 


0.90 -0.92| 
0.90}-0.97| 
0.951-0.99 | 
0.861-0.951 

0.90J-0.95} 


" 15.. 


" 22. . 


" 29 


Average. . . . 


May 6.. 


1.42}-1. 48} 
1.45f-l. 471 
1.422-1.471 
1.40-i-1.44* 

1.42H 47 


1. 37|-1. 42| 
1.39H.431 
1.38|-1.44t 
1.351-1.391 

1.37J-1.42J 


l.SOf-1.35! 
1. 31|-1. 37J 
1.301-1.361 
1.27J-1.31J 

1.301-1.351 


1.161-1.221 
1.171-1. 19 J 
1.181-1.25 
1.15}-1. 19| 

1 17 -1.21} 


1.06-j-i. Hi 

1.051-1.071 
1.081-1.12 
1.06 -1.091 

1. 06|-1 .10 


O.S5I-1.001 
0.95|-0.96| 
0.93J-0.99 
0.921-0.951 

0.94|-0. 97 J 


0.831-0.88}] 
0. 83|-0. 84! 1 
0.821-0.87 | 
0.811-0.84! ; 

0.82}-0.86} 


" 13. . 


" 20.. 


" 27 


Average. . . . 


June 3 . 


1.34H.3S} 
1. 31|-1. 34i 
1.29 -1.32 
1.29 -1.35} 
1.33 -1.371 

1.311-1.351 


1.29J-1.331 

1.271-1.29J 
1.25 -1.271 
1.24i-1.30f 
1.29}-1.33t 

1.271-1.31 


1.201-1.25 
1 18g 1 20 3 


1.091-1.141 
l-07f-l.ll 
1.02|-1.05 
1.021-1.071 
1.04}-1.10| 

1.051-1.091 


1.001-1.041 
0. 97|-1. 01 
0.931-0.96 
0.931-0.981 
0.95}-1. 03i 

96 -1 00} 


0.881-0.911 
0.851-0.88 
0.821-0.85 
0.821-0.871 
0.84}-0.941 

0.84}-0.89i 


0. 811-0. 77J 
0.751-0.78 
0.731-0.77 
0.74i-0.80i 
0.77}-0.891 

0.761-0.801 


" 10. . 


" 17. . 


1.151-1.171 
1.14J-1.19f 
1. 17|-1. 20| 

1.17i-1.20| 


" 24.. 


" 30 


Average. . . . 


July 8.. 


1.332-1.401 
1.32f-1.38} 
1.361-1.371 
1.34 -1.361 

1.341-1.38} 


1.31H.3S1 
1.301-1.34} 
1.31f-1.33! 
1.27|-1.31| 

1.30J-1.34I 


1.18J-1.24I 
1.19 -1.22} 
1.201-1.221 
1.191-1.241 

1.19J-1.33} 


1.06}-1. 13| 
1.06 -1.09} 
1.07J-1.101 
1.031-1. 06 1 

1 06 -1.10 


0.99}-1. 07| 
0.98 -1.041 

} Of; 7 n oo 1 


0.90}-0.98| 
0.89 -0.92} 
0.861-0.891 
0.831-0.851 

0.871-0.911 


0.84}-0.93! 
0.811-0.84} 
0.771-0.81! 
0.73^-0.761 

0.79|-0 841 


" 15.. 


" 22 


" 29 


0.93J-0.95I 
97 -1.01*- 


Average.... 


August 5.. 
" 12.. 
" 19. . 
" 26 

Average 


1.282-1.331 
1.192-1.321 
1.161-1.19} 
1.08 -1.16f 

1.18J-1.25J 


1.19J-1.22! 
1.13i-1.21i 
1.10i-1.12i 
1.05 -1.10J 

1.121-1 16! 


1.141-1.171 
1.081-1.151 
1.05 -1.071 
1.03J-1. Oof 

1.07M 11} 


1.001-1.021 

0.941-0.99} 
0.89i-0.93| 
0.88|-0.91i 

0.931-0.96} 


0.89 -0.911 

0.79 3 -0.87} 
0.77 -0.80} 
0.761-0. 79 i 

0.801-0.841 


0.801-0.821 
0.741-0.811 
0.681-0.711 
.681-0.71} 

.73 -0.76} 


.701-0.72! 
0.652-0.71} 
.5S1-0.60} 
.581-0.61} 

.63i-0.66} 


September 2.. 
9.. 
16.. 
23. . 
30.. 

Average. . . . 


1.00 |-1. 07 I 
l.OOJ-1.051 
0.96.i-0.99 
0.97f-l. 03} 
0. 96-5 -0.98 J 

0.98^-1.03 


0.99f-1.04J 
0. 991-1. 02{ 
0.96i-0.98J 
0. 971-1. 02-J 
0.95 -0.97i 

. 97-J-l. Oljio 


0.96|-1.031 
0.961-0.981 
0. 90f-0.94 ! 
.941-1.001 
.911-0.94 

94 -0.981 


.86}-0.90} 
.871-0.89 
.85i-0.87i 
.881-0.941 
.88 -0.901 

. 871-0. 90?{ 


.781-0.811 
.80J-0.82J 
.79}-0.82 
.821-0.871 
.81 -0.831 

.80-i-0.83?io 


.691-0.721 
.721-0.731 
.69}-0.72 
.731-0.781 
.73 -0.75} 

.71Jio-0.74#o 


.591-0.621 
.621-0.641 
.59-2-0.62 
.631-0.68! 
.62 -0.641 

. 611-0. 64?io 



282 



PRODUCTION 



28. Weekly Range of Cash Prices per bushel of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, 
basis in store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922 concluded. 



Date. 


No. 1 
Northern. 


No. 2 
Northern. 


No. 3 

Northern. 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Feed. 


1922. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. So. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


October 7. . 
14.... 
" 21.... 
" 28.... 


0.96 -0.981 
0.97 -1.021 
1.00H.03} 
l.OOf-1.061 


0.94J-0.97* 
0. 951-1. OH 

0.991-1. 02, 1 
0.991-1. 05 I 


0.891-0.92} 
0.901-0.961 
0.951-0.981 
0.961-1. 02 | 


0.871-0.90} 
0.881-0.94 
0.901-0.95} 
0.891-0.951 


0.801-0.83} 
0.82J-0.89} 
0.86J-0.83 
0.851-0.891 


0.72J-0.75} 
0.74J-0.81} 
0.811-0.83 


0.61f-0 64} 
0.631-0.70 
0.691-0.71} 


Average. . . . 


0.981-1.02! 


97|-1 Oil 


931-0 97} 


891-0 93! 


83J-0 86 \ 


0.761-0.80 


0.641-0 68| 


November 4. . 
11.. 


1.04i-1.061 
1.051-1.071 


1.03i-1.05l 

1.041-1.05! 


1.00i-1.02i 
1.01 -1.02} 


0.93f-0.95| 
0.941-0.96} 


0.88 -0.901 
0.90 -0.911 


0.82 -0.84| 
841-0 88| 


0.72 -0.74| 
73|-0 751 


" 18.. 
" 25. . 


1.091-1.151 
1.091-1.14! 


1.071-1.131 
1.08 -1.12! 


1.03 -1.10J 
1.051-1.10} 


0.971-1.03} 
0.991-1.04 


0.931-0.99 
0.961-0.99} 


0.861-0.92 
0.891-0.92} 


0.761-0.82 
0.79|-0.82} 


Average.... 


1.071-1. 10 I 


1 051-1 09} 


1.03H-06} 


0.961-0.99! 


92 -0 95 s l 


0.851-0 89? 


0.751-0.78} 


December 2.. 
9.. 
16. . 
23. . 
30.. 


i: O7i-i. in 

1.06f-l. 08} 
1. 06|-1. lOf 
1.101-l.llf 
1. 08|-1. 13-2 


1.06 -1.101 
1. 04 hi. 06-f 
1. 04|-1.07i 
1.071-1.08J 
1.06|-1.10| 


.03|-1.07| 
.00 |-1. 03 1 
.Olf-1.041 
. 04 i- 1.06| 
.04i-1.08! 


0.981-1.02 
0.97f-0.98i 
0.96i-0.991 
1.00 -1.011 
0.981-1. 02 I 


0.93}-0.96J 
0.91|-0.92i 
0.90J-0.931 
0.93}-0.94i 
0.921-0.961 


0.861-0.89} 
0.84}-0.85| 
0. 83 J-0.86J 
0.86}-0.871 
0.851-0.891 


0.771-0.79} 
0.751-0.761 
0.741-0.771 
0.77}-0.781 
0.761-0.801 


Average. . . . 


1.08 -1.11 


1.05J-1 ,08| 


1.021-1.06 


0.981-1.001 


0.921-0.941 


0.851-0.87? 


0.761-0. 78J 



29. Monthly Range of Average Cash Prices of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, 
basis in store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1920-22. 

(Per bushel of 60 Ib.) 
SOURCE: BOARD OF GRAIN COMMISSIONKRS FOR CANADA. 



Date. 


No. 1 
Northern. 


No. 2 
Northern. 


No. 3 
Northern. 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Feed. 


Averages for 
January 1920... 
1921... 
1922... 

February 1920. 
1921. 
" 1922. 

March 1920.. 
1921.... 
1922.... 

April 1920.. 

" 1921 
" 1922 

May 1920. . 


$ c. $ c. 

2.15 
1.891-1.99-1 
1.111-1.151 

2.15 
1.83 -1.911 
1.29|-1.34 

2.15 
1.881-1.93} 
1.39 -1.45 

2.15 
1.72M.84! 
1.391-1.44* 

2.15 


$ c. $ c. 

2.12 
1.861-1.961 
1.061-1- HI 

2.12 
1.80 -1.881 
1.25}-1. 29| 

2.12 
1.851-1.90} 
1.34}-1. 40} 

2.12 
1.67 -1.80 
1.341-1.39 

2 12 


$ c. $ c. 

2.08 
1.801-1.901 
0.971-1.011 

2.08 
1.75H.84! 
1.17|-1.221 

2.08 
1.811-1.86} 
1.26 -1.311 

2.08 
1.63 -1.751 
1.26 -1.311 

2 08 


$ c. $ c. 

2.02 

1.731-1.821 
0.921-0.95! 

2.02 - - 
1.701-1. 78| 
1.11H.151 

2.02 
1.74 1-1. 79J 
1.17 -1.231 

2.02 
1.511-1.62! 
1.17|-1.22 

2 02 


$ c. $ c. 

1.91 
1.591-1-681 
0.85f-0.88f 

.91 
.58}-1.67 
.03 -1.07J 

.91 
.651-1.711 
.06 -1.12} 

.91 
.43}-!. 541 
.07H-H 

91 


$ c. $ c. 

1.81 
1.46|-1.541 
0.771-0.80! 

1.81 
1.411-1.49 
0.961-l.OOJ 

1.81 
1.49 -1.54} 
0.98 -1.02} 

1.81 
1.29|-1.39 
0.971-1.01 

1 81 


$ c. $ c. 

1.71 
1.371-1.45} 
0.711-0.741 

1.71 
1.301-1.38} 
0.90}-0.94J 

1.71 
1.381-1. 451 
0.921-0.99! 

1.71 
1.23 -1.33} 
0.901-0.95! 

1 71 


" 1921 
" 1922 


1.811-1.891 
1 42J-1 47 


1.781-1.861 
1 371-1 421 


1.73}-1. 821 
1 301-1 35} 


1.581-1.701 
1 17 -1 21! 


.461-1.561 
06|-1 10 


1.31J-1.39} 
94j-0 971 


1.301-1.34 

ii 861 


June 1920 . . 


2 15 


2 12 


2 08 


2 02 


1 91 


1 81 


1 71 


" 1921 


1 921 




1 83| 


1 691-1 74} 


1 571-1 62} 


1 41 -1 42} 




" 1922 


1.31}-1.35} 


1 27J-1.31 


1 171-1 20| 


1 05}- 1 09! 


96 -1 001 


84H> 89} 


76}-0 80| 


July 1920 


1 15 


2 12 


2 08 


2 02 


1 91 


1 81 


1 71 


" 1921 


1 791 


1 76}- 1 83 


1 73 -1 791 


1 631 


1 391-1 39} 


1 261-1 301 


1 15|-1 151 


" 1922 


1 341-1 381 


1 301-1 34f 


1 19J-1 23| 


1 06 -1 10 


97 -1 Olf 


87}-0 91} 


791-0 841 


August 1920 
" 1921.... 
" 1922.... 

September 1920 
l J21 
" 1922 


2. 42J-2. 15 J 
1.761-1.87} 

1.181-1.2.3;. 

2.71J-2.82} 
1.461-1.591 
0.981-1.03 


2.391-2.421 
1.721-1. 80l 

1.121-1 is; 

2.68}-2.79} 
1.411-1.541 
0.97}-1. 01 


2.351-2.381 
1.64J-1-73 
1.07J-1.H1 

2.641-2.75} 
1.371-1.48} 
0.94 -0.981 


2.25J-2.28I 
1.46}-1. 54 
0.931-0.901 

2.50 -2.61} 
1.281-1.36-1 
0.87H>.90?i 


2.151-2.171 
1.311-1 

0.801-0.84} 

2.391-2.51 
1.161-1.221 
0.80}-0.83?io 


2.051-2.06 

1.171-1.221 
0.73 -0.701 

1.041-1.101 
0.71&0.74>i 


1.951-1.96 
1.02 -1.05} 
0.631-0.66! 

0. 611-0. 64?{ 



PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 



283 



29. Monthly Range of Average Cash Prices of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, basis 
in store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1920-22 concluded. 



Date. 


No. 1 
Northern. 


No. 2 
Northern. 


No. 3 
Northern. 


Xo. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Feed. 


Averages for 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


% c. $ c. 


> e | e. 


$ c. $ c. 


1 > < 


$c. $ c. 


October 1920.. 
" 1921.. 
" 1922.. 


2.291-2.401 
1.151-1.231 
0.981-1.02} 


2.27 -2.381 
1.13|-1.21 
0.971-1.01} 


2.19.1-2.30} 
1.091-1.161 
0.931-0.971 


2.12 -2.23i 
1.031-1.10? 
0.891-0.93} 


2.02f-2.13 
0. 94|-1. Oli 
0.83|-0.86| 


1.92f-1.99 
0.85 -O.Olf 
0.76J-0.80 


1.82|-1.89| 
0.75 -0.81$ 
0. 64|-0. 68| 


November 1920 
1921 
1922 


1.98i-2.12i 
1.08 -1.13 
1.07|-1.10| 


1.971-2.114 
1.05 -1.101 
1.05J-1.09| 


1.931-2.08 
0.991-1.041 
1.021-1.064 


1.89 -2.02 
0.941-0.99 
0.961-0.99} 


1.781-1.911 
0.88J-O.W1 

0.92 -0.95| 


1.671-1.811 
0.78HJ-831 
0.85|-0.89| 


0.691-0.741 
0.751-0.78J 


December 1920 
" 1921 
1922 


1.86}-2.00i 
1.111-1.161 
1.08 -1.11 


1.84 -1.97| 
1.051-1.10? 
1. 05^-1. 08f 


1.78f-1.93 
0.991-1.04 
1.02|-1.06 


1.601-1.731 
0.921-0.961 
0.981-1. 00* 


1.471-1.68 

0.83 1-0. 87i 
0.921-0.94} 


1.37}-1. 44} 
0.751-0.78} 
0.85i-0.87| 


1.27 -1.33| 
0.68 -0.71| 
0. 761-0. 78J 



30. Weekly Range of Cash Prices of Oats at Winnipeg, basis in store Fort William- 
Port Arthur, 1922. 

(Per bushel of 34 Ib.) 
SOURCE: BOARD OF GRAIN COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA. 



Date. 


No. 2 C.W. 


No. 3 C.W. 


No. 1 Feed 
Ex. 


No. 1 Feed. 


No. 2 Feed. 


1922. 
January 7 


$ c. $ c. 

401-0.421 


S c. $ c. 
0.37J-0 391 


$ c. $ c. 

0.371-0 39J 


$ c. $ c. 
0.351-0 371 


$ c. $ c. 

0.331-0 361 


" 14 


411-0.431 


0.381-0.401 


0.38^-0-401 


0.361-0.381 


0.361-0.371 


" 21 


0.43f-0.44i 


0. 40^-0. 40i 


0.401-0.401 


0.371-0. 381 


0. 36f-0. 38| 


" 28 


0.44J-0.45} 


0.40|-0. 42 J 


0.401-0.42} 


0.381-0.411 


0.381-0.40 


Average ... . .... 


0.421-0. 43 I 


0.391-0. 40 I 


0.39|-0.40| 


0.37 -0.38} 


0.361-0.38 














February 4 


0.44H>.45f 


0.41|-0. 42| 


0. 41|-0. 42| 


0.40^-0.41 


0.381-0.391 


" 11 


0.46}-0.471 


0.43 -0.44| 


0.43 -0.44| 


0.411-0.431 


0.39}-0.40i 


" 18 


0.491-0.501 


0.45}-0.46} 


0.451-0.461 


0.45 -0.46 


0.411-0.43 


" 25 


0.501-0.511 


0.461-0.471 


0.461-0.471 


0.451-0.461 


0. 421-0 .43J 


Average 


0.47f-0 48! 


0.44J-0.451 


0.441-0.451 


0.43- 0.4*1 


0. 40|-0. 41f 














March 4 


0.52 -0.52} 


46}-0.48| 


0.46}-0.481 


0.46 -0.471 


0.42}-0.441 


11 


0.48|-0.52| 


0.44 -0.471 


0.44 -0.47| 


0.431-0.461 


0.401-0.431 


18 
" 25 


0.48 -0.50 
0.481-0.491 


0.43^-0.451 
0. 431-0. 44J 


0.431-0.451 
0.43}-0.45f 


0.42A-0.441 
0.43"-0.431 


0.391-0.411 
0.39}-0.40f 


Average 


49}-0 51} 


44 1 , -0.161 


0.44J-0.461 


0.43}-0.45i 


0.40M).42f 














April 1 . . 


0.46|-0.48f 


0.42J-0 43} 


Q.421-0.44 


0.411-0.43} 


0.381-0.40 


" 8.. 


0.47|-0.48 


421-0.43} 


0.43 -0.441 


0.41|-0.42i 


0.38^-0.39} 


" 15.. 


0.48J-0.501 


0.441-0.461 


0.44}-0.47i 


0.43 -0.45 


0.401-0.421 


" 22 


0.501-0.541 


45}-0.49} 


0.46J-0.49} 


0.441-0.47* 


0.41|- 0.451 


" 29 


0.52|-0. 53f 


48|-0.49| 


0.481-0-491 


0.46|-0.47| 


0. 44|-0. 45 


Average 


49 -0 511 


44|-0 46-| 


45 -0.47 


0.431-0 45! 


0.401-0.421 














May 6.. 


0.53 -0.541 


491-0.501 


0.49}-0.50| 


0.471-0.481 


0.45J-0.46I 


" 13 


0.54i-0.56i 


501-0. 52 I 


0.50}-0.531 


0.48- 0.50} 


0.461-0.481 


" 20 

" 27. . 


0.541-0.561 
53|-0 55| 


0.511-0.53} 
50|-0 521 


0.511-0.53} 
50|-0 521 


0.491-0.511 
48|-0 50f 


0.471-0.491 
0.46|-0.48i 


Average 


531-0 55| 


501-0 521 


o.ro}-o.82^ 


0. 48^-0. 50 I 


0. 46J-0. 48i 














June 3 


53}-0 55| 


50|-0 52f 


50^-0 52f 


481-0.501 


0. 45|-0. 47i 


" 10 


52J-0 54 


50 -0 52 


50 -0 52 


47J-0.501 


0.45 -0.46i 


" 17 


51-^-0 52} 


49^-0 501 


49|-0 501 


0.461-0.481 


0.43|-0.451 


" 24.. 


50 -0 52} 


471-0 49} 


0.471-0 49} 


0.45 -0.47} 


0.421-0.441 


" 30 


0.50J-0.52| 


481-0 491 


0.481-0.491 


0.45J-0.47I 


0.43 -C.44f 


Average... 


0.51i-0.53! 


49 -0.51 


0.49 -0.51 


0.461-0 481 


0.431-0.46 



284 



PRODUCTION 



80. Weekly Range of Cash Prices of Oats at Winnipeg, basis in store Fort Williaiu- 

Port Arthur, 1922 concluded. 



Date. 


No. 2C.W. 


No. 3 C.W. 


No. 1 Feed 
Ex. 


No. 1 Feed. 


No. 2 Feed. 


1922. 
July 8.. 


$c. $ c. 

5H-0 53} 


$ c. $ c. 

48J-0 51 


$ c. $ c. 

484-0 501 


$c. $ c. 

46 1 48J 


S c. $ c. 

44 -0 46J 


" 15.. 


50J-0 51f 


471-0 48J 


47f-0 48} 


4iJ 46* 


42* o 43J 


" 22 


0.501-0.50f 


47J-0 47, 


471-0 47 1 


45 l -0 45J 


4 91 42| 


" 29 ... 


49|-0 51 


46| 48 


46|-0 48 


n A AS n AR 


OAI? n 41 


Average 


.">0;-0 51| 


47;, 48| 


474-0 48J 


Oisi n lei 


Of 44 














August 5 


46- 49i 


43 -0 44J 


43 -0 44| 


40M) 41 


37J-0 38J 


" 12 


0.45f-0 48 


39|-0 42} 


391-0 42} 


36? 38* 


34J-0 36J 


" 19 


43i-0 461 


37J-0 401 


37J-0 401 


35f-0 36 3 


33f 34J 


" 26 


0.434-0 44| 


404-0 41i 


394-0 411 


364-0 37J 


34J 35J 


Average 


41J 471 


40J-0 421 


39J-0 42i 


OQ^i n 38* 


3t T 36} 














September 2 


441-0 451 


401-0 414 


40 -0 40J 


37 37j 


35 35J 




45 H> 47 I 


414-0 42f 


411-0 42 | 


374-0 39J 


354-0 37 t 


" 16.. 


44 |-0 46 


4U-0 424 


41J-0 424 


37f-0 39 


35|-0 37 I 


" 23 


0.441-0 48} 


411-0 45} 


411-0 43} 


371 41| 


351-0 38 | 


" 31 


43 -0 43| 


41 -0 42| 


41 -0 42| 


38j 39| 


35i-0 36} 


Average 


444-0 Hi;, 


11 : II 43 


41 -0 4 !; 


0373 n 391 


351 37 














October 7. . 


42 -0 44 


40 -0 41 


40 -0 41 


38 39J 


35 -0 364 


" 14.... 


43 -0 461 


40 -0 43 


40 -0 43 


384-0 401 


354-0 371 


" 21.... 


40|-0 45 


37f-0 42 


37|-0 42 


351-0 39 


31J-0 36 


" 28 


421-0 454 


384-0 41} 


38 l -0 41 1 


36 1 38 1 


331 34j 


Average 


411-0 U , 


39 -0 41 1 


39 -0 41| 


37 39, 


33|-0 36 














November 4 


G 44f-0 46| 


401-0 41} 


40J-0 411 


37f-0 38J 


33 -0 34f 


" 11 


0.461-0 46 I 


40^-0 40| 


401-0 40| 


37J-0 37J 


34f-0 35J 


18 


45H>.51| 


401-0 45| 


40i-0 45 


37J-0 41J 


351-0 40J 


" 25 


48}-0 50j 


42J-0 44j 


42J-0 44 


40 41 


381-0 39J 


Average 


o in; o 49 


401-4 43 


10; 1) 43 


381-0 39J 


351-0 374 














December 2 


0.461-0 48| 


41 |-0 44 


411-0 43^ 


37|-0 41i 


34 1-0 38 J. 


9 


451-0 46| 


40 -0 411 


40 -0 41 


37J-0 3 i 


341-0 36 | 


16 


45}-0 48J 


40|-0-43 


40|-0 43 


38J-0 40^ 




" 23 


461-0 471 


42J-0 4.^ 


42|-0 43f 


40|-0 411 


381-0 39 


" 30 


474-0 481 


43 -0 44; 


43 -0 441 


41 -0 4>1 


38j-0 39J 


Average... 


0.461-0.475 


4U-0.43J 


415-6 43! 


39 -0.41 


361-0.384 



31. Weekly Range of Cash Prices of Barley and Flax seed at Winnipeg, basis in 

store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922. 



Date. 


Barley (per bushel of 48 Ib.) 


Flax seed (per bushel of 56 Ib.) 


No. 3 
C.W. 


Xo. 4 
C.W. 


Rejected. 


Feed. 


No. 1 
N.W.C. 


No. 2 
C.W. 


No. 3 
C.W. 


1922. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


S c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. c 


January 7 
14 
" 21 
" 28 
Average.... 


0.5H-0.54J 
0.54i-0.554 
0.541-0.551 
0.54i-0.56i 
0.532-0.551 


0.46 -0. 50 J 
0.50J-0.521 
0.511-0.524 
0.51 -i 
50 -0.521 


0.37J-0.414 
0.411-0. 42* 
0.42f-0.45 
; 
0.414-0.441 


0.37J-0. 41J 
0.411-0.421 
0.42f-0.45 
0.444-0.481 
414-0.441 


.721-1.76} 
.711-1.771 
.774-1.821 
1.91 
.75M.83 


1.68J-1.7L ! 
1.674-1.731 
1.78| 
1.771-1.87 
1. 71|-1. 77J 


.431-1.471 
.421-1.48; 
.4-si-1.54i 
. 531-1. 61j 
461-1 53 


February 4 ... 
11... 
" 18... 
25... 
Average 


0.56? 
0.601 
0.61f-0.63i- 
0.63|-0.66^ 
0.59^-0.611 


0.51J-0.531 
0.531-0.57* 
0.585-0.601 
0.60J-0.63J 
56J-0.58| 


0.44J-0.47I 
0.46f-0.50 
0.514-0.53 
0.531-0.561 
49 (l.5li 


0. 44|-0. 46J 
D.50 
0.53 
0.534-0.551 
0.48J-0 ,.)U 


1.90^1.984 
2.051-2.264 
_ .42 
2.36 -2.434 
2.154-2.371 


1.864-1. 94 J 
2.014-2.22 
- .35J 
2.311-2.38J 
2.11 -2.221 


.61 -1.705 
.77 -1.98J 
2.01 ,-2.14 
2.07J-2.14J 
1.861-1.99? 



PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 



285 



31. Weekly Range of Cash Prices of Barley and Flax seed at Winnipeg, basis in 
store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922 concluded. 



Date. 


Barley (per bushel of 48 Ib.) 


Flax seed (per bushel of 56 Ib.) 


No. 3 
C.W. 


No. 4 
C.W. 


Rejected. 


Feed. 


No. 1 
N.W.C. 


No. 2 
C.W. 


No. 3 
C.W. 


1922. 
March 4 


$ c. $ c. 

0.65i-0.67J 
0.631-0.65! 
0.63 -0.65f 
0.64J-0.65I 
64 -0.66 


$ c. $ c. 

0.62H>.64! 
0.601-0.631 
0.60 -0.62| 
0.61f-0.62| 
0.611-0 .631 


$ c. $ c. 

0.551-0.56} 
0.54}-0.57i 
0.541-0.56J 
0.561-0.571 
0.551-0.57 


$ c. $ c. 

0.551-0.56} 
0.54}-0.56} 
0.54^-0.56! 
0.561-0.571 
0.551-0.561 


$ c. $ c. 

2.36 -2.41| 
2.371-2.40 
2.311-2.37! 
2.291-2.351 
2.331-2.38} 


$ c. $ c. 

2.31 -2.36| 
2.321-2.35 
2.261-2.32! 
2.241-2.301 
2.281-2.33} 


$ c. $ c. 

2 07- 2.12f 
2.08-2 101 
2 01}-2 10| 
2.051-2.101 
2 051-2.11 


" 11 


"18 


"25 


Average. . . . 


April 1.. 


0.641-0.651 
0.641-0.64! 
0.651-0.67! 
0.66}-0.69| 
0.681-0.6)} 
0.65}-0.67i 


0.611-0.621 
0.611-0.621 
0.621-0.651 
0.64HJ.6BJ 
0.661-0.67} 
0.63i-0.6 io 


0.551-0.57 
0.561-0.57 
0.57|-0.59i 
0.59 -0.621 
0.60f-0. 62 J 
0.581-0 59! 


0.55}-0.57 
0.561-0.57 
0.57H>.591 
0.581-0.611 
0.59J-0.6U 
0.571-0.59^ 


2.20}-2.301 
2.201-2.25 
2.27}-2.35} 
2.35 -2.50 
2.42-2-2.491 
2.29Vio-2.38 


2.161-2.24} 
2.161-2.211 
2.24 -2.31} 
2.31|-2.47 
2.391-2.461 
2.25|-2.35i 


2 021-2.10} 
2. 01 }-2. 061 
2.09 -2.161 
2.151-2.30 
2.22}-2.29i 
2.101-2.18} 


8 


" 15 


" 22 


" 29 


Average.... 


May 6 . 


0.67t-0.69| 
0.67|-0. 69 J 
0.68 -0.691 
0.67-0.68* 
0.671-0.691 


>-; 

0.651-0.671 
0. 65-f-0.671 
0.65}-0.67 
0.64J-0.661 
0.651-0.67 


0.601-0.611 
0.61H).63i 
0.62f-0.631 
0.611-0.62} 
0. 61f-0 .631 


0.591-0.601 
0.591-0.61! 
0.601-0.611 
0.591-0.60} 
0.591-0.61 


2.46 -2.50 
2.541-2.48 
2.44}-2.491 
2.39}-2.41! 
2.461-2.471 


2.42 -2.46 
2.411-2.44 
2.40}-2.45-i 
2.35}-2.37! 
2.40 -2.43| 


2.26 -2.30 
2.211-2.28 
2.24}-2.291 
2.19}-2.21J 
2.23 -2.371 


" 13 


" 20 


" 27 


Average 


June 3 


0.64 -0.68? 
0.651-0.671 
0.631-0.64! 
0.63J-0.661 
0.64}-0. 66i 
641-0 .66f 


- 

0.61}-0.65! 
0.631-0.65 
0.62 -0.63| 
0.621-0.651 
0.631-0.651 
0.62f-0 65! 


0.581-0.631 
0.60}-0.621 
0.58}-0.60i 
0.59 -0.621 
0.601-0.611 
0.591-0.62 


0.561-0.611 
0.58}-0.601 
0.56}-0.58i 
0.58 -0.611 
0.59}-0.611 
0.56 -0.60* 


2.321-2.38 
2.22 -2.32f 
2.15 -2.45J 
2.37}-2.44 
2.401-2.47 
2.291-2.411 


2.281-2.34 
2.17 -2.281 
2. 091-2. 34 \ 
2.31}-2.38 
2.34^-2.39 
2.251-2.34! 


2.121-2.18 
2.02 -2.14| 
1.921-2.201 
2.16}-2.23 
2.1Q1-2. 24 
2 08-2.16 


" 10 


" 17 


" 24 


30 


Average 


July 8.. 


0.651-0.65f 
0.631-0.64} 
0.64 -0.64! 
0.631-0.651 
0.64 -0.651 


0.63 -0.64f 
0.60}-0.61} 
0.611-0.62! 
0.61 -0.631 
0.611-0.631 


o.60 -o.eif 

0.58 -0.591 
0.58f-0.59| 
0.561-0.581 
0.581-0.59} 


0.59 -0.601 
0.571-0.59 
0.581-0.59f 
0.561-0.581 
0.57}-0.59} 


2.38-l-2.42f 
2.41 -2.441 
2.391-2.47 
2.36 -2.411 
2.381-2.43! 


2.331-2.371 
2.35 -2.39| 
2.341-2.411 
2.34 -2.361 
2.341-2.381 


2.181-2.22} 
2.20 -2.234 
2.16 -2.23 
2.05 -2.17J 
2.14!-2.21f 


" 15 


" 22 .... 


" 29 . . 


Average 


August 5 


0.58 -0.61| 
0.55J-0.60J 
0.541-0.55} 
0.55 -0.55} 
55}-0.581 


0.57 -0.58| 
0.53}-0.57} 
0.501-0.51} 
0.51 -0.51} 
0.53 -0.55 


0.52 -0.521 
0.48}-0.51| 
0.461-0.47} 
0.47 -0.47} 
0.48H> .50 


0.52 -0.52| 
0.48}-0.51} 
0.461-0.47} 
0.47 -0.47} 
0.481-0.50 


2.131-2.201 
2.011-2.141 
2.021-2.08 
1.87}-2.07i 
2.011-2.121 


2.091-2.161 
1.961-2.081 
1.97i-2.03 
1.83}-2.02} 
1.96}-2.07J 


1.931-2.001 
1.811-1.941 
1.801-1.86 
1.70 -1.801 
1.811-1.901 


12 


" 19 . 


" 26 


Average 


September 2 . . 
9.. 
16.. 
23.. 
30. . 
Average 


0. 541-0. 55i 
0.54f-0.57i 
0.54|-0.57| 
0.541-0.561 
0.521-0.54! 
0.53J-0.56 


0.50}-0.51} 
0.511-0.541 
0.511-0.541 
0.521-0. 55 I 
0.51 -0.53| 
511-0.54 


0.46J-0.47} 
0.471-0.491 
0.47f-0.49f 
0.491-0.511 
0.47 -0.47J 
0.471-0.491 


0.46}-0.47} 
0.471-0.491 
0.47}-0.49i 
0. 491-0.51f 
0.47 -0.47J 
0.47f-0.49i 


1.90 -1.931 
1.941-2.031 
1.93 -2.01 
2.08 -2.171 
1.99 -2.06 
1.97 -2.041 


1.86 -1.891 
1.90J-1.971 
1.89 -1.97 
2.04 -2.131 
1.95 -2.02 
1.93 -1.991 


.70 -1.73J 
.741-1.851 
.77 -1.85 
.91 -2.011 
.83 -1.88J 
1.79}{o-1.86} 


October 7 . . 
14.... 
" 21.... 
" 28.... 
Average 


0.52 -0.53 
0.52H>. 541 
0.51|-0.53| 
0. 51|-0. 52$ 
0.51J-0 531 


0.51 -0.52 
0.481-0.51 
0.46}-0.49i 
0.46}-0.471 
0.481-0 50 


0.471-0.481 
0.461-0.481 
0.421-0.46! 
0.42f-0.431 
9.44H) 46! 


0.471-0.481 
0.461-0.481 
0.42-1-0.461 
0.421-0.431 
0.441-0 46| 


1.971-2.00 
1.971-2.071 
2.13 -2.16 
2.15}-2.40 
2 06 -2.15! 


1.931-1.941 
1.92 -2. OH 
2.09 -2.12 
2.11}-2.36 
2.011-2 11 


1.82}-1. 84i 
1.81 -1.90* 
1.83 -1.99 
1.73 -1.91} 
1.80 -1.91} 


November 4.. 
11.. 
18.. 
25. . 
Average.... 


0.511-0 .52J 
0.52J-0.531 
0.52}-0.561 
0.521-0.551 
0.521-0 .S4| 


0.461-0.481 
0.48 -0.481 
0.48 -0.52| 
0.49 -0.5H 
0.471-0 501 


0.401-0.42* 
0.41}-0.421 
0.41J-0.49} 
0.451-0.471 
0.421-0.451 


0.401-0.421 
0.41f-0.42i 
0.41f-0.49} 
0.451-0.471 
0.421-0.451 


2.171-2.45 
2.02 -2.21 
2.041-2.101 
1.991-2.07J 
2.05}-2.21 


2.12 -2.41 
1.98 -2.14 
2.001-2.06 
1.95 -2 03 
2.011-2.16 


1.76 -1.82 
1.64 -1.80 
1.641-1.66} 
1.56}-1.63} 
1.651-1.731 


December 2.. 
" 9.. 
16.. 
23.. 
30. . 
Average 


0.52J-0 541 
0.531-0.55! 
0.541-0.551 
0.55 -0.56 
0.55|-0.57} 
8 54H> 55! 


0.48i-0.491 
0.49 -0.501 
0.491-0.501 
0.50 -0.51 
0.50}-0.52} 
0.49H> 501 


0.441-0.461 
0.44 -0.451 
0.43J-0-441 
0.441-0.-* 6 
0.46}-0.47} 
0.44|-0.46}io 


0.441-0.461 
0.44 -0.45! 
0.43}-0.44i 
0.441-0.46 
0.46}-0.47} 
0. 44f-. 46i 


1.97 -2.021 
1.971-2.04 
2.07 -2.171 
2.07 -2.101 
2.09}-2.15j 
2 031-2.10 


1.89-1.981 
1.93 -1.98 
2.01 -2.12J 
2. 021-2. 06 J 
2.02}-2.11 
1.97} -2. 051 


1.53 -1.63} 
1.54}-1. 66} 
1.63 -1.761 
1.70 -1.77 
I. 74}- 1.85 
1.63Mo-1.73| 



286 



PRODUCTION 



32. Monthly Range of Average Cash Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax seed at 
Winnipeg, basis in store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1920-1922. 



Date. 


BARLBV 
(per bushel 
of 48 Ib.) 

No.SC.W. 


OATS (per bushel of 34 Ib.) 


FLAX seed (per bushel of 56 Ib.) 


No.2C.W. 


No.SC.W. 


No. 1 Feed. 


No. 2 Feed. 


No. 1 
N.C.W. 


No.2C.W. 


No. 3 C.W. 


Averages 
for 
Jan. 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


$ c. $ c. 

1.72 -1.75 1 , 
0.88-0.931 
0.53}-0.55J- 


$ c. $ c. 

0.721-0.941 
0.501-0.521 
0.421-0.431 


$ c. $ c. 

0.884-0.91} 
0.47 -0.49i 
0.391-0.401 


$ c. S c. 

0.86H>.89 
0.44-J-0.47J 
0.37 -0.38J 


$ c. $ c. 

n. 831-0 .851 
0.41|-0.44} 
0.36H>.38 


$ c. $ c. 

4.87f-4.85} 
1.94 -2.05-1 
1.751-1.82 


S c. $ c. 

4.77M.894 
1.90 -2. OH 
1. 71f-l. 77J 


$ c. $ c. 

4.451-4.57} 
1.661-1.76} 
1.46f-1.53 


Feb. 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1.67 -1.76f 
0.80 -0.84| 
0.591-0. 61| 


0.93 -0.96f 
0.471-0.50 
0.47f-0. 481 


0.891-0.93f 
0.43J-0.451 
0.44! -0.45} 


0.87J-0.9H 
0.41J-0.43J 
0.43 -0.44} 


0.851-0 .89J 
0.38f-0.4(H 
0.401-0.41 1 


5.07J-5.26J 

1.761-1.85 

2.151-2.271 


4. 801-4. 99 J 
1.72J-1.81 
2.11 -2.22| 


4.461-4.65} 
1.481-1.56} 
1.86}-1. 99| 


Mar. 1920. 

1921. 
1922. 


1.68}-1. 73} 
0.811-0.85 
0.64 -0.66 


0.971-0.991 
0.481-0.49} 
0.49^-0.511 


0.941-0.96} 
0. 43|-0. 44 J 
0.44i-0.48f 


0.94^-0.95} 
0.42J-0.42| 
0. 43|-0. 45} 


0.92J-0.94} 
0. 381-0. 39 1 
0.401-0.421 


5.27 -5.531 
1.74J-1. 78| 
2.33I-2.38J 


5.17J-5.44} 
1.70J-1.74} 
2.28J-2.33J 


4.761-5.044 
1.451-1.49} 
2.051-2.11 


April 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1.674-1.731 
0.74^-0.785- 
0.65}-0.671 


0.97|-1. 00) 

0.42 : ; -0.451 
0.49 -0.51} 


0.94i-0.97 
0.37|-0.40^ 
0.44|-0.46| 


0.93J-0-96 
0.35i-0.38i 

0.43}-0.45J 


0.92J-0.94J 
0.33}-0.36J 
0.401-0.42| 


5,264-6. 4M 

1.46i-1.581 
2.29^0-2.38 


5.18I-5.40J 
1.42 -1.53} 
2.25|-2.35} 


4.70J-5.00J 
1.15H.27* 
2.104-2.18} 


May 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1.78f-1.82i 
0.75^-0.79 
0.671-0. 69J 


1. 164-1. 20| 

0.431-0.46 
0.531-0.551 


1.15J-1.17i 
0.391-0.42 
0.50i-0.52J 


1.121-1. 15i 
0.37f-0.40 
0.481-0.50? 


1.10 -1.13} 
0.351-0.381 
0.46}-0.48} 


4.84f-5.05J 
1.644-1.734 

2.46}-2.47| 


4.824-5.01} 
1.60 -1.691 
2.40 -2.43| 


4.17H.35J 
1.32 -1.414 
2.23 -2.27| 


June 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1. 90}-1. 93f 
0.77J-0.80i 
0.64i-0.66l 


1.854-1 .33i 

0.47|-0.49| 
0.511-0.531 


1.25 -1.33 
0.43 -0.441 
0.49 -0.51 


1.244-1. 32f 
0.40I-0.42J 
0.46|-0-48J 


0.401-0-42 
0.431-0.46 


4. 23f-4. 39 J 
1.771-1.84 
2.29i-2.41| 


4.191-4.351 
1.731-1.80 
2.25}-2.34} 


3.691-3.84 
1.471-1-55 
2.081-2.16 


July 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1. 631-1. 741 
0.781-0.821 
0.64 -0.65i 


1.12f-1.22 
0.49|-0.52i 
0.501-0.51} 


1.10i-1.20J 
0.47 -0.49J 
0.47J-0.48J 


1.09 -1.18| 
0.44J-0.47J 
0.45i-0.46| 


0.43f-0.46| 
0.421-0.44 


3.63|-3.82| 
1.861-1.93} 
2.38J-2.431 


3.591-3.781 
1.821-1.89} 
2.344-2.381 


3.09}-3.291 
1. 564-1. 63i 
2.14J-2.21I 


Aug. 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1.37J-1.431 
0. 764-0. 79J 
0.55f-0.58^ 


0.941-0.98} 
0.474-0-50 
0.441-0.47} 


0.93 -0.961 
0.47 -0.49 
0.40H).42i 


0.82J-0.91i 
0.46 -0.484 
0.37J-0.381 


0.85J-0.88J 
0.44|-0.46i 
0.34J-0-36I 


4.70|-3.53| 
1.96 -2.041 
2.01i-2.12i 


3.391-3-471 
1.92|-2.01 
l.96f-2.071 


2.96 -3.05J 
1.66 -1.73} 
1. 814-1. 90i 


Sept. 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1.204-1.26f 
0.701-0.74 
0.531-0.56 


0.85H>.861 
0.46|-0.48| 
0.44 1-0. 46 


0.77i-0.85 
0.44 -0.46 
0.41H>.43 


0.761-0. 83 J 
0.421-0.44J 
0.3J4-0.391 


0.671-0.82 
0.401-0.43 
0.351-0.37 


3.391-3.52f 
1.96f-2.041 
1.97 -2.04} 


3.334-3.45} 
1.92|-2.001 
1.93 -1.99} 


3.03}-3.17i 
1.671-1.761 
1.79^0-1.86} 


Oct. 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


1.114-1.17 
0.56 -0.59} 
0.511-0.53} 


0.701-0.741 
0.411-0.43} 
0.41-J-0.45} 


0.66HJ.68J 
0.38f-0.40| 
0.39 -0.41J 


0.631-0.671 
0.36J-0.39 
0.37 -0.39f 


0.61 -0.64 
0.34H>.36| 
0.33J-0.36J 


3.024-3.061 

1.78J-1-87 
2.06 -2.15| 


2.881-3.021 
1.74|-1.83 
2.014-2.11 


2.52f-2. 651 
1.481-1.574 
1.80 -1.91J 


Nov. 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


0.98 -1.11 
0.55J-0.58J 
0.52|-0.54| 


0.591-0.64} 
0.411-0.433 
0.461-0.49 


0.54J-0.59 
0.39i-0.4U 
0.40J-0.43 


0.51}-0.551 
0.371-0.391 
0.38}-0.39 


0.481-0.52 
0.341-0-37} 
0.35}-0.37i 


2.194-2.42} 
1. 17}-1. 76J 
2.05J-2.21 


2.15 -2.38} 
1.674-1.72J 
2.01}-2.16 


1.824-2.04} 
1.414-1. 46} 
1.654-1.73* 


Dec. 1920. 
1921. 
1922. 


0.91J-1.01 
0.54 4-0. 56 J 
0.54|-0.55| 


0.521-0.56 

0.424-0-441 
0.461-0. 47 I 


0.49 1-0. 52i 
O.:5!)i-0.41i 
0.41|-0.43i 


0.461-0.49} 
0.374-0.391 
0.39 -0.41 


0.434-0.46 
0.34J-0.37} 
0.361-0.381 


1.961-2.07 
1.70 -1.75} 
2.03f-2.10 


1.92i-2.02| 
1.66 -1.714 
1.971-2.051 


1.614-1-721 
1.40 -1.45J 
1.63Mo-1.73} 



S3. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and 

Oats, 1920-1922 1 . 



Date. 


WHEAT (per bushel of 60 Ib.) 


OATS 
(per bushel 
of 34 Ib.) 


Averages for 
January 1920 


No. 1. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.291 - 
3.08H-U4 
1.66J-1-691 

2.291 - 
2.811-2.84 
1.81 -1.83} 


No. 2. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.621 - 
3.00Vu-3.03 
1.62 - 1.65 

2.264- - 
2.75}-2.78Ho 
1.75 -1.784 


No. 3. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.86J-2.90Vio 
1.56 -1.59 

2.671-2.70} 
1.65 -1.72 


No. 4. 
S c. S c. 

2.951-3.06 
1.534-1.56 

2.601-2.631 
1.664-1.65 


S c. S c. 

1.62J-1.651 
1.13 -1.171 
0.804-0.82} 

1.68H-714 
1.02J-1.104 
0.97 -0.99* 


1921 


1922 


February 1920 


1921 


1922.. 



iPrices converted at par of exchange. 



PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 



287 



33. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and 

Oats, 1920-1922 concluded. 



Date. 


WHEAT (per bushel of 60 Ib.) 


OATS 
(per bushel 
of 34 Ib.) 


Averages for 
March 1920.. 


No. 1. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.48|- - 
2.79J-2.824 
1.97i-2.02f 

2. 7SJ- - 
2.714-2.744 
1.86f-l. 89i 

2.79| - 
2.75 -2.77| 
1.87^-1.93 

2.79| - 
2-69J-2.72i 
1. 76f-l. 78 I 

2.79f- - 
2-6H-2.64J 
1.80J-1.83Ko 

2.831- - 
2.701-2.73! 
1.76|-1.79| 

2.85?- - 
2.774-2.801 

i.iflf-i.asj 

3.101-3.62 
2.00Ko-2.06| 
1.591-1.621 

3.60*-3.62 
1.61 -1.64| 
1.624-1.654 

3.34f-3.30| 
1.654-1.684 
1.57J-1.60| 


No. 2. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.40i- - 
2.75J-2.78J 
1.90-1.95 

2.76 
2.68f-2.714 
1.84 -1.85J 

2.76J - 
2.72 -2.75 
1. 844-1. 87* 

2.76J - 
2 66 | 2 69 


No. 3. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.67f-2.70J 
1.84jio-1.87f 

2.61i-2.64i 
1.78 -1.81 

2.66 -2.69 
1.73 -1.76| 

2.62 -2.644 
1. 62|-1. 65^ 

2.53J-2.55i- 
1.624-1.661 

2.76J - 
2.604-2.634 
1.641-1.671 

2.76| 
1.42 -1.449/10 

2.97|-3.44| 
1.75|-1.77| 
1.50|-1.53| 

3.40 -3.44! 
1. 51f-l. 54f 
1.53J-1-56I 

3.14^-3.17* 
1.56|-1.57| 
1.481-1.51! 


No. 4. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.62 -2.65 
1.784-1.811 

2.56 -2.59 
1.72 -1.75 

2.61J-2.65 
1.67 -1.70 

2.50*-2.534 
1.591-1.624 

2.39 -2.41| 
1.58 -1.60| 

2.72 
2.574-2.604 
1.614-1.64 

2.731 
1.39 -1.41f 

2.94I-3.38J 
1.70 -1.73 
1. 471-1 .50i 

3.37 -3.384 
1.48M.51I 
1.50J-1.53I 

3.13i-3.13J 
1.53|-1.56| 
1.45Vw-1.48| 


$ c. $ c. 

1.611-1.64 
0. 92f-0- 96* 
1.39 -1.44J 

0.76H).78f 
1.484-1.53f 
0.79 -0.81J 
1.62J-1.65J 
0. 801-0- 82 J 

1.62J-l-65i 
0.801-0.86 
0.801-0.821 

1.62H.65J 
0. 92J-0. 98i 
0.75 1-0. 78-i 

1.62H.65J 
0.97 |-1. OOi 
0.75 -0.77* 

1.61H.63J 
0.784-0.81 
0.771-0.80 

1. 55|-1. 58i 
0.92 -0.94J 
0.80H).821 

1.21J-1-29J 
0.904-0.931 
0.78i-0.80J 


1921 


1922 


April 1920.. 
1921 


1922 


May 1920.. 


1921 


1922 


June 1920. . 


1921 


1922 


1 73 1 75| 


July 1920. . 


2.76| - 
2.58i-2.60| 
1.75?H.78| 

2.80f - 
2.67|-2.70| 
1.70J-1.73I 

2.82f - 
1.47 -1.50J 

3. 05|-3. 53 i 
1.91J-1.96! 
1.561-1.594 

3.51f-3.53i 
1.58i-1.61 
1 59 3 1 62 1 


1921 


1922 


August 1920. . 


1921 


1922 


September 1920. . 


1921 . .. 


1922 


October 1920.. 


1921 


1922 


November 1920.. 


1921 


1922 


December 1920 


3.26 -3-38| 
1.621-1.654 
1.54J-1.574 


1921 


1922 




Prices converted at par of exchange. 



34. Yearly Average Prices of Home- Grown Wheat, Barley and Oats in England and 

Wales, 1902-1922. 

SOURCE: "London Gazette," published pursuant to Sec. 8 of the Corn Returns Act, 1882. 



Years. 


Wheat. 


Barley. * 


Oats. 


Years. 


Wheat. 


Barley. 


Oats. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


psr 
bush. 


per 

qr. 


per 

bush. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


1902... 


s. d. 

28 1 
26 9 
28 4 
29 8 
28 3 
30 7 
32 
36 11 
31 8 
31 8 
34. 9 


$ c. 

0.85 
0.81 
0.86 
0.90 
0.86 
0.93 
0.97 
0.82 
0.96 
0.96 
1.06 


s. d. 

25 8 
22 8 
22 4 
24 4 
24 2 
25 1 
25 10 
26 10 
23 1 
27 3 
30. 8 


$ c. 

0.78 
0.69 
0.68 
0.74 
0.73 
0.76 
0.79 
0.82 
0.70 
0.83 
0.93 


s. d. 

20 2 
17 2 
16 4 
17 4 
18 4 
18 10 
17 10 
18 11 
17 4 
18 10 
21 6 


$ c. 

0.61 
0.52 
0.50 
0.53 
0.56 
0.57 
0.54 
0.58 
0.53 
0.57 
0.65 


1913 


s. d. 

31 8 
34 11 
52 10 
58 5 
75 9 
72 10 
72 11 
80 10 
71 6 
47 11 


S c. 

0.96 
1.06 
1.61 
1.78 
2.30 
2.22 
2.22 
2.46 
2.17 
1.46 


s. d. 

27 3 
27 2 
37 4 
53 6 
64 9 
59 
75 9 
89 5 
52 2 
40 3 


1 c. 

0.83 
0.83 
1.13 
1.56 
1.89 
1.72 
2.21 
2.60 
1.52 
1.18 


s. d. 

19 1 
20 11 
30 2 
33 5 
49 10 
49 4 
52 5 
56 10 
34 2 
29 1 


$ c. 

0.58 
0.64 
0.92 
0.89 
1.32 
1.31 
1.39 
1.51 
0.90 
0.77 


1903 


1914.... 
1915 


1904 


1905 


1916 
1917 
1918 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1919 


1909 


1920 


1910 


1921 


1911 


1922 


1912 







288 



PRODUCTION 



35. Average Monthly Prices of Flour, Bran and Shorts, at Principal Markets, 1922. 

(SOURCE- For Montreal, Trade Bulletin; for Toronto, Dealeis quotations; for Winnipeg and U.S. cities 

"The Northwestern Miller," Minneapolis). 



Month . 



1922. 



January 

February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December.. 



Flour 
Manitoba 
Standard 

grade. 



Per brl. 
% eta 
7.50 
7.875 
8.515 
8.50 
8.50 
7.90 
7.81 
7.65 
7.50 
6.63 
6.97 
7.10 



Montreal. 



Flour 
Ontario 
del d at 
Montreal. 



Per brl. 
$ cts. 
5.001 
5.20 1 
6.212 
6.26 J 
6.925 
6.68 
6.16 
5.333 
5. OP 
5.25 
5.48 
5.70 



Bran. 



Per ton. 
$ cts 

27.25 

29.31 

32.50 

32.34 

31.187 

26.45 

24.44 

24.58 

20.50 

20.00 

22.50 

24.00 



Shorts. 



Per ton. 
I cts. 
29.25 
30.94 
33.00 
33.00 
32.062 
28.45 
26.44 
26.75 
22.50 
22.00 
24.50 
26.00 



Toronto. 



First Pat 
en tsFloui 
(Jute 
bags). 



Per brl. 
$ cts 
7.50 
8.00 
8.50 
8.50 
8.50 
7.80 
7.80 
7.80 
6.8C 
6.50 
7.00 
7.10 



i irst Pat- 

nts Flour 

(Cotton 

bags). 



Per brl. 
$ cts. 
7.70 
8.20 
8.70 
8.70 
8.70 
8. CO 
8.00 
8.00 
6.90 
6.60 
7.10 
7.20 



Bran. 



Per ton. 
S cts. 
28.25 
28.25 
28.25 
28.25 
28.25 
28.25 
25.25 
25.25 
21.25 
20.25 
23.25 
24.25 



Shorts. 



Pei ton. 
S cts. 
30.25 
30.25 
30.25 
30.25 
30.25 
30.25 
27.25 
23.25 
23.25 
22.25 
25.25 
26.25 



Month. 



1922. 



January 

February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August , 

September. 
October.... 
November. 
December. 



Winnipeg. 



Flour. 



Per brl. 
$ cts. 
7.15 
7.45 
8.00 
8.00 
8.00 
7.40 
7.30 
7.22 
6.32 
6.30 
6.45 
6.52 



Bran. 



Per ton. 
S cts. 
19.00 
20.50 
22.00 
22.00 
22.00 
21.00 
20.00 
20.00 
17.60 
17.00 
17.50 
18.00 



Shorts. 



Per ton. 
$ cts. 
21.00 
22.50 
24.00 
24.00 
24.00 
23.00 
22.00 
22.00 
19.60 
19.00 
19.50 
20.00 



Minneapolis. 



Flour. 



Per brl. 
$ cts. $ cts. 
7.25 7.65 
8.25 8.75 
7.97 8.60 
8.20 8.94 
8.07 8.89 

7.46 8.19 
7.75 8.21 
7.00 7.39 

6.47 7.17 
6.44 7.07 
6.75 7.36 
6.87 7.42 



Bran. 



Per ton. 
( cts. $ cts. 
21.20 21.80 
22.25 25.50 
24.37 26.25 
22.60j-23.40 
21.40 22.30 
16.12 16.87 

15.62 16.75 
14.75 15.50 
16.75 17.50 
21.80 22.60 

22.63 23.00 
24.60 24.70 



Shorts. 



Per ton. 
> cts. $ cts. 
20.80 21.60 
25.05 26.25 
26.25 26.75 
23.50 24.00 
22.00 22.30 
16.75 17.75 
17.25 18.12 
16.62 17.00 
17.75 18.50 
22.80 24.00 
23.50 24.00 
24.70 24.70 



Duluth. 



Flour. 



Per brl. 
S cts. $ cts. 
7.10 7.35 
7.75 8.02 
7.87 8.12 
8.10 8.40 
7.862 8.40 
7.46 7.79 
7.68 7.88 
7.19 7.44 
6.53 6.78 
6.61 6.86 
7.10 7.35 
7.15 7.35 



NOTE The ton=2,000 Ib. and the barrel = 196 Ib. 90 
second hand jute bags at Toronto. Winter Wheat, ex. track, 



p.c. patent (Tor.) *Flour Standard Ont. in 
"Trade Bulletin." 



AVERAGE PRICES OF CANADIAN LIVE STOCK 



289 



36. Average Prices per cwt. of Canadian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 1923, 1921 

and 1922. 

SOURCE: Markets Intelligence Division, Live Stock Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. 



Classification 




Toronto. 






Montreal. 






1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Steers heavy finished 


$ eta 

13-77 


$ cts 

7-73 


$ cts 
7-52 


$ cts 


$ cts 

e.qo 


$ cts. 
8.7 1 ; 


Steers 1,000-1,200 lb., good .... 


12-89 


7-58 


7-14 


13-08 


8-24 


7. fin 


Steers 1,000-1,200 lb., common. 


10-22 


6-64 


5-94 


11-42 


5-97 


"5.Q3 


Steers 700-1,000 lb., good 


12-27 


7-24 


6-81 


12-34 


7-55 


fi.71 


Steers 700-1,000 lb., common 


8-65 


5-24 


5-61 


8-08 


5-85 


K.K1 


Heifers, good 


12-56 


7-66 


6-87 


11-62 


7-19 


R.I;K 


Heifers, fair 


8-82 


6-18 


5-78 


8-81 


5-Q1 


5.4.Q 


Heifers, common 


7-67 


4-35 


4-69 


7-10 


^sn 


A. A A 


Cows, good 


10-65 


5-86 


5-06 


9-77 


5-RR 


K.27 


Cows, common 


7-89 


4-5 9 


3-82 


6-91 


4-65 


1.07 


Bulls, good 


10-46 


5-55 


4-55 


11-13 


6 .QQ 


5. S3 


Bulls, common 


6-98 


3-71 


3-15 


5-06 


3-43 


3.^8 


Canners and cutters 


4-66 


2-49 


1-86 


4-48 


2-28 


9-1Q 


Oxen 






3 50 


10-30 


fi.97 


6. ^fi 


Calves, veal 


16-79 


10-24 


9-37 


12-13 


fi.Q4 


7. CQ 


Calves, grass 


8-58 


3-04 


3-69 


6-99 


2-Q9 


3.R9 


Stockers 450-800 lb. , good 
Stockers 450-800 lb., fair 
Feeders 800-1,000 lb., good . . 
Feeders 800-1 , 000 lb ., fair . ... 


9-02 
8.23 
11-22 
10-78 


4-87 
3-15 
7-01 
3-90 


5-24 
4-15 
6-08 
5-18 








Hogs (fed and watered), selects 


18-98 


11-72 


12-66 


19-82 


12-52 


!?, on 


Hogs (fed and watered), heavies. . . 


18-87 


10-01 


10-95 


18-97 


10-11 


12-15 


Hogs (fed and watered), lights 


16-58 


9-56 


11-74 


18-06 


12-13 


12-45 


Hogs (fed and watered), sows 


15-41 


8-17 


g-83 


16-24 


001 


Ifi.flfi 


Hogs (fed and watered), stags 


13-27 


9-25 


4-95 


13-83 


9-92 


7-23 


Lambs, good 


13 86 


9-59 


12-88 


12-79 


8-23 


in.Q^ 


Lambs, common 


10-04 


7-43 


9-29 


10-58 


fi-4Q 


8.QQ 


Sheep, heavy 


8-52 


4-64 


4-25 






fi.^n 


Sheep, light 


8-65 


5-25 


6-53 


10-44 


4-56 


5.49 


Sheep, common 


5-36 


2-91 


2-97 


7-17 


3-37 


3.Q3 





















Winnipeg. 






Edmonton 






1920. 


1921. 


192?. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Steers heavy finished 


$ cts 
10-12 


$ cts 
5-41 


S cts 

5-28 


$ cts 

12-28 


$ cts. 
5-27 


$ cts. 
5-10 


Steers 1,000-1, 200 lb., good 


10-46 


5-78 


5-59 


9-65 


5-49 


5-03 


Steeis 1,000-1,200 common 


6-91 


3-89 


4-09 


5-83 


3-85 


3-12 


Steers 700-1,000 lb., good 


9-80 


5-67 


5-49 


8-30 


4-77 


4-87 


Steers 700-1,000 lb., common 


6-24 


4-12 


3-91 


5-83 


3-68 


2-05 


Heifers, good 


8-36 


5-19 


5-43 


7-68 


3-58 


4.3(1 


Heifers, fair 
Heifers, common 


6-42 
5-07 


4-04 
2 92 


4-29 
3-15 


6-18 
5-62 


3-47 


3-38 
9.R4. 


Cows, good i 


8-79 


4-34 


4-00 


7-97 


2- g9 


3-fifl 


Cows, common 


5-91 


3-18 


3-01 


5-71 


4-05 


9-dfi 


Bulls, good 


6-31 


3-32 


9 -84 


6-14 


9.QR 


9.31 


Bulls, common 


4-91 


2-55 


9- 08 


4-22 


9.88 


i . >;i 


Canners and cutters 


3-65 


2-06 


1-75 


3-54 


2-19 


1-35 


Oxen 


6-30 


2-87 


9- 83 


o.ss 


2-04 


9.39 


Calves, veal.. . . 


8-46 


5-47 


5.71 


S-fifi 


3.fift 


4.AQ 


Calves, grass 










3-31 




Stockers 450-800 lb., good... 
Stockers 450-8CO lb., fair 


6-48 
5-39 


3-52 
2-81 


3-61 
2-74 


7-12 
5-54 


3-46 

2-87 


3-35 
2-51 


Feeders 800-1,000 lh., good . 
Feeders 800-1,000 lb., fair 
Hogs (fed and watered), selects 


8-33 
6-49 
18-33 


4-27 
3-61 
12-01 


4-37 
3-48 
11-15 


9-94 
18-11 


3-34 
3-06 
10-70 


3-89 
3-16 
10-33 


Hogs (fed and watered), heavies. 


16-56 


9-56 


8-61 


17-26 


9-98 


9-25 


Hogs (fed and watered), lights . . . 


16-01 


11-00 


10-75 


16-40 


7-44 


7-69 


Hogs (fed and watered), stags 
Hogs (fed and watered), sows 


11-77 
13-94 


6-07 
6-77 


4-66 
7-12 


15-07 
16-11 


6-00 
8-22 


7-29 

7.91 


Lambs, good 


11-11 


8-88 


10-82 


Q-Q8 


7-58 


Q.fi9 


Lambs, common 


6-65 


6-26 


7-01 


7-61 


i.fifi 


fi.Q7 


Sheep, heavy.. . . 














Sheep, light 


7-23 


5-21 


6-52 


7-93 


5.2g 


. os 


Sheep, common 


4-81 


2-98 


3-50 


6-73 


3-54 


4^07 

















6237319 



290 



PRODUCTION 



37 -Average Monthly Prices per cwt. of Canadian Live Stock at Principal 

Markets, 1922. 

SOUHCE: Markets Intelligence Division, Live Stock Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. 



Classification. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. i 


^pril. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Montreal 
Steers, 1,000-1,200 lb., 
good 


$ c. 

7-33 


$ c. 

7-20 


S c. 
7-7C 


$ c. 

8-22 


$ c. 

8-55 


$ c. 
8-39 


$ c. 

7-76 


$ c. 

6-37 


$ c. 

6-C2 


$ c. 
5-66 


$ c. 
5-14 


c. 
5-69 


Heifers, good 


6-44 


6-48 


7-06 


7-62 


8-30 


8-18 


7-18 


6-28 


5-65 


5-43 


4-75 


5-25 


Calves, veal 
Hogs (fed and water- 


10-06 
12-66 


10-72 
13-78 


7-00 
13-95 


5-56 
14-06 


6-14 
14-47 


5-28 
14-89 


5-23 
15-08 


6-82 
13-18 


8-50 
12-38 


8-45 
11-52 


9-13 
11-15 


9-30 
11-33 


Hogs (fed and water- 








14-15 


_ 


_ 


13-99 


12-92 


12-31 


11-28 


11-13 


11-39 




9-06 


10-04 


10-7C 


1C -50 


14-97 


11-94 


10-25 


9-55 


10-53 


10-73 


1 1 03 


11 -SO 


Sheep, light 


4-43 


5-92 


6-63 


7-68 


6-81 


5-15 


4-38 


4-34 


4-29 


3-93 


5-33 


6-29 


Toronto 
Steers, 1,000-1,200 lb., 
good 


6-80 


7-06 


7-29 


7-74 


8-34 


8-45 


7-88 


6-95 


6-70 


6-30 


5-57 


6-62 




6-40 


6-63 


6-93 


7-51 


7-95 


8-27 


.7-51 


6-86 


6-44 


5-95 


5-50 


6-48 


Calves, veal 


10.93 


11.73 


9.51 


7.26 


7.65 


7.71 


7.61 


9.17 


10.33 


10.88 


9.09 


10.51 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed) selects 


11-54 


13-24 


13-23 


13-43 


13-77 


14-24 


14-56 


13-34 


12-C7 


10-97 


10-84 


10-73 


Hops (fed and water 
ed), lights 
Lambs good 


10-23 
12-41 


12-30 
13-38 


12-17 
13-32 


12-4? 

13-55 


12-76 
15-60 


13-24 
15-55 


13-69 
12-80 


12-40 
11-20 


11-08 
11-39 


9-79 
11-07 


10-58 
12-31 


10-16 
11-98 


Sheep light . . . 


5-91 


7-64 


7-96 


8-51 


7-26 


5-35 


5-45 


4-93 


5-38 


6-18 


6-82 


01 


Winnipeg 
Steers 1,000-1,200 lb., 
good 


5-51 


5-61 


6-01 


6-29 


7-2C 


6-90 


5-95 


5-23 


4-89 


4-35 


4-3 


4-74 


Heifers, good 


5-54 


5-45 


5-73 


6-07 


7-08 


6-87 


6-19 


5-00 


4-79 


4-05 


3-8 






6-65 


6-86 


7-23 


7-82 


7-68 


5-45 


5-92 


5-12 


4-55 


3-96 


3 


98 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed), selects 
Hogs (fed and water 
ed), lights 
Lambs, good 
Sheep light 


9-79 

9-71 
8-47 
5-60 


11-79 

11-41 
9-01 

5-28 


11-64 

11-55 
10-78 
6-84 


11-84 

11-74 
13-48 
9-15 


12-13 

11-66 
13-87 
10-03 


12-47 

12-28 
13-33 
6-97 


13-10 

12-61 
11-24 
6-31 


11-90 

11-18 
9-23 
4-95 


11-10 

10-41 

9-44 
5-16 


9-54 

9-23 
10-37 

5-92 


9-3 

8-4 
9-8 

5-8 


9-12 

8-78 
10-77 
6-15 


Calgary 
Steers, 1,000-1,200 lb., 
good 


4-71 


5-CO 


5-00 



5-08 


6-05 


6-5C 


4-89 


4-47 


4-25 


3-98 


3-7 


4-13 

3 Aft 




4-12 


4-50 


4-7J 


4-80 


5-38 


5-58 


4-C4 


3-28 


3-15 


o-lt 






Calves veal 


4.76 


5.51 


5.75 


5.90 


6. OS 


5.73 


4.28 


3.65 


3. 80 


3.27 


2.y 




Hogs, (fed and water 
ed) selects ....... 


9-0 


10-91 


10 -8C 


11-13 


11-7E 


11-9J 


11-97 


11 -0 


10-17 


8-5S 


8-4 


8-50 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed) lights 


1-94 


8-11 


8-OJ 


8-or 


8-7J 


g.ft 


s-se 


7-9S 


7-CC 


5-4f 


7-4 


7-46 

9. 10 


Lambs, good 


8-5J 
5-91 


9-4r 

6-75 


10-6J 
7-0( 


ll-OC 
) 7-5 


11-K 

8-11 


12 -Of 
8-3( 


9-2C 
7-11 


10-K 
7-0( 


10-1S 
1 7-OC 


10-H 
7-0( 


6-8 


6-48 


Edmonton 
Steers, 1,000-1,200 lb. 


5-3( 


5-71 


5-6 


J 5-7 


) 6-4 


6-3( 


) 4-8( 


) 4-(M 


) 4-0( 


) 3-8! 


4- 


4-43 

3.QQ 




4-2 


4-5, 


4-7, 


i 5-01 


i 6-0< 


) 5-8< 


) 3-7( 


) 3-4 


J 3-6( 


,5-A 








4-9 


5 6-0( 


J 6-01 


) 7-(X 


) 7-5 


) 6-0 


5 3-6! 


1 3-4; 


i 3-5( 


) 2-9 


2-0 




Hogs (fed and water 
cd) Delects . . . 


9-0 


3 10-9 


3 10-8 


7 10-5 


3 11-3 


5 11-8 


1 11-9, 


i 10-4 


7 9-4 


7 9-3 


1 9- 




Hogs (fed and water 
ed) lights 


5-8 


3 7-5 


8 7-9 


3 7-4 


3 8-5 


5 8-7 


1 8-5 


5 7-5 


I 6-4 


7 7-2 


1 8- 


7-97 

Q.9 1 ! 


Larnbs, good 


. 8-5 
5-2 


1 8-7 
1 6-0 


5 9-1 
D 6-0 


3 9-8 
D 6-4 


3 12-0 
1 8-7 


3 11-8 
5 8-0 


} 8-11 
2 5-1 


) 8-9 
, 1 


3 9-fr 

i 


y-o 


3 7- 


5-55 





























Clover and Grass Seed Prices. A special survey of clover and grass seed 
prices has been undertaken annually in recent years by the Dominion Bureau of 
Statistics, in co-operation with the Seed Branch of the Dominion Department of 
Agriculture. Statistics of prices paid by farmers and to farmers for grade Na 
clover and grass seed are given for 1923 by provinces in Tables 38 and 39, togei 
with averages for Canada in the years 1919 to 1923. 



IXDEX NUMBERS OF AGRICULTURAL PRICES 



291 



38. Average Prices per Ib. paid by farmers for Grade Xo. 1 Clover and Grass Seed, by 

provinces, during April and May, 1923, and Average Prices for 

Canada during April and May, 1919-23. 



Provinces. 


Red 
Clover. 


Alsike. 


Alfalfa. 


Sweet 
Clover. 


Western 
Rye. 


Timothy . 


Broine 
Grass. 


Prince Edward Island.. . . 


cts. 
33 


cts. 
25 


cts. 


cts. 
19 


cts. 


cts. 
13 


cts. 


Nova Scotia 


31 


23 


43 


19 




14 




New Brunswick 


30 


22 


28 


21 




14 




Quebec . 


30 


23 


30 


13 




14 




Ontario . . . 


26 


18 


28 


10 




jl 




Manitoba. 


35 


28 


42 


15 


12 1 


15 


IS 


Saskatchewan 


45 


43 


65 


16 


131 


18 - 


141 


Alberta 


48 


38 


41 


20 


14 


18 


ii 


British Columbia 


36 


28^ 


59 


22 1 


141 


16 1 


ifii 


Canada, 1923 . . 


29 


9 1 


34 


13 


13 


134 


14 


1922 


32i 


261 


38? 


15? 


17 3 


14 




1921 


40i 


41-5 


51* 


2()i 


214 


16-j 


20 


1920 


74* 


69 


65 


45 


38 


23 1 


43 


" 1919 


53| 


44 


43| 


40 


39 


18 1 


37| 



















39. Average Prices per Ib. paid to farmers for Clover and Grass Seed, by provinces, 

during April and May, 1923, and Average Prices for Canada 

during April and May, 1919-23. 



Provinces. 


Red 
Clover. 


Alsike. 


Alfalfa. 


Sweet 
Clover. 


Western 
Rye. 


Timothy. 


Brome 
Grass. 


Prince Edward Island 


cts. 

28 


cts. 
19 


cts. 


cts. 
I 9 


cts. 


cts. 
10 


cts. 


Nova Scotia 
















New Brunswick 


28 


17 








II 1 




Quebec 


26 


19 


13 


09 




12 




Ontario 


18 


12 


21 


07 




08 




Manitoba 








08 


09 


09 


08 


Saskatchewan 








08 


08 


15 


OQ 


Alberta 










06 


08 




British Columbia 

















Canada, 1923. . . 


9Q 


13 


20 


07 l 


AS 


OQ 


ns 3 


" 1922 


21 


ifii 


23 




ini 


ftfl 


no 


" 1921 


29 


8 


26 


11 




12 1 


14 


" 1920... 


66 


56 


55 


29 


25 


90 1 


9Q 


1919 


44 


36 


38 


9<3 1 


97 


16 


QO 



















Index Numbers of Agricultural Prices. Records of the average prices 
received by farmers for agricultural produce have been collected annually since 
1909 through the crop correspondents of the Census and Statistics Office and Dom 
inion Bureau of Statistics. From- these records, annual index numbers have been 
calculated for each crop and for the field crops as a whole. The average prices for 
the five-year pre-war period 1909-1913 have in each case been taken as 100, and 
the figures for each year are expressed as a percentage of these. In calculating the 
index numbers for the combined field crops, the various crops have been weighted 
according to the proportion which the value of each crop in each year bears to the 
total value for that year. Table 40 and its accompanying diagram (p. 293) 
show the great increase which took place in agricultural prices during the war 
period and the fall which took place in 1920, 1921 and 1922. The years 1921 and 
1922 are especially memorable for the great and sudden fall in the prices of 
agricultural produce, and the index numbers provide a convenient means of 
measuring its extent, and of making comparisons with previous years, and 
especially with the maximum prices, which were reached in 1919. For wheat the 
index number in 1922 was 123-2. a slight increase over 1921, when it was 117-4, 
a figure which represented a drop of 117-3 points, as compared with 1920 and of 
62373191 



292 



PRODUCTION 



226-1 points, as compared with 1919. Oats were also appreciably higher in 1922 
than in 1921, 111-8 as against 100. These increases, however, were far more than 
offset by the decreases in the index numbers of the price of rye (from 101-4 to 
81-7), of peas (from 196 to 179), of potatoes (from 167-3 to 117-4), of turnips, etc., 
(from 154-5 to 122-7), of alfalfa (from 172-1 to 110-2), and more especially by 
the cutting almost in half of the price of the great hay and clover crop, the index 
number of which declined from 202-2 in 1921 a high price due to the poorest 
crop on record to 115-5. As a result the index number for agricultural prices as a 
whole fell from 147-5 in 1921 to 117 in 1922. 

40. Index Numbers of Agricultural Prices for Canada, 1914-1922. 

Annual Average Prices, 19C9-1913 = 100. 



Field Crops. 


Annual 
average 
prices 
1909-13.1 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Wheat 


$ 

0.69 
0.34 
0.47 
0.71 
1.00 
1.79 
0.61 
0.57 
1.12 
0-63 
0.46 
0.22 
11.65 
4 95 
5.84 
11.59 


p.c. 

176-8 
141-2 
142-9 
110-7 
146-0 
129-1 
118-0 
115-7 
92-C 
112-7 
106-5 
122.7 
122-1 
99-2 
102 -f 
122-3 


p.c. 

131-9 
105-9 
110-6 
108-4 
165-0 
170-4 
123-0 
100-C 
134-8 
112-7 
130-4 
109-1 
123-3 
99-2 
94-2 
109-4 


p.c. 

189-9 
150-C 
174-5 
156-3 
222-0 
301-7 
175-4 
154-4 
182-1 
169-8 
176-1 
177-3 
99-6 
99-4 
106-? 
92-2 


p.c. 

281-2 
202-9 
229-8 
228-2 
354-0 
416-2 
239-3 
203-5 
236-6 
292-1 
219-6 
209-1 
88-7 
103-8 
115-f 
100-0 


p.c. 

292-8 
229-4 
212-8 
209-9 
299-0 
302-2 
259-0 
200-0 
279-5 
277-8 
213-1 
195-1 
139-5 
124-2 
175-5 
153-9 


p.c. 

343-5 
235-3 
261-7 
197-2 
286-0 
250-3 
245-9 
238-5 
368-8 
206-3 
206-5 
227-3 
177-9 
139-8 
186-0 
188-5 


p.c. 

234-7 
155-9 
176-6 
187-3 
242 -C 
216-8 
209-8 
157-9 
173-2 
184-1 
210-8 
186-4 
224-0 
156-6 
219-1 
205-3 


p.c. 

117-4 
100-0 
100-C 
101-4 
196-0 
162-C 
145-9 
108-7 
l?8-5 
131-7 
167- 
154- 
202- 
142- 
111- 
172-1 


p.c. 

123-2 
111-8 
97-9 
81-7 
179-0 
159-2 
137-7 
105-3 
137-7 
131-7 
117-4 
122-7 
115-5 
100-4 
134-9 
110-2 


Oats 


Barley 


Rye 






Buckwheat 


Mixed grains 


Flax 














Alfalfa 


All Field Crops 


- 


143-0 




122-6 


159-7 


226-0 


227-6 


252-7 


204-9 


147-5 


117-0 




t Prices quoted for 1909-13 are pjr bushel, except for the last four items, where they are per ton. 



8. Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 

Production and Value of Wool. According to estimates published by the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, the estimated production of wool in 1922 was, by 
provinces, as in Table 41. 

41. Estimated Production of Wool by Provinces, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Sheep. 


Sheep s 
wool. 


Lambs. 


Lambs 
wool. 


Total 
sheep and 
lambs. 


Total 
wool. 


P E Island 


No. 
59,244 


Ib. 

414,708 


No. 
46,459 


Ib. 
185,836 


No. 
105,703 


Ib. 

600,544 


Nova Scotia 


185,987 


1,301,909 


143,358 


573,432 


329,345 


,870, .541 


New Rrunswick 


127,886 


895,202 


108,145 


432,580 


236,031 


,64t , tot 


Quebec 


567,095 


3,969,665 


423,823 


1,695,292 


990,918 




Ontario 


501,319 


3,509,233 


485,298 


1,941,192 


986,617 






60,984 


426,888 


50,980 


203,920 


111, 964 




Saskatchewan 


127,598 


893,186 


64,339 


257.356 


191.937 






166.012 


1,162.08-1 


94,354 


377,416 


260,3fifi 




British Columbia 


28,171 


197,197 


21,574 


86,296 


49,745 




Total 


1,824,296 


12,770,072 


1,438,330 


5.753,320 


3,262,626 


18,523,392 

















INDEX NUMBERS OF AGRICULTURAL PRICES 



293 



INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE PRICES or FIELD CROPS, 1909-22 

Aver-aye -Prices 79O9-19J3=JOO 



1909 1910 1911 1912 (9)3 19)4 1915 1916 1917 
350 



1920 >9ZI 1922 
350 



WHEAT 
OATS 
POTATOES 
HAY AND CLOVER 
ALL CROPS 



19/0 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 



1918 19 9 (920 J92I 




294 



PRODUCTION 



The total wool clip of Canada for 1922 was, therefore, estimated at about 
18,523,000 lb., as compared with 21,251,000 Ib. in 1921 and 24,000,000 Ib. in 
1920, the estimate for 1920 being subject to correction by the census returns when 
available. At an average value for unwashed wool of 17-5 cents per lb., the total 
value of the wool clip of 1922 amounted to $3,214,000, as compared with $2,975,000 
in 1921 and $5,280,000 in 1920. The average prices per lb. for washed and unwashed 
wool, by provinces, for the years 1915 to 1921 are given in Table 10. For Canada 
the price in 1922 was 17 cents per lb. for unwashed, and 24 cents per lb. for washed 
wool, representing a substantial recovery from the record low figures of 14 cents 
for unwashed and 22 cents for washed wool, attained in 1921. 

Table 42 shows the total estimates of production and value for 1922, compared 
with the years 1915 to 1921, as previously published. 

42. Production and Value of Wool in Canada, 1915-22. 



Year. 


Sheep. 


Production 
of Wool. 


Aveiage 
price PIT lb. 
of Wool. 


Value. 


1915 


No. 

2.C38.662 


Ibs. 
12,000,000 


cents. 
28 


$ 

3,360,000 


IQlfi 


2,022,941 


12,000,000 


37 


4,440,000 


1917 


2,369,358 


12.000,000 


59 


7,000,000 


1Q10 


3,052,748 


20,000.000 


60 


12,000,000 


lain 


3,421,958 


20,000,000 


6C 


12,000,000 


in9n 


3,720.783 


24,000,000 


22 


5,280,000 


1Q91 


3,675,860 


21,251,000 


14 


2,975,000 


1Q1O 


3,262,626 


18,523,392 


17-5 


3,244,000 













Egg Production in Canada, 1921 and 1922. Calculations published by the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics place the estimated egg production on the farms of 
Canada in 1922 at 194,058,468 dozen, valued at $48,490,578, from 29,945,48- hens 
on farms, as compared with 168,049,154 dozen, valued at $40,968,841, from 25,755,- 
356 hens on farms in 1921. These estimates do not include eggs other than those 
produced on farms. 

Tobacco. Table 43 gives the estimated area and yield of tobacco in Ontario 
and Quebec for the three years 1920 to 1922. 

43. Area and Yield of Tobacco in Canada, 1920-22. 



Provinces. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 




acres. 


acres. 


acres. 


lb. 


}\3. 


lb. 


lb. per 
acre. 


lb. per 
aore. 


ll>. per 
acre. 




20,114 


6,553 


9,189 


21,688,500 


7,121,962 


11,031,870 


1,078 


1,091 


1,201 


Quebec 


33,000 


5,256 


16,573 


26,400,000 


6,127,000 


14,915,700 


800 


1,166 


900 






















Totals and averages 


53,114 


11,809 


25,762 


48,088,500 


13,248,962 


25,947,570 


905 


1,124 


1,007 



The prices paid for Canadian tobacco varied/of course, considerably according 
to type and quality. Assuming for Ontario tobacco an average of 25 cents per lb. 
and for Quebec tobacco an average of 12 cents per lb., the total ^lue of the Can 
adian tobacco crop of 1922 may be placed at $4,547,851, as compared with 12,393,1* 



PRODUCTION OF SUGAR BEETS 



295 



1921 and $5,893,275 in 1920. For Ontario the estimated value is $2,757,967 in 
1922 (11,031,870 Ib. at 25 cents per lb.), as compared with $1,780,490 in 1921 
(7,121,962 lb. at 25 cents per lb.) and $3,253,275 in 1920 (21,688,500 lb. at 15 cents 
per lb.). For Quebec the value in 1922 is $1,789,884 (14,915,700 lb. at 12 cents per 
lb.), as compared with $612,700 in 1921 (6,127,000 lb. at 10 cents per lb.), and 
$2,640,000 in 1920 (26,400,000 lb. at 10 cents per lb.). 

Sugar Beets and Beetroot Sugar. There are three sugar factories in Canada 
which manufacture sugar from Canadian grown sugar beets. They are situated at 
Chatham, Wallaceburg and Kitchener, in the province of Ontario, and are under 
the control of the Dominion Sugar Company, Ltd., of Chatham; only the first 
two of these factories were in operation in 1922. From 1903 until 1914, when it 
went out of business, there was also in operation the Knight Sugar Company of 
Raymond in Alberta. Table 44 gives particulars respecting the area, yield and 
value of sugar beets as a farm crop and of the production of refined sugar made from 
Canadian grown sugar beets for the years 1911-22. 

44. Area, Yield and Value of Sugar Beets in Canada and Production of Refined 

Beetroot Sugar, 1911-1922. 



Year. 


Acres 
grown. 


Yield 
per acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Average 
price 
per ton. 


Total 
value. 


Production 
of refined 
beetroot 
sugar. 


1911.. 


acres. 
20,677 


tons. 
8-50 


tons. 
175,000 


$ cts. 
6-59 


S 
1,154,000 


lb. 
21,3?9,689 


1912 


18,900 


10-50 


201, COO 


5-00 


1,005,000 


26,767,287 


1913 


17.00C 


8-75 


148,000 


6-12 


906,000 


26,149,216 


1914 


12,100 


9-00 


108,600 


6-00 


651,000 


31,314,763 


1915 


18,000 


7-75 


141,000 


5-50 


775,500 


39,515,802 


1916 


15,000 


4-75 


71,000 


6-20 


440,000 


17,024,377 


1917. .... 


14,000 


8.40 


117,600 


6-75 


793.800 


23,376,850 


1918 


18,000 


11-25 


204,000 


12-71 


2,593,715 


50,092,835 


1919 


18,800 


9-50 


180.000 


14-61 


2,630,027 


37,839,271 


1920 


34,491 


9-94 


343,000 


15-47 


5,307,243 


89,280,719 


1921 


25,535 


7-80 


199 , 334 


9-90 


1,974,384 


52,862,377 


1922 


14,955 


8-55 


127,807 


7-56 


966,521 


29,911,770 

















The total value of the beetroot sugar produced in 1922 is estimated at $1,645,885, 
representing an average wholesale price of 5-5 cents per lb. For 1921 the corre 
sponding values were $3,554,203 for total value and 6-7 cents, the average wholesale 
price per lb. In 1920 the average wholesale price per lb. was 14-4 cents, and the 
estimated value of the crop was $12,856,424. 

Maple Sugar. The maple sugar industry of Canada is carried on in the 
provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. From 1851 to 
1861 the average yearly production was about 13,500,000 lb., from 1861 to 1871 
about 17,500,000 lb., from 1871 to 1881, 19,000,000 lb., and from 1881 to 1891 about 
22,000,000 lb. During the next decade the yearly average fell to about 21,200,000 
lb., and in more recent years to a little less than 20,000,000 lb. In the Maritime 
Provinces the yearly t output has rarely exceeded 500,000 lb. Quebec produces 
about 14,300,000 lb. and Ontario 5,000,000 lb. per annum. It is estimated that the 
industry, which represents an average annual value of almost $2,000,000, is carried 
on by about 50,000 growers. Table 45 shows the production and value of maple 
products in the province of Quebec, according to the annual statistics of the Dom 
inion and Quebec Bureaus of Statistics, as follows: 



296 



PRODUCTION 



45. Maple Products in the Province of Quebec, 1918-22. 



Year. 


Maple Sugar. 


Maple Syrup. 


Total 
value of 
sugar 
and 
syrup. 


Quantity. 


Average 
price 
per Ib. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Average 
price 
per gallon. 


Value. 


1918 


Ib. 

10,173,622 
12,353,667 
15,615,141 
12,285,514 
9,016,650 


$ 

0-15 
C-25 
0-20 
0-15 
0-15 


$ 

1,526,043 
3,088,417 
3,123,028 
1,842,827 
1,352-, 497 


gallons. 

1,928,201 
1,470,275 
1,449,649 
1,375,635 
1,575,074 


$ 

1-50 
2-25 
2-50 
1-80 
1-80 


$ 

2,892,301 
3,675,687 
3,624,123 
2,476,143 
2,835,133 


$ 

4,418,344 
6,396,435 
6.747,151 
4,318,970 
4,187,630 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





Stocks of Grain in Canada. Table 46 shows the quantities of grain in 
farmers hands at the close of the Canadian crop year on August 31, 1922, with 
comparative figures for the two previous years, as compiled frcm the estimates of 
crop correspondents. Adding the stocks in the elevators and flour mills, Table 47 
shows the total quantities of grain in store at the close of each of the crop years, 
1920, 1921 and 1922. 

46. Stocks of Grain in Farmers Hands at the end of the crop years 1920-22. 





Total 


In farmers 


Total 


In farmers, 


Total 


In farmers 


Field Crops. 


pro 
duction 


hands, 
Aug. 31, 


pro 
duction 


hands, 
Aug. 31, 


pro 
duction 


hands, 
Aug. 31, 




in 1919. 


1920. 


in 1920. 


1921. 


in 1921. 


1922. 




000 






000 






000 








bush. 


p.c. 


bush. 


bush. 


p.c. 


bush. 


bush. 


p.c. 


bush. 


Wheat 


193,260 


1-10 


2,122,300 


263,189 


0-81 


2,144,400 


300,858 


0-78 


2,360,300 


Barley 


56,389 


1-39 


781,100 


63,311 


1-69 


1,072,900 


59,709 


1-09 


645,200 


Oats 


394,387 


2-16 


8,515, 2CO 


530,710 


5-59 


29,657,300 


426,233 


2-72 


11,613,000 


Rye 


10,207 


0-62 


62,900 


11,306 


0-52 


58,500 


21,455 


0-37 


78,500 


Flaxseed . . 


5,473 


1-45 


79,200 


7,998 


0-63 


50,700 


4,112 


0-15 


6,300 



47 .Stocks of Grain in Canada at the close of the Crop Years 1920, 

1921 atfd 1922. 







Wheat. 






Barley. 




Quantities in 


Aug. 31, 
1920. 


Aug. 31, 
1921. 


Aug. 31, 
1922. 


Aug. 31, 
1920. 


Aug. 31, 
1921. 


Aug. 31, 
1922. 


Farmers hands 


bush. 
2,122,300 


bush. 
2,144,400 


bush. 
2,360,300 


bush. 
781,100 


bush. 
1,07?,9CO 


bush. 
645,200 


Country Elevators in West 


980,000 


1,566,689 


4,657,202 


210,000 


792,955 


768,951 


Terminal Elevators 


1,603,811 


2,367,181 


4,683,435 


171,703 


827,962 


403,977 


Public Klevators 


4,316,527 


874,045 


1,683,700 


337,301 


491,884 


92,339 


Eastern E levators 


30,007 


23,260 




326 


7,718 


- 


Flour Mills 


237,780 


719,624 


1,500,000 


2,000 


27,287 


29,462 


Transit by rail 




6,031,889 


4,578,027 





628,733 


253,499 
















Totals . . 


9,290,425 


13,727,088 


19,462,664 


1,502,430 


3,849,439 


2,193,428 



Quantities in 




Oats. 






Rye. 






bush. 
8,515,200 


bush. 
29,657,3CO 


bush. 
11,613,000 


bush. 
62,900 


bush. 
58,500 


bush. 
78,500 


Country Elevators in West 


560,000 


3,195,676 


1,461,009 




15,025 


753,030 




339,829 


4,668,256 


872,179 


58,209 


393,106 


788,779 




240, 100 


4,724,616 


1,089,189 


_ 


23,379 


8,160 




10,942 


27,562 




308 


5,920 


- 


Flour mills 


14, 846 


350.938 


370,481 


355 


5,698 


2,513 


Transit by rail 




1,336,001 


334,471 


- 


328,922 


975,593 


Totals.. 


9,680,917 


43,960,349 


15,740,329 


121,772 


830,550 


2,606,57$ 



DISTRIBUTION OF CANADIAN GRAIN CROPS 



297 



47. Stocks of Grain in Canada at the close of the Crop Years 1920, 

1921 and 1922 concluded. 







Flaxseed. 




Quantities in 


Aug. 31, 
1920. 


Aug. 31, 
1921. 


Aug. 31, 
1922. 


V 


bush. 
79,200 


bush. 
50,700 


bush. 
6,300 




48,000 


195,402 


89,620 




466,086 


1,465,369 


190, 924 




21,629 


53,049 


14,484 




1,208 


20 








39,458 


9,354 










Totals 


616,123 


1,803,998 


310,683 











According to Table 47, therefore, on August 31, 1922, about 19,463,000 bushels 
of wheat, 2,193,000 bushels of barley, 15,740,000 bushels of oats, 2,607,000 bushels 
of rye and 311,000 bushels of flaxseed constituted the "carry over" into the new 
crop year running from September 1, 1922, to August 31, 1923. 

Table 48 gives the results of inquiries as to the quantities of wheat, and wheat 
flour expressed as wheat, in Canada on March 31, 1923, with the corresponding 
figures for 1919 to 1922. 

48. Stocks of Wheat in Canada, March 31, 1919-23. 



Wheat in 


March 31, 
1919. 


March 31, 
1920. 


March 31, 
1921. 


March 31, 
1922. 


March 31, 
1923. 


Elevators 


bush. 

69,983,064 


bush. 
30,622,398 


bush. 
35,802,362 


bush. 
58,338,581 


bush. 
69,620,269 


Flour mills 


5,390,066 


5,575,253 


3,635,818 


4,000,000 


7,000,000 


Transit by rail 


10,854,840 


6,271,697 


7,119,983 


10,998,505 


8,396,782 


Farmers hands 


32,315,000 


34,837,000 


48,919,000 


41,649,000 


54,771,000 














Totals 


118,542,970 


77,306,348 


95,477,163 


111,986,086 


139,788,051 















Table 49 gives for oats, barley and flaxseed the stocks in Canada on March 31, 
1923, as compared with the corresponding date of the previous year. 

49. Stocks in Canada of Oats, Barley and Flaxseed, March 31, 1922 and 1923. 



Grain in 


Oats. 


Barley. 


Flaxseed. 


March 31, 
1322. 


March 31, 
1923. 


March 31, 
1922. 


March 31, 
1923. 


March 31, 
1922. 


March 31, 
1923. 


Elevators 


bush. 
21,852,211 
150,000 
6,003,399 
147,60i,000 


bush. 
16,899,256 
900,000 
2,755,299 
171,163,000 


bush. 
5,536,623 
14,000 
1,102,649 
14,901,000 


bu^h. 
7,269,234 
70,000 
254,096 
17,836,000 


bush. 
1,390,583 

179,711 
618,000 


bush. 
808,150 

96,829 
837,000 


Flour mills 


Transit by rail 


Farmers hands 


Totals 


175,609,610 


191,717,555 


21,554,272 


25,429,330 


2,188,294 


1,741,979 





Distribution of the Canadian Wheat and Oat Crops. Table 50 shows 
the distribution of the wheat crops of 1921 and 1922. 

As regards the commercial movement of the crop, Table 50 is constructed in 
general conformity with the data published by the Internal Trade Branch of the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics. It will be noted that for the year ended August 
31, 1922, the whole of the estimated gross production of 300,858,000 bushels of 
wheat is accounted for with the exception of a plus balance of 1,645,000 bushels, 
rather more than 0-5 p.c. of the total. For 1923, however, 24,038,000 bushels are 
unaccounted for, a balance equal to 6 p.c. of the total. 



298 



PRODUCTION 



50. Distribution of the Canadian Wheat Crops of 1921 and 1922. 



Items. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1922. 


Crop 
vear ended 
Aug. 31, 
1923. 


Items. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1922. 


Crop 
voar ended 
* Aug. 31, 
1923. 


C lrry over Sept 1 19 9 l-22 


000 bush. 
7 856 


000 bush. 
16 013 


Exports as grain 


000 bush. 
158.550 


000 bueb. 
229,682 




300,858 


399,786 


Exports as Hour 1 


35,454 


49,811 




9,026 


1 1 , 994 


Total exports 


194,004 


279,493 




12 034 


9 799 


Retained for seed 


. !!) . 240 


40,000 




279,798 


377,992 


Milled for food 


37,000 


41,000 


Imports 


248 


417 


Carried over, August 31, 








287 902 


394,256 


1922-23 


16.013 2 


9,992 








Vnaocounted for 


+ 1,645 


424,038 















Table 51 presents similar data in respect of oats. The bulk of this crop is con 
sumed as food for live stock, and the table shows approximately how the remaining 
portion of the crop is disposed of, including the quantities exported as grain, oat 
meal and rolled oats, the quantity retained for seed and the quantity milled for 
home consumption representing chiefly oatmeal and rolled oats used for human 
food. The carry over represents grain in the elevators, in farmers hands, in transit, 
etc., and the balance is the quantity consumed in Canada for feeding to live stock, 
the amount being estimated at 375,384,000 bushels in 1923 and 319,880,000 bushels 

in 1922. 3 

51. Distribution of the Canadian Oat Crops of 1921 and 1922. 



Items. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1922. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1923. 


Items. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1922. 


Crop 
yoar ended 
Aug. 31, 
1923. 


C*aw*r <-\Tfr ^pnt 1 1091-9^ 


000 bush. 
49 773 


000 bush. 
15 274 


Expoits as grain 


000 bush. 
27.C38 


000 bush. 
23,661 




426 . 233 


491,239 


Exports as meal, etc 


2,854 


2,344 




58 36 


38 67C 


Total exports 


29,892 


25,905 




367,871 


452,569 


Retained for seed 


39,044< 


39,000 


Imports 


677 


414 


Milled for home consump 








411 3?1 


468 297 


tion 


7,231 


6,989 








Carry over, August 31, 
1922-23 


15,274 


20,979 








Balance for home con 
sumption as grain 


319,880 


375,384 















Per Capita Consumption of Wheat in Canada. It is calculated that for 
the period of ten years ended August 31, 1919, the average per capita consumption 
of wheat in Canada was 5-8 bushels, that during the four years of war (1915-18) 
the rate was 4-2 bushels and that during the five-year pre-war period from 1910 
to 1914 it was 7 7 bushels. These rates represent the gross per capita consumption, 
after accounting for the whole of the production in the way of losses due to cleaning 
and unmerchantable grain, adding the imports and deducting exports and gram 
retained for seed. During recent years the Dominion Bureau of Statistics has 
perfected arrangements for the periodical collection of statistics of wheat milled in 
Canada. These indicate on the basis of three years returns that the per capita 



i Flour is expressed as wheat on the basis of 1 barrel of flour, weighing 196 lb., being equal to 4 i 

1& zVhe carryover, given as 19,463,000 bushels on p. 348 of the Monthly Bulletin of September, 1922, was 
subsequently reduced to 16,013,COO bushels on the ground that the difference represented new wheat of the 
crop of 1923 included amongst the quantity reported as in transit on August 31, 1922. 

s For similar calculations extending over a series of years both for wheat and oats, see the i ear Book 
of 1920 pp 263-266 and the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for April, 1920 (Vol. 13, No. 140), 
p. 75, and April, 1922 (Vol. 15, No. 164), p. 127. 

Including 2,691,000 bushels as seed for 1,076,300 acres in Alberta, estimated as sown, but not reaped 
for grain. 



AGRICULTURAL REVENUE AXD WEALTH 



299 



consumption of wheat is 5-4 bushels, a figure only 0-4 bushels below that of 5-8 
bushels, the average given above for the ten-year period ended August 31, 1919. 
A report on the Flour Milling Industry of Canada for 1921, issued in March, 1923, 
by the Industrial Census Division of the Bureau placed the per capita consumption 
of wheat flour in Canada for the calendar year 1921 at 0-92 barrels, representing, 
at 4-5 bushels to the barrel, 4-3 bushels. According to the quantity shown in Table 
50 as milled in the crop year ended August 31, 1923, viz., 41,000,000 bushels, the per 
capita consumption is 4-6 bushels, an excess difference of only 0-3 bushels. The 
rate shown by the Industrial Census Branch applies, however, only to a single year. 
The rate for the ten years 1910 to 1919 represents moreover calculations that are 
gross rather than net. Altogether the conclusion appears to be justified that the 
average per capita consumption of wheat in Canada is close to 5 bushels, either 
slightly more or slightly less. 

9. Summary Statistics of Agricultural Revenue and Wealth. 

Agricultural Revenue and Wealth of Canada. Table 52 shows under 
principal headings the gross agricultural revenue of Canada, by provinces, for each 
of the five years 1918 to 1922. It is important to observe that the figures represent 
gross values, because it is not possible to distinguish between crops used as materials 
for other kinds of production, such as the feeding of live stock, nor to allow for the 
costs of production. 1 

52. Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Revenue of Canada, by Provinces, 

1918-22. 

("000" omitted.) 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada- 
Field crops , 


S 
1,372,936 


$ 
1,537,169 


$ 
1,455,244 


- 
931,865 


$ 
962,293 


Farm animals , ... 


194,498 


186,679 


143,935 


98,424 


77,548 


Wool . . . 


12,410 


11,000 


5,280 


2,975 


3,180 


Dairy products . . . . 


200,341 


251,527 


260,337 


250.000 


250,618 


Fruits and vegetables 


48,671 


53,230 


60,719 


59,428 


55,855 


Poultry and eggs . 


40,000 


40,000 


45,000 


51,363 


58,815 


Fur farming 


1,048 


1,048 


1,140 


1,487 


1,504 


Maple products 


5,258 


7,494 


8,100 


5,751 


5,576 


Tobacco 


4,270 


15,620 


5,893 


2,393 


4,548 


Flax fibre 


?,286 


5,524 


434 


















Totals 


1,881,718 


2,109,291 


1,986,082 


1,403,686 


1,419,937 














Prince Edward Island- 
Field crops 


16,278 


22,367 


18.530 


14,203 


10,890 


Faim animals 


1,772 


2,315 


1,763 


1,059 


1,174 


Wool . . . 


312 


313 


160 


98 


42 


Dairy products . . 


1,600 


2,231 


2,278 


1,796 


1,800 


Fruits and vegetables 


300 


300 


300 


300 


300 


Poultry and eggs 


720 


720 


810 


792 


985 


Fur farming 


833 


833 


767 


952 


955 














Totals 


31,815 


29,079 


24,608 


19,200 


16,146 














Nova Scotia- 
Field crops 


42,486 


63,357 


47, 847 


29,557 


24,140 


Farm animals 


4,654 


5,074 


4,122 


2,235 


2,089 


Wool 


1,207 


955 


544 


278 


338 


Dairy products . . 


2,632 


3,719 


4,455 


4,316 


4,400 


Fruits and vegetables 


10,000 


10,000 


12,451 


15,000 


13,500 


Poultry and eggs 


800 


800 


900 


865 


1,063 


Fur farming 


54 


54 


49 


66 


68 


Maple products 


40 


45 


45 


29 


28 














Totals 


61,873 


84,004 


70,413 


52,346 


45,626 















1 For explanation of the methods used in estimating values, see the original article in the Monthly 
Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for March, 1922 (Vol. 15, No. 163), pp. 85-89. 



300 



PRODUCTION 



52. Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Revenue of Canada, by Provinces, 

1918-22 concluded. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


New Brunswick 

Field crops 


S 

42,891 


$ 

53,134 


$ 

46,357 


% 

38,326 


S 

31 979 


Farm animals 


3,681 


4,869 


3,934 


2,315 


2 433 


Wool . . 


653 


707 


378 


176 


252 


Dairy products 


1,419 


2,214 


2,109 


1,901 


2 000 


Fruits and vegetables 


1,200 


1,207 


1,073 


1,077 


1 000 


Poultry and eggs 


960 


960 


1,080 


885 


1 496 


Fur farming . . . . . . 


55 


55 


127 


149 


150 


Maple products 


50 


53 


53 


63 


60 


Totals 


50,909 


63,199 


55,111 


44,892 


39,370 


Quebec- 
Field crops 


276,777 


309,963 


330,251 


219,154 


165 160 


Farm animals 


40,862 


37,683 


31,250 


20,?62 


18 325 


Wool 


3,956 


3,351 


1,979 


1,203 


1 185 


Dairy products 


58,004 


68,432 


67,145 


66,056 


64 118 


Fruits and vegetables 


8,000 


7,820 


7,865 


7,272 


7 555 


Poultry and eggs 


5,040 


5,040 


5,670 


5,467 


9 327 


Fur farming 


49 


49 


40 


116 


116 


Maple products 


4,418 


6,396 


6,747 


4,319 


4 188 


Tobacco 


2,320 


6,780 


2,640 


613 


1,790 


Totals 


399,436 


445,514 


453,587 


324,462 


271,764 


Ontario- 
Field crops 


384,014 


383,574 


375,747 


239,627 


222,599 


Farm animals.. 


68,916 


70,288 


59,953 


36,051 


35,468 


Wool 


3,880 


3,477 


1.354 


613 


818 


Dairy products 


102,216 


130,041 


135,093 


130,041 


132,000 


Fruits and vegetables 


16,620 


16,658 


22,8?3 


16,581 


16,200 


Poultry and eggs 


14,400 


14,400 


16,200 


19,966 


24, 108 


Fur farming 


11 


11 


52 


65 


70 


Maple products 


750 


1,000 


1,255 


1,340 


1,300 


Tobacco 


1,950 


8,840 


3,253 


1,780 


2,758 


Flax fibre 


2,286 


5.524 


434 






Totals 


595,043 


633,813 


616,164 


446,064 


435,321 


Manitoba- 
Field crops 


180,508 


182,097 


133,990 


72,136 


98,078 


Farm animals 


13,781 


12,990 


9,342 


5,738 


2,728 


Wool 


504 


529 


171 


71 


82 


Dairy products 


11,420 


13,092 


13,830 


13,418 


13,500 


Fruits and vegetables 


1,900 


1,900 


1,900 


1,900 


1,900 


Poultry and epgs 


3,640 


3,640 


4,095 


4,101 


3,784 


Fur farming 








81 


85 


Totals 


211,753 


214,248 


163,328 


97,445 


120,157 


Saskatchewan 

Field crops 


299,362 


340,030 


271,213 


215,635 


296,227 


Farm animals 


24,033 


22,946 


15,076 


12,229 


6,532 


Wool 


493 


439 


196 


135 


184 


Dairy products 


6,051 


9,346 


9,868 


9,202 


9,300 


Fruits and vegetables 


1,400 


1,400 


1,400 


1,400 


1,400 


Poultry and eggs 


7,840 


7,840 


8,820 


10,352 


8,786 


Fur farming 






78i 


27 


28 


Totals 


339,179 


382,001 


306,651 


248,980 


322.457 


Alberta- 
Field crops 


113,072 


158,044 


204,292 


82,780 


94,947 


Farm animals 


33,164 


26,353 


16.C54 


16,005 


8,133 


\\ool 


1,243 


1,102 


445 


377 


231 


Dairy products 


10,387 


14,620 


15,678 


14.440 


14,600 


Fruits and vegetables 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


Poultry and eggs 


4,480 


4,480 


5,040 


5,314 


6,154 


Fur farming 


26 2 


?6 J 


12 


16 


17 


Totals 


163,872 


206,125 


243,021 


120,492 


125,582 


British Columbia- 
Field crops 


17,548 


24,603 


27,017 


20,447 


18,273 


Farm animals 


3,635 


4,161 


2,441 


2,470 


666 


Wool 


162 


127 


53 


24 


48 


Dairy products 


6,612 


7,832 


9,881 


8,830 


8,900 


Fruits and vegetables 


7,751 


12,445 


11,407 


14,398 


12,500 


Poultry and eggs 


2,120 


2,120 


2,385 


3,621 


3,112 


Fui farming 


20 


20 


15 


15 


15 


Totals . . 


37,848 


51,308 


53,199 


49,805 


43,514 



1 Including Manitoba. * Including Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Including the Yukon Territory. 



AGRICULTURAL REVENUE AND WEALTH 



301 



The table shows that for 1922 the total agricultural revenue of Canada was 
$1,419,937,000, as compared with $1,403,686,000 in 1921, $1,986,082,000 in 1920, 
$2,109,291,000 in 1919 and $1,881,718,000 in 1918. The total for 1922, viz., 
$1,419,937,000, shows a net increase, as compared with 1921, of $16,251,000, or 
1-2 p.c., and, as compared with 1920, a decrease of $566,145,000, or 28-5 p.c. It 
will be seen from the table that whilst for field crops there is in 1922 an increase of 
$30,428,000, this is largely offset by the further decline in live stock values, the 
production for the year 1922 being only $77,548,000, as against $98,424,000 in 1921 
and $143,C35,000 in 1920. 

Comparing the provinces for the year 1922, Ontario leads with a total value 
of $435,321,000; next comes Saskatchewan with $322,457,000; and then follow 
in the order given: Quebec $271,764,000; Alberta $125,582,000; Manitoba 
$120,157,000; Nova Scotia $45,626,000; British Columbia $43,514,000; New 
Brunswick $39,370,000; and Prince Edward Island $16,146,000. 

Table 53 gives the results of calculations showing, approximately, by provinces, 
for 1922, the total agricultural wealth of the Dominion. To arrive at this total, an 
estimate of the value in 1922 of land, buildings, and farm implements is added 
to the value of the agricultural production for the year and to the capital value of 
farm live stock and of poultry. 

/* 

53. Estimated Gross Agricultural Wealth of Canada, by Provinces, 1922. 

("000" omitted.) 



Description. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Lands 


1 

23,300 


$ 
62,528 


1 

39,587 


$ 

508,758 


$ 

734,108 


Buildings . . 


14,031 


51,931 


37,772 


257,094 


377 253 


Implements 


4,475 


5,723 


7,634 


64,943 


97 168 


Live stock 


9,373 


19,598 


20,326 


123,087 


218 755 


Poultry . . . 


813 


844 


1,486 


7,333 


15 508 


Animals on fur farms .... 


4,000 


400 


675 


450 


400 


Agricultural production , , . .... 


16,146 


45,626 


39,370 


271,764 


435,321 














Totals 


72,138 


186,650 


146,850 


1,233,429 


1,878,513 














Description. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Canada. 


Lands 


$ 
355,468 


$ 

863,961 


. S 
439,460 


$ 

169,706 


$ 
3,196,876 


Buildings 


74,440 


121,703 


66,113 


35,375 


1,035,712 


Implements 


44, 887 


111,170 


51,224 


4,436 


391,660 


Live stock 


58,599 


130,011 


86,431 


15,707 


681,887 


Poultry 


2,945 


6,250 


3,981 


2,035 


41,195 


Animals on fur farms 


450 


100 


80 


120 


6,675 


Agricultural production 


120,157 


322,457 


1?5,582 


43,514 


1 419 937 














Totals 


656,916 


1,555,652 


772,871 


270,893 


6,773,942 















1 Including Yukon Territory $70,000. 

The gross agricultural wealth of Canada for 1922 is therefore estimated at 
$6,773,942,000, as compared with $6,837,737,100 in 1921. The net decrease of 
$63,795,100 is due chiefly to the fall in the value of farm live stock, amounting to 
$84,077,000, against which there are increases for agricultural production, 
$16,251,000, and other items, $4,030,900. 



302 PRODUCTION 



10. Statistics of the World s Agriculture. 

World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes. Table 54, constructed from 
data published by the International Institute of Agriculture, either in the 
International Year Book of Agricultural Statistics, 1909 to 1921, or in the monthly 
International Crop Report and Agricultural Statistics,. shows the area and yield of 
wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn and potatoes in various countries of the world for the 
years 1921 and 1922 in countries of the northern hemisphere, and for years 1921-22 
and 1922-23 in countries of the southern hemisphere (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, 
South Africa, Australia and New Zealand). The table includes also, for purposes of 
comparison, the annual average areas and yields for the five years 1916-20 (1916-17 
to 1920-21 for the southern hemisphere) and the areas and yields of 1922 (1922-23) 
in the form of percentages of 1921 (1921-22) and of the five-year averages. 

Wheat. For 38 countries the prcduction of wheat in 1922 was 3,088,583,000 
bushels from 211,947,000 acres, as compared with 3,078,355,000 bushels from 
211,926,000 acres in 1921, and 2,747,394,000 bushels from 201,931,000 acres, the 
five-year average for the years 1916 to 1920. The area under wheat in 1922 was 
practically the same as in 1921 and was 5 p.c. above the five-year average, and the 
1922 yield was 100-3 p.c. of the 1921 yield, and 112-4 p.c. of the five-year average. 
The average yield per acre was 14-6 bushels, as against 14-5 bushels in 1921, and 
13-6 bushels, the five-year average. 

Rye. In 24 countries the production of rye was in 1922, 800,061,000 bushels 
from 44,402,000 acres, as against 819,413,000 bushels from 40,694,000 acres for 
1921, and 592,073,000 bushels from 38,008,000 acres, the average acreage and 
yield of the five-year period 1916 to 1920. The area under rye in 1922 was 109-1 
p.c. of the 1921 area, and 116-8 p.c. of the five-year average. The yield was 97-6 
p.c. of the 1921 yield and 135-1 p.c. of the five-year average. 

Barley. In 32 countries the total production of barley in 1922 was 998,434,000 
bushels from 44,111,000 acres, as against 968,826,000 bushels from 44,171,000 
acres in 1921, and 960,556,000 bushels fr<m 43,492,000 acres, the five-year average 
for the years 1916 to 1920. The acreage under barley was 99-9 p.c. of that in 1921, 
and 101-4 p.c. of the five-year average; the yield was 103 1 p.c. of the yield in 1921 
and 103-9 p.c. of the five-year average. 

Oats. In 31 countries the total production of oats in 1922 was 3,078,894,000 
bushels from 102,468,000 acres, as compared with 2,858,248,000 bushels from 
107,957,000 acres in 1921, and 3,147,574,000 bushels from 100,748,000 acres, the 
five-year average for the period 1916 to 1920. The acreage under oats in 1922 was 
94-9 p.c. of 1921, and 101-7 p.c. of the five-year average; the yield was 107-7 p.c. 
of 1921, and 97-8 p.c. of the five-year average. 

Corn. Nineteen countries produced 3,508,279,000 bushels from 137,728,000 
acres in 1922, as compared with 3,715,476,000 bushels from 138,319,000 acres in 
1921, and 3,583,059,000 bushels from 141,750,000 acres, the five-year average for 
1916 to 1920. The acreage in 1922 was 99-6 p.c. of that of 1921, and 97-2 p.c. of 
the five-year average; the yield was 94-4 p.c. of 1921, and 97-9 p.c. of the five- 
year average. 

Potatoes. The yield for 28 countries in 1922 was 3,134,681,000 centals from 
28,960,000 acres, as against 2,087,435,000 centals from 27,845,000 acres in 1921, 
and 2,156,858,000 centals from 25,646,000 acres, the five-year average for 1916 
to 1920. The acreage in 1922 was 104 p.c. of that in 1921, and 112-9 p.c. of the 
five-year average; the yield was 150-2 p.c. of 1921, and 145-3 p.c. of the five-year 
average. 



STATISTICS OF WORLD S AGRICULTURE 



303 



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STATISTICS OF WORLD S AGRICULTURE 



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308 



PRODUCTION 



World s Yield of Cereals and Potatoes in 1922. In the 38 countries report 
ing their wheat crops to the International Institute of Agriculture, the average 
yield of wheat to the acre in 1922, as shown by Table 55, was 14-6 bushels, as 
compared with 14-5 bushels in 1921 and 13-6 bushels, the five-year average for the 
period 1916 to 1920. The average yield of rye to the acre in the 24 countries report 
ing was 18 bushels, as against 20-1 bushels in 1921 and 15-6 bushels, the five- 
year average. Of barley, the average yield per acre in the 32 countries reporting 
in 1922 was 22-6 bushels, as compared with 21-9 bushels in 1921 and 22-1 bushels 
the five-year average. Of oats, the average yield in the 31 countries reporting in 1922 
was 30 bushels, as against 26-5 bushels in 1921 and 31-2 bushels, the five-year 
average. Of corn, the average yield in 1922 in the 19 countries reporting was 25 5 
bushels to the acre, as compared with 26-9 bushels in 1921 and 25-3 bushels, the 
five-year average. Of potatoes, the average yield in 1922 in the 28 countries report 
ing was 108-2 centals to the acre, as compared with 75 centals in 1921, and 84-1 
centals, the five-year average for the period 1916 to 1920. 

55. Yields per acre of Cereals and of Potatoes in Various Countries of the World, 

1921 and 1922. 



Countries. 


1921. 


1922. 


Aver 
age 
1916-20. 


Countries. 


1921. 


1922. 


Aver 
age 
1916-20. 


Wheat- 
Germany . . 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

30-2 
17-3 
42-2 
18-0 
50-7 
13-9 

14-0 
14-1 
24-3 
35-3 
39-4 
33-7 
11-3 
18-3 
16-4 
17-1 
24-0 
46-7 
17-9 
7-4 
12-8 
34-9 
30-5 
24-9 
13-0 
12-8 
12-3 
9-7 
21-3 
12-0 
25-4 
11-8 
7-1 
13-0 
17-1 
12-2 
13-3 
29-9 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

21-1 

15-8 
35-3 
16-9 
39-5 
12-2 

11-4 
13-4 
19-2 
31-2 
38-6 
34-5 
10-7 
15-8 
14-1 
13-6 
26-0 
33-5 
16-5 
8-7 
14-1 
26-3 
23-5 
22-0 
17-8 
14-0 
13-3 
13-0 
22-5 
5-9 
24-1 
6-2 
4-2 
12-1 
18-2 
7-4 
11-1 
29-8 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

24-6 
14-2 
25-4 
13-7 
41-0 
13-6 

JC-1 
13-9 
17-5 
29-9 
38-7 
35-5 
8-9 
14-4 
14-8 
10-0 
24-8 
34-6 
12-7 
8-9 
12-3 
25-8 
30-9 
16-8 
13-5 
13-6 
13-5 
11-4 
22-5 
8-2 
25-2 
10-6 
5-1 
10-6 
17-8 
9-8 
11-9 
27-9 


Rye- 
Germany 


bush. 
per 
acre. 

25-4 
17-4 
38-0 
17-2 
21-8 
15-7 

12-6 
17-1 
19-9 
14-2 
17-3 
19-6 
17-5 
28-7 
35-5 
18-9 
8-0 
11-3 
30-5 
31-6 
24-6 
11-7 
13-6 
16-7 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

20-1 
15-6 
34-6 
16-9 
26-1 
14-9 

8-9 
13-4 
18-0 
11-9 
16-0 
16-9 
11-7 
29-0 
27-0 
17-6 
8-0 
14-0 
26-0 
30-7 
23-5 
15-5 
15-4 
22-3 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

20-2 
13-4 
22-1 
13-1 
23-3 
14-8 

12-4 
15-9 
15-7 
11-7 
13-9 
17-4 
9-6 
25-3 
27-0 
10-2 
5-9 
12-1 
22-2 

14-8 
15-9 
13-8 
17-8 


Austria . , 


Austria 


Belgium . 


Belgium 


Bulgaria .... 


Bulgaria 


Denmark .... 


Denmark 


Spain 


Spain 


Serb-Croat-Slovene 
State 


Serb-Croat-Slovene 
State 


Finland 


Finland 


-France 


France 


England and Wales 
Scotland 


Greece 


Hungary 




Italy 


Greece 


Latvia 




Norway 


Italy 


Netherlands 


Latvia 


Poland 


Norway 


Portugal 




Rumania 


Poland 


Sweden 




Switzerland 




Czecho-Slovakia 




Canada 


Switzerland 


United States 




Chile 




Averages 


United States 


20 1 


18 


15 




Barley- 
Germany 


India 


31-7 
20-6 
53-5 
24-0 
43-9 
20-6 

14-7 
16-7 
22-8 
29-6 
34-6 
32-6 


25-9 
16-8 
42-8 
U . 
45-6 
19-0 

11-2 
15-4 
24-4 
29-7 
37-5 
40-2 


27-8 
17-4 
46-2 
17-0 
37-8 
20-7 

14-2 
18-6 
20-6 
32-0 
38-5 
42-4 






Austria 




Belgium 




Bulgaria 


Tunis 


Denmark 




Spain 


Chile 


Serb. -Croat-Slovene 
State 






Finland 




France 


Averages 


England and Wales 
Scotland 


14 5 


11 (i 


13 6 




Ireland. . 



STATISTICS OF WORLD S AGRICULTURE 



309 



SS. Yields per acre of Cereals and of Potatoes in Various Countries of the World, 

1921 and 1922 concluded. 



Countries. 


1921. 


1922. 


Aver 
age 
1916-20. 


Countries. 


1921. 


1922. 


Aver 
age 
1916-20. 


Barley concluded. 
Hungary 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

18-1 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

18-5 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

17-8 


Corn- 
Austria ... 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

22-4 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

24-9 


bush, 
per 
acre. 

20-6 


Italy 


19-2 


14-1 


16-5 


Bulgaria 


24-3 


11-8 


14-8 


Latvia . . 


18-0 


17-4 


10-0 


Spain . . 


21-1 


23-1 


23-2 


Norway . . 


27-5 


33-9 


35-0 


France 


12-8 


17-2 


16-1 


Netherlands 


53-9 


46-0 


43-1 


Hungary 


14-6 


18-9 


24-9 


Poland 


22-9 


21-1 


19-8 


Italy 


25-3 


20-1 


21-9 


Portugal 


11-1 


16-4 


8-1 


Poland 


17-2 


15-2 


10-1 


Rumania 


11-7 


22-0 


19-5 


Rumania 


13-0 


13-8 


22-4 


Sweden 


30-8 


32-4 


28-4 


Switzerland 


45-4 


46-3 


48-1 


Switzerland 


33-9 


29-9 


33-9 


Czecho-Slovakia 


24-5 


25-2 


26-2 


Cz echo-Slovakia 


29-4 


27-8 


21-8 


Canada 


50-2 


43-3 


49-0 


Canada 


21-3 


27-8 


23-5 


United States 


29-6 


28-2 


27-0 


United States 


20-9 


25-2 


24-2 


Mexico ... 


24-0 


24-5 


19-1 


Cyprus 


17-2 


16-8 


20-6 


Philippines 


11-8 


11-0 


12-2 


Japan 


30-0 


37-2 


31-8 


Algeria .... 


14-9 


14-5 


13-4 


Algeria 


19-2 


6-9 


13-0 


French Morocco . . 


9-7 


8-5 


18-6 


Ecvot 


30-3 


30-1 


29-0 


Argentina . . ... 


24-0 


19-5 


22-3 


French Morocco 


15-1 


10-7 


15-4 


Java and Madura . . . 


12-7 


12-8 


12-5 


Tunis 


9-3 


3-0 


5-8 


South Rhodesia . . . 


13-0 


23-3 


18-3 


Chile 


38-4 


41-3 


34-2 


















Averages 


26-9 


25-5 


25.3 




21 -9 


22.fi 


22.1 


























Oats 

Germany 


41-5 


32-9 


39-4 


Potatoes- 
Germany 


centals 
per 
acre. 
88-1 


centals 
per 
acre. 
133-3 


centals 
per 
acre. 
97-5 




26-9 


24-2 


22-6 


Austria 


56-2 


63-0 


50-6 


Belgium 


54-9 


46-9 


36-8 


Belgium 


102-4 


194-8 


148-7 


Bulgaria 


26-1 


24-5 


19-1 


Bulgaria 


52-1 


40-8 


29-3 


Denmark 


44-2 


49-1 


42-8 


Denmark 


144-7 


144-7 


123-6 


Spain 


21-3 


19-3 


20-9 


Spain 


77-7 


83-2 


79-9 


Serb-Croat-Slovene 








Finland 


55-3 


51-9 


52-3 


State 


17-7 


16-8 


20-3 


France 


51-0 


80-4 


64-8 


Finland . . . . 


25-4 


26-9 


21-4 


England and Wales.... 


118-7 


159-2 


137-8 


France . ... 


27-3 


33-1 


27-5 


Scotland 


151-3 


170-1 


142-3 


England and Wales 


37-4 


34-5 


44-3 


Ireland 


100-8 


134-8 


107-3 


Scotland 


37-9 


39-0 


45-5 


Hungary 


41-4 


43-5 


72-8 


Ireland 


36-8 


41-6 


55-9 


Italy . . . 


45-9 


35-8 


41-6 


Hungary 


23-4 


25-6 


26-2 


Latvia 


101-7 


96-8 


67-7 


Italy 


29-6 


23-6 


27-1 


Lithuania ... .... 


93-8 


101-3 


84-5 


Latvia 


25-5 


25-4 


13-8 


Norway 


120-0 


155-7 


160-2 


Norway 


35-7 


41-9 


29-0 


Netherlands 


122-9 


164-6 


141-4 


Netherlands 


54-9 


41-0 


52-4 


Poland 


77-2 


135-4 


98-2 


Poland 


29-8 


27-6 


29-5 


Portugal 


80-8 


57-5 


55-1 


Portugal .... . . . 


13-1 


24-8 


8-3 


Rumania 


74-8 


69-3 


55-7 


Rumania 


20-4 


26-3 


26-9 


Sweden 


112-6 


112-2 


103-1 


Sweden 


41-0 


41-3 


35-6 


Switzerland 


134-7 


133-0 


130-1 


Switzerland 


54-5 


45-8 


54-9 


Czecho-Slovakia 


60-6 


124-4 


73-6 


Czecho-Slovakia 


35-5 


33-4 


28-5 


Canada 


91-7 


81-5 


87-7 


Canada 


25-3 


23-8 


31-0 


United States . ... 


55-1 


62-5 


57-6 


United States 


22-3 


28-1 


31-3 


Algeria 


8-5 


30-7 


21-4 


Algeria 


17-4 


9-0 


22-7 


Tunis . . 


29-3 


33-0 


40-5 


French Morocco 


23-7 


6-0 


10-3 


South Rhodesia 


18-3 


21-7 


30-5 


Tnnita 


93-fi 


fi-7 


18.8 










Argentina 


14-7 


19-7 


17-2 


Averages 


75-0 


108 2 


84-1 


Chile 


37-5 


39-2 


41-4 










Uruguay 


18-2 


22-5 


17-1 


























Averages . 


26-5 


30 


31 2 











310 PRODUCTIOX 



III. FORESTRY. 1 

1. Physiography, Geology and Climate from a Forestry 

Viewpoint. 

The Dominion of Canada may be roughly divided into three main drainage 
areas; the Pacific slope west of the Rocky mountains, the Great Plains region 
draining into the Arctic and Hudson bay, and the basin of the Great Lakes and the 
St. Lawrence together with the Maritime Provinces. These three regions support 
three distinct types of forest growth. 

1. The Pacific Slope. 

The Pacific slope is characterized by numerous systems of mountains running 
approximately parallel and extending from the southeast to the northwest. The 
Rocky mountains vary in elevation from 5,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level, with 
individual peaks extending well above 10,000 feet. Between this system and the 
Pacific are the Selkirk, Caribou and Coast mountains and lesser ranges, terminating 
with the sunken range whose upper elevations form Vancouver island, the Queen 
Charlotte group and other coast islands. The chief rivers follow the valleys between 
these ranges, breaking through in some cases along the shorter cross valleys from 
east to west. 

The Rocky mountains are formed chiefly of Palaeozoic rocks, as are also the 
islands on the coast. The Coast range is almost entirely granitic and the Selkirks, 
Pre-Cambrian or Cambrian. The intervening ranges are of mixed formations, 
varying from rocks of sedimentary origin to granites. The best soil in British 
Columbia is concentrated in valley bottoms or alluvial deltas, and the purely agri 
cultural area has been estimated at 20,700 square miles or about 6 p. c. of the land area. 

The climate along the coast is mild and humid, with a mean annual temperature 
varying from 44 to 49 F. The precipitation is the heaviest in Canada, varying 
from 40 to 120 inches. The greater part of this precipitation falls during autumn 
and winter, however, only 30 p.c. falling during the growing season, to which fact 
is sometimes ascribed the scarcity of deciduous-leaved forest growth which requires 
more moisture during the growing season. In any case, coniferous tree growth in 
this region is the most luxuriant in Canada, and the forests have the most rapid 
rate of growth, the largest individual trees and the heaviest stands of timber in 
Canada, extending from sea level up to elevations of 3,500 or 4,000 feet. The 
Interior Dry Belt of British Columbia has a low annual precipitation, varying 
from 10 to 20 inches. Extremes of temperature from 100 F. to -45 F. make this a 
region unfavourable to tree growth. The winds from the Pacific which precipitate 
most of their moisture on the Coast range cross this interior plateau and give up a 
large part of what remains when they reach the Selkirk and Rocky ranges, forming 
what may be termed the Interior Wet Belt, centered in the Columlia valley. Here 
the precipitation varies from 30 to 60 inches, taking the form of snow in higher 
altitudes. Temperature varies from 100 F. to -17 F. In the Rocky Mountain 
range itself the climate is more extreme and variable than to the westward. 

2. The Great Plains. 

East of the Rockies lies the Great Plains region, composed of a variety of 
topographical types. From the foothills of the Rockies, the country slopes gradually 

Prepared in co-operation with the Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior. 



FOREST AREAS 311 



eastward and northward. The prairie country extends from the international 
boundary to the 55th parallel along the foothills, gradually tapering down toward 
the east to a point near the lake of the Woods. This area is now almost entirely 
treeless, with rich fertile soil and is at present a purely agricultural or pastoral 
country. Whether its present treeless condition is due to climatic or other causes 
is problematical, but the presence of isolated patches of tree growth in situations 
well protected from fires would seem to indicate that repeated burning accounts, 
at least in part, for its present treeless state. The underlying rocks are of the 
Tertiary and Mesozoic ages. The climate of Alberta is extremely variable in winter, 
due to a warm dry wind known as the "Chinook" which blows from the south and 
southwest and extends its influence from the international boundary to the Peace 
river and eastward to Regina in Saskatchewan. In summer the isotherms run almost 
due north and south in Alberta. Rainfall varies from 15 to 20 inches. The temper 
ature in Manitoba has an absolute recorded range of 150 F., with a mean range of 
71. Saskatchewan and Alberta are more temperate, especially where they are 
affected by the "Chinook." North of the treeless prairies is a region, largely un 
explored, covered at first by a comparatively light forest growth which toward the 
north and east gives way to the sub-Arctic "tundra" a region of muskeg and bare, 
glacier-worn rocks of the Laurentian and Pre-Cambrian types. 

These Laurentian rocks in Canada form the Archaean or Canadian Shield, with 
a distinct type of topography. This rock formation covers a huge irregular triangle 
with its apex near the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence, from which point 
one arm extends northwesterly to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and the other 
northeasterly down the St. Lawrence valley to include the Labrador peninsula. 
This entire region has been reduced to a peneplain condition by repeated glacial 
action, which has worn down the high elevations and scoured out most of the soil 
except in isolated depressions. It is covered with innumerable lakes, muskegs or 
bogs and rivers. The climate in the northern portion is as a rule too severe for 
continuous successful agriculture, but this region is covered by a comparatively 
light forest growth gradually thinning out toward the north and toward Hudson 
bay and James bay to the "tundra" type referred to. The southern portion of the 
shield is to a great extent agricultural land, actual or potential, much of it being still 
heavily forested. 

3. The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Slope. 

The basin of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes contains a variety of topo 
graphical and geological types. The north shores of lake Superior and Georgian 
bay, the upper Ottawa river valley and the southern part of Labrador are part of 
the Laurentian Shield already described. Here the climate is tempered in part by 
the presence of the Lakes and the gulf of St. Lawrence, but is nevertheless severe 
and variable. To the south, soil and climate improve and the southwestern peninsula 
of Ontario, the north shore of lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence valley are all 
essentially agricultural land. The rock is of sedimentary origin of the Palaeozoic 
age. 

The Maritime Provinces, with a general slope toward the Atlantic, are varied 
in topography and geology. The climate resembles that of southern Ontario, being 
modified by the presence of the ocean. Precipitation is above 35 inches annually. 
This region supports a type of forest similar to that of the southern portion of the 
Archaean Shield. 



312 PRODUCTION 



2. Main Types of Forest Growth. 

Physiographic, climatic and soil conditions in Canada, generally seem to favor 
the coniferous type of forest. While the more fertile portions of Ontario, Quebec 
and the Maritime Provinces supported a heavy virgin growth of hardwoods, the 
greater part of Canada s forest area is covered with spruce, pine, balsam, Douglas 
fir and other coniferous softwoods. Three main groups of forest growth in Canada 
follow the main physiographic divisions already mentioned. These groups are, the 
Cordilleran, the Great Plains and the Eastern forests. 

1. The Cordilleran Forest. 

The Cordilleran forest, which covers the greater part of the Pacific slope, may 
be sub-divided into the Coast belt, the Interior Dry belt, the Interior Wet belt and 
the Rocky Mountain belt. The Coast belt includes several distinctive forest types, 
their character being determined by variations in climatic and topographic con 
ditions, among which altitude and precipitation have had the greatest effect on, 
forest growth. Douglas fir and red cedar are the principal species in the southern 
portion of the belt at altitudes up to 2,000 or 2,500 feet. With these are associated 
hemlock, white pine, amabilis and lowland fir. Toward the north and at higher 
altitudes Douglas fir disappears and red cedar and hemlock are the important trees, 
with amabilis fir and yellow cypress as subsidiaries. In the Queen Charlotte islands 
and along the coast of the mainland opposite, Sitka spruce and western hemlock 
form a lowland type. 

Western yellow or "bull" pine predominates at low altitudes, bordering on the 
grass lands in the Interior Dry belt. Douglas fir gradually increases in importance 
until it predominates at elevations up to 3,500 and 4,500 feet. Western larch covers 
a limited area between the true yellow pine and Douglas fir types. At the northern 
latitudinal and upper altitudinal limits of the Douglas fir type, an Engelmann 
spruce type develops which merges into a spruce-alpine fir type at still higher alti 
tudes. Lodgepole pine has taken the place of Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, and, 
in some cases, yellow pine on burned-over areas, and has become to a considerable 
extent established as a distinct type. 

Forest types similar to those of the coast have developed in the Interior Wet 
belt. In the southern portion of this belt, red cedar predominates in the wetter situ 
ations, mixed with Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, white pine, hemlock, western 
larch, alpine or lowland fir and cottonwood. On the benches and lower valley 
slopes, hemlock and cedar are the important species. Engelmann spruce replaces 
hemlock at higher elevations, cedar gradually disappears and the spruce-alpine 
fir type stretches up to timber line. To the north, Engelmann, spruce and alpine fir 
are more prominent, and the other species are gradually eliminated. 

The Rocky Mountain belt includes portions of the Dry belt types to the south 
and those of the Interior Wet belt further north. Otherwise the typical forest of 
the Rocky mountains is made up of Engelmann spruce, with an increasing proportion 
of alpine fir as the altitude increases. This type has suffered so severely from fire, 
especially on the dry eastern slopes, that lodgepole pine has established itself per 
manently in some cases and temporarily in others on burned-over areas. 

Most of the commercially important species of the Cordilleran region are con 
fined to British Columbia. The spruce-fir-lodgepole pine type of the northern 
interior extends across the Rockies into the foot-hills of Alberta. Certain species 
such as Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, lowland and alpine fir and lodgepole pine 
are also found in western Alberta, but in few cases do they extend any great distance 
eastward. 



MAIN TYPES OF FOREST GROWTH 313 

2. The Forests of the Great Plains. 

The Great Plains region may be divided into the Prairie, "Northern Forest 
and Sub-Arctic belts. There are no great variations in altitude in the region, 
and soil conditions and latitude determine the distribution of forest types. The 
Prairie belt in southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba extends north from 
the international boundary for 200 to 400 miles. Patches of tree growth in protected 
situations are made up chiefly of aspen poplar, with some white spruce andjack pine. 
North of this purely agricultural and pastoral area is the great Northern Forest belt, 
from 300 to 400 miles wide, which extends from Alaska to Labrador, covering the 
northern part of the Laurentian Shield as far as the limits of commercial tree growth. 
Originally, white spruce predominated over this entire belt and it still forms the most 
important type commercially, although it has suffered severely through forest fires. 
In the east, balsam fir is an important associate and the spruce-balsam fir type makes 
up most of the pulpwood resources of eastern Canada. The black spruce-eastern 
larch (tamarack) type occupies poorly drained areas within this belt. Enormous 
areas have been burned over by forest fires. Aspen poplar has replaced the spruce 
and balsam on the best soil in these areas, and is now the most prevalent species, 
although this condition may not be permanent. Jack pine has taken possession 
of the dryer, lighter soils, in some cases permanently. Paper birch comes in with 
aspen poplar toward the east, and balsam poplar occurs in the moister situations. 
Jack pine, aspen and balsam poplar reach a higher development along the Peace 
river in northern Alberta than they do elsewhere in America. Along its northern 
margin this belt merges into the sub-Arctic "tundra", with tree growth confined to 
narrow strips along waterways. To the northward, balsam fir disappears early 
from the forest growth, followed by balsam poplar, jack pine, aspen and paper 
birch, leaving white spruce, black spruce, tamarack or larch, and willow to define 
the northern limit of tree growth. This may be roughly indicated by a line drawn 
from the mouth of the Mackenzie river on the Arctic ocean to the mouth of the 
Churchill river on Hudson bay and across the Labrador peninsula at about 58 N. 
latitude. 

3. The Eastern Forests. 

In southeastern Canada a number of belts of forest growth with distinctive 
characteristics are recognized. The hardwood belts include the Carolinian zone, 
confined to the north shore of lake Erie and the western part of lake Ontario. 
This is important only as forming the northern fringe of a type which covers a large 
area in the Central Eastern United States, and includes a number of species not 
found elsewhere in Canada. North of this zone, still in the purely agricultural and 
pastoral area, the original forests were of the commercially important hardwoods, 
such as maple, elm, basswood, oak, yellow birch, hickory and beech, with patches of 
pine, hemlock and other conifers on the lighter soils. This area has been largely 
cleared and devoted to agriculture, and the original forest type is to be seen only on 
farmers wood lots. 

Since the beginning of the lumbering industry in Canada the region north of 
this belt, extending, roughly speaking, to the height of land between the St. 
Lawrence and Hudson bay waters, has been the centre of the most extensive exploit 
ation and still occupies that position as far as eastern Canada is concerned. The 
forest types which still exist in this region vary considerably owing to soil and 
other conditions, but generally speaking white pine occupies the better situations 
on the lighter soils, and reaches its highest development in this belt. With it is 
sometimes associated the red or Norway pine. On heavier soils spruce, hemlock 



314 PRODUCTION 



and the commercial hardwoods occupy a minor position. Cedar, tamarack and 
black spruce forrh typical stands in poorly drained situations. Hardwood ridges, 
carrying chiefly maple and yellow birch, occur throughout this belt. The extensive 
lumbering operations of the past century, together with repeated forest fires, have 
greatly modified these original types. The exclusive cutting of white and red pine, 
practised until recently, has resulted in the displacement of these species by spruce, 
balsam fir, jack pine and the hardwoods, the spruce-balsam fir pulpwood areas 
being the most valuable type remaining. Jack pine has come in extensively on 
burned-over areas on lighter soils, and aspen and paper birch are being rapidly 
established. Along its northern border, this mixed hardwood and softwood type 
merges into the Northern Forest belt already described, with the disappearance of 
the white and red pines, hemlock and the commercial hardwoods. 

The Acadian belt covers the Maritime provinces and the south shore of the 
St. Lawrence in Quebec. The forest is similar to that of the New England states. 
being characterized by red spruce. With this are found varying proportions of 
white spruce and balsam fir. In the mixed softwood and hardwood type, which also 
occurs in this belt, white pine and hemlock occur, with yellow birch, maple and 
beech representing the commercial hardwoods. Cedar is fairly abundant in the 
western portion of this region. Burned-over areas in the Acadian belt are chiefly 
occupied temporarily by aspen and white birch. 

3. Important Tree Species. 

In Canada there are approximately 160 different species and varieties of plants 
reaching tree size. Only thirty-one of these are coniferous, but the wood of these 
forms 80 per cent, of our standing timber and 95 per cent, of our sawn lumber. 
While the actual number of species of deciduous-leaved trees seems large in com 
parison to their commercial importance, out of a total of some ninety species and 
varieties only four or five are worthy of comparison with the conifers. 

Spruce. The five native spruce species are all of commercial importance, 
furnishing nearly one-third of the totaUproduction of lumber. Spruce pulpwood is 
used in preference to all others, and forms over two-thirds of the total quantity of 
pulpwood consumed in Canadian pulp mills and exported in the raw or unmanu 
factured state. The wood has a long, tough, colourless fibre, and, on account of its 
freedom from resin, is considered in the markets of the world to be the best material 
for pulp manufacture. Spruce is also used for railway ties, poles, cooperage and 
minmg timbers. Of the five native spruce species the white spruce (Picea canaden- 
sis) is the most abundant and the most important commercially. With black spruce 
(Picea mariana) it ranges from Labrador to Alaska, extending northward almost 
to the limit of tree-growth and southward into the United States. The black spruce 
(Picea mariana) is of less value, as it is a smaller, slow-growing tree, often confined 
to swampy situations and reaching sawlog or pulpwood sizes only under more 
favourable conditions of growth. The red spruce (Picea rubra) is confined to the 
province of Quebec and the Maritime provinces. Its wood is considered to be of 
greater technical value than that of the other spruce species. The western species, 
Engelmaun and Sitka spruce (Picea Engelmanni and Picea sitchensis), are not found 
east of the Rocky mountains. Their wood is of high technical value, and can usually 
be obtained in larger dimensions than that of the other spruces, as the trees attain 
great size in this region. 

Pine. There are nine distinct pine species native to Canada, of which six 
are of great commercial importance. Eastern white pine (Pinus Slrobtts) is the 



IMPORTANT TREE SPECIES 315 

most valuable coniferous wood in Canada. Up to a few years ago it was the most 
important wood in Canada in point of quantity of lumber sawn and square timber 
(Quebec pine) exported. Owing to increased scarcity of good material, the wood 
has fallen off in production till its place at the head of the list has been taken by the 
spruces and Douglas fir. The wood of the white pine is soft, easy to work, fairly 
durable and strong in comparison to its weight. In addition to these properties, 
its most valuable quality is that of holding its shape with a minimum of shrinkage 
or swelling. The western white pine (Pinus monticola) is similar in most respects 
to the eastern species. It does not form extensive pure stands, seldom comprising 
more than 5 p.c. of the trees on a given area. It is confined to the province of 
British Columbia, while the eastern white pine is found from eastern Manitoba to 
the Atlantic sea-board. 

The wood of the red or Norway pine of eastern Canada (Pinus resinosa) is 
harder and more resinotfs than white pine, and the tree is a valuable source of 
structural timber, as well as of sawn lumber. The wood of the western yellow 
or "bull" pine of the interior of British Columbia (Pinus ponderosa) is softer and 
lighter in colour than red pine, and is now used extensively as a substitute for white 
pine. The two jack pines (Pinus Banksiana of the east and north, and Pinus 
Murrayana of the Rocky mountains and British Columbia) are not considered as 
valuable lumber-producing trees, although they are both used locally for rough 
construction. Jack pine railway ties are used to an enormous extent, chiefly on 
account of the strength, cheapness, and abundance of the wood. Jack pine has a 
well-established use in the manufacture of kraft pulp, and its use in the manufacture 
of pulp for newsprint is now being developed. There are three other species of 
the genus Pinus that .reach tree size in Canada, but these are only of local import 
ance. 

Douglas Fir. The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxi/olio) of British Columbia 
and the Pacific coast, often erroneously called "Oregon pine," is the only repre 
sentative of its genus in Canada. It probably yields more lumber annually than 
any other single species in America. The tree in Canada is not found east of the 
Rocky mountains, the greater part of the -lumber being produced in the Coast 
region of British Columbia. This is Canada s largest tree, and from it larger struc 
tural timbers can be obtained than from any other tree in America. It is used 
chiefly for structural purposes, but on account of its attractive appearance it is 
also used extensively for interior finish. The wood is also important in Canada as 
a material for railway ties and mining timbers. It is noted chiefly for its strength 
and durability, and the large dimensions in which it can be obtained. 

Hemlock. There are three hemlock species in Canada s forests, two of which 
are valuable timber trees. The eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is abundant 
throughout its range in the eastern provinces, but is not found west of the province 
of Ontario. The wood is used chiefly for construction, especially in house framing. 
It supplies the demand for a cheap, strong material for many purposes, including 
railway ties, poles, mining timber, pulpwood, and firewood, and its bark is a valuable 
source of tannin. The western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is found in Canada 
only in the province of British Columbia, and is becoming more valuable each year 
as its qualities are better appreciated. The western species is used more extensively 
than the eastern in pulp manufacture. 

Balsam Fir. There is only one balsam fir in northern and eastern Canada 
(4-bies balsamea), which is found from Labrador almost to Alaska. Its wood is sawn 
into lumber only to take the place of more valuable woods for rough construction, 



316 PRODUCTION 



as it has few technical qualities which would recommend hTfor any other use as 
lumber. The purpose for which the wood is best suited is the manufacture of wood- 
pulp for paper making. The tree occurs in the forest mixed with spruce and it is 
cut and marketed with that wood. Balsam fir has the requisite length and tough 
ness of fibre for pulp-making, and, in spite of the fact that it gives a slightly lower 
yield of pulp per cord and contains a higher percentage of resin than spruce, its use 
is increasing. 

There are three western balsam fir species, the wood of which is very similar to 
that of the eastern tree. The most important of these at present is probably the 
Alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Where the wood of these western species is utilized 
it is put to uses similar to those of the eastern species. These western balsams are 
confined to the Rocky mountains and the Pacific slope. 

Cedar. There are only two species of the genus Thuja, commonly called 
"cedar" in Canada. They are both of great commercial importance, each in its own 
region, as their ranges do not overlap. The wood of the cedars is the most durable 
eoniferous wood grown in the Dominion. The eastern tree, white cedar (Thuja 
occidentalis) , is found from the Atlantic to the southeastern part of Manitoba. 
It does not extend as far north as some of the other conifers and is nowhere very 
plentiful, being confined to moist situations. Cedar is preferred to all other native 
woods for shingles and for all structural work exposed to moisture. In spite of the 
fact that the wood is not strong, its great durability in contact with the soil makes 
it a valuable railway tie material. It is used in enormous quantities both locally 
and for export for poles and fence-posts, and its use for this latter purpose is largely 
responsible for the increased scarcity of the lumber, as young trees are used before 
they have time to reach sawlog sizes. The western red cedar (Thuja plicata) is one 
of the giants of the Pacific Coast, being surpassed m size only by Douglas fir. Its 
wood is sawn into lumber of large dimensions and is made into shingles to a greater 
extent than any other wood in Canada. 

Tamarack or larch. Of the three native tamarack or larch species, two are 
worthy of note. The eastern tamarack (t/anx laricina] is found in every province 
in the Dominion in swampy situations. Its wood is hard, strong, and durable, 
being similar to that of Douglas fir and the southern hard pines. The western 
larch (Larix occidentahs) is more important commercially. It is found only in the 
interior of British Columbia, but grows on better sites and reaches greater size 
than the eastern tree. The wood of these two species is cut into lumber and also 
used for railway ties and mining timbers. 

Birch. Birch is Canada s most important hardwood, and one of the few 
woods of this class where the exported material exceeds that imported. There are 
at least seven native species, but only two are worthy of any detailed discussion. 
The yellow birch (Betula lutea) is the source of the most valuable birch lumber, 
used for flooring, furniture, cabinet-work and vehicle stock. The tree grows only in 
Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, and does not reach commercial dimen 
sions north of the Height of Land between the St. Lawrence river and Hudson bay. 
Its wood is hard, heavy, strong, and tough, but is not durable in contact with 
moisture. 

The paper birch (Betula alba var. papyrifera) has a much wider distribution, 
being common from the Atlantic to the Rocky mountains, and is more abundant 
throughout its range than the yellow birch. Its wood is softer, weaker and less 
durable, and is not at present of great commercial value, except for spoolwood 



FOREST RESOURCES 317 



and certain similar classes of turnery. The tough resinous bark of this tree has 
supplied the aborigines for centuries with the material for covering their famous 
birch-bark canoes. 

Maple. The maple, whose leaf is the national emblem of Canada, is our 
second most important hardwood, and is represented in Canada by nine or more 
species scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Only one species, however, can 
be considered here. The sugar maple, or hard maple (Acer saccharum), produces 
the most valuable lumber and, like birch, is used for furniture, vehicle stock, and 
interior house finishing. The sap of this tree is the principal source of the maple 
syrup and sugar of commerce. 

Basswood. Basswood (Tilia americana) is a valuable wood for cabinet-work 
of all kinds, but being restricted in distribution and in great demand, the available 
supply is rapidly disappearing. 

Minor Species. Elm, represented by three species in Canada, is a valuable 
vehicle wood. Beech, ash, oak, butternut, chestnut, hickory, cherry, black walnut, 
tulip, black gum, red alder, sycamore, and sassafras are all valuable woods and are 
still sawn into lumber in Canada, but in many cases the suppby, which was never 
large, has dwindled almost to insignificance. 

The poplar species (Populus sp.\ of which there are seven native to Canada, 
like paper birch and jack pine, produces great quantities of material which will 
eventually become valuable, when its qualities are better appreciated and when 
the scarcity of the more valuable of the better understood woods will make it 
careful utilization imperative. 

4. Forest Resources. 

The total land area of Canada is approximately 3,600,000 square miles. Lund 
suitable for agriculture, including pastoral land, has been estimated at 469,000 
square miles, of which about 90,000 square miles are at present devoted to field 
crops. The area covered by existing forests covers approximately 950,000 square 
miles, some of which is agricultural land. Less than half of this carries merchantable 
timber (6 inches in diameter), and only about a quarter carries saw timber (10 
inches in diameter). The balance of the forested area carries young stands which 
have come up after fire or cutting. On a considerable proportion of this area the 
succeeding stands are inferior to the original forests. Under present conditions 
about a quarter of the timber of commercial size is commercially inaccessible, so that 
the forests on about two-thirds of our forest area are either too small or too expensive 
to be operated profitably. This is not a permanent condition, since accessibility 
depends primarily on market standards, current prices and transportation facilities, 
and all these factors are tending to increase the extent to which standing timber 
can be utilized. Young stands, as they reach maturity, also increase the area of 
accessible timber, and areas of farm land unsuitable for agriculture are eventually 
abandoned and revert to forest. 

On the other hand, forest fires, windfall, insect and fungus damage and com 
mercial operations tend to reduce the area. Certain forest areas are cleared and 
devoted to agriculture. Only when systematic land classification has been com 
pleted can the total area of absolute forest land, be determined i.e. land capable 
of forest production but not suitable for agriculture. 

About 245,000 square miles of forest land in Canada has been set aside in forest 
reserves or parks or otherwise permanently dedicated to forest production. Dom- 



318 



PRODUCTION 



inion reserves and parks cover about 45,000 square miles in Manitoba, Saskatche 
wan, Alberta and the area under Dominion control in British Columbia. The other 
provincial areas in square miles are as follows: Quebec, 174,000; Ontario, 23,000; 
British Columbia, 3,000. N 

For a large proportion of the present forest area of Canada, there is little 
reliable information. Comprehensive forest surveys have been made only for the 
provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia. Reports of these surveys were 
published by the Commission of Conservation. A survey of conditions in Ontario, 
commenced*by that Commission, is now being completed by the Dominion Forestry 
Branch in co-operation with the Provincial Forest Service. Extensive areas in the 
three Prairie Provinces have been examined by the Dominion Service, but the extent 
of their total resources is still undetermined. The New Brunswick Provincial 
Service has examined sixty per cent, of that province s Crown timber lands and the 
Forest Service of Quebec is also collecting data as to the forests under its control. 

The estimates given here for both area and quantity are based on data in 
sufficient for accuracy; they must be accepted as being subject to revision as more 
complete information becomes available. 

Table 1 gives a rough distribution of these quantities and indicates that the 
greater part of the raw material in the Dominion is to be found in British Columbia, 
but that over forty per cent, of the total resources, including all classes of forest 
products, is to be found in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. 

1. Estimated Stand of Timber of Merchantable Size in Canada, by Regions, 1922. 



Region. 


Saw-material. 


Pulpwood, Cordwood, 
Posts, etc. 


SOFTWOOD. 


1,000 
ft. B.M. 

76,101,000 
17,935,000 
345,762,000 


1,000 
cu. ft. 
16,666,115 
3,938,715 
75,721,878 


1,000 
cords. 

552,210 
272,010 
47,500 


1,000 
cu. ft. 
64,700,590 
31,825,170 
5,557,500 






Total Softwood 


439,848,000 


96,326,708 


871,720 


102,083,260 


HARDWOOD. 


32,134,500 
9,305,000 
788,000 


7,037,430 
2,037,795 

172,572 


209,815 
196,010 
2,160 


20,342,417 
18,620,950 
205,200 






Total Hardwood 


43,227,500 


9,247,797 


407,985 


39*168,567 


Grand Total 


482,075,500 


105,574,505 


1,279,705 


141,251,827 





5. Forest Administration. 
1. Administration of Dominion and Provincial Timber Lands. 

The Dominion Government administers Crown lands, including timber lands, 
in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta and in the Railway Belt 
and Peace River Block of British Columbia. 

In all other cases timber lands are administered by the provinces in which they 
occur. On the area under Dominion control and in most of the provinces, only the 
right to cut timber is disposed of, the title to the land remaining in the Crown, so 
that there are few privately owned timber lands other than farmers wood lots. 
As new regions are explored, their lands are examined and the agricultural land 
disposed of. Absolute forest land is usually set aside for timber production, and the 
policy of disposing of the title to lands fit only for the production of timber has been 
virtually abandoned in every province in Canada. The ownership of forests by 



FOREST ADMINISTRATION 319 

towns and communities, so common in Europe, is almost unknown in Canada, 
although efforts are being made to encourage the establishment and maintenance 
of forests of this nature. 

Dominion Timber Lands. Dominion timber lands are administered by three 
different branches of the Department of the Interior at Ottawa. The Forestry 
Branch is chiefly concerned, with forest reserves and fire protection, the Timber and 
Grazing Branch deals with timber berths, and the Dominion Parks Branch adminis 
ters the Dominion parks, which are primarily national playgrounds and game 
preserves and on which the timber is reserved. The Board of Railway Commis 
sioners for Canada has charge of fire protection along lines subject to its jurisdiction. 

Forest reserves are primarily intended to supply the surrounding settlements 
with timber for local use, and to protect the watersheds. The method of disposal 
of this timber and the conditions under which it can be removed are such that 
regeneration of the natural forest is as well provided for as possible without actual 
replanting of cut-over areas. On all other Dominion timber lands, licenses to cut 
timber, renewable annually, are granted for stated areas. Regulations provide 
for cutting to a diameter limit and disposal of logging debris. 

The export is prohibited of raw or unmanufactured timber cut from Dominion 
Crown lands and provincial Crown lands in every province but Nova Scotia. 

British Columbia. In the province of British Columbia, the Forest Branch 
of the Department of Crown Lands has administered timber lands since 1912. 
All unalienated lands in the province which are examined and found to be better 
suited to forest than to agricultural production, are dedicated to forest production, 
and all timber lands carrying over a specified quantity of timber are withdrawn 
from disposal until examined by the Forest Branch. The present practice is to 
sell cutting rights for a stated period by public competition. The royalties are 
adjusted every five years on the basis of the average selling price of lumber. About 
1,387 square miles of timber land is privately owned. 

Ontario. In the province of Ontario, timber lands are administered by the 
Department of Lands and Forests. The sale of saw timber is by tender after exam 
ination. Conditions cover the removal within a specified period, disposal of debris, 
etc. Pulpwood areas are usually disposed of by individual agreements for 21 years. 
Manufacture in Canada has been made a condition in the disposal of all softwood 
saw timber since 1897 and all pulpwood since 1900. In some of the individual 
pulpwood agreements the licensee must undertake not only to erect a pulp mill 
but also a paper mill within the province, the type of mill being stipulated in the 
agreement. In this province about five million acres of forest land were disposed 
of outright before the licensing system became universal. 

Quebec. The Forest Service of the Department of Lands and Forests admin 
isters the timber lands in Quebec; its powers include the classification of land, 
disposal of timber and regulation of cutting operations. Licenses are granted after 
public competition and are renewable from year to year, subject to changes in 
royalty by the government at any time. Grants of land in fee simple, made in some 
cases under the French regime in Quebec, are responsible for the private ownership 
of about six million acres of forest land. 

New Brunswick. The Forest Service under the Department of Lands and 
Mines and a special Forestry Advisory Board, form the forest authority in New 
Brunswick. At present timber lands are disposed of as in the other provinces, but 
in the past several grants of forest land were made to railway companies, private 



320 PRODUCTION 



concerns and individuals, who now own in fee simple about seven thousand square 
miles of forest land. 

Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia the greater part of the forest land has passed 
into private ownership. What remains vested in the Crown is administered by 
the Commissioner of Crown Lands. Forest protection is conducted under the 
Commissioner of Forests and Game. 

2. Forest Fire Protection. 

The protection of forests from fire is undoubtedly the most urgent and most 
important part of the work of the different agencies administering forest lands in 
Canada. In the case of the Dominion Government this duty falls chiefly on the 
Forestry Branch of the Interior Department for all Dominion Crown timber lands, 
whether within forest reserves or not. A special staff of railway fire guardians, 
under the Board of Railway Commissioners, is responsible for fire protection along 
railway lines through Dominion lands. These guards co-operate with the railway 
fire rangers employed by the various railway companies, the compulsory patrol of 
all lines throughout the country being a Dominion law. Other Dominion legislation 
regulates the use of fire for clearing and other legitimate purposes and provides for 
closed seasons during dangerous periods. 

Each of the provincial governments maintains a fire protection organization 
which primarily covers unoccupied Crown timber lands, but frequently co-operates 
with owners and licensees for the protection of all timbered areas, the cost being 
distributed or covered by special taxes on timber lands. An interesting development 
in this connection in the province of Quebec is the organization of a number of 
co-operative protection associations among lessees of timber limits. These associ 
ations have their own staffs, which co-operate with those of the Board of Railway 
Commissioners and the Provincial Government. This latter contributes in the way 
of money grants and also pays for the protection of vacant Crown lands lying 
within the areas of the associations activities. 

The simplest form of patrol is carried on by men, travelling generally in pairs, 
on foot, on horseback or in canoes. The fire protective systems in use throughout 
Canada have been improved by the following measures: the extension of roads, 
trails and portages, the building of telephone lines throughout the forest, the estab 
lishment of lookout towers and stations, and the use of air craft for detecting and 
reporting incipient fires and carrying men and supplies to fires already started, 
patrol by automobiles, boats and railway speeders, maintenance at strategic 
points, of cabins for accommodation of patrolmen and supplies for fire fighting the 
use of portable forest fire pumps, the establishment of fire lanes and cleared fire 
guards through the forest and around fire hazards. In addition to these, certain 
legislative enactments have tended to reduce the fire menace. The establishment 
of closed seasons for brush burning by settlers during the dangerous dry periods 
has proved efficient, and the recently enacted law for Quebec, whereby all travelling 
in the woods during the fire season is regulated and restricted, has been of enormous 
value as a preventive measure. 

3. Scientific Forestry. 

The practice of forestry in Canada has consisted chiefly in the administration 
of existing forest areas. What little reforestation or afforestation has been done has 
been largely of an experimental nature. During recent years investigatory or forest 
research work has assumed considerable importance. The object of this work is to 
secure an inventory of Canada s timber resources, to ascertain the best methods of 



FOREST ADMINISTRATION 321 

aecuring continuous production of desirable species by natural means, and the 
economic possibilities of establishing forests by artificial means. In addition to 
sylyicultural research, investigations are being carried on for the purpose of deter 
mining the best methods of forest utilization or the converting of standing timber 
into saleable commodities. 

Technical foresters are employed by the Dominion and provincial Forest Ser- 
riees and by many pulp and lumber companies. In addition to administrative work, 
these men carry on forest reconnaissance and intensive forest surveys for the purpose 
of estimating and mapping standing timber and determining conditions affecting 
growth and reproduction of existing forests. They also direct experimental planting 
and experimental regulation of commercial logging operations. The Dominion For 
est Service employs a special staff for forest investigatory work, and has established 
a forest experimental station at Petawawa, Ontario, and at numerous points through 
out the Dominion. The work is done in co-operation with the provincial serrices 
and with pulp and lumber companies, and is also carried on on Dominion forest 
reserves. The Forest Products Laboratories, established by the Dominion Forestry 
Branch in connection with McGill University, at Montreal, and the University of 
British Columbia, at Vancouver, carry on investigatory work in forest products, 
covering the strength, durability and other mechanical, physical and chemical 
qualities of Canadian woods, methods of seasoning, preservation from decay and 
chemical utilization in the pulp and paper and wood-distillation industries. The 
province of Quebec is organizing a Bureau of Forest Research under the Provincial 
Forester, supported by a generous annual appropriation. Much credit is due to 
the forestry departments of some of the pulp companies in Canada for pioneering 
"work in forest research. 

Education in forestry and allied subjects and opportunities for research are 
offered by four Canadian universities and by other agencies. The University of 
Toronto, the University of New Brunswick at Fredericton, and the University of 
British Columbia, at Vancouver, provide four-year courses leading to a professional 
degree. The School of Forestry and Surveying in connection with Laval University 
at Quebec provides a combined course in the French language, of four years dura 
tion, leading to diplomas in both sciences. The Government of Quebec is estab 
lishing a school in papermaking at Three Rivers in the heart of the paper industry, 
several agricultural colleges provide short courses in farm forestry, and schools for 
forest rangers are established by some of the provincial Governments. 

The practice of forestry by individuals and private concerns is encouraged by 
the furnishing of expert advice by Dominion and provincial Services and by the 
distribution of tree planting material. The Dominion Forest Service maintains 
two nurseries in Saskatchewan, one at Indian Head and the other at Sutherland, 
neai Saskatoon. From five to six million trees are distributed annually to farmers 
and ranchers in the Prairie Provinces for planting woodlots and windbreaks. If 
certain conditions are fulfilled, the material and instructions are provided free 
except for transportation charges. 

The province of Ontario provides material under similar conditions, and dis 
tributes about 250,000 trees annually from its nurseries near St. Williams in Norlolk 
county. To encourage the establishment of communal forests by towns and other 
municipalities, the provincial Government undertakes to plant free of charge any 
area purchased by the municipality for this purpose. 

In Quebec, a forest nursery at Berthierville serves as a demonstration station 
for the School of Forestry and as a forest ranger school. It provides at present 
287321 



322 PRODUCTION 



about half a million trees for sale and distribution in the province annually, com 
prising seedlings and transplants for forest planting and larger trees for ornamental 
purposes. The capacity of the nursery is being raised to five million trees. Provision 
is made by legislation for the creation of ccmmunal forests. 

6. Forest Utilization. 

The clearing of forest land was the primary step toward the settlement of 
eastern Canada by the early pioneers. The material so removed was at first more 
than sufficient for building purposes, fencing and fuel. In many cases logs and 
clearing debris were burned in order to get them out of the way. Later on, inroads 
were made into the forest surrounding the farms and settlements to supply these 
needs, and lumbering as a business developed gradually as the settlements extended, 
the demand increased and the supply receded. The industry, which started in the 
lower St. Lawrence valley and Maritime provinces, spread northward and westward 
during the period of rapid advance in settlement. 

The Ottawa valley became the first important centre of commercial activity 
in the industry, with the rafting of square timber to Quebec for export. The 
Georgian Bay and Rainy River districts were later opened up, and although the 
industry is now established over the entire Dominion these districts are still the 
chief lumbering regions in eastern Canada. Lumbering to the north of the Prairie 
Provinces has progressed with the colonization of this region, but the production 
does not usually exceed the local demand. Exploitation of the extensive forests of 
British Columbia proceeded simultaneously with similar development in the Pacific 
States across the border, and is steadily increasing in relative importance. In 1908 
this province contributed less than a fifth of Canada s total lumber production, 
while in 1921 this proportion was over a third, indicating that the centre of pro 
duction is rapidly moving westward. 

1. Woods Operations. 

Differences throughout Canada ii* soil, climate, topography, average size of 
trees, density of stands and numerous other local conditions, give rise to differences 
in logging methods not only between provinces but between adjacent logging units 
in the same district. Generally speaking, throughout eastern Canada the climate is 
such that the cutting and hauling of logs can be carried on most economically durinti 
the fall and winter months. The trees are felled and the logs hauled mostly on 
sleighs by horses to the nearest stream or lake, where they are piled on the ice or 
sloping banks. Logging railways are sometimes used, in some cases hauling the logs 
directly to the mills.. Tractors are being substituted for horses in many operations. 
The nature of the topography, the presence of connected systems of lakes and 
streams, makes it possible in most cases to float the logs from the forest to the mill 
at a minimum cost during the annual spring freshets. The logging industry east of 
the Rocky mountains is therefore almost entirely seasonal. In many cases lumber 
men co-operate in river driving operations. Improvement companies, financed by 
the logging operators, build dams, sluices and other river improvements to facilitate 
the passage of the floating logs, and tow the material across lakes and still stretches 
of river in booms or rafts. The logs, which carry the distinguishing stamp or brand 
of each operator, are finally sorted and delivered to their respective owners. In 
British Columbia the scarcity of drivable streams and the greater average size of 
the logs give rise to entirely different logging methods. Slides are built on suitable 
slopes to bring down timber from upper hillsides and benches, and logs are hauled 
and assembled by donkey engines and different cable systems. Logging railways 



THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 



323 



are used extensively to carry logs to the mills or to lakes, large rivers or tidewater 
where they can be assembled in booms or rafts and towed to the mills. These 
operations are more or less independent of frost, snow or freshet, and are carried on 
in most cases throughout the entire year. 

In eastern Canada general logging operations are carried on by the mill owners 
or licensees of timber lands, often through the medium of contractors, sub-contractors 
and jobbers. In the better settled parts of the country a considerable quantity of 
lumber is sawn by custom saw-mills or small mills purchasing logs from the farmers. 
Unmanufactured pulpwood, poles, ties and other forest products have a market 
value, but saw-logs, as a rule being the property of the mill-owner, are not generally 
marketed as such in eastern Canada. In British Columbia logging is carried on 
more frequently as a separate enterprise by limit holders, who cut and sell logs on 
the market. In many cases mill operators are not limit holders, but buy their entire 
supply of raw material from logging concerns. 

In connection with woods operations, it should be borne in mind that the forests 
not only provide the raw material for saw-mills and pulp mills, but in addition provide 
annually about 16,000,000 railway ties, 1,000,000 poles for telegraph, telephone and 
power lines, 14,000,000 fence posts, over 8,000,000 cords of firewood, together with 
piling, round mining timbers, square timber for export, wood for distillation, char 
coal and excelsior manufacture, bark and wood for tanning extracts, maple syrup 
and sugar, and a number of minor products. 

2. The Lumber Industry. 

The manufacture of lumber, lath, shingles and other products and by-products 
of the saw-mill, forms the principal industry in Canada depending on the forest for 
its raw materials. Annual statistics covering this and other forest industries were 
collected and published by the Forestry Branch of the Interior Department from 
1908 to 1916. Since that date the work has been carried on by the Dominion Bureau 
of Statistics, in co-operation with the Forestry Branch. 

Table 2 gives the production of lumber, lath and shingles from 1908 to 1921 
inclusive. The greatest cut of lumber during this period was in 1911, when almost 
five billion feet board measure was produced. Although the quantity produced 
annually did not alter materially from 1908 to 1920, averaging approximately 
4,000,000,000 feet, the average value rose from $16.27 per thousand feet in 1908 to 
$39.12 in 1920. A reduction in both quantity and average value was recorded for 
1921. 

2. Lumber, Lath and Shingle Production in Canada, for the calendar years 1908 

to 1921. 



Years. 


Lumber cut. 


Shingles cut. 


Lath cut. 


Quantity 
-M.ft. bd. 

measure. 


Value. 


Quantity 


Value. 


Quantity 


Value. 


1908.. 


3,347,126 
3,814,942 
4,451,652 
4,918.202 
4,389,723 
3,816,642 
3,946,254 
3,842,676 
3,490,550 
4,151,703 
3,886,631 
3,819,750 
4,298,804 
2,869,307 


$ 
54,338,036 
62,819,477 
70,609,233 
75,830,954 
69,475,784 
65,796,438 
60,363,369 
61,919,806 
58,365,349 
83,655,097 
103,700,620 
122,030,653 
168,171,987 
82,448,585 


M. 

1,499,396 
1,988,753 
1,976,640 
1,838,474 
1,578,343 
1,485,279 
1,843,554 
3,089,470 
2,897,562 
3,020,956 
2,662,521 
2,915,309 
2,855,706 
2,986,580 


$ 
3,101,996 
3,701,182 
3,557,211 
3,512,078 
3,175,319 
3,064,641 
3,688,746 
5,734.852 
5,962,933 
8,431,215 
8,184,448 
13,525,625 
14,695,159 
10,727,096 


M. 

671,562 
822,124 
851,953 
965,235 
899,016 
739,678 
625,010 
793,226 
665,588 
616,949 
438,100 
520,203 
762,031 
804,449 


$ 
1,487,125 
1,979,034 
1,943,544 
2,212,226 
2,064,622 
1,783,283 
1,585,484 
2,040,819 
1,743,940 
1,828,018 
1,369,616 
2,157,758 
5,248,879 
4,188,121 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





62373 2H 



324 



PRODUCTION 



VARIATIONS IN PRODUCTION ANJ AVERAGC VALUE or luM8 

1908- mi 



O O 



O - j ~> **- *o -j> 



O - 



of 



J.oob 



i.J oo 



Avtreroc valj 
Thooujrtd 
Kt.ft.f1, 




THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 



325 



Table 3 shows the production during 1921 by kinds of wood and Table 4 gives 
tfe* same information by provinces. 

3. Total Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, by Kinds of Wood, 

for the calendar year 1921. 



Varieties. 


Lumber. 


Lath. 


Shingles. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Softwoods- 
Spruce 


M. ft. B.M. 

874,456 
680,845 
480,214 
232,169 
95,675 
85,530 
71,707 
51,574 
40,020 
35,323 


1 

24,621,202 
16,613,882 
17,228,634 
6,114,436 
2,799,167 
2,515,507 
1,834,217 
1,268,086 
1,001,493 
823,181 


M 

340,973 
84,730 
199,051 
48,352 
9,293 
9,426 
14,830 
27,048 


$ 

1,935,370 
636,950 
864,013 
209,345 
43,869 
47,815 
78,135 
128,186 


M 

42,822 

8,274 
3,719 
2,923,150 

6,774 
1,251 


I 

157,079 

30,413 
12,031 
10,496,153 

24,119 
5,555 


Douglas fir 


White pine 


Hemlock 


Cedar 


Red pine 


Balsam fir 


Jack pine 


Yellow or bull pine. . . 


Tamarack 


Total softwoods 


3,647,513 


74,819,805 


733,703 


3,943,683 


2,985,990 


1,725,3J 


Hardwoods- 
Yellow birch 


68,897 
47,962 
26,118 
21,063 
19,712 
10,679 
8,723 
8,445 
3,058 
371 
335 
216 
174 
23 
9 


2,355,503 
1,771,742 
914,700 
710,208 
652, 179 
332,548 
310,583 
243,559 
149,909 
18,588 
13,018 
8,794 
8,154 
1,765 
207 


10 


60 


393 


1,231 


Maple 


Basswood 


Elm 


White birch 


Poplar 


Ash 


Beech 


Oak 


Chestnut 


Butternut 


Cherry 


Hickory 


Walnut 


Red alder 


Total hardwoods 
Unspecified 


215,785 


7,491,457 


10 


60 


393 


1,231 


6,009 


137,323 


70,736 


244,378 


197 


515 


Grand Total 


3,869,307 


82,448,585 


804,449 


4,188,121 


2,986,580 


10,727,098 





Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, by Provinces, for 

the calendar year 1921. 



Provinces. 


Lumber. 


Lath. 


Shingles. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Valus. 


Prince Edward Island 


M. ft. B.M. 

5,803 
115,246 
269,983 
649,334 
734,054 
61,727 
10,892 
26,002 
996,266 


$ 

158,712 
3,054,995 
7,810,622 
19,656,462 
24,518,164 
1,398,067 
273,093 
711,149 
24,867,321 


M 

766 
26,383 
179,383 
121,649 
353,337 
14,876 
1,995 
1,640 
104,420 


1 

4,035 
139,336 
1,081,172 
652,216 
1,503,474 
73,297 
12,111 
5,715 
716, 765 


M 

7,064 
17,857 
183,246 
361,496 
40,389 
34 

2,243 
2,374,251 


$ 

23,148 
63,574 
- 658,347 
1,283,056 
171,642 
102 

10,715 
8,516,512 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total 


2,869,307 


82,448,585 


804,449 


4,188,121 


2,986,580 


10, 727, 9 





The cut of lumber in Canada during 1921 was considerably less than it has been 
since 1908, when accurate annual statistics of the lumber industry were first collected. 
During 1921 only 2,869,307 thousand feet board measure of lumber, valued at 



326 



PRODUCTION 



$82,448,585, was reported. This is a decrease in quantity of one-third from the 
production in 1920. The average value of lumber at the mill decreased by over 
10 a thousand feet, causing a decrease in the total value of lumber sawn of 
$85,723,402 or over 50 p.c. 

The number of mills reporting in 1921 was 3,126, a reduction of over 10 p.c. 
from 1920, and not only were there fewer mills in operation in 1921, but the average 
number of days each mill was in operation during the year was only 82^ as compared 
with 96 for 1920. This resulted in an average production per mill for the Dominion 
of only 918 thousand feet as against 1,235 thousand feet in 1920. 

The total number of employees on salaries and wages in the saw -mills in 1921 
was 30,337, as compared with 41,158 in 1920. The total payroll in 1921 was 
26,707,689, a reduction of over 40 p.c. from 1920. The average rates of pay 
for all classes of employment in this industry were considerably less than in 
1920. Other agencies of production in the saw-mills, such as fuel used, power em 
ployed and miscellaneous expenses incurred, all showed reductions from 1920 to 
1921. 

In spite of the reduced production of sawn lumber, this group of mills reported 
increases in the quantities of lath and shingles produced, amounting to over 5 p.c. 
in the case .of lath and over 4 p.c. in the case of shingles. These increases in quantity 
were, however, accompanied by decreases in average value, causing decreases in 
the total values of lath and shingles produced. The figures for 1921 are: lath, 
804,449 thousands, valued at $4,188,121, and shingles, 2,986,580 thousands, valued 
at $10,727,096. Other miscellaneous by-products of the saw-mills show a general 
increase in total value, especially in the cases of slack cooperage stock, sawn ties 
and mine timbers. Decreases were reported in connection with veneer, tight 
cooperage stock and dressed lumber. 

The total value of all classes of products for 1921 was $116,896,559, as c om- 
pared with $207,163,577 for 1920. A substantial increase in production and value, if 
not a return to average conditions in this industry, is indicated by returns already 
received for the calendar year 1922. 

5. Imports of Forest Products by Chief Classes, calendar years 1920 to 1922. 







Quantity. 






Value. 




Classes. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Lumber rough sawn . - - M 1 t - 


112,978 


70,425 


83,254 


$ 

11.139,320 


I 

3,950,333 


S 

4,886,323 


" dressed on one side 
" matched 


52,697 
2,318 


46,273 
7,181 


59,245 
5,242 


3,347,955 
217,753 


1,678,839 
266,717 


2,034,626 
276,309 




167,993 


123,879 


147,741 


14,705,028 


5,896,069 


7,197,258 


Lath M 


8,355 


7,167 


962 


80,258 


51,274 


6,421 




8,328 


4,433 


10,065 


30,570 


20,415 


36,309 












1,040,375 


343,365 


297,550 




_ 





- 


150,468 


35,832 


37,377 


Railway ties No. 


994,310 


1.441 601 


540,424 


1,121,095 


2,335,697 


679,020 




_ 





- 


496,740 


465,622 


258,136 


p l os No. 


115,957 


30,544 


1,892 


268,620 


73,805 


7,011 


Poets $ 


_ 





- 


31,640 


11,389 


13,453 


Fuel wood Cords 


9,277 


8,895 


9,002 


31,194 


35,101 


36,571 




_ 


- 





1,564,604 


354,912 


290,796 


Cork, canes, reed, etc $ 


- 


- 





84,898 


255,373 


286,356 


Total Imports $ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


19,605,490 


9,878,854 


fi.iu.r,-. 














" 



THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 



327 



6. Exports of Forest Products by Chief Classes, calendar years 1920 to 1922. 







Quantity. 






Value. 






1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Sawn lumber M Ft. 


1,924.952 


1,024 227 


1,993,551 


$ 

83,330,477 


1 

37,159,008 


$ 

58 063,896 


Lath M 


446,404 


808,132 


1,295,910 


4,105,953 


5,301,286 


7 643,710 


Shingles M 


1,970,466 


2,192,979 


2,358,992 


11,419,955 


7,507,526 


9,210,961 


Timber squared M Ft. 


42,950 


55,103 


55,140 


1,899,444 


1,699,530 


1,492,344 


Railway ties No. 


1,887,244 


1,853,296 


965,288 


2,116,411 


2,248,185 


ti84,247 


Logs M Ft. 


66,495 


119,320 


185,489 


1,836,315 


2,117,097 


3,270,575 


Poles No . 


112,184 


152,713 


306,421 


439,092 


653,334 


1,211,592 


Posts ... . $ 








209,292 


36 933 


64 020 


Piling Lin. Ft. 


1,818.483 


1,399,486 


1,365,538 


250,284 


163,907 


119,290 


Pulp wood . . . Cords 


1,247,404 


1,092,553 


1,011,332 


15,778,171 


14,617,610 


10 359,762 


Fuel wood " 


29,880 


1,824 


11,570 


117,224 


81,686 


70,168 


Miscellaneous $ 








2,648,474 


2,550,470 


2,278,674 
















Total Exports $ 








194,151,092 


74,136,573 


94,469,239 

















These two tables show the imports and exports of the principal forest products 
for the calendar years 1920, 1921 and 1922. 

The first timber shipped from Canada to Europe was during the French regime 
in 1667, and consisted mostly of square timber and masts and spars for the French 
navy. The export to England began to develop in the early part of the 19th 
century. Quebec was the centre of the square and waney timber trade, which 
reached its maximum in 1864, when as many as 1,350 sailing vessels entered that 
port and carried away over 20,000,000 cubic feet of timber, most of which was 
white or "Quebec" pine. The increase in the production of sawn lumber, the "deal 
trade," and the increasing scarcity of suitable material, resulted in a steady decline 
in the exports of square and waney timber, and Montreal became the centre of 
activity in exportation. The exports of square and waney timber have now fallen 
to about 4,000,000 cubic feet. 

With the growing production of deals and other sawn lumber, the trade with 
the United States increased until in 1922 Canada exported almost 2,000,000,000 feet 
of sawn lumber to that country. The total value of exported sawn lumber and 
other unmanufactured or partially manufactured forest products in 1921 was over 
$94,000,000, of which about $76,000,000 worth went to the United States and 
$11,000,000 worth to the United Kingdom. The remaining export trade was widely 
distributed throughout both trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific channels. 

3. The Pulp and Paper Industry. 

The manufacture of pulp and paper is a comparatively recent development in 
Canadian industry. Paper was first manufactured in Cana a about a hundred years 
ago, but prior to 1860 no wood pulp was used or produced. Rags, straw, esparto 
grass, cotton waste and other substances were the raw materials used. The first 
paper mill was established at St. Andrews in Quebec (then Lower Canada) in 1803 
by a party of Americans who obtained concessions from the seigneurs. In 1825, at 
Crook s Hollow, was erected the first paper mill in what was then Upper Canada. 
Mr. Crooks, the founder, earned a bounty from the Government of 100 for the 
first sheet of paper made in the province. 

What is claimed to be the first wood pulp mill in Canada was erected by Angus 
Logan and Company at Windsor Mills, Quebec, about 1870. The Riordons were 
among the first to manufacture groundwood pulp, and in 1887 Charles Riordon 
brought the sulphite process from Austria, and installed at Merritton a sulphite mill 
which is still in existence. In the census of 1871 no pulp mills are mentioned, but hi 



328 



PRODUCTION 



1881 five mills were in operation, with a total capital of $92,000, 68 employees and 
an output valued at $63,000. In 1891 there were 24, and in 1901, 25 mills. Since 
that date the advance in this industry has been still more rapid. At the present 
time there are in existence in Canada about 50 pulp mills, 35 combined pulp and 
paper mills and 40 mills making paper only, although not all of these are operating 
at present. This development is due chiefly to the existence in Canada of abundant 
water powers adjacent to extensive forest resources of pulpwood species. The 
importance of this combination is evident from the fact that energy to the extent 
of practically 100 h.p. is necessary for the production of one ton of paper. 

The industry in Canada includes three forms of industrial activity, the opera 
tions in the woods with pulpwood as a product, the manufacture of pulp and the 
manufacture of paper. These three stages cannot be treated as entirely distinct nor 
can they be separated from the different stages of the lumber industry. Some of 
the important pulp companies operate saw-mills to utilize the larger timber on their 
limits to the best advantage, and many lumber manufacturers divert a proportion 
of their spruce and balsam logs to pulp mills. As far as operations in the woods are 
concerned, it is often impossible to state whether the timber being cut will eventu 
ally be made into lumber or pulpwood. 

On account of legislation already referred to, pulpwood cut on Crown lands in 
every province but Nova Scotia must be manufactured into pulp in Canadian 
pulp-mills. Pulpwood cut on lands held in fee simple may be exported, and a large 
proportion of it is sent to the United States. Raw or unmanufactured pulpwood 
has therefore a definite market value. Table- 7 and Diagram 2 show the annual pro 
duction of this commodity from 1908 to 1922, together with the quantities used 
by Canadian pulp mills and the quantities exported. 

7. Production, Consumption and Export of Pulpwood, calendar years 190S to 



Years. 


Total Production of Pulpwood. 


Used in Canadian 
Pulp-mills. 


Exported 
Unmanufactured. 


Quantity. 


Total 
value. 



Average 
value 
per cord. 


Quantity. 


Per cent 
of total 
produc 
tion. 


Quantity. 


Per cent 
of total 
produc 
tion. 


1908 


Cords. 

1,325,085 
1,557,753 
1,541,628 
1,520,227 
1,846,910 

2,144,064 
2,196,884 
2,355,550 
2,833,119 
3,122,179 

3,560,280 
3,498,981 
4,024,826 
3,273,131 
3,923,940 


I 

7,732,055 
9,316,610 
9,795,196 
9,678,616 
11,911,415 

14,313,939 
14,770,358 
15,590,330 
19,971,127 
26,739,905 

37,886,259 
41,941,267 
61,183,060 
52,900,872 
50,735,361 


$ 

5-84 
6-98 
6-35 
6-37 
6-46 

6-67 
6-72 
6-61 
7-05 
8-56 

10-64 
11-99 
15-22 
16-16 
12-93 


Cords. 

482,777 
622, 129 
598,487 
672,288 
866,042 

1,109,034 
1,224,376 
1,405,836 
1,764,912 
2,104,334 

2,210,744 
2,428,706 
2,777,422 
2,180,578 
2,912,608 


36-4 
39-9 
38-8 
44-2 
46-8 

51-7 
55-7 
59-7 
62-3 
67-4 

62-1 
69-4 
69-0 
66-6 
74-2 


Cords. 

842,308 
935,624 
943,141 
847,939 
980,868 

1,035,030 
972,508 
949,714 
1,068,207 
1,017,845 

1,349,536 
1,070,275 
1,247,404 
1,092,553 
1,011,332 


63-1 
60-1 
61-2 
55-8 
53-2 

48-3 
44-3 
40-3 
33-7 
32-1 

37-9 
30-8 
31-0 
33-4 
25-8 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 . . 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





Since 1902 the exports of raw pulpwood have gone exclusively to the United 
States, and have amounted annually to about 1,000,000 cords. The exportation of raw 
pulpwood, as shown in the accompanying diagram, has remained practically con 
stant since 1912, while the quantity consumed in Canadian pulpmills has increased 
by orer 236 p.c. during the same period. In 1908, almost two-thirds of the pulpwood 



THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 



329 



PulpwooJ production, itaiwfflcfor artV export 




330 PRODUCTION 



cut in Canada was exported in the raw or unmanufactured form. In 1922, with an 
increase of almost 300 p.c. in total production, the proportion exported has fallen 
to about one quarter. 

The manufacture of pulp forms the second stage in this industry. This is 
carried on by mills producing pulp alone and also by paper manufacturers operating 
pulp mills in conjunction with paper mills for the purpose of proA iding their own 
raw material. Such mills usually manufacture a surplus of pulp for sale in Canada 
or for export. 

The supply of rags for paper making is distinctly limited and the material too 
expensive for the manufacture of cheap paper. Early paper makers experimented 
with fibres from the stems, leaves and other parts of numerous annual plants, but 
the small proportion of paper-making material recoverable from such sources led 
to experiments in the use of wood. Different species were tried, and finally spruce 
and balsam fir were found to be the most suitable for the production of all but the 
best classes of paper. 

The wood is delivered to the pulp mill in different ways. Logs eight feet and . 
upwards are either floated in booms or rafts or delivered in railway cars. Wood 
cut in two foot or four foot lengths is seldom driven but is delivered by railway 
car or vessel. This material may be either peeled or barked or delivered with the 
bark on. Generally speaking, wood sold by farmers is cut to short lengths and peeled 
by hand in the woods. Material cut in log lengths must pass first through a "cut- 
up" mill where it is cut into two or four foot lengths. The next stage in its pre 
paration is the removal of the bark in a "rossing mill." This is accomplished by 
the rubbing together of the logs in a revolving drum or by the removal of the bark 
by revolving knives. This last method produces the cleanest pulpwood but results 
in the loss of a considerable proportion of the wood itself. This preliminary prepar 
ation of pulpwood is frequently carried on at the pulp mill, but there are in Canada 
a number of "cutting up" and "rossing mills" operating on an independent basis, 
chiefly for the purpose of .saving freight on material cut at a distance from the mill 
or on material intended for exportation.* Logs are measured in board feet but the 
shorter material is measured by the cord (4 by 4 by 8 of piled material), which is 
approximately equivalent to 500 feet board measure or to 90 cubic feet of solid wood. 
Generally speaking, it takes about one cord of wood to make a ton of groundwood 
and two cords to make a ton of chemical pulp. 

There are in Canada four methods of preparing wood pulp, one of which is 
mechanical and three chemical. In the mechanical method green coniferous woods 
are preferred; spruce forms over 80 p.c. of the total, with balsam fir, hemlock and 
jack pine. Soft "hardwoods" such as paper birch,white birch and poplar, are occasion 
ally used. The barked and cleaned wood is held by hydraulic pressure against the 
surface of a revolving grindstone, the sticks lying with their length parallel to the 
width of the stone. The stone is constantly washed by water, which carries away 
the pulp in suspension. Mechanically prepared pulp or "groundwood" is used only 
for the cheaper grades of paper and board which are required only for a compara 
tively short time. It contains all the wood substance, a large proportion of which 
is not durable. Mixed with chemical pulp it is used for news, wall, cheap book, 
manilla, tissue, wrapping, bag and building papers and for box boards, container 
boards and wall boards. 

There are three methods of producing chemical fibre in use in Canada the 
sulphite, sulphate (or kraft) and the soda processes, so called because of the chem 
icals used in each case to dissolve out the non-fibrous or non-cellulose components 



THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 331 

of wood substance. Cellulose, which forms about 50 p.c. of wood substance, is the 
ideal paper-making material. It is a singularly inert substance, largely unaffected 
by ordinary chemical agents, atmospheric conditions, bacteria and fungi. High 
grade paper, being almost pure cellulose, will remain in perfect condition for cen 
turies. Not only do the chemicals used separate out the cellulose, but they remove 
the fats and resins so troublesome in paper making, and break down the substance 
which holds the cellulose fibres together, so that they can be later felted together 
into a strong sheet of paper. 

The sulphite process, which is the most important in use in Canada, depends on 
the action of a bisulphite liquor (a comparatively weak acid solution of calcium and 
magnesium bisulphite) on the non-cellulose wood components. This liquor is pre 
pared by burning sulphur or pyrites and absorbing the resulting sulphur dioxide gas 
in a milk-of-lime solution or in water, in the presence of limestone. 

The woods used in this process in Canada are all coniferous. Spruce forms 65 
p.c., balsam 24 p.c., hemlock 10 p.c., together with small quantities of other conifers. 
The previously barked and cleaned pulpwood is chipped in a machine which reduces 
the wood to particles about an inch long and a quarter of an inch thick, or smaller. 
These chips are screened, crushed and fed into digesters large steel tanks lined 
with acid-resisting brick where they are cooked by steam in the presence of the 
bisulphite liquor referred to. The cooked chips are then "blown" into pits below 
the digesters and washed in preparation for screening. Sulphur and lime are the 
most important chemicals used in this process, and their recovery, or the economic 
utilization of waste sulphite liquor, is still largely an unsolved problem. 

Sulphite fibre is used in the manufacture of newsprint paper, in which it forms 
about 20 p.c. of the pulp used, adding strength to the remaining 80 p.c. of ground- 
wood pulp. It is used for the better classes of white paper and boards, either pure 
or in mixture with the other fibres. 

The soda process is the oldest chemical process, and depends on the action of 
an alkaline solvent, caustic soda, on the non-fibrous components. This caustic 
soda is prepared from soda ash dissolved in water and boiled with lime or is pro 
duced electrolytically from brine. Most of the chemicals used in this process are 
recoverable. The wood of the softer so-called "hardwoods" or broad-leaved 
trees, such as poplar, basswood, willow, etc., is used almost exclusively in this 
process. The wood is prepared as in the other chemical processes, and the chips 
are cooked in unlined metal digesters. The resultant fibre is used in the manu 
facture of the best class of book, magazine and writing papers, as a filler mixed with 
stronger pulp. The result is a paper which lacks strength but can be readily finished 
to a good surface. 

The manufacture of sulphate or kraft pulp is a comparatively recent modi 
fication of the soda process. It was first used in America by the Brompton Pulp 
and Paper Company at East Angus, Quebec, in 1907, and was treated as soda pulp 
in statistical reports up to 1912. The process was first introduced with the intention 
of reducing the manufacturing cost of soda pulp by substituting salt cake (sodium 
sulphate) for the more expensive soda ash (sodium carbonate). Subsequent develop 
ments showed that by an adaptation of this process the superior strength of coniferous 
wood fibre could be taken advantage of, and at the present time the woods used are 
almost exclusively coniferous. Spruce heads the list with about 65 p.c. of the total, 
followed by jack pine with about 20 p.c., hemlock with about 10 p.c., and other 
conifers in smaller proportions. The chipped wood is treated with the caustic 
solution in unlined steel digesters. The cooking process is carried on just long 



332 



PRODUCTION 



enough to obtain fibres that can be easily separated. The fibres so obtainecTare 
long, flexible and very strong, and are used in the manufacture of so-called kraft 
papers used for wrapping, bags, etc. 

The pulp or fibre from all four processes leaves the grinders or digester pits in 
a fluid state, consisting of water with a small proportion of fibre held in suspension. 
It is first screened and thickened, and may then be piped direct to the paper mill. 
For shipping or storing, it is usually dried out sufficiently to allow it to be formed 
into sheets and folded into bundles or "laps." For export, these "laps" are baled 
by hydraulic presses. In some cases the pulp is dried for export by converting it 
into what is practically a coarse form of paper. Groundwood pulp is sold in laps 
either wet or pressed. Sulphite pulp is marketed in laps, sheets or rolls, and soda 
pulp is usually shipped in rolls. 

Table 8 shows the total production of pulp in Canada from 1908 to 1922 in 
clusive, together with the production of groundwood pulp and the production of 
fibre by the three chemical processes described. Statistics of values are not avail 
able from 1908 to 1916. 

8. Pulp Production, Mechanical and Chemical, calendar years 1908 to 1922. 



Years. 


Total Production. 


Mechanical Pulp. 


Chemical Fibre. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1908.. 


Tons. 

363,079 
445,408 
474,604 
496,833 
682,632 

854,624 
934,700 
1,074,805 
1,296,084 
1,464,308 

1,557,193 
1,716,089 
1,960,102 
1,549,082 
2,150,251 


$ 

65,515,335 

64.356,173 
73,320,278 
141,552,862 
78,338,278 
84,947,598 


Tons. 

278,570 
325,609 
370,195 
362,321 
499,226 

600,216 
644,924 
743,776 
827,258 
923,731 

* 879,510 
990,902 
1,090,114 
931,560 
1,241,185 


1 

25,918,811 

19,112,727 
23,316.828 
49,890,337 
32,313,848 
31,079,429 


Tons. 

84,509 
119,799 
104,409 
134,512 
183,406 

254,408 
289,776 
331,029 
468,826 
540,423 

677,683 
725,187 
848,528 
612,467 
897,533 


S 

38,374,191 

45,243,446 
50,003,450 
90,053,999 
45,929,518 
53,615,692 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913.. 


1914.. 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918.. 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





!These totals include some unspecified pulp and screenings. 
NOTE. No values available, 1908 to 1916. 

In Table 8 is shown the steady growth of this industry up to 1920, when 
1,960,102 tons of pulp were produced. There was a drop in production in 1921, 
but the production of 1922 reached the highest point in the history of the 
industry. 

Table 9 gives the production of pulp in Canada in 1921 and 1922 by processes 
and by provinces. During 1922 there were 43 mills manufacturing pulp only and 
28 combined pulp and paper mills. These 71 establishments turned out 2,150,251 
tons of pulp, valued at $84,947,598, as compared with 1,549,082 tons valued at 
$78,338,278 in 1921, representing an increase of 38.8 p.c. in quantity. Of the 1922 
total for pulp, 1,188,581 tons, valued at $36,247,976, were made hi the combined pulp 
and paper mills for their own use in manufacturing paper. The surplus, together 
with the product of the pulp mills, amounting to 961,670 tons, valued at $48,699,622, 
was sold in Canada or exported. As in the case of pulpwood, a part of the product 
of this stage of the industry provides raw material for the later stages, while the 
remainder has a definite market value as such. 



THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 



338 



PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION BY PROVINCES 1920-21 






PROVINCES 




% 

HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF CORDS 






00EBEC -.-{ * 


CORPS 


1 8. 3 4 3 6 f 8 9 10 II 12 13 

































^m 











mm 


mm 


mm 








mum 





mm 


(19^0 
ONTARIO -{ 9 * 


1,33 3,6 1 5 
700,563 





























mm 


mm 





mmi 


mm} 


mm 


mm 


1. 1920 

(1921 
BRmSH COLUMBIA-^ 


942.,67Jt 
ZZ 5,240 

Z9S.6O 
121,110 


mm 










\ 


1 


| 


1 












W950 
NEW BRUNSWICK-/ * 


mm 


1 




J92.0 
NOVA SCOTIA (12* 


l&O t 73 

ZZ.Z62 
K4.S9S 


i 

3 




1(920 



PULP MANUFACTURED BY PROVINCES 1920-21 






PROVINCES 




HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF TONS 






QUEBEC - -| 92 


TONS 


I23456-/89IO 
































mmm 


^H 


mmm 





! 


MM 


1 


ONTARIO C 92 


5 1 9,5 / 1 
654,401 
165,053 

2/8,482. 




































BRITISH COLUMBIA./ ** 1 




^ocssjf 


MWWQSKi 


^^^^S 


&OMC466( 


oDOOKSBQil 


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m 


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NEW BRUNSWICK--/!^ 


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5CSSS5SS 


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61,810 
85,069 
1 ?,80Z 
Z 3,384 


i 

issMiMa 






U920 
HO VA SCOTIA { 9 * 


I 

9 


11 ago 




PAPER PRODUCED BY PROVINCES 1920-EI 






PROVINCES 


HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF TONS 




ONTARIO jT A2 


TONS 




2 3456789 10 






















119^0 
QUEBEC / 9AI 


560764^ 




















\I920 


it Q 6 S9olH^^53"^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^S^ 












BRITISH COLUMBIA-/ 92 


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23 




















~ II9J?0 



CANADA YEAR BOOK 1922 -23 " 



334 



PRODUCTION 



9. Pulp Production by Classes and Provinces, calendar years 1921 and 1922. 



Kinds of Pulp by Province^. 


Quantity. 


Total Value. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


Quebec 

Groundwood 


Tons of 
2,000 Ibs. 

482,176 
3,479 
63,051 
121,992 
110,972 
3,236 


Tons of 
2,000 Ibs. 

612,597 
793 
44,257 
244,578 
178,260 
7,720 


^ 

17,718,437 
300,825 
5,604,731 
7,712,428 
7,499,159 
58,844 


$ 

15,284,012 
57,815 
3,880,472 
13,503,038 
10,436,498 
167,905 


Soda . . . 


Sulphite, bleached . . 


Sulphite, unbleached . 


Sulphate . . 


Screenings . . . . 


Total 


784,906 

337,014 
722 
45,367 
129,392 
5,703 
1,313 


1,088,205 

483,664 

30,458 
196,392 
13,150 
2,644 


38,894,424 

11,930,972 
82,584 
3,994,028 
9,622,526 
650,487 
33,543 


43,329,710 

12,655,780 

2,505,462 
11,330,995 
697,305 
74,132 


Ontario 

Groundwood ... 


Soda 


Sulphite, bleached 


Sulphite, unbleached 


Sulphate 


Screenings 


Total 


519,511 

89,348 
17,273 
51,544 
6,888 


726,308 

100,483 
24,077 
63,997 
9,869 


26,314,140 

1,809,448 
1,801,522 
3.136,950 
471,073 


27,263,674 

1,771,178 
1,547,963 
2,999,699 
663,285 


British Columbia 

Groundwood 


Sulphite bleached 


Sulphite, unbleached 


Sulphate 


Total 


165,053 

5,220 
29,113 
19,197 
7,774 
506 


198,426 

6,879 
47,898 
27,221 
16,583 
1,169 


7,208,963 

178,542 
3,080,877 
1,540,790 
441,563 
2,530 


6,982,125 

201,712 
3,758,007 
1,388,637 
846,516 
10,440 


New Brunswick 

Groundwood . . . 


Sulphite, bleached . . . ... 


Sulphite, unbleached .. 


Sulphate . 


Screenings . . . 


Total 


61,810 

17,802 


99,750 

37,562 


5,244,302 

676,499 


6,205,312 

1,166,747 


Nova Scotia- 
Ground wood. . 


Total 


17,802 


37 , 562 


676,499 


1,166,747 


Total for Canada 


1,549,082 

931,560 
4,201 
154,804 
322,125 
131,337 
5,055 


2,150,251 

1,241,185 
793 
146,690 
532, 188 
217,862 
11,533 


78,338,278 

32,313,848 
383,409 
14,481,158 
22,002,694 

g.Ofr. .L . iL 1 
94,917 


84,947,598 

31,079,429 
57,815. 
11,691.904 
L"i.L L>2,369 
IL . f 143, 604 
252,477 


Groundwood 


So,i;i 


Sulphite blpEicl C d 


Sulphite, unbleached 


Sulphate 


Screenings .... 





The paper making stage of the industry involves the consumption of wood pulp 
and other paper stock in the manufacture of paper and other pulp products. Accur 
ate annual statistics for the industry are only available for the years 1917 to 1922 
inclusive. Table 10 gives the quantities and values of the main classes of products 
in the industry from 1917 to 1922. These main classes are further subdivided 
into about thirty sub-classes, details concerning which are included in Table 11 for 
1921 and 1922. 



PAPER PRODUCTION IN CANADA 



335 



10. Summary of Paper Production in Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1922. 



Years. 


Newsprint Paper. 


Book and Writing Paper. 


Wrapping Paper. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1917.. 


Tons. 
689,847 
734,783 
794,567 
875,696 
805,114 
1,081,364 


$ 

38,868,084 
46,230,814 
54,427,879 
80,865,271 
78,784,598 
75,971,327 


Tons. 
48,141 
48,150 
58,228 
73,196 
53,530 
64,808 


$ 

9,310,138 
10,732,807 
12,571,000 
21,868,807 
12,550,520 
12,560.504 


Tons. 
50,360 
61,180 
59,697 
77,292 
52,898 
81,793 


1 

5,646,750 
7,341,372 
7,979,418 
12,161,303 
6,634,211 
8,219,841 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 




Years. 


Boards. 


Other Specified Paper 
Products. 


Total Paper. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1917.. 


Tons. 
54,080 
87,749 
137,678 
158,041 
89,120 
113,200 


$ 
3,543,164 
5,551.409 
8,892,046 
12,904,662 
6,225,948 
7,000,081 


Tons. 
11,261 
35,862 
40,065 
30,726 
18,285 
25,650 


S 

1,382,205 
3,267,142 
3,882,500 
4,222,724 
2,358,658 
2,508,325 


Tons. 
853,689 
967, 724 
1,090,235 
1,214,951 
1,018,947 
1,366,815 


S 
58,750,341 
73,123,544 
87,752,843 
132,022,767 
106,553,935 
106,260,078 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





11. Paper Production in Canada, by Classes, calendar years 

1921 and 1922. 



Classes. 


Quantity. 


Total value. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


Newsprint Paper- 
In rolls 


Tons of 
2,000 Ibs. 
662,839 
129,201 
12,955 
119 


Tons of 
2,000 Ibs. 
1,056,995 
18,600 
5,597 
172 


S 

65,309,772 
12,066,316 
1,388,708 
19,802 


$ 

74,068,178 
1,422,805 
449,524 
30,820 


In sheets 


Hanging or wall paper 


Poster paper 


Total Newsprint 


805,114 


1,081,364 


78,784,598 


75,971,327 


Book and Writing Paper- 
Book, wood fibre chief ingredient 


23,730 
154 
219 
26 
1.644 
6,904 
17,893 
2,960 


31,62b 

160 
4,730 
1,906 
7,940 
15,543 
2,903 


4,494,791 
32,340 
59,166 
5,134 
311,103 
1,785,998 
5,256,499 
605,489 


5,044,605 

41,070 
803,150 
326,355 
1,702,433 
4,141,539 
501,352 


Book, rags chief ingredient 


Cover 


Plate, map, lithograph, etc 


Cardboard, bristol board, etc 


Coated paper 


Writing paper 


All other fine paper 


Total Book 


53,530 


64,808 


12,550,520 


12,560,504 


Wrapping Paper- 
Manilla (rope, jute, tag, etc.) 


2,505 
9,988 
160 
12,959 
20,246 
7,040 


3,300 
22,792 
160 
9,027 
38,645 
7,869 


574,198 
523,323 
16,000 
1,320,143 
3,170,409 
980,138 


480,864 
1,203,450 
3,200 
1,072,556 
4,450,605 
1,009,166 


Heavy wrapping (mill wrappers) 


Straw wrapping 


Bogus or wood manilla. . 


Kraft 


All other wrapping 


Total Wrapping 


52,898 

39,891 
4,397 
17,104 
3,434 
6,058 
841 
1,261 
16,134 


81,793 

60,210 
5,413 
19,492 
362 
5,587 
3,858 
988 
17,290 


6,634,211 

2,556,315 
271,115 
1,047,348 
315,783 
527, 333 
89,772 
100,880 
1,317,402 


8,219,841 

3,500,479 
318,784 
1,089,040 
20,685 
306,193 
487,133 
29,167 
1,248,600 


Boards- 
Wood-pulp board 


Stra wboard 


Chipboard 


Newsboard 


Testboard 


Trunk, leather, binder s and pressboard... 
Wallboard 


All other boards 


Total Boards 


89,120 


113,200 


6,225,948 


7,000,081 





336 



PRODUCTION 



11. Paper Production in Canada, bj- Classes, calendar years 
1921 and 1922 concluded. 



Classes. 


Quantity. 


Total value. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


192Z. 


Other Paptr 

Tissue 


Tons of 
2,000 Ibs. 

1,018 
2,861 

14,400 


Tons of 
2,000 Ibs. 

2,327 
3,431 

19,892 


1 

319,653 
912,745 

1,126,260 


* 

504,9*6 
650, 736 

1.353,568 


Toilet 


Blotting 


Building, roofing and sheathing. 


Asbestos paper 


Pure vegetable parchment 


Miscellaneous paper 


Total Other Paper 


18,285 


25,650 


2,358,658 


2,508,32* 


Total Specified Paper 


1,018,947 


1,366,815 


106,553,935 


106,260,078 


Unspecified Products 


- 


- 


335,857 


825,688 


Total All Products 


- 


- 


106,889,792 


107,085,7C 





During 1922 there were 28 combined pulp and paper mills and 33 mills making 
paper only. These 61 establishments produced 1,366,815 tons of paper, 
together with certain miscellaneous pulp products, with a total value of $107,085,766, 
an increase of 34.1 p.c. in quantity over 1921. Newsprint paper forms annually 
about 80 p.c. of the paper production in Canada. In 1922 this class of paper amount 
ed to 1,081,364 tons, valued at $75,971,327, an increase of 34.4 p.c. over 1921. 

While the manufacture of pulp and the manufacture of paper are properly two 
distinct industries, the existence of combined pulp and paper mills makes it im 
possible to separate many of their statistics. There were altogether 104 mills of 
all classes in operation in 1922, as compared with 100 in 1921. The total net value of 
production, which reached $236,420,176 in 1920, fell to $151,003,165 during the 
reconstruction period in 1921. The total of $155,785,388 for 1922 shows a tendency 
toward the normal progress of this industry. 

The total number of employees on salaries and wages in 1922 was 25,830 and 
their total payroll $32,918,955. The capital invested in the industry increased from 
$379,812,751 in 1921 to $381,006,324 in 1922. The total cut of pulpwood in Canada 
in 1922 was 3,923,940 cords, valued at $50,735,361, and of this total, 74.2 p.c. was 
used in Canadian pulp mills, the remaining 25.8 p.c. or 1,01 1,332 cords, valued at 
$10,359,762, being exported unmanufactured to the United States. In 1921 the 
total cut was 3,273,131 cords, of which 67 p.c. was consumed in Canada and 33 p.c. 
exported. No pulpwood is imported into Canada. 

The exports of pulp during the calendar year 1922 were 818,247 tons, valued at 
$41,037,849, as compared with 527,222 tons, valued at $33,133,675, for 1921. Imports 
of pulp during the same periods were 17,300 tons at $1,008,527 for 1922 and 17,354 
tons at $1,683,041 for 1921. Exports of newsprint paper were 959,514 tons at 
$68,362,817 for 1922 and 709,241 tons at $69,786,317 for 1921. Details of the 
external trade in these commodities are given in Tables 12, 13, 14 and 15 for the 
calendar year 1922. 

The United States market absorbs annually about four-fifths of Canada s 
pulp and paper shipments, and the remaining portion goes to the United Kingdom 
and widely distributed overseas markets. Two-thirds of the newsprint paper con 
sumed in the United States is either of Canadian manufacture or is made from wood 
or wood pulp imported from Canada. 



EXPORTS OF PULP AND PAPER 



337 



12. Exports of Wood-Pulp, by Countries, calendar year 1922. 



Kinds of pulp and countries to which exported. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
value 
per ton. 




Tons. 
818,247 

314,770 
146,705 
208,446 
148,336 

610,314 

188,810 
138,691 
134,477 
148,336 

137, sa 

93,974 
52 
43,185 

3,957 

1,943 
2,014 

22,349 

7,761 
14,588 

44,426 

30,043 
201 
14,182 


$ 

41,037,849 

9,400,083 
11,993,202 
10,477,746 
9,166,818 

33,083,301 

5,536,518 
11,426,232 
6,953,733 
9,166,818 

4,942,600 

3,000,492 
4,477 
1,937,631 

152,821 

58,651 
94,170 

1,383,606 

542,003 
841,603 

1,475,521 

804,422 
20,490 
650,609 


$ 

50 15 

29-86 
81-75 
50-27 
61-80 

54 21 

29-32 
82-39 
51-71 
61-80 

36-02 

31-93 
86-10 

44-87 

38-62 

30-19 
46-76 

61 91 

69-84 
57-69 

33 21 

26-78 
101-94 
45-88 










TA Hio TTtilfprl m-atPK 








C!iiln>iato (TCraftl fihrp 


HPrt ttio YTnifpfl K inifdoni 


























Sulphite fibre, unbleached 



Imports of Wood-Pulp, by Countries, calendar year 1922. 



Kinds of pulp and countries from which imported. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
value 
per ton. 




Tons. 
17,300 


$ 

1,OC8,527 


$ 

58-30 




17,299 


1,007,988 


58-27 




184 


14,593 


79-31 




15,390 


863,319 


56-10 




1,451 


106,614 


73-48 


All other wood-pulp 


274 


23,462 


85-63 



iThe total includes a small quantity of unspecified pulp, valued at $539, imported from the United 
Kingdom. 

14. Exports of Paper, by Principal Countries, calendar year 1922. 



Description. 


United States. 


United Kingdom. 


Australasia. 


All Countries. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Newsprint tons 


887,831 
2,181 
197 
14,453 
3 
29 
46,295 


t 

62,860,142 
226,447 
10,914 
289.410 
364 
6,181 
10,511 
127,128 
9,040 
1,425,876 

34,319 


13,821 
6,902 

27 

56 
68 
375,224 


$ 

981, 3C8 
1,121,955 
9,294 

9,786 
17,796 
62,657 
3,982 
8,225 
635,122 

36,757 


45,423 
4,640 
1 

1,501 
337 
752,184 


$ 

3,471,880 
656,059 
155 

210,115 
66,909 
130,643 
24,892 
3,396 
78,345 

21,118 


959,514 
18,280 
329 
14,530 
1,584 
611 
1,565,083 


$ 

68,362,817 
2,740,049 
40,337 
291,192 
225,710 
132,980 
251,470 
223,893 
75,432 
2,328,829 

153,184 


Wrapping, Kraft 
\Vrapping n o p 


Wa^te paper 


Book paper 


Bond paper 


Hanging paper rolls 


Roofing paper, value onlv 
Bags " 


Boards ... " 


All other paper 
and paper goods 

Total paper and 
paper goods 


- 


65,000,332 


- 


2,886,882 


- 


4,663,512 


- 


74,825,893 



6237322 



338 



PRODUCTION 



15. Imports of Paper by Principal Countries, calendar year 1922. 



Description. 


All countries. 


United States. 


United Kingdom. 


Other countries. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan 
tity. 


Value. 


Newsprint tons 


3,329 
363 
3,250 
76 
530 
1,747,295 


$ 

499,603 
51,178 
377,473 
24,650 
133,851 
342,191 
368,366 

6,497,782 


2,740 
257 
3,022 
54 
386 
1,633,228 


I 

406,545 
39,171 
337,300 
18.776 
101,568 
296,138 
367,692 

5,491,897 


571 
41 
136 
15 
143 
75,628 


$ 

90.527 
4,588 
29,960 
4,169 
32,026 
36,524 
644 

621,540 


18 
65 
92 

7 
1 
38,439 


$ 

2,531 
7,419 
10,213 
1,705 
257 
9,529 
30 

384,345 


Wrapping, Kraft " 


Wrapping, n.o.p " 


Book, coated " 


Bond and ledger " 


Hanging rolls 


Roofing, value only 


All other paper and paper 
goods, value only 


Total paper and 
paper goods 


- 


8,295,094 


- 


7,059,087 


- 


819,978 


- 


416,029 



4. Other Wood-Using Industries. 

Saw-mills and pulp mills are the two most important agents of secondary pro 
duction among forest industries. They draw their supplies of raw material direct 
from the forest in the form of logs and pulpwood and produce sawn lumber, saw-mill 
by-products, pulp and paper. There are also a number of important industries 
which use these products as raw material for further manufacture. Some of them 
produce commodities made entirely of wood, others manufacture articles in which 
wood is the most important component, others produce articles in which wood is 
necessary but forms only a small proportion of the value. There are, in addition, a 
number of industries which use wood indirectly in the manufacture of articles which 
do not contain wood as a component part. The first group includes the manufacture 
of paper products; sash, doors and other millwork and planing mill products; boxes, 
baskets, cooperage and other containers; canoes, boats and small vessels; kitchen, 
baker s and dairy woodenware; wooden pumps, piping, tanks and silos; spools, 
handles, dowels and turnery. The second group includes the manufacture of furni 
ture, vehicles and vehicle supplies, coffins and caskets, etc. 

The third group where wood has a secondary importance includes the manu 
facture of agricultural implements, railway rolling stock, musical instruments, 
sporting goods, brooms and brushes, etc. 

The fourth group could be said to include practically every form of industrial 
activity, as few, if any, of these are entirely independent of the use of wood directly 
or indirectly. 

The first two groups, wherein wood, wood pulp or paper is the chief or only 
component, were represented in Canada in 1921 by 3,926 establishments in which 
$209,375,114 was invested. These industries employed 56,311 workers whose 
salaries and wages amounted to $70,183,081. They used raw materials valued at 
$89,337,260 in the manufacture of commodities valued at $219,222,379. 

5. Total Annual Forest Utilization. 

Table 16 gives the values of certain classes of forest production of both primary 
and secondary nature. This table is repeated as in previous issues of the Year Book 
for comparison only. Table 17 gives the total value of primary and secondary 
forest production for 1920 and 1921. The first total includes primary production 
only, while the net figures include the value added by manufacturing logs and pulp- 



ANNUAL FOREST PRODUCTION 



339 



wood into sawn lumber, pulp and other saw-mill and pulp mill products. The figures 
for 1920 include data from the decennial census covering materials cut on farms, 
which data are not collected annually. As the estimated increase in population 
from 1920 to 1921 was only about 2 p.c., it was assumed that this woodlot produc 
tion would be practically unchanged and the same figures are therefore included 
in making up the 1921 totals. 

16. Summary Statistics of Forest Products, 1917 to 1921. 



Items. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Lumber, lath and shingles 


$ 
93,914,330 


$ 
113,254,684 


$ 
137,714,036 


$ 

188,116,025 


$ 

97,363,802 


Firewood 


27,500,000 


26,500,000 


25,000,000 


37,436,000 


37,436,000* 


Pulpwood 


26,739,905 


37,886,259 


41,941,267 


61,183,060 


52,900,872 


Cross-ties 


9,500,000 


9,369,520 


9,446,182 


13,405,473 


13,302,956 


Square timber exported 


1,325,192 


1,402,871 


1,933,216 


1,899,444 


1,699,530 


Cooperage 


1,703,977 


1,496,205 


1,392,365 


812,758 


905,810 


Poles 


600,000 


613,000 




655,467 


655,467" 


Logs exported 


824,155 


510,202 


1,506,058 


1,836,315 


2,117,097 


Tanning materials. ... 


150,000 


680,000 






_ 


Round mining timber 


195,000 


211,292 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Miscellaneous exports 








41,188 


15,346 


Miscellaneous products 


11,426,945 


17,707,254 


5,335,257 


7,297,779 


11.873.889J 














Total 


173,879,504 


209 ,631 ,287 


224,268,381 


312 ,683 ,509 


218,270,769 















Estimates, subject to revision. 

17. Total Values of Primary and Secondary Forest Production, 1920 and 1921. 



Items. 


1920. 


1921. 


Firewood . . . 


$ 
37,436,000 


$ 

37,436,000! 


Cross-ties .... . . . 


13,405,473 


13.302,956 


Poles . 


655,467 


655, 467 i 


Posts . . 


1,396,751 


1,396,7511 


Rails 


450,403 


450,4031 


Square timber exported , 


1,899,444 


1,699,530 


Logs exported , 


1,836,315 


2,117,097 


Pulpwood exported .. 


15,778,171 


14,617,610 


Miscellaneous primary products . . . . 


2,134,219 


2,134,2191 


Miscellaneous primary exports ... . ... ... 


41,188 


15,346 


Logs, etc. for saw-mills.. 


91,527,134 


46.513,623 


Pulpwood used in pulp mills 


45,404,889 


38,283,262 








Total Primary Products. . .. 


211,965,454 


158,622,264 


Net Saw-mill Products 2 


100,718,055 


59,648,505 


Net Pulp mill Products 2 


96,147,973 


40,C55,016 








Net Total 


408,831,482 


258,325,785 









Estimates, subject to revision. 

2 The gross totals, including the value of raw materials were,- 
$106,162,128; pulp mills, 1920, $141,552,862; 1921, $78,338,278. 



saw-mills, 192C, $192,245,189; 1921, 



The quantity of material corresponding to the value of primary forest produc 
tion is measured in a number of different units, all of which can be roughly converted 
into cubic feet. The total has been estimated at approximately 2,600,000,000 
cubic feet per annum. 
62373221 



340 PRODUCTION 



7. Forest Depletion and Increment. 

Fire Losses. No accurate summing up of damage due to forest fires has ever 
been made for Canada, but it is quite certain that more than half of our original 
forest wealth has been destroyed by fire and that more timber has been so destroyed 
in recent years than has fallen to the axe. 

The historic Miramichi fire, in 1825, burned along the valley of the Miramichi 
river in New Brunswick, and on a belt 80 miles long and 25 miles wide almost 
every living thing was killed. One hundred and sixty people perished, a thousand 
head of stock were killed, and a number of towns, including Newcastle, Chatham 
and Douglastown were destroyed. The damage to the forest was not even estimated. 
Damage to other property was placed at $300,000. 

During more recent times, a series of disastrous fires swept over Northern 
Ontario. A number of isolated fires around the mining can p of Porcupine culminated 
on July 11, 1911, in a conflagration which resulted in the loss of 72 lives and property 
damage estimated at $3,000,000. In 1916, fires in the same general region were 
responsible for the lives of at least 224 people, the exact number never having been 
determined. During 1922, a third fire, covering in part the areas burned over by 
the previous fires, destroyed the town of Haileybury and other centres and caused 
40 deaths. . In 1908, afire originating in the forest around Fernie, British Columbia, 
destroyed that city, caused 25 deaths, rendered 6,000 people homeless and damaged 
property to the estimated extent of $5,000,000. These are a few of the outstanding 
historical disasters. Every year thousands of acres are covered by fires of less indiv 
idual importance but which in the aggregate are rapidly depleting our forest resources. 
During the last five years 723,250 acres of merchantable timber have been burned 
over annually. At the low estimate of 5,000 feet board measure per acre, the amount 
of timber destroyed annually would be 3,616,250,000 feet board measure. In 
addition there were over 800,000 acres of young growth and 500,000 acres of cut- 
over land burned over, on which the increment of perhaps 30 years, on the average, 
was destroyed. 

Speaking generally, there are two annual periods in Canada when the forest fire 
hazard is highest; in the spring, after the disappearance of the snow, when the forest 
floor is dry and the green underbrush has not yet developed and again in the fall 
when the green growth is dead and the ground is covered with dry leaves. 
Statistics collected by the different government administrations and the Quebec 
Protective Associations show that over 95 p.c. of the fires of known origin are due 
to human carelessness and therefore preventable. Campers, settlers and railways 
are responsible for most of the fires whose origin is determined. Other causes, 
including lumbering operations and incendiarism, account for smaller proportions, 
and only a few are attributed to lightning. 

Losses through Insects and Fungi. During the last ten years the spruce 
budworm has caused tremendous damage to the spruce and balsam fir forests in 
eastern Canada. In Quebec, it is estimated that 100 million cords of pulpwood have 
been destroyed by this insect, and in New Brunswick the loss is placed at 15 million 
cords. Even though the active stage of the infestation is practically over, large 
amounts of timber continue to die every year as a result of previous defoliation. 
Other insects, though not as destructive as this one, entail a heavy drain on the 
forest. Though the attacks of fungi are more insidious, the loss caused by the 
various forms of rot and other fungous diseases is probably not less than that caused 
by insects under normal conditions. The butt rot in balsam fir is especially pre 
valent, and the value of the hardwoods a so is greatly decreased on account of rot. 



THE FUR TRADE 341 



Poplar and white birch seldom reach over 10 inches in diameter without considerable 
decay, and, since these species form such a large proportion of the young growth, 
the loss, though it has never been computed, must be very great. 

Summary of Losses and Increment. The annual consumption of standing 
timber for use amounts to about 2,600,000,000 cubic feet. At a very low estimate, 
fires destroy annually about 800,000,000 cubic feet of merchantable timber and 
the young growth on 1,300,000 acres. During the last ten years, the destruction 
occasioned by the spruce bud-worm has averaged 1,345,000,000 cubic feet per 
annum, besides the injury from bark-beetles and other insects. The loss due to 
fungi and windfall is not known but is undoubtedly large. It may be safely estim 
ated that the forests of Canada are being depleted at the rate of upwards of 
5,500,000,000 cubic feet per annum. With about 475,000,000 acres of potential 
forest land, an average annual increment of 11.5 cubic feet per acre would cover 
this depletion, but in view of the destruction of young growth which occurs and the 
deterioration of the forests and of the soil, caused by repeated fires, there is little 
hope that this increment is being produced at the present time throughout Canada, 
although individual areas are producing greatly in excess of this quantity. 

IV. THE FUR TRADE. 

Historical Sketch. The place which the fur trade held during the French 
regime in Canada, when for a century and a half it was at once the mainspring of 
discovery and development and the curse of settled industry, is familiar history. 
Later, the Hudson s Bay Company may be said with truth to have held the West 
until the Dominion had grown to absorb it, bequeathing to the civilization which 
came after, a native race accustomed to the white man and an example of organiz 
ation and discipline that was of lasting influence. The salient facts in the story 
are as follows: 

From the earliest times the Basque and Breton fishermen upon the "banks" 
had traded for furs. As the French Court demanded more and more furs, adven 
turers came for the latter trade exclusively. Pont-Grav and Chauvin built Tadoussae 
in 1599 as a centre for this trade with the Indians of the Saguenay, and when trade 
routes were discovered further inland, the founding of Quebec and Montreal follow 
ed. The French Government from the first granted monopolies of the fur trade, 
always on the condition that the company should bring to Canada a stated number 
of settlers. But settlement and the fur trade could never go together settlement 
by driving fur-bearing animals farther afield made trading increasingly expensive, 
and the great profits of the fur trade, together with its freedom and romance, took 
all the adventurous from the rational pursuits of a settler. Trade spread west 
and south by the river routes, convoys bringing the furs yearly to Montreal and 
Quebec. The de Caen Company, in the seventeenth century , sent yearly to France 
from 15,000 to 20,000 pelts. " Beaver " was made the Canadian currency. 

In the meantime, English navigators had been seeking a Northwest Passage 
to the Orient. By 1632 their efforts came to an end with little practical result. 
Hudson bay, however, had been accurately charted, so that when the first English 
fur-trading ships came some thirty years later, they sailed by charted routes to a 
safe harbour. The first expedition came at the instigation of Radisson and Groseil- 
liers, two French coureurs de bois who had travelled hi the rich fur country north 
of lake Superior. They had sought aid in France, but being repulsed turned to 
England. The charter of the "Adventurers of England trading into Hudson s 
Bay " was obtained in 1670 by Prince Rupert, who became first governor of the 



342 PRODUCTION 



company (whence the name Rupert s Land). In 1676, merchandise costing 650 
was sent to the bay and the furs got by barter sold in England for 19,500. The 
dividend on the stock of 10,500 was sometimes as high as 100 per cent. During 
the struggle with the French, beginning about 1685, no return was made, but with 
the English victory, the company resumed payments, usually amounting to 20 
per cent per annum. Forts were built on Hudson bay and James bay at the mouths 
of rivers; the company, as monopolist, waited for the furs to be brought to its 
posts. 

With the Seven Years War, the fur trade from the south passed out of the 
hands of the French, and until 1771 the English were busy rediscovering the old 
French routes to the West. A period of open competition followed. The dis 
coverer of a new fur district was soon followed by competitors who undersold him 
and were undersold by him until some or all were ruined and left for new fields. 

" The goods were bartered away for a consideration below their values the 

Indians were corrupted and the English character was brought into contempt." 
At length, the competitors would join their interests. Such a concern was the 
Northwest Company, founded in 1783-4, with a stock divided into 16 shares. 
No capital was deposited, but each party supplied a proportion of the articles 
needed for trade. The Northwest Company pursued a vigorous policy, founding 
posts to control all the best fur districts. The Hudson s Bay Company felt the 
keenness of the competition, and was forced to abandon its ancient policy of waiting 
for furs to be brought to the bay. By 1816, the rivals had absorbed or ruined 
eleven other partnerships, and were themselves on the verge of ruin. Finally, in 
1821, the two were joined under the name of the older company. The Northwest 
Company brought with it the control of the Pacific and Arctic watersheds, to be 
added to the lands draining into Hudson bay, and over the whole region the 
Hudson s Bay Company secured legal recognition of its monopoly of the fur trade. 
There followed forty years of great prosperity. The company s rights of 
exclusive trading in Indian territory gxpired in 1859 and ten years later it surrender 
ed its other privileges. In return, Canada granted 300,000 to the Company, 
as well as lands about its trading posts, and one-twentieth of the land in the fertile 
belt between the North Saskatchewan river and the United States boundary. 
The Hudson s Bay Company thereupon became a trading company, with no extra 
ordinary privileges. 

The Modern Industry. Great changes have come over the trade in recent 
years. The railway has revolutionized conditions wherever its influence reaches. 
Steamboats now ply the larger lakes and rivers. Rising values have led to new 
processes of treatment and to the utilization of products once rejected. The musk- 
rat has ousted the beaver from the premiere place (muskrat $4,707,043 in 1921-22; 
beaver $4,266,767). Competition has been encouraged, and new territory eagerly 
sought as in the days prior to 1821. The modern opposition, though it ranges 
throughout Canada, has centred at Edmonton, on the edge of the great preserve. 
Winnipeg is now the chief collecting and distributing point of the Hudson s Bay 
Company, though Moose Factory is visited once a year, as formerly, by a vessel 
from London. Montreal collects the furs of the Ottawa valley and the Quebec 
hinterland, and receives the bulk ot the supplies. 

During the Great War, the important market changed from London to the 
United States, as is shown in the figures for the war years. Of the $5,100,000 
worth of undressed furs exported to England and the United States in 1914, 
England received $3,000,000; in 1919, out of $13,300,000 worth, only $3,700,000 



CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE 343 

went to England. At the close of the war, Montreal took a position as an inter 
national fur market, holding the first Canadian fur auction sales in 1920, when 
949,565 pelts, valued at $5,057,114, were disposed of. Auction sales have also 
been held at Winnipeg and Edmonton. The Canadian fur market is now firmly 
established and sales are held two or three times a year. 

Improved methods of capture, together with the advance of lumbering, mining 
and agricultural settlement, have driven fur-bearing animals farther and farther 
afield. Close seasons have been declared for Russian sable and Bolivian chinchilla 
and Canadian beaver, but even this has been insufficient, as is shown by a continued 
decrease of the numbers of the animals. The fur trade has taken other methods 
to supply the demand by renaming common and despised furs and by encouraging 
the use of the furs of domestic animals. About forty years ago, Persian lamb, 
astrachan and broadtail, the product of the Karakul sheep, came into general use. 
Several Karakul sheep farms are now established in Canada, the largest of which 
is situated in Alberta. Of fur-bearing wild animals in Canada, the fox has proved 
the most suited for domestication. The successful breeding of the fox on fur farms 
came in the period of rising prices after 1890 with the introduction of woven wire 
fencing. Other animals have been domesticated, though less successfully than 
the fox raccoon, mink, marten, skunk, muskrat and beaver. For a review of the 
fur farming industry of Canada see pages 270 to 271. 

Conservation. The conservation of the wild life of Canada has been made 
a spesial object of government policy through the organization, in 1916, of the 
Advisory Board on Wild Life Protection, to co-ordinate the efforts of various 
departments and branches of the Dominion government in matters relating to the 
conservation of the wild life resources of Canada. The Northwest Game Act 
and the Migratory Birds Convention Act are the most important subjects to which 
the attention of the Board is specially directed and upon which it makes 
recommendations. In addition, the Board investigates and studies all problems 
relating to the protection and better utilization of all fur-bearing animals, " big 
game mammals and to bird life whether game birds, insectivorous birds or other. 
The Board serves entirely without remuneration and in the seven years of its exist 
ence it has incurred no expenditure. 

In all provinces and territories of the Dominion, regulations governing the 
taking of fur-bearing animals are in force, and most kinds are protected during 
certain seasons of the year. In cases where special protection is necessary to avoid 
extermination of the species, the killing of the animals is prohibited for a period 
of years. Licenses are required to trade or traffic in furs and monthly and annual 
returns are made by the traders to the provincial authorities. Some of the prov 
inces also impose a royalty on furs and require that all pelts must be stamped by 
a game guardian or other provincial officer. 

Commencing with 1881, records of the value of production of raw furs in 
Canada were obtained in the decennial censuses. In 1880, the value of pelts is shown 
to have been $987,555, and in 1910, to have been $1,927,550. In 1920, the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics commenced the annual collection of returns from fur traders, 
and for the season 1919-20, the value of pelts purchased from trappers and fur 
farmers is shown to have been $21,387,005. This figure should not be taken as 
representative of the value of an average year s production, as abnormally high 
prices were paid for pelts during the early part of the season. 

Present Production. For 1920-21, the total fur production of Canada was 
valued at $10,151,594, and for 1921-22, at $17,438,867. For the calendar years 



344 



PRODUCTION 



1920 and 1921, the value of the pelts sold from fur farms was $388,335 and $626,- 
900 1 ; in both years the large item in the production was silver fox, which, being 
more valuable as well as more tractable, is most successfully bred. Statistics of 
the number and value of pelts produced are given by provinces in Table 1 for 
the years 1920-21 and 1921-22, while the number and value of pelts in 1921-22, and 
the average value per pelt in 1920-21 and 1921-22, are given by kinds in Table 2. 

1. Numbers and Values of Pelts Purchased by Traders from Trappers and Fur 
Farmers, years ended June 39, 1921 and 1922. 



Provinces. 


Number of Pelts. 


Value of Pelts. 


1920-21. 


1921-22. 


1920-21. 


1921-22. 




5,678 
53.051 
32,858 
374,167 
739,113 
505. 177 
341,839 
539,832 
120,499 
16,125 
208,068 


7,167 
52,472 
52,214 
402,799 
1,101,556 
643,299 
798,066 
682,266 
283,867 
69,796 
273,288 


$ 

256,137 
112,948 
72,500 
2,061,853 
3,048,815 
1,055,865 
717,149 
1,087,164 
507, 134 
78,189 
1,153,840 


$ 

448,786 
188,887 
162,421 
3,326,626 
4,959,492 
l,690,27g 
1,679,812 
1,377.139 
1,568,009 
203.402 
1,834,015 












Saskatchewan 








Northwest Territories 


Total for Canada. . 


2,936,407 


4,366,790 


10,151,591 


17,438,867 



2. Kind, Number, Total Value and Average Value of Pelts of Fur-bearing Animals 

taken in Canada, year ended Jum> 3), 1922, with comparative average 

values for the year ended June 30, 1921. 



Kind. 


Number of 
pelts. 


Total value 
of pelts. 


Average 
value per 
pelt 
1921-22. 


Average 
value per 
pelt 
1920-21. 




1,777 


$ 

1,844 


$ Cts. 

1 04 


$ 

96 




8,432 


90,171 


10 81 


12 62 




738 


6,769 


9 17 


9 79 




115 


1,882 


16 36 


22 16 




378 


6,918 


18 30 


24 62 




341 


4,092 


12 00 







232,134 


4,266,767 


18 38 


16 31 




30,551 


277,338 


9 07 


6 40 




450,372 


248,469 


52 


49 




5,689 


424,688 


74 45 


58 86 




5,759 


289.651 


50 30 


51 09 




38,024 


473,978 


12 46 


11 61 




4,979 


734,002 


147 42 


151 99 




155 


10.978 


70 82 


76 75 




40,927 


1,625,017 


39 70 


34 62 




214 


1,311 


6 12 


4 22 


Lynx - 


11,673 


237,925 


20 38 


23 09 




58,989 


1,216,229 


20 62 


22 87 


Mink 


205,324 


1,848.856 


9 00 


8 23 




3,060,526 


4,707,043 


1 54 


1 24 


Otter 


13,689 


373,153 


27 26 


24 02 


Rabbit 


1,334 


200 


15 


22 




35,229 


129,742 


3 71 


3 05 


Skunk . 


133,342 


312,130 


2 35 


1 73 




15 


19 


1 27 


1 00 




64 


11 


17 







79 


6 


07 


06 


Wild cat 


3,583 


14,922 


4 16 


3 82 


Wolf 


9,451 


96,146 


10 17 


9 50 




1,143 


20,059 


17 54 


13 90 




4 


8 


2 00 


7 10 


Deer 


9,363 


12,947 


1 38 


1 51 


Elk 


8 


20 


2 50 


2 56 




1,838 


5,249 


2 85 


3 88 


Panther 


40 


195 


4 87 


5 23 




111 


32 


28 


22 


House cat 


400 


100 


25 


26 


Total for Canada.. 


4,366,790 


17,438,867 


- 


- 



i For details of production of fur farms in Canada, see subsection under that heading in the section on 
Agricultural Production. 



FISHERIES 345 



Exports. Though the bison is nearly gone and the beaver and the marten 
are slowly following, the fur trade of Canada is in no immediate danger of extinction. 
A century ago, the value of the export trade in furs exceeded that of any other 
product. This has been greatly changed, yet the total output is not declining, 
^nd Canada may still be described as the last great fur preserve of the world. In 
1667, exports of furs to France and the West Indies were valued at 550,000 francs. 
In 1850, the first year for which trade tables of the Customs Department are avail 
able, the value of raw furs exported was 19,395; in 1920, the value was $20,617,291, 
and in 1921, $11,711,981. Furs, dressed and undressed, to the value of $14,836,350, 
were exported in the fiscal year 1922, the British market absorbing $4,266,688 
worth and the United States most of the rest. Canadian manufactures of furs 
and the home consumption are annually increasing with the growth of wealth and 
population. The area which will continue to furnish the historic peltries when 
settlement has planted its furthest outpost will still have to be reckoned by the 
hundreds of thousands of square miles. 

V. FISHERIES. 
1. The Early Fisheries. 

Fishing is one of the earliest and most historic industries of Canada. 
From a date which precedes authentic record, the Normans, the Bretons and the 
Basques were on the cod-banks of Newfoundland. Cabot, in 1498, when he first 
sighted the mainland of North America, gave it the name of " Bacalaos," the 
Basque word for codfish, which he found already in use among those hardy seamen. 
Cape Breton, one of the oldest place-names in America, is another memorial of 
the early French fishermen, and the Spaniards and the Portuguese were but little 
behind. Fernandez de Navarrete mentions all three as frequenters of the " Grand 
Bank " before 1502. The fishing was by hand lines over barrels made fast to the 
bulwarks to prevent fouling, the vessels remaining during fine weather, then 
returning to France with from 30,000 to 50,000 cod. Voyages along the coast 
soon showed the cod as plentiful inshore as on the outer banks, and it became 
common for a crew to anchor in a bay, erect a hut on shore, and make daily excur 
sions to the fishing grounds the product being salted and dried on land and at the 
end of the season shipped to France. Jacques Cartier, when he went up the St. 
Lawrence in 1534, found traces everywhere of these early " Captains Courageous " 
and of their rivalries in arms no less than in the capture of the teeming product 
which had tempted them so far from home. An establishment of the kind just 
mentioned was founded at Tadoussac by Chauvin in 1599. Soon the fishermen 
began to stay all winter and thus to erect permanent fishing settlements. Fishing, 
therefore, may well be regarded as the first industry to be systematically prosecuted 
by Europeans in what is today the Canadian domain. It has never since ceased 
to yield a perennial harvest both to Europe and America. 

By the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Britain became the owner of Newfoundland 
and excluded France from fishing and drying fish on certain sections of the coast, 
but France retained the fisheries of Cape Breton and the gulf. The Seven Years 
war (1756-1763) put a stop to continuous fishing. At its close, the Robin family 
of Jersey came to Canada, and gradually acquired the former French fishing stations. 
Until the arrival of the Loyalists, all other fishing but cod was neglected. Inshore 
fisheries alone (including those of the Labrador coast) were developed during this 
phase; no deep-sea fishing vessel put out from Lunenburg, now the chief centra 
of the deep-sea fishery, until 1873. 



346 PRODUCTION 



2. The Canadian Fishing Grounds. 

The fishing grounds of the Dominion of Canada are perhaps the most 
extensive in the world. On the Atlantic, from Grand Manan to Labrador, the 
coast line, not including the lesser bays and indentations, measures over 5,000 
miles. The bay of Fundy, 8,000 square miles in extent, the gulf of St. Lawrence, 
fully ten times that size, and other ocean waters comprise not less than 200,000 
square miles, or over four-fifths of the area of the fishing grounds of the North 
Atlantic. In addition there are on the Atlantic sea-board 15,000 square miles 
of in-shore waters controlled entirely by the Dominion. Large as are these areas, 
they represent only a part of the fishing grounds of Canada. Hudson bay, with 
a shore 6,000 miles in length, is greater in area than the Mediterranean sea; the 
Pacific coast of the Dominion measures 7,180 miles in length and is exceptionally 
well sheltered; whilst throughout the interior is a series of lakes which together 
contain more than half of the fresh water on the planet, Canada s share of the 
Great Lakes alone amounting to over 34,000 square miles, a total which of course 
does not include lake Winnipeg (9,457 square miles), lake Manitoba, and others 
of even greater area. 

Still more important than the extent of the Canadian fishing grounds is the 
quality of their product. It is an axiom among authorities that food fishes improve 
in proportion to the purity and coldness of the waters in which they are taken. 
Judged by this standard, the Canadian cod, halibut, herring, mackerel, whitefish 
and salmon are the peer of any in the world. It is possible, therefore, to state that 
by far the most valuable fisheries of the western hemisphere, if not of the globe, 
belong to Canada. 

It will be seen from the above that it is impossible to deal with the Canadian 
fisheries in the aggregate; they are those of a continent rather than of a country, 
and are of corresponding diversity. Omitting the tremendous Hudson bay and 
peri-Arctic region, which extends from Ungava to Alaska and which is known to 
contain a number of valuable food fisheries in addition to its whaling grounds, 
there are roughly the following divisions of the Canadian fisheries: 

Atlantic Fisheries. These were the first Canadian fisheries in point of time 
and until 1918 they remained the most important for aggregate value of product. 
Cod, halibut, haddock, hake, herring, mackerel, lobster, oyster, seal and white 
whale fisheries are included. The estuarian and inland waters of the Maritime 
provinces and of Quebec are sometimes considered as distinct; if they are added, 
the list of products would embrace the salmon, the shad, the gaspereau (alewife), 
the smelt, the striped bass, the torn cod, the trout and the maskinonge. Conditions 
are fairly uniform throughout these fisheries, which are commonly divided into the 
inshore and deep-sea fisheries. Of the former (which employs seven-eighths of the 
fishermen) those from one to five miles out are frequented by boats, usually motor 
driven, carrying from two to four men each, and those twelve to fifteen miles out 
by larger vessels carrying from four to seven men. The fish are largely taken 
with gill nets, hand lines and trawls. Haddock, as well as cod, is a staple product; 
during the spring and summer it is split and salted, but the important season comes 
with the autumn, when the fish are shipped fresh or else smoked and sold as finnan 
haddie. The deep-sea fisheries are worked by vessels of from forty to one hundred 
tons, carrying from twelve to twenty men, operating with trawls from dories. 
Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, is the leading centre for the " bankers," with the Shel- 
burne district second. Twice a year the fleets set sail for the Grand Banks of 
Newfoundland, touching the Canso Bank and other well known grounds as they go 



INLAND FISHERIES 347 



and return. The vessels, built by native hands, remain at sea sometimes for months 
at a time, and, in the hands of sailors who have no superior, seldom come to grief. 
When they return, the fish are taken on shore, salted and dried by the men who 
caught them, and reshipped to large dealers at Halifax. The West Indies are the 
chief markets for this product: no cod fish in the world stands the tropical climate < 
like that cured by Nova Scotia fishermen. 

Lobstering is another distinctive industry. In 1871, there was only one 
lobster cannery in New Brunswick, and one in Prince Edward Island; today the 
canneries number over 500 and give work to over 6,000 people; 60,000,000 lobsters 
is a normal catch. The difficulty of enforcing regulations as to the capture of 
undersized and spawning lobsters offers a constant problem in connection with 
the output, but a decline is now thought to have been arrested. Oysters, once 
plentiful everywhere, are now found in somewhat diminished quantities. The 
canning of sardines, which are young herrings and not a distinct type of fish, in 
New Brunswick is second only to lobstering. 

The fishing population of the Maritime provinces is a specialized and stable 
industrial class. The coast-wise fisheries are operated from April to November, 
except in sheltered districts; and though the larger vessels work all winter, several 
thousand men are available for a time each year for other employment. This 
they find about the small plots of land which the most of them own or occupy, 
in the lumber camps of New Brunswick, or in the collieries of Nova Scotia. A 
few from Lunenburg and other centres engage in the West Indian trade. Apart 
from restrictions of weather and close seasons, the prevailing method of paying 
the men on shares has a further tendency in years of low catches or prices to drive 
them into secondary occupations. 

In view of the various disabilities attaching to the industry, an Act of the prov 
incial legislature of Nova Scotia was passed in 1905, which provided for the organ 
ization of fishermen s unions or " stations " throughout the province, in affiliation 
with a central body, to meet annually for the discussion of common problems such 
as transportation facilities, the cordage supply, prices, methods of catching and 
curing fish, etc. Several successful conventions have been held. In New Bruns 
wick similar legislation has been enacted. The larger interests, it may be added, 
look to a future in which the present scattered hamlets of fisher-folk will be swept 
into a few large communities, centralizing their energies, as in England and Scot 
land, at ports where facilities for landing the fish are greatest and market accom 
modation most extensive. 

Inland Fisheries. The Great Lakes and tributary waters of the St. Law 
rence are a second great division of the Canadian fisheries. Whitefish, trout, 
pickerel, and lake herring are the most important commercial fishes of Ontario, 
though pike, sturgeon and coarse fish yield a fair return. The Quebec inland 
fisheries are comparatively unimportant. The story of the Great Lakes fisheries 
is one of reckless early depletion and subsequent slow recovery from restocking. 
Single hauls of 90,000 whitefish were once common; in the Detroit river the fish 
used to be driven into pens where they were captured or died by the hundreds 
of thousands, and were used later as fertilizer. All this reaped its reward in barren 
waters and a demoralized market. The season on the Great Lakes lasts from six 
to eight months, and though fishing through the ice is followed by many, a large 
number depend on miscellaneous employment between the seasons. Moving 
westward, lake Winnipeg, lake Winnipegosis, lake Manitoba and the smaller lakes 
to the north and east furnish most of the fish products of Manitoba. Whitefish 



348 PRODUCTION 



and pickerel are the chief products, but pike, tullibee, goldeye and many other 
varieties abound. In Saskatchewan and Alberta, commercial fishing is confined 
to the regions north of the Saskatchewan river, where whitefish in large quantities 
are taken. The problem of transportation is keenly felt; some of the greatest 
lakes of the continent, Reindeer, Athabaska, Great Slave, Great Bear and 
hundreds of smaller bodies of water are still beyond reach from a marketing point 
of view. The lakes of the west, however, repeating the part which the St. Law 
rence played in the days of the French regime, and the cod banks in the history 
of New England, have assisted greatly in the settlement of the country by providing 
a much needed food supply for early arrivals. 

Pacific Fisheries. In British Columbia, there is an interior fishing region 
which corresponds in the main to the prairie section; in the early history of the 
province it is doubtful if the fur trade (which opened the door by way of the Rocky 
Mountains to later enterprise) could have established its footing but for these 
fisheries. The great wealth of British Columbia, however, in this respect, the 
source from which she produces approximately two-fifths of the fish products of 
Canada, and has built up a trade which reaches to the ends of the earth is the 
estuarian salmon fisheries of the Fraser, the Skeena, the NasS and other rivers of 
the Pacific slope. Every species of this king of food fishes known to the waters 
of the Pacific (which, however, is not the true salmon) is to be found in the British 
Columbia coast waters the sockeye, the spring, the cohoe, the pink and 
the chum salmon. Of these the sockeye is by far the most important, owing to 
its abundance and to its prevailing deep red colour and excellent texture, which 
have created so keen a demand for it in the British market. On the Fraser river, 
which used to be the chief source of supply, but which has now yielded place to the 
Skeena and northern waters, the yield varies from year to year, being greatest, 
as a rule, every fourth year. The run begins late in July and is at its height in 
the opening weeks of August, though the northern rivers have a somewhat earlier 
season. The spring or quinnat salmon is a much larger fish; it was the species 
first used in the United States for canning. The run begins early in the spring and 
continues until July. The echoes are smaller, running like the sockeye in compact 
schools during September and October on the Fraser and earlier on the northern 
streams. The chum salmon is salted for export to the Orient. The pink salmon 
again follows the sockeye. Many of the employees in this fishery are Chinese, 
Japanese and Indians (of 7,552 B.C. licenses last year, 2,926 were issued to Orient 
als), the Chinese preponderating in the canneries and the Indians and Japanese 
in the fishing operations. 

Until recent years the other coastal fisheries of British Columbia were only 
slightly developed. Halibut abounds off Vancouver island and between the Queen 
Charlotte islands and the mainland, and though the first endeavor to establish an 
industry was unsuccessful, by 1903 British Columbia supplied 10,000,000 pounds 
of the 25,000,000 taken on the whole Pacific coast north of California. The former 
figure has since trebled. Similarly, the herring industry remained undeveloped 
until recently. There is also the whale fishery which has been organized in recent 
year with four stations, two on Vancouver island and two on the Queen Charlotte 
islands. In 1922 only one on Vancouver island and one on the Queen Charlotte 
islands were operated. The yearly catch of about 500 (187 in 1922) includes whales 
of many kinds sulphur bottom, finback, and humpback with an occasional sperm 
whale. Whale hunting is carried on in fast boats with Svend Foyn harpoon guns 
a method which was introduced from Norway. Every scrap of the whale is used 






THE GOVERNMENT AND THE FISHERIES 349 

oil, whalebone and guano are its products, and to an increasing extent "salted 
beef." Black cod, oulachon, smelts, pilchards, sturgeon, shad, sea-cucumber 
and bass are also abundant in British Columbia waters. 

A word might be added with regard to the Canadian seal fisheries of the Pacific 
whose historic headquarters were the city of Victoria. The industry has disappear 
ed, in part through the scarcity of the animals, and in part through the workings 
of the Pelagic sealing treaty of 1911. The hair-seal fleets of the north Atlantic 
make St. John s, Newfoundland, their headquarters; a few Canadian vessels, how 
ever, clearing from Halifax, N.S., take fur seals off the Falkland islands. 

Game Fish. The above is a purely industrial and commercial survey. 
Fishing for sport, however, has its economic side in a country of such famous game 
fish as the salmon of the Restigouche, the black bass of the Quebec and Ontario 
highlands, and the trout of the Nipigon. A considerable public revenue is derived 
from the leasing of waters in sparsely settled districts to clubs and individuals for 
sporting purposes. Several hundreds of guides find employment here during the 
summer months. 

3. The Government and the Fisheries. 

Upon the organization of the Gove; nment at Confederation, the administra 
tion of the Canadian fisheries and marine was placed in the charge of a Depart 
ment of the Dominion government which then exercised complete jurisdiction over 
the fisheries, under the supervision of a Cabinet Minister, with a large staff of 
inspectors, overseers and guardians to enforce the fishery laws. The annual expendi 
ture of the Dominion on the fisheries is now $1,343,136 and its revenue about 
$224,156. In 1882, 1898, 1913 and 1920, decisions in the courts considerably altered 
the status of jurisdiction as between the Dominion and the provinces. To-day 
the Dominion controls the tidal fisheries of the Maritime provinces and British 
Columbia and the fisheries of the three Prairie provinces, together with the right 
of legislation for all fisheries. The non-tidal fisheries of the Maritime provinces 
and Ontario and both the tidal and non-tidal fisheries of Quebec are controlled 
by the respective provinces. 

Conservation. River and lake fisheries certainly, and sea fisheries probably, 
if left to themselves, conform to the economic law of diminishing returns. The 
Canadian Government, accordingly, has had for a main object the prevention of 
depletion, the enforcement of close seasons, the forbidding of obstructions and 
pollutions, and the regulation of nets, gear and of fishing operations generally. 
In addition, an extensive system of fish culture has been organized, the Dominion 
at present operating 46 hatcheries at a yearly cost of about $362,000, and producing 
1,300,000,000 fry per annum, mostly B.C. salmon and whitefish. The young fish 
are distributed gratis if the waters applied for are suitable. 

Scientific Research. Stations under the direction of the Biological Board 
of Canada for the conduct of biological research into the numerous complex problems 
furnished by the fisheries are established at St. Andrews, N.B., and Nanaimo, 
B.C. Toronto, McGill, Queen s, Manitoba, British Columbia and the chief 
Maritime province universities send workers to both stations, chiefly professors 
and trained specialists. The life-histories of edible fishes, the bacteriology of fresh 
and cured fish, improved method of handling and preparing fish, and numerous 
other practical problems have been taken up and scientific memoirs and reports 
issued. 



350 PRODUCTION 



Direct Assistance. For the rest, the action of the government has been in 
the way of rendering direct assist ance in specific cases of difficulty. The inadequacy 
of the bait supply in the Maritime provinces has been met by the establishment 
of bait freezers. Experimental reduction plants were operated for some years 
to encourage the capture of dog-fish. For several successive years, also, an expert 
was engaged to conduct a series of demonstrations in the Scottish method of curing 
herring, with a view to improving the Canadian cured product. A scheme for 
the bettering of the Canadian method of drying cod and haddock has also been 
authorized. A quarterly bulletin on the sea fisheries is issued for the benefit of the 
trade. Finally, a fleet of armed cruisers patrol the coastal and inland waters for the 
prevention of poaching and the enforcement of regulations. An intelligence bureau 
in connection with this service consists of nearly a hundred stations, from which 
the movements of fish, supply of bait, etc., are announced daily to the fishermen. 

During the war it became desirable to increase as far as possible the consump 
tion of fish, reserving the less perishable animal foods for export to our allies. The 
government therefore, undertook to provide for the rapid transit of sea fish on its 
railway lines to the markets of the inland provinces, and to stimulate by a publi 
city campaign the consumption of fish. Though much was accomplished in this 
direction, the annual per capita consumption of fish in Canada is now estimated 
by the Fisheries branch at not more than 20 pounds, a low figure considering 
Canada s position as a fish producing country. The branch has done much to 
improve the fast freight service for fish products from the Atlantic coast to Mont 
real and Toronto. 

International Problems. So rich a fishing area as the north Atlantic could 
not fail to attract other countries, and old customs became elevated into rights, 
some of which have lasted until the present. The French shore is a X< \\-foundland 
question, now a sentimental one entirely. Very different is the question of the 
rights of the United States, whose fishermen, in the colonial period, provided the 
chief food supply for New England and who were granted by the Treaty of Independ 
ence a specific right to a share of the Canadian inshore fisheries. Losing this privi 
lege by the war of 1812, the United States, after 1818, surrendered all but their 
right to call at Canadian ports for shelter, wood or water. In the years 1854-1866, 
the Reciprocity Treaty restored to Americans the right to use Canadian ports on 
the same terms as native fishermen. In 1871 again, the Treaty of Washington 
abolished the American duty on Canadian salt-water fish as an equivalent for the 
free access of American vessels to Canadian fishing grounds, adding, under the 
Halifax arbitration award of November 23, 1877, a payment of $4, 500, 000 by the 
United States to Canada. In 1885, however, the United States terminated the 
fisheries article of this Treaty, and a period of acute disagreement between the 
countries followed. A settlement was negotiated in 1888 but was rejected by the 
United States senate. Later a modus ricendi was agreed upon, which, having 
been subsequently renewed from time to time, .still constitutes the fisheries arrange 
ment between the countries. It permits American fishing vessels, on payment 
of an annual license fee of $1.00 per ton, to fish around the Magdalen islands and 
on the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence from Point Joli eastward, to enter 
all bays and harbours on the Canadian roast, to purchase bait supplies or outfit, 
to transfer catches and to ship crews. They are forbidden, however, to fish or 
prepare to fish in territorial waters. 

On the Great Lakes, also, the more important fishery problems, such as restock 
ing and marketing, are necessarily international in character, and are complicated 



THE MODERN FISHING INDUSTRY 



351 



by the number of state governments interested. Much the same situation has 
developed in British Columbia, where the sockeye of the Fraser are taken by the 
canners of Puget sound in quantities that largely exceed the catch of the Canadian 
canners and by trap nets and other methods forbidden in Canadian waters. In 
1906, an international commission took the first step in the direction of a mutual 
understanding on this vital question. 

Fishing Bounties An important though indirect aftermath of the Washington 
Treaty remains. By an Act of 1882 (45 Viet., c. 18) for the development of the sea 
fisheries and the encouragement of boat building, provision was made for the distri 
bution annually among fishermen and the owners of fishing boats of $150,000 in 
bounties, representing the interest on the amount of the Halifax award. An Act 
of 1891 (54-55 Viet., c. 42) increased the amount to $160,000, the details of the 
expenditure being settled each year by Order in Council. For the year 1921, payment 
was made on the following basis: to owners of vessels entitled to receive bounty, 
$1 per registered ton, payment to the owner of any one vessel nor to exceed $80; 
to vessel fishermen entitled to receive bounty, $7 each; to owners of boats measuring 
not less than 13 feet keel, $1 per boat; to boat fishermen entitled to receive bounty, 
$5.30 each. The claims received numbered 11,674, of which 11,654 were paid, as 
compared, with 9,671 received and 9,664 paid in the previous year. The total 
amount paid in 1921 was $159,449. Details of the distribution of bounties for 
the years 1918 to 1921 are as follows: 

1. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1918 to 1921. 



Provinces. 


Number of men who received 
bounties. 


Values of bounties paid. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
2,333 
14,141 
2,492 
10,875 


No. 
1,805 
13,538 
2,240 
9,667 


No. 
1,187 
11,289 
1,544 
5,560 


No. 
1,562 
12,507 
1,948 
7,384 


$ 
10,392 
85,001 
17,114 
47,168 


$ 
8,702 
85,521 
16,085 
44,828 


$ 
8,110 
93,873 
13,774 
36,762 


$ 
9,413 
91,410 
14,640 
43,986 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Total 


29,841 


37,350 


19,580 


33,401 


159,675 


155,136 


153,519 


1 :!).) Ill 





4. The Modern Fishing Industry. 

The existing fishing industry of Canada is in the main the growth 
of the past half-century. In 1844, the estimated value of the catch was only 
$125,000. It doubled in the following decade, and by 1860 had well passed the 
million mark. Ten years later it was six millions, and this was again more than 
doubled by 1878. In the 90 s it passed twenty millions, and in 1911, thirty-four 
millions. The highest record was reached in 1918, with over sixty millions. (It 
will be understood that these figures represent the total values of fish marketed, 
whether in a fresh, dried, canned or otherwise prepared state). Meanwhile the 
number of employees has mounted to over 80,000, and the total capital invested 
to over $50,000,000 in certain years, though the industry as a whole did not progress 
proportionately with the marked industrial expansion which set in after 1896 in 
Canada. 

Among individual fish products, the cod and the salmon long disputed the 
primacy; if the record back to the beginning is taken the cod is the most valuable 
fishery; in the past fifteen years, however, the salmon has definitely taken the lead, 
and the heavy pack and high price of lobsters have more than once sent cod down 



352 



PRODUCTION 



to third place. This has, of course, affected the relative standing of the provinces 
accordingly, British Columbia now occupying the leadership that in earlier times 
belonged to Nova Scotia. Herring and mackerel used to follow cod, but have 
been displaced by halibut and whitefish. The yearly record of production since 
1870, the total production by provinces for the past five years and the record by 
principal fish products for the past five years in descending order of importance 
are shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4. 

2. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870 to 1921. 



Year. 


Value. 


Year. 


Value. 


Year. 


Value. 


Year. 


Value. 


1870 


$ 

6 577 391 


1883 


$ 

16,958,192 


1896.. 


$ 

20,407,425 


1909-10.. 


$ 

29,629,167 


1871 


7 573 199 


1884 


17,766,404 


1897 


22,783,546 


1910-11.... 


29,965,433 


1872 


9 570 116 


1885 


17,722,973 


1S98 


19,667,121 


1911-12.... 


34,667,872 


1873 


10 754,997 


1886 


18,679,288 


1899 


21, 891, 70 i 


1912-13.... 


33,389,464 


187<i 


11 681 886 


1887 


18,386,103 


1900 


21,557,639 


1913-14.... 


33,207,748 


1875 


10 350 385 


1888 


17,418,510 


1901 


25,737,153 


1914-15.... 


31,264,631 


1876 


11 117 000 


1889 


17,665,256 


1902 


21,959,433 


1915-16.... 


35,860,708 


1877 


12 005 934 


1890 


17,714,902 


1903 


23,101,878 


1916-17.... 


39,208,378 


1878 


13 215 678 


1891 


18,977,878 


1904 


23,516,439 


1917 1 


52,312,044 


1879 


13 529 254 


1892 


18,941,171 


1905 


29,479,562 


1918 1 


60,250,544 


issn 


14 499 979 


1893 


20,686,661 


1906 


26,279,485 


1919 1 


56.508,479 


1881 


15 817 162 


1894 


20,719,573 


1907-08 


25,499,349 


1920* 


49,241,339 


1RS2 


16 824 09 


1895 


20,199,338 


1908-09 


25,451,085 


1921 1 


34,930,935 



















Calendar year. 

3. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in th calendar years 1917-1921. 



Provinces. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 

1,786,310 
14,468,319 


% 

1,148,201 
15,143,066 


$ 

1,536,844 
15,171,929 


$ 

1,708,723 
12,742,659 


$ 

924,529 
9,778.623 




6,143,088 


6,298,990 


4,979,574 


4,423,745 


3,690.726 




3.414,378 


4,588,773 


4,258,731 


2,592,382 


1,815,284 




2,866,419 


3,175,111 


3,410,750 


3,336,412 


3,065,042 




1,543,288 


1,830,435 


1,031,117 


1,249,607 


1,023,187 


Saskatchewan 


820,238 


447,012 


475,797 


296,472 


243,018 


Alberta 


184,009 


318,913 


333,330 


529,078 


408.868 


British Columbia 


21,518,595 


27,282,223 


25,301,607 


22,329,161 


13,953,670 


Yukon 


67,400 


37,820 


8,800 


33,100 


28,988 


Total for Canada 


52,313,044 


60,250,544 


56,508,479 


49,241,339 


34,931,935 















4. Quantity and Value of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1917-1921. 















Increase or 














decrease 


Kind of Fish. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921 


1921 
compared 














with 1920 














inc. +, dec. . 


Salmon cwt. 


1,642,770 


1,531,773 


1,688,653 


1,284,729 


878,124 


-406,605 




17,411,029 


17,869,517 


17,889,913 


15,595,970 


9,305,763 


-6,290,207 


Lobsters cwt. 


474,871 


264,096 


345,806 


399,985 


393,625 


-6,360 




5,651,il(i.-) 


3,531,104 


5,338,343 


7,152,455 


5,143,403 


-2,009,052 


Cod .cwt. 


2,302,987 


2,206,666 


2,606,770 


1,982,706 


2,033,699 


+50,993 


$ 


8,281,920 


10,083,562 


9,987,612 


6,270,171 


4,594,970 


-1,675,201 


Halibut cwt. 


140,024 


207,139 


243,449 


2(12,726 


357,450 


+94,724 





2,066,635 


5,490,226 


5,119,842 


4,535,188 


4,112,942 


422,246 




1,481,708 


1,973,669 


1,573,986 


2,072,723 


1,663,135 


-410,588 




3,693,688 


4,719,561 


3,347,080 


3,428,298 


2,227,801 


-1,200,497 



PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES 



353 



4. Quantity 1 and Value 2 of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1917-1921 concluded. 



Kind of Fish. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Increase or 
decrease 
1921 
compared 
with 1920 
inc. +, dec.. 


Whitefish cwt. 


178,838 


205,044 


197,403 


181,764 


184,072 


+2,308 


$ 

Mackerel cwt. 


1,248,006 
167,067 


1,927,863 
196,781 


1,849,741 
229,877 


2,015,299 
142,347 


1,916,698 
145,544 


-98,601 
+3,197 


i 

Haddock . cwt. 


1,333,354 
712,416 


1,937,211 
554,366 


2,035,849 
564,574 


1,126,703 
441,745 


1,124,679 
269,222 


-2,024 
-172,523 


$ 

Smelts cwt. 


2,936,719 
73,153 


2,796,171 
87,555 


2,048,746 
75,271 


1,522,680 
58,118 


899,629 
84,597 


-623,051 
+26,479 


1 

Pickerel (including blue pickerel) cwt. 

I rout cwt. 


1,027,555 

86,425 
650,632 

75,662 


971,206 

70,088 
649,180 

86,608 


835,195 

85,644 
750, 163 

68,670 


789,351 

95,678 
868,048 

55,763 


835,393 

128,913 
811,747 

61,348 


+46,032 

+33,235 
-56,301 

+5,585 


- 


699,950 
274,359 


808,770 

295,770 


862,966 
214,525 


708,633 
196,649 


745,014 
152,471 


+36,381 
-44,178 


$ 
Tullibee cwt. 


1,910,705 
64,910 


2,320,513 
74,411 


830,074 
49,457 


860,268 
38,588 


646,463 
62,395 


-213,805 
+23,807 


$ 

pike cwt. 


333,686 
79,383 


324,022 
60,100 


268,999 
58, 163 


246,319 
43,691 


212,563 
40,563 


-33,756 
-3,128 


$ 

Pollock cwt. 


429,396 
189,908 


408,514 
164,502 


327,675 
227,963 


264, 896 
141,302 


175,987 
134,407 


-88,909 
-6,895 


$ 
Clams and quahaugs bbl . 


486,195 
55,655 


574,832 
40,554 


602,264 
36,446 


295,102 
26,143 


172,822 
31,587 


-122,280 
+5,444 


Perch cwt 


222,965 
24,707 


169,799 
27,886 


160,125 
18,547 


147,409 
20,976 


171,623 
27,481 


+24,214 
+6,505 


_ 
Hake and cusk cwt 


126,723 
321,605 


150,608 
245 051 


185,257 
244,749 


206,685 
175,719 


169,552 
102,066 


-37,133 
-73,653 


- 
Black cod cwt 


890,265 


844,565 
29,966 


645,570 
10,527 


361,446 
25,783 


145,40) 
20,317 


-216,046 
-5,466 


$ 

Oysters bbl 


13,632 


285,034 
13,916 


116,580 
14,565 


181,202 
14,526 


142,558 
18,823 


-38,644 
+4,297 


- 
Pilchards cwt 


109,265 
1,363 


123,570 
72,723 


153,276 

65,624 


146,863 
88,050 


126,686 
19,737 


-20,177 
-68,313 


$ 


11,810 


413,853 


371,871 


540,265 


101,945 


-438,320 



taught and landed. 2 Marketed. Included with cod. 



Operations in 1921 Detailed Record of Production. -The total value 
of the products of the Canadian fishing industry in the calendar year 1921 was 
$34,931,935, compared with $49,241,339 for 1920 and $56,508,479 for 1919. (The 
value of the fish at the vessel s or boat s side was $23,173,592 in 1921.) This is the 
lowest since 1914, and $25,000,000 below the record year of 1918. The fall in prices 
and demoralized marketing conditions, resulting in lessened catches, were the chief 
factors in the decline. In Tables 5 and 6 will be found a detailed statement for 
the whole of Canada of each fish product marketed, with comparative figures for 
the preceding year, Table 5 dealing with sea-fish and Table 6 with products of 
the inland fisheries. In Table 7, an analysis is made of the change in the value of 
each product from the preceding year due to variations in price and quantity respect 
ively. It will be seen that the largest items of decrease in quantity were salmon, 
6237323 



354 



PRODUCTION 



lobsters, herring, haddock, sardines and pilchards, whilst on the other hand large 
increases are shown for cod, halibut, smelts, pickerel and tullibee. Lower prices 
were noted for all kinds of fish. In Tables 8 and 9 the number and operations 
of the fish canning and curing establishments are shown. 

5. Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed during the calendar years 1920 and 

1921. 







192 


0. 


192 


1. 


Kinds of Fish. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 




.... cwt. 


118,755 


* 

702,667 


137,105 


1 

583,680 




a 


167,840 


932,173 


175,320 


675,798 




tf 


38,055 


436,778 


16,577 


185,111 




K 


278 


3,810 


245 


1,912 


dried 


u 


444,776 


3,809,470 


472,559 


2,868,431 




H 


25,547 


344,215 


25,378 


268,400 




cases 


3,481 


29,348 


1,072 


9,538 


roe . . 


cwt. 


40 


400 


- 


- 




. . . .gal. 


11,049 


11,310 


2,300 


2,100 




cwt. 


107,500 


455,647 


118,535 


394,806 


** canned 


cases 


17,020 


129,654 


5.015 


44,292 


** smoked 


....cwt. 


67,750 


623,214 


39,943 


363,873 




H 


136 


1,780 


495 


4,950 




tf 


25,443 


74,440 


12,507 


37,692 


" dried 


tt 


38,835 


237,945 


11,864 


54,016 




. .cwt. 


3,589 


10,357 


8.514 


13,093 




H 


40,705 


114,679 


22,641 


45,427 




H 


150 


1,200 


5 


35 


** smoked fillets 


H 


2,606 


33,385 


3,177 


36,599 


dried 


tt 


27,370 


199,015 


12,489 


47,360 




it 


347 


2,810 


367 


2,886 




.... cwt. 


11,960 


26,821 


8,857 


12,946 




tt 


17,215 


54.727 


18,592 


40,407 




tt 


2.630 


34,055 


253 


3,189 


" dried 


It 


29,131 


179,499 


29,741 


116,280 


Whiting, used fresh 


cwt. 


36 


274 


44 


318 




. . . .cwt. 


262,434 


4,533,650 


357.158 


4,110,364 




it 


77 


1,128 


18 


298 


" smoked fillets 


tt 






22 


445 




... .cases 


41 


410 


165 


1,835 




. . . .cwt. 


14,695 


70,834 


4,152 


15,749 




u 


1,448 


5,278 


1,969 


8,375 







2,374 


20,012 


3,010 


20,219 




..cwt. 


94,771 


206,656 


64,061 


163.801 




tt 


611 


6.670 


100 


1,000 




cases 


33,769 


200.368 


. 4,966 


30,597 




cwt. 


148,304 


590, 132 


49,184 


219,196 




tt 


512,168 


872,107 


479,971 


667,230 


" pickled 


..bbl. 


47,038 


308,725 


46,281 


271.992 




u 


182,675 


361,349 


179,080 


388,002 




u 


73,729 


86,187 


51,476 


46.715 






61,444 


631,144 


88,317 


795,699 




cases 


1,869 


12,535 


202 


1.412 


salted 


bbl. 


26,144 


483,024 


19,063 


327,568 




. .cases 


129,925 


627.972 


111,835 


512,174 




bbl. 


164,101 


232,296 


124,446 


132,999 




cwt. 


553 


1,212 


9 


37 




. . cases 


91.929 


503,937 


16,091 


91,328 


" salted 


..bbl. 


1,154 


6,925 





- 




H 


9,937 


28,191 


4,232 


10.58C 




..cwt. 


12,057 


30.870 


11.260 


29,227 


" salted 


bbl. 


17,143 


155,809 


1,652 


9,350 


" smoked.. 


. .cwt. 


1,499 


20,198 


1,536 


18,328 



PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES 



355 



5. Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed during the calendar years 1920 and 

1921 concluded. 



Kinds of Fish, 


1920. 


1921. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 




cwt. 


779 
2,021 
216,865 
1,188,599 
2,667 
33,645 
8,924 
526 

408 

58,056 
338 

884 
11,369 
42 
7,164 

3,816 
38 
1,542 
7,865 
2,256 
394 
2,115 
4,950 
3,351 
8,247 
1,591 

8,986 
17,195 

214 
10,660 
69,000 
163.299 
2,619 
172 
14,526 
8,131 

563 
1,915 

1,144 

1,058 
4,891 
186 
503 
1,033 
12,598 
3,720 
604,070 
342,686 

580 

9,100 
6,260 
2,076 


$ 

6,857 
16,437 
2,750,351 
12,419,034 
23,131 
151.129 
205,734 
5,011 

5,961 

788,617 
5,470 

15,771 
70,110 
409 
110,683 

19,574 
442 
10,587 
17,090 
22,037 
4,082 
9,096 
12.280 
51,104 
31,015 
2,116 

33,383 
114,026 

657 
58,263 
1,434,638 
5,687,484 
30,333 
121 
146,863 
28,848 

13,536 
2,919 

10,025 

24,712 
14,699 
2,790 
15,090 
82,630 
12,598 
3,720 
338,026 
279,885 

38,230 

3,579 
16,069 
7,515 


377 
2,180 
269,165 
602,863 
1,325 
64,205 
9,954 
2,029 
37 
913 
17 
84,371 
257 
114 
1,073 
6,724 

6,135 
441 
2,447 
65 
2,017 
12,466 
3,101 
371 
188 
12,322 
6,851 
18,998 
1,631 

9,217 
22,384 
44 
290 
7,026 
118.837 
137,607 
1,295 
511 
18,823 
9,542 
83 
623 
1,661 
1,060 

273 

2,349 
2,080 
173 

7,260 

248,613 
65 
419 
1,291 
3,500 


1 

4,860 
19,646 
2,910,254 
5,936,524 
19,082 
236,938 
148,923 
13,452 
100 
10,121 
788 
833,109 
5,668 
114 
13,948 
58,443 

79.703 
4,412 
10,025 
642 
6,095 
13,794 
30,358 
2,933 
1,185 
31,321 
96,413 
26.747 
5,567 

39,914 
131,544 
165 
861 
46,889 
2,022,795 
3,107,426 
13,182 
511 
126.686 
35,372 
1,038 
13.066 
3,574 
7,060 

2,008 

46,980 
5,475 
1,730 

1,839 

61,721 
139 
27,310 
19,362 
17,500 




a 




M 




cases 




cwt. 




u 




M 




M 




it 




U 


" salted 


bbl. 




cwt. 




11 




Ib. 




cwt. 




H 




K 




it 


" dried 


(t 




M 




K 




tt 




bbl. 




cwt. 




M 




M 




:bbl. 




cwt. 




M 




U 


Shell Fish 


bbl. 




cases 


" chowder 


u 




cwt. 




M 




tt 




cases 




u 




,. .cwt. 




..bbl. 




gal. 




cases 




cwt. 




11 




1C 


Tongues and sounds, pickled or dried 


cwt. 




..No. 


" hair 


M 




It 




tons 


Whale fertilizer 


11 




. gal. 




*; 


Whale oil . 


u 


Fish oil 


H 


Fish glue 


11 


Fish meal , 


tons 


Fish fertilizer 


u 




cwt. 


Fish bones 


u 


Fish skins 


tt 


Fish offal 


tons 


Totals 




- 


43,602,059 


- 


29,942,969 







62373 2 



356 



PRODUCTION 



. Quantities and Values of Inland Fish Marketed during the calendar years 

1920 and 1921. 



TCinrla rtf T?i}l 




19 


20. 


19 


21. 






Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Alewives, fresh 


cwt. 


142 


$ 

426 


67 


335 


" salted 


bbl. 


230 


2,300 






Bass 


cwt. 


360 


5,666 


262 


3,420 




1 


11,900 


52,637 


11,680 


49,336 




I 






777 


388 


Catfish 


t 


6,263 


46,813 


6,277 


50,648 


Eels 


t 


7,885 


84,675 


8,710 


78,417 




t 


2,123 


10,685 


820 


2,425 


smoked 


t 


1,245 


22,829 


1,327 


24,950 


Herring, fresh 


it 


126,673 


758,178 


75,522 


421,934 


" salted 


bbl. 


6,321 


37,926 


2,889 


17,334 




cwt. 


4 


78 






Mixed fish 


1 


36,261 


160,298 


38,775 


171,990 


M ullets 


1 


24,183 


62,116 


5,370 


14,888 


Perch 


1 


18,955 


190,248 


25,301 


149,906 


Pickerel, dor6 


1 


61,883 


631,483 


64, 854 


619,570 


Pickerel (blue) , 


t 


33,795 


236,565 


64,059 


192.177 


pike . . 


t 


43,691 


264,896 


40,563 


175,987 




No. 


74 


4,440 






Salmon . 


. .cwt. 


2,706 


41,580 


2,201 


40,490 




bbl. 






129 


1,290 


Shad 


cwt. 


1,048 


12,704 


2,267 


22788 


Smelts 


ft 


62 


744 


226 


2,284 




tt 


3,035 


50,901 


3,078 


74,687 




..lb. 


6,050 


6,393 


12,325 


13,395 


" bladders 


No. 


438 


219 






Trout , fresh 


cwt. 


51,489 


663,482 


57,300 


705,661 


" salted 


u 


2,260 


29,380 


1,632 


20.245 




cases 






645 


5.160 


Tullibee fresh 


cwt 


38,514 


245,644 


62,395 


212,563 


" smoked . 


M 


37 


675 






Whitefish, fresh 


tt 


176,516 


1,969,812 


183,633 


1,912,558 


" salted 


u 


3,499 


45,487 


270 


3,780 


** smoked 


tt 






10 


200 


" canned 


cases 


_ 


_ 


20 


160 














Total.. 




_ 


5,639,280 


_ 


4,988,966 



7. Yield of the Fisheries of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1920 

and 1921.^ ("000" omitted). 



Kinds of Fish. 


Actual 
value, 
1921. 


Value 
at prices 
of 1920. 


Actual 
value, 
1920. 


Increase 
(+) or 
decrease 
(-). 


Due to 
higher 
(+) or 
lower 
prices 
(-). 


Due to 
larger 
(+) or 
smaller 

(-) 
quantities. 




$ 

9,306 


$ 

10,661 


$ 

15,597 


$ 

- 6,291 


$ 

- 1,355 


t 

4,936 




5,143 


7,039 


7,152 


- 2,009 


- 1,896 


113 


Cod 


4,595 


6,431 


6,270 


- 1,675 


- 1,836 


+ 161 


Halibut 


4,113 


6,170 


4,535 


- 422 


- 2,057 


+ 1,635 




2,228 


2,749 


3,428 


- 1,200 


- 521 


679 


Whitefish 


1,916 


2,041 


2,015 


99 


125 


+ 26 


Mackerel 


1,125 


1,152 


1,127 


- 2 


27 


f 25 




900 


28 


1,523 


623 


- 28 


595 


Smelts 


835 


1,149 


789 


+ 46 


- 314 


4- 360 




812 


1,169 


868 


56 


357 


301 


Trout 


745 


779 


709 


+ 36 


- 34 


+ 70 




646 


667 


860 


- 214 


21 


- 193 


Tullibee 


212 


398 


246 


34 


- 186 


-H 152 


pike 


176 


246 


265 


- 89 


- 70 


19 


Pollock 


173 


280 


295 


- 122 


107 


15 




171 


178 


147 


+ 24 


- 7 


+ 31 


perch 


170 


271 


207 


37 


- 101 


-f- 64 




145 


210 


361 


- 216 


65 


151 




142 


142 


181 


- 39 


- 


39 


Oysters 


127 


190 


147 


20 


- 63 


+ 43 




102 


133 


540 


- 438 


31 


407 




62 


203 


280 


- 218 


141 


- 77 


Other articles of the fisheries 


1,088 


1,388 


1.699 


- 611 


- 300 


311 


Total... 


34,932 


44,574 


49,241 


- 14,399 


- 9,642 


- 4,667 



Calendar years. 



FISH CANNING AND CURING ESTABLISHMENTS 



357 



8. Number of Fish Canning and Curing Establishments, by Provinces, 1921. 



Classification. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Que. 


Prairie 
prov 
inces. 


B.C. 


Total 
for 
Canada. 


Lobster canneries 


No. 

160 


No. 
141 


No. 
172 


No. 
65 


No. 


No. 


No. 

538 


Salmon canneries . 








2 




56 


58 


Clam canneries 


1 


2 


4 






1 


S 


Sardine and other fish canneries 




1 


2 


1 


1 




5 


Fish oil factories 




1 








4 


5 


Fish curing establishments . . ... 


1 


98 


59 


26 


2 


42 


228 


















Total 


162 


243 


237 


91 


3 


103 


842 



















9. Materials Used and Value of Products of Fi^h Canning and Curing 
Establishments, 1920 and 1921. 



Materials and Products. 


1920. 


1921. 


Materials used 
Fish 


1 

14,347,089 


1 

8,524,407 


Salt 


456,013 


292,526 


Containers . . . . 


4,229,490 


2,874,809 


Other 


330,437 


16,736 








Total 


19,363,029 


11,708,478 








Products- 
Fish marketed for consumption, fresh 


5,092,174 


5,376,393 


Fish canned, cured or otherwise prepared 


25,807,973 


13,517,739 








Total 


30,900,147 


18,894,132 















Capital and Employees. In 1921, the total capital invested in the fish 
eries was as follows: (a) in vessels, boats, nets, weirs, traps, wharves, ice-houses, 
etc., used in the primary operations of capturing the fish, $26,257,487, of which 
$22,079,805 was invested in the sea fisheries, and $4,177,682 in the inland fisheries; 
(6) in fish canning and curing establishments (land, buildings, machinery, supplies 
on hand, cash and operating accounts) $19,411,990 grand total $45,669,477. 
The number of employees engaged in the primary operations of fishing was 55,230 
in 1921, and in canning and curing establishments, 14,104, a total of 69,334. The 
total salaries and wages bill in canneries and fish curing establishments was 
$2,973,386. A decline in capital of nearly $5,000,000 from 1920 is due to continued 
deflation in values. Tables 10 and 11, herewith, show the items included in the 
above totals, with comparative figures for 1920, whilst Table 12 analyzes the 
salaries, wages and earnings of the employees in canneries, etc. 



358 



PRODUCTION 



It. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in 

the Fisheries of Canada, 1930 and 1921. 





19: 


!0. 


1921. 




Equipment. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Sea Fisheries- 


9 


I 

850,000 


8 


S 

725,000 




31 


688,800 


17 


286,000 




1,046 


5,783,914 


984 


4,393,865 




12,320 


821,660 


13,689 


855,414 




14,611 


6,011,490 


14,000 


5,390.328 




299 


348,260 


416 


396.370 


Gill nets seines trap and smelt nets, etc 


94,158 


4,544,019 


100,898 


4,220.905 


Weirs 


1.054 


774,380 


668 


489,510 


Trawls 


26,599 


497,294 


23,658 


431,571 




63,029 


119.534 


59,407 


94,498 




4,500 


27,000 


1,800 


10,800 




1 


19,360 


1 


19,360 




1,290,639 


1,879,619 


1,300,921 


1,718.449 




2,617 


1,375.650 


2,601 


1,419,415 




640 


670,469 


667 


528, 605 


Small fish and smoke houses 


7,524 


1,095.605 


7,799 


1,099,715 


Total value, Sea Fisheries 


_ 


35,507,054 


_ 


22,079,805 













Equipment. 


1920. 


1921. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Inland Fisheries 
Steam ve^els or tugs 


142 
2,280 
1,012 

426 
1,108 
2,282 
1,016 
321 
175 
4 
122 
341 
600 
93 


S 

993,357 
148,968 
529,621 
1,246,746 
34,305 
777, 107 
95,037 
7,282 
41,058 
525 
850 
410 
127,818 
359,905 
23,170 


136 
2.528 
1,114 

338 
1,072 
. 2,229 
1,243 
431 
193 
5 
116 
369 
738 
85 


$ 

921,938 
151,244 
586,250 
1,056.309 
33,700 
722,410 
78,818 
25,234 
116,582 
772 
580 
1,001 
128,293 
330,331 
24,220 


Boats (sail End row) 




Gill nets 










Weirs 












Small fish and smoke houses 


Total value, Inland Fisheries 


.-. 


4,386,159 


- 


4,177,682 




Description. 


1920. 


1921. 


Fish Canning and Curing Establishments- 


No. Value. 


No. 


Value. 


1 

578 2,426,920 
67 10,072,356 
9 90,449 
8 750,204 
11 1,558,147 
267 5,614,189 


538 
58 
8 
5 
5 
228 


$ 

1,976,696 
10,617,367 
71,605 
830 678 
174 081 
5.741 563 










Fish curing establishments 


Total of Fish Canning and Curing Establishments... 
Grand Total Capital invested in Fisheries 


940 20,512,265 


842 


19 411 990 


50,405,478 


- 


45 669 477 





EXPORTS OF THE FISHERIES 



359 



11. Number of Persons Employed in the Fisheries of Canada, 1929 and 1921. 



Employed in 


Sea Fisheries. 


Inland Fisheries. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


Steam trawlers . 


No. 

206 
6,858 
41,992 
538 


No. 

175 

5,988 
40,697 
585 


No. 

854 
4,888 

1,861 


No 

736 
5,298 

1,751 


Vessels . 


Boats 


Carrying smacks 




Total 


49,594 


47,445 


7,603 


7,785 





Employed in 


In Fish Canning and Curing Establishments. 


1920. 


1921. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 




4,280 
4,266 
57 
431 
229 
2,452 


4,001 
2,056 
105 
324 
7 
291 


8,281 
6,322 
162 
755 
236 
2,743 


3,323 

2,550 
37 
290 
42 
1,901 


3,504 
1,748 
109 
413 

187 


6.S27 
4,298 
146 
703 
42 
2,088 


Salmon canneries 


Clam canneries 


Sardine and other fish canneries 


Whale oil and fish oil factories 1 




Total 


11,715 


6,784 


18,499 


8,143 


5,961 


14,104 


Grand total 


68,912 


6,784 


75,696 


63,373 


5,961 


69,334 





1 Fish oil factories only in 1921. 

12. Salaries and Wages in Fish Canning and Curing Establishments, 1929 and 1921. 





On Salaries. 


On Wages. 


Contract and 
Piece-VVorkers. 


Total. 


1920 


No. 

651 

487 


$ 

759,176 
551,330 


No. 

13,137 
10,534 


$ 

3,180,701 
2,023,040 


No. 

4,711 
3,083 


: 

916,413 
399,016 


No. 

18,499 
14,104 


$ 

4,856,290 
2,973,386 


1921 





Trade. For reasons already noted, the domestic consumption of fish is rela 
tively small in Canada, and the trade depends largely upon foreign markets. Per 
haps 60 per cent of the annual capture is an average export, of which the United 
States takes approximately one half and Great Britain one quarter. In the fiscal 
year 1921-22, total exports amounted to $29,521,894, of which $12,737,432 went to 
the United States and $5,541,103 to Great Britain. The most important single 
export is canned salmon (to Great Britain and European markets), followed closely 
by cod, dry salted (to the West Indies, South America, etc.). For fresh fish, espec 
ially whitefish and lobsters, the United States is the chief market. In brief, Canada s 
export trade in fish falls below that of Great Britain and Norway alone; including 
Newfoundland it exceeds both. Canadian imports of fish in 1921-22 amounted 
to $970,028. A general review of the import and export trade in fish over the past 
twenty years is given in Table 13, whilst Table 14 gives the comparative record 
of exports by countries during the past two years. Table 15 shows the leading 
items of export for 1921 and 1922. For a complete analysis of imports and exports, 
eee annual report on Fisheries Statistics, issued by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 



360 



PRODUCTION 



13. Value of Exports and Imports of Fish and Fish Products, 1992-1922. 



Years. 


Exports, 
fisheries, 
domestic. 


Imports of fish for 
home consumption. 


Years. 


Exports, 
fisheries, 
domestic. 


Imports of fish for 
home consumption. 


Dutiable. 


Free. 


Dutiable. 


Free. 


1902... 


9 

14,143,294 
11,800,184 
10,759,029 
11,114,318 
16,025,840 
10,362,142 
13,867,367 
13,319,664 
15,663,162 
15,675,544 
16,704,678 


$ 

591,064 
629,545 
704,577 
713,264 
756,410 
699,218 
795,612 
746,315 
909,036 
1,123,581 
1,203,045 


$ 

451,835 
633,680 
685,936 
630,660 
1,152,253 
862,880 
1,026,996 
814,770 
715,703 
669,033 
984,458 


1913 


- 
16,336,721 
20,623,560 
19,687,068 
22,377,977 
24,889,253 
32,602,151 
37,137,072 
42,285,035 
33,581,383 
29,521,894 


$ 

1,519,571 
1,469,305 
1,080,225 
804,398 
1,259,799 
966,643 
1,054,848 
2,605,379 
2,416,152 
2,172,850 


S 

910,923 
635,231 
568,880 
537,342 
818,613 
1,397,127 
2,079,530 
1,334,718 
1,809,960 
970,028 


1903 


1914 


1904 


1915 


1905 


1916 


1906 


1917 


1907 1 


1918 


1908 


1919 


1909 


1920 


1910 


1921 


19H 


1922 


1912. 







Nine months. 

14. Exports of the Fisheries, the produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the 

fiscal years 1921 and 1922. 



Exports to- 


1921. 


1922. 


Exports to 


1921. 


1922. 


United Kingdom 


$ 

7,682,423 


S 

5,541,103 


China 


$ 

187 744 


$ 

188 380 


Australia 


452,664 


727,434 


Costa Rica 


19 928 


57 564 


British W. Indies 


1,488,827 


1,347,408 


Cuba 


1 459 988 


1 176 125 


British Guiana 


335,023 


224,435 


Denmark 


82 956 


82 863 


New Zealand 


246,228 


139,183 


France . 


880 500 


2 564 953 


Newfoundland 


51,989 


29 020 


Greece 


28 130 


24 995 


Hong Kong 


437,211 


319 636 


Italy 


10 793 


671 214 


Bermuda 


50,503 


31,819 


Japan 


527 561 


724 415 


South Africa 


80,835 


23,538 


Netherlands 


28 780 


67 485 


Straits Settlements 


235,509 


113,829 


Dutch East Indies 


46 848 


30 017 


Fiji 


95 595 


43 099 




55 398 


8 050 


Egypt and Sudan 


8,345 


26,695 


Norway . . ... 


60,801 


29 154 


Gibraltar 




55 645 


Sweden 


263 598 


129 805 


Other British possessions. 


61,132 


31,977 


Panama 


45,585 


81 730 










1 IfiQ fi18 


1 n?^ 0^7 


Total British Empire. . 


11,227,280 


8,654,821 


Other foreign countries. . . 


107,683 


62,365 


United States 


15,728,835 


12 73f 432 


Total Foreign Countries 


22,108 438 


20 867 073 


Belgium 


187 449 


283 7 9 








Brazil 


1,216 243 


798 869 


Grand Total of Exports 


33 581 383 


29 521 894 















15. Exports of the Fisheries, compared as to Quantity and Value, for the fiscal 

years 1921 and 1922. ("000 omitted"). 



Kinds of Fish. 


Actual 
value, 
1922. 


Value 

at prices 
of 1921. 


Actual 
value, 
1921. 


Increase 
(+) or 
decrease 
(-). 


Due to 
higher 

(-Hor 
lower 

(.-> 

prices. 


Due to 
larger 
(+)or 
smaller 
(-) 
quanti 
ties. 


Alewives, salted 


$ 

65 


1 

81 


i 

127 


62 


1 

16 


$ 

46 


Bait fish 


65 


102 


51 


4- 14 


37 


-i- si 


Codfish, boneless, canned and preserved 
Codfish, dried 


161 
5 509 


196 
7 760 


225 
5 220 


64 

+ 289 


35 

2 251 


L".I 
4- 2 540 


Codfish, fresh and frozen 


84 


92 


117 


33 


g 


9 5 


Codfish, green salted (pickled).. . . 


643 


- 


766 


123 


247 


-f- 124 


Clams, fresh and canned. . 


84 


99 


67 


+ 17 


15 


32 


Eels 


86 


90 


84 


4- 2 


4 


4- 6 


Haddock, canned 


1 


1 


36 


35 




35 


Haddock, dried 


Ifi- 


218 


295 


133 


56 


77 


Haddock, fresh and frozen 


62 


79 


75 


13 


17 


4- 4 


Haddock, smoked 


139 


145 


152 


13 


6 


7 


Halibut, fresh and frozen 


855 


1,090 


913 


58 


- 235 


4- 177 


Herring, lake, fresh and frozen 


292 


610 


810 


518 


318 


200 


Herring, lake, pickled 


9 


12 


14 


5 


3 


- 2 


Herring, sea, canned 


93 


156 


274 


181 


63 


118 


Herring, sea, dry salted.. 


1,000 


1.136 


991 


4- 9 


- 136 


4- 145 



MINES AND MINERALS 



361 



15. Exports of the Fisheries, compared as to Quantity and Value, for the fiscal 
years 1921 and 1922 concluded. ( 000 omitted") . 



Kinds of Fish. 


Actual 
value, 
1922. 


Value 
at prices 
of 1921. 


Actual 
value, 
1921. 


Increase 
(+)or 
desrease 
(-) 


Due to 
higher 
(+)or 
lower 
(-) 
prices. 


Due to 
larger 
(+) or 
smaller 

(-) 
quanti 
ties. 


Herring, sea, fresh and frozen 


$ 

104 


$ 

130 


$ 
247 


$ 

- 143 


$ 

26 


- 117 


Herring sea, pickled ... 


389 


417 


482 


93 


- 28 


65 


Herring, sea, smoked 


201 


281 


387 


- 186 


- 80 


106 


Lobsters, canned 


3,756 


5,635 


5,179 


- 1,423 


- 1,879 


4- 456 


Lobsters, fresh 


1,403 


1,432 


1,034 


+ 369 


29 


398 


Mackerel, fresh and frozen 


560 


732 


574 


14 


- 172 


+ 158 


Mackerel , pickled 


383 


405 


564 


181 


- 22 


159 


Pilchards, canned 


131 


121 


269 


- 138 


+ 10 


- 148 


Pollock, hake and cusk, fresh and frozen 
Pollock, hake and cusk, dried 


9 
442 


8 
644 


11 
534 


- 2 
- 92 


+ 1 
- 202 


3 
+ 110 


Pollock, hake and cusk, green salted 
Salmon, canned 


27 
6,433 


37 
10,717 


68 
7,581 


41 
- 1,148 


10 

- 4,284 


- 31 

-f 3,136 


Salmon, dry salted (chum) 


221 


194 


131 


+ 90 


+ . 27 


63 


Salmon, fresh and frozen 


993 


910 


744 


+ 249 


83 


166 


Salmon, pickled 


231 


275 


207 


24 


44 


+ 68 


Salmon or lake trout 


347 


379 


364 


17 


- 32 


+ 15 


Sea fish, other, fresh 


30 


10 


31 


1 


+ 20 


- 21 


Sea fish, other, preserved 


2 


2 


10 


- 8 




- 8 


Smelts . . 


1,064 


1,068 


774 


+ 290 


- 4 


+ 294 


Swordfish 


129 


120 


38 


91 


+ 9 


+ 82 


Tullibee 


119 


174 


325 


- 206 


55 


151 


Whitefish 


1,151 


1,305 


1,331 


- 180 


- 154 


26 


Fish, other, fresh and frozen 


1,829 


2,120 


1,916 


87 


- 291 


+ 204 


Tongues and sounds 


3 


8 


19 


16 


5 


11 


Oil, fish, cod 


80 


181 


87 


- 7 


101 


+ 94 


Oil, fish, other 


22 


69 


66 


47 


47 


+ 3 


Oil , seal . . . .... 


12 


18 


2 


+ 10 


6 


16 


Oil, whale . . . .... ... 


27 


79 


95 


68 


52 


16 


Other articles of the fisheries 


114 


156 


294 


- 180 


- 42 


- 138 
















Totals 


29,522 


40,384 


33,581 


4,059 


10,862 


+ 6,803 
















Increase or decrease, per cent . 






_ 


12-1 


- 32-3 


+ 20-2 

















VI. MINES AND MINERALS. 1 

The appended description of the Mines and Minerals Industry in Canada is 
divide:! into five parts. Fii st, there is a summary of general production, followed 
by a statement on the various metallic minerals found in Canrda; third comes a 
discussion of non-metallic minerals and fourth of clay piodicts and structural 
materials. The fifth part deals with the industrial organization of the mining 
industry. 

1. General Production. 

The greater part of the area of Canada still awaits systematic prospecting and 
even in the older districts thorough development work has not been completed. 
The Geological Survey and the Mines Branch of the Dominion Government, as 
well as the Departments of Mines of several of the Provincial Governments, have 
done valuable exploration work. They have a number of capable men at work 
and their reports are of great value in forming an estimate of the mineral resources 
of the Dominion, but the country is so vast that at best they can do little more than 
describe surface conditions. The real value of mineral deposits can usually only 

1 See also article "Geological Format ; on of Canada" containing a section on the progress of the 
economic geology of Canada, (which may be regarde 1 as basic to the mining industry), pp. 13-24 of this 
edition of the Yeir Book. This article i-s conden ed in part from previous articles contributed by Messrs. 
R. W. Brock, M.A., L.L.D., F.G.S., formerly Director of the Geological Survey, and Wyatt Malcolm, 
M.A., Compiler of Geological Information, Department of Mines. 



362 



PRODUCTION 



be determined by costly development work; and the lack of capital has retarded 
the development of mineral resources. The unprospected area is very great and 
since much of the northern territory has the same geological formation as some of 
the districts where mining operations are actively carried on, it may be anticipated 
that mineral production will in the future be greatly increased. As it is, mining, 
although only in its infancy, has become one of the leading extractive industries, 
exceeded in the value of production only by agriculture and forestry. The mineral 
production of Canada increased from $10,000,000 in 1886 to over $184,000,000 in 
1922. The preliminary estimate of production for the first half of 1923 was 
$87,152,248 as compared with $60,361,109 in the first half of 1922. In 1921, Canada 
ranked first among the mineral producing countries of the world in the production 
of asbestos, first in nickel, third in silver, third in gold and ninth in coal. 

The increasing importance of mineral production in Canada during the past 
generation is shown by the historical statistics of Table 1, while Table 2 gives 
comparative statistics of the production of individual minerals for 1921 and 1922, 
and Table 3 shows how far the variations in values between these years are due to 
differences in quantities produced and how far to changes in prices. 

1. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, calendar years 1886 to 1922. 



Calendar 
Years. 


Total value. 


Value 
per 
capita. 


Calendar 
Years. 


Total value. 


Value 
per 
capita. 


Calendar 
Years. 


Total value. 


Value 
per 
capita. 


1886... 


$ 

10,221,255 


$ 

2-23 


1898 


$ 

38 412 431 


$ 

7-32 


1910 


$ 

106 823 623 


1 

15-44 


1887 


10,321,331 


2-23 


1899 


49 234 005 


9-27 


1911 


103 2 9 994 


14-32 


1888 


12,518.894 


2-67 


1900 


64 420 877 


19. 04 


1912 


135 0-48 296 


18-32 


1889 


14,013.113 


2-96 


1901 


65 797 911 


12-16 


1913 


145 634 812 


19-35 


1890 


16,763,353 


3-50 


1902 


63 231 836 


11-36 


1914 


1?8 863 075 


16-75 


1891 


18,976,616 


3-92 


1903 


61 740 513 


10-83 


1915 


137 109 171 


17-44 


1892 


16,623,415 


3-39 


1904 . 


60 082 771 


10-27 


1916 


177 201 534 


22-05 


1893 


20,035,082 


4-04 


1905 . 


69 078 999 


11-49 


1917 


189 646 821 


23-18 


1894 


19,931,158 




1906.. 


79 286 697 


12-81 


1918 


211 301 897 


25-36 


1895 


20,505,917 


4-05 


1907.. .._ 


86,865 202 


13-75 


1919 


176 686 390 


20-84 


1896 


22,474,256 


4-38 


1908.. 


85 557 101 


13-16 


1920 


227 859 665 


?6-40 


1897 


28,485,023 


5-49 


1909 


91,831,441 


13-70 


1921 


171 9 9 3 342 


19-56 














1922.. 


184.297.242 


20-55 



2. Mineral Production of Canada, calendar years 1921 and 1922. 



Products. 


1921. 


1922. 


Increase (+) or 
Decrease ( ). 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 

Cobalt, metallic and contain 
ed in oxide Lli- 


251,986 
47,620,820 
926,329 

56,564 
1 , 05,8 
66,679,592 
19,293,060 
591 
292 

57 
13,543,198 

53,089,356 


$ 

755,958 
5,953,555 
19,148,920 

1,873,682 
3,272 
3,828,742 
6,752,571 
38.267 
21,910 

9,690 
8,485,355 
2,471,310 


569,960 
42,879,818 
1,263,364 

8,095 
1,781 
93,307,171 
17,597,123 
724 
469 

392 
18,581,439 
56.290,000 


$ 

1,852,370 
5,738,177 
26,116,050 

178,980 
4,938 
5,817,702 
6,158,993 
47,060 
45,783 

31,360 
12,576,758 
3,217,536 


p.c. 

+ 126-1 
10-0 
+ 36-3 

85-7 
+ 68-3 
+ 39-9 
8-8 
+ 22-5 
+ 60-6 

+ 587-7 
+ 37-1 
+ 6-0 


p.c. 

+ 145-0 
13-7 
-f 36-3 

- - 90-5 

+ 50-9 
51-9 
8-8 
+ 22-9 
+ 108-9 

-f 223-6 
48-2 
+ 30-1 


Copper " 


Gold Fine ozs 


Iron, pig, from Cana 
dian ore Tons 


Iron ore sold for export " 
Lead Lbs 


Nickel " 


Palladium . ... Crude ozs 


Platinum " " 


Rhodium, Osmium, 
Iridium, Ruthenium Ozs. 
Silver Fine ozs 


Zinc Lbs 


Total $ 


- 


49,343,232 


- 


61,785,707 


- 


+ 2.V3 





NOTE. According to a preliminary estimate, the mineral production in 1923 was $214,102,000 ,an 
increase of 12 p.c. over 1922. 



MINERAL PRODUCTION 



363 



2. Mineral Production of Canada, calendar years 1921 and 1922 concluded. 



Products. 


19 


21. 


19 


22. 


Increas* 
Decrea 


; (+) or 
se(-). 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Non-metallic. 

Actinolite Tons 


78 


$ 

975 


50 


* 

575 


p.C. 

35-9 


p.C. 

41-1 


Arsenic, white, and in 
ore 


1,491 


233,763 


2,576 


321,037 


+ 72-7 


+ 37-3 


Asbestos 


92,761 


4,906,230 


163,706 


5,552,723 


76-4 


13-1 


Barytes 


270 


9,567 


289 


9,537 


7-0 


0-4 


Chromite 


2,798 


55.696 


767 


11,503 


72-6 


79-4 


Coal 


15,057,498 


72,451,656 


15,157,431 


65,518,497 


+ 0-6 


- 9-6 


Corundum 


403 


55,965 










Feldspar 


29,868 


230,754 


27,727 


248,402 


7-2 


+ 7-6 


Fluorspar 


5,519 


136,267 


4,503 


102,138 


- 18-5 


25-1 


Graphite 


937 


65,862 


597 


31,353 


- 36-3 


- 52-4 


Grindstones 


1.281 


64,067 


1,005 


43,742 


- 21-6 


- 31-8 


Gypsum 


386,550 


1,785,538 


559,265 


2,160,898 


+ 44-6 


+ 21-0 


Magnesite 


3,730 


81,320 


2,849 


76,294 


- 23-7 


- 6-2 


Magnesium sulphate. 
Manganese 


2,029 
68 


39.506 
3,400 


1,021 
73 


24,107 
2,044 


49-7 

4- 7-3 


- 39-0 
- 39-9 


Mica 


702 


70,063 


3,349 


152,263 


+ 377-0 


+ 117-3 


Mineral water Gak. 


328,273 


21,716 


221,433 


14,220 


32-6 


34-6 


Natro-alunite . Tons 


30 


1.500 


50 


2,500 


-1- 66-6 


+ 66-6 


Natural gas M cu. ft 


11,077,601 


4,594,164 


14,682,651 


5,846,501 


4-2 


27-2 


Iron oxides Tons 


9,048 


93,610 


7,285 


110,608 


19-5 


+ 18-1 


Peat " 


1,666 


6,664 


3,000 


14,500 


+ 80-0 


+ 117-5 


Petroleum crude Bbls 


187,540 


641,533 


179,068 


611,176 


4-6 


4-8 


Phosphate Tons 


30 


450 


190 


1 , 796 


+ 533-3 


+ 249-1 


Pyrites 


32,173 


116,326 


18,143 


74,303 


43-7 


36-2 


Quartz 


100,350 


312,947 


109,947 


208,598 


+ 9-5 


33-4 


Salt 


164,658 


1,673,685 


181,794 


1,628,323 


10-4 


2-8 


Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 


197 
623 


14,775 
18,850 


202 
504 


3,027 
11,980 


+ 2-5 
19-2 


79-6 
36-5 


Talc 


10, 124 


144,565 


13,195 


188,458 


+ 30-3 


+ 30-3 


Tripolite 


341 


11,268 


219 


5,781 


- 35-8 


- 48-7 
















Total $ 




87,842,682 


_ 


82,976,794 


_ 


5-8 
















Structural Materials and 
Clay Products. 

Cement, Portland and 
Puzzolan Bbls 


5,752,885 


14,195,143 


6,9 3,972 


15,438,481 


+ 20-7 


+ 8-7 


("lay products 
Bricks, common. ... No. 
" pressed " 


22,438,243 
80,947,398 


3,567,503 
1,738,293 


294,919,113 
90,577,826 


4,714,658 
1,839,549 


+ 33-7 
+ 11-8 


+ 32-1 
+ 5-8 


Bricks, hollow build 
ing " 


3,627 777 


177 273 


4 892,504 


448,674 


+ 34-8 


+ 15-3 


Bricks, moulded and 
ornamental. . . " 


1,995,284 


50 576 


41,851,765 


865,664 


4- 1,997-5 


+ 1,611-6 


Firebrick " 


4,502,233 


242 462 


6,705,127 


251,776 


48-9 


3-8 


Fire clay Tons 


2,931 


29,851 


10,196 


55,185 


+ 248-7 


84-8 


Fire clay blocks $ 
Firoproofing and hol 
low porous blocks . " 
Kaolin Tons 


124 


91,685 

452,296 
1 888 


1,197 


67,588 

542,611 
17.866 


+ 865-3 


26-3 

+ 19-9 
+ 846-3 


Paving brick No 






150,813 


5,972 






Pottery from domes 
tic clay $ 




231 262 




266,391 




+ 15-2 


Sewer pipe No 




1,666,584 


75,932 


1,766,347 


__ 


+ 5-9 


Architectural terra 
cotta S 




134,193 




188.789 




+ 40-6 


Tile, drain No 




473,952 


14,730,963 


407,386 


_ 


- 14-1 


Lime Bush 


6,879 067 


2,781 197 


7 742 651 


3,165,005 


+ 30-4 


+ 13-8 


Sand and gravel Tons 


11.574,862 


2,537,249 


11,666,371 


3,502,935 


+ 0-7 


+ 38-0 


Slate 




22 325 


1,899 


14,871 




- 33-4 


Granite 


319,398 


937 894 


457,925 


1,486,250 


+ 43-3 


+ 58-4 


Limestone 


3,322,024 


5,155 046 


3 152,124 


4,175.941 


- 5-2 


- 19-2 


Marble 


1,650 


172,720 


1,912 


231,894 


+ 15-8 


+ 34-3 


Sandstone 


28,426 


78,036 


25.221 


80.908 


- 11-3 


+ 3-6 
















Total $ 




34,737,428 




39,534,741 


_ 


+ 13-8 
















Grand Total. $ 


- 


171,923,342 


- 


184,297,242 


- 


+ 7-1 



364 



PRODUCTION 



3. Mineral Production of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, in calendar 

years 1921 and 1922. ("000" omitted). 



Products. 


Actual 
value 
1922. 


Value at 
prices of 
1921. 


Actual 

value 
1921. 


Increase 
(+)or 

decrease 
(-). 


Due to 

higher(+) 
or lower 
(-) 
prices. 


Due to 

larger (+) 
or smaller 
(-) 
quan 
tities. 


Metallic. 

Cobalt, metallic and contained in oxide. . 
Copper 


$ 

1,852 
5,738 


- 

1,510 
5,360 


- 

756 

5,954 


% 

+ 1,096 
216 


- 

+ 342 
+ 378 




+ 754 
594 


Gold 


26,116 


26,116 


19,149 


+ 6 967 




+ 6 967 


Iron, pig, from Canadian ore 


179 


1,387 


1,874 


- 1.695 


- 1,208 


487 


Iron ore, sold for export. . ... 


5 


5 


3 


+ 2 




+ 2 


Lead 


5,818 


4,358 


3,829 


+ 1,989 


+ 1 460 


+ 5 9 9 


Nickel 


6,159 


6,159 


6,753 


594 




594 


Palladium 


47 


47 


38 


+ 9 




+ 9 


Platinum 


40 


35 


21 


4- 25 


+ 11 


14 


Silver 


12,577 


11,641 


8,485 


+ 4,092 


+ 936 


+ 3,156 


Zinc 


3 218 


1,394 


2,471 


+ 747 


+ 1 824 


1 077 


Other 


31 


36 


10 


+ 21 


- 5 


+ 26 
















Total metallic... . . $ 


61,786 


58,048 


49,343 


+12,443 


+ 3,738 


+ 8,705 
















Non-metallic. 

Arsenic, white and in ore 


321 


417 


234 


+ 87 


96 


+ 183 


Asbestos 


5,553 


8,741 


4,906 


+ 647 


3,188 


+ 3,835 


Chromite .... 


12 


15 


56 


44 


3 


41 


Coal 


65,518 


72,932 


72,452 


i 934 


- 7,414 


+ 480 


Feldspar 


248 


216 


231 


+ 17 


+ 32 


15 


Fluorspar 


102 


102 


136 


- 34 




34 


Graphite 


31 


57 


66 


- 35 


- 26 


9 


Grindstones 


44 


50 


64 


- 20 


6 


14 


Gypsum 


2,161 


1,403 


1,786 


+ / 375 


+ 758 


383 


Magnesite 


76 


59 


81 


- 5 


+ 17 


22 


Magnesium sulphate 


24 


19 


39 


- 15 


5 


20 


Mica 


152 


334 


70 


+ 82 


182 


+ 264 


Mineral pigments-Barvtes . . 


10 


10 


10 








-Oxides 


111 


73 


94 


+ 17 


+ 38 


- 21 


Natural gas 


5,847 


4,792 


4,594 


+ 1,253 


+ 1,055 


+ 198 


Petroleum 


till 


611 


642 


- 31 




31 


Pyrites 




65 


116 


- 42 


+ 9 


51 


Quartz 


209 


344 


313 


- 104 


- 135 


+ 31 


Salt 


1,628 


1,846 


1,674 


46 


218 


172 


Tale 


188 


188 


144 


+ 44 




44 


Other articles 


57 


85 


134 


- 77 


- 28 


49 
















Total non-metallic $ 


82,977 


92,359 


87,842 


- 1,865 


- 9,382 


+ 4,517 
















Structural Materials and Clay Pro 
ducts. 

Cement, Portland 


15,438 


17,082 


14,195 


+ 1.243 


- 1,644 


+ 2,887 


Brick", common 


4.715 


4,691 


3,568 


+ 1,147 


+ 24 


+ 1,123 


Brick, pressed 


1 840 


1 945 


1 738 


4 1C2 


105 


+ 207 


Brick, moulded and ornamental. .. 


866 


1,267 


51 


+ 815 


- 401 


+ 1,216 


Fireproofing 


543 


346 


452 


+ 91 


+ 197 


- 106 


Sowrrpipe 


1,768 


1,124 


1,667 


+ 99 


+ 642 


- 54. ? 


Tile, drain 


407 


255 


474 


- 67 


+ 152 


- 219 


Other clav products 


784 


499 


908 


- 124 


+ 285 


409 


Lime 


3,165 


3,097 


2,781 


+ 384 


+ 68 


+ 316 


Sand and gravel 


.Vi:; 


2,556 


2,537 


4- 966 


+ 947 


19 


Other articles. . . 


508 


4.14? 


6,366 


4- 142 


+ 2,366 


- 2,224 
















Total Structural Materials and 
Clay Products $ 


39,535 


37,004 


34,737 


+ 4,798 


+ 2,531 


+ 2,267 
















Grand Totals $ 


184,298 


187,411 


171,922 


+12,376 


3,113 


+ 15,489 

















MINERAL PRODUCTION BY PROVINCES 



365 



Provincial Distribution of Mineral Production. 

The principal mineral producing province of Canada in 1922 was Ontario, 
with an output valued at $65,866,029. British Columbia came second with a 
mineral production valued at $39,423,962. Alberta was third with $27,872,136 
and Nova Scotia ranked fourth with $25,923,499. Quebec was fifth with $17,646,529 
and New Brunswick, Manitoba, Yukon Territory and Saskatchewan followed in 
the order named, with productions of between one and three million dollars each. 

4. Mineral Production of Canada, by Provinces, 1899 to 1922. 



Calendar 
Years. 


Nova 
Scotia. 1 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


Yukon. 


British 
Colum 
bia. 




$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


S 


$ 


1899.... 


6,817.274 


420,227 


2,585,635 


9,819,557 


17,108,707 


12,482,605 


1900... 


9,298,479 


439,060 


3,292,383 


11,258.099 


23,452,330 


16,680,526 


1901.... 


7,770,159 


467,985 


3,759,984 


13,970.010 


19,297,940 


20,531,833 


1902.... 


10,686,549 


607,129 


3,743,636 


14,619,091 


16,127,400 


17,448,031 


1903.... 


11,431,914 


580,495 


3,585,938 


14,160,033 


14,082,986 


17,899,147 


1904 . . . . 


11,212.746 


559,913 


3,688,482 


12,582,843 


12,713,613 


19,325,174 


1905.... 


11.507,047 


559,035 


4,405,975 


18,833,292 


11,387,642 


22,386,008 


19C6.... 


12,894.303 


646,328 


5,242,058 


25,111,682 


10,092,726 


25,299,600 


1907. . 


14,532,040 


664,467 


6,205,553 


30,381,638 


898,775 


533,251 


4,657,524 


3,335,898 


25,656,056 


1908.... 


14,487,108 


579,816 


6,372,949 


30,623,812 


584,374 


413,212 


5,122,505 


3,669,290 


23,704,035 


1909.... 


12,504,810 


657,035 


7,086,265 


37,374,577 


1,193,377 


456,246 


6,047,447 


4,032,678 


22,479,006 


1910.... 


14,195,730 


581.942 


8,?70,136 


43,538,078 


1,500,359 


498,122 


8,996,210 


4,764,474 


24,478,572 


1911.... 


15,409,397 


612,830 


9,304,717 


12,796,162 


1,791,772 


636,706 


6,662,673 


4,707,432 


21,299,305 


1912.... 


18,922,236 


771,004 


11,656,998 


51.985,876 


2,463,074 


1,165,642 


12,073,589 


5,933,242 


30,076,635 


1913.... 


19,376.183 


1,102,613 


13,475,534 


59,167,749 


2,214,496 


881,142 


15,054,046 


6,276,737 


28,086,312 


1914.... 


17,584,639 


1,014,570 


11,836,929 


53,034,677 


2,413,489 


712,313 


12,684,234 


5,418,185 


24,164,039 


1915.... 


18,088,342 


903,467 


11,619,275 


61,071,287 


1,318,387 


451,933 


9,909,347 


5,057,708 


28,689,425 


1916.... 


20,042,262 


1,118,187 


14,406,598 


80,461,323 


1,823,576 


590,473 


13,297,543 


5,491,610 


39.969,962 


1917.... 


21,104,542 


1,435,024 


17,400,C77 


89,066,600 


2,628,264 


860,651 


16,527,535 


4,482,202 


36,141,926 


1918.... 


22,317,108 


2,144,017 


IS, 605, 347 


94,694,093 


3,120,600 


1,C19,781 


23,109,987 


2,355,631 


42,935,333 


1919.... 


23,445,215 


1,770,945 


21,267,947 


67,917,998 


2,868,378 


1,521,964 


21,087,582 


1,940,934 


34,865,427 


1920.... 


34,130,017 


2,491,787 


28,886,214 


81,715,808 


4,223,461 


1,837,468 


33,586,456 


1,576,726 


39,411,728 


1921.... 


28,912,111 


1,901,505 


15,157,094 


57,356,651 


1,934,117 


1,114,220 


30,562,229 


1,754,955 


33,230,460 


1922.... 


25,923,499 


2,263,69? 


17,646,529 


65,866,029 


2,258,942 


1,255,470 


27,872,136 


1,785,573 


39,423,962 



Includes a small production from Prince Edward Island. 

5. Mineral Production of Nova Scotia, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Products 


192 


). 


192 


1. 


192 


3. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 

Gold fine oz 


690 


$ 

14 263 


440 


$ 
q (j7K 


1 fl49 


% 

91 14ft 


Silver " 






25 


16 


Sfi 


Kfl 


Non-metallic. 

Barytes tons 


751 


22 983 


270 


9 567 


98Q 


Q 137 


Coal 


6,429 291 


32 238 129 


5 734 928 


27 782*050 


I "IRQ 079 


94 R9Q 091 


Feldspar 






16 


177 






Grindstones 


211 


8,440 


183 


6 990 


in? 


*? RQ9 


Gypsum 


260 661 


573 752 


206 831 


51l 883 


QQO ACiA 


EOA IAQ 


Manganese 


62 


4,140 


68 


3 400 


73 


9 044 


Salt " 


3 023 


32 000 


2 638 


23 269 


K f)K9 


KA Aftfi 


Tripolite " 


260 


8 600 


341 


U2fi8 


910 


57ft1 


Structural Materials and Clay 
Products. 

Lime bush 


201 500 


40 300 


25 914 


6 085 






Stone tons 




420 175 


58 923 


116 602 


87 055 


m4Q9 


Other products $ 




226 121 




431 789 




AQK A9O 
















Total $ 




34,130,017 




28 912 111 




*>"> Q21 IQ 

















The total production of blast furnace pig-iron in Nova Scotia in 1920 was 332,493 tons, valued at $7,687,614; 
in 1921, it was 169,504 tons, valued at $3,633,516 and in 1922 the production was 135,261 tons, valued at 
$3,139,994. 

"Includes railway ballast from P.E.I., valued at $1,433. 



366 



PRODUCTION 



6. Mineral Prfxluctiou of New Brunswick, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 





19: 


!0. 


19: 


B. 


1922. 




Products. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Non-metallic. 

Coal tons. 


166,048 


S 

1,055,286 


187,192 


1 

920,666 


287,513 


S 

1,107,643 




2,233 


79,696 


1,098 


57,077 


903 


40,050 


Gypsum 


49,405 


428,183 


54,030 


360.220 


82,462 


517,668 


Natural gas ... .M. cu ft. 


682,502 


130,506 


708,743 


139,375 


753,898 


148, 04& 




5,148 


19,963 


7,479 


33,022 


7,778 


32,732 


Structural materials. 

Clay products $ 




73,484 




66,600 




75,425 


Lime bush . 


701,859 


365,030 


562,447 


203,084 


560,834 


187,895- 


Stone tons. 




280,167 


15,125 


97,290 


12,027 


104,730 


Other products $ 


- 


59,472 


- 


24,171 





49,509 


Total $ 


_ 


2,491,787 


_ 


1,901,505 


_ 


2,263,692 

















7. Mineral Production of Quebec, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 





192 


0. 


IK 


1. 


192 


2. 


Products. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 


880,638 


S 

153,724 


352,308 


$ 

44,045 




$ 


Gold ozs. 


955 


19,742 


635 


13,127 








Iron ore sold for export . tons 
Lead lb. 


960 
905,472 


3,000 
80,949 


595,881 


34,215 


526 


1,410 


Molybdenite " 




_ 


- 


- 








Silver ozs. 


61,003 


61,552 


38,084 


23,861 








Zinc lb. 


1,120,200 


85,931 


_ 


- 








Non-metallic. 

Asbestos and asbestic . tons 


199,573 
11,016 


14,792,201 
251,379 


92,761 

2,798 


4,906,230 
55,696 


163,706 
767 


6,552,725 
11.503 




649 


10,052 


9,737 


80, 180 


12.472 


127.828 


Graphite " 


233 


31,913 


38 


2,423 


24 


1,500 


Magnesite " 


18,378 


512,756 


2,927 


74, 109 


2,849 


76,294 


Mica " 




281,460 


484 


41,172 


1,360 


97.748 


Mineral water gal. 


24,219 


10,109 


19,626 


7,278 


12,161 


3.G92 




19,128 


157,909 


8,879 


92,765 


7,282 


110,483 


Pent " 




_ 








- 





Phosphate " 


_ 


- 


30 


450 


131 


1,320 


Pvrites " 


14,817 


44,451 


1,986 


10,463 


- 


- 


Quartz " 


1,986 


5,558 


5,994 


29,824 


10,994 


53,023 


Talc " 


150 


1,050 








150 


4,950 


Structural Materials and 
Clay Products. 

Cement brl. 


3,013,463 


6,545,054 


2,135,631 


5,410,275 


2,660,935 


5,907.300 


Clay products $ 




2,361.007 





1,742,872 


- 


2,476.370 


Kaolin tons 


683 


15,022 


124 


1,888 


1.197 


17,866 


Lime bush. 


2,108,203 


826,044 


2,040,451 


790.503 


2,108.513* 


634,157 


Slate . squares 


i 


14,200 


i 


22,325 


1.899 5 


14.871 


Stone tons 


_ 


2,189.325 


719,499 


1,662,641 


987,355 


2,342,316 


Other products $ 


- 


431,826 


700, 669 3 


110.752 





212,582 


Total $ 


_ 


28,886,214 


_ 


15,157,094 


- 


17,47,m 

















NOTE. In Quebec there is also an important production of aluminium from imported ores. 

1 1,532 squares and 240 tons of crushed material. 

415 squares and 2,232 tons of crushed material. 

Sand and gravel only in 1921. 

* The production of hydrated lime was 5,278 tons, valued at 155,642. 

*Tons. 



MINERAL PRODUCTION BY PROVINCES 



367 



8. Mineral Production of Ontario, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 





19 


JO. 


19 


21. 


19 


22. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 

Cobalt, metallic and in 
oxide Ib. 


546,023 


$ 

1,365,058 


251,986 


$ 

755,958 


569,960 


t 

1 852 370 


Copper " 


32,059,993 


5,596,392 


12,821,385 


1,602,930 


10,943,636 


1 464 477 


Gold ozs. 


564,995 


11,679,483 


708,213 


14,640,062 


1,000,340 


20 678 862 


Iron ore. sold for export, tons 
Iron, pig, from Canadian 
ore .... " 


6,683 
75,869 


54,266 

2,066,997 


48 
56,564 


?42 
1,873,682 


8,095 


178 980 


Lead Ib. 


2,255,520 


201,643 


3,312,493 


190,203 


2,890,397 


180,216 


Nickel " 


61,335,706 


24,534,282 


19,293,060 


6,752,571 


17,597,123 


6 158 993 


Platinum crude ozs 


578 


36,961 


269 


20,184 


458 


44 709 


Palladium " 


913 


58,392 


591 


38,267 


724 


47 060 


Rhodium, ruthenium, 
osmium 


513 


31,815 


57 


9.690 


391 


31 280 


Silver ozs. 


9,907,626 


9,996,795 


9,761,607 


6,116,037 


10,811,903 


7,300 305 


Zinc Ib. 


13,950 


1,070 










Non-metallic. 

Actinolite tons 


100 


1,160 


78 


975 


50 


575 


Arsenious oxide " 


1,831 


425,617 


1,491 


233,763 


2,058 


299 940 


Corundum " 


196 


24,547 


403 


55,965 






Feldspar 


37,224 


270,843 


20,115 


150,457 


10, 842 


120 576 


Fluorspar 


3,758 


68,475 


116 


1,744 


284 


3 905 


Graphite 


1,957 


133,704 


899 


63,439 


573 


29,853 


Gypsum 


74,707 


404,162 


84, 790 


433,053 


110,227 


621 668 


Mica 


1,466 


94,562 


218 


28,891 


1,989 


54 515 


Mineral water imp. gal. 




14,473 


308,647 


14,438 


209,072 


10 528 


Natural gas M. cu ft. 


10,529,374 


2,920,731 


8,422,774 


3,080,130 


8,060,114 


4 076 296 


Peat . tons 


4,550 


18,650 


1,666 


6,664 


3,000 


14 500 


Petroleum brl. 


180,071 


726,286 


172,859 


559,198 


164,732 


526 316 


Phosphate tons 










59 


476 


Pyrites . " 


148,652 


618,283 


27,785 


101,306 


11,233 


39 763 


Quartz " 


90,433 


321,063 


72,068 


220,806 


81.528 


118,054 


Salt " 


206,832 


1,512,724 


161,987 


1,649,626 


176 741 


1 573 657 


Strontium " 


75 


2,625 










Talc " 


21,411 


162,784 


9,967 


140,390 


12, 854 


178 728 


Structural Materials and 
Clay Products. 

Cement brl. 


2,035,594 


4,377,814 


2,723,071 


6,424,356 


3,104,386 


6 393 566 


Clay products $ 




5,613,488 




5,183,125 




6 944 218 


Lime bush. 


5,109,635 


1,962,086 


3,530,547 


1,344,188 


3,939,954 3 


1 311 563 J 


Sand-lime brick no 


30,664,720 


451,175 










Stone tons 




4,035,478 


2,716,080 


4,167,582 


2,317,265 


2,969,926 


Other products $ 


_ 


1,931,924 




1,496, 729 2 




2,640.154 
















Total $ 




81,715,808 




57,356,651 




65,866,029 

















1 The total production of blast-furnace pig-iron in Ontario in 1920 was 749,068 tons, valued at $22,252,062; 
in 1921, 494,901 tons, valued at $11,856,352; and in 1922 the production was 293,662 tons, valued at $6,493,513. 
J Sand and gravel only in 1921 (6,273,173 tons). 
The production of hydrated lime was 36,408 tons, valued at $455,980. 



368 



PRODUCTION 



9. Mineral Production of Manitoba, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 





19: 


!0. 


19; 


il. 


19: 


!2. 


rTOaucts. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 

Copper lb. 


3,062,577 


$ 

534,604 




$ 




$ 


Gold ozs. 


781 


16,145 


207 


4,279 


156 


3,225 


Silver " 


15,510 


15,649 


33 


20 


20 


14 


Non-metallic. 

Gypsum calcined tons 


44,371 


487,894 


40,859 


480,282 


34,072 


440,914 


Natural gas M cu. ft. 


200 


60 


200 


60 


200 


60 


Structural Materials and 
Clay Products. 

Clay products $ 




206,764 




208,982 




210,740 


Lime bush. 


605,399 


210,984 


413,283 


136,375 


382, 184 


163,799 


Sand-lime brick 1 No. 


10,278,802 


197,734 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Stone tons 




374,286 


16,868 


56,666 


34,359 


106,638 


Other products $ 


_ 


2,179,341 




1,047,453 


_ 


1,333,552 
















Total $ 


_ 


4,223,461 


_ 


1,934,117 


_ 


2,258,942 

















19. Mineral Production of Saskatchewan, 1920, 1921, and 1922. 





19: 


iO. 


19! 


!1. 


19: 


!2. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Non-metallic. 

Coal tons 


343,475 


- 
819,320 


335,632 


$ 

823,180 


382,437 


- 
802,053 


Magnesium sulphate " 
Salt " 


2 


103 


2 
33 


120 
790 





: 


Sodium sulphate .... 


811 


19,496 


624 


18,850 


504 


11,980 


Structural Materials and 
Clay Products. 

Clay products $ 




"471,448 




166,244 




134,704 


Sand-lime brick 1 No 


2,258,500 


35,383 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


Other products $ 




491,718 


_ 


105,036 


_ 


306,733 
















Total $ 


_ 


1,837,468 





1,114,220 


_ 


1,255,470 

















11. Mineral Production of Alberta, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Products. 



Metallic. 

Gold, alluvial ozs. 

Non-metallic. 

Coal tons 

Natural gas M cu. ft . 

Petroleum brl. 

Structural Materials and 
Clay Products. 

Clay products $ 

Lime bush. 

Sand-lime brick* no 

Stone tons 

Other products S 



Total 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


- 


$ 


49 


9 

1,013 


- 


1 


6,833,500 
5,633,442 
11,032 


29,849,608 
1,181,345 
75,986 


5,909,217 
4,945,884 
7,203 


27,246,514 
1,374,599 
49,313 


5,990,911 
5,867,459 
5,608 


24,351,913 
1,622,105 
52,128 


139,433 
2,257,000 


786,430 
72,477 
40, 626 
4,415 
1,575,569 


107,083 
2,962 


710,477 
48,332 

13,750 
1,118,231 


130,627 
554 


700, C63 
71,328 

7,300 
1,067,299 


- 


33,586,456 


- 


30,5*2,229 


- 


27,872,13< 



l Sand-lime brick not included under Mineral Production in 1921 and 1922. 



MINERAL PRODUCTION BY PROVINCES 



369 



12. Mineral Production of British Columbia, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 





19 


20. 


19 


21. 


19 


22. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 

Copper 1 Ibs. 
Gold ozs . 


45,319,771 

124,808 




7,911,019 
2,580,010 


34,447,127 
150,792 


$ 

4,306,580 
3,117,147 


31,936,182 
207,370 


$ 

4,273,700 
4,286,718 


Iron ore sold for export, tons 
Lead Ibs. 


1,212 
32,792,725 


7,272 
2,931,670 


1,010 
60,298,603 


3,030 
3,462,346 


1,255 
87,093,266 


3,528 
5,430,265 


Platinum ozs 


17 


719 


23 


1,726 


12 


1,154 


Silver " 


3,327,028 


3,356,971 


3,350,357 


2,099,133 


7,150,937 


4,828,384 


Zinc ... . . . Ibs. 


38,729,762 


2,970,960 


53,089,356 


2,471,310 


56,290,000 


3,217,536 


Non-metallic. 

Arsenic tons 


628 


22,231 






518 


21,097 


Coal 


2,858,877 


16,726,950 


2,890,291 


15,676,774 


2,927,033 


14,622,317 


Fluorspar 


7,477 


171,971 


5,403 


134,523 


4,219 


98,233 


Gypsum 






40 


100 


100 


500 


Manganese ... ... 


587 


6,889 










Magnesium sulphate. . . 
Magnesite 


1,945 


39,783 


2,027 
803 


39,386 
7,211 


1,021 


24,017 


Mineral water gals. 


__ 


_ 






_ 


_ 


Natro-alunite tons 


_ 


_ 


30 


1,500 


50 


2,500 


Oxides (iron) 


_ 


_ 


169 


845 


3 


120 


Pyrites 


11,275 


56,376 


3,597 


4,557 


6,908 


34,540 


Quartz 


35, 876 


141,200 


22,288 


62,317 


17,425 


37,521 


Sodium carbonate 






197 


14,775 


202 


3,027 


Talc 


110 


3,100 


167 


4,175 


191 


4,780 


Structural Materials and 
Clay Products. 

Clay products $ 




596,172 




415,869 




447,452 


Lime bush. 


561,305 


341,632 


199,341 


252,630 


433,7162 


254,320 


Stone tons 




276,505 


142,041 


229,165 


197,670 


324,591 


Other products $ 


_ 


1,270,298 




925,361 




1,507,662 
















Total $ 


_ 


39,411,728 


_ 


33,230,460 


_ 


39,423,963 

















1 Smelter recoveries of copper. 

* The production of hydrated lime in addition was 2,909 tons, valued at $30,321. 



13. Mineral Production of Yukon, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 





19 


>0. 


19 


21. 


19 


22. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 

Copper Ibs. 


277,712 


$ 
48,478 




S 




$ 


Gold. . . . . ozs 


72,778 


1,504,455 


65,994 


1,364,217 


54,456 


1,125,705 


Silver " 


19,190 


19,363 


393,092 


246,288 


663,493 


447,997 


Lead Ibs. 






2,472,615 


141,978 


3,323,508 


207,221 


Non-metallic. 

Coal tons 


763 


4,430 


233 


2,472 


465 


4,650 
















Total $ 


_ 


1,576,762 


__ 


1,754,955 


_ 


1,785,573 

















6237324 



370 



PRODUCTION 



2. Metallic Minerals. 
1. Gold. 

Canada has been a gold producing country for over 60 years. The discovery 
of gold in paying quantities was an epoch-making event in the history of British 
Columbia. In the late fifties, placer gold was discovered along the Thompson river, 
and in 1858 the famous Fraser river rush took place, attracting the attention of 
the mining world to British Columbia. The extraordinarily rich deposits of Wil 
liams and Lightning creeks in the Cariboo district were discovered in 1860, and 
three years later the area had a record production of placer gold valued at $4,000,000. 
In the northern part of the province, the Atlin division of the Cassiar district was 
discovered in 1892. 

The discovery of gold in the Yukon river was reported in 1869, and bar mining 
on the tributaries of the Yukon was conducted with increasing profit between 1881 
and 1886. Ten years later rich discoveries were made in creeks of the Klondike 
river, a right bank tributary joining the Yukon at what is now Dawson City; and 
one of the greatest rushes in history was made to this locality. The richest streams 
in the district were Bonanza creek and its principal tributary, the Eldorado. 

Gold was discovered in Nova Scotia in 1860. Two years after the discovery, 
gold valued at nearly $142,000 was recovered from the quartz veins; a steady, 
though in recent years declining, output has been reported since that time. 

Although gold was first discovered during 1866 in Hastings county, no permanent 
gold industry was established in Ontario until recent years. Gold has been found 
and worked at many points in Ontario from the Lake of the Woods in the west to 
the Hastings district in the east, a distance of roughly 650 miles. The gold pro 
duction of the province during the last decade has increased greatly, the Porcupine 
area having been the principal producer since 1912. 

Gold production in -Canada attained its maximum in 1900, when the Yukon 
production reached its highest point, and 1,350,057 ounces of fine gold were pro 
duced. For the provinces the yearin which the greatest yields were obtained were 
as follows: Nova Scotia, 1902; Quebec, 1881; Ontario, 1922; Alberta, 1896; 
and British Columbia, 1913. The quantity and value of gold produced in Canada 
is given for 1911 and subsequent years in Tables 14 and 15. 

14. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1911-1922. 



Years. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon 
Territory. 


Total. 


1911 


Oz. fine. 
7,781 


Oz. fine. 
613 


Oz. fine. 
2,062 


Oz. fine. 


Oz. fine. 
10 


Oz. fine. 
238,496 


Oz. fine. 
224,197 


Oz. fine. 
473,159 


1912 


4,385 


642 


86,523 


_ 


73 


251,815 


268,447 


611,885 


1913 


2,174 


701 


219,801 


_ 




297,459 


282,838 


802,973 


1914 


2,904 


1,299 


268,264 


_ 


48 


252,730 


247,940 


773,178 


1915 


6,636 


1,099 


406,577 


_ 


195 


273,376 


230,173 


918,056 


1916... 


4,562 


1,034 


492,481 




82 


219,633 


212,700 


930,492 


1917 


2,210 


1,511 


423,261 


440 


_ 


133,742 


177,667 


738,831 


1918 


1,176 


1,939 


411,976 


1,926 


27 


180, Ifi3 


102,474 


699,681 


1919 


850 


1,470 


505,739 


724 


24 


167. 862 


90,705 


766,764 


1920 


69C 


955 


564,995 


781 


_ 


124,808 


72,778 


765,007 


1921.. 


439 


635 


708,213 


207 


49 


150,792 


65,994 


926,329 


1922 


1,042 




1,000,340 


156 


_ 


207,370 


54,456 


1,263,364 





















NOTE. For the years 1862 to 1910, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, pp. 268 and 269. 



PRODUCTION OF GOLD 



371 



15. Value of Gold produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1911-1922. 



Years. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon 
Territory. 


Total. 


1911.. 


1 

160,854 


$ 

12,672 


1 
42,625 


- 


$ 
207 


: 
4 930,145 


- 
4 634 574 


1 

9 781 077 


1912 


90. 63 8 


13,270 


1,788,596 




1 509 


5 205,485 


5 549 296 


12 648 794 


1913 


44,935 


14,491 


4,543,690 






6 149,027 


5,846 780 


16 598 923 


1914. .. . 


60 031 


26 708 


5 545 509 


_ 


992 


5 ??4 303 


5 195 374 


15 983 007 


1915 


137,180 


22,720 


8,404,693 




4,026 


5 651,184 


4,758 098 


18 977 901 


1916... 


94.3C5 


21 , 375 


10,180 485 




1 695 


4 540 216 


4 396 900 


19 234 976 


1917 


45,685 


31,235 


8,749 581 


9 095 




2 764 693 


3 672 703 


15 272 992 


1918 


24,310 


40, 083 


8,516,299 


139 638 


558 


3 624 476 


2 118 325 


14 463 689 


1919 


17,571 


30,388 


10,454 553 


14,966 


500 


3 457 406 


1 875 039 


15 850 423 


1920 


14,263 


19,742 


11,679,483 


16,145 




2 580 010 


1 504 455 


15 814 098 


1921.. 


9 075 


13 127 


14 640 062 


4 ?79 


1 013 


3 117 147 


1 364 217 


19 148 Q 20 


1922 


21 54C 




20 678 862 


3 225 




4 286 718 


1 T 5 705 


?6 116 050 





















NOTE. For the years 1862 to 1910, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, p. 270. 

With the exception of the years 1891 and 1893, when its output was surpassed 
by that of Nova Scotia, British Columbia maintained its position as the chief gold- 
producer for a period of thirty-nine years, or up to 1897, when its production was 
outstripped by that of the Yukon. The latter district held first place until 1907, 
when British Columbia regained the first rank. During the next seven years British 
Columbia continued to lead with the exception of 1912, when the Yukon was again 
in the ascendancy. With the development of the Porcupine and contiguous areas, 
Ontario passed the other provinces and mining districts in 1914 and still holds the 
first place, so far as the production of gold is concerned. 

Ontario. In spite of the discovery of gold in various parts of the province, the 
production of the metal was comparatively small until 1912, when the first per 
manent camp was established in the Porcupine area. The total recorded production 
of gold in Ontario for the period 1887-1912 was 210,040 fine ounces, of which more 
than 40 per cent was obtained in the year 1912. The production rose from 219,801 
fine ounces in 1913 to 492,481 fine ounces in 1916, but fell during the next two years, 
owing to scarcity of labour. The yield rose to 1,000,340 fine ounces in 1922 and 
preliminary figures for later months indicate that production has been well main 
tained. 

Porcupine Area. The Porcupine district, the most important gold mining 
area of Canada, lies about 150 miles northwest of Cobalt, the present productive 
portion being limited to the township of Tisdale with an area six miles square. 

The gold deposits seem to be generically related to the porphyries which have 
intruded the older Keewatin greenstones and also the Timiskaming sediments. 
Rocks of these series are widely distributed throughout the Porcupine district and 
it is in them that the gold bearing deposits are found. The theory of deposition is 
that the intrusion of porphyry fissured the older rocks and opened a way for the 
circulation of the mineral-bearing siliceous solution which filled the fissures. The 
use of this theory in guiding the search for new ore bodies has been attended with 
great success. 

The ore bodies themselves are generally lens-shaped fissures filled with quartz 
veinlets and other highly siliceous matter. Iron pyrite is always present. Mineral 
ized schist on the walls of the veins invariably carries gold values, and as much of 
this as it is profitable to work is broken down. The irregularity of the ore bodies 
62373 24 



372 PRODUCTION 



requires a tremendous amount of sampling before breaking ore. The lenses are of 
irregular shape, varying from only a few feet in length and width to hundreds of 
feet in length and as much as 30 or 40 feet in breadth. There are also irregular 
dome-like masses of quartz which are roughly elliptical or oval in surface outline. 

Ordinarily from 95 to 97 p.c. of the gold in the ores mined at the Porcupine 
field is extracted chemically by dissolving it in a weak solution of sodium cyanide, 
the details of the process varying at the different mines. There are five steps in the 
cyanide process which are briefly as follows: (1) reducing the ore to a size where 
the gold particles are freed from enclosing rock, carried to a point where the ore is 
ground about as fine as cement, (2) dissolving the gold in scdium cyanide solution, 

(3) separating the solution containing the dissolved gold from the impoverished ore, 

(4) precipitation of gold from solution by zinc dust, and (5) refining of the precipi 
tates. 

The reduction of the ore at the Hollinger is performed in four steps: (1) crushing 
in gyratories, (2) further reduction in rolls to a size of 1", (3) further reduction in 
stamps or ball or rod mills, (4) final grinding in tube mills. There are at present 
200 stamps, 1 ball mill, 1 rod mill and 24 tube mills in operation. The tonnage 
treated daily is 4,500 tons. Danish flint pebbles are used in the tube mills for fine 
grinding, but recent experiments are likely to lead to the use of balls instead of 
pebbles. At the Hollinger, Dome and Mclntyre mines, the zinc precipitates are 
refined before being sent to the Mint at Ottawa. 

Kirkland Lake. Of the other gold-producing localities, Kirkland lake in Timis- 
kaming district has been the most important. The first gold discovery in the 
vicinity of Kirkland lake was made in 1911 on a claim now forming part of the 
Wright-Hargreaves mine. The geological formation is similar, as regards age relation 
ship to that of the Porcupine district. The rocks are pre-Cambrian, the Keewatin 
predominating. Unlike the Porcupine, most of the productive veins are found 
within the porphyry, which is of a syenitic variety. Three principal zones of 
mineralization have been indicated by exploration: (1) the main or central zone, 
which runs in a north-easterly direction along the southern expanse of the lake, 
and along which a group of important mines is being developed over a length of 
2j miles and a width of half a mile; (2) a southerly zone which lies about three- 
quarters of a mile to the south; and (3) a northerly zone kribwn as the Goodfish 
Lake gold area. 

British Columbia. The production of gold in British Columbia has varied 
considerably at different periods. Rapid increases took place between 1858 and 
1863, when 189,318 fine ounces were won by placer mining. Thereafter a decline 
occurred until 1893, when a low level of 18,360 fine ounces was reached. Then the 
introduction of lode mining resulted in a rapidly increasing production until 1902, 
when previous records were surpassed by an output of more than 288,000 fine 
ounces. With the exception of the maximum output of 297,459 fine ounces in 1913, 
the record of 1902 has not been equalled. Recent developments including the 
increase of 17.8 p.c. in the production of 1922 over that of 1921 indicate more 
favourable conditions in the gold mining industry of the province. Though the 
bulk of the gold obtained in the Cordilleran region has been derived from the placer 
deposits of the central portion of the region fiom the Klondike on the north almost 
to the international boundary on the south, yet a large amount, averaging 178,039 
fine ounces between 1913 and 1921, was obtained by lode mining, largely of the 
copper-gold ores of the Rossland and Yale-boundary districts. The metals recovered 
from the Rossland ores are gold, silver and copper, with gold the most important. 



WORLD PRODUCTION OF GOLD 373 

The gold content of the ore mined has remained fairly constant since 1907 at 0.44 
ounces per ton. The more important mines, including the Le Roi Centre Star group, 
are directly owned or controlled by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company. 
The boundary district is characterized by the occurrence in enormous masses of 
low grade copper-sulphide ore with small values of gold. The output of lode gold 
in the Cassiar district is mainly obtained from the Surf Inlet mine; and the Premier 
mine in the Salmon River section, which recently joined the list of shippers, was in 
1922 the most important producer in British Columbia. 

World s Production. A sketch of the development of the gold mining 
industry since the discovery of America may take the form of a reference to four 
successive periods. During the first period, extending from 1493 to 1760, the annual 
production averaged nearly .34 million fine ounces. The placer mining of Brazil 
and Colombia swelled the average output of the last sixty years of the period to- 
about . 66 million ounces per year. 

The production of Russia from placer mining was a considerable factor in the 
records of the next period, extending from 1761 to 1840, the country retaining first 
rank among the world s producers until 1837. The annual average production 
during the period was 5 . 66 million ounces. 

The third period extending from 1841 to 1890 was characterized by the remark 
able discovery of gold in California and Australia in 1848 and 1851 respectively. 
The annual average during the fifty years was 4.94 million ounces. For the first 
decade the average was 1.7 million ounces and for the second 6.4 million, while 
the last decade shaded off to 5 . 1 million. The production of the period was con 
tributed chiefly by the United States, Australia and Russia. 

In the fourth period, extending from 1891 to the present time, the outstanding 
features were the entry of South Africa, an important and then the leading pro 
ducer, and the phenomenal increase in the output of most of the gold producing 
countries through the introduction of the cyanide process. The output was 6.3 ; 
million fine ounces in 1891, and a steady increase was recorded until 1915, when a 
maximum of 22.7 million ounces were produced. The activity in many of the 
large gold-fields having declined after 1915, a decreasing output was recorded for 
each year between 1915 and 1921, the production of the latter year being nearly 
16 million ounces. The Anglo-Boer war caused the only serious recession in the 
output of South Africa between 1888 and 1916, when the record yield of nearly 
9.3 million fine ounces was obtained, this representing 42.3 p.c. of the world s 
total production of gold in that year. The output in 1921 was slightly in excess of 
9 million ounces, forming 56.6 p.c. of the world s production. 

The yield of gold in the United States is derived from placer mining, gold 
quartz mining and milling, and recoveries at copper and other base metal refineries. 
The maximum output was attained in 1915, when 4.89 million ounces were pro 
duced, the output in 1921 dropping to 2.42 million ounces, owing chiefly to the 
fact that the price of gold in the country remained fixed throughout the period 
while higher operating costs obtained. 

Canada occupied in 1921, the third place among the world s gold producers, 
the output being 926,329 fine ounces or 5.8 p.c. of the total production of the year. 
The same relative position was retained in 1922, and the percentage, according to 
preliminary estimates, increased to 8.2, the Canadian production being 1,263,364 
fine ounces as compared with the world estimate of 15,364,650 fine ounces. 

For detailed statistics of the gold production of the world for 1920 and 1921. 
see Table 16 of this section. 



374 



PRODUCTION 



16. Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for calendar 

years 1920 and 1931. 

(From the Annual Report of the Director of the United States Mint.) 



Countries. 


1920. 


1921. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Gold. 


. Silver. 


North America 
United States... 
Canada 


fine oz. 

2,476,166 
766,913 
738,485 


1 

51,186,900 
15,853,499 
15,265,850 


fine oz. 

55,361,573 
12,793,541 
66,662,253 


% 

56,435,587 
13,041,736 
67.955,501 


fine oz. 

2,422,006 
926,329 
688,846 




50,067.307 
19.148,920 
14,239,711 


fine oz. 

53,052,441 
13.543.198 
64,513,540 


S 

33,485.109 
8.485,355 
40.719,011 


Mexico 


Total 


3,981,564 


83,306,249 


134,817,367 


137,432,824 


4,037,181 


83,455,938 


131,109,179 


82, 689,475 


Central American 
States and West 
Indies 


145, 1?5 


3,000,000 


2,700,000 


2,752,380 


120, 937 


2,500,000 


2,000,000 


1,262,340 


South America 
Argentina 


4,837 
242 
125,775 
43,538 
280,575 
36,281 

9,675 
12,506 
43,538 
62,757 
21 
18,839 


100,000 
5,000 
2,600,000 
900,000 
5,800,000 
750,000 

200,000 
258,522 
900, OOC 
1,297,302 
440 
389,436 


30,000 
2,200,000 
30,000 
2,604,456 
480,000 
35,000 

1 8,000 

9,196,282 
500 
3,500 


30,582 
2,242,680 
30.582 
2,654.982 
489,312 
35,679 

8,155 

9,374,690 
510 
3,568 


3,628 
290 
134,482 
38,700 
290, 250 
37,710 

f 12,828 
| 12.094 
48,375 
77,385 
339 
11,215 


75,000 
6,000 
2,780,000 
800,000 
6,000.000 
779,536 

265,178 
250.000 
1,000.000 
1,599.690 
7,000 
231,834 


25.000 
2,400.000 
33.000 
2,200.000 
500,000 
40,000 

1 9,000 

9,853,910 
2,000 
2,700 


15,779 
1,514,808 
20,829 
1,388.574 
315.585 
25,247 

5,680 

6,219.493 
1,262 
1,704 


Bolivia 


Brazil 


Chile 


Colombia 


Ecuador 


Guiana- 
British 


Dutch 


French .... 


Peru 


Uruguay 


Venezuela 


Total 


638,584 


13,200,700 


14,587,738 


14,870, 740 


667,296 


13,794,238 


15,065,610 


9,508,961 


Europe 
Austria 


8,761 

4,437 
32 
514 
725 

57,225 
225 
3,215 


181,106 

91,715 
661 
10, 625 
15,000 

1,182,945 
4,651 
66,460 


13, "$85 
680,069 
321,500 
3,305.020 
76.356 
220, 935 
297,452 
323,17? 

50.000 
2,956,546 
11,574 
100,000 
15,000 


14,?56 
693,262 
327,737 
3,369,138 
77.837 
?25. 220 
303,223 
329,442 

50.970 
3,013.903 
11,799 
101,940 
15,291 


11,413 

4,501 

482 
484 

45,000 
193 
3,986 


235,927 
93,044 

9.964 
10,000 

930,232 
3,988 
82,410 


15,000 
703, C56 
321,500 
3,375.750 
11.317 
192.900 
199,330 
3?3.172 

40,000 
2,679,349 
13.342 
100.000 
15,946 


9,468 
443,748 
202,921 
2,130,672 
7,142 
121.753 
125.811 
203,977 

25,247 
1,691,1?4 
8.421 
63.117 
10.065 


Caecho- Slovakia 
France 


Germany 
Great Britain.... 
Greece 


Italy 


Norway 


Russia and Si 
beria 


Spain 


Sweden 


Turkey 


Yugoslavia 


Total 


75,134 


1,553,163 


8,371,609 


8,534,018 


66,059 


1,365,565 


7,990.662 


5,043,466 


Australasia 
New South 
Wales 


48,907 

751 
115,230 
1,697 
- 
617.842 
1?4,375 
6,246 
11,751 


1,010,997 

15,525 
2,382,016 
35.080 
3,493,106 
12,771.928 
2,571,055 
129.116 
242,915 


1,195,821 

274, ^35 
1,005 
6.231 
130.692 
453.567 
623,359 


1,219,020 

279,555 
1.025 
6.352 
133,227 
462,366 
635,45? 


51,173 

490 
40,376 
2,6 >8 
104.512 
664,950 
124,375 
5.340 
9.289 


1,057,840 

10,129 
834,646 
54.326 
2,160.455 
13,745,7/ifi 
2,571.055 
110,388 
192.021 


8,326,006 

195,328 
1,449 
5,204 
116.151 
453.567 
348.658 


5,255,125 

123,285 
915 
3.285 
73.311 
286.278 
220.062 


Northern Terri 
tory 


Queensland 


South Australia . 
Victoria 


West Australia... 
New Zealand 
Tasmania 


Papja 


Total 


1,095,778 


22,651,738 


2,684,91* 


2,736,997 


1,003,133 


20,736,596 


9,446.363 


5,962,261 



PRODUCTION OF SILVER 



375 



16. Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for calendar 

years 1920 and 1921 concluded. 

(From the Annual Report of the Director of the United States Mint.) 



Countries. 


1920. 


1921. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Asia 
British India... . 
China 


fine oz. 

499,068 
1^5,000 
76,000 

29,025 
90,920 

12,853 
160 
248,181 
16,353 

13.500 


$ 

10,316,651 
2,583,979 
1,571,059 

600,000 
1,879,483 

265,695 
3,307 
5,130,357 
338,047 

?79,070 


fine oz. 

2,870,595 
50,000 
1,200 

1,027,932 

4,892,380 
5,179 

20,000 


: 

2,926,285 
50,970 
1,223 

1,047,874 

4,987,292 
5,279 

20,388 


fine oz. 

470,000 
100,000 
75,000 

24,188 
94,168 

13,386 
160 
229,671 
17,091 

12,000 


$ 

9.715,762 
2,067,183 
1,550,388 

500,000 
1,946,625 

276,719 
3,307 
4,747,721 
353,302 

248,062 


fine oz. 

3,827.904 
40.000 
1,000 

1,021,994 

3,993,981 
3,437 

15,000 


1 

2,416,058 
25,247 
631 

645,052 

2,520,881 
2,169 

9,468 


Chosen < Korea). 
East Indies 
British 


Dutch 


Federated Malay 
States .... 


Indo-Chinn .... 


Japan 


Sarawak 


Taiwan (For 
mosa) 


Total 


1,111,060 


22,967,648 


8,867,286 


9,039,311 


1,035,664 


21,409,069 


8,903,316 


5,619,506 


Africa 
Algeria 


96,804 

230,948 

14,232 
579 

4,838 
16,686 

7,256 

569 
552,498 

8,331,651 


2,001,116 

4,774,119 

294,202 
11,969 

100,000 
344,930 

150,000 

11,762 
11,421,147 

172,230,512 


150,000 
10,673 

304 

13,824 
700 

5,883 
158,982 

891,304 


152,910 
10,881 

310 

14,093 
71 

5,99 
162,06 

908,59 


18,936 
65,715 

203,599 

1,451 

484 

4,838 
14,660 

6,015 

1,383 
585,525 

8,128,722 


391,442 
1,358,450 

4,208,765 

30,000 
10,000 

100,000 
303,049 

124,34 

28,589 
12,103,876 

168,035,59 


150,000 
5,819 

12,860 
502 

8,867 
152,989 

830,339 


94,675 
3,673 

8,117 
317 

5,597 
96,562 

524,085 


Belgian Congo. . . 
British West 
Africa 
Gold Coast, 
Ashanti and 
Nigeria 


Egypt and 
Abyssinia... 
Eritrea 


French West 
Africa 
Guinea, Sene 
gal and Ivory 
Coast 


Madagascar 
Portuguese 
East Africa. . . 
Rhodesia 
Northern 
Southern 
Transvaal, Cape 
Colony and 
Natal 


Total 




9,356,061 


191,339,75 


1,231,670 


1,255,565 


9,031,328 


(86,694,10 


1,161,376 


733,026 


Total for the 
World.. 


16.303,306 


337.019,25 


I73.260.58d 


176.621.835 


15.961.598 


329.955.51 


175.676.506 


110.81 9. OSS 



2. Silver. 

The annual production of silver in Canada from 1887 to 1894 was less than one 
million ounces. As a result chiefly of the discovery of the silver-lead ores of British 
Columbia, it ranged between three and four million ounces from 1895 to 1903. 
In the latter year silver mining commenced on a small scale in the Cobalt area of 
Ontario, the output of which rose rapidly to more than 31,500,000 ounces in 1911. 
In spite of the falling off in the output since that time, Canada still retains its place 
as the third largest producer of silver in the world. 

The silver production of Canada is chiefly credited to the rich silver-cobalt 
ores of northern Ontario and the silver-lead mines of British Columbia. The phen 
omenal development of the silver district of Cobalt and Gowganda placed the 



376 PRODUCTION 



region in the first position among the silver camps of the world. An important 
addition to the output is contributed by the gold-copper ores of British Columbia. 
A certain amount was also produced until recently by the copper sulphur ores of 
Quebec. The Yukon has been a steady producer of silver since 1899; its total 
output until December, 1922, was reported as 3,822,187 ounces. 

Ontario. Port Arthur. The silver mines of the Lake Superior district, while 
no longer worked on a large scale, were at one time the centre of much activity. 
The most famous mine, known as the Silver Islet, was abandoned in 1884 after 
$3,250,000 of silver had been extracted. The district produced silver from 1868 
until 1903, when the last mine closed down. Periodical attempts to find new ore- 
bodies have not met with much success, although some ore was shipped from the 
district in 1922. 

Cobalt. The silver- bearing veins of Cobalt, lying about 100 miles north of 
North Bay, were discovered in 1903. The maximum production of the camp was 
reached in 1911, when 31,507,791 ounces were reported. The output dropped to 
8,279,320 ounces in 1921, when the principal producers were as follows: Nipissing 
(3,012,614 ounces), O Brien (1,408,890 ounces), Coniagas (1,301,860 ounces), 
Mining Corporation (896,637 ounces) and La Rose (658,423 ounces). Most of the 
ore in the Cobalt area has come from veins or parts of veins that originally lay 
beneath the diabase sill or in the footwall. Merchantable ore has not been found 
at as great a distance beneath the sill as above it and unfortunately, little of 
the hanging wall remains, erosive agencies having removed it together with much of 
the sill and the footwall. The exploration of the lower contact of the diabase 
sill, undertaken by the Colonial and Coniagas companies in 1923, may have import 
ant results, since the sill extends over a large area. 

Gowganda. Silver was discovered in 1908 near Miller, Calcite and Gowganda 
lakes in the vicinity of the village of Gowganda, 56 miles to the northwest of Cobalt. 
The greatest production was hi 1917, when 1,064,635 ounces were reported, and 
the total quantities shipped from 1906 to 1920 were 5,877,592 ounces. The produc 
tion of silver in the Gowganda area has been chiefly from veins in the diabase and, as 
far as can be judged at present, mostly from the upper part of the sill where it has 
been exposed by erosion of the underlying rocks, and also where it dips gently under 
the underlying rocks as at the Miller Lake O Brien mine. On the Castle property, 
worked by the Trethewey Mining Company, the Keewatin over-lies the diabase 
sill, which is exposed 100 feet west of the silver-bearing vein. 

South Lorrain. The success of the Keeley mine, which is now being developed 
by an English company, has tended to renew general interest in South Lorrain. 
The area first attracted attention in 1907, when native silver was discovered on a 
claim since known as the Keeley mine, and the Wettlaufer in a few years produced 
more than 3,000,000 ounces of silver. 

British Columbia. Until recently, about 75 p.c. of the metal produced in 
the province came from the silver-lead-zinc ores of the East and West Kootenay 
districts. The remainder was chiefly derived from the copper-gold ores of the Ross- 
land, Boundary and Southern Coast districts as well as from the Premier gold mine, 
near Stewart and the Dolly Varden silver mine at Alice Arm. The Slocau division 
was by far the largest producer of silver in British Columbia from 1913 to 1920, 
accounting for nearly 47 p.c. of the total shipments. The total silver yield of the 
Premier mine in 1921 was 1,200,000 ounces, which was increased to more than 
4,000,000 ounces in 1922, while the Dolly Varden mine produced 831,638 ounces 
in 1920 and 45,647 ounces in the following year. 



PRODUCTION OF SILVER BY PROVINCES 



377 



Yukon Territory. Production in the Yukon has been obtained chiefly from 
the gold bullion won by the mining of alluvial deposits. Shipments of high grade 
silver-lead ores from the Silver King property in the Mayo district accounted for 
the increase of production from lode mines in 1915 to 1918. The output of the 
Keno Hill mine of the same district swelled the production in 1921. 

World Production of Silver. The world production of silver was estimated 
at about 175,676,E06 fine ounces for 1921, which is a considerable decline from the 
pre-war average of 1913, given as 208,690,446 fine ounces. The silver production 
of Canada in 1922 was 18,581,439 fine ounces, as contrasted with 206,113,246 fine 
ounces, a preliminary estimate of the world s output for 1922. For the quantity and 
value of the world s production in 1921, see Table 16 of this section. 

Statistics of the quantity and value of silver produced in Canada are given for 
the years since 1887 in Table 17, while statistics of the quantity and value produced 
in the various provinces are given for 1911 and subsequent years hi Table 18- 

17. Quantity and Value of Silver Produced in Canada during the calendar years 

1887-1922. 



Years. 


Oa. 


Value. 


Years. 


Oz. 


Value. 


Years. 


Oz. 


Value. 


1887 


355 083 


$ 
347,271 


1899 


3,411,644 


i 

2,032,658 


1911.. 


32,559,044 


$ 

17,355,i72 


1888 


437 232 


410,998 


1900 


4,468,225 


2,740,362 


1912 


31,955,560 


19,440,165 


1889 


383,318 


358,785 


1901 


5,539,192 


3,265,354 


1913 


31,845,803 


19,040,924 


1890 


400,687 


419,118 


1902 


4,291,317 


2,238,351 


1914 


28,449,821 


15,593,631 


1891 


414,523 


409,549 


1903 


3,198,581 


1,709,642 


1915. 


26,625,960 


13,228,842 


1892 


310,651 


272, 130 


1904 


3,577,526 


2,047,095 


1916. 


25,459,741 


16,717,121 


1893 




330, 128 


1905 


6,000,023 


3,621,133 


1917. 


22,221,274 


18,091,895 


1894 


847, 697 


534,049 


1906 


8,473.379 


5,659,455 


1918. 


21,383,979 


20,693,704 


1895 


1,578,275 


1,030,299 


1907 


12,779,799 


8,348,659 


1919. 


16,020,657 


17,802,474 


1896 


3 105,343 


2,149,503 


1908.. . 


22,106,233 


11,686,239 


1920. 


13,330,357 


13,450,330 


1897 


5,558,450 


3,323,395 


1909 


27,529,473 


14,178,504 


1921. 


13,543,198 


8,485,355 


1898 


4,452,333 


2,593,929 


1910 


32,869,264 


17,580,504 


1922. 


18,581,439 


12,576,758 



18. Quantity and Value of Silver Produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the 

calendar years 1911-1922. 



Years. 


Ontario. 


Quebec. 


British Columbia. 


Yukon Territory. 


1911 


Oz. 
30,540,754 
29,214,025 
28,411,261 
25,139,214 
22,748,609 

21,608,158 
19,301,835 
17,198,737 
12,117,878 
9,907,626 

9,761,607 
10,811,903 


$ 

16,279,443 
17,772,352 
16,987,377 
13,779,055 
11,302,419 

14,188,133 
15,714,975 
16,643,562 
13,465,628 
9,996,795 

6,116,037 
7,300,305 


Oz. 

18,435 
9,465 
34,573 
57,737 
63,450 

98,610 
136,194 
178,675 
140,926 
61,003 

38,084 


$ 

9,827 
5,758 
20.67* 
31,646 
31,524 

64,748 
110,885 
172,907 
156,600 
61,552 

23,861 


Oz. 
1,887,117 
2,651,002 
3,312,343 
3,159,897 
3,565,852 

3,392,872 
C, 655, 994 
3,921,336 
3,713,537 
3,327,028 

3,350,357 
7,150,937 


$ 

1,005,9?4 
1,612,737 
1,980,483 
1,731,971 
1,771,658 

2,227,794 
2,162,430 
3,794,755 
4,126,556 
3,356,971 

2,099,133 
4,828,384 


Oz. 

112,708 
81,068 
87,626 
92,973 
248,049 

360,101 
119,605 
71,915 
27,556 
19,190 

393,092 
663,493 


S 

60,078 
49,318 
52,393 
50,959 
123,241 

236,446 
97,379 
69,594 
30,621 
19,363 

246,288 
447,997 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916... 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 




Years. 


Nova Scotia. 


New Brunswick. 


Manitoba. 


1917 


Oz. 

25 

86 


$ 

16 

58 


Oz. 

445 


363 


Oz. 

7,201 
13,316 
20, 760 
15,510 
33 
20 


$ 

5,863 
12,886 
23.060 
15,649 
20 
14 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





NOTE. For the years 1887 to 1910, see Canada Year Book, 1916-1917, p. 271. 



378 PRODUCTION 



3. Copper. 

The copper mining industry has developed at a very rapid rate. The produc 
tion was 3,505,000 Ibs. in 1886 and had doubled six years later. In 1913, a pre-war 
year, the output had increased over twenty-one fold, amounting to over 76,976,000 
Ibs. The extraordinary demand for war requirements resulted in a maximum pro 
duction from 1916 to 1918, when the average output was 115,048,931 Ibs. The 
production during the calendar year 1922 was 42,879,818 Ibs., of which 17,941,755 
Ibs. were produced during the first half of the year. The comparative figure for the 
first half of 1923 was 44,729,386 Ibs., indicating a satisfactory recovery after the 
post-war depression. 

Ontario. The Sudbury deposits were first noticed in 1856, but did not attract 
attention until 1883, during the per od of the construction of the Canadian Pacific 
Railway. A year later, a railway cutting was made through the small hill on which 
the Murray mine was afterwards located. During the first few years the deposits 
were exploited for their copper contents alone and not until 1886 was the presence 
of nickel determined and the true value of the ores made known. The nickel-copper 
ores of the Sudbury area are the source of nearly all the copper produced in Ontario. 
The ores. contain from 1 to 2-5 p.c. of copper, the recovery averaging a little over 
1-5 p.c. The British America Nickel Corporation erected a smelter at Nickelton 
and a refinery at Deschenes, Quebec, and has obtained 18 million tons of ore, chiefly 
from the Murray mine. The International Nickel Company, Ltd., has a smelting 
plant at Copper Cliff and a refinery at Port Colborne. The mining properties 
include the Creighton, the Crean Hill and the No. 2 mine at Copper Cliff. The 
smelter of the Mond Nickel Company is at Coniston, and the copper-nickel matte 
is exported to their refinery at Swansea, Wales. 

British Columbia. The production of copper in the province during 1922 
amounted to 31,936,182 Ibs., the Skeena, Trail creek and Vancouver (mainland) 
mining divisions being the chief pryducers. The Hidden creek or Anyox mine, 
south of the Portland canal, owned by the Granby Company, is probably the largest 
copper mine in the province. The claims are situated on a hill some 920 feet in 
height. There are two principal ore bodies, one from 100 to 250 feet wide and 
traced for some 1,500 feet, the other being about 400 feet wide and about 700 feet 
long. The Anyox plant situated on Observatory inlet and blown in during March, 
1914, is a large pyritic smelter. The Le Roi Centre Star group, forming part of the 
property of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co., is situated on the southern 
slope of Red Mountain at Rossland. In the Vancouver mining division the chief 
producer is the Britannia mine, situated on the east side of Howe sound on the 
Pacific coast. The ores occur in a mineralized zone that is at least four miles long 
and towards its centre has a variable width of from 300 to 600 feet. 

Manitoba. Much development has been carried on in the Flin Flon district 
of Manitoba in the last eight years. The Mining Corporation of Canada, after 
securing a controlling interest in the Flin Flon group, has carried on extensive 
development work by sinking and cross-cutting, verifying the results of previous 
diamond drilling and proving large tonnages of ore to be in place. A branch exten 
sion of the Hudson Bay Railway and the construction of smelter works are required 
for the economic treatment of the copper ores of the district. 

World s Production of Copper. The world s production of copper was 
estimated at 591,290 short tons in 1921 as compared with 1,078,235 tons in the 
previous year. Preliminary estimates indicate that a considerable recovery was 



PRODUCTION OF COPPER 



379 



effected in 1922, the production being given as 987,540 tons. Canada had an output 
of 21,440 tons in 1922, producing nearly 2-2 p. c. of the world s estimated total. 

19. Quantity and Value of Copper Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar 

years 1911-1922. 



Years. 


Ontario. 


Quebec. 


British Columbia. 


Total. 


1911.. 


Lb. 

17,932,263 
29.250,601 


$ 

2,219,297 
3.635.971 
3,952,522 
3,937,536 
6,799,693 

12,240.094 
11.651,461 
11,593,502 
4,550.627 
5,596,392 

1.602,930 
1,464,477 


Lb. 

2,436,190 
3,282,210 
3,455.887 
4,201,497 
4,197,482 

5,703,347 
5,015,560 
5,869,649 
2,691.695 
880,638 

352,308 


$ 

301,503 
536.346 
527,679 
571,488 
725,115 

1,551,424 

1,363.229 
1,445,577 
503,105 
153,724 

44,045 


Lb. 

35,279,558 
50,526,656 
45.791,579 
41,219,202 
56,692,988 

63.642.550 
57,730,959 
62,865.681 
44,502.079 
45,319,771 

34,447,127 
31,936,182 


$ 

4,366,198 
,8,256,561 
6,991,916 
5,606.636 
9,793,714 

17,312,046 
15,691,275 
15,482,560 
8,317,884 
7,911,019 

4,306,580 
4,273,700 


Lb. 

55,648,011 
77,832.127 
76,976,925 
75,735,960 
100,785,150 

117,150.028 
109.227.332 1 
118,769,434 
75,053,581 
81,600,691 

47,620,820 
42,879,818 


$ 

6,886,998 
12,718,548 
11,753.606 
10,301,606 
17,410,635 

31,867,150 
29,687.9891 
i9, 250, 536 
14,028,265 
14,244,217 

5,953.555 
5,738,177 


1912 


1913 


25,855,929 
28,948,211 
39,361,464 

44,997.035 
42,867,774 
47.074.475 
24.346.623 
32,059,993 

12,821,385 
10,943.636 


1914 


1915 


1916... 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 . 


1922 





PRODUCTION OP COPPER IN MANITOBA AND TUKON TERRITORT (INCLUDED IN TOTALS). 



Years. 


Manitoba, 
(included in totals). 


Yukon Territory, 
(included in totals). 


1912... 


Lb. 

1,116.000 
2.339,751 
3,348,000 
3.062,577 


1 

303,329 
576,234 
625,775 
534,604 


Lb. 

1,772,660 
1,843,530 
1.367,050 
533,216 
2,807.096 
2,460,079 
619,878 
165,184 
277,712 


$ 

289,670 
281,489 
185,946 
92,113 
763.586 
668,650 
152,663 
30,874 
48,475 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





NOTE. For the years 1886 to 1910, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, p. 272. 

Includes 36,960 lb., valued at $10,045, from New Brunswick and Alberta, not given separately. 

20. Copper Production of Seven Countries and of the World, 1913- 1922. 1 

(In short tons of 2,000 pounds.) 



Years. 


United 
States. 


Mexico. 


Canada. 


Chile. 


Peru. 


Spain 
and 
Portugal. 


Japan. 


World s 
produc 
tion. 


1913... 


614,255 


58. 185 


38,460 


46 574 


30 609 


39 683 


73 283 


1 072 674 


1914 


579 133 


40 043 


37 498 


49 221 


29 853 


29 652 


77 650 


Oil 939 


1915 


712,126 


34 128 


52 016 


57 680 


38 269 


40 895 


83 108 


188 172 


1916 


971,123 


60 751 


52 880 


78 559 


47 472 


39 021 


110 900 


533 294 


1917 


961.016 


52 348 


55 790 


11? 985 


49 784 


45 084 


IIP 058 


579 675 


1918 


968.687 


83.233 


58 068 


117 851 


48 944 


50 596 


99 583 


569 528 


1919 


604,642 


66.661 


39.789 


87 721 


43 243 


38 581 


86 468 


1 069 437 


1920 


635.248 


49,806 


39.121 


104 173 


36 356 


25 353 


74 727 


1 078 235 


1921 


238,4^0 


13 576 


23 810 


61 421 


37 258 


36 596 


59 6?6 


591 290 


1922 


511,970 


29 842 


21 440 


141 433 


39 200 


40 234 


60 365 


987 540 





















iQct he authority of the Year Book of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, New York . 



380 



PRODUCTION 



4. Lead. 

Lead is obtained in Canada largely from the deposits of British Columbia. 
From 88,665 Ibs. in 1891, the production advanced to over 39,000,000 Ibs. in 1897, 
an average increase of about 6-5 million Ibs. per year. Owing to the low price of 
silver in 1898 and labour troubles in the Slocan in 1899, the output fell off to 21-9 
million Ibs. in 1899, but rose to 63-2 million in 1900. This increase was due to the 
development of two or three mines in the Fort Steele mining division, although all 
the lead producing districts except Ainsworth showed a material increase in pro 
duction. The output fell to 18-1 million Ibs. in 1903, owing to the condition of the 
market affecting the production of the low grade silver-lead ores of the East Kootenay 
district. An Act was passed in October, 1903, providing for the payment of bounties 
on lead contained in lead-oearing ores mined in Canada. As a direct result of the 
bounty, the output increased to 56-9 million Ibs. in 1905, but fell off gradually 
to 23-7 million Ibs. in 1910. A steady improvement has since been experienced 
and a total of 93-3 million Ibs. was reached in 1922. 

British Columbia. In the East Kootenay district, the Consolidated Mining 
and Smelting Company operates many important mines, the principal of which 
is the Sullivan lead-zinc mine near lumber ley. The ore averages, on large ship 
ments, about 16-5 p.c. lead, 14 p.c. zinc and 7 ounces of silver to the ton. In the 
West Kootenay district the ores are chiefly argentiferous galena and zinc-blende, 
occurring as veins in granites and slates. The ores range from 7 p.c. to 75_p.c. of 
lead with considerable values of silver. 

Ontario.- Lead mining on an important scale in Ontario is bound up with 
the successful operations of the Galetta mine and smelter. The deposit on the 
property occupies a well marked fault fissure cutting across the strike of the pre- 
Cambrian crystalline limestone, the ore mineral being galena carrying very little 
silver, associated with minor quantities of zinc blende and pyrites. 

21. Quantity and Value of Lead Produced from Canadian Ores, calendar 

years 1887-1932. 



Years. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Cents per 
pound 1 . 


Years. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Cents per 
pound 1 . 


1887 


204,800 


$ 
9,216 


5-400 


1905.. 


56,864,915 


$ 

2,676,632 


4-707 


1888 


674,500 


29,812 


4-420 


1906 


54,608,217 


3,089,187 


5-657 


1889 


165,100 


;-- 


3-930 


1907 


47,738,703 


2,542,086 


5-325 


1890 


105,000 


4,704 


4-480 


1908 


43,195,733 


1,814,221 


4-200 


1891 


88,665 


3,857 


4-350 


1909 


45,857,424 


1,692,139 


3-690 


1892 


808,420 


33,064 


4-090 


1910 


32,987,508 


1,216,249 


3-687 


1893 


2,135,023 


79,636 


3-730 


1911 


23,784,969 


827,717 


3-480 


1894 


5,703,222 


187,636 


3-290 


1912 


35,763,476 


1,597,554 


4-467 


1895 


16,461,794 


531,716 


3-230 


1913 


37,662,703 


1,754,705 


4-659 


. 


24 199 977 


721,159 


2-980 


1914 


36,337,765 


1,627,568 


4-479 


1897 


39,018,219 


1,396,853 


3-580 


1915 


46,316,450 


2,593,721 


5-600 


1898 


31,915,319 


1,206,399 


3-780 


1916 


41,497,615 


3,532,692 


8-513 


1899 


21,862,436 


977, ?50 


4-470 


1917 


32,576,281 


3,628,020 


11-137 


1900 


63,169,821 


2,760,521 


4-370 


1918 


51,398,002 


4,754,315 


9-250 


1901 


51,900,958 


2,249,387 


4-334 


1919 


43,827.669 


3,053,037 


6-966 


1902 


22,956,381 


934,095 


4-069 


1920 


35,953,717 


3,214,262 


8-940 


1903 


18,139,283 


768,562 


4-237 


1921 


66,679,592 


3,828,742 


5-742 




37,531,244 


1,617,221 


4-309 


1922 


93,307.171 


5,817,702 


6-219 



















In 1909 and 1910, average prices at Toronto as quoted by Hardware and Metal: in previous years, 
average prices at New York, as quoted by Engineering and Mining Journal. From 1911 to date, average 
orice in Montreal. Quotations furnished from 1911 to 1919, by Messrs. Thos. Robertson & Co., Montreal 
Que.; 1920 to 1922 by Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, Montreal, Que. 



PRODUCTION OF NICKEL 



381 



World s Production. The world s production of lead in 1922 was about 
1,149,268 short tons. The principal producers were the United States with 40-9 p.c., 
Mexico 11-6 p.c., Australia 10-3 p.c. and Spain with 9-3 p.c. Canada produced 
about 4-0 p.c. of the total. 

5. Nickel. 

| 

With the exception of the nickel in the ores shipped from the Cobalt district 
and from the Alexo mine in the Porcupine area, the Canadian production of nickel 
is derived entirely from the well known nickel-copper deposits of the Sudbury 
district, Ontario. From 830,477 Ibs. in 1889, the production increased continually 
in trend to 92-5 million Ibs. in 1918, constituting a record. In 1921 nearly 19-2 
million Ibs. were produced as compared with 17-6 million Ibs. in 1922 and 27-1 
million Ibs. during the first six months of 1923. 

Sudbury. The nickel-bearing rocks of the Sudbury district, with a width 
of about two and one-half miles, form a wide ellipse thirty-six miles long and thirteen 
miles broad. The ores consist mainly of a mixture of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite 
intimately associated with more or less country rock. The nickel occurs in the 
pyrrhotite as pentlandite and varies somewhat in amount. The ore deposits are of 
three main types marginal deposits, offset deposits and vein-like deposits, of which 
the marginal have proved the most productive. The Creighton mine, which may 
be called the greatest nickel mine in the world, is an example of a marginal deposit. 
The Copper Cliff mine is an example of an offset deposit, while the Vermilion mine 
is probably the best example of a vein-like deposit, probably formed by 
hot circulating waters. The ore mined in the district varies considerably in 
richness, the average metal content being about 2 to 3 p.c. of nickel, If to 2 p.c 
of copper and 45 p.c. of iron. Cobalt, gold, silver, platinum and palladium are 
nearly always present in very small quantities. The matte produced by the Inter 
national Nickel Company averages about 54 to 56 p.c. of nickel and about 24 p.c. 
of copper, while that of the Mond Nickel Company contains about 41 p.c. each of 
nickel and of copper. 

World s Production. The world s production of nickel, exclusive of 
electrolytic nickel, in 1920 was about 30,018 long tons of which output 
91 p.c. was of Canadian origin and about 7 p.c. was derived from the oxidized ores 
of New Caledonia. The proved deposits of nickel ore in Canada are estimated to 
contain two million tons of nickel and there are at present large reserves undeveloped. 

32. Quantity and Value of Nickel Produced in Canada during the calendar years 

1889-1922. 



Years. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Years. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Years. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1889... 


Lb. 

830,477 


1 

498,286 


1900 


Lb. 

7 080 227 


1 

3 327 707 


1911 


Lb. 
34 098 744 


1 

10 229 623 


1890 


1,435,742 


933,232 


1901 


9 189 047 


4 594 53 


1912 


44 841 542 


13 452 463 


1891 


4,035,347 


2,421,208 


1902 


10 693 410 


5 025 903 


1913 


49 676 772 


14 903 032 


1892 


2,413,717 


1,399,956 


1903 


12 505 510 


5 002 204 


1914 


45 517 937 


13 655 381 


1893 


3,982,982 


2,071,151 


19C4 


10 547,883 


4,219 153 


1915 


68 308 657 


20 492 597 


1894 


4 907 430 


1 870 958 


1905 


18 876 315 


7 550 526 


1916 


82 958 564 


29 035 498 


1895 . 


3,888 525 


1 360 984 


1906 


21 490 955 


8*948 834 


1917 


82 330 280 


33 732 112 


1896 


3,397 113 


1 188 990 


1907 


21 189 793 


9 535 407 


1918 


92 507 293 


37 002 917 


1897 


3,997,647 


1,399,176 


1908 


19 143 111 


8 231 538 


1919 


44 544 883 


17 817 953 


1898 


5,517,690 


1,820,838 


1909 


26 282 991 


9 461 877 


1920 


61 335 706 


24 534 282 


1899 


5,744,000 


2,067,840 


1910 


37 271 033 


11 181 310 


1921 


19 293 C60 


6 752 571 














1922 


17,597,123 


6,158,993 



382 PRODUCTION 



6. Cobalt. 

The major portion of the world s supply of cobalt has for almost two decades 
been derived from the silver-cobalt-nickel arsenides of the Cobalt district, the silver 
refineries at Thorold and Deloro in Ontario having practically controlled the world s 
production in recent years. 

The ore bodies at Cobalt, discovered in 1902, carry silver, cobalt, nickel and 
arsenic. About 80 p.c. of the productive veins occur in the Keewatin, which con 
sists of basic igneous rocks underlying the Cobalt series, the remaining 20 p.c. being 
about equally divided between the Keewatin and Nipissing diabase. 

During the first six months of 1923, the Coniagas and Deloro smelters treated 
ores and residues from the district and marketed cobalt oxide, metallic cobalt and 
unseparated oxides of nickel and cobalt. The cobalt residues from the cyanide 
process were for the most part treated in Canada, although some of these, as well 
as smelter residues, amounting in all to 187 tons containing 62,880 Ibs. of cobalt, 
were shipped abroad for treatment. The cobalt production of Canada during the 
first half of 1923 was 538,018 Ibs., valued at $1,533,351. For 1922 production and 
values see Table 2 of this section. 

7. Zinc. 

The zinc mining industry of Canada has recently made rapid strides, largely on 
account of the application of the electrolytic method of treating the lead-zinc ores 
of British Columbia. The metallic recoveries from Canadian ores were about 
56-3 million Ibs. in 1922 as compared with 7-0 million Ibs. in 1913. From an in 
significant position in 1913, the country advanced to the fifth rank among the world s 
producers in 1922, with an output of about 3-5 p.c. of the world total. 

Quebec. The Notre Dame des Anges mines at Montauban, in the county of 
Portneuf, were until recently important shippers of lead-zinc concentrates. The 
chief ore minerals were ferruginous zinc blende, intimately associated with galena; 
the ore carried gold and silver values. 

British Columbia. The principal zinc mining regions are situated in the 
Kootenay district of British Columbia, where there are large deposits of silver-lead- 
zinc ore. The chief producing mine is the Sullivan in the Fort Steele division, where 
the ore worked is a replacement deposit of considerable size. Other active mines 
are located at Ainsworth and Slocan in the West Kootenay district and at Omineca 
in the Cariboo district. 

The industry before the war was greatly retarded by unsatisfactory marketing 
conditions. The majority of the mines were essentially producers of silver and 
lead, and zinc blende occurred as an accessory ore. Until local smelting proved 
successful, practically all the British Columbia ores were treated at seven or more 
smelters in the United States, but the cost of freight to these, although covered by 
a combined freight and treatment rate" was necessarily an important charge against 
the ore. The high tariff on zinc ores exported to the United States was also a con 
sideration. The smelter at Trail, originally intended on its erection in 1895, for the 
treatment of gold and silver-bearing copper ores, was made ready for the treatment 
of silver-lead ores at a later date. The electrolytic zinc plant was added for regular 
commercial operations early in 1916; its capacity is rated at a hundred tons per 
day. 

The higher prices paid for silver during the period of the war led the producers 
of silver-bearing ores to expedite shipments, disregarding the increased quantity 
of zinc middling. No zinc is recovered in lead blast furnace smelting, and it is 



PRODUCTION OF IRON 



383 



detrimental to operation, causing losses, slow running and high cost. The treatment 
charges of the Trail smelter were altered in January, 1918, with the object of bring 
ing about an increase of the ratio of slag-forming elements to zinc in all ores requiring 
it, through the elimination of some of the zinc. No lead ore containing more than 
20 p.c. of zinc was accepted and for lead ores containing 4 p.c. of zinc or over the 
shipper was penalized according to the amount of the zinc present. A new schedule 
was announced in April, 1922, providing for payment for zinc in ores on a sliding scale 
running from 30 to 35 p.c. zinc. 

23. Production of Zinc in Canada, calendar years 1911-1922. 



Years. 


Production of Zinc. 


Years. 


Production of Zinc. 


Quantity 1 . 


Value. 


Average 
price 
per pound. 


Quantity 1 . 


Value. 


Average 
price 
per pound. 


1911 


Ib. 

1,877,479 
4,283,760 
5,640,195 
7,246,063 
9,771,651 
23,364,760 


% 

108,105 
297,421 
318.558 
377,737 
1,292.78!) 
2,991,623 


cts. 

5-758 
6-943 
5-648 
5-213 
13-230 
12-804 


1917 


Ib. 

?9, 668, 764 
35,083,175 
32,194,707 
39,863,912 
53,089,356 
56,290,000 


$ 

2,640,817 
2,862,436 
2,362,448 
3,057,961 
2,471.310 
3,217,536 


cts. 

8-901 
8-159 
7-338 
7-671 
4-655 
5-716 


1912 


1918 


1913 


1919 . .. 


1914 


1920 


1915 


1921 


1916 . . .. 


1922 







Estimated smelter recoveries including, for years 1916 to 192?, the actual zinc recovered at Trail, B.C. 

8. Iron. 

The fact that iron ore is widely distributed in Canada has long been known, 
and extensive deposits have been discovered from time to time. The development 
of the iron mining industry, however, has been retarded by the abundant supply of 
the higher grade ores of Wabana, Newfoundland, and of the Mesabi range of the 
state of Minnesota. 

Nova Scotia. The Wabana section of Newfoundland contains the largest 
single deposit of iron ore in the world, operated by the British Empire Steel Corpor 
ation. The probable reserves of Newfoundland were estimated by J. P. Howley as 
3,635 million tons and analysis has shown that the Wabana ore consists of an 
exceptionally high grade hematite. Ore to the amount of 887,360 tons was shipped 
in 1922 to the blast furnaces of the company at Sydney, where the proximity of the 
adjacent coalfield favours the economical production of pig iron and steel. Develop 
ment work carried on at Torbrook in Annapolis county indicates that the deposits 
are very extensive. The ore is red hematite containing a good percentage of iron 
rather high in phosphorus. The main iron ore field in Antigonish county is the 
Arisaig district. 

New Brunswick. The most important deposits so far discovered are those 
in the Austin Brook district of Bathurst county, where mining experts state that 
great masses of iron ore have been proven. 

Quebec. It is estimated that there are many millions of tons of iron magnetite 
sands, containing a high percentage of iron, along the north shore of the St. Lawrence 
at Moisie, Mingan, Natashkwan and other places in the county of Saguenay. The 
sands contain a high percentage of titanium, rendering the briquetted iron sanda 
unfavourable for blast furnace treatment. There are a number of deposits of bog 
iron ore in the St. Lawrence valley, remarkably free from sulphur and phosphorus. 
The bog iron ores were successfully used in charcoal blast furnaces at Radnor Forges 



384 



PRODUCTION 



and Drummondville for many years. Iron ore deposits also exist along the Gatineau 
river, in Hull township, within a few miles of the city of Ottawa. The Bristol mine, in 
Pontiac county, has been proved to contain large deposits of magnetite, but the ore 
is high in sulphur and would require roasting. 

Ontario. The iron and steel industry in Ontario is chiefly dependent on 
imported ores, but several companies have continued to demonstrate what can be 
done by the beneficiation of low grade Canadian ores. The Moose Mountain iron 
range is situated about 35 miles north of Sudbury and over 100 million tons of 
magnetite have been proved by the owners. The Atikokan district, west of Sabawa 
lake, contains approximately 15 million tons of magnetite, while the Atikokan 
mine, to the east of the lake, has shown 10 million tons. The deposits of non-Bessemer 
ore in the Michipicoten district are extensive and millions of tons of red hematite 
were taken from the Helen mine. The Magpie mine produces siderite, which is 
roasted before being shipped to the blast furnaces at Sault Ste. Marie owned by the 
Algoma Steel Co. 

British Columbia. Owing to the lack of a local iron smelting industry the 
production of iron ore in British Columbia has not reached important dimensions. 
On the northeast coast of Texada island there are extensive deposits estimated 
to contain five million tons of magnetite. The Glen iron mine on the south side of 
Kamloops lake, estimated to contain reserves of 8 million tons, has been worked 
intermittently for several years, the ore being shipped to Tacoma and to the Revel- 
stoke Smelting Works. 

24. Iron Ore Shipments and Production of Pig Iron, calendar years 1909-1922. 





Ore 






ship 


Production of Pig Iron. 




ments 






from 






Canadian 












mines 


Nova Scotia. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Totals. 




Short 


Short 




Short 




Short 




Short 






tons. 


tons. 




tons. 




tons. 




tons. 


$ 


1909. 


268,043 


354,380 


3,453,800 


4,770 


125,623 


407.012 


6,002,441 


757,162 


9,581,864 


1910. 


259,418 


350,287 


4,203,444 


3,237 


85,255 


447,273 


6,956,923 


800,797 


11,245,622 


1911. 


210,344 


390,242 


4,682,904 


658 


17,282 


526,635 


7,606,939 


917,535 


12,307,125 


1912. 


215,883 


424,901 


6,374,910 


_ 


_ 


589,593 


8,176,089 


1,014,587 


14,550,999 


1913. 


307,634 


480,068 


7,201,020 


_ 


_ 


648.899 


9,338,992 


1,128,967 


16,540,012 


1914. 


244,854 


227,052 


2,951,676 





_ 


556,112 


7,051,180 


783,164 


10,002,856 


1915. 


398,112 


420,275 


5,463,575 


_ 


_ 


493,500 


5,910,624 


913,775 


11,374,199 


1916. 


275,170 


470,055 


7,050,825 


_ 


_ 


699,202 


9,700,073 


1.109,257 


16,750,898 


1917. 


215,302 


472,147 


10,387,234 


_ 


_ 


684,642 


13,902,867 


1,170,480 


25,025,960 


1918. 


211,608 


415,870 


10,451,400 


7,449 


419,521 


747,650 


21,324,857 


1,195,5511 


33,495,171 


1919. 


197,170 


285,087 


7,141,641 


7,701 


331,797 


624,993 


17,104,151 


917,781 


24,577,589 


1920. 


129,072 


332,493 


7,687,614 


8,835 


379,348 


749,068 


22,25: . 01 ii 


1,090,396 


30,319,024 


19?1. 


59,509 


169,504 


4,407,104 


683 


17,758 


495,489 


12,882,714 


665,676 


17.307,576 


1922". . 


17,971 


135,261 


3,139,994 






293,662 


6,493,513 


428,923 


9,633,507 



Included in the totals is additional pig iron made in electric furnace-i from sciap metal other than in 
the province of Quebec. The amounts and values were in 1917, 13,691 short tons with a value of $735,859 
and in 1918, 24,582 tons with a value of $1,299,393. 

2 Sub>ect to revision. 

3. Non-Metallic Minerals. 

1. Coal. 

The fuel situation of Canada is somewhat anomalous, as in spite of the enormous 
resources of coal in the country, about 50 p.c. of the consumption is imported from 
the United States. The Canadian coal areas are situated in the eastern and western 



PRODUCTION OF COAL 



385 



provinces, while Ontario and Quebec are more easily and economically supplied 
with coal from the nearer coal fields of Pennsylvania and Ohio. The anomaly of 
this situation is heightened if we consider that Canada s present coal consumption 
is about 30 million tons annually, as against reserves of 1,234,289 million metric 
tons, sufficient for an unthinkably long period at the present rate of consumption. 
Although distance has prevented the domestic deposits from supplying the needs of 
central Canada, this acute fuel area is but a few hundred miles distant from the 
great coal regions of the United States, and it is upon that country, therefore, that 
Ontario and the greater part of Quebec have become peculiarly dependent for their 
fuel. 

The accompanying diagram, by showing the areas supplied with coal from different 
sources, illustrates the difficulties of the fuel situations occasioned in part by the 
unavoidably high costs of transportation. 

%& The coal production in 1922 amounted to 15,157,431 tons, valued at $65,518,497 
or an average of $4.32 per ton. This represented an increase of 100,000 tons or 0-6 
p.c. in quantity as compared with the previous year. The production was obtained 
by 496 operators, employing on an average 30,096 men at a wage cost of approxi 
mately $36,000,000. Referring to production, during 1922, Alberta held the first 
place among the coal producing provinces with an output of 5,990,911 tons; Nova 
Scotia followed closely with 5,569,072 tons; the output of coal from the mines of 
British Columbia and Yukon amounted to 2,927,498 tons, while Saskatchewan 
mined 382,437 tons and New Brunswick 287,513 tons. The quantity of coal mined 
annually in five provinces and the Yukon Territory from 1909 to 1922 is shown 
comparatively in Table 25. 

25. Production of Coal in Canada, calendar years 1909-1922. 



Years. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon 
Terri 
tory. 


Total 
produc 
tion. 


Value. 


1909... 


Tons. 
5.652.089 


Tons. 

49,029 


Tons. 
192 125 


Tons. 
1 994 711 


Tons. 
2 606 127 


Tons. 

7 364 


Tons. 
10 "ifl! 17^ 


94 781 9.A 


1910 


6 431 142 


55 455 


181 156 


? 894 469 


3 330 745 


1R 1 OK 


1 QftQ 1 ^o 




1911 


7.004,420 


55 781 


206 779 


1 511 036 


2 542 53 15 


9 Sd-fl 


Uqoo ooo 




1912 


7.783 888 


44 780 


225 34 


3 240 577 


3 9 08 997 


Q 94^ 


HK1O Q9 A 




1913 
1914 


7.950,073 
7.370.924 


70,311 
98 049 


212,897 
232 299 


4,014.755 
3 683 015 


2,714,420 
2 239 799 


19.722 

13 443 


15,012,178 
IQ 97 KOQ 


37,334,940 
oo Aji cm 


1915 


7,463.370 


127 391 


240 107 


3 360 818 


2 065 613 


Q 794 


1 3 9fi7 093 


09 111 1 09 


1916 


6.912,140 


143 540 


281 300 


4 559 054 


2 54 p(5i 


1 300 


H4.Q9 OAK 




1917 


6.327,091 


189 095 


355 445 


4 736 368 


2 433 888 


4 S79 


U04fi 7^0 


JO 1QQ OQ1 


1918 


5 818 562 


268 212 


346 847 


5 972 816 


9 "ifi<) ^SQ 


2nnn 


14 077 GO A 




1919 
1920 
1921 


5.720.373 
6,395,545 
5,734,928 


179,108 
161,164 
1.88 19 


380,169 
349.860 
335 632 


4.964,535 
6.859,346 
5 909 17 


2,435.933 
2,856.920 
9 con 9QI 


1,100 

763 

OOO 


13.681,218 
16.623,598 

1 ^ 0^7 9R9 


54.413.349 
77.326.853 


1922 


5,569,072 


287 513 


382 437 


s ggO 911 


9 097 1)11 


Aft* 


IK 1 C7 ,401 























The total coal imports in the calendar year 1922 amounted to 14,257,424 tons, 
as compared with 20,815,596 tons in the previous year. The exports of coal of 
domestic production in 1922 amounted to 1,818,582 tons, valued at $11,159,060, or 
an average of $6.14 per ton, as compared with 1,987,251 tons, valued at $13,896,370, 
in 1921. The imports of anthracite and bituminous coal for fiscal years from 1901 
*n 1923 are given in Table 26 and the exports from 1903 to 1923 in Table 27. 

6237325 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF COAL 



387 



The apparent consumption during 1922 amounted to 27,596,273 tons, as com 
pared with 31,173,837 tons in the preceding calendar year. In 1922, when the 
output was 15-2 million tons, the quantity exported amounted to 1-8 million tons, 
and imports to 14-3 million tons, resulting in an apparent consumption of 27-6 
million tons. The data given in Tables 28 and 29 show the amount of coal made 
available for consumption in the entire country for a period of 22 years and in each 
of the provinces during 1922. The data of output and of interprovincial shipments 
were compiled from monthly statements furnished by the coal operators. 

26. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for Home 
Consumption, fiscal years 1901-1923. 



Fiscal Years. 


Anthracite, 
Free of Duty. 


Bituminous Coal, 
Dutiable. 


1901 


Tons. 

1,933,283 
1,652,451 
1,456,713 
2,275,018 
2,604,137 
2,200,863 
2,014,846 
3.091,159 
3,059,663 
3,152,851 
3,465,774 
4,118,379 
4.237,310 
4,385,799 
4,383,497 
4,429,143 
4,572,440 
5,256,294 
4.752,788 
5,090,767 
4,839,559 
4,416,255 
3,155,613 


$ 

7,923.950 
7,021,939 
7,028,664 
10,461,223 
12,093,371 
10,304,303 
9,487,574 
14,199,609 
14,034,020 
14,456,315 
15,750,340 
19,306,639 
20,399,279 
20,734,126 
20,927,539 
20,460,571 
22,806,156 
28,047,226 
26,191,798 
32,647,759 
39,058,148 
39,000,610 
28,089,041 


Tons. 

2,516.392 
3,047,392 
3,511,421 
4,053,900 
4,176,274 
4,495,550 
3,807,604 
7,640,121 
6,763,352 
7,017,271 
7,745.571 
10,500,662 
11,060,910 
13,754,244 
9,124,499 
9,631,101 
12,931,075 
16,100,000 
16,569,025 
12,552,910 
15,407,996 
12,752,059 
11,166,937 


$ 

4,956,025 
5,712,058 
7,776,717 
9.108,208 
8,022,896 
8,360,349 
7,491,045 
14,843,789 
13,151.449 
13,070,343 
14,597,268 
20,333,268 
20,447,587 
26,140,676 
16,135,920 
10,219,206 
19,270,270 
46,277,715 
44.411,207 
27,424.870 
72,239,952 
39,258,115 
44,025,436 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


19071 


1908 


1909 


1910 . 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 .. 


1916 


1917 


1918 . 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


1923 





NOTE. Anthracite coal dust is included under anthracite coal. For previous years, see Year Book, 
1911. page 420. l Nine months. 

27. Exports of Coal, the Produce of Canada, fiscal years 1903-1923. 



Fiscal Years. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Fiscal Years. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1903 


Tons. 
1,797,951 


S 

5,542,434 


1913 


Tons. 
2,055,993 


S 

5,555,099 


1904 


1,646,505 


4,346,660 


1914 


1,498,820 


3,703,765 


1905 


1,615,322 


3,930,802 


1915 


1,512,487 


4,466,258 


1906 


1,820 411 


4,643 198 


1916 


1,971,124 


6,032,764 


1907 (9 mos.) 


1,285,346 


3,346,402 


1917 


1,899,185 


6,817,035 


1908 


1,877,258 


4,810,284 


1918 


1,902,010 


8,684,038 


1909 


1,613,892 


4,505,221 


1919 


1,826,639 


10,169,722 


1910 


1,826,339 


5,013,221 


1920 


2,120,138 


13,183,666 


1911 


2,315,171 


6,014,095 


1921 


2,277,202 


16,501,478 


1912 


1,494,756 


4,338,128 


1922 


1,953,053 


13,182,440 








1923.. 


2,089,438 


12.956,615 



62373 25J 



388 



PRODUCTION 



28. Annual Consumption of Coal in Canada, calendar years 1901-1922. 



Calendar Years. 


Canadian. 


Imported. 


Total, 
tons. 


Tons 
per 
capita. 


Short tons. 


p.c. 


Short tons. 


p.c. 


1901 


4,912,664 
5.376,413 
6,005,735 
6,697.183 
7,032,661 
7.9?7.560 
8.617,352 
9.156,478 
8,913,376 
10,532,103 

9,822,749 
12,385.696 
13,450,158 
12,214.403 
11.500,480 
12,348.036 
12.313,603 
13,160,731 
11,849.046 
14,388,541 

13,070,217 
13,338,849 


50-5 
51-0 
52-2 
49-2 
48-9 
51-7 
45-0 
47-3 
47-9 
50-2 

40-5 
46-0 
42-6 
45-5 
48-1 
41 3 
37-2 
37-8 
41-1 
40-9 

41-9 
48-3 


4,810.213 
5,165,938 
5,491,870 
6.9C9.651 
7,343,880 
7,398.306 
10,549,503 
10,195.424 
9.711,826 
10,438,123 

14,424,949 
14,549,104 
18,132,387 
14,637.920 
12.406,212 
17,517,820 
20.810,132 
21.611,101 
16,982,773 
20,815,596 

18,103,620 
14,257,424 


49-5 
49-0 
47-8 
50-8 
51-1 
48-3 
55-0 
52-7 
52-1 
49-8 

59-5 
54 -C 
57-4 
54-5 
51-9 
58-7 
62-8 
62-2 
58-9 
59-1 

58-1 
57-7 


9, 72?, 877 
10,542,351 
11,507,605 
13.606,834 
11,316,541 
15,326.466 
39,166,855 
19,351,902 
18,625,202 
20,970,226 

24,247,698 
26,934,800 
31,582,545 
26.852,323 
23,906.692 
?,865,856 
33,123,735 
34,771,832 
28.831,819 
35,204,137 

31,173,837 
27,596,273 


1-810 
1-927 
2-055 
2-346 
2-362 
2-425 
2-947 
2-820 
2-682 
2-960 

3-365 
3-657 
4-196 
3-490 
3041 
3-717 
4-049 
4-175 
3-401 
4-079 

3-547 
3-078 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 ". 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1Q16 , 


I il7 


1918 


1Q19 


1920 


1021 


1922 





NOTK. For years 1886 to 1900, see 1921 Year Book, p. 354. 

29._ coal Made Available for Consumption in Canada, by Provinces, calendar 

year 1922. 

(Short Tons.) 







Canadian 


Ccal. 






Imported 


Coal 


Provinces. 


Output. 


Received 
from 
other 
Provinces. 


Shipped 
to 
other 
Provinces. 


Exported. 


Imported 
from 
U.S.A. 


from 
Great 
Britain. 


available 
for con 
sumption. 


Prince Edward 
Island 

Anthracite 
Bituminous 


Tons. 


Ions. 

70.995 



Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 

4,589 
1,355 


Tons. 


Tons. 

4,589 
72,350 


Total.... 


- 


70,995 


- 


- 


5,944 


- 


76,939 


Nova Scotia- 
Anthracite 
Bituminous 


5,569,072 


39 


1,882,787 


641,304. 


21,419 
6.233 


5,645 
3.267 


27,064 
3,054.520 


Total.... 


5,569,072 


39 


1,883,787 


641,304 


37,653 


8,913 


3,081,581 


New Bruns 
wick- 
Anthracite 
Bituminous 


287,513 


403,742 


63.067 


66.460 


40,252 
61,222 


19,420 
19,131 


59,672 
642,081 


Total.... 


387,513 


403,743 


63,067 


66,460 


101,474 


38,551 


701,753 


Quebec 

Anthracite 
Bituminous 
Lignite 


- 


1.454.214 
102 


- 


55,275 


789,447 
1,316,669 


152,517 
609,591 


941,964 
3,325,199 
102 


Total.... 


- 


1,454,316 


- 


55,375 


3,106,116 


763,108 


4,367,365 


Central Onta 
rio- 
Anthracite 
Bituminous 


- 


16. 864 1 


- 


76 


1,586,036 
7,485,324 


900 
6,929 


1,586.936 
7,509.041 


Total... 


_ 


16,864 


- 


76 


9,071,360 


7,829 


,095,977 



ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF COAL 



389 



03 



p 
o 



t 

C3 

R 

CO 



o 
to 






J-i 



V. 

"V. 


X 


i 




.^ r -^ 

^ 


v/ 


~l 

\ 






% 


r 
\ 




^ 

\ 


1 

r 1 : i 


i 

i 






390 



PRODUCTION 



. Coal Made Available for Consumption in Canada, by Provinces, calendar 

year 1922 concluded. 

(Short Tons.) 



Provinces . 


Canadian Coal. 


Imported 
from 
U.S.A. 


Imported 
from 
Great 
Britain. 


Coal 
available 
for ci n- 
sumption. 


Output. 


Tieceived 
from 
other 
Pi evinces. 


Shipped 
to 
other 
Provinces. 


Exported. 


Manitoba and 
Head of 
Lakes 

* Anthracite 


Tons. 


Tons. 

10 
94,607 
625,487 


Tons. 


Tons. 
2,082 


Ions. 

72,240 
2,037,117 


Tons. 


Tons. 

72,250 
2,129.642 
625,487 


Bituminous 
Ijicnite 


Total .... 

Saskatchewan- 
Anthracite 
Bituminous 
Ijignite 


- 


720,104 


- 


2,082 


2,109,357 


- 


2,827,371 


382,437 


796 
147,209 
1,106,648 



169,813 


5,040 


231 
1,484 


- 


1,027 
143,653 
1,319,272 


Total 

Alberta- 
Anthracite 


382,437 


1,254,653 


169,813 


5,040 


1,715 


- 


1,463,952 


40,417 
2,846,405 
3,104,089 




2,034 
243, 758 
1,636,498 


915 


1,147 


- 


38,383 
2,613,525 
1,468,179 


Bituminous . 


10,646 
588 


I j Ignite 


Total .... 

British Colum 
bia and 
Yukon 

Anthracite 
Bituminous 
Lignite 


5,990,911 


11,234 


1,882,290 


915 


1,147 


- 


4,120,087 


2,927,498 


1,228 
38,172 
73,486 


46,876 


1,047,430 


35 
13,494 


1,226 
504 


2,489 
1,885,362 
73,486 


Total.... 

Canada- 
Anthracite 
Bituminous . 
Ijjo-nite 


2,937,498 


112,886 


46,876 


1,047,430 


13,529 


1,730 


1,961,337 


40,417 
11,630,488 
3,486,526 


2,034 
2,236,488 
1,806,311 


2,034 
2,236,488 
1,806,311 


1,818,582 


2,514,249 
10,924,045 


179,708 
639, H 2 


2,734,374 
21,375,373 
3,486,526 


Total 


15,157,431 


4,044,833 


4,044,833 


1,818,582 


13,438,294 


819, 1302 


27,596,273 



1 Maritime coal. * Includes 1,805 toas from other countries. 

In view of the abnormal conditions prevailing in Canada during the later years 
of the war period, and also of the falling off of production in the United States, the 
Dominion Government, on July 12, 1917, appointed C. A. Magrath as Fuel Con 
troller for Canada, charging him in the first place with the duty of stimulating 
shipments to Canada, and eventually extending his powers until they included 
the work of controlling prices and directing coal mining operations in Canada. Mr. 
Magrath concluded his duties as Fuel Controller in March, 1919, but in the summer 
of 1922 it was again found necessary to provide machinery to handle the adminis 
trative problems directly related to the tiding over of a threatened fuel shortage. 
The Dominion Fuel Board, with Charles Camsell, Deputy Minister of the Depart 
ment of Mines, as chairman, was constituted on November 25, 1922, to meet 
the need for a standing organization definitely responsible for the systematic study 
of the fuel position of the Dominion. The Fuel Board issued a valuable interim 
report on the Canadian fuel situation on May 21, 1923. 



COAL RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCES 391 

Coal Resources of the Provinces. 

Nova Scotia. The coal of Nova Scotia belongs to the Carboniferous forma 
tion, the largest workable seams forming a part of the middle portion of that system 
or belonging to what is styled the Productive Coal Measures. This formation is 
found in several portions of the province, chiefly at Sydney and in Richmond and 
Inverness counties in Cape Breton island, at Pictou in the eastern part of Nova 
Scotia proper and at Springhill and Joggins, which are in the northwest part of the 
province in Cumberland county. Seams of considerable size are found in the under 
lying portions of the Middle Carboniferous, otherwise known as the Millstone-Grit. 
The coals of Nova Scotia are bituminous, of good quality, well adapted to the pro 
duction of coke and excellent for domestic use and for steam purposes. 

Sydney. The Sydney coalfield, one of the most important hi Nova Scotia, 
extends for 32 miles along the seacoast of the north-eastern extremity of Cape 
Breton island, the measures having a width on land of about 6 miles. The aggregate 
thickness of coal in the several workable seams varies from 13 i feet in the Dauphin 
area to 44 feet at Sydney harbour, the individual seams ranging from 3 to 9 feet 
in thickness. The strata are almost free from faults and have a gentle dip seaward, 
so that a large area of submarine coal is available. 

Inverness. The coal fields of Inverness county include a series of narrow areas 
extending for over 50 miles along the western shore of Cape Breton island. The 
areas of the productive measures form part of the eastern rim of a basin, the greater 
part of which has been removed by erosion. The Productive Measures, on their 
easterly side, are underlain by the Millstone-Grit and various formations of the 
Lower Carboniferous, which in turn rest on Cambrian rocks. In various localities 
seams from 2 to 12 feet in thickness occur, usually with rather low angles of dip. 

Pictou. The Pictou coal field, on the mainland ,has an area of about 25 square 
miles and has been producing coal for more than 90 years. Though the field is small, 
it comprises, some of the largest seams in Eastern America, the main seam in the 
Stellarton area having a thickness of 40 feet while several others in the vicinity vary 
in thickness from 10 to 20 feet. The geological structure of the district is very- 
intricate; faults often of considerable magnitude are numerous and the productive 
measures are almost completely girdled by them. 

Cumberland. In Cumberland county there are two productive areas of which 
one situated on the coast is called the Joggins area while the other is at Springhill, 
about 15 miles east of the first. In the Joggins area, the coal seams occur along one 
side of a very broad synclinal basin of Carboniferous measures, which toward the 
centre of the basin are overlapped by the Permian beds. In the western portion of 
the Joggins area the seams are comparatively thin, the principal one worked showing 
about 5 feet of coal and the lower seam somewhat less. In the remarkable section 
of strata exposed along the coast of Chignecto bay, over 70 coal seams outcrop. 
Several seams are 5 to 6 feet thick, one measuring 9| feet but having 2| feet of 
shale partings. 

In the Springhill basin the geological structure is less simple and the strata 
dip more steeply than in the Joggins area, the seams being worked along slopes 
of 30. There are a number of seams, some of which are over 10 feet thick. They 
have been worked for more than 40 years, while several others of workable size have 
been developed to some extent. 

New Brunswick. In New Brunswick the Carboniferous rocks have a wide 
distribution and comprise an area of more than 10,000 square miles; their coal 
seams outcrop at many points throughout this area. Near the upper portion of 



392 PRODUCTION 



Grand Lake, where the coal has the greatest thickness, mining has been carried on 
for more than a century. The coal production in New Brunswick increased from 
44,780 tons in 1912 to 287,513 tons in 1922. The output of 268,212 tons reached 
in 1918 was the highest yearly production previously attained by the province. 

Saskatchewan. The coal-bearing areas lie principally in the southern part, 
and are being mined in the vicinity of Estevan on the Souris river. The elevation 
known as the Coteau is also composed of coal-bearing rocks which continue west 
ward in the Wood mountains and the Cypress hills. This area contains possibly 
4,000 square miles within which coal may be found. Between the two branches 
of the Saskatchewan river is an area of possible coal-bearing rocks. 

Alberta. The province is liberally supplied with coal areas. The coal is 
found in three distinct horizons in the Cretaceous, separated by shales of marine 
origin. The lowest, named the Kootenay, is practically the base of the formation 
and is considered Cretaceous from its fossil flora. The Be ly river formation is the 
next in which there appear to have been land conditions of sufficiently long dura 
tion for the growth of material to form coal beds. The coal horizon of the Belly 
river contains but a few workable seams, but its area! distribution makes it import 
ant. The third coal horizon, known as the Edmonton, is at the top of the Cretaceous. 
The upper part in Alberta is a fresh water deposit and is not distinctly coal-bearing; 
the lower contains many lignite seams. 

Belly River Formation. The coals that belong to the Belly River horizon 
grade generally between lignite and bituminous and are found over the enormous 
area of about 16,000 square miles. The formation outcrops over a great curving 
band 125 miles broad at the international boundary and stretching northward to 
the Red Deer river, a tributary of the South Saskatchewan. In the south the beds 
outcrop at many points, in places, as along the Saskatchewan, in seams 18 feet thick, 
while at Lethbridge and Taber more than 800,000 tons of a somewhat high grade 
lignite are annually produced from seams of the Belly river measures. The probable 
reserves of the formation, including the seams at the top of the horizon, continuing 
beneath the Edmonton formation, are 189,450 million tons. 

Edmonton Formation. The coals of the formation are generally lignites, but in 
the foothills grade up to bituminous. The formation of Tertiary age with the 
overlying Paskapoo occupies an immense basin gradually widening toward the 
north and reaching from the international boundary almost to Lesser Slave lake. 
Coal seams outcrop in the Edmonton on both sides of the area of younger Paskapoo, 
lying basin-like in the centre of the Tertiary area. The lignites have been found 
outcropping as far -north as Edmonton, one of the principal mining centres of this 
coal horizon. The actual reserve for the formation, the calculation being based 
on the actual thickness and extent is 111,097 million tons, underlying an area of 
9,590 square miles. The additional probable reserve is 268,161 million tons, con 
tained in an area of 20,340 square miles. 

Kootenay Formation. As the coals in this horizon are in the lower measures 
and have been subjected to greater load, they are as would be expected, of higher 
grade, but as the exposures are all in the broken and faulted blocks of the 
mountain area, a much greater change has taken place than is common in 
undisturbed beds. The coals range from coking coals to anthracites. The 
anthracite area is that of the Cascade basin, the greatest alteration being found 
near Banff. The Cascade, area extends from south of Kanan a skis river to within 
about twelve miles of. the Saskatchewan. It is estimated to contain 769 million tons 
of anthracite and 2,009 million tons of the softer grades. Other important coal 



COAL RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCES 393 

areas are Coleman, Blairmore-Frank, Livingstone, Moose Mountain, Palliser, 
Costigan, Sheep Creek and the Bighorn Basin. Referring to seams of one foot or 
over to r depth of 4,000 feet in the Kootenay formation, the actual reserve, being 
a calculation based on actual thickness and extent, is 2,696 million tons while the 
additional probable reserves are 43,123 million tons. 

The actual reserves of the province are 386,373 million tons and the probable 
reserves are 673,554 million tons. 

British Columbia. While the coals of Nova Scotia and of the eastern half 
of the United States are derived from the Carboniferous formation, those of the 
Pacific slope occur in association with much later rocks referable to the Mesozoic 
and Tertiary periods. In British Columbia the formations known to contain coal 
or lignites are the Cretaceous and the Tertiary. The coal occurs in at least two 
distinct stages of the Cretaceous. The lower includes the coal measures of Queen 
Charlotte island, of Quatsino sound, Vancouver island and of Crowsnest pass in 
the Rocky mountains. The upper includes the coal measures of Nanaimo and 
Comox, and probably also those of Suquash and other localities. The character of 
the coals, while dependent to a certain extent on its stratigraphical position, depends 
largely upon the conditions of metamorphism to which they, with the rocks con 
taining them, have been subjected. This is well illustrated by the Tertiary coal in 
the interior basins of British Columbia being highly bituminous instead of lignitic, 
while on the Queen Charlotte islands the Cretaceous coals range from high grade 
bituminous to broken anthracite. There are three main districts in which coal 
mining operations are being actively pursued. These are the Crowsnest pass in the 
eastern part of the province, the Nicola valley district in the central part and the 
east coast of Vancouver island. 

The Crowsnest Pass. The coalfield is situated immediately west of the summit 
of the Rocky mountains in Crowsnest pass. By taking the area covered by the 
coal measures as being 230 square miles and assuming a workable thickness of coal 
seams of 100 feet, McEvoy arrives at 22,595 million tons as the quantity of total 
available coal in the area. The opening of coal mines in this field marked an epoch 
in the development of the province, as the smelting industry of the Kootenays had 
to depend previously in a great measure on coke from the coast coal mines. 

Nicola Valley. The coalfield is situated to the south of Nicola lake in the 
Kamloops district. Although not as extensive as the Crowsnest field or the Van 
couver island field, it is yet of great economic importance. Produced rnid-way 
between the more extensive fields, the coal of Nicola valley is manifestly destined 
to find a market in a considerable part of central British Columbia. 

Telwka Valley. In the northern part of the province, a field which attracts 
great interest, owing to its proximity to the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway, 
is the Telwka valley. Some of these areas are of considerable extent and have been 
proven to contain coal varying from a bituminous to a semi-anthracite in beds of 
a workable thickness. 

Groundhog Mountain. The Groundhog coalfield, about 140 miles by trail 
north from Hazelton near the headquarters of the west fork of the Skeena river, is 
also of great promise. The coal is anthracite or semi-anthracite in character. The 
field extends in a northwesterly direction about 75 miles and has a width in places 
of about 30 miles. 

Vancouver Island. The island has been the seat of the coal mining industry 
since 1836. In recent years its output has not only supplied a local demand but 
has been largely exported to the state of California. The active fields are 



394 



PRODUCTION 



situated on the east coast of the island. The coal measures may be naturally divided 
into two distinct fields separated by a gap of twelve miles of crystalline rocks in the 
district of Nanoose. The northern area is the Comox field and the southern area 
the Nanaimo field. Another field, until recently quite undeveloped, exists in the 
vicinity of Suquash, about 125 miles to the north. 

Queen Charlotte Islands. Coal is also found in the Queen Charlotte islands, 
the most important coal bearing area in this group of islands being that found in a 
development of Cretaceous rocks on Graham island, the most northerly of the 
group. 

30. Coal Resources of Canada, by Provinces and Classes of Coal. 1 

(In metric tons of 2,204 pounds.) 



Province or District. 


Including seams of 1 foot or over to a depth of 4,000 feet. 


Including seams of 
2 feet and over, at 
depths between 
4,000 and 0,000 feet. 


Actual Reserve. 


Probable Reserve. 


Probable Reserve. 


Calculation based on actual 
thickness and extent. 


Approximate 
estimate. 


Approximate 

estimate. 


Area, 
sq. miles. 


Class of 
Coal. 


Thousands 
of tons. 


Area, 
sq. miles. 


Thousands 
of tons. 


Area, 
sq. miles. 


Thousands 
of tons. 


Nova Scotia 


174 

306 
25,300 
439 


B 
B 

L 
L 
L 
L 
B 
A & B 
A & B 
L 
A & B 
L 
L 
B 


2,188,151 

2,412,000 
382,500,000 
3,223.800 
669.000 
23,771,242 
60.000 


204 
121 
10 
48 
13,100 

56,375 

6,196 

2,840 

300 
6,000 


4,911,817 
151,000 
25,000 
160.000 
57,400,000 
491,271,000 
182,183.600 
100.000 
44,907,700 
5,136.000 
250,000 
4,690,000 
4.800.000 
6. COO, 000 


73 

203 
11 


2,639,000 

12.7CO.OOO 
2,160,000 


New Brunswick 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Northwest Territories.. 
Arctic Islands 


Totals.. 


26,219 


_ 


414,804,193? 


85,194 


801,986.117 


287 


17,499,000 



See "Coal, Coke and By-products," published by the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau. 
The coal of all clashes mined in Alberta to 1911, amounting to 20,000,000 tons, has been deducted. 
A= Anthracite, B = Bituminous, L=Lignite. 

World s Production, The total known production of the world in 1921 
amounted to about 1,138-3 million long tons, toward which Canada contributed 
13-8 million tons or about 1-2 p.c. Table 31 shows the production of the British 
Empire and the chief foreign countries in units of 1,000 long tons during each of 
the years from 1913 to 1921 where the returns were available. 

31. Coal Production in the Principal Countries of the World, 1913-1921. 

(In thousands of long tons of 2,240 pounds.) 
BRITISH EMPIRE. 



Years. 


Uniti <l 
Kingdom. 


Briti-h 
India. 


Canada. 


Australia. 


New 
Zealand. 


I nion of 
South 
Africa. 


1913.. 


287,431 


16,208 


13,404 


12,418 


1,888 


9,583 


1914 


265,665 


16,464 


12,170 


12,448 


Z.276 


9,125 


1915 


253,208 


17,104 


1 1 . 846 


11,415 


2,209 


8,977 


1916 


256 376 


17,254 


12,932 


9,812 


2,257 


10,966 


1917 


218,500 


18.213 


12,542 


10,232 


2,068 


11,444 


1918.., 


227,749 


20,722 


13.373 


10,049 


2,034 


10,603 


1919 


229.780 


22.628 


12.131 


10,525 


1,848 


9,162 


1920 


231,000 


17,640 


14,800 


13,000 


: ) 


10,200 


1921 


169,720 


18,964 


13,777 


13,287 




10,501 

















PRODUCTION OF ASBESTOS 



395 



31. Coal Production in the Principal Countries of the World, 1913 to 

1921 concluded. 

(In thousands of long tons of 2 ,240 pounds.) 
FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



Years. 


Germany. 


Belgium. 


France. 


Czecho 
slovakia. 


Poland. 


Nether 
lands. 


Japan. 


United 

States. 


1913 


274,264 


22,474 


40,188 


_ 


_ 


1,843 


20,973 


508,893 


1914 


241,288 


16,445 


26,141 


_ 


_ 


1,898 


21,935 


458,505 


1915 


230,889 


13,950 


19,219 


_ 


_ 


2,226 


20,161 


474,660 


1916 


246,606 


16,59? 


20,968 


_ 


_ 


2,613 


22,534 


526,873 


1917 


258,639 


14,691 


28,427 


_ 


_ 


3,001 


25,938 


.581,609 


191g 


256,979 


13,668 


?5,899 


_ 


_ 


4,804 


27,579 


605,546 


1919 


199,160 


18,190 


19,645 


27,000 


_ 


5,271 


30,000 


487,638 


1920 


239,000 


21,000 


34,100 


30,300 


6,300 


5,200 


28,800 


576,500 


1921 


273,009 


22,163 


29,450 


33,233 


7,971 


4,360 


24,900 


455,927 





















2. Asbestos. 

Canada produces more asbestos than any other country. The value of the 
annual output of asbestos has increased from less than $25,000 in 1880 to $5,552,723 
in 1922, so that aside from coal, asbestos is now one of the most important non- 
metallic products. In 1921, the world s production of asbestos amounted to 140,000 
tons; of this tonnage Canada produced 92,761 tons or 66.2 p.c., Rhodesia, 19,52? 
tons or 14 p.c., South Africa, 5,387 tons or 3.8 p.c., Russia, 17,138 tons and the United 
States, 831 tons. 

Quebec. The Eastern Townships of the province have for many years been 
the most productive asbestos mining area in the world. The workable deposits of 
chief importance are confined to a serpentine belt near Black lake and Thetford. 
The serpentine of this belt generally occurs as disconnected masses, but occasionally 
it forms mountain ridges of considerable altitude, notably in the vicinity of Black 
lake. The veins of asbestos traverse the serpentine in all directions, and as a rule 
the fibre lies at right angles to the walls of the veins. The veins vary in width from 
| inch to | inch, and occasionally fibre has been obtained several inches in length. 
The fibre is of good quality and well adapted for spinning. Included in the Thetford 
and Black lake area are the East Broughton deposits, where the serpentine occurs 
enclosed in a highly quartzose slate, probably of prc-Cambrian age. In the Danville 
area, asbestos up to | inch in length occurs abundantly, and the whole of the serpen 
tine is impregnated with fine short fibre, giving a first class milling material. 

Open-cut methods of mining are adopted almost invariably throughout the 
Canadian asbestos fields. Nearly all the mining companies have installed machinery 
for the crushing, fibrizing, screening and grading of the mine product. 



396 



PRODUCTION 



32. Production of Asbestos and Asbestic in Canada, calendar years 1909 to 1922. 



Years. 


Asbestos. 


Asbestic. 


Total. 


1909.. 


Tons. 
63,349 
77,508 
101,393 
111.561 
136,951 
96,512 
111,142 
133,439 
135,502 
141.462 
136, 765 
167,731 
92.761 
163,706 


$ 
2,284,587 
2,555,974 
2.922.062 
3,117,572 
3,830.909 
2,892,266 
3,553,166 
5,199.797 
7,183,099 
8.936,804 
10,909,452 
13,677,841 
4.9C6.230 
5,552,723 


Tons. 
23,951 
24,707 

26,021 
24, 740 
24.135 
21,031 
25,700 
20,710 
18,279 
16,797 
22,471 
20,956 
i 
i 


% 

17,188 
17,629 
21,046 
19, 707 
19,016 
17,540 
21,819 
29,072 
47.284 
33,993 
65,917 
57,601 
i 
i 


Tons. 
87,300 
102,215 

127,414 
136,301 
161. OS6 
117,573 
136,842 
154,149 
153,781 
158,259 
159,236 
188,687 
92,761 
163,706 


* 

2, 301,775 
2,573,603 
2,943,108 
3,137,279 
3,849.925 
2,909,806 
3,574,985 
5,228,869 
7,230,383 
8,970,797 
10,975,369 
13,735,442 
4,906,230 
5,552,723 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





Included with asbestos. 

3. Other Non-Metallic Minerals. 

Natural Gas. The production of natural gas has increased in value from 
$1,300,000 in 1910 to $5,847,000 in 1922. The producing gas wells are situated in 
the counties of Welland, Haldimand, Norfolk, Kent, Essex and Bruce, in Ontario; 
at Moncton, New Brunswick, and at Medicine Hat and vicinity, in Alberta. The 
quantity of gas sold or used in 1922 was over 14,682,000 million feet. Of the 
total value, Ontario was credited with about 55 p.c. 

Petroleum. The production of crude petroleum comes almost entirely from 
the province of Ontario. The production of Canada in 1922 was 17{>,068 barrels, 
of which 164,732 barrels came from Ontario and 7,778 barrels from New Brunswick. 
The principal producing oil fields are situated in the peninsula of southwestern 
Ontario between lake Huron and lake Erie. The oil districts are all situated within 
an area underlain by Devonian strata, usually in an anticlinal axis, and the petroleum 
is largely obtained from the horizons in the Onondaga at varying depths in the 
different localities. 

Gypsum. Many large deposits of gypsum occur throughout Canada, but the 
production is chiefly from Windsor, Nova Scotia, Hillsborough, New Brunswick, 
Paris, Ontario, and Gypsumville, Manitoba. The Hillsborough deposit of gypsum 
in New Brunswick is of very high grade. There are also extensive deposits in British 
Columbia which are being worked by one company only. Nearly 50 p.c. of Canada s 
production is exported in crude forms. Beds of gypsum are associated with the 
lower Carboniferous limestones in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The mineral 
occurs in Ontario in the salt-bearing Salina formation of upper Silurian age. 

Salt. Practically the whole of the production comes from Windsor, Ontario, 
but the Malagash deposits in Nova Scotia are claiming much attention. The deposits 
of Ontario occur in the Salina formation of upper Silurian age, in which the beds of 
the mineral sometimes reach a thickness of 250 feet. The production in 1922 was 
181,794 tons, as compared with 164,658 tons in 1921. 

4. Clay Products and Structural Materials. 

Brick and Tile. The widespread clays of glacial and post-glacial age that 
often completely hide the underlying rocks over considerable areas of the St. Law 
rence lowlands, have furnished the material for numerous brick and tile industries, 
both in Ontario and Quebec. The brick production in 1922 was about 401 -8 million, 
as compared with 306-8 million in 1921. 



INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION 



397 



Cement. The raw materials for the manufacture of Portland cement are 
abundantly displayed in the St. Lawrence lowlands, and support a number of large 
industries. Some of these utilize marl-deposits of calcium carbonate in lakes 
scattered over the uneven surface of the post-glacial deposits and the clay beds 
of these deposits, while others use Palaeozoic limestone. The production of cement 
increased from 5,752,885 barrels in 1921 to 6,943,972 barrels in the .following year. 

33. Production of Cement in Canada, calendar years 1902-1922. 



Years. 


Natural ro 


ck cement. 


Portland 


cement. 


Total c 


ement. 


1902.. 


brl. 
127 931 


$ 

98 93 9 


brl. 
594 594 


$ 
1 O - S 618 


brl. 

799 e 9 e i 


$ 


1903 


92 252 


74 655 


6 9 7 741 


1 150 592 


71 Q GQ3 




1904 


56 814 


50 247 


910 358 


1 287 992 


Qfi7 179 




1905 


14 184 


10 274 


1 346 548 


1 Q1O 74A 






1906 


8 61C 


6 OS 9 


2 119 764 


Q 1 fi4 807 






1907 


5 775 


4 043 


2 436 093 


9 777 Q9S 






1908 


1 044 


815 


2 665 289 


370Q 1 *?Q 






1909. 






4 Oi>7 709 


5QJ5 80 






1910 






4 753 975 


fi 419 91 ^ 


A 7CO Q-C 




1911 






5 69 915 


7 fi44 WT 






1912 






7 13 739 




7 1T9 7^9 




1913 






8 658 805 








1914 






7 172 480 


91 87 094 




,(119.418 


1915 






5 6S1 032 


GQ77 O94 






1916 






S 3fiQ Ifill 


6CI7 790 






1917 






4 7RQ 400 


7 794 94ft 




.O4/.7/8 


1918 






3 591 481 








1919 






4 995 257 








1920 






6 651 980 


14 70S O7O 






1921 






5 75 885 




57=9 QOK 




1922.. 


_ 




fi.943 Q79 


IS 4S8 481 


fi QAt 079 


1P! A1Q AQ1 



34. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, fiscal years 1898-1923. 



Fiscal 
Years. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty 
paid. 


Fiscal 
Years . 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty 
paid. 


1898... 


Cwt. 
1,073.058 


$ 
355,264 


$ 
121 969 


1911 


Cwt. 

1 9S J 791 


$ 


$ 


1899 


1,300. 124 


467,994 


147 146 


1912 


9 w 09 1 ; 


Q0f- joe 




1900 


1.301,361 


498 607 


147 067 


1913 








1901 


1.612.432 


654.595 


179 550 


1914 


70a ifii 


099 rat 


097.7^7 


1902 


1,971,616 


833 657 


233 754 


1915 


987 4O9 






1903 


2,316.853 


868.131 


271.004 


1916 


94 136 


37 048 


Zo , U.H 
Q 3R9 


1904 


2.476.388 


995,017 


290 778 


1917 


fi3 074 


9d 71Q 




1905 


3,228,394 


1,234.649 


384.866 


1918 


26 243 


17 417 


9 fi94 


1906 


2,848.582 


963 . 839 


3^8 342 


1919 


9fl nc7 






1907 1 


1,551,493 


523.120 


162.250 


19 9 


45 458 


47 1 ^ft 


,00* 
379n 


1908 


2,427,381 


852.041 


259.549 


1921 


132 187 


153 513 


10 502 


1909 


1,460.850 


475.676 


159 077 


1922 


94 0^9 






1910 


490, 8C9 


158.487 


47.984 


1923 


112,610 


90. 849 


8,494 


Nine months. 

















5. Number of Mines, Capital, Labour, Wages, etc., 
by principal Groups. 

A survey of the industrial organization, for the purpose of showing the magni 
tude of the different mineral industries and their growth or decline, was made a 
part of the annual census of mineral production in 1921. Aside from the canvass 
forming a section of the previous decennial censuses, the annual statistics in recent 
years were confined chiefly to a presentation of the quantity and value production 
of each of the minerals. The additional data include the geographic distribution, 
the land tenure, character of organization, distribution of ownership, scale of 
operation, persons engaged and the power used in mining enterprises. In the 
eleven year period from 1910 to 1921, the number of mines or works increased by 
120 p.c., the wages paid by 81 p.c. and the value of production by 39 p.c. 



398 PRODUCTION 



The importance of the mineral production in Canada was indicated by a capital 
of $560 million, invested in lands and buildings, materials on hand, trading accounts, 
etc., an employment of 61,000 persons to whom were paid $79 million in salaries and 
wages, an expenditure of $14 million for fuel and of $47 million for miscellaneous 
expenses. 

Metallic Mineral Industries. The analysis of the metallic group is divided 
into two sections treating with mining and milling and with elementary metallurgy 
respectively. The metal mining and milling section included 367 companies oper 
ating 397 establishments, while nine metallurgical companies owned fourteen 
active plants. The metallic group employed 851 salaried persons and 11,282 wage 
earners. The remuneration included nearly $2,000,000 in salaries and $14-3 million 
in wages. The capital employed was $200,000,000, while the net value of bullion, 
ore, concentrates or residues shipped from the mines and products made by the 
smelters was about $48-1 million. 

Employment and Number of Operators. Alluvial gold mining was actively prose 
cuted in the Yukon and British Columbia by 195 operators comprising 18 corpora 
tions, 40 partnerships and 137 individuals. The number of wage-earners engaged in 
placer mining was 428. The total production was $1-58 million of which $1-34 million 
was credited to the Yukon. In the 73 mines and mills of the auriferous quartz 
industry the average employment was 3,651 wage-earners of whom 2,104 were 
working underground. Eleven copper-gold-silver mines shipped ore in 1921, only 
one of which, the Weedon in Quebec, was located outside of British Columbia. 
The wage-earners in the industry, including five non-producing mines and two mills, 
numbered 1,141. The nickel-copper industry, including seven mines, three smelters 
and two refineries, engaged 195 salaried employees with a remuneration of $502,991. 
Referring to the wage earners, the total man-days work for the whole industry was 
448,841, for which $1,979,273 was paid in wages, making the average earnings about 
$4.41 per man-day. Eighteen companies were active and twenty-two mines were 
operated in the silver-cobalt industry. In addition, eight idle mines made small 
shipments of ore from their dumps orof crude bullion recovered in previous years. 
Wage earners to the number of 612 working underground performed 176,698 man- 
days work, while 234 men working at the surface in the mining section performed 
69,101 man-days work. The employment in the mill section was 275 men perform 
ing 92,002 man-days work. With the exception of one shipping mine each in Quebec, 
Ontario and the Yukon, the silver-lead-zinc industry was dependent on the fifty- 
four shipping mines of British Columbia. Eight mills, six of which were in British 
Columbia, were also operated by the industry. The employment included 71 men 
receiving salaries of $123,546 and 715 men receiving $841,025 in wages. The 
metallurgical industry consisted of eleven companies, two of whom operated in 
British Columbia, one in New Brunswick and the remainder in Ontario. In view of 
the general depression in 1921, most of the companies curtailed their operations, 
which included in normal times fourteen smelting and refining plants. Salaried 
employees to the number of 315 received remuneration of $737,657 and 3,367 wage- 
earners were paid $3,669,300. The estimated cost of ores, etc. treated in the smelters 
was $8,400.000, while the products made by the metallurgical industry were valued 
at $23,732,277. 

Non-metallic Minerals. The non-metallic minerals group consisted of 
fifteen industries, of which the coal and asbestos mining were of chief interest, while 
the natural gas, gypsum and salt producing industries were also of importance. The 
group consisted of 718 active concerns operating 5,399 wells and mines. The employ- 



IND USTRIAL ORGA NIZA TION 



399 



ment was 2,057 persons on salaries receiving a remuneration of $4 5 million 
and 35,656 wage-earners, who were paid $47-8 million. The capital employed 
was $265-7 million and the aggregate value of production was $87-8 million. 

Coal Mining. Coal mining was carried on in Canada during 1921 in 396 
mines which were operated by 168 corporations, 79 partnerships and 102 individuals. 
The incorporated companies operated 215 mines. The area of mining properties 
in Nova Scotia was 210,827 acres, Alberta 194,365 acres and British Columbia 
284,578 acres. The total length of underground workings in Nova Scotia was 
142,955 feet, in Alberta, 828,700 feet, and British Columbia, 399,388, the total 
for Canada being 1,433,331 feet. The industry gave employment to more than 
30,000 men and the wage bill for the year amounted to $42,758,471. In addition, 
$3,718,238 was paid to salaried employees numbering 1,600 persons. 

Asbestos. The capital employed in the asbestos mining industry of Quebec 
was $41 3 million. The par value of the paid-up securities in 1921 was $29 2 million 
of which $19-7 million was owned in Canada. The salaries and wages paid were 
$2 7 million and the total value of production was $4 9 million. The average number 
of wage-earners in 1920 was 3,606 as compared with 2,570 in 1921. 

Other Non-metallic Industries. Other industries of importance from an 
employment standpoint were gypsum mining with 766 wage-earners, natural gas 
production with 760 wage-earners and salt mining with an average employment of 
297 men on wages. 

Structural Materials and Clay Products. The average number of wage- 
earners in the group was 10,038 and the salaried employees numbered 920, the 
salary and wage account being $10-6 million. The average number on the 
payrolls of the cement industry increased from 2,301 employees in 1920 to 2,751 
in 1921. The chief division of the clay products industry consisted of 202 estab 
lishments actively engaged in the manufacture of brick and tile. In the whole 
industry, the average daily wage for all workers was $4.06 per day, there having been 
a total of 784,279 days work performed for which $3,187,493 was paid. 

85. Summary of Principal Statistics Relative to Mining, Metallurgical, Structural 
Materials and Clay Products Industries Operating Plants, 1921. 















Net value of 














bullion, ore 




Number 

nt 


Number 
of 


Capital 


Number 
of 


Number 


concentrates 
or residues 


Groups. 


Ui 

active 
operators . 


operating 
plants 
or mines. 


actually 
employed. 


salaried 
em 
ployees. 


of wage- 
earners. 


shipped from 
the mines and 
productsmade 














by the 














smelters. 


Metallks. 






1 






$ 


Auriferous quartz mining and 














milling 


57 


59 


48,043,363 


238 


3 (551 


16 fiS9 7S4 


Silver-cobalt mining and mil 










O i Uu 1 


XUt UOt/i 1 OTS 


ling 


33 


39 


31,198,418 


103 


i 191 


6,316,812 


Silver-lead-zinc mining and mil 










1 t AA 




ling 


61 


72 


9, 888, 421 ! 


71 


718 


2,177,053 


Copper-gold-silver mining and 










1 AO 




milling 


14 


18 


5, 256, 051 2 


85 


1,137 


2,589,314 


Placer mining and milling 


197 


197 


10,703,650 




428 s 


1,576,222* 


Nickel-copper mining and mil 














ling 


3 


8 


8,107,245 


39 


816 


1 575 558 


Iron mining and briquetting 


4 


4 


4,604,048 




44 


230 , 164 


Iron blast furnaces 


_ 


_ 


__ 


_ 




1,646,790* 


Metallurgical works 


9 


14 


82,206,253 


315 


3,367 


15,332,277 


Total for Me tallies 














37R 


411 


2nn.nn7.4io 


851 


11 9S 


AH 199 m 


NOTE; For notes see foot of page 400. 







400 



PRODUCTION 



35. Summary of Principal Statistics Relative to Mining, Metallurgical, Structural 
MateriaFs and Clay Products Industries Operating Plants, 1921 concluded. 



Groups. 


Number 
of 
active 
operators. 


Number 
of 
operating 
plants 
or mines. 


Capital 
actually 
employed. 


Number 
of 
salaried 
em 
ployees. 


Number 
of wage- 
earners. 


Net value of 
bullion, ore 
concentrates 
or residues 
shipped from 
the mines and 
products made 
by the 
smelters. 


Non-metallics. 

Asbestos 


15 


18 


$ 

41,357,161 


124 


2,570 


$ 

4,906.230 




349 


396 


176,991,495 


1,626 


30,22:> 


72,451.656 


Feldspar 


23 


23 


484.633 


12 


131 


230,754 




3 


3 


163,257 


4 


77 


136,267 




3 


3 


286,993 


5 


50 


til. 067 




11 


12 


3,849,776 


36 


766 


1,785.538 




4 


4 


2,108,227 


10 


71 


81.320 




20 


20 


576,237 


5 


99 


70.063 




104 


2,022 


30,366,478 


125 


760 


4,504.164 




4 


4 


207,567 


3 


29 


93.610 


Petroleum 


120 


2,828" 


3,214,159 


19 


171 


641,533 


Quartz 


11 


11 


940,087 


8 


86 


312.947 


Salt 


12 


13 


2,267,708 


53 


277 


1,673.685 


Talc 


4 


4 


487.073 


5 


34 


1(4,565 


All other non-metalHcs * 


35 


38 


2,398,742 


22 


312 


656,283 


Total for Non-metalHcs 


718 


5,399 


365,701,593 


2,057 


35,656 


87,842,682 
















Structural Materials and Clay 
Products. 

Clav products 


216 


220 


28,515.928 


288 


4.118 


8,857.818 


Cement 


7 


14 


49,160,180 


343 


2,408 


14.195.143 




59 


66 


0,969 


87 


844 


2.781.197 


All others* 


375 


375 " 


11.138,035 


202 


2.668 


8,903,270 
















Total for Structural Mater 
ials and Clay Products. 


657 


675 


93,805,112 


920 


10,038 


34,737,428 


Summary by Classes: 


378 


411 


200,007,449 


851 


11,282 


48.133,974 


Non-metallics 


718 


5,399 


265,701,593 


2,057 


35.656 


87,842,682 


Structural materials and clay 


657 


675 


93.805,112 


920 


10,038 


34,737,428 

















Grand total 


1,753 


6,485 


559,514,154 


3,828 


56,976 


170,714,084 
















Summary by Provinces: 


71 


109 


82,283,644 


625 


13,504 






35 


71 


2.985.382 


66 


914 


- 


Quebec 


164 


169 


81, 494.!) 18 


507 


5.805 


- 


( )nt<irio 


741 


5,312 


188.769,764 


1,114 


13,151 





Manitoba 


27 


28 


5,343,706 


51 


752 


- 




65 


65 


11.177 


73 


721 





Alberta 


302 


357 


73,603.005 


762 


10,8?8 





British Columbia 


177 


203 


109.030,712 


625 


10, 840 





Yukon 


159 


159 


11.241,846 


5 


461 





Total for Canada 


1,741" 


6,473" 


559,514,154 


3,828 


56,976 


_ 

















i Excluding capital invested by Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, Trail, and Kingdon 
Smelter, Galetta. 

J Excluding capital invested by Granby Consolidated Mining and Smelting and Power Company, Anvox. 

Includes 3 silver smelters South Ontario: 5 plants nickel-copper smelters and refineries in Ontario 
and Quebec 6 plants copper, lead and zinc smelters, Ontario and British Columbia, and refineries in British 
Columbia and Ontario. 

Represents value of pig iron made from Canadian ore, deducting the net value of ores treated. 

Includes production of Yukon Territory, 82,394 crudeounces valued at $16. 30 per ounce and production 
for British Columbia valued at $233,200. 

Number of wells. 

Incorporated companies over Yukon Territory. 

Includes actinolite, barytes, chromito, corundum, magnesium, sulphate, manganese, mineral waters, 
peat, pyrites, sodium sulphate, and tripolite. 

Includes stone quarries and sand and gravel. 

"Number of active operators only. 

"Does not include railway ballast operators. 



WATER POWERS OF CANADA 



401 



VII. WATER POWERS. 
1. Water Powers of Canada. 1 

Prior to the world war, the price of fuels was so low that ample motive power 
could be secured through their agency at such reasonable cost that the development 
of water power only took place where the natural facilities greatly favoured it or 
where coal costs were relatively high. With the advent of war, coal costs soared and 
supplies became uncertain; at the same tune, power requirements became vastly 
greater and stimulated the development of water power. The return of peace has 
not produced any marked amelioration in the coal situation, while the gradual 
revival of industrial activity is steadily increasing the demand for power which the 
end of the war had considerably reduced. 

At the present time, water power development is active wherever conditions 
are favourable, and there can be little doubt that this activity will be increased 
with the improvement of financial and industrial conditions. 

The United States Geological Survey, in 1921, issued an atlas illustrating the 
water power resources of the world, which it places at 439,000,000 horsepower, 
43-3 p.c. of which are in Africa and 14-1 p.c. in North America. 

In Table 1, which is based upon the above mentioned atlas and revised in 
accordance with additions authentically recorded since its publication, are listed 
the more important water power countries, together with their population and 
developed water power. It is interesting to note that, with the exception of Norway 
and Switzerland, Canada has the greatest per capita development, and next to the 
United States, the greatest actual development. 

1. Developed Water Power of Leading Countries, 1922. 



Country. 


Population 
(in 
thousands). 


Developed Water Power. 


H.P. (in 

thousands) . 


Per 1,000 
Population. 


Canada 


8,788 
39,300 
59,860 
38,840 
55,960 
2,650 
5,900 
3,880 
105,700 


2,974 
2,100 
1,000 
1,650 
1,500 
1,654 
1,560 
1,531 
9,540 


338 
54 
17 
43 
27 
624 
264 
395 
90 


France 


Germany 


Italy 


Japan 


Norway 


Sweden 


Switzerland 


United States 





With this brief reference to the water powers of the world, we may proceed to a 
more particular consideration and analysis of those of the Dominion. It has already 
been shown that Canada is richly endowed with water power resources and is in the 
forefront as regards their utilization. In fact, practically every large industrial centre 
throughout the Dominion is now served with hydro-electric energy and has within 
easy transmission distance ample reserves for the future. Over 90 p.c. of the prime 
motive power of the central electric stations of Canada is hydro power. The main 
spring of industrial progress in the central provinces, which have no indigenous 
coal supplies, is water power. Table 2 shows the distribution of available and 
developed power in Canada. 

By J. B. Challies, C.E., M.E.I.C., Director, Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the 
Interior, Ottawa. 

6237326 



402 



PRODUCTION 



2. Available and Developed Water Power in Canada, Feb. 1, 1923. 



Provinces. 


Available 24-hour Power 
at 80 p.c. efficiency. 


Turbine 
installation. 


At ordinary 
minimum 
flow. 


At estimated 
flow for 
maximum 
development 
(dependable 
for 
6 months). 


British Columbia 


h.p. 
1,931,142 
475,281 
513,481 
3,270,491 
4,950,300 
6,915;244 
50,406 
20,751 
3,000 
125,220 


h.p. 
5,103,460 
1,137,505 
1,087,756 
5,769,444 
6,808,190 
11,640,052 
120,807 
128,264 
5,270 
275, 250 


h.p. 

328,977 
33,067 

134,025 
1,299,230 
1,073,883 
42,039 
47, 100 
2,239 
13,199 


Alberta 


Saskatchewan 


Manitoba 


Ontario 


Quebec 


New Brunsvv ick . . 




Prince Edward Island . 


Yukon and Northwest Territories 


Total 


18,255,316 


33,075,998 


2,973,75* 





The figures in columns 2 and 3 in the above table represent 24-hr, power, and 
are based upon rapids, falls and power sites of which the actual existent drop or the 
head possible of concentration, is definitely known or at least well established. In 
numerable rapids and falls of greater or lesser power capacity, which are not as yet 
recorded, are scattered on rivers and streams from coast to coast and will only 
become available for tabulation as more detailed survey work is undertaken and 
completed. This is particularly true of the less explored northern districts. Nor 
is any consideration given to the power concentrations which are feasible on rivers 
and streams of gradual gradient, where economic heads may be created by the 
construction of power dams, excepting only at such points as definite studies have 
been carried out and the results made matters of record. 

The figures in column 4 represent the actual water wheels installed throughout 
the Dominion. These figures should not be placed in direct comparison with the 
available power figures in columns 2 and 3 for the purpose of deducing therefrom 
the percentage of the available water power resources developed to date. The 
actual water wheel installation throughout the Dominion averages 30 p.c. greater 
than corresponding maximum available power figures calculated as in column 3. 
The figures quoted above, therefore, indicate that the "at present recorded water 
power resources" of the Dominion will permit of a turbine installation of 41,700,000 
h.p. In other words, the present turbine installation represents only 7 p.c. of the 
present recorded water pow r er resources. 

The above figures may be said to represent the minimum water power possi 
bilities of the Dominion. 

As illustrative of this, the detailed analyses which have been made of the 
water power resources of the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have 
disclosed most advantageous reservoir facilities for regulating stream flow. It is 
estimated that the two provinces possess within their respective borders 200,000 
and 300,000 commercial h.p. These figures provide for a diversity factor between 
installed power and consumers demands. 

Table 3 analyses the developed water power, and is interesting in that it shows 
the extent to which the great pulp and paper industry of the Dominion owes its 
development to water power. 



DEVELOPED WATER POWER IN CANADA 



403 



The statistics concerning the central station industry are further analysed in 
Table 4. The territory served by and the primary power installed in central sta 
tions are graphically indicated on the map facing page 390 and the diagram facing 
page 392 of the 1921 Year Book, to which the reader is referred. The statistics 
concerning the pulp and paper industry are analysed in Table 5. 

During 1922, installations have been made which amount to practically 240,000 
h.p., this figure including both new construction and the erection of new turbines 
and generators in existing water power stations, but excluding 190,000 h.p. installed 
during 1921 but only brought into operation in 1922. At the present time there 
are new developments either in course of construction or actively projected, the 
ultimate capacity of which is approximately 1,000,000 h.p. There is every indica 
tion that for a long time to come the development of water power in Canada will 
make great and continued progress. 

3. Developed Water Power in Canada, Feb. 1, 1923. 

Turbine Installation in H.P. 



Provinces. 


In 
Central 
Stations. 1 


In Pulp 
and Paper 
Mills. 2 


In 
Other 
Industries. 3 


Total.* 


Per 1,000 
Popula 
tion. 


British Columbia 


227,401 


48,800 


52,776 


328,977 


627 


Alberta 


32,380 




687 


33,067 


56 


Saskatchewan 













Manitoba 


117,625 


_ 


16,400 


134,025 


220 


Ontario 


1,018,853 


171,024 


109,353 


1,299,230 


443 


Quebec 


761/480 


231,737 


80,666 


1,073,883 


455 


New Brunswick 


21,113 


14,668 


6,258 


42,039 


108 


Nova Scotia 


15,346 


17,999 


13,755 


47,100 


90 


Prince Edward Island 


288 




1,951 


2,239 


25 


Yukon 


10,000 


m 


3,199 


13,199 


3,175 














Canada.. 


2.201,486 


484,228 


285,045 


2,973,759 


338 



1 Includes only hydro-electric stations which develop power for sale. z Includes only water power 
actually developed by pulp and paper companies. In addition to this total, pulp and paper comDanies 
purchase from the hydro power central stations totalled in column 1, 72,122 h.p. in Ontario and 88,455 h.p. 
in Quebec. The total hydro power utilized in the pulp and paper industry is therefore 644,805 h.p. 
3 Includes only water power actually developed in connection with industries other than the central station, 
and the pulp and paper industries. These industries also purchase blocks of power from the central stations 
totalled in column 1. 4 Total of all turbines and water wheels installed in Canada. 6 Average of de 
veloped water power per 1,000 population. 

4. Developed Water Power in Canada Utilized in the Central Electric Station 

Industry, Feb. 1, 1933. 



Provinces. 


Commercial Stations. 1 


Municipal Stations. 2 


Total. 


No. 


Installation. 


No. 


Installation. 


No. 


Installation. 


Genei- 
ator 
K.V.A. 


Turbine 
H.P. 


Gener 
ator 
K.Y.A. 


Tur 
bine 
H.P. 


Gener 
ator 
K.V.A. 


H.P. 

per 
turbine 
unit. 


H.P. 

per 
station. 


Total 
turbine 
H.P. 


British Columbia 
Alberta 


23 

3 

3 
67 
77 
7 
8 
7 
1 


141,686 
22,250 

37,350 
387, 159 
582,413 
6,585 
1,479 
331 
6,000 


217,356 
32,380 

50,400 
492,025 
743,855 
9,203 
1,449 
288 
10,000 


8 

2 
37 
16 
3 
11 


6,353 

57,312 
353,362 
13,202 
9,363 
11,239 


10,045 

67,225 
526,828 
17,625 
11,910 
13,897 


31 

3 

5 
104 
93 
10 
19 
7 
1 


148,039 
22,250 

94,662 
704,521 
595,615 
15,948 
12,718 
331 
6,000 


3,990 
2,491 

5,881 
3,742 
3,541 
960 
667 
32 
5,000 


7,335 
10, 793 

23,525 
9,796 
8,188 
2,111 
808 
41 
10,000 


227,401 
32,380 

117,625 
1,018,853 
761,480 
21,113 
15,346 
288 
10,000 


Saskatchewan... 
Manitoba 


Ontario 


Quebec 


New Brunswick. 
Nova Scotia 
Prince Edward I 
Yukon 


Canada 


196 


1,185,253 


1,556,956 


77 


450,831 


647,530 


273 


1,636,084 


3,483 


8,075 


2,204,486 



Commercial Stations include all privately owned. "Municipal Stations include all publicly owned. 
NOTE. Statistics in this table are based upon a census of the industry made by the Dominion Bureau 
ol Statistics in co-operation with the Dominion Water Power Branch. 

62373 26J 



404 



PRODUCTION 



5. Developed Water Power in Canada Utilized in the Pulp and Paper Industry, 

Feb. 1, 1923. 



Provinces. 


No. 

of 
Mills. 


Installed and Purchased Power H. P. 


Turbine installation in the 
Industry. 


Purchased 
Hydro- 
Electric 
Power. 4 


Total 
Hydro- 

Elec. 
(Col. 3+ 
Col. 5.)s 


Total 
Utilized 
in the In 
dustry 
(Col. 4+ 
Col. 5.) 


Direct 
drive. 1 


1 1 ydro- 
Electric 
drive. 2 


Total.s 


British Columbia 


5 
41 

54 
3 
10 


27,975 
89,830 
162,825 
2.368 
17,919 


20,825 
81,194 
68,912 
12,300 
80 


48,800 
171,024 
231,737 
14,668 
17,999 


72,122 
88,455 


20,825 
153,316 
157,367 
12,300 
80 


48,800 
243, 146 
320, 192 
14,668 
17,999 


Ontario 


Quebec 


New Brunswick 


Nova Scotia 


Canada 


113 


300,917 


183,311 


484,328 


160,577 


343,888 


644,805 





1 Includes all turbines actually installed in the industry and directly driving mill equipment. 2 Includes 
all turbines actually installed in the industry and transmitting power through electric drive. 3 Total of 
the turbine capacity actually installed in the industry. Includes only power purchased from hydro 
electric central stations icr the operation of pulp and paper mills. 5 Total of the hydro-electric power used 
in the industry. 6 Total of the water power used in the industry. 

2. Central Electric Stations. 

The development of the central electric power industry was greatly stimu 
lated during the war by the urgent need of power for the manufacture of war 
munitions. In Table 6 will be found statistics of the number of central electric 
stations, capital invested, revenue from sale of power, total horse power, kilowatt 
hours generated and number of subscribers for the five-year period ended 1921, 
together with the number of persons employed and the amount expended for salaries 
and wages. 

6. Statistics of Central Electric Stations, calendar years 1917-1921. 



Years. 


Number 
of 
stations. 


Capital 
invested. 


li^venue 
from sale 
of power. 


Total 
horse 
power. 


Kilowatt 
hours 
generated. 


Sub 
scribers. 


Persons 
em 
ployed. 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


1917. 


666 


1 

356 004,168 


i 

44 536,848 


1 844,o71 


(thous- 
sands.) 




8,8*7 


1 

7, 777, 715 


1918. . 


795 


401 942,402 


53,549,133 


1 841,114 




_ 


9,696 


10,354,242 


1919... . 


805 


416,512,010 


57,853,392 


1,907. i:5.i 


5,497,204 


_ 


9,656 


11,487,132 


1920 


819 


448,273,642 


65,705,060 


1,897,024 


5,894,867 


894,158 


10,693 


14,626,709 


1921 


857 


484,669,451 


73,376,580 


1,977,857 


5,614,132 


973,212 


10,714 


15,234,678 





















The primary power equipment of all central electric stations aggregated 2,111,- 
419 h.p. in 1921. This included water wheels and turbines, steam reciprocating 
engines and turbines and internal combustion engines. The hydraulic power 
machines greatly predominated over the other prime movers, being over 86 p.c. 
of the total capacity, with steam turbines coming second with 10 p.c., steam recipro 
cating engines third with 2-8 p.c. and internal combustion engines fourth with 0-8 
p.c. Included in the above were steam engines and internal combustion engines 
with a capacity of 105,062 h.p. or 4-5 p.c. of the total, installed in water power 
stations as auxiliary or standby equipment and in some stations supplementing 
the water power. A total of 28,500 h.p. is available in non-generating stations for 
emergencies. 

Central electric stations that have no water power, but are operated by steam 
and internal combustion engines, are on the whole small stations. Of the 187 



ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER 



405 



steam reciprocating engines installed in central electric stations in 1921, only 22 in 
number or 12 p.c. were over 500 h.p., and the internal combustion engines averaged 
only 75 h.p. The steam turbines averaged over 2,100 h.p., with 4 units averaging 
6,475 h.p., but there were only 43 steam turbines in the industry and these were 
confined to 22 stations, whereas the 604 water wheels and turbines averaged over 
3,000 h.p. 

The majority of the fuel using stations are primarily for lighting purposes, 
using the cheapest fuel procurable, generally local coal. In the prairie provinces, 
lignite coal is used for the steam engines and gasoline, oil distillates and producer 
gas for the internal combustion engines. 

Of the 203 internal combustion engines in central electric stations in 1921 r 
107 or over 50 p.c. were in Saskatchewan, 15 p.c. in Alberta and 7 p.c. in Manitoba. 

During 1921 the fuel stations produced an aggregate of 166,550,000 kilowatt 
hours at a cost for fuel of $2,550,437, or at an average of 1 -53c. per kilowatt hour. 
This production was however, less than 3 p.c. of the total output, hydro-electric 
stations producing over 97 p.c. The auxiliary equipment in hydraulic stations 
consumed fuel valued at $474,493, but no record is available of their output of 
current. 

The distribution by provinces of the electric energy generated in central electric 
stations throughout Canada is shown in Table 7 for the calendar years 1919, 1920 
and 1921. In the latter year nearly 82 p.c. of the total generated electric energy was 
produced in the leading industrial provinces of Ontario and Quebec. From Table 
9 it is seen that the total of electric energy exported in the fiscal year ended 1922 
was 861,574,793 kilowatt hours or about 15-3 p.c. of the amount produced in the 
calendar year 1921, the nearest corresponding period. 

7. Electrical Energy Generated in the calendar years 1919, 1920 and 1921, by Provinces. 





Kilowatt hour* 


i 


Kilowatt hours 




("000" omitted). 




("000" omitted). 


Provinces. 




Provinces. 






1918, 


1920. 


1921. 




1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward I . . 


840 


1,075 


1,271 


Saskatchewan 


43,035 


47,866 


54,295 


Nova Scotia 


35.088 


33,731 


34,330 


Alberta 


86,381 


114 101 


115,580 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


18, 341 
1,923,560 


25,632 
1,914,698 


30,351 
1,790,805 


British Columbia.. 
Yukon 


397,880 
9 538 


485, 177 
8 332 


499,095 
8 927 


Ontario 


2,802,886 


3 056 989 


2 808 246 










Manitoba 


17.). (>", } 


207, 131 


271,232 


Totals 


5,497,204 


5,894,733 


5,614,132 





Electric Light and Power. Electric light and power companies are subject 
to registration and inspection under the Electricity Inspection Act, 1907 (6-7 Edw. 
VII, c. 14), and the production of electrical energy for export is regulated by the 
Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act, 1907 (6-7 Edw. VII, c. 16). Both Acts were 
administered by the Department of Inland Revenue until September 1, 1918, when, 
by Order in Council of June 3, 1918, their administration was transferred to^the 
Department of Trade and Commerce. The statistics published in connection with 
these Acts are given in Tables 8 and 9. The number of electric light companies 
registered under the above-mentioned Act (see Table 8) has increased from 398 in 
1910 to 1,096 in 1923, and the export of electric energy from 538,331,425 kilowatt 
hours in 1911 to 1,054,872,585 kilowatt hours in 1923. 



406 



PRODUCTION 



8. Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity 
Inspection Act in the fiscal years 1914-1923. 



Provinces. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Prince Edward Island. . 


No. 
5 


No. 
6 


No. 
6 


No. 

7 


No. 

7 


No. 

g 


No. 

11 


No. 

11 


No. 
11 


No. 
12 


Nova Scotia 


37 


35 


35 


38 


Sfl 


37 


37 


45 


55 


59 


New Brunswick 


24 


24 


24 


23 


25 


25 


27 


28 


30 


38 


Quebec 


70 


53 


61 


79 


94 


133 


140 


184 


216 


226 


Ontario 


262 


282 


287 


308 


317 


328 


328 


371 


419 


494 


Manitoba 


16 


16 


16 


18 


20 


23 


23 


25 


46 


59 


Saskatchewan 


52 


54 


54 


58 


59 


65 


86 


93 


101 


118 


Alberta 


39 


36 


36 


41 


45 


47 


53 


46 


65 


76 


British Columbia 


57 


55 


55 


60 


60 


62 


63 


77 


82 


84 


Yukon , 


2 










































Totals 


564 


561 


574 


632 


663 


728 


768 


880 


1,025 


1,096 

























9. Electrical Energy generated or produced for Export by Canada under authority 
of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the fiscal years 1918-1923. 



Companies. 


Electric Energy Generated or Produced for Export. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Ontario Power Com 
pany of Niagara 
Falls, Niagara Falls 
Ontario 


k.w. hours. 

321,768,400 
256,005.960 

138,062,000 
14,225,610 

4,190,996 
327,832 
14,242,756 

118,791 
380,635,000 

i 


k.w. hours. 

316,921,400 
254,633,727 

141,511,000 
18,060,373 

4,954,661 
290, 530 
9,373,700 

265,378 
395,966,000 
1,301,200 


k.w. hours. 

319,362,000 
203,601,550 

108,237,000 
12,043,120 

6,122,638 
354,780 
14,541,734 

273,696 
282,225,000 
2,997,000 


k.w. hours. 

328,256,600 
172,251,210 

102,884,000 
1>, 803, 451 

7,877,398 
385,678 
21,626,236 

281,038 
364,432,000 

5,774,400 


k.w. hours. 

304 , 224, 400 
82,264,000 

102,122,000 
12,729,010 

8,460,291 
419,692 
24,825,300 

252,200 
324,193,000 
2,084,900 


k.w. hours. 

295,849,500 
244,948,750 

103,922,550 
8,606,760 

10,713,925 
467,353 
32,457,700 

212,347 
356,795,000 
898,700 


Canadian Niagara 
Power Company 
Niagara Falls, Ont 
Electrical Develop 
ment Company 
(Toronto Power 
Co.), Niagaia Falls 
Ont 


Ontario and Minnesota 
Power Company, 
Fort Frances, Ont... 
Maine and N ew Bruns 
wick Electric Power 
Company, Ltd., 
Aroostook Falls, 
N.B. 


British Columbia 
Electric Ry. Co., 
Vancouver, B.C 
Western Canada Pow 
er Co., Vancouver, 
B.C. 


Sherbrooke Railway 
and Power Com 
pany, Sherbrooke, 
Que 


Cedars Rapids Mfg. 
and Power Co. , Ced 
ars R:<pids, Que 
West Kootenay Power 
and Light Co., Ltd., 
Rossland, R.C 


Tot? Is... 


1,129,577,345 


1,143,277,969 


919,758,518 


1,019,572,011 


861,574,793 


i,05i,sr;,:>v> 





3. Public Ownership of Hydro-Electric Power. 

When, in the early years of the twentieth century, it became evident that the 
development of hydro-electric power would become a "key industry" in Canada, 
more especially in its coalless central provinces of Ontario and Quebec, a strong 
movement arose in favour of conserving the water-powers of the country for the 
public benefit instead of allowing them to pass into the hands of private corpor- 



PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF ELECTRIC POWER 407 

ations. This "public ownership" movement developed especial strength in Ontario 
and finally led to the establishment of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission, 
the operating statistics of which are given below. In more recent years, Manitoba, 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have established Hydro-Electiic Commissions 
on the model of the Ontario system. In Quebec, on the other hand, the develop 
ment of hydro-electric power has been left in the hands of private corporations. 

The Hydro- Electric Power Commission of Ontario. 

Ontario. The Hydro-electric scheme in Ontario had its beginning in 1903, 
when seven municipalities (Toronto, London, Brantford, Stratford, Woodstock, 
Ingersoll and Guelph) united in an investigation of the transmission possibilities 
of Niagara power. The Ontario Power Commission, which was created to report 
on the question, favoured the construction of a generating plant at Niagara 
Falls, and the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario was formed in 1906 
to carry out its recommendations. 

The capital required by the Commission for its transmission plant was provided 
by issues of bonds, guaranteed by the Government of Ontario, whose security was 
something more corporate than that of the associated municipalities. The contracts 
between the Commission and the municipalities called for repayment to the Govern 
ment in thirty years. 

When a municipality wishes to become part of the Hydro system, an engineer 
of the Commission reports on the cost of connection with the existing transmission 
lines. Then the question of joining the Hydro is voted upon under a civic by-law, 
which, if passed, is followed by another giving the necessary money. The local 
distribution system is financed by an issue of municipal debenture bonds to be 
retired in twenty years. Monthly bills are sent by the Commission to the munici 
palities, based upon an approximation to the yearly expense incurred in supplying 
power to the municipality, and at the year s end a thirteenth statement is sent, 
which brings the approximation to a true account. Like any efficient business 
concern, the Commission makes provision from the charges for power for sinking 
funds, repairs and replacements. 

The Commission had been given authority to generate its own power, but 
chose rather to contract for power from the Ontario Power Company at $9.40 for 
the first 25,000 h.p. and $9.00 for any in addition up to 100,000 h.p. In 1916 power 
was purchased from the Canadian Niagara Power Company as well, and in the 
following year the Ontario Power Company was acquired through purchase of 
practically all the stock. It was at this time that the Queenston-Chippawa develop 
ment was begun. Of the total drop of 327 feet between lake Erie and lake Ontario, 
an effective head of 305 feet is obtained by the Queenston-Chippawa development. 
This effective head is about twice that utilized by the plant located at the falls. 
This means that the efficiency of utilization of the water diverted from Niagara 
falls has been doubled, and for each cubic foot per second instead of 15 h.p., approx 
imately 30 h.p. is now developed. 

The Queenston-Chippawa development was begun in 1917 as a war measure, 
when the consumption of power in munition factories was greatest, at a time when 
the duration of the war could not be foreseen. High wage costs and high prices of 
material placed construction costs far above the original estimate of $10,500,000, 
besides which the ultimate capacity of the plant was enlarged. The cost of com 
pleting the first five units totalling 275,000 h.p., is now estimated at approximately 
$60,000,000. 



408 



PRODUCTION 



The first of these units began operation on December 28, 1921; three others 
commenced operations in 1922 and the fifth in 1923. Three additional units, each 
with a capacity of 55,000 h.p., have been ordered, the first of which is expected to 
be in operation about the end of 1923. 

Hydro-Electric Power Statistics. The Canada Year Book of 1910 (p. 
xliii) described the installation on October 11, 1910, at Berlin, now Kitchener, 
Ontario, of electrical energy generated by the Niagara falls, and the initial work 
carried out by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission for the supply of 
electrically generated power to 15 municipalities. The growth of the Hydro system 
in Ontario is shown in the amount of power used by its customers. In 1910, the 
Commission supplied 750 h.p. to 10 municipalities; in 1915, 100,242 h.p. to 99 
municipalites, in December, 1922, 294,061 h.p. was distributed, 81-7 p.c. of which 
was supplied to the Niagara district. "The government electric utilities in Ontario 
have grown from a league of seven municipalities formed in 1903 until now the 
vested interests of the people in this class of property are represented by invest 
ments totalling nearly $200,000,000, the bonded indebtedness of which is guaranteed 
by the Province of Ontario." 

In Table 10 will be found a consolidated operating report of the Hydro-Electric 
Power Commission for the years 1912 (the earliest ye;ir for which the statistics are 
available) to 1922. The table shows that, during the 11 year period covered, the 
number of municipalities securing electricity from the Commission has increased 
from 28 to 214, the number of consumers from 34,967 to 303,090, the earnings from 
$1,617,674 to $12,756,104 and the operating expenses from $1,377,168 to $11,343,766. 

!. Consolidated Operating Report of the Hj dro-Electric Power Commission of 

Ontario, 1912-1922. 



Years. 


N umber 
of muni- 

Hties. 


Number 
of 
Consumers. 


Horse 
power 

used. 


Earnings. 


Expenses. 


1912 


28 


34 9(17 




$ 

1 617 67* 


% 

1 377 168- 


1913 


45 


65 697 




2 617 440 


o 04j jgj 


1914 


69 


96 744 


70 698 


3 433 656 


9 Q7S 328 


1915 


99 


120 028 


100 242 


4 070 295 


3 371 414 


191fi 


128 


148,732 


120 768 


4 983 601 


4 140 066 


1917 


14!} 


170 916 


157 048 


6 070 065 


5 077 491 


1918 


166 


183,987 


159 990 


7 082 039 


5 736 335- 


1919 


181 


9 16 086 


185 355 


7 827 055 


6 531 482 


1920 


184 


245 666 


208 232 


9 707 901 


8 094 05ft 


1921 


205 


268 743 


242 349 


10 981 942 


9 317 ygi 


V.V1 


214 


303 090 


294 061 


12 756 104 


11 343 766 















In Table 11 will be found the financial statistics of the electrical installations 
of the municipalities served by the Hydro-Electric Commission for the four ye:u> 
1919 to 1922. In this comparatively short period, earnings increased from $7,827,055 
in 1919 to $12,756,104 in 1922, and operating expenses from $6,531,482 to $11,343,- 
766. 



ONTARIO HYDRO-ELECTRIC COMMISSION 



409 



11. Statement of Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Departments of 
Municipalities served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission for 
the calendar years 1919-1922. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Number of municipalities 


181 


184 


205 


214 


Earnings- 
Domestic "Light 


$ 
1,991,632 


1 

2,546,345 


$ 
3,149,080 


$ 
3,786,608- 


Commercial Light 


1,175,144 


1,512,855 


1,851,502 


2,158,306- 




3,443,107 


3,752,188 


3,895,437 


4,383,912 


Power, Municipal 




532,279 


645,531 


973,263 


Street Liight 


989,018 


1,005,535 


1,060,358 


1,160,447 


Rural 




168,920 


145,566 


105,877 


Miscellaneous 


228,271 


189,779 


225,468 


187,690- 












Total Earnings 


7,827,055 


9,707,901 


10,981,942 


12,756,104 












Expenses 
Power purchased ... 


3,284,491 


4,216,668 


4,876,650 


6,636,853 


Sub-Station Operation 


217,639 


285,407 


314,838 


315,444 


Maintenance 


81,854 


102,051 


104,798 


100,764 


Dist System Operation and Maintenance 


286,311 


344,552 


479,406 


519,252 


Line Transformers Maintenance 


42, .509 


46,323 


65,088 


52,932 


Meter 


78,727 


123,701 


116,723 


107,807 


Consumers Premises Expenses 


84,301 


116,284 


134,855 


143,389 


Street Light System, Operation and Maintenance. . . 
Promotion of Business . 


215,964 
74,789 


536,931 
78,295 


297,482 
101,804 


297,364 
129,933 


Billing and Collecting 


236,505 


295,943 


321,686 


338,153 




452,131 


559,695 


656,268 


605,852 


Undistributed expenses 


190,690 


256,400 


317,387 


385,895- 


Interest and Debenture Payments 


1,285,571 


1,431,807 


1,530,796 


1,710.127 












Tot. 11 ! Expensps . 


6,5$1,48? 


8,091,057 


9,317,781 


ll,34S,76fc 












Surplus . 


1,295,573 


1,613,844 


1,664,161 


1,412,338- 


Depreciation Charge 


814,219 


902,029 


1,044,435 


715,814 












Surnlus less Denreciation Charge. . . 


481.354 


711.815 


619, 72C 


696.524 



Statistics of the assets and liabilities of the electric departments of the munici 
palities served by the Hydro-Electric Commission are given in Table 12. These 
show total assets of $55,274,692 in 1922 as compared with liabilities of $35,196,388. 
Of the difference, $8,056,248 is assigned as reserves, leaving a surplus of $12,022,066, 
The ratio of net debt to total assets is 65-6 p.c. 

The above assets are exclusive of the assets of the Hydro-Electric Commission, 
which on October 31, 1922, were estimated at $133,206,533, against which the 
balance due to the Provincial Treasurer was $118,024,532. 

12. Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Electric Departments of Municipalities 
served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission for the calendar 

years 1919-1922. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Number of Municipalities 


181 


184 


205 


214 


Assets Plant 
Lands and Buildings 


I 

$ 
1,995,546 


$ 
2,175,568 


S 
3,230,986 


$ 
3,334,523 


Sub-station Equipment 


> (115,125 


3,231,051 


5,403,689 


5,046,858- 


Distribution Systems, Overhead 


7,445,820 


8,579,882 


8,397,361 


11,165,330 


" " Underground 


1,206,297 


1,313,369 


1,401,136 


1,598,053 


Line Transformers 


2,073,113 


2,560,582 


3,077,650 


3,618,685 


M.eters 


2 587 566 


3 053, 135 


3,552,077 


4,033,69& 


Street Light Equipment, Regular 


1 206 639 


1 269,007 


1,335,997 


1,419,016- 


Ornamental 


540 4!>s 


557,678 


610,587 


666,084 


Misc. Construction Expenses 


2,530,101 


2,697,636 


3,030,134 


3,261,496 


Steam and Hydraulic Plant 


986,201 


757, 195 


704,848 


565,159 


Old Plant 


805,960 


864 298 


912,389 


7,997,947 












Total Plant.. 


24.298.866 


27.059.401 


31.656.854 


42.706.841 



410 



PRODUCTION 



13. Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Electric Departments of Municipalities 

served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission for the calendar 

years 1919-1922 -concluded. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Number of Municipalities 


181 


184 


205 


214 


Other Assets 
Bank and Cash Balance 


$ 

462,437 


$ 

943,858 


- 
900,842 


$ 

1,164,336 


Securities and Investments 


627,076 


341,856 


477,679 


443,938 


Accounts Receivable 


1,921,167 


2,022,539 


2,155,789 


3,874,317 


Inventories 


1,032,570 


1,400,672 


l,504..VMi 


1,738,796 


Sinking Fund on Local Debentures 


1,925,456 


2,241,004 


2,541,718 


3,416,232 


Equity in Hydro Systems . . .... 


369,072 


577,584 


795,570 


1,543,434 


Other assets 


86.2J6 


25,447" 


78,930 


238,940 












Total Assets 


30,722,860 


34,615,361 


40,111,979 


55,126,834 


Deficit 


186,836 


182,946 


258,486 


147,868 












Tot?l Plant and Other Assets . . 


30,909,696 


34,798,307 


40,370,465 


55,274,692 












Liabilities 
Debenture Balance 


18,133,462 


19,268,072 


21,619,221 


30,454,186 


Accounts Payable.. 


1,420,927 


1,840,137 


1,887,568 


3 699 292 


Bank Overdraft 


403,236 


514,672 


989,100 


456,707 


Other Liabilities. . . 


670,272 


642,294 


938,369 


586,203 













Total Liabilities 


20,627,897 


22,265,175 


25,434,258 


35,196,388 












Reserves 
For Depreciation 


3,750,162 


4,788,645 


5,491,859 


6,512,814 


For equity in H. E. P. C. System 


373,872 


577,584 


800,249 


1,543,434 












Total Reserves 


4,124,034 


5,366,229 


6,292,108 


8,056,248 












Surplus 
I?ebpntures paid 


1,328,658 


1,440,157 


1,860,080 


3,104,591 


Local Sinking fund 


1,754,020 


2,246,474 


2,541,718 


3,416,231 


Additional operating surplus 


3,075,087 


3,480,272 


4,242,302 


5,501,244 












Total Surplus 


6,157,765 


7,166,903 


8,644,100 


12,022,066 












Total Liabilities, Reserves and Surplus 


30,909,696 


34,798,307 


40,370,466 


55,274,702 












Per cent net debt to total assets 


67-9 


65-3 


64-7 


65-6 













Hydro-Electric Power Commissions in other Provinces. 

Nova Scotia. The Nova Scotia Power Commission operates two generating 
stations at St. Margaret s bay, N.S., one on the North East river, about two miles 
up from the mouth of the stream, operating under a head of 156 ft. and developing 
3,900 h.p., and the other at tidewater near the mouth of the North East river, 
operating under a head of 90 ft. and developing a total of 6,900 h.p. 

The hydro-electric station of the Lunenburg Gas Co. on the Mushamush river, 
a mile from Mahone, was also purchased and rebuilt. This plant operates under a 
head of 22 ft. and develops 700 h.p. The Commission is generating and, at present, 
selling all its power from the St. Margaret s bay plants to the Nova Scotia Tram 
ways and Power Co., and is selling power from the Mahone plant to the Lunenburg 
Gas Co. for distribution in Lunenburg and Riverport. 

New Brunswick. The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission has con 
structed a power plant at the mouth of the Musquash river operating under a head 
of 95 ft. with turbines aggregating 11,100 h.p. The plant commenced operations 
in May 1923, and delivers power to the municipalities of St. John, Moncton, Fair- 
ville, Westfield, Fairvale, Hampton, Norton, Sussex, Apohaqui, Petitcodiac and 
Salisbury. The Commission is also buying power from the Bathurst Co. and selling 
it to the town of Newcastle. 



MANUFACTURES 411 



Manitoba. The Manitoba Power Commission entered into contract with the 
city of Winnipeg for a supply of power, and built 164 miles of transmission lines 
from Winnipeg, connecting Oakville, Portage la Prairie, Carman, Morden and 
Roland. The Commission purchased the hydro plant of the Minnedosa Power 
Co. and also built a fuel plant at Virden equipped with two oil engines aggregating 
240 h.p. The Minnedosa plant is equipped with a 450 h.p. water turbine operating 
under a head of 19 ft. and two oil engines of 120 h.p. each. Minnedosa and Virden 
are not connected with the system of transmission lines, but are separately operated 
units. 

VIII. MANUFACTURES. 
1. Evolution of Canadian Manufactures. 

Manufacture is defined as the operation of making wares from raw materials, 
by the hands, by tools or by machinery, thus adding, in the phraseology of the 
economist, new utilities and therefore additional value, to the already existing 
utilities and values of the raw material. Manufacture, in primitive societies and in 
the pioneer stages of new communities, is normally carried on within the household 
for the needs of the household, as was the case among the early settlers of Canada 
in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when domestic manufactures were 
carried on in combination with the cultivation of the soil, mainly at the times of 
the year when agricultural operations were suspended. At a later period in the 
evolution of society, small manufactures are carried on in specialized workshops 
for the needs of the immediate locality or neighbourhood, as was generally the case 
in Eastern Canada in the first half of the nineteenth century. Later still, as a con 
sequence of the introduction of machinery operated by steam or electric power the 
so-called "Industrial Revolution" and of the cheapening of transportation, manu 
facture has to an ever-increasing extent been concentrated in factories, often 
employing hundreds and even thousands of persons and producing for a national 
or even for an international market. So far as Canada is concerned, this "industrial 
revolution" may be said to have commenced shortly before Confederation and to 
be still in progress. The growth of manufacturing production since 1870 is outlined 
in this article and the accompanying Table 1, while the increasing importance of 
manufacturing for the international market may be illustrated by the statistics of 
Table 7 of the Trade and Commerce section of the 1920 Year Book, which shows 
that Canadian exports of manufactured produce increased from less than $3,000,000 
per annum on the average of 1871-1875 to $435,000,000 in the post-war fiscal year 
ended March 31, 1920. 

The kind of manufactures to be established in a community will in the beginning 
be largely determined, more especially where transportation charges are high, by 
the type of raw materials available in that community. For example, probably the 
first agricultural process to be carried on by Europeans in what is now the Dominion 
of Canada, was the raising of a crop of grain at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1605; 
the first manufacturing process was the grinding of the grain in the autumn of the 
year. Other earlier manufactures were also necessarily connected with the satisfaction 
of the primary needs of human beings .for food, clothing and shelter, and with the 
other primary need for protection. At a census of occupations taken in 1681, we 
find a comparatively large number of tailors and shoemakers, masons and carpenters, 
gunsmiths and edge-tool makers, enumerated. 

Nearly two centuries later, the first census of manufactures taken- after Con 
federation for the year 1870 indicated that the majority of the industries were those 



412 PRODUCTION 



in which abundant raw material was at hand or those which supplied necessities for 
which transportation difficulties ensured a steady local market. 

Until the later nineties the growth of Canadian manufacturing industry was 
not particularly rapid, though the great fall in the prices of commodities during the 
period from 1873 to 1897 was largely responsible for the comparatively slow growth 
of the values of manufactured commodities from $221.6 million in 1870 to $469.8 
million in 1890. Afterwards there was a change; the prices of commodities com 
menced to rise, while the industries generally shared in the advantages of the great 
growing period from 1900 to 1912. The gross product of establishments with five- 
hands or over increased from $368 . 7 million in 1890 to $1,166.0 million in 1910, 
and to $1,381.5 million in 1915. The fundamental advantages of the position of 
Canada, her abundant raw material, her inexhaustible water power, her growing 
home market in the expanding West, had contributed to produce this result. 

The Influence of the War. The influence of the war upon the manufactures 
of Canada was profound and far-reaching, tending to promote the diversification of 
product and the production at home of many commodities which had previously 
been imported. On account of the practical suspension of the importation of 
manufactured goods of many kinds from Europe, enterprising Canadian manufac 
turers were given opportunities of entering upon new lines of manufacture with 
practical control of the market. There was added to this the reflex effect of the 
great prosperity of agriculture, produced by the unprecedented prices of war-time. 
The farmers of Canada bought as never before. The general result was that industry 
worked at high pressure, not only to produce the munitions and military supplies 
for the armies of the Allies, but also to make the manifold varieties of goods required 
for the stimulated civilian consumption. The world shortage of staple commodities 
coupled with a strong domestic demand, gave to Canadian industries in general a 
pronounced stimulus toward greater production, and in a great number of cases the 
capacity of manufacturing plants was increased; this increase created a demand 
for greater supplies of raw material. Incidentally, factory methods became more 
specialized and a high degree of administrative and mechanical efficiency was 
attained, while Canada, partly owing to the temj orary decline of Europe, assumed 
a new position as one of the leading industrial countries of the world. 

The great boom in Canadian manufacture described above reached its height 
in the summer of 1920, the statistics for that year showing greatest gross and net 
value of products. The statistics for the year 1921, published at the end of Table 1, 
show a great decline in values, which does not mean a corresponding decline in actual 
physical quantity of production, though here a certain decline undoubtedly took 
place. On the whole 1922, the statistics for which are not yet available, was a rat her 
better year for employment in manufactures than 1921, and 192)5 li.-is been a better 
year than 1922. It would, therefore, appear that the country is recovering from 
the great depression of 1921, and that the rather low statistics for that year are not 
more representative of normal conditions in Canadian manufacturing industries 
than are the extremely high figures of 1920. However, even in the autumn of 1923 
it is the exception rather than the rule for manufacturers to he operal ing at capacity. 
Outstanding exceptions are the automobile and the pulp ami paper industries, but 
their activity is chiefly due to the extent to which they are engaged in the export 
trade. Among the industries the output of which is largely governed by the con 
dition of the home market, that which appears to be making the most encouraging 
recovery is the iron and -steel industry. 



MANUFACTURES OF CANADA 413 

In the present as in the past, Canadian manufacturing production has been 
chiefly dependent upon the use of Canadian raw material, though this is less true 
than formerly. Raw cotton, for example, is imported from the Southern States, 
hides from the Argentine, rubber from the Straits Settlements and Malay Peninsula, 
sugar from Cuba and the British West Indies, and wool from Australia and New 
Zealand, to supply the raw material for Canadian manufacturing industries. 

2. Statistics of Manufactures. 

1. Growth since 1871. 

The growth of large-scale production in manufactures during the past fifty years 
is evident from the statistics of Table 1, though this tendency has been less marked 
in Canada than in more highly developed industrial communities, with larger popu 
lations able to absorb a larger amount of standardized commodities. Even so, in 
the electoral district of South Toronto, the most important manufacturing centre of 
Ontario, the census of 1911 showed that one-half of the industrial establishments 
employed 90 p.c. of the workers. In the period immediately preceding the Great 
War many consolidations of previously independent manufacturing plants were 
effected, involving large economies in the purchase of materials and in selling 
expenses. 

The historical Table 1 shows fairly well the advance of the "Industrial Revolu 
tion" (which might better be called Evolution) in Canada. The average capital per 
manufacturing establishment, the average number of employees per establishment, 
and the average value of product per establishment, have been in trend continuously 
on the increase. If the consolidation of industry lessens the chances of an employee * 
becoming a master, it must also be remembered that the amounts paid to employees 
in salaries and wages have also increased, so that the position of the average employee 
has been greatly ameliorated, though the lack of statistics on Canadian prices before 
1890 prevents us from comparing the purchasing power of the average wages of the 
worker in 1870 and of the employee of 1920 and 1921. 

The Censuses of Manufactures. The comparability of the statistics of the 
various censuses is seriously affected by the different methods employed in taking 
the census. In the censuses of 1870, 1880 and 1890, all manufacturing establish 
ments were included, the instructions to enumerators running as follows: "An 
industrial establishment is a place where one or several persons are employed in 
manufacturing, altering, making up or changing from one shape into another, 
materials for sale, use or consumption, quite irrespectively of the amount of capital 
employed or of the products turned out. All repairs, mending or custom work are 
understood to be industrial products and are to be entered accordingly, by value, in 
the returns of industrial establishments." 

In the statistics for 1900, 1905, and 1910, however, only establishments employ 
ing five hands and upwards were included. The 1901 instructions are that no 
manufacturing establishment or factory will be so recognized for census purposes 
which does not employ at least five persons, either in the establishment itself or as 
pieceworkers employed out of it. This, however, did not apply to cheese and butter 
factories nor to certain mineral products. The 1911 instructions stated that every 
factory in operation during the whole or part of 1910, and employing five or more 
persons, was to make a full report. All flour mills, saw and shingle mills, lime kilns 
brick and tile works, butter and cheese factories, fish curing plants, electric light and 
power plants whatsoever were nevertheless to be included. The statistics for 1915 
included only establishments having an output of $2,500 or over, irrespective of the 



414 PRODUCTION 



number of persons employed, except in the case of flour and grist mills, butter and 
cheese factories, fish preserving factories, saw-mills, brick and tile yards, lime kilns 
and electric light plants, where all plants were included. 

Under the Statistics Act of 1918, the policy of including mines, fisheries, 
manufactures and other industrial prediction in the decennial census was 
abandoned and an annual "censis^of industry" substituted therefor. (See first 
anmal report of the Dominion Statistician, pp. 30-36). 

In the census of industry for 1917, the limit of output was withdrawn and all 
establishments reporting to the Bureau were included, the effect being an increase 
in the number of establishments included from 21,306 in 1915 to 34,392 in 1917 an 
increase due mainly to change of method, rather than to a change in the actual 
number of industrial establishments existing in the Dominion. Similar methods 
have been pursued in succeeding censuses, so that the results for the five years from 
1917 to 1921 are strictly comparable, a fact which has been the guiding principle in 
framing the table included in this part of the Year Book. As the establishments 
included for the first time in the 1917 census were those which carried on business 
only on a small scale, their inclusion affected only to a minor extent the statistics of 
those engaged in production and of the value of products. 

Censuses of Manufactures in Recent Years. The census of manu 
factures has since 1917 been taken by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics annually 
instead of quinquennially as theretofore. The last of the quinquennial censuses 
was taken in 1916 for the calendar year 1915, and the first annual censuses were 
taken hi the years from 1918 to 1922 for the years 1917 to 1921. 

In any comparison between the results of the 1915 quinquennial census and the 
subsequent annual censuses the rapid rise in prices must be borne in mind, and in 
comparisons between these annual censuses themselves the same factor must be 
taken into account. Thus, the new Canadian index number of wholesale prices 
compiled by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics was 248 . 2 in 1920 as compared with 
213.2 in 1919, 207.8 in 1918, 174.6 in 1917, and 115.6 in 1915. In 1921, however, 
there was a great decline to 177.3 on the average of the year a decline of approxi 
mately 28 . 6 p.c. from the preceding year. Under such circumstances it was inevit 
able that up to 1920 phenomenal advances in the money value of manufactured 
products should have been recorded, and that wages and salaries paid should also 
have greatly advanced since 1915. It was equally inevitable that in all these 
respects 1921 should show a great decline, due in much larger measure to the fall in 
values than to the decrease in physical production. 

Historical Statistics. In Table 1 are presented statistics showing by 
provinces the development of Canadian manufacturing industries during the half- 
century from 1870 to 1921. Particularly notable is the increase in the manufactures 
of British Columbia from $2.9 million in 1880 to $163.2 million in 1921, and of 
Manitoba from $3.4 million in 1880 to $123.5 million in 1921. Saskatchewan also 
shows an increase from $2.4 million in 1905 to $50.3 million hi 1921, and Alberta 
from $5.0 million in 1905 to $66.7 million in 1921. Thus the West is rapidly 
becoming an important contributor to Canadian manufacturing production. 



HISTORICAL STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES 



415 



1. Historical Summary of Statistics of Manufactures, by Provinces, 1870 to 1921. 

(All establishments irrespective of the number of employees.) 



Provinces. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees 


Salaries 
and wages. 


Cost of 
materials. 


Net 
value of 
products. 


Gross 
value of 
products. 


1870. 
Canada 


No. 
41,259 

4,912 
3,479 
13,818 
19,050 

49,722 

1,617 
5,493 
3,005 
15,754 
23,070 
344 
415 
24 

75,964 

2,679 
10,495 
5,429 
23,034 
32,151 
1,031 
770 
375 


$ 

77,964,020 

6,041,966 
5,976,176 
28,071,868 
37,874,010 

165,302,623 

2,085,776 
10,183,060 
8,425,282 
59,216,992 
80,950,847 
1,383,331 
2,952,835 
104,500 

353,213,000 

2,911,963 
19,730,736 
15,821,855 
116,974,615 
175,972,021 
5,684,237 
14,404,394 
1,713,179 


No. 
187,942 

15,595 
18,352 
66,714 

87,281 

254,935 

5,767 
20,390 
19,922 
85,673 
118,308 
1,921 
2,871 
83 

369,595 

7,910 
34,944 
26,675 
116,753 
166,322 
4,403 
11,507 
1,081 


% 

40,851,009 

3,176,266 
3,869,360 
, 12,389,673 
21,415,710 

59,429,002 

807,208 
4,098,445 
3,866.011 
18,333,162 
30,604,031 
755,507 
929,213 
35,425 

100,415,350 

1,101,620 
7,233,111 
5,970,914 
30,461,315 
49,730,359 
1,905,981 
3,586,897 
425,153 


$ 

124,907,846 

5,806,257 
9,431,760 
44,555,025 
65,114,804 

179,918,593 

1,829,210 
10,022,030 
11,060,842 
62,563,967 
91,164,156 
1,924,821 
1,273,816 
79,751 

259,759,292 

2,092,067 
16,062,479 
12,501,453 
80,712,496 
127,737,371 
5,688,151 
5,119,258 
846,017 


$ 

96,709,92; 

6,531,845 
7,935,921 
32,650,15< 
49,591,995 

129,757,473 

1,570,998 
8,553,296 
7,451,816 
42,098,291 
66,825,714 
1,488,205 
1,652,968 
116,187 

219,088,594 

2,253,843 
14,905,913 
11,348,202 
66,747,087 
111,504,555 
4,467,031 
6,880,670 
981,293 


$ 

221,617,773 

12,338,105 
17,367,687 
77,205,182 
114,706,799 

309,676,068 

3,400,208 
18,575,326 
18,512,658 
104,662,258 
157,989,870 
3,413,026 
2,926,784 
195,938 

469,847,886 

4,345,910 
30,968,392 
23,849,655 
147,459,583 
239,241,926 
10,155,182 
11,999,928 
1,827,310 


Nova Scotia. . . . 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


1880. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba. . . . 


British Columbia. . 
The Territories 
1890. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


British Columbia. . 
The Territories 




1890. 
Canada 1 


14,065 

14,650 

334 
1,188 
919 
4,845 
6,543 
324 

105 
392 

12,547 

223 
720 
531 
4,115 
6,163 
280 
55 
97 
363 

19,218 

442 
1,480 
1,158 
6,584 
8,001 
439 
173 
290 
651 

15,593 

261 
781 
630 
5,743 
6,538 
499 
238 
282 
621 


(Establish 

446,916,487 

2,081,766 
34,586,416 
20,741,170 
142,403,407 
214,972,275 
7,539,691 

1,689,870 
22,901,892 

833,916,155 

1,553,916 
74,599,538 
26,461,664 
251,730,182 
390,875,465 
27,070,665 
3,820,975 
5,400,371 
52,403,379 

1,247,583,609 

2,013,365 
79,596,341 
36,125,012 
326,946,925 
595,394,608 
47,941,540 
7,019,951 
29,518,346 
123,027,521 

1,958,705,230 

1,841,690 
125,754,562 
45,970,488 
530,312,464 
946,619,114 
94,690,750 
14,736,860 
41,198,897 
157,580,405 


nents wit 
272,033 

339,173 

3,804 
23,284 
22,158 
110,329 
161,757 
5,219 

1,168 
11,454 

383,920 

2,770 
23,754 
19,170 
116,748 
184,526 
10,113 
1,376 
1,983 
23,480 

515,203 

3,762 
28,795 
24,755 
158,207 
238,817 
17,325 
3,250 
6,980 
33,312 


h five hands an 
79,234,311 

113,249,350 

445,998 
5,613,571 
5,748,990 
36,550,655 
56,548,286 
2,419,549 

465, 763 
5,456,538 

162,155,578 

409,915 
9,139,371 
6,497,161 
46,514,619 
80,729,889 
5,800,707 
681,381 
1,129,272 
11,253,263 

241,008,416 

531,017 
10,628,955 
8,314,212 
69,432,967 
117,645,784 
10,912,866 
1,936,284 
4,365,661 
17,240,670 

283,311,505 

543,954 
17,175,818 
8,767,230 
80,324,171 
140,609,691 
13,389,569 
2,440,062 
4,791,281 
15,269,729 


d over.) 

266,527,858 

1,319,058 
13,161,077 
10,814,014 
86,679,779 
138,230,400 
7,955,504 

1,121,342 
7,246,684 

601,509,018 

1,816,804 
26,058,315 
18,516,096 
184,374,053 
297,580,125 
30,499,829 
2,747,266 
9,998,777 
29,917,753 

791,943,433 

1,499,066 
36,194,004 
21,314,643 
213,754,115 
110,670,537 
38,529,386 
7,417,166 
20,699,967 
41,864,549 


214,525,517 


368,696,723 

481,053,375 

2,326,708 
23,592,513 
20,972,470 
158,287,994 
241,533,486 
12,927,439 

1,964,987 
19,447,778 

706,446,578 

1,696,459 
31,987,449 
21,833,564 
216,478,496 
361,372,741 
27,857,396 
2,443,801 
4,979,932 
37,796,740 

1,165,975,639 

3,136,470 
52,706,184 
35,422,302 
350,901,656 
579,810,225 
53,673,609 
6,332,132 
18,788,825 
65,204,236 

1,381,547,225 

2,586,823 
69,345,819 
37,303,900 
381,203,999 
715,531,839 
60,481,446 
13,355,206 
29,416,221 
72,321,972 


1900. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


1,007,650 
10,431,436 
10,158,456 
71,608,215 
103,303,086 
4,971,935 

843,645 
12,201,094 

564,466,621 

1,319.666 
26,647,869 
16,906,206 
166,527,603 
282,230,100 
23,173,780 
3,584,866 
8,790,048 
35,286,483 

589,603,792 

1,087,757 
33,151,815 
15,989,257 
167,449,884 
304,861,302 
21,952,060 
5,938,040 
8,716,254 
30,457,423 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Alberta and 
Saskatchewan 
British Columbia. . 
1905. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia. . 
1910. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick. . . . 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia. . 
1915. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick. . . . 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia. . 



>These statistics are not available by Provinces. 
NOTE. For 1915 the number of employees in establishments employing 5 hands and over has not been 
compiled. 



416 



PRODUCTION 



1. Historical Summary of Statistics of Manufactures, by Provinces, 187 to 1921 

concluded. 
(AH establishments irrespective of the number of employees.) 



Provinces. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees. 


Salaries 
and wages. 


Cost of 
materials. 


Net 
value of 
products. 


Gross 
value of 
products. 


1916. 
Canada 


No. 

21,306 

291 
968 
714 
7,158 
9,287 
840 
457 
584 
1,007 

34,392 

534 
2,147 
1,423 
10,042 
14,381 
1,329 
1,436 
1,317 
1,772 
11 

35,797 

484 
2,125 
1,364 
10,540 
15,365 
1,444 
1,422 
1,252 
1,786 
15 

38,344 

539 
2,249 
1,439 
11,061 
16,438 
1,622 
1,534 
1,379 
2,064 
19 

43,200 

538 
2,477 
1,588 
11,645 
17,886 
1,908 
2,350 
2,043 
2,750 
15 

41,323 

446 
2,196 
1,326 
10,762 
18,093 
1,965 
2,027 
2,024 
2,470 
14 


$ 

,994,103,272 

1,906,564 
126,539,183 
46,290,014 
548,972,575 
956,883,423 
95,845,845 
16,788,992 
42,239,693 
158,636,983 

2,786,649,727 

2,652,374 
136,521,655 
65,539,370 
823,317,251 
1,335,963,699 
101,145,033 
33,114,630 
63,215,444 
221,436,100 
3,739,171 

3,034,301,915 

2,886,662 
133,262,649 
74,470,879 
860,468,768 
1,508,011,435 
105,983,159 
39,476,260 
61,405,933 
244,697,241 
3,638,929 

3,230,686,368 

2,867,035 
131,914,231 
89,958,882 
936,712,125 
1,583,161,271 
111,535,665 
35,869,588 
66,673,667 
268,419,281 
3,574,623 

3,443,276,053 

3,190,812 
148,270,147 
109,465,537 
1,031,322,966 
1,705,496,450 
118,620,805 
40,224,939 
60,619,340 
224,597,477 
1,467,580 

3,210,709,288 

2,452,826 
107,490,242 
103,367,891 
973,722,564 
1,620,681,181 
100,441,542 
34,794,506 
55,538,526 
210,798,811 
1,421,199 


No. 

497,170 

2,334 
33,581 
17,423 
148,329 
243,905 
19,668 
3,621 
7,255 
21,054 

674,910 

1,923 
31,398 
21,363 
211,018 
326,635 
22,670 
8,210 
11,524 
40,098 
71 

678,337 

1,467 
29,569 
19,888 
207,494 
333,972 
23,887 
8,066 
9,894 
44,039 
61 

682,434 

1,605 
28,105 
24,248 
205,561 
323,372 
27,354 
9,479 
12,997 
49,671 
42 

685,349 

1,643 
28,399 
21,130 
205,431 
333,992 
28,764 
10,476 
14,424 
41,030 
60 

517,141 

1,098 
17,206 
13,741 
159,698 
258,345 
20,732 
7,235 
10,324 
28,700 
62 


1 

285,889,291 

554,467 
16,316,712 
8,765,433 
80,217,258 
144,072,317 
13,614,857 
2,705,754 
5,074,742 
14,567,751 

550,192,069 

837,230 
23,553,090 
13,822,446 
158,134,925 
278,462,708 
19,599,051 
7,007,073 
10,387,379 
38,269,366 
118,801 

629,799,644 

777,067 
25,563,978 
14,247,388 
175,800,005 
320,740,214 
23,389,683 
8,496,172 
10,249,465 
50,422,163 
104,509 

689,435,709 

973,306 
24,557,105 
19,244,350 
189,732,521 
336,579,559 
30,695,829 
11,437,427 
15,186,068 
60,964,272 
65,272 

816,055,139 

1,133,241 
31,083,770 
21,294,425 
224,237,747 
408,203,562 
39,069,278 
14,420,242 
18,991,514 
57,516,415 
104,945 

581,402,385 

651.620 
16,663,920 
11,815,664 
164,450,443 
303,938,086 
26,992,333 
8,842,286 
12,160,528 
35,775,528 
111,976 


t 

802,135,862 

1,520,327 
37,738,161 
21,495,324 
216,497,844 
415,285,954 
38,513,514 
7,678,416 
21,121,439 
42,284,883 

1,605,730,640 

3,402,485 
109, 736, 731 
33,333,090 
403,422,445 
822,842,054 
73,131,719 
23,449,495 
43,896,941 
92,489,277 
26,403 

1,990,252,314 

3,547,800 
93,540,657 
34,513,640 
472,444,599 
1,008,824,704 
92,600,183 
30,614,183 
54, 740, 907 
109,403,517 
22,124 

1,875,615,877 

4,269,843 
74,928,099 
53,471,290 
517,596,980 
943,622,018 
93,539,234 
35,437,613 
55,796,219 
99,944,539 
20,04 

2,190,891,214 

4,412,51 
90,245,26 
62,702,705 
575,990,38 
1,122,940,60 
99,756,49 
40,071,23 
60,654,35 
134,044,85 
72,79 

1,446,304,12 

2,658,44 
43,919,12 
33,335,42 
406,553,32 
744,433,90 
68,216,07 
29,538,96 
36,978,78 
80,607,32 
62,74 


$ 

605,001,278 

1,126,142 
33,122,595 
16,336,710 
171,402,741 
312,637,320 
23,080,670 
6,484,158 
9,471,394 
31,339,548 

1,409,847,300 

2,115,425 
66, 632. l ! l 
29,084,376 
427,191,584 
710,896,601 
49,673,162 
17,208,251 
27,772,482 
78,936,339 
336,786 

1,557,784,661 

2,146,078 
66,869,233 
33,819,429 
448,176,572 
800,242,297 
52,431,327 
19,395,452 
27,693,515 
106,772,000 
238,758 

1,645,115,712 

2,599,741 
65,196,996 
46,534,315 
470,987,843 
793,921,978 
62,480,875 
24,314,873 
39,059,540 
139,850,449 
169, 102 

1,833,848,249 

2,615,179 
72,963,570 
51,052,424 
545,237,606 
890,245,847 
76,024,415 
32,633,767 
37,954,200 
124,913,470 
207,771 

1,301,622,553 

1,575,684 
40,296,696 
26,179,312 
378,200,483 
666,842,526 
55,254,32; 
20,723,666 
29.724.15C 
82.604.70C 
221,013 


$ 

1,407,137,140 

2,646,469 
70,860,756 
37,832,034 
387,900,585 
727,923,274 
61,594,184 
14,162,574 
30,592,833 
73,624,431 

3,015,577,940 

5,517,910 
176,369,025 
62,417,466 
830,614,029 
1,533,738,655 
122,804,881 
40,657,746 
71,669,423 
171,425,616 
363,189 

3,458,036,975 

5,693,878 
160,409,890 
68,333,069 
920,621,171 
1,809,067,001 
145,031,510 
50,009,635 
82,434,422 
216,175,517 
260,882 

3,520,731,589 

6,869,584 
140,125,095 
100,005,605 
988,574,823 
1,737,543,996 
153,020,109 
59,752,486 
94,855,759 
239,794,988 
189,144 

4,024,739,463 

7,027,691 
163,208,839 
113,755,129 
1,121,227.989 
2,013,186,455 
175,780,907 
72,705,003 
98,608,556 
258,958,325 
280,569 

2,747,926,675 

4,234,132 
84,215,822 
59,514,741 
784,753,805 
1,411,276,431 
123,470,393 
50,262,635 
66,702,938 
163,212,023 
283.765 


P E Island 




New Brunswick 






Saskatchewan 


Alberta .... 


British Columbia. . 
1917. 
Canada 


P E Island 




New Brunswick 


Ontario 


Manitoba 




Alberta 


British Columbia. . 
Yukon 


1918. 
Canada , 


P E Island 


Nova Scotia .... 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan .... 


Alberta 


British Columbia. . 
Yukon . ..... 


1919. 
< aiiada 


P E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick. . . 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba . ..... 


Saskatchewan .... 


Alberta 


British Columbia. 
Yukon 


1920. 
Canada 


P E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick. . . 


Ontario . 


Manitoba 






British Columbia. 
Yukon 


1921. 
Canada 


P E Island 




New Brunswick. . . 






Saskatchewan 
Alberta 


British Columbia. 
Yukon 





RECENT MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION 



417 



2. Recent Manufacturing Production. 

[For the scheme of reports annually issued on the manufacturing industries by 
the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, the reader is referred to the section later on in 
this volume, dealing with the organization of the Bureau and its publications.] 

Since and including 1917, the census of manufactures has been taken on a 
comparable basis. According to the census of 1921 there were in Canada 41,323 
manufacturing establishments, distributed throughout the nine provinces and Yukon 
Territory. The total number of employees was 517,141, the amount of capital 
invested $3,210,709,288 and the output was valued at $2,747,926,675. As compared 
with 1917 there was a decrease of 23.4 p.c. in the number of employees, an increase 
of over 15 p.c. in the amount of capital invested and a decrease of over 8 . 8 p.c. in the 
value of products. 

Value of Products. The gross value of manufactured products for 1921 was 
reported as $2,747,926,675; the cost of materials was $1,446,304,122, leaving 
$1,301,622,553 as the value added by manufacture. As the finished products of one 
branch of manufacture are constantly used as materials in other branches, in the 
ascending scale of modern industry, it follows that they are counted over and over 
again, swelling in this manner the total gross value of products. The total value of 
manufactured products, strictly defined, would include (1) the value of all raw 
materials obtained from the extractive and primary production industries which 
have entered into the manufactured output, and (2) the entire value added to these 
raw materials by manufacturing processes from the time they first entered any 
factory up to the close of the census year. This value would be very much greater 
than the $1,302 million added by manufacture. 

Volume of Production. The unsatisfactory nature of the monetary unit as 
a standard of measurement suggests the desirability of an expedient to place the 
production data of recent years on a more uniform basis. The value of the dollar 
has fluctuated greatly during the last ten years, the inflation culminating in May, 
1920. In Table 2 are presented basic data used in determining the relative volume 
of products manufactured in Canada during the several years specified. The index 
numbers representing the volume of products as shown in the last column of the 
table will serve as a better measure than mere values of the annual output of manu 
facturing establishments in Canada. The index number of value of products in 
1921 was 195 and the index number representing wholesale prices was 153. If the 
former number is divided by the latter the resultant quotient is 127, or, otherwise 
expressed, the volume of products in 1921 exceeded that of 1915 by 27 p.c. 

2. Volume of Products of Canadian Manufactures, 1915-1921. 



Years. 


Gross Value 
of Products. 


Index Numbers. 


Gross Value 
of Products. 


Wholesale 
Prices of 
Commo 
dities. 


Volume o 
Manu 
factured 
Products. 


1915... 


1 

1,407,137,140 
3 015 577 940 


100 
214 
246 
250 
286 
195 


100 
151 
180 
212 
215 
153 


100 
142 
137 
118 
133 
127 


1917 


1918 


3,458,036,975 
3,520,731,589 
4,024,739,463 
2,747,926,675 


1919 


1920 


1921 





6237327 



418 



PRODUCTION 



Statistics for recent years. In Table 3 are given summary statistics of the 
manufactures of Canada for the three years 1919 to 1921 inclusive. Similar statistics 
for 1917 and 1918 were. given in Table 110 on page 363 of the 1921 edition. 

3. Summary Statistics of Manufactures of Canada, 1919, 1920 and 1931. 

(All establishments irrespective of the number of employees.) 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


Increase 
p.c. 
1919-20. 


1921. 


Decrease 
p. c. 
1920-21. 


Establishments No. 


38,344 


43,200 


12-66 


41,323 


4-34 


Capital $ 


3,230,686,368 


3,443,276,053 


6-58 


3,210,709,288 


6-75 


Average capital per establish- 
ment $ 


84,255 


79,705 


-5-40 


77,698 


2-52 


Employees on salaries No. 


88,316 


89.297 


1-82 


76,777 


14-62 


Salaries 


130,855,002 


158,353,778 


21-01 


140,110,891 


11-52 


Average salary 


1,482 


1,761 


18-82 


1,825 


+ 3-63 


Employees on wages No. 


594,118 


596,052 


0-33 


440,364 


27-79 


Wages 


558,580,707 


657,701,361 


17-75 


441,291,494 


32-90 


Average wage 


940 


1,102 


17-23 


1,002 


9-07 


Cost of materials 


1,875,615,877 


2,190,891,214 


16-81 


1,446,304,122 


33-98 


Value added in manufacture... . $ 
Value of products S 


1,645,115,712 
3,520,731,589 


1,833,848,249 
4,024,739,463 


11 47 
14-32 


1,301,622,553 
2,747,926,675 


29-02 
31-47 


Average value products per es 
tablishment $ 


91,820 


93,165 


1-49 


66,499 


28-62 


Pieceworkers 1 .. No. 


15,374 


14,893 


- 3-13 






Earnings of piece workers 1 


3,401,663 


3,943,810 


15-94 


_ 


















NOTE. Minus ( ) denotes decrease. Not included in general statistics of number of employees or 
earnings. 

A classification based on the component material of the chief product of value 
of each establishment was applied for the first time in the compilation of the returns 
for 1920. The number of groups was reduced from fifteen to nine to correspond 
with the external trade classification, and the classes of industry were somewhat 
altered to conform with recent industrial organization. In Table 6 are given statis 
tics of production and employment for the years 1918 to 1920 under the old classifica 
tion, while at the commencement of Table 7 similar statistics are given for 1920 
and 1921, under the new classification of industries. The statistics of the forty 
largest manufacturing industries according to gross value of production, in 1920 and 
1C21 arc presented in tabks 4 and 5. 

4. Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1920. 



Industries. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital 
Invested. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Value of 
Products. 


Slaughtering and meat-packing 


No. 
86 


$ 

84,288,306 


$ 

170,916,888 


$ 

240,544,618 


Flour and grist mill products 


1,332 


68,838,927 


205,746,546 


239,255,461 


Pulp and paper 


100 


347,553,333 


84,208,688 


236,420,176 


Lumber, lath and shingle mills 


3,481 


199,651,576 


103,077,980 


207,163,577 


Foundry and machine shop products .... 


792 


149,323,908 


53,976,167 


140,4?8,057 


Sugar refineries . . 


8 


46,499.876 


113,967,945 


131,772,715 


Buildinir and construction 


1,548 


47,694,574 


40,424,944 


li ti. 991,068 


Butter and cheese . 


3,133 


25,?86,106 


106,211,588 


125.816,656 


Rolling milts and steel furnaces 


41 


90,632,751 


46,371.(i!)5 


101,616.104 


Automobiles 


17 


53.906,506 


67,157,045 


101,465,846 


Cottons 


31 


76,413,703 


53. 402,/ 23 


92,490,002 


Rubber goods ^including rubber footwear) 


35 


58,370,039 


41,838,200 


80,717,308 


Car repair shops . . 


157 




26,682,339 


70.568,913 


Boots and shoes (leather) . 


173 


34.347,026 


40,807,366 


66,817.174 


Electric light and power 


819 


448,273.642 




65,705,060 


Clothing, men s, factory 


196 


37,920,004 


34,589,605 


62,066,487 


Bread and other bakery products 


t ,769 


23,612.654 


38,239,135 


61,800,633 


Petroleum 


9 


50,058.209 


37,847,086 


57,675.676 


Hosiery and knit goods .... 


128 


42 113 393 


34,238,894 


56,736,545 


Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes ..... 


98 


33 966.154 


17,82fi,151 


55,125.617 


Electrical apparatus . 


96 


68 31S.262 


26,812,829 


55.120.964 


Shipbuilding and repairs . . 


82 


62,882 3f 


20,952,217 


54.825,696 


Biscuits and confectionery 


400 


31 217.581 


30.939,803 


51,058, 833 


Printing and publishing. . . 


1 007 


40.446,6711 


15,597,082 


53,841,603 



PRINCIPAL STATISTICS OF LEADING INDUSTRIES 



419 



4. Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1920 concluded. 



Industries. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital 
Invested. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Value of 
Products. 


Lumber products 


No. 

810 


$ 

44,138 873 


$ 

29 624 883 


$ 

53 365 656 


Cars and car works 


11 


61 883 898 


28 736 470 


53 313 260 


Clothing, women s, factory 


274 


22,750 922 


30 956 445 


52 874 568 


Agricultural implements 


80 


101 107,516 


20 474 379 


44 073 847 


Leather, tanned, curried and finished 


100 


29,739 987 


30 370 591 


41 440 602 


Printing and bookbinding 


670 


28,248,490 


14 015 292 


38 826 979 


Plumbing, heating and tinsmithing 


2,159 


20,828,185 


20 029 384 


38 508 784 


Furniture and upholstered goods 


320 


31,181,219 


13 206 583 


33 606 637 


Fish, preserved 


940 


20 512 265 


19 363 9 9 


30 900 147 


Woolen goods 


66 


22 73 1 9 8 


14 720 413 


28 018 565 


Pig iron and ferro-alloys 


Q 


29 128 967 


20 290 760 


26 946 433 


Paints and varnishes 


48 


20 320 851 


15 918 557 


26 939 476 


Hats nnd caps 


230 


16 594 962 


12 115 687 


op ROS 1574 


Boilers and engines 


55 


32 662 552 


9 891 832 


2 614 951 


Clothing, men s, custom 


1,620 


11 516 424 


9 966 713 


9 826 426 


Furnishing goods, men s 


62 


14,405 583 


12 99Q 395 


20 555 619 












Totals for Forty Leading Industries... 


22,992 


2.629,560,970 


1,715,234 329 


3 095 125 413 


Totals for All Industries . 


43,200 


3,413,276 053 


2 190 891 214 


4 024 719 4Kt 


Percentage of Forty Industries to Total of 
AH Industries... 


53 22 


76-37 


78-29 


76-90 



5. Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1921. 



Industries. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital 
Invested. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Value of 
Products. 


Flour and grist mill products 


No. 

582 


$ 

59 234 847 


$ 

153 445 024 


$ 
179 63 246 


Slaughtering and meat-packing.. 


84 


58 459 555 


113 389 835 


IRQ 1QC OOQ 


Pulp and paper 


100 


379 812 751 


62 276 224 


IKI nn<? ifil 


Saw, lath and shingle mills < 


3,126 


186 019 994 


57 242 686 


mfiQI 101 


Butter and cheese 


3,087 


27 535 634 


77 797 821 


07 RW 49fi 


Housebuilding and construction 


1,501 


50 896 653 


31 155 060 


85 224 331 


Electric light and power 


857 


484 669 451 




73 636 094 


Sugar, refined 


7 


35 783 067 


56 882 242 


BO KOQ 897 


Automobiles and motor trucks 


14 


4C 080 269 


45 119 345 


67 050 209 


Cotton yarn and cloth 


31 


65 947 429 


35 157 233 


fiK Q70 KQR 


Rolling mills and steel furnaces 


39 


121 859 860 


34 820 791 


56 201 810 


Printing and publishing 


836 


38 788 973 


15 412 71 


KQ A1Q fifil 


Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes 


94 


35 757 047 


15 374 386 


52 050 244 


Petroleum , refined 


11 


55 630 864 


35 850 653 


51 565 403 


Bread and other bakery products 


1,658 


23 551,215 


29 202 936 


51 367 917 


Biscuit and confectionery. . . . 


372 


30 655 589 


2 9 600 8 9 1 


AR 750 ni4 


Boots and shoes, leather. . 


177 


31 644 855 


23 379 183 


44 665 381 


Electrical apparatus and supplies 


96 


62 795 361 


19 215 135 


44 497 268 


Clothing, men s, factory 


162 


30 244 384 


29 929 415 


43 766 569 


Foundries and machine shop products 


325 


62 152 439 


17 221 919 


42 205 275 


Steam railway cars 


11 


52 873 569 


oo oin OOK. 


4fi 94"i 831 


Agricultural implements 


75 


94 129 064 


17 04fi 989 


JC 7fiO ten 


Hosierv and knit goods 


127 


37 906 361 


1C QfiA 4Q1 


Qfi coo HQ4 


Clothing, women s, factory 


176 


13 694 846 


18 617 634 


35 256 026 


Woodworking, sash and door factories 


758 


41 239 799 


18 434 190 


35 186 135 


Printing and bookbinding 


625 


28 275 937 


10 853 841 


33 414 439 


Breweries 


55 


37 645 447 


9 714 486 


30 Q31 ft^3 


Plumbing and tinsmithing 


2,137 


12 219 038 


13 777 756 


90 OflA 39ft 


Sheet metal products 


129 


27 681 041 


13 219 712 


9 774 nQft 


Rubber goods 


23 


38 4 9 786 


12 219 987 


95 fiio 049 


Furniture and upholstering 


345 


28 8/8 955 


8 5 9 8 8 9 


93 Q71 3fiQ 


Leather tanneries 


119 


32 137 488 


15 157 358 


22 905 528 


Industrial machinery 


112 


40 000 370 


fi fin (V?s 


91 ftHft 91 ft 


Shipbuilding and repairs 


38 


38 005 783 


SQSfi fl9Q 


in KHQ n^o 


Fish curing and packing 


842 


19 411 990 


Hvns 47s 


1ft ftQ4 139 


Gas, lighting and heating 


50 


37 097 280 


Q 970 fi07 


* 1ft 779 9ft*t 


Automobile repairs 


2 716 


7 773 825 


7 515 942 


1ft ini Q19 


Paints and varnishes 


49 


20 330 95 1 


Q 714 "591 


10 H44 391 


Furnishing goods, men s . . 


82 


11 800 238 


10 229 398 


17 Q4fi 9Q1 


Heating and ventilating appliances 


54 


24 159 408 


4 777 045 


16 119 383 












Totals for Forty Leading Industries 


21,682 


2,525,132 413 


i 121 036 221 


2 071 827 (Iti 


Totals for All Industries . . . 


41,323 


3,210,709 288 


1 446 304 1 2 


2 747 926 67 * 


Percentage of Forty Industries to Total of 
All Industries 


52-49 


78 65 


77 51 


75. 43 



62373-27J 



420 



PRODUCTION 



6. Summary Statistics of Manufactures, by Groups 



Groups of Industries. 


Establishments. 


Capital. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1. Food products 


No. 

7,968 
4,191 
1,064 

4,594 
1,672 
1,762 
391 
337 
793 

2,392 
153 

893 
204 
2,595 

6,788 


No. 

8,031 
4,366 
1,135 

4,966 
2,057 
1,803 
405 
312 
558 

2,942 
144 

837 
177 
2,610 
7,941 


No. 

8,210 
4,668 
1,175 

5,159 
2,941 
2,004 
412 
435 
339 

3,705 
125 

973 
189 
2,731 
10,134 




340,499,122 
237,724,097 
339,483,020 

334,104,182 
76,652,767 
242,046,328 
47,973,751 
134,377,823 
73,528,361 

132,757,003 
32,948,356 

179,799,539 
57,444,939 
742,635,175 
62,327,452 


1 

359,366,536 
265,819,050 
349,929,834 

395,808,490 
88,272,360 
288,974,274 
45,236,675 
138,133,759 
86,081,326 

145,351,322 
37,639,965 

122,833,658 
72,114,691 
753,834,956 
81,239,472 


1 

368,199,680 
322,969,862 
383,849,892 

411,355,727 
86,190,939 
349,735,550 
61,272,930 
179,054,280 
21,268,208 

94,623,279 
47,322,591 

149,749,703 
64,250,j56 
810,935,820 
92,497,036 


2. Textiles 


3. Iron and steel products 


4. Timber and lumber and re-manufac 
tures ... 


5. Leather and its finished products. . . . 
^>. Paper and printing . 


7. Liquors and beverages 


8. Chemicals and allied products. . . . 


9. Clay, glass and stone products. . . . 


10. Metals and metal products other 
than iron and steel. 


11. Tobacco and its manufactures . . 


12. Vehicles for land and air trsanporta- 
tion 


13. Vehicles for water transportation. . . . 
14. Miscellaneous industries 


15. Hand trades 


Totals 


35,797 


38,344 


43,200 


3,034,301,915 


3,230,686,368 


3,443,276,053 





Groups of Industries. 


Employees on 

Salaries. 


Salaries paid. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1. Food products 


No* 

12,036 
7,569 
7,082 

6,593 
2,31 
7,797 
949 
2,850 
978 

3,682 
1,039 

3,573 
1,403 
14,836 
2,515 


No. 

13,864 
10,537 
8,051 

8,608 
2,855 
9,547 
927 
2,815 
1,018 

4,672 
1,325 

4,088 
1,432 
15,263 
3,309 


No. 

14,279 
9,685 
8,500 

6,694 
2,852 
11,609 
1,209 
3,976 
534 

3,931 
1,438 

4,540 
1,298 
15,032 
3,720 


- 

14,420,250 
11,711,389 
11,566,806 

9,835,274 
3,372,088 
11,041,001 
1,619,113 
4,524,669 
1,493,600 

5,578,802 
1,563,801 

5,247,893 
1,923,055 
20,304,583 
3,300,750 


- 

17,681,234 
14,946,343 
13,518,253 

12,734,049 
4,751,016 
14,844,110 
1,484,443 
4,803,087 
1,792,118 

6,551,620 
2,367,599 

6,679,565 
2,616,933 
21,175,982 
4,908,650 


$ 

20,968,728 
19,464,122 
16,363,180 

12,565,720 
5,487,282 
20,898,948 
2,094,233 
7,734,100 
1,028,050 

6,354,247 
2,777,766 

9,815,366 
2,540,721 
23,706,941 
6,554,375 


2. Textiles 


3. Iron and steel products 


4. Timber and lumber and re-manufac 
tures 


5. Leather and its finished products. . . . 
6. Paper and printing 


7. Liquors and beverages ... 


8. Chemical and allied products. 


9. Clay, glass and stone products . . 


10. Metals and metal products other 
than steel 


11. Tobacco and its manufactures . . . 


12. Vehicles for land and air transporta 
tion .... 


13. Vehicles for water transportation 
14. Miscellaneous industries 


15. Hand trades 


Totals 


75,221 


88,316 


89,297 


107,503,074 


139,855,002 


158,353,778 





STATISTICS OF GROUP PRODUCTION 



421 



of Industries (Old Classification), 1918, 1919 and 1920. 



Cost of Materials. 


Value of Products. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


f 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


636,392,864 


736,404,245 


746,902,089 


839,086,118 


949,234,158 


977,149,828 


196,080,057 


227,841,353 


273,678,278 


342,385,878 


400,902,541 


468,340,134 


238,483,815 


120,772,003 


174,367,807 


443,455,779 


299,480,387 


388,659,450 


94,000,304 


132,917,264 


86,880,211 


251,699,154 


354,617,529 


402,757,053 


58,755,096 


85,187,804 


86,784,379 


94,577,196 


129,980,237 


136,578,344 


62,276,642 


73,664,746 


117,396,463 


167,367,972 


203,502,828 


311,756,454 


13,476,912 


15,263,730 


23,071,665 


28,266,256 


33,820,948 


50,347,697 


93,754,000 


66,421,263 


110,690,115 


173,649,073 


122,889,030 


197,093,029 


9,497,591 


8,161,940 


7,311,256 


35,354,311 


35,983,529 


21,722,476 


91,819,081 


47,791,682 


63,757,536 


170,042,852 


149,016,160 


127,962,951 


19,039,791 


27,651,755 


28,387,747 


55,411,487 


64,272,208 


74,652,188 


105,561,485 


113,845,317 


142,336,127 


205,213,617 


215,530,983 


265,368,833 


30,296,947 


34,374,524 


21,567,418 


76,630,411 


88,454,139 


56,793,336 


223,533,091 


142,169,549 


153,588,503 


485,082,107 


337,909,365 


367,823,873 


27,284,638 


43,148,702 


54,171,620 


89,814,764 


135,137,547 


177,733,817 


1,900,253,311 


1,875,615,877 


2,190,891,214 


3,458,036,975 


3,520,731,589 


4,024,739,463 



Employees on Wages. 



Wages Paid. 



1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


$ 


$ 


$ 


52,294 


56,334 


55,551 


38,576,094 


48,238,630 


53,976,333: 


79,110 


80,475 


89,876 


46,205,413 


58,451,594 


75,360,088 


69,466 


56,442 


61,964 


79,076,215 


63,439,558 


81,512,595- 


87,286 


101,215 


74,862 


66,587,955 


82,492,121 


77,250,703 


19,237 


21,678 


21,900 


12,507,227 


17,426,647 


20,526,706 


40,742 


42,142 


47,383 


34,640,392 


42,112,540 


57,357,095 


4,006 


4,326 


4,638 


3,145,442 


3,731,562 


5,133,759 


16,541 


12,216 


17,803 


17,588,912 


12,774,051 


20,977,096 


9,918 


9,795 


5,420 


9,061,712 


10,272,443 


6,478,231 


25,128 


24,555 


23,876 


24,810,997 


25,929,364 


26,786,725 


9,104 


9,358 


7,838 


4,935,829 


5,372,536 


5,841,303 


39,035 


45,953 


56, 292 


42,065,775 


60,009,352 


79,367,662 


21,041 


23,102 


14,321 


25,186,327 


27,925,335 


19,590,388 


92,385 


60,796 


62,357 


88,372,871 


55,074,162 


68,364,187 


37,823 


45,731 


51,971 


29,525,409 


45,330,812 


59,178,490 


603,116 


594,118 


596,052 


522,287,570 


558,589,707 


657,701,361 



NOTE These statistics and those of the following Table may be compared with the corresponding 
statistics for 1915, given on pages 285-293 of the 1916-17 edition of the Year Book, under the reservation 
that in 1915 statistics were secured only from establishments having an output of $2,500 or over, except in 
the case of flour and grist mills, butter and cheese factories, fish preserving factories, saw-mills, brick and 
tile yards, lime kilns and electric light plants, in which cases all establishments were included. In the 
above Table, and in those that follow, all establishments in all industries are included. 



422 



PRODUCTION 



7. Statistics of the Numbers, Capital, Employees, Wages, Cost of Materials 

summary by 

(New 







Establish 




Salaried 


Employees. 


No. 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


ments. 


Capital. 


Number. 


Salaries. 


1 


1920. 
Vegetable products 


No. 
4,233 


* 

396,305,898 


10,988 


$ 

IS 926 082 


T! 


Animal products 


4,823 


221 792 457 


10 410 


15 03 357 


s 


Textiles and textile products 


4,528 


321 750 003 


9 656 


19 463 1 14 


4 


Wood and paper 


7,867 


772 086,812 


18 508 


33 813 563 


5 


Iron and steel products 


1,690 


642 904,322 


14 873 


29 262 083 


6 


Non-ferrous metals and their products 


324 


109,332,033 


4 309 


7 227 211 


7 


Non-metallic mineral products 


866 


143 631,810 


2 562 


4 136 749 


8 


Chemicals and allied products 


464 


122,123,730 


3 714 


7 241 630 


9 


Miscellaneous industries 


2,052 


503,382,290 


6,859 


10 305 771 


10 


Construction, hand trades and repairs 


16,353 


209 866 698 


7 418 


12 954 218 
















Total 


43,200 


3,443,276,053 


89,297 


158,353,778 


1 


1921. 
Vegetable products 


3,958 


362,665,357 


10,510 


18 639 312 


f, 


Animal products 


5,051 


200,697,527 


10,354 


15 722 980 


I 


Textiles and textile products 


4,046 


264,118,883 


7,531 


15 458,517 


4 


Wood and paper . 


7, 152 


775 207,859 


16 571 


31 976 579 


5 


Iron and its products 


1,138 


575 630,424 


11 843 


22 965 454 


6 


Non-ferrous metals and products 


334 


104 079,490 


4 101 


7 5 9 6 846 


7 


Non-metallic mineral products 


764 


126 939, 134 


2,227 


3 858 940 


8 


Chemical and allied products 


468 


113,382,642 


3 728 


7 084 639 


| 


Miscellaneous industries 


1,995 


532,671,415 


6.445 


10 084 555 


10 


Construction, hand trades and repairs 


16,407 


150,216,557 


3,467 


6 743,069 
















Total 


41,333 


3,210,709,288 


76,777 


140,110,891 




1. Vegetable Products 


3.95S 


362,665,357 


10,510 


18,689,312 


1 


Biscuits and confectionery 


372 


30 655,589 


1,710 


2 797 541 


? 


Bread and other bakery products 


1,658 


23,551,215 


1,261 


1 798,705 


3 


Breakfast foods, prepared 


9 


3,390,160 


53 


117,729 


4 


Breweries 


55 


37,645,447 


571 


1,276,635 


5 


Chewing gum 


4 


2,497,112 


76 


203,713 


6 




5 


3 817 071 


86 


175 412 


7 




40 


5 970 434 


303 


662 303 


8 




5 


11 557,051 


126 


362 196 


1 


Flniir nH prist m jl] pT>dll<^ ......... . . . 


5S2 


59,234,847 


1,434 


2 824,061 


10 


Chopping mills 


675 


2,592,465 






11 


Fruit and vegetable canneries 


103 


10,623,851 


274 


410,128 


1? 


Fruit and vegetables evaporated 


61 


576,668 


39 


31,564 


1ft 


Grain foods prepared 


4 


112,852 


7 


14,418 


14 


Ice cream cones 


11 


375,945 


21 


33,022 


l. i 


Jams and jellies 


46 


6,551,207 


174 


311,063 


16 


Linseed oil and oil cake 


8 


2,509,124 


43 


74,321 


17 


Macaroni and vermicelli 


8 


1,105,095 


42 


50.290 


18 


Malt mills 


7 


2,246,223 


24 


57,947 


It 


Maple syrup and sugar 


4 


172,992 


15 


27,793 


20 


Nut preparing 


8 


359,500 


18 


21,443 


?,1 


Pickles and relishes 


22 


2,885,501 


94 


172,052 


n 


Rice mills 


6 


1,049,418 


13 


51,900 


n 




12 


15,816,832 


695 


1,006,215 


t\ 


Rubber goods 


23 


38,420,786 


952 


1,805,205 


?s 




12 


1,720,163 


97 


180,264 


?6 




7 


5,887,210 


68 


113,610 


77 


Stock and poultry foods 


21 


956,400 


90 


129.714 


*8 


Sugar refineries 


7 


35,783,067 


333 


765,456 


Tfl 


Syrups 


9 


210,051 


16 


21,202 


30 


Tobacco, chewing and smoking 


25 


11,993,028 


320 


669,284 


31 


Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes 


94 


35,757,047 


1,351 


2,198,259 


3? 




38 


2,921,462 


91 


143,574 


33 




13 


1,966,659 


61 


80,064 


34 




4 


1,752,885 


52 


102,229 




2. Animal products 


5,051 


200,697,527 


10,354 


15,722,980 


1 


Animal hair goods 


6 


662,876 


19 


55.961 


7! 




7 


1,429,936 


67 


105,301 


S 

4 


Boot and shoe findings 
Boots and shoes, leather 


6 
177 


229,224 
31,644.855 


6 
1,646 


9,995 
3,497,087 


5 


Butter and cheese 


3,087 


27,535,634 


3,690 


3,356,009 


6 


Condensed milk 


27 


7,722.197 


12 


212.227 


7 




842 


19,411.990 


487 


551.330 


8 


Fur dressing 


13 


452,803 


31 


61,457 


1 


Fur goods. . 


219 


9,598,311 


670 


989,683 



STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES 



423 



and Value of Products of Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1921 with 
groups for 1920. 

Classification.) 



Wage Earners. 


Total Employees. 


- 


Value of Products. 








rVvaf f\t 




M 


Number. 

r 


Wages. 


Number. 


Salaries 
and Wages. 


\jWo\i UI 

Materials. 


Net. 


Gross. 


INO. 




$ 




$ 


$ 


$ 


S 




61,872 


57,306,640 


72,860 


76,232,722 


539,318,609 


235,709,433 


775,028,042 


1 


38,277 


39,268,249 


48,687 


54,291,606 


400,496,354 


152,995,130 


553,491,484 


2 


89,066 


74,494,289 


99,688 


93,957,403 


272,695,211 


192,984,741 


465,679,952 


3 


125,223 


137,796,897 


143,731 


171,610,460 


308,282,232 


415,784,276 


724,066,508 


4 


131,331 


176,152,516 


146,204 


205,414,599 


349,642,666 


365,473,097 


715,115,763 


5 


18,853 


20,668,132 


23,162 


27,895,343 


48,434,120 


52,847,178 


101,281,298 


6 


16,208 


19,546,943 


18,770 


23,683,692 


74,200,407 


54,405,062 


128,605,469 


7 


13,939 


14,951,791 


17,653 


22,193,421 


62,644,608 


65,183,212 


127,827,820 


8 


19,505 


21,250,315 


26,364 


31,556,086 


26,579,370 


98,629,180 


125,208,550 


9 


81,778 


96,265,589 


89,196 


109,219,807 


108,597,637 


199,836,940 


308,434,577 


10 


596,053 


657,701,361 


686,315 


816,055,139 


3,190,891,314 


1,833,848,349 


4,034,739,463 




50,987 


44,800,947 


61,497 


63,490,259 


367,759,058 


206,141,228 


573,900,286 


1 


35,372 


32,401,687 


45,726 


48,124,667 


267,878,165 


111,534,101 


379,412,266 


2 


71,346 


57,046,408 


78,877 


72,504,925 


174,174,208 


142,676,574 


316,850,782 


3 


94,751 


99,113,282 


111,322 


131,089,861 


203,856,170 


283,260,565 


487,116,735 


4 


65,237 


75,398,529 


77,080 


98,363,983 


194,725,179 


187,672,905 


382,393,084 


5 


13,835 


15,165,938 


17,936 


22,692,784 


31,439,989 


41,149,894 


72,589,883 


6 


13,755 


15,942,151 


15,982 


19,801,091 


67,780,080 


47,776,911 


115,556,991 


7 


8,843 


9,107,818 


12,571 


16,192,457 


43,108,870 


45,495,135 


88,634,005 


8 


16,551 


18,701,095 


22,996 


28,785,650 


18,989,818 


101,562,721 


120,552,539 


9 


69,687 


73,613,639 


73, 154 


80,356,708 


76,592,585 


134,352,519 


210,945,104 


10 


440,361 


441,391,494 


517,141 


581,403,385 


1,446.304,133 


1,301,633,553 


2,747,926,675 




50,987 


44,800,947 


61,497 


63,490,359 


367,759,058 


206,141,338 


573,900,386 




9,533 


6,936,458 


11,243 


9,733,999 


22,600,821 


24, 157, 193 


46,758,014 


1 


8,436 


9,483,319 


9,697 


11,282,024 


29,202,936 


22,164,981 


51,367,917 


2 


209 


265,732 


262 


383,461 


1,469,274 


1,411,511 


2,880,785 


3 


2,456 


3,076,978 


3.027 


4,353,613 


9,714,486 


21,217,367 


30,931,853 


4 


171 


144,870 


247 


348,583 


1,123,206 


1,290,200 


2,413,406 


5 


463 


420,663 


549 


596,075 


2,323,516 


1,238,322 


3,561,838 


6 


499 


427,595 


802 


1,089,898 


7,569,914 


2,856.550 


10,426,464 


7 


331 


396,922 


457 


759, 118 


2,161,525 


5,299,320 


7,460,845 


8 


4,724 


5,124,771 


6,158 


7,948,832 


153,445,024 


26,187,222 


179,632,246 


9 


848 


362,352 


848 


362,352 


11,137,612 


4,002,991 


15,140,603 


10 


1,330 


975,241 


1,604 


1,385,369 


5,688,504 


4,020,709 


9,709,213 


11 


292 


149,174 


331 


180,738 


353,726 


498,703 


852,429 


13 


21 


14,490 


28 


28,908 


178,540 


96,907 


275,447 


13 


103 


84,901 


124 


117,923 


355,731 


355,832 


711,563 


14 


564 


418,832 


738 


729,895 


3,270,539 


1,951,643 


5,222,182 


15 


249 


250.657 


292 


324,978 


4,239,255 


1,984,121 


6,223,376 


16 


180 


140, 145 


222 


190,435 


820,200 


629,511 


1,449,711 


17 


157 


248,945 


181 


306,892 


2,019,577 


773,840 


2,793,417 


18 


20 


20,362 


35 


48,155 


201,366 


126, 180 


327,546 


19 


87 


48,625 


105 


70,068 


388,953 


205,082 


594,035 


30 


554 


358,535 


648 


530,587 


1,829,061 


1,345,601 


3,174,662 


21 


34 


33,738 


47 


85,638 


964,100 


281,665 


1,245,765 


33 


4,360 


2,941,654 


5,055 


3,947,869 


4,637,137 


9,214,607 


13,851,744 


33 


3,791 


4,006,292 


4,743 


5,811,497 


12,219,987 


13,398,055 


25,618,042 


34 


239 


179,102 


336 


359,366 


3,635,663 


692,902 


4,328,565 


35 


629 


667,498 


697 


781,108 


2,716,292 


1,720,036 


4,436,328 


36 


74 


65,662 


164 


195,376 


594,281 


553,923 


1,148,204 


27 


2,136 


2,417,438 


2,469 


3,182,894 


56,882,242 


12,627,585 


69,509,827 


28 


28 


30,642 


44 


51,844 


262,648 


171,705 


434,353 


29 


2,268 


1,084,502 


2.588 


1,753,786 


8,064,946 


6,845,060 


14,910,006 


30 


5,867 


3,647,144 


7,218 


5,845,403 


15,374,386 


36,675,858 


52,050,244 


31 


164 


180,401 


255 


323,975 


862,116 


1,146,874 


2,008,990 


32 


67 


76,345 


128 


156,409 


350,098 


356,191 


706,289 


33 


103 


120,962 


155 


223, 191 


1,101,396 


642,981 


1,744,377 


34 


35,373 


33,401,687 


45,736 


48,134,667 


267,878,165 


111,534,101 


379,413,266 




79 


67,812 


98 


123,773 


154,074 


293,857 


447,931 


1 


111 


112,576 


178 


217,877 


681,601 


608,277 


1,289,878 


2 


68 


74,242 


74 


84,237 


636,951 


165,607 


802,558 


3 


11,268 


8,418.832 


12,914 


11,915,919 


23,379,183 


21,286,198 


44,665,381 


4 


4,505 


4 ,$48. 457 


8,195 


8,204,466 


77,797,821 


19,855,605 


97,653,426 


5 


758 


791 400 


886 


1,006,627 


10,424,576 


3,846,015 


14,270,591 


C 


3,440 


2,023,040 


3,927 


2,574,370 


11.7C8.478 


7,185,654 


18,894,132 


7 


238 


253,404 


269 


314,861 


81.966 


506,459 


588,425 


8 


2,045 


2,024,023 


2,621 


3,013,706 


8,118,833 


5,520,776 


13,639,608 


9 



424 



PRODUCTION 



7. Statistics of the Numbers, Capital, Employees, Wages, Cost of Materials 

(New 



No. 



Groups and Kinds of Industries. 



Establish 
ments. 



Capital . 



Salaried Employees. 



Number. 



Salaries. 



2. Animal products concluded. 

10 Gloves and mittens, leather 

11 Harness and saddlery 

12 Human hair goods 

13 Leather goods, n.e.s 

14 Leather tanneries 

15 Sausage and sausage casings 

18 Slaughtering and meat packing 

17 Tallow and animal oils 

18 All other industries 

3. Textiles 

1 Awnings, tents and sails 

2 Bags, cotton and jute 

3 Batting 

4 Belting, cotton 

5 Carpets, custom and rag 

6 Carpets, rugs and mats 

7 Clothing, men s custom 

8 Clothing, men s factory 

9 Clothing, oiled and waterproof 

10 Clothing, women s custom 

11 Clothing, women s factory 

12 Cordage, rope and twine 

13 Corsets 

14 Cotton thread 

15 Cotton yarn and cloth 

16 Embroidery, lacework and trimmings. . . . 

17 Fancy wear, ladies and children s 

18 Felt goods 

19 Flax and hemp dressing 

20 Furnishing goods, men s 

21 Gaiters 

22 Gloves, silk and other fabrics 

23 Hats and caps 

24 Hats and shapes, straw 

25 Horse clothing 

?6 Hosiery and knitting mills , 

W Lacings, tapes and bindings 

28 Linen towels and napery 

29 Men s suspenders, garters, elastic woven 

goods 

30 Millinery 

31 Millinery, shops 

32 Neckwear, men s 

33 Neckwear and fancy goods, women s 

34 Oilcloth and linoleum 

35 Quilted goods 

36 Shoddy 

37 Silk and silk goods 

38 Textiles, dyeing and finishing 

39 Waste, cotton and wool 

40 Waterproofs 

41 WindoW blinds and shades 

42 Wool carding and fulling 

43 Wool pulling 

44 Woollen cloth 

45 , Woollen yarns 

46 All other industries 

4. Wood and Paper 

1 Baskets and crates 

2 Blueprints 

3 Bobbins and spools 

4 Boot and shoe findings 

5 Boxes and packing ca^es 

6 Boxes, cigar 

7 Boxes, paper 

8 Box shocks 

Canoes, rowboats and launches 

10 I Carriages, wagons and sleighs 

11 | Carriages and sleds (children s) 

12 , Carriage and wagon materials 



No. 



46 

353 

3 

31 

119 

22 

84 

7 

2 

4,046 

47 

16 

3 

3 

16 

5 

1,501 

162 

9 

270 



11 

4 

31 
36 
49 

3 

23 
82 

9 

7 

73 
14 

3 

127 
11 

3 

12 

1,126 

11 

5 

3 

9 

11 

5 

5 

8 

13 

4 

29 
7 

69 

16 

3 

7,152 

28 
16 

3 

5 
91 

4 
89 

4 

95 
570 

7 
13 



3,264,914 

6,384,460 

27,762 

932,986 

32,137,488 

261,097 

58,459,555 

196,652 

341,787 

264,118,883 



,180,278 
4,819,054 
804,703 

188,217 

101,032 

2,463,113 

7,197,561 

30,244,384 

621,160 

1,104,344 

13,694,846 

7,861,066 

5,705,509 

3,292,363 

eS.SIIT.-lL 1 !) 

1,607. 2!. 5 

2,996,364 

2,188,436 

796,154 
11,800,238 

415,394 
1,774,768 
4,153,550 
1,222,513 

646,681 
37,906,361 

787,427 

820,621 

851,290 
293,376 

2,292,806 

1,472,596 
233,542 

6,351,871 
447,372 
545,659 

4,559,909 
371,820 
911,239 

2,068,242 

2,459,672 

68,525 

548,890 

22,878,830 

5,495,582 
33,881 

775,207,858 

984,544 

153,903 

361,189 

149,445 

6,940,825 

690,504 

11,022,338 

332,841 

1,391,311 

10,6.53,760 

489,120 

2,005,563 



220 

274 

1 

88 

380 

28 

2,703 
8 



7,531 

105 

104 

13 

6 

12 

97 



658 
21 



1,127 
83 

309 
64 

403 

153 

292 
40 
18 

504 
28 
59 

246 
74 
17 

976 
38 
15 

54 
33 

150 
33 
86 
27 
18 
61 

20 

76 

146 

8 

292 

61 

4 

16,571 

39 
24 
13 
12 

169 
27 

452 

8 

57 

41 
46 



376,351 

349,170 

2,100 

167,839 

913,787 

50,637 

5,000,516 

16,242 

7,288 

15,458,517 

146,655 

242,132 

32,533 

10,400 

15,863 

212,831 

3,286,267 
37,417 



2,685,661 
184,548 
502,858 
139,457 
921,691 
:i 2 1,277 
608,477 
103,664 

32,954 
1,040,144 

37,423 
114,652 
465,002 
142,895 

29,442 
1,839,381 

83,072 

40,855 



68,803 
60,345 

280,722 
56,784 

251,208 
54,868 
38,353 

136,071 

37,577 
108,635 
244,952 

13,808 

689,270 

135,905 

3,665 

31,976,579 

63,611 
30,402 
27,549 
16,986 

365,829 
45,587 

893,223 
19,161 

104,847 

72,115 
115,420 



STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES 



425 



and Value of Products of Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1921 continued. 

Classification.) 



Wage Earners. 


Total Employees. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Value of Products. 


No. 


Number. 


Wages. 


Number. 


Salaries 
and Wages. 


Net. 


Gross. 




$ 




$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 




962 


562,432 


1,182 


938,783 


1,455,309 


1,239,507 


3,694,816 


10 


988 


1,017,150 


1,262 


1,366,320 


3,526,451 


2,176,671 


5,703,122 


11 


20 


14,169 


21 


16,260 


21,083 


36,705 


57,788 


12 


420 


323,873 


508 


491,712 


509,145 


701,449 


1,270,594 


1.1 


3,327 


3,167,275 


3,707 


4,081,062 


15,157,358 


7,748,170 


22,905,528 


14 


119 


119,037 


147 


169,674 


550,600 


338,704 


889,304 


15 


6,988 


8,547,262 


9,691 


13,547,778 


113,389,835 


39,746,454 


153,136,289 


16 


25 


25,822 


33 


42,064 


175,429 


129,030 


304,459 


17 


11 


7,893 


13 


15,178 


109,472 


88,963 


198,435 


18 


71,346 


57,046,408 


78,877 


72,. m, 925 


174,174,208 


142,676,574 


316,859,782 




278 


251,410 


383 


393,065 


679,238 


619,507 


1,298,745 


1 


744 


562,239 


848 


804,371 


7,198,203 


1,690,788 


8,888,991 


2 


67 


63,446 


SO 


95,979 


212,536 


240,276 


452,812 


3 


16 


13,943 


22 


24,343 


61,522 


41,421 


102,943 


4 


62 


41,845 


74 


57,708 


6,971 


120,365 


127,336 


5 


563 


547, 187 


660 


760,018 


1,322,099 


1,852,486 


3,174,585 


6 


5,302 


4,769,606 


5,302 


4,769,606 


6,985,352 


8,535,757 


15,521,109 


7 


8,463 


8,765,158 


10,121 


12,051,425 


29,929,415 


13,837,154 


43,766,569 


8 


109 


105,480 


130 


142,897 


150,432 


446,706 


597, 138 





1,165 


974,026 


1,165 


974,026 


1,366,347 


1,745,027 


3,111,374 


10 


7,357 


7,526,444 


8,484 


10,212,105 


18,617,634 


16,638,392 


35,256,026 


11 


741 


870,914 


824 


1,055,462 


4,620,408 


3,342,142 


7,962,550 


12 


1,141 


590,285 


1,450 


1,093,143 


2,805,837 


2,657,888 


5,463,725 


13 


420 


269,707 


484 


409, 164 


2,024,110 


1,339,586 


3,363,696 


14 


14,735 


10,584,546 


15,138 


11,506,237 


35,157,233 


30,821,363 


65,978,596 


15 


819 


576,602 


972 


897,879 


743,943 


1,656,107 


2,400,050 


16 


1,392 


851,059 


1,684 


1,459,536 


3,030,640 


2,476,267 


5,506,907 


17 


180 


154,921 


220 


258,585 


368,212 


634,744 


1,002,956 


18 


242 


163,612 


260 


196,596 


184,230 


288,872 


473,102 


19 


4,358 


2,342,673 


4,862 


3,382,817 


10,229,398 


7,716,895 


17,946,293 


20 


82 


72,131 


110 


109,554 


246,923 


272,563 


519,486 


21 


735 


464,672 


794 


579,324 


581,454 


988,489 


1,569,943 


23 


1,233 


1,240,026 


1,479 


1,705,028 


3,130,028 


3,078,280 


6,208,308 


23 


572 


545,621 


646 


688,516 


1,353,225 


1,409,091 


2,762,316 


24 


119 


70,507 


136 


99,949 


454,447 


131,663 


586,110 


25 


9,470 


6,559,892 


10,446 


8,399,273 


18,960,491 


17,729,043 


36,689,534 


26 


156 


137,867 


194 


220,939 


529,936 


428,956 


958,892 


27 


187 


137,156 


202 


178,011 


195,698 


360,916 


556,614 


28 


197 


152,250 


251 


221,053 


561,404 


373,602 


935,006 


29 


170 


134,675 


203 


195,020 


324,428 


395,647 


720,075 


30 


2,557 


1,384,215 


2,557 


1,384,215 


3,099,791 


3,116,685 


6,216,476 


31 


226 


204,602 


376 


485,324 


1,076,471 


916,776 


1,993,247 


32 


144 


108,013 


177 


164,797 


267,289 


280,564 


547,853 


33 


423 


541,460 


509 


792,668 


2,966,826 


2,687,686 


5,654,512 


34 


105 


76,371 


132 


131,239 


465,287 


243,569 


708,856 


35 


69 


69,761 


87 


108,114 


194,656 


173,433 


368,089 


36 


871 


583,774 


932 


719,845 


1,890,171 


1,646,342 


3,536,513 


37 


65 


97,038 


- 


97,038 


195,402 


269,616 


465,018 


38 


101 


89,437 


121 


127,014 


1,060,937 


344,135 


1,405,072 


39 


166 


185,139 


242 


293,774 


660,466 


656,417 


1,316,883 


40 


230 


196,890 


376 


441,842 


1,701,932 


1,237,677 


2,939,609 


41 


21 


9,897 


21 


9,897 


179 


29,773 


29,952 


43 


56 


59,034 


64 


72,842 


231,066 


138,071 


369, 137 


43 


4,353 


3,268,873 


4,645 


3,958,143 


6,329,679 


7,366,621 


13,696,300 


44 


869 


625,777 


930 


761,682 


1,957,193 


1,680,668 


3,637,861 


45 


15 


6,197 


19 


9,862 


45,069 


18,548 


63,617 


46 


94,751 


99,113,282 


111,322 


131,089,861 


203,856,170 


283,260,565 


487,116,735 




314 


357,059 


353 


420,670 


459,450 


953, 175 


1,412,625 


1 


53 


43,509 


77 


73,911 


121,141 


149,336 


270,477 


2 


125 


147,831 


138 


175,380 


133,496 


241,815 


375,311 


3 


64 


41,784 


76 


58, 770 


89,035 


102,999 


192,034 


4 


1,770 


1,693,514 


1,939 


2,059,343 


3,611,012 


3,467,545 


7,078,557 


5 


179 


193,953 


206 


239,540 


431,551 


384,045 


815,596 


6 


2,873 


2,002,154 


3,325 


2,895,377 


4,445,732 


5,687,445 


10,133,177 


7 


53 


63,496 


61 


82,657 


285,236 


142,697 


427,933 


8 


464 


542,013 


521 


646,860 


370,570 


1,003,675 


1,374,245 


9 


2,298 


2,373,358 


2,298 


2,373,358 


3,408,123 


4,286,215 


7,694,338 


10 


172 


145, 154 


213 


217,269 


226,795 


341,599 


568,394 


11 


242 


296,995 


288 


412,415 


719,446 


1,143,320 


1,862,766 


12 



426 



PRODUCTION 



7. Statistics of the Numbers, Capital, Employees, Wages, Cost of Materials 

(New 



No. 



Groups and Kinds of Industries. 



Establish 
ments. 



Capital. 



Salaried Employees. 



Number. 



Salaries. 



4. Wood and Paper concluded. 

13 Coffins and caskets 

14 Cooperage 

15 Cork products 

16 Foundry patterns 

17 Furniture (other than wickerware) 

18 Furniture upholstering and repairing 

19 Handles, wooden 

20 Lasts, tree* and pegs 

21 Lithographing and engraving 

22 Paper goods, n.e.s 

23 Paper mills 

24 Paper patterns 

25 Printing and bookbinding 

26 Printing and publishing 

27 Pulleys 

28 Pulp and paper mills 

29 Pulp mills 

39 Pumps, wooden 

31 Saw, lath and shingle mills 

32 Show cases and store fixtures 

33 Spinning wheels 

34 Stationery and envelopes 

35 Stereotyping and electrotyping 

36 VVallboard, building paper, etc 

37 Wall paper 

38 WaxeJ and oiled paper 

39 Wickerware 

40 Woodenware 

41 Wood preserving 

42 Wood products, miscellaneous 

43 Woodworking, sash and door factories.. 

44 All other industries 

5. Iron and its products. 

1 Agricultural implements 

2 Automobiles and motor trucks 

3 Automobile accessories 

4 Bicycles and motorcycles 

5 Boilers, engines and tanks 

6 Brakes ana brakeshoes 

7 Calculating machines 

8 Car wheels 

9 Cream separators 

10 Elevators 

11 Foundries and machine shops 

12 Hardware and tools 

13 Industrial machinery 

14 Heating and ventilating apparatus 

15 Iron and steel fabrication 

16 Pumps and wind mills 

17 Blasi, furnaces and steel mills 

18 Scales 

19 Sheet metal products 

20 Steam railway cars 

21 Washing machines and wringers 

22 Wire and wire goods 

23 AH other industries 

6. Non -ferrous metals and products. . . 

1 Aluminium ware 

2 Babbitt and solder 

3 Brass and copper foundries 

4 Brass and copper products, n.e.s 

5 Clocks, watches and movements 

6 Dental gold and alloys 

7 Electrical apparatus and supplies 

8 Electroplating 

9 Gold and silver goods, n.e.s 

10 Jewelry manufacture 

11 Lead pipe and sheet lead 

12 Lead, tin and zinc goods, n.e.s 

13 Lightning rods 



No. 



28 

98 

6 

34 

153 

19 

18 

9 

85 
4 

33 
6 

625 
836 

2; 
40 
3, 

3,126 

19 

4 

12 

10 

14 

4 

. 

8 

12 

3 

6 

758 
12 

1,138 

75 

14 

64 

5 

39 
3 
8 
7 
6 
5 

325 

114 

112 

54 

52 

9 

39 
9 

129 

11 

10 

44 

4 

344 

8 

13 

39 

33 

4 

7 

96 

24 

5 

66 
3 
3 
8 



2,595,82 

2,222,959 

1,074.427 

216,! 27 

26,821.580 

2,057,37 

776,05, 

1,464.259 

7,949.016 

194,541 

22,622,212 

810,014 

28,275,937 

38.788,973 

37, 123 

223,636,392 

133,554.147 

1,629,603 

186,019,994 

1,242,568 

11,700 

2,851,801 

437,249 

6,363,840 

2,506,994 

1,185,359 

209,261 

73S.190 

1,469,781 

524,719 

41,239,799 

499,796 

575,680,424 

94,129,064 

40,080,269 

15,700,288 

2,273,307 

9,783,160 

211,080 

5,651,718 

4,652,039 

5,238,460 

2,097,071 

62,152,439 

30,573,705 

40,000,370 

24,159,408 

10,288.526 

918,164 

121,859,860 

1,941,005 

27,6S1,041 

52.873,569 

1.874,919 

17.009,842 

4,531,120 

104,079,490 

8,131,088 

2,166,952 

11,458.342 

6,093,809 

1,130,967 

236,438 

62,725,361 

220,999 

364,285 

4,681,170 

710,926 

302,271 

565,983 



58 
60 
3 
26 

1,001 

5, 

23 

40 

527 

14 

263 

56 

1,773 
5,456 

t 

1,57( 
520 

35 
2,152 

59 

262 

48 

213 

16 

100 

8 

38 

. 

21 

1,076 
26 



1,843 

l,34c 

1,026 

408 

52 

340 

13 

266 

78 

281 

74 

1,661 

782 

1,178 

896 

528 

40 

608 

85 

960 

666 

71 

377 

110 



4,111 

110 

132 

333 

28S 

24 

23 

2,431 

35 

22 

281 

46 

8 

67 



I 



109,679 
98.6S3 
54,164 
40,636 
1,879.556 
100.016 
36,454 
86,073 
161,258 
24,036 
750, 170 
74,634 
3,743,220 
8,483,467 
5,800 
4,409,064 
1,204,070 
51,225 
3,940,940 
152,906 



471,939 

83,695 

459,497 

460,457 

177,833 

32,306 

51,390 

11,819 

50,333 

1,943,272 

73,257 

22,965,454 

2,444,921 
1,402,536 
980,549 
90, 149 
688,219 
25,224 
454,242 
166,074 
358,889 
116,399 
3,503,196 
1,547,671 
2,316,111 
1,648,186 
1,051.120 
77,430 
1,529.615 
135,011 
,797,419 
1,565,738 
147,603 
725,729 
193,423 



I 



7,526,846 

182.787 

181.699 

650,717 

494,752 

61.486 

41,872 

4,598,642 

44,264 

42,624 

443,242 

62,202 

12,903 

90,203 



STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES 



427 



and Value of Products of Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1921 continued. 
Classification.) 



Wage Earners. 


Total Employees. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Value of Products. 


No. 


Number. 


Wages. 


Number. 


Salaries 
and Wages. 


Net. 


Gross. 




1 




$ 


S 


S 


$ 




377 


446,091 


435 


655,770 


816,916 


1,149,930 


1,966,846 


13 


553 


541,970 


613 


640,653 


1,230,292 


1,127,258 


2,357,550 


14 


158 


171,221 


189 


225,385 


544,137 


502,206 


1,046,343 


15 


125 


170,159 


151 


210,795 


46,129 


305,560 


351,689 


16 


5,712 


5,812,229 


6,713 


7,691,785 


7,924,244 


14,153,541 


22,077,785 


17 


525 


560,431 


580 


660,447 


604,576 


1,293,008 


1,897,584 


18 


141 


163,617 


164 


200,071 


214.366 


510,593 


724,9.59 


19 


227 


224,728 


267 


310,801 


145,741 


497, 756 


643,497 


20 


1,950 


2,585,118 


2,477 


3,746,376 


2,843,644 


6,902,573 


9,746,217 


21 


47 


19, 773 


61 


43,809 


104,538 


165,455 


269,993 


22 


2,466 


2,331,380 


2,729 


3,081,550 


7,263,649 


7,785,064 


15,048,713 


23 


134 


109,607 


190 


184,241 


177,202 


1,132,365 


1,309,567 


24 


7,718 


8,902,429 


9,491 


12,645,649 


10,853,841 


22,560,591 


33,414,432 


25 


8,155 


10,093,957 


13,611 


18,577,424 


15,412,712 


38,200,349 


53,613,061 


26 


8 


9,625 


11 


15,425 


11,958 


27,240 


39,198 


27 


13,977 


18,905,719 


15,547 


23,314,783 


40,780,039 


62,343,072 


103,123,111 


28 


5,815 


6,598,687 


6,335 


7,802,757 


14,232,536 


18,598,805 


32,831,341 


29 


98 


108,446 


133 


159,671 


88,908 


317,402 


406,310 


30 


28,185 


22,766,749 


30,337 


26,707,689 


57,242,686 


59,648,505 


116,891,191 


31 


276 


346,763 


335 


499,669 


446,979 


1,092,608 


1,539,587 


32 


4 


1,920 


4 


1,920 


1,490 


5,324 


6,814 


33 


708 


635,199 


970 


1,107,138 


2,229,384 


2,162,777 


4,392,161 


34 


112 


192,348 


160 


276,043 


83,334 


537, 154 


620,488 


35 


548 


659,707 


761 


1,119,204 


3,974,893 


3,490,589 


7,465,482 


36 


400 


346,853 


562 


807,310 


1,130,648 


1,852,658 


2,983,306 


37 


171 


212,237 


271 


390,070 


1,041,561 


569,070 


1,610,631 


38 


67 


111,321 


75 


143,627 


159,583 


237,712 


397, 295 


39 


156 


192,981 


194 


244,371 


198.340 


451,326 


649,666 


40 


42 


53,736 


49 


65,555 


691,055 


326,716 


1,017,771 


41 


86 


91,058 


107 


141,391 


161,174 


212,009 


373,183 


42 


7,146 


7,778,033 


8,222 


9,721,305 


18,434,190 


16,751,945 


35, 186, 135 


43 


57 


68,370 


83 


141,627 


463,838 


445,538 


909,376 


44 


65,337 


75,398,529 


77,680 


98,363,983 


194,725,179 


187,672,905 


382,398,084 




7,154 


8,534,403 


8,497 


10,979,324 


17,946,282 


18,816,878 


36, 763, 160 


1 


4,449 


6,484,637 


5,475 


7,887,173 


45,119,345 


21,930,864 


67,050,209 


2 


1,824 


2,254,636 


2,232 


3,235. 185 


8,229,855 


6,553,162 


14,783,017 


3 


200 


219,981 


252 


310, 130 


329,692 


379,113 


708,805 


4 


2,765 


1,767,550 


3,105 


2,455,769 


2,479,032 


4,481,138 


6,960,170 


5 


88 


44,571 


101 


69,795 


233,387 


105,958 


339,345 


6 


202 


285,742 


468 


739,984 


603,701 


2,117,015 


2.720,716 


7 


485 


630,421 


563 


796,495 


2,072,259 


1,842,930 


3,915,189 


8 


226 


247,724 


507 


606,613 


693,410 


911,796 


1,605,206 


9 


255 


290,055 


329 


406,454 


399,377 


812,573 


1,211,950 


10 


10,131 


11,696,862 


11,792 


15,200,058 


17,221,919 


24,983,356 


42,205,275 


11 


3,834 


3,491,416 


4,616 


5,039,087 


3,941,978 


9,103,908 


13,045,886 


12 


4,057 


5,094,751 


5,235 


7,410,862 


6,011,038 


15,597,180 


21,608,218 


13 


4,936 


4,717,871 


5,832 


6,366,057 


4,777,045 


11,342,338 


16.119,383 


14 


2,047 


2,374,329 


2,575 


3,425,449 


4,032,935 


5,316,815 


9,349,750 


15 


153 


145,333 


193 


222,763 


214,845 


364,757 


579,602 


16 


5,859 


8,440,745 


6,467 


9,970,360 


34,820,791 


21,381,019 


56,201,810 


17 


257 


271,013 


342 


406,024 


217,890 


873,675 


1,091.565 


18 


4,414 


4,618,054 


5,374 


6,415,473 


13,219,712 


13,555,224 


26,774,936 


19 


7,965 


10,037,590 


8,631 


11,603,328 


22,910,095 


17,335,736 


40,245,831 


20 


219 


227,227 


290 


374,830 


444,894 


875,634 


1,320,528 


21 


2,611 


2,489,505 


2,988 


3,215,234 


7,455,336 


7,329,555 


14,784,891 


22 


1,106 


1,034,113 


1,216 


1,227,536 


1,350,361 


1,662,281 


3,012,642 


23 


13,835 


15,165,93S 


17,946 


32,692,784 


31,439,989 


41,149,894 


72,589,883 




371 


426,383 


481 


609,170 


1,704,432 


1,929,184 


3,633,616 


1 


212 


304,195 


344 


485,894 


1,369,357 


934,659 


2,304,016 


2 


1,257 


1,322,625 


1,590 


1,973,342 


2,586,753 


3,457,051 


6,043,804 


3 


1,160 


1,244,740 


1,448 


1,739,492 


1,345,424 


2,567,637 


3,913,061 


4 


270 


226,435 


294 


287,921 


342,709 


515,433 


858,142 


& 


38 


42,973 


61 


84,845 


490,460 


115,517 


605,977 


6 


8,120 


8,858,410 


10,551 


13,457,052 


19,215,137 


25,282,131 


44,497,268 


7 


115 


US, 038 


150 


162,302 


25,837 


229,887 


255,724 


8 


36 


37, 100 


58 


79,724 


172,097 


126, 779 


298,876 


9 


1,075 


1,263.264 


1,356 


1,706,506 


2,091,096 


2,604,248 


4,695,344 


10 


73 


89,211 


119 


151,413 


236,014 


212,721 


448,735 


11 


40 


32,352 


48 


45,255 


49,271 


84,393 


133.664 


12 


28 


39,418 


95 


129,621 


250,329 


265,533 


515,862 


13 



428 



PRODUCTION 



7. Statistics of the Numbers, Capital, Employees, Wages, Cost of Materials 

(New 



No. 



Groups and Kinds of Industries. 



Number of 
Establish 
ments. 



Capital 
Employed . 



Salaried Employees. 



Number. 



Salaries. 



6. Non-ferrous metals and products- 

concluded 

14 Metal lamps and lanterns 

15 Metal weather stripping 

16 Silverware and silver plated ware 

17 Vacuum cleaners 

18 All other industries 

7. Non-metallic mineral products 

1 Abrasive products 

3 Aerated waters 

3 Asbestos.packing 

4 Asbestos products, n.e.s 

5 Cement products 

6 COKB , 

7 Gas, illuminating and fuel 

8 Glass plate, cut and ornamental 

9 Glass 

10 Lubricating oils 

11 Mica , 

13 Petroleum refining 

13 Plaster casting and models , 

14 Sand-lime brick 

15 Stone cutting and dressing 

1C All other industries 

8. Chemical products 

1 Abrasives, artificial 

2 Adhesives 

3 Ammunition 

4 Baking powder 

5 Boiler compounds 

6 Cellulose products 

7 Chemicals, industrial 

8 Chemical products, n.e.s 

9 Coal tar distillation 

10 Disinfectants 

11 Dyes and colours 

12 Explosives 

13 Fertilizers 

14 Fireworks 

15 Flavouring extracts 

16 Gases compressed 

17 Insect powders 

18 Inks (printers and rollers) 

19 Inks (writing) 

20 Paints and varnishes 

21 Patent medicines 

22 Polishes and dressings 

23 Soap 

24 Toilet preparations 

25 Sweeping compounds 

26 Washing compounds 

27 Wood distillation 

28 All other industries 

9. Miscellaneous Industries 

1 Advertising and other novelties 

2 Artificial flowers and feathers 

3 Artificial limbs and trusses 

4 Billiard tables and supplies 

5 Brooms and brushes 

6 Buttons 

7 Candles and apers 

8 Electric light and power 

9 Fountain pens 

10 Ice, artificial 

11 Jewelry ca.--es and silverware cabinets 

12 Mattresses and springs 

13 Mops 

14 Motion picture films 

15 Musical instruments 

16 Musical instrument materials 



No. 



1 

12 

4 
1 

764 

5 
320 

7 

4 
108 

5 

50 
37 
11 

5 
10 
11 

5 

10 

173 

3 

468 
5 
17 
5 
7 
6 
9 

24 

8 

4 

5 

7 

10 

15 

5 

19 

26 

10 

12 

7 

49 

103 

33 

28 

20 

5 

15 

10 

4 

1,995 

6 

6 
16 

4 
73 
20 

9 
857 

4 
18 

5 
50 

3 

4 

39 
10 



538,892 

126,589 

3,737,349 

884, 169 

3,900 

128,989,134 

873,117 

8,236,946 

471,769 

879,509 

1,416,813 

37,097,280 

1,660,204 

12,065,278 

1,933,724 

594,398 

55,630,864 

244,878 

1,372,253 

3,971,17^ 

540,929 

118,382,642 

3,245,616 

1,898,848 

4,503,012 

1,461,477 

200,702 

1,670,561 

29,945,120 

178,326 

1,411,618 

91,052 

468,358 

6,265,010 

3,209,240 

173,508 

1,473,632 

4,218,484 

142,152 

1,399,468 

215,871 

20,330,951 

12,903,071 

1,399.445 

14,499,010 

1,359,544 

67,304 

256,111 

2,693,924 

2,701,227 

533,671,415 

57,058 

328,491 

265,750 

1,168,673 

3,438,812 

1,212,229 

160,342 

484,669,451 



,449,168 

1,775,266 

178,185 

4,305,151 

89.198 

78,198 

8,631,767 

1,485,797 



244 
23 



2,227 

23 

349 

18 

25 

54 

9. 

751 

14: 

149 
45 
14 

334 
16 
21 

177 
14 

3,728 

27 

53 

74 

133 

19 

44 

245 

21 

15 

16 

44 

78 

91 

12 

148 

164 

13 

71 

21 

819 

822 

130 

471 

98 

4 

24 

35 

36 

6,445 

8 

46 
39 
20 
224 
65 
11 

4,620 

98 

74 

19 

211 

5 

9 

206 
30 



65,422 

15,497 

504,513 

32,421 

1,600 

3,858,940 

42,311 

578,356 

30,576 

57,033 

74,125 

283,554 

904,942 

198,030 

349.982 

112,825 

18,755 

724,045 

45,878 

52,917 

369, 190 

16,421 

7,081,639 

59, 105 

90,410 

132,471 

194,531 

35, 198 

87,461 

576, 609 

30,114 

33,433 

19,782 

66, 109 

169,377 

152,608 

39,593 

225,277 

295,673 

17,688 

241,589 

35,997 

1,893,278 

1,347,716 

205.519 

780, 263 

179,382 

6,883 

55,929 

53,391 

59,253 

10,084,555 

10,802 

68,353 

54,211 

30,547 

420,112 

139,556 

23,555 

6,780.916 

119,135 

188,857 

37,090 

408,379 

11,805 

16,246 

409,042 

83,579 



STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES 



429 



and Value of Products of Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1921 continued. 
Classification.) 



Wage Earners. 


Total Employees. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Value of Products. 


No. 


Number. 


Wages. 


Number. 


Salaries 
and Wages. 


Net. 


Gross. 




$ 




$ 


t 


$ 


$ 




87 


104,418 


120 


169,840 


198,897 


216,361 


415,258 


14 


32 


34,322 


41 


49,819 


51,699 


90,463 


142, 162 


15 


855 


955,815 


1,099 


1,460,328 


1,084,758 


2,142.814 


3,227,572 


16 


66 


66, 239 


89 


98,660 


223,551 


372,772 


596,323 


17 


- 


- 


( 
4 


1,600 


2,168 


2,311 


4,479 


18 


13,755 


15,942,151 


15,982 


19,801,091 


67,780,080 


47,776,911 


115,556,991 




56 


63,262 


79 


105,573 


69,901 


101,048 


170,949 


1 


1,831 


1,233,627 


2,180 


1,811,983 


3,607,147 


5,569,721 


9,176,868 


2 


59 


61,234 


77 


91,810 


152,849 


122,961 


275,810 


3 


30 


124,679 


55 


181,712 


232,961 


295,862 


528,823 


4 


611 


332,620 


66i 


406,745 


555,915 


877,338 


1,433,253 


5 


552 


939,235 


647 


1,222,789 


11,176,955 


3,338,904 


14,515,859 


6 


2,067 


3,080,034 


2,818 


3,984,976 


9,279,697 


9,492,588 


18,772,285 


7 


393 


469,140 


535 


667, 170 


874, 260 


1,014,215 


1,888,475 


8 


2,412 


2,604,616 


2,561 


2,954,598 


3,100,098 


6,473,359 


9,573,457 


9 


58 


66, 130 


103 


178,955 


778,923 


588,089 


1,367,012 


10 


239 


76,487 


253 


95,242 


136,184 


96,311 


232,495 


11 


3,577 


5,279,514 


3,911 


6,003,559 


35,850,653 


15,714,750 


51,565,403 


12 


87 


107,851 


103 


153,729 


255,499 


275,947 


531,446 


13 


242 


179,996 


263 


232,913 


139,008 


523 736 


662,744 


14 


1,507 


1,283,647 


1,684 


1,652,837 


1", 478, 097 


3,061,931 


4,540,028 


15 


34 


40,079 


48 


56,500 


91,933 


230,151 


322,084 


16 


8,843 


9,107,818 


12,571 


16,192,457 


43,108,870 


15,495,135 


88,604,005 




144 


190,312 


171 


249,417 


422,986 


544,231 


967,217 


1 


169 


161,592 


222 


252,002 


485,685 


691,527 


1,177,212 


2 


751 


614,305 


825 


746,776 


777, 160 


1,508,213 


2,285,373 


3 


242 


214,930 


375 


409,461 


1,079,505 


1,402,060 


2,481,565 


4 


10 


12,354 


29 


47,552 


77,137 


178,759 


255,896 


5 


223 


163,451 


267 


250,912 


668,997 


749,906 


1,418,903 


6 


1,251 


1,919,407 


1,496 


2,496,016 


5,034,729 


6,832,539 


11,867,268 


7 


17 


16,360 


38 


46,474 


213,238 


112,367 


325,605 


8 


73 


92,288 


88 


125,721 


420,498 


668,291 


1,088,789 


9 


10 


8,196 


26 


27,978 


35,976 


58,365 


94,341 


10 


35 


25,897 


79 


92,006 


203,688 


255,519 


459,207 


11 


355 


444,625 


433 


614,002 


4,294,118 


2,107,334 


6,401,452 


12 


182 


217,045 


273 


369,653 


1,696,205 


981,530 


2,677,735 


13 


40 


32,900 


52 


72,493 


74,879 


119,354 


194,233 


14 


114 


89,560 


262 


314,837 


896, 188 


605,192 


1,501,380 


15 


154 


213,259 


318 


508,932 


301,839 


1,700,059 


2,001,898 


16 


10 


9,302 


23 


26,990 


71,975 


77,085 


149,060 


17 


139 


178,322 


210 


419,911 


720,777 


1,044,156 


1,764,933 


18 


43 


34,296 


64 


70,293 


129,730 


179,610 


309,340 


19 


1,412 


1,406,311 


2,231 


3,299,589 


9,714,521 


8,329,804 


18,044,325 


20 


1,408 


1,182,182 


2,230 


2,529,898 


4,466,001 


7,479,434 


11,945,435 


21 


136 


123,897 


266 


329,416 


741,607 


703,619 


1,445,226 


22 


985 


956,826 


1,456 


1,737,089 


7,695,474 


5,515,940 


13,211,414 


23 


238 


138,622 


336 


318,004 


670,000 


1,086,300 


1,756,300 


24 


6 


7,932 


10 


14,815 


56,660 


62,031 


118,691 


25 


53 


49,044 


77 


104,973 


117,230 


222,877 


340,107 


26 


238 


273,530 


273 


326,921 


986,547 


1,214,841 


2,201,388 


27 


405 


331,073 


441 


390,326 


1,055,520 


1,064,192 


2,119,712 


28 


16,551 


18.701,095 


22,996 


28,785,650 


18,989,818 


101,562,721 


170,552,539 




40 


28,616 


48 


39,418 


53,519 


64,287 


117,806 


1 


157 


104,344 


203 


172,697 


160,490 


294,371 


454,861 


2 


76 


67,403 


115 


121,614 


89,835 


265,874 


355,709 


3 


136 


156,971 


156 


187,518 


451,918 


639,930 


1,091,848 


4 


870 


652,797 


1,094 


1,072,909 


1,827,944 


1,960,505 


3,788,449 


5 


425 


283,732 


490 


423,288 


359,661 


880, 153 


1,239,814 


6 


37 


28,626 


48 


52,181 


77,496 


109,698 


187, 194 


7 


6,094 


8,453,762 


10,714 


15,234,678 




73,636,094 


73,636,094 


8 


261 


217,595 


359 


336,730 


446,311 


651,926 


1,098,237 


9 


228 


313,391 


302 


502,248 


46,368 


1,106,881 


1,153,249 


10 


73 


66, 183 


92 


103,273 


42,070 


144,880 


186,950 


11 


1,138 


1,190,211 


1,349 


1,598,590 


3,665,562 


3,502,854 


7,168,416 


12 


18 


15,091 


23 


26,896 


69,262 


45,535 


114,797 


13 


32 


54,026 


41 


70,272 


67,913 


116,011 


183,924 


14 


1,646 


1,702,271 


1,852 


2,111,313 


2,889,344 


3,126,428 


6,015,772 


15 


340 


343,929 


370 


427,508 


512,525 


662,427 


1,174,952 


16 



430 



PRODUCTION 



7. Statistics of the Numbers, Capital, Employees, Wages, Cost of Materials 

(New 



No. 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Number of 
Establish 
ments. 


Capital. 
Employed 


Salaried Employees. 


Number. 


Salaries. 


17 

18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


Miscellaneous Industries concluded. 
Phonographs . 


No. 

14 

549 
64 
5 
12 
8 
26 
5 
119 
13 
13 
3 
7 
13 
5 
7 
8 

16,407 

2,716 
170 
4,099 
1,900 
14 
530 
336 
13 
545 
1,501 
1,233 
23 
1,034 
2,137 
28 
38 


$ 

3,697,811 
1,635,377 
35S.532 
50,647 
2,813,226 
156,386 
486, 124 
7,782,901 
1,305,465 
687,019 
241,758 
113,352 
193,824 
2,104,832 
474,250 
461,488 
814,887 

150,216,557 

7,773, S25 
210,017 
6,521,657 
1,361,769 
16,550,077 
7,498,834 
1,871,112 
1,138,700 
1,799,295 
50,896,653 
1,067,544 
82,599 
2,807,311 
12,219,038 
412,343 
38,005,783 


113 

4 

78 
19 
68 
176 

41 
28 
10 
23 
85 
22 
40 
53 

3,457 

456 

75 

7 
2,434 

10 

34 

451 


$ 

223,280 

6,728 
134,566 
25,480 
93,154 
225,376 

50,030 
42,653 
19,244 
20,896 
189,406 
56,717 
91,141 
97,699 

,743,06 

1,020,564 

142,311 
4,189 
4,334,658 

12,892 

64,030 
1,164,425 


Photography 


Picture framing 


Pipes, tobacco 


Refrigerators 


Regalias and society emblems 


Rubber stamp c and steel stencils 


Scientific and professional equipment .. 


Signs ... . 


Sporting and athletic goods 


Statuary and art goods 


Store and display forms . . 


Xovs and games . . ... 


Trunks and valises 


Typewriters and supplies 


Umbrellas and parasols 


All other industries 


10. Construction, Hand Trades and 
Repairs . . . 


Automobile repairs 


Bicvple repairs. ... 


Blacksm it hing 


Boot and shoo repairs 


Bridges, iron and steel . . 


Dyeing cleaning and laundry work 


Electrical contracts and repairs 


Elevator repairs 


Harness and saddlery repair? 


Hou t; e-buildin r <uid construction 


Jewelrv repairs ... .... 


Lock and gunsmithing repairs 


Painting, glazing and paper hanging 


Plumbing and tinsmithing 


Roofing contracts 


Shiobuildins and repairs. . . 



3. Capital Employed. 

In a retrospective study of capital employed in Canadian manufactures since 
1900, the remarkable increase denotes rapid growth in the industrial operations. 
From 1900 to 1905, the capital increased from $446,900,000 to $833,900,000 and 
advanced to $1,958,700,000 in 1915. During this period returns were received 
from establishments with five hands and over, and while the rise of wholesale prices 
did not exceed 37 p.c. the capital employed in manufactures increased nearly 340 p.c. 

The capital used during 1921 in all establishments, irrespective of the number 
of employees, was $3,210,700,000, compared with $1,994,100,000 in 1915, an increase 
of more than 60 p.c. in seven years. While price levels were higher in 1921 than in 
1915, it should be remembered that a considerable part of the industrial capital of 
the country was inactive in 1921 and consequently not included in the statistics. 

The provincial distribution of the manufactures of Canada is illustrated by 
the capital invested in the operation of the plants. Capital employed in Ontario 
during 1919 was 49-0 p.c. of the total, increasing to 49-5 p.c. in 1920 and 50-5 p.c. 
in 1921. The proportion of the total capital employed in the plants of Quebec 
was 29-0 p.c. in 1919, 30-0 p.c. in 1920 and 30-3 p.c. in 1921. British Columbia 
held third place, with a capital of 6-6 p.c. of the total, in 1921, while Nova Scotia, 



CAPITAL INVESTMENT OF INDUSTRIES 



431 



and Value of Products of Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1921 concluded. 
Classification) 



Wage Earners. 


Total Employees. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Value of Products. 


No. 


Number. 


Wages. 


Number. 


Salaries 
and Wages. 


Net. 


Gross. 




$ 




$ 


$ 


I 


$ 




399 


437,567 


512 


660,847 


1,323,902 


1,934,444 


3,258,346 


17 


1,075 


887,229 


1,075 


887,229 


855,728 


2,241,811 


3,097,539 


18 


189 


184,690 


189 


184,690 


248,808 


390,622 


639,430 


19 


49 


49,092 


53 


55,820 


48,237 


77,629 


125,866 


20 


419 


463,402 


497 


597,968 


899,289 


1,430,814 


2,330,103 


21 


63 


50,330 


82 


75,810 


121,252 


142,411 


263,663 


22 


165 


196,013 


233 


295,167 


118,839 


436,662 


555,501 


23 


735 


716,579 


911 


941,955 


1,801,614 


2,371,715 


4,173,329 


24 


724 


927,896 


724 


927, S96 


358,781 


2,083,177 


2,441,958 


25 


198 


170,027 


239 


220,057 


372,950 


482,746 


855,696 


26 


129 


147,506 


157 


190,159 


97,161 


268,076 


365,237 


27 


43 


54,708 


53 


73,952 


54,434 


114,517 


168,951 


28 


51 


38,205 


74 


59,101 


70,893 


74,o20 


145,513 


29 


539 


513,458 


624 


702,864 


838,000 


1,388,474 


2,226,474 


30 


44 


46.6S9 


66 


103.416 


250.977 


21?, 369 


469,346 


31 


64 


54,979 


104 


146,120 


358,305 


307,543 


665,848 


32 


94 


83,767 


147 


181,466 


410,430 


391,237 


801,667 


33 


60,687 


73,613,639 


73,154 


80,356,708 


76,592,585 


134,353,519 


210,945,104 




7,188 


5,940,102 


7,188 


5,940,102 


7,515,942 


10,989,970 


18,50o,912 


1 


235 


169,652 


235 


169,652 


155,145 


349, 259 


504,404 


2 


4,936 


3,966,287 


4,936 


3,966,287 


2,026,908 


6,606,707 


8,633,615 


3 


2,575 


1,964,583 


2,575 


1,964,583 


1,525,072 


3,352,326 


4,877,398 


4 


1,576 


2,279,097 


2,032 


3,299,661 


5,971,417 


6,077,357 


12,048,774 


5 


6,807 


6,150,!i98 


6,807 


6,150,698 


1,600,800 


11,812,987 


13,413,787 


6 


1,278 


1,507,625 


1,278 


1,507,625 


2,327,454 


2,726,749 


5,054,203 


7 


196 


246,651 


271 


388,962 


1,284,840 


629,113 


1,913,953 


8 


565 


341,504 


572 


345,693 


334,407 


605,556 


939,963 


9 


26,583 


30,652,227 


29,017 


3,496,885 


31,155,060 


54,069,271 


85,224,331 


10 


1,917 


1,546,081 


1,917 


1,546,081 


433.445 


2,812,123 


3,245,568 


11 


33 


31,437 


43 


44,329 


18,588 


77,464 


96,052 


12 


3,392 


3,471,956 


3,392 


3,471,956 


2,157,058 


5,822,345 


7,979,403 


13 


6,935 


7,828,108 


6,935 


7,828,108 


13,777,756 


14,482,570 


28,260,326 


U 


178 


200,894 


212 


264,924 


322,664 


415.692 


738,356 


15 


5,293 


7,316,737 


5,744 


8,481,162 


5,986,029 


13,523,030 


19,509,059 


16 



New Brunswick and Manitoba followed in the order named, with proportions of 
between 3 p.c. and 4 p.c. each. 

In a survey of the industrial groups in which the capital of the country is 
invested, it appears that the wood and paper group led in 1921, with an invest 
ment of 24-1 p.c. of the total. The iron and steel group was second, with 17-9 p.c. 
In 1920, the wood and paper group employed 22-4 p.c. and the iron and steel group 
18-7 p.c. of the total capital. Thus the expansion of the wood and paper group 
continued, in spite of the depression which affected a majority of the other groups. 
The proportion of the capital employed by the miscellaneous group, including the 
electric power industry, increased from 14-6 p.c. in 1920 to 16-6 p.c. in 1921. 

The statistics of capital employed in the manufacturing industries are of 
interest in deducing the proportions of fixed and liquid assets. In 1920 lands, 
buildings and machinery constituted 53-6 p.c. of the total capital, while in 1921 
the proportion increased to 58-9 p.c. Fixed assets increased from $1,844,000,000 
to $1,892,000,000, while quick assets, including the materials on hand, stock in 
process, cash and sundries, declined from $1,598,000,000 to $1,249,000,000. These 
results indicate that the value of real property utilized in manufactures continued 
to increase, while writing down of inventories and decline of working capital is 
characteristic of a period of depression. 



432 



PRODUCTION 



8. Capital Employed in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada in Percentages, 

by Provinces 1915, 1917-1921. 



Provinces. 


1915. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island . . . 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


Nova Scotia 


6-4 


4-9 


4-4 


4-1 


4-3 


3-3 


New Brunswick . . ... . . . 


2-3 


2-4 


2-4 


2-8 


3-2 


3-2 


Quebec ... . . ... ... 


27-5 


29-6 


28-3 


29-0 


30-0 


30-3 


Ontario .... 


48-0 


47-9 


49-7 


49-0 


49-5 


50-5 


Manitoba . . 


4-8 


3-6 


3-5 


3-4 


3-4 


3-2 


Saskatchewan 


8 


1-2 


1-3 


1-1 


1-2 


1-1 


Alberta 


2-1 


2-3 


2-0 


2-1 


1-8 


1-7 


British Columbia 


8-0 


7-9 


8-1 


8-3 


6-5 


6-6 


Yukon 




1 


.3 


1 




















Totals . . , 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 



*. Capital Employed in the Manufacturing: Industries of Canada, by Industrial 

Groups, 1920-1921. 





1920 




1921. 




Industrial Groups. 


Amount. 


Per 
centage. 


Amount. 


Per 
centage. 


Vegetable products 


S 

396.3C5.898 


11-5 


$ 

362,665,357 


11-3 


Animal products. . . .... 


221,792,457 


6-4 


200,697,527 


6-3 


Textiles ... 


321,750,003 


9-3 


264,118.883 


8-2 


Wood and paper 


772.086,81? 


22-4 


775,207.859 


24-1 


Iron and steel 


642.904,322 


18-7 


575,680,424 


17-9 


Non-ferrous metals 


109.382.033 


3-2 


104,079,490 


3-2 


Non-metallic minerals 


143,681,810 


4-2 


126,989,134 


4-0 


Chemicals and allied products 


!:>:>, 123,730 


3-6 


118,382,642 


3-7 


Miscellaneous industries 


503,382,290 


14-6 


532,671,415 


16-6 


Construction, hand trades and repair 


209,866,698 


1 6-1 


150,216,557 


4-7 












Total for Canada. . 


3,453.276,053 


100 


3,210,709,288 


100 



Id. Capital Employed in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada by Provinces and 

by Groups of Industries, 1921. 

(A) BY PROVINCES. 



Distribution. 


Num 
ber of 
estab 
lish 
ments. 




Land, 
buildings 
and 

fixtures. 


Machinery 
and 
tools. 


Materials 
on hand, 
stocks 
in profr 
and supplies 
on hand. 


Cash, 
trading and 

operating 
accounts 
and bills 
receivable. 


Total. 


Canada 


No. 
41,323 


$ 

1,052,213,773 


I 

810,111,646 


I 

690,900,521 


* 

558,640,111 


I 

3,210,709,288 


Prince Edward Island 


446 


625,315 


825,646 


457,344 


334,612 


2,452,826 


Nova Scotia 


2,196 


47,025,027 


27,396,702 


16.518,566 


14,280,950 


107,490,242 


New Brunswick 


1 , 326 


37,528,838 


26,053,093 


26,568,768 


1. 013, 875 


103,367,891 


Quebec 


10,762 


337.596,055 


245.176,765 


208,925,312 


167.847,990 


973,722,564 


Ontario . . 


18,093 


485,910,115 


423,228.124 


371,870,822 


54.931 


1,620,681,181 


Manitoba 


1,965 


31,179,665 


28,754,301 


18,361,358 


18,361,811 


100,441,542 


Saskatchewan 


2,027 


10.141,081 


10,648,073 


5,109,053 


4,710,990 


34,794,506 


Alberta 


2.024 


18,529,361 


15.706,893 


8,018,654 


9,716,471 


55,538,526 


British Columbia 


2,470 


82,981,873 


61,906.638 


34,980,730 


27,217,184 


210,798,811 


Yukon..:.. 


14 


696,443 


415,411 


89,914 


201,294 


1,421,199 



(B) BY INDUSTRIAL GROUPS. 


Vegetable products 


3,958 
5,051 
4,046 
7, 152 
1,138 
344 
764 

468 
1,995 

16,407 


122,357,241 
56,455,522 
55,964,050 
269,693,940 
154,414,781 
23.884,191 
77, 876, 836 

47,661,956 
205,965,721 

37,939,535 


78,639,192 
32,902,430 
57,926,952 
202,893,117 
151.590,441 
23,987,862 
12.662,365 

17,484,515 
236,743,765 

22,281,007 


91,733,054 
63,591,106 
73,772,840 
188,346,020 
146,873,123 
30,592,485 
27,469,201 

30,515,002 
23,707,398 

14,300.292 


67,343,405 
47,748,469 
65,488,510 
103,621,022 
119,802,079 
25,614,952 
8,980,732 

22,721,169 
62,955,157 

34.364,616 


362,665,357 
200,697,527 
204,118,883 
775,207.859 
575,680,424 
104,079,490 
126,989,134 

118,382,642 
532,671,415 

150,216,557 


Animal products 


Textile products . . ... 


Wood and paper . 


Iron and its products 


Non-ferrous metals 


Non-metallic minerals 


Chemicals and allied pro- 
1 ducts 


Miscellaneous industries 
Construction, hand trades 
and repairs 



EMPLOYMENT 



433 



4. Employment. 

The total number of persons engaged in the manufacturing industries of Canada 
in 1921 was 517,141, as compared with 685,349 in 1920 and 682,434 in 1919. The 
employees consisted in 1921 of 76,777 persons on salaries and 440,364 wage earners. 
This latter figure, representing the average number of wage earners employed during 
the entire year, was ascertained by dividing twelve into the sum of the numbers on 
the payrolls on the 15th of each month. 

A comparison of the average number of wage earners is an excellent measure of 
industrial activity. In Table 11 index numbers, based on data for 1915 equalling 100, 
are given to show the variation in employment. The index numbers of the volume 
of products are also inserted for comparative purposes. Aside from the considerable 
drop hi 1921, the indices of employment indicate less violent change than those of 
production. For example, the index of employment increased from 150.2 in 1919 
to 150.6 in 1920, while the index of production increased from 118 to 133. In 1921 
the number of wage earners was 11.3 p.c. greater than in 1915 and production was 
27 p.c. greater. 

11. Wage-earners in Manufacturing Industries, 1915 to 1921. 



Years 


Average 
Number 
of Wage 
Earners. 1 


Index Numbers. 


Average 
Number 
of Wage 
Earners. 


Volume of 
Manufac 
tured 
Products. 


1915 . 


395,681 
601,305 
603,116 
594,118 
596,052 
440,364 


100-0 
152-0 
152-4 
150-2 
150-6 
111-3 


100 
142 
137 
118 
133 
127 


1917 . 


1918 * 


1919 


1920 


1921 





Exclusive of outside piece workers. 

Employment by Provinces. The concentration of manufacturing establish 
ments in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec is shown by the fact that in 1921 the 
employees in the former province were 50 p.c. and in the latter 30.8 p.c. of the total. 
The proportions in the other provinces were 5 -5 p.c. in British Columbia, 4 p.c. in 
Manitoba and 3.3 p.c. in Nova Scotia, the employment in the remaining provinces 
ranging from .21 p.c. to slightly more than 3 p.c. The striking feature of the six 
year interval between 1915 and 1921 was the extraordinary industrial growth of the 
prairie provinces and the steady development in the industrialized area of Ontario 
and Quebec. Employees in the factories of Saskatchewan and Alberta increased 
107 .6 p.c. and 51 .4 p.c. respectively. The ratio of increase in Quebec was 19.2 p.c., 
and in Ontario 16.2 p.c. The average employment throughout Canada of workers 
of all ranks, exclusive of outside piece workers, was 448,364 in 1915, (497,170 on 
Dec. 15, 1915), which increased by 15.3 p.c. to 517,141 in 1921. 

Sex Distribution of Employees. In Ontario the ratio of the number of 
female wage earners employed in factories to the number of males during 1915 was 
22-7 p.c., while in 1921 the ratio increased to 23-2 p.c. In Quebec the ratio was 
27-1 p.c. in 1915 and 32-5 p.c. in 1921. The employment of women was, however, 
largely confined to a few trades, the expansion of the textile and clothing industries 
being a chief cause of the increase in female employment. In addition the prepara 
tion of food, book-binding and other light factory work were specifically regarded 
as women s trades. From 1915 to 1921, the male wage earners of Canada increased 
6237328 



434 



PRODUCTION 



8-9 p.c., while (he female workers increased nearly 22 p.r. The more rapid increase 
of female employment was largely due to the special conditions resulting from the 
war. 



Age Distribution. In the wage data collected on the census of industry 
scheduler a division was made between the employees under 16 years and those 
over that age. In 1918, 18,717 children under 10 were drawing wages, of whom 7,226 
were girls. Wage earners under 16 years of age decline 1 to 15,155 in 1919 and to 
12,011 in 1920. The percentage of children to the total number of wage earners 
classified in this connection, as of December 15 or mvirest representative date, was 
2-1 in 191"), advancing to slightly over 3 p.c. in 1917 and 1918, and declining to 2-9 
p.c. and 2-4 p.c. respectively in 1919 and 1920. 

Fluctuation of Employment. The number of wage earners employed in 
Canadian manufactures in January, 1920, was 551,578. Steady increases were 
registered until July, when 638,133 were employed. During the remainder of the 
year declines were the order of the day, the recession in December as compared with 
the previous month being from 571,646 to 519,777. The month of July was from 
the viewpoint of employment the turning point of the post-war boom. 

Earnings of Employees. The total amount paid to the employees in industrial 
plants during 1921 was $581-4 million as compared with $285-9 million in 1915. 
The wage payments in 1921 were $441-3 million, while the salaried employees 
received a remuneration of $140-1 million. The average yearly wage of the wage 
earner was $1,002-06 in 1921 as compared with $570. 11 in 1915, an increase of 75-8 
p.c. in average earnings. When the index number representing the average yearly 
wages with 1915 as a base is divided by the index number of the cost of living with 
the same base, it is seen that real wages advanced by about 10 p.c. in the six year 
interval. The details of the computation are given in Table 12. 

12. Average Yearly Earnings and Real Wages of Wage Earners in Manufacturing 

Industries, 1915-1921. 



Years. 


Amount 
of Wages 
paid. 




A \ erage 
Number 
of Wage 
Earners. 


Average 
"i early 
Earnings. 


Index Numbers. 


Average 
Yearly 
Earnings. 


Retail 
Prices. 


Heal value 
of Average 
V early 
Earnings. 


1915. 


S 

225,580,998 
455,199,823 
522,287,570 
558,580,707 
657,701,361 
441,291,494 


395,681 
601,305 
603,116 
594,118 
596,052 
440,364 


> Ot. 
570-11 
757-20 
865-96 
941-83 
1,103-43 
1,002-06 


100-0 
132-8 
151-9 
165-2 
193-5 
175-8 


100-0 
132-9 
151-6 
163-2 
181-7 
159-8 


100-0 
99-9 
100-2 
101-2 
106-5 
110-0 


1917 . 


1918 


1919 


1920. . ... 


1921 





Classification by Wages. Information collected at this census regarding 
weekly wages of employees in manufacturing industries, is tabulated by groups of 
industries and by wage groups in the wages subsection of the Labour, Wages and 
Prices section of the Year Book, to which the student of industrial wages is referred. 

Summary statistics of the number of salaried and wage-earning employees of 
manufacturing industries, with the amount of salaries and wages paid in 1920 and 
1921, are given by provinces in Table 13. 



POWER AND FUEL 



435 



13. Male and Female Employees on Salaries and Wages, by Provinces, 1920 and 1921. 



Provinces. 


Employees on 

Salaries. 


Salaries. 


Employees on 
Wages. 


Wages. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


1920. 

Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia 


No. 

187 
1,918 
1,534 
19,965 
35,768 
3,472 
1,276 
1,977 
4,107 
12 


No. 

26 
561 
378 
4,360 
11,629 
784 
220 
386 
737 
2 


$ 

166,897 
3,702,046 
3,012,436 
44,582,393 
83,544,934 
7,662,168 
2,435,758 
4,042,323 
9,186,548 
18,275 


No. 

1,103 
23,054 
16,075 
138,136 
230,662 
21,394 
8,440 
10,969 
33,618 
43 


No. 

327 
2,866 
3,143 
42,970 
55,935 
3,114 
540 
1,086 
2,574 
3 


1 

966,344 
27,381,724 
18,281,989 
179,655,354 
324,658,628 
31,407,110 
11,984,484 
14,941,806 
48,337,252 
86,670 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario . 


Alanitoba . 






British Columbia . . . . - 




Canada 


70,214 


19,083 


158,353,778 


483,494 


112,558 


057,701,361 


1921. 

Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia 


155 
1.420 
1,272 
16,709 
33,123 
2,945 
969 
1,489 
3,165 
11 


11* 

3(14 
289 
3,607 
9,672 
675 
151 
290 
460 


127,461 

2,843,127 
2,540,531 
39,023,881 
76,921,367 
6,628,005 
1,865,979 
3,168,767 
6,978,199 
13,574 


719 
13,351 
9,702 
106,201 

174,911 
14,609 
5,750 
6,942 
22,882 
48 


213 
2,071 
2,478 
34,181 
40,639 
2,503 
365 
1,603 
2,193 
3 


524,159 
13,820,793 
9,275,133 
125,426,562 
227,016,719 
20,364,328 
6,976,307 
8,991,762 
28,797,329 
98,402 




Quebec 




Manitoba ... 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Canada 


61,258 


15,519 


143,110,891 


354,115 


86,249 


441,291,494 





8. Power and Fuel. 

Power. -The statistics of the use of mechanical power in manufacturing 
establishments bring into relief another phase of industrial development in Canada. 
The total h.p. used has been computed for the years 1917 to 1921. The power 
produced by steam and internal combustion engines, by water wheels and motors 
and other unspecified units, as well as the electric power purchased from outside 
concerns, were included in the total. The aggregate used in 1917 was 3,592,940 h.p. 
and in 1918 declined to 3,518,004 h.p. During the two following years increases 
took place to 3,544,607 h.p. in 1919 and 3,698,479 h.p. in 1920. On account of the 
recession in manufacturing activity during 1921, the power used declined to 3,492,646 
h.p. The power developed by electric motors in 1921 was 755,982 h.p., as compared 
with 813,273 h.p. in the previous year. 

The total h.p. used in the factories of Ontario in 1921 was 1,477,776 and Quebec 
followed with 1,167,460 h.p. Third came British Columbia, with a horsepower of 
376,196. The total electrical power used in Ontario was 367,113 h.p., and in Quebec 
246,719 h.p. 

Aside from the miscellaneous group, which includes the central electric stations, 
the wood and paper group used most power in 1921. The utilization amounted to 
835,707 h.p., which may be compared with the 171,190 h.p. used by the vegetable 
products group, including the flour milling industry. The mills and factories 
engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel products held fourth place, using 

130,738 h.p. 
62373 28i 



436 



PRODUCTION 



14. -Power used in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada by Provinces, and 

Groups of Industries, 1921. 



Provinces and Groups. 


Steam 
Engines 


Gas 

Engines 


Oil 
Engines 


Gaso 
line 
Engines 


Water 
Wheels 
and 
Motors. 


Elec 
tric 
Motors. 


Other 
Power. 


Total. 1 


PROVINCES. 
Prince Edward Island 


h.p. 
1,367 


h.p. 
12 


h.p. 
1,032 


h.p. 
637 


h.p. 
1,832 


h.p. 
157 


h.p. 
44 


h.p. 
5,029 


Nova Scotia 


45,048 


1,130 


2,051 


900 


24,663 


15,333 


1,207 


85,221 


New BrunswicK 


45,202 


482 


1,305 


1,309 


19,394 


31,860 


291 


89,223 


Quebec 


141,993 


1,126 


1,425 


2,927 


851,100 


246,719 


4,410 


1,167,460 


Ontario 


213,711 


12,939 


1,293 


3,518 


983,181 


367,113 


18,392 


1,477,776 


Manitoba 


20,801 


92 


1,334 


418 


82,747 


18,506 


457 


118,186 


Saskatchewan 


50,906 


53 


7,392 


450 


2 


6,058 


75 


62,917 


Alberta . . 


56,838 


1,137 


1,819 


537 


32,444 


11,391 


26 


100,395 


British Columbia 


99,934 


272 


2,505 


1,359 


229,935 


58,840 


2,964 


376, 196 


Yukon 


240 








10,000 


5 




10,243 




















Total 


676,040 


17,343 


20,156 


13,055 


2,235,298 


755,982 


27,866 


3,492,646 




















GROUPS. 
Vegetable products 


43,741 


2,018 


828 


3,046 


39,181 


119,034 


3,020 


171,190 


Animal products 


19,878 


444 


142 


3,234 


1,386 


39,007 


793 


51,882 


Textiles 


16,092 


717 


36 


139 


22,495 


67,285 


936 


85,272 


Wood and paper 


274,035 


5,774 


1,568 


4,058 


336,503 


294,910 


17,162 


835,707 




26,315 


7,41 


238 


426 


3,332 


135,189 


2,870 


130,738 


Non-ferrous metals 


2,159 


8 


24 




2,525 


23,383 


1,381 


21,686 


Non-metallic minerals 


11,238 


814 


1,389 


257 


8 


19,374 


1,521 


28,143 




5.962 


25 


6 


858 


3,511 


38,299 


106 


36,000 


Miscellaneous 


272,458 


3 


15,925 


3 


1,826,357 


10,298 


77 


2,121,688 


Hand trades, construction and 
repairs 


4,162 


9 




34 




9,203 




10,340 





















1 For the purpose of eliminating an obvious duplication where electric motors are run by power 
generated by the reporting establishments, a deduction of one-third of the horsepower furnished by 
electric motors is made in computing the total. 

Fuel. The fuel used in industrial establishments in 1921 included 4,129,265 
tons of bituminous coal, valued at 135,001,349, constituting 67-3 p.c. of the total 
fuel cost. The other chief fuels in order of value were fuel oil, comprising 10-5 p.c.; 
anthracite coal 5-6 p.c. and coke 4-8 p.c. In 1921 the foreign bituminous used 
amounted to 2,867,355 tons, as compared with 1,261,910 tons of domestic production. 

Out of a fuel account of nearly $52,000,000, Ontario expended $24,100,000 or 
46 p.c. of the total. The manufacturing concerns of Quebec expended $15,500,000 
and those of Nova Scotia $3,500,000. The fuel account of Ontario included 1,984,715 
tons of foreign bituminous coal, valued at $16,990,643. Quebec u.-ed 835,305 ions 
of foreign soft coal worth $8,748,283. 

The groups of industry in which fuel was most extensively used in 1921 were 
wood nnd paper, $14,870,515; iron and steel, $9.621,669; vegetable products, 
7,455,321 and non-metallic minerals $6,183,707. Fuel is used quite generally 
throughout the industrial field for the generation of power by means of internal 
combustion and steam engines. The princiapl industries where fuel is u^ed as a 
material that enters into the actual composition of the product, are the manufactures 
of coke and gas. The most important industries where heat is applied directly to 
materials to transform them or to facilitate their manipulation are foundries and 
machine shops, blast furnaces and steel mills, non-ferrous metal smelting, brick and 
tile, lime and cement, petroleum refining and the glass industry. 



LOCALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES 



437 



15. Fuel used in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces, 1931. 



Provinces and Groups. 


Bituminous Coal. 


Anthra 
cite 
Coal. 


Lignite 
Coal. 


Coke. 


Gaso 
line. 


Oil. 


Other. 


PROVINCES. 
Prince Edward Island . . . 


Tons. 
5,061 
427,594 
237, 163 
1,033,732 
2,031,996 
64,726 
49,866 
120,222 
158,640 
265 


- 
52,667 
2,105,209 
1,957,814 
10,910,430 
17,403,284 
587,459 
418,155 
387,799 
1,174,651 
3,881 


$ 
9,831 
92,433 
53,101 
1,340,006 
1,124,957 
122,024 
75, 189 
59,811 
53,005 


$ 
2,566 
7,981 
2,558 
84,593 
63,230 
201,418 
579,738 
375,484 
10,103 


S 
510 
239,702 
13,311 
537,991 
1,478,475 
123,562 
13,029 
26,089 
82,846 


$ 
180,998 
37,851 
14,058 
60,615 
296,961 
39,840 
649 
41,902 
59,035 


$ 
912 
974,930 
24, 131 
1,458,876 
1,924,294 
56,199 
69,611 
507 
956,736 


S 
15,838 
53,317 
94,307 
1,019,495 
1,763,858- 
128, 132 
466,715 
53,702 
415,903 
7,316 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 




Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


4,129,365 


35,001,349 


2,93D,357 


1,327,671 


2,515,515 


739,328 


5,466,196 


4,018,581 


GROUPS. 
Vegetable products 


559,279 
302,168 
282,265 
1,295,814 
830,006 
73,913 
255,894 
189,568 
314,164 

26,194 


4,634,807 
2,354,006 
2,765,296 
12,467,581 
5,835,331 
642.713 
2,307,018 
1,642,952 
2,102,977 

248,663 


893,686 
260,330 
235,097 
763,121 
338,315 
92,556 
41,320 
98,304 
193,023 

14.60J 


238,244 
157,636 
46,021 
33,412 
50,990 
5,516 
4,612 
27,584 
762,441 

1,215 


346,538 
36,105 
51,755 
21,537 
1,400,717 
82,678 
437,724 
115,698 
4.618 

18,115 


106,761 
156,892 
16,241 
132,554 
122,390 
44,049 
49,527 
20,034 
81,493 

9,387 


572,532 
71,635 
11,912 
405,842 
1,306,487 
139,962 
2,699,194 
62,854 
147,382 

48,396 


662,753 
724,386 
58,854 
1,046,468 
567,439 
106,496 
644,312 
63,463 
126,711 

17,699 




Textiles 


Wood and paper 


Non-ferrous metal,-, 
Non-metallic minerals. . 
Chemicals .... .... 


Miscellaneous 


Hand trades, construc 
tion and repair 





6 Localization of Manufacturing Industries. 

The prosperity of most of the cities and large towns of Canada is intimately con 
nected with their manufacturing industries. Statistics of the manufacturing industries 
in all cities, towns and villages of over 1,000 population throughout the country, as 
ascertained at the census of 1921, are given in Table 16. As a consequence of the 
gathering momentum of the post-war boom, the figures for 1920 are in many cases 
strikingly increased from those of 1919, as in the cases of Windsor and Walkerville. 
Cities having a gross manufacturing production of over 100,000,000 each in 1920, 
in the order of the value of their products, were Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton and 
Winnipeg. Vancouver and Ottawa, the only cities in the $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 
class in 1920, produced manufactures to the gross value of $98,689,520 and $57,708,- 
929 respectively. Other important manufacturing cities producing in 1920 goods 
to a gross value of between $30,000,000 and $50,000,000 were in the order of value 
produced, London, Quebec, Kitchener, Brantford, Sault Ste. Marie, Peterborough, 
Sydney, Calgary, Oshawa, Sarnia, Edmonton and Walkerville. For details the 
reader is referred to Table 16. 



438 



I>RODUCTI(>\ 



16. Statistics of Manufactures by Cities, Towns and Villages of 1,000 population and 

over, 1920. 



Cities and Towns. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 
materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


P. E. Island 

Charlottetown 


No. 

76 


$ 

1 604 950 


No. 

642 


$ 

fill ^fi 


$ 

il 819 fi:?7 


% 

F9 QQ8 810 


Souris 


15 


66 828 


51 


1Q fi01 


on 7(jc 


|7"i "ill 


Summerside 

Nova Scotia 

Amherst 


33 
7 


350,052 
11 435 925 


177 
2 267 


121,547 

fi3fi 917 


198,218 

64K.Q 49<J 


547,825 

!10 830 717 


Antigonish 


23 


206 903 


79 


*i7 394 


m49 


OIQ 837 


Bridgetown 


22 


359 757 


129 


Qfl ofl3 


IQfl 94 


400 947 


Bridgewater 


45 


2 790 221 


285 


99A 887 


.jcc no 


871 ^44 


Canso 


14 


449 428 


16fi 


mRJtfl 


OOC CQQ 


CCQ n34 


Dartmouth. . . 


42 


9 008 043 


1 581 


9 nil R74 


o fl19 con 


6P.74 ^77 


Digby 


24 


278 431 


120 


118 049 


9fiQ 91 


490 804 


Glace Bay. . . . 


37 


339 677 


147 


m380 


Ififi 9O 


4^0 184 


Halifax 


315 


25 484 900 


7 171 


8 "518 017 


8010 00 


9^ ^03 39fi 


Inverness 


1 


3 010 


21 


9 037 


H97 


18 <TW 


Kentville 


23 


255 834 


186 


2fi1 41Q 


men 


48fi 034 


Liverpool 


31 


3 598 718 


400 


ill fi71 


4 I V4 ^7 


1 149 ons 


Louisbourg 


| 


31 837 


18 


10 108 


91 300 


48 698 


Lunenburg 


40 


651 255 


296 


250 809 


9 lift 70,8 


667 908 


New Glasgow 


79 


13 191 690 


9 gio 


3 020 Q09 


12 590 810 


18 730 534 


North Sydney. . 


25 


105 497 


12j 


11 ! U5 


112 55 


316 042 


Oxford 


11 


762 972 


247 


12 994 


581 388 


1 013 035 


Parrsboro 


17 


72 948 


83 


67 294 


137 927 


288 910 


Pictou 


29 


916 100 


447 


356 135 


644 44 


1 499 329 


Shelburne 


20 


408 459 


183 


165 381 


973 71 


622 185 


Springhill 


10 


28 575 


17 


13 R93 


90 734 


53 385 


Stellarton 


12 


463 192 


217 


318 710 


199 QQ4 


758 305 


Sydney 


122 


32 246 019 


9 929 


5 038 746 


9ft 354 0,34 


37 567 205 


Sydney Mines. . 


15 


1 761 754 


314 


341 1 Q7 


3 218 938 


4 492 856 


Trenton 


4 


881 349 


321 


366 516 


670 125 


1 344 653 


Truro 


64 


3 249 871 


1 080 


1 018 071 


2 460 759 


5 027 798 


Westville 




83 737 


39 


32 516 


24 870 


93 248 


Windsor 


28 


1 939 696 


357 


269 893 


846 731 


1 448 689 


Wolfville 


14 


124 275 


66 


69 5J7 


177 556 


276 309 


Yarmouth 


68 


3 885 034 


979 


801 563 


3 286 805 


5 342 646 


New Brunswick 

Bathurst 


29 


9 104 58 


896 


117 925 


1 992 467 


4 980 990 


Campbellton 


27 


5 295 234 


840 


969 003 


I 763 442 


3 373 311 


Chatham 


24 


2 431 379 


461 


359 028 


1 067 875 


1 646 526 


Dalhousie 


11 


2 027 611 


269 


265 338 


607 311 


1 149 536 


Edmunston. . . . 


14 


2 353 448 


563 


875 t l 


1 766 023 


5 207 702 


Fredericton 


65 


3 149 344 


893 


855 751 


9 199 703 


3 801 683 


Grand Falls 


18 


449 070 


155 


137 6 9 5 


157 420 


547 315 


Marysville 


3 


1 816 550 


574 


527 962 


1 123 633 


2 171 997 


Milltown 


4 


2 337 240 


696 


534 815 


940 231 


9 9Q3 995 


Moncton 


90 


9 589 975 


3 061 


3 727 278 


3 86 465 


8 888 553 


Newcastle.. . 


25 


4 339 131 


439 


361 196 


1 158 861 


2 172 950 


Richibucto. . . 


7 


99 700 


34 


7 D )() 


31 216 


48 579 


Sackville 


21 


1 360 826 


400 


303 374 


554 72 9 


1 066 962 


Shediac 


13 


139 885 


5 9 


34 145 


113 524 


197 570 


St. Andrews 


17 


75 271 


35 


22 759 


71 til ! 


119 014 


St. George 


10 


558 933 


1 ID 


143 262 


165 405 


513 162 


St. John 


302 


15,8H 282 


1 li il) 


1 (i93 198 


8 6 1 966 


17 8<l."> "I- 1 


St. Stephen... 


40 


4 341 459 


959 


856 786 


3 973 066 


6 250 117 


Sus.-e.v 


40 


1 801 764 


. ( 1 ) 


291 714 


837 638 


1 B35 754 


Woodstock 


36 


584 736 


179 


177 147 


331 715 


637 444 


Quebec 

Actonvaic 
Aithabaska 


20 
12 


131,408 
167 594 


57 

;- 


87,268 

67 079 


in.), 642 
134 035 


245,300 

." ) 636 


Asbestos 


11 


66 289 


21 


16 143 


24 066 


56 938 


Aylmer 


3 


4 090 


3 


1 540 


2 300 


7 700 


Bagotville. . 


13 


118 250 


25 


14 391 


37 549 


65 731 


Bail St. Paul. 


21 


164 512 


26 


18 052 


59 052 


100 710 


Bi aiiceville 


10 


127 130 


gj 


" . ~7 


33 234 


110 215 


Beaubarnou 


21 


2,577 897 


489 


600 247 


1 50(i :i 7 


3 235 788 


Be<lford 


20 


374 222 


72 


53 104 


89 994 


200 895 


Beloeil 


20 


1 til 453 


277 


426 682 


171 934 


2 470 682 


Berliner 


10 


24 552 


13 


6 040 


IS 1 >S 


65 889 


Bienville 


4 


13 682 


6 


2 519 


5 326 


16 651 


Black Lake .... 


12 


56 382 


15 


10 255 


35 460 


61 242 


Bromptonville. . . 


13 


BM.220 


306 


325.774 


1.421.25ft 


2.804.113 



STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL CENTRES 



439 



16 Statistics of Manufactures by Cities, Towns and Villages of 1,000 population and 

over, 1920 continued. 



Cities and Towns. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees. 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 
materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


Quebec con. 
Buckingham 


No. 
30 


$ 
2,807,384 


No. 
429 


$ 
513,332 


> 
1,005,503 


$ 
3,551,513 




8 


40,394 


21 


9,494 


36,666 


57,439 


Chicoutimi 


41 


8,802,297 


939 


1,022,784 


1,518,660 


7, 182,543 




45 


2,002,455 


707 


551,289 


1,871,542 


3,053, 136 


Cookshire 


21 


755,151 


151 


108,250 


266,345 


577,646 




16 


601,557 


139 


128,041 


217,238 


415,473 




22 


356,319 


87 


75,404 


237,527 


470,621 


De^c hail Ions 


11 


35,225 


111 


24,353 


22,501 


85,996 




20 


783,027 


117 


118,116 


175,976 


427,438 




3 


25,907 


4 


4,716 


4,282 


17,953 




31 


1,372,587 


355 


272,893 


1,132,322 


1,910,049 




29 


312,610 


112 


87,325 


220,281 


428,724 




31 


1,911,334 


499 


657,209 


530,742 


1 , 628 , 592 




50 


4,884,324 


1,982 


1,637,217 


2,999,710 


6,536,707 


Grande Baie 


8 


28,924 


12 


11,471 


38,385 


55, 145 


Grand M&re 


34 


53,795,328 


2,717 


3,457,424 


3,333,960 


16,432,589 


Hull 


70 


17,314,736 


3,023 


3,010,503 


7,681,380 


16,623,648 


Huntingdon 


30 


157,585 


115 


85,305 


118,640 


264,929 


Iberville 


21 


713,351 


241 


178,584 


472,198 


871,286 


Joliette 


57 


1,968,782 


1,106 


925,652 


2,076,000 


3 , 688 , 659 


Jonquiere 


21 


245,986 


39 


29,472 


36,496 


130,857 




22 


2,949,880 


364 


325,436 


1,408,642 


2,686,744 




64 


14,122,645 


2,329 


3,289,830 


4,054,757 


15,682,251 




11 


70,415 


35 


32,010 


55,233 


110,201 


L Assomption 


9 


19,725 


11 


3,741 


69,510 


78,423 


La TuQue 


15 


9,407,879 


1,188 


1,602,675 


2,003,338 


6,391,566 


Laurentides 


19 


165,012 


26 


17,433 


45,483 


85, oil 


Lauzon 


7 


4,523,992 


922 


1,122,440 


445,888 


2,960,939 






138,726 


47 


66, 160 


155,215 


312,615 




34 


1,062,115 


341 


342,143 


413,612 


926,894 




16 


78,238 


42 


44,468 


68,315 


147,825 


Lorette 


10 


21,870 


IS 


15,509 


37,658 


66,965 


Loui?eville 


11 


811,776 


221- 


195,061 


498,025 


859,324 


Magog 


29 


5,843,871 


1,156 


756,617 


3,948,794 


8,305,927 




6 


67,350 


27 


13,270 


74,649 


157,829 




13 


1,125,636 


330 


273,768 


1,003,123 


1,523,951 




15 


15,388,954 


2,821 


3,532,552 


5,455,681 


14,091,034 




17 


527,798 


144 


157, 147 


339,942 


776,562 


Mont-Joli 


1 


493,258 


82 


79,457 


206,518 


405,180 


Mont-Laurier 


I 


190,955 


4; 


48,875 


271,765 


399, 112 




37 


2,170,970 


33: 


484,507 


752,989 


1,693,457 




2,823 


471,487,579 


113,078 


131,111,321 


309,308,243 


593,881,752 




26 


308,953 


132 


99,772 


148,737 


303,441 


Outremont .... 




33,171 


26 


33,724 


63,728 


129.501 


Pierreville 


19 


63,604 


16 


43,740 


74,187 


58,780 




22 


532,798 


159 


128,168 


223,187 


458,196 


Point -aux -Trembles . . . 


6 


312,042 


110 


113,076 


137,904 


345,060 


Pointe Claire 


i 


95, 288 


31 


26,601 


25,863 


92,335 


Pointe-Gatineau 


L 


9,680 


1 


2,786 


2,796 


10,580 




44. 


42,021,102 


11,422 


9,143,586 


25,229,09L 


45,121,279 


Richmond 


19 


285,752 


95 


73,957 


63,888 


212,512 


Rimouski 


25 


1,785,575 


189 


327,660 


636,604 


1,735,362 


Roberval ... 


28 


366,058 


103 


89,630 


213,025 


444,377 


Shawinigan Falls 
Sherbrooke 


4 
13 


18,963,649 
22,212,093 


2,529 
5,394 


2,993,504 
5,569,655 


5,656,628 
11,068,15, 


14,980,975 
22,518,034 


Sorel 


4 


1,562,168 


1,028 


843,715 


522,790 


1,713, 171 


iSte. Agathe des Monts. . . 
Ste. Anne de Beaupre. . . . 
Ste. Anne de Belle vue 
St Eustache 


2 

1 

1 


437,500 
9,236 
80,660 
66,06 


187 

1 

3 
2 


149,634 
5,005 
25,385 
11,925 


263,413 
13,412 
34,36 
104,031 


561,075 
29,944 
101.774 
140,437 


St. Gabriel de Brandon. . 
St George 


1 
1 


126,15 
103,65 


10 
2 


104,49 
16,399 


210,210 

126,766 


432,551 
154,060 


St Hyacinthe 


8 


5,706,37 


2,22 


1,459,088 


4,306,151 


8,546,981 


St Jean 


5 


28,539,41 


5,52 


5,770,388 


11,482,800 


21,012,707 


St Je r ome 


3 


3,653,17 


1,48 


1,184,79 


2,691,904 


6,078,264 


St. Joseph (Beauce) 
St Lambert 




117,58 
301,87 


3 
11 


23,14 
107,46 


113,816 
129.34S 


163,280 
294,567 


St Laurent . 




1,114,62 


23 


251,03 


512, 71C 


806,091 


St Raymond . .... 




2,292,40 


23 


250,76 


553, 79E 


1,439,289 


St Remi 




652,93 


13 


95,06 


826, 30S 


1,029,057 


Ste Ro?e . . 




49,87 


2 


13,61 


41,701 


64,732 


Ste Therese 




1,104,34 


30 


265,60 


697,244 


1,260,432 


Ste. Tite... 


2 


313,14 


16 


92,15 


322,914 


[ 521,875 



440 



I h ODUCTI().\~ 



It. Statistics of Manufactures by Cities, Towns and Villages of 1,000 population and 

over, 1920 continued. 



Cities and Towns. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em- 




Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 
materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


Quebec concluded. 
Terrebonne 


No. 
18 


f 

1 507 4^4 


No. 

420 


S 

OO AQQ 




$ 


Thetford Mines. . 


40 


436 738 


14Q 




0/, otK 


, 152,488 


Three Rivers. . . 


98 


9 769 804 


60QQ 




Z4o,oll 


542,216 


Valleyfield 


46 


9 620 673 


2 338 


1 QflQ 1*1 




27,085,510 


Verdun. . 


j 


mn43 


lid 






, 53b , 2o I 


Victoriaville 


38 


2 907 089 


450 


A-tK. OOQ 


//O, 191 


1, 151,884 


Waterloo 


> 


-- , 


130 


mfilS 




, lo^,4oZ 


We-t mount. . 


13 


1 480 716 


359 


4fi7 34^ 




o/-,yyi> 


Windsor 


Ib 


3 638 969 


554 


7ftfi 1^7 






Ontario- 
Acton 


18 


909 Q9Q 


1*ttl 






2,912,617 


Alexandria 


32 


583 285 


477 


4 7 -J 709 




427,466 


Allislon 


31 


250 Q9Q 


inn 


Qi 090 






Almonte 


2| 


3 493 610 


1 IISX 






o94,o4z 


Amherstburg. . . 


18 


6 539 801 


filQ 






, yuo , i iy 


Arnprior 


38 


4 601 611 


"> C! 


XI A zai 




,U74,o^7 


Arthur 


24 


14 817 




101 ^J.9 




,47(>, 16 


Aurora. 


26 


<I87 V\\ 


(1 1 








Aylmer 


26 


1 244 74 


54 


I919 fifil 


ooy , ys / 


1,U2, 147 


Barrie. . 


67 


795 55 


914 








Beamsville 


18 


227 459 


114 


Q { fi1O 


<yati ocn 


,4yj,77& 


Beaverton 


12 


70 440 


4 


H799 






Belleville... 


101 


2 949 933 


866 


853 305 


1 (in in^ 




Blenheim 


19 


363 146 




m*ifi7 


liUi |)W 1 




Blind River 


9 


56 679 


104 


1 17 <i >J 


^IT 410 


707 4.07 


Bobcaygeon 


17 


69 837 




Uj*\n 






Bowmanville . . . 


37 


3 25l o41 




487 173 


1 71 -> " 




Bracebridge. . . . 


L 7 


1 237 7 1 




1QQ 1 1C 


4^8 1A1 




Brampton 


45 


2 470 914 


827 


i f j "n~ 


9 /ifi7 occ 


^ Ort^ 97ft 


Brantford 


218 


54 480 761 


9 o()3 


11 ir i) vt, 


)> n77 87< 


41 ^17 S9t 


Brockville 


81 


4 8 


1 () > 


1 -100 >7 r 


4 7fiA 8 (; ti 


7 "i > > 1 1 < 


Bridgeburg 


26 


2 566 077 


574 


nca n=7 






Brighton 


24 


541 165 


1 9 3 


1 1 n A ^ i 


>9K 97f 




Burlington 


25 


580 471 


1fi9 


mAZA 


can 9ft9 




Caledonia 




315 899 


7<t 


70 i - 


QK4 AHfl 




Campbellford 


3(1 


1 068 978 


494 


iS8 770 


1 1 - r -( 1 1 


1 7or, 7 M 


Cardinal 


13 


3 Ollrf40 


460 


-j]5 733 


~4 ^^4 


390^ n1-> 


>-ton Place 


38 


2 695 l- i 1 


891 


87^ 4fiQ 


i ,; 1(1 fil i 


T inn 090 


( hatham 


120 


10 804 398 


2 302 


*> fi^4 1 1( 


UZZQ 90K 


17 9cn A^C\ 


( lie.-lev. . 


". i 


(( )() 9JQ 


9Q1 


981 41 1 


QIC 7QC 


i r,97 009 


Clinton. . . 


32 


780 735 


009 


17(i 1 7fi 


fi17 981 




Cobalt . 


30 


13 (> 


236 


9CQ (191 


i 77 7/;.T 




Cobourg 


46 


2 218 558 


444 


4^1 I^Q 


1 941 (lift 


2^0 ft R9R 


Cochrane 


15 


112 843 


14 j 


94.*; 07^ 


m4^O 


477 HQfi 


Collingwood 


55 


6 105 iil 


889 


(|7A 1Q1 


1 l- 7 "" 


310 i lift 1 ? 


Copper Cliff 


9 


930 pig 


1Q 


13 (W 


91 9fi8 


firt Qfi 


Cornwall 


79 


11 270 622 


2 148 


2 03 05 


4 874 09 ^ 


10 17^ "SIQ 


Deseronto 


23 


847 714 


260 


]() ) ()f)-j 


1Q1 fi04 


1 7 9 2 256 


Dresden 


28 




191 


158 665 


74 "(T 


1 175 548 


Dundas 




1 ;7 845 


885 


i onn 4os 


1 7fiji Q^^ 


Q 7 1 - 


Dunnville 


- 


2 SN 


734 


R99 n4^i 


1 i-)Q QA^ 


9 v?<i 71 i 


Durham 


23 


638 978 


197 


1BQ 79S 




774 <l r iQ 


, iew 


5 




10 


- 


92 483 


m708 


Eganville 


19 


l )7 0^4 


40 


"il 111 


")l 863 


324 740 


Eltnira 




1 576 636 


547 


519 303 


1 113 121 


.j( g3g 


Elora.... 


18 


6(js 


23Q 


994 407 


Q7Q 844 


7n-{ QHO 


i-X 


31 


3G4 338 




7fi Rni 


999 QH 9 


4ftS 


Exeter 


30 


275 543 


107 


7 , Mill 


40fi KS4 


188 1fi4 


Fenelon Fall*. . . . 


22 


143 834 


69 


5 Till 


ml A3 


281 


Fergus 


28 


1 313 134 


394 


320 040 


1 172 7 l i 


1 943 7 9 4 


Forest 


25 


376 272 


166 


136 294 


45 " 


740 872 


Fort Erie 


7 


58 764 


20 


19 gio 


5 t 7.V: 


T 827 


Fort Frances 


25 


6 998 911 


716 


1 l i 


2 931 047 


8 434 9 94 


Fort William 


86 


13 027 737 


1 601 


2 218 106 


9 166 328 


13 707 7i 


Gait 


141 


14 519 589 


4 061 


4 731 520 


9 498 485 


18 486 901 


noque 


41 


2 873 662 


647 


701 961 


1 090 462 


2 8 r 


Georgetown 


34 


2 980 953 


561 


642 673 


2 367 551 


3 810 614 


Goderich 


47 


1 989 246 


417 


382 732 


,-, -^9 417 


7 ^64 367 


iTihurst 


18 


571 230 


143 


132 934 


177 I l ) 


494 202 


Grimsby... 


33 


948 824 


303 


281 


860 672 


1 439 584 


Guelph 


170 


15 078 034 


3 888 


5 279 891 


10 175 666 


19 800 432 


Hagersville. . . 


27 


134.171 


36 


25.570 


177.231 


275.202 



STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL CENTRES 



441 



16. Statistics of Manufactures by Cities, Towns and Villages of 1,000 population and 

over, 1920 continued. 



Cities and Towns. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 
materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


Ontario con. 


No. 
19 


$ 

115,904 


No. 

49 


$ 
50,945 


$ 
75,022 


$ 
175,811 


Hamilton 


795 


144,763,907 


31,567 


40,904,240 


85,500,298 


172,600,029 


Hanover 


35 


2,165,596 


627 


558,476 


737,036 


1,965,860 


Harriston 


22 


202,420 


258 


95,340 


195,736 


406,913 


Havelock 


15 


62,125 


25 


10,010 


60,154 


90,193 


Hawkesbury 


32 


5,770,168 


901 


1,286,017 


4,033,410 


8,351,068 


Hespeler 


28 


5,214,570 


1,107 


1,141,095 


. 2,436,942 


5,260,946 


Huntsville 


23 


738,815 


355 


419,317 


460,731 


1,179,396 


Ingersoll 


52 


4,932,636 


922 


1,088,704 


3,882,331 


6,036,483 


IroQUois 


20 


378,944 


63 


42,835 


332,653 


441,060 


Keewatin 


4 


4,292.921 


716 


1,139,931 


18,123,988 


20,978,677. 


Kemptville 


34 


327,490 


92 


92,876 


260,679 


409,787 


Kenora . 


26 


2,423,085 


273 


370,336 


2,295,762 


3,014,253 




37 


1,008,371 


353 


328,676 


826,457 


1,536,971 


Kingston 


174 


13,267,416 


2,494 


2,555,403 


4,455,207 


8,949,226 


Kingsville 


27 


603,651 


135 


138,770 


417,905 


731,277 


Kitchener 


216 


27,452,571 


8,268 


9,078,859 


20,698,220 


43,095,584 


Lakefield 


17 


139,309 


43 


31,878 


90,478 


154,176 


Leamington 


39 


1,635,134 


457 


449,515 


f, 3 18, 359 


2,674,494 


Lindsay 


83 


4,331,413 


864 


738,129 


1,598,62! 


3,217,098 


Listowell 


40 


1,018,542 


324 


304,327 


1,308,017 


2,000,775 


London 


464 


36,089,918 


11,214 


12,300,456 


24,820,936 


48,888,185 


L Orignal 


7 


192,453 


42 


36,652 


90,782 


186,117 


Madoc 


30 


530,660 


75 


63,620 


290,638 


487,557 


Markham 


12 


64,951 


28 


21,064 


166,963 


228,314 


Muttawa 


11 


47,663 


13 


8,114 


12,016 


31,526 


Meaiord. 


34 


1,533,643 


476 


424,227 


1,515,461 


2,638,218 


Merriton 


16 


6,654,254 


1,002 


1,241,948 


2,631,967 


7,210,083 


Midland 


44 


4,630,462 


1,051 


1,241,588 


2,373,959 


4,542,973 


Milton . 


31 


2,349,083 


240 


327,824 


345,817 


1,101,971 


Mitchell 


24 


823,869 


333 


260,351 


521,592 


1,151,642 


Mount Forest 


32 


763,010 


127 


119,608 


702,018 


1,020,654 




29 


150,487 


70 


54,948 


181,276 


275,249 


Napanee 


48 


888,960 


259 


239,080 


708,893 


1,294,902 


New Hamburg 


31 


847,417 


268 


225,236 


630,789 


1,106,686 


New Liskeard 


25 


423,832 


196 


227,177 


303,983 


642,035 


Newmarket 


27 


1,873,069 


582 


657,837 


711,634 


2,396,957 


New Toronto 


11 


18,518,194 


3,361 


4,066,541 


15,796,405 


23,128,912 


Niagara 


7 


175,541 


53 


40,100 


163,029 


282,442 


Niagara Palls 


135 


28,352,773 


3,409 


5,054,105 


6,835,873 


23,230,696 


North Bay 


58 


9,365,794 


1,408 


2,271,108 


2,038,301 


5,448,704 


Norwich 


27 


737,700 


195 


190,580 


1,976,546 


2,536,760 


Oakville 


35 


1,408,155 


282 


320,598 


1,004,704 


1,797,896 


Orangeville 


28 


705,264 


. 133 


101,808 


434,943 


677,203 


Orillia 


62 


6,577,847 


1,147 


1,221,456 


1,720,504 


3,965,240 


Oshawa 


78 


24,197,710 


4,094 


4,914,401 


25,667,544 


36,061,962 


Ottawa 


552 


49,619,630 


11,122 


12,810,712 


33.93S, 936 


57,708,929 


Owen Sound 


101 


5,160,849 


1,875 


1,678,975 


2,816,446 


6,149,898 


Palmerston 


21 


222,366 


67 


48,730 


481,765 


664,323 


Paris. 


43 


4,620,006 


1,276 


1,056,606 


3,850,839 


6,705,409 


Parkhill 


19 


169,547 


46 


39,450 


148,337 


248,239 


Parry Sound . . 


30 


1,310,585 


281 


281,311 


354,755 


1,002,269 


Pembroke . . . . 


61 


4,602,663 


1,255 


1,406,091 


3,420,622 


6,261,481 


Penetauguishene . . ... 


31 


1,813,711 


538 


642,457 


1,903,708 


3,050,713 


Perth ... 


46 


3,231,031 


666 


696,994 


1,703,425 


3,115,110 


Peterboro 


172 


27,904,553 


6,302 


6,694,118 


25,148,511 


38,013,283 


Petrolia 


35 


670,292 


202 


158,323 


558,715 


934,388 


Picton 


54 


1,120,477 


377 


280,217 


305,988 


1,841,654 


Port Arthur 


59 


11,819,002 


1,765 


2,239,297 


2,288,532 


7,457,816 


Port Colborne 


22 


7,253,376 


448 


817,377 


12,251,214 


15,623,557 


Port Dalhousie 


5 


1,189,364 


412 


390,804 


815,938 


1,566,824 


Port Dover 


15 


410,280 


135 


101,675 


544,046 


795,311 


Port Elgin 


17 


586,485 


218 


183,662 


444.02S 


695,366 


Port Hope 


52 


4,081,164 


1,033 


1,222,679 


1,436,754 


3,759,068 


Port Perry 


23 


238,021 


62 


44,436 


356,661 


488,259 


Prescott 


29 


783,834 


218 


211,961 


441,987 


903,321 


Preston 


61 


5,453,135 


1,682 


1,985,627 


4,252,510 


7,649,374 


Rainy River 


12 


55,329 


97 


160,091 


106,788 


288,897 


Renfrew . 


59 


4,321,565 


1,824 


1,038,836 


3,004,066 


5,730,875 


Ridgetown 


35 


367,332 


135 


103,444 


343,787 


555,989 


Rockland 


13 


714,748 


558 


377,425 


1,128,575 


2,156,586 


Sarnia. . ... 


89 


25,500,268 


3,239 


4,298,163 


18,620,147 


33,222,301 


Sandwich... 


14 


198,445 


193 


320,551 


434,768 


1,555,581 



442 



PRODUCTION 



16. Statistics of Manufactures by Cities, Towns and Villages of 1,000 population and 

over, 1920 continued. 



Cities and Towns. 


Estab 
lish- 
ments 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 

materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


Ontario concluded. 
Sault Ste. Marie 


No. 
1 


$ 

50 222 88 


No. 
5 3 48 


$ 

A fl4ft AK 


- 


$ 


Soaforth 




1 322 321 


3 40 


3 It ft Cfi 






Shelburne 




103 82( 


) 4 




/U/,74 


I t 44o, 7oo 


Simcoe 


e 


2 727 29 


!7n 


KfiQ OR 


obU,4o 


4o7,5o9 


Smiths Falls 


e 


4 379 80* 


> 75 


;QfiC OQ 




4,U71,b4U 


Southampton 




742 11< 


24 


rooi 9Q< 




i,OlJ,OOO 


Stratford 


1 


8 978 22 


13 Q3 


14 14 JO 






Stiathroy 




1 529 15 ( 


i 34( 


JOflO 19- 






StoufTville 




147 09 


!! 


S ^4 7 *{( 






Sturgeon Falls 




5 309 841 


1 6 9 


ri (\f\Ci K.4- 


iw, fw 




Smlbury 




2 511 094 


474 


IfilQ f\Q 






St. Catharines 


1 


18 326 454 


14 fifi< 




V4V, * 1 




St. Thomas 


1 


5 021 667 


F > 117 


11 AH? X.QL 






St. Marys 




4 674 65S 


7V 


7(\ rtftd 






Tavistock 




g>7 94 ) 


161 


Ii ifi QQ": 






Thessalon 
Thorold 




1,898,578 
17 238 OTi 


181 

{ ( 


257,837 

\ fi^f. 1 KG 


691,083 


1,479,279 


Tilbury 




4^0 a<i7 










Tilsonburg 


4 


1 865 <)77 


4(i t; 


A lA A1 


4UU,Zb7 




Toronto 


3 38 


453 264 134 


Kllj (j-j| 


1 JO Q17 09 






Trenton 


4 


3 766 273 


fU7 


C-71 9fi 






Tweed 


2 


299 709 


00 


QH 9A 






Vankleek Hill 


2 


159 414 


7 4 


Af\ 7Q 






Victoria Harbour 




1 477 277 


194 


9?^ 09 






Walkerton 


4 


1 277 O i i 


347 


m ^8 




1 017 S4A 


Walkerville 


5 


25 781 g7 j 


3 g?? 








Wallaceburg 


3 


2 046 OO 9 


nas 


1 nifl 1 7 






Waterford 


2 


587 243 




01 fi ? 






Waterloo 


6 


6 024 175 


1 (174 


1 1^ ^ 14 






Watford 


2 


346 437 




QK JO 






Welland 


8 


22 953 800 


3 632 


4 1 1 } i 






West on 


2 


7 754 118 


877 


OUR n^ 






Whitby 


2 


673 336 


9fl8 


107 73 






Wiarton 


27 


458 806 


1!|H 


Rfi 97 


Z*il,U/7 




Winchester 


25 


295 795 




1 1ft **1 






Windsor 


204 


]7 0^0 28 


1 018 


5QK9 QZQ 






Wingham 


42 


980 558 


?fil 


3 >z onn 






Woodstock 


120 


7 73^ 472 


9 Tin 


9 no* IQO 




9871 Q1R 


Manitoba 

Brandon 


98 


4 493 gsg 


870 


1 1R3 01O 






Carman 


21 


129 816 


V) 


9n OQS 






Dauphin 


40 


549 798 


94fi 


91 A firi ) 


11 -i -; r i > 




Minnedosa 


19 


69 2W 


fi4 


?T 70^ 




mcon 


Morden 


16 


73 401 


9fi 


1C OAO 


loe CQ7 


187 7 ^4 


Neepawa 


15 


295 935 


69 


Q1 091 


990 8O ^ 


9iin nifl 


Portage la Prairie. . . 


36 


1 066 831 


330 


QQH 1^1 


*1 997 ftee 


4 147 *?7 ^ 


Selkirk 


10 


1 261 044 


1QQ 


119 fill 




1 1K1 7RO 


Souris 


14 


682 400 




1*11 *?9fi 




1 1 9.n 97M 


St. Boniface 


31 


4 771 8 9 4 


830 


1 rt i/1 7Ai 




1 1 f\11 nil 


Stonewall 




30 407 


35 


91 4OU 




40 0\" 


The Pas 


g 


1 653 654 


291 


41R ^ 7? 


AOI |,M 


i int; /171 


Transeona 


3 


342 582 


2 047 


9 Qf>9 K-jfi 


2499 fi14 


4 7QR 401 


Virden 


13 


64 299 


"in 


o 1 *i AQ 




IIS "i"ix 


Winnipeg 


911 


100 371 889 


2 < 720 


Q i (J79 QCO 


71 411 i->v. 


1-js 701 ftfij, 


Saskatchewan 

Battleford 


15 


122 771 


115 


182 561 


m40fi 


9Qfi QIC 


Biggar 


18 


111 879 


i ;> 


ffiQ 9QQ 




j x 9 717 


Canora 


I , 


139 463 


25 


OQ 701 




miK4 


Estevan 


23 


681 2 7 


140 


IIS 074 


O ja n i" 


1U7 187 


Humboldt 


26 


307 537 


156 


997 111 


91i . 1)1 


fUlO 900 


Indian Head 


23 


122 712 


47 


Ifl 747 


QO 1 (Cft 


OO 1 ^ 181 


Kamsack 


17 


123 304 


132 


010 077 




his 


Maple Creek 


17 


163 306 


33 


9Q 191 


me oo 


184 401 


Melville 


16 


219 942 


235 


404 (117 


900 49 1 ? 


700 joij 


Mclfort 


25 


290 821 


57 


14 Q9fi 


1 3Q QOfi 


Up QCft 


Moose Jaw 


111 


5 254 710 


1 806 


2110 Sfi1 




18 70W 89 < 


Moosomin 


15 


77 779 


24 


9H 7QO 


14 07Q 


1 lO 7fi4 


North Battleford. .. . 


34 


741 471 


24fl 


?in 3?i 


11 i 411 


1 O01 414 


Prince Albert 


48 


1 833 8 ? 


466 


.171 f)HO 


2189 Qfifl 


39/) 1 } 9f)7 


Regina 


173 


12 934 148 


2 4in 


o 040 001 


in coo /ini 




llosthern. . 


14 


143.906 


19 


18.415 


7 ) fi.18 


19ft .1R4 



TYPICAL INDIVIDUAL MANUFACTURES 



443 



16. Statistics of Manufactures by Cities, Towns and Villages of 1,000 population and 
over, 1920 concluded. 


Cities and Towns. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees. 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 

materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


S askatc h ew an conclu ded . 

Saskatoon 


No. 

173 
17 
30 
4 
32 
32 

9 
332 
27 
15 
4 
306 
19 
13 
85 
18 
4 
77 
6 
12 
27 
22 
11 
21 
28 

24 
. 21 
14 
28 
8 
46 
40 
14 
61 
53 
111 
27 
45 
21 
13 
14 
1,065 
34 
333 

11 


s 

7,135,657 
99,933 
314,326 
28,183 
522,328 
395,064 

276,419 
26,151,225 
236,097 
147,438 
59,425 
17,753,619 
255,825 
180,851 
4,203,764 
267,635 
9,086 
5,987,772 
179,490 
2,138,286 
332,289 
179,579 
119,380 
164,886 
271,817 

248,687 
85,755 
171,289 
1,732,228 
170,447 
729,353 
1,109,855 
73,860 
766,389 
1,271,643 
6,903,431 
1,780,561 
5,645,396 
339,556 
5,122,963 
80,391 
85,804,549 
562,900 
19,300,586 

1,435,574 


No. 

1,642 
41 
198 
8 
112 
87 

82 
5,670 
78 
22 
26 
4,720 
41 
23 
673 
78 

889 
12 
324 
141 
62 
24 
39 
60 

154 
46 
88 
242 
46 
292 
259 
40 
405 
380 
1,792 
958 
1,063 
224 
74 
45 
24,674 
136 
2,719 

34 


1 

2,171,531 
57,743 
265,610 
12,947 
153,504 
106,320 

140,658 
7,828,482 
93,051 
18,474 
35,563 
5,981,330 
39,636 
26,020 
955,522 
94,718 
7,040 
1,141,278 
12,695 
414,417 
160,558 
68,372 
35,949 
40,035 
63,353 

209,411 
48,300 
103,002 
344,624 
53,466 
407,563 
301,260 
48,681 
375,034 
518,763 
2,435,919 
1,442,361 
1,514,508 
334,557 
128,784 
61,050 
24,303,737 
153,726 
3,254,090 

57,566 


$ 

7,328,768 
45,455 
255,922 
8,959 
430,818 
376,459 

142,664 
22,384,770 
347,655 
106,724 
17,357 
19,611,249 
71,653 
53,525 
1,672,613 
293,839 
862 
9,615,424 
79,684 
397, 194 
281,575 
220,202 
26,223 
95,561 
184,850 

153,358 
71,616 
83,117 
926,892 
90,414 
378,367 
708,912 
68,990 
535,865 
520,303 
7,648,396 
1,361,263 
2,400,450 
220, 708 
73, 768 
87,892 
51,482,786 
213,910 
6,987,948 

10,408 


$ 

11,597,027 
135,521 
731,438 
33,010 
731,356 
649,986 

391,513 
37,214,562 
561,425 
151,545 
67,300 
31,939,693 
163,220 
112,293 
3,650,847 
455,567 
13,036 
12,178,212 
119,495 
1,440,174 
530,641 
396,482 
80,342 
175,367 
328,202 

447,809 
160,184 
283,037 
1,691,684 
197,009 
1,043,635 
1,225,557 
237,342 
1,258,793 
1,347,728 
13,188,776 
3,571,432 
4,327,126 
639,426 
912,922 
208,550 
98,689,520 
527,077 
15,822,037 

152,319 


Shaunavon 


Swift Current 


Watrous . . 


Weyburn 


Yorkton 


Alberta- 

Blairmore . 


Calgary 


Camrose 


Cardston .... 


Colenian 


Edmonton 


High River 


Lacombe 


Lethbridge. 


Macleod. . . . 


Magrath.... . .. 


Medicine Hat 


Raymond 


Redcliffe 


Red Deer 


Stettler 


Taber 


Vegreville 


VVetaskiwin 


British Columbia 

Cranbrook 


Chilli wack 


Cumberland 


Fernie 


Grand Forks 


Kamloops 


Kelowna . 


Ladysmith . 


Nanaimo. . . 


Nelson 


New Westminster 


North Vancouver 


Prince Rupert 


Revelstoke 


Rossland 


Trail 


Vancouver. . . . 


Vernon 


Victoria 


Yukon 

Dawson 





3. Typical Individual Manufactures. 

The foregoing discussion has furnished a general view of the recent development 
of the groups under which, to facilitate the comparison of one broad type of manu 
facturing with another, the numerous manufacturing industries of Canada have been 
classified. To supplement this treatment it is considered desirable to describe the 
evolution of individual industries, but considerations of space make it impossible to 
deal with any but a fe.v representative developments. The flour milling industry, 
the boot and shoe industry, the woollen industry, the iron and steel industry, and the 
chemical and allied products industries, have been selected for treatment in this 
edition of the Year Book, to be followed by similar studies of other Industrie- in 
subsequent issues. 



444 PRODVCT10X 



1. The Flour Milling Industry. 

Since Canada is primarily an agricultural country and her chief raw material is 
wheat, it is natural enough that flour milling should occupy a leading position among 
our manufactures. It was the first manufacturing industry in gross value of product 
in 1919 and the second in 1920, and its products enjoy a high reputation in many 
overseas markets. 

The French Regime. Flour milling dates back to the very earliest days 
when the first permanent Canadian settlement was made in 1605 by the French at 
Port Royal, (Annapolis), Nova Scotia, where in the same year the first water wheel 
to turn a millstone for the grinding of wheat on the North American continent, 
north of Mexico, was erected. Other mills were constructed with the growth of 
settlement in New France, the number increasing from 9 in 1665 to 118 in 1734. 
Under seigneurial tenure the seigneur was given the right to build a mill within his 
domain, to which his dependants were obliged to bring their grain to be ground into 
flour. For the use of the mill the seigneur was entitled to a toll of one-fourteenth. 
This system has been regarded as a burden on thfe early agriculturists, but, as a matter 
of fact the toll retained was in many cases insufficient to pay the wages of the miller, 
much less provide a profit for the seigneur, though the authorities continued to 
insist that seigneurs should build and operate mills. 

Upper Canada. The coming of the United Empire Loyalists to Upper Canada 
led to the erection of mills for the grinding of grain produced in the new settlements. 
One of the earliest mills was built at Niagara Falls in 1786. An Order in Council 
passed by the Imperial Government to encourage the building of mills, provided that 
upon application the privilege of erecting mills on government water power sites 
should be granted to responsible parties for a specified time, after which the mill 
and water power were to revert to the government ; but ;i revision of these conditions, 
which frequently resulted in the miller losing his property as it was about to become 
profitable, was found necessary to put the industry on a satisfactory footing. The 
Napoleonic wars caused a rapid increase in the price of cereals and an export business 
in wheat and flour grew up, the exports of flour increasing from 11,000 brls. in 17!):! 
to 42,000 in 1808. 

The Industry in 1830 and later. The industry had now become firmly 
established, as in 1831-2 393 mills were operating in Lower Canada and ol .t in 
Upper Canada. The exports of flour to Great Britain increased from 96,000 cwt. 
in 1831 to 479,000 in 1840. To stem the strong agitation which had ari-en in Great 
Britain for the repeal of the Corn Law-, a --pedal preference was c-tabli-hcd in 1 V 
whereby Canadian wheat and flour were admitted to British markets ;it the nominal 
rate of one shilling per quarter of 480 pounds. While this preference did not help 
Canadian agriculture as much as had been expected, the milling and carrying < rade-, 
with Montreal as their centre, were greatly benefited. In view of the heavy inv< 
ment in establishments of a permanent character and the completion of the St. 
Lawrence canals for the purpose of diverting a profitable trade into Canadian 
channels, the repeal of the Corn Laws, in 1846 and the final loss of preference in Brit ish 
markets came as a severe blow to the Canadian milling and grain trade;. \Yith the 
British preference gone it seemed advisable to Canadian milling and transportation 
interests to link up with the main trade movement of the continent and to endeavour 
to make the St. Lawrence the joint exit for all North American grain. The revival 
of Canadian trade which began in 1849 was the result of three causes, the beginning 
of railway building on an extensive scale, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 and the 



THE FLOUR MILLING INDUSTRY 445 

Crimean and American Civil, wars, all of which led to high prices for Canadian 
farm products. 

The Modern Phase. The next important change in the milling industry was 
the introduction into Canada of the gradual reduction Hungarian process or roller 
milling. Large scale production in Canadian milling began with competition 
between the two processes, stones and rollers. Many of the small mills were unable 
to compete with the larger mills in the production of flour, and either disappeared or 
were transformed into chopping mills. By the eighties the roller process had 
secured a virtual monopoly of the flour milling industry in Canada. The farmers 
lost their market at the local mill, where previously the grain had been bought and 
milled to be shipped away as flour. Elevators sprang up at railway points and the 
grain was ground at the large milling centres. 

The opening of the West provided the vast supply of wheat needed by the new 
milling industry. With the extension of transportation facilities more and more 
new land became available for agriculture. The high quality of Canadian wheat 
was now recognized throughout the world, and Canada s large export trade in wheat 
and its products developed. With the increase in the available supply of wheat 
and the extension of the markets, the milling industry has grown apace, so that 
to-day it has attained a capacity far beyond the needs of domestic markets. The 
rapid increase in the export trade is shown by a reference to the number of barrels 
shipped to other countries, which stood at 1 1 million in the fiscal year ended 1901, 
-3-0 million in 1911, 6-0 million in 1921, 7-4 million in 1922 and 10-2 million in 1923. 

Present Milling Capacity. The total number of mills operating in Canada 
during 1923 was 1,333, with a total daily capacity of 128,225 barrels of flour. Over 
110,000 barrels per day are represented by 163 large merchant mills. Easy access 
to the Atlantic seaboard has been a determining factor in deciding the location of 
the mills. In early times Montreal became the centre of the industry and has held 
its predominant position to the present time. The more important milling centres 
in Canada with their capacities include: Montreal, 19,400 brls. daily; Keewatin, 
Kenora, Ontario, 14,800 brls.; Port Colborne, Ontario, 14,000 brls.; Winnipeg- 
St. Boniface, Manitoba, 8,625 brls.; Medicine Hat, Alberta, 4,800 brls. and Peter 
borough, Ontario, 4,500 brls. 

Value of Materials and Products.- The total cost of grains used in the 
flour and grist mills of the Dominion in 1921 was $146-1 million, and an additional 
$11-1 million represented the cost of the grain used in the chopping mills. The 
total cost of materials, including containers, was $164 6 million. The total value of 
products amounted to $194-8 million, of which $179-6 million represented the 
product of the flour and grist mills and $15-1 million the chopping mills. The value 
added by manufacture in the industry was $30-2 million. 

Out of a production of 15-3 million brls. during 1921 about 7-3 million brls. 
were exported, leaving 8-0 million brls. available for domestic consumption, the 
imports being too small to affect the result materially. Based on a population of 
8,800,000, the per capita consumption of wheat flour in Canada was -92 brls., valued 
at $8.69. 

The essential statistics of production and exportation of wheat flour by months, 
for the crop year ended August 31, 1923, are given in Table 17. The production 
was 18-8 million brls. and the export trade amounted to 11-1 million brls., as com 
pared with an output of 15-5 million brls. and an export of 7-9 million brls. during 
the crop year ended August 31, 1922. 



446 



PRODUCT 10 \ 



17. Production and Export of Wheat Flour by Months during the Crop Year ended 

August 31st, 1923. 



Month. 


Wheat 
Ground. 


Wheat 

Flour 
Produced. 


Wheat 
Flour 
Exported. 


1922 
September 


Bushels. 
6,881,523 


Barrels. 
1,552,566 


Barrels. 
697,379 


October 


9,452,479 


2,156,257 


855, 232 


November.. 


9 758,599 


2 2->8 401 


1 214 462 


December.. . ... 


8 520,698 


1,947,775 


1 46 ? 651 


1923 
January. . 


7,218,825 


,643,794 


1,025,357 


February 


6,432,297 


,472,959 


779,418 


March 


7,363,245 


,676,668 


1,220,942 


April 


6,057,907 


,383,188 


832,298 


May.. . . 


5,777,454 


, 325, 246 


644, 725 


June. . .... . . . . . . 


5,001,673 


1,145.936 


904,619 


July.. 


5,310,925 


1,206,774 


775,176 


August.. . 


4,656,665 


1,058.014 


656,795 










Total 1922-23 


82,432,290 


18,797,578 


11,069,054 










Total 1921-23 


9, 530, 356 


15,527,310 


7,878,589 











Other Statistics. The total number employed in 1921 in the flour milling 
industry was 7,024, with a total annual payroll of $8-3 million. The mills had in 
1921 a physical value of approximately $37,000,000, and the working capital employed 
was another $22,000,000. These mills are widely scattered, every province having 
a share, though the following lead with capital investment in millions of dollars as 
follows: Ontario, $33-5; Quebec, $11-0; Manitoba, $6-4; Saskatchewan, $5-0 
and Alberta, $3-7. 

The total power equipment of the industry was 118,825 horse power, of which 
52,635 was the rated capacity of the electric motors. To a very great extent future 
expansion will be governed by the development of hydro-electric power. The 
operation of flour mills is not a businwss in which much labour is employed, hence 
the relatively high wage standard in Canada is no great handicap in the competition 
for export business. The superlative quality of the country s wheat, combined with 
its natural advantages for the location and operation of mills, supplies a basis for 
a manufacturing industry of the greatest importance. 1 

2. The Boot and Shoe Industry. 

The boot and shoe manufacturing industry in Canada dates back to the earliest 
days. It is first mentioned in communications forwarded to France by the Jesuits 
in 1667, stating that it was impossible for a country to exist entirely without manu 
factures, and that there was already in operation in the colony a shop for the manu 
facture of shoes and hats. The fir-t census of New France, taken in 1667, records 
a population of 3,215 persons, including 20 shoemakers. In 1671 approximately 
one-third of all shoes were manufactured from leather locally tanned. The tanning 
processes until about this time were exclusively carried on by farmers. The first 
transitional stage in the industry was taken when a tannery was established at 
Quebec in 1670 and ox and moose skins were subjected to the tanning process. 

Progress of the Industry. No public record is readily available on the 
development of the boot and shoe manufacturing industry during the next hundred 
years. Up to about 1860 the retailers had been purchasing their stocks mostly from 

A .special historical survey of the flour milling industry was issued by the Bureau of Statistics in 1923 



THE BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY 447 

the manufacturers of the United States; only a small quantity of Canadian-made 
shoes were marketed through the stores. The shoemakers at that time were engaged 
for the most part in supplying made-to-measure boots which they delivered direct 
to their customers. In 1859, however, the import duty was increased from 12| p.c. 
to 25 p.c. This additional protection proved a stimulus to the growth of shoe manu 
facturing in Canada, and available statistics record a continuous progress from that 
date to the present, the output increasing year by year, especially in the medium 
and coarse grades. Imports at the same time diminished and an export trade was 
begun. The finer grades of shoes were supplied by the manufacturers of the United 
States until about 1882, when Canadian factories began the production of fine shoes 
on a larger scale. Three years later, the total imports were only an inconsiderable 
portion of the consumption, and such sales as took place indicated a last effort on 
the part of the American manufacturers to retain the Canadian market by granting 
to their customers the most favourable prices and conditions. 

Introduction of Machinery. Prior to Confederation the handicraft system 
of producing boots and shoes was general, and very little machinery was used. The 
first recorded machinery dates from 1847, when Brown and Childs, operating in 
Notre-Dame Street, Montreal, imported several sewing machines for stitching 
uppers. This development was not well received by the workers, and when the 
Parliament Buildings were destroyed in 1849 police and militia were required to 
save the factory of Brown and Childs. Pegging machines were next brought into 
use. The McKay machine for sewing soles found its way into shoe factories during 
the period 1867-70; available data would indicate that Sholes and Ames of Montreal 
were the first to use them. The utmost secrecy was maintained for some time as 
to the mechanism and the operation of these machines. Shortly after the use of the 
McKay sole sewing machine, the screw wire machine and Goodyear machinery were 
introduced, together with a number of edge trimming and finishing devices, as well 
as several lesser machines, skivers, rollers, etc. Canadian inventors provided the 
boot and shoe industry with several new and ingenious machines, and made improve 
ments on imported machinery. 

Centres of Production. The cities of Quebec and Montreal soon took pre 
eminence in the field of boot and shoe manufacturing, and today between them 
furnish approximately 50 p.c. of the total output of the industry. Not until the last 
decade of the 19th century was manufacturing on any large scale carried on outside 
of the borders of Quebec province, but in this period several important factories 
with an increasing output were established in the province of Ontario. To-day the 
industry is practically limited to the two provinces, less than 10 p.c. of Canadian 
production coming from factories in other provinces. A statement regarding shoe 
manufacturing in Montreal in 1882 was prepared for the Montreal Board of Trade, 
in which it was claimed that 30 boot and shoe factories existed, employing 3,500 
persons of both sexes. The output was given at four and one-half million pairs 
valued at $5,400,000, while the total Canadian production of that year was placed 
at 6,750,000 pairs, giving Montreal 66 p.c. of the total Canadian output. The 
machines in use in Montreal factories in 1882 were reported as follows: 675 sewing 
machines; 34 pegging machines; 28 sole sewers ; 23 sole cutters; 8 heeling machines; 
45 eyeletting machines; 28 punching machines; 23 sole leather skiving machines; 
56 other skiving machines; 34 rolling machines ; 23 heel finishers; 23 edge finishers; 
28 buffing machines and 17 beating out machines. 

Modern Manufacturing Methods. In the decade 1880 to 1890 the art of 
shoemaking was revolutionized through the adoption of the Goodyear machinery. 



448 PRODUCTION 



During this period the original models of the highly complicated machinery in use 
to-day were first introduced, permitting development by rapid strides and tending 
to centralization of production in factories of large capacity. This development is 
best illustrated by taking the first census after Confederation, i.e., 1870, which 
reported 4,191 leather shoe manufacturing factories, employing 18,719 persons and 
producing boots and shoes to the value of $16,133,638. The very large number of 
establishments in that year shows very clearly the nature of the industry at that 
time. Individual establishments of small size predominated, employing but little 
help; the majority of such plants could not be called factories in the present meaning 
of that term, their average production being under $4,000. In 1921, factories pro 
ducing less than $10,000 worth of goods number only 19 out of a total of 177, five 
factories reporting outputs of $1,000,000 and over. 

Commodity Statistics. The cost of materials used in the boot and shoe 
manufacture increased continuously between 1917 and 1920, the peak in 1920 
showing a total outlay of $40,300,000. The reports for 1921 show a total cost of 
$23,400,000, a decrease of $16,900,000 or 42 p.c. The materials used are subdivided 
into upper materials, bottom materials and findings. The upper materials in 1921 
cost $12,400,000 or 52-8 p.c. of the total, bottom materials $6,900,000 or 29-4 p.c. 
and findings $4,100,000. Leather for uppers and linings shows a total of 29,400,000 
square feet for the leathers purchased by measure and 1,200,000 Ibs. for purchases 
by weight. Sole leather in bulk is reported as 11,100,000 Ibs. in addition to the 
4,000,000 pairs of cut soles. 

In the classification of the boots and shoes manufactured in 1921 boots and 
shoes, whether for men, ladies or children, were counted as a pair uni t under the 
various processes. The largest production is reported under McKay m ade shoes, 
with a total of 5,600,000 pairs in 1921 as against 6,600,000 pairs in 1920, or a decrease 
of 14 7 p.c. In the second place are found welt shoes with a total of 3,700,000 pairs 
in 1921 compared with 4,600,000 pairs in 1920, a decrease of 18-8 p.c. 

That there was a decrease in production during 1921 is best indicated by the 
statistics of quantities. The year 1019 shows a total of 18,900,000 pairs, and in 19: 
the quantity is given as 17,700,000 pairs, while in 1921 the total is down to 14,700,000 
pairs a drop of 2,900,000 pairs from 1920 and 4,100,000 pairs from 1919. The 
values on the other hand show an increase of $3,500,000 from $63,300,000 in 19K 
to $66,800,000 in 1920, but a large decrease of $22,200,000 or nearly 33 p.c. to the 
$44,700,000 reported in 1921. Not only is the decreased value of output due to the 
smaller production, but also to a general falling off in average prices. Imports 
amounted to $3,500,000 in 1920 and fell to $1,700,000 in 1921, a drop of 51-7 p.< 
Exports show a still greater decrease from more than $4,900,000 in 1920 to $1,100,00( 
in 1921, a difference of $3,800,000 or 77-2 p.c., the totals including rubber boots and 
shoes. As the values used in the compilation of the statement were factory values 
of domestic products or wholesale costs of exports and imports, the totals do 
not represent the cost to the Canadian public for footwear, but instead represent 
the value of boots and shoes at the time they enter the commercial field for distribu 
tion. A tendency on the part of wholesalers and retailers to lessen their stock 
developed in 1921, so that the actual factory value of boots and shoes purchased by 
the public would be higher than that indicated above. 

In a survey of employment since 1917 it is noted that the highest payroll 
reported for the year 1920, with a total of $14,200,000 paid to 8,364 male and 4,866 
female employees. There was a decrease during 1921 of $2,100,000 in the pay roll, 
which was reported at $12,100,000, though there was an increase of 259 employees, 



THE WOOLLEN INDUSTRY 449 

the totals being 8,496 males and 4,993 females. The highest employment was 
provided in 1919 with 9,775 males and 5,932 females, a total of 15,707 employees. 
The total of 13,489 in 1921 was a decrease of 2,218 employees or 14-1 p.c. from the 
peak of 1919. 

3. The Woollen Industry. 

The importance of the textile group may be judged by the capital invested at 
the close of 1921, $264,000,000. The cotton mills comprise the chief branch of the 
group, but the woollen section is now firmly established, the preference once shown 
by the consuming public for imported as opposed to Canadian woollens having 
largely disappeared. The range covered is quite extensive, embracing tweeds, home 
spuns, serges, broadcloths and overcoatings. Flannels, blankets and mackinaws 
are of course characteristic Canadian products. Statistics show that at the end of 
1921 some 88 woollen mills in operation in Canada, representing an investment of 
$30,562,848, gave employment to 5,815 people. 

Historical Note. The manufacture of woollen cloth in Canada commenced 
soon after the arrival of the earliest colonists. Talon, then intendant of New France, 
reported in 1671 that the colonists were making practically all articles of clothing 
required, and from that beginning of handicraft industry there sprang up dozens 
of small custom carding plants, generally operated in connection with a grist mill or 
saw-mill. Many of the large woollen mills in operation today are the successors of 
these carding mills, developing with the country and as new machinery was in vented. 

Early Carding and Fulling Mills. Early records of the woollen industry 
in Canada show that there were 91 carding mills and 79 fulling mills in Lower Canada 
in 1827, and 186 carding and 144 fulling mills in Upper Canada in 1842. In New 
Brunswick a census taken in 1851 indicated that 52 carding and weaving mills were 
located in the province. In Upper and Lower Canada and the Maritime provinces 
there were at this time in all about 385 carding and fulling mills and about 250 
establishments where weaving was carried on, apart from the handloom weaving 
done in the homes of the people. The extent of home industry is shown by the 
census of 1851, which shows that New Brunswick produced in that year 622,237 
yards of home-made cloth; Nova Scotia 1,129,154 yards of home-made flannels and 
fulled and unfulled cloths; and that 4,765,000 yards of home-made flannels and 
cloth were produced in the two Canadas. 

Introduction of the Factory System. The factory system in textile manu 
facturing was now being introduced. After 1851 the prduction of home-made 
cloth did not increase to any extent, for the census of 1871 showed a total production 
for Eastern Canada of only 7,641,917 yards of home-made cloth; by 1891 it had 
dwindled till the total was only 4,320,838, over half of which was produced in Quebec. 

The manufacture of cloth in power looms in Canada dates back to about the 
time of the Rebellion of 1837, although operations in a small way were carried on 
in a mill established in 1827 at 1 Acadie, Quebec, by Mahlon Willett, father of the 
late S. J. Willett of Chambly. This mill was equipped with a 24-inch carding 
machine, a "Billy" for making slubbing, a spinning "Jenny" of seventy-five spindles, 
and two hand looms. This mill was operated for three years, when it was moved 
to Chambly, where water power was available. It was conducted on this basis 
until the year of the Rebellion, when the new "Golden" process, consisting of a first 
and second breaker and the condenser system of carding, was introduced, together 
with a spinning jack and four power looms. 

The first complete woollen mill in Ontario is supposed to have been founded in 

1820 near Georgetown by the Hon. James Crooks. This mill was later taken over 
6237329 



450 PRODUCTION 



by Barber Bros, and in 1852 moved to Streetsville. About this time also a knitting 
mill was established at Paris by John Penman and others. The industry was also 
introduced in the Ottawa Valley, a mill being established by James Rosamond and 
James Bell in 1845 at Carleton Place, and twelve years afterwards moved to Almonte. 
A large mill was established at Cobourg about this time, and in 1866 the Paton 
Woollen Mills, which had been founded in Gait, Ontario twelve years before, were 
moved to Sherbrooke, Quebec. Small custom carding and weaving mills sprang up 
everywhere, and in 1871 270 establishments were engaged in woollen manufacturing 
in the four provinces included in the census area. The annual wage bill was $917,827 ; 
the annual value of the products, $5,507,549; and the hands employed 4,453. 
There were in addition 650 carding and fulling mills with a product valued at 
$2,253,794, employing 1,224 hands and paying in annual wages $146,370. 

There now occurred a steady tendency in favour of factory-made goods. These 
mills made cloth and their salesmen went about the country, often from farm to farm, 
trading the cloth for wool, farm produce, grain or money; the latter quite rarely, as 
it was a scarce commodity in that period. This trade induced mill owners to install 
power looms, and many of the custom mills put in manufacturing cards, jacks and 
looms, and turned out coarse tweeds, 6toffes, flannels, homespuns, etc., as well as 
doing the custom work. The industry had grown to considerable magnitude by 
1885, when most of the woollen mills of the present time had been established. The 
custom mills were beginning to disappear, as the larger mills were producing goods 
of a better quality, with the result that the people began to get away from the hand- 
loom product. The data for 1885 of the 240 mills doing their own carding, spinning 
and weaving, with an equipment of 515 cards, 1,885 looms and 107,870 spindles, 
indicate the rapid growth of the industry. 

In a slight sketch such as this little comment can be added on the happenings 
in the industry up to 1900, except that a very sound and satisfactory development 
took place. During this period many of the custom mills and small one-set mills, 
which had outlived their usefulness, gave way to the larger and more progressive 
mills which had kept Iheir machinery^ip-to-date and were able to turn out a better 
class of product. Although the number of woollen mills had decreased to 236, the 
number of looms and cards had increased to 2,120 and 477 respect ively. The looms 
were of the broad and narrow type, but in this computation two narrows are taken 
as one broad for purposes of comparison. The aggregate production of the mills 
in 1899 was 13,992,000 yards. There were 333 carding and fulling mills still in 
operation, but the custom business was fast disappearing and during the next few 
years the majority of these mills passed out of exigence. 

Decline of the Industry. The woollen industry in Canada declined steadily 
after 1899, as during the next eight years 88 mills with an equipment of 129 cards 
and 559 looms were forced to close their doors. The industrial stocktaking in liHO 
indicated that only 78 woollen and worsted mills were in operation in Canada, 
operating 224 cards and 1,154 looms, and producing approximately 7,616,000 yards 
of cloth. The value of the woven fabrics produced by the mills was $7,339,541, or 
about one-third of the total of the actual consumption of woollen woven goods. 

Expansion of Knitting Mills. Any expansion taking place during the 
period from 1900 to the outbreak of the war in 1914, was chiefly in the manufacture 
of knitted goods. A number of knitting mills were already in operation at the 
commencement of this period, and many of the woollen mills had established knitting 
departments manufacturing hosiery and underwear. During these years knitted 
goods became increasingly popular, and a decided development took place in the 



THE WOOLLEN INDUSTRY 451 

production of knitting machinery capable of manufacturing better goods and of much 
wider variety. A number of the woollen mills which had been closed following 
operation of the preferential tariff were re-equipped as knitting mills. The 
knitting industry during this decade became much the most prosperous part of the 
woollen industry. Several very large successful mills were developed and numerous 
smaller mills were started. The invention and production of machines for specialty 
work and the growing demand for knitted goods encouraged expansion. The 
initial cost of equipment was comparatively small, facilitating the founding of 
small plants. 

The Industry during and since the War. At the outbreak of the war the 
whole woollen industry was in a fairly flourishing condition, so that the enormous 
demand for both woven and knitted goods found the industry prepared to meet it. 
For the next five years production was pressed to the limit. Established mills were 
re-equipped and enlarged and many new mills were begun. The knitting industry 
expanded nearly 100 p.c., and the capacity of woollen weaving mills was increased. 
Practically every mill in the country produced some sort of war material. Khaki 
frieze, serge, hosiery, underwear, puttees and blankets were in enormous demand 
for war purposes, and in addition the ordinary domestic demand was thrown back 
on the Canadian mills, owing to the inability of the British mills to handle export 
business. That the home manufacturers were able to meet this demand is greatly 
to their credit. Mills operated to capacity night and day, and profits were to a 
large extent used for new equipment and enlargements, with the result that by 
1920 the industry was in a flourishing condition, well equipped, and in better shape 
than ever before to meet the changing conditions. 

The slump in trade that began in 1920 and continued during the next year, 
with resultant losses in inventory and from cancellations, was a keen blow to the 
industry. Some of the newer mills failed, but the industry generally met the losses 
successfully. Merchandise of all kinds from England and the United States flooded 
the Canadian markets, but the season of 1922 found business rapidly getting back 
to more normal conditions, with the home mills holding their own against outside 
competition. 

Development of the Worsted Spinning Industry. An interesting feature 
of the expansion of the woollen industry in recent years is the rise of the worsted 
spinning industry. While several mills had small combing and spinning departments,, 
for many years this branch of the industry had never been successful. Domestic 
wools are most adaptable for combing purposes, but domestic combers have never 
been, and are not now, in a position to compete with the larger factories of Great 
Britain. However, the spinning of worsted yarns from imported tops has received 
much attention lately, with the result that a number of well-equipped spinning 
plants are now in operation, manufacturing both oil spun (Bradford system) and 
dry-spun (French system) yarns, chiefly for the knitting trade. 

The Present Position of the Woollen Industry. The woollen industry 
may be divided into three sections, according as the chief product of value is cloth, 
yarn or felt goods. Of the 88 woollen mills in operation during 1921, 69 were 
engaged chiefly in manufacturing cloth, 16 in making yarns and 3 in making felt 
goods. The total value of woollen goods manufactured during 1921 amounted to 
$18,337,117, as compared with $28,118,565 in 1920. The cost of materials in 1921 
was $8,655,084, leaving $9,682,033 as the value added by manufacture. 

The wool clip in Canada during 1921 was 21,251,000 Ibs., valued at nearly 
$3,000,000. The imports were 9,780,102 Ibs., while the exports of domestic and 
62373291 



452 PRODUCTION 



foreign production were 3,589,779 Ibs. Thus, the apparent consumption of wool in 
1921 was 27,441,323 Ibs. The quantity of wool used in the knitting and woollen 
mills in 1921 was 12,239,483 Ibs., worth $4,514,234. The portion used by the 
knitting mills was 2,320,072 Ibs. In addition to the imports of raw wool, valued at 
$2,500,000, the following intermediate woollen and worsted goods were imported 
during 1921 for further manufacture in Canadian mills (values in parentheses): 
noils 1,247,719 Ibs. ($465,219), tops 3,966,947 Ibs. ($1,953,641), waste 211,212 Ibs. 
($116,779), woollen yarn 1,339,778 Ibs. ($1,758,892), and woollen and worsted yarn 
213,493 Ibs. ($385,384). 

4. The Iron and Steel Industry. 

The manufacture of pig iron and steel is a comparatively new industry in 
Canada. Industries using imported iron and steel had reached a high stage of 
development before the manufacture was established on a permanent basis in 
Canada, although several attempts at manufacturing pig iron had been made on a 
small scale in earlier years. The ever increasing consumption of iron and steel, 
and the phenomenal growth of the industry as a whole during the last twenty years, 
are most strikingly shown by comparing the production of 1923 with that of 1903. 
The monthly average output of pig iron during the first nine months of 1923 was 
63,896 short tons, as compared with a monthly production of 22,021 tons in 1903. 

Early Iron and Steel Plants. St. Maurice Forges. The bog ore in the 
St. Maurice district near Three Rivers, though previously known to the Indians 
and Jesuits, was first reported in 1667. Mining operations were begun three years 
later by Frontenac, but it was not until 1730 that M. Francheville was granted a 
license to work the mines. The enterprise was not successful, and five years after 
wards the firm surrendered its rights to the Crown. The first blast furnace was 
built in 1737 by Cugnet & Cie. or "La Compagnie des Forges", who were advanced 
100,000 livres by Louis XV for the purpose. Six years later the works reverted to 
the Crown and were operated in the name of the king. Skilled workmen were sent 
out from France, who rebuilt in part the blast furnace and erected a Walloon hearth 
for refining. The plant included two pairs of forges, wooden bellows and melting 
ovens. The chief products, in addition to such intermediate goods as iron bars, 
included cannons and mortars for military operations, and kettles and stoves which 
found a ready sale throughout the colony. The iron was obtained from bog ore 
lying in veins six to eighteen niches deep, resting on white sand and covered with a 
thin mould. Limestone was used as a flux, and the surrounding forests yielded 
abundant supplies of charcoal. When the plant was inspected by M. Franquet in 
1752 considerable expansion had been effected. Water power was utilized for run 
ning the machinery. The boiling metal was poured into a gutter of sand and moulded 
into stoves, pots and kettles, or cooled and hammered into bars. The iron was of 
excellent quality, selling at the king s stores at Quebec at the rate of from 25 to 30 
castors (beaver skins) per cwt. For one hundred years, the forges were leased to 
various companies and operated with more or less success. The manufacture of 
iron was described in 1809 as the most important industry of Canda, and a consider 
able export trade in cast iron articles, particularly in stoves, was enjoyed. The 
plant was most active in the 1830 s, when mill machinery, large potash kettles, and 
other cast iron goods, as well as wrought iron for distribution within the province, 
were the principal articles manufactured, and a quantity of pig iron and bar iron 
was produced for exportation. The employees numbered 250 to 300 men, of whom 
the overseers and employees in the model department were English and Scotch and 



THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 453 

the unskilled workers generally Canadians. Consequent upon the exhaustion^of 
raw materials the plant was abandoned in 1883, when it was the oldest active 
furnace on the continent. 

The Radnor Forces. The Radnor Forges at Fermont in the Seigneurie of Cap 
de la Madeleine of the county of Champlain, are situated about ten miles from Three 
Rivers, and were erected about 1860 by Messrs. Larue and Co. The establishment 
was extensive, consisting of a blast furnace, forge and large rolling mill, as well as a 
car wheel foundry in Three Rivers, 40,000 acres of land also forming a part of the 
property. The annual production was 2,000 tons of cast iron, resulting from the 
use of from 4,000 to 5,000 tons of bog ore. The employees varied from 200 to 400 
men, part of whom were engaged in digging and transporting the ore to the plant. 
The finished products included car wheels manufactured in the auxiliary foundry 
at Three Rivers, whilst the rolling mill furnished iron for the manufacture of 
scythes and nail rods. ~ f 

First Furnace in Ontario. The first attempt to manufacture iron in Ontario 
was made at Lyndhurst, then called Furnace Falls, on the Gananoque river, where 
in 1800 a blast furnace was erected and water power utilized to drive the machinery 
and work the blast. The blast furnace was abandoned after two years on account 
of the inferior quantity of the ore and its distance from the plant. The attempt to 
cast hollo wware for the use of settlers proved a complete failure. A forge for the 
manufacture of bar iron was active until 1812, when operations were discontinued 
on account of the derangement of business consequent upon the war. 

Normandale Furnace. The next attempt was made in 1815 at Normandale 
in the county of Norfolk, near lake Erie. A furnace to smelt bog ores was built by 
John Mason, who was attracted by the favourable factors of the location, including 
a supply of water power furnished by a nearby creek, moulding sand conveniently 
located on the site of the furnace, and a great variety of timber available for charcoal. 
Six years later a new blast furnace was constructed and operated until 1847 by 
Joseph van Norman and his associates. In the early stages the entire production 
of iron was converted into various kinds of castings, as there was no market for pig 
iron. Some were exported to Buffalo, and a vessel load of stoves and castings was 
sent to Chicago. After the opening of the Welland canal two vessels were employed 
in the distribution of iron wares to the district within reach of lake Erie and lake 
Ontario. On account of the limited circulation of money in the country, business 
was carried on largely by barter. Products which the customers had for sale were 
brought to the furnace and exchanged for the wares, or due bills were taken payable 
in iron ware. Among the articles manufactured were sugar kettles and kettles for 
making the potash which was the chief exportable article of the time. 

First Furnace in Nova Scotia. Coal and iron ore were discovered in the Mari 
time provinces as early as 1604, but it was not until the third decade of the nine 
teenth century that a small quantity of bar iron was made in a Catalan forge from 
the ores at Nictaux. The Annapolis Mining Company erected a large smelting 
furnace, coal houses and stores at an expenditure of 30,000. Smelting and 
casting went on favourably for a short time, as the iron produced was excellent both 
for foundry work and for refined bar iron. The works, on account of their small 
maximum capacity of not over 13 tons of cast iron per week, were unable to compete 
with British-made goods. 

Londonderry. The plant at Londonderry, operated from 1850 to 1879, was the 
most pretentious endeavour that had been made up to that time in the iron and steel 
industry of Nova Scotia. The ironworks, consisting of Catalan forges, one puddling 



454 PRODUCTION 



furnace, one heating furnace, one furnace, one metal helve and one blower, together 
with ore crushing rolls, were built in 1850 and later years, with the purpose of devel 
oping the iron deposits of the Cobequid mountains, which had been favourably 
reported upon by Sir William Dawson. The building of the Intercolonial railway 
near the plant was a favourable factor, and a new company under the chairmanship 
of Dr. Siemens was formed in 1873 to take over the property. The manufacture 
of steel by the Siemens open-hearth process, steel rails, cast steel and spring steel, 
was proposed. The company expended $2,500,000 in building a modern rotatory 
furnace, a melting furnace 1 with regenerative gas furnaces and other purposes. Like 
all pioneer enterprises the company had many difficulties to contend with, and in 
1885 the concern was in liquidation. 

Raw Materials. The indifferent success of the early ventures in the manu 
facture of iron was due to several factors, including the supply and character of the 
ores and fuel and the extent and nature of the market. Of the iron ore deposits 
that were known few were satisfactory; the most successful of the early enterprises, 
those at Xormandale and St. Maurice, were discontinued as the beds within reach 
were exhausted. The supply of fuel occasioned the greatest difficulty. Though 
Canada was well supplied with hardwoods for making charcoal, these were not 
always found within reasonable distance of the furnace. Before the end of the 
period in question the demand for charcoal iron was restricted to certain special uses. 

Period from 1880 to 1914. During the period from 1879 to 1896, the difficulty 
in smelting the ores of Ontario was such a discouraging factor that no furnaces were 
in blast. The bounty established in 1883 encouraged the production of pig iron, 
which fluctuated between 20,000 and 60,000 tons per annum in the next twelve 
years. The production was contributed by the charcoal furnaces of Quebec, and 
the Londonderry and New Glasgow furnaces of Nova Scotia. Toward the end of 
the century activity increased, and in the period from 1900 to 1914 reached a high 
level. 

Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co. Brior to 1879 the Nova Scotia Forge Co., with 
a plant at Trenton, was <<ngaged in manufacturing car axles and in general forge 
work, depending upon wrought and scrap iron as raw materials. It was found 
desirable to obtain a supply of mild steel as a substitute for the iron, and a plant 
was accordingly erected for the manufacture of steel from imported pig iron and 
scrap by the basic open hearth process. Another step was taken by the erection in 
1892 of a blast furnace at Ferrona or North New Glasgow. The manganiferous 
character of the ores near Xew Glasgow causing some difficulty, the company 
acquired in 1894 a large iron deposit on Bell island in Conception bay, Newfound 
land, and shipments to the New Glasgow furnace began in the next year. As the 
supply of coal from the Pictou field proved inadequate, the mining properties of the 
General Mining Association at Sydney Mines were purchased in 1900, and in the 
following year the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co. was formed to acquire the several 
enterprises in question. Coke ovens were built at the new property, but in view of 
the depreciation of coke by transportation and also the shorter distance from the 
Wabana mines, a new blast furnace was constructed at Sydney Mines in 1904 and 
the old furnace at New ( llasgow was closed down. Additional equipment, consisting 
of 30 Bauer retort coke ovens, three batteries of 40 Bernard retort ovens, three 
40-ton open hearth steel furnaces and a rolling furnace to be used as a mixer, were 
put in operation during the next year. Two new rolling mills with the necessary 
power plant were installed at Xew Glasgow in 1910, and two years afterwards the 



THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 455 

Eastern Car Co. was organized to build steel railway cars at New Glasgow, using 
steel made at the plant of the associated company. 

Dominion Iron and Steel Co. The Dominion Coal Co. revolutionized the 
whole coal trade in 1893 by expanding the market to New England and St. Lawrence 
ports. The Canadian market was limited after the close of navigation on the St. 
Lawrence, and the New England market was interfered with by the Boston smoke 
nuisance law and increased import duties. The Dominion Iron and Steel Co. was 
formed by allied interests to establish an iron and steel plant at Sydney as a regular 
purchaser of the coal. The extensive building operations carried on during 1900 
included four blast furnaces with a capacity of 250 to 400 tons of pig iron daily, ten 
basic open hearth steel furnaces of 1,000 tons daily capacity, a 35-inch blooming 
mill, 400 Hoffman coke ovens, a coal washing plant, a machine shop and foundry. 
The wire rod mill was in operation in 1904 and the rail mill commenced the execution 
of government orders in the following year. A further expansion was effected in 
1912, when two open-hearth mixers with a capacity of 500 tons each were added to 
eliminate the necessity of purchasing expensive ores. A third Bessemer furnace 
was ready in the autumn of 1911 to assure a sufficient supply of iron and a larger 
output of steel per furnace, 120 coke ovens were put in full blast late in the season, 
and a new cold rolling mill and extensions to the old cold rolling mill, which was 
converted into a bar and rod mill, were also added. A new merchant bar mill for 
rolling all sizes of merchant bar, rivet, steel bolt, and bar material, was also installed. 
The nail mill was operating by 1912, consuming a considerable portion of the product 
of the wire rod and wire mills. 

The Steel Co. of Canada. The Hamilton Blast Furnace Co., encouraged by the 
favourable terms offered by the city of Hamilton, erected a blast furnace with all 
modern improvements in 1895, and a steel plant, a spike factory and puddling 
furnaces, were added two years later. To obtain the full benefit of the Dominion 
and Ontario bounties it was intended to use exclusively eastern Ontario ores, but 
the content of sulphur was too large and it became necessary to import Lake Superior 
iron ore. Several 15 ton basic open-hearth furnaces were built in 1900, and a 250- 
ton blast furnace was built seven years later to supply a large amount of iron to con 
sumers in Hamilton. New bolt and bar mills were also added to the equipment. 
The Steel Co. of Canada was formed in 1910 to amalgamate the Hamilton Iron and 
Steel Co. with the Montreal Rolling Mills Co. and other concerns. The additional 
equipment installed in 1911 included a blooming mill, a rod and bar mill at Hamilton, 
and two more 50-ton open hearth furnaces were put in operation in the following 
year. 

Algoma Steel Co. The Algoma Steel Co. was formed in 1901, and a large plant 
consisting of two Bessemer converters, a blooming mill and a rail mill with a daily 
capacity of 600 tons of Bessemer steel ingots and 100 tons of rails, was constructed. 
As the Helen mine ore did not contain the proper percentage of phosphorus, ore was 
imported from Minnesota. Contracts were let in 1905 for new open hearth furnaces 
of 200 tons capacity suitable for the use of Helen mine ore. During the next 
two years new coke ovens were built and plans laid for new coke blast furnaces and 
steel furnaces, to keep the finishing mills supplied with raw materials. Further 
expansion in 1910 included the purchase of the stock of the Cannelton Coal and 
Coke Co., operating coal areas of 6,000 acres in West Virginia. One hundred and 
ten by-product Koppers coke ovens were built and in the next year an 18-inch and 
a 12-inch merchant mill to produce track fastenings were installed. From 1910 
until the outbreak of war the expansion of the plant was almost continuous. A 



456 PRODUCTION 



35-inch blooming mill, a 28-inch rail mill, a 350-ton tilting melting furnace for the 
open-hearth department, three 40-ton open hearth furnaces and a 500-ton blast 
furnace were added to the equipment in 1911 and 1912. Additional open hearth 
furnaces and a merchant mill for the production of heavy structural steel were 
completed in 1914. 

The War Period. The iron and steel industry passed through many vicissi 
tudes during the war period. The development between 1900 and the outbreak of 
the war had been rapid and practically continuous, and the dislocation of the first 
two years of war brought about a temporary setback. The receipt of munition 
orders, as well as the restriction of the overseas import trade, created a buoyant 
demand in 1916, which was immediately reflected in the activity of the primary 
iron and steel plants, encouraged by the efficient policy of the Imperial Munitions 
Board. The monthly production of pig iron was maintained at an average of about 
98,202 short tons during the last three years of the war, while the average monthly 
production of steel was 140,214 tons. 

Post- War Problems. The problems of development and of intensive pro 
duction to meet war demands were no more serious than were presented during the 
post-war period. After the war it was necessary to convert the machinery of the 
finishing mills from war to peace-time production, to find markets for the surplus 
production of plants that had been greatly expanded, and to endeavour to furnish 
employment to a force of employees far in excess of those employed under normal 
conditions. Contrary to expectations, prices fluctuated only slightly at the begin 
ning of 1919 and then followed an ascending curve until the autumn of 1920. The 
beginning of 1921 saw the ending of a period of unusual industrial expansion and the 
beginning of a period of depression ushered in by falling prices. Considerable 
recovery was effected during the latter part of 1922, and in the first nine months of 
1923 the average monthly production of pig iron, 84,000 short tons, exceeded compar 
ative post-war records with the exception of the year 1920, when the average was 
about 89,600 tons. The amalgamation of the Dominion Steel Corporation, the 
Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co. and related companies, to form the British Empire 
Steel Corporation, effected during the period under review, was of far-reaching 
importance from the standpoint of organization. 

5. Chemical and Allied Industries. 

Early Conditions. The first important demand for raw and manufactured 
chemicals, apart from their direct domestic and medicinal uses, came with the 
development of the textile industry. As a result of the organization of home and 
domestic industries, the necessity of dyeing and bleaching wool used in yarn and 
cloth became greater with each generation. Eventually coal became a source of 
chemical supplies, the coal tar intermediates forming the foundation of dyestuffs. 
Before the war Germany controlled the world market for dyestuffs, owing to the 
favourable nature of German coal and the advance of chemical research in Germany. 
During the war investigation into various dye processes was carried on in allied 
countries with a view to utilizing domestic supplies, and independence of the former 
source of supply is now assured. 

At the emergence of the factory system it was found that the chemical industry 
lay at the foundation of many other industries. For example, as the soap industry 
requires large supplies of soda, supplies of salt for the recently established Canadian 
soda industry are being produced in Ontario. Again, the farmer has recently begun 
the use of artificial fertilizers, more especially as during the war the demand for 



CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES 457 

increased cultivation led to the breaking up of considerable new ground, which 
required fertilization; the chief materials in the manufacture of these products are 
sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and the potash salts. With the transition 
from an agricultural community to a more advanced industrial stage, centring in 
the main around the industrialized areas of Ontario and Quebec, various other 
industries developed, all of which needed chemicals in their processes. 

Hydro-Electric Power and the Chemical Industries. Chemical industries 
associated in many phases with the use of hydro-electric power have recorded marked 
growth in Canada in recent years. Owing to Canada s great water power resources 
and in particular to the fact that many water powers are situated near tidal waters, 
there is an opportunity in this country for the expansion and establishment of new 
chemical industries. Electric refining, at first applied to copper only, is now being 
extended to all the metals, and the electric current is also employed in their extraction 
from the ores. The production of aluminium, of the abrasives, of new refractory 
materials and of graphite, have already created large industries. The fixation of 
nitrogen, with its many subsidiary industries, such as the manufacture of nitric acid, 
ammonium nitrate, explosives, etc., the reduction of magnesium and the production 
of innumerable chemical compounds known at present only to the special trades 
requiring them, are now under commercial development. Noteworthy progress has 
been made in the output of calcium carbide, which can be readily marketed in 
countries dependent for their domestic manufacture on electrical energy derived 
from coal. Exports of this chemical increased in value from $161,000 in 1914 to 
$2,261,000 in 1922, mainly to the United States. The development of cheap elec 
trical power has contributed to the advance of industries using electro-thermic 
reactions, the intense heat which it is possible to develop by electrical means being 
a specially advantageous factor. 

Coal Tar Distillation. Coal tar, accumulated in large quantities in the 
early days of gas making, was a by-product which, after having been a source of 
trouble, became of immense value owing to later research. Its only use in the 
earlier period was in burning under the retorts in the gas plant, where one part 
could be utilized with about four parts of coke. But the condition was altered by 
the discovery in distillates from coal tar of a number of important substances used 
as intermediates for the preparation of explosives, aniline dyes, synthetic perfumes 
and essences, disinfectants and medicinal preparations. It is now the practice to 
distil off the lighter constituents, obtaining the valuable intermediates, and to leave 
the residual pitch or tar of sufficient consistency to be used for all ordinary purposes. 
Formerly coal tar was obtained chiefly from illuminating and fuel gas manufactures, 
but the advent and general use of by-product coke ovens has brought about an 
enormous increase in the output of coal tar, and by far the greater part of the Cana 
dian production is derived from the latter source. In the industry consisting of the 
distillation of coal tar and the manufacture of commodities such as disinfectants 
from coal tar and its products, two firms operating in 1920 discontinued in the 
following year, but the remaining nine firms accounted for 8-5 p.c. increase in the 
capital investment, in spite of the fact that the total value of the production declined 
to 58 p.c. of the $2,000,000 output indicated for 1920. The cost of materials in 1921 
was $456,000, leaving $727,000 as the value added by manufacturing. 

Heavy Chemicals. The heavy chemicals occupy an important place in 
among the products of the nation, but it is not often that the utility of these com 
modities is appreciated by the general public. This indifference is due to the fact 
that acids, alkalies and salts, the principal products of the industry, are not readily 



458 PRODUCTION 



identified in the finished commodities of commerce; in addition, the production of 
the necessary heavy chemicals for use in further manufacture is often carried out 
in close proximity to the main plant, owing to the cost of transportation and the 
danger of handling large quantities of such products. 

The manufacture of sulphuric acid is a factor determining the status of the 
chemical industry, and in a broader sense is an index of general industrial activity. 
Some 72,863 short tons 66 Baum6 were manufactured in 1920, the materials used 
being 38,616 tons of Canadian pyrites and 13,500 tons of brimstone imported from 
Louisiana and Texas. More recently, sulphuric acid has been made by a plant in 
Ontario consisting of two acid chamber-units with a daily capacity of 120 tons. 
The acid is largely used in making acid phosphate for domestic consumption. The 
apparent consumption of sulphuric acid for Canada during 1921 was 44,530 tons, 
the production being 47,195 tons, the imports 94 tons and the exports 2,759 tons. 

A division of this industry which is dependent upon hydro-electric power is 
the manufacture of calcium carbide, produced by fusing lime and carbon together 
at the temperature of the electric furnace. The process is a Canadian invention, 
but there are now a number of plants in other countries. The chemical is used 
extensively for the production of acetylene gas and the manufacture of calcium 
cyanamide. The three plants manufacturing calcium carbide in Canada are located 
at Shawinigan Falls, at Welland and at Merriton, Ontario. For the fiscal year 
ended March 31, 1923, the exports of calcium carbide were valued at $2,358,160. 
The manufactures in the calendar year 1921 were 70,794 tons, valued at $4,726,465. 

Calcium cyanamide is manufactured in America exclusively on the Canadian side 
of Niagara Falls by causing a current of atmospheric nitrogen to pass over calcium 
carbide made red hot in an electric furnace. About 30,000 electric horsepower are 
used in the fixation of about 15,000 tons of air nitrogen every year for the manu 
facture of cyanamide and cyanide products. The former is marketed in the United 
States, and the latter, made by fusing crude cyanamide with common salt in the 
electric furnace, is shipped to the gold and silver mining districts of the continent 
for use in the reduction of ores. The production of calcium cyanamide in 1921 was 
25,291 tons, valued at $1,486,753. 

Employing upwards of 1,800 persons and making products valued at almost 
$14,000,000 annually, the firms engaged in the manufacture of industrial chemicals 
other than coal tar products, including sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids, 
caustic soda, salt cake, calcium carbide and compressed gases such as oxygen, 
hydrogen, ammonia and acetylene dissolved in acetone, have made rapid strides in 
recent years, until at the end of 1921 there were 50 plants in Canada engaged in 
these industries. 

Paints, Pigments and Varnishes. The increased use of paint and varnish 
in Canada has been due in part to the volume of new const met ion, but perhaps more 
to the growing appreciation of the value of ci n-civation. The industry corroded 
pig lead in 1921 for the production of 7,637,000 Ibs. of dry white lead and 1 l/.tf^OOO 
Ibs. of white lead ground in oil, in addition to 1,7_ 1,000 Ibs. of litharge. 
The total quantity of ready mixed paints produced in 1921 was 2, 372, 000 gallons 
worth $6,909,000, and the varnishes were next in importance, with a production of 
1,594,000 gallons, valued at $3,548,000. The imports of paints, pigments and var 
nishes in the calendar year 1921 were valued at *_>,. v.)<), 000; the exports were 
worth $488,503. The total value of ( anadian production was $18,044,000. 

Present Position. The output of chemicals and allied products during 1921 
was $87,200,000, as agaiixt $121,700,000 in the preceding year, a decline of $34,500,- 



CONSTRUCTION 459 



OOO. Toward the end of 1920 consumers demanded lower prices, and in 1921 a 
nation-wide reduction of inventories and deflation in prices occurred. The cost of 
materials reflected the lower prices prevailing, and for the group amounted to 
$42,400,000 in 1921 as compared with nearly $60,100,000 in 1920, a drop of about 
$17,600,000. Thus the value added by manufacture during 1921 totalled $44,700,- 
000, as against $61,600,000 in the preceding year. Despite Canada s recent advances 
in the manufacture of chemicals her external trade in such products still shows a 
strongly adverse balance. During the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1923, the imports 
were $25,800,000, and the exports of Canadian products were $14,000,000. 

IX. CONSTRUCTION. 

Construction is the most conspicuous example of a great industry carried on 
in almost complete dependence on a local demand. The building industry is not only 
the most widespread in its operations ; it is one which expands most rapidly in good 
times, when it attracts great numbers of general and casual workmen. This charac 
teristic explains the high rate of unemployment from which the industry periodically 
suffers. Again, apart from the effect of cyclical fluctuation of general business 
conditions, the construction industry is highly seasonal. In the winter there is a 
serious contraction, especially in outside operations, while in the other seasons the 
contractors employ a much larger number of men, casually engaged, than can be 
maintained throughout the year. A considerable portion of the men are in no 
sense skilled artisans and the supply of unskilled men is generally in excess of the 
demand. Moreover, conditions in the industry are being transformed on account 
of the increasing substitution of reinforced concrete for wood and brick construction. 

Relation^pf Construction Industry to General Business Conditions. 
Statistics showing activity in construction are of particular interest both to those 
engaged in the industry itself. and to those concerned with the supplying of its raw 
materials, such as lumber, steel, cement, paint, glass and hardware. All of these 
latter industries are prosperous when the construction industry is active, and 
depressed when it is at a standstill; again, the effects of their activity and depression 
are felt throughout the whole field of industry, so that the current conditions in the 
construction industry react powerfully upon the whole economic life of the nation. 
Thus, in the period between 1909 and 1913, construction, largely financed with borrow 
ed money, contributed in large measure to produce the " boom " of those years. 

The growing recognition of the importance of the construction industry in the 
business cycle has led in recent years to the proposal that, since construction is 
largely carried on by public authorities, it should be stimulated by these authorities 
in periods of depression and suspended in " boom " periods, so as to contribute 
toward that stabilization of industrial conditions and of employment which is 
considered desirable. Thus, after the armistice, when a period of depression was 
apprehended, the shipbuilding programme of the Dominion Government provided 
employment for many thrown out of work by the stoppage of the munitions industry. 
Similarly, in the depression of 1921 and 1922, much employment was provided by 
the carrying into effect of the " good roads " programmes of the provincial Govern 
ments of Ontario and Quebec. 

Statistics of construction are issued by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics under 
four headings: (1) a Survey of the Building and Construction industry, as carried 
on by contracting concerns; (2) Bridgebuilding; (3) Shipbuilding; and (4) Railway 
Construction and Maintenance. 



460 



PRODUCTION 



In the general survey of production included in the present Year Book (see 
pp. 216-220), the value of production of the construction industry comprises the 
branches engaged in housebuilding and allied contracting, bridge building, electrical 
contracting and shipbuilding. The value of the contracts awarded in the four 
classes during 1921 was $121,836,367, while the cost of materials used was $45,439;- 
960, as compared with $206,168,135 and $70,294,091 respectively in 1920. (Table 
1). The number of salaried employees and wage earners, together with the amount 
of salaries and wages paid, is given for both 1920 and 1921 in Table 2. 

1. Cost of Materials and Value of Products in the Construction Industries, as 
reported to the Industrial Census, 1920 and 1921. 



Industries. 


Number of 
establish 
ments. 


Cost of materials. 


Value of products. 


Value added by the 
industry. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


General construction 
Electrical contracting 
Bridge building . 


1,548 
284 
17 
82 


1,501 
336 
14 

38 


$ 

40,424,944 
2,012,679 
6,904,251 
20,952,217 


$ 

31,155,060 
2,327,454 
5,971,417 
5,986,029 


S 

126,991,068 
4,918,639 
19,432,732 
54,825,696 


$ 

85,224,331 
5,054,203 
12,048,774 
19,509,059 


S 

86,566,124 
2,905,960 
12,528,481 
33,873,479 


S 

54,069,271 
2,726,749 
6,077,357 
13,523,030 


Shipbuilding 


Total 


1,931 


1,889 


70,294,091 


4c,439,960 


206,168,135 


121,836,367 


135,874,044 


76,396,487 





2. Employees and Salaries and Wages disbursed in the Construction Industries, 
as reported to the Industrial Census, 1920 and 1921. 



Industries. 


Number of 
salaried 
employees. 


Salaries. 


Number 
of wage 
earners. 


Wages. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


General construction 


2,435 

229 

687 
1,234 


2,434 

456 
451 


S 

4,703,015 
338,312 
1,442,770 
2,434,947 


- 
4,334,658 

1,020,564 
1,164,425 


32,565 
1,146 
2,349 
13,613 


26,583 
1,278 
1,576 
5,293 


$ 

40,163,504 
1,354,604 
3,526,988 
18,776,607 


1 

30,652,227 
1,507,625 
2,279,097 
7,316,737 


Electrical contracting 
Bridge building 


Shipbuilding 


Total 


4,585 


3,341 


8,919,044 


6,519,647 


49,673 


34,730 


63,821,703 


41,755,686 





In the course of the census of industry, returns were received regarding the 1921 
operations of 1,501 general contractors engaged in building and general construction. 
The value of the contracts executed by these firms was $85,224,331. The value of 
the contracts completed by their sub-contractors was $20,809,040. The total value 
of the contracts completed by the 1,501 concerns and their sub-contractors was 
$106,033,371. The gross and net values of the contracts completed in four branches 
of the construction industry are given in Table 1, while the nature and the value 
of the work performed by the general contractors and their sub-contractors on the 
structures and works in question is given in detail in Table 3. 



CONSTRUCTION 



461 



3. Value of General Construction completed, by Classes of Work, 1921. 



Classes of Works. 


Value of works carried out on 


New 
construc 
tion. 


Alteration 
maintenance 
and repairs. 


Total. 


Buildings- 
Private premises, residential 


$ 

14,988,676 
21,092,377 
15,898,768 
2,045,551 

14,492,107 
1,819,840 
211,678 
107,669 

3,488,643 
1,933,392 
3,372,819 
1,564,199 
304,182 

2,186,006 
662,780 
9,300 
683,610 
217,203 
3,700 
459,145 
3,715,768 
3,106,275 


$ 

5,135,187 
3,586,369 
718,080 
382,492 

1,175,369 
249,459 
1,200 
90 

182,410 
36,467 
16,896 
249,121 
3,393 

9,657 
1,000 
6,776 
17,995 
5,900 
2,000 
68,735 
1,040,593 
780,494 


$ 

20,123,863 
24,678,746 
16,616,848 
2,428,043 

15,667,476 
2,069,299 
212,878 
107,759 

3,671,053 
1,969,859 
3,389,715 
1,813,320 
307,575 

2,195,663 
663,780 
16,076 
701,605 
223,103 
5,700 
527,880 
4,756,361 
3,886,769 


Private premises, trade, business, etc 


Public premises, municipal and government 


Places of public worship and buildings connected therewith 


Construction, other than buildings 
Highways and bridges, including roads, streets, walks and surface 
drains 


Sewers and sewage disposal works 


Tunnels, subways, culverts 


Public conveniences, baths, play grounds, etc 


Harbours and Docks 
Harbours, wharves, piers and jetties 


Docks, wet and dry . 


Canals and waterways 


Dredging 


River and sea walls, embankments, etc 


Miscellaneous 
Waterworks, reservoirs (mains and service) 


Hydraulic works (mains and service) 


Gas works (mains and service) 


Land drainage works 


Irrigation works 


Mine shafts and adits 


Electric lines and works, telephones, etc 


Railway construction 


All other works 


Total falue of work done 


92,363,688 


13,669,683 


106,033,371 





Construction in Transportation and Public Utility Industries. The 

expenditure for construction by the transportation and public utility systems is 
incorporated in their general maintenance and structural accounts. The mainten 
ance of way and structures account of the steam railways in 1922 totalled $79,887,- 
565 as compared with $88,268,355 in 1921. There were 495 miles of new lines 
opened for operations during 1922, 267 miles completed but not opened for traffic, 
and 1,115 miles under construction. The total mileage, inclusive of all tracks, 
in 1922 was 52,273 as compared with 52,155 in 1921, a net increase of 118 miles! 
The expenditure of electric railways on maintenance of way and structures account 
increased from $3,721,603 in 1921 to $3,877,482 in 1922. The length of their main 
line increased from 2,186-95 miles to 2,237-82 or by 50-87 miles. 

As for the growth of the telephone systems of Canada, the pole line mileage 
increased from 178,093 in 1921 to 184; 147 hi 1922 and the wire mileage from 2,268,271 
to 2,396,805 hi the same period. The property and equipment account was $158 - 
678,229 in 1921 and $167,332,932 in 1922. 

The pole line mileage of the telegraph systems increased from 52,784 hi 1921 
to 53,096 in 1922, and the wire mileage, which was 250,802 in 1921, increased by 
11,541 in the following year. The line and equipment account was $1,409,728 hi 
1921 and $1,507,016 hi 1922. 

Contracts awarded. The total value of contracts for construction awarded 
in Canada during the calendar years 1918 to 1923 inclusive, according to the compil 
ation of the MacLean Building Reports, Ltd., is given in Table 4. 



462 



PRODUCTION 



4._Value of Construction Contracts awarded In Canada, 1918-1923, according to the 
compilation of MacLean Building Reports, Ltd. 



Distribution. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Geographical Division. 


23,180,300 


18,772,600 


21,395,000 


9,288,900 


11,154,000 


8,749,400 




33,385,200 


87,356,800 


108,120,800 


113,855,000 


166,628,000 


156,151,800 




23,641,700 


55,277,800 


54,904,600 


61,337,500 


103,291,800 


102,569,800 




19,634,900 


28,621,100 


78,185,100 


55,651,900 


50,770,000 


46,783,300 


Type of Building. 


14,661,800 


47,015,100 


54,891,100 


76,655,400 


104,201,500 


97,645,200 




26,196,800 


59,606,400 


86,073,200 


84,721,700 


81,385,700 


80,436,800 




38,975,200 


57,091,300 


64,625,900 


16,503,700 


25,755,800 


27,022,000 


Engineering 


20,008,300 


26,315,500 


50,015,300 


62,252,500 


120,500,800 


109,150,300 


Total 


99,842,100 


190,028,300 


255,605,500 


240,133,300 


331,843,8001 


314,254,30* 



Total revised to include final returns as to cost of road construction during 1922. 

Building Permits. The anticipated value of construction in 35 Canadian 
cities, as indicated by their building permits, is shown in Table 5 for the years 1918 
to 1923 inclusive. These cit ios had in 1921 a total population of 2,532,193, or about 
28-8 p.c. of the total population of Canada. In 1922 the building permits were 
$122,655,581 as against a total $331,843,800 for Canada as a whole, or approximately 
37 p.c. of the total estimated building. 
5._Values of Building Permits taken out in 35 Cities for the calendar years 1918-1923 



City. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Nova Scotia- 
Halifax 


1 

2,866,852 


- 
5,194,805 


$ 

3,421,379 


$ 

2,199,398 


1 

1,752,632 


$ 
378,699 




428,783 


703,531 


886,937 


556,813 


604,847 


319,162 


New Hrunswick- 


147,425 


2,132,176 


1,201,673 


699,520 


1,037,942 


385,461 


lohn 


351,323 


542,540 


1,035,300 


574,500 


707, 100 


358,500 


(Jui bec 
Montreal Maisonneuve... 


4,882,873 
904,375 


10,033,901 

2,l:!4,219 


14,067,609 
2,301,480 


21,291,273 
3,695,397 


21,132,586 
5,397,566 


27,125.863 
4,786,933 




150,920 


;,iso 


3,265,538 


753,900 


712,000 


732, 100 


Three Rivers 


638,975 


1,242,450 


845,975 


1,286,740 


1,193,650 


780,735 


\\ o^t mount 


275,211 


883,131 


1,179,890 


1,570,290 


1,770,032 


1,933,232 


Ontario 


701,500 


1,173,580 


798,073 


404,445 


465, 120 


615,686 


Fort William - 


"i,615 


627 


1,045,100 


893,050 


1,446,685 


1,425,130 


Guelph 


83,044 


603,259 


194,158 


13 


,1,808 


571, 4M 




2,472,254 


5,087,462 


4,340.220 


4, 639,450 


4, .l- 


5,4.) 


Kingston 


818,943 


657,679 


1,731 


1,515 


701,495 




Kitchener - .... 


226 

877 


1.176,962 
i 1 , 4 55, 170 


1,27 
2. 110,305 


1)32,050 

J7.510 


2,46 

2,605,630 


l,M)3,h92 
11,066 


( it fi\va 


15,612 




3,305,172 


2,71 


5,021,782 


3,621,81! 




241,251 


196,368 


939.701 


.-.11,754 


439,154 


i , 798 


Port \rthur 


610,527 


1,708,845 


216,350 


113,509 


1,16 




Stratford 


89,786 


278,888 


440,782 


270,089 


700,527 


0,272 




(65,727 


861,631 


Soli 




1,290,576 


,310 


St Thomas 




285 


25^ 


113,640 


221,964 


334 


Toronto 


8,53! 


19,617,838 


25,7 


23.87S.21i 


35,2 


30, ti 


\Vind>or 
Manitoba 
Brandon 


57" 


11,371 

98,541 


$50,310 

412,829 


5,123,110 

749,190 


4,143,495 
225,029 


4,725,034 
183.034 


Winnipeg 
Saskatchewan 

Moo-c .law 
in 


50,651 

566,575 
1,001 


2, 018,000 

590,895 
1,609,020 


8,370,150 

l.:>:;3,095 
2,897,921 


5,580,400 

500,177 
2,160,038 


6,875,750 

379,180 

1.784,124 


4,484, 100 

289,3<JS 
1,264,030 


Saskatoon ... 


604,715 


1,404,590 


1,150,585 


774, 4 til 


1,818,909 


852,548 


Alba 


1,196,800 


2,212,000 


2,906,100 


2,298,800 


3,102,700 


821,840 


Kdmonton 


351,470 


931,346 


3,231,955 


1,563,696 


2,338,109 


1,488,670 


British Columbia - 


108,300 


166,282 


319,109 


264,870 


332,050 


350,848 




1,450,22! 


2,271,411 


3,569,656 


3,045,131 


8,661,695 


6,277,574 


Victoria 


289,760 


466,591 


1,207,57: 


977,167 


1,03:5,00 


1,050,160 


Total V> < UK s 


36,838,270 


77,113,413 


100,679,839 


94,508,104 


122,855,581 


111.171.:!. -. 



EXTERNAL TRADE 463 



VIII. TRADE AND COMMERCE. 

This section of the Canada Year Book is divided broadly into two sub-sections 
dealing with external and internal trade respectively. The first of these commences 
with a short history of Canadian external trade, the Canadian tariff, and recent 
developments in external trade. This is followed by 9 tables showing the historical 
development of Canadian external trade, and these again by numerous tables con 
stituting a study of current external trade for post-war fiscal years, analysing exports 
and imports by groups, by articles, by degree of manufacture, by purpose for which 
commodities are used, and by countries of shipment or of destination. In view of 
the specially close trade relations between Canada and the West Indies, whose 
products are in so many cases complementary to our own, the sub-section continues 
with a historical and "current trend" study of our West Indian trade, and concludes 
with tables compiled from British and United States trade reports, showing for recent 
years the agricultural commodities supplied by various competing countries to the 
great world-market of the United Kingdom, and the agricultural commodities 
exported from the United States. 

The sub-section on Internal Trade commences with an analysis of grain trade 
statistics, followed by a treatment of the marketing of live stock and animal products. 
Statistics of commodities in cold storage are given, together with figures of the coal 
trade, and the sub-section is brought to a conclusion by a statistical treatment of 
bounties, patents, copyrights and trade marks. 

I. EXTERNAL TRADE. 
1. Historical Sketch of External Trade and Tariffs. 

In the early history of the American continent each of the different European 
nations establishing settlements in the New World endeavoured to monopolize the 
commerce of its colonies, prohibited the ships of other nations from resorting to 
them, and prohibited its colonials from importing European goods from other coun 
tries, generally granting them, however, preferential treatment in its own market. 
Under these circumstances the colonial wars in America were carried on, by govern 
ments permeated by the mercantile spirit, for "ships, colonies and commerce." 
Owing to this fact, wars resulting in the transfer of colonies from one European 
power to another involved great economic as well as political changes in the com 
munity so transferred. The traders who had previously controlled the trade between 
the colonial power and its colony found their occupations gone, while new traders 
from the conquering state arrived to take over the import and export trade, which 
thereafter flowed in new channels, perhaps no more artificial than those which had 
previously existed. 

Throughout the earlier part of the French regime in Canada the foreign trade 
of the colony was in the hands of the monopolistic chartered companies, of which 
the Company of One Hundred Associates was the most notable. When its monopoly 
was cancelled in 1663, the foreign trade of Canada still remained a preserve of the 
merchants of Old France. Upon the conquest of the country by the British, the 
French merchants who had their offices in Quebec and Montreal for the most part 
returned to France, and the trade of the colony fell into the hands of the traders 
from England, Scotland and New England, who had swarmed into the country at 
the heels of the invading armies. Some of their descendants are still among the 
leaders in Canadian import and export trade. 



464 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

For the first half century of British rule, Canadian commerce was carried on 
almost exclusively with or through the United Kingdom, the merchants of New 
England complaining, after the American Revolution, of being shut out from the 
Canadian trade. The geographical juxtaposition of the United States to British 
North America was, however, a factor which could not permanently be ignored. 
Smuggling became more and more prevalent as the process of settlement extended 
westward along the international boundary. In 1822 Great Britain made consider 
able trading concessions to United States traders. In 1846 she abolished the prefer 
ential treatment which she had given to Canadian wheat, and by 1860 all vestige of 
preference to colonial products had disappeared from the British tariff. As a 
consequence the colonies, which, like Canada, were by this time enjoying responsible 
government, could not any longer be refused the right to control their own com 
mercial policy a fact which was emphasized in an important report prepared in 
1859 by the Minister of Finance, Sir A. T. Gait, and forwarded to the British Govern 
ment. This report declared that the responsibility of the Canadian Government 
must be to the Canadian people, more especially in matters of taxation, (the greater 
part of the revenue being raised by customs duties), and that the Canadian Govern 
ment must affirm the right of the Canadian Parliament to adjust the taxation of the 
people in the way it deemed best, even if this should happen to meet with the dis 
approval of the British Ministry. This doctrine remained unchallenged by the 
British Government, and coming at a time when all important parties in Great 
Britain had accepted free trade as a fait accompli, it facilitated the setting up of a 
protective tariff in Canada, designed to secure the establishment in Canada of 
manufacturing industries at a time when British opinion desired that the colonies 
should concentrate their attention on the production of food and raw materials, 
importing from Great Britain the manufactured commodities which they required. 

The immediate effect of Confederation was to abolish the tariff barriers which 
existed between the provinces entering the Dominion. As the area of Canada 
increased until, except for Newfoundland and Labrador, it became conterminous 
with British North America, the area of internal free trade was thereby extended, 
while protection against outside competition was maintained. The tariff was the 
same against all countries, British or non-British, until April, 1897 when Canada 
adopted what was called a "reciprocal" tariff, one-eighth lower than the general. 
This "reciprocal" tariff was at once applied to the United Kingdom and afterwards 
to New South Wales and to British India, while Belgium and Germany, in virtue of 
their trade treaties with Great Britain, were also admitted to the benefits of the 
"reciprocal" tariff, together with Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Bolivia, Colombia, 
Denmark, Persia, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis and Venezuela, on account 
of most-favoured-nation treaties between these countries and Great Britain, and 
France and her colonies in consequence of the Franco-Canadian treaty of 1893. 
A little later the "reciprocal" tariff was extended to the Netherlands, Japan, Siberia, 
Morocco, Salvador, South African Republic, Tonga, and Spain, also under most- 
favoured-nation treaties between these countries and the United Kingdom. 

The numerous concessions mentioned above were, however, of a merely tem 
porary character, ceasing to exist in 1898 as a consequence of the denunciation by 
Great Britain of her most-favoured-nation treaties with Germany and Belgium. 
This left Canada free tp confine her lower tariff rates to the United Kingdom and to 
sister Dominions and colonies. A British preferential tariff, consisting at first of a 
remission of 25 p.c. of the duty ordinarily paid (Aug. 1, 1898), and later of a remission 
of 33 J p.c. of the ordinary rate of duty (July 1, 1900) was established. This method 



THE COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE 465 

of preference was abandoned in 1904 for a specially low rate of duty on almost all 
imported dutiable commodities. 

Customs Tariff of 1907. In 1907 a new customs tariff was introduced, estab 
lishing three scales of duties, British preferential (the lowest), intermediate and 
general, the intermediate tariff being set up as a basis for negotiation with foreign 
countries in the interest of Canadian trade. This tariff of 1907 is still in operation, 
with modifications. Under it, the British preferential tariff applies in 1923 to nearly 
the whole of the British Empire except Australia and Newfoundland, while to the 
British West Indies, under an agreement of June, 1920, rates of duties are granted 
even lower than those of the ordinary preferential tariff in nearly all cases a remis 
sion of 50 p.c. of the duty ordinarily charged. The regular British preference was 
further increased in 1923 (13-14 Geo. V., c. 42) by a discount of 10 p.c. of the amount 
of duty computed under the British preference tariff, when goods paying 15 p.c. 
duty or over are conveyed without transhipment from a port of a country enjoying 
the British preferential tariff into a sea or river port of Canada. 

The intermediate tariff applied in 1923 to the products of the following countries: 
France, her colonies and protectorates, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands (all these 
under special Treaties) ; Argentine Republic, Colombia, Denmark, Japan, Norway, 
Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Venezuela (under reciprocal most favoured 
nation clause treatment). 

The general tariff is in force with respect to the products of all other foreign 
countries. There is also in the Canadian customs tariff an anti-dumping clause, 
providing that in the case of imported articles of a kind made or produced in Canada, 
if the export or selling price to the Canadian importer is less than the fair market 
value in the country whence imported, there shall be levied, in addition to the duties 
otherwise payable, a special duty according to the difference between the selling 
price for export and the fair market value for home consumption, but such special 
duty shall not exceed 15 p.c. ad valorem, nor be levied on goods when the normal 
duties are 50 p.c. ad valorem, nor on goods subject to excise duties. 

Drawbacks of 99 p.c. of duties paid on imported materials are allowed by the 
customs laws and regulations in cases where articles manufactured from such materi 
als are afterwards exported. 

New commercial treaties with France (including her colonies and protectorates) 
and Italy were approved at the 1923 session of Parliament (13-14 Geo. V., c. 14, 
c. 17). 

Surtax. In 1903, the Customs Tariff Act of 1897 was amended to provide for a 
surtax of one-third of the duty on goods the product of any foreign country which 
treats imports from Canada less favourably than those from other countries. This 
surtax was at once applied against German goods, but was removed on March 1, 1910, 
when Canada obtained conventional rates of the German tariff on a specified list of 
goods. Under the Customs Tariff Act of 1914, the rate of surtax was left to be fixed 
in each case by the Governor in Council, but was not to exceed 20 p.c. ad valorem, 
The surtax may also be applied to goods ordinarily on the free list, but is not to exceed 
20 p.c. ad valorem. 

2. The Commercial Intelligence Service. 

The Commercial Intelligence Service, maintained by the Department of Trade 
and Commerce, is designed to further the interests of Canadian trade in other parts 
of the Empire and in foreign countries. To this end there are established throughout 

6237330 



466 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

the world offices administered by Trade Commissioners. These Trade Commis 
sioners make periodical reports upon trade and financial conditions, variations in 
markets, and the current demand or opportunity for Canadian products. They also 
secure and forward to the Department in Ottawa specific inquiries for Canadian 
goods and in general exert their best efforts for the development and expansion of 
overseas markets. These reports, inquiries, etc., are summarized weekly in the 
Commercial Intelligence Journal, issued by the Commercial Intelligence Service at 
Ottawa, which is supplied at $1 per annum to Canadian manufacturers and others 
interested. 

Canadian Government Trade Commissioners are stationed in the United 
Kingdom at London, Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol and Glasgow. They are also 
located at Bridgetown, Barbados; Kingston, Jamaica; Buenos Aires; Rio de Janeiro; 
Shanghai; Havana; Paris; Brussels; Hamburg; Copenhagen; Rotterdam; Milan: 
Kobe; Melbourne; Auckland, New Zealand; Cape Town; Calcutta; Singapore and 
New York. There are, in addition, Canadian Commercial Agents in Sydney, N.S.W., 
Christiania and Port of Spain, Trinidad. Under an arrangement made by the Min 
ister of Trade and Commerce of the Dominion of Canada with the Brit ish Foreign 
Office, Canadian manufacturers, exporters and others interested in trade matters 
may secure information and advice from British commercial diplomatic officers and 
British Consuls in all countries in which Canada is not represented by her own 
Commercial Intelligence Service. 

3. Statistics of External Trade. 

In the consideration of the foreign trade statistics of Canada, ce tain 
facts should be borne in mind. First, statistics are given since 1907 for the fiscal 
years ended March 31. Secondly, imports means always "imports for consump 
tion"; this term does not necessarily imply that the goods have been actually 
consumed in Canada, but only that they have passed into the possession of the 
importer; the value given for goods imported is the fair market value thereof when 
sold for home consumption on the principal markets of the country whence and at 
the time when the goods were exported to Canada. Thirdly, the term "Canadian 
produce" includes all imported articles which have been changed in form or enhanced 
in value by further manufacture in Canada, such as sugar refined in Canada from 
imported raw sugar, flour ground from imported wheat, and articles constructed or 
manufactured from imported materials; the value of "Canadian produce" is its 
value at the time of exportation at the Canadian ports from which it is shipped. 
Fourthly, the term "foreign produce" applies to the exports of foreign goods which 
have previously been imported (re-exports); the value of "foreign produce" is the 
actual cost of the goods. 

Historical Statistics. A general view of the aggregate trade of Canada for 
the years from 1868 to 1923 is furnished in Table 1, giving the imports of merchandise 
for home consumption, dutiable and free, and the exports of Canadian and foreign 
produce, the total t radc as here given being the aggregate of the two. Necessarily, 
son c difficulties have been met in maintaining comparable statistics through such a 
length of time, one of the most serious of these arising through different methods 
adopted in dealing with exports of foreign produce. For example, the shrinkage in 
the exports of foreign produce between 1<)1<) and 1922 has been due to change of 
statistical method rather than to actual diminution in value or volume of such goods 
exported. For the past two years, re-exports of foreign products from bonded ware- 



CURRENT TRADE STATISTICS 467 

houses have no longer been included in Canadian trade statistics either as imports 
or as exports, while the exports of foreign produce have, during this period, beep 
composed of goods which had previously been entered as imports for home consump 
tion. Such goods, therefore, are shown as debited to Canada when entering this 
country and should, therefore, be credited to Canada when re-exported. Conse 
quently, in determining our visible balance of trade in Table 2, it has been necessary 
to set off the total exports of the past two years against the imports for home con 
sumption. The same table gives the p-zr capila imports for home consumption and 
exports of Canadian produce since Confederation. 

From Table 2 it will be observed that the so-called "balance of trade" has been 
against Canada (i.e., the imports for home consumption have exceeded the exports 
of Canadian produce) in 44 years out of the 56 years since Confederation, and that 
this adverse balance reached its highest point in 1913, just before the war. After 
1913, the unfavourable trade balance diminished, and in 1916, for the first time 
since 1898, it gave place to a favourable balance of trade, which continued down to 
1920, but was replaced by a comparatively small adverse balance of trade in 1921 
and a small favourable balance in 1922. For 1916, the exports of Canadian produce 
were 146 03 p.c., for 1917, 136-20 p.c., for 1918, 159-99 p.c., for 1919, 132-73 p.c. 
for 1920, 116-43 p.c., for 1921, 97-60 p.c., for 1922, 100-82 p.c. and for 1923, 117-80 
p.c. of the imports for home consumption, exports of foreign produce having been 
included with domestic exports for the last two years, for reasons stated above. 

The values of coin and bullion imported and exported, these movements from 
1914 on representing fiduciary transactions rather than trading exchanges, are shown 
in Table 3. Amounts collected in export duties from 1868 to 1892, and in import 
duties from 1868 to 1923, are stated by years in Table 4. Tables 5 and 6 give the 
statistics of our exports of Canadian produce and our imports for home consumption 
respectively, figures being furnished of our trade with the United Kingdom, "United 
States and other countries since 1868. These figures show the overwhelming 
predominance of the two great English-speaking countries in our foreign trade; 
in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1923, for example, 80 3 p.c. of our exports of domes 
tic produce was shipped to these two countries, which in the same year together 
provided 85-0 p.c. of our imports for home consumption. Tables 7 and 8 show 
respectively by years the percentage proportions of imports from the United King 
dom and the United States to totals of dutiable and free imports since 1901, and the 
ad valorem rates of duty collected on imports from these countries from 1868. 

Importations of important raw materials used in Canadian manufacturing 
industries are given in Table 9 for the years 1902 to 1923. 

Current Trade Statistics. In Tables 10 and 11 will be found a summary 
analysis of the trade of Canada for the fiscal years from 1920 to 1923. In the last 
of these years the total imports for home consumption and exports of merchandise 
amounted to $1,747,760,880, including imports for home consumption, $802,465,043, 
exports of Canadian produce, $931,451,443 and exports of foreign produce, $13,844,- 
394. Or, excluding exports of foreign produce, the imports for home consumption 
and the exports of Canadian merchandise (sometimes called the "special" trade) 
amounted to $1,733,916,486, as compared with special trade of $1,488,045,012 in 
1922, an increase of $245,871,474, 16-5 p.c. The exports of Canadian produce 
showed a much larger increase than the imports, $191,210,763 as compared with 
$54,660,711, or 25-8 p.c. as compared with 7-3 p.c. As compared with the fiscal 
year 1921, the total "special" trade shows a decrease of $695,406,097, $437,663,839 

62373 30J- 



468 



TRADE A.\ D OM MERGE 



in imports and $257,712,258 in exports, but since the fiscal year ended March, 1921, 
was the year of "peak" prices, the decline was one of mere values rather than of 
quantities of commodities entering into the trade of the country. In fact, a list of 
commodities imported and exported, published in the Report of the Department 
of Trade and Commerce for 1923, shows that the volume of various important 
commodities imported and exported, was greater in 1923 than in 1921. 

Balance of Trade. As will have been noted from the above, the visible balance 
of trade was considerably in favour of Canada during the fiscal year ended March 
1923, $142,830,794 as compared with $6,122,677 in 1922, and with an unfavourable 
balance of $29,730,763 in 1921. While the favourable balances of trade shown 
during the war years went to maintain our soldiers in the field and were of little net 
advantage to the country, those of the post-war years indicate clearly an improve 
ment in the commercial and financial position of the Dominion among the nations 
of the world. 

Comparative Growth of Canadian Trade. 1 The great advance in Canada s 
trading position as compared with the pre-war period may be illustrated by a com 
parison of the trade of the leading commercial countries of the world for the calendar 
years 1913 and 1922. As regards exports, in 1913, Canada occupied tenth place 
among the countries of the world; by 1922 she had climbed to fifth place, surpassed 
only by the four great industrial nations, the United Kingdom, the United States, 
France and Germany. The figures follow: 



Calendar Year 1913. 



Countries. 


$ 


Countries, 


* 


United Kingdom 


2,556,234,000 


United States 


3,765,192,000 


United States 


2,448,284,000 


United Kingdom .... 


3,278,259,000 


Germany 


2,402,967,000 


France 


1,713,285,000 


France 


1,327,882,000 


Germany 


944,859,000 


Netherlands 


1,239,368,000 


Canada 


884,363,000 


British India.. 


781,947,00 


British India 


821,940 000 


Belgium. . 


701,475,000 


Japan . . 


777,561 000 


Italy . . . 


484,746,000 


\ustralia 


548,894,000 


Argentina .... ... 


465,582,000 


Netherlands ... 


477,62:5 000 


Canada . 


436,218,000 


Belgium ... . 


471,436,000 











Calendar Year 1922. 



On the other hand, among the leading importing countries of the world, Canada 
stood eighth in 1922, in the same relative position as in 1913. In the earlier year, 
"boom" conditions prevailed, and the country was importing capital on a great 
scale for its railway and general development. The latter year was, on the whole, 
a year of depression. 



Calendar Year 1913. 



Countries. 


$ 


Countries. 


I 


United Kingdom 


3 207 951 000 


United Kingdom . 


4,095,638,000 


Germany 


2 563,331,000 


I nited States 


3,045,809,000 


United States 


1,756,863,000 


France 


1,983,750,000 


France 


1,625,317,000 


Germany 


1,475,695,000 


Netherlands.. . ... 


1,575,036,000 


Japan 


897,316,000 


Belgium 


894,865 000 


Netherlands 


792,593,000 


Italy 


7ii:{ 608,000 


Italy 


765,893,000 


Canada 


659,064,000 


Canada 


762, 339, OW 











Calendar Year 1922. 



1 Pee Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce for 1923, pp. 6-8. 



GROWTH OF CANADIAN TRADE 



469 



In export trade per capita, Canada stood third in 1922 among the principal 
exporting countries, as compared with seventh in 1913. In the latter year the 
Dominion was surpassed only by New Zealand and Australia. The figures follow: 



Calendar Year 1913. 



Countries. 


$ cts. 


Countries. 


$ cts. 


Netherlands 


201 71 


New Zealand 


153 10 


New Zealand 


97 01 


Australia 


100 96 


Belgium 


92 55 


Canada 


100 63 


Australia 


74 78 


Switzerland 


87 44 


Switzerland 


70 25 


Denmark 


76 40 


Denmark 


61 55 


Argentina. . . 


74 55 


Canada 


57 95 


Netherlands 


69 82 


United Kingdom 


55 52 


United Kingdom 


69 36 


Argentina 


53 61 


Belgium . 


63 02 


Sweden 


39 05 


Sweden 


52 31 


Germany 


36 22 


France 


43 70 


France 


33 53 


Union of South Africa 


38 13 


United States 


25 23 


United State* . 


34 39 











Calendar Year 1922. 



Current Trend Tables. Tables 12 and 13 are the great detailed tables of 
exports and imports, published, as in former years, for the last four fiscal years. In 
Tables 14, 15 and 16, the recent external trade of Canada is analyzed according to 
main classes, degree of manufacture and purpose for which commodities are used. 
Imports and customs duties collected are shown by provinces and ports of entry in 
Table 17, imports under different tariffs in Table 18, and our external trade is analyzed 
by countries in Tables 19 to 21. Values of merchandise imported from and exported 
to other countries via the United States are given in Table 22. The historical and 
recent trend of Canadian trade with the British and foreign West Indies is covered 
in Tables 23 to 25. Tables 26 and 27 show respectively British imports and United 
States exports of food commodities, and are included for the purpose of giving our 
traders information concerning the imports of their great customer and the exports, 
of their great competitor. 



470 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1868-1923. 



Fiscal 
Year 


IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE ENTERED 
FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. 


EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE. 


Total of 
Imports 
for Home 
[kmsumption 
and Exports 
(Merchan 
dise.) 




Dutiable. 


Free. 


Total. 


Canadian 
Produce. 1 


Foreign 
Produce. 


Total. 


1868 
1869 
1870 

1871 . . . 


$ 

43,655,696 
41,069,342 
45,127,422 

60,094,362 
68, 776, 157 
71,198,176 
7(1.232,530 
78,138,511 

60,238,297 
60,916,770 
59,773,039 
55,426,836 
54,182,967 

71,620,725 
85,757,433 
91,588,339 
80,010,498 
73,269,618 

70,658,819 
78,120,679 
69,645,824 
74,475,139 
77,106,286 

74,536,036 
69,160,737 
69,873,571 
62,779,182 
58,557,655 

67,239,759 
66,220,765 
74,625,088 
89,433,172 
104,346.795 

105,969,756 
118,657,496 
136,796,065 
148,909,576 
150,928,78 

173,046,10 
152,065,52 
218,160,04 
175,014,16 
227,264,34 

282,723,81 
335,304,061 
441,606,88 
410,258,74 
279,792,19 

289.366,52 
461.733,60 
54-2,341,52 
526,494,65 
. 693,655,16 

847,561,40 
. 495,626,32 

537,214,58 


$ 

23,434,463 
22,085,599 
21,774,652 

24,120,026 
36,679,210 
53,310,953 
46,948,357 
39,270,057 

32,274,810 
33,209,624 
30,622,812 
23,275,683 
15,717,575 

18,867,694 
25,387,751 
30,273,157 
25,962,480 
26,486,157 

25,333,318 
26,936,531 
31,025,804 
34,623,057 
34,576,287 

36,997,918 
45,999,676 
45,297,259 
46,291,729 
42,118,236 

38,121,402 
40,397,062 
51,632,074 
59,939,244 
63,304,881 

71,961,163 
78,080,308 
88,293,744 
94,999,839 
101,035,427 

110,694,17 
93,163,306 
134,380,83 
113,580,03 
143,053,85, 

170,000,79 
187,100,61 
229,600,34 
208,935,25 
176,163,71 

218,834,60 
384,717,26 
421,191,05 
393,217,04 
370,872,95 

392,597,47 
252,178,00 

265,250,46 


$ 

67,090,159 
63,154,941 
66,902,074 

84,214,388 
104,955.367 
124,509,129 
123,180,887 
117,408,568 

92,513,107 
94,126,394 
90,395,851 
78,702,519 
69,930,542 

90,488,329 
111,145,184 
121,861,496 
105,972,978 
99,755,775 

95,992,137 
105,107,210 
100,671,628 
109,093,196 
111,632,573 

111,533,954 
115,160,413 
115,170,830 
109,070,911 
100,675,891 

105,361,161 
106,617,887 
126,307,162 
149,422,416 
172,651,676 

177,930,919 
196,737,804 
225,094,809 
243,909,415 
251,964,214 

283.740.28C 
250,225,83 
352,540,875 
288,59t,19( 
370,318,19? 

452,724,60: 
522,404,67. 
671,207,23 
619,193,99 
455,955,90 

508,201,13 
846,450,87 
963,532,57 
919,711,70 
1,064,528,12 

1,240,158,88 
747,804,33 

802,465,04 


S 

48,504,899 
52,400,772 
59,043,590 

57,630,024 
65,831,083 
76,538,025 
76,741,997 
69,709,823 

72,491,437 
68,030,546 
67,939,800 
62,431,025 
72,899,697 

83,944,701 
94,137,657 
87,702,431 
79,833,098 
79,131,735 

77,756,704 
80,960,909 
81,382,072 
80,272,456 
85,257,586 

88,671,738 
99,032,466 
105,488,798 
103,851,764 
102,828,441 

109,707,805 
123,632,540 
144,548,662 
137,360,792 
163,972,301 

177,431,386 
196,019,763 
214,401,674 
193,414,439 
190,854,946 

235,483,956 
180,545,306 
246,960,968 
242,603,584 
279,247,551 

! 274,316,55: 
> 290,223,85 
1 355,754,60( 
i 431,588,43! 
i 409,418,83f 

I 741,610,63! 
1 1,151,375,76! 
3 1,540,027,78! 
5 1,216,443,80 
3 1,239,492,09! 

2 1,189,163,70 
2 740,240,68 

3 931,451,44 


t 

4,196,821 
3,855,801 
6,527,622 

9,853,244 
12,798,182 
9,405,910 
10,614,096 
7,137,319 

7,234,961 
7,111,108 
11,164,878 
8,355,644 
13,240,006 

13,375,117 
7,628,453 

9,751,773 
9,389,106 
8,079,646 

7,438,079 
8,549,333 
8,803,394 
6,938,455 
9,051,781 

8,798,631 
13,121,791 
8,941,856 
11,833,805 
6,485,043 

6,606,738 
10,825,163 
14,930,883 
17,520,088 
14,265,254 

17,077,757 
13,951,101 
10,828,087 
12,641,239 
10,617,115 

11,173,846 
11,541,927 
16,407,934 
17,318,782 
19,516,445 

15,683,65; 
17,492,294 
1 21.313.75J 
1 23.848.78J 
, 52,023,67; 

i 37,689,43! 
5 27,835,33 
J 46,142,00 
} 52,321,47! 
j 47,166,61 

1 21,264,41 
} 13,686,32 

3 13,844,39 


$ 

52,701,720 
56,256,573 
65,571,212 

67,483,263 
78,629,265 
85,943,935 
87,356,093 
76,847,142 

79,726,398 
75,141,654 
79,154,678 
70,786,669 
86,139,703 

97,319,818 
101,766,110 
97,454,204 
89,22 
87,211,381 

85,194,783 
89,510,242 
90,185,466 
87,210,911 
94,309,367 

97,470,369 
112,154,257 
114,430,654 
115,685,569 
109,313,484 

116,314,543 
134,457,703 
159,529,545 
154,880,880 
183,237,555 

194,509,143 
209,970,864 
225,229,761 
211,055,678 
201,472,061 

246,657,80: 
192,087,23: 
263,368,951 
259,922,36* 
298,763,99; 

290,000,211 
307,716,15 
377,068,35 
455,437,22 
461,442,50 

! 779,300,07 
! 1,179,211,10 
I 1,586,169,79 
) 1,268,765,28 
I 1,286,658,70 

i 1,210,428,11 
3 753,927,00 

i 945,295,83 


$ 

119,791,879 
119,411,514 
132,473,286 

151,697,656 
183,584,632 
210,453,064 
210,536,980 
194,255,710 

172,239,505 
169,268,048 
169,550,529 
149,489,888 
156,040,245 

187,808,147 
212,911,294 
219,315,700 
195,195,182 
186,967,156 

181,186,920 
194,617,452 
190,857,094 
196,309,107 
205,991,940 

209,004,323 
227,314,670 
229,601,484 
224,756,480 
209,989,375 

221,675,704 
241,075,530 
285,836,707 
304,303,296 
355,889,231 

372,440,062 
406,708,668 
450,324,570 
454,965,093 
453,436,275 

530,398,082 
442,313,068 
615,909,831 
, 548,516,562 
i 669,082,192 

) 742,724,813 
[ 830,120,826 
i 1,048,275,589 
I 1,074,631,222 
3 917,398.417 

) 1,287,501,204 
) 2,025,661,978 
2 2,549,702,370 
52,188,476,990 
92,351,186,832 

9 2,450,587,001 
9 1,501,731,341 

7 1,747,760,880 




1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 

1876 
1877 


1878 .... 


1879 
1880 

1881 .. 


1882 ... 


1883 . . . 


1884 . . . 


1885 .... 


1886.... 
1887 
1888 . . . 


1889 


1890 

1891 
1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 . 


1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 
1905 

1906 


1907 2 ... 
1938.... 
1909.... 
1910.... 


1911.... 
1912 .. 


1913. .. 


1914. .. 


1915.... 


1916.... 
1917.... 
1918.... 
1919.... 
1920.... 

1921.... 
1922.... 

1923 1 ... 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



AGGREGATE EXTERNAL TRADE OF CANADA 1901-1923 



AGGREGATE TRADE 

IMPORTS 

EXPORTS 




NOTE. Figures at the sides of the chart are in millions of dollars, Each vertical line 
represents one year from 1901 to 1923, and each horizontal line represents $50,000,000 



RATIO OF EXPORTS TO IMPORTS 



471 



2. Ratio of Exports to Imports and Value per capita of Exports, Imports and Total 

Trade, 1868-1923. 



Fiscal 
Year. 


Excess of 
Imports 
entered 
for 
Consump 
tion over 
Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce. 


Excess of 
Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce 
over 
Imports 
entered 
for Con 
sumption. 


Percent 
age Rate 
of Exports 
of 
Canadian 
Produce 
to 
Imports 
entered 
for Con 
sumption. 


Estimated 
Population. 


VALUE PER CAPITA OF 


Exports 
Canadian 
Produce. 


Imports. 


Total 
Trade. 


1868 . 


$ 
18,585,260 
10,754,169 

7,858,484 

26,584,364 
39,124,284 
47,971,104 
46,439,890 
47,698,745 
20,021,670 
26,095,848 
22,406,051 
16,271,494 

6,543,628 
17,007,527 
34,159,065 
26,139,880 
20,624,040 
18,235,433 
24,146,301 
19,289,556 
28,825,740 
26,424,987 

22,862,216 
16,127,947 
9,682,032 
5,219,147 

12,061,624 
3,679,375 

499,533 
718,041 
10,693,135 
45,494,976 
61,109,268 
48,256,324 
69,680,529 
105,579,911 
45,990,612 
91,070,648 

178,408,050 
232,180,818 
315,452,634 
187,605,559 
46,537,072 

29,730,7632 


$ 
2,999,155 

2,152,550 
4,346,644 
17,014,713 
18,241,500 

233,409,504 
304,924,890 
576,495,210 
296,732,101 
174,963,975 

6,122,677 2 
142,830,7942 


p.c. 
72-30 
82-97 
89-34 

68-43 
62-72 
61-47 
62-30 
59-37 
78-36 
72-28 
75-21 
79-32 
104-29 

92-77 
84-70 
71,97 
75-33 
79-33 
81-00 
77-03 
80-84 
73-58 
76-34 

79-50 
86-00 
91-59 
95-21 
102-14 
101-13 
115-96 
114-44 
91-97 
97-95 

99-85 
99-77 
95,37 
81-45 
75-85 
83-13 
72-29 
70-18 
84-17 
75-51 
60-72 
55-66 
53-09 
69-78 
89-89 
146,03 
136-20 
159-99 
132,73 
116-43 
97-603 
100-823 
117-803 


3,372,000 
3,413,000 
3,454,000 

3,518,000 
3,611,000 
3,668,000 
3,825,000 
3,887,000 
3,949,000 
4,013,000 
4,079,000 
4,146,000 
4,215,000 

4,337,000 
4,384,000 
4,433,000 
4,485,000 
4,539,000 
4,589,000 
4,638,000 
4,688,000 
4,740,000 
4,793,000 

4,844,000 
4,889,000 
4,936,000 
4,984,000 
5,034,000 
5,086,000 
5,142,000 
5,199,000 
5,259,000 
5,322,080 

5,403,000 
5,532,000 
5,673,000 
5,825,000 
5,992,000 
6,171,000 
6,302,000 
6,491,000 
6,695,000 
6,917,000 

7,206,643 
7,365,205 
7,527,208 
7,692,832 
7,862,078 
8,035,584 
8,180,160 
8,328,382 
8,478,546 
8,631,475 

8,788,483 
8,966,834 
9,146,456 


$ cts. 
14-38 
15-35 
17-09 

16-38 
18-23 
20-87 
20-06 
17-93 
18-36 
16-97 
16-67 
15-06 
17-29 

19-36 
21-47 
19-78 
17-80 
17-43 
16-94 
17-46 
17-36 
16-94 
17-79 
18-31 
20-26 
21-37 
20-84 
20-43 
21-57 
24-04 
27-80 
26-12 
31-75 
32-84 
35-43 
37-79 
34-06 
31-85 
38-16 
28-65 
38-05 
36-24 
40-37 

38-06 
39-40 
47-26 
56-10 
52-07 
92-29 
140-75 
184,91 
143,47 
143-60 

135-31 
82-55 
101-84 


$ cts. 
19-90 
18-50 
19-37 
23-94 
29-06 
33-94 
32-20 
30-21 
23-43 
23-45 
22-16 
18-98 
16-58 

20-86 
25-35 
27-49 
23-63 
21-98 
20-92 
22-66 
21-47 
23-02 
23-30 
23-02 
23-55 
23-33 
21-88 
20-00 
20-72 
20-73 
24-29 
28-41 
32-44 

33-13 
35-56 
39-68 
41-87 
42-05 
45-98 
39-70 
54-31 
43-10 
53-54 
62-82 
70-93 
89-17 
80-49 
57-99 
63-24 
103-48 
115-69 
108,48 
123-33 

141-11 

83-39 
87-73 


$ cts. 
34-28 
33-85 
3U-46 
40-32 
47-29 
54-81 
52-26 
48-14 
41-79 
40-42 
38-83 
34-04 
33-87 

40-22 
46-82 
47-27 
41-43 
39-41 
37-86 
40-12 
38-83 
39-96 
41-09 
41-33 
43-81 
44-70 
42-72 
40-43 
42-29 
44-77 
52-09 
54-53 
64-19 
65-97 
70-99 
77-47 
75-93 
73-90 
84-14 
68-35 
92-36 
79-34 
93-91 

100-88 
110-33 
136-43 
136-59 
110-06 
155-53 
244-23 
300-60 
251 95 
266-93 

276-42 
165-94 

189-57 


1869 


1870 


1871.. 


1872 


1873 


1874 . 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 .. 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891.. 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901... 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911... 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 ... 


1920 


1921... 


1922 


1923* 





Nine months. 

2 Excess of imports for home consumption over total exports, or of total exports over imports for home 
consumption. These amounts represent the true balance of trade, since for the last two years goods shown 
as foreign exports have previously been entered as imported for home consumption. 

Percentage of total exports to imports for home consumption. 

The figures for 1923 are subject to revision. 



472 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



3. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1868-1918. 





Total 




EXPORTS. 




Total Im 
ports and 


Fiscal Year. 


Imports. 


Canadian. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Coin and 
Bullion. 


1868 


$ 

4,895,147 


1 

4,866,168 


$ 


4,866,168 


S 

9,761,315 


1869 


4,247,229 


4,218,208 


- 


4,218,208 


8,465,437 


1870 


4,335,529 


8,002,278 


- 


8,002,278 


12,337,807 


1871 


2,733,094 


6,690,350 




6,690,350 


9,423,444 


1872 


2,753,749 


4,010,398 


- 


4,010,398 


6,764,147 


1873 


3,005,465 


3,845,987 





3,845,987 


6,851,452 


1874 


4,223,282 


1,995,835 





1,995,835 


6,219,117 


1875 


2,210,089 


1,039,837 





1,039,837 


3,249,926 


1876 


2,220,111 


1,240,037 





1,240,037 


3,460,148 


1877 


2,174,089 





733,739 


733,739 


2,907,828 


1878 


803,726 


- 


168,989 


168,989 


972,715 


1879 


1,639,089 


. 


704,586 


704,586 


2,343,675 


1880 


1,881,807 


- 


1,771,755 


1,771,755 


3,653,562 


1881 


1.123,275 




971,005 


971,005 


2,094,280 


1882 


1,503,743 


- 


371,093 


371,093 


1,874,836 


1883 


1,275,523 


_ 


631,600 


631,000 


1,907,123 


1884 


2,207,666 


- 


2,184,292 


2,181,292 


4,391,958 


1885 


2,954,244 


- 


2,026,980 


2,026,980 


4,981,224 


1886 


3,610,557 


_ 


56,531 


56,531 


3,667,088 


1887 


532,218 


- 


5,569 


5,569 


537,787 


1888 


2,175,472 


- 


17,534 


17,534 


2,193,006 


1889 


575,251 


- 


1,978,256 


1,978,256 


2,553,507 


1890 


1,083,011 





2,439,782 


2,439,782 


3,522,793 


1891 


1,811,170 


129,328 


817,599 


946,927 


2,758,097 


1892 


1,818,530 


306,447 


1,502,671 


1,809,118 


3,627,648 


1893 


6,534,200 


309,459 


3,824,239 


4,133,698 


10,667,898 


1894 


4,023,072 


310,006 


1,529,374 


1,839,380 


5,862,452 


1895 


4,576,620 


256,571 


4,068,748 


4,235,319 


8,901,939 


1896 


5,226,319 


207,532 


4,491,777 


4,699,309 


9,925,628 


1897 


4,070,194 


327,298 


3,165,252 


3,492,550 


8,168,744 


1898 


4,390,844 


1,045,723 


3,577,415 


4,623,138 


9,013,982 


1899 


4,629,177 


1,101,245 


2,914,780 


4,016,025 


8,645,202 


1900 


8,152,640 


1,670,068 


6,987,100 


8,657,168 


16,809,808 


1901 


3,307,069 




1,978,489 


1,978,489 


5,285,558 


1902 


6,053,791 


- 


1,669,422 


1,669,422 


7,723,213 


1903 


8,695,707 


- 


619,963 


619,963 


9,315,670 


1904 


7,554,917 


- 


2,465,557 


2,405,557 


10,020,474 


1905 


9,961,340 


- 


1,844,811 


1,844,811 


11,800,151 


1906 


6,670,527 


- 


9,928,828 


9,928,828 


16,5 


1907 (9 mos.) 


7,029,047 


- 


13,189.964 


13,189,964 


20,219,011 


1908 


5,887,737 


- 


10,637,654 


10,037,654 


22,525,391 


1909 


9,611,761 


2 


1,589,791 


1,589,793 


11,201,554 


1910 


5,514,817 


- 


2,594,536 


2,594,536 


8,109,353 


1911 


9,226,715 




7,196,155 


7,196,155 


16,422,870 


1912 


25,077,515 


- 


7,601,099 


7,601,099 


32,678,614 


1913 


4,309,811 


_ 


16,163,702 


16,103,702 


20,473,513 


1914 


14,498,451 


1,219 


23,559,485 


23,560,704 


38, 0")U, !). > 


1915 


131,483,396 


667 


29,365,701 


29,366,368 


160,849,764 


1916 


33,876,227 


315 


103,572,117 


103,572,432 


137,448,659 


1917 


26,986,548 


86,087 


196,460,961 


196,547,048 


223,533,596 


1918 


11,290,341 


290,281 


3,201,122 


3,491,403 


14,781,744 















NOTE. Information as to imports and exports of coin and bullion in the fiscal years 1919 to 1923 is not 
available for publication. Up to 1919 "Silver bullion in bars, blocks, ingots, drops, sheets and plalM, 
unmanufactured," was included in "coin and bullion," but since that time it is regarded as merchan 
dise." The figures from 1899 of the above table have been revised in accordance with the new 
arrangement. 



DUTIES COLLECTED ON EXPORTS AND IMPORTS 



473 



4. Duties collected on Exports, 1868-1892, and on Imports for Home Consumption, 
1868-1923. 


Fiscal Year. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Exports. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


Fiscal Year. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Exports. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


1868 


$ 
17,986 
14,403 
37,912 
36,066 
24,809 
20,152 
14,565 
7,243 
4,500 
4,103 
4,161 
4,272 
8,896 


$ 
8,801,446 
8,284,507 
9,425,028 
11,807,590 
13,020,684 
12,997,578 
14,407,318 
15,354,139 
12,828,614 
12,544,348 
12,791,532 
12,935,269 
14,129,953 


1881 . 


$ 
8,141 
8,810 
9,756 
8,515 
12,305 
20,726 
31,397 
21,772 
42,207 
93,674 
64,803 
108 


18,492,645 
21,700,028 
23,162,553 
20,156,448 
19,121,254 
19,427,398 
22,438,309 
22,187,869 
23,742,317 
23,921,234 
23,416,266 
20,550,474 


1869 


1882 


1870 


1883 


1871 


1884 .. 


1872 


1885 


1873 


1886 


1874 


1887 .. 


1875 


1888 


1876 


1889 


1877 


1890 . 


1878 


1891 . 


1879 


1892 


1880 






Fiscal Year. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


Fiscal Year. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


Fiscal Year. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


1893 


21,161,711 
19,379,822 
17,887,269 
20,219,037 
19,891,997 
22,157,788 
25,734,229 
28,889,110 
29,106,980 
32,425,532 


19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 


03 



37,110,355 
40,954,349 
42,024,340 
46,671,101 
40,290,172 
58,331,074 
48,059,792 
61,024,239 
73,312,368 
87,576,037 


1913 


$ 

115,063,688 
107,180,578 
79,205,910! 
103,940,1011 
147,631,4551 
161,595,6291 
158,046,3341 
187,524,1821 
179,667,6831 
121,487,3941 
133,791,3701 


1894 


[)4 


1914 


1895 


55 


1915 


1896 


36 


1916 


1897 


37 (9 months).. 
)8 


1917 


1898 


1918 


1899 


)9 


1919 


1900 


10 


1920 


1901 


11 


1921 


1902 


12 


1922 






1923 





i Includes war tax. 

NOTE. Duties on exports were not collected after the year 1892. 



474 



TRADE AXD COMMERCE 



5. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to other Countries 
of Merchandise, the Produce of Canada, 1868-1923. 



Fiscal Year. 


Exports to 
United 
Kingdom. 


Per cent Can . 
Exports to 
U.K. to total 
Can. exports. 
(Mdse.) 


Exports to 
United 
States. 


Per cent Can. 
Exports to 
U.S. to total 
Can. exports. 

(Mdse.) 


Exports to 
Other 
Countries. 


Total 
Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce. 


1868 


$ 

17,905,808 


p.c. 
36-9 


25,349,568 


p.c. 
52-3 


$ 
5,249,523 


- 
48,504,899 


1869 


20,486,389 


39-1 


26,717,656 


51-0 


5,196,727 


52,400,772 


1870 


22,512,991 


38-1 


30,361,328 


51-4 


6,169,271 


59,043,590 


1871.. 


21,733,556 


37-7 


29,164,358 


50-6 


6,732,110 


57,630,024 


1872 


25,223,785 


38-3 


32,871,496 


49-9 


7,735,802 


65,831,083 


1873 .... 


31,402,234 


41-0 


36,714,144 


48-0 


8,421,647 


76,538,025 


1874 


35,769,190 


46-6 


33,195,805 


43-3 


7,777,002 


76,741,997 


1875 


34,199,134 


49-1 


27,902,748 


40-0 


7,607,941 


69,709,823 


1876 


34,379,005 


47-4 


30,080,738 


41-5 


8,031,694 


72,491,437 


1877 


35,491,671 


52-2 


24,326,332 


35-8 


8,212,543 


68,030,546 


1878 


35,861,110 


52-7 


24,381,009 


35-9 


7,747,681 


67,989,800 


1879 


29,393,424 


47-1 


25,491,336 


40-8 


7,546,245 


62,431,025 


1880 


35,208,031 


48-3 


29,566,211 


40-6 


8,125,455 


72,899,697 


1881 


42,637,219 


50-8 


34,038,431 


40-5 


7,269,051 


83,944,701 


1882 


39,816,813 


42-3 


45,782,584 


48-6 


8,538,260 


94,137,657 


1883 


39,538,067 


45-1 


39,513,225 


45-1 


8,651,139 


87,702,431 


1884 


37,410,870 


46-9 


34,332,641 


43-0 


8,089,587 


79,833,098 


1885 


36,479,051 


46-1 


35,566,810 


44-9 


7,085,874 


79,131,735 


1886 


36,694,263 


47-2 


34,284,490 


44-1 


6,777,951 


77,756,704 


1887 


38,714,331 


47-8 


35,269,922 


43-6 


6,976,656 


80,960,909 


1888 


33,648,284 


41-3 


40,407,483 


49-6 


7,326,305 


81,382,072 


1889 


33,504,281 


41-7 


39,519,940 


49-2 


7,248,235 


80,272,456 


1890 


41,499,149 


48-7 


36,213,279 


42-5 


7,545,158 


85,257,586 


1891 . 


43,243,784 


48-8 


37,743,430 


42-6 


7,684,524 


88,671,738 


1892 


54,949,055 


55-5 


34,666,070 


35-0 


9,417,341 


99,032,466 


1893 


58,409,606 


55-4 


37,296,110 


35-4 


9,783,082 


105,488,798 


1894 


60,878,056 


58-6 


32.562,509 


31-4 


10,411,199 


103,851,764 


1895 


57,903,564 


56-3 


35,633,863 


34-6 


9,321,014 


102,828,441 


1896 


62,717,941 


57-2 


37,789,481 


34-4 


9,200,383 


109,707,805 


1897 


69,533,852 


56-2 


.43,664,187 


35-3 


10,434,501 


123,632,540 


1898 


93,065,019 


64-4 


38,939,525 


27-0 


12,494,118 


144,548,662 


1899 


85,113,681 


62-0 


39,326,485 


29-0 


12.920,626 


137.360,792 


1900 


96,562,875 


57-1 


57,996,488 


34-2 


14,412,938 


168,972,301 


1901 


92,857,525 


52-3 


67,983,673 


38-3 


16,590,188 


177,431,386 


1902 


100,347,345 


55-8 


66,567,784 


34-0 


20,104,634 


196,019,763 


1903 


125,199,980 


58-4 


67,766,367 


31-6 


21,435,327 


214,401,674 


1904 


110,12Q,892 


55-5 


66,856,885 


33-7 


21,436,662 


193,414,439 


1905 


97,114,867 


50-9 


70,426,765 


36-9 


23,313,314 


190,854,946 


1906 


127,456,465 


54-1 


83,546,306 


35-5 


24,481,185 


235,483,956 


19071 


98,691,186 


54-7 


62,180,439 


34-4 


19,673,681 


180,545,3(16 


1908 


126,194,124 


51-1 


90,814,871 


36-8 


29,951,973 


246,963,968 


1909 


126,384,724 


52-1 


85,334,806 


35-2 


30,884,054 


22,6:)3,584 


1910 


139,482,945 


50-0 


104,199,675 


37-3 


35,564,931 


279,247,551 


1911 


132,156,924 


48-2 


104,115,823 


38-0 


38,043,806 


274,316,553 


1912 


147,240,413 


50-7 


102,041,222 


35-2 


40,942,222 


290,223,857 


1913 


170,161,903 


47-8 


139,725,953 


39-3 


45,866,744 


::.V,, 754, 600 


1914 


215,253,969 


49-9 


163,372,825 


37-9 


52,961,645 


431,588,439 


1915 


186,668,554 


45-6 


173,320,216 


42-3 


49,430,066 


409,418,836 


1916 


451,852,399 


60-9 


201,106,488 


27-1 


88,651,751 


741,610,638 


1917 


742,147,537 


64-5 


280,616,330 


24-4 


128,611,901 


1,151,375,768 


1918 


845,480,069 


54 9 


417,233,287 


87-0 


277,311,-i:i2 


1,540,027,788 


1919 


540,750,977 


44-5 


454,873,170 


37-4 


220,819,659 


1,216,443,806 


1920 


489,152,637 


39-5 


464,028,183 


37-4 


286,311,278 


1,239,492,098 


1921 


312,844,871 


26-3 


542,322,967 


45-6 


333,995,863 


1,189,163,701 


1922 


299,361,675 


40-4 


292,588,643 


39-5 


148,290,362 


740,240,680 


1923 2 


379,067,445 


40-7 


369,080,218 


39-6 


183,303,780 


931,451,443 

















Nine months. 2 Figures for 1923 are subject to revision. 



IMPORTS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION 



475 



. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from other 
Countries of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1923. 



Fiscal Year. 


Imports from 
United 
Kingdom. 


Per cent 
Imports from 
U.K. to Total 
Imports, 
(mdse.) 


Imports from 
United 
States. 


Per cent 
Imports from 
U.S. to Total 
Imports, 
(mdse.) 


Imports from 
Other 
Countries. 


Total 
Imports for 
Home 
consumption. 


1868 


$ 
37,617,325 


p.c. 
56-1 


$ 
22,660,132 


p.c. 
33-8 


$ 
6,812,702 


$ 
67,090,159 


1869 


35,496,764 


56-2 


21,497,380 


34-0 


6,160,797 


63,154,941 


1870 


37,537,095 


56-1 


21,697,237 


32-4 


7,667,742 


66,902,074 


1871 


48,498,202 


57-6 


27,185,586 


32-3 


8,530,600 


84,214,388 


1872 


62,209,254 


59-7 


33,741,995 


32-1 


9,004,118 


104,955,367 


1873 


67,996,945 


54-6 


45,189,110 


36-3 


11,323,074 


124,509,129 


1874 


61,424,407 


49-9 


51,706,906 


42-0 


10,049,574 


123,180,887 


1875 


60,009,084 


51-1 


48,930,358 


41-7 


8,469,126 


117,408,568 


1876 


40,479,253 


43-8 


44,099,880 


47-7 


7,933,974 


92,513,107 


1877 


39,331,621 


41-8 


49,376,008 


52-5 


5,418,765 


94,126,394 


1878 


37,252,769 


41-2 


48,002,875 


53-1 


5,140,207 


90,395,851 


1879 


30,967,778 


39-3 


42,170,306 


53-6 


5,564,435 


78,702,519 


1880 


33,764,439 


48-3 


28,193,783 


40-3 


7,942,320 


69,900,542 


1881 


42,885,142 


47-4 


36,338,701 


40-6 


11,264,486 


90 488 329 


1882 


50,356,268 


45-3 


47,052,935 


42-3 


13,735,981 


111 145 184 


1883 


51,679,762 


42-4 


55,147,243 


45-3 


15,034,491 


121 861 496 


1884 


41,925,121 


39-6 


49,785,888 


47-0 


14,261,969 


105 972 978 


1885 


40,031,448 


40-1 


45,576,510 


45-7 


14,147,817 


99 755,775 


1886 


39,033,006 


40-7 


42,818,651 


44-6 


14,140,480 


95 992,137 


1887 


44,741,350 


42-6 


44,795,908 


42-6 


15,569,952 


105,107 210 


1888 


39,167,644 


38-9 


46,440,296 


46-1 


15,063,688 


100 671,628 


1889 


42,251,189 


38-7 


50,029,419 


45-9 


16,817,588 


109 098,196 


1890 


43 277,009 


38-8 


51,365 661 


46-0 


17 039 903 


111 682 573 


1891 


42,018,943 


37-7 


52,033,477 


46-7 


17 481,534 


111 533 954 


1892 


41,063,711 


35-7 


51,742,132 


44-9 


22,354,570 


115 160 413 


1893 


42,529,340 


36-9 


52,339,796 


45-4 


20,301 694 


115 170 830 


1894 


37,035,963 


34 -Q 


50,746,091 


46-5 


21 288,857 


109 070 911 


1895 


31,059,332 


30-9 


50,179,004 


49-8 


19 437,555 


100 675 891 


1896 . 


32 824,505 


31-2 


53,529 390 


50-8 


19 007 266 


105 361 161 


1897 . 


29 401,188 


27-6 


57 023 3t2 


53-5 


20 193 297 


106 617 827 


1898 


32,043,461 


25-4 


74 824 923 


59-2 


19 438 778 


126 307 162 


1899 


36,966,552 


24-7 


88 506 881 


59-2 


23 948 983 


149 4 ?2 416 


1900 


44,280,041 


25-7 


102 224 917 


59-2 


26 146 718 


172 65l 676 


1901.. 


42,820,334 


24-1 


107,377,906 


60-3 


27,732 679 


177 930 919 


1902 


49,022,726 


25-0 


115,001,533 


58-4 


32 713 545 


196 737 804 


1903 


58,793,038 


26-2 


129,071 197 


57-3 


37 230 574 


225 094 809 


1904 


61,724,893 


25-3 


143 329 697 


58-7 


38 854 8^5 


243 909 415 


1905 


60,342,704 


24-0 


152 778 576 


60-6 


38 842 934 


251 964 214 


1906 


69,183,915 


24-4 


169 256 452 


59-6 


45 299 913 


283 740 280 


1907 1 


64,415,756 


25-8 


149 085 577 


59-5 


36 724 502 


950 225 835 


1908 


94,417,320 


26-8 


205,309 803 


58-2 


52 813 756 


352 540 879 


1909.. 


70 682 600 


24-5 


170 432 360 


59-0 


47 479 236 


9gg 594 igg 


1910 


95 337 058 


25-8 


218 004 556 


58-9 


56 976 585 


370 318 199 


1911.. 


109,934,753 


24-3 


275 824 265 


60-8 


66 965 585 


452 724 603 


1912 


116,906,360 


22-4 


331 384 657 


63-4 


74 113 658 


522 404 675 


1913.. 


138 742 464 


20-7 


436 887 315 


65-0 


95 577 75 


ATI on? 901 


1914.. 


132 070 406 


21-4 


396 302 138 


61-0 


90 821 454 


fUQ icw QQS 


1915 


90 157 204 


19-8 


297 142 059 


65-2 


68 656 615 


455 955 908 


1916 


77 404,361 


15-2 


370 880 549 


73-0 


59 916 224 


508 201 134 


1917 


107,096,735 


12-7 


665 312 759 


78-6 


74 041 384 


846 450 878 


1918 


81,324,283 


8-4 


792 894 957 


82-3 


89 313 338 


963 532 578 


1919 


73,035,118 


8-0 


750 203 024 


81-6 


96 473 563 


919 711 705 


1920 


126,362,631 


11-9 


801 097 318 


75-3 


137 068 174 


1 064 5 <:> 8 123 


1921.. 


213,973,562 


17-3 


856 176 820 


69-0 


170 008 500 


1 240 158 882 


1922 


117,135,343 


15-7 


515 958 196 


69-0 


114 710 793 


747 804 332 


1923 2 . . .. 


141 287 671 


17-6 


540 917 432 


67-4 


190 91Q Q40 


809 4fi i 043 

















J Nine months. 



2 Figures for 1923 are subject to revision. 



476 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



7. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States, 
respectively, to totals of dutiable and free in the 23 fiscal years 1901-1923. 



Fiscal Year. 


UNITED KINGDOM. 


UNITED STATES. 


Dutiable 
to total 
dutiable. 


Free 
to total 
free. 


Dutiable 
and free 
to all 
imports. 


Dutiable 
to total 
dutiable. 


Free 
to total 
free. 


Dutiable 
and free 
to all 
imports. 


1901 . 


p.c. 
29-92 
29-54 
30-85 
30-18 
29-88 
30-40 
32-05 
32-04 
84 
31-60 
29-82 
26-69 
24-47 
24-95 
24-31 
17-97 
16-35 
10-70 
9-50 
13-44 
20-07 
19-20 
21-61 


p.c. 
15-50 
17-94 
18-84 
17-73 
15-14 
15-03 
16-04 
17-35 
16-31 
16-49 
15-05 
14-72 
13-43 
14-26 
12-61 
11-63 
8-24 
5-54 
5-90 
8-93 
11-17 
8-72 
9-49 


p.c. 

24-10 
24-95 
26-15 
25-34 
23-98 
24-12 
25-79 
26-83 
24-52 
25-78 
24-34 
22-42 
20-71 
21-35 
19-79 
15-24 
12-07 
8-45 
7-97 
11-87 
17-20 
15-66 
17-61 


p.c. 
50-58 
50-72 
50-10 
52-07 
52-21 
51-74 
51-93 
60-59 
51-76 
52-29 
54-14 
58-72 
02-57 
60-81 
00-27 
68-93 
71-91 
79-16 
79-10 
72-OJ 
64-19 
62-97 
61-85 


p.c. 

74-66 
70-11 
68-46 
69-14 
73-13 
71-90 
71-28 
70-51 
70-20 
69-23 
72-05 
71-74 
69-78 
70-16 
72-85 
78-29 
86-59 
86-29 
84-74 
81-26 
79-51 
80-88 
78-66 


p.c. 
60-30 
58-40 
57-29 
58-71 
(10-58 
59-59 
59-50 
58-16 
59-00 
58-81 
60-81 
63-37 
65-03 
63-96 
05-13 
72-95 
78-57 
82-27 
81-50 
75-25 
69-04 
69-02 
67-41 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 months) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 ... 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


1923.. 



NOTE. For the years 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, pages 403-4. 

8. Average ad valorem Rates of Duty collected on Imports from United Kingdom, 
United States, and all Countries in the 56 fiscal years 1868-1923. 



Year. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


Year. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries 


Average ad valorem rate of duty on 


Average ad valorem rate of duty on 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


1868 


p.c. 

16 9 
16-8 
16 4 
16-4 
15-6 
16-5 
18-1 
18-8 
19-4 
20-1 
20-5 
24-0 
24-5 
24-1 
24-3 
24-4 
24-8 
25-7 
26-1 
29-1 
29-3 
28-8 
29-0 
29-4 
29-8 
30-0 
30-1 


p.c. 

13-5 
13-4 
13-5 
12-7 
10-9 
12-8 
14-8 
15-0 
16-2 
17-3 
18-0 
20-0 
20-5 
19-9 
19-2 
19-1 
19-0 
20-0 
20-8 
22-9 
22-4 
22-1 
21-7 
22-1 
22-3 
22-3 
22-6 


p.c. 

20-1 
19-5 
16-3 
18-0 
17-7 
17-4 
17-3 
19-2 
18-7 
20-4 
23-2 
23-1 
22-0 
21-5 
21-1 
20-7 
21-2 
22-8 
23-8 
26-2 
25-4 
26-6 
26-0 
26-5 
26-7 
27-0 
26-7 


p.c. 

7-3 
7-8 
8-4 
7-1 
6-5 
7-1 
7-9 
9-3 
7-9 
9-4 
13-1 
16-0 
15-5 
15-0 
14-8 
14-9 
14-5 
15-8 
16-2 
153 
14-7 
15-8 
14-9 
15-1 
14-6 
13-7 
13-7 


p.c. 

20-2 
20-2 
20-9 
19-6 
19-1 
18-3 
18-9 
19-6 
21-3 
20-6 
21-4 
23-3 
26-1 
25-8 
25-3 
25-3 
25-2 
26-1 
27-5 
28-7 
31-8 
31-9 
31-0 
31-4 
29-7 
30-3 
30-9 
30-5 


p.c. 
13-1 
13-1 
14-1 
14-0 
12-4 
10-4 
11-7 
13 1 
13-9 
13-3 
14-2 
16-4 
20-2 
20-4 
19-5 
19-0 
19-0 
19-2 
20-2 
21-3 
22-0 
21-8 
21-4 
21-0 
17-8 
18-4 
17-8 
17-8 


1896.. 


p.c. 
30-2 
30-7 
29-5 
26-6 
25-6 
24-7 
24-0 
23 3 
24-1 
24-8 
24-6 
24-3 
24-2. 
25-8 
25-1 
24-6 
25-0 
25-1 
25-2 
27-1 
28-4 
24-9 
24-3 
22-3 
22-1 
20-9 
24-8 
24-5 


p.c. 
22-4 
21-1 
20-8 
19-8 
18-2 
18 3 
17-2 
16-7 
17-6 
18-5 
18-7 
18-4 
18-3 
19-0 
18-9 
18-9 
19-1 
19-6 
19-5 
20-5 
19 1 
17-6 
17-3 
15-3 
16-2 
16-6 
20-1 
20-1 


p.c. 
26-7 
26-7 
26-1 
26-3 
25-0 
24-8 
25-2 
24-9 
25-2 
26-1 
24-8 
24-2 
24-6 
24-9 
24-8 
24-7 
25-0 
24-9 
24-8 
25-1 
25-0 
22-7 
20-5 
20-9 
22-5 
20-3 
23-0 
22-5 


p.c. 
14-5 
14-3 
13-3 
13-2 
13-2 
12-4 
13-2 
13-3 
13-6 
13-5 
13-1 
12-8 
13-2 
13-2 
13-5 
13-7 
14-8 
15-8 
15-6 
14-2 
13-5 
11-4 
11-1 
11-6 
14-0 
12-9 
13-9 
13-8 


p.c. 
30-0 
30-0 
29-7 
28-8 
27-7 
27-5 
27-3 
27-1 
27-5 
27-8 
27-0 
26-5 
26-7 
27-5 
26-8 
25-9 
26-1 
26-1 
26-1 
27-4 
27-2 
23-8 
21-5 
21 5 
22-5 
20-6 
24-5 
24-9 


p.c. 
19-2 
18-7 
17-5 
17-2 
16-7 
16-4 
16-5 
16-5 
16-8 
16-7 
16-4 
16-1 
16-5 
16-7 
16-5 
16-2 
16-8 
17-1 
17-3 
16-8 
15 5 
13-0 
12-1 
12-3 
14-7 
14-1 
16-2 
16-7 


1869 


1897 


1870 ... . 


1898 


1871 


1899 
1900 


1872 


1873 


1901 


1874 


1902 


1875 


1903 


1876 


1904 


1877 


1905 


1878 


1906 


1879 


1907 (9 m.) 
1908 


1880 


1881 


1909 


1882 


1910 


1883 


1911 


1884 


1912 


1885 


1913 


1886 
1887 


1914 . . . 


1915 


1888 


1916 


1889 


1917 


1890 


1918 


1891 
1892 


1919 


1920 


1893 


1921 


1894 


1922 
1923 


1895 







IMPORTS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION 



477 



9. Imports for Home Consumption of certain Raw Materials used in Canadian 

Manufactures, 1902-1923. 



Fiscal Year. 


Rags, 
all kinds. 


Broom 
corn. 1 


Hidqs, 
horns, pelts, 
etc.i 


Sugar, 
raw. 


Tobacco, 
raw. 


1902 


Cwt. 
367,373 


S 
202,487 


S 
5,086,052 


Ton. 
159,348 


Lb. 

11,329,674 


1903 


241,286 


165,231 


5,662,744 


180,849 


13,380,504 


1904 


254,484 


197,982 


4,916,222 


183,405 


14,248,303 


1905 


1,116,215 


175,412 


5,240,717 


163,717 


13,859,152 


1906 . 


1,697,801 


196,804 


6,811,267 


210,215 


14,519,658 


1907 (9 months) 


156,102 


167,654 


5,843,511 


142,334 


14,347,476 


1908 


323,453 


238,512 


4,908,871 


217,281 


15,690,076 


1909 


256,617 


246,701 


5,218,108 


226,712 


15,994,878 


1910 


496,057 


432,146 


8,237,014 


231,152 


13,753,141 


1911 


536,604 


389,173 


8,105,330 


271,532 


17,204,271 


1912 


564,296 


437,001 


8,903,727 


281,402 


17,203,513 


1913 


750,003 


377,462 


13,486,459 


310,101 


22,153,588 


1914 


716,882 


324,590 


8,831,010 


347,168 


17,598,449 


1915 


540,922 


285,574 


12,842,558 


335,820 


18,595,957 


1916 


510,472 


337,688 


12,441,731 


298,433 


20,834,672 


1917 


780,062 


449,137 


12,863,893 


365,772 


17,702,637 


1918 


505,643 


851,933 


8,794,289 


382,807 


17,824,947 


1919 


570,211 


1,119,700 


5,426,008 


359,470 


25,103,080 


1920 


352,413 


840,180 


22,654,661 


540,787 


24,345,295 


1921 


316,315 


511,222 


10,652,787 


347,594 


20.007,411 


1922 


216,915 


327,114 


5,898,087 


432,212 


20,870,509 


1923 . 


329,894 


685,819 


7,947,410 


571,728 


14,548,694 















Value only; the Trade and Navigation Returns do not give quantities. 



Fiscal Year. 


Cotton wool 
or raw cot 
ton and 
waste. 


Hemp, 
undressed. 


Wool, raw. 


Gutta per- 
cha, India- 
rubber, etc., 
crude. 


1902 


Cwt. 
693,578 


Cwt. 
160,794 


Cwt. 

103,607 


Cwt. 
29,104 


1903 


735,760 


129,856 


79,947 


28,615 


1904 


557,765 


123,885 


73,394 


32,134 


1905 


636,594 


102,529 


76,172 


28,103 


1906 


675,495 


123,857 


63,118 


24,916 


1907 (9 months) 


662, "548 


75,037 


39,228 


20,021 


1908 . 


522,552 


145,969 


61,292 


25,562 


1909 


653, 160 i 


69, 553 2 


56,839 


20,391 


1910 


680,8351 


58.911 2 


74,271 


35,555 



1911 


812,6221 


81.017 2 


64,224 


28,035 


1912 


727,9391 


82,661 2 


71,954 


44,313 


1913 v . . 


774,5781 


64, 990 2 


92,092 


56,655 


1914 . 


769,9301 


55, 572 2 


72,521 


44,504 


1915 


730,3251 


55.370 2 


131,940 


65,045 


1916 . 


969,6791 


50,9142 


211,407 


99,132 


1917 .. 


877,6341 


15, 846 2 


145,812 


107,580 


1918 . 


880,3741 


45.177 2 


115,380 


130,956 


1919 


1,117,2351 


72, 887 - 


158,767 


192,272 


1920 


964,7151 


46, 553 2 


117,717 


244,335 


1921 


986,315i 


47, 090 2 


92,772 


228,062 


1922 


953,8601 


77.S33 2 


125,867 


189,525 


19233 . . 


1,252,6151 


203, 844 2 


182,556 


253,913 













Cotton waste included with rags, all kinds. 
ject to revision. 



includes dressed hemp. 3 Figure lor 1923 are sub- 



478 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 









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IMPORTS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION 



479 



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480 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Agricultural and Vegetable Products. 

(Except chemicals, fibres and wood.) 
Beverages, Alcoholic 
Brewed 
Ale beer and porter gal. 


146 


2,475 


209,113 


102 


| 


Distilled 
Gin .. ...gal. 


199 


798 


145,077 
2,422 


86 


3 


1 

Whiskey gal- 


272,439 


1,286 


7,682 
463,949 


134,711 


4 


All other spirits, n.o.p gal. 


750,078 
787.983 


5,374 
334,832 


1,504,132 
1,374,282 


374,662 
14,843 


5 


Fermented 
Cider gal. 


2,103,945 
- 10,482 


664,021 
24,672 


2,964,959 
40,256 


19.267 


6 


Wines gal 


3,720 
420 


36,906 


43,334 
6,914 


386 




1 


738 


- 


18,087 


812 




Total beverages, alcoholic gal. 


1,071,470 


363,265 


2,096,936 


150,042 




- 


2,858,680 


707,099 


4,683,271 


394,827 




Fruits, fresh 


590,400 


236,000 


873,882 


1,272,533 


8 
9 


Berries, all kinds $ 
All other fresh fruits, n.o.p $ 


3,140,269 
4,405 


856,760 
228,342 
134, 186 


4,242,219 
229,656 
142,719 


7,902,013 
7,464 


It 


Dried and preserved 
Apples dried lb. 


1,100,500 


1,273,939 


3,977,306 


1,112,885 


11 


Canned or preserved fruits $ 


76,167 
1,870,981 


167,445 
168,105 


514,727 
3,174,239 


188,774 
514,23 


13 




60 




2,760 


- 






21 


- 


655 


- 




Totalfruits $ 


5,091,843 


1,554,838 


8,304,215 


8,610,167 


13 


Grains, flours and kindred products 
Grains 
Barley ^>ush. 


12,686,866 


1,050,031 


14,395,031 


7,940,979 


14 


Beans bush. 


18,138,354 
1,074 


1,153,933 
101,485 


20,206,972 
105,959 


10,561,195 
20 


15 


S 

Buckwheat bush. 


4,680 


347,069 
188,794 


367,955 
188,794 


120 
19,976 


11 


$ 

Corn, Indian bush. 


131 


249,337 
34,170 


249,337 
37,101 


22,024 
2 


17 


$ 
Oats bush. 


259 
3,610,792 


62,049 
3,751,111 


68, 176 
10,768,872 


10 
7,096,419 


18 


* 

Peas, split bush. 


3,300,477 
2,193 


3,059,427 
22,377 


9,349,455 
59,389 


6,623,635 
613 


19 


Peas, whole ..... bush. 


8,160 
60,730 


76,494 
135,051 


222,707 
228,546 


2,415 
31,775 


flO 


Rice lb. 


210,678 


540,481 
4,237,542 


920,440 
5,954,284 


181,786 
166,600 


?1 


I 

Rye bush . 


947,480 


496,416 
1,018,327 


668,077 
2,113,302 


11,895 
1,108,789 


rt, 


Wheat . bush. 


1,644,138 
51,426,131 


1.560,499 
6,661,588 


3,475,834 
77,978,037 


2,331,294 
29,294,612 




1 


122,108,193 


14,000,932 


185,044,806 


73,489,796 




Total grains $ 


145,414,939 


21,546,637 


220,573,759 


93,224,170 


?3 


Flour and milled products 
Bran shorts and middlings cwt. 


540 


1,229,398 


1,314,911 


4,670 


?4 


Cornmeal brl. 


1,170 
42,773 


2,779,255 
249 


2,983,843 
54,941 


6,170 

242 


?5 


Malt bush. 


372,364 


1,617 


454,528 
613,540 


2,000 
39,747 


26 


Oatmeal and rolled oats cwt. 


694,112 


5,517 


1,320,773 
805,203 


39,747 
357,241 


27 


Hice meal and rice flour lb. 


3.717.224 

695,200 


22,495 
51,660 


4,2x:;.77_ 
746,860 


2,096,098 
1,083,730 




S 


42,134 


2,415 


44,549 


68,328 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



481 



quantities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1933. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. i 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




51 


793,172 


3,000 


312,550 


472, 735 


44 


1,349,202 


1,500,763 


1 


125 


912,964 


4,080 


687,467 


849,285 


54 


2,696,400 


2,866,351 




265 


972 


_ 


_ 


4 


1 


277 


3,211 


2 


1,392 


3,459 


- 


- 


15 


15 


3,910 


48, 160 




1,616 


370,918 


84, 155 


20,228 


193,773 


44,598 


28,568 


407,718 


3 


17,025 


1,697,158 


193,270 


235,183 


925,895 


68,800 


476,963 


2,983,524 




220,464 


529,124 





157 


4,616 


- 


59 


2,596 


4 


374,565 


587,277 


- 


3,160 


11,396 


- 


1,543 


6,264 




61,787 


72,544 


11,737 


118,404 


131,431 


8,000 


85,615 


93,910 


5 


46, 175 


52,565 


3,871 


66,489 


71,194 


1,300 


30,248 


31,779 




4 


2,441 


- 


87 


2,100 


212 


31 


870 


6 


51 


6,774 


- 


177 


3,658 


443 


92 


2,027 




284,187 


1,769,171 


98,892 


451,426 


894,659 


52,855 


1,463,752 


2,009,068 




439,333 


3,269,197 


201,221 


992,476 


1,861,443 


70,612 


3,209,156 


5,938,105 




48, 107 


1,358,499 


1,315,938 


486,445 


1,845,955 


1,325,658 


71,744 


1,460,656 


7 


171,226 


8,299,099 


6,244,209 


2,381,419 


8,854,379 


5,842,200 


325,385 


6,452,044 




376,661 


377,230 


_ 


309, 145 


309,318 


_ 


379,307 


379,468 


8 


554,611 


570,252 


73,748 


505,529 


584,825 


85,836 


503,684 


595,720 


9 


125,756 


2,066,999 


1,109,360 


840,874 


4,357,932 


259,370 


29,200 


532,470 


10 


15,245 


315,372 


116,907 


91,772 


535,995 


31,015 


2,920 


60,514 




74,565 


751,520 


946,276 


322,708 


1,295,725 


648,526 


159,267 


850,385 


11 


24, 178 


31,629 


_ 


14,880 


20,435 


_ 


5,975 


30,032 


12 


5,810 


7,405 


- 


797 


1,587 


- 


1,737 


5,835 




1,300,441 


10,330,878 


7,381,140 


3,611,370 


11,581,829 


6,607,577 


1,372,300 


8,343,966 




304,878 


8,563,553 


9,481,888 


5,167 


12,580,979 


11,854,372 


949,408 


14,584,005 


13 


472,033 


11,469,050 


7,582,764 


3,018 


9,821,087 


7,441,853 


507,656 


9,164,756 




12,282 


14,376 


200 


4,390 


11,634 


5,437 


74,877 


80,813 


14 


53,794 


64,800 


1,218 


14,257 


32,302 


15,535 


233,408 


240,428 




247,884 


271,838 


83,822 


138,922 


403,300 


129,117 


214,801 


525,424 


15 


315,815 


342,549 


69,758 


137,360 


362,033 


104,587 


178,823 


433,466 




8,616 


17,560 


2,280 


17,247 


25,278 


6,138 


4,933 


26, 777 


16 


16,692 


34,615 


2,105 


20,240 


30,074 


4,933 


7,318 


27,757 




4,765,202 


14,321,048 


20,735,804 


3,217,419 


36,195,127 


20,965,361 


842,931 


29,022,347 


17 


4,694,519 


14,152,033 


10,738,497 


1,446,014 


18,717,105 


10,113,856 


412,742 


14,533,015 




2,402 


56,263 





20,885 


84,258 


_ 


3,163 


55,484 


18 


9,395 


241,092 


- 


69,941 


265,281 


_ 


9,958 


174,402 




47,696 


113,262 


15,976 


154,290 


177,715 


36, 147 


159, 772 


210,869 


19 


263,812 


606,342 


68,448 


473,921 


569,653 


117,100 


419,717 


582,444 




278,200 


2,357,384 


_ 


885 


172,825 






5,751 


20 


22,523 


223,732 





66 


6,761 


_ 


_ 


258 




717,086 


3,201,430 


1,110,899 


105,631 


3,180,502 


7,200,399 


441,229 


10,129,350 


21 


1,344,976 


6,231,170 


1,096,888 


97,597 


3,526,639 


5,664,209 


338,183 


8,152,876 




42,324,894 


129,215,157 


92,498,351 


16,592,797 


136,489,238 


166,846,960 


16,213,629 


215,074,566 


22 


91,442,298 


310,952,138 


119,976,127 


23,335,277 


179,990,730 


192,002,549 


18,828,694 


252,145,805 




98,635,857 


344,317,521 


139,535,805 


25,597,691 


213,321,665 


215,464,622 


20,936,454 


285,465,207 




719,948 


819,781 


4,791 


854,829 


954,616 


7,394 


1,725,023 


1,924,522 


23 


1,236,851 


1,481,097 


3,957 


939,910 


1,103,899 


7,160 


1,917,732 


2,194,326 




840 


24,588 


395 


_ 


19,348 




32 


29,249 


24 


7,722 


187,003 


2,244 


_ 


94,178 


_ 


132 


127,838 




- 


629,620 


- 


30,549 


124,583 


_ 


_ 


128,106 


25 


- 


1,350,201 





63,625 


237,510 


_ 


_ 


176,564 




3,544 


397,266 


571,347 


12,710 


651,135 


328,333 


15,510 


379,237 


26 


19,709 


2,343,965 


2,214,820 


43,994 


2,525,407 


1,375,518 


71,990 


1,596,527 




60,250 


1,360,068 


1,064,640 


240 


1,064,880 


323,000 




323,000 


27 


1,219 


84,298 


22,572 


34 


22,606 


7,690 


- 


7,690 





Unrevised figure 
6237331 



482 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Agricultural and Vegetable Products con. 
(Except chemicals, fibres and wood.) 
Flour and milled products concluded. 
Rye flour brl. 


11,064 


9,590 


35,786 




?, 


S 

Screenings... . cwt. 


107,565 


74,099 
1,271,695 


297,768 
1,271,695 


7 763 


3 


* 
Wheat flour brl. 


5,824,811 


1,126,799 
29,762 


1,126,799 
8,863,068 


10,847 
2,746 780 


4 


S 

All other meal brl. 


61,494,045 
1,835 


337,514 
257 


94,262,928 
2,156 


28,896,091 




S 


15,479 


2,520 


18,387 


- 




Total flour and milled products $ 


65,749,981 


4,396,714 


104,793,347 


31,119,281 














5 


Bakery products and prepared food 
Biscuits and bread cwt. 


743 


1,510 


14,647 




li 


S 

Cereal foods, prepared, all kinds S 


13,545 
1,048,826 


14,787 
5,399 


203,721 
1,087,901 


803 248 


7 


Macaroni, spaghetti and vermicelli Ib. 


3,587,770 


80,964 


4,442,176 


2,292 980 


8 


Cornstarch Ib. 


363,284 
91,690 


6,763 
11,500 


448,981 
129,792 


269,598 
1,720 


1 


$ 

Potato starch Ib. 


6,724 
88,000 


878 
169.025 


10,056 
460,025 


220 




1 


6,945 


8,433 


28,257 


- 




Total grains, flours and kindred 
products S 


212,603,985 


25,929,810 


327,146,022 


125,416,517 














10 


Oils, vegetable, and by-products 
Oilcake cwt. 


291,219 


20,725 


437,925 


89,799 


11 


$ 

Oils, vegetable, n.o.p gal. 


946,083 
11,981 


61,149 
918,673 


1,465,366 
975,766 


296,044 
32 




$ 


32,587 


757,999 


878,346 


125 




Total oils, vegetable, and by-products % 


978,670 


819,148 


2,343,712 


296,169 


IS 


Rubber and its products 
Raw and partly manufactured 
Waste ." cwt. 


1,278 


64,423 


65, 701 




13 


* S 

Belting Ib. 


8,662 
2,235 


433,477 
285 


442,139 
29,902 


- 


14 


Boots and shoes S 


1,295 
829, 154 


269 
3,203 


24,455 
1,750,967 


457,561 


1.1 


Clothing, including waterproofed $ 


782 


6,055 


56,640 


411 


16 


Hose 


25, 137 


102,230 


169,822 


8,192 


17 
18 


Tires for vehicles, pneumatic tire casings 
" inner tubes 










11 


" " solid rubber 


548 


1,695 


103,395 


252 





Tires pneumatic . 


3,547,601 


251,554 


7,291,777 


3,641,468 


21 


All other mfs. of India rubber, n.o.p 


69,6j5 


62,638 


230,768 


100,399 




Total rubber and its products S 


4,482,844 


861,121 


10,069,963 


4,208,283 














Wl 


Seeds for sowing 
Clover bush. 


27,154 


157,868 


186,328 


43,420 


n 


$ 

Flax ... bush. 


694,760 
34,052 


3,583,510 

79 


4,314,341 
35,009 


723,093 
51,304 


?4 


$ 

Grass bush. 


316,134 

422 


926 
57, 196 


327,139 
58,535 


357,974 

1 , 3S8 


?s 


$ 

All other seeds, n.o p $ 


2,513 
2,891 


. 146,424 
46,827 


152, 408 
62,067 


6,848 
432 
















Total seeds for sowing $ 


1,016,298 


3,777,687 


4,846,855 


1,088,347 














?fi 


Sugar, molasses syrups, and confectionery 
Confectionery S 


5,002,031 


132,728 


5,988,324 


419,623 


?7 


Maple sugar Ib. 


33,379 


3,971,435 


4,005,124 


18,924 


?8 




7,51} 
1,664 


1,114,304 
6,790 


1,121,959 
9.270 


5,49!) 
1,785 


29 


Molasses gal. 


2,941 
34,532 


15,702 
1,753.225 


20,009 

1,787,757 


5,295 
205 




t 

Sugar houpo syrup . al> 


16,540 
399,644 


163,004 
50,044 


179,544 
449,734 


955 




$ 


172,097 


22,770 


194,891 





EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



483 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. 1 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All. 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




450 


10,833 


357 




1,502 


285 


1 


286 


1 


5,179 


104,613 


2,091 


_ 


9,955 


1,628 


6 


1,634 




1,122,483 


1,152,385 




385,714 


385,714 


3,550 


1,696,026 


1,700,716 


2 


651,370 


702,144 


_ 


53,661 


53,661 


2,773 


337,474 


340,894 




1,187,750 


6,017,032 


4,737,020 


570,567 


7,414,282 


4,723,527 


612,561 


10,227,060 


3 


12,023,090 


66,520,490 


33,943,408 


3,824,832 


53,478,150 


27,174,526 


3,883,424 


60,075,426 




345 


855 


4,889 


244 


6,305 


9,553 


198 


9,834 


4 


3,439 


6,805 


22,320 


2,092 


31,740 


38,527 


1,860 


41,671 




13,918,579 


72,780,616 


36,211,412 


4,938,148 


57,557,097 


28,607,822 


6,212,618 


64,562,570 




3,571 


9,038 


7 


1,582 


5,291 




1,078 


4,811 


5 


29,944 


139,532 


158 


16,596 


84,346 


- 


11,001 


69,196 




20,248 


854,254 


773,292 


15,997 


816,575 


466,842 


14,641 


510,593 


6 


268 


2,545,359 


2,476,796 


463 


2,695,016 


276,306 


26,450 


395,784 


7 


48 


299,560 


218,556 


63 


240,642 


20,985 


2,763 


32,343 




6,410 


34,009 


- 


- 


13,205 


- 


- 


9,890 


8 


434 


3,137 


- 


- 


1,148 


- 


- 


904 






570 


_ 


_ 


30 


_ 








9 


- 


63 


- 


- 


6 


- 





- 




113,635, 119 


41S,394,683 


176,739,323 


30,558,495 


272,021,479 


244,560,271 


27,177,477 


350,640,813 




13,850 


195,247 


59,180 


15,640 


413,916 


84,181 


16,115 


447, 202 


10 


38,453 


663,834 


143,517 


32,189 


1,010,152 


200,500 


40,058 


1,084,954 




251,982 


275,459 


102 


375,840 


397,923 





123,504 


178,095 


11 


146,261 


197,482 


235 


73,992 


91,192 


- 


53,765 


87,902 




184,714 


861,316 


143,753 


106,181 


1,101,344 


200,500 


93,823 


1,172,856 




22,696 


22,716 




17, 192 


17,192 




34,543 


34,543 


12 


133,316 


133,516 


- 


62,623 


62,623 


- 


90,126 


90,126 




10,303 


99,359 





615 


106.746 


3,900 


5,530 


363,657 


13 


7,755 


83,869 


_ 


455 


56,197 


1,372 


1,583 


177,304 




2,634 


1,524,969 


212,491 


8,217 


709,299 


305,773 


1,086 


1,367,327 


14 


276 


36,534 


1,172 


5,776 


19,253 


178 


39 


9,442 


15 


142,328 


225,435 


1,648 


122,255 


143,589 


403 


85,519 


117,836 


16 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1,112,386 


7,445 


4,431,002 


17 


- 


- 


- 


- 





91,440 


448 


403,881 


18 


9,550 


62,475 


_ 


2,730 


89,833 


2,500 


1,477 


121,053 


19 


169,583 


8,191,511 


1,098,428 


70,020 


2,721,819 


_ 


_ 


- 


20 


199,748 


581,219 


14,332 


158,937 


259,196 


13,468 


51,341 


214,930 


31 


665,249 


10,839,528 


1,328,171 


431,013 


4,061, 8U9 


1,537,530 


239,064 


6,932,901 




123,524 


179,255 


20,365 


229,110 


258,401 


73,058 


197,648 


304,928 


22 


1,098,783 


2,005,460 


184,229 


1,546,933 


1,809,281 


547,807 


1,230,107 


2,017,239 




9,224 


60,528 


15,392 


1,266 


17,678 


1,319 


6 


1,325 


23 


16,518 


374,492 


46,462 


4,191 


50,699 


5,276 


30 


5,306 




81,130 


93,690 


1,200 


83,479 


86,339 


577 


56,736 


62,247 


24 


167,445 


202,554 


5,796 


316.420 


326,369 


3,142 


115,792 


127,092 




23, 142 


28,562 


17,393 


20,950 


43,337 


18,014 


10,815 


44,859 


25 


1,305,888 


3,611,068 


353,885 


1,888,494 


2,229,686 


574,239 


1,356,744 


2,194,496 




57,524 


1,190,718 


45,736 


29,124 


440,174 


40,774 


3,679 


433,492 


26 


7,979,970 


7,999,233 


28,511 


2,052,774 


2,092,715 


40,745 


2,695,561 


2,738,227 


27 


1,956,637 


1,962,258 


4,409 


158,799 


164,389 


8,049 


336,106 


374,457 




9,373 


11,254 


764 


2,739 


3,659 


536 


5,018 


5,885 


28 


26, 162 


31,767 


2,054 


6,794 


9, 152 


1,151 


10,093 


11,954 




883, 635 


887,667 


3,381 


1,277,646 


1,290,425 


_ 


801,166 


801,968 


29 


95,879 


102,398 


470 


60,104 


66,007 


- 


21,292 


21,889 




_ 


- 


_ 


_ 


_ 


: 


fc 


: 


30 



1 Unrevised figures. 
62373 31J 



484 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Agricultural and Vegetable Products- 
concluded. 
(Except chemicals, fibres and wood.) 
Sugar, molasses, etc. concluded. 
Sugar, all kinds, n.o.p Ib. 


129,704,089 


4,772,912 


245,321,907 


1 124 142 


3 


$ 

Syrups, n.o.p $ 


11,824,363 
599 807 


504,523 
3 564 


22,479,409 
710 209 


247,161 
5 481 
















Total sugar, molasses, syrup, and 
confectionery $ 


17,625,344 


1,956,595 


30,695,005 


(84,011 














3 


Tea and coffee 
Coffee and imitations of Ib. 


30 


68,189 


85,907 




4 


i 

Tobacco 
Tobacco, unmanufactured Ib. 


15 
181,176 


11,273 
23,695 


17,535 
223 595 


160 112 


5 


S 

Cigars Ib. 


94,430 
2,209 


21,080 
15 


130,264 
7,394 


90,389 
995 


6 


$ 

Cigarettes Ib. 


7,361 
2,310,005 


50 
735 


14,679 
3,076,949 


2,820 
29 536 


7 


$ 

Stems and cuttings cwt. 


2,586,913 
8,093 


1,002 
4,768 


3,324,055 
12 861 


20, 134 
70 


8 


t 

All other tobacco Ib. 


2,947 
235,465 


4,406 
2,357 


7,353 
247,871 


2,638 
3 464 




$ 


198,596 


3,970 


211,830 


3,173 




Total tobacco S 


2,890,247 


30,508 


3,688,181 


119,154 














9 


Vegetables, fresh 
Beets, sugar ton 




7,723 


7,723 




10 


S 

Potatoes bush. 


- 


70,235 
5,480,754 


70,235 
6,327,343 


- 


11 


S 

Turnips bush . 


- 


6,819,405 
2 097 284 


8,039,107 
2 128 882 


- 


1* 


All other vegetables, fresh $ 


- 


939,630 
140,583 


957,042 
187,871 


363 


15 


Vegetables, prepared 
Canned vegetables Ib. 


10,902,987 


595,795 


19,107,690 


2,928,361 


11 


S 

Dried vegetables *. . Ib. 


1,360,419 
36 


41,274 
2 809,332 


1,527,202 
3,473,729 


274,040 






8 


679,872 


875,016 


- 




Total regetables i 


1,360,427 


8,690,999 


11,656,483 


274,403 














15 


Other vegetable products 
Flax seed, n o.p. . . . bush , 


72,785 


1,020,192 


1,092,977 




16 


Fodders, other, n.o.p $ 


354,543 


4,713,993 

1,111,026 


5,068,536 
1,144,414 


1,158 


17 


Groceries, all kinds, n.o.p $ 


1,312 


7,124 


80,655 


1,894 


IS 


Gum, chicle Ib. 




593,42:i 


593,423 




19 


S 

Hay ton 


4,878 


734,414 
201,586 


734,414 
218,561 


374 


>ii 


Hops Ib. 


95,786 


3,675,105 


4,087,670 
6,698 


9,629 
19,265 


?1 


Nuts . Ib. 


- 


122,012 


1,171 
123,993 


18,492 
17,880 


7* 


S 

Plants, shrubs and trees $ 


213 


16,534 
93,726 


16,968 
98,320 


4,330 
412 


23 


Roots, herbs, bark, flowers, etc., for 
medicinal use, n o p . . ... $ 


10,871 


116,121 


128,369 


1,892 


SI 


Sea grasses and plants $ 




47,134 


57,039 




25 


Senega root . . Ib. 


17,789 


388,616 


415,223 


26,687 


28 


Straw . . . ton 


24,815 
6 


558,926 
5,350 


594,088 
5,539 


26, 178 


27 




66 

5,352 


41,708 
17,301 


44,842 
33,485 


- 


28 


Other agricultural products $ 


5,901 
7,534 


9,869 
270,034 


20,376 
292,028 


11,367 
















Total Agricultural and Vegetable 
Products (eicept chemicals, fibres 
and wood).. *.$ 


219,409.394 


55.735,692 


115,820.135 


111.169,556 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



485 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923.1 










TVTn 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


1> Uf. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




56,889,790 


65,706,539 


113,178,263 


373,775 


140,883,112 


202,955,300 


600,525 


292,441,281 


I 


9,999,566 


11,837,930 


9,050,710 


34,963 


10,922,436 


13,641,327 


39,198 


19,755,985 







11,454 


19,257 


- 


19,299 


11,516 


- 


11,539 


2 


12,135,768 


15,136,525 


9,122,636 


289,784 


11,621,457 


13,702,817 


440,368 


20,609,316 




4,118 


13,473 




1,135 


10,884 




3,312 


19,427 


9 


1,539 


5,351 


- 


374 


3,456 


- 


1,058 


5,751 




26,831 


200, 153 


340,487 


12,847 


471,991 


892,482 


10,421 


1,100,007 


4 


34,097 


130,457 


135,784 


5,216 


175,826 


248,374 


6,133 


297,923 




1 


5,745 


277 


7 


539 


90 


_ 


987 


5 


8 


13,288 


1,350 


24 


2,399 


486 


_ 


3,220 




176 


69,861 





69 


24,205 


30 


50 


44,703 


6 


382 


41,983 


_ 


262 


24,743 


80 


124 


25,798 




5,559 


5,653 


88 


4,985 


7,410 


8 


4,753 


5,358 


7 


3,640 


7,400 


1,325 


4,526 


37,975 


133 


3,998 


12,902 




5,597 


13,514 


147 


6,733 


13,158 


_ 


12,760 


18,297 


8 


9,485 


17,716 


176 


11,279 


18,686 


- 


20,222 


27,271 




47,613 


210,844 


138,635 


21,307 


259,629 


249,073 


30,477 


367,114 




11,502 


11,502 




13,481 


10,481 




11,430 


11,430 


9 


103,175 


103,175 


_ 


63,151 


63,151 


_ 


56, 730 


56, 730 




4,204,634 


5,036,769 


- 


1,822,004 


3,755,529 


_ 


771,638 


2,798,842 


10 


8,328,862 


9,657,612 


_ 


1,204,620 


2,936,676 


_ 


456,588 


1,887,075 




1,756,538 


1,786,755 


_ 


1,618,803 


1.664,223 


_ 


2,010,918 


2,023,648 


11 


444,830 


460,506 


_ 


456,014 


461,633 


_ 


309,906 


313,167 




105,284 


152,123 


383 


212,472 


242,454 


100 


88,143 


119,933 


12 


840,393 


4,779,126 


2,819,082 


1,539,644 


4,745,397 


5,422,178 


3,659,093 


11,033,167 


13 


39,312 


408,203 


232,192 


58,379 


321,635 


538,304 


165, 6S5 


841,401 




209,541 


219,005 


1,500 


21,960 


25,595 


7,200 


116,000 


132,875 


14 


56,964 


59,747 


396 


4,590 


5,419 


363 


8,120 


11,033 




9,078,427 


li),841,366 


232,971 


1,999,258 


4,039,968 


538,764 


1,085,173 


3,229,339 




1,343,591 


1,343,591 




3,615,835 


3,615,835 




2,494,062 


2,494,062 


15 


3,473,610 


3,473,610 


- 


6,564,372 


6,564,372 


_ 


5,500,547 


5,500,547 




842,035 


932,406 


54,454 


357,313 


424,530 


43,175 


409,381 


554,726 


16 


2,558 


113,020 


48 


2,688 


125,838 


_ 


1,358 


98,071 


17 


131,152 


131,152 


_ 


11,122 


11,122 


__ 






IS 


197,416 


197,416 


_ 


3,396 


3,396 


_ 








162,763 


179,398 


4,076 


19,435 


31,287 


29,035 


14,585 


58,300 


1 


3,712,979 


4,210,594 


96,911 


317,101 


650,379 


500,881 


161,065 


927, 143 




26,976 


75,308 


769,283 


- 


780,515 


621,299 


130 


636,719 


20 


20,226 


55,433 


377, 123 


_ 


379,668 


216,653 


20 


217,807 




15,538 


35,272 


22,840 


27,458 


50,955 




15.588 


15,944 


21 


4,298 


9,123 


5,717 


7,013 


12,860 


_ 


4,811 


4,896 




88,971 


97,074 


497 


83,666 


87,025 


862 


211,621 


215,944 


22 


67,532 


71,532 


1,833 


39,249 


44,156 


10,376 


74,048 


87,232 


23 


39,724 


47,632 


- 


21,831 


33,389 


180 


28,553 


47,931 


24 


236,834 


268,363 


10,564 


156,683 


181,894 


18,984 


363,210 


415,018 


25 


252,863 


283,830 


7,469 


108,097 


124,748 


12,655 


244,543 


281,032 




6,909 


7,042 


140 


2,424 


2,826 


225 


12,828 


13,297 


26 


69,979 


72,181 


2,285 


21,256 


27,674 


3,807 


80,601 


87,055 




64,761 


72,882 


- 


64,322 


66,957 


_ 


176,197 


178,056 


27 


21,721 


25,220 


- 


20,406 


21,848 


_ 


49,718 


50,616 




54,222 


69,617 


111,394 


112,068 


305,890 


8,900 


119,871 


249,405 


28 


146,539,883 


482,140,444 


196,199,365 


47,587,209 


317,578,963 


268,828,862 


41,891,873 


407,760,092 





Unrevised figures. 



486 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 


No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1920. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 
3 
4 

. 
i 
7 
8 
9 
16 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 

18 

19 
20 
21 
22 
23 

24 
25 

26 
27 


I. Animals and Animal Products (eicept 
chemicals an.-l fibres). 
Animals, living, for improvement of stock 
Cattle No. 


53 
590 

479 
70,200 
173 
36,045 

325 


2,272 
1,025,624 
8,907 
52, 155 
2,155 
109,403 
140 
9,841 

84,260 
1,769,518 
415,956 
41,226,445 
2,725 
493,638 
603,384 
612,459 
178 524 
1,979,361 
4,294 
162,298 
276.881 


2,827 
1,078,874 
8,986 
53,245 
2,159 
109,463 
144 
9,941 

84,397 
1,771,072 
431,128 
43,214,685 
3,889 
708, 137 
604,117 
613,391 
180,550 
1,999,499 
4,949 
170,298 
297,553 


28 
450 

131 
19,350 
50 
11,100 

4,050 


Poultry No. 


Sheep . No. 


Swine... No. 


$ 

Other animals, living 
Cattle, one year old or less, n.o.p No. 


Cattle, over one year old, n.o.p No. 


Horses No. 


$ 

Poul try, nop No . 




Swine, n o p No. 


All other animals, living, n.o.p $ 


Total animals, living f 


197,186 


47,717,623 


50,026,158 


34,950 


Rones horns hoofs and their products $ 


2,682 
26.470 
1,509 
19,273 

1,765 
16,241 
2,019 
33, 182 


341,342 

68, 151 
327,841 
250,834 
2,509,198 
243,899 
1,447,499 
11,575 
112,352 
21,455 
289, 738 


351,733 

71,142 
357.566 
752,340 
9,178,857 
244,730 
1,454,650 
14,296 
144, 187 
26,360 
367, 144 


1,678 
15, 122 

79 
4,054 


Fishery products, n.o.p. 
Codfish, haddock, ling and pollock, fresh cwt. 

Codfish, dry salted cwt. 


Codfish, wet salted and pickled cwt. 


: 
Codfish, smoked cwt. 




Total codfish S 


95,166 


4,686,628 


11,502,401 


19,176 


Halibut fresh . . cwt. 


_ 


32,504 
474,456 


32,590 
476, 140 


- 




391 
1,563 

: 

20 


336,076 
814,391 
83,359 
400,011 
1,324 
13,967 
62,894 


336, 106 
814,621 
192,325 
827,482 
35,646 
470,968 
73,747 
521,038 
448,251 
775,389 


17 
83 


Herring, pickled cwt. 








426,570 
40,834 


Total herring S 


59, 100 


1,590 


1,714,039 


3,409,498 


83 




26,887 
1,988,364 


42, 707 
848,421 
17,716 
1,073,454 


42,707 
W : 
69,241 

4,083.678 


23,446 
2,006,994 


1 


$ 

Total lobsters $ 


1,988,364 


1,912,873 


4,932,099 


2,006,994 


Mackerel, fresh cwt. 


~ 


52,295 
483,955 
74.703 
800,297 


52.295 
483,955 
91,661 
948.634 


- 


S 


Total mackerel.. $ 


_ 


1. ;.!, -. ." 


1,432,589 


- 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



487 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923 . 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




1,270 


1,342 




664 


667 




498 


542 


1 


616,337 


635,662 


_ 


267,980 


272,085 


_ 


117,422 


128,072 




12,013 


12,332 


79 


8,254 


8,444 


50 


6,270 


6,581 


2 


63,091 


64,897 


895 


56, 687 


58,033 


-792 


48,661 


50,877 




1,027 


1,085 





1,011 


1,023 


_ 


629 


629 


3 


64,055 


66,025 





34,217 


34,417 





24,262 


24,262 




62 


69 


_ 


66 


75 


- 


438 


448 


4 


6,778 


7,323 


- 


3,910 


4,251 


- 


16,256 


17,171 




72,731 


72,822 


_ 


51,257 


51,334 


_ 


29, 125 


29,355 


5 


1,473,222 


1,474,521 


- 


413, 188 


413,855 


_ 


257,529 


262, 161 




221,278 


223,689 


35,418 


121,060 


161,483 


25, 758 


199,272 


229,080 





19,759,329 


19,989,370 


4,139,391 


3,299,633 


7,852,111 


2,809,786 


5,609.998 


8,738,243 




2,925 


3,626 





2,129 


2,251 





1,477 


1,863 


7 


651,129 


780,977 


_ 


517,518 


535,428 


_ 


220,893 


278, 178 




706, 806 


707,303 





839, 753 


840, 450 


_ 


596,427 


597,200 


8 


780,510 


781,280 





797,481 


798,401 


_ 


541,339 


542,241 




183,634 


185,382 


1,178 


97,119 


100.350 


_ 


73,691 


75,154 


9 


1,700,992 


1,717,734 


13,230 


535,612 


562,452 


_ 


463,988 


473,798 




329 


1,179 


- 


2,449 


3,109 


_ 


1,184 


1,857 


10 


5,333 


14,202 


_ 


60,059 


67,548 


_ 


21,896 


28,038 




326,457 


351,672 


315 


484,286 


486,906 


4,782 


771, 128 2 


777, 925 3 


11 


25,447,333 


25,883,663 


4,153,831 


6,470,571 


11,OS5,487 


2,815,370 


8,093,372 


11,320,966 




319,668 


320,505 


- 


82,582 


84,357 


560 


126,977 


134,431 


12 


46,261 


46.270 


234 


41,302 


41,566 


_ 


12,739 


13,268 


13 


203,119 


203,245 


1,110 


154,001 


155,557 


_ 


53,169 


56,729 




96,217 


553,918 


761 


148,335 


780,063 


437 


132,533 


679,869 


14 


95,7,074 


6,049,377 


4,259 


1,002,734 


6,113,206 


3,381 


974,629 


5,283,636 




145,931 


146,312 


- 


154,900 


156,949 




138,262 


140,716 


15 


830, 108 


834, 1S7 


_ 


658,004 


669,875 


_ 


562.507 


575,018 




13,960 


14,444 


124 


13,850 


14,348 


9 


13,499 


13,967 


16 


147,526 


154,807 


1,282 


139, 750 


146,541 


90 


121,667 


127,451 




16 345 


18,090 


- 


13,889 


14,022 




14,585 


14,731 


17 


231 i 478 


262, 735 


16 


160,034 


162,028 


- 


151,953 


153,556 




2,369,705 


7,504,351 


6,667 


2,114,523 


7,247,207 


3,471 


1,863,925 


6,196,390 




55,636 


55,695 


941 


65,165 


66,339 


_ 


56,354 


56,559 


18 


912,046 


913,085 


- 16,690 


835, 166 


854,992 


- 


75) , 482 


753,667 




377,679 


377, 089 


_ 


213,267 


213,312 


_ 


274,738 


274,818 


19 


1,058,039 


1,058,124 


_ 


396,607 


396,860 


_ 


483,372 


483.779 




40,015 


124,873 


_ 


51,475 


108. 182 





35,855 


89,894 


20 


177,055 


496,232 


_ 


212,152 


398,689 


_ 


116,201 


263,908 




1,545 


20, 588 


6 


457 


11,740 


76 


563 


16.757 


21 


18,710 


274,3.54 


79 


3,880 


93,339 


404 


4,566 


144,590 




54,963 


65.074 





26,219 


47,085 


62 


52,955 


66,851 


22 


313,364 


389.791 


_ 


109,153 


201,064 


443 


192,177 


254,056 




7.812 


561,675 


_ 


40 


643,574 


8 


17 


642.229 


23 


16,282 


991,309 


- 


453 


1,000,427 


47 


127 


. 1,031,601 




1,583,450 


3,209,810 


79 


722,245 


2,090,379 


894 


796,443 


2,177,934 




52,643 


52,643 


_ 


72,926 


72,926 


_ 


42,252 


42,252 


24 


1,033,738 


1,033,738 





1,403,257 


1,403,257 


_ 


1,041,713 


1,041,713 




31,462 


66,585 


33,249 


15,691 


72,440 


33,358 


20,205 


76,227 


25 


2,230,393 


5,179,569 


1,797,467 


736,521 


3,756,443 


2,143,779 


1,215,854 


4,807,714 




3,264,131 


6,213.307 


1,797,467 


2,139,778 


5.159,700 


2,143,779 


2,257,567 


5,849,427 




48,141 


48,141 


_ 


58,915 


58,915 


16 


104,868 


104,884 


26 


573,712 


573,712 





560,074 


560,074 


96 


858, 143 


858,239 




28,410 


61,298 





29,651 


44,066 




44,906 


70,385 


27 


293,454 


564,228 


- 


268,061 


383,617 


- 


397,483 


529,819 




867,166 


1,133, 940 


- 


828,135 


943,691 


96 


1,255,626 


1,388,058 





1 Unrevised figures. 

2 Includes ammals lor exhibition purposes valued at $316,358. 

3 Includes animals for exhibition purposes valued at $317,258. 



ivs 



TRADE AXD COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


II. Animals and Animal Products (eicept 
chemicals and fibres) con. 
Fishery products, n.o.p. concluded. 
Oysters $ 


79 


12,236 


12,548 




I 


Salmon, fresh and frozen cwt. 


4,648 


307,555 


312,419 


2,004 


3 


1 

Salmon, smoked . . . .... cwt. 


94,438 


1,321,679 
97 


1,420,171 
143 


60,460 
40 


4 


$ 

Salmon, canned . cwt. 


310,451 


1,626 
62,248 


2,710 
615,288 


640 
168,657 


. 


$ 

Salmon, dry salted (chum) cwt. 


7,582,373 


681,547 
7,733 


12,067,319 
27,277 


5,584,566 


C 


$ 

Salmon, pickled cwt. 


467 


26,419 
8,976 


71,051 
12,457 


173 


7 


$ 

Salmon or lake trout .... . . . cwt. 


5,120 


170,000 
28,729 


208,293 
28,739 


4,904 


8 

9 


1 

Sea fish, other, fresh cwt. 
$ 
Sea fish, other, pickled cwt. 


- 


298,596 
4,850 
35,370 
53 


298,696 
4,886 
35.535 

344 


50 


10 


$ 

Sea fish, other, preserved. .. . cwt. 


453 


40 2 
819 


1,789 
1,632 


600 


11 


Smelts . . cwt. 


7,253 


18,238 
61,995 


33,570 
61,995 


- 


12 


$ 

Fish, bait $ 


- 


763,942 
23,650 


763,942 
24,592 


- 


13 


Fish, all other . $ 


18 319 


3,032.170 


3,050,489 


_ 


14 


Tullibee . . . cwt. 




49,875 


49,875 


_ 




$ 


- 


312,723 


312,723 


- 




Total fish $ 


9,815,979 


17,18.1,25 


1 :,*?, 17? 


7,679,338 


15 


Other fishery products $ 


20,229 


237,631 


289,575 


3,085 




Total fishery products, n.o.p. $ 


9,835,2(18 


17,417,881 


fO,7(i,7i; 


7,682,423 


Hi 


Furs, hides, leather and their products - 
Furs, drc-M d $ 


35,532 


33,180 


04,688 


20,701 


17 


Furs, undressed 
Beaver skins . . No. 








42,103 


18 
19 
20 


$ 

Fox skins, black and silver No. 
$ 
Fox skins, other No. 
-J 
Marlon .skins . . ... rso 








1,002,343 
546 
143,334 
8,937 
341,539 
14,361 


21 


$ 

Mink skins .. X<> 


3,939,539 


16, 540 ,"822 


20,628, MB 


446,181 
25,406 


22 


$ 

Muskrat skins .. No. 








281,976 
390,748 


23 


I 

Seal skins No 








737,715 
875 


24 


$ 

Fur skins, n.o.p. . .... $ 








20,962 
535,634 


25 


Furs, manufactured $ 


83,846 


20,532 


199,174 


146,078 




Total furs $ 


4,058,917 


1C, 494, 534 


20,921,971 


3,676,493 


2C 


Hides and skins, n.o.p . $ 


6,176 


19,738,006 


19,762,646 


17,874 


27 


her, unmanufactured 
Harness, leather $ 


2,046 


816,957 


834,909 


3,655 


28 


Sole leather Ib. 


3,979,583 


924,379 


5,524.4(1!) 


237,369 


29 



Upper leather ... . . ... $ 


1,613,398 
4,529,961 


729, 103 
2,182,668 


2,773,642 

7,421,047 


184,151 

2,189,945 


30 


( )t her unmanufactured leather $ 


144,403 


515,553 


712,670 


03,178 


31 


Leather, manufactured 
Boots and shoes $ 


2,754,076 


350,874 


5,679,720 


904,078 


32 


Harness and saddlery .... $ 


574 


98,946 


109,101 


3,564 


33 


Other manufactures of leather $ 


188,691 


164,623 


526,063 


23,543 




Total leather $ 


9,233,152 


4,858,724 


18,057,152 


3,372,114 


34 


Hair $ 


_ 


332,112 


339,785 


195 


35 


Meats, fresh 
Beef, fresh cwt. 


287,305 


344,180 


1,038,995 


88,838 


36 


$ 
Mutton and lamb, fresh ... cwt. 


4,873,257 
3,208 


5,892,484 

, . "- 


18,868,069 
61,401 


1,262,349 


37 


i 

Pork, fresh.. . cwt. 


51,887 


1,027,172 
12,844 


1,314,573 
15,280 


2,948 


38 


$ 

Poultry and game, dressed or undressed. $ 
Meats cured, canned or otherwise prepared- 
Bacon and hums, shoulders and sides cwt. 
1 


236,643 

2,209,456 
69,293,178 


268,827 
129,648 

14,798 
421,639 


322,384 
430,728 

2,236,426 
70,123,580 


75,738 
12,763 

974,228 
31,201,380 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



489 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. 1 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


.Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




5,961 


6,369 


36 


3,799 


4,396 




1,189 


1,504 


1 


75,635 


87, 168 


8,875 


96,830 


106,702 


7,150 


89,142 


96,773 


2 


656,380 


743,812 


244,436 


735,064 


993,373 


149,018 


778,152 


934,172 




87 


135 


_ 


115 


647 


_ 


2,049 


2,111 


3 


1,517 


2,344 


_ 


1,951 


7,306 


5 


47,710 


48,588 




12,285 


308,578 


159,004 


5,449 


436,239 


62,284 


5,920 


321,969 


4 


237,018 


7,580,977 


3,473,776 


18,457 


6,433,252 


1,358,405 


178,967 


4,489,509 




226 


56,873 


- 


5,082 


84,234 


- 


143 


133,348 


5 


2,295 


131,160 


_ 


8,768 


221,588 


_ 


1,132 


376,776 




8,979 


10,978 


5 


9,521 


14,570 


10 


16,857 


22,276 


6 


183,568 


207,367 


50 


181,278 


231,355 


294 


347,007 


399,460 




29,842 


29,842 


_ 


31,141 


31,141 


_ 


31,071 


31,071 


7 


363,758 


363,758 


_ 


346,569 


346,569 


_ 


304,194 


304,194 




12,008 


12,008 


- 


4,156 


4,193 


_ 


31,860 


32,108 


8 


31,080 


31,080 


_ 


29,575 


29,953 


- 


32,871 


34,557 




159 


209 


18 


375 


470 


- 


136 


193 





1,332 


1,932 


90 


1,649 


2,105 


- 


643 


1,438 




475 


489 


2 


108 


112 


238 


267 


1,252 


10 


9,692 


9,934 


150 


1,856 


2,030 


11,100 


4,073 


22,311 




59,921 


59,921 


_ 


82,655 


82,655 


_ 


56,446 


56,446 


It 


774,359 


774,359 


- 


1,064,388 


1,064,388 


_ 


803,009 


803,009 




50,874 


51,285 


- 


65,405 


65,405 


_ 


41,000 


41,000 


n 


3,330,229 


3,330,229 


1,457 


3,336,308 


3,523,044 


4,792 


3,429,920 


3,561,120 


13 


63,293 


63,293 


_ 


33,979 


33,979 


- 


24,868 


24,868 


14 


324,858 


324,858 


- 


118,844 


118,844 


- 


119,354 


119,354 




15,286,< 4? 


33,130,003 


5,541,898 


12,572,061 


29,339,887 


3,671,854 


13,014,288 


27,5112,468 




197,123 


200,361 


100 


34,133 


41,070 


3,348 


42, 743 


55,249 


1 


15,483,170 


33,330,364 


5,54<),998 


12,606,194 


29,389,957 


3,675,202 


13,057,031 


27,557,717 




39,309 


168,215 


13,119 


13,955 


41,013 


24,548 


48,194 


86,053 


16 


106,684 


150, 190 


51,257 


144,636 


195,943 


59,104 


154,304 


213,806 


17 


2,136,864 


3,185,934 


1,002,800 


2,680,015 


3,682,815 


1,000,798 


3,045,632 


4,152,173 




3,630 


4,471 


863 


4,948 


5,902 


1,557 


3,264 


5,051 


18- 


648,548 


888,104 


172,704 


865,763 


1,053,933 


202,567 


332,476 


557,834 




20,106 


30,621 


15,492 


26,907 


42,728 


14,493 


49,184 


64,598 


19 


434,183 


845,290 


475,862 


476, 193 


959,402 


447,623 


864,165 


1,327,782 




28,403 


42,987 


19,658 


34,102 


53,825 


14,056 


26,226 


40,420 


20 


838,824 


1,296,110 


551,844 


878,060 


1,431,071 


307,886 


587,433 


898,454 




71,673 


97,125 


43,133 


127,561 


171,340 


47,362 


137,980 


187,355 


21 


759,814 


1,042,341 


506,478 


1,270,564 


1,785,764 


455,374 


1,094,782 


1,574,532 




860,442 


1,253,553 


629,420 


1,705,787 


2,347,389 


934,226 


2,362,006 


3,348,397 


3* 


1,630,874 


2,379,855 


943,702 


2,403,952 


3,365,286 


1,630,387 


3,527,784 


5,198,682 




2,351 


3,613 


2,458 


1,798 


4,256 


723 


2,741 


3,464 


2* 


10,914 


33,736 


52,098 


4,400 


56,498 


10,571 


13,883 


24,454 




1,472,232 


2,059,691 


548,081 


1,882,044 


2,460,568 


618,780 


1,824,359 


2,472,314 


24 


35,938 


331, 168 


62,773 


51,301 


141,849 


17,225 


36,482 


92,466 


25 


8,007.51) 


12,230,444 


4,329,461 


10,526,247 


14,978,199 


4,785,759 


11,375,190 


16,384,744 




4,708,612 


4,732,207 


47,686 


3,936,788 


4,027,427 


62,173 


7,226,747 


7,399,951 


26 


416,559 


435,076 


25,031 


330,513 


363,248 


1,146 


662,290 


668,072 


27 


828,859 


1,391,510 


1,738,903 


3,715,634 


5,614,385 


542,831 


3,138,187 


4,051,657 


2& 


429,568 


870,183 


516,140 


1,126,450 


1,710,518 


176,098 


1,014,446 


1,343,830 




797, 284 


3,397,075 


1,149,446 


1,125,634 


2,344,024 


772,792 


1,692,469 


2,581,129 


2 


337,678 


436,094 


7,530 


304,831 


350,410 


4,251 


124,092 


131,360 


30 


276,015 


1,441,338 


82,764 


162,859 


272,346 


16, 740 


65,453 


130,034 


31 


119,423 


144,786 


155 


31,194 


34,359 


116 


21,231 


27,475 


32 


276, 196 


356,817 


5,247 


84,010 


99,880 


24,286 


111,432 


150,686 


33 


2,652,723 


7,081,369 


1,786,313 


3,165,461 


5,171,785 


995,429 


3,691,413 


5,032,586 




226, 105 


226,365 


1,453 


135,522 


136,975 


2,127 


249,645 


255,241 


31 


358,383 


519,994 


57,973 


216,478 


283,566 


79,878 


182,640 


290,285 


35 


5,829,181 


8,331,298 


662,313 


2,550,093 


3,324,037 


530,031 


2,156,747 


2,932,573 




62,421 


64,055 


7,730 


69,988 


78,970 


_ 


35,022 


36,101 


:{ 


1,595,111 


1,626,792 


122,177 


1,198,783 


1,342,146 


_ 


827,426 


847, 233 




9,338 


16,014 


759 


7,146 


10,493 


1,034 


5,486 


7,586 


37 


.316,151 


493,220 


14,000 


175,478 


229,442 


17,576 


145,021 


179,731 




523,128 


585,859 


127,575 


750,490 


916,347 


122,254 


629, 183 


815,317 


38 


5,997 


982,338 


986,623 


1,404 


992,080 


1,008,183 


1,680 


1,015,901 


3 


203,960 


31,492,407 


22,873,449 


47,991 


23,012,480 


29,364,762 


44,257 


22,536,397 




1 Unrevised figures. 



490 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


n. Animals and Animal Products concluded. 
(Except chemical^ and fibres.) 
Meats cured, canned or otherwise prepared con. 
Beef, pickled, in barrels cwt. 


1,077 


2,001 


61,483 




2 


Canned meats, n.o.p Ib. 


23,825 
2,347.122 


30,354 
112,879 


769,587 
2,812,706 


283,732 


8 


Extracts of fluid beef Ib. 


993,858 
180 


27,845 
15,666 


1,102,842 
17,078 


168,101 
10.642 


4 


$ 
Pork, dry salted cwt. 


190 
14,746 


9,960 
8,859 


12,105 
39,497 


7,732 
1,096 


5 


$ 


453,578 
657 


226,757 
3,188 


1,069,882 
12.076 


33,676 
44 


6 


All other meats, n o p Ib. 


18,282 
8,626,310 


69,490 
2,897,004 


249,304 
15,644,056 


1,160 
3,107,218 






1,119,799 


371,889 


1,898,180 


399, 165 




Total meats S 


77,064,497 


8,479,065 


96,161,234 


33,162,064 














7 


Milk and its products 
Cream gal. 




795.780 


795,780 




8 


$ 

Milk, fresh gal. 


- 


1,122,424 
1,985,113 


1,122,424 
^ 1,985,113 


- 


9 


* 

Butter Ib. 


3,932,674 


576,666 
10,693,311 


576,666 
17,612,605 


2,098,716 


10 


S 

Cheese Ib. 


2,323.479 
89,977,759 


5,712.727 
6,031,404 


9,844,359 
126,305,777 


1,016,935 
122,652,290 


11 


S 

Milk, condensed, canned or preserved, etc. Ib. 
S 


25.720,370 
30,941,398 
5,031,162 


1,575,264 
15,466,673 
2,214,166 


36,336,863 
54,247,498 
8,517,771 


34,024,595 
21,904,938 
3,644,723 




Total milk and its products $ 


33,075,011 


11,201,317 


56,39,s,os:{ 


38,686,253 














1* 


Oils, fats, greases and waxes 
Animal oils, neat s foot, etc gal. 


38,743 


31,596 


94,376 


13,262 


1ft 


$ 

Cod liver oil gal 


119,515 
10,306 


79,577 
365,982 


242,893 
379,972 


39,667 


14 


$ 

Seal oil gal . 


11.457 
21,602 


366,397 

14,068 


384,097 
35,670 


- 


15 



Whale oil gai . 


34,866 
2,839 


14,621 
509,783 


49,487 
557,299 


- 


1C 


$ 

Other fish oil gal . 


4,924 
730 


638,007 
155,623 


682,365 
157,153 


- 


17 


S 

Other fats, greases and waxes 
Grease and grease scraps cwt . 


650 
10,231 


123,337 
65,431 


124,482 
80,436 


113 


18 


Lard cwt. 


137,289 
45,579 


506, 143 
11,379 


732, 187 
76,218 


2,149 
12,612 


Iff 


$ 

Lard compounds and substitutes cwt. 


1,522,018 


321,248 
1,330 


2,428.138 
1.584 


202,990 
86 


*0 


Tallow cwt. 


13,099 


21,023 
43,039 


28. 503 
64,831 


2,424 


M 


$ 

Wax Ib. 


195,912 
20, 203 


653,085 
117,412 


999,585 
155,601 


24,356 




$ 


8,984 


57,954 


73,904 


6,594 




Total oils, fats, greases and waxes. $ 


2,035, 15 


5,781,392 


5,745,641 


273.824 


n 


Other animal products 
Eggs doz. 


5,679,510 


131,999 


6,000,528 


6,266,169 


n 




3,309,364 
1,783 


70,514 
122,529 


3,496,827 
124,915 


4,229,608 
2,770 


?4 


Honey Ib. 


3,615 


26,236 


33, 142 


60 


M 


Sausage casings $ 


878 
118,477 


6,000 
298,389 


7,632 
564,222 


20 
138,682 


26 


Tails * 




30,902 


30,902 


_ 


*7 


Tankage cwt. 


_ 


357,438 


357,438 


_ 


? 


Other animal products, n.o.p $ 


38,756 


890,811 
115,846 


-M Jll 
161,385 


33,311 
















Total Animals and Animal Products 
(eiceot chemicals and fibres).., 


138,885.994 


130,997,017 


314,017,944 


91,291,301 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



491 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923.1 










No. 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 




States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




1,994 


15,072 


37 


4 


483 




247 


1,173 


1 


29,764 


173,291 


512 


46 


5,676 





4,175 


9,172 




85,739 


437, 239 


690,004 


3,446 


708,321 


163,276 


- 


179,632 


2 


35,287 


220,437 


207,583 


1,288 


213,397 


52,969 


- 


56,151 




6.891 


20.987 


_ 


2,273 


2,561 


- 


2,650 


13,751 


3 


4,070 


13,873 





3,510 


3,606 





5,694 


223,056 




394 


9,125 


2,087 


600 


12,345 


10,743 





13,751 


4 


6,599 


198,502 


33,534 


5,965 


155,587 


222,938 





223,056 




806 


6,118 


_ 


331 


6,410 





19 


5,368 


5 


15,246 


110,750 


_ 


1,908 


68.679 





333 


48,895 




2,568,483 


11,060,647 


3,136,585 


1,180,551 


5,836,288 


3,231,479 


1,425,713 


7,194,298 


C 


439,605 


1,255,091 


304,239 


163,930 


555, 150 


222,421 


224, 177 


590,267 




8,998,102 


44,501,520 


24,345,322 


4,899,482 


29,826,547 


23,533,221 


4,037,013 


28,244,664 




1,279.195 


1,879,195 




1,671,678 


1.671,678 




1,712,241 


1,712,241 



i 


1,987,461 


1,987,461 


_ 


2,479,080 


2,479,080 


_ 


2,793,937 


2,793,937 




1,508,618 


1,508,618 


_ 


1,391,299 


1,391,299 


_ 


856,039 


856,039 


8 


412,916 


412,916 


- 


311,922 


311,922 





189,301 


189,301 




5,993,786 


9,739,414 


3,713,709 


3,032,939 


8,430,591 


17,527,607 


2,423,086 


21,994,578 


9 


3,156,951 


5,128,831 


1,444,657 


1,080,357 


3,224,390 


6,429,378 


979,888 


8,243,138 




641,950 


133,620,340 


125,942,C40 


2,969,750 


133,849,760 


106,550,400 


5,902,300 


114,548.900 


10 


184,883 


37,146,722 


24,007,726 


464,189 


25,440,322 


19,428,127 


984,084 


20,828,234 




14,919,288 


49,147,451 


16,180,302 


4,894,690 


34,042,679 


11,176,488 


7,298.416 


30,309.152 


11 


2,352.319 


8,187,937 


2,276,575 


844,888 


5.085,110 


1,006,168 


895,305 


3,244,913 




8,094,530 


5^,8C3,367 


27,72S,9S8 


5,141,8482 


36,542,237 2 


26,863,673 


5,843,796 2 


35,300,304 2 




50 


16,440 


8,H2 


6,255 


136,132 


1,267 


1,231 


62, 193 


12 


1,071 


45,947 


14,987 


2,992 


146,355 


4,593 


385 


69,680 




90,231 


98,303 


211 


199,213 


203,823 


_ 


217,362 


221,640 


13 


82,073 


87,427 


105 


77, 950 


79,942 


_ 


101,228 


102,859 




2,298 


2,298 


_ 


8,609 


18,393 


_ 


9,414 


9,434 


14 


2,349 


2,349 


_ 


4,808 


12,116 


_ 


4,114 


4,134 




78,542 


78,542 


_ 


65,357 


65,357 


145,096 


108.290 


253,386 


15 


95,4.54 


95,454 





27. 108 


27,108 


71,669 


31,771 


103,440 




96,462 


96,462 





101,235 


101,825 


- 


74,337 


74,359 


16 


65,789 


65, 789 


- 


21,372 


21,771 


- 


21,315 


24,328 




21,170 


21,672 


1,246 


38,349 


40,760 


301 


23, 148 


26,836 


17 


104,579 


108,917 


7,830 


152,954 


169, 126 


2,104 


93,909 


123,898 




1 


30,961 


32,530 


19 


47,959 


30,667 


134 


42,633 


18 


15 


617,334 


471,266 


241 


686,394 


442,988 


1,641 


595,115 




22 


2,334 


_ 


_ 


11,850 


1,746 


_ 


29,071 


19 


511 


57,095 


_ 


_ 


156,373 


21,300 


_ 


376,070 




18,512 


18.964 


44 


15,653 


16,426 


_ 


14,092 


14,639 


20 


165,396 


172, 146 


351 


77, 525 


82,806 


_ 


108,016 


111,915 




76,471 


102, 173 


10, 288 


34,320 


45,643 


_ 


16,276 


16,523 


21 


37,270 


44.267 


2,160 


7,766 


10, 276 


- 


3,682 


3,736 




5?4,507 


1,296,735 


496,699 


372,716 


1,392,267 


542,654 


369,064 


1,515,178 




191,258 


6,579,853 


3,917,870 


311,271 


4,399,534 


3,158,070 


290,489 


3,613,531 


22 


118,513 


4,425,856 


1,839,880 


126,851 


2,039,352 


1,251,010 


98, 191 


1,410,444 




141,728 


145,599 


1,086 


123,536 


125,100 


126 


59,990 


61,225 


23 


36, 164 


36,929 


1,245 


70,590 


74,107 


7,130 


54,819 


116,353 


24 


8,996 


9,195 


162 


12,268 


12,840 


1,091 


8,554 


13,520 




296,069 


579,674 


93,755 


305,595 


536,803 


94,393 


322,593 


531,651 


25 


18,329 


18,329 


_ 


9,413 


9,413 


_ 


22,398 


22,488 


26 


232,641 


232,681 


- 


256,877 


260,377 


_ 


291,764 


291,986 


27 


554,506 


554,706 





?08,060 


314,396 


_ 


491,894 


492,655 




120,755 


159,549 


3,359 


128,220 


134,578 


5,473 


151,308 


163,377 


28 


75,751,046 


188,359,957 


70,368,963 


48,391,355 


135,798,720 


4,628,291 


55,225,166 


135,841,642 





1 Unrevised figures. 

a Includes casein valued at $1,413 in 1922 and $1,281 in 1923 



492 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


III. Fibres, TextUes and TextUe Products. 

Cotton and its products 
Cotton waste. ... . cwt 


5,230 


3,695 


9,858 




2 


$ 

Cotton clothing $ 


109,245 
666,654 


63,919 
7,806 


188,679 
2,885,887 


343,799 


3 


Cotton fabrics and cotton duck .. vd. 


469,693 


718,746 


9,949,981 


209,276 


4 


Manufactures of cotton, n.o.p .. $ 


409,242 
59,193 


141,927 
170,439 


2,683,273 
390,838 


274,093 
71,626 
















Total cotton and its products $ 


1,244,334 


384,091 


6,148,697 


689,518 


5 


Flax, hemp, jute and their products 
Flax fibre and flax tow $ 


345,465 


932,422 


1,439,898 


580,863 


6 


Other articles $ 


393 


83,186 


117,025 


6,841 
















Total flax, hemp, etc. $ 


345,858 


1,065,608 


1,556,923 


587,704 














7 


Silk and its products $ 


49,128 


;: U 


176,461 


158,710 














8 


Wool and its products 
Wool Ib. 


195,081 


8,859,682 


9,084,727 


130, 619 


9 


Clothing, wool, knitted . $ 


149,237 
129,343 


5,293,522 
561,537 


5,472,23d 

1,932,954 


54,856 
82,819 


in 


Clothing, wool, n o p. $ 


299,247 


110 948 


4,073,333 


86,746- 


11 


Woollens, n.o.p. $ 


426,626 


272 871 


5,481,202 


59,198 
















Total wool and its products $ 


1,004,453 


6,238,88 


16,959,725 


283,619 


12 


Vegetable fibres and their products 
Binder twine cwt. 


8,005 


142,690 


280,915 


17,831 


13 


Mixed textile products. 
Rags 


128,013 
634,657 


3,037,525 
934,213 


5,530,908 
1,633,179 


227,939 
276,406 


14 


Cordage, ropes and twine 


48,254 


35,772 


179,534 


9,858 


15 


Felt, manufactures of 


2,191 


33,308 


52,947 


8,142 


16 


Oilcloths, all kinds sq. yd. 


113,890 


318 


299,200 




17 


Sails, awnings, tents and tarpaulins * 


29,047 
1,515 


180 
1,825 


112,140 

9,216 


1,380 


IS 


Wearing apparel, n.o.p. 
Braces or suspenders ... . . 


147,772 


25 


230,285 


199,308 


19 


Corsets and parts of 


85,246 


202 


430,830 


182,051 


20 


Gloves and mitts 


20,252 


622,043 


658,450 


2,014 


21 


Hats and caps 


10,455 


2,251 


64,831 


2,353 


22 


Clothing and wearing apparel, n.o.p . 


2,544 


3,102 


36,732 


1,445 


23 


Other articles 


47,638 


72,180 


247,456 


12,755 
















Total fibres, textiles and textile 
products . % 


3,851.357 


12,472,456 


34,028,314 


2,643,292 














24 


IV. Wood, Wood Products and Paper. 

Books and printed matter $ 


122,555 


353,344 


603:318 


187,603 














25 

2C 


Paper 
Bags, boxes and cartons $ 
Bond and writing paper cwt. 


5,083 
899 


3,532 
145 


69,407 

11, 157 


4,288 
5,913 


27 


* 

Book paper .... . . . cwt. 


8,319 
3,911 


1,545 


315,481 

IT.:.;. 


72,261 
6,860 


28 


1 
Hangings or wall paper roll 


29,697 
631,431 


25,011 


436,530 
3,159,118 


81,011 
509,160 


29 


- 
Printing paper. . . cwt. 


70,059 
467,372 


2,898 
12,553,349 


324,14) 

14, 272,51: 


134,323 
88,849 


30 


Paper board 


1,700,965 
1,661,218 


46,809,178 
2,559,291 


53,203,792 
4,568,066 


444,130 
2,065,845 


31 


Roofing paper, all kinds 


51,453 


230,313 




12,860 


32 


\\rappingpaper .. . . cwt. 


154,063 


44,897 


362,682 


90,365 


33 


Other paper and mfs. of 


1,200,525 
86,258 


354,306 
406,273 


2,917,197 
826, 122 


966,616 
64,004 
















Total icuirr . 


4.813,577 


59,367,339 


63,253,419 


3,845,428 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



493 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923.1 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




887 


1,014 




1,065 


1,195 


134 


5,935 


6,156 


1 


17,302 


18,890 


- 


8,884 


10,250 


3,076 


69,395 


73,112 




29,697 


1,728,166 


99,498 


1,486 


217,902 


85,235 


1,493 


366,262 


2 


20,029 


1,734,619 


46,870 


77,341 


583,976 


78,829 


62,797 


900,806 


3 


22,210 


783,072 


24,735 


126,000 


289,245 


28,165 


35,759 


339,315 




112,606 


313,289 


30,739 


230,032 


382,872 


18,222 


63,048 


115,021 


4 


181,815 


2,843,417 


154,972 


367,002 


900,269 


134,698 


169,695 


893,710 




404,059 


1,298,329 


100,643 


62,702 


167,865 


62,539 


260,020 


331,488 


5 


25,045 


57,692 


4,503 


7,372 


14,174 


8,472 


2,316 


17,176 


6 


429,104 


1,356,021 


105,146 


70,074 


182,039 


71,011 


262,336 


348,664 




23,543 


343,077 


128,707 


13,308 


209,715 


135,823 


35,750 


391,015 


7 


7,128,065 


7,288,373 


16,033 


1,011,270 


1,034,433 


32,747 


8,614,609 


8,667,400 


8 


2,094,691 


2,168,256 


2,396 


235,563 


242,045 


16,448 


2,341,330 


2,363,931 




119,273 


564,425 


23,576 


43,886 


186,515 


2,326 


20,480 


171,630 


g 


154,830 


1,212,246 


4,474 


98,774 


139,994 


1,082 


41,058 


58,688 


10 


389,258 


3,905,576 


12,081 


525,469 


601,107 


2,629 


137,638 


161,185 


11 


2,758,052 


7,859,503 


42,527 


903,692 


1,169,661 


22,485 


2,540,506 


2,755,434 




165,184 


186, 124 


14,767 


6,811 


33,693 


8,371 


48,062 


75, 199 


1? 


2,924,198 


3,192,174 


194, 178 


107,021 


431,128 


73,997 


533,372 


777,354 




669,859 


951,135 


85,957 


487,364 


608,119 


189,842 


824,399 


1,054,042 


13 


26, 022 


185,924 


11,135 


13,420 


79, 164 


14,996 


19,879 


83,655 


14 


19,743 


101,401 


6,830 


8,333 


87,726 


32,009 


15,151 


224,058 


15 


59 


83, 342 





440 


58,203 


6,365 


20 


103,141 


16 


28 


47, 169 


- 


335 


24,934 


1,168 


15 


36,807 




5,169 


11,711 


- 


1,470 


3,271 




382 


6,211 


17 


91 


287,071 


32,223 


1,690 


47, 266 


24,597 


5 


60,997 


IS 


22,991 


1,250,567 


233,598 


159 


709,722 


272,249 


323 


816,911 


19 


513 


26,833 


252 


93 


29,712 


17,270 


60 


138,297 




.7,774 


130,438 


6,988 


1,759 


22,234 


3,386 


996 


29,049 


21 


550 


27, 144 





2,653 


5,854 




69 


577 


22 


53,430 


179,299 


18,099 


18,261 


75,173 


84,445 


29,829 


234,062 


23 


7,122,882 


18,783,884 


1,020,612 


1,996,634 


4,585,987 


1,077,976 


4,432,767 


7,859,843 




557,317 


941,209 


93,672 


351,069 


622,501 


135,658 


375,830 


656,499 


24 


7,646 


123,952 


7,042 


12,316 


71,487 


4,728 


2,813 


63,561 




10 


60,558 


- 


307 


6,497 


1,857 


480 


18,439 


26 


134 


989,068 


- 


3,286 


84,125 


22,604 


5,193 


194,280 




1,438 


65,194 


280 


42 


17,362 


1,137 


65 


43,6-6 


97 


11,514 


779,763 


4,681 


689 


201,764 


10,362 


480 


298,596 




70,861 
17.078 
13,376,836 
68,792,519 
2,423,495 


5,108,287 
831,772 
15,112,586 
78,922,137 
5,267,842 


314,106 
68,055 
54,028 
222,355 
694,642 


49,601 
10,664 
14,106,128 
59,891,120 
1,217,403 


2,359,284 
445,536 
15,138,327 
64,635,627 
2,306,525 


548,231 
72,419 
222,963 
762,245 
666,202 


64,017 
12,297 
18,836,245 
67,742,776 
1,534,250 


2,284,781 
329,308 
20,130,455 
72,667,826 
2,411,233 


28 
29 
30 


106,740 


354,690 


29,759 


65,709 


168,155 


3,982 


101,139 


194,210 


31 


18,929 


340,946 


46,572 


2,017 


162,625 


149,503 


53,245 


391 100 


3? 


165,291 
645,712 


3,672,780 
1,161,303 


388,504 
9,888 


16,540 
263,067 


1,264,654 
355,545 


1,214,237 
47,892 


255,248 
400,060 


2,887,376 
521,551 


33 


72,170,129 


92,103,307 


1,424,926 


61,480,794 


69,533,418 


2,804,671 


70,054,256 


79,567,941 




lUnrevised figures. 



494 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


IV. Wood, Wood Products and Paper-concluded. 

Logs and round timber 
Fence posts $ 




163 926 


163 926 




?, 


Logs, cedar M ft 




22 477 


22 861 




:{ 


Logs, hardwood 


60,529 


526,377 
166,669 


547,815 

228,598 


95 504 


4 


Logs, spruce 


300 


179,728 


181,263 


284 


5 


Logs, all other, n.o.p 


208,838 


650, 205 


861,407 


305 004 


6 


Masts and spars 




1,069 


26,404 




7 


Piling Lin. ft. 


_ 


1,145,135 


1,188,995 




8 
9 


9 

Poles, hop, hoop, telegraph and other $ 
Railroad ties No . 


910,467 


112,804 
204,066 
325,512 


118,656 
209,286 
1,235,979 


912 136 


10 


$ 

Saw-mill and planing mill products- 
Planks and boards M ft. 


814,893 
703,765 


289,909 
1,301,565 


1,104,802 
2,085,262 


1,303,196 
428,059 


11 



Timber, square, Douglas fir M ft 


26,996,484 
10,498 


44,874,541 
693 


75,216,193 
26 078 


20,4-19,773 
3 391 


11 


S 

Timber, square, white pine M ft. 


330,695 
9,557 


18,194 
114 


777, 177 
9,671 


169,459 
1 961 


13 


$ 

Timber, square, other, n .o.p $ 


865,566 
275,913 


2,338 
83,263 


867,904 
503,081 


215,631 
246 297 


14 


Other lumber, n.o.p $ 


303,800 


47,481 


360,487 


114,035 


15 


Other saw-mill and planing mill products 
Knees and f uttocks $ 




42,634 


42,760 




16 


Laths M 


_ 


820, 971 


827,341 


7 


17 


S 

Pickets $ 


14,779 


3,633,363 
312,303 


3,668,511 
343.492 


65 
11,315 


IK 


Shingles ; M 


419 


2,086,773 


2,106,373 


32 


19 


S 

Shocks $ 


2,722 
233, 292 


10,775,018 

180, 279 


10,848,602 
517,417 


199 
203 072 


20 


Other unmanufactured wood 
Firewood cord 




15,348 


15,850 




n 


S 


- 


61,743 

838 732 


65,454 
838,732 


- 


m 



Spoolwood f 


796, 655 


8,454,803 
57, 189 


8,454,803 
853,844 


764 203 


n 


Other articles of forest produce $ 




18,550 


18,55!) 


















Total wood and wood products, 
unmanufactured S 


30,904,466 


70,856,452 


105,980,432 


23,878,037 














*4 


Wood and wood products, manufactured 
Cooperage, barrels, empty $ 


300 


4,631 


22,851 


200 


25 


Pails, tubs, churns and other hollow wood 
en ware $ 


8,960 


2,965 


43,884 


9,920 


26 


Staves and headings $ 


80,095 


58,761 


156,311 


29,945 


n 


Wood pulp 
Sulphate (kraft) cwt. 


1,086 


2,437,996 


2,518,022 




w 



Sulphite, bleached cwt. 


4,890 
151 , 949 


7,997,016 
876.959 


8,327.045 
1,220,764 


27,906 





$ 

Sulphite, unbleached cwt. 


610, 189 
693, 136 


4,683,160 
3,515,781 


6,291,452 
4,863.156 


264,581 
835 891 


30 
31 


Mechanically ground pulp cwt. 

Other manufactures of wood 
Doors, sashes and blinds 


2,597,040 
1,938,225 
1,802,281 

26,337 


12,870,706 
4,045,385 
5,765,871 

5,102 


18,381.566 
8,383,419 
81,654 


4,160.567 
1,397,783 
3,472,454 

79,550 


M 


Furni ture 


263, 157 


24,666 




271,729 


.13 


Handles, all kinds 


61,271 


44,774 


133. 5K5 


22.095 


34 


Matches 


1<)I 


8 


74,Ufj:> 


1.85ft 


35 


Mouldings, trimmings, etc. 


131,734 


2,855 


145 178 


42,741 


36 


All other manufactures of wood 


599,239 


648.490 


l,471,4Sf. 


494.678 
















Total wood manufactured ... $ 


6,185,681 


32,109,00."i 


44,076,775 


8,850,316 
















Total Wood, Wood Products and 
Paner... S 


42.036.282 


153.686.140 


213.913.944 


36.7(1.384 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



495 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 eon. 



1921. 


1922. 


19231. 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




158,915 


158,915 




38,020 


38,020 




66,934 


66,934 


1 


19,326 


19,561 


- 


56,440 


77,932 


14 


57,377 


86,947 


2 


476,643 


484,097 


- 


1,004,228 


1,469,695 


717 


1,205,405 


1,931,452 




219,791 


320,775 


40,200 


111,899 


152,099 


47,954 


145,161 


196,663 


3 


187,924 


192,545 


- 


411,534 


415,354 


- 


179,198 


180,261 


4 


346,785 


652,514 


5,936 


706,080 


729,413 


2,245 


1,307,871 


1,357,294 


5 


140 


23,426 


25 


36 


5,272 


_ 


42 


5,611 


6 


1,964,795 


2,022,764 





1,068,281 


1,102,430 


_ 


1,237,315 


1,459,930 


7 


251,950 


275,434 





116,884 


122,699 





107,535 


130,019 




487,424 


490,359 


- 


743,999 


751,679 





1,282,996 


1,300,582 


8 


1,401,269 


2,545,251 





511,040 


1,214,411 


3,229 


485,970 


924,907 


9 


1,396,580 


3,273,714 


- 


510,157 


1,071,892 


9,091 


376,902 


699,378 




1,061,977 


1,604,463 


113,223 


933,862 


1,158,630 


315,699 


1,748,478 


2, 189, 133 


10 


45,107,422 


71,079,295 


5,346,363 


30,637,830 


39,012,295 


10,398,367 


49,717,219 


64,010,422 




3,723 


34,892 


1,851 


3,171 


46,934 


2,019 


7,641 


51,811 


11 


105,824 


1,293,524 


42,038 


55,125 


1,147,410 


64,840 


154,641 


1,173,988 




77 


2,042 


1,339 


- 


1,797 


2,026 


53 


2,079 


12 


3,585 


219,653 


177,814 


_ 


203,247 


191,599 


1,351 


192,950 




53,757 


319,559 


75, 103 


45,490 


300,518 


154, 743 


48,632 


292,501 


13 


136,241 


291,683 


159,984 


355,667 


585,027 


173,614 


281,960 


522,547 


14 


8,180 


8,706 


_ 


4,986 


4,986 




5,882 


6,051 


15 


414,067 


428,644 


12 


961,170 


971,070 


844 


1,379,711 


1,401,297 


16 


3,636,924 


3,767,830 


90 


6,038,779 


6,092,657 


5,905 


8,167,961 


8,313,267 




539,512 


576,483 


2,760 


243,799 


263,114 


19,375 


484,813 


524,910 


17 


1,796,865 


1,831,659 


241 


2,217,474 


2,231,904 


64 


2.599,691 


2,622,035 


18 


9,058,127 


9,230,581 


1,054 


7,592,181 


7,632,418 


318 


10,463,921 


10,528,319 




90,262 


1,068,390 


52,857 


53,974 


602,740 


40,941 


14,207 


543,309 


19 


29,025 


29,368 


_ 


12,097 


12,257 


_ 


11,723 


11,912 


20 


116,471 


118,973 


_ 


82,742 


83,712 


_ 


69, 183 


70,333 




1,615,467 


1,615,467 


_ 


825,967 


825,967 


_ 


1,096,462 


1,096,462 


21 


21,513,594 


21,513,594 


_ 


9,879,150 


9,879,150 


_ 


10,755,655 


10, 755, f 55 




99,328 


863,531 


804,401 


32,900 


840,529 


387,629 


41,105 


428,734 


22 


37,010 


37,010 


2,003 


54,135 


95,159 


20,030 


101,880 


266,990 


23 


84,032,389 


115,260,581 


6,710,628 


58,719,845 


71,505,085 


11,517,368 


84,981,454 


103,498,179 




45,661 


52,934 


3,896 


28,296 


48,549 


_ 


6,643 


29, 138 


24 


15,531 


49,701 


3,377 


17,297 


22,824 


5,137 


__ 


6,171 


25 


105,699 


198,356 


470 


19,742 


26,687 


450 


12,426 


35,419 


26 


2,328,839 


2,354,002 


_ 


2,373,760 


2,377,556 




2,961,275 


2,961,275 


27 


12,046,063 


12,160,735 





7,880,357 


7,906,872 


_ 


9,262,393 


9,262,393 




1,606,834 


1,941,922 


1,697 


1,703,400 


1,859,501 


1,051 


2,968,032 


3,182,625 


28 


12,820,526 


15,195,065 


13,740 


7,440,411 


8,325,617 


4,477 


12,311,574 


13,073,289 




3,531.184 


4,785,040 


346,179 


2,140,573 


2,861,470 


854,517 


2,996,755 


4,459,028 


29 


21.583,349 


27,704,419 


1,291,656 


6,561,128 


9,236,296 


1,888.864 


7,684,263 


11,098,374 




3,: 68, 653 


5,2,12.04 


1,787,778 


3,297,127 


5,336,710 


1,867,508 


3,927,5-27 


6,385.895 


30 


11,552,473 


16,491,818 


5.218.426 


4,713,491 


10,456,092 


2,771.164 


5,977,306 


9,552,892 




8,103 


212,087 


39,224 


2,140 


119,346 


15,468 


512 


130, 195 


31 


57,939 


804,964 


9,122 


89,657 


230, 124 


25,101 


75,353 


228, 140 


32 


86,076 


137,988 


22,347 


205,233 


239.555 


15,029 


132,119 


160.529 


33 


9 


121,157 


- 


- 


88.989 


102.517 


153 


157,423 


34 


16,174 


75,328 


1,290 


1,388 


7,094 


1,003 


4,515 


7,639 


35 


914,118 


2.051,819 


831,521 


554,824 


1,556,838 


547.461 


484,264 


1,291,984 


36 


59,251,721 


75,256,371 


7,435,069 


27,513,964 


38,264,883 


5,376,671 


35,951,521 


45,033,586 




216,011.556 


284,561,478 


15,664,295 


148,065,672 


179,925,887 


19,834,368 


191,363,061 


228,756,205 





i Unre vised figures. 



496 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

Statrs. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


V. Iron and Its Products. 

Chromite (chromic iron) . ton 




6,845 


6,845 




? 




- 


127,390 
7,485 


127,396 
7,485 


_ 


3 


$ 

"arm Implements and Machinery 
Cream separators and parts of $ 


80 


32,421 
125,875 


32,421 
259,519 


2,635 


4 




700 


2,071 


14,674 


1,486 


5 


Hay rakes . . No. 


132,301 
111 


437,222 
17 


2,898,000 
1,813 


300,889 
240 


<j 


Mowing machines No. 


3,876 
442 


636 
16 


62,630 
13,176 


8,358 
1,102 


7 


Reapers . No. 


29,869 
10 


1,110 


854,831 
1,691 


78,367 
25 


g 


Cultivators No. 


1,090 
202 


900 


169,353 
7,326 


2,996 
102 


9 


Drills No. 


10,419 
495 


78,714 
125 


442,214 
2,880 


6,476 
80 


10 


Harrows No. 


57,856 
2,197 


19,675 
1,243 


328,941 
9,124 


10,117 
1,059 


11 




62,060 
657,421 


48,648 
670,695 


325,211 
2,493,714 


19,208 
441,786 


12 


Seeders .... $ 


5,430 


_ 


38,972 


- 


13 


Garden and farm tools $ 


91,536 


8,892 


325,281 


82,735 


14 


Spades and shovels 9 


38 


66,309 


268,118 


562 


15 


Threshing machines, separators and parts 
of * $ 


3,135 


1,597,498 


1,975,549 


4,038 


16 
17 


Other farm implements and machines. ... $ 
Parts of farm implements and machines. . 
n.o.p $ 


43,785 
94,745 


35,142 
191,572 


244,038 
928,029 


91,903 
133,006 




Total farm implements and ma 
chinery 


1,193,641 


3,281,988 


11,614,400 


1,183,076 


18 


Engines and boilers 
Internal combustion engines and parts of.. No. 


341 
811,877 


42 
9,263 
97,175 


3,168 
1,201,847 
6,606,233 


109 
120,434 


20 


Steam engines and parts of $ 


_ 




- 


- 


21 


Hardware and cutlery 
Bolts and nuts cwt. 


7,786 


937 


11,839 


15,858 


22 




64,446 
2,011,989 


12,033 
651 


110,554 
2,720,920 


174,555 
1,435,093 


23 




578,620 


53,087 


885,410 


133,944 


24 
25 


Nails, brads, spikes and tacks, all kinds., cwt. 
Nails wire cwt. 


67,420 
388,145 
173,682 


14,247 
95,168 
204,041 


145,349 
883,781 
550,014 


17,587 
137,479 
303,762 


26 




919,226 
12,386 


1,098,339 
65,841 


2,945,137 
124,422 


1,907,864 
1,774 


27 


Screws, all kinds $ 


36,228 


565 


60,602 


76,452 




Total hardware and cutlery $ 


4,011,040 


1,325,684 


7,730,826 


3,867,161 














28 


Machinery (except agricultural) 








71,907 


29 


Lawn mowers . No . 


7,437 


- 


8,005 


20,838 


in 




42,189 


25,794 


46,45 
27,476 


110,599 
5,000 


31 




71,796 


93,403 


725,853 


117,358 


32 


Typewriters . No . 


2,318 


52 


3,245 


2,406 


33 
34 


Washing machines, domestic.and wringers 
Other machinery and parts of, n.o.p 


184,046 
36,306 
497, 174 


7,158 
12,003 
3,974,727 


260,627 
56,569 
5,299,615 


203,080 
182,278 
734,474 




Total machinery (except agricul 
tural) . . 


831,511 


4,113,085 


C,416,591 


1,434,69* 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



497 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. 1 




United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


No. 


8,246 


8,246 




1,750 


1,750 




1,302 


1,302 


1 


151,769 


151,769 


_ 


21,201 


21,201 


- 


16,431 


16,431 




17,972 


17,972 


20 


4,765 


4,785 


- 


2,207 


2,207 


2 


93, 197 


93,197 


100 


16,058 


16,158 


- 


12,510 


i2,5ia 




78,675 


157,208 


618 


41,175 


192,432 


2,802 


90,008 


176,190 


3 


1,835 


13,413 


342 


6 


2,161 


326 


3 


5,925 


4 


389,928 


2,826,657 


70,708 


2,549 


449,013 


54,064 


608 


1,091,206 




283 


3,815 


192 


1 


1,229 


91 


3 


913 


5 


22,712 


168,453 


7,771 


25 


49,239 


3,047 


147 


37,826 




2,580 


13,766 


443 


39 


4,943 


400 


2 


8,091 


6 


209,472 


1,005,453 


35,8"32 


2,277 


369,762 


24,611 


93 


525,889 






1,761 


_ 


_ 


115 


- 





933 


7 


_ 


204,381 


_ 


_ 


12,901 


- 





99,434 




892 


7,160 


18 


316 


3,005 


15 


980 


1,800 


8 


94,273 


488,133 


965 


28,324 


180,158 


1,185 


88,760 


125,685 




30 


2,974 


_ 


25 


3,168 


202 


41 


3,653 


9 


4,237 


421,847 


_ 


3,443 


499,700 


18,343 


5,001 


603,316 




726 


11,809 


448 


245 


3,742 


1 


1,848 


2,540 


10 


43,878 


355,339 


10,757 


19,015 


134,063 


40 


72,934 


95,966 




1,199,839 


3,628,386 


73,956 


253,720 


1,465,919 


9,873 


609,476 


1,086,411 


11 


1,267 


27,291 


- 


313 


5,141 


226 


309 


6,327 


12 


706 


289,679 


44,653 


550 


95,504 


53,339 


32 


168,489 


13 


116,909 


255,001 


33 


35,253 


195,555 


10 


27,183 


177,301 


14 


804,648 


818,052 


_ 


131,741 


688,609 


_ 


279,548 


694,128 


15 


76,441 


514,313 


34,145 


19,386 


221,843 


9,308 


18,374 


261,217 


16 


396,164 


1,367,180 


92,204 


45,234 


785,469 


114,133 


154,367 


917,508 


17 


3,439,149 


13,527,373 


371,642 


583,005 


5,345,308 


290,981 


1,348,840 


6,066,893 




81 


718 


38 


326 


649 


22 


187 


283 


18 


48,490 


262,775 


118,169 


40,789 


220,555 


3,017 


39,400 


56,823 




27,960 


3,472,594 




3,487 


1,207,411 


- 


1,584,875 


1,699,590 


19 









3,811 


52,190 





21,014 


22,000 


20 


4,012 


32,197 


2,974 


847 


9,127 


3,755 


483 


8,936 


21 


29,302 


344,877 


17,638 


5,751 


69,414 


27,192 


4,376 


64,971 




9,342 


1,535,106 


560,956 


1,465 


804,709 


106,285 


1,141 


208,470 


22 


145,733 


697,983 


4,350 


32,600 


89,554 


38,011 


61,550 


148,197 


23 


10,182 


87,633 


400 


2,258 


14,152 


325 


1,699 


24,708 


24 


75,745 


677,172 


5,128 


19,567 


105,708 


4,215 


11,105 


151,184 




144,574 


604,713 


2,122 


5,039 


23,267 


27,876 


8,237 


137,507 


25 


938,777 


3,871,470 


14,680 


36,655 


123,696 


108,815 


36,401 


535,310 




55,047 


85,335 


286 


39,049 


46,594 


12,886 


8,319 


26,005 


26 


664 


120,098 


30 


163 


13,449 


- 


104 


4,921 


27 


1,254,610 


7,333,041 


603,068 


135,250 


1,253,134 


297,494 


122,996 


1,139,058 




5,208 


396,507 


45,038 


3,877 


126,199 


35,104 


4,625 


119,151 


28 


1 


21,952 


3,423 


1 


4,012 


2,127 


31 


3,777 


29 


c 

t. 


120,229 


20,222 


6 


26,819 


16,131 


238 


31,206 




3,998 


20,210 


_ 


17,051 


19,126 


_ 


4,516 


4,516 


30 


99,670 


896,988 


76,176 


112,485 


715,569 


192, 166 


71,333 


876,571 


31 


49 


3,978 


1,480 


38 


2,631 


1,625 


25 


1,698 


32 


5,571 


332,720 


119,684 


3,010 


201,920 


134,119 


1,742 


138,934 




3,843 


195,079 


17,560 


1,536 


22,635 


41,929 


318 


42,876 


33 


1,935,735 


3,807,755 


406,812 


557,233 


1,468,700 


311,789 


540,274 


1,246,953 


34 


2,054,030 


5,769,488 


685,492 


695,198 


2,581,018 


731,238 


623,046 


2,460,207 





1 Unrevised figures. 
6237332 



498 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United" 
Kingdom. 


1 


V. Iron and its Products concluded. 
Rolling mill products, n.o.p. 
Bars and rods ton 


24,483 


10,911 


52,503 


39,885 


2 


1 

Rails ton 


1,375,212 


582,213 
12,245 


3,012,635 
34,945 


2,597,318 


3 


$ 

Plates and sheets $ 


- 


484,869 


1,482,643 


- 


4 


Structural steel ton 


_ 


5,000 


6,716 


_ 




$ 


- 


377,492 


575,943 


- 




Total rolling mill products, n.o.p . . $ 


1,375,212 


1,444,574 


5,071,221 


2,597,318 


5 


Tubing and pipe $ 


439,882 


241,799 


2,325,369 


345,553 














fi 


Billets ingots and blooms ton 


26,415 


21,408 


49,606 


49, 137 


7 


$ 


1,213,061 
2,255 


1,409,614 
18,438 


2,717,220 
25,776 


2,809,015 
1,344 


8 


1 

Pig iron ton 


147,317 


863,240 
88,625 


1,223,635 
93,541 


82,364 
18,902 






- 


2,495,853 


2,654,833 


779,413 




Total pigs, ingots, etc $ 


1,360,378 


4,768,707 


6,595,688 


3,670,792 














9 


Vehicles 
Automobiles, freight No. 


425 


13 


4,133 


619 


10 


$ 

Automobiles, passenger No. 


426,849 
807 


32,510 
83 


2,211,342 
20,373 


643,344 
1,358 


11 




967,465 
1,933,265 


62,463 
352,471 


12,672,265 
3,097,466 


1,422,548 
86,137 


17! 


Bicycles and parts of 


20,176 


4,688 


139,084 


26,300 


13 
14 


Cars and coaches, railway, and parts of. . 
Other vehicles, n.o.p 


2,795 


18,218 
113,673 


1,702,052 
173,505 


36,671 
















Total vehicles $ 


3,350,550 


584,023 


19,995,714 


2,215,000 














15 


Wire- 
Wire, barbed cwt. 


5,603 


189 


13,946 




16 


I 
Wire, woven fencing $ 


30,958 
50,410 


639 
9,712 


77, 649 
95,241 


105,793 


17 


Other wire n o.p ... * S 


857,604 


277,873 


1,625,334 


629,062 
















Total wire $ 


938,972 


288,224 


1,798,224 


734,855 














18 
19 


Other iron and its products 
Castings, n.o.p S 
Forgings 


4,648 
2,372 


382,877 
1,867,176 


401,455 
1,871,799 


19,813 
17,306 


2U 


Furniture ... 


16,141 


1,086 


50,475 


41,078 


21 


Guns, rifles, and firearms, all kinds 


2,283 


1,865,590 


1,868,477 


26,674 


22 


Lamp and lanterns 


83,237 


7,637 


103,401 


26,014 


215 


Scales and weighing beams 


22,271 


32,534 


106,801 


14,413 


24 


Scrap iron and steel 


778,132 


3,489,794 


4,300,663 


150,677 


?5 


Stoves, all kinds 


24,163 


42,886 


152,187 


12,186 


- ; 


Tinware and enameled ware 


12,714 


2,453 


42,961 


4,556 


Z7 


Tools, hand or machine, n.o.p 


136,522 


81,228 


661,651 


143,139 


28 


Other manufactures of iron and steel, n.o.p. 


478,611 


1,629,521 


2,710,029 


1,039,085 




Total Iron and its Products 


15,874,157 


25,717,121 


81,785,829 


17,653,826 














29 


VI. Non-ferrous Metals and their Products. 

Aluminium in bars, blocks, etc cwt. 


54,669 


120,073 


192,069 


36,288 


30 


Aluminium, manufactures of 


1,609,310 
1,372 


3,562,112 
53,778 


5,680,871 
64,364 


1,154,260 
2,037 














ill 


Brass and its products 
Brass, old and scrap cwt. 




91,451 


91,512 


107 


32 

33 


S 

Brass in bars, rods, sheets, tubing, etc cwt. 
$ 
Brass valves $ 


75 
2,680 
86,349 


1,216,263 
3,982 
101,467 
88,585 


1,217,940 
5,013 
133,829 
292,388 


1,176 
30 
1,200 
146,490 


34 


























Total brass and its products . S 


yi.ir;:i 


1.406.315 


1.644.157 


148,866 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



499 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923.1 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


.No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




4,178 


69,340 


94 


324 


5,432 


2 


557 


10,134 


1 


293,715 


4,872.203 


20,095 


19,231 


277,096 


127 


24,934 


404,539 




40,267 


55,852 


_ 


16,742 


16,833 


- 


10,751 


14,461 


2 


1,595,714 


2,447,854 


_ 


685,442 


689,103 


- 


290,325 


417,613 








_ 


4,555 


5,231 





2,829 


3,598 


3 


1,690 


3,585 


_ 


229 


1,235 


_ 


220 


466 


4 


172,015 


424,165 


- 


17,892 


152,770 


- 


12,705 


43,071 




8,061,444 


7,744,223 


20,095 


727,120 


1,124,200 


127 


330,793 


868,821 




137,224 


3,106,170 


354,639 


16,939 


1,232,039 


104,000 


28,101 


1,266,306 


5 


1,787 


50,925 


_ 


16 


16 


93 


_ 


148 


6 


103,425 


2,912,471 


_ 


912 


912 


2,032 


- 


3,754 




16,748 


21,045 


421 


10,187 


11,083 


133 


23,380 


23,646 


7 


833,748 


1,059,576 


27,097 


506,407 


568,583 


9,321 


943,006 


962,528 




51,221 


70,160 


224 


2,287 


2,511 





40,813 


40,813 


8 


1,852,581 


2,634,153 


4,205 


49,219 


53,424 


- 


833,221 


833,221 




2,789,754 


6,606,200 


31,302 


556,538 


622,919 


11,353 


1,776,227 


1,799,503 




4 


4,290 


97 


8 


1,296 


67 


5 


3,720 


9 


3,750 


2,602,853 


45,496 


8,450 


611,185 


50,612 


1,689 


1,444,549 




796 


15,620 


2,804 


100 


13,428 


12,845 


143 


45, 108 


10 


1,037,386 


11,376,263 


1,810,384 


57,902 


7,421,619 


9,110,752 


73,402 


25,606,350 




1,870,093 


4,262,325 


363, 160 


116,129 


1,151,453 


425,597 


134,957 


2,355,066 


11 


2,559 


229,428 


492 


930 


9,704 


125 


1,998 


24, 126 


12 


18,487 


953,339 




300,625 


2,777,735 


_ 


217,167 


234,267 


13 


277,112 


395,902 


3,299 


126,493 


142,151 


25 


43,394 


60,983 


14 


3,209,387 


19,820,115 


2,222,831 


610,499 


12,113,847 


9,587,111 


472,607 


29,725,341 




2 


19,513 






11,458 


560 


2 


123,890 


15 


12 


134,187 


_ 


_ 


42,832 


1,631 


6 


456,837 




8,742 


144,167 


2P,527 


222 


41,852 


82,683 


370 


105,720 


1 


487,576 


1,992,797 


77,389 


3,627 


242,887 


164,084 


24, 156 


1,438,814 


17 


496,339 


2,271,151 


105,916 


3,849 


327,571 


248,398 


24,532 


2,001,371 




806,976 


845,736 


2,718 


171,055 


197,647 


145 


256,176 


266,901 


18 


846,239 


863,545 


1,924 


50, 32 


52,856 


1,211 


399,070 


402,366 


19 


2,567 


114,247 


32,346 


3,029 


57,488 


17,089 


273 


28,818 


20 


3,869 


31,207 


1,101 


1,569 


11,405 


772 


204 


1,022 


21 


7,252 


67,907 


44,472 


1,507 


58,031 


100,368 


482 


113,410 


22 


21,915 


113,116 


5,791 


14,306 


84,442 


400 


10,629 


52,181 


23 


1,251.787 


1,442,747 


7.090 


658,863 


706,510 


_ 


2,065,797 


2,142,627 


24 


34,793 


141,161 


8,197 


24,212 


62,108 


11,860 


23,766 


74,212 


25 


55,944 


73,445 


1,582 


7,164 


59,383 


496 


2,744 


49,925 


26 


75,863 


538,967 


93,584 


112,811 


336,004 


60,754 


66,603 


268,936 


27 


759,864 


3,111,563 


43,018 


211,324 


521,857 


89,903 


184, 149 


602,660 


28 


19,630,413 


76,590,741 


4,758,888 


4,693,020 


28,312,272 


11,556,627 


9,409,285 


51,137,912 




98,678 


140,051 


323 


30,365 


60,306 


7,475 


121,391 


145, 155 


29 


3,138,471 


4,417,999 


6,767 


577. 153 


1,188,808 


136,929 


2,077,072 


2,506,182 




29,119 


228,820 


290 


14,293 


322, 799 


1,025 


27,398 


361,669 


30 


21,335 


21,442 


- 


33,853 


33,930 




73,733 


73,736 


31 


270,433 


271,609 


_ 


199,752 


200,214 


_ 


551,614 


551,643 




30 


82 


63 


30 


93 


_ 


c 


i 
c 


32 


1,681 


3,428 


1,972 


398 


2,370 


_ 


55 


55 




2,675 


324,001 


89,314 


1,601 


133,871 


111,983 


502 


167,897 


33 


- 


- 


5,198 


7,652 


19,329 


15,647 


15,293 


42,072 


34 


274,789 


599,038 


96,484 


209,403 


355,784 


127,630 


567,464 


761,667 





1 Unrevised figures. 
62373 32 



500 



TRADE AND COM ME Re I- 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


VI. Non-ferrous Metals and their Products- 
concluded. 
Copper and its products 
Copper, fine, contained in ore, matte, 
regulus, etc cwt. 


25,634 


394 399 


420 033 


87 042 


2 



Copper, blister cwt. 


192,244 


5,060,974 
333 348 


5,253,218 
333 488 


653,780 


.1 



Copper, pig, old and scrap cwt. 


20 705 


6,617,821 
11 336 


6,617,821 
32 554 


- 


4 


Copper in bars, sheets, plates, wire, etc $ 


386,786 
287,607 


165,571 
109,386 


561,087 
1,447,206 


635,512 




Total copper and its products $ 


866,637 


11,953,752 


13,879,332 


1,289,292 


5 
6 


Lead and its products 
Lead, metallic, contained in ore, etc cwt 

Lead in pigs, etc , cwt . 


71 416 


107,894 
506,789 
16 679 


107,894 
506,789 
10 9 013 


_ 




- 


537,551 


72,240 


686,355 


- 




Total lead and its products cwt. 




71,416 
537,551 


124,573 
579,029 


209,907 
1,193,144 


- 


7 


Nickel, cobalt and their products 
Cobalt, metallic Ib. 


176 495 


82 728 


260 343 


22 459 


8 


I 

Cobalt , alloys Ib. 


193,252 
4 858 


193,844 
267 


389,896 
5 441 


62,889 
9 929 


9 



Nickel, fine, contained in ore, matte or cwt. 
speiss { 


17,240 
60,203 
1 226 883 


1,156 
256,646 
3 918 315 


19,663 
316,849 
5 145 198 


49,160 
111,188 
1 899 696 


10 


Nickel, fine cwt. 


2 240 


117 172 


124 558 


1 209 




$ 


78,400 


3,615,122 


3,894,023 


42,784 




Total nickel, cobalt and their pro 
ducts $ 


1,515,775 


7,728,437 


9,448,780 


2,054,529 














11 


Precious metals and their products 
Gold bearing quartz, nuggets, etc $ 




5 376 289 


5 974 334 


195 


12 

i: 


Silver contained in ore, concentrates, etc. oz. 
- 
Silver bullion oz. 


125,220 
152,154 

3 232 951 


2,437,266 
2,629,453 
2 487 873 


2,562,584 
2,781,705 
9 817 058 


5 386 464 


14 


S 

Other articles . . 


3,653,042 
36 350 


2,779,067 
272 720 


11,473,896 
309 070 


4,401,852 
1 000 
















Total precious metals and their 
products $ 


3,841,546 


11,057,529 


20,539,005 


4,403,047 














15 


Zinc and its products $ 


403,483 


: ,8 841 


950 082 


292 146 


16 


Electric apparatus $ 


110,881 


2 9 2 115 


l I7ii 


341 003 


17 


Miscellaneous non-ferrous metal products. . . $ 


284,985 


744,035 


1,152,202 


188,336 




Total Non-ferrous Metals and their 
Products $ 


9,260,569 


37,545,943 


54,976,413 


9,873,516 














18 


VII. Non-raetallic Minerals and their Products 

Clay and clay products $ 


11 150 


196 195 


220 744 


4 678 


19 


Coal and its products 
Coal ton 


180,685 


1,071 77 


2 120 138 


81 477 


20 


$ 

Coke ton 


1,651,188 


5,700,441 
17 773 


13,183,666 
17 87 


941, 


21 


$ 

Tar and pitch .... gal. 


- 


161,386 
985 958 


162,481 

i 1 117 


- 


22 


$ 

Cinders S 


- 


46,402 




- 
















Total coal and its products S 


l.r. .l. I-* 


5,908,604 


i:: 111 ; ! 


941,299 














23 


Graphite and its products $ 


212 


113 867 


114,105 


1,892 


24 


Mica and its products $ 


53 411 


566 463 


774 369 


45 050 


Z5 


Petroleum and its products 
Oil, coal and kerosene, refined gal. 


503,287 


1,175 189 


2 757 581 




26 


1 

Oil, coal and kerosene, crude gal. 


40,677 
510,158 


170,764 
607,895 


351,890 

1,280 L .V.i 


292,936 


27 


Oil, mineral, n.o.p . gal. 


32,712 


40,666 
109 965 


84,373 
165 033 


32,135 
140 




$ 


- 


25,744 


53,593 


95 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



501 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



IS 


21. 




1922. 






1923.1 






United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


No. 


274,637 
3,683,192 
346,903 
7,589,849 
5,289 
76,814 
74,542 


361,679 
4,336,972 
346,903 
7,589,849 
5,289 
76,814 
1,310,454 


50,870 
382,451 

35,040 


52,469 
646,966 
292,727 
4,241,46? 
23,876 
221,662 
111,222 


103,339 
1,029,417 
292,727 
4,241,468 

50,857 
579,531 
478,689 


146,790 
1,203,191 

15,665 


67,723 
832,320 
378,492 
4,946,976 
30,738 
343,742 
70,201 


214,513 
2,035,511 

378,492 
4,946,976 
30,758 
343,892 
374,649 


1 

2 
3 
4 


11,434,397 


13,314,089 


417,491 


5,221,318 


6,329,105 


1,218,856 


6,193,239 


7,701,028 




74,603 
358,978 
1 
17 


74,603 
358,978 
36,505 
166,678 


78,912 
369,083 


44,867 
175,781 
37 
157 


44,867 
175,781 
364,312 
1,543,186 


17,961 
81,063 


104,258 
531,963 
9 
6S 


104,258 
531,960 
380,324 
1,834,507 


5 




74,604 
358,995 


111,108 
525,656 


78,912 
369,083 


44,94 
175,938 


499,179 
1,718,967 


17,961 
81,063 


104,267 
532,028 


484,582 
2,366,467 




118,853 
276,372 
1,120 
5,374 
293,785 
5,259,977 
43,437 
1,522,994 


142,432 
342,061 
11,049 
54,534 
408,337 
7,233,925 
61,846 
2,171,366 


5,754 
31,511 
55,366 
930,677 
5 
153 


32,818 
98,222 

6,505 
120,900 
22,407 
780,345 


59,410 
141,134 
7,078 
38,369 
62,943 
1,076,192 
46,104 
1,613,510 


1,401 

3,203 
2,025 
10,382 
163,683 
2,497,413 
7,071 
169,326 


172,502 
441,601 

50,321 
630,938 
166,281 
4,538,467 


173,903 
444,804 
2,769 
14,392 
221,389 
3,289,693 
204,896 
5,590,948 


7 
8 
9 
10 


7,064,717 


9,801,886 


962,341 


999,467 


2,869,285 


2,680,324 


5,611,006 


9,339,837 




3,036,084 
2,441,270 
1,870,244 
2,254,931 
1,726,602 
381,355 


3,038,779 
2,441,270 
1,870,244 
10,889,780 
9,257,188 
382,355 


326 

5,610,024 
3,634,297 
200 


2,531,724 
3,211,653 
2,031,383 
3,558,371 
2,241,301 
283,039 


2,532,050 
3,211,653 
2,031,383 
10,839,767 
6,679,921 
284,209 


4,015,212 
2,729,068 

1,000 


5,449,469 
6,009,828 
3,965,195 
4,230,399 
2,805,669 
202,528 


5,449,469 
6,012,624 
3,967,030 
11,098,792 
7,491,962 
203,528 


11 
1 

1$ 
1* 


7,014,285 


14,548,566 


3,634,823 


7,087,447 


11,526,593 


2,739,068 


12,422,787 


17,111,989 




86,129 
139, 237 

499,660 


963,962 
651,461 

887,900 


189,499 
152,731 
168,097 


2,477 
97,897 
301,867 


2,448,741 
485,321 
640,673 


461,264 
464,958 
204,915 


75,225 
383,480 


2,136,885 
1,199,427 
872,886 


1 
16 
17 


30,029,799 


45,939,377 


5,997,576 


14,687,260 


27,885,996 


8,107,032 


27,889,699 


44,358,037 




240,128 

1,031,870 
6,287,861 
37,790 
399,620 
738,035 
50,400 
105 


323,989 

2,277,202 
16,501,478 
38,031 
402,435 
8,622,210 
571,773 
105 




1,894 

350,014 

2,720,872 

34 
10 


91,746 

1,188,326 
7,095,769 
26,647 
300,003 
965,921 
61,137 
316 


257,624 

1,953,053 
13,182,440 
26,671 
300,457 
2,307,528 
248,155 
316 


4,973 

39,288 

320,559 


130,579 

1,672,411 
9,929,931 
15,329 
156,209 
477,239 
47,005 
1,916 


364,785 

2,089,438 
12,956,615 
15,341 
156,295 
2,396,099 
280,448 
1,916 


IS 
1 

20 
21 
23 


6,737,986 


17,475,791 


2,720,882 


7,457,225 


13,731,368 


350,559 


10,135,061 


13,395,274 




118,501 
611,023 

215,214 
27,219 
1,154,627 
144,164 
91,476 
19,929 


120,473 
660,218 

553,566 
79,625 
2,424,142 
295, 784 
190,036 
87,326 


85 
21,826 

1,493,682 
98,503 
77 
73 


.11,0,-,; 

205,444 

2,407 
656 
2,462,005 
139,201 
421,995 
70,090 


41,149 
230,429 

1,482,560 
209,930 
7,435,539 
424,533 
473,963 
93,225 


83 
19,426 

348,095 
17,740 
150 
281 


19,012 
566,118 

4,000 
1,190 
2,854,960 
132,318 
834,837 
130,188 


19,167 
589,424 

1,558,550 
147,116 
5,737,542 
253,439 
909,709 
166,823 


23 
24 

25 
26 
22 



1 Unrevised figures. 



502 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 









1920. 






No. 


I rincipal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


Vll. Non-metallic Minerals and their 

Products concluded. 
Petroleum and its products con. 
Oil, gasoline and naphtha gal. 


86 


629,193 


1,311,996 




? 


Wax, mineral cwt. 


30 
29 


154,796 
45,276 


356,376 
49,840 


8,963 




- 


253 


351,283 


384,005 


83,917 




Total petroleum and its products.. $ 


73,672 


742,983 


1,230,237 


116,147 


3 


Stone and stone products- 
Abrasives $ 


8,288 


1,458,076 


1,474,177 


16,424 


4 






38,446 


46,206 


5,265 


5 


Cement . . cwt. 


_ 






300 





$ 

Gypsum or plaster, crude ton 


- 


23,686 
164,714 


660,884 
16 . 714 


197 


7 


Lime cwt. 


20 


229,521 
194,414 


229,521 
201,923 


- 


8 


$ 

Plaster of Paris "round, etc $ 


25 
132 


147,661 
131,55 i 


155,212 

14 ,s70 


- 




Sand and gra\ el ton 




1,075,283 


1,075,323 


_ 


Hi 


$ 

Other stone products . . $ 


681 


133,675 
19 971 


133,920 
20,652 


- 
















Total stone and stone products $ 


9,126 


2,182,592 


2,862,442 


21,886 


11 


Asbestos products 
Asbestos ... ton 


7,594 


84,224 


105,694 


12,467 


12 


$ 

Asbestos sand and waste . ... ... ton 


768,456 


6,506,629 
23,508 


8,532,027 
23,508 


1,337,357 
155 


13 


$ 

Asbestos, manufactures of $ 


5,201 


235,829 
10,119 


235,829 
232,316 


3,025 
16,669 
















Total asbestos products S 


773,657 


6,752,577 


9,000,172 


1,357,051 


14 


Miscellaneous non-metallic minerals 
Feldspar ton 


160 


24,198 


24,358 




15 


Glass and glassware, n.o.p $ 


544 
459,082 


121,785 
38,018 


122,329 
914,117 


409,314 


1C 




55,679 


228,971 


295,395 


221,395 


17 

18 


Pyrites and sulphur contained in pyrites., ton 
Talc crude and refined $ 


1,570 


83.C40 
375,174 
232,886 


83,640 
375,174 
235,457 




19 


Other non-metallic minerals and products S 


31,866 


28,151 


757,331 


8,626 




Total Non-metallic Minerals and 
their Products $ 


3 121,157 


17,488,266 


30,342,926 


3,127,338 


20 


VIII. Chemicals and Allied Products. 

Acids . $ 


370,308 


260,452 


901,397 


419,630 


21 


Alcohol, wood gal. 


167,380 




168,849 


113,205 


22 


* 

Other non -potable spirits, nop gal. 


298,796 


- 


302,636 


173,868 


23 


Extract of hemlock bark $ 


48,900 


558 


58,240 


31,300 


24 




252,101 


91,525 


623,900 


555,804 


*5 


Explosives $ 


385,281 


4,070,595 


4,675,047 


- 


.Mi 


Fertilizers 
Ammonia sulphate cwt. 


: U 


32,042 


431,362 


7,082 


>7 




73,383 


156,322 
1,277,319 


2,065,106 
1,277,319 


40,726 


*< 

> 




- 


4,422,797 
200,637 


4,422,797 

20 M 


- 
















Total fertilizers . $ 


73,383 


4,779,756 


6,694,037 


40,726 














29 




748,092 


126,901 


1,625,418 


934,409 


30 


Soap S 


219,165 


3,886 


1,000,722 


24,260 


31 


Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p. 


77,393 


30,069 


133,948 


53,147 


12 


S 


208,418 

151,689 


59,636 
632,399 


319.182 
882,510 


178,529 
27,088 


13 




627,721 
163,236 


2,5i 
201,449 


3,599,899 
507.693 


110,390 
171,599 


11 


* 


263,200 


298, 70S 


797,489 


399,420 






- 


- 


- 


- 



^Included in other chemicals, n.o.p., 1920-21. 



EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



503 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



19 


21. 




1922. 






1923.1 






United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


No. 


204,044 
51,290 
9,210 
75,717 


349,883 
100,547 
22,281 
194,642 


- 


16,895 
5,337 
6 
123 


569,436 
160,850 
48 
343 


900 
207 
29 
299 


709,459 
211,046 
34,410 
105,986 


1,996,719 
514,435 
43,396 
132,166 


1 
2 


318,319 


766,924 


98,576 


215,407 


888,881 


18,527 


580,728 


1,213,979 




1,901,681 
37,939 
1,869,609 
1,148,476 
253,098 
427,053 
475,801 
409,253 
163,664 
1,503,575 
193,113 
54,111 


1,946,601 
48,712 
2,811,127 
2,107,180 
253,098 
427,053 
477,537 
411,683 
222,015 
1,503,607 
193,163 
54,111 


1,289 
50 


477,496 
22,589 
23,391 
24,481 
222,671 
404,987 
227,607 
217,991 
40,625 
1,386,004 
200,994 
5,357 


487,755 
46,383 
810,448 
578,474 
222,671 
404,987 
231,493 
222,805 
67, 166 
1,386,034 
201,094 
5,357 


3,193 

4 
3 


2,038,007 
49,993 
578,495 
322,233 
343,098 
523,296 
322,179 
304,636 
47,758 
683,976 
118,654 
78,783 


2,057,423 
53,377 
1,544,254 
719,882 
343,098 
523,296 
329,125 
313,666 
66,754 
683,996 
118,679 
78,783 


3 
4 
5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 


4,335,290 


5,410,518 


1,339 


1,394,528 


2,014,021 


3,196 


3,483,358 


3,931,860 




113,985 
8,036,276 
36,827 
370,721 
72,856 


154,152 
12,255,793 
37,147 
377,596 
321,694 


2,288 
311,357 
21 
189 
2,722 


47, 178 
2,397,609 
24,376 
235,151 
93,823 


63,287 
4,397,332 
24,446 
235,863 
153,830 


2,827 
261,725 
270 
3,064 
9,793 


87,652 
4,578,470 
60,235 
607,727 
61,097 


110,336 
6,488,340 
61,250 
621,086 
81,507 


11 
12 
13 


8,479,853 


12,955,083 


314,268 


2,726,583 


4,787,03:) 


274,582 


5,247,294 


7,188,933 




41,272 
248,054 
230,239 
127,330 
119,106 
458,340 
201,286 
164,098 


41,312 
249,854 
935,575 
355,747 
119,106 
458,340 
202,923 
206,457 


1 
30 
86,417 
5,051 

3,059 


22,553 
146,756 
96,603 
17,210 
7,875 
31,530 
138,672 
42,309 


22,584 
147,866 
266,054 
23,066 
7,875 
31,500 
138,949 
58,747 


5 
120 

78,865 
2,717 

1,970 
3,656 


24,674 
164,531 
255,407 
21,286 

134,414 

79,848 


24,679 
161,651 

484,204 
24,003 

137,759 
132,615 


14 

15 
16 
17 

18 
19 


22,270,447 


40,121,892 


3,253,427 


12,605,032 


22,616,684 


728,674 


20,817,688 


27,646,704 




310,015 
198,022 
541,229 

202 
25,215 
627,401 


1,069,667 
411,296 

784,228 

33,957 
968, 963 
1,271,70L 


20,939 
95,717 
105,544 
13,439 
17,684 
28,868 
214,169 


66,558 
10 
16 
6 
6 
15,109 
14,173 
199,831 


90,116 
213,653 
210,734 
19,420 
24,409 
46,944 
497,595 
249,789 


470,595 
69,774 
51,349 
21,616 
15,607 
19,623 
215,337 
32 


110,082 
14,273 
12,195 
3,928 
6,110 
4,578 
25,379 
53,209 


600,937 
99,312 
78,219 
26,567 
22,893 
26, 172 
420,362 
247,476 


20 
21 

22 

23 
24 
25 


20,752 
96,144 
882,524 
3,015,645 
451,253 


300,013 
1,519,26- 

883,127 
3,018,057 

455,857 


2,801 
7,809 


93,258 
204,543 
357,695 
903,233 
522,004 


338,066 
785,187 
357,695 
903,233 
524,931 


- 


24,518 
66,583 
1,106,462 
2,895,775 
335,737 


211,066 
654,889 
1,109,661 
2,903,659 
341,348 


26 
27 

28 


3,563,042 


4,993,176 


7,809 


1,629,780 


2,213,351 


- 


3,298,095 


3,899,896 




154,055 
2,474 


1,756,045 
143,627 


162,903 
138,882 


89,998 
3,517 


423,604 
227,788 


177,65 
227,965 


70,363 
1,251 


469,742 
300,890 


29 
30 


10,755 
30,087 
973,177 
4,159,844 
140,115 
306,352 


80,92 
261,578 
1,086,13 
4,618,33o 
415,76 
891,04 


11,21 
23,549 
11 
365 


13,130 
15,56 
478,88o 
2,122,08d 
164,71 
339,74 
113,25 
840,44 


22,109 
28,373 
513,650 
2,261,054 
302,386 
538,083 
196,776 
1,491,018 


12,98 
40,618 
1,303 
7,860 
101,946 
172,546 
11.21J 
89,47 


4,211 
8,96- 
457, 7 JO 
1,834,110 
265,034 
527,446 
189,387 
1,296,368 


22,416 
66,167 
590,545 
2,358,16 
453,203 
874,429 
441,85 
3,244,353 


31 
32 
33 
Si 



Unrevised figures. 



504 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan- 



No 


Principal articles by classes. 


1920. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 

3 
4 

5 
C 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 

13 
14 

15 

16 
17 

18 

19 
20 

21 

22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 


VIII. Chemicals and Allied Products-concluded 
Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p. concluded. 
Other inorganic chemicals $ 


11,189 


430,3$ 


501,76 


16,800 


Total inorganic chemicals, n.o.p.. . $ 

Other drugs, dyes and chemicals, n.o.p $ 


1,110,528 


3,343,305 


5,218,33 


705,139 


388,178 


1,1:6,089 


1,783,95 


514,679 


Total Chemicals and Allied Products $ 

IX. Miscellaneous Commodities 

Amusement and sporting goods $ 


3,894,732 


13,803,067 


22,883,685 


3,399,815 


122,859 
6,243 

73,244 
206,046 
140,899 
50,662 


50,584 
8,486 

145 
15,715 

20,070 
159,957 


191,868 
39,79 

316,862 
276, 224 
286,182 


32,569 

22,829 
140,393 
105,135 
22,476 


Containers Packages, all kinds, empty. ... $ 
Household and personal equipment 
Brooms and whisks $ 


Jewelry, all kinds, n.o.p $ 


Stationery $ 


Other articles $ 


Total household and personal 
equipment $ 


470,851 


195,897 


975, 90 


290,833 


Mineral waters 9 


1,190 


32,319 


37,046 


- 


Musical instruments 
Organs . . . . No 


261 
19,747 
188 
55,724 
98,282 


18 

22,018 
160 
62,378 

27, 722 


737 

71,298 
782 
220,922 
210,067 


210 
24,875 
583 
191,073 
118,527 


Pianos No 


Other and parts of I 


Total musical Instruments $ 


173,753 


112,118 


502,287 


334,475 


Scientific and educational equipment 
Cameras $ 


. 127,886 
375,101 
167,332 


2,352 
1,049,993 
47,323 


176,166 
1,486,079 
364,40! 


215,558 
54,871 
105,552 


Films for photographers use and for 
moving pictures $ 


Philosophical and scientific apparatus and 
instruments $ 


Total scientific equipment, etc $ 

Ships and vessels 
Boats, canoes and parts of $ 


670,319 


1,099,668 


2,026,654 


375,981 


14,099 
5 
2,175 
49,144 
19,812,000 


10,402 
11 
15,126 
589 
104,900 


65,424 

25 
84,871 
164,948 
50,248,567 


20,818 

12,723 
4,840,000 


Gasoline launches No . 


Ships sold to other countries . ton 


$ 


Total ships and vessels. $ 


19,828,274 


130,428 


50,398,862 


4,860,818 




Vehicles, n.o.p. 
Aeroplanes and parts of $ 


36,830 


864,784 
5,000 


864,784 
47, 195 


1,735 
150 


Buggies, carriages and parts, carts ami 
wagons $ 



Total vehicles, chiefly of wood. . . . $ 


36,830 


869,784 


911,979 


1,885 


Works of art (paintings) $ 


23,642 

43,344 
83,264 

788,967 
579,459 


59.356 

3,817 
7,016.804 
34,974 
74,566 
140,255 
6,587,817 
240,174 


83,085 

125,047 
7,3* 

34,974 
74,566 
140,255 
7,631,498 

1.256,921 


17,441 

37,122 
11,949 
3,695 

907, 729 
50.336 


Other ir]is(;cll-ini ous commodities, n.o.p. 
Brushes, all kinds 


Cartridges, gun, rifle and pistol 


Contractors outfits 


Junk, except metallic and rubber cwt. 


Settlers effects 


Other miscellaneous 


Total Miscellaneous Commodities . $ 
Total Exports, Canadian Mdse.. t 


22,828,995 


16,582,481 


71,722,908 


6,924,933 


489.152.637 


464.028.183 1.239.492.098 


312.844.871 






EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 



505 



titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923 con. 



19 


81. 




1922. 






1923. 






United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


No. 


250,759 


351,537 


4,877 


156,657 


223,168 


1,991 


243,182 


328,510 


1 


4,747,042 


6,122,495 


28, 795 


3,474,491 


4,541,696 


312,491 


3,910,098 


6,871,625 




2,265,412 


3,222,414 


337, 164 


443,747 


980,144 


493,791 


460,186 


1,108,728 


2 


12,236,087 


20,366,279 


1,062,757 


5,937,136 


9,506,170 


1,984,441 


7,951,543 


14,046,940 




32,323 
16,0.63 

161 

20,832 
22,613 
212,054 


98,631 
27,959 

57,327 
282,690 
305,662 
326,209 


8,069 
9,280 

9,096 
23,901 
53,710 
3,983 


27,891 
74,677 

85 
8,174 
16,170 
132,379 


52,912 
107,571 

24,657 
80,021 
163,745 
166,356 


1,711 
691 

3,570 
6,965 
19,224 
12,194 


27,043 
61,555 

78 
4,954 
14,222 
77,802 


44,227 
207, 100 

23,293 
21,162 
107,481 
117,712 


3 
4 

5 
6 
7 

8 


255,660 


971,888 


90,690 


158,888 


434,779 


41,953 


97,056 


269,648 




12,785 


16,480 


- 


58,904 


63,329 


- 


105,275 


113,548 


9 


4 
30,680 
104 
41,373 
46,504 


589 

86,221 
1,581 
487,978 
377,127 


40 
4,531 
47 

18,814 
7,450 


11 

54,575 
92 
38,502 
70,934 


216 
72,517 
273 
103,118 
178,704 


47 
7,150 
26 
13,850 
21,627 


15 

177,893 
89 
36,264 
94,611 


173 

195,225 
267 
97,641 
268,520 


10 
11 
12 


118,557 


951,326 


39,795 


164,011 


354,339 


42,627 


308,768 


561,386 




771 
2,378,524 
34,546 


244,223 
2,493,694 
199,587 


141,497 
15 ,"632 
33,619 


260 
2,245,754 
28,632 


153,212 
2,352,235 
115,221 


686,980 
707,964 
8,403 


25,402 
2,182,715 
16,242 


742,020 
2,948,739 
39,401 


13 
14 
15 


2,413,841 


2,937,504 


190,748 


2,274,646 


2,620,668 


1,403,347 


2,224,359 


3,730,160 




80,004 
54 
43,118 
6,531 
1,637,000 


129,294 
56 
44,718 
46,595 
17,175,123 


2,078 
4 
2,810 


32,806 
20 
63,447 


45,049 
38 
82,957 
7,396 
3,114,200 


600 
3 
1,800 


23,004 
9 
15,542 
596 
56,247 


41,037 
20 
22,506 
1,165 
109,747 


16 
17 

18 


1,760,122 


17,349,135 


4,888 


96,253 


3,242,206 


2,400 


94,793 


173,290 




56,562 
4,380 


60,247 
24,658 


456 
435 


37,349 
1,661 


38,375 
16,914 


- 


3,797 
1,620 


3,797 
27,010 


19 

20 


60,942 


84,905 


891 


39,010 


55,289 


- 


5,417 


30,807 




78,432 

1,349 

1,072 
69,790 
65,956 
184,787 
7,574,512 
150,619 


96,114 

214,917 
52,674 
74,285 
65,956 
184,787 
8,822,207 
506,857 


14,479 

18,920 
2,223 
14,562 

580,931 
69,316 


57,179 

3,394 
1,271 
47,479 
37,456 
117,891 
5,346,795 
159,116 


72,563 

73,990 
15,070 
66,146 
37,456 
117,891 
6,408,583 
344,665 


18,937 

30,375 
193 

687,356 
91,614 


49,661 

1,373 
49,081 
92,896 
54,260 
165,112 
6,635,367 
181,400 


69,407 

72,276 
83,811 
152,646 
54,260 
165,112 
7,971,002 
408,648 


21 

22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 


12,730,854 


32,389,669 


1,035,792 


8,625,325 


14,030,001 


2,321,204 


10,099,156 


14,053,068 




542,322,967 


1,189,163,701 


299,361,675 


292,588,643 


740,240,680 


379,067,445 


369,080,218 


931,451,443 





1 Unrevised figures. 



506 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Agricultural and Vegetable Products (ei- 
cept chemicals, fibres and wood). 

A MAINLT FOOD. 

Fruits, fresh 
Apples brl . 




145,088 


145 088 




2 


- 
Apricots, quinces, etc Ib. 


- 


1,053,744 
1,430,034 


1,053,744 
1 430 034 


20 


| 


. 
Bananas bunch 


- 


114,378 
1,844 559 


114,378 
1 844 559 


12 


4 


$ 

Cherries . Ib 


- 


17,007 
1,138,351 


4,947,007 
1 138 351 


- 


5 


Cranberries brl. 


- 


212,508 
33,704 


212, 508 
33 704 


- 


6 


Grape fruit or shaddocks $ 


200 


247, 796 
622,406 


247, 796 
665 496 


- 


7 


Grapes Ib. 


326,276 


8,6- 4,fi. i 


8,979 296 


600,414 


8 


Lemons and limes $ 


70,762 
6.371 


865, 104 
1,270,862 


942,358 
1 378 597 


129,113 
2 416 


9 


Oranges $ 


3,685 


6,225,150 


6 534 269 


4 777 


10 


Peaches ... Ib. 




14,219,162 


14 219 16 


120 


11 


$ 

Pears Ib. 


- 


640,771 
19,273,867 


640,771 
19 280 139 


58 


1? 


1 

Pineapples .... $ 


- 


1,065,301 
334 996 


1,065,702 
338 052 


- 


18 


Plums bush. 


_ 


125,934 


125,934 


16 


14 


Melons No 


- 


544,391 
3,157,858 


544,391 
3 157 858 


230 
12 


1.-. 


$ 

Strawberries Ib. 


- 


374,794 
3,653,811 


374,794 
3 653 811 


6 


1C 


* 

Fruits, other, fresh , $ 


11 


724,254 
209, 170 


724,254 
222 307 


- 
















Total fruits, fresh $ 


81,029 


19,542,632 


20,006,425 


136,612 














17 


Fruits, dried 
Apricots ID 




471,790 


472 155 




IS 


S 

Currants Ib. 


- 


109,230 
792,810 


109,331 
6 414 102 


132,246 


19 


S 

Dates Ib. 


531,244 


162,740 
3,282,096 


1,053,399 
3,850 936 


23,279 
284,370 


20 


S 

Figs Ib. 


71,131 


677,222 
3,199,104 


754,994 
4,502,926 


35,174 
46, 56 


n 


Peaches Ib. 


- 


520,794 
3,149 59 


735,709 
3 149 592 


3,612 




t 

Prunes and plums, unpitted Ib. 


- 


551,719 
14,482,369 


551,719 
14,491 800 


- 


23 


* 

Raisins Ib. 


9,262 


2,033,006 
38,864,941 


2,035,526 
37,619,365 


83,838 


?4 


$ 

All other fruits Ib. 


2,264 


5, 24: . i)7:i 
1,512,7.54 


5,420,276 
1 791 473 


19,016 




$ 


- 


254,105 


295,827 


- 




Total fruits, dried . Ib. 


51D,.)fHi 


63,7.55,456 


72,292,319 


546,910 




- 


73,395 


9,550, ss 


10,956,781 


81,081 


?$ 


Fruit juices gal. 


13,260 


124,823 


217 016 


24,658 


26 
27 


1 

Bruits, otherwise prepared 
Citrons, lemons and orange rinds in brine. S 
Fruit in air-tight cans, etc Ib. 


21,943 

81,530 
109,281 


220,196 

50,631 
11,434,555 


272,097 

134,407 
12,799,483 


53,601 

53,093 
88,976 


28 


S 

Jellies, jams and preserves, n.o.p Ib. 


12,232 
1,151, 193 


1,560,261 
280,354 


1,697.324 
1,499,985 


10,959 
860,011 


W 


Olives in brine and otherwise gal. 


194,151 
160 


65,161 
84,952 


271,743 
134,396 


224, 160 




$ 


25 


85,428 


K 4,253 


- 




Total fruits, otherwise prepared. . . $ 


287,904 


1,761,955 


2,228,207 


288,212 




Grand total fruits.. S 


464,358 


30,985,435 


33,463,270 


559,506 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



507 



AH Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923.1 




United 


AH 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




273,319 


273,319 




110,702 


110,702 




155,201 


155,201 


1 


1,528,606 


1,528,606 


- 


680,832 


680,832 





775,819 


775,819 




630,399 


630,419 


- 


1,078,530 


1,078,530 





2,041,653 


2,041,728 


a 


57,033 


57,050 





76,438 


76,438 


- 


136,112 


136,130 




1,706,288 


1,706,288 


- 


2,159,381 


2,159,860 





2,213,379 


2,219,814 


3 


5,415,511 


5,415,511 





5,210,811 


5,211,098 


- 


4,205,719 


4,215,766 




477,265 


477,265 


- 


503,108 


503,108 


- 


494,697 


494,697 


4 


108,737 


108,737 


_ 


92,591 


92,591 


_ 


83,349 


83,349 




21,841 


21,841 


_ 


16,953 


16,955 


_ 


19,944 


19,944 


& 


173,634 


173,634 


_ 


200,654 


200,668 


_ 


212,894 


212,894 




741,167 


791,726 





656,302 


711,993 


304 


796,635 


849,055 


6 


5,979,961 


6,632,035 


608,080 


6,917,481 


7,669,621 


704,456 


6,836,059 


7,698,005 


7 


717,711 


858,340 


109,960 


695,235 


831,522 


75,275 


565,377 


661,443 




867,468 


1,005,616 


4,290 


1,158,298 


1,446,444 


57,413 


885,288 


1,474,673 


8 


6,159,339 


6,322,543 


8,414 


6,335,104 


6,594,107 


111,307 


5,394,528 


5,840,941 


9 


6,195,284 


6,195,404 


540 


10,927,509 


10,928,049 


216 


10,865,780 


10,866,101 


10 


442,207 


442,265 


219 


583,231 


583,450 


88 


403,198 


403,312 




12,482,288 


12,484,934 





10,367,293 


10,370,281 


400 


15,251,313 


15,256,255 


11 


797,381 


797,645 





584,399 


584,599 


49 


566,421 


566, 729 




328,914 


329,006 


- 


451,715 


453,018 


_ 


505, 766 


508,231 


12 


106,747 


106,763 


10 


106,447 


106,457 


3 


111,081 


111,086 


13 


476,229 


476,459 


170 


404,299 


404,469 


58 


303,408 


303,495 




3,244,734 


3,245,339 


- 


3,267,624 


3,267,818 


72 


3,912,782 


3,913,076 


14 


453,648 


453,711 


- 


384,985 


385,038 


20 


333,792 


333,827 




2,436,573 


2,436,573 





2,660,392 


2,666,692 


- 


6,122,758 


6,122,758 


15 


559,777 


559,777 





510,468 


511,413 


- 


785,150 


785,150 




78,336 


80,854 


1,977 


6,720 


105,993 


1,918 


161,704 


204,237 


16 


18,905,703 


19,401,480 


125,030 


18,122,082 


18,873,673 


246,432 


16,115,160 


17,355,051 




686,862 


687,051 




639,203 


640,113 




605,322 


608,462 


17 


164,497 


164,531 


- 


115,011 


115,179 





126,176 


126,352 




975,707 


4,934,917 


219,697 


983,008 


7,195,245 


45,599 


1,641,136 


5,193,976 


18 


152,332 


849,893 


29,670 


126,100 


1,117,955 


4,331 


199,748 


634,465 




3,742,638 


4,097,068 


1,086,558 


5,275,925 


6,461,995 


925,609 


6,239,534 


7,225,012 


19 


556,722 


603,346 


84,276 


670,068 


766,042 


74,492 


622,145 


701,963 




1,896,701 


2,670,145 


158,657 


2,367,336 


3,637,348 


166,379 


2,016,140 


3,612,481 


20 


238,743 


337,432 


13,461 


286,042 


454,461 


9,653 


199,976 


296, 771 




1,154,843 


1,154,843 


- 


1,459,687 


1,459,687 


10 


2,065,398 


2,065,408 


21 


210,351 


210,351 


_ 


176,929 


176,929 


. 1 


268,562 


268,563 




10,489,100 


10,494,520 


_ 


13,702,978 


13,705,795 


48 


13,806,997 


13,993,275 


22 


1,458,027 


1,459,102 


_ 


1,277,912 


1,278,539 


16 


1,324,294 


1,335,200 




20,390,188 


24,979,194 


99,109 


24,177,923 


27,666,692 


105,496 


30,646,915 


32,044,480 


23 


4,363,940 


5,482,589 


16,126 


4,242,809 


5,132,755 


10,077 


3,426,146 


. 3,644,419 




1,532,710 


1,734,400 


- 


878,277 


1,192,582 


3,094 


1,718,339 


1>916, 033 


24 


117,878 


162,997 


- 


66,523 


109,396 


298 


114,954 


144,346 




40,868,749 


50,752,138 


1,564,021 


49,484,337 


61,959,357 


1,246,235 


58,739,781 


66,659,127 




7,262,490 


9,270,241 


143,533 


6,961,394 


9,151,256 


98,868 


6,282,001 


7,152,079 




32,644 


109,252 


16,812 


28,072 


77, 768 


8,915 


40,147 


98,682 


25 


114,011 


185,754 


17,617 


131,390 


170,404 


19,608 


135,315 


173,418 




10,194 


72,522 


14,836 


4,495 


24, 136 


12, 551 


7,596 


33,982 


26 


13,390,570 


19,383,538 


64,118 


6,261,354 


8,096.222 


84,217 


9,535,186 


12,480,511 


27 


1,950,243 


2,795,868 


8,160 


765,172 


970,308 


5,998 


993,978 


1,257,597 




242,459 


1,434,109 


570,751 


88,175 


774,548 


1,504,919 


170,036 


1,775,685 


28 


75,846 


397,745 


107,718 


35,731 


173,271 


225,528 


30,631 


282,198 




49,606 


138,854 


_ 


73,243 


181,858 


_ 


66,147 


192,215 


29 


70,839 


193,166 


- 


67,550 


145,029 


- 


58,298 


163,910 




2,107,122 


3,459,301 


130,714 


872,948 


1,312,744 


244,077 


1,090,293 


1,728,687 




88,389,326 


32,316,776 


416,954 


26,087,814 


29.508.077 


608.985 


23,622,769 


26,409,235 





1 Unrevised figures. 



508 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No 


Principal articles by cLi 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
Slates. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Agricultural and Vegetable Products (excepi 
chemicals, fibres and wood) con. 

A MAINLY FOOD continued. 
Nuts 
Cocoanuts and preparations $ 


18,713 


192 881 


762 679 


Ill 212 


2 


Not shelled ( 


7 376 


1 362 655 


1 793 607 


47 SfiQ 


1 


Shelled $ 


194 614 


1 586 881 


3 333 287 


184 4fiA 
















Total nuts $ 


228,703 


3,142,417 


5,889,573 


343 546 














4 


Vegetables, fresh and dried $ 


120,270 


3 585 808 


3 917 478 


m40Q 


5 


Vegetables, canned Ib. 


60 


14 012 753 


14 800 253 


6018 


6 


Sauces and pickles gal 


20 

79 842 


1,144,488 
148 697 


1,301,237 
341 95 9 


1,616 

U) 


7 


Grains and farinaceous products 
Beans, n.o.p bush 


201,657 
3 594 


KM 384 

49 753 


495,377 
444 698 


264.584 
4 nyi; 


8 
9 


Corn (Indian) for purpose of distillation. . bush 

Corn (Indian) not for purpose of distilla 
tion bush. 


23,855 


947,674 
202,583 
318,202 

8 668 200 


1,594,030 
202,583 
318,202 

8 766 708 


21,165 
if) 


10 


Oats bush 


1 679 


13,897,585 
3 127 681 


14,052,977 
3 129 360 


23 


11 


Peas bush 


31 
24 


2,448,672 
69 433 


2,451,981 

72 188 


9i> 


12 


Rice, uncleaned, unhulled or paddy Ib. 


264 


317,773 
12 755 447 


328,192 
43 935 264 


266 


13 


Rice, cleaned Ib. 


6,710 


1,110,848 
16 425 212 


3,273,335 
25 642 291 


41 100 


14 


Wheat bush. 


378 

2 


1,636,046 
92 082 


2,12o!956 
92 087 


2,510 


15 


Other grain? f 


6 


189,130 
58 492 


189,142 
60 178 


- 
















Total grains... ... $ 


27 812 


20 924 422 


24 388 993 


1 ; MI i 














16 


Milled products 
Cornmeal brl 




26 317 


26 354 




17 


* 

Rice and sago flour, rice meal, etc . Ib. 


- 


216,298 
579 091 


216,594 

701 787 


2 920 


18 


Sago and tapioca flour Ib. 


- 


62,078 
495 138 


72,922 
725 082 


349 
38 970 


19 


Wheat flour : . . . . brl 




- - 
15 707 


43,155 
15 801 


2,071 
1 


20 


Other breadstuff s $ 


28,517 


166.080 
93 268 


167,250 
122 077 


12 
29 300 
















Total milled products . $ 


28,517 


574 592 


621 998 


31 712 














21 


Prepared foods and bakery products 
Biscuits, sweetened Ib. 


214,041 


121 745 


352 136 


201 817 


22 


Biscuits, not sweetened Ib. 


75,053 
66 382 


28,353 
582 867 


106,318 

7 .5 867 


87,727 
199 133 


23 


Bread, passover ( 


16,107 


65,805 
156 265 


91,983 
156 265 


26,929 


24 


Cereal food.", prepared, in packages not 
exceeding 25 Ib Ib. 


47 906 


2 016 538 


2 079 552 


34 491 


25 


Cereal foods prepared, n.o.p S 


11,39(1 

1,974 


230,211 

57 846 


233,903 
60 788 


8,740 
4 973 


26 


Macaroni and vermicelli 11) 




88 1; 


949 960 


inn 


27 


Milk food and other similar preparations. $ 


29,088 


108,461 
M),966 


115,895 
411,295 


24 
73,883 




Total prepared foods and bakery 
products 


133.618 


1.017.907 


1.176.447 


202.278 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



509 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


19231. 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




87,491 


562,975 


29,057 


40,895 


422,513 


6,054 


18,260 


337,336 


1 


991,632 


1,467,250 


25,363 


827,179 


1,304,739 


25,582 


661,895 


1,042,855 


2 


1,050,542 


2,859,069 


81,868 


1,028,312 


2,807,032 


105,955 


751,839 


2,348,284 


3 


2,139,665 


4,889,294 


136,288 


1,896,386 


4,534,284 


137,591 


1,431,994 


3,728,475 




4,117,026 


4,444,056 


142,672 


3,167,938 


3,539,491 


112,947 


3,221,929 


3,579,782 


4 


6,356,482 


8,293,193 


4,375 


3,747,153 


6,407,327 


1,276 


5,596,032 


7,890,537 


5 


632,159 


1,124,041 


958 


371,480 


889,913 


298 


474,659 


806,286 




83,111 


299,827 


114,087 


59,911 


299,311 


142,565 


81,205 


339,986 


6 


128,936 


500,148 


252,389 


98,706 


460,447 


310,161 


128,751 


518,666 




151,518 


203,725 


5,002 


60,726 


148,157 


68,804 


32,140 


329,974 


7 


497,458 


637, 632 


20,614 


197,876 


376,792 


150,817 


97,045 


777,214 




318,804 


318,804 


_ 


365,417 


365,417 


_ 


133,305 


133,305 


8 


344,467 


344,467 


- 


230,941 


230,941 


- 


100,040 


100,040 




9,520,482 


9,658,960 


26 


13,755,545 


13,755,571 


5 


10,841,657 


10,867,016 


9 


12,084,398 


12,276,943 


68 


8,482,336 


8,482,404 


8 


7,673,041 


7,695,280 




939,734 


939,955 


1,266 


118,065 


119,334 


581 


1,062,656 


1,063,336 


10 


660,433 


661,030 


1,835 


70,157 


71,993 


597 


412,732 


413,406 




62,450 


67,339 


3 


26,302 


33,810 


825 


32,811 


52,245 


11 


234,848 


248,200 


14 


86,286 


106,334 


3,046 


115,660 


167,893 




7,779,558 


34,990,378 


- 


11,932,192 


37,232,644 


2,500 


9,213,291 


32,874,729 


12 


644,692 


2,640,824 


- 


436,506 


1,393,035 


82 


376,521 


1,103,420 




10,879,583 


15,598,940 


203,740 


13,899,306 


21,254,638 


986,995 


10,435,530 


22,110,838 


13 


800,650 


1,140,264 


10,049 


660,141 


978,164 


40,412 


473,093 


917,176 




134,109 


134,113 


_ 


371,651 


371,656 


_ 


84,816 


84,818 


14 


280,250 


280,266 





522,029 


522,071 


_ 


90,594 


90,958 




44,160 


44,309 


183 


24,351 


24,585 


1,730 


8,560 


10,295 


15 


15,591,456 


18,273,935 


32,763 


10,710,653 


12,186,319 


196,692 


9,347,646 


11,275,682 




28,627 


28,630 




35,960 


35,960 




32,200 


32,203 


16 


207,610 


207,616 


- 


136,263 


136,263 


_ 


120,782 


120,812 




328,903 


416,284 


10,048 


93,927 


175,749 


46,222 


66,690 


207,972 


17 


32,917 


41,680 


1,127 


8,535 


16,010 


4,562 


4,880 


16,834 




1,301,088 


2,137,141 


157,218 


966,281 


1,642,167 


119,929 


745,979 


1,674,100 


18 


76,711 


125,610 


6,238 


28,854 


47,847 


4,648 


31,689 


57,867 




27,554 


27,583 


10 


39,751 


39,900 


4 


54,012 


54,060 


19 


269,366 


269,867 


127 


271,407 


273,159 


36 


337,764 


338,197 




172,697 


202,988 


35,879 

| 


155,047 


191,190 


29,450 


122,704 


152,185 


20 


759,301 


847,761 


43,371 


600,133 


664,469 


38,696 


617,819 


685,895 




54,141 


276,792 


125,369 


43,937 


192,629 


86,770 


134,410 


249,262 


21 


14,277 


107,758 


47,720 


11,540 


66,108 


33,038 


28,151 


69,745 




421,420 


780,532 


309,151 


260,061 


597,109 


524,833 


277,788 


835,214 


22 


54,945 


99,418 


31,377 


39,496 


76,309 


44,154 


42,433 


91,490 




103,772 


103,772 




138,302 


138,302 


- 


110,633 


110,633 


23 


629,025 


670,047 


54,667 


867,464 


932,694 


52,451 


934,697 


993,062 


24 


70,618 


80,669 


11,477 


89,235 


102,566 


12,019 


85,512 


99,022 




32,120 


37,713 


1,472 


26,434 


28,645 


439 


24,964 


25,955 


25 


850,778 


911,004 


- 


886,129 


1,096,752 


290 


1,123,016 


1,249,498 


26 


111,550 


119,676 


_ 


93,826 


114,810 


32 


102,514 


115,638 




480,908 


556,673 


45,152 


355,062 


402,356 


44,342 


261,408 


309,356 


27 


868,190 


1,105,679 


137,198 


753,895 


929,096 


134,024 


655,618 


821,839 





Unrevised figures. 



510 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


[. Agricultural and Vegetable Products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood) con. 

A MAINLY FOOD concluded. 

Other kindred products 
Arrowroot Ib. 


35,349 


10,976 


202,032 


4,830 


1 


I 

Malt, whole, crushed or ground Ib. 


4,647 


1,780 
2,950,730 


25,140 
2,950,730 


784 
1,980 


3 


Sago and tapioca Ib. 


114,369 


128,715 
242,342 


128,715 
4,553,578 


226 
55,327 


4 


All other breadstuffs nop .. .. $ 


7,249 
8,111 


21,744 
254,250 


301,155 
285,992 


5,360 
4,358 
















Total grains and farinaceous pro 
ducts... . S 


209,954 


22,923,410 


26,928,44ft 


268,700 














5 


Oils, Total Vegetable $ 


31,869 


1,238,493 


1,641,103 


120,896 


C 


Sugar and its products 
Candy and confectionery Ib. 


561,535 


1,892,504 


2,897,011 


878,860 


7 


Molasses and syrups nop $ 


184,608 
70,816 


475,644 
662,943 


740,765 
4,420,228 


325,963 
96,696 


8 


Sugar, cane and beet, etc Ib. 


6,016 


340,622,136 


1,082,730,684 


5,048,448 






578 


22,546,404 


68,457,361 


972,724 




Total sugar and its products . . $ 


256,003 


23,684,991 


73, 618,354 


1,395,383 














9 


Tea, Coffee, Cocoa and Spices. 

Cocoa and chocolate 
Cocoa beans, not roasted, crushed or 
ground cwt. 


15,560 


93,790 


166,494 


9,778 




* 


343,485 


2,, 037, 771 


3,553,230 


150,832 


10 


Cocoa paste, cocoa or chocolate prepara 
tions IB. 


62,452 


1,437,511 


1,535,177 


1,121,305 


11 


$ 

Cocoa butter Ib. 


30,151 
l,o55,S32 


411,940 
7,060,954 


458,184 
8,630,460 


412,120 
427, 161 




- 


668,923 


2,941,310 


3,615,331 


171,633 




Total cocoa and chocolate $ 


1,042,559 


5,391,021 


7,626,715 


734,585 














13 


Coffee and Chicory 


1,277,738 




19,028,181 


1,358,714 


13 




417,173 
11,430 


1,577,774 


4,449,756 
1,731,198 


433,612 
71,217 






4,899 


590,005 


627,347 


28,051 




Total coffee and chicory Ib. 


1,289,168 


1,577,774 


20,759,379 


1,429,931 




S 


4 ,072 


59J,005 


5,077,103 


161,663 


14 


Spices $ 


397,77. 


583,548 


1,272,450 


599,257 


15 


Tea.. Ib. 


2,901,458 


1,227,656 


32,339,350 


12,058,587 


16 


S 

Vinegar gal . 


1,122,828 
71,900 


309,683 
61,791 


8,336,163 
141,338 


3,886,382 
36,508 


17 


$ 

Yeast Ib. 


54,594 


14,990 
3,247,391 


73,310 
3,247,776 


29,208 


IS 


$ 
Hops Ib. 


31,658 


878,242 
1,752,331 


878,342 
1,850,742 


57,436 


19 


S 

Vegetable products, n.o.p. (mainly food) ... $ 


28,720 
3,374 


984,369 
149,657 


1,065,224 
153,236 


48,289 
11,396 




Total agricultural and vegetable 
orodurts (mainly food) . . . 


4.557.072 


95,829,394 


171,745,913 


8,836,420 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



511 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


No. 


United 
States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


13,582 
1,207 
7,229,715 
319,088 
441,998 
17,658 
285,357 


141,789 
13,226 
7,231,695 
319,314 
2,704,340 
139,015 
314,156 


4,588 
757 
2,640 
224 
21,170 
963 
8,697 


39,614 
4,000 
9,653,719 
275,541 
226,235 
10,669 
151,361 


184,993 
13,552 
9,656,359 
275,765 
3,882,799 
128,985 
176,529 


6,923 
1,350 

250,473 
12,638 
6,808 


11,496 
961 
13,023,137 
320,473 
58,846 
3.663 
152,914 


202,366 
15,337 
13,023,137 
320,473 
3,428,940 
129,438 
174,769 


1 
2 
3 
4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

10 
11 

13 
13 

14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 


17,843,257 


31,013,086 


223,973 


12,506,252 


14,374,715 


390,308 


11,099,094 


13,423,433 


803,145 

1,283,907 
396,796 
611,452 
167,844,267 
20.471,605 


1,273,489 

2,483,597 
802,230 
6,991,666 
706,825,703 
78,276,334 


31,326 

1,497,753 
409,161 
52,146 
3,120 
283 


433,344 

1,080,747 
197,281 
404,755 
166,444,888 
9,058.292 


763,744 

3,131,802 
725,523 
2,090,692 
883,283,112 
41,624,696 


27,070 

1,572,051 
376,552 
60,387 
21,366 
1,777 


350,834 

1,399,993 
204.783 
385,730 
120,024,763 
3,432,022 


710,335 

3,407,270 
650,304 
2,773,837 
1,146,543,348 
36,187,815 


21,479,853 


86,070,230 


461,590 


9,660,328 


44,440,911 


438,716 


4,032,535 


39,611,856 


61,117 
858,586 


116,269 
1,717,316 


29,301 
286,839 


71,541 

687,282 


163,978 
1,557,382 


24,751 
223,340 


47,131 
521,536 


160,856 
1,617,986 


705,908 
126,510 
2,688,156 
876,043 


1,863,549 
554,031 
3,257,725 
1,105,314 


443, 134 
96,064 
869,111 
268,304 


640,118 
91,992 
3,688,213 
999,839 


1,149,967 
205,301 
5,124,467 
1,430,214 


51,211 
13,735 
188,306 
52,406 


1,018,895 
88,444 
2,562,567 
755,340 


1,159,448 
116,481 
4,438,882 
1,254,535 


1,861,139 


3,376,661 


651,307 


1,779,113 


3,192,897 


289,481 


1,365,320 


2,989,002 


1,120,465 
390,718 


16,293,945 
3,814,097 
1,497,430 
470,403 


971,438 
185,848 
24,985 
11,489 


1,612,420 
452,659 


20,049,318 
3,020,763 
1,696,237 
471,048 


540,949 
109,019 
46.904 
19,027 


1,091,418 
349,879 


20,457,493 
3,211,067 
1,175,677 
372.942 


1,130,465 
390,718 


17,791,375 

4,284,500 


996,423 
197,33< 


1,612,42(1 
452,659 


21,74o,555 
3,491,811 


587,853 
128,046 


1,091,418 
349,879 


21,633,170 
3,584,009 


431,443 
326,589 
85,684 
68,921 
16,082 
1,577,500 
465,421 
1,498,185 
843,507 
176,310 


1,275,076 
33,422,902 
9,668,785 
113,280 
50,030 
1,577,564 
465,453 
1,681,822 
1,000,711 
189,511 


520,088 
12,390,354 
3,632,505 
34,515 
28,255 

45,951 
39,940 
19,133 


433,125 
275, 189 
55, 727 
55,080 
10,048 
1,764,055 
578,397 
2,055,543 
688,153 
258,351 


1,219,832 
38,844,703 
9,132,093 
98,276 
43,189 
1,764,108 
578,540 
2,141,702 
778,958 
397,128 


517,658 
9,440,856 
2,833,134 
52,802 
37,556 

66.145 
47.542 
22,786 


407,537 
450,706 
78,170 
63,013 
13,458 
1,894,530 
568,374 
3,121,909 
605,406 
388,264 


1,180,265 
40,274,205 
10,356,757 
133,472 
55,032 
1,895,707 
568,429 
3,380,265 
697,814 
482,386 


79,792,671 


171,941,847 


6,754,612 


58,477,911 


117,346,030 


5,903,179 


48,128,973 


108,701,762 



Unrevised figures. 



512 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom . 


1 


I. Agricultural and Vegetable Products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood) con. 

B OTHER THAN FOOD. 
Beverages, alcoholic 

Brewed. 

Ale porter etc *&! 


28,198 


27,866 


56,064 


62,669 


f 


Distilled. 
Brandy etc 8 a - 


46,161 

4,106 


33,009 

:;. .) il 


79,170 
149,157 


127,387 
9,012 


: 

5 


Cordials and liqueurs, all kinds. . . gal. 


Gin all kinds nop 8 a - 


29,132 
1,691 
10,161 

63,734 


14,133 

2,242 
13,138 
2,470 


936.494 
10,419 

53,073 
183,113 


96,491 
4,351 
62,556 

107,667 


i 



Rum Sal- 


01,74! 


9,204 
10,307 


899.473 
214,411 


2.026,542 
53,630 


6 


Vermouth S a l- 


63,951 

li h, 


25,70!) 
5.761 


315,886 
19,877 


288,942 
3,989 


7 


* 
Whiskey S a l- 


4,55? 
803,076 


19,938 
53,003 


70,094 
861,222 


19,928 
1,627,337 


8 


$ 
All spirituous or alcoholic liquors, n.o.p. gal. 


5, 311. HI 
2 
9 


110,639 
2,467 
2,638 


5,423,636 
6,397 
17,188 


20,353,005 
1,031 
9,505 




Total distilled beverages ^<tl- 


9)1,798 


8), 154 


1,444,601 


1,897,017 






5,73J,991 


195,369 


7,565,844 


22,858,969 


. 


Fermented. 
Wines. 


10,893 


427,872 


693,583 


23,723 


10 


Champagne, and all other sparkling wines 
in bottles doz. 


35,780 
188 


661,056 
2,193 


1,223,421 
13,395 


129,265 
2,898 







7,413 


24,489 


267,101 


94,970 




Total wines $ 


43,193 


685,545 


1,499,533 


324,235 
















Total beverages, alcoholic 


5, 811.: 3 l.i 


913,923 


9, 13i. :,n 


23,208,593 


11 


Gums and resins 


35,322 


366,900 


467,932 


270,594 


12 




13,144 

110,729 


125,4.38 
1,735,809 


151,856 
1,855,840 


52,303 
76,197 


I 
13 




19,545 


335,35: 
891,117 


357,699 
2,034,392 


86,223 


14 
15 


Lac, crude, seed, button, stick and shell. . Ib. 


18,593 
24,770 


H14.588 
652, 56S 
653,827 
238,169 


1,642,16! 

1,339,984 
1,194,501 
238,169 


77,529 
70,498 
336 


li 


" 


23,094 


1,459,395 
259,180 


1,459,395 
282,100 


2,201 
38,109 
















Tot ul unis unil resins $ 


80,553 


3,447,589 


4,987,716 


188,334 














17 


Oil cake and meal c\vt. 


_ 


97, 106 


93,106 


1,578 


18 


Oils, vegetable, not food- 
Castor oil &>* 


111,610 


333,671 
31,082 


143,717 


10,757 
95,875 


19 




206,335 


70,355 
600,655 


279,23 

617,550 


201,694 
1,958 


20 

n 


Cocoanut, palm and palm kernel oil gal. 


17,977 
34,761 


807,006 
1,175,290 
5,789,859 


861,46 
1,266,66 

5,789,859 


142,866 
221,923 


22 




32,321 


9,518,484 
311,868 


9,518,484 
388,395 


45,806 


23 




90,266 
4,532,607 


739,891 
288,651 


971,598 
4,836,108 


162,269 
5,375,276 


24 


Other vegetable oils $ 


1,038,697 
11,275 


63,686 
552,149 


1,106,53 
583,256 


1.310,413 
24,340 




Total oils, vegetable . 


1,381,335 


12,728,510 


14,333,314 


1,932,597 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



513 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


19231. 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




11,162 


74, 105 


42,306 


6,065 


49,160 


51,653 


1,635 


54,241 


1 


15,919 


143,737 


103,051 


10,683 


114,810 


116,808 


2,425 


120,362 




1,965 


355,557 


1,669 


21 


113,386 


2,778 


366 


68,010 


2 


20,815 


3,379,275 


31,832 


275 


1,715,929 


37,526 


2,422 


675,647 




563 


45,165 


3,095 


70 


17,833 


800 


62 


15,506 


3 


4,806 


312,521 


71,373 


164 


209,317 


12,172 


925 


103,990 




360 


816,105 


82,449 


34 


190,9-12 


78,031 


127 


158,982 


4 


4,025 


4,174,925 


1,549,972 


621 


2,350,116 


1,437,856 


2,488 


2,085,865 




5,935 


329,271 


15,872 


3,992 


111,009 


32,355 


4,877 


119,826 


5 


13,274 


1,033,794 


250,466 


17,583 


662,379 


487,577 


23,511 


922,594 




493 


43,640 


1,471 


23 


19,694 


503 


45 


17,290 


6 


2,882 


134,738 


8,103 


113 


60,229 


2,414 


193 


38,755 




178,094 


1,891,056 


836,711 


61,435 


908,221 


787,857 


22,559 


825,361 


7 


1,553,404 


22,947,000 


16,950,638 


1,109,546 


18,194,027 


15,357,411 


409,322 


15,888,832 




20,791 


73,420 


152 


162 


7,212 


256 


9 


5,438 


8 


63,990 


242,454 


3,206 


309 


32,717 


980 


53 


27,765 




298,201 


3,554,214 


941,419 


65,737 


1,368,297 


902,580 


28,045 


1,210,413 




1,663,196 


32,224,707 


18,865,590 


1,129,611 


23,224,714 


17,335,936 


438,914 


19,743,448 




50,216 


625,682 


26,588 


10,359 


317,284 


23,562 


7,114 


278,471 


9 


79,996 


1,652,568 


102,555 


16,001 


799,591 


84,584 


10,355 


635,290 




90 


30,390 


958 


347 


21,023 


283 


67 


27,378 


10 


1,207 


625,195 


32,554 


4,690 


385,087 


9,817 


994 


436,198 




81,023 


2,277,763 


135,109 


20,691 


1,184,678 


94,401 


11,349 


1,071,488 




1,760,138 


34,646,207 


19,103,750 


1,160,985 


24,524,202 


17,547,145 


452,688 


20,935,298 




185,308 


506,749 


91,411 


289,435 


459,229 


231,814 


277,144 


613,729 


11 


80,466 


146,086 


14,644 


62,922 


87,265 


31,594 


69,781 


118,237 




1,848,760 


2,149,778 


28,962 


999,317 


1,127,143 


120,254 


1,329,986 


1,573,750 


12 


392, 798 


452,557 


6,293 


158,856 


185,029 


22,759 


221,931 


263,769 




293,243 


514,910 


_ 


343,713 


492,086 


_ 


527,669 


668,153 


13 


131,676 


265,902 


_ 


171,511 


238,483 


_ 


260,757 


332,183 




836,488 


1,032,175 


1,792 


1,073,431 


1,224,632 


2 


1,278,052 


1,412,711 


14 


790,069 


958,671 


466 


662,948 


769,213 


2 


851,746 


946,049 




267,879 


268,333 


1 


237,304 


241,651 


_ 


270,625 


271,489 


15 


1,461,322 


1,464,778 


6 


479,480 


493,048 


_ 


556,478 


558,907 




323,996 


372,739 


25,082 


155, 122 


185,327 


20,836 


203,283 


229,247 


16 


3,189,327 


3,660,733 


46,491 


1,690,839 


1,958,395 


75,191 


- 2,163,976 


2,448,392 




186,236 


187,862 


500 


104,609 


106,113 


545 


38,955 


47,222 


17 


490,278 


501,165 


1,650 


225,369 


229,095 


1,063 


88,991 


103,231 




10,645 


106,691 


91,651 


11,471 


103,380 


107,252 


7,193 


115,467 


18 


23,6!J1 


225,623 


80,878 


15,068 


96,438 


108,548 


9,869 


119,717 




552,874 


609,077 


10,948 


273,101 


284,049 


854 


408,216 


409,159 


19 


904,517 


1,103,672 


45,772 


1,285,171 


1,342,390 


62,235 


1,819,474 


1,928,336 


20 


1,157,454 


1,477,090 


41,996 


954,222 


1,008,897 


52,352 


1,215,860 


1,300,405 




4,173,007 


4,173,OQ7 


_ 


4,886,834 


4,886,834 





2,583,807 


2,583,807 


21 


.3,944,645 


3,944,645 


_ 


3,283,915 


3,283,915 


_ 


2,239,174 


2,239,174 




212,447 


285,400 


30,723 


274,868 


346,047 


47,490 


318,691 


413,665 


22 


552,349 


874,628 


70,042 


395,128 


556,703 


79,196 


435,780 


620,223 




492,521 


5,955,926 


239,887 


103,372 


416,231 


930,294 


158,401 


1,173,454 


23 


97,400 


1,425,452 


16,779 


10,241 


34,543 


76,570 


19,404 


103,595 




462,170 


498,585 


18,204 


257,230 


289,635 


22,922 


335,855 


557,277 


24 


6,790,493 


9,055,100 


238,847 


5,188,905 


5,554,180 


340,442 


4,664,158 


5,349,550 




Unrevised figures. 


6237333 



514 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Agricultural and Vegetable Products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood) concluded. 

B OTHER THAN FOOD. 


20 872 


477 368 


709 507 


32 721 


2 


Rubber and its products 

Rubber and gutta-percha, crude caout 
chouc lb. 


6,761,275 


6,383,410 


24,433,498 


4,734,734 


3 
4 


* 

Tires for vehicles, all kinds $ 
Other manufactures of rubber, etc 


3, 626, 381 
22,973 
633,630 


2.904,973 
1,987,259 
3,352,582 


12,010,732 
2,014,882 
4,033,821 


2,483,804 
31,007 
1,053,770 




Total rubber and its products 


4,28 >.!:.l 


8,244,814 


18,059,435 


3,568,581 


5 


^eeds 
Clover seed lb. 


128,252 


2,534,024 


2, 662. "71 


70 


1 


$ 

Flax seed bush 


81,669 
98& 


1,217,628 
49,890 


1,302,297 

107,522 


29 
397 


7 


- 
Garden field and other seeds. $ 


13, 165 
100 672 


250,221 
560,315 


431,455 
721,549 


4.475 
62,703. 


8 


Tiniot h v ^eed lb. 




11,480,762 


11,498,560 








- 


1,486,594 


1,488,800 


- 




Total seeds 


:;>, 829 


3,611,478 


4,210,782 


242,854 


| 


I obacco 
Tobacco unmanufactured lb. 


) 12S 


98,741 


L 4.345,295 


47,401 


10 


- 

Tobacco, manufactured 
Cigars . lb. 


34,873 
21 


12,878,163 

1.771 


13,604,757 
26,698 


38,543 
149 


11 

12 


Cigarettes lb. 

Tobacco, cut lb. 
J 


171 
14,732 

118,512 
287,339 


10.905 
3,571 

10,879 
350,437 
372,018 


175, 130 
19 923 
84,364 
504,720 
674,893 


1,443 
13,541 
72,139 

160,913 
489,514 




Total tobacco lb. 
$ 


221,059 
506,690 


23,775,958 
13,195,990 


25,982,143 
14,673,559 


266,098 
691,890 


n 


Other vegetable products--- 
Broom corn $ 




840,180 


840,180 




14 




11 ISO 




292,141 


7,981 


15 


JJay ton 




20,212 


20,212 




1C 
1? 


Starch, farina, corn starch, etc lb. 
$ 

Turpentine spirits of gal. 


30,486 
4,149 
21 


538,155 
1,507,849 
100,985 
1,025,723 


1,585,167 

109,060 

1.025,744 


42,131 

f,, 141 
5 


18 


All other vegetable products $ 


56 
10,498 


1,372,708 
475,695 


1,372,76 

502,784 


48 
8,167 
















Total other vegetable products $ 


28,883 


3,558,660 


3,655,084 


22,337 




Total Agricultural and Vegetable 
Products, other than Food $ 


12,447,4(1 


46,473,994 


70,100,234 


29,887,662 




Total Agricultural and Vegetable 
Products $ 


17,004,533 


124,294,3*8 


241.846,147 


38,724.08? 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



515 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 






1922. 






19231. 




XT/% 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 




450,380 

7,544,661 

1,977,845 
2,193,992 
3,083,341 


993,045 

22,806,180 
8,887,196 
2.310,941 
4,282,823 


23,621 

820,963 
133,461 
16,254 
678,340 


343,845 

13,264,904 
2,261,452 
1,157,261 
1,808,037 


934,242 

18,952,465 
3,437,716 
1,188,981 
2,515,561 


24,162 

4,107,146 
873,654 
21,493 
787,513 


411,451 

14,536,757 
3,391,920 
1,296,592 
2,150,016 


1,064,311 

25,391.333 
5,620,621 
1,322,050 
2,974,166 


t 

2 

3 
4 


7,355,178 


15,489,960 


828,055 


5, 226, 751 


7,142,258 


1,682,660 


6,838,528 


9,916,837 




2,596,382 
559,276 
315,352 
1,221,155 
601,055 
9,281.201 
814,023 


2,598,380 
560,247 
536,679 
2,048,154 
721,463 
9,281,201 
814,023 


481,640 
100,620 
140 
876 
55,950 
1,093 
547 


3,063,040 
613,458 
1,696 
8,237 
476,896 
12,851,393 
925,803 


3,547,080 
715,209 
284,476 
445,605 
592,773 
12,852,483 
926,350 


335,563 
87,260 

53,833 
75 

23 


1,912,102 
372,139 
7,323 
15,006 
623,635 
13,469,151 
975,857 


2,248,010 
459,639 
58,949 
115,773 
746,215 
13,469,226 
975,880 


5 
6 

7 
8 


3,440,097 


4,732,501 


265,019 


2,077,032 


2,936,335 


182,658 


2,017,061 


2,528,111 




19,032,367 
12,108,281 

1,150 

7,693 
10,801 
27,582 
279,865 
346,224 


23,007,411 
13,083,293 

23,666 
205,322 
25,611 
105,309 
471,000 
852,746 


17,762 

7,640 

167 
1,315 

20,247 
86,395 
154,656 
445,443 


19. 848, 439 
8,108,639 

1,003 
7,901 
5,894 
17,432 
182,864 
243,822 


20,870,509 
8,867,469 

15,031 
125,266 
27,136 
110,261 
359,721 
699,262 


14,857 
4,944 

361 
2,763 
19,599 
78,707 
214,346 
656,798 


13,063,379 
4,686,642 

1,001 
6,401 
15,205 
.38,109 
145,501 
168,388 


14,548,694 
5,854,405 

18,915 
133,715 
36,127 
120,492 
393,631 
841,407 


9 

10 
11 
12 


19,343,484 

12,51^,056 


2), 614, 187 
14, 35 i, 294 


254,069 
664,187 


23,064,323 
8,399,873 


21,389,669 
9,947,993 


396,221) 

886,284 


13,337,322 
4,914,135 


15,068,497 
7,089,481 




511,222 
249,005 
50,789 
1,300,892 
4,402,281 
228,159 
791,323 
1,131,170 
524,957 


511,222 
315,187 

50,789 
1,300,892 
4,766,832 
251,003 
7!) 1,331 
1,131,324 
553,730 


8,663 

67,508 
8,674 
4 
12 
6,844 


327,114 

128,309 
28,998 
464,458 
2,866,910 
105,379 
977,867 
757,941 
232,363 


327,114 
155,579 
28,999 
464,490 
3,256,616 
130,260 
977,871 
757,953 
257,487 


2,293 

126,496 
10,675 
3 
4 
31,407 


685,819 
135,795 
36,994 
614,761 
3,032,625 
121,713 
975,807 
1,210,109 
600,888 


685,819 
168,643 
37,040 
616,148 
4,322,479 
170,982 
975,810 
1,210,114 
681,125 


13 
14 
15 

16 
IT 

18 


3,945,405 


4,063,358 


24,193 


2,015,564 


2,092,883 


44,379 


3,389,085 


3,532,831 




39,822,26 } 


87,489,263 


21,195,813 


36,325,293 


55,319,493 


20,763,984 


24,939,573 


53,988,033 




119,614,933 


259,431,110 


27,950,425 


84,803,204 


172,665,523 


26,666,163 


73,049,546 


161,669,784 





Unrevised figures. 
62373 33 



516 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by chi 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom . 


1 


II. Animals and Animal Products (eicept 
chemicals and fibres). 

Animals, living $ 


196,178 


2,372,530 


2,570,377 


397,720 


? 




156,551 


478,425 


675,572 


267,021 


3 


Feathers and Quills $ 


67,185 


435,222 


585,094 


91,920 


4 
| 


fishery products 
Cod, haddock and pollock, fresh Ib. 

Halibut fresh Ib. 


- 


2,658,136 
100,405 
1,094,387 


2,836,678 
108,914 
2,045,270 


- 


6 




- 


119,356 
174,414 


205,789 
174,414 


- 


7 


Salmon, fresh Ib. 


- 


406,051 
200,913 


406,05-1 

900.521 





s 


S 

Sardines and anchovies box 


212,391 


25,870 
226,266 


76,960 
3,461,948 


376,608 


9 

10 


$ 

Cod, haddock, pollock, dried Ib. 
Herrings pickled or salted Ib. 


33,961 
620,557 


41,441 
153,029 
9,255 
339,662 


526,194 
3,068,584 
328,492 
11,289,472 


54,005 
112 
4 
1,011,438 







46,435 


29,842 


555,520 


83,426 




Total fishery products 


136,999 


1,687,581 


3,678,019 


201,329 


11 


Furs, hides, leather and their products 
Fur *<kins all kinds not dressed S 


318,383 


9,419,845 


10,295,065 


319,378 


12 




104,769 


686,554 


1,329,607 


82,775 


13 




49,923 


542,378 


592,301 


49,817 
















Total furs and skins $ 


697,910 


10,989,174 


12,877,520 


509,919 










V 




11 



Total hides and skins $ 


659,217 


12,627,989 


22,654,661 


492,734 


15 


Leather and manufactures of 
Belting leather 9 


127,761 


123,283 


251,044 


395,595 


16 


Calf, kid or goat, lamb and sheep skins, 
dressed, waxed or glazed S 


91,061 


5,848,659 


5,956,753 


152,188 


17 




18,122 


2,067,797 


2,099,797 


94,845 


18 


I pper leather including dongola, etc $ 


321,887 


1,489,515 


1,811,402 


356,494 


19 


Boots and shoes, slippers and insoles $ 


94,009 


2,611,964 


2,711,622 


358,451 




Total leather and manufactures 
of $ 


1,125,507 


15,742,091 


17,102,802 


2,075,621 


20 


Hair and bristles $ 


132,391 


473,420 


?40,904 


111, 250 


21 


Meats 
Keef fresh, chilled or frozen Ib. 




1,811,609 


1,811,60 




22 
23 


s 

Mutton and lamb, fresh, chilled or frozen. Ib. 
S 

Pork fresh chilled or frozen Ib. 


- 


230,241 

2,365,105 
490,182 

46,293,256 


4,842. >|. 
803,774 
46,305,353 


- 


24 


s 

Hucon and hams, shoulders and sill* 1 -, 
cured Ib. 


20 


14,405,27" 
4,973,539 


14,407,467 
4,977,954 




25 



Canned meats poultry :in<l ":inu .... Ib. 


}; 
240,819 


-<4,409 
585,280 


1.385,965 
1,017,871 


Ill 
1,130,112 


26 


Pork dry salted and in brine Ib. 


91,824 


162,972 
13,303,215 


331,727 

13,311,133 


304,180 


27 


Soups and extract $ 


23,252 


3,150,515 
697,284 


:;.153,659 
755,352 


10,242 




Total meats S 


214,555 


21,379,662 


22,100,333 


368,495 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



517 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1928 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


19231. 




United 


All. 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No- 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




2,672,951 


3,071,991 


113,124 


2,375,813 


2,504,015 


69,065 


2,292,022 


2,366,865 


1 


601,718 


1,012,695 


62,693 


186,981 


305,963 


116,090 


220,633 


431,613 


2 


340,317 


533,552 


45,524 


219,190 


307,511 


24,202 


181,707 


242,305 


3 


897,263 


1,111,052 




535,784 


721,763 


_ 


625,314 


1,161,541 


4 


36,007 


45,222 


. 


20,989 


28,660 


- 


24,276 


44,434 




498,550 


2,617,947 


_ 


465,735 


2,550,797 


- 


956,827 


2,644,343 


5 


60,315 


247,764 


- 


48,712 


195,416 


- 


77,331 


225,854 




143,576 


143,576 


- 


132,106 


132,106 


- 


140,371 


140,371 


6 


356,038 


356,038 


- 


298,653 


298,653 


- 


300,918 


300,918 




738,861 


1,572,832 


- 


845,080 


2,074,790 


- 


2,056,500 


2,787,999 


7 


91,989 


165,717 


- 


46,843 


165,106 


- 


110,943 


174,017 




400,261 


3,945,698 


289,654 


334,637 


4,492,554 


140,584 


133,396 


4,509,579 


8 


39,977 


709,164 


35,513 


38,973 


471,448 


15,100 


17,759 


427,542 




18,728 


9,186,954 


- 


37,944 


8,111,818 


150 


41,045 


6,482,282 


9 


2,730 


874,001 


- 


5,583 


470,713 


23 


5,789 


382,976 




310,650 


9,934,208 


1,205,909 


252,144 


10,024,124 


1,037,393 


663,760 


10,120,388 


10 


25,126 


427,935 


76,499 


18,753 


330,774 


62,510 


52,947 


298,501 




1,147,557 


3,947,608 


156,689 


1,210,477 


3,071,034 


133,794 


1,085,611 


2,813,107 




3,606,108 


4,624,227 


63,597 


6,218,494 


6,498,585 


231,926 


5,089,114 


5,757,234 


11 


457,046 


1,123,599 


36,869 


538,035 


1,240,645 


48,518 


418,766 


1,064,968 


12 


513,205 


603,810 


32,792 


153,188 


245,909 


14,445 


208,633 


302,568 


13- 


4,689,101 


6,586,525 


169,295 


7,025,455 


8,154,517 


322,965 


5,806,495 


7,245,924 




4,436,390 


10,652,787 


75,402 


3,405,013 


5,898,087 


149,770 


3,747,703 


7,947,410 


14 


73,736 


469,331 


150,048 


35,588 


185,636 


138,332 


49,978 


188,110 


15 


1,643,495 


1,799,308 


58,406 


1,648,433 


1,731,605 


82,275 


1,035,072 


1,120,850 


16 


1,855,409 


2,068,913 


10,817 


686,378 


711,872 


35,211 


883,072 


926,470 


17 


508,271 


868,298 


155,170 


429,408 


603,138 


364,072 


385,287 


759,319 


18 


1,803,442 


2,175,209 


335,761 


977,788 


1,327,561 


409,913 


785,912 


1,204,904 


1 


7,842,171 


10,545,004 


1,139,069 


5,318,608 


6,875,582 


1,438,646 


4,785,610 


6,467,517 




601,676 


959,921 


65,971 


339,841 


532,228 


132,289 


431,908 


607,236 


20 


1,541,431 


1,632,862 


_ 


72,808 


73,512 


_ 


115,064 


115,064 


21 


290,125 


299,542 


- 


20,051 


20,085 


_ 


33,943 


33,943 




2,910,737 


7,847,701 





2,630,357 


3,416,332 


- 


1,147,018 


1,460,130 


22 


562,806 


1,272,165 





420,794 


533,005 


_ 


226,384 


261,382 




22,402,444 


22,402,444 


3,585 


28,595,181 


28,600,126 


_ 


33,098,670 


33,098,701 


23 


3,862,311 


3,862,311 


611 


4,443,123 


4,443,933 


- 


5,134,045 


5,134,061 




6,817,359 


6,823,423 


1,200 


6,901,466 


6,902,688 


2,803 


4,661,262 


4,664,217 


24 


1,545,380 


1,548,084 


496 


1,242,414 


1,242,918 


1,242 


671,754 


673,035 




450,719 


2,026,085 


817,478 


475,227 


2,251,556 


635,318 


292,868 


1,644,993 


25 


134,857 


557,811 


193,090 


117,953 


492,218 


117,453 


62,033 


262,861 




12,908,149 


12,911,847 


400 


9,422,215 


9,424,560 


_ 


14,605,259 


14,606,506 


26 


2,172,715 


2,173,799 


75 


978,033 


978,468 


_ 


1,637,729 


1,637,993 




795,300 


818,409 


1,630 


772,914 


775,636 


7,107 


923,973 


923,015 


27 


10,128,794 


11,428,488 


305,322 


8,395,529 


9,002,611 


210,959 


8,985,807 


9,347,701 





Unrevised figures. 



518 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom . 


United 

Suites. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


II. Animals and Animal Products (except 
chemicals and fibres) concluded. 

Milk products 
Butter . . . Ib. 




188,271 


397 955 


112 


2 


$ 

Casein Ib. 


48,160 


96,098 
1,142,383 


176,994 
1 234 635 


49 
224 


I 


$ 

Cheese . . . . . . Ib. 


7,646 
2,014 


145,799 
349 488 


159,177 
362 693 


125 
7 491 




- 


1,014 


194,791 


206,500 


4,582 




Total milk and milk products... . $ 


8,853 


465,877 


572,053 


6,352 


4 


Oils, fats, greases and waxes- 
Animal oils gal. 




279,059 


279 059 


9 086 


5 


$ 

Fish, whale and seal oils gal. 


53 


609,917 
46,805 


609,917 
162 040 


11,935 
655 


6 


Lard . Ib. 


126 


62,238 
7,293,358 


262,078 
7,293 438 


2,133 


7 


$ 

Lard compound, etc Ib. 


55,103 


1,720,076 
2,374,186 


1,720,088 
2,467,511 


264,412 


8 


1 

Grease, rough . Ib. 


14,635 
173,185 


480,575 
7,511,137 


500,325 
9,657 763 


70,271 
637 220 


9 


Grease and degras . Ib. 


18,996 
91,097 


1,141,225 
1,094,914 


1,379,829 
1 186 Oil 


57,013 
169 554 


10 


$ 

Oleomargarine . Ib. 


10,640 


124,912 
6,497,031 


135,552 
6,497 031 


14,916 




- 


- 


1,872,104 


1,872,104 


- 




Total oils, fats, greases and waxes . $ 


69,745 


6,237,678 


6,249,485 


185,461 


tl 


Miscellaneous animal products 
Eccs doz. 


3 


5,900,279 


5,977,480 


1 


1? 


$ 
Gelatine and isinglass Ib. 


30 
265,381 


2,814,484 
550,066 


2,837,442 
983,988 


15 
402,119 


11 


$ 

Glue powdered or sheet and liquid $ 


181,595 
93,676 


377,232 
369,255 


663,228 
471,509 


273,945 
150,064 


14 


Honey and imitations thereof. Ib. 


102,740 


126,625 


281,838 


39,144 


15 


Sausage casings, n o p $ 


18,503 
7,726 


35,106 
223,418 


63,272 
364,489 


5,939 
2,133 
















Total Animals and Animal Products 
(except chemicals and fibres) . . 


3,789,311 


77,010,313 


9.5,098,743 


5,148,783 


16 
17 


III. Fibres, Textiles and Textile Products. 

Cotton and its products 

Cotton, wool or raw cotton, not dyed Ib. 
$ 
Crochet and knitting cotton Ib. 


323,786 


96,471,550 
33,854,457 
142,634 


96,471,550 
33,854,457 
467,915 


312 
156 
268,985 


18 


Sewing cotton thread in hanks Ib. 


639,680 
194,160 


144,111 

207,501 


787,980 
401,661 


783,885 
3-J5.102 


19 


Sewing thread on spools $ 


275,582 
95,162 


303,729 
332,231 


579,311 
429,263 


731,229 
179,970 


20 


Yarn cotton, No. 40 and finer Ib. 


868,490 


1,080.144 


1,948,634 


1,786,252 


21 


Yarn cotton polished or glazed Ib. 


1,413,941 
17,563 


1,538,809 
236,032 


2,952,750 
253,595 


4,098,071 
78,405 






28,567 


198,838 


227,405 


159,467 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



519 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923 . 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




2,207,077 


3,741,628 


2,149,704 


1,363,021 


6,078,882 


280,982 


1,523,381 


3,767,573 


1 


886,555 


1,805,709 


621,779 


458,306 


1,883,013 


109,613 


578,775 


1,349,819 




170,954 


1,043,713 





105,062 


217,613 


22,091 


379,056 


643,347 


2 


23,571 


129,017 


_ 


11,697 


19,689 


3,899 


50,012 


92,710 




453,882 


551,040 


26,546 


724,981 


877,357 


22,519 


614,872 


916,517 


3 


206,585 


253,647 


11,801 


226,390 


325,297 


10,109 


170,543 


327,022 




1,182,180 


2,255,561 


646,774 


742,767 


2,288,273 


151,948 


850,096 


1,844,212 




175,734 


184,720 


199 


66,457 


66,709 


5,871 


97,255 


104,890 


4 


267,830 


279,765 


235 


59,831 


60,192 


5,766 


80,149 


87,624 




50,844 


201,568 


524 


34,606 


128,490 


1,463 


58,592 


171,670 


5 


55,845 


278,340 


632 


21,022 


71,844 


1,353 


36,921 


108,682 




11,493,226 


11,493,226 


56 


9,091,109 


9,091,245 


_ 


10,551,570 


10,551,616 


6 


1,902,768 


1,902,768 


11 


948,068 


948,087 


. _ 


1,144,120 


1,144,141 




2,980,996 


3,245,408 


310,416 


2,778,063 


3,088,479 


198,811 


2,316,924 


2,516,071 


7 


397,121 


467,392 


39,570 


253,410 


292,980 


22,134 


221,582 


243,748 




13,574,343 


14,310,759 


18,086 


16,442,645 


16,524,853 


26,486 


13,345,853 


13,435,359 


8 


1,459,783 


1,532,550 


1,332 


1,044,309 


1,049,222 


1,092 


934,799 


938,123 




718,712 


906,395 


185,188 


809,994 


1,004,616 


248,157 


1,136,585 


1,397,969 


9 


73,048 


91,265 


7,337 


57,836 


65,531 


7,778 


56,584 


65,038 




4,630,747 


4,630,747 


6,000 


1,339.784 


1,345,784 


_ 


1,165,440 


1,165,440 


10 


1,206,351 


1,206,351 


1,399 


255,994 


257,393 


- 


190,782 


190,782 




5,536,324 


5,986,296 


59,715 


2,805,119 


2,927,360 


50,709 


2,843,829 


2,975,925 




5,201,417 


5,341,936 


6 


9,377,769 


9,637,303 


80 


8,256,168 


8,319,622 


11 


2,292,912 


2,344,297 


39 


3,162,143 


3,239,480 


137 


2,494,650 


2,508,504 




422,030 


1,103,800 


267,679 


230,224 


749,007 


365,708 


207,526 


787,649 


12 


302,313 


756,568 


119,922 


222,013 


461,693 


108,404 


160,492 


348,391 




531,917 


701,877 


102,247 


158,189 


294,792 


196,044 


126,700 


363,054 


13 


203,936 


683,149 


10,947 


407,306 


555,989 


1,644 


303,944 


431,293 


14 


42,640 


128,751 


1,845 


75,099 


92,534 


226 


40,544 


52,406 




234,912 


395,401 


- 


236,946 


313,844 




275,540 


413,010 


15 


43,911,179 


61,722,390 


3,092,895 


36,110,305 


46,645,789 


3,143,223 


34,812,367 


46,736,774 




97,903,804 


98,631,504 


276,971 


94,961,143 


95,385,978 


40,708 


125,159,943 


125,261,470 


16 


28,164,088 


28,541,989 


69,145 


16,207,537 


16,321,317 


2,183 


28,318,681 


28,324,704 




77,713 


352,259 


17,892 


57,746 


93,603 


51,924 


173,976 


263,221 


17 


108,251 


906, 157 


47,152 


71,031 


145,397 


101,083 


188,587 


383,321 




201,585 


526,687 


393,905 


210,170 


604,146 


633,607 


265,162 


898,769 


18 


396,759 


1,127,988 


422,906 


238,249 


661,294 


606,746 


255,847 


862,593 




377,137 


571,634 


70,729 


215,348 


315,395 


30,211 


156,305 


188,310 


19 


948,071 


2,739,433 


1,125,451 


1,240,100 


2,371,419 


1,311,865 


1,655,601 


2,967,806 


20 


1,949,410 


6,054,981 


1,115,769 


1,266,305 


2,395,075 


1,1U,889 


1,577,215 


2,690,034 




189,695 


268,100 


3,873 


254,869 


258,742 


29,559 


189,329 


218,888 


21 


198,702 


358,169 


4,692 


129,727 


134,419 


17,912 


98,325 


116,237 





1 Unre vised figures. 



520 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom . 


United 
States. 


All 

Countries 


Vnited 
Kingdom. 


1 


III. Fibres, Textiles and Textile Products con 

Cotton and its products concluded. 
Yam, knitting, hosiery yurn etc Ib 


96 3 IE 


1 Oti i 7 ! 


1 1111 fi J 




2 


Other cotton thread, n.o.p Ib 


138,290 

:iii - S 




898,35 
248 42 


345,704 
w ? 


3 


Fabrics, printed, dyed or coloured vd 


83,801 

17 006 04; 


311,94 

::."i 7:;:; 7 i 


381,57 
53 4 li> !1 


144,142 

>l CJ7A 1KB 


4 


Grey unbleached cotton fabrics yd 


7.261,33< 

1 ti l l Mi 


10,7 
10 9P 82 


18,238,17 
12 608 79 


12,104,130 

4 XV XV 1 


5 


Plain shirtings, cambrics, voiles, scrims, 
victoria lawns etc yd 


343,12:: 
2 195 4 9 S 


1,845,55 
2 886 81 


2,188,67 
5 1 9 91 


1,445,736 
4coft KCQ 


6 
7 


White or bleached cotton fabrics yd. 
Towelling and towels $ 


655,987 
3,09 

869,886 
1 304 228 


614,10 
11,184,36 
2,565,65 
46 35 


1, 288 , 24 

14,477,7(1 
3,508,54 
1 782 8 9 


1,613,687 
4,710,555 
1,682,057 
9 403 398 


8 
9 


Velvets, velveteens and plush fabrics vd. 
$ 
Laces and embroidery $ 


1,343,258 
965,479 
1 774 322 


441,89 
582,07 
1 248 32 


1,860,50 
1.6J3.40 
)8 54 


1,338,958 
1,206,731 

^117 9fi1 


10 


Wearing apparel $ 


5 3 "y 


4 514 05 


5 305 74 


1 44 1 1 Qft 
















Total cotton and its products . $ 


19 33 t 24 ! 


68 219 372 


89 367 9S 


S7 ina sis 














11 
12 
1.1 


riax, hemp and jute 
Jute or hemp yarn, dyed or coloured Ib. 

Jute cloth or jute canvas, uncoloured vd. 
$ 
Other manufactures of $ 


2,848,64 
617, 59S 
18,962,40 
3,574,781 
4 023 038 


3,668,690 
740,688 
9,408,620 
1,335,655 
1 656 569 


6,707,00 
1,445,77 

63,563,938 
8,632,787 
5 845 274 


2,988,571 
776,800 
9,229,825 
2,500,568 
S 971 qnn 
















Total flax, hemp and jute $ 


8,215,467 


3,732,912 


15,923,836 


8,549,354 


14 


Silk and its products 
Silk, raw, spun or thrown etc Ib 


27 us 


313 614 


343 668 


nfi98 


15 


SilVfabrics of which silk is the chief com 
ponent part . . $ 


149,754 
19 41 


3,228,511 
1 491 Q?6 


3,404,500 
1 755 77 


101,898 
95 498 


16 


Silk fabrics, n.o.p 5 


1 637 210 


5 779 355 


20 888 357 


1 866 753 


17 


< lothing, silk, n.o.p * 


16S 140 


1 716 357 


2 180 907 


321 231 


18 


Ribbons, all kinds and materials $ 


389 4% 


1 596 O5 i 


i y44 3g(j 


fi i5 498 
















Total silk and its products 


3,272,348 


15,866,297 


34,432,789 


4,272,850 


19 


Vool ami its products 
fc.VVool, raw, etc Ib 


3 374 511 


5 110 606 


11 777 890 


2 110 738 


20 


* 

Noils and waste and worsted tops $ 


2,510,145 
4 148 050 


3,461,21ti 
1 665 830 


7,672,211 
6 176 394 


1,677,482 
5 159 112 


21 


Yarns composed wholly or in part of wool, 
\\ooted, the hair of the goat etc . Ib 


1 738 834 


174 007 


1 93 9 760 


2 7V 


22 


$ 

Yarns, woollen or worsted, n o p . Ib 


3,332,307 
240 560 


402,557 
79 776 


3,742,087 
321 896 


6, 253. 721 
303 587 


23 


$ 

Carpets and rugs $ 


571,283 
980 464 


71 ! :::;.-. 
382 751 


653,970 
1 437 939 


837,610 
2 10 583 


24 
25 


loth:- and dress goods 
loth.- and doc.-kin> . . . S 
Overcoatings.... . vd 


2 f 7,7M 

:>* 717 


2.557,951 

. 


5,598,264 
135 359 


3,128,107 
64 ( r "> 


26 


. 
Fabrics of wool, or cotton and wool , vd 


163,382 
2 515 403 


126,550 
80 016 


289,932 
2 595 419 


19 J. 501 
1 789 598 


27 
28 
29 

30 


$ 

Tweeds yd. 

p 

Women s and children s dress goods, etc. sq. yd. 
$ 
Worsted and serges, including coatings . . . yd. 
1 

M<; apparel 
( lot hing, women s and children s. ... $ 


2,024 

:0,392 
4,033, 44.". 
3,890,395 
4, 6%. ill .. 
4,003,1(10 
10, 061, 336 

190 718 


71,886 
2,222,791 
3,089,115 
56,222 
43,138 
3,665,824 
6,201,993 

2 225 566 


i,117 
4,265,399 
7,15S,5. r )l 
4,044,853 
4,951,614 
7,685,015 
10,303,136 

2 430 866 


l,66l,:;n 
2, 1 ".!i, 688 
4,51 
4, 757, 529 
5,418,919 

14,566,067 
268 642 


31 


and stockings, wool $ 


973,081 


172 943 


1 146 065 


2 783 319 


32 


( lot hiriK, ready-made t 


619,608 


859,671 


1 479 768 


1 2S 
















Total wool and Its products $ 


38,555,688 


22,399,955 


63,493,535 


52,767,847 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



521 



Ail Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923 . 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




861,028 


1,115,352 


126,827 


521,818 


650,333 


209,234 


448,811 


666,749 


1 


684,803 


1,078,963 


75,770 


204,688 


286,005 


99,136 


224,349 


335,572 




120,397 


181,288 


25,930 


236,416 


265,321 


61,753 


239,092 


302,429 


2 


209,96? 


371,749 


47.809 


333,958 


386,762 


81,901 


278,724 


362,467 




26,806,036 


52,530,220 


18,423,924 


32,881,666 


52,509,492 


29,288,845 


27,458,611 


58,495,746 


3 


8,255,367 


21,052,640 


4.988,61S 


6,462,26. 


12.096.74S 


7,271,227 


5,600,134 


13,511,96^ 




6,517,795 


11,500,490 


2,065.217 


4,842,707 


6. 90S, 551 


4,524,104 


8,952,413 


13,487,895 


4 


1,486,882 


2,948,302 


53 7, it 1 


572,222 


1,109,992 


475,864 


1,011,971 


1,493,445 




2,143,764 


7,191,343 


2,125,524 


2.034,30C 


4, 25?. 362 


3,722,059 


2,204,332 


6,126,912 


5 


505,553 


2,177,493 


429,571 


290.539 


757,042 


653,794 


317,269 


1,022,151 




9,405,616 


14,355,543 


2,778,483 


6.455,917 


9,583,472 


3,390,570 


7,352,507 


11,143,215 


6 


2,382,419 


4,167,055 


612,301 


954,400 


1,673,863 


689,686 


1,113,354 


1,922,705 




323,263 


2,733,961 


2,317,814 


374,454 


1,068,445 


888,102 


393,141 


1,285,699 


7 


287,898 


1,654,960 


525,633 


412,393 


984,051 


742,909 


418,603 


1,377,875 


8 


320,246 


1,559,783 


377,218 


419,054 


852,100 


462,700 


356,470 


1,012,980 




1,017,542 


6,185,966 


1,639,586 


864,261 


4,071,676 


1,850,656 


793,666 


3,963,788 


9 


3,241,628 


4,909,839 


557,487 


2,753,194 


3,550,770 


569,731 


2,895,059 


3,703,052 


10 


58,384,465 


99,816,594 


14,016,757 


35,251,452 


52,477,828 


17,877,175 


47,710,511 


68,720,272 




1,751,420 


4,950,637 


1,512,288 


1,030,876 


2,638,368 


3,559,150 


767,823 


4,497,210 


11 


444,987 


1,331,563 


145,607 


142,924 


326,407 


364,206 


114,656 


513,550 




3,922,959 


61,242,124 


5,622,86o 


21,528,599 


68,302,717 


10,234.049 


9,118,079 


80,470,356 


12 


299,054 


6,574,298 


699,832 


1,128,535 


3,879,462 


1,206,234 


654,890 


5,644,617 




1,285,630 


7,020,258 


2,617,323 


1,004,979 


3,855,498 


3,554,558 


1,915,892 


5,784,801 


13 


3,029,671 


14,926,119 


3,462,762 


2,276,438 


8,061,367 


5,124,998 


2,685,438 


11,942,968 




291,398 


318,279 


7,950 


364,941 


394,029 


14,357 


386,455 


404,634 


14 


2,409,120 


2,615,422 


34,754 


2,501,394 


2,655,756 


59,200 


2,841,208 


2,917,034 




591,513 


1,428,172 


49,758 


288,189 


753,562 


28,043 


282,071 


636,094 


15 


2,370,214 


16,832,938 


887,163 


2,847,239 


13,270,916 


966,726 


2,774,789 


11,807,716 


16 


984,976 


1,611,595 


163,606 


1,077,018 


1,563,553 


161,534 


1,099,019 


1,578,442 


17 


868,270 


3,882,360 


168,534 


692,359 


1,881,919 


177,502 


512,204 


1,575,726 


18 


8,699,263 


29,720,792 


1,823,796 


8,275,412 


21,942,338 


2,230,392 


8,595,122 


21,155,876 




6,670,530 


9,285,663 


5,373,720 


2,578,414 


12,661,812 


8,913,109 


3,225,871 


18,273,344 


19 


3,071.117 


5,088,665 


1,591,771 


606,960 


3,179,076 


2,733,725 


773,653 


5,078,929 




1,046,932 


6,673,288 


2,715,052 


210,857 


3,357,699 


3,638,230 


222,684 


4,525,784 


20 


110,615 


2,882,166 


1,765,523 


15,727 


1,798,759 


2,741,731 


123,724 


2,939,855 


21 


158,340 


6,454,633 


1,982,356 


22,726 


2,034,893 


3,404,195 


83,585 


3,604,841 




43,713 


349,125 


241,983 


27,154 


270,377 


323,299 


31,842 


368,860 


22 


64,235 


919,535 


362,745 


44,588 


418,106 


463,894 


46,350 


535,001 




270,205 


2,597,408 


1,106,830 


259,147 


1,559,610 


1,080,404 


191,188 


1,525,623 


23 


1,322,393 


4,674,100 


1,705,781 


653,527 


2,729,954 


2,238,244 


585,941 


3,430,076 


24 


3,403 


69,031 


46,341 


2,142 


49,049 


170,753 


1,078 


174,060 


25 


10,576 


211,820 


77,601 


5,367 


84,003 


277,171 


1,347 


287,061 




10,826 


1,800,424 


1,936,077 


11,668 


1,949,745 


2,630,955 


6,358 


2,640,376 


26 


16,854 


1,681,195 


1,191,072 


15,136 


1,208,155 


1,447,793 


6,279 


1,456,062 




420,268 


2,585,883 


1,706,666 


191,246 


1,925,303 


3,479,248 


73,536 


3,568,098 


27 


794,727 


5,378,147 


2,072,431 


329,751 


2,448,274 


3,414,791 


115,443 


3,551,511 




658 


4,921,659 


3,783,880 


1,600 


3,917,642 


4,839,382 


315 


5,132,410 


28 


1,584 


5,808,510 


1,719,411 


819 


1,834,304 


1,938,349 


303 


2,157,075 




1,103,932 


6,453,434 


5,297,056 


566,657 


6,053,591 


7,344,721 


205,117 


7,763,661 


29 


2,252,381 


17,097,360 


9,001,126 


1,032,920 


10,329,758 


11,007,787 


356,959 


11,630,159 




1,293,434 


1,586,551 


234,284 


1,310,254 


1,569,205 


235,087 


888,754 


1,145,193 


30 


80,892 


2,864,938 


1,329,983 


40,436 


1,371,731 


2,737,424 


46,114 


2,786,031 


31 


600,262 


1,889,869 


894,196 


364,161 


1,267,454 


1,200,218 


381,300 


1,585,609 


32 


12,092,437 


67,017,640 


27,232,945 


5,383,267 


35,227,691 


37,762,683 


4,038,172 


45,734,381 





Unrevised figures. 



522 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






Mo. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

State.-. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


III. Fibres, Textiles and Textile Products-con 
cluded. 
Vegetable fibres and their products 
Binder twine . ... Ib 


100 


16 304 178 


ifi 304 47Q 




2 


- 
Manila grass cwt. 


29 
109 


3,490,468 
148 460 


3,490,524 
152 619 


- 


,1 




Sisal grass .... ... cwt 


3,803 
28 87 


1,945.353 

272 077 


1,982,324 
3ni 934 


91 ftfiA 


4 


Mixed textile products 
Rags and waste $ 


416,891 
343 648 


2,792,820 
9 140 604 


3,213,488 
2 484 410 


276,562 
Kan 4OR 


4 


Yarn Ib. 


278 886 


73 092 


360 297 


It) 1 Q4B 


C 


Oil cloth, all kinds ; 


1,037,540 
469 632 


365,235 
2 053 906 


1,436,738 
2 523 870 


1,179,213 

1 119 TQfi 


7 


Cordage and twines 


1 120 119 


1 826 093 


9 988 goo 


1 RU9 QQA 


8 


Curtains and shams 


216 219 


241 981 


474 77Q 


OCA A99 


| 


Webbing, elastic and non-elastic 


13 911 


533 572 


547 552 


^0 flAI 


10 
11 


Braids or plaits of chips, palm leaf, etc. . . $ 
Hatters bands (not cords), bindings and 
hat sweats etc . . $ 


146,626 
33 027 


615,842 
522 298 


1,070,521 
580 "i^fi 


147,598 

fil ^Q*} 


12 


Hats, caps and bonnets, straw, grass or 
chip $ 


301 226 


1 083 4 9 6 


1 433 924 


49^ QQ7 


13 


Hats, caps and bonnets, beaver, silk or 
felt 1 


204 354 


1 142 538 


1 500 250 


Afi i Qftfi 


14 


Hats, caps and bonnets, n.o.p 


151 250 


1 108 969 


1 28 159 


318 610 


15 


Corsets, all kinds 


14 385 


334 656 


350 760 


16 587 


n; 


Oloves and mitts 


195 910 


104 068 


337 287 


^Qfi Qftd 


17 




198 491 


385 252 


H07 fin 1 ! 


JCfi A iQ 


18 




35 842 


9 76 537 


119 Q4o 


ion 71 K. 
















Total Fibres, Textiles and Textile 
Products $ 


74,653,042 


132 292 083 


231 559 877 


Ill 348 051 














19 

20 


IV. Wood, Wood Products and Paper. 

Books and printed matter 
Books, printed, periodicals and pamphlets $ 
Newspapers and quarterly, monthly and 
semi-monthly magazines . $ 


311,181 

40 529 


2,317,324 
2 378 283 


2,725,589 
2 420 576 


695,612 
43 705 


?1 


Photographs, chromos etc % 


94 446 


801 094 


907 986 


154 837 


n 


A-dvertising pamphlets, etc $ 


33 434 


1 375 364 


1 411 925 


68 968 


n 




19 631 


442 512 


468 438 


99 (13 T 


24 


Labels for cigar boxes fruits etc . . ... $ 


55 519 


508 777 


568 712 


79 879 


?5 


Bibles prayer books etc $ 


205 089 


176 704 


481 962 


234 786 
















Total books and printed matter. . . $ 


1,039,609 


9,886,351 


11,328,018 


1,794,318 


36 


Paper and manufactures of 
Cardboard, millboard, strawboard, news- 
board, etc . . $ 


2 382 


929 980 


932 362 


39 687 


w 


Book and printing paper not coated Ib 


48 270 


5 385 458 


5 434 828 


366 504 


in 




15,000 
196 


600,825 
5 231 697 


615,999 
5 259 482 


75,770 
208 975 


29 


$ 

Hangings or wall paper roll 


118 
26,229 


502,887 
2 073 058 


511,136 
2 100 679 


31,115 

72 573 


30 




12,852 
14 901 


340,525 
1 003 130 


355,272 
1 039 259 


45,350 

49 871 
















Total paper and manufactures (ex 
cept books and printed matter) . . $ 


317,740 


9,316,752 


9,949,574 


851,508 


31 


Wood, unmanufactured or partially manu 
factured 
Fence posts and railroad ties $ 




1 105 348 


1 105 348 




If, 


Cherry, chestnut and hickory M ft. 




14 929 


14 929 




33 


Mahogany ft. 


- 


932,018 
1,757,619 


932,018 
1,757,619 


1 230 


34 


$ 

Oak M ft. 


1 


320,492 
46 843 


320,492 
46 844 


638 


35 


$ 

Pitch pine M ft. 


51 


3,319,218 
29 541 


3,319,269 
29 541 


- 




1 


- 


1,034,053 


1,034,053 


- 



Felt only in 1922, 1923. 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



523 



AH Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


19231. 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




34,641,459 


34,755,071 


106,660 


46,651,936 


46,758,79 


3,062,720 


46,927,667 


49,990,38 


1 


5,466,395 


5,480,897 


17,842 


7,351,011 


7,368,89 


379,453 


4,820,569 


5,200,022 




78,039 


87,838 


- 


21,010 


42,249 


- 


37,598 


52,089 


2 


1,405,797 


1,515,962 


- 


185,094 


329,545 


_ 


281,496 


372,644 




342,612 


365,916 


18,032 


126,934 


145,272 


29,949 


134,780 


164,729 


3 


2,770,810 


3,060,571 


182,503 


854,743 


1,038,494 


226,975 


897,529 


1,124,504 




1,674,206 


2,273,720 


85,177 


624,136 


724,702 


212,928 


810,206 


1,047,283 


4 


112,492 


512,109 


285,778 


186,122 


570,450 


469,201 


178,446 


933,79 


5 


403,782 


2,037,142 


695,173 


435,251 


1,347,871 


1,159,837 


427,595 


2,248,997 




1,305,136 


2,438,543 


490,143 


764,999 


1,258,679 


558,563 


878,902 


1,439,699 


6 


1,569,749 


3,517,835 


961,049 


856,917 


1,872,032 


1,223,150 


1,212,607 


2,476,66 


7 


156,456 


636,957 


225,833 


120,465 


406,233 


247,671 


100 H 861 


406,389 


8 


531,216 


589,280 


19,940 


361,524 


381,491 


17,228 


337,862 


355,109 


9 


401,831 


1,258,935 


45,545 


283,288 


560,070 


46, 192 


229,189 


479,60" 


10 


411,594 


719,666 


SS.l SO 


356,139 


537,585 


28,071 


396,760 


497,765 


11 


693,119 


1,171,407 


261,651 


626,749 


948,729 


335,032 


519,510 


883,733 


12 


698,851 


1,642,720 


383,943 


563,618 


1,054,584 


377,362 


614,143 


1,231,864 


13 


860,159 


1,242,302 


160,742 


767,249 


969,587 


204,137 


763,264 


1,000,630 


14 


286,045 


303,232 


2,994 


272,742 


276,412 


5,612 


228,825 


235,252 


15 


103,360 


789,380 


193,827 


113,983 


437,280 


534,731 


180,360 


990,780 


16 


429,848 


861,671 


189,782 


782,974 


993,050 


343,642 


680,803 


1,076,135 


17 


339,024 


461,181 


85,844 


246,881 


336,761 


109,292 


228,353 


341,690 


18 


101,738,043 


243,608,342 


50,892,567 


67,619,469 


139,997,137 


69,339,824 


77,285,998 


170,146,958 




2,315,693 


3,205,995 


582,674 


1,964,810 


2,692,731 


522,056 


1,841,154 


2,503,514 


19 


2,625,625 


2,672,585 


47,911 


2,557,432 


2,607,312 


25,767 


1,950,556 


1,978,620 


20 


1,081,202 


1,257,569 


124,944 


868,821 


1,022,184 


115,137 


685,375 


818,326 


21 


1,735,818 


1,807,330 


64,548 


1,731,942 


1,814,055 


84,318 


1,476,814 


1,581,990 


22 


646,302 


674,950 


23,816 


471,616 


501,769 


24,331 


458,771 


487,294 


23 


621,108 


702,029 


41,571 


463,795 


508,788 


41,787 


415,430 


461,898 


24 


189,690 


656,074 


252,933 


183,767 


660, 184 


200, 183 


169,745 


454,239 


25 


11,104,846 


13,566,533 


1,727,336 


9,872,506 


12,161,352 


1,508,489 


8,576,737 


10,501,511 




1,655,821 


1,697,548 


15,445 


825,883 


842,193 


16,583 


762,488 


780,183 


26 


6,953,832 


7,321,606 


172,979 


4,924,509 


5,145,500 


1,288,386 


5,220,958 


6,548,503 


27 


870,344 


946,488 


34,234 


416,342 


455,530 


97,086 


401,017 


500,622 




6,501,440 


6,784,724 


149,460 


3,902,140 


4,063,613 


369,359 


8,011,233 


9,005,749 


28 


717,550 


759,320 


17,712 


246,189 


266,063 


36,543 


477,281 


549,239 




1,783,040 


1,869,849 


81,335 


1,096,429 


1,193,260 


66,687 


1,834,402 


1,934,760 


29 


458,010 


512,071 


36,678 


243,806 


289,234 


34,257 


315,961 


357,881 




1,405,262 


1,473,436 


19,507 


744,121 


804,464 


17,040 


622,892 


647,706 


30 


12,348,746 


13,645,321 


599,089 


6,823,876 


7,949,428 


856,896 


7,177,981 


8,481,676 




1,749,192 


1,749,192 




1,835,196 


1,835,196 




625,145 


627,292 


31 


10,024 


10,024 


- 


6,095 


6,095 


_ 


10,777 


10,777 


32 


1,136,901 


1,136,901 


_ 


481,568 


481,568 


_ 


922,176 


922,176 




2,146,590 


2,258,002 


31,399 


675,989 


707,988 


10,860 


831,455 


860,381 


33 


548,325 


561,371 


6,743 


128,975 


135,718 


2,192 


120,254 


124,255 




37,327 


37,418 


- 


20,552 


20,599 


_ 


34,406 


34,441 


34 


4,506,207 


4,517,795 


- 


1,541,668 


1,548,494 


7 


2,286,744 


2,288,968 




37,468 


37,468 


- 


27,895 


27,895 


_ 


26,788 


26,788 


35 


1,773,164 


1,773,164 


- 


724,657 


724,657 


- 


1,048,129 


1,048,129 





Unrevised figures. 



524 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 










1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


IV. Wood, Wood Products and Paper-concluded. 

Wood, unmanufactured or partially manu 
factured concluded . 
Lumber, rough sawn or dressed on one side 
only M ft. 


1 


76,702 


76,767 


1 


2 


Veneers of oak, rosewood, mahogany, 
etc $ 


113 
201 


3,016,974 
549,767 


3,021,015 
549,968 


114 
17 
















Total wood, unmanufactured or 
partially manufactured . . $ 


10,375 


14,038,026 


14,112,391 


69,129 














3 


Wood, manufactured 


786 


276,077 


277,985 


1,425 


4 


Staves of oak sawn split or cut M 


997 


352,127 
6,640 


354,215 
6,640 


1,871 


5 


Corks lb. 


21,044 


383,928 
112,456 


383,928 
338,229 


43,062 


6 


$ 
Wood pulp 


20,358 


97,469 
1.654,209 


195,942 
1,654,209 


45,877 


7 




- 


77,056 
23,448,342 


77,056 
23,448,342 


- 


8 




- 


477,070 

1 .(3,388 


477,070 
195,388 


- 


9 


Wood pulp, mechanically or chemically 
prepared lb* 


7,164 


10,479 
1,152,956 


10,479 
1,160,120 


2,145 


10 


Fibre kartavert indurated fibre, etc $ 


1,870 
96 


51,445 
442,558 


53,315 
442,656 


652 
2,299 


It 




59 955 


1,343,984 


1 461,411 


112,064 
















Total Wood, Wood Products and 
Paner 


1,515,780 


40,719,024 


43,183,267 


3,144,574 














n 


V. Iron and its Products. 

Iron ore ton 




1,144,430 


1,632,011 




13 


s 


266,944 


4,093,839 

1,487,683 


4,601,716 
1,754,627 


755,689 


14 


Scrap iron or steel $ 


105 


446,840 


449,083 


2,000 


15 


Castings and forgings nop $ 


109,530 


6,409,540 


6,519,188 


640,288 


16 


Rolling mill products 
Rolled iron or steel and cast, steel in bur?. 


38,318 


789,130 


834,437 


151,758 


17 


Rolled iron or steel hoop, scroll or strip, 
No 14 gauge and thinner cwt. 


670,446 
606 


4,563,307 
122,512 


5,394,374 
123,118 


-, - 23,571 
8,372 


18 
19 


Rolled iron or steel hoop, band, scroll or 
strip, 14 gauge and thinner, galvanized, cwt. 

Steel, rolled, for saws and straw cutters, 


3,241 

1,717 
12,781 

1 


501,636 

124,705 
608,042 

25,273 


504,877 

126,641 
630,995 

25,274 


75,401 

6,773 
74,496 

269 


20 


Bar iron or steel rolled cwt. 


11 


323,559 
688,221 


323,570 

688,221 


24,475 
690 


21 




- 


1,854,011 
7,206 


1,854,011 
7,206 


8,041 


?? 




- 


370,824 
31,268 


370,824 
31,268 


53 


n 


Plates and sheets 


473 


144,807 
148,805 


144,807 
149,278 


2.17& 


24 
?i 


Canada platss, Russia iron, terne plate. . . cwt. 
Iron sheets and plates, tin cwt. 


1,411 
1,934 
15,485 
9,476 


526,133 
174,087 

90i,r:. i 

928,771 


527,544 
176,021 
917,207 
938,247 


9,289 
89,449 
21,584 


26 


Rolled iron or steel plates not less than 
30 inches in width cwt. 


118,661 


6,556,216 
419,843 


6,674,877 
419,843 


297,317 






- 


1,168,601 


1.16S.601 


- 






IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



525 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes enteied for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923 . 


No. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


49,320 
3,107,519 


49,510 

3,119,994 


152 


48,569 
1,631,840 


48,787 
1,640,604 


57 


56,825 
2,027,931 


57,125 
2,038,880 


1 


649,845 


649,862 


- 


264,834 


264,834 


- 


225,427 


225,427 


2 

3 
4 
5 


18,560,838 


18,707,787 


24,669 


8,827,011 


8,931,103 


14,369 


9,695,127 


9,758,613 


202,496 
323,370 
6,639 
459,106 
97,394 
79,138 


205,077 
326,970 
6,369 
459,106 
526.018 
330,719 


117 

257 

33,884 
33,581 


126,223 
153,302 
2,814 
184,283 
45,445 
43,730 


127,016 
155,150 
2,814 
184,283 
251,914 
185,270 


790 
1,002 

8,662 
6,481 


92,883 
148,919 
3,714 
207,101 
115,394 
85,455 


94,989 
152,488 
3,714 
207,101 
262,673 
156,340 


1,415,561 

94,898 
28,986,667 
1,301,266 


1,415,561 

94,898 
28,986,667 
1,301,266 


- 


813,791 
35,156 
27,034,427 
1,009,905 
149,866 
6,018 


813,791 
35,156 
27,034,427 
1,009,905 
149,866 
6,018 


- 


3,333,780 
123,770 
31,007,353 
830,092 
356,259 
14,495 


3,333,780 
123,770 
31,007,353 
830,092 
356,259 
14,495 


6 
7 

8 


19,764,137 
1,270,841 
478,073 
1,433,518 


19,766,282 
1,271,493 
480,389 
1,686,159 


2,800 
842 
1,063 
101,537 


466,135 
19,437 
299,169 
947,872 


468,935 
20,279 
300,450 
1,219,689 


5,964 
978 
2,011 
144,297 


240,210 
11,984 
355,317 
1,039,634 


246,394 
12,987 
357,521 
1,326,114 


9 

10 
11 

12 

13 
14 
15 


52,359,847 


57,449,384 


2,657,542 


31,423,889 


35,791,487 


2,708,338 


31,841,957 


35,845,544 


1,305,512 
5,038,900 
3,804,163 
2,405,913 
6,149,501 


1,950,291 
5,595,038 
4,638,987 
2,419,194 
6,790,520 


76,585 
193 
661,214 


509,185 
1,721,438 
819,981 
338,042 
3,124,351 


656,902 
1,936,247 
932,370 
343,380 
3,787,460 


88 
2,889 
949,467 

258,102 


701,493 
2,059,109 
1,284,720 
236,517 
3,046,274 


1,044,999 
2,588,536 
2,277,435 
242,632 
3,304,595 


1,977,212 
11,587,594 


2,138,578 
13,876,312 


46,371 
453,182 


355,164 
2,028,209 


405,251 
2,523,985 


65,179 
546,603 


373,813 
2,134,392 


445,723 
2,832,298 


16 


212,718 
1,158,614 


221,090 
1,234,015 


- 


85,824 
289,992 


85,824 
289,992 


1,185 
2,963 


246,120 
821,472 


247,305 
824,435 


17 


216,998 
1,124,797 


223,948 
1,206,659 


1,999 
7,350 


62,814 
286,445 


63,814 
286,445 


23,921 
80,316 


197,592 
749,631 


222,588 
864,550 


18 


30,874 
483,477 
1,669,828 
4,690,905 
20,224 
980,191 
79,367 
405,575 


31,143 
507,952 
1,670,518 
4,698,946 
20,224 
980,191 
79,420 
407,745 


23 
844 
5,510 
14,760 
13 
560 

^ 


5,428 
78,963 
647,161 
1,483,834 
16,828 
858,608 
17,144 
69,744 


5,451 
79,807 
667, 100 
1,531,563 
16,851 
859,613 
17,144 
69,744 


20 

1,203 
89,566 
207,789 
540 
15,658 
304 
949 


18,137 
227,660 
1,541,982 
3,462,780 
30,910 
1,149,411 
56,899 
173,916 


18,157 
228,863 
1,648,080 
3,704,864 
31,674 
1,172,171 
57,203 
174,865 


19 
20 
21 
22 


260,900 
1,040,554 
188,167 
1,153,659 
1,164,192 
8,605,139 


260,900 
1,040,554 
197,456 
1,243,108 
1,185,776 
8,902,463 


18,982 
84,476 
267,837 
1,288,213 


60,433 
154,114 
135,194 
577,644 
474,376 
2,727,087 


60,433 
154,114 
154,176 
662,120 
742,213 
4,015,300 


5,665 
13,263 
119,884 
470,486 
750,586 
3,051,884 


138,834 
346,145 
187,531 
765,887 
367,751 
1,748,242 


144,499 
359,408 
307,415 
1,236,373 
1,068,337 
4,800,126 


23 
24 
25 


877,637 
2,603,421 


877,478 
2,603,921 


188 
382 


249,802 
532,150 


249,990 
532,532 


6,561 
U ,512 


588,174 
1,148,905 


595,824 
1,163,292 


26 



Unrevised figures. 



526 



TRADE A\I) COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 nited 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


V. Iron and its Products con. 

Plates and sheets concluded. 
Rolled iron or steel plates or sheets, 
sheared or unsheared etc cwt. 




246,971 


246,971 


143 


2 


Rolled iron or steel sheets, polished or 
not.. . cwt. 


15, 120 


858,598 
582,264 


858,598 
597,607 


1,452 
60,634 


3 
4 


$ 

Sheets, flat, of galvanized iron or steel. . . cwt. 

Skelp iron or steel, sheared or rolled in 
grooves cwt. 


116,256 
21,827 
163,369 


2,979,161 
161,090 
912,819 

1,706,789 


3,116,007 
182,979 
1,076,188 

1,706,789 


628,478 
89,060 
982,085 




6 


Rolled round wire rods of iron or steel cwt. 
- 
Rolled iron or steel angles, tees, beams, 
etc cwt. 


271 


4,330,586 
625,126 
1,515,169 

416,782 


4,330,586 
(125,126 
1,515,169 

417,053 


1,308 


7 


- 
Rolled iron or steel angles, beams, chan- 


1,693 


1,135,348 
1,069,037 


1,137,041 
1,069,037 


11,846 
1,721 


8 


Steel plate cwt. 


- 


2,824,277 
272,222 


2,824,277 
272,222 


4,411 






r 


729,927 


729.927 


- 




Total rolling mill products 


1,369,548 


38,414,967 


39,985,746 


4,474,964 




10 
11 


Tubes, pipe and fittings 
Wire 
Barbed fence wire of iron or steel cwt. 

Wire, curved or not, galvanized iron or 
steel Nos 9 12 13 gauge ... cwt. 


152,970 


4,007,408 

482,892 
2,056,092 

321,220 


4,160,378 

482,892 
2,056,092 

321,220 


291,770 
245 


1 




618,198 


1,086,257 

",- 7,822 


1,086,257 
946,020 


2,921 
1,000,585 


13 


Wire, steel, valued at not less than 2fc. 
per Ib. for the manufacture of rope cwt. 




28,642 
300,611 


2 1.439 
195,084 


50,081 

495,ti!lo 


54,386 
757,257 




Total wire $ 


!:,i.7(ii 


4,885,006 


5,843,623 


2,021,88* 














14 


Chains, all kinds $ 


298,792 


709,278 


1,008,890 


308,571 


15 


Engines and boilers, n.o.p. 


64, 155 


Iti4,2o(l 


228,414 


::K).824 


16 




7,839 


21111,924 


217,763 


21. 25!) 


17 


] n <r ine^ automobile No. 




42,434 


42,434 




18 
19 
?fl 


$ 

Engines, internal combustion No. 

Engines, steam No. 


157 
40,979 
11 
5,929 


8, 402, :!ol 
211. lit 
2,960,728 
244 
454,403 


8,4(> 
29,585 
3,004,442 
2M 

460, :;::: 


1 . 02S 
297 
82,673 
13 
61,214 


fll 




_ 


.55 


55 


- 


22 


Locomotives for railways, electric .... No. 


1,575 


523,732 
9 
45,452 


523,732 

9 

47,027 


- 




Total engines and boilers, n.o.p $ 


120,477 


12,874,545 


12,997.;:>; 


514,381 


23 

n 


Farm implements and machinery 
Cream separators and steel bowls for % 
1 lar\ -i <T~ >elf-binding No 


28,300 


733,038 

1,661 


796,096 
1,661 


101,557 


?,5 


Mowing machines No 


- 


316,657 

-; 


316,657 

848 


- 


Ml 


Potato diggers No. 


- 


54,463 
698 


54,463 

698 


_ 


27 

?8 


Cultivators and weedei s and parts of $ 
JJrills seed . ... No. 


: 


53,015 
78,432 
4,083 


53,015 
78,432 
4,083 


2 




$ 


- 


;. i.v.i 


2:!3,459 


150 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



527 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 






1922. 






1923. 






United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


No. 


383,500 


383,643 


1,307 


118,408 


119,71o 


17,89, 


389,205 


407,819 


1 


1,178,474 


1,179,926 


5,895 


288,304 


294,199 


40,326 


949,904 


991,434 




986,338 
5,866,282 


1,047,069 
6,497,410 


13,599 
65,379 


447,30 
2,008,66 


462,868 
2,081,857 


138,286 
504,805 


926,078 
3,752,046 


1,064,416 
4,256,952 


2 


419,673 
2,584,206 


508,733 
3,566,291 


19,113 
106,809 


254,253 
1,289,743 


273.366 
1,396,552 


296,089 
1,214,135 


422,539 
1,848,082 


718,670 
3,062,444 


3 


2,058,050 


2,058,050 


_ 


1,011,685 


1,011,685 


2,150 


1,839,061 


1,841,211 


4 


6,052,793 


6,052,793 


- 


1,990,511 


1,990,511 


3,011 


3,439,559 


3,442,570 




562,009 
1,630,836 


562,009 
1,630,836 


1,154 
2,231 


326,565 
681,914 


346.886 
726,563 


5,621 
9,542 


345,944 
724,866 


405,716 
828,899 


5 


998,022 
2,871,516 


999,330 
2,883,362 


506 
2, 122 


213,857 
487,914 


214,450 
490,199 


9,580 
18,802 


591,351 
1,242,904 


602,659 
1,265,709 


6 


2,038,791 
5,962,361 
525,810 
1,532,521 


2,040,512 
5,966,772 
525,810 
1,532,521 


- 


637,877 
1,389,573 
89,527 
189,212 


637,877 
1,389,573 
89,527 
189,212 


2,142 
4,716 


1,721,165 
3,519,391 
261,425 
508,561 


1,727,915 
3,531,078 
261,425 
508,561 


7 


$5,535,709 


70,056,650 


2,034,490 


17,959,001 


20,120,566 


6,271,886 


29,965,515 


36,573,581 




5,928,346 


6,226,128 


105,474 


2,028,147 


2,166,020 


182,898 


2,450,622 


2,656,931 


9 


418,554 
1,934,159 


418,554 
1,934,159 


_ 


166,033 
699,744 


166,133 
700,094 


112 
506 


105,319 
376,355 


105.436 
376,885 


10 


366,162 
1,424,500 
332,996 


366,407 
1,427,421 
1,333,712 


1 
13 

362,760 


195,152 
654,483 
75,527 


195,153 
654,496 
440,004 


493,047 


200,053 
599,135 
116,797 


210,053. 
599,135 
609,960 


11 
12 


52,337 
502,413 


106,723 
1,259,670 


19,082 
182,204 


6,230 
60,132 


25,312 
242,336 


36,345 

257,707 


12,392 
95,252 


49,111 
355,185 


13. 


5,981,823 


8,018,285 


668,122 


2,202,577 


2,889,392 


907,592 


2,071,585 


3,078,932 




994,189 


1,304,654 


99,307 


361,648 


464,288 


143,211 


398,200 


541,539 


14 


232,461 
260,973 
20,087 
5.387,416 
14,330 
2,175,077 


579,285 
282,223 
20,087 
5,388,444 
14,627 
2,257,870 


59,262 
6,560 
1 
2,087 
162 
70,161 


65,383 
152,262 
12,176 
3,117,839 
4,722 
899,338 


124,645 
158,822 
12,177 
3,119,926 
4,885 
970,402 


72,354 
1,397 
15 
12,370 
161 
33,089 


194.757 
126,756 
26,210 
4,141,556 
6,425 
834,536 


267,111 
128,153 
26,225 
4,153,926 
6,587 
871,371 


IS 
16 
17 

18 


144 
443,968 


157 
505,182 


5 

28,695 


68 
183,043 


73 
211,738 


10 
65,472 


116 
252,865 


126 
318,337 


19 




~ 


- 


- 


- 


68,728 


960,148 


1,028,886 


20 


52 

542,643 


52 
542,643 


1 
4,816 


21 
110,320 


22 
115,136 


- 


14 

99,627 


14 

99,627 


21 




11 





13 


13 




g 


g 


22 


53,177 


53,177 


- 


53,654 


53,654 




50,924 


50,924 




9,292,926 


9,717,427 


173,385 


4,683,049 


4,837,337 


253,410 


6,732,447 


6,989,613 




721,652 
5,485 
1,001,575 
1,271 
79,275 


992,404 
5,485 
1,001,575 
1,271 
79,275 


25,699 


201,032 
1,316 
319,807 
522 
36,143 


325,755 
1,316 
319,807 
522 
36,143 


110 


208,620 
1,606 
256,916 
410 
23,123 


237,949 
1,606 
256,916 
410 
23,123 


23 
24 

25 


1,298 
101,267 
177,170 
3,102 
211,345 


1,298 
101,267 
177,170 
3,106 
211,580 


112 


259 
23,618 

62,583 
790 
38,041 


259 
23,618 
62,695 
792 
38,079 


1 
95 
16 
10 
46 


862 
64,663 
62,790 
1,046 
39,233 


863 
64,758 
62,806 
1,056 
39,279 


2ft 

27 

2& 



^nrevised figures. 



528 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 



No. 



Principal articles by classes. 



V. Iron and Its Products con. 

"arm implements and machinery conclude 3. 

1 Harrows and parts of 

2 Ploughs and parts of 

3 Threshing machine separators 

4 Threshing machine separators, part M>f 

5 Portable engines with boilers in combina 

tion and traction engines for farm 
purposes 

C Traction engines, gas or gasoline, for farm 

purposes, costing not more than $1,400. No. 

v 

Total farm implements and ma 
chinery 

7 Firearms, total * 

Hardware and Cutlery. 
Cutlery 

8 Knives and forks of steel, plated or not 

9 Pen knives, jack-knives and pocket-knives 

10 All other cutlery 

Hardware 

11 Builders , cabinet makers , etc 

12 Locks of all kinds 

13 Butts and hinges, n.o.p 

14 Nails, spikes and tacks 

15 Needles and pins 

16 Nuts, rivets and bolts, etc 

Total hardware and cutlery. 

Machinery (except Agricultural). 

Household machinery 

17 Carpet sweepers, hand vacuum and electric N o. 

vacuum cleaners * 

18 Sewing machines No. 

19 Sewing machines, parts of $ 

20 Washing machines, domestic No. 

21 Clothes wringers and parts. 

Mining machinery 

22 Mining, smelting and reducing machinery, 

etc * 

23 Ore crushers and rock crushers, stamp 

mills, etc J 

Office or busine-s machinery 

24 Adding and calculating machines No. 

25 Cash registers and parts of $ 

26 Typewriting machines 

Printing and bookbinding machinery 

27 Machines specially designed for ruling, 

etc * 

Newspaper printing presses WO. 

29 Printing presse? and lithographing presses $ 

30 Typecasting and typesetting machines, 

etc * 

Other machinery, n.o.p. 

31 Air compressing machines 

32 Coal-handling machines S 

33 Cranes and derricks No. 



1920. 



United 
Kingdom. 



10 



164 







27,521 



139,859 
229,942 

163,829 

28,673 

8,127 

1,853 

51 

215,958 
4,382 



United 
States. 



255,357 

1,795,438 

911 

808,059 
442,505 



422 

1,282,825 

6,797 
5,916,926 



14,494,226 



819,049 



2,079 
59,572 
26,956 



20,939 
14,597 



3 

108 



1,320 

525 
45 

74,139 
600 

15,626 



657,073 



266,424 
192,882 
510,171 

ti. r )7,472 
560,380 
116,300 
170,103 
308,126 
457,580 



3,298,079 



18,985 
280,541 

13,875 
512,129 
494,25 

10,69 
485,975 

58,420 



983,058 
408,118 

2,133 

923,512 

225,994 

15,397 

1,04. 



519,975 
81 

365,127 
582,103 

899,994 

249,639 

102,777 

121 

1,005,199 



All 
Countries. 



255,388 

1,795,598 

911 

808,059 
142,660 



422 
1,282,840 

6,797 
5,916,926 



14,578,106 



687,077 



407,493 
459,792 
694,714 

686,200 
579,784 
118,153 
170,223 
533,631 
461,962 



4,210,142 



18,98 
280,541 

15,956 
571,779 
521,213 

10,69 
485,975 

58,420 



1,005,272 
422,715 

2,133 

923,512 

225,994 

15,40: 

1,042,53 



521, 2W 

81 

365,127 
582,628 

900,039 

323,778 
103,37 
121 
1,020,825 



United 
Kingdom. 



216 
12 



135 



0,276 



141,632 



43,694 



417,256 
563,927 
449,824 

79,203 

22,511 

1,564 

2,769 

342,189 

8,127 



1,930,920 



4 

36 
2,275 

. ... 

62,841 
1 

21 
34 



26,873 
59,400 



58 
3,046 



8,384 

7,172 
248 

41,960 

1,759 

4 

31,560 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



529 



An Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923.1 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




382,554 


382,770 


168 


71,010 


71,178 


380 


92,890 


93,270 


1 


2,526,472 


2,526,503 


41 


554,705 


554,846 


75 


708,694 


708,769 


2 


1,767 


1,767 


- 


1,934 


1,934 





1,932 


1,932 


3 


1,534,572 


1,534,572 


- 


2,187,872 


2,187,872 





1,646,704 


1,646,704 




1,056,794 


1,056,929 





550,337 


550,337 





611,452 


611,452 


4 


1,003 


1,003 


_ 


109 


109 


_ 


82 


82 


5 


2,440,045 


2,446,321 


3,484 


522,175 


525,659 


- 


129,630 


129,630 




11,402 


11,402 


3 


1,768 


1,771 


_ 


5,426 


5,426 


6 


10,160,949 


10,160,949 


4,016 


1,340,016 


1,344,032 


- 


2,857,428 


2,857,428 




24,134,783 


24,458,834 


68,832 


7,546,472 


7,718,032 


31,041 


8,352,071 


8,423,995 




638,511 


726,073 


73,819 


215,888 


313,886 


73,973 


373,561 


469,831 


7 


301,742 


723,916 


284,979 


118,023 


411,460 


278,270 


127,565 


420,628 


8 


104,297 


704,225 


380,492 


28,485 


463,798 


189,607 


30,096 


292,936 


9 


528,458 


1,041,157 


236,980 


321,523 


632,689 


179,106 


253,122 


537,851 


10 


703,950 


784,815 


51,323 


391,560 


442,919 


54,667 


510,379 


566,561 


11 


676,418 


702,142 


10,731 


320,823 


333,293 


19,763 


344,886 


369,547 


12 


164,078 


165,642 


3,113 


88,341 


91,544 


2,457 


139,925 


143,456 


13 


300,337 


303,578 


417 


232,192 


233,659 


2,029 


109,853 


115,782 


14 


287,730 


636,105 


216,212 


208,303 


427,354 


213,340 


214,676 


434,843 


15 


569,994 


578,170 


4,222 


317,496 


321,873 


4,403 


439,704 


444, 168 


16 


3,714,993 


5,781,008 


1,205,330 


2,054,671 


3,425,850 


963,592 


2,217,706 


3,406,483 




8,161 


8,165 


9 


8,715 


8,724 


59 


9,028 


9,142 


17 


154,725 


154,761 


174 


176,960 


177,134 


758 


121,455 


122,910 




8,806 


11,081 


1,076 


4,258 


5,334 


859 


4,724 


5,584 


18 


377,559 


461,449 


43,123 


265,178 


308,307 


34,442 


248,043 


282,505 




613,128 


675,960 


82,723 


407,083 


489,806 


10,131 


141,695 


151,861 


19 


9,469 


9,470 





4,860 


4,860 


3 


6,716 


6,719 


20 


615,465 


615,486 


- 


349,207 


349,207 


249 


391,014 


391,263 




65,167 


65,201 





10,573 


10,573 





17,729 


17,729 


21 


830,341 


862,934 


14,698 


741,217 


756,095 


37,008 


758,955 


795,963 


22 


729,420 


788,820 


52,324 


557,008 


609,332 


67,648 


756,332 


823,980 


23 


2,606 


2,622 


_ 


1,603 


1,607 


1 


2,062 


2,068 


24 


953,253 


955,373 





298,554 


300,137 


640 


397,842 


400,331 




322,007 


322,007 





227,431 


227,431 


45 


248,724 


248,769 


25 


14,792 


14,853 


3 


10,421 


10,431 


65 


12,345 


12,410 


26 


998,481 


1,001,587 


214 


630,986 


631,356 


4,456 


728,859 


733,315 




777,007 


791,029 


29,362 


268,627 


302,248 


27,853 


529,985 


559,372 


27 


94 


94 


- 


36 


36 


2 


56 


59 


28 


648,377 


648,377 


- 


318,055 


318,055 


6,955 


519,026 


530,681 




982,937 


991,128 


46,252 


644,957 


694,124 


16,390 


655,050 


675,091 


29 


1,244,256 


1,244,504 


2,237 


886,371 


888,715 


728 


1,037,783 


1,038,511 


30 


263,219 


305,179 


23,319 


152,207 


175,526 


18,715 


239,647 


258,362 


31 


166,818 


168,577 


29,433 


137,441 


166,874 


286 


114,503 


114,789 


32 


104 


108 


1 


68 


69 


_ 


86 


86 


33 


848,157 


879,717 


4,607 


427,905 


432,512 


- 


476,369 


476,369 





1 Unrevised figures. 
6237334 



530 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



1$. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


V. Iron and Its Products concluded. 
Machinery (except agricultural) concluded. 
Other machinery, n.o.p. concluded. 




253,190 


253,860 


152 


2 


Fire-extinguishing machines, etc $ 


97 


159,544 


159,641 


_ 


3 


Lathes power 


12,448 


741,330 


753,778 


22,788 


4 




65,382 


975,034 


1,040,416 


187, 91S 


5 










_ 


(i 




39 


5,868 


5,907 


143 


j 


9 


37,361 
280,604 


910,713 
1,041,635 


948,074 
1,321,939 


52,586 
690,110 


g 






533,308 


533,308 


548 


g 




_ 


200,125 


200,125 


1,42* 


10 


Textile machinery of a class or kind not 


255,366 


2,956,400 


3,211,766 


1,245,989 


11 


Other machinery composed wholly or in 


578,050 


17,386,182 


18,065,134 


1,066,06* 
















Total machinery (except agricultural) $ 


1,443,930 


35,169,867 


36,716,791 


3,597,287 


12 




791 


738,353 


739,152 


2,329 


13 




71,033 


1,789,388 


1,863,692 


188,515 


14 




95,466 


1,942,036 


2,050,286 


199,366 


15 


Vehicles, chiefly of iron 


7 


2,267 


2,274 


22 


16 




19,945 
3 


3,811,139 
10,802 


3,831,084 
10,805 


100,325 
12 


17 




8,134 
14,034 


11,196,327 
12,660,789 


11,204,461 
12,674,823 


53,781 
30,601 
















Tnt;il vehicles rliipflv of iroll $ 


110,934 


31,786,952 


31,897,920 


327,577 














Is 


Other iron and its products 


2,561 


641,210 


643,852 


11,707 






1 091 


645,357 


680,254 


27,938 


20 




1,251 


589,137 


590,502 


15,343 


21 




22 


28,888 


28,910 


241 


22 


Stoves of all kinds .. * $ 


444 
507 


247,478 
410,350 


247,922 
411,060 


3,411 
9,152 


23 
24 

25 


Valves, n.o.p $ 
Manufactured articles of iron or steel or 
brass, for equipment of ships or vessels. $ 
Manufactures, articles or wares of iron or 
steel, n.o.p 1 


19,020 
273,604 
287,734 


582,379 
925,485 
9,810,907 


601,399 
1,199,089 
10,112,138 


35,422 
343,565 
682,369 




Total Iron and its Products .... $ 


6,637,067 


178,661,606 


186,319,876 


16,698,085 














26 


VI. Non-ferrous Metals and their Products. 

Aluminium and its products 
Alumina cwt. 




434,572 


434,572 




27 




201,094 


1,465,372 
1,017,400 


1,465,372 
1,218,494 


239,948 


28 

94 


Aluminium, household hollow-ware, n.o.p. $ 


64,889 
1,180 
2,695 


297,407 
343,804 
283,351 


362,296 
345,547 
295,859 


98,456 
10,446 
8,954 
















Total aluminium and its products * 


76,467 


2,660,542 


2,747,385 


205,801 




Brass and its products 


577 


14,380 


14,957 


4,231 


11 




11,637 

889 


347,452 
17,158 


359,089 
18,590 


91,811 
23,685 


32 


Brass in strips, sheets or plates, not polish- 
pfl CWt. 


18,813 
41 


204,110 
14,703 


227,317 
14,744 


390,000 
2,037 


aa 


$ 


1,388 
99,074 


401,345 
664,782 


402,733 
763,856 


66,574 
282,363 


21 




38,106 
77,307 


243,883 
323,537 


281,989 
400,844 


103,524 
81,569 






89,776 


2,059,781 


2,163,441 


229,982 
















Total brass and its DlodUCtS. . . S 


240.109 


4,272,628 


4,531, 915 


979,457 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



531 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. i 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




178,290 


178,442 


66 


192,051 


192,117 


37 


256,120 


256,157 


1 

1 


151,098 


151,098 





42,548 


42,909 


141 


60,845 


60,986 


2 


542,246 


565,337 


10,577 


116,091 


130,182 


5,488 


152,005 


157,634 


1 


744,169 


932,084 


26,552 


206,758 


233,395 


21,414 


242,789 


264,303 


4 


- 


- 


27,416 


885,135 


920,334 


50,219 


1,181,335 


1,280,670 


a 


6,134 


6,280 


61 


4,090 


4,154 


163 


5,039 


5,203 


6 


1,201,506 


1,255,244 


73,415 


683,209 


702,847 


15,216 


641,801 


657,085 




1,711,795 


2,487,993 


360,190 


1,756,634 


2,130,341 


230,448 


937,507 


1,231,113 


7 


646,087 


646,635 


- 


235, 134 


235, 134 


720 


238,318 


239,038 


8 


320,543 


321,969 


- 


115,233 


117,958 


254 


65,148 


65,402 


9 


4,932,506 


6,199,562 


675,923 


1,853,129 


2,636,903 


363,716 


2,688,637 


3,122,014 


10 


19,704,650 


20,977,346 


630,329 


8,521,363 


9,274,698 


402,647 


7,517,515 


7,960,172 


11 


41,952,851 


45,881,205 


2,140,046 


21,645,893 


24,060,973 


1,325,589 


22,553,246 


24,068,579 




557,121 


559,454 


3,210 


177,932 


181,173 


2,508 


222,778 


225,525 


12 


1,715,964 


1,909,107 


77,705 


1,420,591 


1,511,308 


77,378 


1,253,944 


1,350,685 


13 


2,315,480 


2,562,029 


93,270 


1,059,952 


1,181,696 


134,282 


1,374,149 


1,540,909 


14 


1,683 


1,706 


11 


790 


806 


23 


1,059 


1,082 


15 


3,476,163 


3,578,938 


37,411 


1,492,290 


1,537,765 


77,169 


1,811,936 


1,889,105 




5,891 


5,907 


74 


7,092 


7,181 


34 


11,362 


11,402 


16 


8,339,704 


8,399,537 


392,578 


9,062,184 


9,501,362 


135,275 


11,710,972 


11,857,165 




11,729,731 


11,760,367 


20,694 


10,189,926 


10,211,791 


59,521 


14,065,719 


14,134,874 


17 


26,393,390 


26,729,69: 


538,908 


21,994,154 


22,588,897 


344,899 


28,758,858 


29,124,904 




1,105,208 


1,116,915 


630 


436,693 


439,067 


26 


254,480 


264,709 


18 


1,438,627 


1,537,362 


16,431 


465,061 


527,718 


9,074 


563,950 


661,191 


19 


681,796 


698,198 


3,182 


331,762 


335,442 


6,775 


316,725 


324,420 


20 


22,956 


23,854 


443 


15,060 


15,558 


305 


26,880 


28,226 


21 


293,451 


298,901 


2,369 


254,631 


257,334 


1,971 


338,366 


343,505 




424,867 


437,528 


1,836 


267,836 


272,866 


2,669 


303,565 


310,824 


22 


880,863 


916,285 


55,486 


435,658 


493,075 


4,325 


394,268 


298,618 


23 


834,408 


1,185,022 


273,683 


142,886 


428,547 


85,162 


292,780 


378,492 


24 


12,555,512 


13,293,383 


553,711 


7,092,294 


7,706,497 


502,553 


7,318,024 


7,871,453 


25 


226,855,725 


245,625,703 


8,985,903 


99,938,235 


110,210,539 


12,671,433 


124,371,885 


138,724,455 




1,181,313 


1,181,313 




164.56) 


164,561 


986 


777,380 


778,366 


fl6 


1,675,026 


1,075,020 


- 


520,455 


520,455 


749 


1,460,156 


1,460 905 




1,409,799 


1,650,087 


94,499 


597,572 


692,342 


516,144 


503,697 


1,031 041 


ft7 


468,052 


566,944 


31,897 


133,966 


165,923 


109,403 


109,411 


221 089 




305,179 


324,992 


3,857 


287,996 


334,136 


9,203 


580,764 


636 441 


W 


330,462 


361,227 


9,594 


246,010 


279,243 


16,928 


299,416 


331,737 


29 


3,013,971 


3,252,236 


88,086 


1,320,389 


1,475,670 


176,399 


2,693,229 


2,946,7(1 




17,341 

386,788 


21,573 
478,634 


1,583 
23,364 


6,477 
116,270 


8,060 
139,634 


4,663 
61,080 


12,662 
197,100 


17,325 
258 180 


30 


19,869 
270,496 


44,005 
663,468 


2,905 
32,681 


23,655 
111,016 


26,614 
144,142 


7,609 
75,769 


17,722 
179,599 


25,452 
256,206 


31 


11,291 
309,486 
748,154 
263,237 
381,615 
2,473,200 


13,334 
376,350 
1,030,676 
366,884 
489,788 
2,735,360 


218 
4,846 
32,210 
8,411 
98,204 
180,654 


13,126 
258,736 
776,545 
182,587 
181,576 
1,680,100 


13,344 
263,582 
808,755 
190,998 
289,821 
1,904,052 


296 
5,582 
71,477 
18,093 
145,004 
172,675 


16,729 
314,948 
1,476,117 
358,311 
151,408 
1,438,040 


17,025 
320,530 
1,547,594 
376,404 
316,885 
1,651,451 


32 
33 

34 
35 


5,018,311 


6,061,562 


352,827 


2,824,078 


3,234,269 


483,452 


3,427,293 


3.975.821 





1 Unrevised figures. 
6237334* 



532 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1920. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 

Countrir>. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 
3 

4 
5 



7 

8 

9 
10 

11 
12 
13 
14 

15 

1C 
17 

18 
19 

20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
25 
26 

27 

28 

29 
M 


VI. Non-ferrous Metals and their Products- 
concluded. 
Copper and its products 


155 
5,421 

36,779 
10,396 
38,038 


296,783 
6,037,473 
4,866,769 
1,021,208 

15,425 
445,921 

449,561 
156,940 
785,411 


296,783 
6,037,473 
4,866,769 
1,021,208 

15,580 
451,342 

486,340 
167,336 
890,676 


183 
7,127 

129 
4,589 

158,791 
66,264 
319,660 


Copper, in blocks pigs or ingots Ib. 


Copper, in strips, sheets or plates, not 
polished . cwt. 


Copper tubing, in lengths of not less than 
6 leet . Ib. 


S 

Copper all other $ 


Total copper and its products . $ 


53,855 


8,446,953 


8,568,035 


397,640 


jead and its products 


1,076,067 
88,290 
23,556 
28,945 


6,356,075 
372,621 
114,374 
55,362 


12,036,032 
680,779 
172,226 
84,307 


16,112,823 
1,396,77? 
37,724 
58,731 


Manufactures of lead nop $ 


Lead all other $ 


Total lead and its products $ 


140,791 


542,357 


937,312 


1,493,232 


Nickel and its products 
German, Nevada and nickel silver, mfrs. 
of $ 


6,428 
46,126 


409,407 
1,573,248 


416,203 
1,630,047 


38,581 
103,090 




Total nickel and its products S 

Precious metals and their products. $ 


52,554 


2,213,220 


2,276,815 


141,908 


226,869 
2,116,792 
1,579 
27,043 

181 
4,245 
4,972 
3,846 
37,222 

1,479 
18,342 

9,849 
3,523 
88,981 


5,192,785 
931,422 
833,965 
2,134,414 

97,742 
1,470,479 
1,039,067 
698,879 
243,252 

1,153,407 
1,956,639 

104,185 
649,994 
7,311,499 


5,435,704 
3,284,669 
835,596 
3,126,267 

97,923 
1,474,724 
1,044,039 
732,020 
280,868 

1,325,297 
1,976,703 

114,034 
653,517 
7,435,239 


665,280 
1,703,894 
72,978 
59,713 

18 
470 
93,766 
6,377 
24,620 
52,045 
8,952 
41,021 

40,672 
32,804 
313,344 








Electric apparatus 
lilectric batteries storage Is o. 










Motors, electric, generators and dynamos $ 
Telegraph instruments and wireless appar- 






Total electric apparatus S 


175,066 


15,131,199 


15,550,354 


564,673 




11,665 
23,112 
1,008 
37,767 


277,323 
791,145 
535,506 
599,130 


291,676 
823,390 
537,518 
663,186 


20,859 
56,967 






Total Non-ferrous Metals and 


3,339,207 


46,940,714 


52,176,434 


6,682,748 


VII. Non-metallic Minerals and their 
Products (except chemicals). 

Clay and clay products 


87.476 
1,885,363 


1,572,863 
113,834 


1,660,339 
2,528,500 


297,602 
3,531,267 




Total clay and clay products $ 

Coal- 
Anthracite coal, grate, egg, stove, etc ton 




2,500,680 


3,307,233 


6,371,567 


5,067,492 


- 


4,890,793 
31,942,384 
199,974 
705,375 


4,890,793 
31,942,384 
199,974 
705,375 


- 





IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



533 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 con. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. i 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


iNo. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




331,707 


331,890 


30 


113,419 


113,449 


24 


274,938 


274,962 


1 


5,716,937 


5,724,064 


736 


1,641,111 


1,641,847 


540 


4,039,846 


4,040,386 




7,448,447 


7,448,447 




401,119 


401,119 


- 


2,984,363 


2,984,363 


2 


1,396,327 


1,396,327 


- 


54,138 


54,138 


- 


452,748 


452,748 




19,958 


20,094 


515 


16,687 


17,202 


2,196 


22,163 


24,359 


3 


577,535 


582,328 


11,858 


377,893 


389,751 


50,718 


475,684 


526,402 




765,517 


924,308 


22,858 


676,331 


699, 189 


73,829 


875,625 


949,854 


4 


257,343 


323,607 


5,762 


155,273 


161,035 


19,471 


214,814 


234,285 




1,180,722 


1,586,200 


33,279 


479,368 


541,288 


47,605 


995,368 


1,047,607 


I 


9,128,864 


9,613,526 


51,635 


2,707,783 


2,788,059 


118,334 


6,178,460 


6,301,438 




2,329,589 


24,125,900 


868,522 


. 387,972 


1,491,662 


1,561,181 


928,752 


2,713,870 


G 


191,472 


1,971,392 


38,682 


24,275 


71,392 


69,571 


60,559 


139,800 




135,656 


244,005 


32,773 


67,680 


139,552 


67, 156 


81,376 


200,311 


) 


50,120 


108,851 


17,555 


9,161 


28,362 


37,820 


34,349 


72,610 


8 


377,348 


3,334,248 


89,010 


101,116 


239,306 


174,547 


176,384 


412,721 




484,618 


526,741 


12,530 


213,035 


232,976 


9,499 


188,037 


199,376 


9 


1,713,927 


1,845,622 


96,285 


1,150,967 


1,280,286 


98,287 


1,216,008 


1,349,159 


10 


3,455,351 


3,629,406 


109,964 


1,453,788 


1,604,197 


124,389 


1,705,730 


1,866,828 




2,036,554 


2,753,571 


442,215 


1,051,458 


1,548,876 


501,398 


1,071,046 


1,596,898 


11 


1,106,391 


2,962,644 


482,132 


720,159 


1,324,590 


704,046 


949,010 


1,804,814 


12 


457,693 


584,474 


33,267 


285,719 


403,646 


25,890 


381,376 


493,733 


13 


2,104,553 


3,923,523 


30,917 


1,215,891 


2,129,811 


52,780 


897,397 


1,680,481 


14 


89,323 


89,341 


30 


24,797 


24,827 


62 


14,957 


15,019 


15 


1,363,986 


1,364,456 


374 


802,359 


802,733 


133,617 


553,473 


687, 105 




1,227,398 


1,323,664 


37,713 


1,313,419 


1,356,725 


21,055 


1,271,810 


1,316,732 


1(i 


650,548 


668,475 


8,401 


385,972 


409,347 


8,781 


415,344 


448,124 


17 


352,348 


376,968 


65,649 


171,879 


238,954 


52,976 


174,247 


227,223 


18 


3,372,608 


5,047,469 


235,301 


801,375 


3,196,717 


254,047 


. 689,783 


5,558,042 


19 


970,163 


1,184,504 


30,235 


173,353 


576,319 


40,842 


131,488 


757,952 




2,578,807 


2,628,734 


219,422 


1,530,030 


1,753,161 


93,796 


1,480,135 


1,581,547 


20 


76,581 


121,298 


78,520 


58,726 


137,246 


90,193 


785,165 


978,669 


21 


889,553 


922,357 


3,145 


579,028 


585,561 


346,763 


449,744 


796,507 


22 


7,296,540 


7,633,425 


111,331 


4,310,487 


4,437,823 


143,109 


2,846,645 


2,997,085 


23 


16,918,568 


17,182,859 


566,954 


10,040,301 


11,033,465 


967,963 


10,375,454 


12,109,775 




301,316 


325,934 


28,688 


269,028 


299,226 


17,967 


275,334 


298,125 


24 


803,333 


870,360 


25,521 


466,433 


508,275 


34,100 


653,255 


704,434 


25 


42,960 


43,105 




139,982 


139,982 


20S 


118,999 


119,208 


26 


176,967 


176,989 


- 


1,313,045 


1,313,045 


2,584 


1,113,399 


1,115,983 




45,959,914 


55,651,319 


2,523,868 


35,343,095 


29,773,413 


3,595,638 


31,791,337 


37,492,604 




2,715,216 


3,021,600 


152,260 


931,282 


1,083,544 


219,146 


1,185,954 


1,405,100 


37 


149,974 


4,499,183 


2,571,626 


178,853 


3,469,022 


2,201,765 


111,587 


2,946,768 


28 


4,805,451 


10,781,592 


3,517,852 


2,474,815 


6,778,365 


3,313,175 


2,847,785 


6,873,622 




4,360,569 


4,360,569 


110 


4,219,235 


4,219,569 


227,474 


2,635,842 


2,864,542 




37,576,001 


37,576,001 


1,355 


38,509,678 


38,512,83; 


2,222,671 


24,924,110 


27,159,924 




478,990 


478,990 


_ 


196,686 


196,686 


20,35! 


270,712 


291,071 




1,482,147 


1,482,147 


- 


487,777 


487,777 


127,621 


801,496 


929, 



1 Unrevised figures. 



534 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



IS. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






-No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


I nited 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


VII. Non-metallic Minerals and their Pro 
ducts (except chemicals) concluded. 
Coal concluded. 
Bituminous coal, slack, etc ton 




2 372 984 


2 372 984 


399 


2 


Bituminous coal, round ton 


344 


5,174,211 
9 179 582 


5,174,211 
9 179 9 6 


2,000 
1 082 







2,578 


22,248,08 


22,250,6.)9 


6,492 




Total coal . ton 


34 


16,643,33. 


16 643 677 


1 481 




1 


2,578 


60, 070, 05 


60,072,629 


8,492 


3 


Coke ton 




381 606 


381 606 






$ 


- 


2,476,450 


2,476,450 


- 




Total coal and coal products . . f 


8,452 


62,793 913 


62 80 365 


19 446 














4 


Glass and glassware 
Glass balls, and cut, pressed or moulded 
crvstal glass tableware . $ 


16 ^03 


649 129 


673 004 


42 753 


5 


Glass carboys or demijohns, bottles $ 


23 324 


855 916 


916 40 


32 482 


j 


Plate glass $ 


56 725 


751 436 


1 150 6 1 ? 


396 638 


7 


Glass, window, common and colourless.. . $ 


59,893 


1,621,982 


1,891,512 


194,374 




Total glass and glassware $ 


36.3, 56?s 


5,914,363 


6,920,459 


1,0311,401 


- 


Petroleum, asphalt and their products 

Asphalt and its products S 


829 


465 970 


466 799 


275 





Crude petroleum in its natural state . gal 




186 483 433 


298 540 7 9 5 




10 


Petroleum imported to be refined gal. 


- 


12,753,761 
99 462 361 


15,571,813 
100 750 725 


- 


11 
12 


* 

Coal Oil and kerosene, distilled or refined gal. 

Lubricating oils gal. 


17 619 


4,557,231 
6,880,311 
979,312 
4 833 131 


4,708,921 
7,648,322 
1,054,487 
5 068 213 


16 476 


13 


Gasoline under -725 specific gravity gal 


10,129 


1,760,931 
4 979 247 


1,796,800 
4 982 755 


9,234 


14 


Petroleum, products of, n.o.p gal. 


80 


1,287,016 
27 701 555 


1,288,566 
32 746 659 


86 




Total petroleum asphalt and their 


98 


5,731,766 


6,204,840 


64 




products . $ 


17,854 


28,525,941 


32 095 288 


25,562 














15 


Stone and its products % 


348 670 


3 227 78 


3 687 702 


660 059 


16 


Other non-metallic mineral products 
Diamonds, unset S 


3 012 444 


55 490 


4 470 846 


1 385 614 


17 

18 


Salt for the use of the sea or gulf fisheries, cwt. 
Salt in bulk, n.o.p cwt. 


271,930 
250,504 

7,360 


312,981 

192,980 
991 6% 


1,325,709 
586,318 
1 005 056 


245,718 
203,370 
50 640 


19 


Salt, n.o.p., in bags, barrels, etc .. . cwt 


3,670 
441 434 


270,032 
230 386 


275,306 
671 8 


36,045 
451 723 


20 


Sulphur and brimstone, crude Ib. 


320,585 
1 120 


153,967 
158 350 597 


474,552 
158 351 717 


353,981 
1 041 




Total Non-metallic Minerals and 


177 


1,296,281 


1,296,458 


133 




their Products. $ 


6,945,566 


198,525,324 


121 956,176 


9,118,403 














21 


VIII. Chemicals and Allied Products. 
Acids $ 


474 767 


533 132 


1 053 360 


404 358 


22 


Total drugs, medicine and pharmaceutical 
preparations $ 


1,113 429 


1 805 801 


3 402 932 


1,307,077 


23 


Total d veing and tanning materials $ 


510,119 


4,664,391 


5 623 720 


818,241 


24 


Total expli S 


157 879 


375 965 


556 836 


296 040 


25 


Total cellulose products $ 


19 211 


1 101 181 


1 122 057 


41.725 


2 


Fertilizers 
Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitre Ib 


11,200 


11,219,279 


11 231,079 


33,892 


27 

28 


S 

Potash, muriate and sulphate of, ?rude. . . Ib. 

Other fertilizers compounded or manufac 
tured, n.o.p. . S 


669 
1,374,468 
41,438 

11 990 


432,666 
2,855,156 
170,815 

734 641 


433,354 
6,897,319 
285,131 

748 382 


2,510 
589,678 
35,970 

2,770 
















Total fertilizers $ 


54,886 


1,667,218 


l,79ti,;52 


172,056 


29 


Total paints, pigments and varnishes $ 


222,210 


3,541,145 


3 821 880 


509,128 


.to 


Total soaps $ 




1,424,181 


1 534,082 


103,883 


21 

32 

3:1 


Perfumery, cosmetics and toilet preparations $ 
inorganic chemicals, n.o.p. 
Sulphate of alumina or alum cake Ib. 
S 
Ammonia, nitrate of . Ib. 


132,543 

51,200 
804 
1,102,352 


528,854 

20,742,765 
325,846 
1,481,025 


1,096,104 

20,793,965 
326,650 
3 066 879 


94,487 

455,530 
9,504 

2,707 




i 


66,406 


82,215 


184,396 


404 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



535 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-192S con. 



1921. 






1922. 






1923.1 






United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


No. 


2,359,758 
11,393,600 
13,046,030 
60,831,440 


2,360,157 
11,395,600 
13,047,839 
60,844,352 


5,083 
30,620 


2,748,258 
7,033,899 
9,998,718 
32,193,596 


2,748,258 
7,033,899 
10,003,801 
32,224,216 


233,573 
1,112,227 
416,758 
2,268,306 


1,941,371 
7,046,127 
8,574,331 
33,593,823 


2,174,944 
8,158,354 
8,991,993 
35,867,082 


1 

2 


30,245,34; 
111,283,188 


20,247,555 
111,298,100 


5,193 
31,975 


17,162,89? 
78,224,959 


17,168,314 
78,258,725 


898,164 
5,739,825 


13,422,256 
66,365,556 


14,322,550 
72,114,477 




548,582 
6,247,931 


548,582 
6,247,931 


_ 


232,174 
1,673,171 


232,174 
1,673,171 


2,907 
23,371 


440,976 
4,267,603 


443,883 
4,290.974 


3 


117,851,412 


117,808,288 


100,860 


8,1,273,886 


8,1,376,526 


6,273,270 


71,015,239 


77,636,045 




919,585 
1,495,384 
* 499, 298 
1,390,708 


1,019,744 
1,584,207 
2,144,513 
2,872,151 


47,478 
19,424 
310,742 
40,249 


431,266 
673,975 
182,255 
28,917 


552,859 
738,523 
1,265,506 
624,386 


38,696 
30,007 
558,006 
373,150 


516,371 
819,711 
173,930 
48,196 


672,363 
895,487 
. 2,070,568 
1,205,639 


4 
5 
6 
7 


7,14J,S30 


11,083,028 


685,806 


2,964,336 


5,392,534 


1,310,929 


3,133,528 


7,071,759 




694,898 
206,367,754 
20,067,907 
119,054,080 
8,257,107 
16,719,782 
2,578,711 
6,110,415 
2,510,277 
9,400,589 
2,615,773 
41,432,890 
10,073,839 


695,854 
311,719,057 
22,652,012 
119,054,080 
8,257,107 
16,720,030 
2,578,802 
5,126,992 
2,519,610 
9,400,824 
2,615,887 
51,251,309 
11,016,740 


185 

700 
157 
14,117 
10,439 

2,450 
4,424 


539,501 
254,948,364 
12,960,563 
51,947,659 
2,743,337 
8,261,791 
451,264 
4,925,550 
1,667,740 
19,358,013 
4,008,254 
1,230,044 
259,714 


586,837 
391,292,960 
19,610,945 
51,947,659 
2,743,337 
8,262,611 
451,473 
4,940,282 
1,678,915 
22,192,721 
4,801,664 
1,232,494 
264,138 


6,969 

14,159 
14,392 


559,724 
261,750,905 
13,001,891 
80,214,293 
3,165,388 
3,426.575 
296,168 
7,308,740 
2,136,641 
26,575,137 
5,614,671 
1,618,439 
308,113 


566,741 
397,603,716 
20,051,248 
80,303,615 
3,167,330 
3,431,332 
297,595 
7,322,916 
2,151,072 
28,028,341 
5,932,923 
1,618,439 
308,113 


8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 


47,878,962 


51,438,351 


32,224 


25,988,191 


34,242,063 


32,454 


29,319,478 


36,715,069 




4,674,911 

146,109 
301,133 
152,922 
1,016,187 
324,940 
193,293 
146,621 
237,787,380 
1,729,093 


5,481,072 

2,384,150 
1,289,617 
508,841 
1,084,595 
362,756 
645,016 
500,602 
237,809,435 
1,729,808 


299,190 

1,137,654 
48,123 
32,515 
11,058 
7,236 
509,389 
335,164 
8,290 
211 


2,620,977 

54,012 
423,832 
164,598 
876,134 
274,784 
212,872 
150,135 
157,168,316 
1,271,397 


3,135,916 

3,146,466 
1,037,143 
291,036 
941,968 
296,656 
722,485 
486,032 
157,198,236 
1,272,170 


376,220 

604,158 
37,662 
19,725 
874 
550 
675,941 
392,368 
1,232 
67 


3,489,510 

48,960 
411,614 
153,986 
1,296,035 
327,185 
323,874 
205,952 
245,867,692 
1,670,736 


4,060,806 

1,955,495 
1,601,005 
325,579 
1,311,980 
329,530 
1,046,092 
612,613 
246,020,164 
1,673,662 


15 

16 
17 

IS 
19 
20 


188,459,045 


306,095,113 


6,324,790 


118,216,653 


137,604,140 


12,508,655 


114,641,869 


139,919,012 




457,489 

1,679,04" 
4,447,808 
430, 178 
1,370,429 

49,212,429 
1,634,822 
4,210,616 
166,756 

1,181,898 


889,996 

3,457,913 
6,031,566 
750,385 
1,420,374 

52,579,803 
1,737,622 
18,314,748 
840,323 

1,187,48 


96,697 

751,285 
253,526 
26,880 
55,832 

5,877 
288 
544,110 
16,423 

18,484 


298,921 

1,312,828 
2,898,562 
147,142 
994, 24b 

22,832,33 
581,619 
3,640,223 
125,459 

539,664 


493,101 

2, 444 , 323 
4,093,510 
201,184 
1,076,384 

22,838,208 
581,907 
8,652,794 
236,100 

569,129 


87,367 

897,925 
211,090 
45,874 
57,637 

24,140 
916 
2,304 
86 

4,025 


340,622 

1,095,881 
2,815,218 
293,953 
770,637 

28,034,588 
720,549 
4,714,703 
83,975 

297,881 


538,009 

2,354,606 
4,054,130 
601,744 
892,868 

31,702,506 
809,538 
24,965,729 
473,01 

331,518 


21 

22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 

28 


3,5u3.3u 


4, 42;, 564 


35,385 


1,64;, 30 


1,881,805 


5,070 


1,5*7,733 


2,051,975 




3,513,58 
1,244,67 
470,76 

20,923,45 
353,84 
661,75 
34,39 


4,251,620 
1,424,446 
1,202,585 

21,378,983 
363,34 
1,981,80 
142,99 


440,894 
73,704 
63,57 

385,54 
6,21 


1,926,62 
1,044,85 
441,36 

16,047,07 
275,35 
808,09 
45,37 


2,838,466 
1,211,553 
955,259 

16,432,750 
281,57 
2,017,07 
127,48 


620,603 
91,926 
75,668 

206,926 
2,535 
2,97 
22 


2,527,090 
1,093,664 
507,02 

23,884,973 
326,379 
506,92 
29,71 


3,550,45 
1,280,65 
871,56 

24,547,29 
329,81 
3,819,69 
262,74 


29 
30 
31 

32 
33 



Unrevised figures. 



536 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and 

in the four fiscal 









1920. 






No 


Principal articles by classes. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
tea. 


All 
Countries. 


^United 
Kingdom. 


1 


VIII. Chemicals and Allied Products- 
concluded. 
Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p.- concluded. 
Sal ammoniac Ib. 


771 ->s- 


455 484 


1 9 791 


1 17 095 


2 


Copper, sulphate of (blue vitriol) . Ib 


85,199 
518 616 


48,511 
1 87 56 


133,720 

9 -!()! 17X 


137,901 

K7Q fi Jft 


3 



Chloride of lime, etc Ib. 


49,43b 
194 451) 


147,730 
90 943 575 


197,166 
20 443 02o 


49,492 
7 "II 4fi1 


4 


Cream of tartar in crvstals or argols Ib. 


5,50< 

18 so: 


363,228 
289 498 


368,737 

796 7 ( ) J 


47,374 

]); (;>> 


1 


Borax in bulk Ib. 


72,414 
6 890 


138,30 
3 618 074 


370,375 

f tV t 111 


65,044 

r," {i i 




ft 

Six la ash or barilla Ib. 


589 
1 030 102 


278,29- 
50 986 211 


278,881 
52 016 313 


6,256 
f>7 Q<9 


7 


Soda, bicarbonate of Ib 


19,274 
3 371 055 


1,055,810 
4 IQ-) oy 


1,075,084 
7 47 i 14N 


1 , 760 
4 91H =1111 


8 


Soda, caustic Ib. 


67,541 


6 097 654 


104, 19S 
6 097 654 


02,640 

Unit; 


9 


Soda, sal .... Ib 


- 


m .SSi 

10 619 962 


- _ l,S->> 

in ni i Hi 


443 

H -)j)(i 


10 
11 
12 


Soda, sulphate of, crude, known as salt cake Ib. 

Soda, silicate of, in crystals or solution.. . Ib. 
$ 
Acid phosphate, not medicinal Ib 


2,478,750 
40,609 
543,981 

14,76! 

>4 ->;yj 


158,059 
51,441,:il5 
369,033 
21,206,340 
234,294 
3 176 843 


158,059 
53,920,06," 
409,64: 
21,750,320 
240,057 
3 201 082 


170 
630, 198 
7,730 

987,983 

*u ir-iu 








334, 66( 


337,253 


4,909 




Total inorganic chemicals, n.o.p. $ 


.>;i,i,i! 


4,98d,989 


5,761,215 


867,961 


1.1 


Other drugs, dyes and chemicals, n.o.p. 
Camphor Ib. 


10 475 


49 514 


67 130 


1 5Q4 


14 


Cyanide of potassium Ib 


25,384 
634 08 


138,894 

O l "> I 


L84)2i: 

<)() ! Klil 


4,757 

(.77 9f|K 


15 


Ink, printing $ 


157,794 
15 734 


65,559 
181 913 


- . 3,353 
197 75 9 


240,575 
(i ifi i 


I 


Polish or composition, knife or other $ 


97 633 


273 056 


371 165 


1 1 1 706 
















Total Chemicals and Allied Products f 


4,154,345 


23,997,657 


30,042,823 


6,046,972 


ll 


IX. Miscellaneous Commodities. 

Vmui-eiiient and sporting goods 
Cinematograph or moving picture films, 
positives $ 


55 441 


1 311 691 


1 367 132 


l| "iSl 


18 


Toys, all kinds $ 


76 686 


1 038 844 


1 296 454 


367 494 
















Total amusement and sporting 

goods ... 


188,356 


2 6!>9 548 


3 107 997 


532 G51 














19 


Brushes $ 


61 544 


474 528 


767 183 


milliO 


20 


Packages $ 


981 7 " 


800 757 


2 1 4 532 


1 7H", 77 1 


21 


ilousehold and personal equipment 
Boot, shoe, shirt and stay laces $ 


57 907 


247 833 


370 665 


98 318 


22 


Boots, shoes, slippers, etc $ 


71 470 


328 941 


434 9 6 9 


00 400 


23 


Buttons, all kinds f 


> 501 


1 099 983 


1 3 9 9 09 


6 839 


24 


Jewelry $ 


50 030 


1 120 530 


1 9 42 010 


03 392 


. .> 


Pocket books, portfolios, etc . . $ 


40 0"0 


65 991 


746 45 


m7fifi 


-(, 


Spectacle frames, eye-glass frames $ 


15 


170 410 


170 71 " 


420 


27 


Tobacco pipes, all kinds, etc S 


489 341 


486 651 


1 204 889 


977 I 


28 


Braids, cords, fringes, tassels $ 


53 102 


410 745 


515 788 


]>; (|(j 
















Total household and personal 
equipment S 


977,349 


5,917,818 


7,686,722 


2 213 990 














29 


Musical instruments .... 




41" 624 


4 3 9 ) O t. i 


131 465 


.to 


Sceintific and educational equipment. . . 


153 503 


3,020,021 


3 28 803 


" i l 59 


31 


hips and vessels 


ii )4 123 


5 4 i 


6 191 136 


1 739 


32 


Vehicles, chiefly of wood 


1 339 


731 9 60 


1 68 


11 .Vl l 


33 


Vorkh of art 


265 134 


314 813 


(> ! 520 


337 :;o<> 


34 


^ncils, lead 




559 804 


582 498 


6S 


35 


Settlers effects 


2 057 867 


8 016 964 


10 181 034 


1 700 692 


36 


Miscellaneous articles imported under 
special conditions $ 


1,862,038 


10,466,994 


12,864,713 


7,506,756 




Total Miscellaneous Commodities S 


8,323,780 


5l,65ti,2il9 


62,344, 78U 


17,061,364 




Total Imports, Merchandise $ 


126,362,631 


801,097,318 


,o(ii..v. srw 


213,973,265 



IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 



537 



All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, 
years 1920-1923 concluded. 



1921. 


1922. 


1923." 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United . 


United 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




299,942 


1,438,231 


458,331 


434,112 


899,492 


664,069 


823,218 


1,516,282 


1 


34,496 


173,105 


38,698 


35,041 


75,895 


46,878 


58,153 


110,142 




1,780,164 


2,353,802 


678,996 


833,740 


1,512,738 


2,123,306 


987,506 


3,110,935 


2 


124,307 


173,799 


39,427 


56,651 


96,079 


105,087 


58,763 


163,874 




38,729,921 


39,450,426 


456,022 


17,625,186 


18,090,172 


479,858 


37,019,204 


37,499,062 


3 


1,176,515 


1,223,901 


14,976 


384,621 


399,860 


14,460 


578,856 


593,316 




236,337 


525,583 


189,611 


163,287 


858,104 


216,584 


154,187 


962,008 


4 


116,403 


293,120 


52,479 


46,287 


216,945 


36,603 


31,725 


180,247 




2,604,536 


2,669,855 


82,751 


2,142,430 


2,225,181 


30,114 


2,832,708 


2,862,972 


5 


212,544 


218,801 


5,739 


126,570 


132,309 


1,712 


143,422 


145,152 




12,145,267 


12,213,249 


689,740 


6,032,891 


6,811,850 


343,525 


8,167,413 


8,510,938 


6 


314,247 


316,013 


16,120 


110,679 


130,972 


5,920 


127,116 


133,036 




3,999,229 


8,217,733 


261,921 


6,007,867 


6,269,788 


482,020 


8,843,852 


9,326,072 


7 


107,655 


200,304 


9,630 


137,811 


147,441 


15,814 


162,579 


178,407 




8,155,035 


8,313,151 


982,778 


12,952,191 


13,937,519 


248,402 


11,247,705 


11,500,207 


8 


337,060 


344,045 


40,853 


501,653 


542,845 


9,331 


370,425 


380,419 




9,223,189 


9,238,263 


171,695 


9,639,666 


9,811,361 


26,200 


8,879,053 


8,905,435 


9 


185,610 


186,098 


4,939 


196,605 


201,544 


354 


140,449 


140,811 




84,302,106 


86,052,304 


10,056 


58,837,971 


58,848,027 


11,475,712 


56,364,393 


68,009,505 


10 


1,019,445 


1,043,175 


134 


707,065 


707,199 


109,231 


578,048 


688,149 


4 


27,539,839 


28,797,822 


577,216 


21,374,106 


22,064,162 


584,654 


25,106,986 


25,691,640 


11 


314,587 


346,758 


16,610 


220,345 


238,503 


13,571 


201,249 


214,820 


A 


2,931,194 


2,986,133 


83,867 


3,395,316 


3,479,183 


41,596 


3,434,152 


3,475,748 


n 


313,280 


318,189 


8,262 


253,923 


262,185 


3,367 


211,620 


214,987 




6,019, 595 


7,149,704 


504,894 


4,596,172 


5,356,610 


647,303 


5,044,653 


6,107,231 




57, 128 


60,984 


2,627 


50,404 


61,667 


8,917 


58,375 


77,880 


13 


93,329 


101,668 


2,481 


44,962 


54,216 


7,635 


52,204 


68,746 




237,881 


1,215,089 


1,590,759 


67,877 


1,725,964 


1,131,044 


553,606 


1,754,157 


14 


59,565 


300,140 


349,583 


16,918 


380,607 


217,863 


104,808 


336,467 




196,111 


217,546 


18,871 


144,497 


168,337 


15,770 


189,544 


206,372 


15 


282,986 


425,098 


77,501 


146,261 


225,040 


110,630 


183,667 


294,888 


16 


28,138,104 


37,887,449 


3,237,117 


18,143,315 


24,630,333 


3,636,013 


18,347,545 


25,793,101 




1,629,424 


1,660,892 


29,640 


1,716,161 


1,754,285 


21,463 


1,524,069 


1,549,892 


17 


1,177,606 


1,935,202 


161,124 


906,045 


1,376,084 


185,943 


915,550 


1,445,596 


18 


3,101,831 


4,245,844 


302,900 


2,898,705 


3,641,610 


309,616 


2,693,989 


3,488,993 




504,221 


1,077,718 


104,505 


316,319 


607,000 


114,395 


306,797 


601,593 


19 


966,683 


-3,432,883 


1,005,143 


630,330 


2,050,153 


1,149,864 


635,996 


2,179,599 


20 


188,246 


355,629 


19,405 


84,704 


122,916 


20,799 


110,527 


152,774 


21 


285,877 


524,555 


46,035 


171,632 


243,922 


69,297 


322,927 


428,183 


22 


832,545 


1,213,064 


40,057 


524,140 


690,382 


80,668 


406,743 


683,460 


23 


811,858 


1,174,102 


91,057 


663,877 


880,205 


108,155 


723,028 


986,321 


24 


509,784 


754,326 


134,397 


450,185 


652,796 


172,609 


468,790 


722,127 


25 


211,102 


211,553 


113 


114,876 


115,011 


389 


185,241 


186,150 


26 


350,946 


1,661,023 


823,039 


133,180 


1,322,322 


681,984 


83,108 


1,067,527 


27 


455,171 


792,688 


63,591 


554,465 


819,971 


68,601 


458,792 


830,661 


28 


4,999,775 


8,542,038 


1,499,001 


3,721,279 


6,259,714 


1,507,098 


3,734,339 


6,455,862 




3,096,608 


3,486,744 


74,883 


2,040,439 


2,353,531 


80,117 


2,297,117 


2,521,457 


2 


3,211,916 


3,765,608 


262,074 


2,721,148 


3,405,251 


266,333 


2,401,716 


2,905,080 


30 


2,411,450 


3,034,247 


236,836 


598,331 


849,958 


45,146 


1,859,064 


2,183,759 


31 


961,256 


964,880 


2,918 


518,324 


521,283 


89,508 


511,782 


602,387 


32 


435,903 


875,350 


231,681 


186,436 


540,280 


275,997 


172,831 


604,643 


33 


793,686 


873,967 


48,922 


661,400 


721,846 


47,142 


546,455 


620,991 


34 


8,872,413 


10,749,819 


1,409,020 


6,044,233 


7,625,534 


1,041,121 


4,985,266 


6,205,085 


35 


11,532,981 


19,518,882 


5,195,859 


7,565,362 


13,511,218 


1,181,305 


7,807,803 


9,500,890 


36 


S0,15il,038 


72,688,072 


11,470,236 


34,360,031 


50,485,971 


7,018,384 


34,775,037 


46,136,811 




856,176,820 


1,240,158,882 


117,135,343 


515,958,196 


747,804,332 


141,287,671 


540,917,432 


802,465,043 





1 Unrevised figures. 



538 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



14. Imports (Dutiable and Free), and Exports of Canadian and Foreign Produce, 
by Main Classes, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914 and 1919-22. 



Classes. 


V 

1914. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


IMPORTS. 

Agricultural and Vegetable Pro 
ducts (exceptchemicals, fibres 
and wood). 
Dutiable 


$ 

58,335,155 


$ 

84 613 246 


$ 

156 595 248 


S 

183 169 503 


$ 

123 822 535 


Free 


39,282,487 


72 881,819 


85 250 899 


76 261 607 


48 842 988 














Total 


97,617,642 


157,495,065 


241 846 147 


259 431 110 


172 665 523 














Animals and Animal Products 
(except chemicals and fibres) . 
Dutiable 


26,249,117 


24,554,327 


52 933 661 


36 407 665 


28 670 084 


Free.. . 


14,843 798 


16 950 767 


42 165 082 


95 314 725 


17 975 705 














Total 


41,092,915 


41,505,094 


95,098,743 


61,722,390 


46,645,789 














Fibres, Textiles^ and Textile 
Products. 
Dutiable 


81,723,548 


105 186 945 


156 536 643 


171 058 642 


96 223 007 


Free. ... 


27,430,313 


73 003 296 


75 023 234 


72 549 700 


43 774 130 














Total 


109,153,861 


178,190 241 


231 559 877 


243 608 342 


139 997 137 














Wood, Wood Products and 
Paper. 
Dutiable 


18,349,506 


18 610 573 


24 837 2^7 


33 969 792 


22 308 046 


Free 


19,047,888 


16 789 279 


18 346 040 


23 479 592 


13 483 441 














Total 


37,397,394 


35,399,852 


43,183,267 


57,449,384 


35,791,487 














Iron and its Products. 
Dutiable 


120,377,501 


136 580 414 


155 244 390 


202,323 458 


98,075,016 


Free . 


23,487,234 


55,946 963 


31 075 486 


43,302,245 


12,135,523 














Total 


113,864,735 


192,527,377 


186,319,876 


245,625,703 


110,210,539 














Non-ferrous Metals) and^their 
Products 
Dutiable 


20,246,345 


22,580,060 


32,781,310 


39,923,514 


22,608,912 


Free 


15,328,059 


18,964,348 


19,395,124 


15,727,805 


7,164,501 














Total 


35,574,404 


41,544,408 


52,176,434 


55,651,319 


29,773,413 














Non-metallic Minerals and their 
Products (except chemicals) . 
Dutiable 


44,081,914 


89 401 495 


61 395 487 


122,636,171 


63,710,543 


Free 


41,207,043 


46 048 167 


60 560 689 


83,458,942 


73,893,597 














Total 


85,288,957 


135,449,662 


121,956,176 


206,095,113 


137,604,149 














Chemicals and Allied Products. 
Dutiable 


9,180,745 


17,853 351 


18,120 605 


21,636,986 


14,861,012 


Free 


7,892,179 


16,346,663 


11, 922, 21* 


10,250,463 


9,769,321 














Total 


17,072,924 


34,200,014 


30,042,823 


37,887,449 


24,630,333 














Miscellaneous Commodities. 
Dutiable 


31,714,913 


27,114,247 


35,210,594 


36,435,675 


25,341,589 


Free 


20, -1! 


7ti 285 745 


27 134,186 


36,25 


25,144,382 














Total 


52,131,166 


103,399,992 


62,344,780 


72,688,072 


50,485,971 














Total Imports. 
Dutiable 


410,: 


526,494,658 


693,655,165 


847,561,406 


495,620,744 


Free 


208,935,254 


393,217,047 


370,872,958 


697,476 


- ,-.- ,183,588 














Total Imports 


619,193,998 


919,711,705 


1,064,528,123 


1,240,158,882 


747,804,332 


Duty collected (includes War 

Taxi 


107,180,578 


158,046,334 


187,524,182 


179,667,683 


121,487,394 















MAIN CLASSES OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 



539 



14. Imports (Dutiable and Free), and Exports of Canadian and Foreign Produce, by 
Main Classes, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914 and 1919-22 concluded. 



Classes. 


1914. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


EXPORTS. 

Agricultural and Vegetable Pro 
ducts (except chemicals, fibres 
and wood). 
Canadian Produce 


$ 
201,189,775 


. 
288,286,668 


$ 
415,820,135 



482,140,444 


$ 

317,578,963 


Foreign Produce 


13,075,791 


25,722,684 


6,421,943 


1,818,545 


2,231,217 














Total 


214, 265, 566 


314,009,352 


422,242,078 


483,958,989 


319,810,180 














Animals and Animal Products 
(except chemicals and fibres). 
Canadian Produce 


76,591 015 


244 990 826 


314 017 944 


188,359 937 


135 798 720 


Foreign Produce 


1,560,400 


9 364 079 


6 565 660 


1,433 501 


1 434 161 














Total 


78,151,415 


254,354,905 


320,583,604 


189,793,438 


137,232,881 














Fibres, Textiles and Textile 
Products. 
Canadian Produce 


1,933,513 


28 030 381 


34 028,314 


18,783 884 


4,585 987 


Foreign Produce 


426,609 


1 834 594 


3 993,765 


2,626 801 


1 105,798 














Total 


2,360,122 


29,864,975 


37,952,079 


21,410,685 


5,691,785 














Wood, Wood Products^and 
Paper. 
Canadian Produce 


63,201,624 


154,569 154 


213 913,944 


284 561,478 


179 925,887 




926 844 


308 949 


535 319 


551 189 


378 344 














Total 


64,128,468 


154,878,103 


214,449,263 


285,112,667 


180,304,231 














Iron and its Products. 


15,483 491 


81 910 Q<> 6 


81 785 89 


76 500 741 


28 312 272 




2,923 9^9 


6 179 760 


18 058 937 


8 582 41 


3 400 751 














Total 


18,407,420 


88,090,686 


99,844,766 


85,083,153 


31,713,023 














Non-ferrous Metals and their 
Products. 
Canadian Produce. . .... 


53,304,267 


79 260 732 


54 976 413 


45 939 377 


27 885 996 


Foreign Produce 


500,292 


967 146 


2 597 839 


846 500 


822 034 














Total 


53,804,559 


80,227,878 


57,574,252 


46,785,877 


28,708,030 














Non-metallic Minerals and their 
Products (except chemicals) . 
Canadian Produce 


9,263,643 


26,662,304 


30 342,926 


40,121,892 


2*> 616 684 




249 485 


3 207 941 


842 930 


888 775 


77 9 058 














Total 


9,513,128 


29,870,245 


31,185,856 


41,010,667 


23,388,742 














Chemicals and Allied Products. 
Canadian Produce 


4,889,913 


57,406,349 


22,883,685 


20,366,279 


9 506,170 


Foreign Produce 


234,848 


1 331 193 


3 556 274 


1 111 680 


427 338 














Total 


5,124,761 


58,737,542 


26 439 959 


21,477,959 


9 933 508 














Miscellaneous Commodities. 
Canadian Produce 


5,731,198 


255 326 466 


71 722 908 


32 389 669 


14 030 001 


Foreign Produce 


3 950 587 


3 405 133 


4 663 944 


3 405 015 


3 114 628 














Total 


9,681,785 


258,731,599 


76,386,852 


35,794 684 


17 144,629 














Total Exports. 
Canadian Produce 
Foreign Produce 


431,588,439 
23,848,785 


1,216,443,806 
52,321,479 


1,239,492,098 
47,166,611 


1,189,163,701 
21,264,418 


740,240,680 
13,686,329 


Total Exports 


455,437,224 


1,268,765,285 


1,286,658,709 


1,210,428,119 


753,927,009 


Total Trade. 
Imports merchandise 


619 193 998 


919 711 705 


1 064 528 13 


1 40 158 882 


747 804 332 


Exports merchandise 


455 437 24 


1 268 765 285 


1 286 658 709 


1 210 4 9 8 119 


753 927 009 














Total Trade.. 


1.074.631.222 


2.188.476.990 


2.351.186.832 


2.450.587.001 


1.51)1. 731. S41 



540 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



15. External Trade of Canada, by Main Groups and Degrees of Manufacture, 
according to Origin, Year ended March 31, 1922. 



Origins. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports, Domestic. 


From 
United 
Kingdom . 


From 
United 
States. 


* Total. 


To 
United 
Kingdom. 


To 
United 
States. 


Total. 


Articles of Agricultural or 
Vegetable Origin- 
Raw materials 


1,621,981 
89,518 
46,169,239 


S 

66,861,697 
13,947,594 
53,761,728 


78,464,013 
46,546,426 
124,080,737 


146,901,497 
101,968 
49,671,129 


40,320,999 
205,756 
7,601,725 


$ 

237,857,046 
519,619 
80,816,061 


Partly manufactured arti 
cles 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Total 


47,880,738 


134,571,019 


249,091,176 


196,674,594 


48,128,480 


319,192,726 


Articles of Animal Origin- 
Raw materials 


1,890,159 
3,375,318 
27,127,896 


23,555,812 
6,257,358 
19,671,176 


29,447,960 
11,097,744 
61,649,045 


11,574,237 
1,719,096 
51,653,663 


29,532,103 
3,477,997 
3,570,842 


42,199,323 
5,405,365 
60,000,435 


Partly manufactured arti 
cles 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Total 


32,393,373 


49,484,346 


102,194,749 


64,946,996 


36,571,942 


107,605,123 


Articles of Marine Origin 


11,929 
146,006 


701,403 
557,270 


1,067,375 
2,109,252 


314,470 
5,278,731 


9.004,790 
3,758,873 


9,359,143 
20,252,638 


Partly manufactured arti 
cles 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Total 


157,935 


1,258,673 


3,176,627 


5,593,201 


12,763,663 


29,611,781 


Articles of Forest Origin- 
Raw materials 


16,677 
8,834 
2,646,268 


746,765 
7,416,002 
24,469,788 


811,880 
7,454,815 
28,975,612 


46,161 
13,845,387 
1,912,036 


13,085,271 
57,837,267 
77,241,401 


13,637,792 
79,465,820 
87,168,178 


Partly manufactured arti 
cles 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Total 


2,671,779 


32,632,555 


37,242,307 


15,803,584 


148,163,939 


180,271,790 


Articles of Mineral Origin 

Raw materials 


198,511 
687,098 
18,532,346 


99,353,347 
5,128,941 
148,516,350 


106,657,525 
6,020,164 
177,674,468 


4,452,637 
4,372,753 
5,286,129 


16,479,921 
10,696,163 
9,602,289 


26,317,638 
21,228,641 
37,744,279 


Partly manufactured arti 
cles 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Total 


19,417,955 


252,998,638 


290,352,157 


14,111,519 


36,778,373 


85,290,558 


Articles of Mixed Origin 

Raw materials 


85,177 
14,528,386 


624,136 
44,388,829 


724,702 
65,022,614 


85,957 
2,145,824 


487,364 
9,694,882 


608,119 
17,660,583 


Partly manufactured arti 
cles 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Total 


14,613,563 


45,012,965 


65,747,316 


2,231,781 


10,182,246 


18,268,702 





EXTERNAL TRADE BY GROUPS AND ORIGIN 



541 



15. External Trade of Canada, by Main Groups and Degrees of Manufacture, 
according to Origin, Year ended March 31, 1923 concluded. 



1 

Origins. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports, Domestic. 


From 
United 
Kingdom. 


From 
United 
States. 


Total. 


To 
United 
Kingdom. 


To 
United 
States. 



Total. 


Recapitulation- 
Raw materials 


$ 

3,739,257 
4,245,945 
109,150,141 


$ 

191,219,024 
33,374,031 
291,365,141 


$ 

216,448,753 
71,843,851 
459,511,728 


$ 

163,289,002 
20,125,161 
115,947,512 


- 

108,414,084 
72,704,547 
111,470,012 


$ 

329,370,942 
107,227,564 
303,642,174 


Partly manufactured arti 
cles 


Fully or chiefly manufac- 


Grand Total 


117,135,343 


515,958,196 


747,804,332 


299,361,675 


292,588,643 


740,240,680 




NOTE I. 

Approximate value of com 
modities imported and ex 
ported, such as are pro 
duced on Canadian farms, 
or manufactured directly 
from such farm products, 
included in Table No. 15. 

Articles of Agricultural or 
Vegetable Origin- 
Raw materials 


590,745 
311 
454,325 


28,641,310 
818,491 
3,390,503 


31,068,162 
857,281 
4,483,708 


146,874,351 
100,643 
37,638,697 


40,077,312 

126,327 
5,647,743 


237,563,427 
405,375 
60,771,608 


Partly manufactured arti- 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Total 


1,045,381 


33,850,304 


36,409,151 


184,613,691 


45,851,382 


298,740,410 


Articles of Animal Origin 


1,781,112 
364,025 
998,842 


13,149,713 
3,991,571 
5,745,102 


18,563,540 
4,516,577 
7,827,664 


7,364,959 
1,705,977 
51,317,813 


18,960,106 
3,464,042 
2,542,311 


27,344,942 
5,364,352 
58,152,013 


Partly manufactured arti- 


Fully or chiefly manufac- 


Total 


3,143,979 


32,886,386 


30,907,781 


60,388,749 


24,966,459 


90,861,307 




NOTE II. 

Approximate value of princi 
pal Canadian Exports pro 
duced wholly or chiefly 
from imported materials, 
included in Table No. 15 

Articles of Agricultural or 
Vegetable Origin 


- 


- 


- 


10,763,558 


66 
74,903 
944,180 


6,761 
76,269 
16,444,505 


Partly manufactured arti 


Fully or chiefly manufac 


Total 


- 


- 


- 


10,763,558 


1,019,149 


16,527,535 


Articles of Animal Origin 

Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


_ 


_ 


_ 


128,707 


13,308 


209,715 





542 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



16. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classiflcatloi 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1922. 



Classes. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 
United 
Kingdom. 


From 
United 
States. 


Total. 


To 
United 
Kingdom. 


To 
United 
States. 


Total. 


FOODS, BEVERAGES 
AND SMOKERS 
SUPPLIES. 

Foods 


S 

4,464,330 


$ 

73,623,614 
257,605 
11,369,589 
10,479,712 

491,044 
477,987 
13,057 

398,833 
778,207 
1,737,429 
1,078,834 
542,586 

67,084 

469.164 
25,956,424 
18,122,082 
6,961,394 

872,948 
8,395,529 
4,981,793 

3,413,736 

1,201,478 
731,070 
33,055 

698,015 
l,89g,386 

40,895 
827,179 
1,028,312 
433,344 
589,517 
433,125 
9,660,328 
197,281 
219,270 
9,058,292 
185,485 
3,638,124 
3,162,206 
377,212 
98,706 
10,048 
578,487 
4,878,090 
1,908,763 
1,160,985 
10,683 
1,129,611 
20,691 
16,001 
4,690 
197,708 

131,390 

66,318 
550,070 
41,684 
452,659 
55,727 
45,213 
10,514 


* 

125,031,880 
264,255 
13,037,024 
11,955,378 

554,906 
508,462 
46,444 

526,740 
978,761 
3,039,914 
2,864,165 
826,757 

1,009,160 

1,028,248 
29,337,673 
18,873,673 
9,151,256 

1,312,744 
9,002,611 
5,102,605 

3,900,006 

1,241,067 
2,268,584 
33,055 

2,235,529 
4,534,284 

422,513 
1,304,739 
2,807,032 
763,744 
1,073,724 
1,219,832 
44,440,911 
725,523 
1,899,673 
41,624,696 
191,019 
4,889,851 
3,531,548 
897,856 
460,447 
43,189 
578,540 
5,453,751 
37,638,030 
24,524,202 
114,810 
23,224,714 
1,184,678 
799,591 
385,087 
336,941 

170,404 

166,537 
12,776,887 
152,983 
3,491,811 
9,132,093 
8,018,304 
1,113,789 


t 

258,127,342 
4,152,621 
176,735,266 
139,535,805 

36,207,455 
36,207,455 

992,006 

5,540,898 
262,272 

5,681 

5,272,945 
7,381,140 
6,317,957 

116,907 

946,276 
24,345,322 
926,005 

23,419,317 

471,266 
27,728,958 

27,728,958 
5,717 

5,717 

9,122,636 
45,736 
470 
9,050,710 
25,720 
232,971 
383 
232,588 

2,410,547 
201,221 
197,350 
4,080 
193,270 

i 
3.871 
3,871 


$ 

63,697,753 
5,105,973 
29,501,299 
25,597,691 

3,870,952 
3,870,952 

32,656 
63,625 

12,506,656 
8,879,021 

2,626,298 

1,001,337 
3,611,370 
3,196,093 
92,569 

322,708 
4,899,482 
4,674,844 

224,638 

241 
5,180,436 
2,791,002 

2,389,434 
7,013 

7,013 

1,823 

289,784 
29,124 
60, 104 
34,963 
165,593 
1,999,256 
1,936,287 
62,969 

20,406 

510,389 
1,051,754 
925,987 
687,467 
238,343 
177 

177 
125,393 

66,489 

58,904 
374 

374 


$ 

407,712,17ft 
9,694,367 
270,625.264 
213,321,665 

56,162,03ft 
56,162,03* 

1,141,563 
237,510 

29,274,472 
9,162,771 

9,441,296 

10,670,405 
11,581,829 
9,748,522 
537,582 

1,295,725 
29,826,547 
5,811,972 

24,014,575 

842,767 
36,540,824 
2,791,002 

33,749,822 
12,860 

12,860 

7,831 

11,621,457 
440,174 
66,007 
10,922,436 
192,840 
4,030,968 
3,703,914 
327,054 

21,848 

3,393.631 
1,928,318 
1,790,249 
849,285 
937,306 
3,658 

3,658 
134,523 

71,194 

63,329 
3,546 

3,546 




6,650 
167,918 
32,763 

43,109 
9,722 
33,387 

92,046 
55,793 
556,637 
148,428 
3,054 

80,627 

64,747 

399,277 
125,030 
14.: 

130,714 

303,322 
2,666 

300,656 

39,581 
646,774 

646,774 
136,288 

29,057 
25,363 
81,868 
31,326 
374,915 
520,088 
461,590 
409,161 
48,179 
283 
3,967 
396,019 
142,644 
986 
252,389 
28,255 

191,469 
23,067,966 
19,103,750 
103,051 
18,865,590 
135,109 
102,555 
32,554 
39,804 

17,677 

22,127 
3,924,412 
94,570 
197,337 
3,632,505 
3,582,790 
49,715 




Grains 


Flour and other milled 




Other milled products . 
Bakery products and 
prepared foods 


Other farinaceous foods. . . 


Fish 




Dried, salted, smoked 


Canned or otherwise pre- 


Fruits 


Fresh 


Dried 


Canned or otherwise pre- 


Moats 


l- ivsh, chilled or frozen . 
Cured, pickled, pre 
served or prepared.. 
Lard, lard compoun 


Milk :ind its products 
Milk and cream, fresh . . 
Milk preparations and 


Nuts 


Cocoanuts and their pro- 


Other nuts, not shelled. . 
Other nuts shelled 


Oils 


Salt 




Sugar and sugar products. 


Molasses and syrups 






Fresh 




Pickles and sauces .... 




Yeast 


Other articles for food 
Beverages and infusions 


Brewed 


Distilled 




Wines, non-sparkling. . 
Wines sparkling .... 


Beverages, non-alcoholic. . 
Liire and other fruit 


Mineral and aerated 


Infusions 




Coffee and chicory 


Tea 


Black 


Green. . . 



EXTERNAL TRADE BY GROUPS AND PURPOSE 



543 



!. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled en a Classification 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1922 continued. 



Classes. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 
United 
Kingdom. 


From 
United 

States. 


Total. 


To 

United 
Kingdom. 


To 
United 
States. 


Total. 


FOODS, BEVERAGES 
AND SMOKERS 

SUPPLD3S concluded. 


$ 

1,484,811 
656,547 
828,264 

2,180,514 

1,528,174 
1,303,306 
32,560 
47,911 
144,397 
210,765 

84,652 
356,923 
6,651,325 
9,315 
386,105 
328,475 
889,251 
806,493 
1,454,412 
112,730 
119,665 
217,606 
2,327,273 
9,138,470 
664,633 
313,082 
1,510,766 
1,106,830 
403,936 
104,719 

2,887,760 
47,478 
2,840,282 
2,339,645 
126,026 
71,525 
72,553 

311,346 
736,415 
1,426,231 

1,395,314 
30,917 
841,960 
269,754 
572,206 

444,573 
111,407 
36,536 
24,653 
271,977 


1 

539,063 
291,234 
247,829 

11,430,614 

8,407,149 

2,914.970 
44,707 
2,557,838 
2,889,634 
1,305,766 

660,332 
1,057,367 
11,060,794 
238,652 
1,254,047 
150,714 
55,805 
1,958,707 
925,264 
2,200 
251,262 
435,969 
5,788,174 
8,863,514 
410,831 
237,551 
337,366 
259,147 
78,219 
1,279,634 

819,164 
431,266 
387,898 
572,657 
1,209,001 
1,210,575 
1,042,094 

167,327 
1,577,314 
2,153,934 

938,043 
1,215,891 
1,585,959 
955,719 
630,240 

5,332,505 
2,309,174 
1,795,472 
67,111 
1,160,748 


I 

2,596,722 
1,080,434 
1,516,288 

14,447,348 

10,452,130 

4,702,345 
78,104 
2,607,718 
3,063,963 
1,552,991 

868,182 
1,574,045 
19,503,165 
267,107 
1,680,858 
936,134 
1,272,137 
2,974,148 
2,404,389 
116,082 
405,244 
670,447 
8,776,619 
19,850,489 
1,096,745 
586,805 
2,103,915 
1,559,610 
544,305 
1,555,131 

4,550,452 
552,859 
3,997,593 
3,113,244 
1,335,027 
1,339,740 
1,207,644 

538,789 
2,422,997 
6,790,465 

4,660,654 
2,129,811 
3,271,838 
1,935,088 
1,336,750 

6,448,578 
2,640,747 
1,845,392 
98,095 
1,864,344 


$ 

1,526 
1,526 

195,480 

90,883 
38,014 

52,869 
53,710 

33,619 
17,268 
758,617 

295,255 
3,434 

6,988 

97,331 
355,609 
431,793 

41,468 
690 
690 

93,736 
12,702 
138,882 

144,315 
23,901 
23,901 

54,496 
30,795 
15,632 

8,069 


1 

11,565 
11,565 

456,336 

343,775 
121,408 

222,367 
19,456 

28,632 
64,473 
282,311 

171,076 

2,525 

1,759 

12,080 
94,871 
297,896 

335 

335 
92,686 

5,663 
5,663 

114,021 
46,754 
3,517 

34,920 
8,174 
8,174 

2,437,656 
164,011 
2,245,754 

27,891 


$ 

45,828 
45,828 

1,058,155 

611,597 
189,244 

422,353 
247,870 

115,221 
83,467 
",371,900 

981,645 
39,660 

22,234 

202,683 
1,125,678 
2,263,461 
-J 

24,934 

24,934 
287,612 

121,488 
121,488 

738,254 
113,115 

227,788 

750,270 
80,021 
80,021 

2,759,486 
354,339 
2,352,235 

52,912 


Tobacco 


Other smokers supplies. . . 

PERSONAL AND 
HOUSEHOLD 
UTDLITIES. 

Books, printed matter, sta 
tionery and educational 
supplies 


Books, pamphlets, printed 
matter and maps 


Books - - 


Charts and maps. 


Newspapers 


Printed matter, n.o.p. . . 


Educational equipment 
(except text books) 


Works of art . 


Clothing 


Blouses and shirtwaists . . . 
Boots and shoes 


Gloves and mitts 


Handkerchiefs 


Hats and caps 


Hosiery 


Shawls 


Shirts 


Underwear.. . . 


Miscellaneous clothing 


Household utilities 


Bedding 


Cutlery 


Floor coverings 


Wool carpets ... 


Other floor coverings.. . . 
Furniture 


Glassware, chinaware and 
pottery 


Glassware . 


Chinaware and pottery. 
Household linen 


Household machinery 
Kitchen equipment 


Soap 


Window curtains and fix 
tures 


Miscellaneous household 

utilities. . . . 


Jewelry, personal orna 
ments and timepieces. 


Jewelry and personal orna 
ments 


Timepieces 


Personal utilities 


Toilet articles 


Other personal utilities 
Recreation equipment and 
supplies 


Musical instruments and 
accessories 


Picture machines and ac 
cessories 


Equipment for indoor 
games 


Miscellaneous articles for 
amusement 





.-, 1 1 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



16. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classification 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1922 con. 


("lasses. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 
United 
Kingdom . 


From 
United 
States. 


Total. 


To 

United 
Kingdom . 


To 
United 

Slates. 


Total. 


ELECTRICAL EQUIP 
MENT. 

Batteries 




504 
257,135 
40,236 
21,355 
270,454 

106,664 

1,552,436 
105,391 
562 

244,086 
20,217 

1,182,180 
219,495 

68,832 
25,699 

8,848 

4,806 
7,219 

432 
21,704 

124 
103,345 

90,462 
12,883 
1,564 

22,139 
23,615 

3,600,642 
780,312 

1,868,203 
1,624 
64,545 
360, 190 
675,923 
765,921 

67,022 
106,539 
56,286 
93,270 
158,126 


$ 

845,898 
2,843,449 
848,381 
333,707 
6,398,663 

967,211 

4,588,425 
592,438 
166,012 

147,519 
267,329 

3,415,127 
9,182,527 

7,546,609 
201,032 

2,654,492 

793,906 
424,042 

2,754,324 
396, 108 

322,705 

9 

550,944 

349,424 
201,520 
732,119 

134,447 
217,653 

755 
25,194,425 
762,777 

16,696,346 
1,205,270 
1,443,118 
1,756,634 
1,853,129 
10,438,195 

1,298,225 
2,430,446 
313,895 
1,059,952 
420,612 




846,452 
3,109,886 
1,286,143 
X 730 
6,689,940 

1,083,045 

6,971,506 
739,723 
168,670 

404,650 
322,867 

5,335,596 
10,090,192 

7,718,169 
325,755 

2,663,340 

798,850 
433,823 

2, 754, 756 
418,816 

322,829 
669,367 

452,255 
217,112 
734,049 

156,768 
811,084 

755 
29,233,038 
1,639,129 

18,831,312 
1,208,633 
1,519,045 
2,130,341 
2,636,903 
11,336,390 

1,365,427 
2,545,776 
386,675 
1,181,696 
579,380 




4,444 

1,314 

5,360 
146,973 

1,289 

429,655 
16,840 
3,896 

11,135 
388,504 

9,280 
404,791 

371,642 
618 

85,678 
114,311 

78,831 

92,204 
1,210 

895 
315 
31,287 

155 
497 

926,488 

571,534 
164,722 
9,792 

397,020 

8,558 
141,497 
93,584 




13,697 
17,227 

844,956 
67,810 

474,810 

149,029 
16,096 
28,296 

13,420 
16,540 

74,677 
2,344,504 

583,005 
41,175 

304,815 
4,851 

131,741 
55, 189 

45,234 
1,364,598 

362, 794 
1,001,804 
282,041 

31,194 
83,666 

957,364 
65,405 

564,120 
6,887 
45,574 

511,659 

28,672 
260 
112,811 
455 




39,194 
55,824 

1,186,878 
391,140 

485,069 

1,597,772 
97,834 
48,549 

79,164 
1,264,654 

107,571 
7,243,630 

5,345,308 
192,432 

2,284,981 
880,915 

688,609 
512,902 

785,469 
1,391,120 

368,786 
1,022,334 
385,818 

34,359 
87,025 

2,878,714 
65,405 

1,796,819 
328,119 
100,443 

1,368,257 

41,681 
153,212 
336,004 
57,545 


Dynamos and motors 




Transmission equipment. . . . 
Other electric apparatus 

PRODUCERS EQUIP 
MENT. 

4.brasives 


Containers, wrapping and 
packing materials. ...... 


Bags and sacks 


Barrels 


Cordage (except binder 
twine) 




Miscellaneous containers, 
etc 




Agricultural implements 
and machinery 


Dairying equipment 
Engines for farm pur 
poses 


Planting and tillage im- 


Har vesting equipment. . 
Seed separation machin- 


Other agricultural im 
plements and machin 
ery . 


Parts of agricultural im 
plements and machin 
ery 


Animals (except animals 
for food) 


Animals for improve 
ment of stock 


Other animals 


Fencing . 


Harness and horse equip 
ment 


Plants, trees and shrubs. . 
Miscellaneous farm equip 
ment 




Fisheries equipment . . . 


Industrial and trade ma 
chinery (except mining, 
electrical and printing 
machinery, boilers and 


Office or business ma 
chinery 


Metal-working machin- 


Pulp and paper-making 
machinery 


Textile and cordage ma 
chinery 


Other industrial machin 
ery 


Mining and metallurgical 


Printing equipment .... 


Photographic equipment. . 
Tools, n o.p 


Transmission equipment., 
(except electrical) 



EXTERNAL TRADE BY GROUPS AND PURPOSE 



545 



18. - - Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classification 
According to Purpose, fiscal year ended March 31, 1922 con. 



Classes. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 
United 
Kingdom. 


From 
United 

States. 


Total. 


To 
United 
Kingdom. 


To 

United 
States 


Total. 


PRODUCERS 5 EQUIP 
MENT concluded. 

Industrial equipment con- 
a. eluded. 
Miscellaneous industrial 
equipment 


$ 

470,884 

255,114 

164,678 
32,217 
31,975 

242 
5,036 

53,183 
18,330 

1,660,992 
185 
327,529 
2,331 
466,231 
3,116 
83,482 
407 
2,103 

440,894 
173,854 
267,040 
52,674 
2,643 

279,397 
363,198 
53,502 
2,424 
265,019 

42,253 
46,230,266 

38,392,742 
4,588,245 

4,650,048 
24,906,260 
859,435 

39,479 
25,074 
184,000 

3,140,201 
254,394 
690,433 
100,466 
75,302 
505,232 
9,433 


$ 

2,212,172 

92,377,349 

1,300,026 
89,471,213 
78,224,950 
9,384,623 
1,861,640 
677,054 

929,056 
1,955,511 

17,696,647 
539,501 
1,402,639 
96,359 
273,636 
2,138,738 
1,292,289 
188,701 
5,194,582 

1,926,621 
436,102 
1,490,519 
766,002 
3,146,049 

731,530 
12,279,704 
1,972,083 
812,098 
2,073,326 

7,422,197 
148,369,286 

379,815 
46,466,761 
21,372,194 

2,788,479 
14,242,567 
540,801 

433,129 
274,156 
1,728,850 

5,086,585 
2,916,297 
14,384,906 
6,778,389 
3,404,338 
3,615,452 
586.727 


1 

2,703,643 

94,212,594 

1,465,607 
91,027,939 
78,258,725 
10,906,918 
1,862,296 
683,917 

1,035,131 
1,974,585 

21,500,138 
586,837 
1,746,284 
98,791 
2,103,647 
2,142,017 
1,406,097 
190,158 
5,218,512 

2,838,466 
627,367 
2,211,099 
919,485 
3,149,137 

1,100,707 
13,438,221 
2,225,085 
814,934 
2,932,629 

7,465,573 
229,298,307 

385,334 
104,455,154 
27,739,481 

7,837,647 
51,566,542 
1,461,553 

614,553 
299,230 
2,534,217 

12,401,931 
4,112,125 
18,454,885 
7,772,331 
5,897,312 
4,188,038 
597.204 


$ 

111,315 

2,911,451 

121,980 
2,720,872 
2,720,872 

4 

68,595 
73 

7,105,970 
1,204 

354,639 
19,808 
5,842,960 

162,903 
93,002 
69,901 
50 

724,406 
756,996 
7,809 
301,124 

253,885 

194,178 
21,239,290 

272,308 
103,039 

133,181 
20 

36,068 
28,868 
6,012,521 
4,266,688 
47,686 
1,698,147 


- 

185,641 

9,679,111 

67,099 
7,485,698 
7,095,769 
5,337 
384,592 
2,122,739 

3,575 
70,090 

47,965,847 

85,853 
283,097 

17,892 
16,939 
56,222 
44,708,120 

89,908 
26,722 
63,186 
27,946 
1,195,599 

1,484,271 
5,383,365 
1,636,417 
1,751,433 

1,888,494 

107,021 
146,789,891 

553,856 
301,684 

112,082 
1,204 

138,886 
43,828 
17,308,545 
10,474,946 
3,946,201 
2,887,398 


1 

428,048 

16,583,583 

272,745 
13,729,306 
13,182,440 
160,850 
386,016 
2,472,890 

108,642 
93,225 

62,630,042 

135,906 
868,445 

152,770 
1,232,039 
229,404 
55,047,157 

423,604 
271,165 
152,439 
51,740 
1,760,995 

2,727,982 
8,151,368 
2,220,268 
3,270,286 
2,229,686 

431,128 
187,365,310 

1,155,650 
413,329 

349,709 
4,886 

387,726 
75,663 
23,638,390 
14,836,350 
4,036,840 
4,765,200 


Light, heat and power equip 
ment and supplies (ex 
cept electrical and trans 
portation) . . . 


Boilers and engines (except 
for farms) 


Fuel 


Coal 


Fuel oils 


Other fuels 


Illuminants 


Other light, heat and 
power equipment 


Lubricating oils and greases. 

PRODUCERS MA 
TERIALS. 

Building and construction 
materials 


Asphalt and its products. . 
Brick and tile 


Cement, lime and plaster. 
Glass for buildings. . . . 


Structural iron . . 


Iron piping 


Nails 


Lumber and timber. . 


Paints and painters mat 
erials 


Paints and varnishes. . . . 
Painters materials 
Stone, marl le and slate. . . 
Railway materials . 


Miscellaneous construction 
materials 


Farm materials 


Fertilizers 


Fodders 


Seeds . 


Miscellaneous farm mat 
erials. . . . 


Manufacturers materials. . . . 
For explosives and am 
munition 


For textiles, cordage and 
clothing 


Fibres for spinning or 
cordage manufacture.. 
Yarn for weaving or knit- 
ting 


Piece goods for clothing. 
Thread for sowing 


Buttons and material? 
for ... 


Corset materials . 


Hat materials .... 


Other textile, clothing 
and cordage materials 
For dyeing and tanning . . . 
For fur and leather goods . 
Furs 


Hides 


leather 


Other materials... 



6237335 



546 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



1C. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classification 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1922 concluded. 



Clas 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 

United 
Kingdom. 


I rom 
United 
States. 


Total. 


To 
United 
Kingdom. 


To 

United 
States. 


Total. 


PRODVCERS MATER 
IALS concluded . 

Manufacturers materials 
concluded. 
For smelters and metal 
refineries . ... 


- 

349,583 
159,501 

2,682 
8,765 

26,309 
7,553 
18,756 
65,854 
64,335 

131,680 
147,524 

622,731 

507..-) is 

576,063 
3,170,587 

1,059,565 

566,787 
452,770 

17,307 
45,542 
31,996 
6,620 
3,845 
21,531 
2,918 
16,254 
65,899 
12,596 
53,303 

124,777 
23,629 
8,721 

657,332 
83,784 
161,207 

99,824 
61,724 
69,729 

2,925 
187,210 


3,600,496 
1,019,677 

1,088,219 
630,242 

2,207,067 
1,304.12: ; 
902,945 
210,668 
1,595,793 

1,622,440 
2,846,467 

2,347,035 
451,188 

4,864,417 
21,888,656 
450,077 
39,399,059 

27,009,583 
23,862,239 

256,388 
<68,039 
1,147,332 
222,005 
61,875 
863,452 
518,324 
1,157,261 
388,000 
358,748 
29,252 

99,095 
285,184 
160,684 

1,405,280 
100,010 
1,848,950 

220,968 
159 
458,259 

1,562,93 
1,128,91 


$ 

4,205,469 

1,227,977 

1,101,806 

717,800 

2,262,960 
1.320,395 
942,565 
329,464 
1,669,335 

1,765,893 
4,036,977 

2,969,766 
981,754 

5,858,023 
25,417,287 
479,280 
48,867,018 

27,647,712 
24,370,844 

273,695 
113,581 
1,179,328 
228,625 
65,720 
884,983 
521,283 
1,188,981 
467,911 
384,819 
83,092 

266,751 
371,136 
200,196 

2,520,095 
235,443 
2,238,072 

325,014 
92,17 

550,31. 

1,506,88 

1,328,04 


$ 

1,313,754 
596,974 

22,347 

859,731 
2,003 
857,728 

6,609,779 
227,036 

25 
172,958 
3,766,438 
706,668 
649,883 

3,322,150 
2,219,040 

3,210 
492 

98( 
1,098,428 
4,888 
4,888 

9,302 
214,169 
105 

1,10 
2,223 


10,159,022 
1,637,066 

205,233 

U6,43fl 

120,823 
27, 282, WO 

59,891,809 
62,623 

5,022 
l,501,92!i 
3,973,031 
12,246,598 
11,772,590 

725,746 
182,481 

1,730 
900 
304,112 

3,487 
300,625 

163,773 
72,750 
96,253 
96,253 

147,346 
19,242 
77,98 

1,569 
201,102 


$ 

11,604,531 
6,098,713 

339,686 

l,550,76ii 
66,34a 
1,484,426 

36,736,579 
64,837,391 

62,623 

10.25S 
2,633,723 
10,293,629 
13,557,959 
14,869,880 

16,188,199 
9,184,257 

7.200 
9,704 
3,985,140 
1,207,411 
2,777,735 

190,240 

2,811.652 
3,242,206 
3,24l .2()- 

168,904 
502,664 

H.408 


For foundries. .. 


For machinery, imple 
ments, tools and cutlery 
For elect rical "oods 


For furniture and wood 
warec 


Cabinet woods 
Other material* 


For musical instruments. . 
For paper-making 


For paper goods, printing 
and bookbindin< r 


1 or rubber-working indus 
tries. . . . 


lor vehicles (not including 
complete parts) 


For vessels 


Other materials for chemi 
cal-using industries 
Other materials for metal- 
working industries 
Other materials for wood- 
using industries 


Other manufacturers ma 
terials 


TRANSPORTATION. 

Vehicles 


Automobiles and parts. . . . 
Other motor vehicles, not 
for railways 


Bicycles and tricycles 
Railway rolling stock 


LiOcomotives 


Motor cars. 


Other cars and parts 
Other vehicles 


Rubber tires 


Vessels 


Ships and bo tts 


Equipment for ships 


MEDICAL SUPPLIES. 

Alkaloids and their salts. . . . 
Biological medicines . . . 


Drugs, crude 


Medicinal and pharmaceu 
tical preparations 


Oils and gums, chiefly for 

medicinal ui- 
Medical, surgical and denta 
equipment and materials. 

ARMS, EXPLOSIVES 
ANI> WAR STORES. 

Arms 


Military equipment 


Ammunition and explo.-: 

GOODS FOR EXHI 
BITION. 

Animals 


Other goods 





EXPORTS AND IMPORTS BY PROVINCES 



547 



- Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for Consumption, and the Duty 
collected thereon at certain Ports, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1922 
and 1923. 





H 


22. 






1923. 




Ports. 


Total 
Exports. 


Imports for 
Consump 
tion. 


Duty 

Collected. 


To^al 
Exports. 


Imports fo 
Consump 
tion. 


Dutv 
Collected. 


P. E. Island. 
All Ports 


S 
283,526 


.5 
1,001,069 



342,165 


S 
416,248 


S 
954 549 


$ 
230,043 
















Nova Scotia. 
Halifax 


24 893 710 


13 476 769 


2 199 804 


29 584 386 


16 956 6 9 3 


3 725 929 


Sydney 


4 377 258 


1 356 609 


164 517 


6 630 902 


1 697 905 


109 283 


Other ports 


10 581 837 


4 066 164 


400 50 


10 530 099 


6 9 24 087 


438 446 
















Total 


39,852,805 


18,899,542 


2,764,823 


46,745 38* 


23,878 615 


t 273,658 
















New Brunswick. 
McAdam Jet 


12 307 451 


84 905 


14 242 


13 185 277 


63 934 


8 850 


St. John 


49 749 273 


21 369 385 


5 60 565 


55 1 9 7 568 


20 687 800 


6 500 288 


Other ports 


4 799 628 


5 753 670 


1 782 246 


8 203 334 


6 82 934 


1 109 231 
















Total 


66,856,352 


27,207,960 


6 399,053 


76 516 179 


27 574 668 


7 618,369 
















Quebec. 
Abercorn 


8,393 241 


157 564 


22 977 


9 390 389 


164 625 


28 749 


Athelstan 


12,642 74 


2 156,687 


116 556 


18 338 834 


1 777 562 


190 416 


Beebe Jet 


7 870 132 


1 703 873 


95 272 


9 905 02b 


1 765 70 9 


106 892 


Coaticook 


31 886 542 


290 978 


11 865 


3g ll2 729 


338 095 


9 1 927 


Montreal 


159 039 309 


167 812 273 


30 378 080 


173 758 813 


173 938 311 


39 307 801 


Quebec 


12 984 029 


16 629 548 


2 267 085 


15 382 000 


14 332 753 


1 793 571 


St. Armand 


3 597 515 


274 507 


15 477 


4 793 705 


171 640 


15 380 


St. Hyacinthe 




2 428 333 


210 003 




3 750 020 


9Q2 769 


St. Johns 


31 301 241 


6 937 458 


476 597 


46 103 919 


6 917 273 


4 9 8 280 


Sherbrooke 


636 840 


5 570 378 


497 834 


l 102 412 


5 319 639 


467 027 


Three Rivers 


48 515 


4 679 402 


659 938 


887 104 


5 157 371 


410 417 


Other ports. 


1 731 6 9 2 


5 720 157 


387 270 


3 199 487 


8 845 431 


438 491 
















Total 


270,151,728 


214 361,158 


35 138 954 


318 974 418 


222 478 422 


36 471 720 
















Ontario. 
Brantf ord 




4 403 112 


463 218 




4 830 290 


490 485 


Bridgeburg 


34 4 9 7 6 9 9 


4 186 267 


660 679 


41 Q1fi 7R9 


5 2" 38 9 


773 180 


Chatham 


17 991 


5 054 235 


1 488 266 


3 7Tl 


5 041 518 


1 053 634 


Cobourg 


1 197 605 


2 118 912 


283 59 9 


1 489 160 


2 15 9 255 


288 583 


Cornwall 


9 171 454 


2 075 460 


118 857 


8 164 274 


2 794 542 


j9g 728 


Fort i ranees 


9 714 220 


1 338 157 


269 095 


12 547 756 


1 316 741 


230 951 


Fort William 


64 718 311 


12 748 Ol 9 


783 999 


96 848 878 


9 354 345 


811 264 


Gait 




4 3QO 004 


327 073 




5 431 561 


314 274 


Guelph 




3 ^27 281 


297 716 




3 99 9 88 9 


350 839 


Hamilton 


481 757 


26 972 604 


3 513 4 9 


673 586 


32 479 169 


3 666 54 9 


Kitchener 




6 471 961 


714 665 




7 853 094 


735 307 


London 




9 4 9 3 634 


1 292 780 




10 453 714 


1 390 633 


Niagara Falls 


45,996 100 


6 161 394 


950 777 


61 255 202 


5 897 753 


780 767 


North Bay 




3 143 677 


445 414 




9 388 986 


464 617 


Oshawa 




7 790 506 


2 077 217 




13 335 992 


3 589 298 


Ottawa 




10 111 158 


1 4 9 6 48 9 




10 550 131 


1 453 742 


Parry Sound 


25 993 


2 150 916 


288 9 


34 176 


1 329 079 


173 197 


Peterborough 




4 038 059 


473 976 




4 4 9 7 663 


547 54 9 


Port Arthur 


49 880 392 


6 525 564 


447 267 


65 719 438 


3 983 883 


337 297 


Prescott 


7,479 281 


1 981 491 


368 141 


9 360 605 


2 817 961 


240 369 


St. Catharines 


1 989 


4 021 360 


551 858 


80 778 


4 612 959 


516 734 


St. Thomas 


980 


2 497 070 


348 107 


14 500 


2 490 048 


319 898 


Sarnia 


22 495 405 


12 973 903 


619 009 


28 585 923 


13 281 262 


704 891 


Sault Ste. Marie 
Stratford 


10,738,728 


5,565,106 
2 269 296 


561,990 
260 738 


11,862,891 


4,697,952 
2 413 292 


442,738 
280 798 


Toronto 


513 125 


162 017 454 


26 615 286 


515 155 


173 509 098 


28 842 404 


Welland 


708 736 


7 950 gig 


325 580 


167 004 


10 34 68 


605 753 


Windsor 


29 547 461 


26 490 447 


5 696 498 


37 178 681 


34 9 3 989 


7 479 3b7 


Other ports 


994 707 


20 464 67 9 


2 215 94 9 


2 402 890 


24 990 940 


3 129 5">1 
















Total 


288,132 06-1 


367 831 328 


53 885 662 


378 821 430 


407 016 109 


60 143 373 

















62373 35i 



548 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



17. Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for Consumption, and the Duty 
collected thereon at certain Poits, during the fiscal years ended March 81, 1922 

and 1923 concluded. 







1922. 






1923. 




Ports. 


Total 
Exports. 


Imports for 
Consump 
tion. 


Doty 

Collected. 


Total 
Exports. 


Imports for 
Consump 
tion. 


Dutv 
Collected. 


Manitoba. 
Brandon 


- 
75 103 


1 

1,278,625 


$ 

177,154 


$ 

21 670 


1 058 620 


1 

117 531 


Emerson ... 


7,960,774 


545,536 


32,665 


12 502 679 


533 050 


32 340 


Winnipeg 


53,311 


33 819,932 


6 301,829 


31 316 


36 415 244 


6 758 816 


Other ports. . . . 


310,181 


954,737 


203,732 


366 732 


871 428 


209,806 
















Total 


8,399,369 


36,598,830 


6,715,380 


12,922,397 


38,878,342 


7,718,493 
















Saskatchewan. 
North Portal 


7,458,404 


284,411 


37,119 


12,351,524 


409,082 


33,492 


Regina 


48,156 


5,777,877 


950,744 


240,715 


6,156,887 


717,981 


Saskatoon 




2,438,984 


352,282 




2,528,943 


364,183 


Other ports 


250,075 


1,695,883 


253,623 


344,928 


1,620,824 


245.714 
















Total 


7,756,635 


10,197,155 


1,593,768 


12,937,167 


10,715,736 


1,3C1,37D 
















Alberta. 
Calgary . . . 




4 993,575 


983,861 




4,675,301 


945 634 


Edmonton 




4 574,112 


931,388 


_ 


3,986,966 


822,629 


Lethbridge .... . . 


601 915 


2 097,136 


343,170 


637 097 


1,417,754 


162,774 


Other ports. ... 




259,352 


37,708 




315,665 


42,754 
















Total 


(01,915 


11,924,175 

f 


2,296,127 


637,097 


10,395,686 


1,973,791 


British Columbia. 
Abbotsford 


2,703,457 


285,969 


40,862 


1. .148, 578 


242,837 


35,954 


Cranbrook 


1,868,544 


246,909 


44,262 


1,863,995 


402 


122,2.38 


Fernie 


3,663,278 


525,091 


176,367 


2,636,976 


961,410 


439,414 


Nanaimo 


5 656 154 


438 386 


59 , 995 


ii iir:> ix; 


li M 7!!.") 


84,665 


New Westminster 


4 451 716 


1 272 455 


191,581 


13,648 


i,3:> ( .i, iti. i 


185,456 


Prince Rupert 


7 042 112 


1 372,881 


196,415 


98 7(i:; 


.), 818 


257,934 


Vancouver 


42,777 <i4!i 


Is - 35,845 


9,992,7% 


: ,0,665 




11,267,930 


Victoria 


2, )2 271 


5,764,649 


1,37 


4,245,665 




1,797,662 


Other ports 


10,547,009 


1,295,982 


218,692 


1,119.674 


i ,663,780 


323,348 
















Total 


71,402,490 


59,438,167 


12,299,324 


96,663,587 


60, 2 ")7, Its ! 


14,514,6*1 
















Yukon District. 
All ports 


All, 125 


300,600 


40,300 


661,927 


385,834 


85,938 


Prepaid postal parcels duty 
received through P.O. 
Department 




41,348 


11,889 




44,201 


12,014 
















Grand Total 


753,927,009 


747,801,33 ! 


121,487,394 


945,295,837 


802,579,244 


133,803,370 

















NOPE. The values given in this table of imports and exports at the leading ports of entry indicate 
that merchandise of tlio value stated wa- entered inwards or passed outwards at the ports in question, 
but do not imply that the imports were for consumption at these ports or that the exports originated there. 



IMPORTS BY COUNTRIES AND TARIFF RATES 



549 



18. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumption from British Empire and 
Foreign Countries under the General, Preferential, and Treaty Rate Tariffs in 
the two fiscal years 1921-1922. 







1921. 






1922. 




Countries. 


General. 


Preferen 
tial. 


Treaty 
rates. 


General. 


Preferen 
tial. 


Treaty 

rates. 


British Empire. 

United Kingdom 


$ 
33,856,392 


- 
134,281,317 


1 

1,998,19" 



24 556 468 


$ 
69 111 080 


I 

1 471 49fi 


Africa British East 


57 


11,208 




1 042 


6 024 




British South 


2,933 


7,508 


368 


10 13" 


15 349 




British West 










218 




Australia 


333,015 




3 199 


207 446 




249JC 


British East Indies 
British India 


732,184 


5,290,958 


15 


95 580 


4 784 531 




Ceylon . 


55 076 


2 129,254 




42 881 


1 865 944 




Straits Settlements 


13 094 


683 016 




46 426 


220 110 




Other 


3,254 


671 


_ 


373 






British Guiana 


592 910 


8 086 061 




36 774 


fi \\l 491 




British West Indies 
Barbados 


87 971 


2,985,733 




9 8 464 


1 488 738 




Jamaica 


388,017 


3 858 616 


24 


10 88 


1 Q79 14*1 




Trinidad 


147 470 


44 450 




101 806 


1 070 944 




Other 


29 065 


360 050 




17 388 


884 Iftf 




Fiji . 


880 


1 509 506 




312 


1 Qfi^ R43 




Hong Kong 


1 9.58 368 




52 598 


1 261 699 






Newfoundland 


74 240 






53 373 






New Zealand 


388 265 


1 676 729 




223 571 


onA 440 




Other British Countries 


45 846 


16 055 


24 


58 675 


8 W9 


















Totals, British Empire 


38,709,037 


160,941,132 


1, 054, 425 


26,845,243 


90,515,327 


1,478,951 


Foreign Countries. 

Austria and Hungary 

Belgium 


94,927 
2,745,858 


- 


601 821 


24,720 
1 995 616 


- 




France 


13,168 820 




2 730 521 


7 fini QHi 




41o,40o 


Germany 


533 080 






GQQ flon 




, 445 , 246 


Italy 


1 164 079 




68 963 


849 4fi^ 






Japan 


4,564 441 




6 270 662 


2 487 Wi 




90,489 


Netherlands . 


3 091 057 




110 ^07 


9 901 ^HQ 




5,072,067 


Norway 


127,059 




339 016 


^Q 771 




125,494 


Spain 


1,779,015 




483 668 


1 421 640 




267,658- 


Sweden 


350 634 




36 362 


1AQ Q01 




305,364 


Switzerland 


3,609,665 




9 925 538 


2 010 94Q 




23,564 


United States 


544 010 980 






Q1O AQO CO A 




6,224,088 


Alaska 


208 924 






9DQ 1 A.1 







Other Foreign Countries 


49,732,905 


- 


108,610 


27,762,947 


_ 


106,913 


Totals, Foreign Coun 
tries 


625,181,444 




20,675,368 


950 7fti 074 


















17,079,349 


Total Dutiable Imports 
entered for Consumption 


663,890,481 


160,941,132 


22,729,793 


386,549,117 


90,515,327 


18,55,3fl 



550 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



19. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 

1923. 



Countries. 


Imports 
for 
Consumption. 


Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce. 


Total Trade. 


British Empire 

Unit6<i Ivingdorn 




141,287,671 
11,861 

4,900 
185, 107 

188,601 

942 
30,271 

94,799 

8,140,221 
2,981,239 
1,252,107 
9,094 

5,669,471 
67,213 

4,117,016 
4,233,195 
2,111,302 
1,962,783 

16,095 

1,878,869 
1,235 
1,400,896 

1,457,921 
492,235 
1,962,541 


- 

379,067,445 
17,876 

185,642 
5,583,390 

1,289 
52,347 
22,924 
6,390 
31,880 

1,078,149 

2,027,317 
246,752 
574,273 
15,816 

2,082,684 
254,623 

1,272,173 
2,805,012 
3,439,091 
2,016,792 

756,934 
46,853 
1,943,808 
270,676 
8,523,264 

18,783,766 
214,471 
8,286,262 
17,993 


$ 

520,355,116 
29,737 

190,542 
5,768,497 

1,289 
240,948 
22,924 
7,332 
62,151 

1,172,948 

10,167,538 
3,227,991 
1,826,380 
24,910 

7,752,155 
321,836 

5,389,189 
7,038,207 
5,550,393 
3,979,575 

773,029 
46,853 
3,822,677 
271,911 
9,924,160 

20,241,687 
706,706 
10,248,803 
17,993 


\den . . 


Africa 
British East 




British West- 
Gambia . - 


Gold Coast . . 


Nigeria . . 


Sierra Leone 


Other British West Africa 




British East Indies 




Strait 6 * Settlements 


Other British East Indies . 






British West Indies 


Jamaica 




Other British West Indies 








Malta . . 




Oceania- 


Fiii 






Total British Empire 


179,557,585 


439,625,892 


619,183,477 


Foreign Countries 


930 
3,075,934 


4,445,041 
7,478 
12,527,524 
1,005 
12,329 
1,929,067 
213 
313,850 
5,125,967 
151,044 
89,288 
5,069,166 
79,018 
2,498,342 
10,618 
33,639 
433,614 


930 
7,520,975 
175,298 
17,522,617 
1,005 
12,329 
3,320,203 
213 
543,016 
6,586,663 
515,896 
i:,392 
16,279,086 
773,465 
2,611,475 
12,893 
33,639 
435,746 






167,820 
4,995,093 

1,391,136 

230,066 
1,460,696 
364,852 
44,104 
11,209,920 
694,447 
113,133 
2,275 

2,132 












Phile 


















Esthonia. . , 



Unre vised figures. 



AGGREGATE TRADE BY COUNTRIES 



551 



!. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 

1923 concluded. 



Countries. 


Imports 
for 
Consumption. 


Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce. 


Total Trade. 


Foreign Countries concluded. 
Finland 


$ 

11 161 


$ 
1 675 025 


$ 

1 fiSfi 187 


France 


12 250 376 


14 118 577 


26 368 953 


French Africa 


137 110 


95 529 


239 fi lQ 


French Guiana 




910 


Qlfl 


French Oceania 




6 597 


fi 5Q7 


French West Indies 




118 124 


118 124 


St. Pierre and Miquelon 


21 050 


599 270 


Aon <t9n 


Germany 


2 567 017 


9 950 877 


19 >>17 RQA 


Greece 


467 765 


6 595 589 


7 Ofi^ tU 


Guatemala 


184 257 


86 808 


271 nfil 


Hayti 


234 551 


214 267 


448 818 


Honduras 




143 904 


143 904 


Hungary 


18,273 


1 297 


in 570 


Italy . ... 


1 598 477 


12 073 332 


1Q ft71 RHQ 


Tripoli 


2 274 


1 954 


4 998 


Japan 


7 211 015 


14 510 133 


91 701 140 


Korea 


50 


16 791 


1ft 841 


Jugo-Slavia 


4 380 


137 286 


mfififi 


Lettonia 


8,810 


174 867 


18S 677 






400 


Af\f\ 




5 873 


2 484 


8317 


Mexico 


3 850 721 


3 291 096 


7 141 R17 


Morocco * 


1 804 


32 212 


34 Olfi 


Netherlands 


4 958 091 


10 540 085 


15 4Q8 17fi 


Dutch East Indies 


1 734 990 


654 859 


9 QQQ QAQ 


Dutch Guiana 


493 


137 342 


137 835 


Dutch West Indies 


1 552 


60 898 


CO Af.(\ 




14 041 


31 043 


41 ASA 


Norway 


560 042 


2 216 756 


9 77fi 7Q8 


Panama 


7 945 


224 501 


979 4dfi 


Paraguay 




27 


27 




46,300 


250 


46 510 


Peru 


4 711 644 


415 917 


1 197 eel 




14 980 


1 039 834 


i 014 Ri4 


Portugal 


124 028 


384 848 


108 87ft 




66 148 


37*515 


103 fifi3 


Portuguese Africa 


18 830 


383 562 


409 3Q9 




27 526 


1fi 1R1 


AR7 


Russia 


850 


1 256 640 


1 257 490 




150 410 


47 554 


mQfi4 




5 956 643 


168 222 


6194 fcft^ 


Siam 


1 312 


60 234 


fil 14ft 


Spain 


1,696 292 


977 061 


9 A7Q QKO 


Canary Islands 


6,526 


65 017 


71 543 


Sweden . . 


485 522 


2 574 262 


3010 7R4 


Switzerland ... ,. 


7 735 538 


519 196 


8914 734 




31 075 


66 779 


Q7 R14 


Turkey 


178 286 


1 446 184 


1 fi94 47n 


Ukraine 




151 


nn 


United States . . .... . . 


540 917 432 


369 080 218 


QflQ QQ7 fitifl 


Alaska . 


197 834 


332 756 


13ft Knn 


American Virgin Islands 


106 


2 773 


2S7Q 


Hawaii . 


143 524 


51 549 


1Q1 073 


Philippine Islands 


128 183 


346 156 


474 330 


Porto Rico 


758 


1 078 982 


1 07Q 740 


Uruguay 


310 160 


OCR A1C 


1QR 77fi 


Venezuela. .. 


352 895 


747 071 


1 OQQ Qfifi 










Total Foreign Countries 


633,907,458 


491 835 551 


1 114 7V* fl(W 










Total Imports and Eiports 


802,465,043 


931 iil 441 


1 713 *l1fi iKft 










Continents 

Europe 


180,043 241 


460 679 808 


640 723 049 


, North America 


576 770 583 


399 803 473 


Q7fi 174 Hlfi 


South America 


16 114 596 


10 780 038 


9ft 804 fi34 


Asia 


24 758 829 


25 260 855 


1(1 01 Q ftR4 


Oceania 


4,184 404 


27 706 794 


31 8Q1 1Q8 


Africa 


593,390 


7 220 475 


7 813 Sfi 1 ; 











"Unrevised figures. 



552 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



20. Values of Exports of Home Produce from Canada to the British Empire and to 
Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1919-1923. 



Countries. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923 . 


British Empire total 


$ 

(05,159,789 


1 

561,788,003 


1 

403,452,219 


$ 

345,835,410 


1 

439,625,892 




540,750,977 


489,152,637 


312,844,871 


299,361,675 


379,067,445 




14,019,629 


11,415,623 


18,112,861 


10,678,600 


18,783,766 




6,227,892 


6,987,008 


11,873,000 


4,128,531 


8,286,262 


Bermuda 


1,179,025 


1,249,020 


1,523,992 


989,113 


1,078,149 




12,242,408 


9,825,526 


15,556,593 


4,203,371 


5,883,862 




2,646,169 


3,109,381 


3,594,118 


2,298,105 


2,082,684 




51,808 


29,350 


38,783 


150,964 


254,623 




2,905,426 


4,818,053 


4,196,350 


1,637,145 


2,027,317 




924,932 


227,652 


914,718 


494,575 


756,934 




844,244 


1,742,554 


1,843,744 


608,294 


574,273 


East Indies all other 


82,071 


201,652 


348,804 


95,736 


262,568 




10,200,582 


10,869.276 


13,030,225 


9,970,481 


9,533,068 




117,962 


124,005 


170,879 


124,390 


214,471 




607,637 


4,380,054 


509,814 


195,757 


46,853 




995,116 


1,343,867 


2,000,825 


1,411,699 


1,943,808 




11,325,235 


16,175,443 


16,676,728 


9,317,639 


8,523,264 


All other 


38,676 


136,902 


215,914 


169,335 


306.545 


Foreign countries total 


611,284,017 


677,704,095 


785,711,482 


394,405,270 


491,825,551 




300,112 


432,744 


482,312 


293,184 


332,756 




4,603,130 


6,126,457 


8,171,980 


3,233,423 


4,445,041 






33,168 


129,536 








950,318 


28,463,855 


40,252,487 


12,359,300 


12,527,524 


B rax il 


4,088,534 


2,703,488 


2,835,191 


2,002,449 


1,929,067 


Central Am States 1 


175,699 


181,351 


473,936 


335,517 


398,597 


Chjl e 


2,321,329 


890,960 


864,309 


290,678 


313,850 




2,856,933 


6,665,805 


4,906,570 


1,900,627 


5,125,967 




42,039 


2,938,026 


523,485 


2,243,181 


2,498,342 


Dutch East Indies 


996,575 


1,492,775 


2,426,087 


951,569 


654,859 




96,103,142 


61,108,693 


27,428,308 


8,208,228 


14, US, 577 




72,815 


362,637 


1,312,859 


535,696 


06,529 






610,528 


8,215.L>:;7 


4,50 .i.. r >l7 


11.950,877 




16,902 


29,588,984 


20,8:M.. ,77 


5,247,035 


6,595,589 




709f246 


163,970 


132,798 


60,560 


51,549 


Holland 


198,985 


5,65:i,2is 


20,208,418 


9,582,924 


10,540,085 


It a iy 


13,181,514 


16,959,557 


57,758,343 


15,335,818 


12,073,332 




12,245,439 


7,732,514 


6,414,920 


14,831,520 


14,510,133 




568,943 


410,825 


1,086,197 


1,197,597 


3,291,096 




1,149,123 


4,798,299 


5,119,365 


3,913,372 


2,216,756 


p eru 


283,022 


273,967 


614,472 


71,683 


115,917 




68,551 


292,547 


511,741 


170,821 


346, 156 




367,446 


197,385 


1,476,894 


87,664 


384,848 






12,953,605 


3,801,584 


15,383 


16,161 




6,164,658 


1,492,041 


246,719 


2,617,739 


1,256,640 


St Pierre and Micjuelon 


523,488 


748,573 


590,055 


429,190 


599,270 




231,095 


1,096,053 


5,110,726 


816,977 


977,061 




19,220 


4, 44 .). Kl. r ) 


5,528,361 


1,220,196 


2,574,262 




7,665 


1,484,416 


1,410,777 


345,626 


519,196 


Turkey 


621,023 


2,336,717 


2,791,538 


641,422 


1,446,184 


United States 


454,87:1,170 


464,028,183 


542,322,967 


292,588,643 


369,080,218 




332,952 


689,538 


816,503 


151,291 


286,616 




40,441 


5114.007 


278,541 


512,499 


717,071 


West Indies Cuba 


5,035,975 


6,329,783 


6,573,768 


3,974,432 


5,069,166 




524 


2,256 


1,131 


2,275 


2,773 




1,071,805 


1,489,667 


1,315,716 


1,301,979 


1,078,982 




39,663 


169,186 


247,436 


64,497 


168,222 


Other West Indies 


162,946 


.513,503 


185,097 


111,515 


179,022 


All other 


859,795 


1,435,709 


2,310,442 


2,249,413 


5,008,260 















Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 
"Formerly Danish West Indies. Unre vised figures. 



VALUES OF IMPORTS BY COUNTRIES 



553 



21. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for Consumption from 
the British Empire and from Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1919-1923. 



Countries. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 3 


British Empire total 


$ 
123,671,540 


1 

174,351,659 


$ 
266,003,688 


$ 
149,109,253 


- 
179,557,585 


United Kingdom 


73,035,118 


126,362,631 


213,973,562 


117,135,343 


141,287,671 


Australia 


4,963,446 


1,371,775 


791,980 


1,079,324 


1,457,921 


New Zealand 


7,855,436 


3,494,600 


4,219,965 


1,783,500 


1,962,541 


Bermuda 


39 056 


55 604 


76 959 


99 886 


94 799 


British Africa 


1 308,016 


919 078 


262 782 


154,050 


409 821 


British Guiana 


6 747,072 


7,412 931 


9,085 108 


6 166,664 


5 669 471 


British Honduras . 


298,906 


302 043 


134,739 


79,756 


67 213 


British India 


8,395,290 


7,785,254 


6,766,751 


5,279,857 


8,140 221 


Straits Settlements 


5,081,663 


5,269,180 


5,185,611 


1,454,742 


1,252 107 


East Indies, all other 


1,746,481 


3,181,978 


2,355,042 


2,202,789 


2,990,333 


British West Indies 


8,437,825 


12,114,790 


14,833,746 


8,113,773 


12,424,296 


Fiji 


525 804 


714 306 


1 510 599 


1 966 180 


492 235 


Hong Kong 


2,121,909 


3,208,836 


3,516,760 


2,109,737 


1,878,869 


Newfoundland 


3 098 834 


2 146 414 


2,886 203 


1 392 9 6 


1 400 896 


Egypt and Sudan 


16; 073 


10 271 


391 326 


68 563 


16 095 


All other 


611 


1 968 


11 555 


23,063 


13 096 


Foreign Countries total 


796,040,16,5 


899,176,464 


974,156,194 


598,695,079 


622,907,458 


Alaska 


52,787 


415 585 


309 463 


276,807 


197 834 


Argentina 


1 139 267 


3 402 554 


2 552 831 


2 355 100 


9 f)7Z n")4 


Austria and Hungary 




49 , 723 


96,164 


34,637 4 


167 820 4 


Belgium 


6 270 


911 407 


4 693 368 


3 845 718 


4 995 093 


Brazil 


1 156 332 


1 973 768 


2 151 066 


1 495 245 


1 391 136 


Central Am. States 1 


393 477 


343 200 


376 301 


519 142 


392 812 


Chile 


1 059 557 


240 


97 579 


20 471 


230 066 


China 


1 954,466 


1,205 229 


1,897 346 


1 413 527 


1 460 696 


Denmark 


41,252 


105 310 


119 994 


119 315 


113 133 


Dutch East Indies 


3,334,746 


3,709 400 


993 764 


833 101 


1 734 990 


Dutch Guiana 


117,732 


87,943 






493 


France 


3 632 900 


10 630 865 


19 138 062 


13 482 005 


12 250 376 


French Africa 






2,240 


11,573 


137 110 


Germany 


75 


44 255 


1 547 685 


2 041 016 


2 567 017 


Greece 


33 


729 830 


817 157 


1 033 981 


467 765 


Hawaii 


3,467,856 


403 687 


225 755 


114 900 


143 524 


Holland 


495 409 


2 266 169 


4 237 791 


4 OO 9 147 


4 958 091 


Italy 


555 112 


999 040 


1 745 330 


1 387 370 


1 598 477 


Japan 


13 618 122 


13 6,37 97 


11 360 821 


8 194 681 


7 211 015 


Mexico 


584 047 


2 648 115 


2 185 399 


3 798 202 


3 850 721 


Norway 


25,785 


461 848 


616 978 


426 928 


560 042 


Peru 


2 580,813 


5,072 408 


4 171 912 


6 983 403 


4 711 644 


Philippines 


169,896 


47 014 


229 907 


189 264 


128 183 


Portugal 


111 689 


312 912 


517 222 


222 506 


124 028 


Russia 


83 888 


14 496 


17 390 


1 683 


850 


St. Pierre and Miquelon 


7,092 


10,297 


56,257 


19,026 


21 050 


Spain 


697 643 


1 528 298 


2 317 179 


1 779 408 


1 696 292 


Sweden 


178 855 


360 353 


555 927 


245 295 


485 522 


Switzerland 


1,780,812 


7,758 051 


14,143 448 


8 671 608 


7 735 538 


Turkey 




233 478 


683 656 


852 507 


178 286 


United States 


750,203,024 


801,097 318 


856,176 820 


515 958 196 


540 917 432 


Uruguay 


328 687 


322 086 


455 105 


47 847 


310 160 


Venezuela 


149 155 


999 240 


451 357 


294 305 


352 895 


West Indies Cuba 


3,040,953 


17,585,528 


30,743.239 


13,042,568 


11,209 920 


American Virgin Islands 2 






296 




106 


Porto Rico 


2,488 


1 910 


552 


105 


758 


Santo Domingo 


4,728,732 


10,675 287 


7,578 794 


4 065 910 


5 956 643 


Other West Indies 






5 176 


1 505 


1 552 


All other 


341,213 


801 533 


886 863 


914 077 


1 572 454 















1 Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 
3 Unrevised figures. * Austria only. 



2 Formerly Danish West Indies. 



554 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



22. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the 
United States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1921-1922. 



Countries whence imported and to which 
exported. 


Merchandise imported 
through United States. 


Merchandise exported 
through United States. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


United Kingdom 


J 

4,215,939 
69,817 
29,920 
1,282,176 
1,021,464 
1,442,071 

2,590,659 
500 

116,737 
530,033 
484,542 
35,516 


$ 

3,070,315 
58,793 
19,921 
1,176,945 
987,202 
220,083 
28,569 
565,344 
9,514 

1,384 
33,228 
232,396 
7,709 


S 
68,721,906 
3,231,020 
1,588,713 
1,595,421 
74,676 
86,441 
32,315 
1,681,099 
62,357 
178,582 
80,151 
850,555 
753,714 
105,737 


$ 

102,148,220 
3,255,880 
678,357 
1,147,426 
82,787 
82.040 
2,633 
1,015,990 
209, 730 
43,566 
59,709 
570,702 
134,684 
207, 135 


Australia 


British Africa 


British India 


British Kast Indies (Ceylon) 


British Guiana . . . 


British Honduras 


British West Indies- 


Egypt and Sudan 


Gibraltar. ... .... 


Hong Kong 


New Zealand 


.Straits .Settlements 


Other British Possessions 


Total, British Empire 


11,819,374 


6,411,403 


79,042,687 


109,638,859 


Argentina 


735,856 
41,318 
542,695 
58,708 

186,216 
754,940 
12,787 
174,291 

623,294 

60,746 
194,722 
127,053 
219,637 
536,532 
1,515,794 
73,625 
8,476 

793,348 

10,163 
101,030 

5,862,360 

354,241 
24,744 
355,511 
252,746 
87,239 
5.624 
395,070 
68,184 


721,073 
121,015 
641,946 
44,387 

81,985 
457,869 
47,983 
41,214 

541,961 

83,976 
155,574 
42,050 
307,369 
175,853 
33,380 
88,865 
3,268 

204,407 
65,944 

819,971 

366,535 
12,401 
157,377 
365,838 

47,324 
140,489 


2,116,194 
18,527,235 
1,176,461 
470.388 
805,506 
327,430 
2,154,660 
414,719 
2,031,581 
39,481 
67,664 
10,973,633 
120,915 
5,062,975 
1,696,895 
93,068 
15,841,607 
18,082,516 
1,604,614 
1,011,866 
880,215 
280,557 
451,263 
9,778 
415,871 
850,933 
361,441 
3,339 
230,370 
67,997 
3,470,441 
2,077,011 
1,365,778 
2,596,228 
147,655 
193,375 
278,447 
607,167 


1,766,708 
4,070,205 
1,045,321 
305,851 
277,885 
174,069 
1,697,469 
1,952,566 
900, 174 
29,128 
44,969 
2,160,078 
117,046 
1,974,721 
2,981,044 
68,350 
3,664,725 
6,770,418 
1,044,146 
1,081,046 
624,189 
132,365 
51,617 
646 
247,057 
2,864 
15,138 
281,648 
62,023 
43,157 
731,565 
796,871 
129,378 
641,108 
121,986 
73,303 
508,341 
1,199.180 


Belgium 


Brazil 


Central American States. . , 


Chile 


China 


Cuba 


Denmark 


Dutch East Indies 


Dutch Guiana 


French West Indies 


France 


French Africa 


Germany 


Greece 


Hay ti . . 


Holland 


Italy 


J apan 


Mexico 


Norway 


Panama 


Peru 


Philippine Islands 


Porto Rico 


Portugal . 


Rumania 


Russia 


Santo Domingo 


Siam 


Spain 


Sweden " 


Switzerland . 


Turkey 


U. S. of Colombia 


Uruguay 


Venezuela 


Other countries 


Total, Foreign Countries 


14,116,204 


5,686,078 


96,937,274 


37,788,555 


Grand Total.. 


25,935,578 


12,097,481 


175,979,961 


147,427,414 



4. Canadian- West Indian Trade. 

In the 18th century the West Indian islands, small though they were in area, 
were considered as of the highest value as colonies, largely because they were the 
chief source of the world s supply of sugar in an age when beet sugar was unknown. 
The colonizing powers of Europe struggled long and bitterly for them, and in 1763 it 
was seriously proposed in England to retain the island of Guadeloupe, which had 
been captured from the French during the Seven Years war, and hand back Canada 
to the French. 

In the period following the American Revolution, inter-imperial trade was 
confined to British vessels, and the seamen of Nova Scotia played a prominent part 



CANADIAN-WEST INDIAN TRADE 



555 



in the West India trade, and have continued to do so down to our own tune. 
There now exists a well-patronized passenger service from Halifax and St. John 
to the West Indies, and as far as British Guiana, while the Canadian Government 
Merchant Marine maintains a freight service to West Indian ports. 

At the present time, the British West Indian colonies, together with Bermuda, 
British Guiana and British Honduras, have a combined area of some 110,000 square 
miles, and a total population of 2,160,000. Their products, mainly agricultural, 
are of a tropical character, not competing with our own. Both because of this fact 
and of our common allegiance, the West Indies and Canada have naturally been 
led into close commercial alliance. Thus the British preference, established hi 1898, 
was applied to the products of Bermuda, the British West Indies and British Guiana. 
This continued until June 2, 1913, when a special trade agreement between Canada 
and certain West Indian colonies became effective, providing that Canada should 
obtain for a specified list of goods, a rate of four-fifths of the duty imposed on similar 
goods imported from any foreign country. Canada gave these West Indian colonies 
a corresponding preference on a list of specified articles, or the British preference, 
whichever was the lower. This agreement worked so well that a new agreement 
was made in 1920, under which Canada gave on nearly all goods a remission of 
50 p.c. of the duty, while the West Indian colonies gave in return remissions of duty 
as follows: Barbadoes, British Guiana, British Honduras and Trinidad, 50 p.c.; 
Leeward islands and Windward islands, 33^ p.c.; Bahamas and Jamaica, 25 p.c. 
This agreement came into force as regards most of the West Indies on Sept. 1, 1921, 
and as regards Jamaica on June 1, 1922. 

A historical table showing Canadian trade with the British and foreign West 
Indies is given as Table 23, and current trend tables of exports and imports are 
included as Tables 24 and 25. Especially notable is the great drop hi our imports 
from Cuba following 1921; this was due in the main to the great decline hi the price 
of sugar. 

23. Value ot Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign West Indies, 

1901-1923. 



Fiscal Year. 


IMPORTS FROM 


EXPORTS (DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN) TO 


British 
West 
Indies. 


Foreign 
West 
Indies. 


Total. 


British 
West 
Indies. 


Foreign 
West 
Indies. 


Total. 


1901.. 


$ 

,275,452 
1,749,675 
2,403,077 
6,375,615 
7,517,880 
8,353,798 
5,730,934 
8,995,059 
9,890,358 
8,776,459 
10,268,470 
11,081,905 
9,867,017 
7,689,357 
9,678,539 
12,400,145 
22,510,156 
17,704,165 
15,522,859 
19,885,368 
24,130,552 
14,460,079 
18,255.77!) 


$ 

605,010 
562,721 
579,594 
617,015 
667,869 
712,896 
567,719 
633,798 
495,715 
1,584,601 
2,171,520 
2,791,781 
4,658,890 
7,372,800 
5,112,932 
5,991,612 
4,509,658 
7,905,117 
7,980,671 
28,525,140 
38,478,641 
17,150,633 
17,403,265 


S 
1,880,462 
2,312,396 
2,982,671 
6,992,630 
8,185,749 
9,066,694 
6,298,653 
9,628,857 
10,386,073 
10,361,060 
12,439,990 
13,873,686 
14,525,907 
15,062,157 
14,791,471 
17,391,757 
27,019,814 
25,609,282 
23,503,530 
48,410,508 
62,609,193 
31,610,712 
35,659,044 


$ 

2,300,007 
2,459,235 
2,701,147 
2,668,505 
3,420,399 
3,242,243 
2,425,946 
3,473,136 
3,290,291 
4,181,523 
5,213,399 
5,170,424 
5,040,015 
5,557,072 
5,423,302 
5,798,773 
7,422,772 
9,746,998 
14,238,189 
15,395,237 
18,327,596 
13,630,850 
13,149,149 


$ 

984,306 
1,339,408 
1,471,843 
1,423,542 
1,460,801 
1,831,656 
1,497,240 
2,096,502 
2,006,362 
2,384,296 
2,501,599 
2,925,246 
2,327,508 
2,554,591 
2,095,009 
2,:-!19,286 
4,085,227 
5,129,505 
6,503,851 
9,456,875 
8,565,268 
5,668,806 
6,877,142 


$ 

3,284,313 
3,798,643 
4,172,990 
4,092,047 
4,881,200 
5,073,899 
3,923,186 
5,569,638 
5,296,653 
6,565,819 
7,714,998 
8,095,670 
7,367,523 
8,111,663 
7,518,311 
8,118,059 
11,507,999 
14,876,503 
20,742,040 
24,852,112 
26,892,864 
19,299,656 
20,026,291 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911... 


1912 


1913., 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


1923 



Nine months. 2 Unrevised figures. 



556 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



24. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies, 
by Countries, during the fiscal years 1921-1923. 





19 


11. 


19 


22. 


19 


23 . 


Countries. 


Exports, 
domestic. 


Exports, 
foreign. 


Exports, 
domestic. 


Exports, 
foreign. 


Exports, 
domestic. 


Exports, 
foreign. 


Bermuda 


$ 

1,523,992 



37,321 


$ 

989,113 


* 

28,364 


$ 

1,078,372 


S 

29,521 


British Guiana ... 


3,594,118 


13,275 


2,298,105 


26,349 


2,082,684 


25,386 


British Honduras 


38,783 




150,964 


1,311 


254,623 


1,045 


British West Indies 
Barbados 


2,537,087 


34,468 


1,377,984 


17,273 


1,271,950 


28,133 


Jamaica 


3,380,991 


14,701 


2,214,164 


32,268 


2,805,012 


17,323 


Trinidad and Tobago 


4,949,376 


33,541 


4,548,535 


31,248 


3,439,091 


42,740 


Other B W. Indies 


2,102,771 


21,873 


1,829,798 


85,374 


2,016,792 


56,477 
















Total, British West 
India Colonies . 


18,187,118 


155,179 


13,408,663 


222,187 


12,948,524 


200,625 
















Cuba 


6,573,768 




3,974,432 




5,069,166 


25,755 


American Virgin Islands 2 .... 
Krench West Indies 


1,131 
146,589 


972 

4. 125 


2,278 

66,082 


12 
22 


2,773 
118,124 


5 

21 


Dutch \\Vst Indies 


44,508 




45,433 


49 


60,898 


22 


Dutch Guiana 


135,427 


460 


127,509 


38 


137,342 


280 


1 ivnch Guiana .... 


1,474 




841 




910 




Hayti 


95,135 


_ 


71,967 


__ 


214,267 


_ 


Porto Uico 


1,315,716 


3,750 


1,301,979 


_ 


1,07.- 


375 


Santo Domingo 


247,436 


141 


64, 4 . r 


_ 


168,222 


















Total, Foreign \\Vst 
Indies 


8,555,184 


10,084 


5,655,015 


13,791 


6,850,684 


26,458 
















Total Ex ports to the 
British and Foreign West 
Indies . 


26,742,302 


165,263 


19,063,678 


235,978 


19,799,208 


227,983 

















Unre vised figures. 

Danish West Indies. 



25. Values of Imports entered for home consumption (dutiable and free) from the 
British and Foreign West Indies, by Countries, during the fiscal years 1931-1923. 





19 



21. 


19 


22. 


19 


23 .> 


Countrie.-. 


Imports, 
dutiable. 


Imports, 
free. 


Imports, 
dutiable. 


Imports, 
free. 


Imports, 
dutiable. 


Imports, 
free. 


Bermuda 


$ 

46,449 


$ 
30,510 


$ 

39,796 


$ 

60,090 


% 

19,587 


1 

75,212 


British Guiana 


8,678,971 


406,137 


6,150,199 


16,465 


5,661,090 


8,381 


British Honduras 


5 


134,734 


171 


79,585 


404 


66,809 


British West Indies 
Barbados 
Jamaica . 


3,073,704 
4,246,657 


5,241,292 
171,405 


1,517,214 
2,075,019 


1,477,345 

140,512 


2,004,626 
4,086,509 


2,112,390 
146,686 


Trinidad and Tobago 
Other B W. Indies 


191,920 
389,115 


436,976 
1,082,677 


1,381,050 
901,900 


297,608 
323,125 


1,832,920 
1,492,236 


278,382 
470,547 
















Total, British West 
India Colonies 


16,626,821 


7,503,731 


12,065,349 


2,394,730 


15,097,372 


3,158,407 


Cuba 


29, 9 < 1,455 


771,784 


12,323,872 


718,696 


-10,427,455 


782,465 


Dutch Guiana 










411 


82 


Hayti 


156,056 


_ 


42,050 


_ 


234,551 


_ 


Porto Rico 


52 


500 


5 


100 


106 


652 


Santo Domingo 


7,578,738 


56 


4,065,870 


40 


5,955,814 


829 
















Total, Foreign West 

Indies 


37,706,301 


772,340 


16,431,797 


718,836 


16,618,337 


784,028 
















Total Imports from the 
British and Foreign West 
Indies 


54,333,122 


8,276,071 


28,497,146 


3,113,566 


31,715,709 


3,942,435 

















Unrevised figures. 



UNITED KINGDOM AND UNITED STATES TRADE 



557 



5. Statistics of United Kingdom Import and United States 
Export Trade in Food Commodities. 

About five-sixths of the total value of Canadian trade is transacted with the 
United Kingdom and the United States. The former country is our greatest 
customer for our surplus animal and agricultural products, though in the British 
market Canadian food products meet on equal terms the competition of the world. 
In Table 26 are given statistics for the five calendar years 1917 to 1921 inclusive, of 
British imports of animal and agricultural food products by the countries whence 
they are imported. The figures given in the table make it possible for the enquirer 
to investigate the rise or decline of the Canadian exports of each of the commodities 
under consideration in comparison with those of other countries and with the total. 

In spite of its enormous domestic demand, the United States is still a large 
exporter of animal and agricultural food products, and in the markets of the world 
its products come into competition with our own. In Table 27 statistics of the 
United States exports of such commodities are furnished for the year ended June 30, 
1917, and for the four calendar years 1918 to 1921. 

26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the 
five calendar years, 1917-1921. [From the British Annual Statement of Trade, 1921.] 
(Values converted at par of exchange. 1 = $4.86|.) 



Imports by Countries. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Live Cattle 
United States No. 










34,878 


Canada No 


- 


- 


- 


- 


7,395,752 
31 792 


$ 
Other countries No 


- 


- 


- 


- 


6,017,663 
4 


$ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


58 


Total No. 


. 








66,674 


S 
Live Sheep 1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


13,413,473 


United States No 










8 648 


Canada No 


- 


- 


- 


- 


188,457 
2 056 


$ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


45,751 


Total No 










10 704 


Butter- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


234,208 


Russia cwt 






6 954 


10 QflS 


65 211 


Sweden cwt 


- 


- 


426,359 


1,365,849 
4 


3,458,521 
808 


Denmark cwt 


622 160 


40 3 9 7 


290 291 


214 
817 9fiS 


40,014 
1 9^n I7fi 


Netherlands cwt 


34,225,320 
75 ggo 


3,753,617 

9 885 


19,212,797 
1 (U1 


57,245,846 
in? <;fi7 


73,411,744 
fi.3 nfi i 


France cwt 


3,713,062 
45 707 


799,676 
4 770 


101,285 

2 


7,706,279 

8 734 


3,621,992 
542 


| 

United States cwt 


2,434,029 
10 534 


360,080 
196 593 


78 

Ol ft 4QK 


586,136 

37 9fi1 


30,095 

1 SS8 


Argentina cwt 


516,275 
142 300 


11,856,490 
313 143 


13,368,285 
265 675 


2,711,473 

moco 


54,312 

401 ^d 


Australia cwt 


6,851,517 
529 809 


18,478,977 
540 072 


16,275,170 

d17 371 


9,921,157 

997 fiJ.9 


24,416,232 

QfiJ. 99R 


New Zealand cwt 


25,371,866 
310 925 


32,716,756 
372 572 


25,555,723 
QIC 070 


15,974,230 
97K ADR 


55,867,513 

700 381 


$ 
Canada cwt 


15,551,958 
33 057 


22,382,608 

fi1 Q71 


19,030,769 

oo 007 


18,630,963 
09 -\ *t\ 


41,337,773 

JO 1 00 


Other Countries cwt 


1,669,685 
36 144 


3,767,530 
39 3 9 5 


2,032,261 

9KAft 


2,322,617 

43 111 


2,578,633 

f)A 1 O7 


- 


1,625,385 


2,096,990 


622,150 


2,859,809 


1,237,580 


Total cwt 


1,806,516 


1,578 558 


1 560 204 


1 702 Wl 


3 coo a?* 














$ 

1 T?nr t nn A 


91,959,107 


96,212,724 


96,634,877 


119,324,573 


206,054,40* 



NOTE. Throughout this table the cwt. is the long cwt. of 112 lb., and for eggs the great hundred = 120. 



558 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during 
the five calendar years, 1917-1921 con. 

(Values converted at par of exchange. l = $t.86$.) 



Imports by Countries. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Cheese 

Netherlands cwt. 


241,865 


87,896 


79,217 


112,196 


128,032 



France cwt. 


7,543,304 
1,595 


3,024,614 
69 


3,252,340 
1,279 


3,524,411 
9,324 


3,742,253 
4,406 


- 
Switzerland . . . cwt. 


52,638 
569 


4,915 


45,455 
190 


373,303 
14,907 


156,473 
10,209 


- 

Italy cwt. 


26,309 
371 


- 


22,319 
180 


526,384 
951 


514,056 
7,226 


United States cwt. 


22,543 
267,138 


472,328 


17,174 
16,169 


93,547 
73,344 


301,334 
49,063 


New Zealand cwt. 


9,225,954 
609,700 


16,100,184 
610,655 


608.952 
1,239,553 


2,525,692 
1,260,642 


1,497,906 
1,302,490 


Australia cwt. 


19,469,903 
63,349 


18.V35.182 

47,258 


41,148.635 
112,736 


45,162,185 
63.279 


42,472,612 
83,622 


- 

Canada cwt. 


2,347,325 
1,757,949 


1,389,555 
1,125,668 


4,043,884 
647,212 


2,505,958 
1,129,758 


2,442,639 
1,195,661 



Other countries cwt 


56,010,564 
530 


37,451,000 
13,229 


23,821,058 
21,714 


42,897,379 
85,859 


32,445,307 
36,756 


- 


18,425 


703,058 


870,534 


2,809,678 


1,333,822 


Total cwt. 


3,946,066 


2,357,103 


2,118,250 


2,750,260 


2,817,465 


- 


91,716,965 


77,408,508 


73,830,351 


100,418,537 


84,906,402 


Latvia gt. bunds. 










432,491 


Sweden gt. hunds 


- 


- 


- 


45,461 


1,894,155 
190,786 


$ 

Denmark gt hunds 


1,654,900 


1,170,535 


1,638,067 


401,592 
3,939,437 


821,586 
4,735,275 


$ 

Netherlands gt. hunds 


10,951,066 
202,177 


12,614,560 


13,510,431 
620 


34,224,139 
48,474 


26,549,482 
505,493 


- 
France gt hund.s 


1,050,675 


- 


5,743 
6,584 


358,906 
15,160 


2,792,513 
53,546 


$ 

China gt hunds 


320,539 


.- 


34,383 
272,585 


120,869 
731,334 


276,392 
468,233 




Egypt gt. hunds 


1,312,279 
1,602,671 


729,807 


1,682,344 

758,728 


4,013,053 
556,740 


2,250,308 
642,000 


Serb-Croat-Slovene State gt. hunds 
$ 
Canada gt. hunds 


4,941,321 
672,761 


3,480,494 
188 B88 


4,529,280 
1,476,962 


2,858,923 
807,281 


2,473,513 
648,342 
2,916,749 
684,480 


s 

United States gt. hunds 


4,007,130 
349,339 


3,245.405 
337.345 


10,854,720 
1,408,606 


7,197,474 
331,185 


3,835,269 
221,889 


$ 

Other countries gt . hunds 


1,964,639 
120,015 


3,003,882 
29,743 


10,731,448 
82,243 


2,692,294 
576,253 


1,232,019 
1,974,969 


$ 


503,272 


147,684 


569,838 


4,366,684 


10,417,110 


Total gt hunds 


4,922,402 


2,656,415 


ii,6ll.39: 


7,060,508 


10,557,504 


$ 


24,660,3* .. 


22,492,025 


41,918,187 


56,301.111 


55,459,696 


Bacon 
China cwt 


63,037 


75,818 


258,271 


28,265 


14,535 


$ 

Sweden cwt. 


1,844,389 


2,948,942 


11,037,327 


1,191,477 
4,515 


349,329 
154,595 


$ 

Denmark cwt 


1,123,155 


21,491 


6,644 


184,734 
704,075 


6,535,422 
1,849,885 



Netherlands cwt. 


37,803,282 
144,116 


923,95 


320,241 


35,606,334 
4,152 


82,392,686 
258,741 


- 
United States cwt. 


4,302,216 
3,467,085 


8,645,318 


5,893,514 


185,060 
3,362,264 


11,796,532 
2,509,379 


9 


102,500,147 
1,767,085 


362,745,600 
1,719,736 


253,625,769 
2,094,248 


143,343,284 
1,493,008 


79,165,420 
844,024 


J 

Other countries . . . . cwt 


54,956,901 
3 096 


72,797,298 
11 099 


91,886,244 
28 52 


63,893,182 
15,35 


30.256,456 
46,429 


$ 


118,600 


441,305 


1,277,758 


718,61 


1,341,424 


Total cwt. 


6,567,574 


10,473,562 


8,281, 19N 


5, 611, 630 


5,677,588 


S 


201,524,535 


439,857,096 


358,147,339 


245,121,682 


211,837,26 



IMPORTS OF UNITED KINGDOM 



559 



26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during 
the five calendar years, 1917-1921 con. 

( Values converted at par of exchange . 1 = $4 .86f . ) 



Imports by Countries. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Hams 
United States cwt 


1,126,736 


1,419,008 


1,718,363 


283,59 


1,020,718 


$ 
Canada cwt 


34,120,127 
50,070 


57,928,814 
110,683 


74,286,630 
74,76- 


12,646,65 

25,776 


36,365,996 
93,906 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


1,593,731 
3,360 


4,508,232 
25,252 


3,179,99" 
20,029 


1,153,760 
14,984 


3,194,884 
12,663 


- 


106,767 


968,934 


836,565 


662,256 


428,242 


Total cwt 


1,180,166 


1,554,943 


1,813,154 


324,351 


1,127,287 


$ 
Lard 


35,821,625 


63,405,980 


78,303,192 


14,462,668 


39,989,122 


United States cwt 


1,379,498 


2,586,187 


1,833,685 


1,149 600 


1,990,380 


$ 
Canada cwt 


40,278,222 
23,784 


96,396,364 
89 493 


77,517,561 

79 9 9 


50,512,890 
125 260 


44,558,894 
100 480 


Brazil cwt 


654,878 
10 016 


3,355,411 
25 288 


3,355,046 
38 416 


5,354,628 
1 840 


1,852,891 
53 120 


China cwt 


334,180 
63 961 


881,869 
30 946 


1,456,652 
158 354 


53,144 
143 500 


1,544,325 
82 200 


$ 
Other countries cwt 


1,661,850 
22,935 


977,343 
28,490 


5,887,085 
68,583 


5,368,430 
26 300 


1,781,351 

49,740 


$ 


590,331 


898, 186 


2,659,531 


970, 802 


1,184,614 


Total cwt 


1,500,194 


2,760 404 


2 178 330 


1 446 500 


2 275 920 


Wheat 


48,519,461 


102,509,173 


98,875,875 


62,259,894 


50,922,075 


United States cwt 


54,208,300 


24,757 610 


31 769 300 


45,422 300 


36,065 002 


T $ 

J apan cwt 


242,417,300 


110,348,133 


150,386,881 


339,878,783 
2 420 500 


153,412,206 
1 299 600 


China cwt 


- 


- 


- 


17,531,485 
330 000 


6,101,014 
538 400 


Argentina cwt 


6 700 600 


14 389 400 


6 819 100 


2,535,742 
30 g^o goo 


2,583,796 
4 186 460 


British India cwt 


30,020,296 
2,744 700 


64,501,816 
621 400 


30,921,175 
100 


186,708,148 
20 000 


17,726,629 
2 660 9 00 


$ 
Egypt cwt 


12,361,499 


2009 1 Q r 
, OO4, lOJ 


180 


170,333 


13,465,453 
617 800 


$ 
Chile cwt 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2,643,379 
323 000 


1 

Australia cwt 


9 243 700 


2 013 700 


14 95 9 700 


10 ofift inn 


1,340,095 
on ms 711 


Canada cwt 


43,414,244 
18 408 300 


9,222,610 
15 968 700 


6,301,968 
17 864 900 


90,695,044 
in IRQ 4nn 


86,544,532 

MKOll Q9ft 


$ 
Other countries cwt 


82,488,735 
129 406 


70,565,577 
196 800 


85,212,043 
36 900 


75,831,651 
149 226 


59,453,988 
90 297 


$ 


563,369 


889,767 


167,297 


848,451 


345,105 


Total cwt 


91,435,006 


57,947 610 


71 443 000 


109 328 326 


80 478 794 


f 
Barley 


411,265,443 


258,410,035 


332,989,544 


714,199,637 


343,616,197 


Australia cwt 






7 9nn 


OQA flftfl 


4Sfi 909 


. $ 
Tunis cwt 


- 


- 


37,858 
290 500 


1,454,681 


2,107,272 
cici 9nn 


United States cwt 


5,643 900 


4 070 300 


1,638,169 
10 793 9 00 


6 99 7 400 


1,477,866 
a ROT nnn 


$ 
Chile cwt 


27,974,292 
75 200 


21,354,461 


57,764,476 
3M ^ftft 


36,765,166 

Qfi7 7AA 


29,949,350 

7rtQ Oftf> 


$ 
Argentina cwt 


357,685 
397 000 


- 


1,904,935 
221 500 


5,435,444 
41 Q finn 


2,471,474 

K7 cnn 


British India cwt 


1,724,401 
1 390 700 


- 


1,090,971 
Sinn 


2,054,112 


137, 610 


$ 
Canada cw t 


6,149,622 
1 48 9 700 


952 000 


24,625 

A 090 nnn 


2RQ1 9OO 


o iiQ 9/v> 


Rumania cwt 


6,818,463 


5,036,786 


23,525,150 


14,067,990 
1 449 snn 


9,101,046 

QCO Kflrt 


$ 
Morocco cwt 


- 


- 


- 


6,570,078 
oAfi cnn 


2,730,171 

AAft fififk 


$ 

Other countries cwt 


149 000 


2 900 


144 900 


1,349,892 
528 800 


1,130,678 
SS9 ?(> 


$ 


619,098 


15,344 


818,880 


2,665,702 


2,137,521 


Total cwt 


9 138 500 


~i tt l i 200 


Mc.i i linn 


1^> ati"} *?ftft 


1C Q40 flV> 


$ 


43,643,561 


26.406,591 


86,805,064 


70,363,065 


51,242,988 



560 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during 
the ttve calendar years, 1917-1941 con. 

(Values converted at par of exchange. l = $4.86f.) 



Imports by Countries. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Oats- 
United States cwt. 


8,114,700 


6,009,400 


2,956,421 


194,600 


434,800 


* 

Chile . cwt. 


36,200,948 
1,206,800 


30,434,610 
39,200 


14,516,099 
528,000 


941,792 
27,900 


1,220,745 
484,200 


$ 

\rgentina . . .... cwt. 


5,602,638 
924,600 


154,517 
1,524,270 


2,793,102 
1,069,700 


117,422 
4,676,200 


1,268,778 
3,231,540 


Canada .... cwt. 


3,094,178 
2,219,500 


8,018,607 
3,409,700 


9,939,407 
940,500 


20,995,131 
697,500 


7,856,260 
3,591,800 


$ 

Other countries cwt. 


10,760,433 
156,100 


17,500,295 


4,397,715 
216,800 


3,227,884 
533,200 


9,254,186 
614,496 


- 


589,500 


- 


1,076,935 


2,247,281 


1,827,088 


Total .... cwt. 


12,621,700 


10,982,570 


8,711,421 


6,101,600 


8,356,836 


$ 


56,247,697 


56,108,029 


32,723,258 


27,412,576 


21,427,057 


Peas, whole- 
Canada cwt. 


11,700 


50,430 


37,756 


12,620 


10,948 


t 

Netherlands cwt. 


92,540 
950 


803,978 
240 


429,172 
6,445 


202,935 
41,306 


150,613 
337,937 


$ 

Jaoan . cwt. 


7,373 
507,850 


5,801 
687,544 


82,169 
541,140 


362,650 
191,380 


2,395,587 
296,160 


$ 
British India cwt. 


6,177,976 
448,070 


10,829,078 
893,380 


6,825,690 
12,960 


1,543,161 
100 


2,042,443 


New Zealand cwt. 


2,643,681 
44,340 


7,338,846 
48,940 


170,528 
171,580 


1,587 
86,630 


94,877 


$ 

United States cwt. 


348,453 
101,870 


493,859 
409,820 


1,645,386 
83,280 


858,621 
36,384 


692,736 
62,414 


1 

\ustralia cwt. 


1,249,482 
47,560 


5,880,350 
41,526 


1,253,639 
81,350 


751,618 
38,180 


518,193 
103,976 


$ 

China cwt. 


521,634 
57,360 


506,868 
15,220 


772,472 
155,900 


315,228 
114,420 


564,188 
280,290 


$ 

Other countries cwt. 


315,151 
56,050 


86,242 
28,137 


940,673 
42,980 


689,782 
50,700 


988,901 
84,714 




601,287 


310,459 


431,088 


339,353 


397,398. 


Total cwt. 


1.275,750 


2,175,237 


1,133,391 


571,7211 


1,271,318 




11357,577 


28,256,795 


I . , 550,817 


5,064,935 


7,750,059 


Corn 
Brazil cwt. 


295,618 


163,500 


89,800 


64,000 


175,400 



United States cwt. 


1,306,121 
10,670,300 


980,731 

7,921,277 


427,605 
871,700 


242,842 
1,632,000 


426,763 
6,733,600 


$ 

Argentina - - - cwt. 


40,6SM.2f>r 
9,578,200 


35,90!i.2c.( 
3,584,000 


3,318,088 
13,914,800 


7,109,776 
29,237,100 


16,861,316 
15,827,600 


Canada . c\vt. 


38,696,438 
1,635,700 


16,905,632 
129,200 


54,251,804 
188,601 


114,401,015 
343,500 


38,431,458 
5,789,200 




> \frica (British) cwt. 


6, 156, 572 
2,67 


563,823 

2,442,601 


1,062.335 
1,400,700 


1,604.428 
430,700 


13,251,890 
4,253,583 


India (British) . ... c\\t. 


11,760,041 

:,(ii 


11,058,668 

198,400 


6,191,836 


1,757,666 

2,400 


10,201,448 
51, 900 


Other Br Possessions cwt . 


1,884 
19,100 


.(147 
4s. 701 


44,500 


12,167 
26,361 


122,557 
122,800 


$ 

liumaniu . cwt. 


86,223 


261 


227,716 


105,680 
1,691,101 


304,761 
3,173,700 


$ 

Other countries . owt. 


130,5(K 


2,500 


360.801 


6.2J 
112,901 


8,726,780 
1,500 





520,918 


12,483 


1,301,171 


1,719,637 


1,443,546 


Total cwt. 


25,008,918 


14,490,177 


16,880,900 


:tt,Mii.oiii 


36,757,283 




99,211.i:.: 


66,568,867 


66,780,560 


133,206,67? 


89,770,519 


Hour, wlie.it 
United Si cwt. 


8,401,782 


17,963,100 


10,274,070 


;7,400 


7,900,742 


$ 

\il-tr;ili:i cwt. 


184.128 

1,851,9(K 


116,942.7(11 
1,679,101 


72,629,247 

1. .i77,000 


52,911,66! 
1,481,201 


45,790.0*2 

i,:iso,700 


$ 

Canada cwt. 


11,941,3* 
3,955,50 


1 1, r>i :>. 96- 

>. < 


11,144,134 
6,566,101 


11 .:ii.v5l4 
2,318,601 


7,! >20, 140 
5,866,019 



China . cwt 


25.54.v9I. 
116.601 


37,:: 


190,701 


21,47^.717 
2,067,600 


:;. 683,492 
407,210 


s 


706,211 


6,423,071 


1,802,721 


i:, - 


3,044,635 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



561 



26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during 
the five calendar years, 1917-1921 concluded. 

(Values converted at par of exchange. 1=$4.86|.) 



Imports by Countries. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Flour, wheat concluded. 
Japan cwt. 


356,400 


136,900 


31,200 


1,100 


2 000 




2,198,944 


920,627 


214,323 


7,446 


9,534 
81,200 




17,000 


86,600 


72,000 


263,839 


491,407 
203 184 


$ 


106,040 


517,015 


394,283 


1,824,470 


838,965 


Total cwt. 


14,339,78% 


26,359,600 


17,711,070 


11,969,740 


15,841,055 


$ 


89,884,909 


173,655,792 


125,215,654 


103,397,108 


92,778,255 


Oatmeal 
United States cwt. 


489,971 


633,646 


332,763 


66,023 


135 050 


1 

Canada cwt. 


4,174,052 
176,901 


5,059,406 
242,924 


2,553,769 
219,618 


514,275 
86,368 


848,586 
193 950 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


1,262,296 
359 


1,820,401 
8,704 


1,652,861 
4,376 


685,416 
2,421 


1,013,449 
1 074 


$ 


2,166 


60,920 


35,064 


17,807 


6,892 


Total cwt. 


667,291 


885,274 


556,757 


154,812 


330 074 


$ 


5,438,514 


6,940,727 


4,241,694 


1,217,498 


1,868,927 


Rolled Oats 1 
United States cwt. 


1,468,658 


1,826,569 


653,383 


258,947 


205 142 


Hi $ 
Canada cwt. 


12,189,180 
107,563 


15,052,562 
47,344 


5,653,612 
161,444 


2,435,314 
253,845 


1,495,317 
304 181 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


762,815 
2,723 


369,711 
5,479 


1,367,937 
1,067 


2,693,062 
10,380 


2,468,763 
8 550 


$ 


26,548 


42,427 


8,088 


80,928 


45,216 


Total cwt. 


1,578,944 


1,879,392 


815,894 


523,172 


517 873 


$ 


13,978,543 


15,464,700 


7,029,637 


5,209,304 


4,009,296 



1 Including other oat products in 1920 and 1921. 

27. Quantities and jValues of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 39, 1917, and the 
calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. 

(From the U.S. Reports on Foreign Commerce and Navigation.) 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Live Cattle- 
Belgium NO. 


1,476 
88,456 

842 
99,405 
6,382 
462,728 
4,324 
231,893 
506 
32,854 


1,333 
122,623 

318 
41,006 
7,314 
567,415 
7,885 
256,116 
430 
95,598 


9,067 
1,759,021 
13,943 
627,649 
11,314 
2,179,406 

10 
2,150 
11,192 
858,621 
23,923 
823,250 
410 
189,424 


20,300 
5,734,656 
20,766 
2,043,021 
184 
43,144 
100 
20,000 
31 
8,336 
4,624 
575,194 
27,758 
1,478,779 
11,539 
849,395 


2,013 
263,075 
15,182 
745,715 
84 
16,800 
31,324 
4,399,949 
20 
5,304 
7,823 
728,399 
138,239 
5,139,263 
1,848 
442,065 


Cuba NO. 


France NO. 






Canada NO. 


$ 




$ 

Total NO. 


13,887 
949,503 


17,280 
1,082,758 


69,859 
6,439,521 


85,302 
10,752,525 


196,533 
11,740,570 


6237336 



562 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



1 Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and the 
calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



I.xixjrts by Countni s. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Live Hoi:- 
L nitcd K in* r <loin NO. 


1,900 
24.976 

10,40? 

1-14,337 

146 
326 

11. til 


132 
4,06? 

271 

53,19: 


85,392 
19,947 

:>:. 1.035 
811 
77, IM 


178 
8,230 

135,009 

49,021 
1,49 
814 
87,806 


24.217 

we 

015 
1,338,169 
835 
55,844 


Mexico N " 
- 
Cuba 


Other countries (TO. 



Total Vl > 


n,m 

347,85? 


10.301- 
333,72* 


14,748 

683,911 


55,250 
1,723,784 


123,067 
1,803,541 



Live Ilor- 


117 
2li.94l>.l>4( 
21,47! 
5,274.57( 
100.110 
20.594,68-" 
28. 5 if 
4,763,909 
2,659 
106,950 
1,000 
155,910 
7,044 
1,682.660 


811 
174,740 

7,134,298 
13,032 
1,992,305 

749 
12,478 
2,930 
480.05? 
101 
34,008 


287,516 

8 
43,000 
98 
100,600 
9,848 
1,358.404 
5,438 
271,642 
7:i7 
133.575 
2,700 
Ml, 6* 


266 
136,100 
12 
6,000 
356 
307,600 
7.062 
1,250.87: 
3,285 
230,483 
2,200 
t:!7,687 
1,157 
::i7,658 


72 
34,000 

6 
3,000 
346 
181,525 
3,785 
574,962 
10,330 
583,825 
939 
148.423 
1,843 
537,103 



It-ilv NO- 


- 
United Kingdom ^ 


( mada - N " 


- 


Cuba - NO - 


V 


$ 

Total 


378,674 

59, 52.., 329 


51,171 

9, 85*, 329 


19,691 
2,856,396 


14,338 

2,716, M 


17,321 

2,062,838 


- 

Live Mules 
France NO. 


12,376 
2,683,428 
51.303 
10.443,68" 
2,431 
III. .SL" 
2,80 
262,28 
2,12 
350.15 
32,79 
6,941.46 
32,84 
6,717,01 


12,267 
2.474.050 
2,497 
463,282 
1.244 
130,278 
435 
90,670 

,876 


342 
38.518 
3,696 
503,230 
2,039 
440,688 

1,045 

206,77 


33fl 
135,601 

Hi 
26,45( 
5,21 
834,1ft 

2.037 
576,284 

1,343 
293,850 


1 

250 
119 

16,085 
6,919 
399,697 
612 
129,809 

982 
169,619 


United Kingdom NO. 







Cuba NO. 


Egypt NO. 




Total NO. 


136,68 

27,SOO,85 


17,319 
3,360,653 


7,122 
1,189,180 


9. OS! 
1,866,343 


8,633 
715,460 


Livo >h<vp - 
Canada 


86,84 

341,86 

76 

9,92 

1,40 
1,37 

14,75 


7,512 
104,580 

115 
1,810 
93 
5,800 
242 
8,692 


29.620 
273,924 

4,42 
74,74 
17 
12,24 
31 
9,05 


6,72 

58,582 

1 
39,630 
416,33 
729 
69,45 
1,79 
27,82 


26,402 
194,989 
9,195 

78,291 
285,467 
65 
3,900 
3,443 
35,362 


United Kingdom N *>- 








Total N "- 


.>.-! 
367, 93 


7,962 
120,882 


34,53 
369,97 


48,87 
:,71, 9 


117,396 
604,733 


llother animals, including fowl.- - 

( ..I... $ 


49,79 
160,09 
123,83 
57,66 


76,75, 
163,47 
32,83 
15,58 


154,22 
207,32 
57,37 
45,78. 


214,08 
248,70 
148,90 

96,52 


278,458 
S.743 
351,945 

80.768 






Uther countri t 


Total $ 


391,38 


>-.M 


464,70 


702,21 


939. All 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



563 



27 Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and the 
calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Barley 
Belgium bush. 


200,679 
234,073 
722,284 
710,282 
27:i.()49 
223,300 
308,102 
316,698 
91,000 
72.800 
201,593 
302,390 
2,840,16? 
2,924,706 
1,217,79? 
1,366.275 
459,696 
703,660 
9,112,276 
10,850,329 
42,981 
46.298 
194 
266 
910,365 
h 276, 205 


1,783,545 
2,668,357 

2,866,026 
5,188.815 
498,714 
743.237 

3,190,683 
5,570,839 

218,442 
334,883 

9,775,514 
15,241,942 
36,955 
51,814 
24 
44 
435,316 
765,446 


2,330,882 
3,314,343 
1,419.723 
1,897,225 
16.626 
22,438 
746,921 
967.663 
465,683 
726,325 
410,418 
410,418 
6,302,411 
8.023,947 
115,035 
179,888 
368, 743 
492,248 
24,783,469 
36,761,108 
80,793 
115,081 
424 
1,058 
570,712 
920,577 


1,469,499 
2,384,639 

800 
2,240 

206,415 
267,079 
246,022 
390,538 

557,791 
673,330 
68,001 
114,876 

14,262,383 
21,641,125 
105,991 
164,335 
926,752 
1,443,977 
10,573 
83,055 


2, 983,960 
2,473,942 
737,420 
558,066 
167,135 
113,165 
52,362 
32,911 

1,807,267 
1,472,101 
844,591 
663,979 
406,555 
373,618 
18,073,433 
14,322,509 
308, 864 
278,254 
438 
1,069 
424,975 
397,442 


1 

Denmark bush. 


$ 
France bush . 


S 
Canada bush . 


f 

Greece bush 


$ 
Italv bush. 


$ 
Netherlands bush. 


$ 
Norway bush. 


f 

Sweden _, bush. 


S 
United Kingdom bush . 


$ 
Mexico bush. 


- 
Panama bush 


1 

Other countries bush. 


S 
Total . bush. 


16,381,077 

19,027,082 


18,805,219 
30,565,377 


37,611,840 
53,832,319 


17,854,227 
27,165,189 


25,834,000 
20,687,056 


$ 
Hr in and middlings total ton 1 


7,428 
279,650 
260,10? 
350, 60C 


7,372 
337,285 
1,420 
3,021 


4,517 
233,114 
186,074 
307,454 


3,091 
162,958 
299,693 
543,468 


11,54 
256,959- 
428,981 
544,172 


$ 

Buckwheat, total . bush. 


S 

Corn 
Belgium bush. 


581,371 
590,771 
7,075,254 
9,205,07? 
1,533,183 
1.758,032 
1,156,664 
1.519, SOP 
7,923,706 
8,237,912 
399,574 
462,577 

24,493,817 
27,860,538 
15,724,838 
16,158,66.5 
2,530,69! 
8,133,896 
2,819,278 
2,948,100 
482,458 
622,335 


3,467,151 

6.371,356 

1.369,962 
2,462,494 
2,196,321 
3,951,495 
46,004 
92,009 

15,658,493 
29,041,245 

13,228,954 
19,530,071 

2,736,73! 
5,739,810 
1,074,09!) 
1,841,445 
121,368 
239,404 


1,009,969 
1,607,493 
334,711 
602,472 
6 
27 

100,168 
167,192 

948,493 
1,585,886 
6,542,025 
10,690,552 
133,887 
246,746 
1,964,540 
3,441,163 
158,734 
282,855 


71,787 
89,485 
173,357 
196,407 
190,536 
404,114 

423,604 
519,717 

1,323,770 
1,633,161 
2,706,805 
4,222,501 
10,064,668 
14,630,123 
770,814 
928,957 
1,893,793 
, 3,530,258 
142,285 
298,958 


1,559,756 
1,240,955 
5,965,298 
4,969,064 
547,937 
428,023 
248,497 
191,421 
17,843,464 
13,750,069 
791,573 
618,625 
12,729,289 
10,258,795 
15,811,050 
12,145,122 
58,582,806 
36,433,565 
11,871,546 
10,130,049 
2,308,746 
1,971,857 
714,543 
629,443 


$ 

Denmark bush. 


S 
France bush . 


$ 
Italy bush . 


$ 
Netherlands . . . , , . bush 


s 

Sweden . bush 


$ 
Germany bush 


^ 
United Kingdom bush 


$ 
Canada . bush 


$ 
Mexico bush 


$ 

Cuba bush 


$ 
Other countries . . bush 


$ 

Total bush 


64,720,842 
72,497,204 


39,899,091 
69,269,329 


11,192,533 
18,624,384 


17,761,420 
26,453,681 


128,974,505 

92,766,988 


$ 

Cornmeal 
1 nited Kingdom brl 


178,211 
1,025,579 
61,472 
288,915 
154,867 
858 940 


480,717 
5,161,275 
128,758 
1,173,572 
70,634 
696.008 


172,223 
1,449,389 
20,812 
187,805 
65,228 
S3 7 nifi 


117,610 
975,177 

44,667 
341,842 
146.330 
i 94.i asfi 


190,062 
784,846 
46,665 
192,969 
127,340 

HKn SfiQ 


$ 
( anada brl. 


$ 
British West Indies brl. 


, 



= 2,2401b. 
62373 36$ 



564 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and the 
calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


<Cornmeal concluded . 
Dutch West Indies brl. 


25,857 
135,472 
1 
4 
1,563 
8,233 

330 
1,139 

86,112 
439,042 


3,700 
36,798 
220,661 
2,423,896 
220,803 
2,443,522 
241,443 
2,378,235 
54,120 
526,232 
31,868 
332,671 

337,312 
3,588,894 


10,786 
91,405 
283,228 
2,923,511 
1,161 
9,180 
90,285 
758,883 
239,096 
1,936,473 
145,664 
1,426,922 

173,951 
1,599,903 


33,034 
288,084 
1 
5 

1,406 
13,449 
25,614 
186,612 

414,004 
3,678,963 
84,499 
748,910 


41,283 
185,417 
2,235 
10,910 
36,469 
141,108 
13,627 
56,890 
37,365 
107.473 

125,032 
958,847 
182,716 
695,023 


S 

Italy brl. 


France brl. 


1 

Belgium brl. 


$ 

Netherlands brl. 


1 

Switzerland brl 


$ 
Egypt brl. 


Other countries brl. 


$ 

Total.. . brl. 


508,113 
2,757,334 


1,790,016 
18,761,103 


1,202,434 
10,920,487 


867,165 
7,478,398 


802,794 
3,694,352 


I 

Dried grain and malt sprouts, total. . ton 1 

Oatmeal and rolled oats 
Netherlands Ib. 


1,505 
47,809 


217 
13,394 


1,960 
125,886 


401 
23,949 


108 
5,708 


3,623,851 
116,049 
18,265,844 
700,986 
69,086,773 
2,711,188 
19,926,876 
962,931 


6,051,981 
395,386 
255,585,340 
14,639,040 
37,560,694 
2,318,654 


49,080,564 
2,382,325 
8,700,665 
410,467 
73,954,909 
4,117,928 
89,230,499 
5,088,662 


12,000,633 
594,490 
519,350 
25,568 
30,670,797 
1,616,672 
22,729,735 
1,654,616 


22,810,316 
701,151 
1,344,425 
45,799 
39,450,035 
1,496,531 
35,233,885 
1,501,756 


$ 

Norway Ib. 


United Kingdom. Ib. 


Other countries Ib. 


S 
Total . Ib. 


110,903,344 
4,191,154 


299,198,015 
17,353,080 


220,966,637 
11,999,382 


65,920,515 
3,891,346 


98,838,661 
3,745,237 


$ 

Oats- 
Belgium bush. 




86,851 
68,000 
53,561,600 
32,258,495 

11,761,339 
7,108,222 
4,550,437 
2,699,830 

14,889,314 
10,417,599 
856,859 
439,323 
1,378,842 
-- 
1,859,159 
1.157,784 


18,861,125 
16,977,337 
356,803 
331,835 
7,831,938 
6,837,538 

54,541,721 
48,062,866 
30,696,141 
23,916,056 
1,690,332 
1,681,598 
484,872 
464,407 


8,120,038 
6,678,566 
14,186,235 
11,626,830 
2,598,113 
2,042,303 
1,849,270 
1,643,220 
2,819,985 
2,318,083 
156,240 
124,000 
20,57 .!. 701 
17,982,037 
2,433,463 
1,765,055 
2,126,272 
1,844,482 
425,102 
410,718 


2,600,526 
2,556,026 
6,274,945 
6,187,025 

499,114 
460,626 
30,000 
22,500 
134,624 
109,087 
1,245,766 
916,229 
1,606,224 
1,608,685 
486,675 
477,926 


17,600 
10,836 

67,252 
46,447 
44,667 
23,360 
1,104 
670 
1,706,008 
679,015 
918,046 
493,325 
469,4i .S 
356,061 


Trance bush. 


^Switzerland bush. 


$ 

Italy ... bush. 


Netherlands bush. 


$ 

Sweden bush. 


United Kingdom . bush . 


Canada . .. bush. 


Cuba bush 


Other countries . bush 


$ 

Total bush 


88,944,401 
55,034,981 


114,462,932 
98,221,637 


55,294,479 
46,435,294 


12,877,874 
12,338,104 


3,224,145 
1,609,714 


$ 

Mill feed, total ton 1 


46,112 
1,693,752 


9,652 
466,242 


12,124 
784,296 


10,481 
579,914 


15,600 
575,519 


Rye- 
Belgium bush 


1,168,437 
1,718,728 


304,206 
683,766 


2,736,984 
5,056,864 
739,993 
1,388,919 


11,924,341 
25,403,356 
214,285 
535,712 


311,904 
416,520 
333,241 
339,361 


Denmark bush 


iTon-2,2401b. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



565- 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and the 
calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Rye concluded. 
Switzerland bush. 


46,540 
97,736 
772,569 
1,156,940 
7,452,594 
12,444,294 
379,101 
604,253 
1,293,060 
2,271,565 
1,129,469 
1,605,223 
1,017,883 
1,700.431 

362 
461 


467,000 
1,060,300 

690,424 
1,385,964 

3,702,426 
7,462,648 
120,615 
202,176 
1,756,764 
3,574,613 
336,650 
693,952 

252,554 
552,199 


1,276,566 
2,300,128 
1,810,605 
3,266,237 
5,054,730 
8,944,487 

18,068,982 
35,254,238 
1,385,498 
2,063,613 
661,231 
1,183,615 
838,063 
1,658,689 
6,000 
10,080 

319,514 
659,362 


54,722 
105,870 
7,012,562 
15,691,106 
4,666,629 
10,272,619 

718,781 
1,410,880 
6,501,468 
13,413,809 
2,415,084 
4,612,682 
12,973,968 
27,471,994 
1,801,275 
4,194,708 
7,139,942 
15,741,694 
1,233,189 
2,398,082 
274,292 
670,835 
139,952 
316,190 


3,832,266 
6,033,950 
3,006,422 
4,012,910 
446,860 
640,054 
1,078,153 
1,576,603 
7,142,595 
8,193,893 
1,131,693 
2,040,097 
351,462 
619,700 
1,104,693 
1,543,054 
9,442,785 
16,034,292 
357,061 
649,051 
1,209,828 
2,010,646 
62,758 
104,289 


$ 
Netherlands bush . 


$ 
Norway bush . 


$ 
Sweden.. bush. 


$ 

United Kingdom bush. 


1 
Canada bush . 


$ 

Italy bush . 


France bush . 


$ 
Finland . . . bush . 


$ 

Germany . ... .... bush. 


$ 
Gibraltar bush. 


$ 
Poland and Danzi^ . bush 


$ 

Other countries .... . bush 


- 

Total bush. 


13,260,015 
31,599,631 


7,631,639 
15,615,618 


32,898,166 
61,786,332 


57,070,490 
132,239,537 


29,811,721 
44,214,420 


$ 

Rye Flour 
Belgium brl 


890 
8,614 
59,632 
438,458 

1.508 
8,914 
3,207 
19,546 
1,718 
10,967 
6,959 
37,848 


438,233 
4,462,893 
96,897 
1,021,747 
403,845 
4,599,370 
133,310 
1,479,421 
46,50 
473,314 
213,437 
2,197,273 
113,844 
1,215,712 


86,946 

857,679 

230,072 
2,148,643 
8,809 
72,526 
8,025 
61,111 
826,629 
8,246,875 
105,549 
1,037,674 


14,845 
151,614 

282,905 
2,739,258 
20,691 
245,988 
3,452 
39,532 
335 
2,536 
41,518 
459,510 


5,641 
39,496 
5,385 
43,944 
1,457 
13,182 
521 
2,672 
42, 650 
274,861 


$ 
France brl. 


* 
Norway brl. 
S 
Netherlands . . brl 


$ 
Canada brl. 


$ 
United Kingdom brl. 
$ 
t )t"lier countries . . brl 


$ 

Total brl. 


73,914 
535,347 


1,446,075 
15,449,730 


1,266,030 
12,424,508 


363,746 
3,638,438 


55,654 
374,15* 


9 

Wheat- 
Belgium bush. 
$ 
France . . , , bush 


2,698,044 
4,887,416 
16,253,262 
31,698,762 

2,480,146 
4,318,783 
4,811,158 
9,005,268 
13,746,512 
26,743,498 
19,127,675 
37,946,031 
3,156,279 
6,114,705 
690,980 
1,576,600 
851,550 
1,454,474 
5,385,480 
9,676,651 


12,628,186 
30,107,271 
6,386,134 
14,675,271 

1,475,449 
3,481,796 

16,337,436 
38,263,712 
2,236,354 
5,770,866 
383,144 
918,336 
460,066 
1,104,149 
110,550 
258,687 


24,476,490 
59,901,083 
27,590,718 
66,552,585 

1,510,909 
3,574,010 
96,225 
230,940 
38,264,883 
91,054,928 
1,962,249 
4,848,540 
933 
2,240 
988,427 
2,372,223 
138,133 
370,000 


20,665,729 
55,832,260 
26,444,984 
72,370,900 
8,246,213 
22,511,012 
4,181,694 
10,813,188 
1,415,360 
3,817,491 
32,110,050 
85,356,226 
11,912,662 
32,678,644 
797,522 
2,211,030 
1,287,465 
3,337,669 
7,099,430 
18,562,652 
1,012,835 
2,615,059 


22,469,757 
38, 036, 456* 
8,988,242 
15,479,471 
36,931,189 
61,192,875 
4,565,276- 
7,942,148 
4,116,067 
7,081,040 
60,842,457 
96,118,352 
25,228,449- 
39,591,410 
657,337 
978,994 
804,766 
1,132,509 
4,346,426 
7,301,655 
890,030 
1,420,784 


$ 

Germany bush. 


$ 
Gibraltar . . bush 


$ 

Greece bush 


$ 
Italy bush 


$ 

Netherlands bush 


$ 
Norway bush 


% 

Portugal bush. 


$ 
Spain bush 


$ 

Sweden bush. 
$ 



566 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
I nited States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and the 
calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by < ountrios. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Wheat concluded. 
Switzerland bush. 


6,045,799 
12,028,332 
67,976.121. 
139,42(1,10(1 
4,714,836 
9,856,529 
166 
310 
246,034 
3,207 

5,058 

6,887 

96,607 
201 

1,638,721 

2,901,143 


1,499,548 
3,671,704 
43,146,559 
100,848,344 
26,493,421 
61,464,108 
16,500 
39,176 
1 
o 

43 
150 

1,564 
3,755 

2,148 
5,661 


6,134,334 
15,531,481 
44,818,552 
107,503,619 
1,421,613 
3,314,818 
130 
281 

28 
60 

34 
224 

134,003 
329,187 

548,809 
1,312,077 


367,363 
1,074,673 
77,368,545 
215,241,377 
14,811,672 
41,280,833 
2,829,192 
8,201,002 
561,880 
1,237,984 
1,107,080 
3,438,796 
539,887 
1,660,203 
2,891,387 
7,713,338 
799,819 
2,225,466 
713.044 
1,755.920 
10, HI 
24,326 
299,211 
814.702 

804. !(),) 
2,200,745 


40,364 
64,178 
63,672,052 
94,133,442 
25,990,974 
34,528,566 
1,655,906 
2,357,022 
964, 194 
1,155,016 
37,333 
43,306 
18,700 
23,749 
1,906,066 
4,119,841 
126,098 
243,900 
271,008 
490,013 
8,224,764 
9,893,170 
2,661,109 
3,842,886 
1,807,310 
2,044,510 
2,841,727 
3,838,043 


- 
United Kingdom bush. 


$ 

Canada. . . .... bush 


$ 

Brazil bush . 


$ 

1 oru . . . . bush 


$ 

Egypt bu^h 


$ 

British S \frira bush 



1 rcnch Africa. . . bush 



^1 orocco 1 >u s 1 1 




Panama bush 


$ 

Japan bush 


$ 

Mexico bush 


- 
British India bush. 
$ 
( Hhor countries . . . bush 




Total .bush. 

S 

Win -at flour- 
Belgium . brl 


149,831,427 
298,179,705 


111,177,103 
259,612,978 


148,086,470 
356,898,296 


218,287,334 
CM,t7f,SM 


280,057,601 
433,058, 336 


168,405 

1,3*16. 195 

1,429,128 
11,958,809 

7,359 

388,708 
3,000.201 
987,68fl 

;s,i6* 

591,182 
4,087,784 
715,077 
5,626,941 
21,883 
187,278 
55 
372 
15,525 
21,947,731 
24,082 
195,341 
77,115 
580,326 
511,884 
4,164,64) 
930,694 
13,264 
1,072 
5,000 


1,233,526 
13,943,166 
13,044 

470,753 

5,015,150 
66, 1 17. 319 

14,604 

- . 128,851 
48,735 
704,238 
29,005 
34,078,295 
10o.()9() 
1,28 
192,086 

1! 
586 
..77.851 
19,631 
Ul.013,533 
113,037,706 
20,023 
1 . 755 
61,045 
621 
39,464 
447,963 

81,355 


867,434 
9,399,923 
140,854 
.1,584,563 
41,729 
49!). 121 
263,497 
2.985,683 
1.718,188 
50.374.ii36 
42,324 
167,957 
1.312,677 
14.105,753 
[36,023 
1.679,664 
106,825 
726,716 
S2.207 
12,795,766 
45,715 
19 
32,217 
322,115 
1,270 
11,091 
10,44(1. 1 I 
ll 5, 699, 480 
24,111 
287,661 
7,316 
80,154 
123,165 
4,783,264 
602,477 
5,639,847 
1,094 


884,876 
9,677,967 
37,715 
m,929 
369, 165 
4,256,109 
1,155,680 
12,457,354 
2 73. 840 
2, 492. 315 
1.077.H75 
11.856.373 
51,823 
619,372 
282,026 
. .943,838 
1,410.24:: 
15,116,928 
730,943 
8 >,!6,84S 
160,935 
[,797,301 
[40,991 
I, isii.:;i(. 
11.577 
138,934 
3,43 
37,203,126 
30,097 
37- 

IIS. llll 

5,031,678 
243,439 

2,862,188 
1.046,978 
11.138,206 


195,551 
1,327,239 
318,742 

2,350,815 
444,730 
3,369,357 

15,113 
109,944 
1.725,877 
11,859,440 
25.779 
212,894 
331,970 
2,809.87:! 
56,1122 
382,363 
1,204,137 
13,495 
413,039 

2.802. 17S 
242,948 
1,925,661 

3,997,601 
01,346 

21,926 
188,425 
72,521 

488,802 
150,158 
11,782 
1,168 

2,841.308 
141,861 

1.1 



Denmark brl. 


$ 

I inland brl 


$ 

Austria-Hungary .... .. brl 


$ 

France brl. 


( leniiunv . brl 



ibrultar brl 


$ 

Greece . brl 


$ 

Italv hrl 


Netherlands brl 


Norway brl 


Swcclen brl 


Switzerland brl. 
$ 
I nited Kingdom brl. 

British llonciuia- . . brl 
$ 
( anada brl. 

Vntral AIM. St:it-- brl 
$ 

Ml MI d - . , 1)1-1 

- 

Knvpt brl 


" 
ria only. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



567 



27 Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Wheat Hour concluded. 
British W Indies brl. 


372,242 
3,003,576 
1,016,675 
8,661,925 
129,922 
1,082,102 
127,458 
1,012,033 
143,858 
1,246,137 
301,614 
2,743,818 
79,997 
482,944 
146,812 
1,185,658 

61,800 
306,756 
4,083 
35,652 
76,089 
420,480 
612,503 
4,485,591 


111,582 
1,245,682 
541,564 
5,894,603 
33,425 
:l<)3,531 
378 
4,344 
10,771 
131,080 
596 
4,864 
20 
238 
530 
6,263 

22 
337 
357,420 
3,995,793 


221,346 
2,332,141 
1,408,698 
15,648,989 
80,712 
913,801 
268,243 
3,240,491 
108,247 
1.304,426 
279,564 
3,384,773 
200 
2,600 
124,893 
1,454,532 

10,597 
110,902 
2,528 
27,850 
54,904 
620,288 
697,678 
8,181,339 


354,953 
3,888,746 
1,389,990 
17,044,543 
131,669 
1,607,460 
361,321 
4,838,964 
155,544 
2,014,166 
623,198 
8,396,972 
2,527 
28.628 
165,895 
2,105,734 
2,249,558 
24,505,724 
192,936 
1,992,470 
107,024 
1,201,949 
143,469 
1,617,888 
2,219,315 
26,425,969 


275,728 
2,019,334 
1,065,581 
8,969,019 
93,298 
739,196 
139,290 
1,191,400 
103.262 
911,680 
200,718 
2,098,770 
515 
3,479 
116,411 
990,981 
988,596 
6,202,178 
737,727 
4,103,350 
382,440 
1,986,659 
254,755 
1,726,646 
2,431,164 
15,645,739 


Cuba brl. 


$ 


$ 
Havti brl. 


$ 
( >ther West Indies brl. 


Brazil brl. 


$ 
Chile brl. 


$ 


Poland and Danzig brl. 


$ 
Hong Kong brl. 






5 
Other countries brl. 


Total t>rl. 


11,942,778 
93,198,474 


21,706,700 
244,653,422 


28,449,881 
293,452,748 


19,853,992 
224,472,448 


16,800,805 
117,698,225 


Eggs 
United Kingdom doz. 


4,359,192 
1,461,494 
10,850,678 
3,305,017 
7,447,257 
2,045,344 
2,269,297 
757,056 


5,493,717 
2,652,037 
2,959,157 
1,172,184 
10,048,002 
3,606,957 
2,437,402 
1,017,036 


15,626,519 
8,254,167 
9,243,677 
4,317,323 
10,463,181 
4,607,199 
3,456,093 
1,633,542 


4,311,216 
2,427,267 
7,078,137 
3,333,658 
12,440,565 
6,347,594 
3,011,854 
1,460,625 


3,981,419 
1,414,325 
7,350,732 
2,504,461 
15,015,726 
4,892,260 
6,948,410 
1,999,660 


Canada *^ oz 


9 

Cuba d<> z 


$ 
< >ther countries doz! 


v 
Total doa. 


24,926,424 
7,568,911 


20,938,278 
8,428,214 


38,789,470 
18,812,231 


26,841,772 
13,569,144 


33,291,287 
10,810,706 


Apples, dried 


2,739,091 
213,953 
941,210 
83,929 
233,651 
17,727 
187,286 
13,109 

1,146.625 
80,161 
5,109,928 
388,608 


696,357 

87,322 
190,700 
31,500 
156,470 
18,158 

185 
45 
1,156,771 
174,325 


5,748,424 
755,058 
3,512,038 
657,108 
2,283,759 
400,006 
490,503 
93,068 
10,759 
2,618 
7,309.782 
1.296,930 
9,349,094 
905,040 


2,483,708 
323,686 
893,514 
162,421 
169,200 
31,147 
1,283,225 
218.723 
43,258 
4,341 
1,479,766 
316,182 
2,475,135 
452,487 


2,366,509 
249,265 
1,239,431 
168,221 
410,100 
50,356 
7,454,042 
837,597 
3,512,921 
333,869 
1,573,454 
188,982 
3,405,849 
378,553 






Netherlands 1b. 


s 




s 

( Jt her countries lb. 


$ 

Total In 


10,357,791 

797,487 


2,200,483 
311,350 


24,701,359 
4,109,828 


8,827,806 
1,508,987 


19,962,306 
2,206,843 


$ 

Apples, green or ripe 
Denmark . brl . 


11,989 
54.593 
3,573 
25,838 
20.410 
104,642 
1,147.412 
5,491.08! 


2,201 
19,804 

667 
7,950 
125.987 
837,202 


33,281 
393,848 
34,950 
457,119 
147,586 
1,697,143 
1,209,855 
9,5r>7,lLY 


12,982 
145,632 
14,432 
156,052 
67,434 
778,026 
1,250,033 
9,788,479 


28,638 
265,657 
13.465 
107, (04 
80,233 
463,223 
1,498.839 
11,065,812 


$ 
Sweden brl. 


$ 

Norway. . brl . 


$ 
United Kingdom brl. 


$ 



568 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years, 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Apples, green or ripe concluded. 
Canada brl . 


314,955 
948,967 
58,453 
413,432 
25,297 
161,177 
25,343 
114,611 
132,565 
664,887 


331,453 
1,467,319 
4,704 
43,159 
5,573 
45,077 
33 
237 
109,298 
714,455 


158,859 
1,121,728 
15,159 
207,822 
16,880 
206,536 

95,797 
829,960 


274,358 
1,527,408 
32,688 
374,070 
24,656 
284,181 
3,766 
33,900 
117,362 
1,000,985 


166,410 
777,290 
9,829 
145,975 
13,760 
177,961 

125,050 
978,243 


$ - 

Argentina . brl 


$ 

Brazil .... brl. 


$ 

Australia . brl 


Other countries brl 


$ 

Total brl 


1,739,997 
7,979,236 


579,916 
3,135,203 


1,712,367 
14,471,282 


1,797,711 
14,088,733 


1,936,224 
13,981,865 




Berries, total. . . 


823,977 


887,561 


1,181,742 


791,555 


775,19? 


Peaches, dried 
United Kingdom Ib . 


1,128,811 
82,265 
3,320,917 
227,844 
3,737,860 
295,511 


2.073,060 
238,495 

2,152.0.58 
226, 870 
614,480 
79,090 


1,290,116 
175,611 
3,326,675 
581,528 
4,405,543 
802,734 


3,877,743 
669,585 
1,609,354 
310,934 
2,437,734 
485,090 


2,703,191 
313,079 
1,275,234 
140,665 
914,699 
330,896 


Canada Ib. 


$ 

. Other countries Ib. 


S 

Total Ib 


8,178,588 
605,620 


4, 83!),. -><)> 
:.ll,455 


9,022,334 
1,559,873 


7,924,831 
1,465,609 


6,893,124 
784,64fr 


$ 

Pears- 
United Kingdom $ 


515,916 
432,180 
98.349 
126,340 
153,474 


7,196 
748,676 
114,544 
25.857 
32.568 


234,180 
1.141,222 
191,431 
85,074 
112,764 


761,965 
009,370 
205,608 
191,275 
133,903 


838,131 
586,849 
158,680- 
101,924 
95,201 


< an ida $ 


Cuba $ 


Brazil $ 


Other countries . . $ 


Total $ 


1,356,259 


928,841 


1,764,671 


2,202,121 


1,780,785 


Hay- 
France ton 1 


41.084 
810,194 
529 
12,080 
4,107 
73,265 
26,070 
484,114 
8.611 
183,414 
840 
18,170 
4,288 
104,599 


1,429 
42,494 
6,381 
183,535 
0,859 
185,613 
11,210 
403,193 
360 
11,617 
2,103 
77,578 


1,001 
40,275 
14,394 
401,076 
6,793 
147,068 
6,879 
259,249 
1,241 
47,004 
1,834 
68,303 


1,324 
46,408 
45,431 
1,222,628 
11,282 
326,184 
2,490 
104,320 
484 
19,885 
2,143 
77,971 


514 
16,677 
26,348 
457,836 
15,194 
346,136 
7,73* 
220,304 
897 
28,874 
1,469 
41,459 


United Kingdom ton 1 
Canada ton 1 


Mexico ton 1 


Cuba ton 1 


Philippine Islands ton 1 


Other countries ton 1 


I 

Tot al ton 1 


85,529 
1,685,836 


28,342 

904,030 


32,142 
962,975 


63,154 
1,797,396 


52,16ft 
1,111,285 


Hides and skins, calf- 
Canada Ib 


1,332,399 
540,602 
41,639 
8,857 


2,188,293 
851,512 
25,000 
15,000 


4,340,084 
3,086,227 
314,251 
131,398 


956,148 
613,950 
183,505 
65,748 


4,454,452 

979,703 
894,104 
171,898 


Other countries Ib 


$ 

Total Ib 


1,374,038 

549,4.59 


2,213,293 
$66,5.2 


4,654,335 
3,217,625 


1,139,653 
679,698 


5,348,556 
1,151,601 


$ 

Hides and skins, cattle 
France .. Ib. 


487,070 
114,500 


62,000 
20,300 


3,288,191 
838,207 
1,860,000 
742.140 


946,519 
148,199 


588,375 
53,451 


Finland Ib 


$ 



Ton = 2,240 Ib. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



569 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Hides and skins, cattle concluded. 
Germany Ib. 


713,167 
198,967 
4,376,575 
1,307,414 
1,350,123 
315,448 
438,526 
105,028 


51,020 
30,772 

1,599,216 
454,819 
273,361 
64,465 
352,550 
111,595 


1,064,278 
340,167 
328,550 
169,635 
1,133,017 
472,697 
6,559,849 
2,762,697 
1,232,270 
430,461 
1,529,477 
534,352 


504,085 
226,451 
741,228 
256,177 
115,700 
58,850 
216,587 
87,163 
5,641,545 
1,998,751 
1,949,232 
604,104 
1,370,570 
381,447 


3,245,796 
419,358 
443,540 
31,290 
3,600 
560 
1,625,204 
129,408 
6,025,705 
633,421 
3,474,710 
437,669 
5,286,206 
464,304 


$ 

Belgium Ib. 


$ 
Italy Ib. 


$ 
Netherlands Ib. 


Canada Ib. 


Japan Ib. 


I 

Other countries ... Ib 


$ 
Total... Ib 


7,365,461 
2,041,357 


2,338,147 
681,951 


16,995,932 
6,290,356 


11,485,466 
3,761,142 


20,693,136 
2,109,461 


$ 

Hides and skins, horse, total. . . Ib 


179,704 
32,900 


54,471 
13,864 


467,240 
135,176 


655,017 
142,706 


222, 48 
21,226 


$ 

Hides and skins, all other 
Canada Ib 


707,578 
224,232 
344,468 
122,883 


374,406 
169,620 
124,742 
45,873 


824,599 
341,865 
1,981,365 
910,299 


645,883 
340,503 
3,475,898 
1,278,837 


1,241,908 
217,932 
3,071,329 
506.314 


$ 
Other countries Ib 


$ 
Total Ib 


1,052,046 
347,115 


499,148 
215,493 


2,805,964 
1,252,164 


4,121,781 
1,619,340 


1,313,237 
724,246 


$ 
Honey, total Ib 


736,139 


11,598,857 
2,223,396 


9,075,602 
1,955,091 


1,539,878 
265,352 


1,880,511 
225,246 


.? 

Hops 
United Kingdom Ib 


823,654 
101,939 
801,162 
121,614 
59,205 
12,861 
286,168 
43,222 
2,854,687 
494,290 


76,424 
13,014 
749,503 
151,795 
40,000 
20,000 
328,115 
86,195 
2,476,310 
699,594 


12,523,653 
5,324,596 
2,493,098 
1,143,269 
1,054,067 
444,969 
1,116,703 
734,786 
3,309,983 
1,184,635 


21,421,599 
14,386,051 
1,968,821 
1,103,767 
10,200 
2,550 
533,799 
375,551 
1,689,636 
1,220,550 


13,375,667 
4,749,960 
2,960,359 
869,525 
31,310 
14,230 
299,532 
104,983 
1,792,732 
584,297 


Canada Ib 


France Ib 


Japan Ib 


Other countries Ib 


I 

Total Ib 


4,824,876 
773,926 


3,670,352 
970,598 


20,797,504 
8,832,255 


25,624,055 
17,088,472 


18,459,600 
6,322,995 


$ 
Me?t Products 


Beef, canned 
France Ib 


17,653,357 
4,231,426 
187,634 
45,456 
40,218,190 
9,960,653 


39,791,821 
14,031,746 
47,675,117 
18,437,206 
51,250,973 
18,068,783 

244,848 
116,157 

188 
72 
2,494,216 
884,046 


1,837,883 
752,282 
15,405,107 
6,454,156 
13,947,951 
5,255,462 
2,407,790 
881,899 

6,471,198 
2,712,115 
2,128,219 
694,053 
2,016,928 
836,394 
5,530,871 
1,545,636 
4,121,380 
1,540,967 


27,367 
7,747 
512 
126 
1,795,554 
693,605 

16,722,800 
3,443,677 
703,419 
208,309 
144,133 
36,443 
362,342 
94,026 
20,846 
7,462 
3,980,028 
.1,298,316 


70,132 
11,242 
576 
152 

3,762,787 
740,925 

98 
25 
395 
196 
802,875 
136,470 

1,440,385 
387, 137 


f 
Italy Ib 


$ 
United Kingdom Ib 


$ 
Austria-Hungary Ib 


Poland and Danzig Ib 


$ 
Belgium Ib 


9,476,944 
2,708,495 


Germany . Jb 


$ 
Netherlands Ib 


Sweden Ib 


$ 

Other countries Ib 


$ 
Total Ib 


67,536,125 
16,946,030 


141,457,163 
51,498,010 


53,867,327 
20,672,964 


23,766,000 
5,789,711 


6,077,248 
1,276,147 


S 



570 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



K sports liy Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Beef, fresh 
France.... lb 


38,042.271 
4,883,959 

13 (itiii - 77 


47,170.951 
9,410,074 
8,877,471 
1.715,353 
H.;. 080,785 
96,364,94 
929,837 
188,846 
10, 390,594 
1,728,22) 
357.360 
104.207 
105,001 
18,387 

429,524 
74,724 


21,375,475 
4,621,058 
73,073,602 
17,206,380 
823,486 
171,731 
2.1121,011 
HI. 298 
r>1.95< 
16,275 
23, 169, 60; 
5.0i4,664 
31,083,572 
7. 199.508 
13,703,452 
3.364,776 
. ..942,657 
1,469,841 
2.277,192 
405,215 


730,217 
141,285 
211,447 

40,682 
5.699,488 
1.019,012 
1.185,243 
231,277 
2.330,963 
393,236 
86,537 
23. HI, 
35.205,492 
7,098,318 
26,159,680 
5,167,412 
15.922,196 
3,098,622 

2,117,885 
351,897 


2.129,119 
281,317 
1,165,789 
189,683 
228,624 
37,644 
317,522 
61,724 
4,897.473 
979.490 
431,665 
54,428 
14,615 
1,004 

1,156,200 
193,178 


Italy . lb. 


United Kingdom. . .. lb 


1.509. 3 IS 
126,687,52! 

17.338,095 
1,326,911 
Iti ).19: 
17,771,15) 

2.171.9.)! 
235.034 
15. 13V 

45,650 

687,641 

112,667 



Bermuda -. lb. 

Canada lb 



Panama lb 


- 
Belgium lb 



Germany lb 


Netherlands lb 


Sweden lb 


oilier countries lb 



Total lb 


197,177,101 

38,277, ill 


514,341,529 
lM,tM,M 


174,426,999 
,28,747 


89,649,148 
17,564,887 


10,341,007 
1,798,398 


$ 

Beef, pickled and other, cured 
Belgium lb 


19,986,803 
2,022,259 
30,000 
3,600 

2,604,065 
326,267 
4,986,920 
153415 

7,489.1)1,:) 
1,063,334 
9,394,712 
1,177,374 
4,800 
684 
6,802.524 
- 35 1 
1. >152, 345 
210. lit 
1,146,700 
150,227 
749,490 
9H.124 

05,643 

393,807 


2i i. 758, 655 
4,508, 27< 

3,228,8141 

755,069 
2.044,979 
358,092 
1,052,426 
158,514 
5,418,221 
14,444 
944,830 
161,648 
564,685 
100,504 
672,200 
133 
8,521,208 
801,394 


9,687,576 
1.936,658 
1,945,120 
418,157 
2,567,542 
483,191 
4.312,960 
799,256 
2,325,748 
523,292 
5,569.74: 
1.317.147 
1,373,553 
176,805 
3,033. 172 
799,493 
5,676,761 
1,019,972 
732,386 
141,465 
792,750 
162,661 
404.200 

83,213 

877.571 


819,475 
147,632 
500,949 

1.604,050 
256,865 
876.50.- 
100,91) 
1,700,784 
195,335 
4,210,631 
735,397 
2,016,022 

211.227 
430.437 
86,497 
5,596,298 
708,152 
2.407.272 
285,955 
824,861 
106,959 
1.227,584 
166,765 
3,556.3d- 
"ill, 451 


525,896 

99,743 
242.300 
20,084 
904,562 
101,070 
3.172 
271,1(11 

223,75:1 

23,507 
3,590 
584,671 
1.357.975 
113.030 
65,048 
4,696 
6, 107,860 
649,922 
2,701,287 
266,487 
918,763 

I, 135,038 

115.6(17 

312,380 


Denmark lb. 


Germany lb 


Norway lb 


Netherlands )b 


- 
United Kingdom. . lb 


$ 

Canada lb, 


- 
Italy lb 


-Newfoundland and Labrador lb. 
- 
British W. Indies . lb 


- 
British Guiana lb 


1 )utch Guiana lb 


$ 

Other countries . ]b 

- 

Total . ... lb 


1 v. !>.>:!, 67 
6,72S,r>. l 


44,206,020 
7.921,22(1 


r:.* ii.;-.M 
s. 739, 141 


i.-., 771, 176 

:f. 659, 815 


M,. -,90, 582 
;..-,S3,716 


Beef products 
Oleo oil- 
Canada lb 


175,952 
85,137 

2.199,170 
391,141 
532,219 
68,459 
95,881 
20,377 
2,764.119.-) 
1,716 


.">. 109,619 
1.3(17,061 

205,445 
15,648 
916,517 
228,809 
182,641 
18,137 
30,000 

ii.22.-) 


1,377.794 
"i,638 
8,461,473 
2,252,853 
4,589,290 
1,343,554 
3,479,879 
974,034 
3,454,606 
895,999 
8,025,918 
2,427,011 
2,126,704 
,vH,209 


2.048,289 
481 
1.030,628 
206,628 
437,918 
93,878 
2,706,173 
670,232 
93,597 
16,133 
1,531,297 
321 
::. 128,958 
715,479 


.-,(15.021; 
68,682 
1.512, 145 
181,958 
5,345. Is:, 

316,407 

2H2.225 
23,00.-. 
3,172,45* 
806,659 
20,700,512 
2,296,516 


Belgium lb 


$ 

Franco . . lb. 

Greece lb 


Switzerland ...... lb 


I )enmurk . lb 


Germany. lb 






EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



571 



127. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918. 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Beef products concluded. 
Oleo oil concluded. 
Netherlands Ib. 


8,081,795 
1,201,373 
15,907,144 
2,745,117 
2 , 247, 553 
310,078 
31,761,124 
5,316,644 
1,761,149 
294,394 

1,284,029 
201,583 


2,240,000 
500,000 
57,783,111 
12,782,449 
2.081,016 
520,516 

228,001 
54,476 


4,811,612 
1.367,792 
8,656,192 
2,620,902 
3,494,256 
1,113,896 
20,791,549 
6,113,654 
1,890,493 
547,878 
2.635,801 
800,803 
395,088 
123,883 
1,394,510 
379,234 


20,107,202 
4,390,570 
10,566,827 
2,389.285 
3,320,805 
755,460 
17,593,177 
3,913,808 
1,475,586 
331,710 
6,801,573 
1,556,259 
2,160,125 
512,926 
1,066,189 
229,279 


46,670,711 
5,094,607 
18,040,180 
2,220,385 
3,783,541 
447,029 
11,543,163 
1,378,953 
1,626,440 
228,095 
9,235,697 
1,008,275 
763,289 
109,412 
2,467,868 
278,296 


$ 


9 
^weden . Ib. 


t 

United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Ib. 
$ 
Turkey in Europe * . Ib. 


$ 
Turkey in \sia . . Ib. 


$ 


Ij 

Total Ib 


67,110,111 
11,065,019 


69,106,350 
15,493,321 


75,585,164 
22,025,340 


74,368,344 
16,585,209 


127,977,713 
14,617,971 


$ 

Oleomargarine, imitation butter, 
total Ib. 


5,651,267 
901,659 


8,909,108 
2,398,908 


22,939,589 
6,576,760 


16,557,746 
4,567,120 


3,329,049 
672,327 


$ 

Beef tallow 
Belgium Ib. 


1,519,426 
223,263 

1,688,719 
192,686 
157,171 
17,831 
1,223,622 
134,300 
418,067 
53,203 
10,202,364 
1,179,626 


2,276,518 
407,502 

133,604 
23,382 
23,170 

3,885 
975,143 
158,711 

814,222 
152,947 


5,478,257 
912,091 
10,603,756 
1,787,882 
5,606,612 
1,056,305 
46,344 
8,510 
4,663,847 
667,394 
1,983,768 
241,018 
4,573,884 
739,932 
5,997,315 
956,980 


444,200 
79,402 
998,152 
177,394 
2,492,308 
454,140 
378,368 
52,724 
6,308,446 
782,788 
2,498,912 
329,498 
71,860 
13,003 
7,499,392 
1,061,726 


1,311,776 
106,687 
1,557,873 
101,274 
3,037,205 
228,633 
253,061 
19,204 
1,937,539 
130,019 
423,011 
23,260 
7 
1 
5,277,456 
407, d75 



France . . Ib. 


I 

Netherlands Ib. 


$ 
Italy Ib. 


$ 
United Kingdom. ... ... Ib. 


Cuba . . Ib. 


$ 
Sweden . Ib. 


t 

Other countries Ib. 


I 

Total Ib. 


15,309,369 
1,800,909 


4,222,657 
745,977 


38,953,783 
6,370,112 


20,691,638 
2,959,675 


13,797,928 
1,016,753 


- 

Bacon 
Austria-Hungary Ib. 


(15.219,598 
8,508,658 
58,990 
8,262 
77,035,622 
12,062,419 

539,108 
66,910 
19,378,346 
3,514,652 
10,625,101 
1,501,376 
8,296,500 
1,460,095 

1.065,440 
192,169 
346,758,407 
65, 192, 174 


67,444,015 
18,909,533 

98,496,402 
27,131,653 

98.079,060 
25,678,054 

1,680,601 
345,319 

789,253,478 
229,883,046 


10,368,245 
3,296,885 
90,823,427 
28,040,950 
39,039,883 
11,955,295 
178,431,224 
50,462,536 
53,449,694 
17,370,068 
5.529,931 
1,725,421 
48,128,149 
14,899,875 
112,028,898 
33,836,052 
26,152.221 
8,200,421 
13,700,781 
4,236,090 
51,891,124 
16,286,475 
507.184,219 
167., 505 . 05 2 


2,929,7871 
621,3581 
35,086,345 
7,252,773 
6,642,344 
1,394,863 
25,040,866 
5,850,881 
76,035,297 
17,112,675 
777,175 
158,771 
18,844,911 
3,840,134 
61,759,267 
13,046,478 
6,760,290 
1,558,071 
582,125 
109,308 
17,410,673 
3,919,127 
344,555,982 
Hi , 403, 339 


161,973 
18,4221 
20,772,504 
2,760,470 
4.609,561 
519,564 
12,154,685 
1,636.994 
54.133.512 
7,311,308 
1,079,789 
117.994 
9,107.503 
1,071, 051 
28,830,301 
3,708,125 
11,109,89(1 
1 ,.".(10.814 
5,113,650 
589,768 
7,261,939 
982,210 
209,551,963 
40,512,16:-; 


$ 
Belgium ... . . .11). 


$ 

Denmark . . Ib. 


1 

1 ranee Ib 


i 

(ji-rmuny 11). 
1 
Gibraltar Ib 


$ 

Italy ... Ib 


1 

Netherlands . Ib 


$ 
Norway Ib 


S 
Finland Ib 


$ 
Sweden Ib 


$ 
United Kingdom . 11) 


1 



572 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



37. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Bacon concluded. 
Canada Ib. 


118,709,847 
21,366,115 
14,914,902 
2,533,943 
4 550 111 


24,454,474 
7,465,376 
16,101,208 
4,449,579 
9,278,843 
2,105,504 


34,253,197 
10,767,992 
15,956,98 
4,179,328 
3,359,510 
1,150,787 

1,190,297,494 
373,913,22 


12,473,768 
2,933,683 
21,190,51 
4,378,65 
6 586 224 


13,980,969 
2,214,903 
27,241,037 
3,808,969 
10,246,876 
1,367,289 


$ 

Cuba lh 


. 
Other countries Ib 


$ 

Total... Ib. 


814,895 


1,176,790 


667,151,972 
117,231,668 


1,104,788,081 
315,968,064 


636,675,57 
156,296,908 


415,356,152 
68,180,044 




Hams and shoulders, cured 
Belgium . Ib. 


25,863,824 
4,226,651 
547 
111 
217,434,561 
40,801,138 
5,617,090 
1,021,892 
629,807 
132,332 
9,867,826 
1,880,230 

1,354 

297 
387,277 
84,479 
1,359,854 

254, UK 

5,494,441 
1,172,901 


5,853,423 
1,387,335 
30,336,829 
7,829,576 

470,415,228 
127,586,544 
11,112,784 
3,098,318 
109,670 
34,855 
8,707,061 
2,512,966 

7,102,044 
2,078,892 
48 
17 
603 
257 
3,575,351 
1,146,128 


30,054,740 
8,899,197 
103,201,727 
31,447,698 
8,569,66 
2,707,214 
338,028,382 
109,685,518 
7,457,307 
2,191,013 
270,746 
103,877 
9,863,103 
3,112,929 
1,935,863 
650,879 
5,282,356 
1,718,850 
7,626,584 
2,420,958 
6,010,496 
2,028,599 
65,245,793 
20,080,683 
4,358,920 
1,382,235 
2,820,714 
940,297 
6,069,271 
2,058,890 


6,596,959 
1,390,308 
26,209,164 
6,900,32 
1,589,470 
402,418 
116,256,553 
31,691,150 
6,354,128 
1,526,333 
345,113 
128,836 
15,612,342 
5,033,220 
794,376 
170,390 
37,822 
9,669 
2,145,12! 
625,331 
12,523 
4,789 
3,236,225 
801,498 
: 47,50: 
oo,711 
87,642 
24,037 
5,721,807 
2,123,571 


7,567,604 
1,077,209 
1,398,164 
247,937 
1,902,602 
284,636 
194,235,024 
40,093,016 
9,222,358 
1,659,982 
516,291 
145,305 
10,192,526 
2,436,288 

92,123 
18,927 
161,016 
25,509 
5,702 
1,233 
26,563 
3,304 
1,764,723 
2.51,173 
26,721 
3,894 
5,212,380 
1,502,007 


France Ib. 


Netherlands . Ib. 


$ 

United Kingdom Ib. 


Canada Ib 


Panama Ib 


Cuba Ib 


Austria-Hungary Ib 


Denmark Ib. 



Germany Ib 



Gibraltar Ib 


$ 

Italy Ib 


Norway Ib 


Sweden Ib 


Other countries Ib 


- 
Total Ib 


;:;. t;.v;.5M 
49,574,1141 


537,213,041 
145,674,888 


596,795,663 
189,428,837 


185,246,755 

:iO,S87,588 


232.:t2:{.797 
47,750.420 


Lard- 
Belgium Ib 


96,761,185 
13,815,450 
841,110 
156,441 
54,867,832 
10,712,463 

115,975 
21,646 

4,981,846 
1,058,998 
20,446,110 
2,838,460 
1,888,539 
327,776 
- iiO.170 


116,784,152 
31,757,658 
75,000 
20,000 
35,841,676 
9,349,535 

12,609,344 
3,898,760 

1,145,112 
273,258 

1,020 
275 
560,295 
174,098 


155,802,228 
46,338,651 
33,505,333 
11,051,160 
96,296,935 
27,958,403 
15,184,232 
5,206,52/ 
2,771,503 
938,594 
3,867,419 
1,179,864 
47,743 
10,245,235 
89,495,017 
13. !90, 079 
2,463,197 
806,057 
68,596,924 
22,377,490 
1,257,190 
393,627 
24,483,937 
8,61 


55,02 1,4 15 
12,917,017 
6,329,275 
1,429,015 

48,755.7! ! 
13.335.7H4 
2,919, 49Ji 
IJ74 
462,524 
125,898 
197,122 
50,618 
1,!H 
464,567 
127,836,008 
28,785,385 
23,153,676 
5,334,923 
91,291 
21,212,245 
1,018,106 
262,125 
5,000,274 
1,177,040 


51,5ti4.n55 
6,730 180 
6,063 
1,301 
40,!! 
4,98! 
467,267" 
51. 
2,773,306 
372,530 
272,663 

4,614 

554,074 
278,044,960 
56,404 
11,744,562 
1,512,208 
76,964,941 
10,917,382 
1,578,772 
207,478 
5,591,622 
740,869 


Denmark . Ib 


France )b 


Austria-Hungary Ib 


Finland Ib 


Gibraltar Ib 


$ 

Sw it zerland Ib 


Germany Ib 


Italy ]b 


Netherlands Ib 


Norway Ib 


Sweden Ib 


- 



1 \u-triaonly. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



573 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Lard concluded. 
United Kingdom Ib. 


178,110,633 
32,616,184 
5,375,768 
984,930 
2,658,120 
453,596 
13,261,559 
2,270,025 
48,732,924 
8,819,512 
3,842,692 
686,141 
12,525,077 
2,208,963 


309,987,044 
78,985,740 
2,478,926 
669,571 
334,889 
95,559 
1.5,452,095 
4,451,219 
46,008,414 
13,044,755 
1,339,946 
418,727 
6,200,988 
793,996 


219,306,642 
68,323,623 
5,090,459 
1,454,658 
227,169 
72,605 
7,134,448 
2,127,709 
44,766,460 
14,111,770 
2,407,180 
824,444 
5,997,695 
1,93,, 259 


128,771,843 
29,002,972 
12,730,298 
2,630,226 
861,422 
209,192 
17,302,006 
4,000,496 
65,720,975 
15,907,936 
2,897,992 
680,464 
20,061,293 
5,180,824 


232,204,210 
29,562,370 
12,706,087 
1,368,352 
1,303,733 
181,802 
43,457,727 
5,652,767 
72,310,640 
9,650,327 
2,951,759 
382,854 
20,782,165 
2,864,125 


$ 

Canada Ib. 


$ 

Central American States Ib. 


$ 

Mexico Ib. 


$ 

Cuba Ib. 


Ecuador Ib. 


$ 

Other countries Ib 


$ 
Total. . . Ib. 


444,769,540 
77,008,913 


548,817,901 
144,933,151 


760,901,611 
237,983,449 


(!! 241 4^1 


868,941,569 
112,532,841 


$ 

Lard, neutral 
Denmark Ib 


143,371,441 


1,022,499 
171,136 

2,657,914 


5,433,851 
1,364,634 
873,313 
248,146 


5,445,681 
1,781,589 
950,837 
367,789 
9,313,883 
3,169,227 
1,653,325 
541,719 
1,472,806 
470,401 
2,000,074 
715,891 
2,120,531 
678,767 


497,480 
119,197 

mSLQA 


1,268,352 
178,263 
2,461,822 
333,191 
8,524,085 
1,167,362 
3,891,235 
553,285 
981,255 
147,151 
4,808,132 
773,264 
2,015,908 
285,543 


$ 
Germany Ib. 


$ 
Netherlands Ib. 


37,610 
2,998,410 
755,581 
1,885,917 
504,596 
1,064,260 
297,730 
14,255,712 
3,486,755 
2,417,708 
604,573 


$ 

Norway Ib 


432,566 
3 234 094 


$ 

Sweden Ib 


594,283 
275,423 
40,935 
8,627,547 
1,615,051 
1,758,763 
314,118 


United Kingdom Ib. 


Other countries Ib 


$ 

Total... . Ib. 


17,576,240 
3,168,089 


6,307,164 
1,613,780 


22,957,137 
7,725,983 


23,838,071 
5,806,042 


23,950,789 
3,438,059 


$ 

Pork, canned 
France Ib 


1,103,011 
304,305 
3,354,628 
1,003,834 
1,438,487 
337,466 


2,312,844 
632,565 
1,994,851 
787,892 
959,647 
355,935 


1,011,205 
372,424 
. 3,068,054 
1,461,563 
1,712,447 
588,377 


98,649 
25,617 
1,209,065 
580,953 
494,527 
145,550 


966,141 
292,366 
183,941 
52,429 


$ 

United Kingdom Ib. 


Other countries Ib 


$ 
Total... Ib. 


5,896,126 
1,645,695 


5,267,342 
1,776,392 


5,791,706 
2,422,364 


1,802,241 
752,120 


1,150,082 
344,795 


$ 

Pork, fresh 
France Ib 


919,724 
120,397 
23,787,556 
3,649,482 
24,832,531 
4,944,891 

895,804 
161,119 


433,301 
120,541 
9,500,417 
2,412,536 
1,084,932 
222,969 

613,985 

151,848 


2,019,460 
749,455 
1,197,244 
267,000 
21,905,577 
6,897,596 

1,654,697 
433,506 


1,280,610 
322,204 
19,404,504 
4,627,126 
12,717,549 
2,797,146 
3,069,949 
896,511 
1,832,624 
447,476 


5,625 
394 
17,039,598 
3,191,168 
23,915,301 
3,651,455 
12,462,623 
2,001,953 
2,660,116 
491,557 


$ 

United Kingdom Ib 


$ 

Canada Ib 


Germany Ib 


$ 
Other countries Ib 


$ 
Total Ib 


50,435,615 

8,875,889 


11,632,635 
2,907,894 


26,776,978 
8,347,557 


38,305,236 
9,090,463 


56,083,263 
9,336,527 


$ 

Pork, pickled 
France Ib 


829,354 
126,465 
6,058,672 
929,881 
16,929,411 
2,501,890 
6,262,085 
907,594 


302,254 
76,012 
2,102,744 
616,636 
14,708,735 
3,355,902 
6,303,799 
1,284,733 


605,398 
140,585 
3,378,871 
963,487 
8,372,796 
2,179,707 
4,833,214 
1,089,045 


660,187 
134,555 
1,902,869 
410,054 
15,480,971 
3,032,780 
4,848,954 
952,980 


144,572 
23,489 
4,031,010 
663,611 
11,753,367 
1,508,392 
4,577,400 
510,314 


United Kingdom ,. ]b 


Canada Ib 


$ 

Newfoundland and Labrador Ib 


$ 



574 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Pork, pickled concluded. 
Hritish West Indies . . Ib. 


3,542,166 
513,271 
7,700,421 
1,145,968 

1,083,300 
164,997 
163,121 

(4,556 
49,488 

4,099,635 
577,887 


1,887,313 

438, 81 it 
7,659,439 

1,893,101 
1,040,430 

2:57,410 
25 . ->u.-> 
5,439 
200 
50 

2,641,451 
626,915 


1,026,405 
251,074 
6,560,984 
1,702,245 
205,700 
16,324 
1,41)6,050 
337,788 
3,193,955 
816,452 
1,345,353 
271,052 
3,095,149 
824,761 


2.251,061 
433,958 

4.775,388 
1,08 
.)()1,185 
180,715 
(116,760 
114,991 
616,062 
138,875 
1,224,444 
169,552 
5,430,960 
1,019,093 


2,295,530 
275,480 
1,375,787 
213,241 
614,975 
72,793 
661,921 
86,116 
1,087,782 
1(14,826 
214,968 
22,907 
6,095,295 
674,629 


Cuba Ib. 


$ 

British Gui&nfl Ib. 


Belgium Ib. 


Norw&y Ib. 




\etherlands . . Ib 


Other countries . .... Ib. 




Total . , Ib. 


46,992,721 
(i, 941, 30t 


u.nri.cM 

S, .).{.">, 017 


34,113,875 
8,632,518 


38,708,841 
7,670,024 


32,842,607 
4, 215,798 


Lard compounds, etc. 
\orway . . Ib. 


1,360,285 
244,065. 
13,507,936 
1,947,989 
14,164,67t: 
2,203,477 
190,320 
304,051 
1,498,965 
246,101 
375,925 
60,326 
6,863,487 
1,011,210 
5,809,610 
723,877 
2,810 

3,863,594 
558,138 

(i. 72 1,885 
970,207 


4,345,867 
996,934 
8,608, 123 

2, Dot. Hi! 

353,087 
84,090 
223,780 
59,773 

257, OH!) 

6,886,888 
1,654,381 
14,379,164 
3,347,502 

2,187,574 
536,682 

6,735,528 
1,456,780 


2,703,928 
728,050 
1)2,739,201 
15,795,065 
s, (ill, 137 
2.333,358 
414.197 
112,630 
1,603,608 
432,763 
247,033 
69,380 
4,620,050 
1,230,234 
22,644,891 
5,300,526 
9,319,915 
2,318,564 
2,727,296 
708,582 
1,228,942 
368,330 

8,102,751 
2,208,403 


1,484,598 
300,93- 
4,008,562 
790,667 
6,918,040 
1,601,336 
450,309 
105,259 
2,126,471 
1,451 
341,133 
97,325 
6,217,160 
1,328,533 
451,510 
149,218 
8,400 
2.31Q 
2,932,641 
683,685 
1,746,998 
338,699 
180,258 
43,131 
5,185,378 
1,213,336 


l,671,37t> 
181,472 
7,375,760 
737,208 
8,115,534 
981,867 
731,178 
84,520 
2,412,364 
335,459 
307,939 
53,066 
10,212,860 
1,183,870 
38,331 
4,810 

3,390,545 
5,804 
5,029,116 
552,430 
3,816,530 
401,978 
5,105,050 
646,447 



United Kingdom Ib. 



Cuba Ib. 


* 

Panama Ib. 


Hayti Ib. 



Philippine Is hinds Ib 


Mexico Ib. 


Belgium Ib. 


Gibraltar Ib. 



Hriti^h West Indies . Ib 


Germany .... Ib 


$ 

Poland and Danzig 11 > 



< >Hior countries . Ib 




Total Hi. 


56,359,493 
8,269,844 


, 977, 410 
U,398,(M 


124,962,950 
31,605,885 


32,051,458 
7,218,845 


48,206,583 
5,548,931 




Mutton 
United Kingdom . Ib. 


177,443 
25,739 
2,449,497 


87,744 
22,967 
1,368,497 
319,568 
174,574 
44,597 


24,122 
8,697 
2.594,402 
529,050 
390,640 
94,920 


176,326 
40.179 
1,818,988 
3!)5,593 
1.. .SO, 095 
322,754 


3,609,156 
".,707 
3,215,426 
508,723 

(190,856 
110,551 




$ 

Other countries Ib. 


351,293 
568,636 
104,494 


Total Ib. 


3,195,576 
481,526 


1,630,815 
387,132 


3,009,164 
632,667 


3. 575,409 
75s,"26 


7,515,438 

1,251,9X1 


- 

Poultry and ame 
United Kingdom $ 


1,184,206 

120,045 


7W.091 
19,58) 
135,868 


4,328,896 
47,914 
183,468 


444,299 
11,164 

301 


714,244 
44,147 
298,908 






Total S 


1,327,348 


935,048 


4,5SO,278 


756,748 


1,057,299 


^uu^itrf^i canned 


622, 72J 


44,213 
14.131 


1,409,553 

200 
110 


769,544 
337,197 
49,533 
26,445 


392,420 
144,536 
770 


Italy Ib. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



575 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1930 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Sausages, canned concluded. 
United Kingdom . Ib. 


1,516,008 
358,971 
3, 052, Oof 
549,803 
1,104,161 
251,603 


2,666,046 
719,574 
2.419,94 , 
686 , 926 
1,133,124 
370,524 


2,267,506 
740,076 
2.437,961 
662,910 
2. 083, lit 
711,936 


120,061 
39,134 
4,200,420 
1,295,699 
2,018,733 
656,209 


43,886 
12,773 
1,061,475 
406,565 
1,057,540 
34 0,473 


f 

Cuba Ib 


$ 
Other countries . Ib. 


$ 

Total... . 11). 

$ 

Sausage, all other 
Belgium . . . U>- 


6,294,951 
1,316,321 


6.:U!.<; 
1,817, 1M 


8,198,336 
2,761,944 


7,158,291 
2,344,684 


2,556,091 
874,503 


5,785,90, , 
1,685,424 
589,115 
145,835 
984,724 
210.430 
1,774,72; 
399,821 


3,619,171 

1,324,06!; 
240, 86 / 
87,707 
1,46&,584 
491,041 
702 , 732 
222,555 


1,784,024 
737,628 
7,744,982 
3,468,765 
332,856 
133,052 
1,219,154 
475,983 
2,808,219 
1,096,422 


611,910 
214,550 
4,743,643 
1,969,405 
272,634 
97,86? 
2,959,714 
1,178,823 
1,921,194 
726,926 


923,182 
250,678 
2,543,603 
917,074 
353,097 
109,840 
1,371,668 
501,478 
1,160,581 
2,116,242 


1 

] ranee 1 b . 


$ 
(Canada . Ib 


i 

Cuba . Ib. 


$ 
Other countries Ib. 


I 

Total Ib 


9,134,471 
2,441,510 


6,029,354 
2,125,373 


13,889,285 
5,911,850 


10,509,095 
4,187,574 


6,352,131 
2,116,242 


$ 

Sausage casings 
Belgium . Ib 


340.06/ 
190,311 

14,960 
2,992 
1,993,491 

557,465 

2,695 
1,291 
1,605,435 
249,818 
27,500 
4,74?. 
590,871 
194,768 
812,098 
311,170 
279,388 
119,898 
451,555 
109,495 


847,724 
572, 2C4 
85,704 
79,023 

288,503 
121,226 

704,830 
284,929 

1,040,290 
945,714 
605,593 
373,456 
186,783 
124,092 
277,894 
110,946 


1,177,174 
213,800 
1,262,494 
450,205 
630,394 
203,894 
2,195,758 
257,983 
1,503,512 
505,763 
4,484,173 
506,125 
5,641,052 
659,067 
2,410,091 
452,898 
912,238 
93,059 
3,396,378 
2,821,196 
314,820 
267,091 
141,889 
135,481 
407,055 
243,273 


921,597 
132,688 
300,528 
223,271 
141,833 
42,293 
972,360 
154,108 
1,172,235 
238,688 
8,462,441 
953,852 
4,566,985 
423,802 
2,325,917 
479,287 
603,118 
81,055 
2,489,453 
1,669,582 
1,026,690 
697,801 
569,813 
363,661 
1,685,217 
400, 847 


1,410,020 
232,581 
264,015 
155,664 
123,716 
22,184 
293,308 
74,155 
1,568,441 
221,283 
16,011,279 
1,999,444 
2,547,333 
301,453 
2,386,917 
387,464 
605,507 
79,645 
3,293,468 
1,793.119 
1,114,147 
570,970 
234,732 
137,291 
1,668,304 
268,805 


* 
Canada ... 1 b 


$ 
Switzerland ... Ib 


$ 
Denmark Ib 


- 

France I b 


$ 
Germany . . Ib. 


$ 
Xet her lands . Ib 


- 

Spain ... Ib 


$ 
Sweden . Ib. 


S 
United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Australia ... Ib 


- 
New Zealand Ib. 


$ 

Other countries Ib. 


$ 
Total Ib 


6,118,060 
1,741,959 


4,037,391 
2,611,680 


25,477,028 
6,809,834 


25,238,187 
5,860,935 


31,521,187 
6,243,992 


S 

Stearine from animal fats 
Belgium 1 b 


568,202 
89,614 
1,549,911 
215.817 
77,571 
9,622 
1,755,909 
242,192 
2,349,021 
317,582 
1,639,684 
241,110 


63,791 
13,893 

866,448 
173,048 
2,917,406 
542,470 
1.766,199 
380.005 


2,111,081 
278,537 
1,413,474 
287,634 
3,007,986 
540,507 
3,197.373 
612,331 
3.907,895 
810,694 
1,020,773 
209,825 
1,213,865 
254,002 


509,623 
83,159 
155,412 
30,410 
320,600 
52,720 
3,366,512 
546,692 
1,410,672 
257,103 
3,500,969 
573,288 
2,131,584 
420,907 


680,174 
51,800 
1,369,176 
127,932 
4,677,018 
518,562 
7,375,330 
704,770 
3,718,774 
340,952 
2,729,800 
224,225 
876,419 
102,707 


$ 
Denmark... ... Ib 


$ 
r ranee Ib 


$ 
Netherlands Ib. 


$ 
United Kingdom Ib 


$ 
( anada Ib. 


$ 
Cuba Ib 


$ 



576 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 39, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Stearine from animal fats concluded. 


4,996,059 
682,380 


4,936,397 
1,181,744 


4,982,277 
1,177,621 


6,117,576 
1,523,299 


11,269,733 
1,193,332 


Total . lb. 


12,936,357 
1,798,317 


10,550,241 
2,291,160 


20,854,724 
4,171,151 


17,512,978 
3,487,578 


32,696,424 
3,264,280 


$ 

All other meat products, canned 


691,438 
58,370 
2,531,862 
399,203 
639,779 


17,265 
1,531,396 
2,943,356 
3,557,096 
112,137 
658,746 


578,720 
1,944,271 
1,118,294 
7,729,010 
187,920 
1,392,454 


16,684 
24,002 
1,616 
4,628,383 
135,089 
1,674,502 


18,464 
27,427 
353 
3,683,944 
119,397 
1,158,715 




Italy $ 








Total 


4,320,652 


8,819,996 


12,950,669 


6,480,276 


5,008,300 


All other meat products 


197,287 
35,081 
2,124,183 
702,151 
74, 188 

7,365 

51,306 
6,159 

762,852 


1,432,273 
313,274 
3,455,205 
388,410 
60,707 
10,166 

1,283,657 


1,598,498 
1,410,235 
4,104,343 
526,817 
126,500 
385,749 
221,668 
218,764 
399,903 
424,472 
981,141 
1,244,522 


241,126 
49,917 
1,999,281 
517,448 
112,165 
40,701 
408,814 
1,211,024 
42,702 
1,152,364 
35,967 
1,358,080 


32,248 
26,813 
2,297,173 
196,171 
120,600 
59,574 
108,310 
855,850 
12,702 
506,431 
37,999 
797,203 


Italy 






















Total $ 


3,960,572 


6,913,692 


11,642,612 


7,169,589 


5,081,074 


Butter- 
United Kingdom lb. 


20,839,583 
6,075,608 
325,829 
M2.602 
1,323,653 
425,314 
573,580 
214,683 
443,430 
105,660 
558,369 
208,254 

88,802 
39,129 
21,000 
5,000 
2,606 
1,202 
2,658,240 
931.718 


22,250,115 
9,105,373 
144,626 
60,259 
12,518 
5,110 
422,334 
216,156 
423,530 
140,308 
313,615 
166,501 

40,000 
27,800 

79,948 
41,070 
4,824 


21,817,613 
10,682,229 
52,693 
27,543 
274,893 
160,802 
471,812 
284,589 
364,410 
153,737 
429,608 
273,205 
481,538 
250,492 
2,856,293 
1,481,416 
1,033,096 
505,546 
778,154 
437,940 
1,367,982 
629,119 
1,075,128 
569,918 
3,553,265 
2,047,910 


3,898,845 
2,175,922 
48, 137 
28,357 
855,150 
505,443 
565,274 
355,919 
552,700 
216,427 
798,596 
555,124 
319,666 
179,878 
5,214,778 
3,030,979 
2,558 
835 
701,042 
413,223 
450 
225 
220,650 
152,252 
4,309,889 
2,527,819 


65,168 
24,757 
75,411 
35,825 
1,907,184 
679,675 
713,978 
315,598 
429,005 
135,179 
1,121,874 
572,469 
439 
215 

514 

306 
3,701,164 
1,505,585 




Canada lb. 


Panama lb. 


Hayti lb. 


Mexico lb. 


Netherlands lb . 





Denmark 1. 




9 


Italv lb. 


2,787 
S7./77 
28,481 
2,445,128 
1,075 JOS 




Total lb. 


26,833,092 
8,749,170 


26,194,415 
10,868,953 


34,556,485 
17,504,446 


17,487,735 


8,014,737 
3,269,609 


$ 

Cheese- 
United Kingdom lb. 

Canada lb. 


10,142,403 


55,399,101 
12,820,197 
6,247,702 
1,309,194 
350,83 
79,82 
1,406,60 
357,204 


38,967,953 
8,815,236 
247,127 
71,310 
289,682 
96,679 
3,121,445 
964,198 


585,823 
163,578 
282,958 
125,154 
173,309 
59,843 
2,348.575 
814,423 


5,233,407 
1, 138, 132 
841,647 
296,448 
316,405 
102,09fi 
2,875,070 
1,006,199 


3,492,751 
629,392 
1,866,413 
360, 291 
399,023 
100.936 
1,562,264 
489,831 


Panama lb. 


Cuba lb. 





EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



577 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Cheese concluded. 
Belgium Ib. 


4,136 
1,018 
45,821 
9,513 
15,484 
3,953 
802,876 
217,070 
1,777,450 
442,062 


203,426 
64, 133 

1,847,880 
494,307 
15,195 
4,131 
539 
191 
858,444 
293,712 
2,852,981 
931,369 


1,197,176 
446,562 
1,206,852 
415,318 
639,407 
306, 152 
3,291,055 
1,241,565 
1,406,371 
586,525 
918,521 
344,351 
2,109,074 
846,104 


571,287 
197,606 
149,658 
43,798 
18,862 
6,173 
535,645 
201,005 
1,427,874 
451,305 
1,181,528 
401,126 
3,140,146 
1,201,365 


118,601 
35,957 
119,344 
21,922 
87,366 
23,293 
51,950 
13,081 
558,508 
109,170 
1,567,852 
386,689 
1,947,899 
552,696 


$ 

Denmark Ib. 


S 

France Ib 


Norway .... Ib 


Sweden Ib. 


$ 
Mexico Ib. 


Other countries Ib 


$ 

Total Ib 


66,050,013 
15,240,033 


48,404,672 
11,735,268 


14,459,721 
5,349,577 


16,291,529 
5,054,253 


11,771,971 
2,716,258 


$ 

Milk, condensed and evaporated 1 
Canada Ib 


1,318,033 
128,942 

929,583 
112,895 
390,788 
39,647 
108 
12 

92,000 
10,950 
7,049,194 
587,150 
5,425,284 
631,972 
25,153,971 
1,847,909 
4,495,800 
497,663 
30,263,356 
3,580,696 
12,850,724 
1,258,169 
91,330,504 
8,096,387 
6,497,772 
698,625 
4,526,742 
531,981 
30,723,758 
3,164,657 
5,801,270 
576,708 
4,221,372 
472,271 
7,729,034 
692,169 

20,341,938 
2,207,838 


11,340,919 
1,567,823 

9,552,897 
1,144,234 
26,557,402 
4,038,680 
530 
66 
1,654 
249 
91,945 
13,253 
34,371,600 
4,808,363 
5,863,190 
947,741 
45,504,596 
6,353,820 
2,369,049 
393,485 
40,942,488 
5,075,594 

268,879,340 
33,338,459 
2,443,751 
328,054 
4,142,818 
606,804 
31,759,473 
4,893,689 
4,937,745 
866,856 
3,735,838 
634,137 
8,039,055 
1,102,047 

50,605,464 
6,711,543 


4,578,983 
661,453 
10,444,819 
1,416,445 
13,068,494 
1,953,491 
39,467,731 
5,130,223 
10,475,590 
1,526,549 
8,625,216 
1,068,596 
10,233,562 
1,667,264 
18,746,372 
2,408,537 
10,130,675 
1,212,213 
6,444,295 
908,881 
61,596,636 
9,329,764 
5,555,679 
800,455 
114,818,165 
16,903,612 
11,821,267 
1,853,052 
420,928,450 
59,849,249 
3,599,564 
511,248 
2,946,455 
436,636 
33,461,993 
4,899,391 
2,269,288 
333,906 
4,123,127 
647,936 
14,085,937 
1,892,725 

45,443,116 
6,481,721 


2,243,827 
375, 158 
1,023,700 2 
189,106 2 
28,582,257 
4,376,538 
2,113,256 
324,708 
4,130,643 
503,350 
1,126,561 
126,375 
312,442 
51,086 
1,459,444 
224,084 
12,491,128 
1,749,532 
8,723,888 
1,325,129 
17,943,347 
2,804,296 
4,481,405 
721,887 
58,833,303 
8,048,370 
5,623,693 
872,145 
123,528,070 
20,414,760 
4,488,260 
663,866 
7,982,170 
1,202,959 
50,430,447 
8,146,333 
3,304,846 
528,108 
5,048,340 
837,604 
12,463,085 
1,773,712 
17,604,055 
2,863,203 
37,139,815 
5,756,957 


110,610 
14,259 
35.009 2 
6,5002 
56,420,778 
5,790,318 
878.594 
155,068 
264,439 
30,331 
117,000 
9,740 
92,600 
8,725 

2,871,798 
406,843 
4,002,848 
490,543 
8,548,819 
908,029 
4,697,148 
703,908 
19,028,047 
1,956,564 
4,411,426 
535,710 
72,108,109 
8,641,425 
5,052,983 
638,535 
6,322,028 
891,391 
33,260,051 
5,886,684 
3,459,849 
593,876 
5,063,916 
969,694 
11,586,318 
1,802,547 
27,538,768 
2,735,774 
23,853,682 
3,064,940 


$ 

Austria-Hungary Ib 


Germany Ib 


Gibraltar Ib 


Italy Ib 


$ 

pjorway Ib 


Sweden Ib 


Switzerland Ib 


British India Ib 


Straits Settlements Ib 


Belgium Ib 


China Ib 


France Ib 


Netherlands Ib 


United Kingdom Ib 


Panama Ib 


S 

Mexico Ib 


Cuba Ib 


Hong Kong Ib 


S 

Japan Ib 


Philippine Islands Ib 


Poland and Danzig Ib 


Other countries Ib 


$ 

Total Ib 


259,141,231 
25,136,641 


551,139,754 
72,824,897 


832,865,414 
121,893,337 


411,077,982 
64,239,266 


289,724,829 
36,241,364 


Milk, all other, including cream, 
total $ 


253,629 

2 Austria 


528,607 

only. 


1,729,884 


1,381,380 


1,918,518 


1 Includes "powdered" prior to 1920. 



6237337 



578 



TRADK -1-V/; COM MERC 1- 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 con. 



Kxport> by Countries. 


June 30. 


I )eccml>er 31. 


l!H7. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


( 111 cake and oil-cake rneal, linseed 
and flaxseed 1 
( anada Ib. 
$ 
Xorwav Ih. 
- 
( M-miany Ib. 

Sweden Ib. 


6,384.269 
125,749 
8,834,584 

177,538 

.I..--OI 

L.Olf 

no. i:U.(iic: 
52,952 
4,408,251 
93. 12( 
292,934,477 
5,596,874 
86,400,787 
1.737,283 
7,477,433 
167,676 


29,697,738 
763,449 

30,797,280 
709,258 

15. I 
423,494 

10,136,935 
288.070 


4.897.:U1 
145,992 

20,249,230 

559,192 
80,622,811 
2,876,24fl 
46, 023.67S 

1,589,583 
263,503 
5,951 
101.1114,268 
3,832.858 
84,678,808 
3,087,415 
12,401,841 
405,1197 


3,372,126 

100,953 

16.762.236 
516,500 

2o. 904, 744 
865,223 
1. . 135, 337 
1,026,468 

:ivl88,316 
3,266,191 

12.125,875 
1. 124,329 
15,344 
243,050 


7,249,i >16 
140,999 
1,000 
45 
32,878,887 
861,205 

120,571.354 
2,532,949 

4,945,889 
111,084 
336,577,625 
7,761,706 
58,250,194 
1,250,141 
1,792,475 
41,365 


$ 

Helgiuni Ib. 


s 
Donmark ... . . . Ib. 


$ 

France Ib. 


$ 

Netherlands Ib. 


- 


$ 

( )t her count rir- . .11) 




Total Ib. 

- 

Seed>, f!,ra>.- clover 
I nited Kiiiiidoin Ib. 

Denmark . Ib. 

Canada . Ib. 
$ 
( ithcr countries Ib. 


Total . Ib. 
1 

Seeds. ;ira.-- t iinol hy 
Denmark .... . Ib. 


:>:{ ;. !)s.:!!tl 
io,3.vi..ii: 


BS,K4,3g: 

,24,2J1 


:m.7.-,i.s: 
12,5(3,231 


23.1.634,977 

s,or>,7IM 


563,367,040 

r>,<;>9,544 


2,168,921 

39:1.77 
1,913 
L01.8M 

1,918,005 

a* 1,772 

1.265,054 
238,116 


124,689 
1,019,593 

2.223,744 

696.605 
4: ; ,7 
119,926 


3,564,7* 
1,57 
2,170,52* 

1,734,131 

791,018 
474,352 
142,29 


1.741,251 
569,811 
969,987 
147,127 
1.351.27. 
549,56 
933,18! 
261,63 


1,446,713 
278,518 
88,068 
30,215 
3,63 
712,454 
660,289 
125, 261) 


.-..ssii.ss:! 
1,093,515 


:.,S5,52 
l.v{ii,l->l 


7.943, 74 
3,2!6.31 


1.9S5.69 
l,92s.H 


5,734,754 
1,146,447 


193,406 
12,408 

120,241 

194,895 
11. llHi.O JI 
666,328 
130,17! 

34,18 , 


29,649 
394,760 
13,241 

1,118,961 
119,732 
6,280,498 
638,271 
121,268 
6Q,392 


- .(M 

272,47 
1,379,26 
168,40 

2,061,84 
253,75 

7,489,17 
892,07 
396,63 
46,57 


158,01 
50,37 
220,21 

20,01 
2,875,01 
344,07 
8,669,33 
1,092,52 
1,399,55 


1,41 
121,146 
360.27:1 
31,819 
2, 7 12. 735 
190,255 
13,721,843 
918,012 
1,61 
126,380 



Xor\v;i v - . .Ib. 


" 
United Kingdom Ib. 

. 1 .- f 1 b . 


$ 


Total 11). 


I. ,. 139,913 
937,82(1 


8,M4,U4 
881,184 


13,346,35 
1,633,27 


13,.V,13 

l.tititi.: 


19,9(11. .> 
I,3S4,612 




1 i| her i;ia.-.- ^eed.- 
Vnited Kingdom . Ib. 

< anada Ib. 


1,159,98* 
128,071 

2,282,43. 
194,14* 

378,87 


890,77) 
225,30 

1,488,33 
183,384 
673,08i 

132, 01* 


1,861 

1,567,31 
207,24 
1,016,94 
210.11 


1,178,24 
243,24! 
1,322,42 

1,751,48 
360,05 


1,104,2*6 

2,626,432 
270,209 

1,440,872 


$ 

Other countries. . . . . Ib. 



Total . Ib. 
$ 


5,666,0* 
701,10 


2, 952, IK 

:. !,:(! 


4,440,49 

717.11 


4,352,15 

813,84 


.,.171,563 
844,MI 



Oil cake ami oil-rake meal only in 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



579 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
Lnited States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for 
the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 concluded. 



Kxports by Countrir>. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Potatoes 
Canada bush 


574,191 
610,64! 
154,26* 
290, 94f 
179,731 
335, 42i 
1, 278.14S 
1.815,70.5 
6,750 
13,475 
69, 789 
125,321 
226,125 
322,853 


781, 57^ 

1 766, 9K 
76,285 
122,81 

352,274 
453,441 
2,396,55C 
4,113,877 
2,970 
5,740 
10,99 
21,86 
232,53 
349,68 


610,62 
885,55 
60,64 
119,09 
315,52 
470,14 
2,325,09 
4,394,34 
2,2( 
5,00 
238,72 
53,40 
304,51 
547,65 


856,43 
1,708,43 
77,24 
235,49 
287,19 
551,43 
2,679,68 
7,151,77 
1,10 
2,36 
7,07 
19,57 
244,83 
530,84 


453,614 
469,391 
154, 704 
222,656. 
294,811 
347,934 
2,391,576. 
3,396,559- 
12 
21 
1,034 
1,253. 
154,087 
282,549- 


Panama bush 


$ 
Mexico bush 


Cuba bush 


$ 
Argentina bush 


$ 
Brazil bush 


x 
Other countries bush 


$ 

Total... .bush. 
1 

Vegetables, canned 
France $ 


3,489,001 
3,514,379 


3,853,18 
5,834,34 


3,642,32 
6,475,20 


4,153,565 
10,199,93 


3,499,838. 
4,720,363- 


% 

51,523 
1,667,265 

1.2U.7liti 
228,845 
424,483 
106.353 
100,934 
970,917 


6,324,48 
3,463,79 
896,21 
53,82 
217,511 
254,693 
174,418 
1.034,588 


838,60 
5,449,39 
1,713,02 
111,829 
1,024,804 
107, 736 
217,624 
1,892,381 


15,57 
680,58 
1,566,330 
139,394 
1,385,549 
247,494 
320,063 
1,985,365 


31,045. 
546,342 
1,098,803 

125,43ft 
369,774 
108,692- 
96,962 
1,060,13 


United Kingdom $ 


Canada $ 


Panama *, 


Cuba 5 


Australia $ 


Philippine Islands s 


Other countries 


Total 


,75,n: 


12,419,511 


11,355,391 


6,340,359 


3,428,193 


\ I jiclables - 
Beans and dried peas 
Belgium l, us l, 

$ 
France |, us h 


346,766 
1,418,374 
13.750 
71,161 

titi.787 
293,241 
246,920 
1,178,657 
331,850 
1,509.394 
531,972 
2,926,035 
450,603 
2.186,218 

176,295 
839,662 


1,521,854 
9,013,291 

280,394 
1,636,781 
40 
20.5 
82,676 
491,195 
5,369 
32,643 

69,277 

122,317 
57,859 
349,910 
534,521 
3,035,365 

169,316 
934,027 


243,79* 

1,309,778 
1,055,506 
5,973.316 
199,801 
1,126,487 
166,393 
957,693 
86,086 
425,280 
8,008 
25,244 
1,573,241 
8,454,529 
68,719 
336,762 
541,758 
2,414,582 
23,305 
88,296 

305,913 
1,518,281 


20,528 
83,672 
17,844 
86,092 

1,714 

9,673 
17,263 
91,916 
57,116 
202,836 
40,803 
319,733 
99,438 
409,785 
915,949 
4,398,648 
298,010 
1,201,664 
400,627 
1,378,476 
191,122 
905,274 


583 
1,400 

2,034 
10,917 

650 
2,044 
11,339 
40,839 
17 
50 
28,779 
170,752 
58,948 
205, 69!) 
934,518 
3,648,937 
107,172 
226, 765 
199,935. 
418,013 
190,393 
656,591 


f 

Gibraltar bus), 

I 

Italy | )US |, 


$ 
Norway. hush 

$ 
Netherlands bush 
- 
United Kingdom . . . .bush 
- 
Canada bush 


Cuba i_, us }, 


,, $ 
Germany }->uah 


Poland and Danzis; . . |, U sh 


$ 
Other countries bush 


$ 
Total t, us h 


2,164,943 
19,427,743 


2,721,306 
15,915,734 


4,271,526 

22,630,248 


2,060,414 

9,087,769 


1,534,368 
5,382,007 


$ 



62373871 



580 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



II. INTERNAL TRADE. 
1.- Interprovincial Trade. 

A monthly traffic report of the railways of Canada is published tfy the Trans 
portation Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, showing for each province 
and for the Dominion as a whole, the total revenue freight traffic of all railways, 
divided into 70 classes of commodities. The data also show the quantity of each 
class that originated and terminated in each province. The reports are of use in 
computing the imports and exports of each province for each of the 70 classes of 
commodities. For example, if the total wheat unloaded in Alberta during 1922, 
as shown in Table 28, is deducted from the loaded wheat the remainder of 1,620,013 
tons represents the net exports of wheat from Alberta for the year 1922. The 
comparative figure for 1921 was 1,258,568 tons. Similarly, the net exports of wheat 
from Saskatchewan in 1922 were 5,441,942 tons as compared with 3,759,257 tons 
in 1921. These statistics show rail traffic only, a limitation which should be borne 
in mind in connection with the trade of provinces favoured with facilities for water 
transportation. 

Statements similar to that of wheat (Table 28) may thus be compiled for any 
of the 70 commodities for which statistics are collected, showing the interprovincial 
trade by rail in such commodities. 

28. Railway Traffic Movement of Wheat in Canada and its Provinces, in tons, for 

the calendar years 1921 and 1922. 



Provinces. 


Originating in Canada 
or specified province. 


Received for foreign 
connections. 


Total freight 
carried. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1923. 




239 
198 
181 
52,887 
2,636,044 
1,297,584 
4,248,659 
1,539,449 
13,078 


132 
85 
376 
19,541 
2,951,098 
1,900,618 
5,676,441 
2,032,329 
6,889 


2,050 
287,180 
358 

30 
2,521 


1,875 
231,016 
404 
121 
2,670 
2,154 


239 
198 
181 
54,937 
2,923,224 
1,297,942 
4,248,659 
1,539,479 
15,599 


132 
85 
376 
21,416 
3,182,114 
1,901,022 
5,676,562 
2,034,999 
9,043 


\ova Scotia 


New Brunswick 










Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada 


9,788,319 


12,587,509 


392,139 


238,240 


10,080,458 


12,825,749 




Provinces. 


Terminating in Canada 
or specified province. 


I >rlivcro(] to foreign 
oonnectiona. 


Total frvisilit 
terminatinc 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1923. 


1921. 


lit: : 




502 
1,023 
497 
394,418 
6,557,530 
582,519 
345,244 
244,509 
67,494 


683 
1,443 
470 
538,127 
8,572,870 
548,055 
233,637 
414,953 
187,717 


709 
232,016 
1,067,698 
416,956 
103,610 
144,158 
56,402 
33,174 


216,401 
1,108,779 
378,033 
53,064 
983 
33 
258,253 


502 
1,732 
232,513 
1,462,116 

0,974,486 
686,129 

489,402 
280,911 
100,668 


1,443 
216,871 
1,646,906 
,v<50,903 
601,119 
234,620 
414,986 
445,970 


Nova Scotia 


Xew Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario . 


Manitoba ... 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 
Canada .... 


8,193,736 


10,497,953 


2,034,723 


2,015,546 


10,228,459 


1 :.:.!.{.. -.01 





GRAIN TRADE STATISTICS 581 

2. Grain Trade Statistics. 

Tables 29 to 33 give the principal statistics relating to the storage, inspection, 
grading and shipment of Canadian grain, the trade in which is regulated by the 
Dominion Government under The Canada Grain Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 27) 1 . Prob 
ably no country in the world possesses a system for the sale and shipment of its 
grain products so complete and elaborate as is that of Canada. In this system the 
grain elevator plays an important part. Few grain growers, especially in the 
prairie provinces, have anything like adequate storage facilities, and the grain, 
as produced, is moved through a series of public elevators and warehouses, as well 
as over loading platforms, until finally placed in the holds of ocean-going vessels. 
For the calendar year ended December, 1923, the total storage capacity of the 4,020 
grain elevators and warehouses in Canada was 238,107,420 bushels, these figures 
being comparable with a total of 523 elevators and warehouses having a capacity 
of 18,329,352 bushels in 1901. 

Shipment of Canadian Grain. For the purposes of grain shipment the 
country is divided into the eastern and western inspection divisions, the western 
division including Fort William and Port Arthur and all territory west thereof. 
Elevators were introduced shortly after the year 1880. They were designed to take 
advantage of the flowing property of grain in bulk, and their equipment enabled the 
grain to be handled much more easily than was possible with the primitive ware 
house. They have grown rapidly in number, whilst the old flat warehouse ha 
practically disappeared. Dissatisfaction with the elevators on the part of farmers- 
resulted in the introduction of what are called "loading platforms." The loading; 
platform is a wooden structure on a siding on to which a farmer can drive his team 
and from which he can shovel the grain into the car. There are now in existence- 
some 1,934 loading platforms, distributed as follows: Manitoba, 580; Saskatchewan, 
881; Alberta, 466; and British Columbia, 7. They have a loading capacity of 
4,539 cars simultaneously, and during the crop year ended August 31, 1922, 20,554,- 
247 bushels of grain were handled over these platforms. 

Grain Elevators. As a general rule the elevators are owned and operated by 
commercial companies or farmers co-operative companies. When the farmer takes 
his grain to an elevator he can either sell the gram to the operator, in which case it 
is called " street grain," or he can hire a bin in the elevator to keep his grain distinct 
from all other grain, in which case it is called " special binned grain," or he can 
store it with other grain of the same grade. If he stores the grain either in a special 
or general bin, he arranges with the railway company for a car, and the elevator 
loads the grain into the car to his order. When the grain is loaded he can either 
sell it on the spot as track grain, or send it forward consigned on commission. The 
farmer hauls the grain unsacked, and bulk handling is universal. Under the Canada 
Grain Act, the Dominion Government has power itself to erect and operate terminal 
grain elevators. One such elevator is in operation at Port Arthur, and four 
other government elevators are in operation at Moose Jaw, Saskatoon, Calgary and 
Vancouver. 

There are six different kinds of elevators defined in the Grain Act, viz., (!) 
" country elevators," situated at railway stations and receiving grain for storage 
before inspection; (2) " public elevators," which receive grain for storage from the 
western inspection division after inspection ; (3) " eastern elevators," for the storage 
after inspection of eastern grown grain; (4) "terminal elevators," which receive 

See Canada Year Book, 1912 p .450. 



582 THADK A\I> COMMERCE 

or ship grain at points declared to be terminal; (5) "private terminal or hospital 
elevators," used for cleaning or other special treatment of rejected or damaged 
grain; under regulations governing sample markets all grain received into such 
elevators must be their own property, though the owner or owners of grain may 
contract for the handling or mixing of grain in such elevators; and (6) " manu 
facturing elevators," used or operated as part of any plant engaged in the manu- 
J acture of grain products in the western inspection division. Of these different 
kinds of elevators the most important, so far as the western grain trade is concerned, 
are the terminal elevators, which arc situated at Fort William and Port Arthur, 
the twin cities at the head of lake Superior. They are called " terminal elevators," 
as the inspection of western grain ends at them. The grade given as grain leaves 
the elevators at these points is the final grade, on which it is sold and delivered, 
both in Eastern Canada and in foreign markets. At the present time there are 12 
of these terminal elevators (8 at Fort William and 4 at Port Arthur), with a total 
storage capacity of about 42,600,000 bushels, and 20 private terminal or hospital 
elevators with a capacity of 14,210,000 bushels (13 at Fort William and 7 at Port 

Arthur). 

Grain Inspection and Grading. All grain grown in Canada and shipped 
in car-load lots or cargoes from elevators is subject to government inspection and 
grading, and the gram is sold both at home and abroad on the inspection certificate 
entirely by grade and not by sample. As each car arrives at an inspection point 
it is sampled and graded by qualified samplers and inspectors appointed under the 
Act. When the grain arrives at the terminal elevators it is weighed, cleaned and 
binned according to grade under the direct supervision of the inspectors, and a 
warehouse receipt is issued by the elevator operutoi- to the owner of the grain. When 
the grain is ordered out of the terminal elevator in car or cargo lots, it is again 
weighed and inspected, and it must be graded out as graded in; thus the identity 
of grade of exported grain is carefully preserved through every stage of movement. 
The principal inspection point for western grain is at Winnipeg. The work is done 
by inspectors who are qualified by an examination held by the Board of Grain 
Examiners appointed by the Board of Grain Commissioners. Rules and regula 
tions governing the duties of the above Inspectors are approved by the Grain Com 
missioners and the inspection is performed in offices rented by the Government in 
the Grain Exchange Buildings at Winnipeg and Fort William. 

Description of Grades. Under the Act, Canadian grain is divided into five 
general classes, viz., "No grade," "Condemned," "Rejected," "Commercial 
grade " and " Statutory grade." " No grade " includes all gocd grain that has an 
excessive moisture, being tough, damp or wet, or otherwise unfit for warehousing. 
"Condemned grain" means all grain that is in a heating condition or is badly 
bin-burnt, whatever grade it mipht otherwise be. " Rejected grain " means all 
grain that is unsound, musty, dirty, smutty or sprouted, or that contains a large 
admixture of other kinds of grain, seeds or wild oats, or that from any other cause 
is unfit to be dashed under any of the recognized grad> "Commercial grade 
means grain which, because of climatic or other conditions, cannot be included in 
the grades provided for in the Act. More particularly it means that the grain of 
one year may vary from that of the preceding year, and that a proportion of it can 
not be dealt with under the grades laid down in the Act, and must be provided for 
by grades defined by the Standards Board, appointed under sections 48 to 
the \ct " Statutory grades " means grain of the highest grades as defined 
by Parliament, in the Grain Act. There are four of these grades for Manitoba 



GRAIN INSPECTION AND GRADING 583 

spring wheat, three each for Alberta red and white winter wheat and two for 
Alberta mixed winter wheat. There are also statutory definitions of the highest 
grades of oats, barley, rye and flaxseed. Thus the statutory definitions can only 
be changed by Parliament; they do not vary with the crop, but are constant. The 
Commercial grades, on the other hand, are fixed by the Standards Board, and may 
vary from year to year. The Act defines four grades of western spring wheat, viz., 
No. 1 Hard, No. 1 Northern, No. 2 Northern and No. 3 Northern, whilst the Stand 
ards Board has defined three additional grades, viz., No. 4 Northern, No. 5 Northern 
and No. 6 Northern. But wheat of any of the six grades of Northern may fall 
under the general categories of no grade," "condemned," or "rejected." Grain, 
as inspected and graded at Winnipeg, is received into the terminal elevators, but 
is again finally inspected and graded in bulk as it is loaded into the lake steamers. 
For this final grading the grain is sampled at three places, viz., in the tunnels as the 
grain flows from the storage bins to the working house, on the floor of the working 
house and on the steamer as it pours from the shipping bin to the hold. 

Recent Developments. The construction of the Panama Canal has neces 
sitated the provision of elevator and inspection facilities for grain to be shipped by 
this route. To meet the new requirements it has been decided to erect at the 
Pacific coast transfer elevators similar to those at Montreal, Halifax and St. John, 
and at strategic points in the interior, terminal elevators similar to the elevators 
at Fort William and Port Arthur. Elevators have been erected at Moose Jaw, 
Saskatoon, Calgary and Vancouver. The first two have been in operation since 
October, 1914, while the Calgary elevator commenced operations in September, 
1915, and the Vancouver elevator in November, 1916. These have a total storage 
capacity of 11,750,000 bushels. These elevators bring the work of inspection some 
what nearer to the grain-growing area. In addition, they provide, for the first 
time in Western Canada, hospital apparatus upon the grain field to treat damaged 
grain. Besides, they place in the hands of the producer a commercial document 
in the shape of a warehouse receipt to enable him to realize money on his product 
at the current rate of interest and dispose of it as he sees fit. It was not intended 
that these elevators should take the place of the lake terminal elevators for grain 
shipped east, or that they could be very much utilized for east-going grain during 
the period of navigation on the Great Lakes. They were built partly because of 
the necessity of providing for the Panama Canal route in a way that would give 
a fair trial to the route w r hich during the past year has become a large factor in 
carrying grain to Europe. The enormous quantity of grain grown in Western 
Canada and the difficulty of shipping it all by the eastern route a difficulty en 
hanced by the shortness of the period of navigation and the long rail haul from the 
grain fields to the Atlantic constitute conditions which have led to the hope that 
the Panama Canal will be an immense gain to the grain growers of Alberta. 

Movement of Canadian Wheat, Crop Year, 1921-1922. A r6sum of the 
Canadian wheat movement naturally begins with a description of the pool fed 
chiefly by the crop of the western inspection division. The wheat crop of 1921, 
marketed in the western division during the crop year from September 1, 1921, to 
Aug. 31, 1922, amounted to 281-3 million bushels. Other acquisitions, including 
a carry-over from the previous crop year of 5 3 million bushels, brought the stock 
of the western pool to a total for the year of 286 8 million bushels. As for distribu 
tion, out of the 217-4 million bushels which were commercially disposed of, the 
shipments to the eastern division of 86-7 million bushels and the direct export to 
Great Britain of 75 million bushels were the chief items. The direct exports to the 



584 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

United States were 15-8 million bushels and to other countries 18-7 million bushels. 
The total shipments from the Western pool were thus 196-2 million bushels. The 
all rail movement eastward from the Western division, including shipments to the 
Ogilvie Flour Mills Co. at Fort William for grindings, were 12-9 million bushels. 
Lake shipments from Fort William and Port Arthur were 175-6 million bushels, 
73-6 million bushels going to Canadian ports and 102-0 million to United States 
ports. The shipments to Canadian ports represent an increase of 33 p.c. and to 
American ports an increase of 50 p.c. over 1920-21. The principal Canadian Lake 
ports were Port McNicol, with receipts of 17 million bushels by water, Goderich, 
with receipts of 10 million bushels by water, and Port Colborne, with total 
receipts of 29-5 million bushels, an increase of 11-5 million bushels over the 
receipts during the previous crop year. Buffalo was of chief importance among 
the United States Lake ports in the handling of Canadian wheat with receipts by 
water from Port Arthur and Fort William of 97 million bushels. The export of 
wheat through Vancouver, including a small shipment to the United States, was 
7-8 million bushels as compared with 0-57 million in the previous crop year. 

The wheat used by the milling companies of the Western division for the manu 
facture of flour amounted to about 21-2 million bushels, of which 18-3 million 
bushels were ground into flour for domestic consumption. The seed requirements 
were estimated at 37-2 million bushels and the stocks at the end of the>crop year 
were more than double the carry-over at its commencement. 

The eastern pool received during the crop year not only the Eastern crop 
estimated at 19-6 million bushels, but also shipments from the West aggregating 
86-7 million bushels. The quantity on hand at the beginning of the crop year was 
2-6 million bushels, making with a comparatively small importation from the 
United States, a total stock entering the eastern pool of 108-9 million bushels. The 
distribution included nearly 4 million bushels carried over in store into the following 
year, 28-1 million bushels exported from the St. Lawrence ports and 6-6 million 
bushels shipped through the whiter pgrt of St. John. In addition 14-1 million 
bushels were cleared for export to other countries via the United States Atlantic 
ports. The chief of these ports concerned with the movement of Canadian grain 
from both divisions were New York, with shipments of 39-7 million bushels, 
Philadelphia, with 28-1 million, and Portland, with 10-4 million. 1 

Total exports from Canada to the United States for consumption amounted 
to 15-9 million bushels, to the United Kingdom 112-3 million bushels, to other 
countries 30-3 million bushels: 42-6 million bushels were shipped via Canadian 
ports and 100 million bushels were shipped by United States ports. Total exports 
of wheat from Canada during the crop year amounted to 158-5 million bushd>. 

Table 29 shows for the license years 1913 to 1923 the number of railway stations 
at which elevators are placed, the number of elevators and warehouses and their 
total storage capacity, the figures being given by provinces for the country elevators 
of the west, and by description of elevators for the rest of the country. Tables 30 
and 31 give statistics of the inspection of gram for the fiscal years 1921, 1922 and 
1923 and for 1914-23, and Tables 32 and 33 of the shipment of grain by vessel and 
rail for 1921 and 1922. 

Tables 34 and 35 deal with the Canadian grain handled in recent years at 
public elevators in the East. 

For further information see the Report on the Grain Trade of Canada issued by the Internal Trad* 
Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 



586 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



29. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the license years 

1913-1923. 

-TRY ELEVATORS IN MANITOBA. 



Years. 


Sta 
tions. 


Ele 
vators. 


Ware 
houses. 


Capacity. 


Year. 


Sta 
tions. 


Elc- 

vntor.-. 


Ware 
houses. 


Capacity. 


1913 


No. 
338 


No. 

698 


No. 

10 


Bushels. 
2 > . r> 53,150 


1919 


No. 
371 


No. 

702 


No. 


Bushels. 
22,926,300 


1914 


346 


689 


6 


21,690,000 


1920 


379 


695 




23,024,500 


1915 


348 


- 


g 


22,045,500 


1921 


380 


692 


_ 


22,073,600 


1916 


348 


682 


6 


22,113,000 


1922 


386 


701 


_ 


22.159,100 


1917 .. . 


352 


672 




21,250,000 


1923 


385 




_ 


21,970,100 


1918 . 


366 


690 


_ 


21,825,000 

































IKY ELEVATORS IN SASKATCHEWAN. 



1913 


513 


1,246 


6 


36,503,000 


1919 .... 


753 


2,160 




67,331,664 


1914 


647 


1,465 


5 


42,995,000 


1920 


763 


2,11)5 


_ 


68,058,470 


1915 


653 


1,619 


5 


48,074,500 


1921 


767 


2,184 


_ 


68,867,020 


1916 .. 


710 


1,782 


1 


52,943,000 


1922 


782 


2,224 


_ 


70,181,320 


1917 .. 


732 


1 . 945 




58,625,000 


1923 


797 


2,304 


_ 


7i , 542, 320 


1918 


752 


2.117 


- 


64,384,200 













COUXTKY BLEVATOR8 IN" ALBERTA. 



1913. ... 


168 


321 


19 


11,565,500 


1919 


314 


830 




32,148,000 


1914. .. 


195 


397 


11 


14, 79:;. OOll 


1920 


33 ! 


853 


_ 


33,462,000 


1915 ... 


219 


449 


14 


16,089,000 


1921 


350 


897 


_ 


35,716,000 


1916 


249 


525 


11 


18,807.000 


1922 


357 


915 


_ 


36.092,000 


1917 


285 


670 




23,106,000 


1923 


378 


936 


_ 


36,854,000 


1918. ... 


304 


808 


_ 


28, 83:!. in in 

































COUNTHY ELEVATORS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



1913 


6 


7 


2 


56. 


1919.. 


8 


13 




613,000 


1914 


6 


7 


2 


562,000 


1920 


7 


13 


_ 


561,000 


1915 


5 


7 


1 


140.000 


1921 


7 


12 


_ 


517,000 


1916 . . 


5 


6 


1 


459,000 


1922 


7 


12 


_ 


541,000 


1917 


6 


9 




527,000 


1923 


5 


12 


_ 


511,000 


1918 ... . 


6 


10 


_ 


548,000 

































- OF COUNTRY ELEVATORS. 



1913 


1 025 


2 272 


37 


70,883,650 


1919 


1,446 


3,705 




123,018,96 


1914 


1 194 


2 558 


24 


80,040,000 


1920 


1,473 


3,726 


_ 


125,105,97 


1915 


1 225 


2,753 


28 


86,649,000 


1921 


1,504 


3,785 


_ 


127,173,62 


1916 


1 312 


2 995 


19 


94,322,000 


1922 


1,532 


3,852 


_ 


128. 


1917 


1,375 


3 , 296 




103,508,000 


1923 


1,559 


3,948 





131,907,42 


1918 


1,428 


3,625 


_ 


115,600,200 

































I.VIERIOU TERMINAL ELEVATORS. 



1913-14.. 


1 


1 




1,000,000 


1918-19... 


5 


5 


_ 


11,500,000 


1914-15.. . 


3 


8 


_ 


8,000,000 


1919-20... 


5 


5 


- 


11,500.000 


1915-16.... 


(1) 


4 


_ 


10,500,000 


1920-21... 


5 


5 


- 


11,500,000 


1916-17.... 


il) 


4 


_ 


10,500,000 


1921-22... 


5 


5 


- 


11,500,000 


1917-18.... 


(5) 


5 





11,500,000 


1922-23... 


3 


4 




10,500,000 


NOTE 1 :" Canadian elevators for 1901 to 1912 are given in the 1921 Yi-:ir Hook, pi> 


507-509. 



CANADIAN GRAIN ELEVATORS 



587 



29.- 



Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the license years 

1913-1923 concluded. 



INTERIOR HOSPITAL ELEVATORS. 



1913-14.... 


(3) 


5 


_ 


680,000 


1918-19... 


5 


5 


_ 


460,000 


1914-15.... 


(3) 


6 


- 


805,000 


1919-20... 


5 


5 


_ 


485,000 


1915-16.... 


(3) 


7 





825,000 


1920-21... 


5 


6 


_ 


585,000 


1916-17.... 


(3) 


6 


- 


805,000 


1921-22... 


4 


6 


_ 


605,000 


1917-18.... 


(4) 


5 





505,000 


1922-23... 


5 


7 


- 


1,620,000 


BRITISH COLUMBIA TERMINAL AND PUBLIC ELEVATORS. 


1915-16.. 


(1) 


2 




1,266,000 


1919-20.. 


1 


2 




1,266,000 


1916-17.... 


(1) 


2 


_ 


1,266,000 


1920-21... 


1 


1 


_ 


1,250,000 


1917-18.... 


(1) 


2 


_ 


1,266,000 


1921-22... 


(1) 


1 


_ 


1,250,000 


1918-19.... 


(1) 


2 





1,266,000 


1922-23.. 


(1) 


1 


- 


1,250,000 


NOTE. Figures in parentheses are excluded from the grand total. 


. ONTARIO TERMINAL ELEVATORS. 


19131... 


4 


20 




28,380,000 


19191 


4 


31 




51 405 000 


19141 


4 


23 


__ 


41,455,000 


192Q1 


4 


30 




59 255 000 


19151 


4 


25 


_ 


42 180 000 


19211 


4 


30 




u KST non 


19161 


1 


25 


_ 


43,085,000 


19221 


2 


32 




53 285 000 


19171 


4 


26 


_ 


45,325,000 


19231 


2 


32 




56 810 000 


19181 


4 


29 





49,370,000 















ONTARIO MILLING ELEVATORS. 



1913.. 


3 


3 




1,700,000 


1919 


2 


3 




1 800 000 


1914 


2 


3 


_ 


1,700 000 


1920 


2 


4 




1 san nnn 


1915 


2 


3 




1,700 000 


1921 


2 


4 




i 04(1 nofi 


1916 


2 


3 




1,700,000 


1922 


2 


4 




i 84n nnn 


1917 


9 


3 




1,700 000 


19 9 3 


> 


4 




1 040 Df}i\ 


1918 


9 


3 




1 700 000 

































PUBLIC ELEVATORS. 



1913.. 


17 


23 




25,220,000 


1919 


17 


25 




QI yon nnn 


1914 


16 


22 


_ 


29,850.000 


1920 


17 


25 




11 SOT nnn 


1915 


15 


22 


_ 


29,250,000 


1921 


17 


24 




IA. i on nnn 


1916 


15 


22 


_ 


99 950 nnn 


1922 


14 


24 




94 i en nnn 


1917 


16 


22 




30 700 000 


1923 


14 


24 




94 i on nnn 


1918 


17 


24 




31 610 000 

































GRAND TOTAL OF CANADIAN 1 ELEVATORS. 



1901.. 


219 


426 


97 


18,329,35 


1913 2 


1 049 


2 319 


37 


m99<i T^n 


1902 


243 


544 


87 


22,549,000 


1914 2 


1 220 


2 613 


94 


1 KA 7CK f}f\r\ 


1903 


285 


740 


82 


29,806,400 


1915 2 


1 9 5 9 


2 813 


9R 


IRQ ft 9 4. nnn 


1904 


323 


919 


64 


40 636 000 


1916 


9QO 


3 nw 


in 




1905 


359 


977 


46 


46 403 630 


1917 


402 


3 3fiO 




1QQ QAA f\f)(\ 


1906. . 


415 


1,059 


50 


50 453 200 


1918 


4A1 


Q en A 






1907 


491 


1,221 


52 


55 22 00 


1919 


400 


3777 






1908 


526 


1,318 


36 


58 535 700 


19 9 


^f)7 


3 707 






1909 2 


647 


1,446 


41 


78 016 100 


19 9 1 


I 538 


3 855 




OQI oiq ft >r 


1910 2 


788 


1,802 


38 


94 266 100 


1922 


1 559 


3 924 




OQI coo 4or 


19112 


863 


1,909 


32 


105 462 700 3 


1923 


1 578 


4 020 




OOQ in? 4on 


1912 2 .... 


937 


2 037 


31 


108 649 900 3 

































ilncludmg Hospital Elevators. "Including Public Elevators in the Eastern Inspection Division. 
3 The totals for the years 1911 to 1919 include 1 Ontario country elevator, with a capacity of 40,000 bushels. 

NOTE. The average capacity of railway cars for the carriage of prain is for Wheat 1,300, Oats 2 000 
Barley 1,475, Haxseed 1,125, and Rye 1,350 bushels for the crop of 1922. Detailed statistics of elevators 
for the years 1901 to 1912 are given in the 1921 Year Hook, pp. 507-509. 



588 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



30. Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal years 





19 


21. 


19 


22. 


19 


23. 


Grades of Grain. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Wheat, Spring 
Man. No. 1 Hard... 
Northern No 1 


Bush. 


Bush. 

160,000 
71,487,500 


Bush. 


Bush. 

2,757,825 
66,725,850 


Bush. 


Bush. 

1,031,125 

180.960,225 


Xo 2 


_ 


42,891,250 


_ 


46,909,800 


_ 


48,569,175 


No 3. 


_ 


42,192,500 


_ 


53,806,275 


_ 


30,674,425 


No 4. ... 


_ 


8,907,500 


_ 


18,465,825 


_ 


4,512,525 


No. 5. . . 


_ 


1,927,500 


_ 


4,944,450 


_ 


1,302,725 


No 6. ... 


_ 


535,000 


_ 


1,204,875 




655,350 


Feed 


_ 


147,500 


_ 


295,800 


_ 


188,425 


Rejected Smutty 
No 1 




538,750 




716,550 




915,500 




_ 


11,401,250 


_ 


11,965,875 


_ 


10,269,150 


Condemned 


_ 


53,750 


_ 


24,225 


_ 


54,550 


No established 




10,000 




16,575 




16,825 


Commercial grades- 
No 1 


446,306 


33,750 


209,588 




215,968 


5,200 


No 2 


75,786 




45,816 


_ 


11,680 


1,300 


No 1 Spring 


14,121 





1,100 


_ 






No 2 " 


136,221 


_ 


31,480 


_ 


5,063 


_ 


No 3 " 


37,214 





6,950 


_ 


3.574 


_ 


Rejected 


6,302 


_ 


3,000 


_ 


_ 


_ 




3,000 


_ 


1,000 


_ 


1,000 


_ 


Goose No. 1 




_ 




_ 




_ 


" No. 2 


3,900 


_ 


1,000 


_ 


1,133 


_ 


" No.3 


4,200 


_ 


2,000 


_ 





_ 




1,000 


_ 


3,000 


_ 


- 


_ 


Rejected 




3,830,000 




2,768,025 


- 


6,363,700 


No 1 Durum 


_ 


52,500 


_ 


67,575 





166,225 


No. 2 " 


_ 


90,000 


_ 


276,675 





977,850 


No.3 " 


_ 


118,750 


_ 


322,575 


_ 


1,113,625 


No.4 " 


_ 


3,750 


_ 


24,225 


- 


28,500 


No. 5 " 


_ 




_ 


_ 


_ 


5,200 


Rejected 


_ 


_ 


_ 


6,375 


- 


383,475 


Durum and Spring. . 
Red Durum 


- 


- 


- 


53,550 
28,050 


: 


168,600 
163,675 


U.S. Durum- 
Amber No. 2 


2,798,583 




1,891,248 




5,898,710 


_ 


Amber No. 3 


3,963,062 


_ 


581.484 


_ 





_ 


Mixed No. 2 


160,647 


_ 


2,715,349 


_ 


6,798,461 


_ 


Durum No. 2 




_ 




_ 


2.264,899 


_ 


No. 2 Mixed D 
Wheat 






1,024,191 


_ 


_ 





Dark No. 2 Nor.... 
No 4 Special 


- 


686,250 


70,718 








; 


No. 5 " 


_ 


127,500 


_ 


_ 


- 


_ 


No 6 " 


m 


30,000 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


No grade Durum . . . 
Smutty Wheat anc 
Rag weed 


~ 






12,750 




296,400 


Spring and Durum . 
Wheat and Rve 


- 


- 


- 


105,825 
30,600 




180,050 
110,450 


Rejected and 
Sprouted 








9,544,650 


_ 


1,086,700 


Durum and Barley 
Smutty-Durum 
Wheat and Oata 
Wheat and Barley. 
Durum and Oats. . . 
Wheat and wild oats 
Wheat, barley anc 


- 


- 


- 


1.275 


- 


13,000 
2,600 
8.975 
3,900 
5,200 
9,100 

1,300 


Wheat and Gravel. 
Durum Spring anc 
Rye 


~ 


" 


; 


; 




1.300 
7.800 


Durum, Spring anc 
Oats 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1,300 


Total Spring Wheat. 


7,650,342 


185,225,000 


6, 587, 924 


221,076,075 


15,200,488 


2*0,255,425 



QUANTITIES OF GRAIN INSPECTED 



589 



30. Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal years 1921-1923 con. 



Grades of Grain. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division . 


Western 
Division. 


Wheat, Winter 
U.S. Hard Winter- 
No. 1.. 


Bush. 

794,614 
749,760 
79,306 

34,501 
452,636 
38,975 

14,258 
9,461 

7,497 
439,624 
135,006 
4,635 
48,641 
45,142 
8,115 

4,560 
184,098 
77,186 
2,200 

240,804 

1,104,864 
38,794 

4,138 

14,061 
2,200 

14,554 


Bush. 

83,750 
23,750 
2,500 

1,250 
2,500 


Bush. 

4,061,611 
8,828,266 
159,424 

530,067 

3,455 

18,236 
4,000 

12,500 

103,330 
56,303 

6,245 
120,883 

16,918 
27.600 

5,012,449 
36,040 

56,862 
1,780 
47,340 

1,200 
90 


Bush. 

15,300 
3,825 

22,950 
10,200 
2,550 
1,275 


Bush. 

1,954,773 
13,243,535 

67,626 
8,510 

4,550 
1,300 

348,621 
181,784 

31,949 
71,977 

272,443 
177,964 

47,173 

4,788 

2,503,759 


Bush. 

3,900 
5,200 

38,900 
18,100 
1,300 


No. 2 


No. 3 


No. 2 Red Hard 
Winter 


White Winter 
No. 1.. 


No. 2... 


No. 3 


No. 1 Winter . . 


No. 2 " 


Rejected. . 


No grade . . 


Mixed Winter 
No. 1 . . 


No. 2... 


No. 3 


No. 4 


No grade 
Rejected 
U.S. No. 1 
Alberta Red Winter- 
No. 1 .... 


No. 2... 


No.3 


No. 4 


Rejected 


No grade... 
U.S. No. 1 Red 
Winter 


U.S. No. 2 Red 
Winter 


Rejected 


Smutty 


No grade 


Alberta White 
Winter- 
No. 2... 


No.3... 


No. 4 


Rejected 


No grade 


Commercial grades- 
No. 1 W.W.. 


No. 2W.W 


No. 1 M.W.. 


No. 2M.W.... 


No. 1 R.W 


No. 2R.W... 


No grade, tough.. 
Total Winter Wheat.. 

Total Sprint; and 
Winter Wheat.. 


4,558,630 


113,750 


19,104,599 


56,100 


18,930,753 


67,40* 


18,308,972 


185,338,750 


35,693,533 


331,133,175 


34,131,340 


390,333,835 


Indian Corn 
No. 1 American 
No. 2 American. 


1,500 
16,222 
184,445 

14,410 

56,188 
42,055 


- 


1,246,709 
50,437,158 
137,778 
49,190 

5,200 

11,152 
4,284 


- 


1,071 
33,405,523 
118,403 
29,531 
1,400 
15,597 
4,600 

3,400 
6,482 
4,308 
2,140 


- 


No. 3 American. 


No. 4 American. . . 


No. 6 


Rejected.. 


No grade 


American, other 
Argentine corn 


No. 2 Can. Yellow. . 
No. 3 Can. Yellow. . 
No. 3 Mixed 


Rejected 




Total Corn ... 


314.830 


((id 


.S9f.471 


:T nnn 


83 S49 tZ* 


1* (Will 



590 



TRADE AM) COMMERCE 



30. Quantities of < .rain Inspected during the fiscal years, 1921-1923 con. 





11 


)21. 


1< 


22. 


1< 


(23. 


tirades of Grain. 


Kastern 
Division 


\\t-stern 
Division. 


Kastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


I la-tern 
Division. 


Western 

Division. 


Oats- 
No. 1 


Bush . 


Bush. 
2.000 


Bush. 


Bush. 
90,000 


Bush. 


Bush. 

86,000 


Xo. 2 


375,315 


Hl .OOO 


6,980 


15.:i34,000 


298,982 


10,000 


No. 3 


1,411,206 


i::, 170, 000 


52.193 


14,934,000 


728,255 


15,464,000 


No 4 


294,069 


13,818,000 


30,350 


_ 


424, (it 2 


- 


Feed extra No. 1 
Feed No. 1 




4.558,000 

h.. !40.000 




5,508,000 
6,290,000 




1,520,000 
7,256,000 


Feed No. 2 
Rejected 


215,071 


li. 26(i.OOO 
1,304,000 


182,850 


4,268,000 

5! 12, 000 


216,088 


5,732,000 
618,000 


No grade 


130. 7(r 


18,912,000 




22,582.000 


168,539 


10,332,000 


Condemned 




".000 


_ 


44,000 


- 


8,000 


Oats and W. Oats... 
Oats and rye 






- 




: 


22,000 
10,000 


W. Oats . . . 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


16,000 


B. Oats 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


12, COO 


< >ats and wheat 
Mixed 


- 


1. 17lj,000 




886,000 


~ 


8,000 
1.146,000 


Speltz 


_ 


2,000 


_ 




_ 


3,000 


I .S. No. 2 


__ 







_ 


951,266 


- 


V.S. No. 3 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


1,500 


- 


1 .S. No. 3 clipped. 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 





Total Oats 


2,426,453 


iM.KK UWII 


272,373 


70,528,060 


2,789,272 


52,163,000 


Buckwheat 
No. 2 


141,014 




2*9.878 




15}, 785 




N o 3 


7 . 450 


_ 


17.727 


_ 


5,989 


- 


No urade . . 


Id. 17. i 


_ 


9,170 


_ 


13,632 


- 


Rejected 




_ 


1.5.750 


_ 


5,329 


- 
















Total Buckwheat 


173,2(8 


- 


333,525 


- 


479,735 


ll,ONi 


Barley 

Xo. 1 










1,546 




No. 2 


1,250 


_ 


_ 


_ 


11,690 


- 


No. 3, extra 


145,531 


99,400 


4,370 


58.800 


llti. ii"- 


20.275 


No. 3... 


358,309 


5,026,000 


1 51,509 


7,051. SOO 


143. IK 2 


8,838,150 


0.4... 


110,380 


3,094.(K)0 


96,365 


3,101.000 


71,348 


3,159,400 


Feed 




1,313,200 




.400 


- 


5,250 


Rejected 


86,557 


1.029,000 


255.527 


786,800 


10,976 


1, Odd. 55o 


No grade 
Condemned 




3,085.r,00 




3,252,200 

2.800 


1 . 250 


4,061 


Smutty 


_ 


s. 100 


_ 


1 . 400 


- 


- 


Barley ami r\ 
Barley and \V. oat- 
Barley and Durum. 
Barley and wheat. . 
Millet 


- 




- 


i, 100 


- 


2.S75 
72.275 
1 . 475 

1 175 


1 8. No. 1 . 


91,430 


_ 


_ 


. 


_ 


- 


NTo.3 


49,999 


- 


51,701 


- 


- 




Total Barley . . 


843,456 


13, 665, 400 


559,472 


14,880,600 


386,384 


iN.uiur, 


Jive 
No. 1 C \V 












2,60 


No. 2C.W 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


li. 7 11. 075 


No. :j 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


51.: 


Rejected 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


762,900 


Xo tirade 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


i (X 


Feed 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


4,050 


Rejected wheat an< 
liarlcv 










_ 


2,700 


Rye and wheat. . . . 
Rejected oats and 
wheat 





~~ 


; 






1 i5, 750 
1,350 


1 ! vr and oats 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


20,175 


Rye and barley 
live and \V. oats.. . 
live, all grade 

V 8. live 


1,M 

4,572 841 


2,967 500 


221.401 
6,845,117 


3,966,525 


97,740 
H.S28.486 


4,050 
1,350 
11,8-32,150 



; N o uradc | 



QUANTITIES OF GRAIN INSPECTED 



591 



39. Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal years, 1921-1923 concluded. 



Grades of Grain. 



Flaxseed 

No. 1 N.W.C 

No.2C.W 

No. 3 C.W 

No grade 

Rejected 

Condemned 

Fake Flaxseed 

Flaxseed and buck 
wheat. . 



Total Flaxseed ... 

Peas, all grades 

Screenings 



1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


- 


3,146,525 
712,725 
522,450 
232,200 

422,475 


- 


2,993,100 
566,500 
78,100 
162,600 
28,600 
1.100 
2,200 


- 


3,056,850 
518,550 
59,100 
115,325 
29,850 
2,225 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1,100 


- 


.5,036,375 


- 


3,832,200 


- 


3,783,000 


3,000 


- 


10.781 


_ 


13,164 


_ 


- 


455,000 


- 


484,000 


- 


215,000 



$1. Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31, 

1914-1923. 



Grain. 


Eastern Division. 


Western 

Division. 


Kingston. 


Peterboro. 


Toronto. 


Montreal. 


Total. 




Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Wheat.. ..1914 


1,000 


40,968 


104,590 


128 000 


274,558 


154,995,750 


1915 





38,402 


139,702 


2,628,670 


2,806.7/4 


107,916,750 


1916 


- 


- 


376,777 


1,412,246 


1,789,023 


251,277,000 


1917 


- 


- 


423,871 


209, 168 


632,039 


192,070,700 


1918 


- 


- 


281,704 


448. 144 


730,118 


193,538,100 


1919 


- 





386,814 


371,38 


758,203 


124,849,525 


1920 


- 


- 


403,135 


233,778 


636,913 


120,791,125 


1921 


- 


- 


2,087,539 


10,121,433 


12,208.972 


185,338,750 


1922 


- 


- 


602,774 


25,089,749 


25,692,523 


221,132,175 


1923 


- 


- 


1,438,116 


32,683,124 


34,121,240 


290,322,825 


Corn 1914 


_ 


_ 


21,130 


72,990 


94,120 


_ 


1915 


- 


_ 


16,405 


111,501 


127,906 


_ 


1916 





- 


18,252 


112,321 


130,573 


_ 


1917 








- 


1.286,779 


1,286,779 


_ 


1918 


- 


- 


1.676 


743,349 


745,025 


_ 


1<J1<) 





- 


_ 


592,340 


592,340 


_ 


1920 








- 


472,408 


472,408 


7,000 


1921 





- 


- 


314,320 


314,820 


2,000 


1922 


- 


- 


5,355 


.51.886.116 


51,891,471 


5,000 


1923 


- 


- 


Hi, 330 


33,576,125 


33,592,455 


15,000 


Oats... 1914 


_ 


62,200 


543,657 


73,582 


679,439 


73,035,300 


1915 


- 


109,388 


933,680 


1,706,349 


2,749,417 


35,837,800 


1916 


- 





1,376,546 


1,723,966 


3,100,512 


68,649,000 


1917 


- 


- 


445,031 


449,268 


894,299 


95,159,750 


1918 





- 


459,805 


427 , 900 


887, 702 


79,409,850 


1919 


- 


- 


1,537,863 


1,900,309 


3,438,172 


36,154,000 


1920 


- 


- 


344,289 


332,987 


677,276 


59,379,450 


1921 


- 


- 


643,412 


1,783,041 


2,426,453 


65,662,000 


1022 








241,140 


31,233 


272.373 


70,528,000 


1923 


- 


- 


453,398 


2,335,874 


2,789,272 


52.103,000 


Buck 














wheat. . .1914 


- 


62,771 


72,730 


4,108 


139,609 


_ 


1915 





23,760 


284,324 


28,008 


336,092 


_ 


1916 








339,747 


127,508 


467,255 


_ 


1917 


- 


_ 


77,802 


37,737 


115,539 


_ 


1918 





- 


: i . MI 


54,386 


126,038 


_ 


1919 


- 


_ 


293,914 


02.050 


355,964 


_ 


1920 


- 


- 


82,863 


38,532 


121,395 


2,000 


1921 


- 


- 


145,506 


27,762 


173,268 


_ 


1922 


- 


_ 


262,262 


70,263 


332,525 


P. 


1923 


- 


. 


333,575 


146,160 


479,735 


11,000 



Grand 
Total. 

Bush. 

155,270,308 
110,723,524 
253,066,023 
192,702,739 
194,268,218 
125,607,728 
121,428,038 
197,547,722 
246,824,698 
324,444,005. 






94,120 
127,906 
130,573 
,286,779 
745,025 
592,340 
479,408 
316,820 
51,896,471 
33,607,455 

73,714,739 
38,587,217 
71,749,512 
96,054,049 
80,297,552 
39,592,172 
60,056,726 
68,088,453 
70.800,373 
54,952,272 

139,609 
336,092 
467,255 
115,539 
126,038 
355,964 
123,395 
173,268 
332,525 
490,735 



592 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



31. Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31, 

1914-1923 concluded . 



/~i__ :_^ 


Eastern Division. 


Western 


Grand 


(jrrain. 


Kingston. 


Peterboro. 


Toronto. 


Montreal. 


Total. 


Division. 


Total. 




Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Barley 1914 


_ 


_, 


125,812 


9,297 


135,109 


15,944,500 


16,079,609 


1915 


_ 


1,100 


230,122 


24,146 


255,368 


4,953,000 


5,208,368 


1916 


_ 




322,367 


30,220 


352,587 


9,574,100 


9,926,687 


1917 


_ 


_ 


134,691 


10,927 


145,618 


10,627,500 


10,773,118 


1918 


_ 


_ 


319,592 


165,927 


485,519 


10,743,200 


11,228,719 


1919 


_ 


^ 


727,047 


773,420 


1,500,467 


9,596,600 


11,097,067 


1920 


_ 


_ 


557,842 


851,943 


1,409,785 


15,643,800 


17,053,585 


1921 


_ 


_ 


237,868 


605,588 


843,456 


13,655,400 


14,508,856 


1922 


_ 


_ 


189,040 


3/0.432 


559,472 


14,880,600 


15,440,072 


1923 


- 


- 


127,337 


259,047 


386,384 


18,170,125 


18,556,509 


Rye 1914 


_ 


11,857 


4,980 


162,900 


179,737 


72,000 


251,737 


1915 




4,554 


144,765 


97,178 


246,797 


123,000 


369,797 


1916 


_ 




374.78 - 


179.157 


553,939 


116,000 


669,939 


1917 


_ 


_ 


251,592 


691.448 


943,040 


190,000 


1,133,040 


1918 


_ 


_ 


218,994 


389,133 


608,127 


478,000 


1,086,127 


1919 


_ 


_ 


Ifi2,461 


33,289 


195,750 


1,020,000 


1.215,750 


1920 


_ 


_ 


163,395 


929.007 


1,092,402 


2,172,350 


3,264,752 


1921 


_ 


_ 


333,318 


5. 627. 016 


5.960,334 


2,967,500 


8,927,834 


1922 


_ 


_ 


97,431 


6.909.087 


7,066,518 


3,966,525 


11,033,043 


1923 


- 


- 


87,090 


H.8:i i i::< 


14,926,226 


11,832,150 


26,758,376 


Flaxseed...l914 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


18,432,750 


18,432,750 


1915 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


4,001,600 


4,001,600 


1916 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


3,303,600 


3,303,600 


1917 


tm 


. 


_ 


_ 


_ 


7,086,200 


7,086,200 


1918 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


6,862,900 


6,862,900 


1919 


_ 


_ 


_ 


14,351 


14,351 


3,075,900 


3,090,251 


1920 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 





2,335,000 


2,335,000 


1921 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


5,036,375 


5,036,375 


1922 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 





3,832,400 


3,832,400 


1923 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3,783,000 


3,783,000 


Peas... . 1914 


w 


_ 


1,667 


2,900 


4,567 


- 


4,567 


1915 


_ 


_ 


12,300 


_ 


12,300 





12,300 


1916 





_ 


14,944 


400 


15,344 


- 


15,344 


1917 


_ 


_ 


10,619 


3,025 


13,644 


- 


13,644 


1918 


_ 


_ 


1,000 


3,100 


4,100 


- 


4,100 


1919 


_ 


_ 


5,87 


2,858 


11,729 


- 


11,729 


1920 


_ 


_ 


19,072 


10,816 


29,888 


- 


29,888 


192 


_ 


__ 


2,000 


1,000 


3,000 


- 


3,000 


192 


_ 





10,78 


_ 


10.78 


- 


10,781 


1923 





- 


13,164 


- 


13,164 


- 


13,164 


Screen 
















ings 1916 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


281,000 


281,000 


191 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


452,000 


452,000 


191 





- 


- 





- 





~ 


1919 


_ 


_ 


_ 














192 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


669,000 


669,000 


192 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


455,00 


155.000 


192 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


184,000 


484,000 


1923 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


215,00 


215,000 


Total . 191 


1,000 


177,796 


874, 5M 


453,77 


1,507,13 


262,667,300 


264,174,439 


191 




177,50 


1,761,29 


4,674,160 


6,612,962 


l.-)3,o:fs.i:>( 


1.>9.651,112 


" 1S1 


_ 


- 


2, 823, 4 1 


3,585,81 


6,409,23, 


333,200,71)1 


339,609.933 


191 


_ 


_ 


1,343,60 


2,688,35 


4,030,95 


30.7, 586, 15C 


309,617,108 


191 


_ 


- 


1,354,42 


2,232,20 


3,586,62 


291.032.05C 


294,618,679 


" 191 


_ 


- 


3,116,97 


3,750,00 


,866,97 


ITI.IIIMi.U-:.- 


181,563,001 


192 




- 


1,570,59 


2,869,74 


4,440,067 


200,999,72.) 205.139,792 


1921 


i 


_ 


3,449,64 


1S,480,6W 


21,930,303 


273,127,025 


":., 057, 328 


MB 




- 


1,408,783 


84,416,88 


85,825,663 


314,828,701 


400,654,36.1 


" 1923 




- 


2,469,01 


83,839,46 


86,308,47 


37C,512,10C 


462,820,576 



Includes 186,000 bushels of screenings and 1,000 bushels of speltz. 
Includes 78,308 bushels of Argentine corn. 
Includes 206,000 bushels of screenings. 



CANADIAN GRAIN SHIPMENTS 



593 



32. Shipments of Grain by Vessels from Fort William and Port Arthur for the navi 
gation seasons 1921 and 1922. 







1921. 






1922. 




Kind of Grain. 


To 

Canadian 
ports. 


To 
American 
ports. 


Total 
shipments. 


To 
Canadian 
ports. 


To 
American 
ports. 


Total 
shipments. 


Wheat 


Bush. 
69,454,217 


Bush. 

84,474,599 


Bush. 

153.928,816 


Bush. 

96.729,810 


Bush. 
128,651,648 


Bush. 
225,381,458 


Oats 


39,335,427 


5,835,494 


45,170,921 


18,039,045 


7,709,373 


25,748.418 


Barley 


9,398,118 


2,503,745 


11,901.863 


7,256,764 


5,611,304 


12,868.068 


Flaxseed 


952,110 


3,476,189 


4.428.299 


920, 855 


1,915,951 


2.836,806 


Rye 


839,197 


1,611,089 


2,450,286 


924,080 


6,337,769 


7,261,849 
















Total 


119,979,069 


97,901,116 


217,880,185 


123,870,554 


150,226,045 


274.096,599 
















Mixed grains Ib. 


59,192,484 


21,884,466 


81,076,950 


28,896,900 


241,727,419 


270,624,319 


Screenings ton. 


9,379 


20,501 


29,880 


16,673 


74, 840 


91,513 



33. Shipments of Grain by vessels and all rail route from Fort William and Port 
Arthur for the crop years ended August 31, 1921 and 1922. 







1920-21. 






1921-22. 






Vessels. 


Rail. 


Total. 


Vessels . 


Rail. 


Total. 


Wheat- 
No. 1 Hard 


Bush. 

57,402 


Bush. 


Bush . 
57,402 


Bush. 
920,551 


Bush. 
82,103 


Bush. 
1,002,654 


No. 1 Northern 


50,631,759 


4,968,566 


55,600,325 


63,581,548 


835,806 


64,417,354 


No. 2 Northern 


33,920,643 


3,856,896 


37,777,539 


38,228,756 


2,810,086 


41,038,842 


No. 3 Northern 


31,542,214 


6,517,685 


37,969,899 


51,390,491 


5,015,088 


56,405,579 


Sundry grades 


7,059,236 


2,554,850 


9,614,086 


22,000,650 


3,687,700 


25,688,350 
















Total Wheat 


123,121,254 


17,897,997 


141,019,251 


176,121,996 


12,430,783 


188,552,779 
















Oats 


39,300,488 


5,999,121 


45, 299, 609 


32,852,849 


8,204,508 


41,057,357 


Barley 


10,116,010 


1,569,889 


11,685,900 


10,930,468 


1,139,635 


12,070,103 


Flaxseed 


3,494,641 


255,050 


3,749,691 


3,296,542 


316,560 


3,613,102 


Rye 


2,081,628 


420,468 


2,502,097 


4,839,260 


31,516 


4,870,776 
















Total Grain 


178,114,021 


26,142,525 


204,256,548 


228,041,115 


22,123,002 


250,164,117 
















Mixed grains 








Ib. 
8,961,608 


Ib. 
4,320,494 


Ib. 
13,282,102 

















34. Canadian Grain Handled at Public Elevators in the East, by crop years ended 

Aug. 31, 1918 to 1922. 



Years. 


Wheat. 


Oats. 


Corn. 


Barley. 


Flax- 
seed. 


Rye. 


Mixed 
or other 
Grains. 


Total 
Grain. 


Mixed 
Grains. 


RECEIPTS. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush . 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


1917-1918.. 
1918-1919... 
1919-1920... 
1920-1921... 
1921-1922... 


110,454,320 
133,693,991 
141,641,693 
99,222,288 
120,870,258 


40,624,672 
10,180,477 
17,091,582 
56,920,476 
50,187,467 


94,592 
27,909 


9,969,828 
16,552,857 
12,315,737 
15,122,141 
16,365,929 


705,910 
807,145 
225,152 
933,160 
1,170,635 


391,273 
1,170,346 
1,322,315 
2,270,964 


111,111 


161,960,433 
161,653,652 
172,444,510 
173,520,380 
190,865,253 


445,796 


SHIPMENTS. 




















1917-1918.. 
1918-1919... 
1919-1920... 
1920-1921... 
1921-1922... 


107,981,532 
131,576,569 
137,325,174 
98, 073,24 
119,186,498 


37,729,008 
9,142,955 
16,851,459 
52,455,177 
49,098,234 


66,682 
27,909 


9,530,930 
15,169,320 

11,978,427 
14,707,981 
16,273,586 


685,372 
807,145 
203,521 
870,279 
1,156,145 


391,272 
1,170,340 
1,298,940 
2,262,807 


88,277 


156,081,801 
157,115,170 
167,528,921 
167,405,619 
187,977,270 


- 



6237338 



594 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



35. Canadian Grain Handled in Public Elevators in the East, by classes of ports, 
during the crop year ended Aug. 31, 1922. 



Port,-. 


Wheat. 


Data. 


Barley. 


Flax- 
seed. 


Rye. 


Total. 


Georgian Bay Ports 
( )n Hand 


Bush. 
367 , 839 


Bush. 
2,662,429 


Bush. 

121,771 


Bush. 
53,049 


Bush. 


Bush. 
3,205,088 




44,712,264 


18,977,74ti 


4,731.72.) 


682,186 


632,485 


69,636,406 


Total 


45,080,103 


21.640,175 


4,853,496 


635,235 


632,485 


72,841,494 


S hipments Ra il 


44, 571). (Kin 


21,624,341 


4,853,492 


635,230 


632,485 


72 ,22 1,557 


Water 


43,980 








_ 


43,980 


In Store 


460,083 


115,814 


_ 


_ 


_ 


575,897 


Lower Lake Ports 
On Hand 


SO, 191 


53,764 


9,690 




_ 


152,645 


Receipts Kail .... 


12,676 


49,04!) 


_ 


_ 


- 


(11,725 


Water 


29,551, 3M) 


7,758,316 


3,029.542 


_ 


188,502 


40,527,710 


Total .... 


29,6.5: ,. 24 7 


8,861.1-9 


3,039,2:52 


_ 


188,502 


40,742.110 


Shipments Rail 


v>67,969 


1,874.1:-!: 


133,760 


_ 


_ 


10,6 


\Yater 


20,814,036 


5,600.111)1 


2,905,472 


_ 


188,502 


29,508,611 


In Store 


171,225 


386,383 




_ 





557,608 


Si Lawrence Ports 
On Hand 


686,612 


1,749. OS! 


282,696 


0,828 


23,379 


2,751,601 


Receipts Rail 


17,999,188 


9.580,893 


3,972,236 


37,583 


1,043,666 


32,633,510 


Water 


20,911 ,531 


7,142,04 


3,306,631 


488,03) 


313,376 


32,161,618 


Total 


39,597,:;:: 


18, 47J. d- 1 


7,561,563 


5:}5, 40( 


1,380,421 


67,546,735 


Shipments Rail 


6,350,497 


5,091,121 


298,299 


512,94! 


36,862 


13.1S9.72S 


Water 


32,195,529 


11,893,892 


7,170,927 


7,961 


1,335,402 


52,603,716 


In Store . . 


1,051,291 


586,99- 


92,339 


14,484 


8,160 


753,266 


Seaboard Ports 
On Hand 


5,373 








_ 


5,373 


Receipts Rail 


6,534,20" 


2,214,142 


911,638 


- 


69,556 


9,729,541 


Total 


6,539,578 


2,214,14? 


911,638 


- 


69,556 


9,734,914 


Shipments Water 


6,538,478 


2,212,201 


911,636 


- 


69,556 


9,731,871 


Rail 




1,941 




_ 


- 


1,941 


In Store 


1,101 




_ 


_ 


- 


1,101 

















3. Marketing of Live Stock and Animal Products. 

The products of animal husbandry in Canada were valued in 1921 at about 
$485 million or somewhat less than hatf of the output of field husbandry. In gross 
value of product the slaughtering and meat packing industry, which is dependent 
chiefly on animal husbandry for its materials, was the most important single manu 
facturing industry in Canada during 1920 and second in 1921. 

Historical Note. The French Regime. Cattle were introduced into Canada 
at the founding of the earliest permanent settlements. Champlain cut hay for the 
cattle in 1610, and a map published in 1613 showed a place where hay had been 
grown. The French King in his despatches of 1699 to the Governor of New France 
desired the Governor to foster the raising of cattle, as he hoped to draw supplies 
of beef from the colony for his troops in Europe. Early census figures indicate that 
the number of horned cattle in New France increased from 3,107 to 33,179 and of 
sheep from 85 to 19,815 between 1667 and 1734. The enumeration in 1734 showed 
23,646 swine in the colony. 

Early British Rule. The number of cattle in Canada in 1765 was shown as 
12,533 oxen, 14,732 young cattle, 22,748 cows, 28,022 sheep and 28,562 swine. 
Governor Carleton in his report on inimufaH ures mentions the wool industry as 
one of the most important. Through the coming of Loyalists and the founding 
of new settlements in the Eastern Townships of Quebec and in Upper Canada, 
cattle were introduced into these sections of the country. The government distrib 
uted cows among the new settlers, together with implements and other necessary 
articles, in order to assist in establishing them in their new homes. The founding 
of the Red River settlement brought cattle west of the Great Lakes. In 1823 a herd 



THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY 595 

of 300 cattle was driven from the south and disposed of to the Red River colonists, 
In the five eastern colonies, which afterward constituted Canada, the number of 
cattle, during the period from 1784 to 1861, increased from 98,591 to 2,316,022, the 
sheep from 84,696 to 2,507,044 and the swine from 70,465 to 1,228,166. 

The Industry in 1870-1 900. Daring the decade following Confederation, a 
distinctive feature was the expansion of the live stock and kindred industries. The 
exhaustion of the Eastern lands and the competition of the prairie gave warning 
against reliance on wheat. The soil and climate of Ontario and the Eastern Town 
ships proved admirably adapted for the live stock and dairying industries. Factory 
methods for the manufacture of cheese were introduced, and steamship facilities 
for the shipment of cattle developed, whilst a demand in Great Britain for cattle 
and other animals had resulted from plague and bad weather. Until 1871 no ship 
ments of live stock had been made from Canada to Great Britain, but ten years 
later 49,409 cattle and 80,222 sheep were exported to that market. 

During the next decade, the live stock and dairying industries continued to 
expand. In 1891 exports of cattle to Great Britain amounted to 107,689, while 
the total exports of live animals were 117,761 cattle and 299,347 sheep. In 1892, 
however, the shipment of live cattle and sheep to Great Britain, where a few weeks 
grazing gave a market finish, was seriously threatened by the embargo requiring 
slaughter at the port of entry. Canadian cattle had previously been exempted 
from this regulation, though it was applied to other cattle. 

The pork packing industry had remained stationary throughout the eighties, 
the number of hogs slaughtered in 1876-7 not being reached again until 1890-1. 
The imposition of higher duties on meats in 1890, and the growing use of dairy by 
products for feeding, helped both farmer and packer, and by 1895-6 the annual 
pack was six hundred thousand hogs. The transformation of flour milling by the 
introduction of the roller process, with the accompanying tendency to large scale 
production, had driven many small mills from the flour trade. These were glad 
to turn to the chopping of grain for feed purposes, and gave the farmer a second 
source of supply of feed for his animals. 

The Modern Phase. During the present century the separation between the 
farm and the manufacture and marketing of animal products has become more and 
more pronounced. Slaughtering at the factory instead of at the farm has become 
general and resulted in the development of a great industry. Similarly the manu 
facture of butter and cheese has become a factory rather than a farm operation, 
although the concentration of the dairying industry is not so marked as that of 
meat-packing. The growth of population, particularly in urban centres, provides a 
greatly increased market for commodities of all kinds, and is an important factor in 
the development of these industries. 

Animals on Farms and their Disposal. An examination of the data regard 
ing the live stock on farms, collected in connection with the six decennial censuses, 
gives an idea of the growth of the live stock industry of Canada. The number of 
cattle on farms increased from 2,484,655 in 1871 to 8,391,424 in 1921. The growth 
was well maintained during the last decade, with an absolute increase of 1,741,442 
cattle of all grades. The sheep industry, which had been steadily declining for five 
decades, effected a splendid recovery between 1911 and 1921. The number of sheep 
on Canadian farms during the last censal year was 3,196,078, which was slightly 
in excess of the previous high record of 3,155,509, attained in 1871. Thisrecovery 
is also shown by the wool clip, which was 11,338,268 pounds in 1921, exceeding all 
previous records of the decennial census. If the survey is restricted to the six 
6237338$ 



596 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



censal years, the greatest activity in the hog industry occurred in 1911. When the 
records of 1911 and 1921 are compared, it is found that the number of swine on farms 
decreased by 366,944, the sales by 992,416 and the slaughterings by about 317,794. 
The record collected through the censuses of animals on farms and animals 
killed or sold and wool sold, relate to the year preceding the census year. Up to 
1901 the information collected showed the total number of animals killed or sold 
for slaughter or export, whereas in the censuses of 1911 and 1921 animals slaughtered 
on the farm were not included. A summary of the record taken in the censuses 
from 1871 to 1921 is given hi Table 36. 

36 Animals on Farms and Killed or Sold by Farmers in Canada, by censal years, 

1871-1921. 



Years. 


Animals on Farms. 


Animals killed or sold and wool sold. 


Cattle. 


Sheep 


Swine. 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 


Wool. 


1871.. 


No. 

2,484,655 
3,382,396 
3,997,023 
5,446,944 
6,649,982 
8,391,424 


No. 

3,155,509 
3,048,678 
2,563,781 
2,510,568 
2,227,916 
3,196,078 


No. 

1,366,083 
1,207,619 
1,733,850 
2,332,902 
3,691,235 
3,324,291 


No. 

507,725 
657,681 
957,737 
1,086,353 
1, 752,792" 
1,616,626* 


No. 

1,557,430 
1,496,465 
1,464,172 
1,329,141 
949,039* 
1.027.975 2 


No. 

1,216,097 
1,302,503 
1,791,104 
2,497,636 
2,771,7552 
1.779.339 2 


Ib. 

11,103,480 
11,300,736 
10.031,970 
10,550,769 
6,933,955 
11,338,268 


1881 


1891 


1901 


191U 


192U 





l (Jensus taKen as 01 june i, wiuiu previu .*** 

number of young animals are included in 1911 and 1921. 

Animals slaughtered on farms were not included. Following figures are comparative with data given 
for previous years (the 1911 amounts are partly estimated). 

Cattle. Sheep. Swine. 

1911 1,915.059 1,097,015 4,282,624 

2,095,959 1,217,993 2,972,413 



In Table 37 are given statistics showing the index numbers of animals on farms 
for the years 1918 to 1922, expressed as a percentage of the average numbers for 
the quinquennium 1911-1915. 

37. Index Numbers of Animals on Farms in Canada from 1918 to 1922. 
(Average Number for 1911 to 1915 = 100). 



Years. 


Animals on Farms. 


Horses. 


Milch 
Cows. 


Other 
Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 


1918 


128-0 
130-1 
120-6 
135-2 
129-4 


133-2 
133-6 
132-0 
140-7 
141-0 


176-4 
177-2 
164-5 
175-4 
164-7 


145-6 
163-2 
177-5 
175-3 
155-7 


125-8 
118-5 
103-1 
114-5 
114-8 


1919 


1920 . 


J921 . 


19 )> . . 





Marketing developments, 1921-1922. The marketings in Ontario and 
Quebec during 1921 were in total much the same as those of the previous year. 
The western provinces, however, marketed in 1921 a number of cattle equal to only 
50 p.c. of the liquidation of the previous three years. This was not the result of 
a shortage in farm holdings, as the census of cattle in the western provinces in 1921 
showed that there were 4,235,293 head as compared with 3,437,977 head in 1920. 
The cattle in 1922 were estimated at 3,996,568 head. 

The restricted liquidation in 1921 was due to effort on the part of the western 
stock-grower to carry his stock over the period of extremely low prices in the autumn 



THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY 



597 



and winter, in the hope of a better outlet later on. This policy was a reasonable 
one, but unfortunately its ultimate value, like all production policies in agriculture, 
was governed by climatic and crop conditions fully as much as by the nature of the 
market outlet. Early in 1922 climatic conditions in the west resulted in bare 
pastures and lack of water, and left the cattle grower no choice but to liquidate early. 
From July onward, the usual supplies were augmented by the entire holdover from 
the previous year, coupled with additional forced sales from the dried-up districts 
in the northern parts of Alberta and in some sections of Saskatchewan. 

Notwithstanding the tremendous liquidation, however, the volume of supplies 
for 1923 was not estimated to be short of demand, excepting that the numbers of 
weighty finished cattle from the western provinces were smaller than formerly, 
as eastern feed lots contained a heavy number of prairie-grown cattle two years and 
up in process of finishing, which, under better western feed conditions, would have 
been retained in the hands of western feeders. It is quite true, however, that the 
districts in the prairie provinces which were fortunate in securing a good crop of 
coarse grains and roughage have continued to turn out a considerable quantity of 
stock well suited to the needs of the British feeder market and the United States 
butcher cattle trade, as well as the domestic demand. 

As regards the province of Ontario, the live stock market in 1922 was much 
more satisfactory during the first half of the year than early indications had pro 
mised, but during the latter half trading was in a very depressed condition as a result 
of heavy supplies of stock from the prairies. Had the run of cattle from the West 
been nearer normal, prices in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec would have been 
unusually strong. As it was, the local supplies were forced to compete against 
heavy direct shipments from the West to packing plants and country points. How 
ever, the farmers of Ontario were afforded an excellent opportunity to purchase 
steers for winter feeding at very cheap rates, and western shippers have probably 
established a firmer market in the East than ever before for their unfinished cattle. 

The sale of cattle at stock yards during 1922 was over 20 p.c. greater than 
during the previous year. The revenue from stock yards sales, in spite of lower 
prices, increased about $90,000 on cattle, $500,000 on calves, $3,000,000 on hogs 
and $500,000 on sheep. 

The number of live stock marketed hi different ways, through the stockyards, 
through the packers, or by direct shipment for export, is given for the calendar year 
1922 in Table 38. In Table 39 are given the statistics of the number of animals 
marketed through the stockyards in 1922, by grades. The disposition of the live 
stock so marketed is given in Table 40. 

38. Live Stock Marketed through Stockyards, Packers, etc., in several Provinces of 

Canada, 1922. 



Live Stock. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


Canada. 


Cattle- 
Total to stockyards 


No. 
21,431 


No. 
284,188 


No. 
88 171 


No. 
172 369 


No. 
252 173 


No. 
818 332 


Direct to packers 


3,239 


11,800 


4 574 


2 250 


35 692 


57 555 


Direct to export 


946 


11,512 


513 


8 075 


38,191 


59 237 
















Total 


25,616 


307,500 


93,258 


182,694 


326 056 


935 124 
















Total to stockyards 


62,751 


127,616 


14 902 


14 037 


35 842 


255 148 


Direct to packers 


12 857 


49 895 


775 


212 


6 8% 


7n fv?s 


Direct to export 


4,386 


4 916 


163 


47 


2 850 


12 3fi2 
















Total... .. ... 


79.994 


182.437 


15.840 


14.296 


45.588 


338.145 



598 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



38. Live Stock Marketed through St jckvards, Packers, etc., in several Provinces 

of Canada, 1922 concluded. 



Live Stock. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Sa^kat- 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


Canada. 


Hogs 
Total to stockyards 


No. 

68,832 


No. 

384,276 


No. 

87,400 


No. 

104 697 


No. 

171 001 


No. 

816 06 


Direct to packers 


17,977 


695,629 


16,125 


17 907 


3 016 


970 654 


Direct to export 


13 


365 


2 






1 261 
















Total 


Mi.vr; 


1,080,270 


103,527 


122,604 


394,898 


1,788,121 
















Sheep 
Total to stockyards . . . 


178 648 


218,649 


29 586 


32 269 


89 186 


548 338 


Direct to packers ... 


26,533 


37,796 


4 818 


996 


19 860 


90 003 


Direct to export .... 


15,011 


9,781 


75 


2,254 


7 198 


34 319 
















Total 


220,192 


266,226 


34,479 


:J5.. ">19 


116,244 


672,660 
















Store Cattle curchased. . 


2.487 


98.899 


14.815 


10.676 


40.483 


167.360 



39. Grading of Live Stock Marketed at the Stockyards of Canada, by Provinces, 

calendar year 1922. 



Grading of Live Stock. 


Quebec. 


Ontario 


Manitoba. 


Sa^kat- 
c ho wan. 


Alberta. 


Canada. 


Cattle- 
Steers 1 200 Ibs and up ... 


No. 
38 


No. 

22,386 


No. 

2,220 


No. 
8,872 


No. 

17,488 


No. 

51,004 


Steers 1 000-2 000 Ibs. . Good 


250 


35,020 


5,286 


10,485 


22,068 


73,109 


Common . 
Steers 700-1,000 Ibs Good 


71 
339 


3,704 
36,467 


1,748 
3,309 


6,057 
3,319 


10,509 

5,087 


22,089 
48,521 


Common. 
Heifers ... . Good 


1,612 
89 


15,268 
36,738 


1,489 
4,613 


2,559 
7,385 


3,708 
13,127 


24,636 
61,953 


Fair . ... 


235 


8,002 


4,029 


8,280 


ti,904 


27,449 


Common . 
Cows Good 


1,046 
204 


12,196 
26,799 


3,076 
6.566 


5,439 
9,650 


4,768 
16,849 


26,525 
60,068 


Common. 
Bulls Good 


1,671 
70 


26,906 
4,189 


7,477 
934 


12,461 
891 


17,646 
1,405 


66,161 
7,489 


Common . 
Canners and cutters 


1,848 
1,762 


6,051 
9,112 


1,219 
6,439 


1,389 
9,085 


1,393 
12,339 


11,900 
38,737 


Oxen . 


8f 


68 


530 


488 


146 


1,316 


Stockers, 450-800 Ibs Good 
Fair 


371 
112 


6,993 
6,515 


5,615 
7,572 


9,575 
11,454 


27,720 
21,629 


50,274 
47,282 


Feeders 800-1 100 Ibs Good . . . 




7,267 


11,185 


29,068 


38,818 


86,338 


Fair 


3 


2,453 


13,854 


28,506 


17,623 


62,439 


Unclassified cattle 


11,628 


18,054 


1,010 


7,406 


12,946 


51,042 
















Total 


21,431 


284,188 


88,171 


172,369 


252,173 


818,332 
















Calves 
Beef 


4 


33,111 


14,264 


12,519 


33,556 


93,454 


Dairy 


20,666 


64,612 


2 


150 


170 


85,600 


(J rass 


9,848 


5,429 


604 


1,208 


1,633 


18,722 




32,233 


24,464 


32 


160 


483 


57,372 
















Total 


62,751 


127,616 


14,902 


14,037 


35,842 


255,148 
















Hogs 
Selects 


25,443 


327,311 


69,053 


79,046 


134,779 


635,632 


Heavies 


3,683 


8,406 


5,127 


7,737 


6,360 


31,313 


Lights 


7,196 


16,119 


9,965 


11,671 


18.778 


63,729 


Sows 


1,843 


7,423 


2,670 


4,418 


7,517 


23,871 




149 


380 


427 


501 


345 


1,802 


Unclassified 


30,518 


24,637 


158 


1,324 


3,222 


59,859 
















Total 


68,832 


384,276 


87,400 


104,697 


171,001 


816,206 
















Sheep and Lambs 
Lurnbs G ood 


51,810 


157,333 


14,538 


9,844 


42,984 


276,509 


Common. . . 
Sheep . Heavy 


39,348 
46 


17,464 
2,236 


3,700 


4,539 
246 


2,084 
110 


67,135 


Light 


4,783 


29,260 


8,316 


11,181 


26,300 


79,840 


Common. . 
Unclaasified 


6,477 
76, 184 



6,258 


2.TOJ 

329 


4,099 
2,360 


4,003 
13,705 


23,380 
98.836 


Total... 


178,648 


218,649 


29,586 


32,269 


116,244 


H8.SM 



THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY 



599 



CATTLE 

RECEIPTS AND PRICES AT TORONTO, MONTRCAL AND WIMNI 


PQ f 1 


90-2\-Z 


b.OfAnin 


ia2& 






RECEIPTS 


/YQ, Of^nimals 


f400O> 




f4OOO 


f2ooo 








J 
















72.000 


66000 
boooo 

34030 
48000 

36006 
30000 








/j 




















66f>oo 








1 

, 






TORONT 

MONTR E 
\VINNIPE 












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GI " ~" 








1 






























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r 


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\ 


48000 : . 






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42000 






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i 

i 


\ 
\ 


36,000 j 






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i h 


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30/500 ^ 


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l A 


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. 


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2400O 


18000 

itpoo 

6000 



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; v / 


w 

\ 


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r v 


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I&OOO 




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., \ 

N 




- 


, 


-^ 


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,.._. 


--" 






V- 


J " 






\/ 


,^/ 









ggUerg 


PRICES 
Steers 1000 IbS.- |gQO(b. Goorf J)oll<tr 


n 

/s 

12 

s 
k 

3 








^-i 






















/5 


s* 

/* 


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\ ^^^ 


























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X ^-^ 


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O 



NOTE. Receipts and prices are indicated by months. 



600 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



40. Receipts and Disposition of Live Stock at Principal ."Markets in Canada, calendar 

years 1921 and 1922. 







15 


21. 






If 


22. 




Markets and Classification. 


Cattle 
(Total) 


Calves 


Hogs. 


Sheep 
and 
Lambs 


Cattle 

(Total) 


Calves 


Hogs. 


Sheep 
and 
Lambs. 


Toronto 
Receipts (Total) 


No. 

320,22 


No. 
66 93 


No. 

289,013 


No. 

267 61 


No. 
303 88 


No. 

84 26 


No. 
308 90 


No. 
217 SfiS 


Shipments (Total) 


324,55 


67 580 


306,422 


270 6 





87 96 


315 43 


9ig 981 


1 Can Packing Houses 


233 285 


40 9 1 


250 344 


197 69 


205 74 


53 95 


253 59 


1 S9 040 




32,41 


22 00 


49 111 


64 06 


26 67 


30 76 


57 14 


"i 1 ? Md 




38 358 


2 958 


6 765 


7 53 


60 239 


2 86 


4 69 


8 Ifift 


4 U S Exports 


11,575 


1 690 


202 


995 


4 90 


383 




2 653 




8 919 






330 


9 374 








Montreal (Pt. St. Charles) 
Receipts (Total) 


36,399 


56 164 


101*303 


117 46 


33 078 


53 040 


106 34 


112 614 


Shipments (Total) 


37,240 


52 395 


102 548 


114 48 


34 626 


51 99 


105 05 


116 700 




26 786 


34 747 


80 652 


82 112 


27 116 


43 346 


94 5RO 


84 842 


2. Local Butchers 


9.065 


13 432 


21,409 


19 344 


6 12 


7 975 


9 36 


17 137 


3. Country Points 


979 


818 


487 


5,794 


1,373 


34 


1 135 


1 277 


4. U. S Exports 


410 


3,398 




7,23 




267 




13 444 












16 








Montreal (East End) 
Receipts (Total) 


38 972 


46 7*>5 


61 386 


62 946 


34 01 


57 336 


58 450 


83 094 


Shipments (Totnl) 


39 168 


46 9"9 


61 394 


62 635 


33 150 


55 677 


58 150 


83 283 




5,060 


4 411 


16 942 


18 174 


6 438 


9 714 


6 32 


27 820 


2 Local Rutchers 


32,002 


38 068 


43,032 


37 907 


23 696 


43 674 


50 811 


40 041 


. Country Points 


1,886 


477 


1,420 


3 757 


2 936 


1,449 


1 018 


4 861 


4. U. S Exports 


220 


3,973 




2,797 


80 


840 




10 561 


Winnipeg 
Receipts (Total) 


158,613 


21 490 


120,957 


49 210 


294 008 


34,158 


176 777 


52 461 


Shipments (Total) 


158 808 


21 500 


120 422 


49 045 


293 711 


34 340 


177 284 


51 270 


1 Can Packing Houses 


73 524 


1 1 70 


103 029 


33 750 


119 666 


17 407 


150 503 


39 662 




10 270 


6 478 


5 031 


6 652 


9 669 


9 184 


5 72( 


4 496 




29,562 


2 594 


12,282 


8 643 


74 967 


3 331 


21 061 


7 112 


4 U S Exports 


40 978 


1 158 


80 




88 348 


4,408 








4,474 








1,061 








Calgary 
Receipts (Total) 


80 027 


13 215 


48,535 


68 807 


89 610 


16,313 


82,583 


61 141 




93,010 




48,018 


68 959 


105 907 


l 


81,600 


60 555 


1 Can Packing Houses 


48 457 




44 948 


41 019 


51 873 




73 942 


41 7H1 


2 Local Butchers 


2,037 




235 


1,326 


1,513 




424 


643 


3 Country Points 


29,606 




2,835 


26,614 


32,931 


_ 


7,203 


13,146 


4 U S Exports 


12 565 








19 465 


-B 


31 


4 985 


5 Overseas Exports 


345 








125 








Edmonton 
Receipts (Total) 


39 742 


5 298 


35,341 


10,399 


88,432 


12,827 


71,047 


15,206 


Shipments (Total) 


41 565 


4 614 


35,562 


11,331 


90, 198 


11,880 


71,125 


14 200 


1 Can Packing Houses 


15,688 


2,435 


27,696 


3,588 


35,273 


6,376 


57,012 


6,928 


2 Local Butchers 


4,036 


1,093 


1,805 


3,800 


3,451 


1,148 


1.382 


3,446 


3 Country Points 


17,883 


982 


6,061 


3,943 


23,312 


1,524 


12,606 


3,826 


4. U. S Exports 


3,385 


104 






17,422 


2,775 


65 




5 Overseas Exports 


573 




_ 


_ 


733 






_ 


Prince Albert 
Receipts (Total) 


3,006 


382 


7,317 


459 


4,856 


490 


7,562 


750 


Shipments (Total) 


3,056 


384 


7,488 


455 


4,841 


490 


7,446 


750 




1,842 


292 


7,044 


264 


1,468 


275 


6,722 


460 


2. Local Butchers 


214 


27 


22 


141 


202 


33 


30 


14 


3. Country Points 


1,000 


65 


422 


50 


3,144 


182 


694 


276 


4 U S Exports 










27 








Moose Jaw 
Receipts (Total) 


7,434 


533 


5,822 


5,876 


10.308 


714 


14,399 


7.550 


Shipments (Total) 


7,524 


484 


5,822 


5,869 


9,975 


, 686 


14,693 


5,853 


1 Can Packing Houses 


2,970 


256 


4,296 


3,553 


3,597 


5 


13,359 


3,810 


2. Local Butchers 


1,266 


182 


629 


867 


1.629 


474 


288 


813 


. Country Points 


3,288 


46 


897 


1,449 


3,751 


181 


1,046 


983 


. U S Exports ... 










998 


20 




247 





















Included with Cattle. 



SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING 



601 



Slaughtering and Meat Packing. The tendency to large scale production 

in the industry is shown in the summary of census records below. The number of 
establishments has rapidly dropped off while the industry has grown by leaps and 
bounds. The concentration of the industry into a comparatively small number 
of large establishments has resulted in the utilization of by-products and in a 
marked increase in economy and efficiency of operation. In addition to the principal 
statistics reported in the decennial censuses from 1871 to 1911, annual figures collected 
through the Census of Industry for the years 1917 to 1921 are included in Table 
41, whilst live stock slaughtered at Canadian. inspected establishments in 1921 and 
1922 are given in Table 42 and the per capita consumption of meat in Canada in 
Table 43. 

41. Principal Statistics of the Slaughtering and Meat Packing Industry of Canada 

by censal years 1871 to 1921. 



Description. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


Establishments No. 


193 


203 


527 


57 


80 


Capital Invested $ 


419,325 


1,449,679 


2,173,077 


5,395,162 


15,321,088 


Employees No. 


841 


852 


1,690 


2,416 


4,214 


Salaries and Wages $ 


145,376 


209,483 


503,053 


1,020,164 


2,685,518 




2,942,786 


3,163,576 


5,554,246 


19,520,058 


40,951,761 


Value of Products $ 


3,799,552 


4,084,133 


7,125,831 


22,217,984 


48,527,076 














Description. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Establishments No 


79 


78 


82 


86 


84 


Capita] Invested $ 


85,189,611 


86,969,756 


93,363,791 


84,288,306 


58,459,555 


Employees No. 


10,312 


11,917 


13,222 


11,978 


9,711 


Salaries and Wages $ 


9,440.402 


12,173,389 


15,302,388 


16,691.471 


13,547,778 


Cost of Materials J 


155,866,320 


171,023,104 


175,133,821 


170.916,888 


113,389,835 


Value of Products $ 


206,720,718 


229,231,666 


233,936,913 


240,544,618 


153,136,289 















Includes only establishments employing five hands and over. 

42. Live Stock slaughtered at Canadian inspected Establishments, by months, 

1921 and 1922. 



Vf__Al, D 




1921. 






1922. 




oLOntQS. 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 


January 


No. 

51,769 


No. 

24,623 


No. 

151,397 


No. 

44,845 


No. 

20,259 


No. 

168,988 


February 


31,272 


15,450 


128,337 


39,568 


14,180 


144,398 


March 


50,496 


9,850 


120,367 


64,149 


11,366 


159,142 


April 


49,438 


4,645 


115,479 


78,841 


7,150 


154,691 


May 


61,250 


10,693 


145,036 


81,633 


16,088 


160,920 




60,821 


28.634 


122,022 


64,680 


32,184 


152,146 


July 


46,959 


42,263 


94,695 


57.665 


44,913 


120.779 


A ugust 


65,708 


78.541 


107,980 


72,466 


86,488 


125,815 


September 


67,946 


123,924 


100,667 


80,544 


112,243 


130,943 




76,944 


151,941 


155.897 


96,239 


131,537 


176,597 




90,498 


113,486 


204,683 


90,095 


81,164 


230,455 




62,212 


42,900 


189,829 


60,976 


38,831 


202,338 
















Total 


715,313 


646,950 


1,636,389 


831,701 


596,403 


1,927,213 

















602 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



43. Total and per Capita consumption of Meats in Canada, per Annum, calendar 

years 1919-1922. 
BEEF. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


\<m. 


Slaughtered in Canada 
Cattle . No. 


1,437,539 


1,329,105 


1,512,878 


1,392,564 


Calv3s . . " 


453,640 


446,737 


503,646 


506,638 












Total " 


1,891,179 


1,775,842 


2,016,524 


1,899,202 












Estimated Dressed Weight 
Cattle lb. 


560,640,210 


598,097,250 


605,151,200 


626,653,800 


Calves . 


45,817,640 


44,673,700 


50,364,600 


50,663,800 












Total " 


606,457,850 


642,770,950 


655,515,800 


677,317,600 


Net Exports of Beef . 


111,479,699 


63,364,556 


31,576,671 


25,371,434 












Total Consumption 


494,978,151 


579,406,394 


623,939,129 


651,946,166 


Population No. 


8,478,546 


8,631,475 


8,788,483 


8,966,834 


Consumption per Capita . . lb. 


58-38 


67-13 


70-99 


72-71 













PORK. 



Slaughtered in Canada 


No. 


5,525,718 


4,834,150 


5,366,211 


5,382,196 
















lb. 


690,714,750 


638,107,800 


708,339,852 


701,449,872 


Net Exports of Pork 


u 


197,417,471 


76,100,050 


53,006,245 


48,472,546 














Total Consumption 


tt 


493,297,279 


562,007,750 


655,333,607 


661,977,326 




. No. 


8,478,546 


8,631,475 


8,788,483 


8,966,834 


Oonsumntion oer Caoita. . 


lb. 


58-18 


65-11 


74-57 


73-83 



MUTTON AND LAMB. 



Slaughtered in Canada 


. No. 


1,020,141 


1,119,854 


1,176,686 


1,038,997 


Lambs 


u 


340,047 


373,285 


392,228 


346,332 














Total 


n 


1,360,188 


1,493,139 


1,568,914 


1,385,329 














Estimated Dressed Weight- 




lb. 


76,510,575 


83,989,050 


88,251,450 


77,924,775 




M 


11,901,645 


13, o>;4. !>:. > 


13.727.HMI 


12,121,620 














Total . 


M 


88,412,220 


97,054,025 


101,979,430 


90,046,395 




u 


+ 1,064,185 


-1,256,137 


-2,161,987 


-2,627,375 












, 




u 


89,476,405 


95,797,888 


99,817,443 


87,419,020 




. No. 


V 478, 546 


8,631,475 


8,788,483 


8,9i> 


Consumption per Capita . ... 


lb. 


10-55 


11-10 


11-36 


9-75 















SUMMARY. 



Beef . . . 


lb. 




67-13 


70-99 


7L -71 


Pork 


H 


58-18 


65-11 


74-57 


73-83 




M 


10-55 


11-10 


ll-W 


9-75 














Total . 


H 


127-11 


143-34 


;; Q 


156-29 



Export Trade. With the development of factory methods and large scale 
production in the manufacture of animal and dairy products, a very considerable 
export trade in thes,e commodities has been developed, in addition to the trade in 
live animals. Canadian exports of animals and animal products, compiled on a 
classification according to origin, reached a total value of $162,978,102 during the 
fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, and of $107,605,123 during the following year. 
The exports of bacon and ham during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1923, were 
101,590,100 Ibs., valued at $22,536,397, representing an increase in quantity of 2-4 
p.c. over the previous year. Cheese, to the amount of 114,548,900 Ibs., valued at 



THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY 



603 



$20,828,234, was exported in the fiscal year 1922-23, as compared with 133,849,800 
Ibs. valued at $25,440,322 in the previous year. 

44. Summary of Interprovincial and Export Shipments of Meats for fiscal year. 

1921-1932. 



Fiscal Year, 1921-22. 


Beef. 


Veal. 


Mutton 
and 
Lamb. 


Pork 

fresh. 


Pork 
Cured. 


Miscel 
laneous 


Total. 


PHINCE EDWARD ISLAND 
Shipments to other prov 
inces. . . 


80 


Ibs. 


Ibs. 

205 78 


Ibs. 
91 50 


Ibs. 

991 87 


Ibs. 

7 fiftf 


Ibs. 


Exports 


11,854 




351 09 


34 07 


fiQ fi3 


1 K A A 




Total shipments out of 
















province 


11 934 




556 874 


1 9 5 574 


9Q1 ^0 


93 O4 




XOVA SCOTIA 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 
















Exports 


80 213 




4 392 


29 25 


70 34 


34 A4 


















Zlo,o44 


Total shipments out o 
Province 


80,213 




4 392 


29 258 


70 34 


34 fi4 




NEW BRUNSWICK 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 


34,797 




29 775 


33 004 




R3 19 




Exports 


2,230 








973 Sfi^ 




IW, JO 6 
















^/o,uyo 


Total shipments out of 
province 


37 027 




29 775 


33 004 


973 Rfi^ 






QUEBEC 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 


795,526 


47,769 


163 510 


405 695 


1 103 023 


H93Q H4 


436,797 


Exports 


2,228,224 


2,266,400 


1 761 610 


195 OQ 


9 170 390 


337 fiV 




















Total shipments out oi 
province 


3,023 750 


2 314 169 


1 925 120 


530 757 


10 973 41Q 


nK. ja ftop 




ONTARIO 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 


36 040 529 


257 512 


345 436 


9 097 449 


9C7ft 1 K.A 


7Q 9OG 07C 


zy,o4o,yll 


Exports 


14 871 917 


2 232 009 


4 872 974 


70S fiSS 


07 coo noo 


nQ3fi ji i 


/o,Do7,U51 
















22,210,081 


Total shipments out of 
province 


50,912,446 


2 489 521 


5 218 410 


3 636 130 


Q7 4fi4 93P 


41 14fi 3QO 




.MANITOBA 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 


5,406 435 


230 031 


153 685 


324 727 


3 037 337 




-il>U t oO/,l<}J 


Exports 


9,075 546 


130 082 


23 047 


1T 563 


fi94 ^07 


3A3 79S 


,y(jy,41o 
















,44J,ooo 


Total shipments out of 
province 


14 481 981 


360 113 


176 732 


AK.(] onn 


3fifi1 034 






SASKATCHEWAN 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 


46 310 






1 59 1 


70 349 




24,351,976 


Exports 














oJz,77o 


















Total shipments out of prov 
ince 


46 310 






1 19 5 


70 349 






ALBERTA 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 


1,186 714 


118 263 


181 066 


iQfi 7fi7 


433 l-i^ 




522, 875 


Exports 


1,097 700 






1Q1 (\AQ 


^O3 7^ 




,917,9o4 
















,891,951 


Total shipments out of 
province.. 


2 284 414 


118 263 


181 066 


9fiS 41 ^ 


Q37 111 






BRITISH COLUMBIA 
Shipments to other prov 
inces 


39 960 












0,809,915 


Exports 


52 188 








1 QC inn 


iUDU 


45,960 
















238 , 288 


Total shipments out of 
province 


92 148 


























,uuu 


284,248 



604 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



Conclusion. In whatever market Canadian surplus live stock is sold in 
future, early maturity, good type and grain feeding will be the greatest selling fac 
tors. 

While the world s needs for grain are already being met, it is not likely that 
there will be for many years to come any danger of over-production of choice sorts 
of beef. The world s live stock industry is now suffering from an over-supply of 
poorly fed and to some extent poorly bred cattle. Canada is both capable of pro 
ducing a heavy beef surplus and in a position to grain-finish her export supplies. 
Live stock is the medium through which fodder and coarse grain crops are marketed, 
yet the live stock districts in Canada are marketing only small amounts of good 
quality beef, pork and mutton. Lack of proper feeding appears to be more general 
than lack of good breeding. 

4. Cold Storage. 

Cold Storage Warehouses. Under the Cold Storage Act, 1907 (6-7 Edw. 
VII, c. 6), subsidies have been granted by the Dominion Government towards the 
construction and equipment of cold storage warehouses open to the public, the 
Act and regulations made thereunder being administered by the Department of 
Agriculture. Table 45 shows for 1923 the number of cold storage warehouses in 
Canada, with the refrigerated space. This amounts to 36,532,492 cubic feet, of 
which 5,244,358 cubic feet apply to warehouses subsidized under the Act and 
31,288,134 cubic feet apply to non-subsidized warehouses. 

45. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1923. 

SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC WAREHOUSES. 



Provinces. 


Number. 


Refriger 
ated 
space. 


Cost. 


Total 

subsidy. 


Prince Edward Island 


1 


Cubic feet. 
200,000 


1 

50,000 


$ 

15,000 




3 


571,440 


287,237 


78,171 




2 


781,161 


192,577 


57,773 


Quebec 


2 


248,394 


245,287 


73,586 




16 


1,739,944 


632,547 


183,740 




1 


27,500 


32,000 


9,600 




4 


437,596 


268,707 


80,612 


Alberta 


2 


351,159 


242,000 


72,600 


British Columbia 


3 


887,164 


458,000 


137,400 












Total subsidized 


34 


5,244,358 


2,408,355 


768,481} 













SUBSIDIZED AND NON-SUBSIDIZED WAREHOUSES. 



Provinces. 


No. 


Refriger 
ated 
space. 


Articles Stored. 


Prince Edward Island 


4 


Cubic feet. 
241,700 


1 Bait and Fish. 1 Eggs, 1 Foi Meat and Meat, 




19 


1,110,554 


1 Meat and General. 
4 Bait and Fish, 1 Butter, 3 Butter and Ice Cream, 


New Brunswick 


24 


975,391 


1 Dairy Produce, Fish and Meat, 1 Eggs. 4 Fish, 
3 Fish and Meat, 1 General, 1 Meat and Produce. 

18 Bait and Fish, 1 Butter, Eggs and Ice Cream, 








1 Cured Meat, 1 Eggs, 2 General 1 Meat and 
Poultry. 



COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES 



605 



45. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1923 concluded. 
SUBSIDIZED AND NON-SUBSIDIZED WAREHOUSES concluded. 



Provinces. 


No. 


Refriger 
ated 
space. 


Articles Stored. 


Quebec 


61 


Cubic feet. 
7,693 354 




Ontario 


139 


11 649 024 


Meat. 4 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter and Meat, 
2 Cured Meat, 2 Fresh and Cured Meat, 5 Dairy 
Produce, 1 Dairy Produce, Eggs and Meat, 4 
Dairy Produce and Meat, 2 Packing House and 
Dairy Products, 3 Fish, 1 Fish, Meat and Poultry, 
10 General, 4 General Produce, 9 Meat, 1 Meat, 
and General, 3 Meat and General Produce, 2 Meat 
Products, 3 Meat and Poultry, 1 Meat, Poultry 
and General Produce. 

99 T^ntf AF 1 T^nttpr nnrl f^hpp^p 9 TSiiftor anH T)nirv 


t 


42 


4 006 147 


Produce, 3 Butter and Eggs, 1 Butter, Eggs and 
General, 1 Butter, Eggs and Meat, 2 Butter, Eggs 
and Poultry, 1 Butter and Farm Produce, 1 Butter 
and General, 16 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter 
and Meat, 1 Butter and Milk, 1 Cheese and Meat, 
4 Cured Meat 1 Cured Meat and Fish, 1 Dairy 
Produce and Eggs, 4 Dairy Produce. Eggs and 
Meat, 1 Dairy and Farm Produce, 1 Dairy Pro 
duce and Meat, 1 Dairy Produce, Meat and 
Poultry, 1 Eggs, 6 Eggs and General, 12 Fish, 1 
Fish and Fruit, 1 Fish and General, 2 Fish and 
Meat, 2 Fish, Meat and General, 4 Fruit, 4 Fruit 
and Jam, 1 Fruit and Meat, 1 Fruit and Meat Pro 
ducts, 1 Fruit and Vegetables, 16 General, 3 
General Produce, 1 Hog Products, 2 Ice Cream, 
5 Meat, 4 Meat and General, 2 Milk, Ice Cream 
and Butter, 4 Packing House and Dairy Products. 


Saskatchewan 


35 


1 851 512 


Meat, 1 Dairy Produce and Vegetables, 2 Dairy 
Products and Meat, 15 Fish, 1 Fish and Poultry, 
5 General, 1 General Produce, 6 Meat, 1 Meat and 
General, 1 Meat and General Produce, 1 Packing 
House Products. 


Alberta 


21 


3 809 835 


Ice Cream, 1 Eggs and General, 3 Fish, Meat and 
General Produce, 6 General, 3 General Produce, 
1 Meat, 1 Meat and General, 2 Meat and General 
Produce, 1 Milk, Ice Cream and Butter, 1 Packing 
House Products. 


British Columbia 


49 


5 iso 075 


Fruit, 1 Fish, Meat and General Produce, 1 Fish, 
Meat and Poultry, 3 General, 4 Meat, 4 Packing 
House Products. 


Yukon 


1 


44 900 


General Produce, 3 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 
Butter and Meat, 9 Fish, 1 Fish and General, 2 
Fish and Meat, 4 Fish, Meat and General Pro 
duce, 2 Fruit, 1 Fruit and Jam, 7 General, 4 Meat, 
2 Meat and General, 2 Packing House Products, 
1 Packing House Products and Eggs, 1 Packing 
House Products and General. 

Fish 










Totals 


395 


36,532,492 













Cold Storage Stocks. Statistics of the stocks of food in the cold storage 
warehouses of Canada are collected and published monthly by the Internal Trade 
Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. A summary of the cold storage data 
is included in the report on " Live Stock and Animal Products Statistics," published 
annually. Judging by the average of the stocks on hand on the first of each month, 






TRADE AND COMMERCE 



the cold storage holdings of eggs during 1922 recorded the marked increase of 35 
p.c. over the previous year. The cold storage stocks of butter and cheese increased 
4 p.c. and 5 p.c. respectively during the same period. In Table 46 are included 
statistics by months for 1922 of the stocks of food in cold storage and in process 
of cure, for various important commodities. 

46. Stocks of Food on Hand in Cold Storage and in Process of Cure, by Months and 

C ommodities, 1922. > 













Beef. 




Months. 


EgCB. 


Butter. 


Cheese. 


Fresh. 


Cured. 


In pro- 
ivs of 
cure. 


1922. 
January 


Dozen. 
1 988 884 


Ibs. 
11 629,530 


Ibs. 
15,540,495 


Ibs. 
25,682,928 


Ibs. 

245,369 


Ibs. 
162 366 


February . .... 


1 152,357 


9 352,465 


10,534,795 


22,640,709 


298,202 


158 646 


March . .... 


810,967 


6,124,693 


6,761,636 


19, 542. (Kid 


275,717 


168,204 


April 


1,460,963 


2,421,196 


4,364,842 


17,817,092 


246,736 


165,97 , 


May 
June 


5,293,870 
12,241,551 


1,148,456 
2,955,217 


3,876,236 
5,917,657 


12,119,923 
13,206,940 


236,502 
198,565 


201,624 

207,677 


July 


16 77 355 


10 669,213 


9,396,300 


9,824 741 


193,394 


192,183 


August 


18,095,237 


19,038,027 


16,783,349 


8,606,593 


96,845 


183,854 


September 
October 


17,674,376 
16,254,901 


24,565,660 
24,635,390 


21,176,909 
18.524,404 


10,198,710 
15,150,520 


138,524 

222.73:1 


268,542 
128,989 


November 


11,034,395 


25,049,425 


9,728,665 


22,052,122 


144,557 


133,212 


December 
1923. 
January. . . 


6,533,199 
3.351.243 


19,897,626 
14.645,599 


8,337,763 
5.178,881 


27,922,352 
25,255,609 


160,429 
1,354.676 


210,872 
232.840 







Pork. 












Months. 


Fresh. 


Cured. 


In pro 
cess of 
cure. 


Lard. 


and 
Lamb. 


Oleo-mar- 
garine. 


Poultry. 


1922. 

January . . 


Ibs. 

7,659,931 


Ibs. 
6,502,163 


Ibs. 
10,625,201 


Ibs. 
1,880,618 


Ibs. 
6,596,869 


Ibs. 
216,555 


Ibs. 

5,393,666 


February 


10,526.291] 


6,345,701 


10,623,563 


1,845,722 


5,022,557 


211,415 


5,282,226 


March . . 


10,263,059 


ll,192.()75j 


i 7,027,997 


1,780,:)37 


1,071,456 


345,688 


4,816,766 


April . . 


11,207,913 


8,192 


10,772,445 


2,427,680 


2,725,114 


164,665 


3,487,143 


May 
June 


12,403,311 
10,612,606 


7,694,16-. 
7,963,823 


10,434,378 
10,235,881 


2,787,202 
2,607,518 


1,444,055 

852,720 


112,363 
122,115 


2,699,155 
2,037,167 


July 


9,140,481 


8,372,596 


10,421,230 


2,718,200 


603,763 


238,080 


1,420,857 


AiuMi^t . . 


it 569,018 


7,414,934 


11,800,842 


2,976,801 


591,428 


122,595 


i,069,2:;;> 


September ... 


6,705,942 


8,157,212 


10,091,124 


1,695,048 


820, .un 


113,977 


733,636 


( > Toher 


4,250,096 


8,200,746 


7,512,505 


1,610,959 


1,277,160 


134,655 


785,432 


November 


4 554,205 


4,788,154 


9,842 933 


1,690,052 


4.508,045 


252,782 


1,237,911 


December 


8,238,002 


9,141.1)21. 


7,708,025 


2,043,269 


i). 264, 431 


205,270 


2,795,674 


1923. 
January. , . 


10,550,966 


10,461,605 


7,663,737 


2,439,533 


6,461,717 


195,535 


5,984,932 



! igures in this table are of stocks on hand on the first of each month. t 

5 -Coal. 

In addition to the statistics of the supply and distribution of coal which are 
summarized in the Minos and Minerals section of the Year Book, the Internal Trade 
Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics receives a monthly return from whole 
sale and retail dealers throughout Canada, showing receipts and stocks on hand, 
together with a statement of cost at the mine, with transportation and incidental 
charge.-, as well as prices. A monthly compilation of the return is made, stocks 
in store being compiled monthly for seaboard points and quarterly for the whole 
country. The distribution of coal by 1 he retail dealers in ( anada declined from 5 7 
million tons in 1921 to 4 -7 million tons in the following year. The provincial (list ri- 
bution through retail dealers for the two years is given in Table 47, and the average 
yearly retail prices from 1920 to 1922 for the principal cities are presented in Table 
48. 



DISTRIBUTION OF COAL IN CANADA 



607 



Distribution of Coal through Retail Dealers, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922. 

(Short tons) . 



Provinces. 


Years. 


Anthracite Coal 
From 


Bituminous Coal 
From 


Canadian 
Bituminous 
Lignite 
and others. 


Total. 


United 
States. 


Great 
Britain. 


United 

States. 


Great 
Britain. 


Nova Scotia 


1921 

1922 

1921 
1922 

1921 
1922 

1921 
1922 

1921 

1922 

1921 
1922 

1921 
1922 

1921 
1922 

1921 
1922 


43,931 
19,807 

64,957 
21,411 

4,356 
8,007 

856,462 
538,146 

2,101,410 
995,398 

61,774 
45,436 

20,411 
12,985 

4,219 
1,281 

3,601 
3,994 


3,964 
2,373 

8,314 
22,297 


2,701 

15,280 
5,873 

176,539 
370,467 

448,794 
519,705 

33,127 
65,237 

2,544 
2,280 

252 
27 

1,128 

10,716 


283 

11,802 
. 302 


162,426 
171,407 

95,466 
97,111 

26,454 
39,480 

56,001 
113,779 

15,036 

28,348 

230,165 
273,264 

575,855 
616,378 

372,000 
343,389 

289,527 
356,256 


206,357 
197,879 

175,703 
127,051 

30,810 

47,487 

1,089,002 
1,042,508 

2,565,240 
1,566,050 

325,056 
383,937 

598,810 
631,643 

376,471 
344,697 

294,256 
370,966 


New Brunswick 


Prince Edward Island 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia. 


Canada 


1921 
1922 


3,161,121 
1,646,465 


36,948 


677,664 
977,006 


12,387 


1,822,930 
2,039,412 


5,661,715 
4,712,218 





48. Yearly Average Retail Prices of Coal in Canada, by Principal Municipalities, 1920, 

1921 and 1922. 



Province and Municipality 




Anthracite. 






Bituminous 






1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


NOVA SCOTIA 
Sydney 


$ cts. 


$ cts. 


$ cts. 


$ cts. 

7 i c 


$ cts. 
7 on 


$ cts. 


New Glasgow 


11 55 






7 QQ 


7 7*1 




Amherst 


24 25 


20 75 


1Q 00 


nRQ 


U7E 


809 


Halifax 


20 14 


18 75 


17 14 


19 39 


Ifi Kn 




Truro 


14 25 


18 50 




UOO 


UQ3 


m ^ 


PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 
Charlottetown 


20 04 


21 70 


18 00 


H71 


9Q7 




NEW BRUNSWICK 
Moncton 


22 00 


18 75 


in nn 


10 7fi 


noo 




St. John 


19 65 


18 fif) 


1fi ^7 


10 on 


19 A1 




Fredericton 


18 23 


18 7n 










Bat hurst 


17 92 


?n 4fi 


99 nn 








QUEBEC 
Quebec 


16 38 


17 38 


i 7 QI 




1 9 fii 


1U o9 


Three Rivers 


16 67 


18 55 


1 1\ ^1 


1007 






Sherbrooke 


15 93 


16 75 


IK no 


Uno 


i c fi7 




Sorel 


16 42 


i Qn 


1 Of! 








St. Hyacinthe. . 


16 46 


1ft no 


1 C A", 






Uo 


St. Johns 


15 33 


is no 


1 K 7ft 


9B9 






Thetford Mines 


15 35 


10 fi7 




i 7 fi7 




i6 


Montreal 


15 94 


"Ifi Qfi 


1C 7Q 


i o 7K 


UQC 




Hull. . 


15 17 


17 00 


1H 44 


1fi 44 


12 7n 


45 

19 GA 



608 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



48. Yearly Average Retail Prices of Coal in Canada, by Principal Municipalities, 1920, 

1921 and 1922 concluded. 



Province and Municipality. 


Anthracite. 


Bituminous. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


ONTARIO 


$ cts. 

15 13 

1473 
14 85 
15 20 
17 00 
17 01 
14 18 
14 00 
15 04 
15 95 
15 92 
16 80 
17 04 
16 38 
16 00 
16 33 
16 85 
16 75 
1688 
18 08 
16 25 
19 29 
16 13 
17 25 
17 45 

19 70 
20 54 

21 83 

22 77 
24 25 
23 00 

15 33 

15 31 
17 80 


S cts. 

16 98 
16 08 
16 50 
16 75 
16 75 
16 85 
15 64 
15 54 
15 90 
15 93 
16 27 
16 30 
16 39 
16 35 
16 35 
16 79 
16 93 
17 50 
18 09 
18 21 
17 21 
23 67 
18 39 
18 84 
18 78 

21 32 
23 19 

21 63 

24 44 
24 73 
117 

12 95 

16 25 

15 25 
17 93 


$ cts. 

16 44 

15 98 
16 61 
15 98 
16 33 
16 79 
15 65 
14 84 
15 49 
15 65 
15 73 
15 81 
15 83 
16 11 
15 76 
16 27 
16 52 
16 58 
16 24 
16 67 
16 53 

17 41 
17 96 

18 25 

21 36 

22 56 

25 16 

25 80 
18 45 

13 98 

1700 
20 62 


S cts. 
15 87 

11 79 
13 65 
14 67 
12 92 

11 13 

13 08 
12 29 
16 47 
13 88 
13 20 
13 25 
16 23 
15 25 
13 50 
13 08 
12 36 
11 70 
19 50 
12 38 
13 76 
13 73 

13 83 
13 00 

12 47 
13 04 
11 92 
11 92 

7 08 
9 50 
7 71 

6 69 
12 08 
12 03 
12 93 
14 00 
13 23 
9 23 
1506 


$ cts. 

12 78 
9 47 
10 93 
13 80 
11 87 
12 03 
10 20 
10 10 
11 29 
9 92 
12 38 
11 50 
12 15 
12 43 
11 78 
13 54 
11 10 
14 17 
14 73 
13 12 
11 81 
17 67 
12 64 
13 22 
12 97 

14 35 

15 05 

13 20 
12 73 
13 89 
12 54 

7 75 
10 10 
8 58 

7 63 
13 17 
11 95 
14 50 
11 50 
13 19 
9 20 
11 90 


$ cts. 

11 01 
10 45 
10 64 
10 70 
12 93 
12 03 
10 92 
10 53 
12 90 
9 15 
11 65 
11 73 
12 16 
11 43 
10 70 
12 78 
9 25 
12 68 
12 79 
11 46 
10 35 

11 07 
12 22 
10 65 

1205 
13 90 

11 85 
11 20 
11 16 
12 21 

9 39 

12 78 
12 64 
10 37 
9 20 
9 85 

11 83 


Brock ville 




Belleville 


Peterborough. 


Orillia 


Toronto 




St Catharines 


Hamilton 




Gait .". 


Guelph 


Kitchener 




Stratford 


London 


St Thomas 


Chatham 


Windsor 




Cobalt 


Sault Ste Marie 


Port Arthur 


Fort William 


MANITOBA 
Winnipeg 




SASKATCHEWAN 
Retina 








ALBEKTA 
Edmonton 


Calgary 




BRITISH COLUMBIA 
Fernie 


Nelson 


Trail 




Vancouver 




Nanaimo 


Prince Rupert 





6. Bounties, Patents, Copyrights and Trade Marks. 

Bounties. The only bounties paid by the Dominion Government in 1922-23 
were for the production of crude petroleum and linen yarns. Bounties on iron and 
steel ceased in 1911, in lead in 1918, on zinc in 1921, and on linen yarns in 1923. 
The total paid on lead bounties from 1899 to 1918 amounted to $1,979,216 for 
1,187,169,878 Ibs. of lead. 1 For crude petroleum the amount paid in 1923 was 
$89,223 on 5,948,207 imperial gallons, being at the rate of 1^ cents per gallon and 
making the total paid from 1905 to 1923, $3,302,361 on 220,157,426 gallons. Zinc 
bounties were granted under the provisions of 8-9 Geo. V, c. 51, not to exceed 

Statistics of bounties paid on lead are given by years on p. 454 of the 1920 Year Book. 



PATENTS 



609 



$400,000 to July 31, 1920. The bounty paid equalled the difference between the 
standard market price of zinc and 9 c. per Ib. There was paid in 1918-19 the sum 
of $108,563 on 10,107,704 Ib. of zinc sold; in 1919-20 there was paid $249,246 on 
15,186,694 Ib. and in 1920-21 there was paid $42,191 on 3,635,199 Ib. The total 
amount paid was $400,000 on 28,929,597 Ib. 

The total amount of bounties paid from 1896 to 1923 was $22,852,889; of this 
amount $16,785,827 was for iron and steel, $1,979,216 for lead, $3,302,361 for crude 
petroleum (Table 49), $367,962 for manila fibre, $400,000 for zinc, and $17,523 for 
linen yarns from 1921 to 1923. The Year Book of 1915, pages 459 and 460, gave 
a description of the bounties that have been payable since 1883, as well as tables 
showing for each commodity the quantities on which bounties were annually paid, 
and the amounts of such bounties for the years 1896 to 1915 inclusive. 

49. Bounties paid in Canada on Crude Petroleum, 1905-1923. 



Fiscal Years. 


Quantity. 


Bounty. 


Fiscal Years. 


Quantity. 


Bounty. 


1905. . . 


gal. 
23,336,478 


$ 
350,047 


1915 


gal. 
7 685 127 


$ 

m077 


1906 


19,410,480 


291,157 


1916 


7 278 452 


inQ 177 


19071 


17,770,205 


266,553 


1917 


6 761 885 


101 498 


1908 


26,081,139 


391,217 


1918 


7 566 457 


m4Q7 


1909 


17,379,871 


260 698 


1919 


10 812 482 


1 fi9 187 


1910 


13,572,587 


203 589 


1920 


6 887 498 


iiy* 319 


1911 


10,706.418 


160 596 


1921 


6 784 333 


101 7fifi 


19)2 


9,462,380- 


141 936 


1922 


6 26 441 


Q3 Q37 


1913 


8,616,767 


129,252 


1923 


5 948 207 


&Q 993 


1914 


7,834,219 


117 513 














Total.... 


230,157,436 


3 302 361 















*Nine months. 

Patents. Letters patent, which in England have been in the gift of the Crown 
from the time of the Statute of Monopolies and beyond, are in Canada a purely 
statutory grant and have been so from the first. The earliest Act is one of Lower 
Canada, passed in 1824, wherein provision is made for the granting of patent rights 
to inventors who are British subjects and inhabitants of the province. Upper 
Canada passed its Act in 1826 and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick passed theirs 
at later dates. After the Union a consolidating act was passed in 1849, applying 
to both Upper and Lower Canada, and the B.N.A. Act assigned the granting of 
patents exclusively to the Parliament of Canada. The Dominion Patent Act of 
1869 repealed the provincial Acts and has formed the basis of all succeeding Acts. 

The Patent Act as it now stands (13-14 Geo. V, c. 23), provides in section 7 that 
"Any person who has invented any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture 
or composition of matter .... not known or used by any other person before 
his invention thereof, and not in public use or on sale with the con 
sent or allowance of the inventor thereof, for more than two years previous to his 
application for patent therefor in Canada, may . . . obtain a patent granting to 
such person an exclusive property in such invention." The exclusive right in the 
patent has duration for eighteen years. 

The first Canadian patent was issued under the Lower Canada Act of 1824 to 
Noah Gushing of Quebec. 165 patents were granted under the Acts of Upper 
and Lower Canada, and under the consolidating and later Acts of the provinces 
of Canada 3,160 patents were granted. The growth of invention is shown by the 
fact that, in 1921 alone, 1,645 Canadian patents were issued to Canadians by the 
Patent Office. 
6237339 



610 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



Applications for patents in Canada from inventors in other countries were first 
received in 1872. In that year the total number of applications for patents made to 
the Canadian Patent Office, Department of Agriculture, was 752, and the total fees 
amounted to $18,652. The business of the Office has gradually continued to expand 
and the number of applications and total fees increased each year without a break 
from the beginning of the present century until the fiscal year ended March 31, 
1913, when 8,681 applications were received, and the total fees amounted to $218,125. 
In 1923 there were 10,806 applications with fees amounting to $413,238, as com 
pared with 12,274 and $380,207 respectively in 1922. For the fiscal year ended 
March 31, 1923, the number of patents granted was 12,542, as compared with 7,393 
in 1922. Of the patents granted, 8,405, or 67-01 p.c., were issued to United States 
inventors, 2,021 to Canadian and 939 to British patentees, while Germany with 
299, France with 203 and Australia with 150 patents, cair.e next in number of patents 
issued. Table 50 shows the distribution of the Canadian patentees by province 
of residence for the years 1913 to 1923. 

50. Number of Canadian Patentees, by Province of Residence, for the fiscal years 

1913-1923. 



Provinces. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
4 


No. 

2 


No. 

2 


No. 
3 


No. 
3 


No. 
3 


No. 


No. 
9 


No. 

2 


No. 
4 


No. 
9 


Nova Scotia 


20 


39 


33 


21 


29 


18 


21 


29 


29 


22 


35 


New Brunswick 


25 


30 


20 


17 


29 


14 


9 


22 


33 


14 


21 


Quebec . . 


277 


278 


278 


237 


287 


220 


172 


312 


331 


276 


430 


Ontario 


584 


607 


586 


540 


465 


398 


386 


636 


708 


508 


845 




105 


115 


97 


89 


84 


91 


66 


86 


118 


75 


158 


Saskatchewan 


58 


59 


66 


65 


62 


84 


76 


94 


119 


101 


166 


Alberta 


61 


46 


71 


60 


59 


61 


75 


116 


127 


96 


155 


British Columbia 


122 


157 


126 


92 


72 


83 


70 


147 


177 


103 


202 


Territories und Yukon 




1 


2 


1 


1 


1 






1 






























Totals 


1,256 


1,334 


1,281 


1,125 


1,091 


973 


875 


1,451 


1,645 


1,199 


2,021 








4 


k 

















It will be seen from the table that the more populous provinces of Ontario* and 
Quebec obtained the largest absolute number of patents, but a calculation of the 
number of patentees in relation to the census population shows that for the fiscal 
year 1923 the greatest relative inventiveness was displayed in British Columbia. 
Thus in this province, in 1923, one patent was granted to every 2,740 persons, the 
other provinces, as regards the number of persons to each patent granted, being 
placed in order as follows: Ontario, 3,585; Manitoba, 4,069; Alberta, 4,092; Sas 
katchewan, 4,905; Quebec, 5,683; P.E. Island, 9,778; Nova Scotia, 15,216 and 
New Brunswick, 18,900. 

The Commissioner of Patents reports that during the fiscal year ended March 
31, 1923, the land vehicle class was still the largest single class of invention, while 
internal combustion motors was the next largest, though there was a decrease of 
nearly 20 p.c. in the latter compared with 1922. Inventions pertaining to tillage, 
grain separation and animal husbandry showed increases of nearly 30 p.c. Appli 
cations for wireless communication showed a slight increase and inventions for 
telephony and telegraphy were the same as in 1922. The coal shortage in the winter 
of 1922-23 provided a stimulus to inventions connected with the use of fuel oil fur 
naces. Inventions in typewriters increased considerably; many of the applications 
were directed to the elimination of noise and to folding portable typewriters. 



COPYRIGHTS 



611 



51. Statistics of Patents applied for, granted, etc., fiscal years, 1919-1923. 

Fiscal Year ended March 31. 





1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 




9,025 


11,198 


13,446 


12,274 


10,806 


Patents granted ... 


6,052 


9,527 


11,152 


7,393 


12,542 


Certificates for renewal fees 


2,022 


2,036 


2,549 


2,620 


2,127 


Caveats granted 


349 


408 


410 


420 


452 


Assignments 


3,690 


4,479 


5,525 


5,481 


5,143 


Fees received, net $ 


339,345 


294,046 


344,712 


380,207 


413,238 















Copyrights. The first Canadian Copyright Act was passed by the Legisla 
ture of Lower Canada on Feb. 25, 1832 (2 William IV, c. 53). This Act was 
repealed and replaced by an Act of the Province of Canada relating 
to copyright passed in 1841 (4-5 Viet., c. 61), allowing copyright to any 
resident of the Province on depositing with the Provincial Registrar a copy of the 
work and printing in the work a notice of the entry. In 1842 an Imperial Act 
(5-6 Viet., c. 45), gave to a work first published in the United Kingdom protection 
throughout the Empire. As at that tune the United States had no agreement with 
the United Kingdom as to copyrights, United States publishers reprinted in cheap 
editions books copyrighted in the United Kingdom, and many such books naturally 
found their way into Canada. By the Foreign Reprints Act of 1847 (10-11 Viet., 
c. 95), the Imperial Government made it possible for Canadians to secure these 
cheap editions on making provisions safeguarding the rights of the British authors. 
This was done by Canada in 1850 by an " Act to impose a Duty on Foreign Reprints 
of British Copyright Works " (13-14 Viet., c. 6), and the duty so imposed was conti 
nued by the first Dominion Act of 1868 (31 Viet., chaps. 54 and 56), the latter Act 
authorizing the Governor in Council to impose a duty not exceeding 20 p.c. ad 
valorem on such leprints and to distribute the proceeds among the owners of the 
copyrights. 

By the B.N.A. Act, exclusive legislative authority in matters of copyright was 
assigned to the Dominion Parliament. In 1875 an Act was passed (38 Viet., c. 88), 
allowing a copyright for 28 years to persons domiciled in Canada or in any British 
Possession, or who, being citizens of any country having an international copyright 
agreement with the United Kingdom, had registered their claim and complied with 
the usual conditions. 

In 1886 an International Copyright Act (49-50 Viet., c. 33), was passed by the 
Imperial Parliament, giving to Queen Victoria the right to accede to the Berne 
Convention. As Canada thus became a member of the Berne Convention with 
the privilege of withdrawal, books published in Canada by Canadians secured the 
same privileges as books published first in the United Kingdom, an author of any 
country subscribing to the Convention obtaining in any other country in the union 
the same rights as an author of that country. An Imperial Act of 1911 set forth 
general copyright regulations for the Empire. 

The Copyright Act of 1921 (as amended by the Act of 
became effective on Jan. 1, 1924, sets down in section 4 the 
for a copyright and in section 5, its duration. " Copyright 

in Canada in every original literary, dramatic, 

artistic work, if the author was at the date of the making of the work a British 
subject, a citizen or subject of a foreign country which has adhered to the (Berne) 
Convention and the Additional Protocol ... or a resident within His Majesty s 
6237339^ 



1923), which 
qualifications 
shall subsist 
musical and 



612 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



Dominions. The term for which the copyright shall subsist shall, except as other 
wise expressly provided by this Act, be the life of the author and a period of fifty 
years after his death." Section 13 provides that if at any time the owner of the 
copyright fails to print the book in Canada and satisfy the reasonable Canadian 
demand therefor, anyone may apply for a license to the Minister administering the 
Act, who may, if the owner fails to print an edition, grant a license to the applicant 
on the latter paying a royalty to the owner. 

Copyright protection is extended to records, perforated rolls, cinematographic 
films or other contrivances by means of which a work may be mechanically perform 
ed. The intention of the Act is to enable Canadian authors to obtain full copy 
right protection throughout all parts of His Ma.esty s Dominions, foreign countries 
of the Copyright Union and the United States of America, as well as in Canada. 

This Act, as amended by c. 10 of 1923, restricting the " licensing sections " 
to citizens of Canada and subjects or citizens of countries which do not belong to 
the International Copyright Union, ci.me into force on January 1, 1924, and 
repealed all Imperial Copyright Acts as far as operative in Canada and all 
existing Canadian Copyright statutes. 

52. Statistics of Copyrights, Trade Marks, Etc., fiscal years, 1919-1923. 



Classification. 


Fiscal Year ended March 31. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 




1,436 
142 
919 
169 
90 
255 
40,179 


2,028 
201 
1,735 
186 
22 
320 
60,451 


1,729 
174 
2,128 
316 
58 
624 
63,175 


1,465 
244 
2,609 
384 
20 
570 
74,679 


1,591 
217 
1,521 
J30 
17 
413 
71.241 






_ f f 1 











TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 613 



IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS. 

Canada is a country of magnificent distances, nearly 4,000 nrles in length 
from east to west, with its relatively small population of 87788,483 in the main 
thinly distributed along the southern borders of its vast area. Different parts 
of the country are shut off from each other by areas which are almost wildernesses, 
such as the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec, and the vast areas 
north of lakes Huron and Superior, the latter dividing the chief industrial region 
of Ontario and Quebec from the great agricultural areas of the prairie?. To such 
a country with such a population, producing, like our western agriculturalists, mainly 
for export, or, like our manufacturers, largely for consumption in distant portions 
of the country itself, cheap transportation is a necessity of life. Before 1850, 
when the water routes were the chief avenues of transportation and these were 
closed by ice for several months, the business of the central portions of the country 
was during the winter in a state of stagnation or hibernation. The steam railway 
was therefore required for the adequate economic development of Canada, more 
particularly for linking up with the economic and industrial world the vast pro 
ductive areas of the Canadian west, and thus promoting their development The 
construction of the Canadian Pacific railway gave to Canada, as an economic unit, 
length, but it was "length without breadth." The building of the newer trans 
continental railways has for the first time given the country breadth a fact which 
in another ten years, as settlement fills the extensive areas thus opened up, will 
be more evident than it is to-day. 

Railway transportation, though hi many parts of the country essential, is 
nevertheless expensive particularly in these last few years, and for bulky and 
weighty commodities. Hence new enterprises have either been undertaken or 
are under consideration for improving water communication, such as the new 
and deeper Welland canal, the deepening of the St. Lawrence canals and of the 
channel between Montreal and Quebec, and the utilization of the Hudson bay 
route for the transportation of western grain to the British and continental European 
markets. 

Problems of transportation are, therefore, of vital importance in the economic 
life of Canada, occupying a large part of the time and thought of our Parliaments 
and public men. Scarcely less important, from the social and from the economic 
point of view, is the development of methods of communication, in a country so 
vast and so thinly peopled. The post office has been a great, though little recognized 
factor, in promoting solidarity among the people of different parts of the Dominion, 
while telegraphs and telephones have gone far to annihilate distance, the rural 
telephone, in particular, having been of great social and economic benefit in country 
districts. That the use of the automobile has also been of great benefit in promoting 
social intercourse among the dwellers in rural districts is evidenced by the fact 
that in Ontario alone, 70,453 passenger cars were owned by farmers in 1922. The 
press, again, assisted by cheap telegraph and cable rates, and reaching through 
the mails all over the country, has been of great use in developing national sentiment. 
To sum up, it may be said that the progress of modern inventions, not least among 
which is the radiophone, is going far to eliminate that isolation and loneliuess which 
in the past were such characteristic features of Canadian rural life, and have thrown 
their gloomy shadow across the pages of Canadian literature. 

> Census of 1921. 



614 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

In the introductory section is included a statement of the tendencies toward 
monopoly which have made it necessary to establish a measure of Go\ eminent 
control over those transportation and communication agencies which are Lot 
Government-owned and operated; to this is added an account of the origin and 
functions of the Bodrd of Railway Commissioners. The subsequent sub-sections 
deal in order with steam railways, electric railways, express companies, roads, 
motor vehicles, air navigation, canals, shipping, telegraphs, telephones and the 
post office. 

I._ GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER AGENCIES OF TRANS 
PORTATION AND COMMUNICATION. 

Private enterprises engaged in the transportation and communication business 
have in the past fifty years shown in Canada the same tendency toward consolidation 
and amalgamation which has been evident elsewhere throughout the civilized 
world. The basic reason for such consolidation and amalgamation has been the 
fact that the business of transportation and communication is, generally speaking, 
a "natural monopoly," i.e., a type of enterprise in which service can be more effi 
ciently and economically rendered to the public where one or a few concerns control 
a particular type of service throughout the country. The outstanding example 
of these consolidations in Canada is the concentration of the control of the railways 
of the country in the hands of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian 
National Railways Companies. 

However, since such control brings with it an element of monopoly and possible 
overcharge which is distasteful to the public, it has in Canada, as in other countries, 
been deemed advisable to set up controlling authorities over the rates to be charged 
and the other conditions on which services to the public are to be rendered by common 
carriers. This control, so far as railways within the sphere of action of the Dominion 
Government are concerned, has been placed in the hands of the Board of Railway 
Commissioners, whose authority has been in recent years extended to cover various 
other means of transportation and communication. A brief summary of the history 
and the functions of this body follows. 

Besides the Board of Railway Commissioners, dealing with the larger public 
utilities coming under the jurisdiction of the Dominion Government, there also 
exist in several of the provinces bodies which undertake among their duties the 
supervision and control of local public utilities operating under the jurisdiction 
of the provinces and the regulation of their rates of service. Among these is the 
Railway and Municipal Board of Ontario, established in 1906, which controls 
the construction, operation and maintenance of railways and the approving of their 
rates and their rules and regulations affecting the public. Similarly in Quebec, a 
Commission of Public Utilities was established in 1909, and was given superin 
tendence over all Quebec corporations other than municipalities "that own, operate 
manage or control any system, works, plant or equipment for the conveyance of 
telegraph or telephone messages or for the conveyance of travellers or goods over 
a railway, street railway or tramway, or for the production, transmission, delivery 
or furnishing of heat, light or power, either directly or indirectly to or for the public." 
In Nova Scotia there is also a Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities, and in 
Manitoba there is a Public Utilities Commission, with similar functions, while in 
British Columbia these same functions are performed by the provincial Department 
of Railways. 



THE BOARD OF RAILWA Y COMMISSIONERS 615 



The Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. 

In the early days of railway building in Canada, the provinces were more 
concerned with rapid development than with rate regulation. Under the Railway 
Glauses Consolidation Act of 1851, rates were fixed by the directors of the railway, 
subject to the approval of the Governor in Council. Beyond this, competition 
was relied upon to bring rates to a reasonable level. As time went on, however, 
those who believed in the efficacy of competition as a regulator were disillusioned. 
For example, complaints were made that the Grand Trunk gave low through transit 
rates, say from Chicago to New York, through Canada, and recouped itself by 
high non-competitive rates in Upper Canada. In 1888 the supervision of rates was 
given to the Railway Committee of the Privy Council, sitting in Ottawa. 

At the turn of the century, two reports were prepared for the Department of 
Railways and Canals by Professor S. J. McLean, the first setting down the experience 
of railway commissions in England and the United States, and the second discussing 
Canadian rate grievances, with a recommendation that regulation by commission 
be adopted in Canada. The second report found that non-competitive rates were 
exorbitant as compared with competitive ones and that the railways had exercised 
their right to vary rates without notice, to the great distress of shippers. Among 
the weaknesses of the Railway Committee as a rate regulating body was its fixed 
station at Ottawa, which made the cost of appearing before it practically prohibitive. 
Besides, members of Parliament had no necessary aptitude for dealing with railway 
rates, and of their two functions political and administrative the political was 
to them the more important. 

The Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada, as provided for by the 
amended Railway Act of 1903, was organized on February 1, 1904. In the beginning, 
its membership consisted of a Chief Commissioner, a Deputy Chief and one Com 
missioner. In 1908 the membership was increased by the inclusion of an Assistant 
Chief Commissioner and two other Commissioners. According to the Act, the 
Board may be divided into two sections of three, but since any two members consti 
tute a quorum, two commissioners usually hear all but the more important cases, 
and, agreeing, give the decision of the Board. 

The powers of the Commission, in brief, are in matters relating to the location, 
construction and operation of railways. The most important of these powers has 
to do with rate regulation. Passenger rates are divided into standard and special, 
freight rates into standard, special and competitive. Standard rates are maximum 
rates and the only ones which must be approved by the Board before they are 
applied. Special and competitive rates, being less than maximum rates, may be 
applied by railways without the Board s approval, provided that a change of rates 
has been advertised. But important rate adjustments usually come to the notice 
of the Commission, for the changed rate alters the extent of the territory in which 
a shipper can compete and on this account he is apt to appeal the case to the Com 
mission. It is a knotty question to mark the boundaries of competitive areas 
to decide whether Nova Scotian manufacturers should be given rates which will 
allow them to compete west of Montreal, or again, whether high construction and 
operation costs in British Columbia should enforce a rate which prevents her goods 
from moving far into the prairies. By an amendment to the Railway Act, the 
regulation of telephone, telegraph and express rates was given to the Commission, 
but with narrower powers than were given to it in dealing with railways. 



616 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

The procedure of the Board is informal, as suits the nature of its work, for 
experience has shown that hearings in strict legal form give the parties to the argu 
ment uncompromising attitudes. If possible, matters are settled by recommenda 
tions to the railway company or the shipper; thus, during 1921, 88 p.c. of the appli 
cations to the Board were settled without formal hearing. The Railway Committee 
had kept its station at Ottawa, giving only formal hearings, so that the grievances 
of those who could not afford to appear in person or pay a counsel went unredressed. 
The itineraries of the Railway Commission are arranged so that evidence may 
be taken at the least expense to those giving it. 

The Chief or Assistant Chief Commissioner, depending upon which one is 
presiding, gives final judgment on points of law when, in the opinion of the Com 
missioners, the question is one of law. On questions of fact the findings of the 
Board are final and are not qual fied by previous judgments of any other court. 
Questions of law and jurisdiction are differentiated. In the first case, the Board 
may, if it wishes, allow an appeal to the Supreme Court; in the second, the applicant 
needs no permission to present his appeal. 

The Railway Committee of the Privy Council, being a committee of the Cabinet, 
was responsible to Parliament. When the powers of the Committee were made 
over to the Railway Commission the responsibility was retained, but necessarily 
by a different means. There is now provision for an appeal from any decision 
to the Governor in Council, who may also of his own motion interfere to rescind 
or vary the action of the Board, but the power to rescind or vary usually consists 
in referring a matter to the Board for reconsideration. From its inception until 
Dec. 31, 1922, the Board gave formal hearing to 7,518 cases. Its decision was 
appealed in 80 cases, 46 of these being to the Supreme Court of Canada and 34 
to the Governor-General in Council. Of the appeals (with 2 still pending), 10 
of those carried to the Supreme Court were allowed and one of those to the Governor- 
General in Council. 

II. STEAM RAILWAYS. 
1. Historical Sketch. 

The first Canadian railway was constructed in the year 1836, between St. 
Johns, Quebec, and La Prairie, with the object of shortening the journey between 
Montreal and New York. It was only 16 miles long and was operated by horses, 
for which locomotives were substituted in 1837. A second railway from Montreal 
to Lachine was opened in 1847, and a third line to St. Hyacinthe in 1848. In 
1850, however, there were only 66 miles of railway in all Canada. 

Commencement of the Railway Era The Grand Trunk. The railway 
era in Canada may be said to have begun in 1851, when an Act was passed, providing 
for the construction of a main line of railway between the two Canadas. The 
result was the completion of the Grand Trunk railway between Montreal and 
Toronto in 1856, its extension westward to Sarnia in 1859, and eastward to Riviere 
du Loup in 1860. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence railway from Portland, Maine, 
to the Canadian boundary, was leased for 999 years, and in 1859, on the completion 
of the Victoria bridge across the St. Lawrence at Montreal, the Grand Trunk 
had a through route 800 miles long from Portland to Sarnia. A line from Detroit 
to Port Huron was leased in 1859, the Champlain roads in 1863, the Buffalo and 
Lake Huron in 1867, while the Chicago and Grand Trunk was completed from 
Port Huron to Chicago in 1880. In 1881 the Georgian Bay and Lake Erie system, 






CANADIAN STEAM RAILWAYS 617 

with 171 miles, was incorporated, and in the following year the amalgamation with 
the Great Western (904 miles) took place, whi .e the Midland system (473 miles) 
was also incorporated into the Grand Trunk. In 1888 the Northern railway, which 
had been opened from Toronto to Barrie in 1853, and the Hamilton and North 
western railway, were taken over by the Grand Trunk. In 1891 the completion 
of the St. Clair tunnel gave direct communication with the railways of the United 
States. In the seventies the gauge had been changed from the original 5 6" to 
the standard gauge of 4 8". 

Construction of the Intercolonial. The Intercolonial railway between 
the Maritime Provinces and Canada had been proposed as early as the thirtiea. 
In 1844 the Imperial Government made a survey for a military road, and in 1851 
agreed to recommend to Parliament either a guarantee of interest or an advance 
of the sum required to build a railroad. Differences of opinion as to the route 
resulted in the project falling through, but in 1853 Nova Scotia undertook to 
construct by 1862 a trunk line from Halifax to the New Brunswick frontier, with 
branch lines to Pictou and Victoria Beach. In both Nova Scotia and New Bruns 
wick, however, the scheme of an Intercolonial railway broke down for lack of funds, 
and in 1867 there were only 341 miles of railway in the Maritimes 196 miles in 
New Brunswick, including lines from St. John to Shediac and from St. Andrews 
to Richmond; 145 miles in Nova Scotia, including lines from Halifax to Truro and 
Windsor, and from Truro to Pictou. These, under the B.N.A. Act, passed to the 
Dominion Government. The latter on its part undertook the completion of the 
railway, and in 1876 the line was opened. In 1879 the Riviere du Loup branch of 
the Grand Trunk was acquired, and in 1898 the Drummond Counties Railway from 
Chaudiere Junction to Ste. Rosalie Junction was leased, and running rights obtained 
from the latter point over the Grand Trunk tracks into Montreal, the Intercolonial 
thus becoming a competitor for the business of the commercial metropolis of Canada. 

The first Transcontinental Railway the C.P.R. As early as 1849 a 
pamphlet published by Major Carmichael-Smyth advocated the construction of 
a Canadian Pacific railway nearly along the present route. In 1851 a Parliamentary 
Committee reported against the undertaking of the enterprise at that time. In 
1871 the terms under which British Columbia entered Confederation pledged the 
Dominion to commence the Pacific railway within two years, and complete it 
within ten years. The work of construction of the railway as a public work actually 
commenced in 1874, but was not very rapidly pushed forward. In 1880 the Gov 
ernment entered into a contract with the Canadian Pacific Railway syndicate, 
granting to the syndicate all portions of the line completed or under construction, 
a cash subsidy of $25,000,000 and a land grant of 25,000,000 acres, free admission 
of materials for construction, and protection for 20 years against competing lines. 
The company on its side agreed to complete the railway to a fixed standard by 
May 1. 1891, and thereafter to maintain it efficiently. As a matter of fact the 
last spike on the main line was driven on Nov. 7, 1885. Like the Grand Trunk, 
the Canadian Pacific railway now began to acquire small branch lines as feeders; 
among them being the North Shore, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Ontario in 
1881, the Winnipeg to Manitou line in 1882, the Ontario and Quebec, the Credit 
Valley and the Toronto, Grey and Bruce in 1883, the St. Lawrence and Ottawa 
and Manitoba Southwestern, in 1884, the North Shore, Nova Scotia, in 1885, the 
Atlantic and Northwest, in 1886, the West Ontario Pacific, in 1887, the Sudbury and 
Sault Ste. Marie, in 1888, the New Erunswick railway, the Columbia and Kootenay 
in 1890, the Montreal and Ottawa and Montreal and Lake Maskinonge in 1892. 



618 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

The second Transcontinental the Canadian Northern railway. The 

second transcontinental railway, the Canadian Northern, was begun in 1896 with 
the completion by Mackenzie and Mann of the 125 mile line of the Lake Manitoba 
Railway and Canal Company, chartered in 1889. Next were acquired the charters 
of the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay, the Manitoba and Southe istern, the Ontario and 
Rainy River, and the Port Arthur, Duluth and Western. Assisted by the Manitoba 
Government, which desired to establish competition with the Canadian Pacific 
railway, the Canadian Northern next secured the Manitoba lines of the Northern 
Pacific, and in 1902 completed its line from Winnipeg to Port Arthur. By securing 
guarantees of bonds from the Dominion and Provincial Governments it was enabled 
to complete the great scheme of a transcontinental road, opening up in Ontario 
and in the West large undeveloped areas which are now in process of settlement. 

The third Transcontinental the Grand Trunk Pacific. Before the 
continental ambitions of the Canadian Northern were generally understood, the 
q estion came up of b ildirg an additional transcontinental line. About the end 
of the century, the Grand Trunk began to look with envy at the large and increasing 
revenues drawn by the Canadian Pacific iailway from the great Northwest. In 
1902, the Grand Trunk submitted to the Dominion Government a proposition to 
construct a line from North Bay to the Pacific coast, provided that a grant of 
$6,400 and 5,000 acres of land per mile should be made. The Government, in 1903, 
submitted a counter-proposition that the line, instead of terminating at North 
Bay, should be continued east to Moncton, New Brunswick, the easterly section 
from Moncton to Winnipeg to be constructed by the Government and leased to 
the Grand Trunk for a fifty-year period, the railway paying no rent for the first 
seven years and 3 p.c. on the cost of the railway for the remaining 43 years. The 
western half of the railway from Winnipeg to Prince Rupert was to be built by the 
Grand Trunk, the Government guaranteeing interest on bonds to 75 p.c. of the 
cost of construction, not exceeding $13,000 per mile on the prairie section and 
$30,000 per mile on the mountain section. This proposition was accepted and 
construction commenced on the National Transcontinental and the Grand Trunk 
Pacific. 

Effect of the War on the Railways. The Drayton-Acworth Report. 
With two new transcontinental main lines besides branches under construction, 
Canadian railway mileage was doubled between 1900 and 1915, increasing from 
17,657 miles in the former year to 35,582 miles in the latter. The builders of the 
new lines, as well as the Canadian Government and people, had expected that 
immigration of capital and labour from Europe would rapidly settle the areas 
tributary to the new railroads and give them abundant and lucrative traffic, as 
had been the case with the C.P.R. Instead the war came, and European labour 
and capital were conscripted for the struggle; immigration fell off, while cost of 
operation increased, owing to the scarcity of labour and material in Canada. The 
interest on the bonds had to be met, and in 1915 the Government felt it necessary 
to give assistance to the railways. In 1916, after having again made a loan to the 
Grand Trunk Pacific railway and the Canadian Northern Railway Company, 
a Royal Commission was appointed by Order in Council of July 13, 1916, to investi 
gate: (1) the general problem of transportation, (2) the status of each of the three 
transcontinental systems, (3) the reorganization of any of the said systems, or their 
acquisition by the State, and (4) others matters considered by the Commission 
to be relevant to the general scope of the inquiry. Alfred Holland Smith of New 
York, Sir Henry Drayton of Ottawa and Sir George Paish of London, England 



CANADIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS 619 

were originally appointed to the Commission. On the resignation of the latter 
William M. Acworth was appointed to take his place. The majority report of 
the Commission, which was signed by Sir Henry Drayton and Mr. Acworth, has 
formed the basis of the subsequent railway policy of Canada. Their recommenda 
tion was that the public should take control of the Canadian Northern, of the 
Grand Trunk Pacific and of the Grand Trunk proper; and that they should be 
administered on purely business principles by a Board of Trustees, such compen 
sation as seemed proper to be decided by arbitration and given to the shareholders 
of the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trunk. 

Origin and Growth of Government-owned Railways. 

Canadian Government Railways. The Intercolonial railway, built as a 
condition of Confederation and completed in 1876, and the Prince Edward Island 
railway, opened in April, 1875, have since their construction been owned and operated 
by the Dominion Government. In 1903 the Dominion Government undertook the 
construction of the eastern division of the National Transcontinental railway 
from Moncton, N.B., to Winnipeg, to be leased to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway 
Company for a period of 50 years. On the failure of the latter company to take 
over the operation of the road when completed in 1915, the Government itself 
undertook its operation capital expenditure up to Dec. 31, 1922, $169,060,122. 
Thus on March 31, 1918, the Canadian Government railways had a total mileage 
of 5,150-08, comprising the Intercolonial railway, 2,305-23 miles; St. John and 
Quebec railway, leased under authority of Chapter 49 of the Statutes of 1912, 
127-72 miles; Prince Edward Island railway, 313-82 miles; and National Trans 
continental railway, 2,403-31 miles. Under Orders in Council of May 22, 1918, and 
August 30, 1918, the Moncton and Buctouche, the Elgin and Havelock, St. Martin s 
railway, the York and Carleton railway and the Salisbury and Albert railway were 
taken over. Also, under Order in Council of December 1, 1919, the Lotbiniere 
and Megantic railway; under Order in Council of June 10, 1920, the Caraquet and 
Gulf Shore railway and under Order in Council of June 12, 1920, the Cape Breton 
railway, were incorporated in the Government railway system. The Hudson Bay 
railway, with 332-5 miles of steel rail at the end of 1920, and 214 miles operated, 
out of its total length of 424 miles, has been declared to be comprised in the Canadian 
Government railways, and is being operated to a limited extent by the board of 
directors of the Canadian National Railways. Its cost to Dec. 31, 1922, was 
$20,569,266, of which $14,354,162 was chargeable to the railway and $6,215,104 
to the terminals at Port Nelson. During the calendar year 1922 its gross earnings 
were $32,626, its working expenses $57,577 a deficiency of $24,951. 

Canadian Northern Railway. In pursuance of an Act passed in 1917 (7-8 
George V, c. 24), intituled an Act providing for the acquisition by His Majesty 
of the capital stock of the Canadian Northern Railway Company, and an agree 
ment entered into under the Act, the Government acquired the entire capital stock 
of the Canadian Northern Railway Company, except five shares issued in exchange 
for Canadian Northern Railway income charge convertible debenture stock. Having 
thus acquired control, the Government, in September, 1918, appointed a new board 
of directors of the Canadian Northern Railway Company. This board, under 
Order in Council of November 20, 1918, became also a board of management of 
the Canadian Government railways, with all the powers theretofore vested in the 
general manager of the Canadian Government railways. The use of the general 
term "Canadian National Railways" to describe both systems was authorized 



620 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

by Order in Council of December 20, 1918, the corporate entity of each system 
being, however, preserved. The Canadian Northern system, at the time of its 
acquisition by the Government, had a total mileage of 9,566-5 miles. 

The Grand Trunk Pacific During 1916, 1917 and 1918, the Grand Trunk 
Pacific received advances from the Government, totalling $19,639,837, to enable 
it to "carry on" during difficult times. Towards the close of the fiscal year 1918-19, 
approximately $950,000 of the $7,500,000 authorized in the estimates of that year 
remained unexpended. The company desired to use this to pay interest on Grand 
Trunk Pacific Debenture Stock, but the Government insisted that deficits in 
operation should have priority over all other charges, and made the remittance 
conditional upon that understanding. As a result, the company notified the Govern 
ment that it would be unable to meet the interest due on its securities on March 1, 
1919. This was followed on March 4, by a notification from the company that 
it would be unable to continue operation of the railway after March 10. As it 
was necessary, in the interests of the immense territories served by the railway, 
to maintain the operation of the railroad, the Minister of Railways was appointed 
receiver from midnight of March 9, and for a time the road was operated apart 
from the Canadian National Railways. In October, 1920, the management was 
transferred to the Canadian National Railways, and 1921 was the first complete 
year of the operation of this road as an integral part of the Canadian National 
system. 

The Grand Trunk. The desire of the parent organization, the Grand Trunk, 
to be relieved of its obligations in respect of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and Grand 
Trunk financial difficulties, led to negotiations early in 1918 for the taking over 
and inclusion of the Grand Trunk in the Government system of railways. These 
continued until October, 1919, and resulted in Chapter 13 of the 2nd Session of 
that year, an Act to acquire the Grand Trunk Railway system. This legislation 
provided for the sale and purchase of the preference and common stock, the value 
of which was to be determined by arbitration. On certain other stocks, namely, 
the 4 p.c. guaranteed stock and the debenture stocks, the Government agreed 
to guarantee the payment of dividends and interest, provided the voting powers 
exercised by the shareholders should cease on the provision of the guarantees. 
The guarantees were to take effect on the appointment of a committee of manage 
ment representative of both the company and the Government. The committee 
of management, which consisted of C. A. Hayes and S. J. Hungerford, representing 
the Canadian National Railways, W. D. Robb and Frank Scott, representing the 
Grand Trunk, with President Howard G. Kelley, of the Grand Trunk, as chairman, 
held its first meeting on May 31, 1920, from which date the Government as sumed 
its liability under the Act already referred to. The arbitrators appointed were 
Sir Walter Cassels, Chairman; Sir Thomas White, for the Government; and Hon. 
W. H. Taft, for the Grand Trunk. The arbitration proceedings commenced on 
February 1, 1921. The agreement under the Grand Trunk Acquisition Act limited 
the time for the completion of the arbitration proceedings to nine months from 
the date of the appointment of the arbitrators. The arbitrators had been appointed 
on July 9, 1920, and the arbitration proceedings had not been completed when the 
proceedings lapsed on April 9, 1921. 

This difficulty led to further delay, and to reinstate the arbitration proceedings 
necessitated more legislation. With this in view, an Act respecting the Grand 
Trunk arbitration was put through and became law on May 3, 1921. This legis 
lation provided for the reviving of the arbitration proceedings, conditional upon 



THE CANADIAN NATIONAL RAILWAYS 621 

the resignation of the Grand Trunk English directorate, the substitution of a Cana 
dian Board, and the establishment of the head office in Canada. The English 
directors resigned on May 26, and the Canadian Board was appointed, as follows: 
Sir Joseph Flavelle, Bart., Toronto; Howard G. Kelley, Montreal; A. J. Mitchell, 
Toronto; E. L. Newcombe, K.C., Ottawa; and J. N. Dupuis, Montreal. The 
arbitration proceedings were revived on June 1, and the hearing finally concluded 
on July 8. The award was made on Sept. 7, the chairman, Sir Walter Cassels, 
and Sir Thomas White holding that the preference and common stocks of the Grand 
Trunk Company had no value in view of the financial condition of the Grand Trunk, 
consequent upon its Grand Trunk Pacific entanglements. Hon. W. H. Taft dis 
sented from this finding, holding that the securities in question should be valued 
at not less than $48,000,000, his contention being that the preference and common 
stocks \vould be earning dividends in five year s time. The acquisition agreement 
provided for an appeal on a point of law, and as the majority of the arbitrators 
had declined to hear evidence as to replacement value of the physical property of 
the system, an appeal was made to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. 
This appeal was dismissed on July 28, 1922. 

Consnlidaiion and Reorganization of the Canadian National System. The Grand 
Trunk arbitration finally disposed of, steps were taken for the consolidation of the 
various railways under Government operation and control. By Order in Council 
dated August 14, 1922, the resignation of Howard G. Kelley, as Director and Presi 
dent of the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada, was accepted and Graham 
A. Bell appointed to the vacancy on the Board of Directors, while W. D. Robb, 
ranking Vice-President, was appointed Vice- President and General Manager pending 
reorganization. On October 4, 1922, the resignations of the Grand Trunk Board 
were formally accepted, and on the same date a new Board was appointed by Order 
in Council, to act as Directors both of the Canadian National and the Grand Trunk 
Railways. On October 10, the new Board met in Toronto, when the members 
were formally elected to the Canadian National directorate, replacing the Canadian 
Northern Board, whose resignations had been tendered and accepted by the Minister 
of Railways. 

On January 19, 1923, the whole of the preference and common stock of the 
Grand Trunk Railway Company was, by Order in Council, vested in the Minister 
of Finance in trust for His Majesty. 

On January 20, 1923, an Order in Council was passed handing over to the 
new Canadian National Railway Board the management and operation of the 
Canadian Government railways, designated specifically as : The Intercolonial 
railway, The National Transcontinental railway, The Lake Superior branch, 
leased from the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company, The Prince Edward Island 
railway. The Hudson Bay railway, and all other railways and branch lines vested 
in His Majesty, and comprising what has been known as the Canadian Government 
railways. This Order in Council superseded and cancelled the Order in Council 
of November 20, 1918, which had appointed the Canadian Northern Board to 
operate and manage these railways. 

The unification of the Grand Trunk and Canadian National Railways was 
provided for by Order in Council of January 30, 1923, which also brought into 
effect th^ Act to incorporate the Canadian National Railway Company and respecting 
Canadian National Railways (Chap 13, 1919). This was followed on February 5, 
1923, by an Order in Council establishing the head office of the Canadian National 
railways at Montreal, Que. 



622 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

After due consideration the new management divided the combined and 
reorganized National railway system into three regions for operating purposes: 

Atlantic Region: All lines in the Maritime Provinces and as far west as, 
and including, Riviere du Loup, on the Intercolonial, and as far as, but not 
including, Monk on the Transcontinental; headquarters, Moncton. 

Central Region: All lines from Riviere du Loup and Monk, Que., to Current 
Junction, on the Canadian Northern, 2 miles east of Port Arthur, and to 
Superior Junction, on the National Transcontinental, and including the Portland 
line and the lines west of the Detroit River; headquarters, Toronto. 

Western Region: All lines from Current Junction and Superior Junction, 
Ont., to the Pacific Coast, including Vancouver Island; headquarters, Winnipeg. 

The Central Vermont, for the present, is being operated as a separate 
entity, with headquarters at St. Albans, Vt. 

As to reorganization, Sir Henry Thornton, Chairman of the Board and President 
of the Canadian National railways, stated, in a communication which the Minister 
of Railways made to Parliament on March 27, 1923, that, when the new manage 
ment took charge, about December 1, 1922, there had been three primary problems 
which demanded immediate attention: 1. The determination of the kind of an 
organization which was to be employed in the administration of the property; 

2. The determination of the regions into which the property was to be divided 
for operating purposes and the location of regional and general headquarters; 

3. The selection of officers for the various posts involved in the organization. 

The organization which had been decided upon was what might be called a 
strengthened divisional organization as distinguished from a departmental organi 
zation. The executive officers consist of a chairman and president, assisted by 
five vice-presidents, as follows: 

1. Vice-President in charge of operation, maintenance and construction. 

2. Vice-President in charge of financial affairs. 

3. Vice-President in charge of insurance, immigration, development, lands, 
express and telegraphs. 

4. Vice-President in charge of legal affairs. 

5. Vice-President in charge of traffic. 

The above executive officers represent the minimum with which, in Sir Henry 
Thornton s judgment, it would be possible to operate such a property as the Cana 
dian National railways; indeed, as time goes on and traffic increases, it would, he 
stated, probably be necessary to add another vice-president. 

In dividing the railway into three regions for operating purposes, the principle 
followed had been to give to each operating region as much autonomy and local 
control in the actual operation of the property as was consistent with efficient 
principles of administration. Every effort would be made to confine the functions 
of the vice-presidents and the executive officers to policies, leaving to general 
managers, general superintendents and superintendents the responsibility of carrying 
out details. He felt that in the administiation of such a large property as is repre 
sented by the Canadian National railways no other theory of organization could 
be successful, and, in conclusion, the new President made the following suggestion: 

"In the organization of such a property, where we employ about one hundred 
thousand people, scattered over nearly 23,000 miles of line, the process of con 
solidating and harmonizing the various forces is one which will necessarily take 
some time. It is, therefore, earnestly hoped that those who administer the affairs 
of the nation will be sufficiently patient to give those who are sincerely, honestly 



STATISTICS OF STEAM RAILWAYS 



623 



and conscientiously working out this problem an opportunity to show what can be 
accompb shed before criticisms are made." 

Quebec Bridge. The Quebec Bridge was built by the Dominion Government 
to replace the structure which fell during the erection in 1907. The contract for 
the substructure was let in 1909, and for the superstructure in 1911. The bridge 
was opened for traffic hi October, 1917, although not entirely completed until 
August, 1918. It was officially opened by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, on August 
22, 1919. The mam span is the longest in the world, being 1,800 feet centre to 
centre of piers, or 100 feet longer than that of the Forth Bridge in Scotland. The 
total expenditure on this structure to March 31, 1923, was $22,640,228. The 
bridge is of the cantilever type and carries a double track railway and accommodation 
for foot traffic, but no highway. The bridge forms a connecting link in the Canadian 
National Railway system, and is operated as a part of such systems. 

Statistics of the operation of the Canadian National Railways for the years 
1920, 1921 and 1922 are given in Table 20, page 636. 

2. Statistics of Steam Railways. 

Statistical tables illustrating the construction and operation of steam railways 
in Canada up to and including the year 1922 are appended. 

1. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, June 30, 1835-1919, and Dec. 31, 1919-1922. 



Years. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation . 


Years. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation . 


Years. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation . 


Years. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation. 


1835 




1857 


1,444 


1879 


6,858 


1901 


18 140 


1836 


16 


1858 


1,863 


1880 


7,194 


1902 


18,714 


1837 


16 


1859 


1,994 


1881 . . . 


7,331 


1903 


18 988 


1838 


16 


1860 


2,065 


1882 


8,697 


1904 


19,431 


1839 


16 


1861 


2,146 


1883 


9,577 


1905 


20 487 


1840 


16 


1862 


2,189 


1884 


10,273 


19C6 


21 353 


1841 


16 


1863 


2,189 


1885 


10,773 


1907 


22 452 


1842 


16 


1864 


2,189 


1886 


11,793 


1908 


22 966 


1843 


16 


1865 


2,240 


1887 


12,184 


19C9 


24,104 


1844 


16 


1866 


2,278 


1888 


12,163 


1910 


24 731 


1845 


16 


1867 


2,278 


1888 


12,628 


1911 


25,400 


1846 


16 


1868 


2,270 


1890 


13,151 


1912 


26 727 


1847 


54 


1869 


2,524 


1891 


13,838 


1913 . ... 


29 304 


1848 


54 


1870 


2,617 


1892 


14,564 


1914 


30 795 


1849 


54 


1871 


2,695 


1893 .... 


15,005 


1915 


35 582 


1850 


66 


1872 


2,899 


1894 


15,627 


1916 . . ... 


37,434 


1851 


159 


1873 


3,832 


1895 


15,977 


1917 


38 604 


1852 


205 


1874 


4,331 


1896 


16,270 


1918 


38 879 


1853 


5C6 


1875 . . . 


4,084 


1897 


16 550 


1919 


38 896 


1854 


764 


1876 


5,218 


1898 


16,870 


1919 


39 C58 


1855 


877 


1877 


5,782 


1899 


17 25C 


1920 


39 384 


1856 


1,414 


1878 


6,226 


19CO 


17,657 


1921 


39 771 














1922 


39,773 



















During the year 1922, 495 miles of new line were opened for operations; 267 
miles were completed but not opened for traffic, and 1,115 miles were under con 
struction. These are not net figures, however, as there was considerable mileage 
shortened and lifted where conditions warranted the change. 



624 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



2. Steam Railway Mileage by Provinces, June 30, 1916-1919 and Dec. ?1 1919-192?. 



Provinces. 


June 30. 


Dec. 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Prince Edward Island 


275 
1,436 
1,957 
4,733 
11.320 
4 309 


278 
1,422 
1,959 
4,734 
11,049 
4,194 
6,124 
4,444 
3,885 
102 
413 


279 
1,428 
1,959 
4.791 
11.057 
4,168 
6,162 
4,273 
4,247 
102 
413 


279 
1.432 
1.948 
4.86C 
11,000 
4,190 
6,148 
4,285 
4,238 
102 
414 


276 
1,435 
1,993 
4,877 
10,988 
4,193 
6. HI 
4,354 
4,287 
100 
414 


279 
1,438 
1.816 
4,841 
11,001 
4,403 
6,220 
4,474 
4,325 
69 
418 


279 
1,452 
1,948 
4,971 
10,976 
4,417 
6.296 
4,557 
4,376 
58 
441 


278 
1,451 
1.947 
4.977 
10.881 
4,585 
6.267 
4.680 
4,374 
58 
273 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 






5.378 
3,894 
3,604 
102 
426 




British Columbia 


Yukon 


In United States 


Canada 


37,434 


38,604 


38,879 


38,896 


39,058 


39,384 


39,771 


39,773 





3. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, June 30, 1876-1919, and Dec. 31, 1919-1922. 



Years. 


Stocks. 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


Years. 


Stocks. 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


1876... 


$ 

18C.955.657 


$ 

76.079.531 


$ 

257,035.188 


1900.. 


1 

410,326,095 


$ 

373,716,704 


S 

784.042.799 


1877 


18 578 994 


79.676.382 


262.255.376 


1901 


424,414,314 


391,696,523 


816.110.837 


1878 


191 331 767 


83,710.938 


275.042.705 


1902 


460,401,863 


404,806.847 


865.208,710 


1879 


192 674 553 


81.151.628 


273, 826.1 SI 


1903 


483,770,312 


424.100,762 


907.871.074 


1880 


189.956 177 


80,661,316 


270,617,423 


1904 


492,752,530 


449.114,035 


941,866,565 


1881 


199.527.981 


84.891.313 


284,419.291 


1905.. 


526.353.951 


465,543,967 


991.897.918 


1882 


214,468.465 


92.487,932 


306.956.397 


1906 


561.655,395 


504,226.231 


1,065,881,629 


1883 


26P.092.615 


102.134.295 


37I.226.91C 


1907 


588.568,591 


583,369,217 


1,171,937.808 


1884 


285 077 822 


109.31C.963 


394.388.785 


1908 


6C7.891.349 


631.869,661 


1,239,761,013 


1885 


312.182 162 


141.37C.963 


453,553,125 


1909 


647.534,647 


660.946,769 


1,308,481.418 


1886... 


317,141.948 


169.359.306 


486.501,251 


1910.. 


687.557,387 


722,740,300 


1,410.297,687 


1887 . . . 


324.128.73S 


194.801.553 


518.930.291 


1911 


749.207,687 


779.481.511 


.528.689.201 


1888 


327.493.882 


228.617,728 


556.111,610 


1912 


770.459.351 


818.478,175 


.588.937,5"6 


1889 
1890 


332.559.672 
338 177 386 


251,675,226 
266,885,707 


584.234.iB8 
6C5.063.C93 


1913 
1911.. .. 


918.573.74Ci 
1,026,418,123 


613.256,953 
782,402.638 


,53l.83C,692 
,808,820,761 1 


1891.. 


339.769.786 


29?, 291. 654 


632.061.440 


1915.. 


1,024,085,983 


851.724.905 


.875,810,888 


1892 


344.400.282 


305,120.200 


649.520.482 


1916 


1,024.264,325 


868.861.449 


,893.125.774 


1893 


371.877,287 


307.225.888 


679.103.175 


1917 


1,089,111,875 


896.005.116 


,985.119,991 


1884 


361.760.508 


327.003.803 


688.764,311 


1918 


1,093,885,495 


905.994,999 


,999,880.4941 


1895 


361,449.593 


330,785.546 


692,235,136 


1919 


1,100,301,195 


914,823,515 


2,015,124,710 


1896 
1897 


361.075.340 
367.611 048 


336.137.601 
318,834.086 


697.212,941 
716.445 131 


1919.. 
1920 


1,104,409.122 
1.323,705,962 


931.756,484 
846,324,166 


2,036,165,606 
2.17C.C30.128 


1898 


378. M1.79G 


351.916.86- 1 > 


733.098.655 


1921 


1,372.545.165 


792.142,471 


2, 164,687 ,636 


1899 


391.300.360 


382.053,495 


753.353.855i 


1922 


1,415.623,322 


743.653,809 


2,159,277,131 



















Including consolidated debenture stock of the Canadian Pacific Railway, $163.257.224 in 1913, $173.- 
307. 47C in 1914, $176.284.882 in 1015 am) 1916, $216,284.882 in 1917, 1918, 1919, and $435,294,722 in 1920, 
$492,095,525 in 1921, and $530,793,106 in 1922 for all companies. 

Financial statistics of Canadian railways illustrate numerous difficulties 
attending their operation during the past three years. The high rates which pre 
vailed during 1920 and part of 1921 offset materially the universally high costs 
of operation during these years. In 1922, however, with rates from 6 to 25 p.c. 
lower than during the previous year, reductions in wage bills were essential, and, 
with decreased cost of materials, have enabled the earning of substantial net revenues. 
These reductions, combined with increased traffic density, have enabled the railways 
to keep expenses on the whole below those of 1921 and well below those of 1920, 
and to show, generally, surpluses from operation. 



STATISTICS OF STEAM RAILWAYS 



625 



4. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways 

for the calendar year 1921. 



Name of Railway. 


SingleTrack 
Mileage. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Gross 
Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 




Miles 
89-45 


$ 
5,722,300 


$ 

555,056 


S 

497.828 




346-20 


20,406,800 


2,019,058 


1,971,234 




104-50 


6,598,675 


200,499 


296,210 




113-20 


7, 450, COO 


176,515 


43C.274 


British Yukon 


90-32 


4,978,879 


185,845 


137.134 




69.45 


2,15C,COO 


83,710 


173.782 




38-10 


1,740,000 


138,447 


111,737 


Canada Southern 


380-55 


37,630,000 


20,310,515 


14,170,368 


Canadian National 


4,531-42 




40,964,304 


46,551,603 


St John and Quebec 


158-11 


_ 


311,011 


438,445 


Canadian Northern 


9,717-33 


466,892,195 


67,403,439 


74,075,272 




13,350-40 


650,455,298 


193,178.868 


155,855.419 


Central Canada 


48-50 


3,083,871 


58,240 


183,691 


Central Vermont 


137-19 


2,161,915 


502,352 


443.854 


Crows Nest Southern 


74-18 


4,295,000 


333,202 


356,799 


Cumberland Railway and Coal Co 


32-00 


_ 


249,765 


225,457 


Detroit River Tunnel 


2-72 


21,000,000 


_ 


- 


Dominion Atlantic 


288-36 


8,431,500 


2,163,531 


1,674,336 


Eastern British Columbia 


14-00 


420,000 


29,795 


58,617 




407-08 


11,797.940 


1,115,782 


1, 90S. 746 


Essex Terminal 


21-00 


720,000 


219,690 


187,919 




199-20 


7, 33?, 000 


1,367,482 


9R2.256 


Fredericton and Grand Lake 


31-10 


605,000 


175,355 


113.549 




2,743-09 


217.005,420 


16,638,678 


20. 668, 370 


G i and Trunk 


3,589-62 


485,837,384 


76,858,032 


71,179,293 


Hereford 


53-06 


1,600,000 


99,748 


263,721 


International Bridge Co 


1-02 


2,012,260 


_ 


_ 


Inverness Railway and Coal Co 


60-91 


_ 


, _ 





Kent Northern 


29-00 


76,000 


36,886 


46,594 


Kettle Vallev 


357-38 


15,960,000 


1,087,893 


1,275,670 


Lake Erie and Detroit River 




4,400.000 


- 





Lake ITuron and Northern Ontario 


_ 


1,190, COO 


_ 


_ 


Maine Central 


5-10 




25,789 


32,232 


Midland Railway of Manitoba 


6-40 


4,80C,COO 


548,671 


554,849 


Maritime Coal and Ry Co 


16-40 


3,66C,10C 


143,109 


104.197 


Massawippi Valley 


35-46 


800,000 


290,341 


372.046 


Montreal and Atlantic 


184-40 


4,265,000 


1,611,221 


1,864.077 


Morrissey Fernie and Michel 


10-85 


1,263,000 


133,391 


170,145 


Manitoba Great Northern 


91-92 


2,066,000 


67,560 


143.914 


Napierville Junction 


28-46 


6CO,OOC 


552,281 


490,840 


Nelson and Fort Sheppard 


54-84 


2,846,800 


83,714 


169,927 


New Brunswick Coal and Ry Co 


59-02 


i 


75,143 


110.961 


New Westminster Southern 


3-72 


600, OOC 


1,621 


2,033 


North Shore, NB* 




133,000 


_ 





Northern New Brunswick and Seaboard 


_ 


595. SCO 


_ 


- 


Ottawa and New York 


56-90 


2, 100, CCO 


362,412 


465,513 


Pere MarQuette in Canada 


199-04 


5,870,000 


5,321,034 


3,214,835 


Pacific Great Eastern 


360-80 


69,226,403 


383,390 


751,932 


Phillipsburg Ry and Quarry Co 




164, 5CO 


_ 


_ 


Quebec Central 


295-53 


9,615,OC9 


2,798,840 


2,247,346 


Quebec Oriental 


ICO -CO 


2,214,574 


324,660 


316,105 


Quebec Ry Light and Power Co 


28-60 


_ 


158,011 


177.914 




190-78 


7,000,000 


594,912 


974.517 


Roberval and Saguenay 


37 -OC 


2,630.000 


533,405 


326,717 


Red Mountain 


9-47 


412,600 


4,434 


20,554 


Rutland and Noyan 


3-39 


200, OCC 


7,654 


7,505 


St. Glair Tunnel 


2-24 


3,200,000 


_ 


_ 




46-14 


2,155,567 


1,243,898 


1,003,544 




77-49 


3 


2,212,879 


2,145,410 


Temiscouata 


122-18 


4,099,669 


429,301 


363,683 


Timiskaming and Northern Ontario 4 


328-50 




4,359,480 


4,041,550 


Thousand Islands . 


6-08 


110.000 


58.925 


51.443 


Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo 


99-95 


10,017,500 


2,677,985 


2,185,658 


Van Buren Bridge Co 


1-07 


500.000 


_ 


- 


Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern 


230-75 


23,500,000 


893,045 


1.045,766 


Wabash Ry. Co. in Canada 






5,647.986 


5,017.789 












Total 


39,771 


9,164,687,636 


158,008,891 


433,581.205 













1 Owned and operated by New Brunswick Government. * Not operating. s General capital of Doin 
inion Coal Co. 4 Constructed and operated by Ontario Government Commission. 

6237340 



626 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



5. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railway* 

for the calendar year 1922. 



Name of Railway. 


SingleTrack 
Mileage. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Gross 
Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Algoma K astern 


Miles. 
85-41 


$ 

5,708.900 


$ 

526,092 


1 

410.221 


Algoma Central and Hudson Bay 


346-20 


20,398.800 


1,668,706 


1,656.468 


Atlantic, Quebec and Western 


104-50 


6,598.675 


242,402 


243,593 


Alberta and Great Waterways 


113-20 


7,450,000 


142,632 


187.259 


British Yukon 


90-32 


4,978.879 


197.950 


121,968 


Brandon Saskatchewan and Hudson Bav 


69-45 


2.150.000 


78,251 


159,926 


Canada and Gulf Terminal 


38-10 


1,740,000 


132,596 


85.106 


Canada Southern 


380*55 


37,630,000 


21,465,990 


14.298,472 


Canadian National 


4,686-39 




40,939,946 


43.436,668 


Canadian Northern . . . 


9.598-37 


453,256,248 


57. 155. 1-15 


60,513.044 


Canadian Pacific including leased lines 


13,442-30 


663.538.732 


185,188.951 


147,255,641 


Central Canada 


72-12 


3.536.722 


75,353 


167.673 


Central Vermont 


124-68 


2,161,915 


509.676 


412.386 


Crows Nest Southern 


74-18 


4,295,000 


218.386 


260.452 


Cumberland Hallway and Coal Co 


32-00 




190,778 


178,630 


Detroit River Tunnel 


3-26 


21,000.000 






Dominion Atlantic 


288-36 


8,431.500 


2,056,220 


1,626.573 


Eastern British Columbia 


14-00 


420.000 


21,152 


46,165 


Edmonton Dunvegan and British Columbia 


407-08 


11,916,925 


1,070.463 


1,008,745 


Ess-ex Terminal 


21-00 


1.120, COO 


265,656 


203, C93 


Esquimalt and Nanuimo 


199-20 


7,332,000 


1,453.549 


934, 23& 




31-10 


605.000 


221.372 


120,698 


Grand Trunk Pacific (including branch lines). . . . 


2,681-21 


221,504,523 


18.516,978 


22,809,844 


Grand Trunk System 


3,589-58 


484,260,237 


77,700,019 


70,317,813 


Greater Winnipeg Water District ... 


92-00 


1,779.030 


81,474 


106.666 


Hereford 


53-06 


1,600,000 


86,644 


225,292 


International Bridge Co 


1-02 


2,012,260 




_ 


Inverness Railway and Coal Co 


60-91 


2,176.546 


210, 9C8 


224,065 


International Bridge and Terminal Co 


2-58 


300,000 


_ 





Kent Northern 


29-00 


53.986 


37,252 


39,816 


Kettle Valley 


357-38 


15,960.000 


1,225,066 


1,417,045 


Lake Erie and Detroit River 


_ 


4,400 000 





- 


Lake Huron and Northern Ontario 


_ 


1,190,000 


_ 


_ 


Lotbiniere and M6gantic 


_ 




_ 


_ 


Maine Central 


5-10 


_ 


23,273 


39,423 


Midland Railway of Manitoba 


6-40 


4,800,000 


455.848 


509,220 


Maritime Coal and Ry. Co 


16-47 


3,788.600 


136.739 


94,885 




35-48 


800,000 


325,485 


395,963 


Montreal and Atlantic 1 


184-60 


5, 243, COO 


1,639,105 


1,679,263 


Morris^ey Kernie and Michel 


10-85 


1,263,000 


99.406 


99,336 


Manitoba Great Northern 


91-92 


2,666.000 


69.643 


128.167 




28-46 


600,000 


546,092 


384,851 




54-84 


2,846,800 


92,493 


186.819 




59 -2C 


i 


67,179 


91,015 


New Westminster Southern . . 


3-72 


600.000 


385 


2,305 


North Shore N B s 




133.000 


_ 


- 


Northern New Brunswick and Seaboard 


_ 


595,500 


- 


- 


Ottawa and New York 


56-81 


2.100,000 


335,436 


4C2.161 




199-04 


3,000,000 


4,773,091 


3,409,916 




361-20 


58,414,216 


432,071 


821.105 






164,500 





- 




295-53 


10,345.010 


2,725,582 


2,165,462 


Quebec Oriental 


ICO -00 


2,224,314 


283,794 


254,084 




28-60 


_ 


184,274 


178.376 




190-78 


7. 000, COO 


602,405 


1,002,081 




37-00 


2.630.0CO 


341,617 


241,133 






412,600 


24 


936 


Rutland and Noyan 


3-36 


200,000 


5,115 


7,293 


St Clair Tunnel 


2-24 


3.20C.OOO 


- 


- 




46-14 


2,155.567 


972,209 


762,854 






7,111.977 


- 







77-49 


1 


1,560,901 


1.396.557 




123-17 


4,099,669 


402.851 


339.349 


Ximiskaming and Northern Ontario* 


328-50 


- 


4,547.601 


3,536.883 




6-08 


110.000 


75.031 


55.856 




99-95 


9,867.500 


2,444,381 


1,917,637 




1-07 


500,000 


- 


- 




230-75 


23,500,000 


795,381 


909.689 


Wabash Ry. Co. in Canada 




- 


5.070,109 


4.447.230 


Total ... 


39,773 26 


2,159,277,131 


440,687,128 


393,927,4 



Owned and operated by New Brunswick Government. * Not operating. General capital of 
Dominion Coal Co. * Constructed and operated by Ontario Government Commission. 



STATISTICS OF STEAM RAILWAYS 



627 



The railways as a whole reduced the operating ratio from 92-26 p.c. in 1921 to 
89-39 p.c. in 1922 and increased net operating revenues by $11,332,035, by a 
reduction of operating expenses. Although over five million more tons of freight 
were carried, and the ton miles increased by 14 p.c. through reductions in freight 
rates, freight revenues showed a decline of $4,020,214 or 2-5 p.c., while with reduced 
rates and a decline of 5 p.c. in the number of passengers carried, passenger 
revenues fell off by $10,731,022 or 12 p.c. and total revenues by $17,321,764 
or 3-8 p.c. Operating expenses were reduced by $28,653,799 or 6-5 p.c., 
maintenance of way and structures by $8,380,790 and maintenance of equipment 
by $3,632,815, a total of $12,013,605, while transportation expenses were reduced 
by $18,574,625 in spite of the heavier freight traffic of 14 p.c. and an increase 
of 3 p.c. in train mileage. 

6. Steam Railway Statistics, years ended June 30, 1901-1919, and for calendar 

years 1919-1922. 



Years. 


Miles 
in 
opera 
tion. 


Total 
Train 
miles. 


Passengers 
carried. 


Freight. 


Gross 
Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Ratio of 
expenses 
to 
receipts. 


1901.. 


No. 
18,140 


No. 
53.319,394 


No. 
18,385,722 


Tons. 
36,699.371 


$ 

72,898,749 


S 
50,368,726 


p.c. 

69-06 


1902 


18,714 


55,729,856 


20.679.971 


42,376,527 


83.666.503 


57,343.592 


68-54 


1903 


18,988 


60.382,920 


22,148,742 


47,373,417 


96,064.527 


67,481,524 


70-25 


1904 


19,431 


61,312,002 


23.640,765 


48,097,519 


100,219,436 


74,563,162 


74-40 


1905 


20,487 


65,934,114 


25.288,723 


50.893,957 


106,467,198 


79,977,573 


75-12 


19C6... 


21,353 


72,723,482 


27,989.782 


57,966.713 


125,322,865 


87,129,434 


69-52 


1907 


22.452 


75,115.765 


32,137,319 


63,866.135 


146.738,211 


103,748,672 


70-70 


1908 ... 


22.966 


78.637,526 


34,044,992 


63,071,167 


146,918,314 


107,304,143 


73-04 


1909 


24.104 


79,662,216 


32.683,309 


66,842.258 


145,056.336 


104,6CO,084 


72-11 


1910 


24,731 


85,409,241 


35,894,575 


74,482,866 


173,956,217 


120,405,440 


69-22 


1911.. 


25,400 


89,716.533 


37,097,718 


79,884,28? 


188,733,494 


131,034,785 


69-43 


1912 ,. . 


26.7 >7 


100,930.271 


41,124,181 


89,444,331 


219,403,753 


150.726,540 


68-70 


1913 


29,30-1 


113,437,208 


46,185,968 


106,992,710 


256,702.703 


182,011.690 


70-90 


1914 


30,795 


1C7,895,27? 


46,702,28C 


101,393,989 


243,083,539 


178,975.259 


73-63 


1915 


35.582 


93,218,479 


46,322,035 


87,204,838 


199.843,072 


147,731,099 


73-92 


1916 


37,434 


111,075,890 


43,503,459 


100,659,088 


261.888,654 


180,542,259 


68-94 


1917 


38,60-i 


115,797,100 


48,106.530 


121,916,272 


310.771.479 


222,890,637 


71-72 


1918 


38,879 


109.857.56C 


44,948,638 


127,543,687 


33C.220.15C 


273,955,436 


82-96 


1919 


38,896 


103,832,835 


43,754,194 


116,699,572 


382,976,901 


341,866,509 


89-27 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


39,058 


107,053,735 


47,940,456 


111,487,780 


4*08,598,361 


376,789,093 


92-22 


1920 ( " ) 


39 38-4 


117 384 819 


51,318,422 


127,429 151 


492.1C1.1C4 


478,248,151 


97-18 


1921 ( " ) 


39,771 


104,652,167 


46,793,251 


103,131,132 


458,008,891 


422,581,205 


92-26 


1922 ( " ) 


39 773 


107,65,144 


44 383,620 


1C8.530 518 


440.687,128 


393,927,406 


89-39 



















7. Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line and per 
train mile, for the years ended June 30, 1909-1919, and for calendar years 

1919-1922. 



Years. 


Gross 

Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Net 
Earnings. 


Gioss 
Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Per mile of line. 


Per train mile. 


1909... 


s : 

6,017-89 
7,033-93 
7,430-45 
8,209-07 
8,760-50 
7,893-60 
5,616-41 
6,943-00 
8,051-00 
8,493-54 
9,846-18 
10.461-32 
12,495-00 
11,516-00 
11.080-00 


$ 
4,339-53 
4,868-60 
5,158-85 
5,639-48 
6,211-38 
5,811-83 
4,151-57 
4,823-00 
5,774-00 
7,046-00 
8,789-00 
9.645-00 
12,143-00 
10,625-00 
9.904-00 


S 
1,678-36 
2,165-33 
2,271-60 
2,569-59 
2,549-12 
2,081-77 
1,464-84 
2,120-00 
2,277-00 
1,447-54 
1,057-18 
816-32 
352-00 
891-00 
1.176-00 


$ 
1-816 
?-036 
2-103 
2-173 
2-263 
2-253 
2-144 
2-358 
2-683 
3-006 
3-683 
3-817 
4-192 
4-376 
4-095 


S 
1-309 
1-409 
1-460 
1-493 
1-604 
1-659 
1-585 
1-623 
1-925 
2-494 
3-292 
3-520 
4-074 
4-038 
3-660 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


118 


1919 


1919 (Dec: 31) 


1920 ( " ) 


1921 ( " ) 


1922 ( " V. 



62373 40J 



628 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



8. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways for the calendar years 

1919-1922. 



Items of Expenditure. 


1919. 




1920. 




1921. 




1922. 




Ways and structures 


$ 

82.343.53C 


p.c. 
21-85 


$ 

100,186,413 


p.c. 
20-95 


- 
88.268,355 


p.c. 
20-89 


* 

79.887,565 


p.c. 
20-28 


Equipment 


85,577,378 


22-71 


115,613,430 


24-17 


97,447,141 


23-06 


93,814,326 


23-82 


Traffic expenses 


7,242,438 


1-92 


9,648.506 


2-02 


11,302,676 


L-67 


12,925,589 


3-28 


Transportation 


184,214,447 


48-90 


233,473,462 


48-82 


209,583,746 


49-60 


191,009,121 


48-49 


General expenses 


17,411,300 


4-62 


19,326,343 


4-04 


15,979,287 


3-78 


16,290.805 


4-13 




















Total 


376,789,093 


100-00 


478,248,154 


100 00 


422,581,205 


100-00 


393,927,406 


100 00 





















9. Summary Analysis of Statistics of Passenger and Freight Services and Receipts, 

1910-1922. 

P.VSSEXGERS. 



Years ended June 30. 


Number of 
Passengers 
carried. 


Number of 
Passengers 
carried 
one mile. 


Numbet of 
Passengers 
carried one mile 
per mile 
of line. 


Average 
Receipts 
per passenger 
per mile. 


1910 .. 


No. 
35,894,575 


No. 

2.466,729,664 


No. 
99,742 


cents. 
1-866 


1911 


37,097.718 


2,605.968,924 


102.597 


1-944 


1912 


41.124.181 


2.910.251,636 


108.888 


1-943 


1913 


46.185,968 


3,265.656,080 


111.353 


1-973 


1914 


46.702,280 


3,089.031.194 


100.309 


2-007 


1915 


46.322,035 


2,483.708,745 


69,802 


2-021 


1916 


43,503.459 


2.727.122.618 


72.611 


1-954 


1917 


48,106.530 


3,150,127,428 


79.829 


1-946 


1918 


44,948,638 


3,161,082.402 


81.306 


2-122 


1919 . 


43,754.194 


3,074,664.369 


79.048 


2-557 


1919 (Dec. 31) . . 


47.940,456 


3,658.492,716 


93,668 


2.631 


1920 ( " ) 


51.318,422 


3,522.494,856 


89.440 


2-916 


1921 ( " ) 


46.793.251 


2,960,853,955 


74,418 


3-036 


1922 ( " ) 


44,421.859 


2,814,351,501 


70,760 


2-820 












Years ended June 30. 


Average 
Receipts 
per 
passenger. 


Average 
passenger 
journey 
in miles. 


Average 
number of 
pass-engers 
per train. 


Passenger 
revenue per 
passenger 
train mile. 


1910... 


$ 

1-282 


Miles. 
69 


No. 
59 


$ 

1-313 


1911 


1-360 


70 


60 


1-348 


1912 


1-375 


71 


62 


390 


1913 


1-394 


71 


62 


223 


1914 


1-328 


66 


59 


185 


1915 


1-083 


54 


50 


016 


1916 


1-083 


55 


53 


042 


1917... 


1-140 


59 


59 


160 


1918 


1-492 


70 


64 


709 


1919 


1-796 


70 


63 


2-012 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


2 -COS 


76 


70 


2-259 


1920 ( " ) 


2-002 


68 


64 


2-360 


1921 ( " ) 


1-921 


63 


57 


2-300 


1922 ( " ) 


1-780 


63 


55 


2-100 













FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRAFFIC 



629 



f. Summary Analysis of Statistics of Passenger and Freight Services and Receipts, 

1910-1S23 concluded. 

F HEIGHT. 



Years ended June 30. 


Tons of 
Freight 
carried. 


Tons of 
Freight 
carried 
one mile. 


Tons 
carried one 
mile per 
mile of 
line. 


Freight 
receipts 
per ton 
per mile. 


1910 


Tons. 
74,482,866 


Tons. 
15,712,127,701 


Tons. 
635,321 


cents. 
C-739 


1911 


79,884,282 


16,048,478,295 


631,829 


0-777 


1912 


89,444,331 


19,558,190,527 


731.776 


0-757 


1913 


106,992,710 


23,032.951,596 


785,820 


0-758 


1914 


101,393,989 


22,063,294,685 


716.359 


0-742 


1915 


87.204,833 


17,661.309,723 


496.355 


0-751 


1916 


109,659,088 


28.195,364,264 


753,202 


0-653 


1917 


121.916.272 


31,186,707.851 


807.948 


0-690 


1918 


127,543,687 


31.029.072,279 


798,093 


0-736 


1919 


116,699.572 


27,724.397.202 


712,783 


0-962 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


111.487,780 


26 950.598,322 


690,015 


1-C03 


1920 ( " ) 


127,429,154 


31,894,411.479 


809 832 


1-071 




103,131.132 


26.621.630,554 


669,373 


1-200 


1922 ( " ) 


108,530,518 


30,367,885,883 


763,530 


1-039 













Years ended June 30. 


Receipts 
per ton 
hauled. 


Average 
length of 
[reight haul 
in miles. 


Average 
train load 
in net 
tons. 


Average 
number of 
freight tons 
per loaded 
car. 


Revenue 
per 
freight 
train 
mile. 


1910... 


$ 
1-560 


Miles. 


Tons. 
311 


Tons. 
17-13 


$ 
2-316 


1911 


1-561 




305 


16-91 


2-376 


1912 


1-655 




3 9 5 


17-87 


2-494 


1913 


1-636 


216 


342 


19-01 


2-595 


1914 


1-614 


217 


353 


19-18 


2-619 


1915 


1-520 


202 


344 


18-43 


2-979 


1916 


1-679 


257 


411 


20-91 


2-686 


1917 


1-766 


256 


436 


22- "M 


3-006 


1918 


1-789 


243 


457 


23-10 


3-359 


1919 


2-286 


238 


442 


23 46 


4-256 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


2-427 


242 


434 


22-21 


4-358 


1920 ( " ) 


2-680 


250 


457 


23 -C5 


4-892 


1921 ( " ) 


3-100 


258 


447 


22-12 


5-370 


1922 ( " ) 


2-910 


280 


481 


23-03 


5-000 















10. Number of Steam Railway Employees, Amount of Salaries and Wages, and 
Ratios of the latter to Gross Earnings and Operating Expenses for years ended 
June 30. 1907-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. 



" ears ended June 30. 


Employees. 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Ratio to 
gross 
earnings. 


Ratio to 
operating 
expenses. 


1907... 


No. 

124 012 


$ 

58 719 403 


p.c. 
40-01 


p.c. 

ifi-fiO 


1908 


106 404 


60 376 607 


41 -C9 


KA . Oft 


1909 


125 105 


63 216 602 


43-58 


fifl-i^ 


1910 


123 768 


67 167 793 


38.R1 


^.7R 


1911.. 


141 224 


74 613 738 


39-53 


5fi . Q4. 


1912 


155 901 


94 237 623 


39-79 


K7.Q9 


1913 


178 652 


115 740 8 9 5 


41-OQ 


co . en 


1914 


159 142 


111 762 972 


41-07 


CO . j9 


1915 


124 14 


90 15 727 


4 J i-15 


fii .no 


1916... 


144 770 


104 "500 647 


3Q-89 


17. 0* 


1917 


146 175 


19 626 187 


41 -SI 


Ifi 71 


1918 


143 493 


152 274 953 


46-14 


^ K.Q, 


1919 


158 777 


208 939 905 


54-56 


fii 19 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


173 728 


233 323 C74 


57-10 


fii -09 


1920 ( " ) 


185 177 


200 510 518 


59-04 


fin 74 


1921 ( " ) 


167 6?7 


47 756 138 


"U-OQ 




1922 ( " ) 


165 635 


233 294 040 


R9.Q4 


en OA 













630 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



Numerous wage adjustments during the year 1922 resulted in a net reduction 
in the average hourly rate of pay of employees on all railways of 7 p.c. The 
cuts extended throughout practically all classes of employees, the largest being 
that of 15 p.c. in the wages of section men; five classes show slight increases. 
There was an average of 1,992 fewer employees or 1-2 p.c., but the saving in 
wages was $14,462,098 or 5 8 p. c. compared with the previous year. , 

11. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways for years ended June 30, 1918 and 

1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. 



Mileage and Equipment. 


Year ended June 30. 


Year ended December 31. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


121. 


1922. 


Mileage and Engines. 
Miles in operation (single track) 


No. 

38.879 
9,238 
2,523 
5,756 

2,172 
595 
406 
568 
196 
166 
555 
1,514 
204 

150,074 
23,414 
8,556 
16.949 
485 
5,893 
3,664 


No. 

38.896 
9,176 
2,543 
5,879 

2,172 
618 
396 
701 
2C3 
164 
550 
1,513 
195 

153,520 
24.76S 
9.189 
18,375 
419 
6.C22 
4,965 


No. 

39.058 
9,481 
2,547 
5,947 

2,209 
592 
382 
671 
204 
162 
548 
1,584 
186 

154,044 
25.657 
11.023 
17.9C8 
414 
5.591 
5,158 


No. 

39.384 
9,608 
2,590 
6,030 

2,212 
582 
362 
673 
196 
187 
584 
1,479 
282 

155,964 
24.939 
11.164 
20,249 
414 
6.201 
5,555 


No. 

39.771 
9.755 
2,629 
6,027 

2,218 
552 
350 
677 
223 
173 
645 
1,807 
122 

161,259 
24,3 Jl 
li,585 
20,079 
413 
7,012 
5,824 


No. 

39.773 
9,892 
2,608 
5,955 

2,057 
514 
348 
697 

194 
610 
1.8C3 
310 

158.622 
24.186 
11.542 
20.557 
405 
6,463 
6,800 


Mile.-; of sidings 


Miles of double track 


Engines in use ... 


Passenger Cars. 
First class 


Second class 


Com bination 


Immigrant 


Dining 


Parlour 


Sleeping 


Baggage, express and postal 


Other 


Freight Cars. 
Box 


Flat 


Stock 


Coal 


Tank 


Refrigerator 


Other 





12. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways during the calendar years 

19*0, 1921 and 1922. 



Products. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Agricultural and Vegetable Products 
Wli.-at 


Tons. 

7,323,428 


Tons. 
10.401.214 


Tons. 
13,142,064 


Corn 


..889 


1,695.77.4 


1.732.221 


Oats 


2,181,501 


2,937.774 


3,125.602 




415.498 


725,619 


800.911 


live 


430. IV) 


2SH 


522,403 




127.978 


20 . 


143.777 


<Qt JK*J- grain 


3,207,893 


225.925 


170.218 


1* lour 


2,853.357 


3,401.848 


3,664.204 


Other mill products 


1.563.196 


1,5: . 


1.751.054 




1,664,054 


944,438 


1,028.835 


Cot ton 


237. Jit 


181.545 


1.869 


Apples (frc^h) . . . 


324.405 


300.788 


358.043 


Other fruit (fresh) 


376,015 


388.010 


425.889 




788, 


568.2 .) 2 


548.187 


Other fro^h vegetables 


212.961 


.180 


231.493 


Other agricultural and vegetable products 


860.7>J7 


779.10! 


6G1.571 










Total 


23,301,979 


24,774,495 


2S,5:.U.401 










Animals and Animal Products 


120.911 


102,999 


87.793 




1,061.143 


692,447 


907.110 




7o.i?a 


98.305 


89,778 




243.311 


276.230 


319.828 




695.743 


592, 459 


681.493 


Dressed meats (cured or salted) . . . 


120,083 


203,883 


262,565 



FREIGHT AND TRAFFIC STATISTICS 



031 



12. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways during the calendar years 

1929, 1J21 and 1922 concluded. 



Products. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Animals and Animal Products concluded 
Other packing house products 


Tons. 

489.734 


Tons. 

296 688 


Tons. 
212 573 


Poultry 


78 828 


73 ygg 


72 437 


Eggs 


90 461 


148 744 


156 611 


Butter and cheese 


196 957 


26 070 


280 247 


Wool 


101 533 


70 479 


75 881 


Hides and leather 


260 301 


189 374 


223 965 


Other animals and animal products 


272 000 


133.812 


121.219 


Total 


3,801,130 


3,131,278 


3 491 498 










Mine Products 
Anthracite coal . . 


9 513 891 


7 ggs 165 


A 1571 ini 


Bituminous coal 


22 933 445 


18 834 216 


nSR7 1 1 1 


Lignite coal 


240 249 


434 26 


261 732 


Coke 


1 109 449 


436 911 


745 77 


Iron ore 


899 546 


218 315 


355 728 


Other ores and concentrates 


2,127.184 


966 454 


1 C99 793 


Base bullion and matte 


173,851 


87,859 


77 227 


Clay, gravel, sand, stone (crushed)\ 


4 473 155 


4 165 439 


A 7KK 7R7 


Slate-dimension or block stone 


1,216.140 


607 460 


747 738 


vCrude petroleum 


1 051 066 


283 541 


98 1 * 14R 


Asphaltum 


248 672 


141 864 


1fi4 col 


Salt 


3C7 135 


352 CSC 


436 753 


Other mine products 


782.245 


422,465 


595,629 


Total 


45,075,968 


31 838 995 


11 Q50 ISfi 










Forest Products 
Logs, posts, poles, cordwood 


2 517 580 


2 801 149 


Q 1C7 oqn 


Ties . 


405 11 


558 43 


9nn Kon 


Pulp wood 


3 932 206 


6 053 903 


A 014. oon 


Lumber, timber, box shooks, heading 


10,572,971 


6 704 5 3 


8 7 9 9 649 


Other forest products 


4,850,912 


789.175 


721.437 


Total 


22 278 880 


16 900 993 


nc*>9 *)7e 










Manufactures and Miscellaneous 
Refi ned petroleum and its products 


1 63 S56 


1 682 411 


i COR no** 


Sugar 


1 166 039 


762 789 


Q41 7 *^ 


Iron pig and bloom 


1 35 921 


347 7C9 


E I44 9fiQ 


Rails and fastenings 


751 077 


3 5 706 


947 QQ7 


Bar and sheet iron structural iron and iron pipe 


2,231 908 


1 106 393 


1 ^3 Q49 


Castings, machinery and boilers 


1 325 906 


607 4R4 


ROO 790 


Cement 


1 176 451 


1 089 015 


1 OfiR rcfi 


Brick and artificial stone 


1 912 172 


775 2 4 


1 1""3 797 


Lime and plaster 


276 039 


373 845 


4QQ SQQ 


Sewer pipe and drain tile 


77 112 


118 384 


140 (Hfi 


Agricultural implements and vehicles other than auto s. . 
Automobiles and auto trucks 


756,124 
563 301 


333,575 
544 70 9 


252,867 

0*30 4^7 


Household goods 


197 7 7 


I(i7 9 9 


1 Aft "JJQ 


Furni t urn 


l f 7 330 


t)4 33y 


TO 1 ! W7 


Liquor and beverages 


?7 ( ) 063 


161 381 


IJiS 7CQ 


Fertilizers, all kinds 


2>> 550 


313 76 


O07 C1QO 


Paper, printed matter, books 


1 624 809 


1 66 588 


2991 in,* 


Wood pulp 


1 877 805 


1 493 0^4 


21 7P. fiQft 


Fish (fresh, frozen, cured, etc.) 


182 943 


160 057 


If.K 4.71 


Canned meats 


1C 99 


15 514 


no DO 


Canned goods (all canned food products other than meat) 
Other manufactures and miscellaneous 


305, 662 
10.061 340 


330.315 
6 223 53 


381,437 
6 5C3 678 


Merchandise 


5 111 959 


4 81 177 


4 fiin nno 










Total 


3 925 394 


23 502 220 


Oft |*fi: Cfi j 










Grand Total... 


127. 429. t54i 


103.131.1322 


1f)S.5:tfLlXI 



42.803 tons not classified 

1 27. 151 tons Thousands Islands Rly., not distributed. 

41,489 tons Thousand Islands Rly., not distributed. 



632 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



Government Aid to Private Railways. In order that the private railways 
of Canada might be constructed in advance of settlement as colonization roads, 
or through thinly-settled districts where little traffic was available, it was necessary 
for Dominion, Provincial and even Municipal Governments to extend some form 
of assistance. In our earlier history, when our Governments had plenty of Crown 
land and little cash, the subsidies granted to railways frequently took the form of 
land grants, which had the advantage of giving the railway a direct interest in 
opening up the country, though it sometimes led to the railways holding large 
tracts of land idle for speculative purposes when intermixed Crown lands had been 
homesteaded, thus retarding the settlement of agricultural land. Table 13 shows 
the areas of the land granted as subsidies to steam railway companies by the Dom 
inion and Provincial Governments, with the names of the companies in the case 
of the Dominion Government. The total area so granted up to Dec. 31, 1922, 
extended to 46,735,987 acres. 

As the country grew wealthier, the objections to the land grant method became 
more apparent, and aid was more frequently given in the form of a cash subsidy 
per mile of line, a loan, or a subscription to the shares of the railway. From 1851 
up to Dec. 31, 1922, as shown analytically in Table 15, the total value of such aid 
granted to steam railways in Canada, exclusive of the capital of two Government 
railways (I.C.R. and P.E.I.R.), amounted to $722,648,946. Of this sum $662,843,886 
represents aid granted by the Dominion Government, $43,414,386 that granted by 
the Provincial Governments, and $16,390,674, that granted by municipalities. 
Table 14 records the details of the most recent type of assistance given to private 
railways, viz., by the guaranteeing of their bonds or of the .interest thereupon. 
These guarantees enabled the railways receiving them to borrow money, generally 
trom British investors, at rates of interest considerably lower than would otherwise 
have had to be paid. Up to Dec 31, 1922, guarantees amounting to $447,490,378 
had been authorized by the Dominion and Provincial Governments, of which the 
total amount outstanding amounted to $404,601,953. 

13. Areas of Land Subsidies granted I* Steam Railways by the Dominion and 
Provincial Governments up to Dec. 31, 1922. 



By the Dominion Government. 


Acres. 




1.101.712 




1.198 




18,203,748 




1,818,017 




320,000 




1, SCO, 992 




1, 3^6, 473 




98,880 


C P R Souri- Branch 


1,406.932 




200,094 




3.167,550 




J.898 




1,622,922 




3,821 




10.002 




1.789 


Total by Dominion Government 


31.531,028 


By Provincial Governments. 


16C.OOO 




1,788.392 




1.778,950 




3,241,207 




S. 233. 410 


Total by Provincial Governments 


1., 2111, 959 


Total by Dominion and Provincial Governments 


46,735,987 







Not i 



GOVERNMENT AID TO STEAM RAILWAYS 



633 



14. Railway Bonds Guaranteed by Dominion and Provincial Governments. 



Governments. 


Amount 
Authorized. 


Amount 
Outstanding 
Dec. 31, 1922. 




$ 
8,028,977 


$ 
8,028,977 




126,000 


126, TOO 




7,860.000 


7,860.000 


Manitoba 


25,663,553 


25,662,546 




47,725,000 


28,582,012 


Alberta 


41.724,410 


35,488,128 




68, 135, COO 


60,317,524 










199,261,940 


166,065,187 




248,227,438 


238,536,766 








Grand Total . 


447,490,378 


404,601,953 









15. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railways up to Dec. 31, 1923. 



By the Dominion Government. 



By Provincial Governments. 



Cash subsidies 


$ 
121,308,478 


Cash subsidies 


$ 
33,537,914 






Loans 


9,576,472 


Loans . . 


498,590,036 


Subscription to shares 


300,000 












5 160 053 


Total 


43,414,386 










Cost of lines handed over to C.P.R 


37,785,319 


By Municipalities. 
















Cash subsidies 


12,893.529 






Loans 


1.071.645 






Subscription to shares 


2,425,500 














Total 


16,390,674 










Total 


662,843,886 


Grand Total 


722,648,946 











Tables 16 and 17, from the Annual Report of the Department of Railways 
and Canals, show the capital expenditure and current financial operations of the 
Dominion Government on the Canadian Government Railways to the end of the 
fiscal year 1922. 

16. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses and Revenue of Canadian Government 
Railways, for the fiscal years 1868-1900, 1901-1922, and before Confederation. 



Years. 


Capital 
Expendi 
ture. 


Working 
Expenses. 


Revenue. 


Surplus (+) 
and 
deficit (-). 


Before Confederation 


$ 

13,881,461 


S 


$ 


$ 


1868-1900 


114.091.21C 


81,391,472 


73,226.382 


-8 155,090 


1901 


3,922,989 


5,739,052 


5,213.381 


-525,671 


1902 


5,386,611 


5,861,099 


5.918.990 


+57,891 


1903 


3,083.681 


6,474.134 


6,584,599 


+ 110.465 


19C4 


2,619,060 


7,599.959 


6,627,256 


-972.703 


1905 


6,125,482 


8,906,154 


7,050,892 


-1,855,262 


1906... 


6,102,566 


7,893.653 


7,950.553 


+56,900 


1907 (9 mos.) 


7.174,370 


6,328.746 


6,509.186 


+ 180,440 


1908 


23. 684, COS 


9,595.295 


9,534,569 


-60,726 


1909 


29,414,227 


9,764,587 


8,894,420 


-870,167 


1910 


21,505.976 


9,095,904 


9,647,964 


+552,060 


1911.. 


24,532,466 


10,037,879 


10.249,394 


+211.515 


1912 


23.108,806 


11,074,853 


11,034,166 


-40,687 


1913 


17.375.968 


12,499.926 


12,442,203 


-57,723 


1914 


21.628,095 


13,559,225 


13.394,317 


164,908 


1915... 


21,865,664 


12,474,454 


12,149,357 


-325,097 



634 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



. Cost of Construction, Working Expnes an1 Revenue of C m-uli m Government 
Railways, for the flscil years 1S68-1990, 1901-1922, and before 
Confederation concluded. 



Years. 



Capital 
Expendi 
ture. 



Working 
Expenses. 



Revenue. 



Surplus (-f ) 

an.l 
deficit (-). 



1916. 
1917. 
1918. 
1919. 
1920. 
1921. 
1922. 



21.155,255 

12,C03,f)50 

34.699,417 

40,193.181 

11,593.148 

5,096,535 

4,553,638 



19.407.380 
25.795.907 
33,400.460 
43.889,626 
48,194,710 
43,770,971 
47,114.746 



18,427.909 
23.539,759 
27.24C.957 
38.013,726 
41.4C2.C61 
36,814,356 
40,787,945 



-979.471 
-2.256.148 
-6,159.503 
-5.875.900 
-6.792.649 
-6.956.621 
-6.326,801 



Total. 



474,797,361 



477,283,962 



433,654,337 



-44,629,625 



i Less tl!).or) r^nvjl fr^n St. Jihn City for th- C irleton Brtnch railway = $474, 757, 361. Cost of 
Quebec Bridge not included, nor $16,030 miscellaneous expenditure in 1914. 

NOTE. For the years 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, page 437. For details regarding 
composition, ownership and management of Government Railways, see introduction to the section. 

17. Capital Expenditure on Government Railways to March 31, 1922. 



Railways. 



Kxpen- 
ditures. 



Canadian Government Railways 
Intercolonial Railway System 

Canada Eastern Railway 819,000 

Cape Breton Railway 3.969.670 

Drummond County Railway 1. 404.000 

Eastern Extension Railway 1,324.043 

Montreal and European Railway 333.943 

Oxford and New Glasgow Railway 1 . 949.063 

Intercolonial Railway 135.508,771 

Total 145.368,490 

New Brunswick and Piince Edward Island Railway 796.542 

Prince Edward Wand Hail way 12. 836,775 

International Hail way of New Brunswick 2.936. 114 

National Transcontinental Railway . 168, 487, iW 

Moncton and Buctouche Railway 272. 168 

Salisbuiy and Albert Railway 431 .903 

St. Martin s Railway 299, PI I 

Elgin nml Ilavelook Railway 134.550 

Yo, k ani >n Railway 2!). 760 

uebec and Saguenay Railway 7.737.851 

aniquet an-.! (itilf Shore Railway 517.972 

Lotbini&re and Megantic Railway 193 

Hudson Bay Railway 20.536. 106 

Canadian Government Railways (rolling stock) 39.864. 148 

Quebec Bridge 11, 831 ,743 

Total 415. 438. 154 

Other Railways and Miscellaneous 

Canadian Northern Railway 10,000,000 

Annapolis and Digby Railway 660.683 

European and North American Railway 88,363 

Nova Sr-otia Railway 208.510 

Carleton Branch Railway 48,410 

Canadian Pacific Railway 62,7^ 

Yukon Territory Work-. Stikine Teslin Railway 283 . 324 

Governor-General s Cars 71 539 

Miscellaneous expenditure 18.345 

Grand Total Capital Expenditure 4S9, 607,194 



Railway Accidents. The number of passengers, employees and others 
killed and injured in steam railway accidents from 1888 to 1922 is j>iven in summary 
form in Table 18. and in a detailed analysis for 1920 to 1922 in Table 19. Attention 
is directed to the great reduction since 1913 in the number killed and to the increase 



RAILWAY ACCIDENTS 



635 



in the number injured. It is probably the case that injuries are much more com 
pletely reported than in the past, especially in view of the workmen s compensation 
legislation of the provinces. 

18. Number of Passengers, Employees and others killed and injured on Steam 
Railways for the year* ended June 3"), 18S3-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. 



Years. 


Passengers. 


Employees. 


Others. 


Totals. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


1888-1900... 


176 
16 
14 
53 
25 
35 

16 
70 
28 
36 
62 

28 
48 
41 
27 
17 

20 
24 
32 
36 


966 
135 
176 
258 
234 
244 

233 
355 
345 
281 
279 

297 
493 
667 
415 
336 

309 
438 
344 
307 


1,104 
118 
152 
186 
192 
208 

139 

259 
224 
209 
295 

227 
234 
324 
224 
115 

174 
209 
178 
174 


8,459 
970 
932 
945 
912 
919 

890 
1.569 
1,793 
1,679 
1,605 

2,715 
2,924 
3,407 
3,161 
2,573 

4,332 
4.596 
5.352 
5,432 


1,661 
183 
164 
181 
178 
225 

206 
269 
184 
260 
258 

236 

288 
377 
349 

247 

274 
219 
200 
176 


1.785 
212 
220 
250 
259 
194 

242 
228 
222 
226 
255 

317 
363 
498 
463 
362 

337 
401 
393 
412 


2,941 
317 
330 
420 
395 
468 

361 
598 
436 
505 
615 

493 

568 
742 
600 
379 

468 
452 
410 
386 


11.210 
1.317 
1,328 
1.453 
1,407 
1,355 

1,365 
2,152 
2.360 
2,186 
2,139 

3,329 
3,780 
4,572 
4.039 
3,271 

4,978 
5.435 
6,089 
6.151 


1901 


1902 ...: 


1903 


1904i 


1905 


1906... 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910... 


1 
1911 


1912.. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916... 


1917 


1918 


1919 


Total, to June 30, 1919 


804 


7,112 


4,945 


55,165 


6,135 


7,639 


11,884 


69,918 


1919 1 ... 


34 
29 
5 
11 


392 

481 
259 
369 


197 
167 
156 
122 


6.319 
7.719 
6.583 
8,361 


209 
197 
193 

2C8 


476 
480 
394 
517 


440 
393 
354 
341 


7.217 
8.680 
7,236 
9,247 


1920" 


1921 


1922 





NOTE. For the years 1888 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, page 443. Calendar year. 

19. Number of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Kail ways for the calendar years 

1!>20 to 1922. 

(A) IN ACCIDENTS RESULTING FROM MOVEMENT OF TRAINS, LOCOMOTIVES OR CARS. 



Descriptions of Persons 


19 


20. 


19 


?1. 


19 


22. 




Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Passengers 


28 


456 


5 


907 


11 


^fi 


Employees 


145 


2 513 


127 


2 4 


107 


24.10 


Trespassers 


106 


170 


91 


113 


104 




Non-trespassers 


78 


237 


97 


204 


96 


Q11 


Postal clerks, expressmen, etc 


3 


26 


3 


24 


5 


45 
















Total 


360 


3,402 


323 


2,592 


32$ 


a 2ifi 


Description of Accident 
Coupling and uncoupling 


12 


24 


4 


136 


5 




Collisions 


29 


223 


g 


1<>7 


9 




Derailments 


23 


313 


15 


199 


11 


308 


Parting of trains 




43 


1 


22 




49 


Locomotives or cars breaking down. . . 
Falling from Uains or cars 


22 


74 
41 1 


15 


47 
300 


2 9 


37 
4ns 


Jumping on or off 


8 


308 


10 


260 


10 


9fi 


Struck by trains, etc 
Overhead obstruction 


70 


165 
31 


54 

2 


89 
31 


49 
1 


111 
20 


Other causes 


g 


1 151 


22 


1 040 


11 


1 31R 
















Total 


173 


2,969 


132 


2.251 


118 


2 77S 

















636 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



19. Number of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways for the calendar years 

1920 tn 1922 concluded. 
(B) IN ACCIDENTS OTHER THAN THOSE RESULTING FROM MOVEMENT OP TRAINS, LOCOMOTIVES OR CARS. 





19, 


!0. 


19 


11. 


19. 


>2. 




Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 






710 


1 


380 




506 




5 


1,950 


7 


1,623 


5 


2 180 




6 


1,355 


13 


1 571 


5 


2 145 




11 


1,191 


8 


985 


5 


1 090 




1 


25 




32 




33 


Others 


10 


47 


2 


53 


3 


37 
















Total 


33 


5,278 


31 


4,644 


18 


5,991 

















Canadian National Railway Operations. The operated mileage of Cana 
dian National Railways at December 31, 1922, was 22,665-51. The actual mileage 
was 22,680-68, made up as follows: 

Canadian Government Railways 4,667 12 

Canadian Northern Railway System 9,994-79 

Grand Trunk Pacific 2,710-50 

Grand Trunk Railway System 4 , 775 77 

Central Vermont Railway 532-50 



22,680-68 

The gross operating revenue of alf these railways in the calendar year 1922 
amounted to $234,111,090 and the operating expenses to $229,917,541, leaving a net 
revenue from operation of $4,193,549 as compared with a deficit of $11,847,818 in 
1921. Including fixed charges, however, the total deficit was $60,251,845 as com 
pared with $72,662,278 in 1921, an improvement of $12,410,433. 1 

20. Canadian National Railways Train Traffic Statistics for the calendar years 

1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Items 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Train Mileage 


Miles. 
13,322,587 


Miles. 
12,701,319 


Miles. 
12,237,746 


Freight trains 


20,988.345 


18,649,988 


18.472.628 


Mixed trains 


3,496,665 


3,317,850 


2,945,234 










Total Train Miles (excluding Special Train Miles). 


37,807,897 


34,669,157 


33.655,608 


Car Mileage 
Passenger 
Coaches, parlor, sleeping and dining cars 


55,744,463 


58,736,090 


60,110,284 


I3aggage mail, express, etc . . 


38,149,446 


34,306,139 


32,406,622 










Total Passeneer Train Car Miles. . 


93,893,909 


93.042,229 


92,516,906 



i lor detailel statistics of the operation of the Canadian National Railways during 1922, see th 
Annual Statement by the Acting .Vinister of Railways and Canals, in Hansard of March 27, 1923. 



ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 



637 



29. Canadian National Railways Train Traffic Statistics for the calendar years 

1929, 1921 and 1122 concluded. 



Items. 


1920. 


1921. 


. 1922. 


Car Mileage concluded. 
Freight 
Loaded freight car miles 


420,074,960 


389,521,482 


424.635,893 


Empty freight car miles 


168,809,115 


211,428,758 


219,857,824 


Caboose miles 


21,224,990 


20,584,200 


19 682,500 










Total Freight Train Car Miles 


610,109,065 


621,534,440 


664 176,217 










Passenger cars per passenger traffic train mile 


5-58 


7-05 


7-26 


Freight cars per freight traffic train mile 


24-92 


28-81 


31-75 










Passenger Traffic 
Passenger s carried (earning revenue) 


13,572,245 


11,938,149 


11 331 226 


Passengers carried (earning revenue) one mile 


841,636,864 


714,748,217 


689,391,942 


Passengers carried (earning revenue) one mile per 
mile of road 


50, 957 


41,773 


40,022 


Average passenger journey miles 


62-01 


59-87 


60-84 


Average amount received per passenger 


$ 1.66 


1 69 


1 58 


Average amount received per passenger mile 


c. 2-68 


2-827 


2-599 


Average number of passengers per train mile 


50-04 


54-16 


54-12 


Average number of passengers peT car mile 


15-10 


12-17 


11-47 


Revenue from passengers per passenger car mile 


c. 40-52 


34-41 


29-81 




$ 1 71 


2 13 


2 00 


Total passenger train earnings per mile of road 


$ 1,738 52 


1,643 66 


1,477 72 










Freight Traffic- 
Tons of revenue freight carried 


25,089,376 


21,258,600 


22.426,403 


Tons of revenue freight carried one mile 


9 221 370 748 


8 997 713 512 


10 091 109 668 


Total tons fall classes) freight carried one mile. 


10 454 247 657 


10 295 715 553 


11 470 240 341 


Tons of mn-revenue freight carried one mile. .... 


1 232 876 909 


1,298 002 041 


1 379 130 673 


Tons of revenue freight carried one mile per mile of 
road 


558,314 


525 865 


585,831 


Tons of non-revenue freight carried one mile per mile 
of road 


74,645 


75,861 


80, 064 


Total tons (all classes) freight carried one mile per 
mile of road 


632,959 


601,726 


665.895 


Average amount received per ton per mile revenue 
freight 


c. 0-983 


1-041 


0-889 


Average number of tons revenue freight per train mile 
Average number of tons non-revenue freight per train 
mile . 


376-61 
50-35 


417-12 
60-17 


482-41 
65-93 


Average number of tons (all classes) freight per train 
mile 


426-96 


477-29 


548-34 


Average number of tons revenue freight per loaded 
car mile 


21-95 


23-10 


23-76 


Average number of tons non -re venue freight per 
loaded car mile 


2-93 


3-33 


3-25 


Average number of tons (all classes) freight per 
loaded car mile ..... 


24-88 


26-43 


27-01 


Average haul, revenue freight . . 


367-54 


423-25 


449-97 


Freight train earnings per loaded car mile 


c. 21-58 


24-27 


21-35 


Freight train earnings per train mile 


$ 3 70 


4 38 


4 33 


Freight train earnings per mile of road 


S 5,489 12 


5,525 49 


5,262.84 











III. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. 

The cheap and reasonably rapid conveyance of human beings is a necessity 
of the modern urban life which falls to the lot of an annually increasing percentage 
of the population of Canada. This necessity of life is supplied throughout Canada 
by the electric street railway, generally operated by the development of the water 
powers which are so important a feature of Canadian economic life. 

Historical. Replacing the horse-car systems, used in Montreal and Toronto 
as early as 1861, electric street railways were first seen in operation in Canada 
in 1885, when a successful experimental railway was constructed and operated 



038 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

at the Toronto Exhibition Grounds. Before many years, their safety and con- 
renience resulted in the discarding of the older system. An electric system 7 
miles in length was opened at St. Catharines in 1887, using the double overhead 
trolley. This was followed by the completion of the Ottawa Electric railway in 
1891, and the electrification of the Montreal and Toronto systems in 1892. 
The street railways of other eastern cities were generally electrified during the 
nineties, while in the newer western cities electricity was used from the commence 
ment. In the cities of the East, electric street railways are generally operated 
by private companies under franchises from the city, while in a considerable 
number of cities of Ontario and the West the street railways are owned and operated 
by the city, a fact which is indicated in Tables 24 and 25 by the word "municipal" 
in the name of the railway. In 1921, on the expiry of the 30 jear franchise of the 
Toronto Street Railway Company, the line in this second largest city of Canada 
was taken over by the city and is now being operated by a transportation com 
mission. 

Where possible, water-power with turbine engines is used for generating pur 
poses. Where this is not available, steam power is necessary, and although this 
is a more expensive method, modern devices have greatly reduced the cost per h.p. 
Many difficulties are met in operating the cars during the winter season, due to 
snow, ice and sleet. These, however, have been overcome by the use of sweepers, 
scrapers ard plows. The single overhead trolley system has been found the most 
suitable and is in general use. 

Great advances have been made during recent years in the construction and 
use of suburban or inter-urban lines, their mileage now comprising a large percentage 
of the total. The greater part of this track is in the Toronto, Niagara and Lake 
Erie district, on which considerable freight traffic is carried, and on the Pacific 
coast, where the British Columbia Electric railway operated 421 freight cars in 
1920. 

Development of Electric Railway Traffic. Figures for the year 1893 
show that 30 companies with a paid-up capital of about $9,000,000 operated 256 
miles of railway. By 1897, 35 companies made returns showing 583 miles of track, 
1,156 cars, 26,431,017 rru les run, 83,811,306 passengers carried and capital of 
$18,727,355. In 1904, 46 companies showed 766 miles of track, 2,384 cars, 42,066,124 
miles run, 181,689,998 passengers, and capital of $30,314,730. Steady increases 
up to 1922 show that during that year 65 companies actually in operation, h; d 
2,494 miles computed as single track, 5,048 cars, 116,711,189 miles run and 738,908,949 
fare passengers carried, v\ ith a capital of $188,258,974. The number of employees 
in the service of electric railwajs on Dec. 31, 1922, was 18,099 as compared with 
17,015 in 1921. Total salaries and wages for the year 1922 were $24,988,119, 
as against $32,976,728 in 1921. 

Statistics of Electric Railways. Summary statistics of the operation of 
electric railways in -Canada from 1901 to 1922 inclusive are given by years in Table 
21. In Table 22 statistics of the mileage and equipment are given for the last 
four railwa} years, and annual statistics of the capital liability of electric railways 
are furnished from J908 in Table 23. Detailed figures for railways of the miles 
operated, the capital liability, the earnings and operating expenses are given for 
1921 in Table 24 and for 1922 in Table 25, while Table 26 gives by years from 
1894 to 1922 the number of passengers, employees and others killed and injured 
on electric railways in Canada. 



OPERATING STATISTICS OF ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 



639 



21. Summary Statistics of Electric Railway Operation, years ended June 30, 
1901-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. 



Years. 


Single 
Track 
Mileage 
in 
Operation. 


Total 
Car 
Mileage. 


Passengers. 


Freight. 


Gross 
Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Ratio 
of 

Expenses 
to 
Receipts. 


Number 
of 
Em 
ployees. 


1901... 


Miles. 
552-91 


Miles. 
31.750,754 


No. 
120 934 656 


Tons. 
287 96 


$ 

5 768 283 


$ 
3 435 16 9 


p.c. 

59-55 




1902 


557-59 


35,833,841 


135,681,402 


266 182 


6 486 438 


3 802 855 


58-63 




1903 


759-36 


38,028,528 


155,662,812 


371 286 


7 233 677 


4 472 858 


61-83 




1904 


766-50 


42,066,124 


181,689,968 


400,161 


8 453 609 


5 3 9 6 516 


63-01 




1905... 


793-12 


45 959 101 


203 467 217 


510 350 


9 357 125 


5 G18 194 


63-25 




1906 


813-74 


50.618,836 


237,655,074 


506.024 


10 966 871 


6 675 037 


60-87 




1907 


814-52 


53,361,227 


273.899,404 


479,731 


12 630 430 


7 373 251 


58-38 




1908 


992-03 


56 964 881 


299 099 309 


732 475 


14 007 049 


8 695 880 


62-08 




1909 


988-97 


60 152 846 


314 026 671 




14 611 484 


8 885 235 


60-81 


10 557 


1910 


1,047-07 


65 249 166 


360 964 876 


852 294 


17 100 789 


10 121 781 


59-19 


11 390 


1911 


1,223-73 


72 618 806 


426 96 792 


228 362 


20 356 952 


12 OC6 134 


59.49 


13 671 


1912 


1,308-17 


82,070,064 


488 865 682 


435 525 


23 499 250 


14 266 675 


60-71 


14 760 


1913 


1 356-63 


89,005 216 


597 863 801 


S57 930 


28 216 111 


17 765 372 


6 9 96 


16 351 


1914 


1,560-82 


98,917,808 


614,709 819 


,845 923 


29 691 007 


19 107 818 


64-36 


16 195 


1915 


1,590-29 


96 964 829 


562 302 373 


433 602 


26 922 900 


18 131 842 


67-35 


14 795 


1916 


1,673-77 


82,516 612 


580,094 167 


.936 674 


27 416 285 


18 099 906 


66 02 


10 622 


1917 


1,743-54 


84,073.046 


629 441,697 


2,333,539 


30 237 664 


20 098 634 


66-47 


11 69b 


1918 


1,616-36 


84,435,323 


487,365 456 


2,497 530 


24 299,890 


17 535 975 1 


72-16 1 


11 6481 


1919 


1,698-52 


106,961 607 


686.124,263 


2, 474.892 


35,696 532 


26 839 071 


75-18 


17 242 


1919* . 


l,t86-78 


110 206 344 


749 334 380 


2 374 612 


40 698 586 


31 385 702 


77-1 9 


16 940 


1920 2 


1 698-76 


114 481 406 


804 711 333 


2 691 150 


47 047 94b 


37 242 483 


79-16 


17 341 


192P ... 


1,687-37 


111 576 949 


719 305 4413 


2 285 886 


44 536 83 9 


35 945 316 


80-71 


17 015 


1922*.. 


1.724-60 


116.711.189 


738.908.949 


2.445.425 


49.660.485 


35. 986.8 72 


72-47 


18.090 



1 Not including Montreal Tramways and several other units. 2 Calendar year. 
* The report of the Toronto Transportation Commission for the last four months of 1921 would increase 
this number by about 80,000,000 or possibly bring it up to the 1920 record. 

23. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways for the calendar years 1919-1922. 



Mileage. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Cars. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Length of first main 
track 


1,686-78 


1,698-76 


1,687-37 


1,724-60 


Passenger cars, closed 


3,120 
513 


3,300 
371 


3,257 
376 


3,868 
258 


Length of second 
main track 


484-63 


509-35 


499-58 


513-22 


Passenger cars, com 
bination 


766 


667 


665 


115 


Total length of main 










Freight cars 


718 


669 


661 


741 


truck . 


2 171-41 


2 208-11 


2 186-95 


2 237-82 












Length of sidings 










gage cars . 


43 


44 


45 


38 


and turnouts . 


228-16 


219-14 


238-79 


255-96 




17 


91 


18 




Total, computed as 










Work cars ... 


207 


168 


213 


20 


iingle track 


2,399-57 


2,427-25 


2,425-74 


2,493-78 










8 












Total cars 


5,384 


5 240 


5 235 


5 048 












Busses 








27 












Snow ploughs. . 


62 


60 


65 


65 












Sweepers 


142 


143 


134 


146 












Miscellaneous 


98 


107 


89 


278 












Locomotives 


48 


54 


55 


56 












Total equipment 


5,734 


5,504 


5,578 


5,620 



23. Capital Liability of Electric Railways, years ended June 30, 1908-1919, and for 

calendar jears 1919-1922. 



Years. 


Stocks. 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


Years. 


Stocks. 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


1908... 


$ 

50,295,266 


$ 

37,114 619 


$ 

87 409 885 


1916 


$ 

67 738 275 


$ 

87 117 3f)Q 


$ 

154 895 584 


1909 


51,946,433 


39 658 556 


91 604 989 


1917 


70 606 520 


on Rya 910 


161 234 739 


1910 


58,653,826 


43,391 153 


102 044 979 


1918 


73 864 820 


93 388 273 


167 253 093 


1911 


62,251,203 


49,281 144 


111,532 347 


1919 


93 042 368 


78 852 188 


171 894 556 


1912 


70,829,118 


52,012,828 


122,841 946 


1919 


91 757 418 


81 283 992 


173 041 340 


1913 


62,079,767 


79 155 864 


141 235 (,31 


1920 


Ql 391 Oil 


7Q 104 44Q 


moofi ,104 


1914 


66,311,098 


81 284 244 


147 595 342 


1921 


01 IRQ ssi 


Bfi 017 "ill 


177 1S7 43ft 


1915.... 


66,696,675 


83 647 327 


150 344 002 


1922 


76 949 185 


mQflQ 78Q 


188 918 Q74 



















NOTE. The totals here given do not include $493,346 aid paid by Governments and Municipalities. 



640 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



24. Mileage operated, Capital, Earnings and Opsratin? Expenses of Electric Railways 

in Canada, year ended D?c. 31, Itfl. 



Name of Railway. 


Mileage 
operated. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Earnings. 


Operating 
expenses. 




No. 

9-90 


S 

450,000 


$ 

43,932 


S 

58,811 




23-19 


660,000 


. 288,049 


150.640 




19-28 


520,000 


191.951 


196,388 




244-84 


17,527,384 


5,424,238 


4,415,535 


Calai Street 


7-00 


200,000 


57,968 


52,213 




66-50 


2,365,173 


940,456 


653,862 




1-75 


14,843 


58 


939 




30-59 


2,535,000* 


375,821 


321,725 




36-73 


1,455,100 


Io8,179 


152,821 




4-00 


200.000 


53,933 


46.113 




32-82 


3,143,121 


788; 580 


580.376 


Fori Will in m Street ] 


11-03 


1,337,000 


191,93 


170, 136 




_ 


125,000 


- 


- 




18-63 


551,000 


353,316 


300,089 


Goclph Radial l 


8-49 


266,000 


77,327 


76,064 




6-98 


200,000 


90,564 


108,498 




22-60 


385,000 


210,565 


227.544 




22-86 


271,150 


198.395 


223,806 




17-40 


1,525.000 


984,347 


870.869 


Hull Electi ic Co 


16-54 


292,000 


328,364 


250,650 




3-80 


222,500 


87,239 


71.317 




6-00 


183,100 


78,306 


64.122 




4-30 


124.341 


103,522 


79,062 




51-00 


3,817,500 


348,778 


274,802 




6-67 


361.428 


64,651 


74,297 




11-50 


922,900 


131,254 


113.587 




24-50 


1,775,194 


623,007 


475,662 






1.131,000 


- 


- 




27-48 


1,123,480 


567,749 


487.344 




2-72 


1,365,400< 


13,547 


13,729 




142-42 


42,508,796 


11,754,477 


8,535,571 




52-67 


1,000,000 


489,062 


488,566 




9-00 


795,372 


120,962 


108,427 




2-13 


81,000 


20,828 


19,796 


New Hrun^wick Power Co 


14-30 


5,219,000 


269,337 


294,098 


Niagara F^ll 15 Park and River Div (Int l Ry .) 


11-91 


630,000 


218,434 


1S2.091 




61-60 


2,023,000 


1,070.354 


969,763 




1-87 


282,000 


25,450 


26,176 




15-37 


530,000 


99,860 


121,648 




12-63 


7,838,800 


680,263 


571,094 




9-00 


40,000 


206,129 


142,704 




26-61 


2,245,900 


1,839,907 


1,374,911 




7-64 


479,753 


100,141 


107,264 


Pictou Countv Electric Co 


9-20 


1,130,000 


104,321 


96,103 


Port Arthur Civic l 


12-43 


729,738 


195,749 


153,694 


OtmKinr* Rv T icrVit and Pnwpr Cn ( Citadel Div ^ 


19-26 




907,275 


707,639 


Quebec Ry. Light and Power Co. (Montmorency Div. 


28-60 
25-59 


,775, 670 << 
1,586,053 


335,647 
374,221 


284,945 
298.343 




34-76 


1,086,000 


506,349 


424,893 


Saroia Street 


8-25 


184,700 


84,496 


91.982 




12-63 


851,036 


288,382 


231.382 




14-44 


550,000 


32,793 


28,756 




3-75 


493,800 


58,906 


47,311 




9-39 


2,827,000 


97,256 


105,062 




7-50 


141,907 


31,931 


53,971 




17-26 


600,000 


197,846 


185,280 




7-90 


288,100 


52,194 


42,347 






868,000 


- 


- 




7-10 


835,700 


137,273 


106,443 


Toronto Street 


62-04 


14,274,360 


5,130,431 


4,782.490 




65-30 


4,128,000 


423,143 


453,133 


Toronto Civic 


10-26 


2,524,737 


398,700 


425,127 


Toronto and York Radial * 


70-45 


2,000,000 


1,104,470 


881,224 


Waterloo-Wellington Ry 


3-45 


79,200 


10,660 


8,213 




36-17 


1,750,000 


322,240 


253,953 




38-48 


1,180,200 


225,025 


176,714 




63-71 


23,380,000 


3,740,718 


2.603,658 


Woodstock Thames Valley and Ingersoll 


10-20 


340,000 


26,567 


21,821 


Yarmouth Light and Power Co 


3-00 


590,000 


58,917 


26,723 


Totals 


1, 687-37 


177,187,436 


44,536,832 


35,945,316 



iN unicipaily owned. Provincially owned. Owned by Canadian National Railways. Represent 
ing all divisions of the Company. 



STATISTICS OF ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 



641 



24. Mileage Operated, Capital, Earnings, Operating Expenses, Employees, and 
Salaries and Wages of Electric Railways in Canada, year ended Dec. 31, 



Name of Railway. 


Mileage 
Operated. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Number 
of Em 
ployees. 


Salaries 
and 

Wages. 




Miles 
7-65 


S 

450,000 


$ 

41,421 


$ 

51,253 


No. 
20 


1 

24 093 




23-19 


960,000 


242,464 


183,274 


68 


99 392 


Brantford Municipal 1 


20-63 


600,000 


177,696 


148,386 


76 


98 706 




245-80 


18,636,122 


5,082,064 


3,963,507 


1,998 


3,125 747 




6-45 


200,000 


45,445 


40 168 


25 


24 286 




66-50 


2,365,174 


881,684 


599 006 


246 


382 458 


Canadian Resources Development 
Co 


1-75 


14,843 


31 


981 


1 


300 


Cape Breton Electric Co 


30-59 


2, 535, 000 4 


296,812 


293 546 


137 


182 152 


Chatham, Wallaceburg and Lake 
Erie . 


36-73 


1 455,100 


146,650 


144,446 


43 


64 272 


Cornwall Street Ry. Light and 
Power Co 


4-00 


265,000 


65 939 


42, 178 


27 


40 178 


Edmonton Radial 1 


33-32 


3,194,636 


795 633 


543,598 


213 


355 788 


Fort William Street 1 


11-03 


1,337,000 


187 742 


162,073 


58 


74 092 


Fort William Terminal Ry. and 
Bridge Co 




125 000 












24-36 


551 000 


377 914 


321 354 




226 225 


Guelph Radial l 


8-49 


294 994 


73 660 


72 203 


31 


45 562 


Hamilton and Dundas Street 


6-98 


200 000 


74 936 


96 269 


38 


51 611 


Hamilton, Grimsby and Beamsville 
Hamilton Radial 


22-60 
22-86 


385,000 
271 150 


202,371 
188 841 


211,461 
211 201 


76 
75 


112,386 
104 995 


Hamilton Street 


17-40 


1,505 000 


989 961 


821 180 


417 


505 880 


Hull Electric Co 


16-54 


292 000 


315 285 


238 271 


159 


212 230 


International Transit Co 


3-80 


202 500 


fifi R21 


55 263 


22 


39. nnn 


Kingston, Portsmouth and Catar- 
aqui . 


6-00 


183 100 


71 060 


69 723 


36 


42 224 


Kitchener and Waterloo Street l 
Lake Erie and Northern 


4-30 
51-00 


181,542 
3 817 500 


111,274 
340 895 


80,960 
281 864 


36 
148 


48,778 
mi in 


Lethbridge Municipal * 


6-67 


350 815 


57 784 


62 802 


20 


35 685 


Levif County 


11-50 


922 900 


85 643 


69 199 




37 on? 


London and Port Stanley (Lessor) . . 
London and Port Stanley (Lessee) . . . 
London Street 


24-50 

27-48 


1,775,194 
1,388,500 
1 112 480 


564,482 
594 584 


440,081 
494 986 


172 
25Q 


241,491 
541 903 


Moncton Tramways Co 


2-72 


1 347 400 4 


14 554 


16 862 


A 


54fift 


Montreal Tramways 


142-81 


42 346 343 


11 826 351 


6 810 716 


3 870 


4811 ttfR 


Montreal and Southern Counties.... 
Moose Jaw 


52-33 
9-00 


1,000,000 
795 373 


510,662 
108 565 


435,762 
99 387 


173 

48 


226,118 

R8 Q97 


Nelson Municipal 


3-38 


81 000 


21 787 


23 142 




13 81ft 


New BrunswicK Power Co 


16-69 


5 461 000 4 


416 448 


323 376 




m73fi 


Niagara Falls Park and River Div. 
(Int l Ry.) 


11-91 


600 000 


in? RO 1 ; 


mnni 


38 


en fift9 


Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto 3 
Niagara, Welland and Lake Erie. . . . 
Nipissing Central 2 


61-77 
2-90 
15-37 


2,023,000 
282,000 
159 000 


985,090 
18,664 
QO MS 


823,006 
16,191 
85 "MS 


475 
9 

39 


586,866 
8,561 

43 91Q 


Nova Scotia Tramways and Power 
Co 


12-63 


8 3S8 800< 


KQQ Q1K 


4fiO A71 


99ft 


ooo oin 


Oshawa 


9-00 


40 000 


99 1 94Q 


170 107 




m/*39 


Ottawa 


26-61 


1 877 200 


1 899 "44 


1 ono nco 


613 


QOK 70 I 


Peterborough Radial * 


7-64 


385 754 


89 204 


100 443 


52 


^0 ^84 


Pictou County Electric Co 


9-20 


1,130 000 4 


76 053 


75 177 


40 


^3 fifld 


Port Arthur Civic > 


12-80 


644 374 


1yO 9SQ 


199 BQ4 


da 


On O lQ 


Quebec Ry. Light and Power Co. 
(Citadel Div.) 


20-48 


I 


l 8Q2 138 


712 488 


30 fi 


JQQ AQft 


Quebec Ry. Light and Power Co. 
(Montmorency Div.) 


28-60 


J5,775,670< 


J 327 008 


261 850 


991 


ton AC\A 


Regina Municipal > 


25-59 


1 586 971 


389*798 


977 QOS 


QO 




Sandwich, Windsor and Amberst- 
buig 1 


34-75 


597 ooo 


574 124 


43K 899 




983 Q9R 


Sarnia Street 


8-25 


180 700 


88 173 


78 9QO 


3n 


AC. A(\n 


Sapkatoon Municipal * 


12-63 


881 036 


278*205 


910 OQ& 


01 


I3o n^4 


Schomberg ana Amors 


14-44 




27 970 


.34 OfiQ 


13 


1 ^ Q9Q 


Shawinigan Falls Terminal 


11 52 


493 800 


75 290 


41 820 




U979 


Sherbrooke Ry. and Power Co 


9-39 


3 727 OOO 4 


91 376 


Q3 B.Q1 


73 


Kft 7f,n 


St. Thomas Municipal 1 


U-50 


137 623 


9Q 94 


37 791 






Subui ban Rapid Transit Co. .. . 


17-31 


600 000 


189 465 


1QS 701 






Sudbury -Copper Cliff Suburban 
Sydney and Glace Bay... 


7-90 


248,100 
864 000 


39,339 


33,547 


13 


20,441 


Three Rivers Traction Co... 


7-10 


835 700 


126 918 


84 019 


n 


Kf) noo 


Toronto Suburban* 


65-51 


4.128.000 


345.244 


331.007 


2ns 


ma 4RS 



iMunicipally owned. *Provincially owned, 
ing all divisions of the Company 

6237341 



"Owned by Canadian National Railways. ^Represent- 



642 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



25. Mileage Operated, Capital, Earnings, Operating Expenses, Employees, and 
Salaries and Wages of Electric Railways in Canada, year ended Dec. 31, 1922. 

concluded. 



Name of Railway. 


Mileage 
Operated. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Earnings. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Number 
of Em 
ployees. 


Salaries 
and 
Wages. 


Toronto Transportation Commission 1 
Toronto and York Radial 


Miles. 

93-48 
66-22 
3-45 

37-35 

38-48 
63-57 

10-20 
3-00 


$ 

26,334,180 
2,375,000 
79,200 

1,750,000 
1,222,200 
23,380,0002 

340,000 
640.000 2 


t 

11,580,071 
1,130,661 
10,423 

312,093 
213,741 
3,588,980 

22,532 
64,357 


$ 

8,375,733 
977,064 
9,870 

264,504 
169,193 
2,615,488 

19,456 
25,797 


No. 

4,140 
412 
4 

81 
45 
1,435 

13 
20 


$ 

6,291,128 
578,114 
4.260 

129,730 
79, 187 
1,877,865 

11,718 
20,112 


Waterloo- Wellington Ry 


Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore 
Rapid 


Winnipeg, Selkirk and Lake Winnipeg 


Woodstock, Thames Valley and 


Yarmouth Light and Power Co 


Totals 


1,724 60 


188,358,974 


49,660,485 


35,986,872 


18,099 


24,988,119 




i Municipally owned. 2 Representing all divisions of the company. 



2t Number of Passengers, Employees and others Killed and Injured on Electric 
Railways, years ended June 3D, 1891-1919, and for calendar years 1 22. 



Years. 


PASSENGERS. 


EMPLOYEES. 


OTHERS. 


TOTU ~. 


Killed. 


[njured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


[njured . 


1894-1899 


1 

3 
9 
10 
10 
30 
11 
27 
18 
11 
14 
11 
16 
17 
9 
14 
18 
11 
9 
10 


23 
6 
158 
410 
504 
508 
862 
1,084 
988 
1,156 
1,303 
1,595 
1,784 
1,950 
1,662 
1,757 
1,554 
1,905 
1,541 
1,451 
1,600 


1 

1 
7 
3 
3 
2 
7 
6 
7 
13 
8 
8 
12 
13 
6 
4 
10 
12 
37 


9 

58 
33 
62 
64 
87 
127 
216 
188 
.218 
227 
300 
442 
392 
469 
413 
305 
395 
383 
621 


9 
2 
11 
22 
22 
40 
23 
34 
37 
43 
50 
68 
83 
86 
44 
42 
44 
28 
42 
56 
47 


12 
7 
98 
120 
212 
272 
347 
441 
532 
539 
618 
716 
586 
736 
490 
581 
638 
819 
792 
762 
1,290 


12 
2 
15 
32 
39 
53 
56 
47 
71 
67 
68 
95 
102 
110 
73 
64 
64 
50 
63 
77 
94 


44 
13 
314 
563 
778 
844 
1,296 
1,653 
1,736 
1,883 
2,139 
2,538 
2,670 
3,128 
2,544 
2,807 
2,605 
3,029 
2,728 
2,596 
3,511 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


Totals to June 30, 1919... . 

Years ended Dec. 31. 
1919 


259 

4 

9 
5 
6 


23,802 

1,717 
1,968 
1,110 
2,260 


10 

29 
7 
8 
10 


5,009 

951 
658 
609 
873 


833 

58 
75 
35 
31 


10,608 

1,505 
1,434 
666 
700 


1,254 

91 
91 
48 
47 


39,419 

4,173 
4,060 
2,385 
3.833 


1920 . 


1921 


1922 





IV. EXPRESS COMPANIES. 

"Express seryice is an expedited freight service on passenger trains." But 
express companies do not own the means of performing their services; they use 
railway facilities by virtue of contracts with the railway companies. Express 
companies in Canada have had close relations with the railways practically from the 
beginning. 



EXPRESS COMPANY OPERATIONS 643 

The Vickers Express Company, at first, did business as a stage company in 
south-western Ontario. Later it conducted an express business on the Toronto, 
Grey and Bruce and on the Northern railways. When the Canadian Pacific railway 
acquired the Toronto, Grey and Bruce, the Vickers Express Company did business 
for a time in the same car with the Dominion Express Company, but soon went out 
of existence. 

The Dominion Express Company had been incorporated in 1882, with a capital 
stock of $1,000,000. Between 1882 and 1904 the original shareholders assigned 
their stock to trustees, who thenceforth held it for the C.P.R. The transfer of the 
stock became evident in 1904, when at a special meeting the shareholders of the 
company increased its capital to $2,000,000, 

In 1865 the Canadian Express Company was incorporated with a nominal 
capital of $500,000, of which $275,200 was subscribed. In 1891 the Grand Trunk 
Railway Company purchased the capital stock for $660,000, and thenceforth the 
stock of the company was held for the Grand Trunk by trustees, all of whom were 
directors of the railway. 

The Canadian Northern Express Company was incorporated in 1902 with a 
nominal capital of $1,000,000, of which $300,000 was issued. Five thousand dollars 
was paid in cash and the remainder was issued as paid up stock. Mackenzie, Mann 
and Company, Limited, received all but five $100 shares, which went to qualify 
directors. The connection between the railway and the express company consisted 
in the two companies having practically the same directors. 

Since the taking over of the C.N.R. and the G.T.R. by the Government, the 
express businesses of the two have been amalgamated to simplify matters. Begin 
ning September 1, 1921, the operations of the Canadian Express Company and the 
Canadian National Express Company were consolidated under the name of the 
second, and the staffs of the two companies were rearranged, where necessary, to 
constitute the staff of the new company. 

Before 1915. an express company in Canada was not liable for delay or damage 
caused by anything quite beyond its control, thus maintaining itself as an entity 
separate from the railway company. But in 1915 this liability was qualified, and 
thenceforth an express company became liable for delay or injiuy of goods if either 
were caused by the railway company in whose cars the goods were being carried. 

Goods are sent by express for quick transit, so that express companies do not 
have to compete with freight rates by rail or water. Thus in its first tariff, the 
Dominion Express Company, in pursuance of its contract with the C.P.R., gave a 
rate of 2| times the maximum first-class railway freight rate for the same goods 
carried the same distance. An express company usually pays the railway company 
a percentage of its gross earnings; for example, the Canadian Express Company 
paid the Grand Trunk 50 p.c. But the railway, by controlling the stock, has an 
additional revenue; and since express companies have little equipment but offices, 
and, therefore, have slight expenses for upkeep, the railway receives in the end 
practically all the profits of the express company above bare operating expenses. 
Express rates, like freight rates, are subject to the approval of the Board of 
Railway Commfssioners. 

Express Company Operations. There were operating in Canada in 1922, 
the last year for which the statistics of the Transportation Branch of the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics are available, four distinctly Canadian express companies, 
viz., the Canadian National Express Co., the Central Canada Express Co., the 
Dominion Express Co., and the British America Express Co. They are organized 
62373 41J 



644 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



under powers conferred by Acts of the Dominion Parliament, and their business 
consists in the forwarding of parcels through the railway companies, in the transfer 
of luggage and in the issue of money orders, travellers cheques, letters of credit 
and other forms of financial paper. Three other express companies situated in the 
United States, but consolidated during the war period, like the United States rail 
ways, under the operation of a single management appointed by the United States 
Government, and referred to here as "American Railway," also do business in 
Canada. The total capital liability of the four Canadian companies on December 
31, 1922, stood at $6,150,000. 

A considerable volume of the business of express companies has, during recent 
years, been drawn off by the numerous motor bus and motor truck systems now 
in operation. Transport facilities offered by motor vehicles have proved to be of 
much value; with the building of improved road systems throughout the country, 
further decreases in the amount of express traffic now carried by the railways over 
short distances may be expected. 

Table 27, following, shows the operating mileage of Canadian express companies 
for the years 1919-1922, illustrating chiefly the division of business between the 
various concerns and the provinces in which their systems are most highly developed. 
The first section of the table illustrates clearly the preponderance of mileage oper 
ated over steam railway lines. 

27. Operating Mileage of Express Companies in Canada, by Routes, by Provinces 
and by Companies, for the calendar years 1919-1922. 



Routes, Provinces and Companies. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


By routes over 


Miles. 
40,450 


Miles. 
40,852 


Miles. 
40,851 


Miles. 
42,176 




3fi9 


301 


304 


250 




2,912 


2,862 


2,862 


3,037 




67 


84 


81 


81 






- 


16,811 


16,811 


Miscellaneous 1 


16,813 


16,813 


2 


2 


Totals 


60,631 


60,912 


60,911 


62,357 


By Provinces 


500 


500 


500 


490 




1,569 


1,947 


1,946 


1,946 




2,519 


2,549 


2,549 


2,810 




5,424 


5,426 


5,398 


5,514 




11,908 


11,701 


11,701 


11,701 




4,402 


4,296 


4,298 


4,298 




6,148 


6,168 


6,219 


6,269 




4,601 


4,774 


4,754 


5,626 




5,756 


5,778 


5,738 


5,723 


Viilrnn 


669 


637 


669 


844 


Other 


17,135 


17, 137 


17, 137 


17.137 


Totals 


60,631 


60,912 


60,911 


62,257 


By companies 


2,822 


2,657 


2,611 


2,786 




414 


414 


414 


414 




14,963 


15,308 


15,308 







8,810 


8,921 


- 







729 


729 


729 


763 




32,893 


32,884 


32,806 


33,666 


Canadian National Express Co 


- 


- 


9,043 


24,728 




60,631 


60,912 


60,911 


62,157 













Miscellaneous mileage is almost entirely on ocean steamship lines. Now included in the Canadian 
National Eipress Co. * 8 months. 4 4 months. 



STATISTICS OF EXPRESS COMPANIES 



645 



In Tables 28 and 29 are given statistics of the receipts and expenses of express 
companies for the year ended Dec. 31, 1922, with totals shown for preceding years 
back to 1915. Only the most important items are given. Table 30 illustrates 
the amount of business transacted by these companies in the sale of money orders, 
travellers cheques, etc. one of their most valuable services to the public. 

A decrease in revenue of $3,807,561 will be noted in Table 28 when gross 
receipts from operation for 1922 are compared with those of the previous year. 
Payments for express privileges decreased with the revenues, and consequently 
net operating revenues showed an increase of $165.233. 

28. Earnings of Express Companies for the years ended June 30, 1915-1919, and for 

the calendar years 1919-1923. 



Companies. 


Revenue 
from 
transport 
ation. 


Money 
Orders, 
domestic. 


Money 
Orders, 
foreign. 


Travel 
ers 
Cheques, 
domestic. 


Travel 
lers . 
Cheques, 
foreign. 


American Railway Express 


$ 

2.2V2.589 


S 


$ 


$ 


$ 


British America Express 


30,913 










Canadian National Express 


12,370,277 


85,510 




1,572 




Central Canada Express 


107,420 










Dominion ff.Yprppp , ,..,,., 


13,240,818 


119,151 


28,118 


9,487 


5,158 


Total, 1922, Dec. 31... 


28,022,017 


204,661 


28,118 


11,059 


5,158 


Total, 1921, Dec. 31 


31,767,788 


241,346 


41,914 


16,639 


5,207 


Total, 1920, Dec. 31 


29,806,284 


311,031 


33,093 


12,996 


5,355 


Total, 1919, Dec. 31 


24,361,681 


233,502 


1,089 


5,162 


1,07$ 


Total, 1919, June 30 


20,651,772 


215,427 


1,237 


1,617 


3,023 


Total, 1918, June 30 


18,116,383 


267,154 


19,790 


1,698 


4,311 


Total, 1917, June 30 


16,353,461 


239,754 


20,727 


4,171 


2,269 


Total, 1916, June 30 


12,428,645 


202,458 


23,670 


4,515 


429 


Total, 1915, June 30 


10,917,619 


186,580 


15,239 


3,429 


1,704 














Companies. 


"C.O.D." 

Cheques. 


Gross 
Receipts 
from 
Operation. l 


Net 
Operating 
Revenue. 


Gross 
Corporate 
Income. 


Net 
earnings. 


American Railway Express 


1 


$ 

2,364,796 


1 

63,652 


$ 
43 494 


$ 

63 652 






30 913 


4 058 


3 906 


4 058 


Canadian National Express 


147 613 


12 618 671 


470 540 


388 253 


470 540 


Central Canada Express 




107 420 


18 965 


15 791 


18 965 


Dominion F.xprnss. ...................... 


131,220 


13,575,533 


38 190 


7 123 


2 034 


Total, 1922, Dec. 31..., 


278,833 


28,697,333 


519,025 


458,568 


555,181 


Total, 1921, Dec. 31 


286,015 


32,504,894 


353,792 


342 652 


414 471 


Total, 1920, Dec. 31 


222,521 


30,512,504 


1,617,836 


1,457 806 


1,794 961 


Total, 1919, Dec. 31 


182,473 


24,933,219 


1,123,048 




974 281 


Total, 1919, June 30 


163,837 


21,157,930 


1,982,337 


1,777,354 


1,752 446 


Total, 1918, June 30 


157,933 


18,680,092 


450,244 




303 736 


Total, 1917, June 30 


133,813 


16,836,374 


1,096,111 




825 725 


Total, 1916, June 30 


116,780 


12,860,629 


919 713 


1 007 935 


787 692 


Total, 1915, June 30... 


110,829 


11,311,797 


68 669 


77,232 


27 dftii 















NOTE. "American Railway Express" includes the American Express Co., Great Northern Express 
Co., Wells, Fargo & Co., consolidated during the war under the operation of the United States Govern 
ment. 

Includes miscellaneous receipts. 



646 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



2$. Operating Expenses of Express Companies for the years ended June 30, 1915-1919, 

and for the calendar years 1919-1922. 



Companies. 


Mainten 
ance. 


Traffic 
expenses. 


Transpor 
tation 
expenses. 


General 
expenses. 


Total 
operating 
expenses. 


Total 
privileges. 


Taxes. 


A.merican Railway Kxpress 


1 

30,745 


1 

1,666 


S 

505,047 


J 

81,420 


619,178 


$ 

1,681,966 


1 

24,593 


British America. Kxprcss. 




1,079 


6,557 


3,763 


11,399 


15,456 


201 


Canadian National Kxprc 


261,329 


43,098 


5,535,889 


332,834 


0,173,146 


5,974,982 


109,411 


Central Canada Express 


76 


821 


31,130 


2,578 


34,603 


53,852 


3,227 


Dominion Express ... 


236,656 


107,765 


5,899,513 


514,256 


6,758,190 


6,855,533 


103,668 


Total, 1922, Dec. 31. . 
Total, 1921, Dec. 31. . 
Total, 1920, Dec. 31. . 
Total, 1919, Dec. 31. . 
Total, 1919, June 30. 
Total, 1918, June 30 
Total, 1917, June 30 
Total. 1916, June 30. 
Total, 1915, June 30. 


.v:s,805 

5911,985 
572,700 
51)2.452 
393,871 
341,845 
269,576 
194,726 
107,618 


154,7:5:1 
163,2X9 
113,838 
152,003 
e,972 
94,008 
78,219 
73,962 
SI), 693 


11,978,136 
13,791,686 
14,483,856 
11,75S,2(I3 
lit, 566, 603 
8,267,730 
6,510,790 
5,041,155 
4,981,846 


931,848 
1,55,229 
95.1,487 
811,994 
739.053 
612,083 
829,071 
484,674 
452,747 


13,596,518 
15,601,187 
16,12.SSO 
13,227,652 
11,792,499 
9,354,666 
7,687,656 
5,794,517 
5,632,904 


14,581,789 
16,549,915 
16,009,460 
12,936.615 
11,347,767 
8,875,181 
8,052,606 
6,146,399 
5,610,224 


241,101 
207,558 
177,125 
166,535 
155,251 
146,505 
270,387 
146,294 
123,02* 



39. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper for the calendar 

years 1919-1922. 



Description. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Money Orders, domestic . 


$ 

52,460,478 


$ 

65,289,817 


$ 

47,288,611 


S 

50,217,071 


Money Orders, foreign ... 


2,222,908 


2,315,114 


1,494,844 


1,467,039 


Travellers cheques, domestic 


837,093 


513,242 


549,846 


906,928 


Travellers cheques, foreign... . 


267,320 


226,940 


224,160 


311,110 


"C.O.D." cheques 


18,062,985 


22,413,731 


20,600,083 


18,308,877 


Telegraphic transfers 


208,333 


162,193 


226,622 


110.620 


Other forms 


2,639,576 


1,668,138 


619,288 


486,547 


Total 


76,698,693 


92,589,175 


71,003,454 


71,808,118 













V. ROADS AND HIGHWAYS. 

Historical. The early roads were auxiliary to water routes as avemie^- of 
transports lion. Their use became common during the summer scions when por 
tages were necessary to a\oid obstacles to river and lake travel, and during the win 
ters, when ice prevented navigation and snow covered the inequalities of the ground. 
Even the extensive system of waterways of eastern Canada was an inadequate 
means of communication between points of settlement in a rapidly growing colony, 
and the need for overland routes manifested itself in the inti eduction of the system 
of common roads which prevailed under the feudal regime; and not only did the 
crude early loads set ve the needs of the settlers but also those of the British, French 
and American armies during their numerous campaigns. Regiments were fre 
quently employed, during times of peace, in road construction in different parts 
of Upper and Lower Canada. 

The first important highway in Canada extended along the north shore of the 
St. Lawrence from Quebec to Montreal, being gradually completed with tl e growth 
of the French settlement. In Upper Canada, one of the earliest, roads was that 
from Toronto to lake Simcoe (Yonge St.), completed in 1794 under the direction 
of Gov. Simcoe, the work being done by the Queen s Rangers. This road not only 
gave access to the area north of Toronto, but also provided a more convenient 
route than that of the Ottawa river from the trading posts on the Upper Lakes 



ROADS AND HIGHWAYS 



647 



to the centres of population along the St. Lawrence. Montreal was joined to 
Kingston by road in 1816 and in the following year to Toronto. Thereafter other 
highways from points served by water routes to inland settlements began to increase 
in number, as it became apparent that they were essential to the commercial 
life of the country as a means of transporting supplies to the settlers, and of bringing 
their products to the central markets of the colony. The system of posts which 
had been established about the beginning of the nineteenth century necessitated 
passable routes between the various offices, and by 1827 a through road was available 
between Halifax and Amherstburg, comprising for the most part, the old Kempt 
Road, the York Road, Dundas Street and the Baldoon Road. From this trunk 
line of communication branch roads extended north and south to the more important 
centres of population in the two Canadas. 

The cost of construction of these roads was high, and travel by stage coach 
was tedious and costly. As late as 1850, some points in central Ontario were still 
inaccessible to any vehicle. Later years, however, have brought with them improved 
methods of construction and a resulting reduction in expenses, together with an 
improvement in the wearing qualities of the more important highways. The 
growth of motor traffic has played a conspicuous part in the movement towards 
increased and improved road construction. In the older provinces of the east it 
has been a question of improving the existing roads and of building highways for 
the use of through traffic between the larger cities, while in the western provinces 
it has been more a matter of replacing the prairie and mountain trails with roads 
fit for modern tourist and freight traffic. 

7 A table of road mileage in Canada is included. When it is considered that 
throughout the Dominion there are but 20 persons to every mile of road and that 
on an average there is one mile of road for every 5 square miles of land, the magnitude 
of the problem faced in the construction of these traffic routes is illustrated. A 
small population scattered over a large area has made this, like other transportation 
problems, particularly difficult of solution. 

31. Classification of Canadian Highway and Road Mileages, as at October 31, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Un- 
improved 
Earth. 


Improved 
Earth. 


Gravel. 


Water- 
bound 
Mac 
adam. 


Bitum 
inous 
Mac 
adam. 


Bitum 
inous 
Concrete. 


Cement 
Concrete. 


Totals. 


Prince Edward 
Island 


Miles. 
3,468 


Miles. 
170 


Miles. 
2 


Miles. 
7 


Miles. 


Miles. 


Miles. 


Miles. 
3,647 


Nova Scotia.. 


11,580 


2 453 


1 096 


53 


8 






15 190 


New Brunswick. . . 
Quebec. . . 


8,900 
29 676 


1,655 
11 324 


3,558 
2 344 


1 838 


11 
97 


11 


64 


14,124 
45 354 


Ontario 


18,700 


11 800 


22 127 


11 055 


405 


43 


118 


64 248 


Manitoba 


44,375 


24,000 


1 600 






25 




70,000 


Saskatchewan 2 
Alberta .... 


125,000 
15 193 


10,000 
44 207 


10 


- 


- 




- 


135,010 
59 400 


British Columbia.. 


1,055 


10,691 


4,101 


45 


27 


29 


21 


15,969 


Total 


257,947 


116,300 


34,838 


12,998 


548 


108 


203 


422,942 





















3 Approximately 15 p.c. of surveyed road allowances giving some service. 
There are 210,000 miles of road allowances in the province. 



648 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



Good Roads Movements. The building of new roads and the improve 
ment of those already in use, is a matter of such general interest that various organ 
izations have been developed throughout the country for the purpose of advising 
and assisting the various governments in the work. Good roads associations, for 
the distribution of propaganda and the education of the public in the needs of 
improved highway routes, are to be found in most of the provinces, assisted by the 
various automobile and motor clubs. A branch of the Department of Railways 
and Canals directs its efforts solely to the study of highway development and con 
struction, of the relations between the Dominion Government and the provincial 
Highway Departments, and of the financial assistance given to the provinces for 
road building. 

The Canada Highways Act. By c. 54 of the Statutes of 1919, the 
Dominion Parliament authorized the expenditure of $20,000,000 for the purpose of 
constructing and improving the highways of Canada during the five years suc 
ceeding the passage of the Act. In its apportionment, grants of $80,000 are made 
to every province during each of the five years, the remainder being allotted in 
proportion to their respective populations. Details as to cost, time, methods of 
construction, etc., of all roads built under the scheme are to be arranged between 
the Minister of Railways and Canals and the various provincial Government Depart 
ments. It need scarcely be added that the co-operation and encouragement of the 
Dominion Government has done much to assist the building of good roads throughout 
the country. Table 32 illustrates the working of the Act, showing the number 
and extent of projected roads and some of the more important items in the 
expenditure entailed. 

S2. Statement of Progress of the Provinces under the Canada Highways Act, 1919, to 

March 31, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Projects under Agreement. 


Federal Aid. 


Number 
of 
Projects. 


Number 
of 
Agree 
ments. 



Projected 
Mileage. 


Estimated 
Sub- 
sidizable 
Cost. 


Estimated 
Federal 
Aid 
(40%). 


Provincial 
Allocation 
under the 
Act. 


Total 
Payments. 


Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia 


No. 

20 
24 
19 
14 
24 
9 
24 

13 


No. 

20 
24 
19 
35 
24 
9 
27 

20 


Miles 

181 

207 
1,237 
238 
607 
765 
1,230 

355 


$ 

324,565 
2,251,259 
2,950,600 
2,638,642 
11,292,799 
3,478,902 
1,667,090 

2,938,599 


S 

129,826 
900,504 
1,180,240 
1,055,457 
4,517,119 
1,391,561 
666,836 

1,175,439 


S 

603,455 
1,468,720 
1,163,845 
4,748,420 
5,877,275 
1.602,265 
1,806,255 
1,477,810 
1,251,955 


t 

143,75ft 
486,412 
438,304 
540,218 
1,326.329 
351,741 
193,773 

453,473 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 
Total 


147 


178 


4,820 


27,542,456 


11,018,982 


20,000,000 


S,4,009 





VI. MOTOR VEHICLES. 

The earliest motor vehicles were propelled by steam, the history of the gasolene 
motor car commencing with the construction of a successful gasolene engine by 
Daimler in 1884. Until 1900 France remained the headquarters of the industry, 
possessing in the latter year more than half of the 10,000 cars in operation in Europe, 
while in the United States the number of cars was only about 700. Shortly after 
wards, the invention of the Ford car resulted in a keen competition to bring motor 
cars within the reach of the average man, profits being secured from large production 



MOTOR VEHICLES 649 



rather than high prices. Detroit became the centre of the automobile industry of 
the United States and the Canadian side of the Detroit river became the head 
quarters of the Canadian industry. As a consequence the population of such 
border towns as Windsor, Walkerville, and Sandwich has greatly increased in the 
past decade, while Ford City, which had no existence in 1911, had 5,870 inhabitants 
in 1921. Problems of regional location have resulted during more recent years in a 
gradual shifting of the centre of gravity of the industry, and the Toronto district 
now rivals in importance the longer established centre on the Detroit river. 

Like many other inventions, the motor car commenced as a toy, then as the 
luxury of the rich, while now it ranks as a comfort of those in moderate circumstances 
and it may even become a necessity of life to the masses. Of late years it has been 
increasingly used for economic purposes; to-day the great majority of cars effect 
substantial economies hi time or in money for their owners, partly or wholly offset 
ting their cost of upkeep. In the past few years, the motor truck the freight 
automobile has assumed considerable economic importance, and this year it is 
separately classified in Table 34 of this section. There seems to be but little doubt 
that in Canada, as was the case in England and the New England states, only the 
lack of adequate road systems is postponing a great increase in motor bus traffic 
for both passenger and fast freight service. 

In a recent government report the statement is made that "the automotive 
transport industry is just beginning to be a factor in the transportation of passengers 
and freight in this country. Railways have found that the handling of less than 
car-load lots of freight is often unprofitable business; it follows that commercial 
trucks are being used in greater numbers to carry lighter shipments of property 
between some of the larger centres served by adequately surfaced highways." 
While the increased passenger and freight rates are probably the main cause of the 
comparatively slow increase in recent years in railway traffic (see Table 6 of this 
section), there can be no doubt that motor vehicles are now serving much of the 
short haul traffic formerly served by steam and electric railways. In addition, a 
certain amount of traffic formerly carried over water routes has been diverted to 
these more modern carriers. 

Registration. The increase of the use of motor vehicles in Canada has been 
very rapid. In 1904 the number of motor vehicles registered in Ontario was only 
535. In 1907, 2,130 motor vehicles were registered in six provinces, and in 1908, 
3,033 in eight provinces, the motor car being at that time prohibited in Prince 
Edward Island. From these small beginnings Table 33 shows an increase to 513,821 
motor vehicles in 1922, an increase over 1921 of 48,443, or almost the total number 
of motor vehicles registered in 1913. In Table 34 are given the numbers registered 
by provinces in 1921, classified as passenger cars, commercial cars or trucks, and 
motor cycles. 

By far the greatest increase during the past year has been in Ontario, where 
the number of cars registered in 1922 is shown as 240,933 in comparison with 206,521 
in the previous year. The percentage increase in this province is thus 14-3 as 
compared with a figure of 9-4 for the whole of Canada, the actual number, 34,412, 
constituting the greater part of the total increase for the Dominion, which amounted 
to 48,443. 

According to statistics collected for 1922 by the National Automobile Chamber 
of Commerce of the United States, Canada in that year ranked next to the United 
States among the countries of the world in the number of its registered motor vehicles. 
The total shown (513,821) is some 15,500 greater than that of the United Kingdom, 



650 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



where total registration for 1922 is set at 498,271. Registrations in United States 
during the past year were 12,239,114; in France, the fourth largest user of motor 
vehicles, 295,876; in Germany, 128,092; in Australia, 82,417; in Argentina, 78,413; 
and in Italy, 53,600. 

In 1922, there was, in Canada, one motor vehicle for every 17-45 of its popula 
tion, or one for every 3-876 families. In respect to motor vehicles per population, 
when compared with the more important foreign countries, Canada ranks second 
to the United States where, in 1922, there was a motor vehicle registered for every 
9 of the population of the country. A comparison of the various provinces in the 
same respect shows one motor vehicle to every 40-8 persons in Prince Edward 
Island in 1922, to ever} 7 32-7 in Nova Scotia, 28-5 in New Brunswick, 38-7 in 
Quebec, 12-4 in Ontario, 14-8 in Manitoba, 12-8 in Saskatchewan, 15-0 in Alberta, 
15 6 in British Columbia and 43 4 in the Yukon Territory. 

Table 33 shows the registration of motor vehicles in Canada by provinces for 
the years 1907 to 1922. 

33. Number of Motor Vehicles resistered in Canada, by Provinces, 1907-1922. 



Years. 


P.E. 

Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


Biitish 
Colum 
bia. 


Canada. 


1907 


No. 


No. 
62 


No. 


No. 
254 


No. 
1 530 


No. 


No. 
54 


No. 
55 


No. 
175 


No. 
2,130 


1908 


_ 


65 


104 


296 


1 754 


412 


74 


65 


263 


3.033 


1C09 


_ 


69 


167 


485 


2 452 


662 


149 


275 


504 


4,763 


1910 




148 


299 


786 


4,230 


1,524 


531 


423 


1,026 


8,967 


1911 




228 


483 


1,878 


11,339 


2,436 


1,304 


1 631 


2,220 


21,519 


1912 .... 




456 


700 


3 535 


16 266 


4 099 


2 286 


2 505 


4 289 


34,136 


1913 .... 


26 


511 


824 


5 452 


23 700 


5 475 


4 659 


3 773 


6 138 


50,558 


1914 


31 


1 324 


1 328 


7 413 


31 724 


7 3i9 


8 , 9 


4 728 


7 628 


69,598 


1915 


34 


1,841 


1 900 


10 112 


42 346 


9 225 


10,225 


5 832 


8,360 


89,944 


1916 


50 


3,012 


2 965 


15 335 


54,375 


12 765 


15,900 


9 516 


9,457 


123,464 


1917 


303 


5,350 


5 251 


21 213 


83,308 


17,507 


32,505 


20 624 


11,645 


197,799 


1918 


639 


8,100 


6 434 


26.897 


114,376 


24,012 


50,531 


29 300 


15,370 


275,746 


1919 


967 


10,210 


8,306 


33,547 


144,804 


30,118 


56,855 


34,000 


22,420 


341,316 


1920 


1,419 


12,450 


11,196 


41,562gj 


177,561 


36,455 


60,325 


38,015 


28,000 


407,064 


1921 


1,751 


14,205 


13,615 


54,670~ 


206,521 


40,215 


61,184 


40,235 


32,900 


465,378 


1922 . . . 


2 167 


16 159 


13 746 


61 995 


240.933 


42 200 


61,367 


40 642 


34,526 


513,821 

























NOTE. The number of motor vehicles in the Yukon (never more than 100) is included in the totals 
for Canada, 1914 22. ^ 

In Table 34 the registration of motor vehicles in 1922 is given according to the 
general type or purpose of the cars in use in each of the provinces. 

34. Types of Motor Cars registered in Canada, by Provinces, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Passenger 
Care. 


Commercial 
Cars or 
Trucks. 


Motor 

Cycles. 


Dealer s 

Cars. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island. . . . 


No. 

2,059 


No. 

87 


No. 

8 


No. 
13 


No. 
2,167 


Nova Scotia 


14,177 


1,707 


145 


130 


16,159 


New Brunswick . . 


12,609 


904 


98 


135 


13,746 


Quebec . . . 


52,052 


6,877 


1,886 


1,180 


61,995 


Ontario 


210,333 


24,164 


4,799 


1,637 


240,933 


Manitoba 


38,913 


2,102 


855 


330 


42,200 


Saskatchewan 


60,352 


i 


296 


719 


61,367 


Alberta 


38,214 


1,749 


403 


276 


40,642 


British Columbia 


33,505 


i 


880 


141 


34,526 


Yukon 


61 


20 


5 




86 














Total 


it;-;. :;:, 


37,610" 


9,375 


4,5(1 


(11,821 















1 Included with passenger cars. * Exclusive of British Columbia and Saskatchewan. 



MOTOR VEHICLE ACTS 



651 



Government Revenue. The taxation of motor vehicles, garages, chauffeurs, 
etc., is becoming a lucrative source of government income. In every province the 
operation of automobiles and motor cycles is dependent on their carrying a license 
duly issued by the various authorities, while similar licenses permit the main 
tenance of garages and the driving of cars or trucks by hired chauffeurs. The 
accompanying table (35) shows the government revenue by provinces for the 
calendar year 1922, illustrating, at the same time, the more important sources from 
which it is derived. 

35. Revenues from the Taxation of the Sale, Distribution and Operation of Motor 
Vehicles, by Provinces, for the calendar year 1922. 



Provinces. 


Passenger 
Cars. 


Trucks. 


Motor 
Cycles. 


Dealers 
Cars. 


Gar 
ages. 


Operators 
and 
Chauf 
feurs. 


Fines. 


Miscel 
laneous. 


Total. 


Prince Edward 
Island 


S 
43,366 



1,670 


$ 
77 


S 

480 


$ 



785 


$ 


$ 

264 


46 801 


Nova Scotia . . . 


364,993 


44 363 


1 294 


7 571 




7 827 


577 




426 625 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


268,882 
1,168,806 


24, 152 

271,675 


564 
9,785 


3,236 
20,715 


346 

8 388 


2,804 
333 708 


2,239 
91 280 


75 113 


302,323 
1 S79 470 


Ontario 


2,888,123 


468 800 


14 033 


33 719 


18 687 


30 129 




23 939 


3 477 4SO 


Manitoba 


484,370 


2 


2,464 


12 403 




26 564 




2 392 


528 193 


r 

Saskatchewan 


811,321 


2 


1 368 


15 148 


333 


3 4QO 




UfiOfi 


84fi "^fi 


Alberta 


695,632 




1,902 


8,041 




5 735 




334 


716 873 


British Columbia... 
Yukon 




- 






- 




- 




897,075 
911 3 






















Total 


6,795,593 


810,660 


31,487 


101,313 


27,754 


411,042 


94,096 


116,738 


9 222,0571 























1 Total includes $159 and 55,229 collected for transfers of cars in P. E. Island and Alberta respectively. 

2 Included in revenue from passenger cars. 

3 Details not available. 



Motor Vehicle Acts and Regulations in Force. 

The following is a brief synopsis of the laws and regulations in force in each 
province. 

Prince Edward Island. Under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1922, and regu 
lations, all cars must be registered in the office of the Provincial Secretary. In 
addition to a registration fee of five dollars, and a marker fee of one dollar, an annual 
tax of 80 cents per 100 pounds weight is payable on the 1st of May, but this is 
not required of non-residents unless the car is used in the province during more 
than eight weeks in one year. Chauffeurs must be 18 years of age, all other drivers 
of cars, owners included, must be 17 years old and must be licensed. Every car 
must have a lock, or other device, to prevent it from being operated when left 
unattended. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages 12 miles an hour, 
on approaches to steep descents, bridges, or highway crossings, 10 miles an hour, 
on roads outside cities or incorporated towns on which the driver has not a clear 



652 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

view for at least one hundred yards free from turns and intersections, 15 miles an 
hour, and in all other places 25 miles an hour. The number of cars registered in 
1922 (up to December 31), not including dealers registration, was 2,154. Prince 
Edward Island is now the only province where vehicles keep to the left side of the 
road. 

Nova Scotia. The Motor Vehicle Act, 1918, requires cars to be registered 
by the Provincial Secretary, who issues permits renewable annually on January 1. 
Cars belonging to persons residing out of Nova Scotia need not be registered if 
cars are registered in the place where owners reside, and are used as passenger cars. 
This privilege is given for a period of not more than three months in each year. 
If owners come into the province to reside permanently or to carry on business 
they must register. No person under 16 years may operate a motor vehicle, and 
paid chauffeurs must be at least 18 and must take out licenses. Cars must have 
devices which will prevent their operation when left unattended and must also have 
mufflers. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages and in places where 
there is no clear view of the road for at least 50 yards, 15 miles an hour, at cross 
roads and bridges, 15 miles, and in other places 25 x miles an hour. During 1922 
the total number of permits issued for cars was 16,159, including 145 motor cycles. 
The rule of the road in Nova Scotia was on April 15, 1923, changed from "keep 
to the left" to "keep to the right." 

New Brunswick. Under the Motor Vehicle Law, 1915, as amended May, 
1917, the registering and licensing authority is the Department of Public Works. 
Cars must be registered when new and besides the registration fee, an annual fee 
is payable on January 1. Non-residents may operate cars registered in another 
province or state during not more than 30 days in any year without registration 
in New Brunswick. The driver of a car must be 18 years old, and must be the owner 
or a member of his household, a licensed chauffeur or a person accompanied by a 
chauffeur ; all chauffeurs must take out licenses and must pass a qualifying examina 
tion before issue of the license. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages 
12 miles an hour, in places which are closely built up, 15 miles an hour, and in other 
places where the road cannot be seen clearly for 200 yards, 20 miles an hour. All 
vehicles keep to the right since Nov. 30, 1922. 

Quebec. The law as to motor vehicles is contained in the Revised Statutes, 
1909, chapter 4, s. 21, and amending Acts. Cars must be registered in the office 
of the Provincial Treasurer and re-registered annually on March 1. Save in the 
cases of taxi-cabs and auto-busses or similar vehicles which run daily or periodically 
between the province and neighbouring provinces or states, no registration in the 
province is required of cars registered outside the province, provided that similar 
exemption is granted by law of the state or province in which the tourist resides. 
All drivers of cars must be licensed, and must not be less than 18 years old. Cars, 
when left unattended, must be locked in such a way as to prevent their use, and all 
cars must have mufflers. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages, 20 
miles an hour, on highways where the land is closely built up, 20 miles an hour, 
at bridges and cross-roads and within a distance of five hundred feet before reaching 
a railroad crossing, 8 miles an hour, and in open country 30 miles an hour. Motors 
must stop for street cars which are standing to take on or discharge passengers, 
and must reduce the speed to 16 miles an hour when meeting another vehicle. 
These rates have reference to pleasure cars only. In the case of a commercial 
vehicle having non-pneumatic tires, a speed of 8 miles an hour when loaded and 10 



MOTOR VEHICLE ACTS 653 

miles an hour when unloaded is allowed. When equipped with pneumatic tires 
the corresponding rates are 12 and 15 miles an hour. 

Ontario. The Acts concerning motor vehicles are the Motor Vehicles Act, 
R.S.O., 1914, c. 207, the Highway Travel Act, R.S.O., 1914, c. 206, the Load of 
Vehicles Act, 6 Geo. V, c. 49, the Public Vehicles Act, 10 Geo. V, c. 76 and 
amending Acts. These Acts were revised and compiled in 1923 as The Highway 
Traffic Act (13 Geo. V, c. 48), the provisions of which have effect from Jan. 1, 1924. 
The registering authority is the Department of Public Highways, which issues 
permits that remain in force for the calendar year. Cars may be used without regis 
tration for not more than three months in one year if registered in some other pro 
vince, and for 30 days in one year if registered in certain of the United States which 
have entered into agreement with the province of Ontario. No person under 16 
years may drive a car, and those between the ages of 16 and 18, as well as all paid 
chauffeurs, must be licensed. Cars must be equipped with mufflers. The speed 
limit in cities, towns, and villages is 20 miles an hour, in other places, 25 miles an 
hour, at road intersections, where vision is obscured, one-half of these rates 
of speed. A motor may not pass a street car which has stopped for passengers 
to get on or off. At street intersections a vehicle approaching from the right has 
the right-of-way. All cars are required to be equipped with non-glaring headlights. 

Manitoba. Under the Motor Vehicle Act, cars must be registered in the 
office of the Municipal Commissioner, and the registration, is renewable annually 
on January 1. Chauffeurs must not be under 18 years old, and must have licenses; 
other drivers must not be under 16 years of age. Cars must have mufflers and 
devices to prevent their use when left unattended. Motors must stop when behind 
standing street cars. The provisions of the Act relative to registration and display 
of registration numbers do not apply to a motor vehicle owned by a non-resident 
of the province, other than a foreign person, firm or corporation doing business 
in the province, provided that the owner thereof shall have complied with the 
provisions of the law of the province, foreign country, state or territory of his resi 
dence relative to registration of motor vehicles and the display of his registration 
number thereon, and shall conspicuously display his registration numbers as re 
quired thereby. These provisions, however, shall be operative as to a motor vehicle 
owned by a non-resident of Manitoba only to the extent that under the laws of 
the province, foreign country, state or territory of his residence like exemptions 
and privileges are granted to motor vehicles duly registered under the laws of and 
owned by residents of Manitoba. No person shall operate a vehicle at a rate which 
is unreasonable, having regard to the traffic on the highway, and in case of prosecution 
for such an offence the onus of proving his innocence shall be upon the person accused. 

Saskatchewan. The licensing authority under the Vehicles Act is the Pro 
vincial Secretary. Licenses expire annually on December 31. Every motor vehicle, 
except motor cycles, must expose two number plates: one on the front and one on 
the rear. Motor vehicles must carry lights at night, and the front lights must be 
dimmed to prevent glare. Motor liverymen must be licensed. Non-residents 
may use cars for 30 days under permit from the Provincial Secretary without regis 
tration in the province. No person under the age, of 16 may drive a car, and paid 
chauffeurs must take out licenses. A chauffeur s license may be granted to appli 
cants over 16 and under 18 on passing special examination test. Cars must have 
mufflers. Cities, towns and villages have authority to regulate the speed limit 
within their respective boundaries. There are no speed limits in rural districts, 



654 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

but special precautions are prescribed against accidents. Motor vehicles must 
stop for street cars which are taking on or discharging passengers. 

Alberta. The law relating to motor vehicles is contained in the Motor Vehicle 
Act, 1911, and amending Acts, and the Highways Act, 1911. Cars must be regis 
tered, with descriptions, in the office of the Provincial Secretary, who issues -certifi 
cates, which are renewable annually on January 1. Paid chauffeurs must be 
licensees, and all drivers must not be under 16 years old, if male, or 18 years if 
female. Cars must be equipped with mufflers. The speed limits are 20 miles 
an hour in cities, towns and villages, and 10 miles an hour at street crossings and 
bridges, while there is special provision for speed of fire vehicles going to fires. 
A motor car may not pass a street car which has stopped for passengers to get on 
or off. Regulations may be made by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council providing 
for permits to a resident of the United States or of any province in Canada, who 
has complied with the provisions of the law regarding registration of his motor vehicle 
in the state or province in which he resides, to operate an unregistered car in Alberta. 
Such exemption or privilege applies to such persons only to the extent to which, 
under the laws of the said state or province, similar exemptions or privileges are 
granted with respect to motor vehicles registered under the laws of and owned by 
residents of Alberta. The same applies to driver s licenses. The Provincial Secre 
tary may revoke or suspend the license of any chauffeur convicted under the pro 
visions of the Liquor Act of selling or having for sale intoxicating liquor. Provision 
is made for the impounding of cars by the authorities where the owners or drivers 
are convicted of driving cars while intoxicated, or convicted under other sections 
of the Act relating to speeding and juvenile driving. There is provision against 
the carrying of loaded weapons in an automobile a preventive measure against 
accidents during hunting trips. 

British Columbia. Under the Motor Vehicle Act, and amending Acts, cars 
are required to be registered with the Superintendent of Provincial Police. Licenses 
expire on December 31. Foreign registered cars may be used for touring in the 
province under a touring license issued I5y the Superintendent of Provincial Police. 
Cars registered outside the province may be used for 90 days free. No person under 
the age of 17 may drive a car, and paid chauffeurs must take out licenses. The 
speed limits are: in cities, towns and villages. 15 miles an hour, in wooded country 
15 miles, and in open country 30 miles an hour. A motor may not pass a standing 
street car at more than 5 miles an hour and must stop if it overtakes the car while 
taking on or discharging passengers. 

Yukon Territory. The Motor Vehicle Ordinance, No. 14, 1914, requires all 
cars to be registered in the office of the Territorial Secretary, who issues certificates, 
renewable annually on July 15. A non-resident may operate an unregistered 
motor for not more than 90 days. No male under 16, and no female under 18 years 
of age may drive a motor. In cities, towns and villages the speed limit is 15 miles 
an hour, or 10 miles an hour at street intersections. 

Imports and Exports of Motor Vehicles. 

Table 36 is added to show the growth of import and export trade in motor 
vehicles, as affecting their use as carriers throughout the Dominion. While for 
the first ten years for which figures are shown, passenger and freight automobiles 
are classed together, it is only during recent years that trucks have been used to 
a large extent. A remarkable growth is shown both in the number of cars 
imported and of those exported from the country. 



AIR NAVIGATION 



655 



3*. Canadian Imports and Exports of Motor Vehicles, fiscal years ended Mar. 31, 

1907-1923. 



Fiscal Years. 


Total Imports. 


Total Exports 
(including re-exports) . 


Passenger. 


Freight. 2 


Passenger. 


Freight.s 


19071 


No. 
350 
674 
533 
1,424 
3,488 
6,022 
8,377 
6,288 
5,476 
8,055 
12,037 
16,118 
6,473 
10,805 
5,907 
7,181 
11,402 


$ 

531,028 
912,371 
585,097 
1.732.215 
4,235,196 
6,511,115 
9,738,839 
7,213,375 
4,888,704 
5,089,329 
7,981,177 
11,317,245 
5,326,510 
11,204.461 
8,399,537 
9,501,362 
11,857,165 


No. 

327 
964 
1,744 
2,274 
1,706 
806 
1,082 


$ 

423,824 
1,275,179 
2,274,748 
3,831,084 
3,578,938 
1,537,765 
1,889,105 


No. 
126 
205 
279 
448 
787 
2,156 
4,091 
6,691 
5,579 
17,493 
10,331 
8,829 
11,867 
20,883 
15,870 
13,676 
45,372 


$ 
168, 142 
320,708 
450,127 
627, 409 
892,212 
2,039.993 
2,952,988 
4,321,369 
3,290,234 
9,223,813 
5,637,465 
4,471,521 
6,328,447 
13,589,423 
11,867,425 
7,879,845 
25,987,515 


No. 

2,584 
4,166 
4,341 
1,314 
3,726 


$ 

1,317,521 
2,319,629 
2,733,775 
673.038 
1,456,795 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


1923 





1 Nine months. 

2 Freight automobiles were classified with passenger automobiles in figures of imports until 1917. 
* Freight automobiles were classified with passenger automooiles in figures of expoits until 1919. 

VII. -AIR NAVIGATION. 



It was only in 1909 that Bleriot made the first flight across the English channel, 
his venture marking the successful culmination of the many previous years of 
experiment with aircraft. In the five years that intervened before the war, progress 
was slow, increasing greatly, however, with the exigencies of the belligerents in the 
European conflict. Post-war years are witnessing, in Canada, serious and suc 
cessful attempts to adapt the experience of war years to commercial purposes. 

A result of the impetus given to air navigation by military operations has been, 
in Canada as in other countries, that the control of its development has rested 
largely in the hands of military authorities, and at the present time all aerial traffic, 
if not directly under the supervision of the Department of National Defence, is at 
least carried on with its sanction. This latter takes the form of licenses and permits 
granted to duly tested machines and qualified personnel. 

Aeronautics in the Dominion has now three distinct phases, (1) commercial 
flying, (2) flying for the civil service of the government, (3) military operations; 
while the two latter are unquestionably of great importance in the development 
of the technique of flying, still the former seems the direction in which the most 
notable advances will be made. 

The report of the Air Board for the calendar year 1922 shows a total of 24 
companies operating aircraft or using them as auxiliaries in the conduct of their 
business. The greatest use made of machines as commercial carriers has been in 
co-operation with the Forestry Departments of the Provincial Governments for patrol 
and survey purposes. Their value also as mail carriers on the Pacific coast and as 
a means of transport to pulp and paper companies in their forest operations has 
become established. 

Brief tables compiled from the reports of the Air Board for the years 1921 and 
1922 are appended. While statistics are not given in them under provincial classi 
fications, it may suffice to state that the greatest amount of flying is done in Ontario, 
Quebec and British Columbia, these three provinces providing the most extensive 
fields for forest survey and fire patrol work. A smaller amount has been done in 



656 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



the three prairie provinces. No flights were recorded during the year 1922 in 
Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. Statistics of operations 
of the Canadian Air Force are not available. Expenditure by the Dominion govern 
ment on aviation for the fiscal year 1922-23 was set by the estimates at $1,000,000. 
This includes amounts apportioned to the three branches set out above. Additional 
sums totalling $64,467 were voted by the provincial governments of Ontario, Quebec 
and British Columbia, to defray expenses of air operations undertaken. 

37. Summary Statistics of Civil Aviation in Canada, calendar years 1921 and 







1921. 






1922. 




Items. 


Commer 
cial. 


Civil 
govern 
ment. 


Total. 


Commer 
cial. 


Civil 
govern 
ment. 


Total. 


Firms selling aircraft 


1 




1 


1 




1 


Firms operating aircraft 


29 




29 


24 




24 


Licensed airplanes 


58 


11 


69 


46 


e 


62 


Licensed seaplanes 


15 


25 


40 


13 


23 


36 


Total licensed aircraft 


73 


36 


109 


60 * 


29 


89 1 


Machine flights 


10.386 


1,209 


11.595 


4,415 


1 437 


5 852 


Total machine mileage 


294,449 


185,480 


479,929 


185,211 


181,509 


366 720 


Number of passengers carried 


9,153 


1,329 


10,482 


4,282 


856 


5 138 


Total number of persons carried 


19,539 


3,474 


23,013 


8,697 


3 465 


12 162 


Freight or express carried (Ibs.) 


79,850 


Not 


79,850 


14, 681 [ 


Not 


14 681 


Mail carried (Ibs.) 




available. 




62,0251 


available . 


62,025 


Total licensed air harbours 


35 


6 


41 


30 


6 


* 36 


Total licensed personnel 


223 


64 


287 


164 


46 


210 


Unlicensed mechanics employed. . 


26 


46 


72 


20 


66 


86 



1 Includes one amphibian type in commercial use. 

The figures shown in the table above indicate decreases in the number of 
machine flights, passengers carried and other aspects of the general use of air-craft 
in the Dominion. While decreases are undoubtedly to be recognized, at the same 
time the point may be made that the amount of useful work carried on by means 
of aviation has increased substantially . In illustration of this fact, the increase 
in hours flown on work of a useful nature amounted to 1,781 in 1922 over that of 
the previous year, despite the decrease in total hours flown of 1,806. The typical 
post-war air operations of "joy-riding" and exhibition flying are becoming less 
common, giving way to those of a permanent and productive nature. 

A table of civil aviation accidents in 1921 and 1922 follows: 

38. Civil Aviation Accidents in Canada for the calendar years 1921 and 1922. 







1921. 






1922. 




Items. 


Commer 
cial. 


Civil 
govern 
ment. 


Total. 


Commer 
cial. 


Civil 
govern 
ment. 


Total. 


Accidents _ 
Resulting in death to occupants 


3 


1 


4 


/ 


2 


2 


Resulting in injury 


2 


1 


3 


3 




3 


Not IB volving injury 


10 


1 


11 


4 


1 


5 


Total accidents >. 


15 


3 


18 


7 


3 


10 


Fatalities 
Pilots killed 


1 


1 


2 




2 


2 



















3 




3 


1 


1 


2 


Total personnel killed 


4 


1 


5 


1 


3 


4 


Injuries-^ 
Pilots injured 


3 


1 


4 


3 




3 






1 


1 




1 


1 




3 




8 


6 




6 


Total personnel injured.., 


6 


2 


8 


9 


1 


10 



CANALS 657 



VIII. CANALS. 

Historical. Before the period of extensive railway construction which com 
menced for Canada in the 1850 s, the water routes, more especially the St. Lawrence, 
the Great Lakes, and the Ottawa, were the chief avenues of transportation. These 
routes were interrupted at certain points, necessitating portages. The canals of 
Canada were, in the main, constructed to eliminate the toil of unloading, transporting 
and reloading at the portages. 

The earliest mention of canals in Canada is in connection with the Lachine 
canal, begun by early French settlers in 1700, but only after the conquest of Canada 
by the British were improvements of the main water routes made, and in the early 
part of the 19th century, increased internal and foreign trade and the introduction 
of steam navigation resulted in more attention being given to this work. Although 
for a time the canals were constructed primarily for military purposes, they soon 
became essential to the commercial life of the country. 

Canal Systems. There are six canal systems under the control of the Dom 
inion Government in connection with navigable lakes and rivers. They consist 
of the canals (1) between Port Arthur or Fort William and Montreal; (2) from 
Montreal to the international boundary near lake Champlain; (3) from Montreal 
to Ottawa; (4) from Ottawa to Kingston and Perth; (5) from Trenton, lake Ontario, 
to lake Huron (not completed); and (6) from the Atlantic ocean to Bras d Or lakes, 
Cape Breton. The total length of the waterways comprised within these systems 
is about 1,594 statute miles, the actual mileage of canals constructed being 117-2. 

The St. Lawrence group, part of the Montreal to Port Arthur system, com 
prises seven separate canals at different points between Montreal and Prescott, 
not including the so-called "submerged" canal or channel dredged through shallow 
parts of the river between Montreal and Quebec. Chief of these is the Lachine 
canal, originally designed to be a mile in length, with a width of 12 feet and a depth 
of 18 inches. First opened in 1824 and finally completed in 1901, it is now navigable 
by vessels drawing 14 feet of water. 

The Welland canal, connecting lake Ontario and lake Erie, overcomes their 
difference in level of 325J feet. Commenced in 1824, it was opened in 1829, and 
has since been remodelled on several occasions. At present the channel from Port 
Colborne to Thorold is being altered to admit the passage of large lake boats, 
and a new channel from Thorold to a point 3 miles east of Port Dalhousie is in 
course of construction. The total distance traversed by the New Welland from 
lake to lake will be 25 miles. The difference of level between the two lakes will be 
overcome by seven lift locks, each having a lift of 46J feet. The locks are to be 
800 feet long and 80 feet wide in the clear, and will provide a depth of 30 feet of 
water over the mitre sills. The width of the canal prism is to be 200 feet. A new 
breakwater is being built at Port Colborne, extending 2,000 feet farther into the 
lake than the present one. Extensive harbour works are contemplated for the lake 
Ontario entrance at Port Weller. It is expected that upon the completion of the 
New Welland there will be a reduction of about 2 cents a bushel in the freight rate 
on east-bound grain shipments, and that a large proportion of Canadian grain now 
being shipped by Buffalo and New York will be diverted to the St. Lawrence route. 

The Sault Ste. Marie canal, next in importance to the Welland in respect 
of tonnage carried, was opened for navigation in 1895, and has been of vital import 
ance to the traffic in grain and iron ore on the Great Lakes. Although a marked 
decrease in tonnage is shown during the last ten years, much of this is due to the 
2373 42 



658 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



depression in the iron industry and to improved facilities offered by the American 
Sault Ste. Marie canal. 

The Rideau canal route [systems (3) and (4) above], comprising the canals 
on the Ottawa river, besides those between Ottawa and Kingston, was placed in 
operation to provide a safer route, for both military and civil purposes, than the 
St. Lawrence offered. Between the completion of the Rideau canal in 1834 and 
the completion of the Grand Trunk railway between Montreal and Toronto, it was 
regularly used by tens of thousands of immigrants en route to Upper Canada. 

The Trent canal, a partially completed route between Trenton, on lake Ontario, 
and Georgian bay, by way of Rice lake, the city of Peterborough and town of Lindsay 
and lake Simcoe, is as yet of little importance as a traffic route. The abundant 
power available at many points is, however, of great value to the Ontario Hydro- 
Electric Power Commission. At Peterborough the canal is equipped with the 
largest lift-lock in the world. 

The St. Peter s canal, constructed between the years 1912 and 1917, connects 
the Bras d Or lakes with St. Peter s bay on the southeast coast of Cape Breton 
island. It consists of a tidal lock 300 feet in length and 48 feet in breadth, and 
provides for a minimum depth of 18 feet of water on the lock sills. 

Projected Canals. Of the proposed canal schemes, the Georgian Bay route 
and the deepening of the St. Lawrence waterways are the most prominent. The 
former, first travelled by Champlain in 1615. from Montreal along the Ottawa and 
French rivers to Georgian bay, has been strongly advocated on numerous occasions. 
Its great cost, however, and the loss of time in locking, present serious drawbacks 
to the undertaking. The construction of the proposed deep waterway along the 
St. Lawrence from lake Ontario to the sea, for purposes of navigation and power 
development, has been deferred for the present, after consideration by the Govern 
ments of Canada and the United States. 

39. Canals of Canada, Length ami Lock Dimensions, 1922. 



Name. 


Location. 


Length 
in 
Miles. 


LOCKS. 


No. 


Minimum dimension.-. 


Length. 


Width. 


Depth. 


St. Lawrence and Great 
Lakes 
Lachine 




8-50 
14-00 
11-00 
1-25 
3-67 
7-33 
5-17 

26-75 
1-41 


5 
5 
6 
1 
2 
3 


26 
1 


Ft. 
270 
280 
270 
800 
270 
270 

270 
900 


Ft. 
45 
45 
45 
50 
45 
45 

44 

60 


Ft. 
14 
15 
14 
14 
14 
14 
12 

14 
19-5 


Soulanges 


Cascades Point to Coteau Landing... 
Cornwall to Dickinson s Landing. . . . 
Farran s Point rapid 


Cornwall 


Farran s Point . 


Ilapide Plat 


Rapide Plat to Morrisburg 


Galops 


Iroquois to Cardinal 


Murray . . 


Bay of Quinte to lake Ontario 


Welland 


Port Dalhousie, lake Ontario to 
Port Colborne, lake Erie 


Sault Ste. Marie . . 


St. Mary s rapids, 47 miles west ol 
lake Huron.. 





CANAL TRAFFIC 



659 



3. Canals of Canada, Length and Lock Dimensions, 192 concluded. 



Name. 


Location. 


Length. 
in 
Miles. 


Locks. 


No. 


Minimum dimensions 


Length. 


Width. 


Depth. 


Ottawa and Rideau 
rivers 
Ste. Anno Lock . 


Junction of St. Lawrence and Ottawa 
rivers 


0-12 
0-75 
5-75 
126-25 
7-00 

0-12 
12-00 

89-0 
114-6 
30-0 
0-49 


1 

2 
5 

47 

2 

1 
9 

18 
23 

1 

1 
1 


Ft. 

200 
200 
200 
134 
134 

200 
118 

175 
134 
142 

300 
215 


Ft. 

45 
45 
45 
33 
33 

45 
22-5 

33 
33 
33 

48 
45 


Ft, 

I 

9 
9 

5 
5 

7 
7 

8-3 
6 
6 

18 
17 


Carillon 


Carillon rapids, Ottawa river .. 


Grenville 


Long Sault rapids, Ottawa river.. . . 
Ottawa to Kingston 


Rideau. 


Richelieu river 
St Ours Lock .. 


Rideau lake to Perth (Tay branch) , 
St. Ours, Quo 


Chambly . . 


Chambly to St. Johns, Que 


Miscellaneous 
Trent 


Trenton to Peterborough lock, 
Peterborough 


St. Peter s 


Peterborough lock to head of lake 
Couchiching 


Sturgeon lake to Port Perry (Scugog 
branch) . ... 


St. Peter s bay to Bras d Or lakes, 
Cape Breton, N.S. . . . 


St. Andrew s 


Red river, 15 miles north of Winnipeg 





Canal Traffic. Tables 40 to 46 illustrate the nature of traffic passing through 
Canadian canals in 1922. It will be noticed that an increase of 619,034 is shown 
over the total tonnage carried in the season of 1921. Much of this is due to the 
heavy grain trade from ports on the Upper Lakes. Its influence is clearly shown 
by the marked excess of down traffic over that moving inland. The duration of 
the season of navigation and the comparative density of traffic during the months 
from May to October, together with the progressive yearly tendency for traffic 
to be heavier in the fall months than in the earlier summer months, is shown in Table 
41. The various classes of traffic and the exact articles, comprising them are shown 
in Tables 42 and 43, for the years 1921 and 1922. The preponderance of farm and 
mine products is an obvious one, the volume of the latter, however, showing a de 
crease when compared with that of 1921 . The difference is due largely to the smaller 
quantity of American coal imported, a difference (hard and soft coal passing through 
the canals only) of 807,954 tons. Increases in volume of individual articles trans 
ported over the canals are most marked in the case of rye, wheat, miscellaneous 
iron and steel products, sugar and sawed lumber. 

Table 44 giving traffic details of the canal at Sault Ste. Marie (long the most 
important canal in Canada) shows a continued decrease in numbers of vessels and 
freight carried. The principal reason for its comparative disuse is to be found 
in the recent improvements effected in the American Sault Canal, which, with the 
Canadian, is available for vessels of either country. In the following table, however, 
the increase over 1921 in the total traffic of all canals is indicated by nationality of 
vessels. The figures for 1922, nevertheless, show a total of but 19 p.c. of that of 
1913, the record year. A more detailed analysis by individual canals is given 
in Table 46. 

. 2373-42| 



660 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Seasons of 1921 and 1922, by direction and 

origin. 



Canals. 


FROM CANADIAN TO 
CANADIAN PORTS. 


FROM CANADIAN TO 
UNITED STATES 
PORTS. 


FROM UNITED 
STATES TO UNITED 
STATES PORTS. 


FROM UNITBD 
STATES TO CANA 
DIAN PORTS. 


Up. 


Down. 


Up. 


Down. 


Up. 


Down. 


Up. 


Down. 


1921. 
Sault Ste. Marie... 
Welland 


Tons. 

208,104 
198,064 
398,440 
4,008 
13,283 
44,960 
14,593 
64,050 
14,442 
5,892 


Tons. 

1,187,064 
1,626,441 
1,758,958 
7,248 
42,840 
320 
140,501 
28,593 
29,805 
339 


Tons. 

2,241 
61,297 
217,446 
70,335 

3 


Tons. 
87,161 

15,349 
830 

13,184 


Tons. 

56,150 
12,592 
750 


Tons. 

354,023 
7,123 


Tons. 

83,029 
4,224 
3,759 

3,491 


Tons. 

19,820 
1,166.681 
1,339,363 
97,859 

2,366 


St. Lawrence 1 


Chambly 


St. Peter s 


Murray 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent . . 


St. Andrew s. . 


Total 


965,836 


4,822,109 


351,322 


116,524 


69,492 


361,146 


94,503 


2,62C,89 


1922. 
Sault Ste. Marie... 
Welland 


258,974 
252,328 
747,757 
3,103 
12,551 
1,330 
26,592 
64,662 
18,033 
25,104 


925,865 
1,955,760 
2,082.814 
6,281 
40,186 

143,764 
21,455 
25,005 
283 


5,558 
62,993 
237,008 
134,829 

513 


86,735 
39,157 

38,584 
265 


45,473 
12,947 
3,600 


306,492 
33,779 


57,510 
1,000 
4,294 

4,287 


22,453 
1,072,612 
1,205,289 
38,830 


St Lawrence 1 . . . 


Chambly 


St Peter s 


Murray 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent 


St. Andrew s 
Total 


1,410,434 


5,201,413 


440,901 


164,741 


62,020 


340,271 


67,091 


2,339,184 





Canals. 


TOTAL TRAFFIC 
BY DIRECTION. 


ORIGIN OF CARGO. 


Total 
Cargo. 


Increase (+ 
or de 
crease ( ) 
on previous 
year. 


Up. 1 


Down. 


Canadian. 


United 
States. 


1921. 
Sault Ste. Marie 


Tons. 

349,524 
276,177 
620,395 
74,343 
13,283 
44,960 
18,084 
64,053 
14,442 
5,892 


Tons. 

1,648,068 
2,800,245 
3,113,670 
105,937 
42,840 
320 
153,685 
30,959 
29,805 
339 


Tons. 

1,483,444 
1,036,410 
1,547,743 
82,421 
56,123 
45,280 
168,278 
92,015 
44,083 
6,231 


Tons. 

514,148 
2,040,012 
2,186,322 
97,859 

3,491 
2,997 
164 


Tons. 

1,997,592 
3,076,422 
3,734,065 
180,280 
56. 123 
45,280 
171,769 
95,012 
44,247 
6,231 


Tons. 

- 480,226 
+ 800,350 
+ 666,103 
- 145,042 
5,250 
- 90,955 
- 61,560 
2,825 
- 9,413 
+ 456 


Welland 


St. Lawrence 1 


Chambly 


St. Peter s 


Murray 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent 


St. Andrew s 


Total 


1,481,153 


7,925,868 


4,562,028 


4,844,993 


9,407,021 


+ 671,638 


1922. 
Sault Ste. Marie 


367.515 
329.268 
922,659 
137,932 
12.551 
1,843 
30,879 
64,662 
18,033 
25,104 


1,341,545 
3,062,151 
3,327,260 
45,111 
40,186 

182,348 
21,720 
25,005 
283 


1,258,860 
1,802,605 
2,649,585 
143,943 
52,737 
1,843 
208,940 
86,369 
42,958 
25,387 


450,200 
1,588,814 
1,670,334 
39,100 

4,287 
13 
80 


1,709,060 
3,391,419 
4,319,919 
183,043 
52,737 
1,843 
213,227 
86,382 
43,038 
25,387 


- 288,532 
+ 314,997 
+ 585,854 
+ 2,763 
3,386 
- 43,437 
+ 41,458 
- 8,630 
- 1,209 
+ 19,156 


Welland 


St. Lawrence 1 


Chamoly 


St. Peter s 


Murray 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent 


St. Andrew s 


Total 


1,980,446 


8,045,609 


6,273,227 


3,762,828 


10,026,055 


+ fl9,M4 





Includes only the canals on the St. Lawrence river between Lachine and lake Ontario. 



CANAL TRAFFIC 



661 



41. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic, by months, 1917-1922. 



Months. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


i ! 


Tons. 
533 


Tons. 


Tons. 
759 


Tons. 
60 


Tons. 
422 


Tons. 
80 




63,651 


88,446 


404,928 


53,834 


248,026 


236,246 


May 


3,026,990 


3,351,440 


2,278,145 


1,263,740 


1,233,905 


1,224,196 




3,575,885 


2,749,323 


1,530,317 


1,234.352 


1,376,156 


1,252,478 


July 


4,013,982 


2,580,177 


1,483,124 


1,272,797 


1,456,306 


1,517,609 




3,520,647 


2,332,796 


1,224,110 


1,458,549 


1.331.327 


1,427.189 


September 


2,708.184 


2,687,581 


1,162,970 


1,258,744 


1,293,724 


1,507,219 


October 


2,544,732 


2,940,663 


1,100,455 


1,217,795 


1,425,691 


1,464,493 


November., 


2,500,096 


1,933,627 


702,457 


856,417 


910,420 


1,207,161 




284,235 


219,566 


108,001 


119,095 


131,044 


189,384 
















Total... 


22,238,935 


18,883,619 


9,995,366 


8,735,383 


9,407,021 


10,026,055 



42. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1921-1922. 



Canals. 


Farm 
Products. 


Manu 
factures. 


Forest 
Products. 


Mine 
Products. 


Total. 


1921. 
Sault Ste Marie 


Tons. 
1,438,140 


Tons. 
258,527 


Tons. 
45,880 


Tons. 
255,045 


Tons. 
1,997,592 


Welland 


1,873,943 


204,689 


155,081 


842.709 


3,076,422 




1,902,024 


295,644 


363,412 


1,172,985 


3,734,065 




6,365 


9,516 


71,586 


92.813 


180,280 


St Peter s 


12,519 


6,867 


491 


36,246 


56,123 






780 


75 


44,425 


45,280 


Ottawa 


5,386 


19,767 


50,689 


95.927 


171,769 




2,455 


14,197 


4,613 


73,747 


95,012 


Trent 


1,629 


2,197 


39,855 


566 


44,247 




3 


455 


5,730 


43 


6,231 














Total 


5,242,464 


812,639 


737,412 


2,614,506 


9,407,021 














1922. 
Sault Ste. Marie 


1,173,530 


316,697 


7,352 


209,481 


1,709.060 


Welland 


2,572,094 


280,476 


156,663 


382,186 


3.391.419 




2,579,881 


373,193 


432,394 


934,451 


4,319.919 




5,799 


23,184 


129,775 


24,285 


183,043 


St Peter s 


9,499 


6,260 


732 


36,246 


52,737 




60 


513 




1,270 


1,843 




5,498 


29,599 


88,871 


89,259 


213,227 




2,532 


19,399 


6,225 


58,226 


86,382 


Trent . . 


1,302 


2,227 


35,580 


3,9?9 


43,038 


St. Andrew s 


45 


201 


4,621 


20,520 


25,387 














Total... 


6,350,910 


1,051,749 


864,213 


1,759,853 


10,026,055 



43. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation 

Seasons of 1921 and 1922. 



Articles. 


1921. 


1922. 


Increase. 


Decrease. 




Tons. 
224,315 


Tons. 
262,024 


Tons. 

37,709 


Tons. 




1,729 


42 




1,687 




1,551,947 


860,604 


_ 


691,343 


Oats 


599,066 


415,823 


_ 


183,243 


Rye 


118,388 


301,262 


182,874 




Flaxseed 


40,688 


52,394 


11,706 


_ 


Peas 


128 


55 




73 


^ heat 


2,172,442 


3,891,381 


1,718,939 




Flour 


456,093 


506,032 


49,939 




Hay 


10,288 


8,702 




1,586 


Other mill products 


44,123 


31,681 


_ 


12,442 


Fruit and vegetables 


3,549 


3,013 


_ 


536 


Potatoes 


6,012 


5,010 





1,002 


Live stock 


992 


964 


_ 


28 


Poultry, game and fish 


2,984 


2,541 


. 


443 


Dressed meats 


30 


34 


4 






2,766 


1.496 




1.270 



062 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



48. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation 

Seasons of 1921 and 1M& concluded. 



Articles. 


1921. 


1922. 


Increase. 


Decrease. 


Hides and leather .... 


Tons. 
18 


Tons. 
42 


TODS. 

4 


Tons. 


Wool 


17 


599 


582 




All other animal products 


6.889 


6 541 




148 




19,757 


9 726 




in nil 




18,300 


27 291 


8 991 




Household ?oode and furniture 


3,417 


3 388 




9Q 




7,806 


22,114 


14 308 






69 807 


165 365 


95 558 




Petroleum uod other oils 


238,993 


166 177 




79 Rift 




58,681 


122 119 


63 438 




Salt 


10,911 


13 198 


2 287 






5,132 


5 741 


609 




Merchandise not enumerated 


379,835 


516 630 


136 795 




Pulpwood . 


491,041 


511,549 


20 508 






193,230 


317,335 


124 105 






11,465 


3,360 




8 105 


Shingles 


3,214 


821 




2 393 


Otber woods 


38,462 


31,148 




7 314 




341,522 


199 010 




142 512 


Soft COP! 


1,651,740 


986,298 




665 442 


Coke 


10,202 


2,132 




8 0/0 


Copper ore . 


.140 


34,233 


25,093 




Iron ore . 


127,615 


91,245 




36 370 


Other ore 


9,547 


808 




8 739 


Sand etc 


464,740 


446,127 




18 613 












Total 


9,407,021 


10,026,055 


619,034 















44. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the Navigation 
Seasons, 1900-22, by Nationality of Vessel and Origin of Freight. 





Canadian. 


United States. 






Tonnage of Freight. 








Total 


Total 




Years. 










Vessel 










No. 


Vessel 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Vessel 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


Canadian. 


United 
States. 


Total. 


1900.... 


1,790 


577,310 


1,291 


1,617,438 


3,081 


2,194,748 


255,264 


1,780.413 


2,035,677 


1G01.... 


2.796 


775,151 


1,408 


1,674,597 


4,204 


2,449,748 


494,613 


2,325,781 


2,820,394 


1902.... 


3,080 


1,366,930 


1,964 


3,237,372 


5,044 


4,604,302 


1,140,623 


3,588,645 


4,729,268 


1903.... 


2,711 


1,615,939 


1,640 


3,146,807 


4,351 


4,762,746 


1,362,820 


4,149.048 


5,511,868 


1904. . . . 


2,637 


1,555,042 


1,325 


2,675,663 


3,962 


4,230,705 


1,212,145 


3,818,560 


5,030,705 


1905.... 


3,970 


1,803,288 


1,692 


3,734,349 


5,662 


5,537,637 


1,304,355 


4,169,051 


5,473,406 


1906.... 


3,922 


1,959,252 


1,758 


4,399,872 


5,680 


6,359,124 


1,632,683 


4,941,363 


6,574,046 


1907. . . . 


3,217 


2,154,688 


3,132 


9,961,281 


6,349 


12,115,969 


1,957,334 


13,630,831 


15,588,165 


1908.... 


3,289 


2,603,232 


2,004 


7,035,655 


5,293 


9,638,887 


2,092,231 


10, 666, 985 


12,759,216 


1909.... 


2,597 


2,988,936 


3,734 


14,850,738 


6,331 


17.839,674 


3,366,495 


24,494,750 


27, 861, 245 


1910... 


2,744 


3,173,494 


5,228 


20,187,704 


7,972 


23,361,198 


3,378,268 


33,107,419 


36,395,687 


1911.... 


2,713 


3,108,880 


4,068 


16,252,340 


6,781 


19,361,220 


3,177,581 


27,774,128 


30,951,709 


1912.... 


2,643 


3,296,229 


5,213 


22,536,015 


7,856 


25,832,244 


4,090,362 


35,579,293 


39,669,655 


1913.... 


3,279 


3,793,434 


5,006 


22,181,007 


8,285 


25,974,441 


4,954,734 


37,744,590 


42,699,324 


1914.... 


3,011 


3,473,292 


2,966 


13,827,870 


5,977 


17,301,162 


3,609,747 


23,989,437 


27,599,184 


1915.. 


3,000 


3,041,003 


1,331 


5,443,812 


4,331 


8,484,815 


2,561,734 


5,189,223 


7,750,957 


1916.... 


4,595 


4,089,937 


2,094 


8,703,187 


6,689 


12,793,124 


4,155,911 


12,657,738 


16,813.649 


1917.... 


3.199 


3,182,960 


2,138 


8,712,604 


5,337 


11,895,564 


2,875,590 


12,571,502 


15,447.092 


1918.... 


3,067 


2,436,500 


1,992 


7,594,042 


5,059 


10,030,542 


,336,861 


11,576,850 


12,913,711 


1919.... 


3,140 


2,817,096 


929 


3,671,634 


4,069 


6,488,730 


,606,311 


2,531,774 


4,138,086 


1920.... 


3,239 


2,415,775 


771 


2,725,431 


4,010 


5,141,206 


,286,251 


1.191.567 


2,477,818 


1921.... 


3,464 


2,676,320 


399 


1.115.072 


3,863 


3,791.392 


,483,444 


514,148 


1,997,592 


1922. . . . 


3,021 


3,010,713 


481 


1,733,761 


3,502 


4,474,474 


,258,860 


450,200 


1,709.060 



CANAL TRAFFIC 



663 



44. Traffic through all Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons, 1900-1922, 
by Nationality of Vessel and Origin of Freight. 









Freight Carried. 










c 


Canadian Vessels. 


united otates 
Vessels. 


Originating in 


Originating in 




5 






Canada. 


United States. 






No. 


Registered 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Registered 
Tonnage. 


Tons. 


?er cent 
of Total 


Tons. 


Per cent 
of Total 


Tons. 


1900. . 


21,755 


4,129,250 


5,502 


2,408,985 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


5,013,693 


1901.. 


20,860 


3,980,264 


5,634 


2,482,274 


- 











5,665,259 


1902. . 


22,198 


4,485,695 


6,433 


4,086,439 


- 


- 


- 





7,513,197 


1903.. 


23,767 


5,212,832 


6,695 


4,236,475 


- 





- 


- 


9,203,817 


1904. . 


21,851 


4,772,100 


6,253 


3,655,905 








- 





8,256,236 


1905. . 


23,726 


5,191,191 


7,085 


5,096,241 


- 


- 


. 


- 


9,371,744 


1906. . 


25.498 


5,526,321 


7,319 


5,685,315 





- 





- 


10,523,185 


1907. . 


28,833 


6,328,911 


9,328 


11,604,834 








- 





20,543,639 


1908. . 


29,040 


6,780,789 


7,489 


8,521,139 


5,012,147 


28-6 


12,490,673 


71-3 


17,502,820 


1909.. 


22,507 


7,811,578 


9,996 


16,459,322 


7,378,057 


21-8 


26,342,691 


78-2 


33,720,748 


1910. . 


25,337 


8,931,790 


11,462 


21,777,297 


7,883,614 


18-3 


35,106.994 


81-7 


42,990,608 


1911. . 


25,585 


9,172,192 


10,370 


18,231,622 


7,792,907 


20-5 


30,237,446 


79-5 


38,030,353 


1912. . 


27,371 


10,237,335 


11,785 


24,636,190 


9,376,529 


19-7 


38,210,716 


80-3 


47,587,245 


1913. . 


28,654 


12,078,041 


10,739 


24,238,788 


11,130,875 


21-3 


40,923,038 


78-7 


52,053,913 


1914 . 


26,125 


12,050,856 


7,742 


15,636,414 


9,382,206 


25-3 


27,641,031 


74-7 


37,023,237 


1915. . 


21,575 


9,398,207 


6,415 


7,385,101 


6,789,423 


44-7 


8,409,380 


55-3 


15,198,803 


1916. . 


23,002 


9,839,029 


6,800 


10,660,839 


7,486,962 


31-7 


16,096,529 


68-3 


23,583,491 


1917.. 


21,588 


9,831,694 


6,594 


10,259,772 


5,964,369 


26-8 


16,274,566 


73-2 


22,238,935 


1918.. 


18,909 


7,800,972 


6,791 


9,616,200 


3,369,477 


17-8 


15,514,142 


82-2 


18,883,619 


1919.. 


20,682 


8,735,973 


4,092 


5,259,173 


4,865,831 


48-7 


5,129,435 


51-3 


9,995,266 


1920. . 


23,038 


8,521,643 


3,826 


3,838,890 


4,094,044 


46-9 


4,641,339 


53-1 


8,735,383 


1921.. 


25,720 


10,079,388 


2,969 


2,330,178 


4,562,028 


48-5 


4,844,993 


51-5 


9,407,021 


1922. . 


26,217 


11,059,261 


3,735 


3,165,054 


6,273,227 


62-1 


3,752,828 


37-9 


10,026,055 



NOTE. For Canadian Canal Traffic from 1886 to 1899, see 1902 Year Book.p. 398. 

-Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons, 

1918-1922. 



SAULT STB. MARIE CANAL. 





No. 


No. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


1918 


2,786 


281 


3,067 


2,436,500 


1 976 


16 


1,992 


7,594,042 


26,986 


12,913,711 


1919 


2,807 


333 


3,140 


2,817,096 


890 


39 


929 


3,671,634 


41,099 


4,138,085 


1920 


2,882 


357 


3,239 


2,415,775 


666 


105 


771 


2,725,431 


43,455 


2,477,818 


1921 


3,234 


230 


3,464 


2,676,320 


319 


80 


399 


1,115,072 


42,767 


1,997,592 


1922 


2,876 


145 


3,021 


3,010,713 


462 


19 


481 


1,733,761 


35,696 


1,709,060 


WELLAND CANAL. 


1918 


1,726 


362 


2,088 


1,760,301 


970 


134 


1,104 


835,088 


_ 


2,174,298 


1919 


2,038 


306 


2,344 


1,924,419 


853 


16 


869 


691,595 





2,170,779 


1920 


2,009 


421 


2,430 


2,013,817 


610 


84 


694 


514,439 


- 


2,276,072 


1921 


2,673 


365 


3,038 


2,761,228 


714 


18 


732 


568,143 





3,076,422 


1922 


2,677 


411 


3,088 


2,867,768 


735 


78 


813 


677,967 


408 


3,391,419 


ST. LAWRENCE CANALS. 


1918 


3,430 


2,257 


5,687 


2,839,918 


1,122 


488 


1,610 


9V0.107 


45,943 


3,031,134 


1919 


3,910 


1,972 


5,882 


3,107.773 


878 


188 


1,066 


769,172 


72.006 


2,891,619 


1920 


3,774 


2,371 


6,145 


3,233,029 


545 


268 


813 


442,250 


62,397 


3,067,562 


1921 


6,241 


2,165 


8,406 


3,939,233 


674 


130 


804 


545,610 


56,905 


3,734,065 


1922 


7,836 


2,648 


10,484 


4,453,716 


634 


294 


928 


614,232 


72,433 


4,319,919 


CHAMBLY CANAL. 


1918 


146 


425 


571 


86,402 


_ 


1,726 


1,726 


177,320 


1,783 


369, 186 


1919 


138 


245 


383 


65,604 


1 


1,039 


1,040 


107,605 


1,403 


242,961 


1920 


135 


365 


500 


77,666 


2 


1,293 


1,295 


134,978 


1,206 


325,322 


1921 


260 


134 


394 


58,869 


2 


842 


844 


87,931 


1,149 


180,280 


1922 


270 


136 


406 


57,218 


18 


994 


1,012 


107,290 


786 


183,043 



664 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



4. Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons, 

1918-1922 concluded. 
ST. PETER S CANAL. 



1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 


No. 
232 
291 
306 
340 
347 


No. 
835 
864 
888 
769 
720 


No. 
1,067 
1,155 
1,194 
1,109 
1,067 


Tons. 
68,741 
78,412 
82,908 
76,327 
74,702 


No. 

16 
8 
4 
1 


No. 
4 

1 

4 
6 


No. 
4 
17 
8 
8 
7 


Tons. 
546 
1,522 
524 
698 
393 


No. 
479 
322 
1,881 
757 
740 


Tons. 
59.716 
64,879 
61,373 
56, 123 
52,73? 


MURRAY CANAL. 


1918 
1919 

1920 
1921 
1922 


342 

436 
504 
293 
366 


96 
150 
247 
139 
36 


438 
586 
751 
432 
402 


114,573 
152,610 
142,812 
57,726 
15,254 


15 

16 
22 
41 
199 


5 
11 

12 


15 

21 
33 
53 
199 


1,146 
2,434 
812 
1,145 
2,306 


4 
1,099 
3,414 
7,104 
465 


44,735 
108,250 
136,235 
45,280 
1.843 


OTTAWA CANAL. 


1918 
1919 

1920 
1921 
1922 


572 
510 

360 
832 
1,097 


593 
1,132 
1,013 
874 
833 


1,165 
1,642 
1,373 
1,706 
1,930 


218,992 
286,089 
249,934 
229,469 
282, 104 


1 

2 


323 
147 
178 
101 
265 


323 
148 
178 
101 
267 


34,498 
15,019 
19,195 
11,130 
28,650 


14,939 
21,380 
550 
2,712 
19,968 


167,170 
218,438 
233,329 
171,769 
213,227 


RIDEAU CANAL 


1918 
1919 

1920 
1921 
1922 


1,031 
1.502 
1,271 
1,227 
1,421 


125 
331 
438 
214 
472 


1,156 
1,833 
1,709 
1,441 
1,893 


75,487 
122,576 
118,751 
99,832 
105,840 


7 
3 


8 
2 
2 
2 
2 


8 
2 
9 
2 
5 


3,316 
192 
1,124 
204 
242 


16,926 
17,026 
14,785 
11,484 
6,319 


54,136 
103,539 
97,837 
95,012 
86,382 


TRENT CANAL. 


1918 
1919 

1920 
1921 
1922 


2,711 
3,011 
4,871 
4,589 
2,985 


829 
583 
672 
607 
679 


3,540 
3,594 
5,543 
5,196 
3,664 


171,996 
155,895 
160,584 
152,870 
145,422 


9 

25 
26 
20 


- 


9 

25 
26 
23 


137 

137 
245 
213 


98,437 
101,561 
97,849 
100,049 
80,574 


64,893 
52,953 
53,660 
44,247 
43,038 


ST. ANDREW S CANAL. 


1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 


99 
92 
93 
76 
149 


31 
31 
61 
458 
113 


130 
123 
154 
534 
262 


28,062 
25,499 
26,367 
27.514 
46,524 


- 


- 


- 




6,654 
6,160 
4,931 
7,202 
2,130 


4,640 
3,763 
5,775 
6,231 
25,387 


BTTMMARY. 


1918 

1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 


13,075 
14,735 
16,205 
19, 765 
20,024 


5,834 
5.947 
6,833 
5,955 
6,193 


18,909 
20,682 
23,038 
25,720 
26,217 


7,800,972 
8,735,973 
8,521,643 
10,079,388 
11,059,261 


4,092 
2,655 
1,885 
1,780 
2,077 


2,699 
1,437 
1,941 
1,189 
1,658 


6,791 
4,092 
3,826 
2,969 
3,735 


9,616,200 
5,259,173 
3,838,890 
2,330.178 
3,165,054 


212,151 
262,056 
230,468 
230, 129 
219,519 


18,883,619 
9,995,266 
8,735,383 
9,407,021 
10.026.055 



Government Expenditure on Canals. Tables 47 and 48 deal with the 
expenditure by the Dominion Government on the construction and maintenance of 
canals. The items of revenue and expenditure, while showing a smaller total outlay 
resulting from a decreased expenditure combined with an augmented revenue, 
indicate the net outlay entailed in the maintenance of these water routes. All 
canals, it may be added, have since 1904 been free of toll to vessels applying for the 
privilege of locking facilities. The largest single revenue items are those of $294,559 
dues from the government elevator on the Welland canal, $171,575 rents from 
Lachine canal property, and $187,819 rents from Trent canal power facilities. The 
total cost of Canadian canals since their construction was begun is set at $141,425,373. 



GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON CANALS 



665 



?. Total Expenditure and Revenue of Canals, 1868-1922, and before Confederation. 



Fiscal Years. 


Expenditure Chargeable 


Total 
Expendi 
ture. 


Revenue 
of 
Canals. 


To 
Capital. 


To 
Income. 


To 
Revenue. 1 


For 
Staff. 


For 
Repairs. 


Before Confed 
eration 


$ 

20,593,866 
58,449,977 
2,360,570 
2,114,690 
1,823,274 
1,880,787 
2,071,594 

1,552,121 

887,839 
1,723,156 
1,873,869 
1,650,707 

2,349,474 
2,560,939 
2,259.257 
2,829,661 
5,490,796 

6,142,149 
4,304,589 
1,781.957 
2,2H,C35 
4,579,565 
5,449,962 
4,482,639 


$ 

98,378 
2,857,040 
147,768 
216,703 
277,596 
302,409 
354,353 

319,877 
264,111 
508,010 
728, 125 
489,256 

440,270 
442,012 
331.987 
389,285 
444,730 

397,665 
399,414 
111,553 
164,046 
798,113 
1,193,143 
836,810 


1 

820,973 
61,639 
65,771 
63,175 
66,067 
64,515 

62,172 
66,251 
105,519 
106,066 
111,756 

103,398 
110,049 
121,371 
147,729 
140,236 

139,952 
137,907 
149,859 
156,558 
158,153 
192,944 
209,201 


I 

7,618,245 
314,095 
317,839 
390,282 
381,017 
431,500 

447,963 
329,630 
473,639 
475,515 
515,585 

511,306 
585,900 
605,248 
642,845 
675,771 

697,532 
700,022 
743,857 
733,091 
745,986 
815,979 
983,042 


$ 

5,915,591 

262,876 
263,768 
294,114 
350,279 
401,743 

375,889 
287,231 
411,661 
433,958 
491,793 

471,530 
555,710 
535,136 
574,039 
562,599 

529,565 
486, 168 
540,331 
698,878 
713,335 
920,993 
1,105,054 


$ 

20,692,244 
75,661,826 
3,147,248 
2,978,771 
2,848,441 
2,980.559 
3,323,705 

2,758,022 
1,835,062 
3,221,985 
3,617,533 
3,259,097 

3,875,978 
4,254,610 
3.852.9S9 
4,583,559 
7,314,132 

7,906,863 
6,028,100 
3,327,557 
3,964,508 
6,995,152 
8,573,021 
7,616,746 


S 

12,401,918 
315.426 
300,414 
230,213 
79,537 
78,009 

108,068 
105,003 
144,882 
199,501 
193,384 

221,138 
264,114 
307,568 
380, 188 
427,763 

446,722 
461,423 
414.868 
387. 655 
442,193 
366,011 
804,519 


1868-1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 months) 
1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.., 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916... 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


Totals 


141,425,373 


13,512,654 


3,361,562 


20,135,890 


17,182,241 


194,617,720 


19,080,517 



1 Expenditure for Staff and Repairs, Canals in general. 

NOTE. For the years 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, page 462. 

48. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals for the 
fiscal years 1868-1922, and b fore Confederation. 



Canals. 


Expenditure, 
Previous 
Years. 


Expenditure, 
1921-22. 


Total Cost. 


Beauharnois 


S 1,636,690 


$ 


$ 1 636 690 


Carillon and Grenville l 


4,191,756 




4 191 756 


Chambly 


780 996 




780 996 


Cornwall 


7 246 304 




7 246 304 


Culbute Lock and Dam 


382 391 




382 391 


Lachine 


14,132 685 




14 132 685 


Lake St. Francis 


75 907 




75 907 




298 176 




298 176 




1 248 947 




1 248 947 


Rideau 


4 210 274 




4 210 274 


Sault Ste. Marie .... 


4 935 809 




4 935 809 


Soulane.es 


7 904 045 




7 904 045 


St. Arne s Lock and Canal 


1,170 216 




1 170 216 


St. Lawrence River and Canals 
North Channel 


1 695 143 




1 995 143 


River Reaches 


483 830 




483 830 


Galops Channel 


1 039 896 




1 039 896 


St. Ours Lock 


127 229 




127 229 


St.Peter s 


648 547 




648 547 


Tay 


489 599 




489 599 


Tient ; 


18,654,196 


195 823 


18 850 019 


Welland 


29 399 406 


7 000 


29 406 406 


Welland Ship Canal 


25 340 733 


4 279 816 


29 620 549 


Farrans Point 


877 091 




877 091 


Williamsburg Galops 


6,143 468 




6 143 468 


Rapide Plat 


2,159 881 




2 159 881 


Williamsburg 


1,334,552 




1 334 552 


Canals in general 


34 967 




34 967 










Total... 


136.942.734 


4.482.639 


141.425.373 



The records relating to cost of construction by Imperial Government were destroyed by fire in 1852, 
and the statistics are not included in this table. 



666 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



The Panama Canal. The Panama canal, which was opened to commercial 
traffic on August 15, 1914, is a waterway which is destined to be of the greatest 
importance to the British Columbian ports, from which vessels now leave direct for 
Great Britain and European ports throughout the year. As an alternative route to 
that of the transcontinental railway lines, such a passage by water is of vital import 
ance in the solution of the larger transportation problems of the continent, and 
while its influence is perhaps more potential than actual, such a check on trans 
continental rail rates is a valuable one. During the war the great expectations 
based upon the opening of the canal were not realized, owing to the scarcity of 
shipping, but with the decline in ocean freight rates an increase in traffic between 
our Pacific ports and Europe is occurring. While no Canadian vessels passed 
through the canal in 1922, a tonnage of 25,174 originating from our eastern coast 
and a total of 148,305 tons destined for ports on our western coast were carried 
through in British and foreign bottoms. The greater importance of the roul e as one 
from Pacific ports to the European continent is shown by the total of 180,981 tons 
from western Canadian ports locked through on the voyage eastward. Tables 49 
and 50 give the more important figures of nationalities of vessels using the canal 
facilities, together with the volume of traffic since 1915. 

49. Traffic through the Panama Canal by Nationality of Vessels, years ended June 

30, 1919-1922. 





19 


19. 


19 


20. 


19 


21. 


19 


22. 


Nationality. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 
to 

Atlantic. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 
to 
Atlantic. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 

to 
Atlantic. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 
to 
Atlantic. 


Argentinian 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Belgian 




1 




I 


i 


1 




** 


Brazilian, 






2 


i 


i 









British 


306 


9QQ 


<?Q3 


3fin 


>(19 






"" 


Canadian 


2 












DM 


402 


Chilean 


48 


45 


JB 




4ft 


09 




~ 


Chinese 


2 


2 


2 








Z7 


26 


Colombian 


1 






i 








~ 


Costa Rican 


6 


6 




i 


g 









Cuban 












1 




- 


Danish 


37 


42 


4 





98 


00 






Dutch 


5 


13 




12 


9fl 


9A 




28 


Ecuadorian 




1 












32 


Finnish 
















~* 


French 


29 


75 


Q 


51 


9ft 


1ft 


9Q 




German 






5 


19 


4 






H 


Greek 


1 


2 










/U 


17 


Italian 






13 


1> 


u 


19 




2 


Japanese 


47 


40 


84 


34 


8ft 


CA 




9 


Mexican 




1 






4 






67 


Norwegian . . 


56 


72 


4ft 


M 


7R 


a A 






Panaman 






3 


i 


i 




I 


45 


Peruvian 


33 


31 


37 


38 


>) 


OQ 






Portuguese 






I 


i 






oU 


30 


Russian 


3 




2 




1 






~ 


Spanish 


2 


3 


2f) 


21 


99 


99 






Swedish 


10 


17 


10 


g 


15 


in 


91 




United States 
Uruguayan 


267 
1 


517 


493 
i 


636 


579 


631 


573 


14 

522 


Jugoslavian 










i 


1 

























Total 


857 


1,167 


1,180 


1,298 


1,471 


1,421 


1,5M 


1,227 



From Annual Report of the Governor of the Panama Canal, 1922. 



SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION. 



667 



50. -Summary of Commercial Traffic through the Panama Canal, years ended June 3, 

1915-1922. 1 



Years. 


Atlantic to Pacific. 


Pacific to Atlantic. 


Total Traffic. 


Vessels. 


Cargo 
Tonnage. 


Vessels. 


Cargo 
Tonnage. 


Vessels. 


Caigo 
Tonnage. 


1915 


522 
396 
874 
915 
857 
1,180 
1,471 
1,509 


2,070,993 
1,369.019 
2,929,260 
2,639,300 
2,740,254 
4,092,516 
5,892,078 
5,495,934 


553 
362 
929 
1,154 
1,167 
1,298 
1,421 
1,227 


2,817,461 
1,725,095 
4,129,303. 
4,892,731 
4,176,367 
5,281,983 
5,707,136 
5,388,976 


1,075 
758 
1,803 
2,069 
2,024 
2,478 
2,892 
2,736 


4,888,454 
3,094,114 
7,058,563 
7,532,031 
6,916,621 
9,374,499 
11,599,214 
10,884,910 


iqifi 


1Q17 


1918 


igig 


1Q9Q 


1921 


1922 


Total 


7,734 


27,239,354 


8,111 


34,119,052 


15,835 


61,348,40 





iFrom Annual Report of the Governoi of the Panama Canal, 1922. 

IX. SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION. 

Canadian shipping may be divided into two classes, ocean shipping and that on 
inland waters. Whereas, in the case of most countries of such an extensive coast 
line, the former is much the more important, in Canada shipping on inland waters, 
while finally dependent to a large extent on ocean traffic to foreign ports, shares 
almost equally with that of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans the attention devoted to 

water traffic. 

Ocean Shipping. Canadian ocean shipping dates back to the days of early 
European fishermen who frequented the shores of Newfoundland and the Maritime 
provinces. Ocean-going vessels of that time were crude, wooden sailing craft of 
but 20 or 30 tons burden, to be entrusted only to the guidance of hardy mariners 
for navigation through nearly unknown seas. Further exploration and settlement 
produced a larger volume of traffic, but it was not until the building of ships in 
Canada by the French assumed some dimensions that traffic became important. 
The first ocean-going vessels in Canada were probably built by Font-Grave, one 
of the first settlers in New France, and soon afterwards Talon and Hocquart, intend- 
ants of the colony, realizing the advantages offered to the industry by the timber 
resources available, gave it every encouragement. Shipyards were established at 
Quebec and other points along the St. Lawrence, and these, together with later 
establishments on the western coast, have formed oce of the principal bases of 
Canadian shipping on the Atlantic and the Pacific. 

Canadian shipping attained some prominence in the days of fast wooden sailing 
vessels, and also at a later date when steam power first came into use. In 1833 the 
Royal William, a Canadian ship built to ply between Quebec and Halifax, crossed 
the Atlantic from Pictou to London, the first vessel to navigate the Atlantic under 
steam power. A few years later Samuel Cunard established the well known steam 
ship line of that name. His company pursued a conservative course; wooden 
ships were used long after iron hulls were a proven success, and paddle wheels after 
the itroduction of the screw propeller. By 1867 the company s business had 
shifted to New York, and its terminal was moved there from Halifax. The Allan 
line had a somewhat similar early history, but has remained a purely Canadian 
company. In addition to other lines of less importance, both the C.P.R. and 
C.N.R. operate ocean fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific in conjunction with 
their railway systems 



668 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



In the following Tables, statistics are given of sea-going vessels entered and 
cleared at Canadian ports during the fiscal years 1921 and 1922, of entrances and 
clearings at principal ports during the same year, and related matters. The number 
and particularly the tonnage of vessels entered and cleared from Canadian ports in 
both ocean and coasting trade indicates clearly the predominance of British shipping 
in Canadian waters over that of all other nations. This is particularly the case on the 
Atlantic coast, where the bulk of our European and South American trade is handled. 
Figures for 1922 show a moderate revival in the shipping industry. 

51. Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian 
Ports during the fiscal years 1921 and 1922. 



Nationalities. 


Number 
of 
Vessels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Freight. 


Number 
of 
Crew. 


Tons 
Weight. 


Tons 
Measure 
ment. 


1921. 
ENTERED. 

British 


2,250 
6,234 

8,874 


5.389,120 
2,866.100 
4,261,283 


1,091,848 
199,133 
1,306,731 


247,897 
89.300 
30,295 


165,494 
142,198 
132,254 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


17,358 


12,516,503 


3,097,712 


367,492 


439,946 


CLEARED. 
British 


2,276 
6,256 
8,750 


5,156,499 
2,644,384 
4,599,343 


3,570,943 
1,453,858 
2,247,502 


827,235 
301,259 
349,417 


145.780 
143,581 
143,727 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


17,282 


12,400,226 


7,272,303 


1,477,911 


433,094 


TOTAL ENTERED AND CLEARED. 
British 


4,526 
12,490 
17,624 


10,545.619 
5,510.484 
8,8bO,t>2b 


4,662,791 
2,152,991 
3,554,233 


1,075,132 
390,559 
379,712 


311,280 
285,779 
275.981 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


34,640 


24,916,729 


10,370,015 


1,845,403 


873,040 


1922. 
ENTERED. 

British 


2,152 
7,330 
8,675 


5,408,055 
3,348,830 
4,863,298 


539,404 
1,061,740 
1,337,250 


216,217 
73,857 
26, 150 


155,186 
146,332 
146,824 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


18,157 


13,620,183 


2,938,394 


316,224 


448,342 


CLEARED. 
British 


2,087 
7,599 
8,495 


5,063,348 
3,512,372 
5,398,567 


3,731,087 
1,714,569 
2,812,046 


323,785 
347.751 
233,659 


134,538 
153,787 
151,851 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


18,181 


13,974,287 


8,257,702 


905,195 


440,176 


TOTAL ENTERED AND CLEARED. 
British 


4,239 
14,929 
17.170 


10,471 403 
6.861,202 
10.261,865 


4,270,491 
2,776.309 
4,149,296 


540,002 
421,608 
259.809 


289,724 
300.119 
298,675 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


36,338 


27,594,470 


11,196,096 


1,221,419 


888, 618 





CLEARANCES AT CANADIAN PORTS 



669 



52. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 

fiscal year 1922. 



Ports. 



British. 



No. 



Tonnage. 



Foreign. 



No. 



Tonnage. 



Total. 



No. 



Tonnage. 



AlertBay.B.C 19 4,493 

Anyox.B.C.. 46 42,623 

Baddeck, N.S 86 5,817 

Bathurst.N.B 40 8,038 

Bonne Esperance, Que 59 10,113 

Bridgewater, N.S 30 7,810 

Britannia Beach, B.C 32 10,488 

Campbellton, N.B 13 4,490 

Campobello, N.B 330 50,214 

Canso, N.S 116 16,630 

Charlottetown, P.E.I 72 72,706 

Chatham.N.B 9 11,145 

Chemainus, B.C 58 70,447 

Digby, N.S 117 13,135 

Gaspe.Que 21 7,671 

Halifax, N.S 1,399 2,602,495 

Hantsport, N.S 20 15,135 

Hillsboro, N.B 28 27,636 

Ladysmith, B.C 1,020 172,985 

LaHave.N.S 168 23,973 

Levis.Que 10 25,239 

Liverpool, N.S 155 17,080 

Lockport, N.S 96j 3,907 

Lord s Cove, N.B 385 3,055 

Louisburg, N.S 159 80,419 

Lower East Pubnico, N.S 50 2,575 

Lunenburg, N.S 256 58,981 

Moncton.N.B., 9 3,265 

Montreal.Que 1,104 3,895,945 

Nanaimo, B.C 343 91,496 

Newcastle, N.B 15 6,767 

New Westminster, B.C 30 63,464 

North Head, N.B 379 56,765 

North Sydney, N.S 1,276 387,327 

Ocean Falls, N.S 32 56,862 

Parrsboro, N.S 113 24,612 

Port Alberni, B.C 20 28,171 

Powell River, B.C 114 107,587 

Port Alfred, Que 51 69,851 

Port Hawkesbury, N.S 91 12,672 

Port Hastings, N.S 6 4,628 

Prince Rupert, B.C 2,325 145,829 

Quatsino, B.C 3 982 

Quebec, Que 207 1,120,282 

Rimouski, Que 6 7,034 

St. Andrew s, N.B 49S 42,618 

St. George, N.B 32 5,910 

St. John, N.B 688 1,307,692 

St. Martin s, N.B 35 18,699 

St. Stephens, N.B 78 4,621 

Sandy Point, N.S 20 3,062 

Shelburne, N.S 27 5,544 

Sidney, B.C 47 11,595 

Stewart, B.C 38 21,901 

Sydney, N.S 554 669,959 

Three Rivers, Que 10 24,256 

Union Bay, B.C 115 235,559 

Vancouver, B.C 1,965 2,860,333 

Victoria.B.C 1,742 2,183,548 

White ROCK, B.C 177 10,627 

Windsor, N.S 75 55,853 

Yarmouth, N.S 502 322,110 



139 

7 

39 



2 

17 

425 

314 

1 

14 

55 

44 

11 

482 

10 

19 

366 

7 

2 

322 

66 

301 

401 

139 

23 

10 

451 

1,911 

5 

34 

27 

428 

20 

56 

40 

121 

6 

43 

7 

2,944 

10 

39 

4 

239 
169 
565 
59 
151 
354 
130 
75 
21 
317 
13 
146 
1,403 
1,798 
28 
107 
329 



1 



4,478 

18,108 

52,853 

9,992 

1,268 

786 

26,328 

8,908 

18, 163 

654 

15,584 

49,492 

780 

12,846 

865,078 

17, 179 

11,467 

119,863 

490 

6,758 

19,398 

2,580 

3,954 

23,533 

4,886 

2,346 

2,596 

1,250,050 

301,374 

5,981 

38,543 

429 

173,493 

25,956 

15,157 

44,838 

63,134 

12,362 

11,418 

7,744 

110,096 

35,481 

100,556 

5,028 

24,919 

3,659 

523,722 

8,308 

6,753 

24,802 

9,436 

41,373 

5,911 

453,544 

29,030 

350,335 

2,578,431 

2,476,387 

356 

130,538 
43,182 



i 



158 

53 

125 

48 

61 

30 

34 

30 

755 

430 

62 

23 

113 

161 

32 

1,881 
30 
47 

1,386 
175 
12 
477 
162 
686 
560 
189 
589 
19 
555 
2,254 
20 
64 
406 
1,704 
52 
169 
60 
235 
57 
134 
13 

5,269 

13 

246 

10 

1,737 

201 

1,253 

94 

229 

374 

157 

122 

59 

871 

23 

261 

3,368 

3,540 

205 

182 

831 



8,971 
60,731 
58,670 
18,030 
11,381 
7,810 
11,274 
30,818 
59,122 
34,793 
73,360 
26,729 
111.939 
13,815 
20,517 
3,467,573 
32,314 
39,103 
292,848 
24.463 
31,997 
36.478 
6,487 
7,009 
103,952 
7.461 
61,327 
5,861 
5,145,995 
392,870 
12,748 
102,047 
57, 194 
560,820 
82,818 
39,769 
73,009 
170,721 
112,213 
24,090 
12,372 
255,925 
36, 463 
1,220,838 
12,062 
67,537 
9,569 
1,831,414 
27,007 
11,374 
27,864 
14,980 
52,968 
27,812 
123,503 
53,286 
585,894 
5,438,764 
4,659.935 
10,983 
186,391 
365,292 



! 



670 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



53. Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards, by Countries, 

VESSELS ENTERED INWARDS. 







British. 






Canadian 






Foreign. 




Countries whence 
arrived. 


No. 
of 

Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 




739 


3,143,509 


90,171 


168 


268,105 


4,496 


136 


362,937 


4,854 


Australia 


32 


175,827 


5,357 


11 


37, 107 


481 


1 


1,012 


14 


Gibraltar 


7 


21,129 


232 


2 


6,683 


88 


6 


15,750 


265 


British VV. Indies 


07 


158,764 


5,836 


180 


117,076 


2,794 


19 


17,688 


427 


Newfoundland 


673 


235,816 


11,015 


363 


131,086 


4,973 


54 


112,342 


1,421 


Other British possessions. 
Belgium 


14 
52 


50,648 
303,780 


815 
10,931 


10 
2 


34,337 
9,407 


446 
105 


3 
16 


11,936 
70,879 


148 
1,348 


China 


16 


101,525 


1,739 


46 


282,520 


17,633 


34 


219,068 


5,422 


Denmark 










_ 




21 


67,455 


2,036 


France 


10 


24,519 


377 


5 


13,838 


383 


28 


63,255 


1,486 


Germany . .... 


15 


50,743 


835 


j 


7,079 


76 


21 


56,914 


805 


Holland . . 


41 


118,268 


1,624 


3 


10,745 


139 


47 


118,068 


1,643 


Italy. 


9 


33,148 


883 


5 


15,955 


197 


35 


119,144 


2,010 


Japan . 


9 


55,519 


952 


12 


47,544 


2,141 


115 


594,859 


12,396 


Mexico 


3 


10,219 


114 


15 


94,121 


606 


28 


13u,588 


$94 


Norway 


2 


2,718 


40 


1 


2,155 


39 


21 


48,282 


655 


Peru 


7 


20,636 


310 


4 


9,682 


116 


16 


48,933 


556 


St. Pierre 


16 


1,604 


99 


9 


657 


50 


98 


22,387 


3,076 


Philippines . 


7 


45,066 


825 


1 


2,823 


50 


e 


21,636 


270 


San Domingo 














26 


32,891 


743 


Spain 


6 


17,413 


379 


10 


10,084 


174 


5 


4,991 


103 


United States.. 


283 


770,377 


19,216 


4,273 


2,145,564 


96,451 


5,178 


2,538,660 


78,740 


Sea Fishei ies 


104 


7,418 


1,533 


2,113 


60,503 


13,994 


2,711 


87,940 


25,254 


Other countries 


22 


42,802 


713 


31 


33,442 


628 


40 


74,095 


1,435 


From Sea 


18 


16,607 


1,190 


64 


8,317 


272 


10 


15,588 


723 






















Total ... 


2,152 


5,408,055 


155,186 


7,330 


3,348,830 


146,332 


8,675 


4,863,298 


146,824 



VESSELS ENTERED OUTWARDS. 







British. 






Canadian 


. 




Foreign. 




Countries to which 
departed. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 

No.. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
Nc. 


No. 
of 

Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Registtr. 


Crew 
No. 


Great Britain 


613 


2,443,541 


60,427 


134 


291,165 


4,766 


144 


381,594 


5,204 


Australia 


49 


235,221 


6,341 


20 


68,860 


869 


5 


15,214 


222 


British Oceania 


3 


8,949 


132 


5 


16,620 


222 


3 


8,440 


138 


British South Africa . . 


5 


14,712 


244 


1 


3,384 


44 


1 


2,119 


20 


British West Indies 


4 


577 


51 




63,534 


1,367 


19 


17,031 


428 


Newfoundland 


681 


239,566 


10,598 




145,128 


6,903 


41 


77,158 


1,035 


British Guiana 


27 


76,934 


2,907 


13 


15,995 


308 




_ 


_ 


Gibraltar 


4 


8,522 


110 






_ 


15 


46,414 


677 


Other British possessions.. 
Argentina. . . 


5 

4 


13,195 
8,965 


233 

150 


15 
3 


38,126 
5,730 


719 
105 


1 


1,389 


17 


Belgium 


32 


155,652 


4,766 


3 


6,525 


130 


27 


79,961 


1,019 


China.. . 


9 


56,144 


1,017 


49 


248,198 


12,870 


8 


31,305 


604 


Cuba 


6 


15,306 


281 


n 


20,067 


407 


27 


28,321 


641 


Denmark 


2 


4,347 


66 








41 


85,715 


1,260 


Brazil 


1 


2,391 


17 


9 


10,393 


163 




_ 





France 


13 


68,817 


2,076 


13 


22,518 


399 


30 


38,519 


1,231 


Germany 


49 


151,489 


2,038 


4 


12,211 


168 


59 


183,744 


2,401 


Greece 


6 


12,882 


180 






_ 




5,249 


73 


Holland 


44 


139,004 


1,854 


3 


11,375 


139 


57 


155, 190 


2,043 


Italy 


10 


39,544 


1,190 








37 


120,180 


1,851 


Japan 


23 


133,172 


2,136 


39 


179,538 


8,148 


144 


763,959 


15,488 


Mexico 


4 


10,327 


134 


15 


67,293 


451 


27 


94,077 


751 


Norway 


1 


2,261 


28 






_ 


35 


76,768 


1,051 


Peru 


8 


23,584 


358 


2 


10,676 


86 


a 


5,943 


70 


St. Pierre 


19 


2,024 


138 


18 


1,707 


121 


52 


13,486 


1,155 


United States... 


309 


1,102,633 


32,324 


4,294 


2,138,106 


97,299 


4,210 


2,998,671 


79,889 


Sea fisheries 


121 


13,122 


2,217 


2,360 


81,955 


16,981 


3,477 


109,100 


33,186 


Other countries 


13 


60,996 


1,041 


69 


52,546 


044 


22 


49,849 


712 


For Sea 


22 


19,471 


1,421 


66 


722 


178 


9 


9,163 


685 


Total... 


2.087 


5.063.348 


134,538 


7,599 


3,512,372 


153,787 


8,495 


5,398,567 


151,851 



CLEARANCES AT CANADIAN PORTS 



671 



54. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in 

Ballast, 1901-1922. 



Fiscal Years. 


British. 


Canadian. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


1901 . 


4,319 
4,363 
4,647 
4,997 
4,bl4 

5,104 
4,488 
6,356 
5,795 
5,780 

6,870 
6,766 
7,307 
7,418 
6,949 

6,817 
7,387 
7,337 
6,099 
5,511 
4,526 
4,239 


6,694,133 
6,865,924 
7,753,788 
8,045,817 
8,034,652 

9,059,453 
7,576,721 
10,329.515 
10,405,370 
11,038,709 

12,712,337 
13,342,928 
13,896,353 
15,711,849 
13,931,091 

12,417,944 
16,144,873 
16,959,790 
14,054,166 
12,320,994 
10,545,619 
10,471,403 


9,910 
11,413 
11,282 
11,045 
11,279 

12,201 
7,880 
10,562 
10,946 
10,875 

10,607 
10,966 
11,810 

12,786 
11,903 

12,386 
12,241 
10,998 
11,115 
11,994 
12,490 
14,929 


1,677,138 
1, 37, 227 
2,085,568 
1,979,803 
2,269,834 

2,304,942 
1,8S,141 
2,606,660 
2,806,278 
3,498,361 

3,341,998 
4,618,163 
4,530,835 
5,160,799 
4,005,011 

3,894,731 
4,343,448 
4,343,853 
3,758,528 
4,434,634 
5,510,484 
6,861,202 


12,476 
14,530 
12,403 
14,002 
11,904 

12,511 
8,107 
12,886 
13,441 
13,147 

12,467 
15,134 
16,549 
15,811 
15,060 

18,559 
18,500 
16,597 
15,132 
17,353 
17,624 
17,170 


6,171,761 

5,928,337 
6,001.819 
5,801,085 
5,283,969 

5,479,034 
4,429,012 
6,555,096 
6,554,228 
6,267,243 

6,242,851 
0,628,513 
7.803.910 
8,695,838 
7,466,484 

8,514,975 
8,778,753 
11,483,484 
7,448,699 
8,489,126 
8,860,626 
10,261,865 


14,543,062 
14,731,488 
15,841,175 
16,826,705 
15,588,455 

16,843,429 
13,904,874 
19,491,271 
19,765,876 
20,804,313 

22,297,186 
24,586,605 
26,231,098 
29,568.486 
25,402,586 

24,827,650 
29,267,074 
32,787,127 
25,261,393 
25,244,754 
24,916,729 
27,594,470 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





Nora. For 1868-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 379. 

55. Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) arrived at and 
departed from Canadian Ports, 1901-1922. 



Fiscal Years. 


British. 


Canadian. 


Foreian. 


Total 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


1901.. 


4,319 
4,363 
4,647 
4,997 
4,614 

5,104 
4,488 
6,356 
5,795 
5,780 

6,870 
6,766 
7,307 
7,418 
6,949 

6,817 
7,387 
7,337 
6,099 
5,511 
4,526 
4,239 


6,694,133 
6,865,924 
7,753,788 
8,045,817 
8,034,652 

9,059,453 
7,576,721 
10,329,515 
10,405,370 
11,038,709 

12,712,337 
13,342,929 
13,896,353 
15,711,849 
13,931,091 

12,417,944 
16,144,873 
16,959,790 
14,054,166 
12,320,994 
10,545,619 
10,471,403 


30,211 
33,202 
31,534 
30,934 
29,729 

32,239 
30,654 
28,795 
29,247 
28,635 

29,670 
27,949 
42,624 
30,234 
29,359 

37,900 
39,978 
34,786 
37,023 
37,388 
39,877 
36,679 


8,540,089 
9,654,528 
10,482,940 
9,955,290 
11,047,447 

11,241,915 
11,582,408 
11,717,846 
13,805,790 
15,680,534 

16,380,146 
18,069,983 
20,677,938 
17,02b,121 
17,504,751 

17,372,836 
20,290,252 
19,890,461 
17,567,061 
16,869,619 
22,236,962 
20,029,572 


33,302 
40,148 
53,545 
35,739 
35,647 

37,644 
25,263 
40,461 
38,677 
41,650 

40,892 
45,399 
47,303 
55,835 
48,635 

75,411 
74,850 
70,781 
52,273 
52,827 
50,370 
61,114 


10,795,586 
13,504,952 
15,418,315 
13,201,098 
13,195,721 

14 430,804 
11,436,761 
17,527,670 
16,490,443 

17,848,748 

18,337,062 
21,560,215 
23,275,492 
29,181,513 
22,lb8,311 

27,930,318 
29,277,419 
29,952,237 
21,607,821 
20.302,920 
21,8b6,049 
26,164,278 


26,029,808 
30,025,404 
33,655,043 
31,202,205 
32,277,820 

34,732,172 
30,595,891 
39,575,031 
40,701,603 
44,567,991 

47,429,545 
52,973,127 
57,849,783 
61,919,483 
53,604,153 

57,721,098 
65,712,544 
66,802,488 
53,229,048 
49,493,533 
54,648,630 
56,665,253 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.... 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916... 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





NOTB. For 1868-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 380. 



672 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



56. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1918-1922. 





1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


VESSEI* ARRIVED 
British- 
Steam No 


63 586 


59 076 


61 859 


fil 187 


JIO CAR 


Tons register 


28 208 601 


24 666 439 


27 711*784 


91 9Q4 7"i1 


97 Kn 947 


Number of crew 


1 210 763 


1 19 514 


1 209 243 


1 907 878 


1 9 in nn9 


Sail No. 


14 945 


13 552 


13 l43 


12 505 


19 409 


Tons register 


3,082 450 


2 868 481 


2 785*198 


2 790 484 


31 fit; oon 


Number of crew 


54,663 


49 230 


48 798 


51 958 


40 517 


Foreign 
Steam No. 


479 


701 


o94 


680 


<88 


Tons Register 


681 724 


756 161 


521 771 


428 017 


QCO fl-30 


Numoer of crew 


11 515 


16 310 


12 381 


Urw 


9184 


fail No. 


296 


343 


204 


160 


147 


To is register 


43,914 


116 790 


50 099 


54 293 


tg 987 


Number of crew 


1,871 


2 027 


1 227 


1 054 


1 025 


Description of vessels 
Steam, screw No. 


58 745 


54 465 


56 922 


56 095 


57 75"? 


Steam, paddle " 


4 088 


3 841 


3 737 


4 043 


3 80Q 


Steam, stern wheel " 


1 232 


1 471 


1 794 


1 729 


1 569 


Sail, ships " 




1 


3 


7 




Sail, barxs " 


1 


2 


3 


2 


3 


Sail, barkentines " 


1 


1 


2 


4 


1 


Sail, brigantines " 




2 




3 


3 


Sail, schooners . " 


11 733 


10 031 


9 625 


8 810 


8 329 


Sail, sloops, barges, canal boats, 
etc.. . " 


3 506 


3 858 


3 714 


3 839 


4 303 


VESSELS DEPABTED 
British 
Steam No . 


60,750 


56 407 


59 004 


59 794 


59 002 


T ons register 


26,033,657 


22 652,010 


26,414 821 


24 793 946 


27 418 694 


Number of crew. .. . . 


1 160 981 


1 083 012 


1 153 433 


1 191 554 


1 227 953 


Sail ... No 


15 217 


15 221 


12 859 


11 944 


12 152 


Tons register . .... 


2,910 028 


2 781 176 


2 660 725 


2 578 804 


3 029 708 


Number of crew 


56 502 


47 844 


46 155 


49 892 


49 683 


Foreign 
Steam No . 


354 


558 


454 


566 


443 


Tons register 


457,605 


543 600 


350 310 


351 522 


240 034 


Number of crew 


7,846 


10,813 


8,624 


8 697 


7 158 


Sail No. 


311 


266 


262 


152 


128 


Ton? register 


44,621 


118,668 


57,950 


49,396 


38,497 


Number of crew 


1 613 


2 442 


1 400 


731 


728 


Description of Vessels 
Steam, screw No. 


55,928 


51,994 


54,334 


54 481 


54 096 


Steam, paddle " 


3,948 


3,486 


3,323 


4 251 


3,778 


Steam, sternwheel " 


1,28 


1,485 


1,801 


1 628 


1,571 


Sail, ships " 




1 


1 


2 




Sail, barks " 


1 


2 


6 


5 


2 


Sail, barkentines " 




1 


2 


1 


3 


Sail, briganrines " 


2 


1 




5 


3 


Sail, schooners .... " 


12,050 


11,787 


9,465 


8 638 


8,207 


Sail, sloops, barges.canal boate.etc. " 


3,475 


3.6U5 


3,647 


3,445 


4,065 



Inland Shipping. Inland shipping is associated in its beginnings with the 
birch-bark canoe of the American Indian. The advantages of this light and easily 
navigable boat were realized by explorers and fur traders, and for many years it was 
in general use, giving way to more substantial craft only with the demands of heavier 
traffic. The bateau and Durham boat came into common use after the migration 
of the U.E. Loyalists, and, on the St. Lawrence and the other main highways of the 
time, they too soon gave place to larger vessels. Original plans of the Lachine 
Canal, by which it was to be 12 feet in width and 18 inches deep, afford an illustra 
tion of the size of these primitive craft. 

In the absence of any roads making land travel possible, the St. Lawrence 
river and the Great Lakes formed the main highway to the interior. 

The route from Montreal to the Upper Lakes was broken at three places 
from Montreal to Kingston transportation was by bateau or Durham boat, from 
Kingston to Queenston schooners were used, then there was the portage road from 
Queenston to Chippawa and finally schooner again to the destination. The charge 
for transporting a barrel of rum from Montreal to Kingston was from $3.00 to $3.50, 
and freight charges on other goods were proportions of the rate on this standard article. 



INLAND SHIPPING 



673 



In 1809, the "Accommodation," the first Canadian steamship, was built for 
the Hon. John Molson to run between Montreal and Quebec. By 1818 Molson 
formed a company, the St. Lawrence Steamship Company or the Molson Line. 
On lake Ontario, the "Frontenac," beginning with 1817, was used on a weekly 
service between York and Prescott, and following this beginning came a period of 
great activity in lake and river shipping. In 1845, the "Gore" reached lake Huron 
by way of the Welland canal to carry on transport trade in the Upper Lakes, where 
previously there had not been enough traffic to support a large ship. Shipping on 
the Upper Lakes became brisker now, for there were settlers to be carried from 
Buffalo to the western United States and grain to be brought back. In this period 
Canadian shipping made its profit by carrying American goods, for there was little 
traffic originating in the Canadian near-West. 

The period from 1850 to the present has witnessed a general decline in inland 
shipping owing to the competition of railways. Considerable traffic is still carried 
over water routes, however, and the transport of grain, coal and iron ore now forms 
the basis of considerable fleets of cargo boats on the Great Lakes. 

57. Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada 
and United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1918-1922. 





1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


VESSELS ARRIVED 
Canadian 
Steam , t No. 


10,292 


11,774 


11,587 


12,420 


10,110 




7,326,058 


6,664,144 


5,883,911 


7,884,184 


6,283,053 




275,804 


207,523 


235,405 


288,117 


276,557 


Sail No. 


1,518 


1,087 


967 


1,298 


712 


Tens register 


418,482 


416,124 


269,908 


404,180 


181,534 


Number of crew 


5,475 


5,132 


3,653 


4,917 


3,086 


American 
Steam No . 


24,594 


16,325 


16,499 


14,089 


20,792 




8,643,144 


6,708,059 


5,611,030 


6,059,357 


7,546,477 




264,221 


180,420 


191,569 


169,904 


198,725 


Sail No. 


2,196 


2,034 


1,147 


1,550 


1,025 


Tons register 


661,297 


521,317 


319,415 


480,733 


348,158 


Number of crew 


7,348 


6,589 


3,912 


6,366 


3,878 


Description of Vessels 


32,923 


26,992 


26,664 


25,118 


29,741 




1,911 


1,031 


1,384 


1,359 


1,140 


Steam, sternwheel 


52 


76 


38 


32 


21 


Sail, schooners 


1,063 


729 


642 


809 


251 


Sail, sloops 


21 


17 


11 


13 


33 


Sail, barges " 


1,970 


2,375 


1,461 


2,026 


1,453 


Sail, barks " 


660 










VESSELS DEPARTED 
Canadian 
Steam No. 


10,454 


11,896 


11,847 


12,384 


10,292 


Tons register 


7,351,692 


6,320,430 


5,976,120 


8,046,127 


6,533,006 




223,094 


217,673 


236,263 


261,338 


240 272 


Sail No. 


1,524 


1,151 


993 


1,285 


636 


Tons register 


450,376 


407,835 


305,046 


391,987 


170,777 


Number of crew 


5,574 


5,009 


3,963 


5,186 


3,065 


American 
Steam No. 


24,419 


16, 160 


16,249 


15,140 


20 819 




8,417,326 


6,385,048 


5,532,881 


5,947,482 


7,653,349 




270,472 


178,345 


184,109 


169,675 


199,306 


Sail No. 


2,975 


2,622 


1,579 


1,967 


1,308 


Tons register 


746,986 


544,698 


350,468 


517,851 


354,429 


Number of crew 


8,426 


7,610 


5,150 


6,398 


4,320 


Description of Vessels 
Steam, screw No. 


32,901 


26,983 


26,672 


26,384 


29,914 


Steam, paddle 


1,697 


1,027 


1,386 


1,097 


1,180 


Steam, sternwheel 


275 


46 


38 


43 


17 


Sail, schooners ...... " 


869 


716 


677 


536 


264 


Sail, sloops " 


22 


22 


10 


16 


37 


Sail, barges " 


3,608 


3,035 


1,885 


2,700 


1,643 















6237343 



674 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



58. statement showing by Provinces the total number and tonnage of all Vessels 

entered and cleared at Canadian Ports during the fiscal 

year ended March 31, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Sea-going. 


Coastwise. 


Arrived. 


Departed. 


Arrived. 


Departed. 


Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
register. 


Ves 
sels. 

5,252 
69 

2,688 
970 

1 
9,201 


Tons 
register. 


\, - 
scls. 


Tons, 
register. 


Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
register. 




4,886 
65 
3,176 
1,041 

2 
8,987 


2.045,193 
35,975 
1,192,440 
3,59(1. i:> 

1,570 

5,848,566 


3,339,237 
43.109 
1,025,510 

3,022,399 

1,498 
6,542,534 


20.. >().-) 

1,614 
3,693 

7,279 
13,961 

28,466 
252 


3,321,240 

219,567 
506.ii.Yt 
5,369,978 
10,837,504 

10,731,969 

113.244 


20,415 
1,606 
3,901 
7,371 

1 1 . 732 

26,484 
216 


2,902,593 
211,734 
668,517 
5,985,213 
10,284,735 

10,563,957 
110,184 


Prince I Mwinl Island 












Yukon 


Grand Total 


18,157 


13,620,183 


18,181 


13 ,974 ,287 


7.-,, 7 TO 


31,100,156 


71,725 


30,726,933 


Provinces. 


Rivers and Lakes. 


Total. 


Arrived. 


Departed. 


Arrived. 


Departed. 


Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
register. 


Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
register. 


Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
register. 


VM 

scls. 


Tons 
register. 




1,692 
30,882 

22 
43 


785,045 
13,553,688 

240 
20,249 


2,159 
30,838 

20 
38 


1,004,757 
13,690,837 

214 
15,753 


25,391 
1,679 
6,869 
10,012 

44,843 
2 

37,475 
295 


6,266,433 
255,542 
1,699,094 

9,7oi,4:>>i 

24,39k ! .-> 
1,570 
16,580,778 
133,493 


25,667 
1,675 
6,589 
10,500 
42,570 
1 
35,705 
254 


6,241,830 
254,843 
1,0114.027 
10,012,369 
23,975,572 
1,498 
17,106,705 
125,937 


Prince Edward Island 


New Rrunswick.. 








Hritish Columbia 


Yukon : 


Grand Total 


32,639 


14 ,359 ,222 


33 ,055 


11,711,561 


126,566 


59 ,079 ,561 


122,961 


59,412,781 



59 vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, 

fiscal years 1901-1922. 



Fiscal Years. 


Built. 


Registered. 


Sold to other Countries. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


Value. 


1901 


240 
260 
295 
214 

248 

323 

229 
361 
303 
264 

247 
326 
324 
289 
224 

167 
184 
216 
277 
352 
220 
143 


21,956 
28,288 
30,856 
28,397 
21,865 

18,724 
33,205 
49,928 
29,023 
24,059 

22,812 
31,065 
24,325 
46,887 
45,721 

13,497 
28,638 
53,912 
104,444 
164,074 
95,838 
78,409 


327 
316 
312 
243 
335 

420 
257 
357 
277 
220 

234 
302 
328 
230 
237 

325 
334 
336 
327 
459 
323 
228 


35,156 
34,236 
41,405 
33,192 
27,583 

37,639 
31,635 
78,144 

32,8(10 
33,383 

50,006 
30,021 
30,225 

46, <)() .! 
55,384 

102,239 
105,826 
70,350 
102,883 
237,022 
188,915 
131,732 


. 
27 
21 
11 
21 

45 
17 
28 
16 
14 

17 
18 

20 

27 
21 

21 
47 
63 
85 
68 
69 
35 


4,490 
11,360 
11,172 
7,208 
3,696 

9,487 
3,855 
4,515 
3,644 
5,047 

5,885 
4,265 
7,976 
8,258 
17,044 

4,529 
24,954 
25,252 
48,965 
53,407 
34,623 
25,462 


$ 

66,468 
235,865 
220,602 
87,115 
100,363 

187,725 
68,190 
132, 00 
98,643 
133,800 

201,526 
140,350 
610,650 
169,618 
1,150,950 

192,575 
4,398,570 
5,:0,850 
14,612,338 
17,819,477 
8,456,573 
3,399,450 


1902 


1903 


1Q04 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 months) 


1908 


1909 


1Q10 


1911 


1912 


1913 


11114 


1Q15 


1916 


1917 


iqlS 


1Q1Q 


1920 


1921 


1922 





NOTE.For 1874-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 383.- 



DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES 



675 



60. Number and net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping of Canada, 

by Provinces, calendar years 1912-1921. 







1912. 




1913. 




1914. 




1915. 




1916. 




No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonjnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


P E Island 


148 


9 577 


149 


10 071 


149 


10 029 


158 


11 518 


155 


10 652 


Nova Scotia 


2,158 


143,295 


2,106 


138,107 


2 098 


135 053 


2 087 


125 567 


2 064 


123 058 


New Brunswick. 


1,001 


57,369 


1,031 


60,020 


1,052 


55,522 


1,068 


56,219 


1,074 


49,817 


Quebec 


1,566 


227 048 


1 628 


247 225 


1 663 


259 143 


1 590 


267 897 


1 452 


273 770 


Ontario 


2,017 


253,376 


2 012 


279 642 


2 100 


314 660 


2 111 


312 971 


2 116 


328 531 
























Manitoba 


95 


6,096 


93 


5,545 


103 


7,999 


84 


7 480 


95 


8 953 
























Saskatchewan.. . . 


5 


356 


5 


356 


5 


529 


5 


530 


5 


530 


British Columbia 


1,376 


136,618 


1,506 


153,059 


1,591 


147,192 


1,643 


144,835 


1,687 


145,525 


Yukon Territory. 


14 


2,543 


15 


2,940 


11 


2,295 


11 


2,295 


11 


2,295 


Total. . 


8.380 


836.278 


8.545 


896.965 


8.772 


932.422 


8.757 


929.312 


8.659 


943. 131 







L917. 




1918. 




1919. 




1920. 




1921. 




No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


P. E. Island 


157 


10 955 


158 


10 805 


158 


10 726 


143 


9 993 


137 


Q TfiO 


Nova Scotia 


2,010 


119,805 


1,948 


124 517 


1,965 


158 100 


1 709 


152 130 


1 550 


153 4fi1 


New Brunswick. 


1,074 


49,883 


1,043 


49,483 


1,018 


42,050 


917 


38,634 


859 


40,456 


Quebec 


1,391 


283 942 


1 318 


275 235 


1 340 


342 424 


1 321 


409 442 


1 252 


AAn R17 


Ontario 


2,079 


311 283 


2 064 


312 865 


1 986 


320 065 


1 793 


313 875 


1 681 


-)(\R QA.A 
























Manitoba 


99 


9,834 


96 


9,791 


89 


9 160 


83 


9 119 


86 


9^00 


Saskatchewan 


5 


530 


5 


529 


5 


529 


4 


393 


5 


447 


British Columbia 


1,734 


183,002 


1,928 


231,513 


2,006 


207,708 


1,930 


217,481 


1,908 


252,876 


Yukon Territory. 


10 


2,204 


8 


2,040 


6 


1,133 


i 


813 


4 


813 


Total 


8.559 


971.438 


8.568 


1.016.778 


8.573 


1.091.895 


7 9ft4 


1-151.880 


7.J82 


i. 9.t <m 



The Department of Marine and Fisheries. Administration of the general 
shipping interests of Canada is in the hands of the Department of Marine and 
Fisheries. Its more important functions include (1) administration of the Canada 
Shipping Act and other Acts of the Dominion Government relating to marine 
transportation; (2) pilotage; (3) the construction and maintenance of lighthouses, 
lightships, fog alarms, buoys and beacons; (4) ports, harbours, piers, wharves and 
breakwaters ; (5) the Meteorological Service of Canada; (6) sick and distressed 
seamen, and the establishment, regulation and management of marine and seamen s 
hospitals; (7) river and harbour police; (8) inquiries into the causes of shipwrecks 
and casualties and the collection of wreck statistics; (9) the inspection of steam 
boats; (10) the construction and maintenance of the St. Lawrence River Ship 
Canal and (11) the maintenance of winter communication between Prince Edward 
Island and the mainland. The net revenue of the department for the fiscal years 
ended March 31, 1921 and 1922, was $396,617 and $701,497 respectively, and the 
expenditure for the same periods was $26,038,902 and $20,419,883, as compared 
with $38,301,080 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1920. 
62373 43 



676 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



61. Revenue of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1917-1922. 



Heads of Revenue. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 




* 
86,110 


1 

95,259 


S 

76,760 


$ 

71,210 


S 

106,047 


$ 

79,492 




22,802 


9,581 


13,621 


13,181 


4,051 


269 




5,230 


5,316 


5,605 


5,304 


7,281 


8,417 




2,618 


1,589 


1,486 


3,049 


73,306 


117,819 




1,419 


1,204 


1,288 


1,545 










76,994 


63,636 


69,244 


46,314 










4,600 


4,486 


3,274 


3,863 


4,232 


3,269 




373,314 


46,225 


224,547 


112,965 


123,895 


373,727 






_ 





- 


25,892 


43,197 




_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 





6,841 




_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


47,447 


60,486 




_ 


_ 


_ 


4,261 


- 





Halifax pilots pension fund 


_ 


_ 





4,664 


1,527 


- 




_ 


_ 





- 





4,113 




_ 


_ 





34,521 


- 


- 


Miscellaneous 


1,411 


1,516 


954 


2,125 


2,939 


3,867 


Total revenue 


574,498 


238,813 


396,779 


303,003 


396,617 


701,497 

















62. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1917-1922. 



Heads of Expenditure. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Ocean and River Service 
Boilers for SS "Montcalm" 


$ 

1,035,251 

37,500 
33,042 


$ 

1,108,539 

42,500 
41,635 


$ 

1,193,371 
102,656 
35,000 
33,822 


$ 

37,750 

1,447,842 

35,000 
37,910 


S 

59,685 
69,121 
76,217 
1,799,421 

35,000 
42,171 


S 

66,325 
i 

1,510,159 

35,000 
72,905 






Repairing the "Aranmore" 


Dominion steamers and icebreakers. . . 
Two steamers for Maritime Provinces. 


Other items of expenditure 


Total 


1,105,79? 

150,437 
44,436 
462,407 

652,591 
331, .222 
34,150 

51,859 
42,187 


1,193,674 

165,967 
52,068 
464,091 

700,707 
357,543 
25,141 

53,254 
41,538 


1,364,849 

171,270 
91,077 
519,103 

668.050 
349,291 
39,515 

54,236 
18,705 


1,558,502 

177,146 
103,913 
599,979 

751,953 
357,853 
40,000 

59,840 
29,321 


2,081,615 

188,475 
120,040 
644,768 

786,389 
398,146 
40,000 

68,735 
16,565 


1,684,389 

190,953 

92,128 
649,299 

794,954 
399,982 
56,000 
5,879 
74,848 
16,723 


Lighthouse and Coast Service-; 




Salaries and allowances to lightkeepers 
Maintenance and repairs to lighthouses, 










Other items of expenditure 


Total 


1,769,389 

1,084,770 
261,221 

1,000 


1,860,309 

656,422 
94,537 


1,911,247 

425,333 
70,913 

46,528 


3,130,005 

484,186 

65,964 
33,014,390 
3,228 


2,263418 

507,212 
19,994,514 

972 
100,414 


2,280,766 

567,371 
5,592,703 

457,657 
47,248 


Public Works, chargeable to Capital 
Ship Channel, River St. Lawrence 
Dredging plant, River St. Lawrence, 




Award Estate D J McCarthy 


Allowance to Mrs I Pinard 






Sorel Shipyard 




1,346,991 
193,88 


750,959 
193,337 


542,774 

188,188 


33,567,768 
300,734 


30,603,112 
308,592 


6,664,979 
251,896 


Scientific Institutions-^- 
Meteorological Service 
Total... 



Now under Lighthouse and Coast Service. 



STEAMBOAT INSPECTION 



677 



62. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1917-1922. concluded. 



Heads of Expenditure. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Compassionate allowance to dependants 
of SS. "Simcoe" 


$ 


I 


S 
61,500 


$ 


$ 


$ 


Honorarium to T J. Rowan 


_ 


_ 


350 


_ 


__ 


_ 


Marine Hospitals, etc 


66,818 


53,169 


74,291 


48,562 


_ 


_ 


Steamboat inspection 


67,560 


70,381 


72,874 


82,633 


97,704 


103,670 


Departmental salaries 


194,778 


211,148 


212,390 


222,399 


231,810 


268,380 


Contingencies . 


23,669 


29,621 


30,702 


36,140 


58,671 


48,713 


Bonus 








461,512 


234,448 


270,221 


Gratuities 





_ 


_ 


2,825 


3,264 


2,507 


Steel purchase 


_ 


_ 


_ 




189,720 




Classification arrears 


_ 


__ 





_ 


65,998 


35,783 


Retirement Act 


_ 


_ 


_ 


m 


850 




Superannuation No. 4 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 




11,050 


Exchequer Court Awards 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


83,143 


Governor General Warrants . . 












70,838 


Montreal Harbour Commission , .... 






mi 






2,303,000 


Quebec 


_ 




_ 






14,600 


Vancouver " 


_ 


_ 


_ 






1,581,000 


Imperial Government 


_. 


_ 


_ 




_ 


13,008 


Victoria, B.C., Shipowners 





_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


39,476 


Demobilization 


_ 


_ 


_ 




_ 


4,609,321 


Consolidated revenue 


_. 





_ 


_ 


_ 


83,143 
















Total expenditure 


4,768,784 


4,361,498 


4,459,165 


38,301,080 


26,038,903 


30,419,883 

















63. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 

1868-1922. 



Years. 


Reve 
nue. 


Expen 
diture. 


Years. 


Reve 
nue. 


Expen- 
aiture. 


Years. 


Reve 
nue. 


Expen 
diture. 


1868... 


$ 

VI, 811 


$ 

371,071 


1886 . . 


$ 

91 885 


$ 

980,121 


1904 


$ 

128,507 


S 
2,150 940 


1869 


75,351 


360,900 


1887 


102,238 


917,557 


1905 


121 815 


4 747,723 


1870 


71,40 


367,189 


1888 


99,920 


883,251 


1906 


139 475 


5,066 253 


1871 


70,254 


389 537 


1889 


99 940 


1 023 801 


1907 J 


106 260 


3 637 600 


1872... 


79,324 


518,958 


1890 


115 507 


807 417 


1908 


177 591 


5 374 774 


1873 


114,756 


706,818 


1891 


104 248 


885 410 


1909 


169 502 


5 498 531 


1874 


108,350 


845,151 


1892 


106,582 


861,427 


1910 


156 957 


4 692 771 


1875 


91,235 


844,586 


1893 


107,390 


898,720 


1911 


154 492 


4 197 420 


1876... . 


107,984 


970 146 


1894 


165 870 


905 654 


1912 


185 579 


4 911 141 


1877. . . 


105,907 


820,054 


1895 . 


99 557 


895 828 


1913 


185 725 


5 213 223 


1878 


100,850 


786, 156 


1896... 


103 012 


7S3 634 


1914 


217 034 


5 828 027 


1879 


84,144 


755,359 


1897 


111 009 


867 773 


1915 


795 550 2 


6 202 908 


1880 


91,942 


723,391 


1898 


120 602 


856, 192 


1916 


461 457 


5 621 611 


1881 


108,304 


761,731 


1999 


126 528 


1 102 602 


1917 


574 498 


4 768 784 


1882... 


109, 125 


774,832 


1900. 


130 229 


982 562 


1918 


228 812 


4 361 498 


1883 


104,383 


825,011 


1901 


144 919 


1 029 925 


1919 


396 779 


4 459 165 


1884 


118,080 


927,242 


1902 


148 607 


1 501 619 


1920 


303 002 


38 301 080 


1885 


101,268 


1,129,901 


1903 . 


139 876 


1 671 495 


1921 


396 617 


26 038 902 














1922.. 


701,497 


20,419.883 



1 Nine months. Includes $493,000, sale of steamer "Earl Grey", sold to Russian Government. 

Steamboat Inspection. The Steamboat Inspection Service of Canada, 
maintained under the authority of the Marine and Fisheries Department, comprises 
the Board of Steamboat Inspection, together with staffs of inspectors at the principal 
ocean and inland ports. The Board decides on the standards to be required of all 
vessels coming under their jurisdiction, which must be attained by all ships given 
official warrant as to their seaworthiness and mechanical condition. Besides, the 
Board grants certificates of competency to engineers of steamboats. 



678 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



A table showing the number and tonnage of steamboats inspected during the 
fiscal year ended 1922 follows : 

4. Steamboat Inspection chirm- the fiscal year 19U-1922. 



Divisions. 


Number of Vessels Inspected. 


Number of 
Vessels not 
Inspected. 


Vessels regis 
tered or owned 
n the Dominion. 


Vessels regis 
tered or owned 
elsewhere. 


No. 


Gross 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Gross 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Gross 
Tonnage. 


Halifax 


158 
95 
125 
92 
197 
90 
295 
91 
77 
51 
229 
120 


120,970 
92,102 
171,825 
47,382 
242,021 
45,395 
238,686 
28,066 
13,604 
8,105 
182,266 
103,260 


15 

2 
2 

12 
10 
57 

1 

1 

18 


28,499 
4,108 
2,115 

39,034 
9,327 
39,998 

681 

31,512 
113,166 


19 
74 
14 
33 
75 
45 
44 
15 
68 
28 
37 
19 


7,935 
66,931 
19,050 
12,859 
20, 165 
12,337 
8,969 
742 
8,222 
2,464 
6,444 
4,511 


St John 




Sorel 










"Pnrt Arthur 






Victoria 


Total 


1,620 


1,293,682 


122 


2(8,440 


471 


170,629 




Divisions. 


Number of Ves 
sels subject to 
inspection when 
in Commission. 


Number of Ves 
sels added to 
the Dominion 
register. 


Number of Ves 
sels lost, broken 
up or destroyed. 


^ 

HalifaT .. 


192 
171 
141 
125 
284 
145 
396 
106 
146 
79 
271 
157 


157,404 
163,141 
192,990 
60,241 
301,220 
67,059 
287,653 
28,808 
22,507 
10,569 
220, L L L 
220,937 


16 
3 
11 
10 
6 
7 
6 
5 
4 
5 
12 
11 


37,827 
37,027 
11,543 
6,262 
15,408 
2,878 
9,132 
21C 
8,521 
138 
36,085 

20,33;; 


14 

4 
5 
10 
4 
3 
3 
6 
4 

4 

a 


6,021 
219 
4,243 
5,178 
6,945 
2,057 
321 
179 
2,388 

422 
6,460 


St Jnhn 




Snrpl 










Port Arthur 






Victoria 


Total 


2,213 


1,732,751 


M 


185,41; 


6 


34,433 





Fees collected during the year on account of inspections totalled sll<),7ii7, 
and those on account of examinations of engineer- amounted to Si, si:;, giving a 
combined total revenue collected by inspectors of i?121,580. 

Seamen Shipped and Discharged. Table 65 shows, for each yea 
1908 to 1921, the number of seamen shipped and discharged at Canadian ports 
under the provisions of the Canada Shipping Act i U.S. 1906, c. 113, M. Hl-143). 



WRECKS AND CASUALTIES 



679 



65. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, calendar years 

1908-1921. 



Years. 


Seamen 
Shipped. 


Seamen 
Discharged. 


Years. 


Seamen 
Shipped. 


Seamen 
Discharged. 


1908 


18,013 


11,542 


1915.. 


22,797 


14,319 


1909 


20,502 


11,573 


1916 


20,902 


16,689 


1910 


16,735 


11,069 


1917 


16,998 


14,145 


1911 .. 


13,748 


11,301 


1918 


16,516 


12,930 


1912 .. 


13,708 


11,290 


1919 


18,208 


13,649 


1913... 


16,975 


13,749 


1920 


22,569 


19,719 


1914... . .... 


18,987 


14,989 


1921 


18,444 


17,103 















Wrecks and Casualties. The statement in Table 66, supplied by the De 
partment of Marine, applies to vessels of every nationality in respect of wrecks 
and casualties in Canadian waters, and to Canadian vessels in respect of wrecks 
and casualties in other waters. The returns in some years cover wrecks and casual 
ties of previous years. 

66. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties for 1870-1900, for the years ended June 39, 
1901-1917, and for the calendar years 1918-1921. 



Years. 


Cas 
ual 
ties. 


Net 
tonnage. 


Lives 
lost. 


Stated 
damages. 


Years. 


Cas 
ual 
ties. 


Net 
tonnage. 


Lives 
lost. 


Stated 
damages. 


1870-1900 


No. 
9 670 


Tons. 
3 577 367 


No. 

5 096 


$ 
61 525,760 


1912 . . 


No. 

293 


Tons. 
269,569 


No. 
59 


$ 
1,053,768 


1901 


136 


47,181 


126 


285,782 


1913 


275 


270,905 


160 


1,963,870 


1902 


222 


105 814 


132 


835,916 


1914 


255 


210,368 


1,083 


4,983,775 


1903 


237 


162 297 


32 


409,991 


1915 


280 


214,036 


70 


1,459,012 


1904 


192 


81,143 


9 


489,699 


1916 . ... 


308 


242,996 


67 


1,377,442 


1S05 


178 


79,588 


15 


621,267 


1917 


239 


715,384 


152 


4,850,1452 


1906 


220 


139,586 


149 


573,420 


1918 . .. 


226 


312,928 


402 3 


1,818,895 


1907 


317 


131,441 


55 


672,466 


1919 


240 


205,720 


100 


1,808; 690 


1908 


307 


120,269 


34 


1,390,891 


1920. . . . 


227 


222,928 


28 


1,643,825 


1909 . 


343 


189 , 906 


24 


1,131,966 


1921 . . 


260 


588,503 


38 


1,809,328 


1Q10 


391 


211 565 


lf)1 


1 569 580 












1911 ... . 


271 


122,619 


48 


942,093 


Totals 


15,017 


8,323,113 


7,980 


93,217,581 























NOTE. For the years 1870-1900, see Canada "Year Book, 1911, p. 381. . 

1 Includes 1,042 lives lost in the "Empress of Ireland ".disaster. . 2 Excluding damage to cargo estimated 
: at $4,310,350. Includes 328 lives losi, in the "Princess Sophia" disaster. 

67. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, fiscal years 1912-1922. . 



Description. 


1912. 


1913, 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Lights 


No. 

1,452 


No. 

1,393 


No. 
1,461 


No. 

1,521 


No. 

1,555 


No. 
1,560 


No. 
1,575 


No. 
1,577 


No. 
1,578 


No. 
1,598 


No. 

1,602 


Light ships 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


9 


9 


10 


9 


9 


Light boats 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


. 1 






Light keepers 


975 


1,020 


1 040 


1 066 


1,099 


1,126 


1,128 


1, 122 


1,120 


1,130 


1,118 


Fog whistles . 


13 


14 


13 


11 


11 


11 


11 


10 


9 


8 


8 


Sirens . 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


1 


1 


1 


Diaphones . 


83 


89 


98 


105 


110 


113 


124 


128 


131 


134 


135 


Fog bells 


29 


26 


26 


2S 


31 


32 


30 


29 


32 


33 


35 


Hand fog horns 


137 


145 


150 


148 


151 


156 


154 


156 


149 


148 


148 


Hand fog bells... 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


5 


5 


4 


4 


4 


Gas and whistling buoys 


281 


299 


31 


336 


327 


"330 


334 


339 


336 


343 


345 


Whistling buoys 


27 


29 


30 


31 


31 


32 


32 


31 


31 


30 


29 


Bell buoys 


65 


71 


82 


86 


89 


87 


87 


86 


89 


90 


90 


Submarine bells 


10 


10 


13 


21 


22 


22 


18 


15 


12 


11 


7 


Fog guns and bombs 


9 


9 


9 


9 


8. 


8 


8 


6 


7 


7 


7 


Fog horns 


14 


11 


12 


10 


7 


5 


3 


3 


1 


1 


1 


.Fog alarm stations... . . . 


9 


12 


11 


12 


13 


13 


13 


12 


13 


13 


13 



























NOTE. Besides the foregoing, in 1922 there were 47 lighted spar-buoys, floats and dolphins, 5,091 
unlighted buoys and 530 unlighted tripods, floats, dolphiuf , spindles and beacons. 



680 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

Canadian Government Merchant Marine. 

During the closing years of the war, the Dominion Government, realizing the 
need for a mercantile fleet, not only as a means of developing Canada s export 
trade but also as a means of assisting our national railways and of providing employ 
ment, placed orders with Canadian shipbuilding firms for the construction of 63 
steel cargo vessels of 6 different types. These vessels were intended primarily 
to co-operate with British shipping in supplying the necessities of war, as well as 
to provide in times of peace the means of carrying abroad the products of Canada s 
farms, forests, mines and factories, without which Canada could not hope to take 
full advantage of the opportunity of expanding her export trade. Prior to Dec. 31, 
1919, 19 vessels had been delivered by the builders. Additions were made to the 
fleet in following years until the total fleet, as at December 31, 1922, numbered 
64 vessels of a total deadweight tonnage of 378,237. In regard to ownership and 
operation, a separate company has been organized for each vessel, and the capital 
stock of each is owned by the Canadian Government Merchant Marine, Limited. 
Under an operating agreement with each of these companies, the Canadian Govern 
ment Merchant Marine, Limited, operates all the steamers and keeps a separate 
account for each company. Promissory notes have been given to the Minister of 
Finance and Receiver-General for the total capital stock of each vessel, with interest 
payable at 65 p.c. per annum. 

Early operations proved profitable, and a surplus of $1,004,233, (without 
provision for interest charges), is shown for the year ended December 31, 1920. 
The two subsequent years, however, have shown the effects of the depression in the 
shipping industry, and annual deficits of $9.116,144 and $9,649,479 are shown for 
1921 and 1922 respectively. As a result, the Board of Directors has proposed the 
reduction of the number of vessels to 37 (only the larger, speedier, and specialized 
ships to be retained), the reduction of capital cost (about $72,500,000) to what 
may be considered present replacement value (about $18,900,000), and that interest 
due the government be payable for each year only if earned after allowing for 
depreciation, such remission of interest to be applicable for a period of five years. 
While the financial showing of the venture is an unsatisfactory one, the directors, 
in their last annual report, point out in explanation the falling off in cargo tonnage 
available and the lower earnings from the carriage of lower priced commodities. 
It is also noted that much traffic which would otherwise have undoubtedly been 
handled through private channels, was passed on to the government-owned railways. 

During 1922 a total of 235 voyages were made, the majority being to the United 
Kingdom and the European Continent, to the West Indies, Newfoundland, Australia, 
California and the Orient, and a few to Mediterranean ports and to India. On 
December 31, 1922, 32 vessels were employed on the more important trade routes, 
4 in coastwise trade, 10 on the Great Lakes as grain carriers, while 18 were laid up 
in various ports in Canada. 

Offices of the company outside of Canada are located in London, in the West 
Indies, in Australia, in New Zealand and in Newfoundland, while agencies give 
the company representation in all the principal shipping centres of the world. 

X. TELEGRAPHS. 

Canada s first telegraph line was erected in 1847 between Toronto, Hamilton, 
St. Catharines and Niagara. In the same year the Montreal Telegraph Co. was 
organized, and a line built from Quebec to Montreal and Toronto. At the close of 



TELEGRAPH STATISTICS 



681 



the year, the Montreal Telegraph Co., having absorbed the original one, had 540 
miles of wire in use, 9 offices, 35 employees, and had sent out 33,000 messages. 
Equipment of very high quality was used by the early companies. 

Development of new companies was rapid, new lines radiating from Montreal 
in all directions. The Grand Trunk Telegraph Co., with a line from Quebec to 
Buffalo, offered considerable opposition to the Montreal Co., and soon a combination 
of the two with the Great North Western Telegraph Co . was formed . This company 
controlled telegraph service in Canada until the building of the C.P.R. While 
private companies extended their service to meet the requirements of the more 
densely populated areas of the country, the Canadian Government built and 
operated lines in many other districts, principally outlying communities. 

Telegraph Systems. The Canadian telegraph systems are composed of lines 
owned by the Dominion Government and by chartered railway and telegraph 
companies. The Government system includes, besides the lines originally con 
structed by the Government, those previously owned by the Great North Western 
Telegraph Co., the Grand Trunk Pacific Telegraph Co., the Canadian Northern 
Railway Co., and the National Transcontinental Railway. The system is now 
operated by the Canadian National Telegraph Co. (formerly Great Northwestern 
Telegraph Co.). 

The Canadian system, in proportion to population, is one of the most extensive 
in the world, and is operated under considerable climatic and geographic dis 
advantages. In the operation of railways and in the receipt and despatch of market 
and press reports its services to the nation are invaluable. 

Telegraph Statistics. A brief summary table giving the more important 
figures of the operation of Canadian telegraphs in 1920 and 1921 follows. 

8. Summary Statistics of all Canadian Telegraphs, for calendar years 1930 and 1921. 



Items. 


Year Ended Dec. 31. 


1920. 


1921. 




11,337,428 
9,589,982 
1,747,446 
52,393 
238,866 
7,508 
4,825 
15,589,711 
1,162,204 
7,045,661 


11,310,989 
9,734,299 
1,576,690 
52,828 
250,802 
7,818 
4,901 
15,013,993 
1,154,787 
5,150,916 






Polo Line Mileaee Miles 

















Table 69 gives figures of telegraph operation and line and wire mileage of the 
various companies for the years 1919 to 1921. 



682 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



S9. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, June 39, 1919, and for the calendar 

years 1919-1921. 



Companies. 


Year. 


Miles of 
line. 


Miles of 
wire. 


Number 
of 
messages. 1 


Number 
of 
offices. 


Canadian National Telegraph Co.. . 


1919 
1919 


16,521 
18 420 


49,893 
56 481 


5,768,216 
6 400 476 


1,518 
1 522 


(formerly Great Northwestern Telegraph Co.) 
Canadian Pacific Railway Co 


1920 
1921 

1919 
1919 


19,687 
20,361 

14,395 
15 061 


72,126 
81,266 

109,153 
114 796 


7,340,585 
8,059,150 

5,369,0743 
5 764 834 3 


1,576 
1,618 

1,523 
1,582 


Western Union I 


1920 
1921 

1919 
1919 


14,412 
14,419 

3,660 
3 631 


121,002 
122,414 

15,000 
15 103 


6,290,074 s 
5,823,3033 

758,682 
801 709 


1,587 
1,559 

225 
225 


Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Commission.. 
Algoma Central Railway 4 J 


1920 
1921 

1919 
1919 
1920 
1921 

1919 
1919 


3,638 
3,639 

330 
330 
341 
341 

424 
424 


16,789 
16,694 

1,675 
1,675 
1,694 
1,694 

801 
801 


757,067 
831,096 

119,086 
130,585 
142,538 
171,313 


225 
225 

29 
30 
29 
30 

8 
8 


I 

Algoma Eastern Railway 4 I 


1920 
1921 

1919 
1919 


334 
335 

85 
85 


729 
768 

171 
171 


_ 


8 

8 

4 
4 


Grand Trunk Pacific Telegraph Co 


1920 
1921 

1919 2 
1919 2 


87 
86 

2,820 
2,817 


174 
344 

14,296 
14,306 


307,537 
307,537 


4 
4 

187 
187 


The North American Telegraph Co., Ltd 


1920 2 
1921 

1919 
1919 


2,817 
2,817 

44 
44 


14,204 
14,186 

664 
547 


281,428 
223,539 

112,322 
113,046 


152 
150 

38 
24 




1920 
1921 


44 
44 


547 
547 


105,233 
89,981 


24 

22 



Cablegrams not included. 

^Statistics of linos in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick not included. 

Not including press messages. 

4 These are telephone lines and are used for both despatching and commercial business. 

Submarine Cables. Six transoceanic cables have a terminus in Canada 
five of them on the Atlantic and one on the Pacific coast. The date on which the 
cable was first shown to be of commercial value was in 1866, and up to the present 
their use has greatly increased. The Atlantic cables are controlled by English 
and American interests. The Pacific cable, from Canada to Australia and New 
Zealand, has been in operation since 1902, and is owned by a partnership of the 
Governments of Great Britain. Now Zealand, Australia and Canada. 

Marconi Wireless. Since the transmission of the first transatlantic wireless 
message in 1901 and the organisation in Canada of tin- Marconi Win-less Telegraph 
Co. in 1903, communication has been established between many stations throughout 
the country and with the outside world. Plans are at present under way for a 
wireless route which will encircle the world by means of >tations in Canada and 
other parts of the Empire. 

Radiotelegraph Stations. Table 70 shows the name, situation and range 
in nautical miles of the radiotelegraph stations in Canada and Newfoundland. 
The stations are divided broadly into government owned, and licensed commercial 



RADIOTELEGRAPH STATIONS 



683 



stations. Of the government owned, a distinction is shown in Table 70 between 
those operated by government and those operated under contract by the Marconi 
Company. Commercial stations are subdivided into private and public. 

Table 71 gives the names of Canadian Government steamers that are equipped 
with radiotelegraph apparatus, with the range in miles for each steamer. A trans 
atlantic commercial wireless service is carried on by the Glace Bay, N.S., station 
which works with Ongar, Essex, England, the charge being 18 cents per word as 
against 20 cents by cable. 

Table 72 gives the number of messages and words handled and the cost of 
maintenance for the government stations of the east and west coasts and of the 
Great Lakes. For the year 1922-23 the total number of messages was 311,732 
as compared with 327,092 in 1921-22, and of words handled 5,466,698 as compared 
with 5,445,020 in 1921-22. 

70. Radio Stations Licensed in Canada, for the fiscal year 1922-23. 



Names of Stations. 



Situation. 



Range 

in 

nautical 
miles. 



GOVERNMENT OWNED STATIONS. 1 



EAST COAST. 

Belle Isle, Nfld.* 

Point Amour, Nfld.* 

St. John, N.B. 2 

Cape Race, Nfld * 

Grindstone Island, Que.* 

Fame Point, Que.*. 

Clark City, Que.*./ 

Father Point, Que.*...., 

Grosse Isle, Que.* 

Quebec, Que.* 

Montreal, Que.* 

Cape Sable, N.S:* 

Cape Bear, P.E.I. 3 *.... 

North Sydney, C.B.* 

Camperdown, N.S. *........ 

Sable Island, N.S.* 

Halifax.N.S 

Glace Bay** 



Direction Finding Stations. 

Canso D/F 

Cape Race D/F 

Chebucto D/F 

St. John D/F..:...- 



Belle Isle Straits 

Belle Isle Straits 

Red Head, N.B 

!>Jorth Atlantic 

ulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Island) . 

ulf of St. Lawrence. 

ulf of St. Lawrence 

St. Lawrence River 

3t. Lawrence River 

3t. Lawrence River. 

. Lawrence River 

Slorth Atlantic 

Morthumberland Strait 

North Sydney, C.-B . , 

Entrance to Halifax Harbour 

Morth Atlantic. 

Halifax Dockyard 

Near Glace Bay, N.S. (Press service to 

subscribing ships) ... 



Nova Scotia 

Newfoundland.. . 
Nova Scotia. 
New Brunswick. 



GREAT LAKES. 

Port Arthur, Ont.* 

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.* 

Tobermory, Ont.* 

Midland, Ont.*.. 

Point Edward, Ont.* . : 

Port Burwell, Ont.* 

Toronto, Ont * : 

Kingston, Ont.*. 



Port Arthur, Ont 

ault Ste. Marie, Ont 

Entrance Georgian Bay, Ont. 

Georgian Bay, Ont 

Lake Huron. 

Lake Erie 

Toronto Island, Ont 

Barriefield Common 



WEST COAST. 



Gonzaks Hill, B.C. (Victoria). 
Point Grey, Vancouver, B.C... 
Cape Lazo, B .C 



Victoria, B.C 

Entrance Vancouver Harbour. 

Strait of Georgia, near Comox, B.C. 



250 
150 
250 
400 
200 
250 
250 
250 
100 
150 
200 
250 
150 
100 
250 
300 
100 



150 
250 
150 
150 



350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 



250 
150 
350 



1 Of the government owned stations some only are operated by the government. The rest are operated 
by the Marconi Co. and are indicated by an *. 

2 This is the same station as St, John D/F below, but is included under two headings to indicate its 
two functions. It is counted only as a D/F station in the summary table (73). 

s Temporarily closed sine* July- 1.492& -Not counted in table 73. - 
4 Limited coast station. 



684 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



77. Radio Stations Licensed in Canada, for the fiscal year 1922-23 concluded. 



Names of Stations. 


Situation. 


Range 
in 
nautical 
miles. 


GOVERNMENT OWNED STATIONS concluded. 

WEST COAST concluded. 
Estevan Point, B.C 


West Coast Vancouver Island, B.C 


500 


Dead Tree Point, B.C 


South of Graham Island, Q.C.I 


200 


Digby Island, B.C., Prince Rupert 


Digby Island, Entrance Prince Rupert 






Haibour 


250 


Alert Bay, B.C 


Cormorant Island, B.C 


350 


Bull Harbour, B.C 


Hope Island, Vancouver Island., B.C.... 


350 


HODSON BAT. 

Port Nelson 1 


Hudson Bay 


750 


Pis, Man. l 


For communication with Port Nelson 








750 


LICENSED COMMERCIAL STATIONS. 

Public Commercial. 
Glace Bay .... 


Glace Bay, C B 


3,000 


Louisburg 


Glace Bay, C B 


1,000 


Vancouver 




7,000 


Markham 


Near Toronto, Ont 


1,000 


Bird s Hill 




670 


Montreal 




3,000 


Private Commercial. 
Thetford Mines 


Thetford Mines, Que 


200 


Shawinigan Falls ... 


Shawinigan Falls, Que 


200 


Maisonneuve 




200 


Swan son Bay 


Swanson Bay, B.C 


150 


Ocean Falls 


Cousins Inlet, B.C 


150 


Buckley Bay 


Massett Inlet, B.C 


100 


Xhurston Harbour . . 




100 


Port Alice ... . . 


Quatsino Sound, B.C 


100 


Margaret Bay . ... 


Smith Inlet, B.C 


100 


Iroquois Falls . 




20 


Twin Falls 


Twin Falls, Ont 


20 


Victoriaville 


Victoriaville, Que 


200 


Quebec 


Quebec City 


200 


Anyox 


Anyoi, B.C 


100 


Hamilton 




50 


Toronto 




50 


Gouin Dam .... 


Gouin Dam, Quo 


200 


New Glasgow 


New Glasgow, N.S 


25 


Bear Trap Camp 


Bear Trap Camp, N.S 


25 


Vancouver 




300 


Niagara Falls 


Niagara Falls, Ont 


100 


Twenty Mile Creek . .. 


Twenty Mile Creek, Ont.. 


50 


Port Credit 


Port Credit, Ont . . . 


50 


T oronto ... 




65 


Burlington 


Burlington, Ont 


65 


Anticosti Island 


Anticosti Island 


75 


Toronto 


Toronto, Ont 


65 


Cooksville 


Cooksville, Ont 


25 


York 


York Ont 


25 


Guelph . . 


Guelph, Ont 


25 


Preston . 




25 


Kitchener 


Kitchener, Ont 


26 


Stratford 


Stratford, Ont 


25 


St. Mary s 


Pt Mary s, Ont 


25 


Brant 


Brant, Ont 


25 


Woodstock 


Woodstock, Ont 


25 


St. Thomas 


St. Thomas, Ont 


25 


Chatham 


Chatham, Ont 


25 


Walkerville 


Walkerville, Ont 


50 


Sydney , 


Sydney, N.S 


500 


Montreal 




Receiving 


Blubber Bay 


Texada Island, B.C 


only. 
125 


Winnipeg 


Winnipeg, Man 


50 









iTemporarily closed. The station at Pas is a land station. 



WIRELESS AND RADIO STATIONS IN CANADA 



685 



71. Canadian Government Steamers Equipped with the Radiotelegraph, fiscal 

year 1922-23. 



Names. 


Range. 


Names. 


Range. 




Miles. 
100 


Aranmore 


Miles. 
150 




200 


Bellechasse 


150 




100 




150 




100 




200 


Arras 


100 




200 


Dollard 


150 


Montcalm 


150 


Druid 


100 


Newington 


100 




200 


Sheba 


200 




100 


Stanley 


150 




100 


Thiepval 


100 


Lady Grey . . 


100 


Lady Laurier 


150 


Arctic 


1,000 


Tyrian 


150 


Lurcher (lightship) 


150 


Sagamore 


150 


Mikula 


250 


Grib 


125 


Anticosti (lightship) .. 


150 















72. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations, for the fiscal 

years 1921-22 and 1922-23. 







1921-22. 






1922-23. 




Stations. 


Messages 
handled. 


Words 
handled. 


Cost of 
main 
tenance. 


Messages 
handled. 


Words 
handled. 


Cost of 
main 
tenance. 


East Coast 


155,839 


2,758,297 


$ c. 

108,814 15 


127, 278 


2,423,156 


% c. 

90,160 90 


Great Lakes . ... 


22 692 


347 223 


45,243 08 


30,424 


468,785 


44,430 86 


West Coast 


148,561 


2,339,500 


73,431 42 


154,030 


2,574,757 


76,599 36 
















Totals 


327,092 


5,445,020 


227,488 65 


311,732 


5,466,698 


211,191 12 

















Radio Telephony. Radio telephony the wireless transmission of the 
human voice is a later development of radio wireless. During the Great War, 
radio telephony was perfected for the use of warships and airplanes. In 1920 and 
1921 its peace time possibilities were, for the first time, widely appreciated, and 
musical programmes were broadcasted by electrical companies as part of their 
campaign to sell private radio equipment. Radio telephony has become a very 
practicable means of relaying telephone messages to places where the population 
is too sparse to support a telephone system and to ships at sea. But radio telephony 
is not applicable to the regular business of telephone companies in urban districts, 
because only a limited number of messages can be transmitted simultaneously 
without interference. 

Table 73 shows a summary classification of radio stations in Canada. 

73. Wireless and Radio Stations in Operation in Canada, as at March 31, 1923. 



Kind of Station. 



Number. 



Coast Stations (Government owned) 

Land Stations 

Direction Finding Stations (Government owned) . 

Ship Stations (Government owned) 

Ship Stations (Commercial) 

Limited Coast Stations , 

Public Commercial Stations , 

Private Commercial Stations 

Private Commercial Broadcasting Stations 

Experimental Stations , 

Amateur Experimental Stations 

Amateur Broadcasting Stations 

Private Receiving Stations 

Radio Training Schools 



Total 



32 

1 

4 

29 

226 

1 

6 

44 
51 
57 

1,449 
8 

9,956 
18 

11,883 



686 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



XL TELEPHONES. 

Telephone development in Canada dates from the year 1880, when the Bell 
Telephone Co. was incorporated by Act of Parliament. Although at this time all 
patents and lines were owned by the Canadian Telephone Co., they were dependent 
on the Bell Co., to which they sold out in 1882. By 1883 the first submarine 
telephone cable had been laid between Windsor and Detroit, and during the year 
the Bell Co. operated in Canada 4,400 rental-earning telephones, 44 exchanges and 
40 agencies, with 600 miles of long distance wire. It controlled development in all 
the provinces except British Columbia, where the greater part of the system has 
always been in the hands of the British Columbia Telephone Co., Ltd. 

With rapid growth of private companies in the Maritime provinces, the lines 
of the Bell Co. were disposed of in 1888 to the Maritime Telegraph and Telephone 
Co. in Nova Scotia, and to the New Brunswick Telephone Co. in New Brunswick, 
an interest in these corporations being retained under the terms of sale. A develop 
ment of a different kind is seen in the three prairie provinces, where well organized 
systems were sold to the governments of Manitoba and Alberta in 1908 and to 
Saskatchewan in 1909. The lines in Ontario and Quebec are still largely owned by 
the Bell Telephone Co. 

Telephone Systems. In all the provinces, besides the large telephone com 
panies, are many smaller systems, both urban and rural, usually owned privately 
or co-operatively. The number of independent lines is particularly large in Sas 
katchewan. The steady growth in the use of telephones is shown in Table 78 
particularly by the increase of 45,824 telephones in 1921 as compared with 1920. 
For each 100 of population, there were 10-26 telephones in use during 1921, over 
42 p.c. of the total being in Ontario. In this respect Canada ranks second among 
the countries for which such data are available. 

Government ownership of telephone lines has now had a 15 years trial in 
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Figures for the year ended Dec. 31, 1922, 
show credit balances to profit and loss of $1,347,850, $1,005,268 and $1,322,631 from 
the operation of government-owned lines in Alberta, Saskatchewtn and Manitoba 

respectively. 

Telephone Statistics. The following tables give figures illustrative of the 
use of telephones and of the operation of telephone companies for 1921, the latest 
year available, and previous years. 

74. Progress of Telephones in Canada for the years ended June 30, 1917-1919, and for 

the calendar years 1919-1921. 







June 30. 




] 


December 31 




Items. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




$ 

79,121,702 


S 

85,274,691 


I 

91,004,925 


$ 
100,587,833 


I 

116,689,705 


$ 

132,537,771 


Cost of property, etc . 


94,469,534 


104,368,628 




125,017,222 


144, 56(1. ."; . 


158,678,229 




20,122,282 


22,753,280 


24,1)00,536 


29,401,006 


33,473,712 


36,986,913 


Operating expenses 


12,095,426 


13,644,518 


16,167,992 


20,081,436 


28,044,401 


30,080,035 


Salaries and wages 


8,882,593 


10,410,807 


13,048,055 


15,774,586 


17,294,405 


19,000,422 


Telephone Companies 


No. 

1,695 


No 
2,007 


No. 

2,047 


No. 

2,219 


No. 
2,327 


No. 
2,365 




1,708,202 


1,736,062 


1,822,372 


1,956,830 


2,105,101 


2,268,271 


Telephones 


604,136 


662,330 


724,500 


778,758 


856,266 


902,090 




16,490 


17,336 


19,057 


20,491 


21,187 


i . Ma 


Persons per telephone 
Persons per mile of wire 


13-4 
4-7 


12-2 
5-0 


12-2 
J 


11-3 

4-5 


10-2 
4-2 


9-7 
3-9 

















TELEPHONE STATISTICS 



687 



Statistics of the number of telephone companies reporting to the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics are given in Tables 75 and 76. Special attention may be 
drawn to the growth of co-operative companies. 

75. Number of Telephone Companies in Canada, by Provinces, December 31, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Govern 
ment. 


Muni 
cipal. 


Stock. 


Co-op 
erative. 


Part 
nership. 


Pri 
vate. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island. . . 


No. 


No. 


No. 
1 


No. 
43 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Nova Scotia 







29 


174 






44 


New Brunswick 






16 


11 








Quebec 






73 


65 




99 




Ontario 


2 


90 


202 


254 


7 


m 


lOU 


Manitoba 


1 


8 


2 


25 








Saskatchewan 


1 


4 


283 


927 








Alberta 


. i 


; 


g 


"M 








British Columbia 






1 


11 








Yukon 






\ 
























. 


Total 


5 


103 


614 


1 \U 


1 


QO 


















O(K> 



76. Number of Telephone Companies in Canada, 1911-1921. 1 



Years. 


Govern 
ment. 


Municipal. 


Stock. 


Co 
operative. 


Partner 
ship. 


Private. 


Total. 


1911 


3 


25 


308 




10 






1912 


3 


25 


368 




01 


04 


537 


1913 


4 


52 


543 


9R9 


CO 




683 


1914 


4 


58 


611 


9Q7 


AQ 


10 1 


1,075 


1915 


4 


62 


18 d 








1,136 


1916 


4 


67 


fi99 


7cc 




117 


1,396 


1917... 


5 


73 


645 


841 




111 


1,592 


1918.... 


5 


74 


735 


1 ns^ 


It 


114 


1,695 


1919 


5 


89 


fififi 


1 tAp. 




96 


2,007 


1920 


5 


88 


fi!7 


1 AQ^ 




95 


2,219 


1921 


5 


103 


fi14 


1 ^AA 




oo 


2,327 














92 


2,365 



i The years 1911-1918 are from July 1 to June 30. Figures for 1919, 1920 and 1921 are for the calendar 
years. 

In the two tables following, figures are shown giving the number of telephones 
in use, the mileage of wire, and the number of employees of telephone companies, 
by provinces, for the year 1921, and for the Dominion, from 1911 to 1921. 

77. Telephones in use, mileage of Wire and number of Employees, by Provinces 

December 31, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Telephones in use. 


Mileage 
of wire. 


Number of 
employees. 


Central 
Energy. 


Magneto. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 

1,656 
22,003 
16,218 
107,832 
229,415 
46,540 
43,027 
32,266 
68,874 


No. 

3,302 
13,415 
10,104 
39,024 
150,796 
21,923 
53,212 
32,117 
10,195 
171 


No. 

4,958 
35,418 
26,322 
146,856 
380,211 
68,463 
96,239 
64,383 
79,069 
171 


Miles. 

5,026 
62,383 
39,814 
386,498 
816,057 
240,186 
296,274 
238,733 
182,700 
600 


No. 

86 
935 
689 
4,290 
8,720 
1,498 
1,082 
908 
1,729 
6 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


567,831 


334,259 


902,090 


2,268,371 


19,943 





688 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



78 



Telephones in use, mileage of Wire and number of Employees, 1911-1921. 



Years. 


Telephones in use. 


Mileage 
of wire. 


Number of 
employees. 


Central 
Energy. 


Magneto. 


Total. 


1911 


No. 

174,994 
212,732 
269,843 
310,166 
313,225 
323,109 
352,770 
384,687 
474,541 
524,593 
567,831 


No. 

127,765 
158,152 
193,828 
210,978 
219,865 
225,312 
251,366 
277,643 
304,217 
331,673 
334,259 


No. 

302,759 
370,884 
463,671 
521,144 
533,090 
548,421 
604,136 
662,330 
778,758 
856,266 
902,090 


Miles. 

687,782 
889,572 
1,092,587 
1,343,090 
1,452,360 
1,600,564 
1,708,203 
1,848,466 
2,105,240 
2,105,101 
2,268,271 


No. 

10,425 
12,783 
12,867 
16,799 
15,072 
15,247 
16,490 
17,336 
20,491 
21,187 
19,943 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1O9f) r 


1921 





Financial statistics of Canadian telephone companies are given in Tables 79 
and 80 below. 

79 Financial Statistics of Telephone Companies, by Provinces, for the calendar 

year 1921. 



Provinces. 


Capital 
stock. 


Funded 
debt. 


Cost of 
property 
and 
equip 
ment. 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Gross 
revenue. 


Operating 
expenses. 


Net 
operating 
revenue. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 

341,870 


S 

100,000 


$ 

599,220 


$ 

39,785 


$ 
131,399 


S 
98,159 


$ 

33,240 




3,485,881 


2,501,009 


6,371,040 


509,174 


1,530,040 


1,308,543 


221,497 




2,624,353 


41,000 


2,914,054 


486,183 


1,093,284 


917,828 


175,456 




28,317,781 


17,470,418 


66,689,329 


4,111,730 


19,413,860 


14,492,189 


4,921,671 




2,750,417 


1,818,529 


7,480,225 


7,801,819 


1,752,551 


1,539,122 


213,429 




33,118 


17,470,269 


17,520,122 


2,270,603 


3,053,196 


3,536,799 


-483,603 


SasKatchewan 


786,670 


24,723,699 


25,476,719 


688,525 


3,977,995 


2,799,339 


1,178,656 


Alberta 


51,636 


23,6S5,88 


20,026,415 


1,266,656 


2,823,793 


2,586,174 


237,619 


British Columbia 


3,737,700 


2,533,333 


11,407,239 


1,815,828 


3,191,274 


2,785,267 


406,007 


Yukon 


65,000 


- 


193,866 


10,119 


19,521 


16,615 


2,903 


Total 


42,194,126 


90,343,345 


158,678,229 


19,000,422 


36,986,913 


30,080,035 


6,906,878 



















80. Financial Statistics of Canadian Telephone Companies for the years 1912-1921. ! 



Years. 


Capital 
stock. 


Funded 
debt. 


Cost of 

property 
and equip 
ment. 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Gross 
revenue. 


Operating 
expenses. 


Net 
operating 
revenue. 


1912 


$ 

21,533,605 


1 

24,743,247 


$ 

56,887,799 


$ 

2,659,642 


$ 

12,273,627 


$ 

9,094,689 


$ 

3,178,938 


1913 


26,590,501 


33,256,503 


69,214,971 


6,839,309 


14,897,278 


11,175,689 


3,721,589 


1914 


28,644,340 


41,647,554 


80,258,356 


8,250,253 


17,297,269 


12,882,402 


4,414,867 


1915 


28,947,122 


45,337,869 


83,792,583 


8,357,029 


17,601,673 


12,836,715 


4,764,958 


1916 


29,416,956 


47,503,358 


88,520,021 


7,852,719 


18,594,268 


11,147,201 


7,447,067 


1917 


29,476,367 


49,645,335 


94,469,534 


8,882,593 


20,122,282 


12,095,426 


8,026,856 


1918 


29,803,090 


55,471,601 


104,368,627 


10,410,807 


22,753,280 


13,644,524 


9,108,756 


1919 


35,227,233 


65,360,600 


125,017,222 


15,774,586 


29,401,006 


20,081,436 


9,319,570 


1920 


36,149,838 


80,539,367 


144,560,969 


17,294,405 


33,473,712 


28,044,401 


5,429,311 


1921 


42,194,426 


90,343,345 


158,678,229 


19,000,422 


36,986,913 


30,080,035 


6,906,878 



















i As the head office of the Bell Telephone Company is situated in Montreal, its very large business 
is necessarily ciedited to Quebec, though largely transacted outside of that province. 

Figures for the year 1912-1918 are from July 1 to June 30: those for 1919-1921 for the years Jan. 1 to 
Dec. 31. 



THE POST OFFICE 689 



XII. THE POST OFFICE. 

Historical. A postal service was established between Montreal and Quebec 
as early as 1721, official messengers and other travellers making a practice of carrying 
letters for private persons. When Canada came under British rule, the Post Office 
was placed on a settled footing by Benjamin Franklin, then deputy postmaster- 
general for the American colonies, who visited Canada in 1763, opened post offices 
at Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers, and also established courier communication 
between Montreal and New York. Since 1755 Halifax had had a post office and 
direct postal communication with Great Britain. 

As a consequence of the American Revolution and the resulting isolation of 
Canada from Nova Scotia, the first exclusively Canadian postal service, a monthly 
courier route from Halifax to Quebec, was established in 1788, involving a seven 
weeks trip and expenses of about 200, of which only one-third was met by postal 
charges. Up to 1804 the postal facilities of Upper Canada consisted of one regular 
trip by courier each winter with whatever mail might reach Montreal during the 
season of navigation. Charges were necessarily high, $1.12 being paid on ordinary 
letters from London to Toronto via Halifax. 

The first post office in Toronto was opened about 1800. By 1816 there were 
19 offices in the two Canadas. and in 1827 this number had increased to 114. At 
this time the system consisted primarily of a trunk line of communication between 
Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Amherstburg, over which couriers travelled 
at varying intervals. Branching off this line were routes to Sorel, Sherbrooke, 
St. Johns, Hull, Hawkesbury, Perth and Richmond, with most deliveries made 
once or twice a week. 

Hitherto the Post Office had been under the control of the Imperial Depart 
ment, but considerable agitation resulted in the service being transferred on April 
6, 1851, to the several provinces. Only enough mutual control was maintained to 
ensure the continuance of Imperial and intercolonial relations. The provinces had 
complete jurisdiction over the establishment and maintenance of systems and rates. 

At Confederation the provincial sys.tems were transferred to the Dominion. 
The Post Office Act of 1867 established a service throughout Canada. The domestic 
rate on letters was reduced from 5 to 3 cents per half -ounce, and in 1870 the rates to 
the United States and Great Britain were reduced from 10 to 6 cents and from 12 J 
to 6 cents respectively per half-ounce. In 1875 a convention between Canada and 
the United States reduced postal rates between the countries to the domestic level. 
In 1878, on the admission of Canada to the Postal Union, letter postage to the 
countries of the Postal Union was reduced to 5 cents per half-ounce. After a con 
ference in 1897, Imperial penny postage (2 cents per half-ounce) was established 
on Dec. 25, 1898, while the domestic rate was reduced from 3 to 2 cents per ounce. 
These rates were maintained until 1915, when a 1 cent war tax, still in force, was 
imposed -on all 2 cent letters, on post cards and postal notes. Recently the rate to 
Great Britain has been increased to 4 cents per ounce and that to the Postal Union 
has been raised to 10 cents per ounce. 

The Post Office Department is administered by the Postmaster-General. 
Besides the several administrative branches within the Department, the Dominion 
is divided into 15 districts, each in charge of a Post Office Inspector. The Canadian 
system embraces a territory more extensive than that served by any other systems 
except those of the United States and Russia, the sparsity of population and the 
comparative lack of development making inevitable a peculiarly difficult and 
expensive service. 

6237344 



690 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



International Postal Conference. An important <>porli in the history of 
the Canadian Post Office began with the holding at Ottawa in December, 1922, 
of the first International Postal Conference between representatives of the United 
States and Canada. The development of postal reciprocity between the two 
countries dates from 1792, when the first postal arrangement between them was 
concluded. The years 1SI.S. 1875, 1881 and 1888 mark the dates.of later agreements 
regarding postal matters. The conference of 1922 dealt in detail with all important 
points in international postal relations and provided for increased facilities in the 
interchange of mail matter between the two countries. 

Rural Mail Delivery. A system of rural mail delivery was inaugurated in 
Canada on October 10, 1908, limited at that time to existing stage routes, persons 
residing on such routes being entitled to have mail boxes put up in which the mail 
carrier was to deposit mail matter and from which he was to collect mail matter 
and carry it to the post office. As a consequence of the public approval of this 
scheme, new regulations, talking effect on April 1, 1912. made all persons residing 
in rural districts along and contiguous to well-defined main thoroughfares of one 
mile and upwards eligible to receive their mail in this manner, while couriers of 
rural mail routes were also required to sell postage stamps and take applications 
for and accept money, money orders and postal notes. The result has been arl 
increase in the number of rural routes from approximately 900 in 1912 to 3,777 
in 1922, having 202,668 mail boxes as against approximately 25,000 in 1912. The 
establishment of these routes has been an important factor in the recent amelioration 
of the conditions of Canadian rural life. 

Statistics. Tables 81 to 83 show the number of post offices in operation in 
Canada in 1922, gross revenue in all offices collecting $10,000 and upwards, and 
the revenue and expenditure of the department since 1890. 

81. Number of Post Offices in Operation in the several Provinces of Canada, March 

31, 1922. 







PostC 


)ffices 




Provinces. 


In 
Operation 
Mar. 31, 
1921. 


Estab 
lished 
during 
Year. 


Closed 
during 
Year. 


In 

Operation 
Mar. 31, 

1922. 


Prince Edward Island 


136 




3 




Nova Scotia 


1 844 


g 


18 


1 834 


New BrunswicK 


1,134 


4 


5 


1 13$ 


Quebec 


2 293 


31 


23 


9 ^M 


Ontario 


2 582 


35 


40 


9 V17 


Manitoba 


798 


13 


g 


802 


Saskatchewan 


1 416 


24 


34 


1 400 


Alberta . . .. 


1,187 


25 


24 


1 188 


British Columbia 


834 


28 


16 


84& 


Yukon Territory 


23 


1 


: 


21 


Northwest Territories 





1 




,, 












Total 


12,252 


170 


175 


l i.247 













STATISTICS OF POSTAL REVENUE 



691 



82. Statistics of Gross Postal Revenue of Offices collecting $10,009 and upwards, 

for the fiscal years 1921 and 1922. 



Name-of Post Office. 


1921, 


1922. 


Name of Post Office. 


1921. 


1922. 


P.E. Island. 

Chariot tetown 


- 
55 511 


$ 
60,133 


Ontario con. 
Bowmanville 


T~ 

12,632 


$ 
13,273 




>0 655 


20 511 


Bracebridge 


12,557 


13, 008 : 










22 221 


23 008 


Total for Province 


152,403 


150,820 


Brantford j 


134,049 


140,608 








Brideburg . * 


16,235 


20,685 


Nova Scotia. 






Brockville 


48,306 


49,589 


\mherst 


42 377 


41 550 


Campbellford 


10,542 


10,732" 


\ntigonish 


14 166 


13 373 


Carleton Place , 


14,243 


16,647 




15 764 


14 520 




67,552 


67,662 


Dartmouth 


14 263 


13 570 


Cobalt ... 


25,133 


22,561 


Glace Bay 


17 491 


17 759 


Cobourg J 


22,019 


22,950 


Halifax 


396 208 


394 438 




13,405 


13,537 


Kentville 


18 759 


19 801 


Collingwood. . . # 


24,052 


22,962 


Lunenburg 


11 579 


11,495 


Cornwall , 


30,710 


31,373 




36 141 


34 444 


Dundas 


17,512 


15,103 


North Sydney 


17 993 


18 446 


Dunnville 


18,620 


19,263 


Pictou . , 


14,271 


13,990 


Fergus : 


14,494 


12,720 


Sydney 


67 623 


64 304 


Ford 


15,435 


13,755 


Sydney Mines 


10 344 


9 643 


Fort William 


68,910 


70,862 


Truro 


51 074 


51 041 


Fort Frances. . . : 


12,646 


13,007 


Windsor 


18 145 


19 151 


Gait 


59,440 


61,341 


Wolfviile 


12 456 


14 125 




17,237 


16,808 


Yarmouth 


26 321 


26 741 




10,168 


11,108 










17 426 


17 716 


Total for Province.. . 


1,303,666 


1,277,076 


Grimsby 


12,373 


15,501 










98 523 


100 210 


New Brunswick. 






Haileybury 


16,148 


16,386 


Bathurst 


13 505 


11 759 


Hamilton . 


544,834 


551,209 


Campbell ton 


19 080 


19 009 


Hanover 


12,612 


13,727 


Chatham 


13 586 


12 667 


Harriston 


10,210 


10,142 


Edmundston 


11 390 


12 320 


Hespeler 


10,781 


11,720 


Fredericton 


61 663 


61 692 


Huntsville 


12,312 


11,818 


Moncton 


324 358 


325 835 


Ingersoll 


24,681 


22,702 


Newcastle 


13 776 


13 098 


IroQUois Falls ... 


12,246 


10,228 


St. John 


267 516 


271 149 


Kenora 


20,223 


17,831 


St. Stephen . . 


18 043 


19 282 


Kincardine 


11,165 


12,675 


Sackville 


14 893 


15 108 


Kingston .... 


108,255 


107,360 


Sussex 


14 845 


15 057 


Kitchener . . .... 


29,082 


95,282 


Woodstock 


18 647 


18 935 


Leamington 


15,685 


15,759 










30 545 


32 663 


Total for Province 


1,123,007 


1,110,385 


Listowel 


13^ 096 


13,362 










388 716 


443 079 


Quebec. 






Meaford 


11,237 


10,672 


Chicoutimi... 


21 288 


24 070 


Midland 


21 101 


20,221 


Coaticook 


10 892 


11 336 




20 028 


19,815 


Granby 


15 093 


15 625 


New Liskeard 


12,106 


12,946 


Hull 


26 221 


28 952 




16 472 


17,147 


Joliette 


19 910 


19 958 


Niagara Falls 


87 289 


92,940 


La Tuque 


13,702 


12 138 


North Bay . 


42,717 


45,774 


Magog 


9,727 


10 490 


Oakville 


13,867 


14,757 


Montreal. . . . 


3 182 947 


3 278 467 




11 625 


10,711 


Quebec 


424,267 


465,553 


Orillia 


42,107 


40,588 


Richmond 


10,417 


10,625 


Oshawa 


53,998 


54,555 


Rimouski 


11,926 


12,694 


Ottawa 


510,842 


560,596 


Ste. Agathe des Monts 


9,182 


10,102 


Owen Sound 


45,230 


47, 782 


St. Hyacinthe 


31,885 


32,673 


Paris. 


17,157 


18,468 


St. Johns 


18 370 


20 361 


Parry Sound 


14 444 


15,036 


Shawinigan Falls. . . . 


22,960 


20 469 


Pembroke 


29 642 


29,470 


Sherbrooke 


66,955 


103 592 


Perth 


25 701 


26,218 


Sorel 


11,309 


10 327 


Peterborough 


95 833 


101,245 


Thetford Mines 


13,588 


12 652 


Petrolia 


13 820 


14,272 


Timiskaming Station 


10,074 


4,450 


Picton 


15,867 


16,411 


Three Rivers 


51,255 


53,757 


Port Arthur . ... 


51,799 


53,040 


Valleyfield. .. 


11 602 


12 608 


Port Colborne 


14 617 


13 381 


Victoriaville 


14,263 


14,536 


Port Hope . . 


20,362 


20,843 










12 730 


13 143 


Total for Province 


5,408,224 


5,530,513 


Preston 


20,405 


21,920 










27 ?4Q 


25 059 


Ontario. 






St. Catharines 


85,243 


85,720 


Amherstburg 


10,417 


9,684 


St Marys 


16 804 


18,227 


Arnprior 


14 496 


14 925 


St Thomas 


58 742 


61 196 


Aurora 


11,369 


11 840 




61 495 


62 814 


Aylmer West 


13 812 


13 915 


Sault Ste Marie 


77 894 


70 955 


Barrie 


25,112 


25 562 


Seaforth 


10 547 


10 344 


Belleville 


51,839 


52 397 


Simcoe 


19 819 


21 111 


62373441 













692 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



82. Statistics of Gross Postal Revenue of Offices collecting $10,009 and upwards, 
for fiscal years 1921 and MSB concluded. 



Name of Post Office. 


1921. 


1922. 


Name of Post Office. 


1921. 


1922. 


Ontario concluded. 
Smiths Falls 


$ 
26 251 


$ 

26,395 


Alberta. 

Banff.. 


S 

14,634 


$ 

14,547 


Stratford 


54,734 


59,281 


Calgary 


558,569 


532,233 


Stratford Station 


11 969 


11,702 


Camrose 


15,248 


14,771 


Strathroy 


11 609 


11,834 


Drumheller 


15,713 


18,609 


Sturgeon Falls 


10 529 


10,517 


Edmonton 


420,466 


443,880 


Sudbury 


50 529 


47,110 


Hanna 


10,744 


10,232 


Thorold 


18 460 


16,347 


Lacombe 


11,931 


12,547 


Tilsonburg 


14 414 


14,361 


Lethbridge 


64,661 


68,227 


Timmins 


17 284 


21,088 


Macleod 


11,028 


10,191 


Toronto 


4 947,777 


5,223,979 


Medicine Hat 


52,954 


48,585 


Trenton . . 


18,590 


18,900 


Red Deer 


18,022 


19,975 


Walkerton 


11,217 


11,629 


Stettler 


11,150 


10,861 


Walkerville . . . 


56,732 


52,215 


Vermilion 


11,213 


10,694 


Wallaceburg . ... 


13,425 


12,910 


Vegreville 


10,100 


10,066 


Waterloo 


26,978 


28,806 


Wetaskiwin 


15,721 


15,586 


Welland 


46,202 


42,799 


Total for Province 


2,022,739 


1,996,163 


Weston 
Whitby 


14,800 
11,267 


17,617 
11,798 








Windsor 


208,673 


193,050 




14 831 


15 276 


Wingham 


11,853 


11,802 




17 742 


18 034 


Woodstock 


47,926 


51,103 


Duncan Station..., 


14,841 


15,168 


Total for Province 


11,416,685 


11,847,296 


Fernie 


17,948 


17,658 








Kamloops 


32,192 


31,276 








K]owna 


19,960 


21,634 


Manitoba. 






Nanaimo 


26,672 


27,071 


_ , 


ino jet 


Ififi Qfll 


Nelson 


40,548 


41,165 




24 539 


24 396 


New Westminster 


58,108 


62,010 


Neepawa 


12,228 


12,210 


North Vancouver 


15,595 

10 97fl 


15,353 
in QCC 


Portage la Prairie 


39,472 
10 078 


40,645 
9 555 


Prince Rupert 


36,120 


34,515 


Winnipeg 


2,838,805 


2,860,898 


Revelstoke 


12,816 


12,245 


Total for Province 


3,577,832 


3,594,511 


Iran 
Vancouver 


919,848 


960,131 








Vernon 


30,260 


32,372 


Saskatchewan. 






Victoria 


251,864 


252,980 




9790 


1fi fi^? 


Total for Province 


2,073,163 


2,100,657 


Estevan 


19,717 


18,825 








Humboldt 


12,936 


12,677 








Llovdminster 


10,107 


10,204 


Total for Yukon 


11,702 


11,995 


Maple Creek 


12,553 


10,465 








Melfort 


14,074 


13,595 


SUMMARY. 






Melville 


12,533 


12,850 


P.E. Island 


152,403 


150,820 


Moose Jaw 


138, 049" 


132,998 


Nova Scotia 


1,303,666 


1,277,076 


North Battleford 


25 965 


25 937 


New Brunswick 


1,123,007 


1,110,385 




47 882 


47,559 


Quebec 


5,408,224 


5,530,513 




588 582 


629,304 


Ontario 


11,416,685 


11,847,296 




248 511 


250,698 


Manitoba 


3,577,832 


3,594,511 




12 360 


13,485 


Saskatchewan 


2,452,275 


2,468,648 


Swift Current 


38 074 


33,678 


Alberta 


2,022,739 


1,996,163 


We v burn 


32,494 


30,648 


British Columbia 


2,073,163 


2,100,657 


Yorkton 


37,282 


35,659 


Yukon 


11,702 


11,995 


Tntal for Pravinoc 


2.452.275 


2.468.64S 


Total ... 


29.541.6.% 


3IKONH.064 



83. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for the quinquennial 
years 1898-1910, and for the fiscal years 1911-1922. 



Fiscal Years. 


Net 
revenue. 


Expendi 
ture. 


Deficit. 


Surplus. 


1890 


$ 

2,357,389 


$ 

3,071,470 


$ 

717,081 


$ 


1895 


2,792,790 


3,593,647 


800,857 


_ 


1900 ... 


3,183,984 


3,645,046 


461,662 


_ 


1905 . . 


5,125,373 


4,634,528 




490,845 


1910 


7,958,547 


7,215,337 


_ 


743,210 


1911 


9,146,952 


7,954,223 


_ 


1,192,729 


1912 


10,482,255 


9,172,035 


_ 


1,310,220 


1913 . . . 


12,060,476 


10,882,805 


_ 


1,177,671 


1914 . 


12,956,216 


12,822,058 


_ 


134.158 


1915... 


13,046,650 


15,961,191 


2,814,541 





MONEY ORDERS 



693 



83. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for the quinquennial 
years 1890-1910, and for the fiscal years 1911-1922 concluded. 



Fiscal Years. 


Net 
revenue. 


Expendi 
ture. 


Deficit. 


Surplus. 


IQlg 


$ 
18,858,410 


$ 
16,009,139 


1 


$ 

2,849,271 


1917 


20,902,384 


16,300,579 


_ 


4,^01,805 


1918 


21,345,394 


18,046,558 


_ 


3,298,836 


1919 


21,602,713 


19,273,584 


_ 


2,329,129 


1920 


24,449,917 


20,774,385 


_ 


3,675,532 


1921 


26,331,119 


24,661,262 


_ 


1,669,857 


1922 


26,554,538 


28,121,425 


1,566,887 


_ 













NOTE. For all other years sirce 1868, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 288. 

Auxiliary Services. The auxiliary postal services the issuing of money 
orders (including postal notes) and the facilities offered by the Post Office savings 
banks have expanded enormously since Confederation. In 1868, for example, 
there were 515 money order offices in operation, issuing orders to an amount of 
$3,342,574. In 1922 the number of offices had increased to 5.266, while the value 
of orders issued was almost 42 times as large as in the earlier year. In the following 
tables, illustrating the use of money orders and postal notes, it will also be noticed 
that the large number of 10,031.198 money orders, representing a value of $139,- 
914,186, were issued during the year. The number of postal notes received was 
5,679,374, while the value of those issued amounted to $11,598.881. It may be 
added that postal notes are issued payable to bearer, and are in general use for the 
transfer of small sums, while money orders, on the other hand, are payable to order 
at a designated post office. Statistical tables showing the operation of the Post 
Office savings banks and the Dominion Government savings banks are included 
in the section on Finance on page 833. 

84. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, fiscal years 1901-1922. 



Fiscal Years. 


Orders 
issued in 
Canada. 


Value 
of orders 
issued in 
Canada. 


Payable in 


Value 
of orders 
issued 
in other 
countries 
payable in 
Canada. 


Canada. 


Other 
countries. 


1901 


No. 
1,151,024 
1,446,129 
1,668,705 
1,869,233 
1,924,130 
2,178,549 
1,845,278 
2,990,691 
3,596,299 
4,178,752 
4,840,896 
5,777,757 
6,866,563 
7,227,964 
6,990,813 
7,171,375 
8,698,502 
9,919,665 
9,100,707 
9,947,018 
11,013,167 
10,031,198 


$ 
17,956,258 
23,549,402 
26,868,202 
29,652,811 
32,349,476 
37,355,673 
32,160,098 
49,974,007 
52,627,770 
60,967,162 
70,614,862 
84,065,891 
101,153,272 
109,500,670 
89,957,906 
94,469,871 
119,695,535 
142,959,167 
142,375,809 
159,224,937 
173,523,322 
139,914,186 


$ 
14,324,289 
18,423,035 
20,761,078 
21,706,474 
23,410,485 
26,133,565 
21,958,855 
31,836,629 
36,577,552 
41,595,205 
45,451,425 
52,568,433 
61,324,030 
66,113,221 
64,723,941 
75,781,582 
97,263,961 
116,764,491 
116,646,096 
135,201,816 
155,916,232 
124,316,726 


$ 
3,631,969 
5,126,367 
6,107,124 
7,946,337 
8,938,991 
11,222,108 
10,201,243 
18,137,378 
16,050,218 
19,371,957 
25,163,437 
31,497,458 
39,829,242 
43,387,449 
25,233,965 
18,688,289 
22,431,574 
26,194,676 
25,729,713 
24,023,121 
17,607,090 
15,597,460 


$ 
2,592,845 
3,575,803 
4,604,528 
5,197,122 
5,602,257 
6,533,201 
5,393,042 
7,933,361 
7,794,751 
8,048,467 
8,664,557 
8,712,667 
9,081,627 
9,807,313 
9,707,383 
9,868,137 
9,704,610 
9,385,627 
10,351,021 
10,050,361 
6,680,971 
5,515,069 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 .. 


1920 


1921 


1922 





NOTE. For 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 289. 



694 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



Attention may be drawn to the discrepancy between the value of orders issued 
in Canada and payable in other countries, and those issued elsewhere payable in 
Canada. The difference (over $10,000,000 in 1922 and almost $34,000,000 in 
1914), represents to a large extent remittances made by immigrants and to travellers 
in foreign countries. It is an indication, at least, of the large amounts sent out 
from Canada, and is an essential figure in the computation of our balance of trade. 

85. Money Orders, by Provinces, fiscal years 1918-1922. 



Provinces. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Money order offices in 
Canada 


No. 
l.lttO 


No. 
4.953 


No. 
5,106 


No. 
5,197 


No. 
5,266 


Prince K< Iward Island 


48 


50 


53 


62 


63 


Nova Scotia. 


331 


333 


342 


344 


360 


New Brunswick 


217 


I ll) 


232 


238 


247 


Quebec 


1,065 


1,069 


1,093 


1,111 


1 , 1 "(i 


< hitario 


1,497 


1,483 


1,507 


1,520 


1,513 


Manitoba . 


327 


331 


340 


344 


353 


Saskatchewan . 


594 


615 


636 


650 


656 


Alberta 


440 


443 


476 


490 


508 


British Columbia 


406 


408 


422 


433 


436 


Yukon Teriitory/ 


5 


5 


5 


5 


4 


Money orders issued in 
Canada . 


No. 
9,919,665 


No. 

9,100,707 


No. 
9,947,018 


No. 
11,013,167 


No. 
10,031,198 


Prince Kdward Island 


43,806 


44,406 


52,195 


59,098 


56,780 


Nova Scotia .... 


539,<i71 


590,313 


652,649 


756, 168 


706,161 


\e\v Brunswick 


264,547 


279,021 


342,868 


428,648 


390,186 


Quebec . 


1,110,542 


1,114,461 


1,247,392 


1,374.724 


1,193. I .ul 


Ontario ... . 


3,136,558 


2,7.57,205 


3,086,535 


3,658,178 


3,073. Hi:; 


M a n i toba 


867,968 


744,702 


779,379 


815,550 


..1)11) 


atchewan. . . . 


1, (,38, 431 


1,692,030 


1,702,494 


1,804. ."it,:; 


I,804,7ii7 


Alberta 


1,259,922 


1,088,261 


1,176,999 


1,245,872 


1,210,397 


British Columbia 


748,746 


V84.115 


840,874 


865,054 


826,819 


Yukon Territory 


9,474 


6,193 


5,633 


5,312 


5,?65 


Receipts for money orders issued in 
Canada 



142,959,168 


142.375,809 


159,224,937 


- 
173,523,322 


139914,186 


Prince Edward Island 


684,849 


711,259 


837. 


890,038 


770,936 


Nova Scotia 


7,8U,907 


9,376,962 


10,32ii. Hi! 


11, 241.!) Hi 


8,996,905 


New Brunswick 


3,996,863 


4,494,810 


5.679,866 


6,725,201 


5,385,442 


Quebec . 


15,669,298 


16,750,568 


19,135,849 


20,982,916 


16,106,847 


Ontario . 


40,576,601 


40,482,359 


47.127,150 


54,348,199 


42,125,653 


Manitoba . 


11,869,796 


12,036,194 


13, 151, 959 


13,727,900 


10,495,309 


Saskatchewan . . . 


31,964,231 


27,982,176 


28,592,371 


29,144,606 


25,991,164 


\lberta 


18,399,046 


16,338,633 


18,532,956 


20,173,523 


17,416,395 


British Columbia 


11,671,635 


14,045,759 


15,696,988 


16,146,385 


12,489,834 


Yukon Territory 


248,942 


157,089 


143,974 


142,578 


135,701 


Number of money orders paid in 
Canada . 


No. 

7,923,732 


No. 
8,033,665 


too. 

9,104,136 


No. 
9,864,184 


No. 

9,080,463 


Prince Kdward Island 


31,999 


.228 


.787 


36,599 


32,566 


Nova Scotia 


23.5,606 


217,749 


288, 


419,594 


391,347 


New Brunswick 


138,946 


142,906 


207,579 


704,072 


(US, 812 


Quebec , 


1,232, \^ 


875,334 


956,990 


1,057,289 


918,941 


Ontario 


2,595.:>37 


3,238,259 


3,775,383 


3,551,679 


3,209,381 


Manitoba 


1,936,761 


1,786,195 


1, 92, 408 


1,790,933 


2,055,452 




1,025,124 


977,01(1 


1,062,526 


929,641 


1.013,055 


Alberta 


355,988 


::t;4,033 


391,786 


971,594 


105,821 


British Columbia 


870,261 


365,824 


394,094 


401,910 


407, 27ti 


Yukon Territory 


1,028 


1,121 


1,054 


873 


812 


Amount of money orders paid in 
Canada 


$ 

125,267,851 


$ 

127,219,233 


146,405,784 



162.992,196 


$ 

130,593,935 


Prince I Mward Island 


617,456 


713,728 


713,292 


800,594 


661,531 


Nova Scotia 


4,432,929 


5,027,434 


5,616,039 


6,764,328 


5,647,534 


New Brunswick 




2,937,008 


3,955,777 


10,415,372 


8, 26?, 419 


Quebec 


16,761,173 


14,647,863 


17,206,557 


22,998,684 


15, 2!):;. - (in 


Ontario 


40,013,727 


44,029,412 


53,250,399 


52,562,211 


42,445,288 


.Manitoba 


31,430,5)9 


29,017,441 


32,092,104 


31,6: . 


27,765,545 


Saskatchewan 
Alberta 


15,399,242 

7. 120,506 


15,228,040 
7,675,350 


16,668,206 
8,328,840 


18, so:;..; ii 

10,368,069 


14,457,674 

8,143,535 




6,587,920 


7,914,636 


8,548,570 


9,128,855 


7,894,752 


Yukon Territory 


27,782 


28,324 


26,000 


17,411 


16,457 















POSTAGE STAMP ISSUES 



695 



Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, fiscal years 1917-1922. 



Values. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


$ 

20 


No. 
286,587 


No. 

235,579 


No. 
191,362 


No. 
166,078 


No. 
144,084 


No. 
158,108 


25 


328,095 


327,138 


306,642 


275,214 


227,789 


281,679 


30 


245,720 


229,152 


222,590 


204,429 


175,564 


190,364 


40 


251,056 


244,294 


228,783 


229,954 


240,085 


225,044 


50 


444,677 


433,142 


417,145 


409,967 


389,935 


425,943 


Q gO 


234,783 


233,977 


220,299 


220,006 


226,510 


213,320 


70 


127,929 


133,578 


124,850 


131,031 


146,247 


124,558 


75 


248,858 


234,081 


225,925 


188,561 


173,389 


190,413 


80 


196,446 


198,667 


188,117 


189,654 


196,695 


175,443 


90 


201,414 


202,228 


185,790 


191,881 


208,922 


186,400 


1 00 


958,563 


923,881 


891,539 


851,118 


864,275 


837,437 


1 50 


417,791 


426,230 


420,503 


433,896 


467,034 


393,725 


2 00 


599,418 


643,685 


725,992 


603,156 


619,726 


578,353 


2 50 


263,419 


276,419 


266,918 


277,871 


277,766 


240,269 


3 00 


404,652 


424,815 


423,243 


421,983 


452,632 


419,969 


4 00 


257,961 


284,3fi2 


276,919 


278,762 


317,232 


293,936 


5 00 . 


435,429 


453,310 


472,832 


479,251 


499,089 


477,460 


10 00 


276,709 


303,245 


277,764 


277,306 


300,787 


266,953 


Total notes received . . . .No. 


6,179,507 


6,207,793 


6,067,213 


5,830,118 


5,927,791 


5,679,374 


Total value, including postage stamps 


11,943,859 


12,535,579 


12,368,069 


12,122,720 


12,792,855 


11,827,896 


Commission received . I 


131,757 


134,516 


131,913 


127,964 


132,393 


124,957 


Postal notes issued to postmasters.. .No 
Value of notes issued 3 


6,386,535 
12,430,270 


6,339,230 
12,948,457 


6,094,255 
12,548,384 


5,901,171 
12,304,949 


5,902,035 
13,026,166 


5,580,475 
11,598,881 

















87. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., fiscal years 1921-1922. 



Denominations. 


Issue 1921. 


Issue 1922. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


1 


No. 
272,271,500 
288,531,300 
403,395,000 
23,930,850 
12,454,100 
25,735,700 
4,168,300 
667,325 
396,065 
714,000 
1,594,350 
400,100 
372,521 
274,690 

51,518 
33,889 
48,351 

1,405 

762,800 
9,850,700 
12,361,000 
250,000 
470,000 
876,000 
3,116,000 
1,645,500 
77.000 

204,400 
857,100 
29,010 
770,075 
844,250 
1,406,475 
1,437,450 


$ 
2,722,715 
5,770,626 
12,101,850 
1,196,543 
871,787 
2,573,570 
833,660 
333,663 
39,607 
7,140 
31,887 
20,005 
93,130 
68,672 

260,681 
340,923 
728,166 

14,134 

9,154 
98,507 
247,220 
2,500 
9,400 
8,760 
62,320 
16,455 
1,540 

4,088 
8,571 
1,741 
9,241 
10,975 
30,942 
33,061 


No. 

250,871,900 
280,351,900 
394,869,400 
29,423,800 
10,829,300 
30,957,050 
4,862,500 
673,790 
410,975 
1,132,900 
2, 530., 750 
683,700 
443,663 
323,574 
218,159 
33,187 
29,470 
45,461 
60 
32 
501 
455 
333 
1,149,400 
13,542,600 
12,004,400 
598,000 
452,000 
782,000 
2,219,000 
1,102,500 
102,400 
59,150 
230,100 
873,400 
17,490 

1,692,000 

1,631,550 
2,689,700 


$ 
2,508,719 
5,607,038 
11,846,082 
1,471,190 
758,051 
3,095,705 
972,500 
336,895 
41,097 
11,329 
50,615 
34,185 
110,916 
80,894 
54,540 
167,926 
296,468 
684,643 
304 
322 
2,555 
4,595 
5,028 
13,793 
135,426 
240,088 
5,980 
9,040 
7,820 
44,380 
11,025 
2,048 
3,549 
4,602 
8,734 
1,049 

21,996 

37,526 
88,760 


2 


3 


5 


7 


10 


20 . 


50 


10 Special Delivery 




2 " 


5 " 


1 cent stamp books, 25c. each 


2 cent stamp books, 25c. each 


3 cent stamp books 25c each 


Icent rolls (sidewise) 15 06 each 


2 " $10 06 each 


3 " $15 06 each 


Icent rolls (endwise) $5.06 each 


2 $10.06 each 


1 " $5 10 each 


2 " $10 10 each . 


3 " $15 10 each 


1 cent post bands at $1.20 per 100 


1 cent post cards 


2 cent post cards 


1 cent advertising cards 16 on sheet 


n if It tt It 


1 cent advertising cards, 8 on sheet. . . 


2 tt it a 


1 cent advertising cards, single 


tt tt tt 


6 cent post cards for Postal Union countries. . 
2 cent reply post cards 


1 cent special wrappers 


6 cent reply coupons 


1 cent stamped envelopes, $1.20 per 100 


1 cent stamped envelopes, $1 30 per 100... . . 


2 cent stamped envelopes, $2.20 per 100 


2 cent stamped envelopes, $2.30 per 100 


3 cent stamped envelopes, $3.30 per 100 


Totals.. 


1.069,998.724 


28.563.234 


1.047.838.550 


28.777.413 



696 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



Subsidies, etc. The conveyance of mail by land and water entailed a total 
expenditure during 1922 of $14,534,038. Land transportation (largely that by 
rural delivery), cost $6,162,712; railway carriage cost $7,786,549; while that by steam 
ship amounted to $584,777. These amounts were paid solely for services rendered 
as carriers. In addition, however, considerable mail is carried on both the 
Atlantic and Pacific coasts, by steamships and steamship lines, which are especially 
subsidized by the government. Table 88, showing amounts so paid in 1920, 1921 
and 1922, is appended. 

88. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, fiscal years 1920-1922. 



Services. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada and the West Indies or South Ameiica, or both 


1 


$ 

327 564 


$ 

340 667 


Canada and Great Britain 


229 345 






Canada and South Africa 


133 833 


146 000 


1-JQ OQQ 


Canada and Australia or New Zealand or both on Pacific Ocean... . 
Canada (Atlantic) and Australia and New Zealand 


124,968 
70 000 


124,642 
140 000 


127,162 


Canada, China and Japan 


367 187 




CQ 99Q 


Canada and Newfoundland 


57 587 


20 2Q i 


3n ir-i 


Ferry service between Campment, 1 Ours island and mainland of 
Georgian bay 


167 


3 000 


9 Oflft 


St. John and Digby 


19 391 


9 584 


9fi4S 


St. John, Digby, Annapolis and Granville 


2 000 


2 000 


9 000 


St. John, N.B., and Minas Basin and Margaretsville, N.S 


6 500 


3 750 


1 794 


St. John, Westport and Yarmouth 


10 000 


10 000 


Wooo 


St. Johr, Halifax, West Indies or South America 


340 667 






St. John and Bridgetown 


2 500 


2 000 


1 inn 


Halifax, La Have, and La Have river ports 




3 731 


4 Qfil 


Halifax and Sberbrooke 


2 000 






Halifax, Mahone, Tancook Isle, etc 


3 000 






Halifax and Newfoundland 


10 000 


"i nnn 


5000 


Halifax, Canso and Guysboro 


5 000 


6 596 


A 7Qfl 


Halifax and Spry bay and ports in C. Breton 


. 


3 84g 


5 885 


Halifax and West Coast of C.B 


4 000 


4 000 


fi onn 


Halifax, south Cape Breton and Bras d Or lake ports... 


6 000 


6000 


fi noo 


Pictou, Souris ard the Magdalen islands 






94 noo 


Grand Manan and mainland 


12 500 


15 000 


1"i 000 


Quebec, Montreal and Paspebiac 






90 000 


Quebec, Natashquan and Harrington 






.10 000 


Quebec and ports on the shores of the Gulf of 8>t. Lawrence and 
between ports in P.E. Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and 
Magdalen islands 


63 380 


68 Q06 




Pictou and Montague, Murray Harbour, etc., and Georgetown... 


6 000 


6 000 


fi 000 


Pictou and New Glasgow and Antigonish County ports and Mulgrave 
Pt. Mulgrave and Guysboro 


1,500 
5 204 


1,500 

t i "hll 


1,397 

60 1ft 


Pt. Mulgrave, St. Peter s, etc 


5 980 


6 208 


6. -.(II I 


Pt. Mulgrave and Canso 


9 287 


11 500 


1** 37O 


Pictou, Mulgrave and Cheticamp 


7 500 


7 500 


7 ^00 


Petit de Grat and Mulgrave l.C.R. terminus 


6 900 


8 062 


Qlfi 


Baddeck and lona 


6 8 9 5 


- 


8 000 


Sydney and Whycocomagh 


4 000 


4 non 


4000 


Sydney to Bras d Or lake ports and ports on east and west coasts 
of C.B 


8 421 


14 000 


Hooo 


Sydney and bay St. Lawrence ports 


6 000 


9 000 


9 000 


Cburlottetown, Pictou and New Glasgow 






2 000 


Victoria, Vancouver and Skagway 


23 229 


23 594 


94 91Q 


Charlottetown, Victoria and Holiday s Wharf 


2,031 


2 500 


3 500 


Victoria and Vancouver island (west coast) 


4 375 


15 000 


15 000 


Victoria and San Francisco 


2 077 


2 740 


9 115 


Newcastle, Neguec and Escuminac, Miramichi river and bay 


3 000 


3 000 


3 93s) 


Pelee island arid mainland 


8 000 


8 000 


8 000 


Froude s point and Lockport. .. 


1 000 






Prince Rupert, B.C., ana Queen Charlotte islands 


21 000 


21 000 


21 000 


Vancouver and ports on Howe sound 


2 240 


3 202 


3 066 


St. John and St. Andrews, N.B 


4 000 


4 000 


4 000 


Vancouver and northern ports of B.C. . . 


16 800 


24 800 


24 800 


Expenses in connection with the supervision of subsidized steamship 
services 


3 512 


3 604 


3 716 










Total subsidies and subventions 


1,633,906 


1,094,509 


1,105 896 











NOTE. The figures in the above table are taken from the "Public Accounts," as issued by the 
finance Department; they represent the amounts paid in connection with contracts made under statutory 
authority by the Department of Trade and Commerce for trade services, including the conveyance of mails. 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 697 



X. LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES. 

I. LABOUR. 
1. Occupations of the People. 

The occupations of the people of a country at any given time are mainly deter 
mined by its natural resources and the stage which has been reached in their develop 
ment. The outstanding characteristics of Canada are its enormous extent, its im 
mense natural resources and the comparatively slight development of these, only 
the southern portions of the country being as yet at all developed. The developed 
areas fall into four economic units. with quite distinct physical characteristics: first 
the Maritime Provinces, where lands, forests, mines and fisheries are the chief 
natural resources; secondly, Ontario and Quebec, with lands, forests, mines and 
abundant water power for manufacturing purposes; thirdly, the Prairie Provinces, 
where the land is the chief natural resource except in Alberta, which contains im 
mense coal deposits; lastly, British Columbia with fisheries, forests, and mines, 
where agriculture plays a comparatively minor part. Though, when the country 
as a whole is considered, the immense fertile areas of arable land must be considered 
as its chief natural resource, in different parts of its vast expanse other resources 
predominate, and give the key to the chief occupations of the people. 

In Canada, as in other new countries, the labouring population (using the term 
in its widest sense), bears a larger proportion to the total than is the case in older 
civilizations where there exists more realized wealth. 

In addition to our native-born workers, great numbers of young males and 
smaller numbers of females, who have nothing to sell but their personal services, 
immigrate from older countries to Canada to find here a better market for their 
labour. Thus both the sex distribution and the age distribution of the population 
of Canada is rendered somewhat abnormal, an unusually large percentage of that 
population being of working age and of the male sex that is, of the sex which is 
most generally gainfully employed. 

These statements may be illustrated from the Canadian census of 1911. (See 
Table 1). In that year out of a total population 10 years old and over of 5,514,388 
in the nine provinces, 2,723,634 were returned as gainfully employed, being 49-39 
p.c. of such population, or 37-93 p.c. of 7,179,650, the total ascertained population 
of the nine province s. Thus, three out of every eight persons in the Dominion were 
gainfully employed, or four out of every eight persons 10 years old and upwards. 

Male Labour. Considering the male population of 10 years old and upwards, 
it was found at the census of 1911 that no less than 79-54 p.c., or nearly four-fifths, 
were gainfully employed. Further, if we take out those under 15 as being more 
properly at school training for the future than gainfully employed in the present, 
and those over 65 as having earned the right to rest, we find that of the total male 
population between 15 and 65 no less than 92-73 p.c. was gainfully employed, a 
percentage which is increased to 96-28 p.c. if we consider only those in the main 
productive 40 year period between 25 and 64 years old inclusive. Thus Canada is 
shown by its statistics to be emphatically, in so far as the males are concerned, a 
workers country. 



698 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



1. Persons Engaged in Gainful Occupations in Canada, by Ages, 1911. 



Age periods. 

* 


Males 10 years of age 
and over. 


Females 10 years of age 

and over. 


Total 
number. 


Engaged in gainful 
ooctipatiooa. 


Total 
number. 


Knnune.il in gainful 
occupations. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


10 to 14 years 


353,876 
735,071 
1,682,522 
194,176 


17,376 
820,972 

1,610. ss:, 
100,580 


4-91 
84-48 
96-28 

51-80 


344,500 
647,874 
1,384,228 
172,141 


7,777 
179, (192 
168,034 
9,018 


2-26 
27-78 
1LM4 
5-24 


15 to 24 years 


25 to 64 years 


(>") \vars and over 


Total 10 years and over 


2,965,645 


3,358,813 


79 54 


2,548,743 


364, S-M 


14 31 





Female Labour. The growth of the employment of females in gainful occu 
pations between 1891 and 1911 is shown in Table 2. The figures found there may 
be supplemented by the information that in 1891, 11-07 p.e., in 1901, 12-01 p.c., 
in 1911, 14-31 p.c. of the female population 10 years old and over were gainfully 
employed an increase from one-ninth to one-seventh of the female population 
of these ages during the 20 year period a rate of increase which, in view of the 
labour conditions of the war and reconstruction period, will probably be found 
to have been maintained in the present decade. 

It is significant that among females the age period during which there is the 
maximum of gainful employment is shown by the census to be that from 15 to 24 
years inclusive. Of the female population of these ages, 27-78 p.c. were in 1911 
gainfully employed, a percentage which fell to 12 14 p.c. for the period 25 to 64 
years inclusive. As every employer of female labour knows, the decline is due to 
the absorption of female labour by marriage and home duties. 

2. Number of Males and Females 10 years of Age and over Engaged in Gainful Occu 
pations, by Provinces, 1881 to 1911. 





1881.1 


18 


>1, 


19 


11. 


1(1 


11. 


Provinces. 


Male 

anil 
Female. 


Male. 


female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
34,094 


No. 
31,673 


No. 

4,030 


No. 
30,113 


No. 
3,494 


No. 
27,986 


No. 
3,950 


Nova Scotia 


ill 5->i; 


134,859 


2 2 .">!I5 


i:;; 566 


18 448 


lls <iiil 


24 370 


New Mrunsu ick 


106,288 


(It L til 


i:; I:, 1 . 


.is 0.> 


i:t ,st)7 


1(13 L 7"i 


16 491 


( (uebec . ... 


425,947 


39: 


,v; oiiti 


434,720 


77 !."> 


r,:,-2 I4d 


101 101 


Ontario . 


i J.">,591 


535.76.") 


.U liili 


"..322 


lll.S li . l 


1.135 


154,878 


Manitoba 


23, 162 


50,669 


1 318 


77.418 




155,900 


22,206 


Saskatchewan 












195,247 


13,275 


Alberta . . 




I ll. <;;9 


994 


45,145 


2 , 993 


\ 14il.i ,s7 


1 1 . .IL . i 


British Columbia 


17,983 


44,955 


3,074 


76,541 


4.7H1 


Is .), 482 


18,627 


















Canada 


1,377,585 


1, 110,379 


I |-,,M |II 


1,544,883 


237,949 


2,358,813 


364,821 



















l \Vorkers were -not classified by sex in 1881. 

Distribution of Labour Force by Industries. The distribution of the 
Canadian labour force by industries at the censuses from 1881 to 1911 is given by 
numbers and percentages employed in Table 3. The most notable features of this 
table are the great absolute increase of 52-7 p.c. between 1901 and 1911 in the gain 
fully employed population, the comparative decline of the agriculturists (in spite 
of the large absolute increase in their numbers), from 48 1 p.c. of the occupied popu- 



DISTRIBUTION OF LABOUR FORCE BY PROVINCES 



699 



lation in 1881 to 34-3 p.c. in 1911, the increase of manufacturing workers from 11-7 
to 18-Op.c., of traders from 5-7 to 10-4 p.c. and of transportation workers from 
2-9 to 8-0 p.c. of the occupied population in the 30 year period. It should, how 
ever, be borne in mind that under present day conditions of specialization in industry 
many of those employed in trade, transportation and manufactures are doing work 
which formerly was performed by agriculturists and other primary producers for 
themselves. 

3. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Industries of Persons Engaged in 

Gainful Occupations, 1881 to 1911. 
NUMBERS IN EACH INDUSTRY. 

Workers Engaged. 





1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


Agriculture . 


662,266 


735,207 


716,860 


933,735 


Eluildiii ^ trades 


230,873 


185,599 


213,307 


246,201 




90,085 


139,929 


163,670 


214,012 


Civil and municipal government 


7,938 


18,267 


17,306 


76,604 


Fishing and hunting 


28,500 


30,045 


27,225 


34,812 


Forestry .... . 


8,116 


12,812 


16,764 


42,914 


Manufactures 


161,535 


227,080 


274,175 


491,342 


Mining ... 


7,160 


16,127 


28,650 


62,767 


Miscellaneous . . . ... 


13,005 




490 




Professional ... 


48,461 


62,623 


83,219 


120,616 


Trade and merchandising . ..:... 


78,905 


109,632 


160,410 


283,087 


Transportation . 


40,741 


69,048 


80,756 


217,544 












Total Workers 


1,377,585 


1,606,369 


1,782,832 


2,723,634 













PERCENTAGES IN EACH INDUSTRY. 



Workers Engaged. 





1881. 


1891, . 


1901. 


1911. 


Agriculture 


p.c. 
48-1 


p.c. 
45-8 


p.c. 
40-2 


p.c. 
34-3 


Building trades . . - - 


16-8 


11-6 


12-0 


!)() 


Domestic and personal service 


6-5 


8-7 


9-3 


7-8 


Civil and municipal government 


0-6 


1-1 


1-0 


2-8 


1 i^hin^ and hunting 


2-1 


1-9 


1-5 


1-3 


Forestry 


0-6 


0-8 


0-9 


1-6 


Manufactures .... 


11-7 


14-1 


15-4 


18-0 


Mining . . . .... . . . .... 


0-5 


1-0 


1-6 


2-3 


Miscellaneous . 


1-0 








Professional . 


3-5 


3-9 


4-6 


4-5 


Trade and merchandising. 


5-7 


6-8 


9-0 


10-4 


Transportation 


2-9 


4-3 


4-5 


8-0 












Total Workers . ... 


100 


100-0 


100-0, 


100-0 













Distribution of Labour Force by Provinces. The extremely varied char 
acter of the occupations of the Canadian people, as conditioned by the various 
utilized natural resources of our immense territory, may be illustrated by reference 
to Table 4, which shows that in 1911, out of every 1,000 gainfully employed males, 
the number employed in agriculture varied from 127 in British Columbia to 673 
in Saskatchewan and 684 in Prince Edward Island. Only 1 out of every 1,000 
gainfully employed males was employed in mining in Prince Edward Island and 3 
in Saskatchewan, as compared with 82 in British Columbia and 115 in Nova Scotia. 
In forestry only 2 out of every 1,000 were employed in Saskatchewan, Manitoba 
and Prince Edward Island, as compared with 62 in British Columbia. In fishing 
and hunting, the variation was from 3 per 1,000 in Manitoba to 98 per 1,000 



700 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



in Nova Scotia. The males gainfully employed in manufacturing industries varied 
from 35 per 1000 of the occupied population in Saskatchewan to 220 per 1,000 
in Ontario. From this widely differing occupational distribution of the popu 
lation in different parts of the country arise many of the divergencies of interest 
vhich are reflected in Canadian social and political life. 

The industrial distribution of female labour is considerably more uniform than 
is the case with male labour, though even here there are great variations. In the 
largest class, those employed in domestic and personal service vary from 338 per 
1,000 in Ontario to 536 in Saskatchewan, while in manufactures they vary from 57 
in Saskatchewan to 335 in Quebec. Comparing the sexes, we find an enormously 
larger percentage of the gainfully employed women than of the gainfully employed 
men occupied in professional pursuits. Out of the 57,835 women returned as em 
ployed in professional pursuits in 1911, no fewer than 34,063 were teachers. 

4. Percentage Distribution bj Sexes of the Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations, 

by Industries and Provinces, 1911. 



MALE. 



Occupations. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 

Bruns- 
. wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Al 
berta. 


British 
Col 
umbia. 


All Industries. 

Agriculture 


100 

68-4 


100 

31-7 


100 

43-4 


100 

36-5 


100-0 

36-0 


100-0 

44.3 


100-0 

67-3 


100 

53-0 


100 

19.7 


Building trades 


6-2 


8-4 


11-4 


12-3 


10-0 


11-9 


7-3 


0.1 


19.7 


Domestic and personal 
service 


1-1 


2-0 


2-3 


3-1 


3-1 


3. R 


9-4 


9.15 


>;.a 


Civil and municipal gov 
ernment 


0-9 


3-0 


1-9 


3-1 


3-0 


3-1 


2-0 


2-8 


i.ft 


Fishing and hunting 


4-8 


9-8 


2-8 


0-8 


0-4 


0-3 


0-9 


0-6 


9.4 


Forestry 


0-2 


2-1 


4-3 


2-0 


1-3 


0-2 


0-2 


0-5 


fi.9 


Manufactures 


6-5 


14-5 


15-7 


19-6 


22-0 


9-5 


3-5 


5-7 


Ifi .7 


Mining 


0-1 


11-5 


0-8 


1-0 


2-0 


0-6 


0-3 


3-5 


0.9 


Professional 


2-2 


2-0 


2-1 


2-9 


2-7 


3-1 


1-9 


2-4 


3-4 


Trade and merchandising. 
Transportation 


5-6 
4-0 


7-5 
7-5 


7.8 
7-5 


11-2 
7-5 


10-8 
8-7 


13-0 
10-4 


7-0 
7-2 


8-5 
11-4 


10-9 
I j.A 































] 


E.MALE. 










Occupations. 


Prince 
Edward 

Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 

Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Al 
berta. 


British 
Col 
umbia. 


All industries. 

Agriculture 


100 

14-7 


100 

6-3 


100-0 

5-5 


100 

3-0 


100 

3-7 


100 

4-1 


100 

I -l 


100 

10-4 


100 

2-4 


Building trades 


0-1 




0-1 




0-1 


0-1 




0-1 


0-1 


Domestic and personal 
service 


39-5 


46-0 


40-3 


37-1 


33-8 


44-9 


53-6 


46-0 


42-0 


Civil and municipal gov- 
ment 


0-7 


0-9 


1-0 


0-6 


1-4 


0-9 


1-8 


1-9 


1-1 


Fishing and hunting .... 


0-4 


0-1 






0-1 




0-2 




0-4 


Forestry 






_ 














Manufactures 


18-9 


18-6 


23-8 


33-5 


30-7 


12-7 


5-7 


8-7 


19-6 


Mining 




0-1 














0-1 


Professional 


16-6 


16-6 


18-1 


15-2 


14-5 


19-4 


18-0 


20-7 


19-5 


Trade and marchandising. 
Transportation . .... 


8-6 
0-5 


10-0 
1-4 


10-0 
1-2 


9-0 
1-6 


13-8 
1-9 


14-0 
3-9 


7-4 
1-2 


10-4 
1-8 


12-2 
2-6 























Distribution of Labour Force by Nativity. While at the census of 1911, 
those born outside of Canada constituted approximately only 22 p.c. of the total 
population, these 22 p.c., because they contained a large proportion of young, 
strong males, contributed no less than 31-91 p.c. of those engaged in gainful occu- 



DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR 



701 



pations. As is shown in Table 5, they constituted even a larger proportion of those 
engaged in domestic and personal service, in civil and municipal government, in 
mining and transportation, while they fell short of reaching their general proportion 
to the occupied population in agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting that is, 
in all the primary industries except mining. 

5. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Nativity, Sex and Industries, of Persons 

engaged in Gainful Occupations, 1911. 

NUMBERS. 



Occupations. 


Total Workers. 


Male Workers. 


Female Workers. 


Male. 


Female. 


Born in 
Canada. 


Born 
outside of 
Canada. 


Born in 
Canada. 


Born 
outside of 
Canada. 


Agriculture 


917,848 
245,990 
75,133 
72.531 
34,547 
42,901 
392,781 
62,706 
62,781 
240,903 
210,692 


15,887 
211 
138,879 
4,073 
265 
13 
98,561 
61 
57,835 
42,184 
6,852 


667,207 
157,274 
38,597 
40,356 
31,601 
31,403 
253,882 
29,890 
43,811 
167,289 
115,143 


250,641 
88,716 
36,536 
32, 175 
2,946 
11,498 
138,899 
32,816 
18,970 
73,614 
95,549 


11,954 
176 
90,904 
3,522 
258 
8 
81,240 
51 
49,862 
34,471 
5,539 


3,933 
35 
47,975 
551 
7 
5 
17,321 
10 
7,973 
7,713 
1,313 


Building trades 


Domestic and personal service 


Civil and municipal government 


Fishing and hunting 


Forestry . 


Manufactures 


Mining 


Professional 


Trade and merchandising 


Transportation 


AH Occupations . . 


2.358.813 


364.821 


1.576.453 


782.360 


277.985 


86.836 



PERCENTAGES. 



Occupations. 


Total Workers. 


Male Workers. 


Female Workers. 


Male. 


Female. 


Born in 
Canada. 


Born 
outside of 
Canada. 


Born in 
Canada. 


Born 
outside of 
Canada. 


Agriculture 


98-30 
99-91 
35-10 
94-68 
99-24 
99-97 
79-94 
99-90 
52-05 
85-09 
96-85 


1-70 
0-09 
64-89 
5-32 
0-76 
0-03 
20-06 
0-09 
47-95 
14-91 
3-15 


72-69 
63-94 
51-37 
55-64 
91-47 
73-20 
64-64 
47-67 
69-78 
69-44 
54-65 


27-31 
36-06 
48-63 
44-36 
8-53 
26-80 
35-36 
52-33 
30-22 
30-56 
45-35 


75-24 
83-41 
65-45 
86-47 
97-35 
61-54 
82-43 
83-60 
86-21 
81-72 
80-84 


24-76 
16-59 
34-55 
13-53 
2-65 
38-46 
17-57 
16-40 
13-79 
18-28 
10-16 


Building trades 


Domestic and personal service 


Civil and municipal government 


Fishing and hunting 


Forestry 


Manufactures 


Mining 


Professional 


Trade and merchandising 


Transportation 


All Occupations . . 


86 61 


13 39 


66-83 


33 17 


76 20 


23 80 



2. Dominion Department of Labour. 

The Department of Labour of the Dominion Government was established in 
1900 under the authority of the Conciliation Act, 1900 (63-64 Viet., c. 24). Its 
chief duties originally comprised the administration of certain provisions of this 
statute designed to aid in the prevention and settlement of labour disputes, the 
administration of the Government s fair wage policy for the protection of workmen 
employed on the Dominion Government contracts and works aided by grant of 
public funds, the collection and classification of statistical and other information 
relative to conditions of labour, and the publication of a monthly periodical known 
as the " Labour Gazette." From 1900 to 1909, the Department was administered 
by the Postmaster General, who was also Minister of Labour. It was constituted 
a separate Department under the Labour Department Act, 1909 (8-9 Edw. VII, 
c. 22). 



702 LABOUR, WAGES AM) I KK KS 

The work of the Department was greatly increased in 1907 by the passage 
of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1007 Ui-7 Edw. VII, c. 20 1. The 
Department is also charged with the administration of an Act passed in 101S known 
as the Employment ( Mlices Co-ordination Act (8-9 Geo. V, c. 21), and of the Tech 
nical Education Act, enacted in 1919 (9-10 Geo. V, c. 73). The scope of the Depart 
ment has increased in other directions, especially in the investigation of questions 
relating to the cost of living. 

Industrial Disputes Investigation Act. The Industrial Disputes Invest 
igation Act, 1907, (6-7 Edw. VII,- c. 20), h:rs attracted considerable favourable atten 
tion from legislators and publicists throughout, the world. It distinctly forbids 
strikes or lockouts in industrial disputes affecting mines and public utilities, until 
the matters in dispute have been dealt with by a Board of Conciliation and Invest 
igation, consisting of three members, two appointed by the Minister of Labour on 
1 IK; recommendation of the respective parties to the dispute, the third on the recom 
mendation of the first two, or if they fail to agree, by the Minister himself. After 
their report has been made, either of the parties to the dispute may reject it and 
declare a strike or lockout, a course adopted, however, only in a small percentage of 
cases. The machinery of the Act may be extended to other industries with the 
consent of the parties concerned. 

A review of the proceedings under the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act 
from its enactment in March, 1907, to March 31, 1923, shows that, in the 16 years, 
597 applications were received for the establishment of boards of conciliation and 
investigation, as a result of which 428 boards were established. In all but 37 cases 
strikes (or lockouts) were averted or ended. In the fiscal year ended March 31, 
1923, 39 applications for the establishment of boards of conciliation and investi 
gation were received, and 27 boards were established. Strikes (or lockouts) were 
averted in all but three cases. 

Fair Wages Branch. The Fair Wages Branch of the Department of Labour 
is charged with the preparation of schedules of minimum wage rates, which are 
inserted in Dominion Government contracts, and must be adhered to by contrac 
tors in the execution of the respective works. The number of fair wages schedules 
prepared since the adoption of the Fair Wages Resolution in 1900 up to the end of 
the calendar year 1922 is 3,994. The number of fair wages schedules and clauses 
furnished during the year 1922 is 64. 

Fair wage conditions are also inserted in contracts for the manufacture of 
certain classes of government supplies, and in contracts for all railway construction 
to which the Dominion Government has granted financial aid, either by way of 
subsidy or guarantee. 

The Department of Labour is also frequently consulted by other departments 
of the Government regarding the wage rates to be observed in connection with work 
undertaken on the day labour plan. 

An order-in-council of June 7, 1922, provided more effective measures to secure 
the observance of the fair wages policy of the Government of Canada. 

Labour Gazette. A monthly publication, known as the Labour Gazette, 
has been issued by the Department of Labour since the establishment of the Depart 
ment in 1900. It contains a monthly review of the industrial situation in Canada 
and of the state of employment, including reports of the operations of the Employ 
ment Service of Canada in the various provinces, also information relative to labour 
legislation, wages, rates and hours of labour, wholesale and retail prices of staple 
commodities in Canada and other countries, labour disputes (including the pro- 



LABOUR LEGISLATION 703 

ceedings under the Industrial Disputes Investigation; Act), industrial accidents, 
legal decisions affecting labour, industrial training and technical education, and 
other matters of general or current industrial interest. The Labour Gazette is 
widely distributed throughout Canada and the statistical and other information . 
contained therein is constantly used in connection with wages and other relations 
between employers and workers. A subscription charge of 20c. per annum is made 
for this publication. 

Labour Legislation. Much attention is devoted to labour legislation. Inform 
ation as to new laws enacted by the Dominion and the Provinces is kept up to date, 
while notes or articles regarding their provisions are published in the "Labour- 
Gazette." Since 1917, the Department has published annual reports containing 
the text of Canadian labour laws enacted during the year, together with an intro 
duction summarizing this legislation under subject headings. These reports are 
based on a consolidation of Dominion and Provincial labour legislation as existing 
at the end of 1915, which was made from the most recent Revised Statutes and the 
subsequent annual volumes of statutes up to 1915, and which formed the Department s 
report on labour legislation for 1915. Reports on the labour laws enacted in 
the four subsequent years were published in regular order. The report for 
1920 is similar to that for 1915, being a consolidation of Canadian labour legislation 
as existing at the end of 1920. Reports supplementary to the 1920 volume were 
published for the calendar years 1921 and 1922. 

The advantage of uniformity in the laws relating to the welfare of persons 
engaged in industrial work in the several provinces was pointed out in 1919 by 
the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations. This view was supported by a 
resolution of the National Industrial Conference held in September, 1919. A com 
mission was established in 1920, composed of representatives of the Dominion and 
Provincial Governments and of employers and workers respectively, to consider the 
foregoing subject. This commission met in Ottawa between April 26 and May 1, 
1920, and formulated recommendations looking to greater uniformity in the pro 
vincial laws relative to workmen s compensation, factory control, mining, and mini 
mum wages for women and girls. 

Joint Industrial Councils. One section of the report of the Royal Commis 
sion of 1919 on Industrial Relations, related to shop committees and industrial 
councils. The Commissioners strongly urged the adoption in Canada of the prin 
ciples underlying the Whitley Councils and other kindred systems. The subject was 
discussed also at the National Industrial Conference, held at Ottawa in September, 
1919. The committee to which the matter was referred reported unanimously in 
the following terms : 

" Your committee is of the opinion that there is urgent necessity for greater 
co-operation between employer and employee. We believe that this co-opera 
tion can be furthered by the establishment of Joint Industrial Councils. Your 
Committee does not believe it is wise or expedient to recommend any set plan 
for such Councils. 

" We therefore recommend that a Bureau should be established by the 
Department of Labour of the Federal Government to gather data and furnish 
information whenever requested by employers and employees or organizations 
of employers or employees that whenever it is desired to voluntarily establish 
such councils the fullest assistance should be given by the Bureau." 

While it has not been deemed necessary nor desirable at the present time to 
establish a bureau for the purposes outlined in the resolution of the National Con 
ference, the department has entered heartily into the spirit of the resolution, and has 
continued and extended its study of joint industrial councils and kindred systems. 



704 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

Employers throughout Canada, at the request of the department, have furnished 
information regarding joint councils or committees in their establishments, and 
the information thus received, together with information regarding similar systems 
in other countries, has been assembled and published in the form of a special bulletin. 
A small appropriation is provided in the estimates of the Department of Labour 
to permit of assistance in the formation of joint industrial councils. 

3. Canada and the International Labour Organization. 1 

The International Labour Organization was set up in accordance with Part 
XIII of the Treaty of Versailles. The general object of the Organization is given 

in the preamble to that document: 

" Whereas the League of Nations has for its object the establishment of 
universal peace, and such a peace can be established only if it is based upon 
social justice; 

" And whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship 
and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the 
peace and harmony of the world are imperilled; and an improvement of those 
conditions is urgently required; as for example, by the regulation of the hours 
of work, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week, 
the regulation of the labour supply, the prevention of unemployment, the pro 
vision of an adequate living wage, the protection of the worker against sickness, 
disease and injury arising out of his employment, the protection of children, 
young persons and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the 
interests of workers w T hen employed in countries other than their own, recog 
nition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization of vocational 
and technical education and other measures; 

" Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of 
labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the 
conditions in their own countries; 

" The High Contracting Parties, moved by sentiments of justice and 
humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the world, 
agree to the following." 

The scheme of organization provides for an International Labour Conference 
to be held at least once a year and a permanent International Labour Office. 

The International Labour Conference is composed of four delegates from each 
Member of the Organization, two representatives of the government, one of the 
employers and one of the workpeople. Its task is to consider proposals dealing 
with questions similar to those laid down in the preamble, and to embody its findings in 
draft conventions or recommendations. Each Member binds itself to bring such 
of these conventions and recommendations as are adopted by a two-thirds majority 
of the Conference before the competent authority or authorities. The authority 
has complete liberty to decide whether or not it will ratify any or all of these conven 
tions, and what action, if any, it will take on the recommendations. 

It is of special interest to Canada that the Treaty recognizes the limited power 
of a federal government, and provides that in the case of a federal state, the authority 
of which to enter into conventions on labour matters is limited, the federal govern 
ment may treat a draft convention as a recommendation only. 

Article 396 of the Treaty states that " the functions of the International Labour 
Office shall include the collection and distribution of information on all subjects 
relating to the international adjustment of conditions of industrial life and labour, 
and particularly the examination of subjects which it is proposed to bring before 
the Conference, with a view to the conclusion of international conventions and the 
conduct of such special investigations as may be ordered by the Conference." 

1 Contributed by the Department of Labour, Ottawa. 



INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION 705 

The International Labour Office is required to collect all available information 
in regard to the problems to be dealt with, and to prepare draft conventions or recom 
mendations for submission to the Conference. The work of the Office has been 
divided, for the proper performance of its duties, into two divisions, namely: the 
Diplomatic Division, which conducts the correspondence with Governments and 
is called upon to deal "with the questions connected with the obligations entailed 
by the labour provisions of the Treaty and in particular with those relating to the 
work of the International Labour Conference," and the Scientific Division, which 
is " responsible for the collection, compilation and dissemination of information of 
international interest and importance about industry and labour conditions in all 
countries." Technical services have been created to supply the necessary inform 
ation on technical questions such as maritime problems, industrial hygiene, employ 
ment and unemployment, hours of labour, agriculture, alien labour, employment 
of women, home work, wages, social insurance, education and co-operation. 

The International Labour Office is under the direction of a governing body 
composed of twenty-four persons elected by the International Labour Conference. 
Of these, twelve are persons representing governments, six representing employers 
and six representing workers. Under the terms of Article 393, eight of the govern 
ment seats on the governing body are held by the countries of " chief industrial 
importance." Canada was designated by the Council of the League of Nations 
as one of the eight countries of " chief industrial importance," and Hon. James 
Murdock, Minister of Labour, was designated in January, 1922, by the Govern 
ment of Canada as its representative on the governing body. Mr. P. M. Draper, 
secretary of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, was chosen at the first 
session of the International Labour Conference (1919) as one of the six workers 
representatives on the governing body. At the election held in 1922, Mr. Tom 
Moore, president of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, was elected to 
the seat previously held by Mr. Draper. 

The proceedings of the first three sessions of the International Labour Confe 
rence have been described in the 1921 Year Book (see pp. 608-609). 

The fourth session of the International Labour Conference was held at Geneva 
from Oct. 18 to Nov. 3, 1922, the Canadian Government being represented by the 
Minister of Labour and the Minister of Marine and Fisheries. The employers 
delegate, appointed on the nomination of the Canadian Manufacturers Association, 
was Mr. W. C. Coulter of the Booth-Coulter Copper and Brass Company, Ltd., 
Toronto. The workers delegate was Mr. Tom Moore, Ottawa, president of the 
Trades and Labour Congress of Canada. 

Consideration, first by the various committees that had been formed and sub 
sequently by the general conference, resulted in the adoption of various resolutions, 
among which was an amendment increasing the number of members of the govern 
ing body from twenty-four to thirty-two persons. A recommendation calling for 
the furnishing to the International Labour Office of statistical and other information 
respecting emigration, immigration and the transit of emigrants and immigrants, 
was adopted; the use of uniform methods of recording statistical data on emigration 
and immigration was also recommended. It was decided to extend the work 
of improving national and co-ordinating international statistics of unemployment, 
to consider the periodical publication of these investigations, and" to investigate 
especially the causes and remedies of seasonal unemployment. It was further 
resolved that the International Labour Office, in collaboration with the Economic 
and Financial Section of the League of Nations, should make a special study of the 

6237345 



706 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

crises of unemployment, their recurrences and the fluctuations of economic activity. 
Several other resolutions dealing with the constitution and working of the Inter 
national Labour Conference were also passed. 

On receipt from the Secretary-General of the League of Nations of the draft 
conventions and recommendations of these four International Labour Conferences, 
they were referred to the Department of Justice for examination as to the legislative 
authority of the Dominion and the provinces to deal with the subject matters in 
question. Certain of the draft conventions and recommendations were found to 
be within provincial authority and were accordingly referred to the Provincial 
Governments, whilst those within federal jurisdiction are engaging the attention 
of the Dominion Government and have also been brought before Parliament. 

To date (June 13, 1923) the results attained in the execution of the draft con 
ventions and recommendations adopted by the International Labour Conference 
are as follows: 73 ratifications registered by the Secretary-General; 12 countries 
have notified their adherence to the Berne Convention on white phosphorus since 
the Washington Conference; 16 ratifications authorized by the competent authority 
but not yet communicated; 94. ratifications recommended to the competent autho 
rity by the Government, but approval not yet signified; 98 measures finally adopted 
by legislative authorities, and measures of an administrative character, giving effect 
partially or wholly to the provisions of the draft conventions or recommendations; 
and 68 legislative measures of all descriptions proposed but not yet wholly adopted, 
which are intended to give effect partially or wholly to the provisions of the draft 
conventions and recommendations. 

Dominion-Provincial Conference Relative to Obligations of Canada under 

Labour Sections of Peace Treaties. 

A conference of representatives of the Dominion and Provincial Governments 
was held in the Parliament Buildings, Ottawa, on September 24-26, 1923, for the 
consideration of the obligations of Canada arising out of the labour sections of the 
treaties of peace. The meeting was called by the Prune Minister of Canada in 
conformity with the wishes of the Provincial Governments, with the object of an 
exchange of views and for consultation re various proposals of legislative action 
which had been adopted by the International Labour Conference (League of 
Nations) in the form of draft conventions and recommendations and had been 
deemed by the law officers of the Crown in Canada to deal with subjects within 
provincial legislative control. The meeting was purely consultative in character. 
The Hon. James Murdock, Dominion Minister of Labour, acted as Chairman, and 
representatives of all the Provinces but Prince Edward Island and British Columbia 
were in attendance. Information on the existing legislation of various provinces 
on the subject matters of the agenda was submitted to the Conference. These 
agenda comprised twenty-one items in all, on most of which unanimous resolutions 
were adopted and transmitted to the respective Provincial Governments for their 

attention. 

The agenda included proposals emanating from the first, second and 
International Labour Conference, concerning hours of labour, unemployment, 
employment of women and children, lead poisoning, minimum wage laws and the 
weekly rest in commerce and industry. 

The draft convention respecting hours of work called for the adoption of an 
eight hour day and a forty-eight hour week. It was agreed that the Dominion 
Department of Labour should make a survey of the position of the eight hour day 



ORGANIZED LABOUR IN CANADA 707 

movement in Canada and the information obtained should be submitted to the 
Provincial Governments for consideration. The recommendation concerning un 
employment contained four articles re prohibiting the operation of private employ 
ment offices, permitting the recruiting of workers hi foreign countries by mutual 
agreement, providing for the introduction of a system of unemployment insurance 
and for the co-ordination of public works with a view to the avoidance of unemploy 
ment. The Conference concurred in Article 1 of this recommendation; all prov 
inces except New Brunswick have eliminated private employment offices by law 
and in New Brunswick similar legislation is to be considered at the next session of 
the Legislature. It was resolved by the Conference that consistent recognition 
should be given to the intent of the recommendation in Article 2. No action was 
taken on Article 3, while the Conference concurred hi the recommendation in Article 
4. With respect to the recommendation concerning the employment of women 
before and after childbirth, it was resolved that the matter is not a live question in 
Canada, being satisfactorily taken care of by local regulations. It was resolved 
that the provisions of the draft convention forbidding the employment of women 
during the night be accepted as a basis for securing uniform legislation within each 
province, the term " night " in this case signifying a period of at least eleven conse 
cutive hours, including the interval between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. The draft con 
vention forbidding the employment of children under fourteen in industrial under 
takings was concurred in by the Conference. It was resolved that a general survey 
be made by the provinces, in co-operation with the Dominion Department of Labour, 
respecting the employment of young persons in industry at night, the result of this 
survey to be submitted to a further conference and to the various provinces. 

The proposals emanating from the second International Labour Conference 
dealt with the limiting of the hours of work in the fishing industry; consideration 
of this matter was deferred, pending action that may be taken in regard to the eight 
hour day in commerce and industry. 

The proposals emanating from the third International Labour Conference 
dealt with unemployment and employment conditions in agriculture. It was 
decided that these draft conventions had on the whole but slight application to 
Canada. 

A resolution was passed directing that a survey be made by the provinces con 
cerning the use of white lead in painting. 

At the request of the Minimum Wage Board of Ontario, certain proposals 
regarding uniformity and co-ordination among the several provincial minimum 
wage laws had been included in the conference agenda. A resolution was passed 
commending to the various provinces consideration of the adoption of uniform 
minimum wage laws for female workers. 

The principle of the draft convention concerning the provision of a weekly 
rest in industry and commercial establishments was approved, and it was suggested 
that the Dominion Government, within whose jurisdiction the matter falls, take 
necessary steps to ensure ratification, after consultation with the Attorneys-General; 
of the various provinces. 

4. Organized Labour in Canada. 

The Department of Labour publishes an annual report on Labour Organization 
in Canada, which sets out the various branches of unionism existing in Canada, the 
principles on which they are respectively founded, their chief activities, and statis 
tics of the different groups comprising the trade union movement of the Dominion. 
62373451 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



Reference is also made in this annual report to the principal international labour 
organizations with which the organized workers in Canada are affiliated. 

Trade unionism in Canada occupies a unique position, by reason of the fact 
that most organized workers in the Dominion are members of organizations whose 
headquarters are located in a foreign country, viz. : the United States. This condi 
tion is explained when it is understood that workers move freely from one country 
to the other in order to find employment. In years gone by Canadian workmen 
who sought a livelihood in the United States greatly outnumbered those from the 
iatter country who came to Canada. As industry was further developed in the 
United States, there arose a number of unions of various crafts, and with these the 
Canadian workers soon became affiliated. With the development of industry in 
the Dominion many of these Canadians subsequently returned to their native land, 
bringing with them the gospel of trade unionism and collective bargaining as a 
means of protecting their rights. In many instances these trade unionists became 
the nuclei of strong bodies of organized labourers formed in Canadian cities. 

In the early part of the nineteenth century, a number of independent trade 
associations were formed in Canada, the earliest of which there is record being a 
printers organization in Quebec city in 1827. The first union known to have been 
organized in the province of Ontario was also composed of printers, and operated 
in York (now Toronto), as early as 1834; both of these bodies were later superseded 
t>y branches of the International Typographical Union, which body in 1869 changed 
its name from National Typographical Union of the United States, on account of 
the inclusion of Canadian branches. 

In 1851 a branch of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, a British organiz 

ation composed of metal mechanics, was established in Toronto. In the years 

immediately following other branches were organized in other Canadian cities, the 

society having the whole Dominion for its operations. In 1888 the United Machi 

nists and Mechanical Engineers of America was formed, and entered the field as a 

competitor for the organization of the craftsmen eligible for membership in the 

Amalgamated Society. The first Canadian lodge (No. 103) of the new body was 

formed in Stratford, Ont., in 1890, while lodges in Montreal (No. Ill) and in Winni 

peg (No. 122) were organized before the close of the same year. To meet the 

extension of the jurisdiction into Canada the name of the organization was changed 

in 1891 to the International Association of Machinists. Since that time the organiza 

tion has added greatly to its Canadian following, having at the close of the year 

1922, 93 local lodges with a combined membership of 8,400. On the other hand, 

the Amalgamated Society never added very greatly to its Canadian following, the 

largest number of local branches and members on record being in 1919, when they 

stood at 24 and 3,000 respectively. Negotiations were opened in 1919 by the general 

officers of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and the International Association 

W Machinists, with a view to effecting an amalgamation. As a result the Amalga 

mated Society on Sept. 30, 1920, withdrew its operations from Canada and also 

from the United States, where branches were also in existence, leaving the whole 

North American continent to the International Association of Machinists. Another 

British labour organization to establish branches in Canada was the Amalgamated 

Society of Carpenters and Joiners, now the Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers, 

1 which in 1860 chartered a branch in Toronto, twenty-one years before the United 

Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, now the chief organization in North America 

of the craft came into existence. In this case also, bickerings finally led to 

!a unification whereby the members of the Amalgamated Society became also mem- 



TRADES AND LABOUR CONGRESS OF CANADA 709 

bers of the United, retaining their connection with the parent body for its beneficial 
features. In 1922, owing to a decision of the United Brotherhood which inhibited 
members of local branches of the Amalgamated Society from holding certain official 
positions in district councils, and also to the refusal of the United Brotherhood to 
grant charters to local branches of the Amalgamated formed subsequently to the plan 
of unification becoming effective, a division occurred, and the eleven unrecognized 
branches of the Amalgamated Society are now operating independently of the United 
Brotherhood, with which, however, nineteen Amalgamated branches are still conr 
nected. The only other branch of a British labour organization in Canada is a 
lodge in Hazelhill, N.S., of the Association of Wireless and Cable Telegraphers. 
With the practical elimination of the British organizations, the North American 
field has been left entirely to the labour organizations originating on this continent. 
These labour bodies are for the most part in affiliation with the American Federation 
of Labour, which, in addition to dealing with trade matters, speaks for the organized 
workers in the United States on the subject of legislation. In Canada the legis 
lative mouthpiece of organized labour is the Trades and Labour Congress, which 
body is strongly representative of the international labour movement, its affiliated 
membership being largely drawn from international organizations which have in 
the first place been affiliated with the American Federation of Labour. Under the 
travelling card system now in vogue, members of the respective unions move as 
they desire between the two countries and are entitled to all rights and privileges 
established in the various localities where local branches are in existence. Canadian 
members of international organizations are eligible for the highest offices in the gifit 
of their organizations, and in some instances have been elected to these posts. 

In addition to the international trade union membership in Canada, there are 
labour bodies which are termed non-international. Some of these organizations 
were formed by former members of international unions, who for various reasons 
severed their connection with the parent bodies. There are also a number of inde 
pendent labour unions in the Dominion, their origin in a few instances being an 
outcome of grievances against their central organizations not being settled to the 
satisfaction of the complaining branches. 

A statement of the development of organized labour in Canada would not be 
complete without a reference to the Knights of Labour, an organization formed ijv 
the United States in 1869, to which all classes of workers were admitted. The 
Knights of Labour, which in 1885 reached its greatest numerical strength with 
about a million members, extended its jurisdiction into Canada, establishing dis 
trict and local assemblies in many localities in the Dominion, seventeen of which 
were operating in 1891 in the province of Quebec. Soon after the latter dat, 
internal dissension took place in the ranks of the organization, owing to the diffi 
culty of uniting workers of different crafts in one body. The international craft 
organizations, which had in the meantime become united under the banner of the 
American Federation of Labour, formed in 1881, offered strong opposition to the 
Knights of Labour, which in a few years ceased to be a factor in the labour move 
ment of the continent. All of its Canadian " Assemblies " have long since passed 
out of existence. 

Trades and Labour Congress of Canada. Through the initiative of the 
Toronto Trades Assembly (now the Toronto District Trades and Labour Council) 
the first national labour organization, the Canadian Labour Union, was formed in 
Toronto in September, 1873. The organization held its second and third annual 
meetings in 1874 and 1875, but disappeared as a result of the serious depression 



710 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

of the later 70 s. In 1883 the Trades and Labour Council of Toronto, feeling the 
necessity of the wage earners of Canada having a medium through which to express 
their opinions, assumed the responsibility of calling another trades and labour 
congress, which met in Toronto on Dec. 26, with 45 delegates. On the summons 
of the Toronto council, a second meeting, with 109 delegates, assembled on Sept. 14, 
1886, the first occasion on which any labour body outside of the province of Ontario 
was represented. A permanent organization was effected at this meeting under the 
name of " Trades and Labour Congress of the Dominion of Canada." This was 
the title of the organization until 1895, when the title " Trades and Labour Congress 
of Canada " was adopted in preference to " Canadian Federation of Labour." 
Since 1886 conventions have been held annually, the 1922 meeting in Montreal 
being counted as the thirty-eighth. The Trades and Labour Congress is repre 
sentative of international trade unionism in the Dominion, the bulk of its member 
ship being drawn from the international organizations which have local branches 
in Canada. According to reports for 1922 the congress received payment of 
per capita tax from 57 international bodies and three national organizations which 
had their entire membership in the Dominion, numbering 122,723, in 1,715 local 
branches. With other affiliations and unions directly under charter, the congress 
had in all at the close of 1922 a membership of 132,071, in 1,771 branches. 

Membership of International Organizations in Canada. At the close 
of 1922 there were 92 international organizations having one or more local branch 
unions in Canada, six fewer than in 1921. These bodies between them had 2,108 
local branches in the Dominion with 206,150 members, a decline of 115 branches 
and 16,746 members as compared with the previous year. The international organ 
izations represent 74 per cent of the total of all classes of workers in the Dominion 
organized under trade union auspices. 

Canadian Federation of Labour. The Canadian Federation of Labour 
was organized in 1902 under the name of National Trades and Labour Congress, 
as the result of the expulsion from the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada of 
the Knights of Labour assemblies arid all other unions which were composed of 
members of crafts over which existing international organizations claimed juris 
diction. The delegates of the expelled unions forthwith formed a new central body 
of a distinctively national character, which in 1908 adopted its present name. For 
a number of years labour bodies in the province of Quebec were the main support 
of the new organization. Gradually the Quebec affiliations dropped off and the 
centre of activity was a few years ago shifted to Toronto. The membership of the 
Federation at the close of 1922 stood at 3,930, comprised in 19 directly chartered 
local branches. Three central bodies are also affiliated with the Federation, the 
membership of which, as well as that of the directly chartered locals here enumer 
ated, is included in the standing of the non-international trade union membership. 

Non-international Trade Union Membership. There are in Canada 
eighteen organizations of wage earners termed non-international unions, eleven 
of which are hi direct opposition to the international organizations. In some in 
stances these non-international bodies have been formed by secessionists from inter 
national unions. The combined membership of the non-international organizations 
i> _ 2,973, comprised in 273 local branches. 

Membership of Independent ynits. There are 25 independent local labour 
bodies in the Dominion, 19 of which have a membership of 9,063. The remaining 
six have not reported as to their standing. 



MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE UNIONS 711 

Federation of Catholic Workers of Canada. During the period that the 
Knights of Labour operated in Quebec there existed also four independent unions, 
one of labourers and three of leather and shoe workers. Up to 1902 these several 
bodies were represented at the annual conventions of the Trades and Labour Con 
gress of Canada. In that year, in an effort to eliminate a duplication of unions, 
and to bring the independent bodies under the banner of the international organ 
izations, the Trades Congress denied them further representation. The Knights 
of Labour assemblies gradually disappeared, but the independent unions continued 
to exist. With the advent of the Mutual Labour Federation of the North in 1912, 
the first organization to confine membership to adherents of the Roman Catholic 
church a stimulus was given to this movement, and several of the existing inde 
pendent unions, the number of which had increased during the decade from 1902 to 
1912, became identified with what are termed National and Catholic unions. In 
1918 a conference of these bodies was held in Quebec city, followed by other meetings 
in Three Rivers in 1919 and Chicoutimi in 1920, the delegates at the latter confer 
ence numbering 225 from 120 unions, deciding to establish a permanent central 
body to co-ordinate the work of the scattered units. Accordingly at the 1921 
conference held in Hull, at which approximately 200 delegates were present, repre 
senting 89 unions, a constitution to govern the new body was approved. The name 
selected was Federation of Catholic Workers of Canada, and permanent officers 
were elected, the constitution and bylaws to become effective on January 1, 1922. 
From information at hand, there are 106 National and Catholic unions with a com 
bined membership of 38,335. 

One Big Union. Owing to dissatisfaction with the alleged reactionary policy 
of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, a number of delegates from Western 
Canada to the Quebec convention in 1918 held a caucus for the purpose of having 
the delegates from the western unions concentrate their energies towards having 
the Trades Congress legislate in accordance with the views of these bodies. Some 
months later a meeting of delegates was called by the British Columbia Federation 
of Labour, to assemble immediately following the annual convention of that body, 
which for the first time in its history met outside of the province under its jurisdic 
tion, in the city of Calgary. The conference assembled on March 13, 1919, with 
239 delegates present; the outcome of the meeting was the formation of an indus 
trial organization, the "One Big Union." On June 11, 1919, a conference of the 
advocates of the new body was held in Calgary to further the plans of organization. 
The next meeting, termed the first semi-annual convention, was held in Winnipeg 
in January, 1920. The O.B.U. had made much progress during its short existence, 
with a membership of 41,150 at the close of 1919. From the outset, the O.B.U. 
met with much opposition from the old-established labour unions represented 
by the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, which are opposed to the substi 
tution of industrial unionism for the existing system of craft unions. From 1920 
onwards, the O.B.U. has been on the decline, many of the original members having 
deserted the organization and re-affiliated with their respective parent bodies. Out 
of 34 units recorded in 1921, only one reported in 1922, the membership of which 
was given as 100. 

Total Reported Membership of Organized Labour in Canada. At the 
close of 1922 the numerical strength of organized labour in Canada is given by the 
Department of Labour as follows: International organizations, 2,108 local branches 
with an aggregate membership of 206,150; non-international organizations, 272 
branches and 22,973 members; independent units, 25 with 9,063 members; National 



712 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



TWELVE YEARS 

OF TRADE UNIONISM 

IM CANADA. 




1911 



MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS IN CANADA, 1911-1922 



MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE UNIONS 



713 



and Catholic unions, 106 with 38,335 members; and One Big Union, 1 unit, with 
100 members. Grand total, 2,512 local branches and 276,621 members, decreases 
as compared with 1921 of 156 branches and 36,699 members. 

Table 6 shows by years the membership of trade unions in Canada since 1911. 
6. Membership of Trade Unions in Canada, 1911-1922. 



Years. 


Members. 


Years. 


Members. 


1911 


133,132 


1917 .. 


204,630 


1912 


160,120 


1918 


248,887 


1913 


175,799 


1919 


378,047 


1914 


166,163 


1920 


373,842 


1915 


143,343 


1921 


313,320 


1916 


160,407 


1922 


276,621 




%T 







International Trade Unions Operating in Canada. Table 7 gives the 
names of the 92 international labour organizations which have extended their 
operations into Canada, and contains (1) the number of branches which were in 
existence in the Dominion at the close of 1922 and (2) the reported membership. 



7. International Trade Unions Operating in Canada. 

NUMBER OF BRANCHES AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN CANADA, DECEMBER, 1922. 



International Organizations. 



Number of 
Branches 

in 
Canada. 



Reported 
Member 
ship in 
Canada. 



American Federation of Labour 

Asbestos Workers, International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators, and. . 

Bakery and Confectionery Workers International Union of America 

Barbers International Union of America, Journeymen 

Bill Posters and Billers of America, International Alliance of 

Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers, International Brotherhood of 

Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders and Helpers, International Brotherhood of 

Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of 

Boot and Shoe Workers Union 

Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers, International Union of the 

United 

Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers International Union of America 

Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, International Association of.. . 

Broom and Whisk Makers Union, International 

Carpenters and Joiners, Amalgamated Society of 

Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of 

Carvers Association of America, International Wood 

Cigarmakers International Union of America 

Cloth Hat and Cap Makers of America, United 

Clothing Workers of America, Amalgamated 

Commercial Telegraphers Union of America 

Conductors, Order of Sleeping Car 

Coopers International Union of North America 

Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of 

Elevator Constructors, International Union of 

Federal Employees, National Federation of 

Fire Fighters, International Association of 

Fur Workers Union, International 

Garment Workers of America, United 

Garment Workers Union, International Ladies 

Glass Bottle Blowers Association of the United States and Canada 

Glass Workers Union, American 1< lint 

Granite Cutters International Association of America. . , 



16 

3 

8 

35 

2 

23 
38 
12 
17 

16 

51 

14 
2 

11 

119 

1 

12 
3 

14 
8 
1 
1 

39 
1 
1 

14 
6 

11 
7 
4 
3 
4 



1 



084 
111 
285 

1,300 
150 

2,700 

2,910 
482 

1,641 



535 

3,771 

2,215 

36 

825 

8,326 

20 

600 

555 

9,750 

1,800 

14 

20 

4,115 

30 

163 

2,000 

380 

700 

1,105 

248 

177 

150 



714 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PfftCES 



7. International Trade Unions Operating in Canada concluded. 



International Organizations. 



Number of 
Branches 

in 
Canada. 



Reported 
Member 
ship in 
Canada. 



Hod Carriers, Building and Common Labourers Union of America, International 2 
Hotel and Restaurant Employees International Alliance and Bartenders Inter 
national League of America 11 

Iron, Steel and T in Workers, Amalgamated Association of 11 

Jewelry Workers Union, International 6 

I. at hers, International Union of Wood, Wire and Metal 6 

Laundry Workers International I "nion 1 

I .cat her Workers International Union, United 2 

Lithographers of America, Amalgamated 7 

Longshoremen e Association, International 20 

Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of : 96 

Locomotive r iremen and Knginemen, Brotherhood of 102 

Machinists, International Association of 93 

-Maintcnance-of-Way Employees and Railway .Shop Labourers, United Brother 
hood of 183 

Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, Amalgamated 2 

Metal Polishers International Union 7 

Metal Workers International Alliance, Amalgamated Sheet 9 

Mine Workers of America, United r 71 

Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, International Union of 7 

Moulders Union of North America 38 

Musicians, American I- ederation of 46 

Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America, Brotherhood of 34 

Papermakers, International Brot herhood of 15 

Pattern Makers League of North America 14 

Paving Cutters Union of the United States and Canada 7 

Photo Engravers Union of North America, International 5 

Piano, Organ and Musical Instrument Workers International Union 1 

Plasterers and Cement , inishers International Association, Operative 15 

Plumbers, Gas and Steam ! itt-.-rs, United Asociation of 39 

Potters, National Brotherhood of Operative 1 

Printers and Die Stampers Union, International Plate 1 

Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union, International 16 

Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers of the United States and Canada, Inter 
national Brotherhood of 15 

Quarry Workers International Union of North America 2 

Railroad Employees, Canadian Brotherhood of 148 

Railroad Signalmen of America, Brotherhood of 2 

Railroad Stationmen and Railroad Employees Alliance, International Brother 
hood of 1 

Railroad Telegraphers, Order of 12 

Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood of 95 

Railway Carmen of America, Brot herhood of 1 10 

Railway and Steamship Clerks, 1-reight Handlers, Express and Station 

Employees, Brotherhood of 53 

Railway Conductors, Order of 71 

Railway Employees of North America, United Association of 1 

Railway Employees of America, Amalgamate* 1 Association of Street and Electric 28 

Retail Clerks International Protective Association 

men s Union of America, International 6 

Siderographers, International Association of 1 

Stage Employees, International Alliance of Theatrical 35 

Stationary I irernen and ( tilers, International Brotherhood of 

Steam and Operating Engineers, International Union of 22 

Steam Miovcl and I tredgemen, International Brot herhood of 6 

Stereotypera and Electrotypers I "nion, International 10 

Stonecutters Association of North America, Journeymen 22 

Stove Mounters International Union 

Switchmen s Union of North America 8 

Tailors Union of America, Journeymen 11 

Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen and Helpers, International Brotherhood of. . 

Textile Work-rs of America, United , 

Typographical Union, International 50 

Upholsterers International Union of America 

Wireless and Cable Telegraphers, Association of 1 

Total 2,108 



376 

1,116 

1,200 

1,510 

127 

75 

50 

450 

2,313 

7,500 

7,593 

8,400 

10,000 
145 
115 
600 

22,500 

275 

2,040 

7,152 

l,33fl 

1,073 

425 

200 

315 

36 

941 

2,850 

36 

48 

745 

4,000 

300 

12,567 

71 

11 

6,805 
14,093 
11,010 



,000 
,402 

200 
,500 

218 

12 

,105 
160 
780 
425 
269 
545 

75 
216 
464 
747 
304 

135 
54 



206,150 



Table 8 gives the number of branches and of members of non-international 
trade unions operating in Canada at the close of 1922. 



FATAL INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS 



715 



8. Non-international Trade Unions Operating in Canada. 

NUMBER OF BRANCHES AND NUMBER or MEMBERS, DECEMBER, 1922. 



Name of Organization. 



Branches 

or 
affiliations. 



Member 
ship 
reported. 



Trades and Labour Congress of Canada 

Canadian Federation of Labour 

Associated Federal Employees of Canada 

Amalgamated Civil Servants of Canada 

Brotherhood of Dominion Express Employees 

Canadian Association of Railway Enginemen 

Canadian Association of Railway Shopmen 

Canadian Association of Stationary Engineers 

Canadian Carpet Weavers Beneficial Association 

Canadian Electrical Trades Union 

Canadian Federation of Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers 

Canadian Great Lakes Fishermen s Protective Association 

Commercial Telegraphers Union of Canada 

Dominion Postal Clerks Association 

Dominion Postal Porters and Transfer Agents Association 

Dominion Railway Mail Clerks Federation 

Federated Association of Letter Carriers 

National Association of Marine Engineers 

Saskatchewan Brotherhood of Steam and Operating Engineers. 

One Big Union.: 

Total 



41 

19 

3 

10 

25 

17 

2 

14 

4 

7 

6 

1 

5 

36 

9 

13 

40 

17 

3 

1 



5,926 

3,930 
504 
800 

1,840 
498 
540 
400 
256 

1,200 

987 

40 

400 

1,600 
300 
954 

1,723 

900 

75 

100 



273 



22,973 



5. Fatal Industrial Accidents in Canada. 

Statistics of fatal industrial accidents have been compiled by the Department 
of Labour since 1903, the data being obtained from Provincial Workmen s Compen 
sation Boards and other Provincial Departments and from various other govern 
mental authorities. Table 9 shows the number of fatal industrial accidents report 
ed to the Department during 1922 and to the end of September, 1923, together with 
the percentage that the number of accidents in the different industrial divisions 
bears to the total. 

Of the 1,129 fatal industrial accidents reported in Canada during 1922, the larg 
est number, 322, was reported in the transportation and public utilities group, 143 
of these taking place on steam railways. Seventy-one deaths in the railway service 
were due to men having been struck by, run over or crushed by or between cars or 
engines, 24 were due to derailments and collisions, and 24 were occasioned by falls 
from cars and engines. Of the 170 deaths in the mining group, 97 occurred in coal 
mines. Falls of rock, stone, etc., and cave-ins accounted for 65 deaths in the mining 



716 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



division ; 37 were due to explosions and 19 to mine and quarry cars. In the manufac 
turing industries there were 165 deaths recorded, 43 of which occurred in saw and 
planing mills, 39 in the iron and steel industries and 10 in the vegetable, food, drink 
and tobacco group. In the saw and planing mills, 20 deaths were due to machinery 
and " prime movers " used in the working of machinery, and 9 were due to "flying 
objects," including wood rebounding from saws, etc. In the lumbering industry 
151 deaths were reported, of which 36 were due to falling trees, branches, etc., and 
37 were due to drowning. In the construction group there were 146 deaths, 40 of 
which were caused by falls and 32 by falling objects. The record of all industries 
shows 69 deaths due to machinery and "prime movers," 39 due to hoisting apparatus 
and 118 to dangerous substances, among which are included stea/m escapes and 
boiler explosions, 6, explosive substances, 58, and electric currents, 41. There were 
124 deaths due to drowning, 26 to infection and 17 to asphyxiation. 

The distribution according to province showed Ontario with the highest record, 
469, while in British Columbia and Quebec there were 190 and 155 deaths 
respectively. 

An analysis by months shows that the largest number of deaths occurred in 
December, in which there were 130 fatal industrial accidents, and in August, when 
117 fatalities were recorded. January and February, with 54 and 58 deaths 
respectively, had the smallest totals for 1922. 

9. Fatal Industrial Accidents in Canada, 1922-23. 



Industries. 


Twelve Months, 1922. 


Nine Months, 1923. 


Number of 
Accidents. 


Percentage 
of Total. 


Number of 
Accidents. 


Percentage 
of Total. 




65 
151 
20 
170 
165 
146 
322 
17 
41 
32 


5-8 
13-4 
1-8 
15-1 
14-6 
12-9 
28-5 
1-5 
3-6 
2-8 


86 
130 
18 
143 
127 
120 
278 
20 
49 
39 


8-5 
12-8 
1-8 
14-1 
12-6 
11-9 
27-6 
2-0 
4-8 
3 9 




Fishing and Trapping 










Trade 




Miscellaneous 


All Industries 


1,129 


100 


1,010 


lUtl 





6. Employers Liability and Workmen s Compensation in 

Canada. 

Throughout the greater part of the 19th century it was generally held, in 
Canada as in England, that workers in hazardous trades received higher wages than 
the average, out of which they could insure themselves against the ordinary risks 
incidental to their occupation. They were, therefore, considered to have assumed 



EMPLOYERS LIABILITY IN CANADA 111 

these ordinary risks, while it was also held that the injured workman or the depen 
dants of the dead could not recover damages if the worker had been injured or killed 
through the negligence of a fellow-servant or if his own negligence had been a contrib 
utory cause. Under the British Employers Liability Act of 1880 and the Ontario 
Act of 1886, fellow-servants in the position of foremen or superintendents were for 
the first time regarded as standing to the ordinary worker in the place of the em 
ployer, who was held liable for injuries due to their negligence. British Columbia 
passed an Employers Liability Act in 1891, which was amended in 1892 and re 
modelled ten years later. The Manitoba Act of 1893 was amended in 1895 and 1898 
and consolidated in 1902, while a new Act was passed in 1910. Similarly, the Nova 
Scotia Act of 1900 was replaced by a new measure in 1909. New Brunswick passed 
an Employers Liability Act in 1903 and amended it in 1907 and 1908. Alberta 
passed an Act in 1908, Quebec in 1909 and Saskatchewan in 1911. Most of these 
Acts followed generally along the lines of British legislation, while the 1909 Act of 
Quebec is an outgrowth of the Civil Code of that province. All these Acts involved 
resort to the courts. 

An epoch-making departure in legislation of this kind was inaugurated by the 
Ontario Act of 1914, based upon the report of a Royal Commission, and introducing 
the new principle of making compensation for accidents a charge upon the industry 
concerned instead of a liability of the individual employer. The wdrking out of 
this principle involved the creation of a state board administering an accident fund 
made up exclusively of compulsory contributions from employers grouped in classes 
and assessed according to the hazard of the industry. The example of Ontario in 
passing an Act of this kind was followed by Nova Scotia in 1915; British Columbia 
in 1916, Alberta and New Brunswick in 1918 and Manitoba in 1920. Quebec and 
Saskatchewan retain systems instituted in 1909 and 1911 respectively, which enable 
workmen to obtain compensation from their employers individually through private 
insurance companies or by means of action in the courts. The Quebec Legislature 
in 1922 authorized the appointment of a special commission to consider and report 
upon the subject of workmen s compensation. 

Workmen s Compensation Acts in Canada cover practically the whole industrial 
field, including manufacturing, construction, lumbering, mining, quarrying, trans 
portation and public utilities. In Ontario certain industries (including municipal 
undertakings, railways, car shops, telegraphs, telephones, etc.) are made individually 
liable to pay compensation, and are, therefore, not called upon to contribute to the 
general compensation or accident funds. Other occupations, with the exception of 
those which are specifically excluded, may be brought under the terms of the Act on 
application from the employer with the Board s approval. In Alberta the consent of 
the employees is also required. In most piovinces the excluded classes include 
travellers, casual labourers, out-workers, domestic servants and farm labourers. 
In Nova Scotia, however, an amendment was passed in 1S22 providing for the 
admission of farm labourers and domestics on application of their employers. 
British Columbia in the same year admitted farm labourers and repealed a former 
rule excluding office workers. 

The Dominion Parliament in 1918 passed an Act (8 Geo. V, c. 15), providing 
that the compensation to be paid where employees of the Dominion Government 
were killed or injured in the course of their employment should be the same as they 
or their dependants would receive in private employment in the province where the 
accident occurred, the amount to be determined by the Provincial Board or other 
constituted authority and paid by the Dominion Government. 

The principal features of the Workmen s Compensation and Employers Liabil 
ity Acts in force in the various provinces at the commencement of 1923 are given 
in Table 10. 



718 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



10. Provisions of Employers Liability and Workmen s Compensation 



Items. 


Nova Scotia. 


New Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


1. Death 


$75 


$100 


50 (including med 


$125 


Dependants 
Widow 


$30 per month 


$30 per month 


ical expense). 


?40 per month plus 


Child 


$7 50 per month each 


S7.50 per month each 


Minimum total com 


lump sum of $100. 
S10 per month each 


Aiaximum 


up to 16 years. 
$60 per month 


up to 16 years. 
Where sole depen 
dants are children 
to each child $15 a 
month until 16 (if 
boy) or until 18 (if 
girl). 

55 p.c. of earnings of 


pensation $1,500. 
Total compensation, 


up to 16 years. 
Where children 
only, $15 to each. 

66 p.c. ot monthly 


benefits to 
dependants. 




deceased. 
55 p c of wa es 


$3,000. 
50 pc. of wages up to 


wages. 
66| p.c of wages for 


disability. 


Minimum $5 per 
week. 


Minimum $6 per 
week. 

Maximum 55 p.c. oi 


$1,000 per year and 
25 p.c. after up to 
$ 1,500 per year. 

Maximum amount ol 
lump sum ,$3,000. 


life. 

Minimum $12.50 per 
week. 

Maximum earning* 


3. Permanent partial 
disability. 


$1,200 per year. 

35 p.c. of difference 
ol earnings before 
and after accident. 


$125 per month. 

Amount determined 
by Board. 

Minimum $1 500 in 


50 p.c. of difference 
in earnings before 
and after accident. 


reckoned $2,000 a 
year. 

66 p.c. of difference 
in earnings bclore 
and after accident. 




week. 

Maximum 55 p.c. oi 
$1,200 annual in 
come. 


case of major in- 
jun< 

Maximum $2,500. 
55 p.c. of wages 


50 p.c. of wages 


66^ p.c. of wages. 


disability. 

5. Temporarypartial 
disability. 


Minimum $5 per 
week. 
Maximum 55 p.c. of 
$1,200 annual in 
come. 

55 p.c. of difference 
in earning power 
before and after 
accident. 


Minimum $6 per 
week. 
Maximum 55 p.c. ol 
$125 per month. 

55 p.c. of difference 
in earning power 
before and after 
accident. 


Minimum $4 per 
week. 
Maximum 50 p.c. oi 
$1,500. 

50 p.c. of wages 


payable only so 
long as disability 
lasts. 

Minimum $12.50 per 
week. 

66j p.c. of difference 
in earning power 
before and after 
accident. 




Full expenses for 30 


Full expenses taken 


week. 
Maximum 50 p.c. of 
$1.500. 

None 


Full expenses taken 




days taken from 
accident fund. 


from accident 
fund. 


None . ... 


from accident 
fund. 

Full expenses taken 


7. Special medical 
aid. 


from accident fund . 


from accident 
fund. 




from accident 
fund. 



EMPLOYERS LIABILITY IN CANADA 



719 



Laws in the various provinces in 1923. 



Manitoba. 



Saskatchewan. 



Alberta. 



British Columbia. 



1150. 



Total benefits not to e 
ceed $2,500 per year. 



?100. 



$30 per month. 



535 per month. 



$7.50 per month each u 
to 16 years. 



$7 50 per month up to : 
years. Where childre 
only $12.50 to each, u 
to $40; up to *30, if 
parent, but altogethe 
not exceeding 565. 



-S100. 



S35 per month. 

$7.50 per month up to 16- 
years. 



$65 per month 



66f p.c. 01 wages. 



Maximum 32,500 per year 



Minimum $6 per week. 



Maximum earning 
reckoned S2,000 a year 



6? p.c. ox difference in 
earnings before am 
after accident. 



ilaximum $2,500 per year 



55 p.c. of wages with min 
mum of $10 per week. 



klaximum earnings reck 
oned $2,000 a year. 



5 p.c. of difference befor 
and alter accident. 



linimum $10 per week. 



365 per month. 



62| p.c. of wages. 



Maximum earnings reck 
oned $2,000 a year. 



2J p.c. of difference in 
earnings before and after 
accident. 



66| p.c. of wages. 



laximum 52,500 per year 



5 p.c. of wages. 



Minimum $15 per week. 



66| p.c. of difference in 
earnings before and 
after accident. 

Minimum $6 per week. 



Full expenses taken from 
accident fund. 



Full expenses taken from 
accident fund. 



ot specified. 



ot specified. 



ot specified. 



laximum earnings $2,000 



5 p.c. of difference in earn 
ing power where present 
wage is less than 90 p.c 
of former wage. 



ull expenses taken from 
accident fund. 



ull expenses taken from 
accident fund. 



t p.c. of wages. 



linimum 85 per week. 



2| p.c. of difference in 
earning power before and 
after accident. 



ull expenses taken from 
medical aid and accident 
fund. 



ull expenses taken from 
medical aid and accident 
fund. 



720 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



10. Provisions of Employers Liability and Workmen s Compensation 



Items. 


Nova Scotia. 


New Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 






Employer 


None 


Employer 


accident fund. 




Employer 


None 


Employer 


medical aid fund. 


Board of three 


Board of three 


Circuit and Supreme 


Board of three 




days if longer pay 


days if longer pay 


Court. 
7 days 


" days if longer pay 


12 Insurance . . . 


from date of dis 
ability. 

Compulsory state. . . 


from date of dis 
ability. 

Compulsory state.. . 


Employer indivi 


from date of dis 
ability. 

Compulsory state. . . 






Any industry not 


dually responsible. 
None 


Election only where 


ployer. 


wi thin scopeof Act, 
unloss specifically 
excluded. 


within scopeof Act, 
unless specifically 
excluded. 


\llowed in indus 


6 or less are em 
ployed by either 
employer or em 
ployee, unless 
specifically exclud 
ed. 

Not allowed 


common law. 
15. Injuries covered. . 


Which arise out o 
and in course o 
employment. 

NVinn 


Which arise out o 
and in course o: 
employment. 


tries not coming 
under Act. 

Which arise out o: 
and in course oi 
employment. 

Xone 


Which arise out of 
and in course of 
employment, and 
in fortuitous 
events. 

Regu lations made by 


tion. 


12 months (This 





12 months 


groups of employ 
ers, work approved 
by Board. 

At once, 6 months or 


claim. 


period extended i 
disability becomes 
evident later.) 

By board 


By board 


By employer month 


more at discretion 
of beard. 

By Board or order 


19 Exemptions 


Travellers, 


Travellers, 


ly or on regular 
pay day. 

Farm Labourers, 


of Board. 
Out-workers, 


20. Reports 


Casual Labourers, 
Dut-workers, 
Police and Firemen, 
Employer s Family 
Farm labourers anc 
domestic servant 
may be admittec 
on application o 
employers. 

Employer, 


Casual Labourers, 
3ut-workers,. 
Domestic Servants, 
Farm Labourers, 
Clerks, Fishermen 
Employer s Family 
Police and Firemen 

Employer, 


Employees on sail 
ing vestals. 
All employees earn 
ing more than 
$1,500 per year. 

Employer to Fac 


Domestic Servants, 
Farm Labourers, 
Executive Officers. 

Employer, 




Doctor, 
Employee. 


Doctor, 
Employee. 


tory Inspector. 


Doctor, 
Employee. 



WORKMEN S COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS 



721 



Laws in the various provinces in 1923 concluded. 



Manitoba. 



Saskatchewan. 



Alberta. 



British Columbia. 



Employer 



Employer from acci 
dent fund. 



Board of three. 
3 days 



STone 

District Court 
days 



imployer 

.mployee 

Board of three. 



Compulsory state. 



Any industry not within 
scope of Act. 



JSmployer individually 
responsible. 



S one. 



3 days; if longer than 10 
days, pay from date of 
accident. 

Compulsory state 



Any industry not within 
scope of Act. With ap 
proval of 50 p.c of em 
ployees, unless speci 
fically excluded. 



Not allowed. 



Allowed. 



Not allowed. 



Which arise out of and in 
course of employment. 



Which arise out of and in 
course of employment. 



Which arise out of and ir 
course of employment. 



None. 



None. 



By Board. 



As soon as practical. 



5 months. 



By Board. 



Casual Labourers, 
Out-workers, 
Farmers, 

Domestic Servants, 
Executive Officers. 



By employer, by order ol 
Court. 



Farm Laboorers, 

Employees other thar 
those engaged in manua 
labour, earning over 
$1,800. 



At once, 3 months or more, 
at discretion of board. 



By Board. 



Employer, 
Doctor, 



Employer to Government 



Casual Labourers, 
Out-workers, 
Farm Labourers, 
Domestic Servants, 
Workers in an industry 
outside the scope of the 
Act may be brought 
in on applying; this does 
not apply to casua 
workers on farms, or in 
running trades nor rail 
ways. 



Employer, 
Doctor, 



Smployer. 

Smployee and employer. 

Board of three. 

3 days. 

Compulsory state. 



Any industry not within 
scope of Act, unless spe 
cifically excluded. 



Not allowed. 



Which arise out of and in 
course of employment, 
and in fortuitous events. 



By Board. 



12 months. 



By Board. 



Travellers, 
Casual Labourers, 
Domestic Servants, 
Employer s family. 
Office workers may be 
included. 



Employer. 

Doctor, 

Employee. 



6237346 



722 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



7. Trade Disputes Strikes and Lockouts. 

Statistics of strikes and lockouts in Canada have been collected and published 
by the Department of Labour since its inception in 1900. Table 11 shows the num 
ber of disputes, the number of employers and employees involved and the time lost 
in working days for each year from 1901 to 1922, and the totals for the period. The 
items in the column headed " time loss in working days" in the tables following, 
are calculated by multiplying the number of persons directly affected through 
strikes or lockouts by the number of working days they are so affected during the 
time the disputes are in existence. 

Statistics for the first ten months of 1923 show that there were 72 disputes 
affecting 357 employers and 30,484 employees. The time lost during the ten months 
was 656,188 working days. This was about 35 p.c. of the time loss from 
January 1 to October 31, 1922, when 1,871,267 working days had been lost in indus 
trial disputes. The greatest time loss in any one of the ten months for which figures 
are available occurred in July, when 310,608 working days were lost. This was 
chiefly due to related strikes of coal miners and iron and steel workers, which together 
caused a loss of 282,844 working days. 

For the year 1922, the number of disputes, the number of employers and em 
ployees involved were greater than in the previous year, and the time loss in working 
days during the year greatly exceeded that for 1921, owing to two strikes of coal 
miners, one lasting from May to August in south-eastern British Columbia and 
Alberta, and the three weeks strike in Nova Scotia during August, as well as to a 
number of prolonged disputes, such r.s the printers strike for a 44-hour week begin 
ning about June 1st, 1921, and to a considerable extent unsettled at the end of theyear. 

Table 11 is a record of industrial disputes by years from 1901 to 1922. It is 
interesting to note that 1922 ranks second in the number of working days lost during 
the 22 years of the record, 1919 taking first place. Of the total time lost since 1900, 
9-6 p.c. was due to industrial disputes in 1922 and 19-2 p.c. in 1919. There was an 
increase in the number of employees involved and in the time lost during 1922 as 
compared with 1921, although the number of disputes and the number of employ 
ers concerned were both smaller than in the latter year. 

11. Record of Trade Disputes by years, 1901-1922. 



\ car.--. 


Number of Disputes. 


Disputes in Existence in the Year. 


In 
existence 
in the year. 


Beginning 
in the 
year. 


Employers 

involved. 


Employees 
involved. 


Titm- ]<>-- 
in working 
days. 


1901 . . 


104 
121 
146 
99 
89 
141 
119 
68 
69 
84 
M 
150 
113 
44 
43 
78 
148 
196 

88 
145 

85 


104 
121 
146 
99 
88 
141 
144 
65 
69 
82 
96 
148 
106 
40 
38 
74 
141 
191 
290 
272 
138 
70 


273 
420 
927 
575 
437 
1,015 
825 
175 
397 
1,335 
475 
989 
1,015 
205- 
96 
271 
714 
766 
1.913 
1,273 
907 
569 


28,086 
12,264 
50,041 
16,482 
16,223 
26,050 
38,224 
25. 
17,332 
21,280 
30,094 
10.511 
3!) 
8,678 
9,140 
21,157 
48. 
68,489 
138.988 
52,150 
22,930 
41.050 


632,311 
120,940 
1,226,500 
265,004 
217,244 
359,797 
fi 2 1,962 
708,285 
871,815 
718,635 
2,0(i.(i5ii 
1,09! 
1,287,678 
430,054 
106. 1 I .. 
208,277 
1.134, !(7<l 
1,341 
3,91 
886,754 
956,461 
1,975,276 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


Total 


2,751 


:. !,l,:; 


15,572 


770,3271 


20,579,530 





In these totals, figures for disputes extending- over the end of a year are counted more than once. 



"WORKING CKYS 
4 000 000 

3 eoo ooo 

3 600 000 
3 400-000 
3 200 OOO 
3 000 000 
2300000 



2 600-000 



ESTIMATED TIME LOSS IN WORKING DAYS 
BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES 
EACH YEAR 1901-1922 



OTHER INDUSTRIES 

METALS MACHINERY ETC. 

MINES SMELTERS ETC. 

CLOTHING 

TRANSPORTATION 

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 









6237346^ 



SSSSSSSgSSrw^S^*^* 

ce*e**5*5j c .5g5jg 



0* O - N 

2! 5? : w 



724 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



An analysis of industrial disputes during 1922 by industries is given in Table 
12. The strike of mine workers in Nova Scotia, Alberta and British Columbia, 
involving over 25,000 workers and a time loss of 1,219,064 working days, accounted 
for 61-7 p.c. of the total number of days lost. A long continued strike in the print 
ing trades, which commenced in the summer of 1921, caused during 1922 a time loss 
of 534,874 days or 27-1 p.c. of the total, although only 1,824 employees, or 4-4 p.c. 
of the aggregate of workers on strike during the year, were involved in this dispute. 

12. Trade Disputes, by Industries, 1922. 



Industries. 



Agriculture. .* 

Logging 

Fishing and trapping 

Mining, non-ferrous smelting and quarrying... 

Manufacturing: 

Vegetable foods, drink and tobacco 

Textiles 

Clothing, knitted goods, garments, etc 

Leather, fur and products 

Printing and publishing 

Wood products 

Iron and steel products 

Construction: 

Buildings and structures 

Railway construction 

Shipbuilding 

Miscellaneous 

Transportation and public utilities: 

Steam railways 

Street and electric railways 

Water transportation 

Storage and local transportation 

Trade: 
Animal products 

Service: 

Recreational 

Personal 

Total 



Number 

of 
Disputes. 



1 

2 

14 



1 

1 
10 

1 
13 

2 



17 
1 
2 



85 



Number 

of 

Employees 
Involved. 



150 

985 

25,179 



20 
42 

5,626 
140 

1,824 
183 
271 



1,396 
40 

1,370 
99 



150 

160 

3,119 

155 



25 



23 
93 



41,050 



Time Loss. 



Working 
days. 



1,350 

16,290 

1,219,064 



200 
924 

38,844 

1,260 

534,874 

3,087 

19,341 



28,247 

240 

8,690 

873 



42,150 
5,162 

49,523 
1,085 



75 



1,389 
2,608 



1,975,276 



Per cent 
of total. 



0-1 

0-8 
61-7 



0-0 
0-0 
2-0 
0-1 
27-1 
0-2 
1-0 



1-4 
0-0 
0-4 
0-0 



2-1 
0-3 
2-6 
0-1 



0^0 



0-1 
0-1 



100 1 



The causes and results of the industrial disputes recorded during 1922 are given 
in Table 13. It is interesting to note that by far the greatest number of working 
days were lost in strikes against reduction in wages; about 53-2 p.c. of the total 
number of days lost was attributed to this cause. Strikes for increased wages and 
shorter hours took second place, with 23-5 p.c. of the total loss in working days. 
The printers strike, which continued for so many months, falls within this classi 
fication. The number of employees affected (41-1 p.c. of the total) was greatest 
in strikes which aimed to secure increased wages, although the amount of time lost 
in such disputes ranked only third in the total time loss, with a percentage of 14-7. 
Of the 85 strikes recorded during 1922, 35, involving 7,947 employees and a time 
loss of 119,296 working days, terminated in favour of the employers. Those settled 
in favour of the employees, 15 in number, affected 14,462 workers and involved a 
time loss of 971,510 working days, or 49 p.c. of the total number of days lost. 



TRADE DISPUTES 



725 



13. Trade Disputes, by Causes and Results, 1922. 





In Favour of Employees. 


In Favour of Employers. 










m 








B 










cS 








a 










a 








V 


Cause or Object. 






j 


_c 






| 


| 






| 


1 


1 




"8 


1 









J^ 


03 


c 




^ 


oi 


e 






O 








o 


QQ 






I 


fi 




1 


co 

O 


_c 


O 

c 


1 


^ 


41 

1 


03 

I 


"S, 


o 


3 


oo 


o 

"E 
c 


9 




3 


S 


w 


S 


3 


s 


H 


H 


For increased wages 


2 


6 


236 


1,488 


4 


4 


1,797 


25,015 


For increased wages and shorter hours 


1 


1 


150 


1,350 










For increased wages and other changes 










- 


- 


- 


- 


For shorter hours 


_ 


_ 





_ 





_ 


_ 


_ 


Against longer hours 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


3 


4 


113 


8,930 


Against discharge of employees 


1 


1 


168 


336 


1 


1 


40 


240 


Against employment of particular persons . . 
Against reduction in wages 


9 


68 


8,238 


956,996 


1 

20 


1 

148 


50 
4,373 


1,200 
79,836 


For recognition of union 


.1 


45 


5,000 


10,000 


2 


2 


21 


639 


Against employment of non-unionists 










1 


1 


200 


600 


Sympathetic 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 


5 


648 


1,296 


Unclassified 


1 


1 


670 


1,340 


2 


2 


705 


1,540 


Total . .... 


















15 


122 


14,462 


971,510 


35 


168 


7,947 


119,296 







Compromise. 


Indefinite or 
unterminated. 


Total. 










n 








CO 


















03 








03 








oS 










T3 








9 








-a 










M 








M 








M 








H 

w 


c 






"3 


.S 

M 






a 


4J 


1 


Cause or Object. 




i 


1 


IN 

i 




i 


1 


O 




"3 


i 




I 






j> 


s 


c 




9^ 


ca 


e 




^ 


33 


C 






"o 


GO 






O 


en 






"3 


CO 




























02 




CO 



_c 


S 


J 


4> 


a 


>> 


o 


i 


c 




J 




| 


71 
he 


C 

"a. 


9 

e 


O. 

en 


CO 


"B. 


o 


+* 

3 

M 


G 

b 


"E. 

s 




1 




3 


S 


H 


H 


3 





W 


H 


Q 


E 


w 


S 


For increased wages. .. 


2 


12 


14,853 


263,354 










8 


22 


16,886 


289,857 


For increased wages 


























and shorter hours . . . 


2 


5 


250 


43,750 


4 


108 


1,401 


419,190 


7 


114 


1,801 


464,290 


For increased wages 


























and other changes... 


2 


8 


48 


384 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


2 


8 


48 


384 


For shorter hours 


_ 


_ 






4 


42 


145 


45 534 


4 


42 


145 


45,534 


Against longer hours. . 


- 


- 


_ 


_ 


1 


17 


131 


59,545 


4 


21 


244 


68 ! 475 


Against discharge of 


























employees 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


2 


2 


208 


R7 R 


Against employment 
























tf 4 Q 


of particular persons 








- 


- 








- 





1 


1 


50 


1,200 


Against reduction in 


























wages 


12 


67 


614 


13,909 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


41 


283 


13,225 


1 , 050, 741 


For _ recognition of 


























union 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


4 


16 


820 


25,013 


7 


63 


5,841 


qc fiKO 


Against employment 



























of non-unionists 


1 


1 


15 


1,245 





_ 


_ 


_ 


2 


2 


215 


1,845 


Sympathetic . . . 


1 


1 


16 


4,496 


1 
1 


1 
1 


25 
323 


7,081 
969 


3 
4 


7 
4 


689 
1,698 


12,873 

3 $UQ 


Unclassified 


Total 
























o, o*y 


20 


94 


15,796 


327,138 


15 


185 


2,S45 


557,332 


85 


569 


41,050 


1,975,276 





726 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



The greatest number of persons affected and of working time lost in any one 
month of 1922 occurred in August, when 25,364 persons or 61-8 p.c. of the total 
number of workers on strike, and a time loss of 450,692 working days or 22-8 p.c. 
of the total, were involved. It was in this month that a strike of coal miners in 
Nova Scotia affected a large number of employees and caused a severe time loss. 
A dispute was also in existence in August in the coal mines of District No. 18 in 
Alberta and British Columbia. During 1921 and 1920 the greatest loss in working 
days and the largest number of persons affected in industrial disputes took place 
in June. A record of disputes by months is given in Table 14. 

14. Trade Disputes, by months, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Months. 


Disputes in Existence. 


Number of Employees 
Affected. 


Time Loss in 
Working Days. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


January 


35 
25 
28 
48 
79 
66 
59 
30 
29 
21 
21 
14 


23 
31 

32 
29 
56 
50 
41 
31 
26 
17 
18 
18 


22 
24 
20 
26 
31 
25 
21 
25 
23 
18 
14 
15 


2,800 
2,345 
4,116 
6.899 
13,856 
15,793 
10,016 
4,840 
2,806 
6,168 
2,295 
1,822 


1,765 
2,906 
3,468 
4,453 
9,323 
10,239 
9,413 
3,442 
3,948 
1,897 
3,354 
3,759 


3,435 
3,200 
2,569 
13,086 
13,433 
11,093 
15,553 
25,364 
17,736 
3,240 
2,036 
2,950 


35,535 
. 30,920 
39,027 
75,445 
159,072 
185,732 
137,841 
74,366 
28,330 
72,893 
27,269 
20,324 


30,646 
36,361 
55,502 
63,480 
175,889 
188,020 
92,891 
73,273 
59,849 
46,036 
73,149 
61,365 


68,474 
62,935 
62,737 
272,946 
279,857 
263,402 
255,734 
450,692 
99,732 
54,758 
48,023 
55,986 


February 


March 


April 


May . 


i J 
June 


July 


August 


September 


October 


November 


December 


Year 


285 


145i 


85i 


53,150 


22,930 


41,050i 


886,751 


956,461 


1,975,276 





l These figures relate only to the actual number of disputes in existence and the employees involved 
during tli3 yoir, njt bains; a surnmition in each case of the monthly fig-i: 

Table 15 is a record of industrial disputes during 1922, by methods of settle 
ment. Thirty-five industrial disputes terminated as a result of negotiations between 
the parties in dispute; the number of mployees involved in these 35 disputes was 
23,920 or 53 p.c. of the total. Five disputes were settled through conciliation or 
mediation, instituted in three cases by the Department of Labour, while one was 
terminated by arbitration. In 15 disputes the employees returned to work on the 
employers terms and in 13 strikes the strikers were replaced by other workers. 

15. Trade Disputes, by Methods of Settlement, 1922. 



Industries or Occupations. 



Agriculture 

Logging 

Fishing and trapping 

Mining, non-ferrous smelting and quar 
rying 

Manufacturing 

Vegetable foods, tobacco, etc 

Textiles, etc 

Clothing, knitted goods, etc 

Leather, fur and products 

Printing and publishing 

Wood products 

Iron and steel products 



Negotiations 
between the 
pan 


Conciliation 
or mediation. 


Arbitration. 




Em 




Em 




Em 


Number. 


ployees 
involved. 


Number. 


ployees 
involved. 


Number. 


ployees 
involved. 


1 


16, 188 


1 


7,538 


- 


- 


1 


20 


- 




- 


- 


5 


5,285 


_ 


_ 


1 


200 


1 


140 





- 


- 


- 


1 


100 


- 


- 


- 





1 


8 





- 


- 





1 


16 


- 


- 


- 


- 



TRADE DISPUTES IN CANADA 



727 



15. Trade Disputes, by Methods of Settlement, 1932 concluded. 



Industries or Occupations. 


Negotiations 
between the 
parties. 


Conciliation 
or mediation. 


Arbitration. 


Number. 


Em 
ployees 
involved. 


Number. 


Em 
ployees 
involved. 


Number. 


Em 
ployees 
involved. 


Construction 
Buildings and structures . . 


10 

1 
1 

1 
1 

2 
1 


737 

670 
40 

150 
500 

23 
43 


2 
1 

1 


147 
36 

2,619 


- 


- 


Railwav construction 




Miscellaneous construction 


Transportation and public utilities 
Steam railways 


Street and electric railways 


Water transportation 


Storage and local transportation 


Trade- 
Animal products 


Service 
Recreational 


Personal . 


Total 


35 


33,920 


5 


10,340 


1 


300 





Industries or Occupations. 


Reference to 
Board under 
I.D.I. Act. 


Returned to 
work on 
employers 
terms. 


Replacement 
of strikers. 


Otherwise 
(including 
indefinite or 
untermin- 
ated) . 


Total. 


Num 
ber. 


Em 
ploy 
ees 
in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber. 


Em 
ploy 
ees 
in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber. 


Em 
ploy 
ees 
in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber. 


Em 
ploy 
ees 
in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber. 


Em 
ployees 
in 
volved. 


Agriculture 


- 


- 


1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

2 
1 
1 

1 
1 


150 
985 

36 

175 

232 

25 
40 
700 

130 
25 


1 

1 

2 

1 
2 

3 
1 

1 
1 


150 

42 
105 

12 
23 

487 
23 

155 
50 


4 
11 

1 


1,303 
1,712 

30 


1 

2 

14 

1 
1 
10 
1 
13 
2 
6 

17 
1 
2 
3 

1 
2 
2 
1 

1 

2 
2 


150 

985 

25,179 

20 
42 
5,626 
140 
1,824 
183 
271 

1,396 
40 
1,370 
99 

150 
160 
3,119 
155 

25 

23 
93 


Logging 


Pishing and trapping 


Mining, non-ferrous smelting and 
quarrying j 


Manufacturing 
Vegetable foods, tobacco, etc 
Textiles etc 


Clothing, knitted goods, etc 


Leather fur and products 


Printing and publishing 


Wood products . 


Iron and steel products 


Construction- 
Buildings and structures 


Railway construction 


Shipbuilding 




Transportation and public utilities 
Steam railways 


Street and electric railways 


Water transportation 


Storage and local transportation . . 

Trade- 
Animal products 


Service 
Recreational 


Personal 


Total 


- 


- 


15 


Mil- 


13 


1,047 


16 


3,045 


85 


41,050 





728 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

8. Employment and Unemployment. 

Employment Service of Canada. The Employment Offices Co-ordination 
Act (8-9 Geo. V, c. 2), empowering the Minister of Labour to aid and 
encourage the organization and co-ordination of public employment offices 
throughout Canada in order to establish a Dominion-wide Employment Service, 
was passed in May 1918. At that time there were only twelve provincial employ 
ment offices in the Dominion, but at the close of the year fifteen offices were in oper 
ation and by the end of 1919 the number had increased to ninety-two. As the 
demobilization period came to a close, the number of offices decreased and at the 
end of the year 1922 there were 77 offices, distributed among the provinces as 
follows: Nova Scotia, 4; New Brunswick, 3; Quebec, 5; Ontario, 26; Manitoba, 
9; Saskatchewan, 10; Alberta, 6; British Columbia, 14. 

Under the Employment Offices Co-ordination Act, sums aggregating $50,000 
in 1918-19, $100,000 in 1919-1920 and $150,000 in subsequent years, (amounts 
afterwards increased), were appropriated to be paid to the Provincial Governments 
in proportion to their expenditure on employment offices, to assist them in organ 
izing and extending their services. Subventions were made conditional upon an 
agreement between the Minister of Labour and the Provincial Governments as to 
the terms, conditions and purposes upon and for which payments should be made. 
During 1922 agreements were completed with all the provinces except New Bruns 
wick and Prince Edward Island. Agreements were also made during the year with 
the municipalities of Moncton, Chatham and St. John in accordance with an amend 
ment to the Act passed in 1920. The agreement requires that in the operation of 
the employment offices the provinces shall endeavour to fill situations in all trades 
and occupations for both men and women and that no charge shall be made to em 
ployers or employees for this service. Each province agrees to maintain a provin 
cial clearance system hi co-operation with the interprovincial clearance system 
established by the Dominion Government; to organize in connection with the 
Employment Service of the province , provincial advisory council, and in every 
city of the province with a population of 25,000 or more in which an employment 
office is established, a local advisory council, representing equally employers and 
employees, to assist in the administration of the employment offices. 

Regulations issued under authority of the Act in December, 1918, in addition 
to authorizing Provincial and Local Advisory Councils, provided for the establish 
ment of the Employment Service Council of Canada, to advise the Minister of 
Labour in the administration of the Act and to recommend ways of preventing 
unemployment. This body is composed of representatives of the Dominion and 
Provincial Governments, the Canadian Manufacturers Association, the Association 
of Canadian Building and Construction Industries, the Trades and Labour Congress 
of Canada, the Railway Association of Canada, the Canadian Railway Brother 
hoods, the Canadian Lumbermen s Association, the Canadian Council of Agriculture 
and returned soldiers. It has held four meetings, the first in May, 1919, the second 
in September, 1920, the third from Aug. 31 to Sept. 2, 1921, and the fourth in June, 
1922, at which plans for developing the work of the Employment Service and for 
preventing unemployment were discussed and recommendations presenting the 
views of the Council were adopted. 

From January 1 to October 31, 1923, the applications for employment registered 
at the local offices of the Employment Service of Canada numbered 509,257, of 
which 410,815 were from men and 98,442 from women. The number of vacancies 



EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT 729 

listed by employers during the same period numbered 484,271, of which 389,302 
were positions for men and 94,969 for women. A total of 308,836 placements in 
regular employment were made, 277,593 of these being of men and 31,243 of 
women. In addition, 101,256 placements in casual work were effected; 59,097 
of these placements were of men and 42,159 were of women. 

During the year 1922, the applications for employment received at the various 
local offices of the Employment Service of Canada totalled 548,282, of which 443,875 
were from men and 104,407 from women. The number of vacancies notified by 
employers to the Service during the same period was 469,888, of which 365,529 
were for men and 104,359 for women. During the year a total of 393,522 place 
ments were made, of which 297,827 were in regular employment and 95,695 in casual 
work. Of the placements in regular employment, 264,820 were of men and 33,007 
were of women. 

A special transportation rate for persons sent by the Service to employment 
at a distance is in effect. This rate, applying only in cases of bonafide placements 
through the Employment Service, was granted during the year 1922 to 36,231 
persons, of whom 21,787 were going to points in the same province as the dispatch 
ing offices and 14,444 to points in other provinces. 

During the fiscal year 1919-20 an arrangement was put into effect with regard 
to the admission of workers from Great Britain to fill vacancies which cannot be 
filled in Canada. This plan, which involves close co-operation between the Immi 
gration Department and the Employment Service and between the Employment 
Service of Canada and the British Employment Exchanges, proved on the whole 
very satisfactory and continued in force during 1921 and 1922. A procedure has 
been adopted which as far as possible obviates delay and at the same time insures 
that workers shall not be brought into the country before every effort has been made 
to secure the required help in Canada and the authorities have had an opportunity 
of deciding whether prevailing conditions warrant the importation of the required 
labour. 

Data covering the field of employment are collected and compiled by the 
Employment Service of Canada and by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, three 
principal sources of information being used during 1922. Employment office and 
trade union statistics are tabulated by the Employment Service, while the Bureau 
of Statistics collects payroll data from employers of labour. Monthly returns 
furnished by some 6,000 firms with over 800,000 employees show that marked 
recovery from the depression of 1921 was indicated during 1922 and 1923. Employ 
ment increased almost uninterruptedly from the spring of 1C22 until the winter 
contraction of industry caused the usual slackening of activity in December. The 
situation continued to show seasonable dullness until April 1, 1923, from which month 
marked improvement was indicated until the autumn. The manufacturing and 
construction industries shared more particularly in the expansion, while transport 
ation, logging, mining, trade and other industries also showed considerably greater 
activity during 1922 and 1923 than in 1921. Index numbers of employment by 
industries are given in Table 16. Trade union reports compiled by the Employ 
ment Service confirmed the favourable movement indicated in the employers index 
numbers. Statements from some 1,500 local organizations, representing over 
150,000 members, showed that during 1922 unemployment from January to the end 
of October declined each month with only one exception. Conditions were slightly 
less favourable in January, 1923, than in the month before, but from the early 
spring employment among local trade unionists increased steadily until the autumn. 



730 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



It is interesting to note the similarity of movement that exists between the 
index numbers of employment as reported by employers and by trade unionists. 
The latter index since 1920 has almost invariably been on a higher level than the 
employers index; this is explained by the fact that in a period of depression, such 
as that which began during 1920 and from which recovery is not yet complete, 
many trade unionists take out withdrawal cards from their locals when they are 
unemployed for any length of time, in order to seek work in other centres. Such 
former members are, therefore, not included in the statistics furnished by labour 
officials. Furthermore, since a large proportion of trade unionists are skilled 
workers, they are usually last to be affected by unemployment. The reports from 
employers cover many workers whose employment is necessarily of a seasonal and 
more or less casual character, as well as many unskilled labourers engaged on con 
struction and other work. 

The curves of employment based upon the index numbers of employment 
reported by employers and trade unionists, as shown in the chart on page 731, 
followed very much the same general course since 1920; the latter curve, however, 
does not show as wide a range as the employers , since it failed to attain as high 
a level in 1920 and did not decline as low during 1921 or 1922. 

. 16. index Numbers of Employment as reported by Employers, by Industries as 
at the end of each month, January, 1921, to October, 1923. 















Construe 








Years 
and 
Months 


Manu 
facturing 


Logging. 


Mining. 


Commu 
nication. 


Transpor 
tation. 


tion 

and 
Main 


Services. 


Trade. 


All 
Indus 
tries. 














tenance. 








1921. 




















Jan.. . . 
Feb.... 
Mar... 


84-8 
84-6 
80-7 


94-3 
81-8 
44-5 


95-8 
92-8 

.88-0 


104-6 
104-1 
101-8 


101-3 
95-8 
95-5 


100-1 
89-2 
86-7 


94-2 
96-3 
97 8 


92-5 
92-0 
92-5 


90-1 
88-0 

84-1 


Apr 


80-2 


49-9 


86-9 


103-1 


94-0 


92-7 


98-3 


94-2 


84-1 


May 


81-1 


47-3 


88-7 


106-1 


98-1 


111-9 


103-8 


92-5 


86-6 


June. . . . 
July. . . . 


80-9 
81-3 


35-4 
32-3 


92-2 
91-0 


107-4 
107-1* 


99-6 
102-7 


126-7 
144-6 


108-0 
107-7 


92-7 
91-4 


87-5 
gg i. 


Aug 
Sept.... 


79-3 
81-3 


41-9 
48-1 


96-0 
96-4 


106-8 
105-1 


106-6 
109-6 


141-6 

142-5 


107-3 
104-5 


92-1 
92-4 


88-7 
90-2 


Oct 


81-1 


59-7 


98-1 


104-5 


110-5 


139-3 


96-0 


93-0 


90-2 


Nov 


79-3 


61-2 


98-0 


103-8 


106-9 


113-2 


93-4 


16 : 


87-2 


Dec .... 


68-7 


59-5 


93-0 


101-1 


99-2 


92-4 


92-9 


96-9 


77-9 


1922. 




















Jan 


73-0 


61-5 


89-7 


95-7 


97-0 


79-8 


91-7 


90-3 


78-9 


Feb 


78-1 


54-8 


90-3 


97-5 


97-1 


83-7 


93-0 


88-2 


81-9 


Mar.... 


78-0 


27-2 


88-9 


98-2 


96-8 


81-4 


94-6 


88-6 


80-6 


Apr 
May.... 


79-0 
84-2 


37-0 
37-5 


90-2 
92-6 


100-4 
100-6 


98-7 
106-2 


101-1 
129-5 


95-6 
100-3 


90-1 
90-0 


83-3 
89-2 


June.. . . 


84-2 


31-4 


94-4 


100-6 


109-2 


157-4 


104-4 


90-7 


91-1 


July. . . . 


85-8 


27-9 


96-2 


103-1 


111-6 


169-4 


104-7 


90-1 


93-1 


Aug 


86-5 


36-5 


97-1 


103-4 


111-9 


164-3 


105-0 


90-8 


93-7 


Sept.... 
Oct 


86-7 
87-7 


42-1 
66-0 


101-1 
104-5 


102-8 
102-2 


114-0 
114-7 


166-2 
153-2 


102-0 
96-6 


91-9 
93-8 


94-6 
95-8 


Nov 


87-7 


84-7 


102-8 


101-5 


115-3 


122-6 


95-8 


97-0 


95-1 


Dec.... 


78-1 


87-0 


100-8 


97-4 


104-8 


96-0 


92-8 


98-2 


86-3 


1923. 




















Jan 


85-0 


95-1 


101-3 


96-5 


101-5 


86-0 


92-4 


93-7 


89-5 


Feb 


87-5 


88-8 


98-6 


97-4 


99-8 


83-8 


93-4 


88-9 




Mar .... 


85-6 


57-8 


97-0 


98-0 


100-2 


85-2 


94-9 


90-2 


87-6 


Apr 


90-5 


48-0 


96-7 


99-7 


101-7 


101-6 


97-1 


91-7 


91-4 


May 
June. . . . 
July.... 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 


93-5 
93-6 
93-5 
93-0 
91-8 
91-2 


52-5 
48-4 
42-2 
43-1 
51-7 
62-6 


101-6 
101-6 
101-0 
104-0 
104-9 
105-4 


102-2 
103-4 
105-2 
106-4 
106-6 
105-3 


109-0 
112-2 
113-4 
113-4 
116-2 
116-8 


140-2 
169-1 
183-7 
180-9 
171-8 
159-3 


108-8 
115-1 
118-7 
120-3 
113-7 
108-5 


91-9 
92-3 
91-7 
92-0 
93-2 
93-1 


97-3 
99-5 
100-2 
100-0 
99-5 
98-8 


NOTE. Number of employees of the reporting firms in January, 1920, is taken as 100 in every case. 



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732 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



Table 17 is a monthly record of unemployment in trade unions by provinces. 
The general improvement in employment in 1923, as compared with 1922, and in 
1922 as compared with 1921, is clearly seen. The lowest percentage of unemploy 
ment during 1923 was reported in September, as was also the lowest percentage 
during 1922. January had the greatest proportion of unemployed trade unionists 
in any month of the 1923 record to date; the same month in 1922 also showed the 
most unfavourable situation. 

17. Percentages by Provinces of Unemployment in Trade Unions, 1915-1923. 



Months 


Years. 


Nova 
Scotia 
and 
P.E.I. 


New 

Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


On 
tario. 


Man 
itoba. 


Sas 
kat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Col 
umbia. 


Canada. 


December. .. 


1915 


r 




9-5 


8-1 


*}.9 


7.n 


4.O 


HE 




June 


1916 


5 


9 


1-8 


1-7 


1 -9 


2. ft 


o .n 


5Q 


*. 


December 


1916 


.0 


2 


3-7 


1-6 


1 (! 


i .fi 


1 .7 






June 


1917 


3 




2*5 


9 


fi 


.3 


8 


1 .R 




December 
June 


1917 
1918 


2-6 
1-2 


4-1 
.3 


3-2 

. c 


2. r 
*, 

4 


1-1 

.9 


2-4 

.9 


1*6 

. A 


3-2 


2-& 


December 


1918 


2-0 


4 


2-2 


2-9 


1-3 


2 2 


9.1 


4.0 


2. 1 


June. . . . 


1919 


2-7 


2-4 


4-0 


1-8 


1 -9 


9.^ 


1 .7 


3 A 




December 


1919 


1-5 


2-0 


3-2 


1-9 


5-0 


fi.n 


9.R 


1fl.fi 


t> 

40 


June 


1920 


6 


4 


3-1 


1-6 


1-4 


9-9 


1 .9 


^.R 


21 


December 


1920 


6-9 


11-0 


19-6 


12-3 


7-8 


10. 1 


9.0 


H.fi 


17.1 


January 


1921 


5-9 


8-1 


13-3 


14-2 


8-8 


10-1 


9.7 


91 .fi 


10.1 


February 


1021 


14-4 


7.3 


10-7 


14-8 


9.Q 


19.1 


10.7 


49. 1 




March 


1921 


17-9 


11-7 


16-9 


13-0 


10-5 


19.1 


Q.R 


14 .ft 




April 


1921 


21-6 


12-4 


20-7 


11-9 


10-1 


19. R 


19.7 


9^.7 




May 


1921 


12-9 


6-2 


26-5 


9-1 


in. 4 


Q.4 


19-0 


91 .7 


ice 


June 


1921 


14-3 


11-7 


20-7 


6-7 


8-0 


6.fl 


Q.4 


94.4 


179 


July 


19 9 1 


12-2 


10-9 


8-7 


7-8 


6.fi 


4.Q 


fi.7 


ic 7 




August 


1921 


7-4 


8-3 


11-5 


8-0 


3-5 


3.1 


4.R 


19.7 


8*r 


September . 


1 C l 


8-7 


7-0 


13-8 


6-2 


Q.O 


9. ( i 


7-ft 


19.*; 


8r 


October 


1921 


2-8 


5-6 


10-7 


5.7 


4-2 


7.7 


4-0 


H.R 


7 A 


November 


1921 


6-9 


5-7 


20-8 


6-1 


8-5 


K.S 


")-Q 


i a .0 


n.1 


December 


1921 


5-9 


6-9 


26-8 


Q-7 


1K.K 


in. A 


r, x 


94.7 




January 


1922 


18-4 


8-6 


14-7 


11-1 


1 )-S 


17-7 


Q- 1 ! 


99. 7 


17 a 


February 


1022 


11-0 


7-4 


7-5 


10-1 


17. 


Q.Q 


R. e 


in, i 




March 


1922 


9-5 


7-1 


7-7 


8-3 


14-1 


U.o 


10.1 


17-7 


9 .ft 


April 


1922 


20-0 


3-5 


10-0 


5-9 


14-9 


8-7 


12-3 


10- c 


1fi.4 


May 


1922 


12-1 


3-1 


11-4 


3-9 


7-1 


fi-4 


5.0 


Ifl.Q 


8.7 


June 


1922 


7-2 


3-5 


5-4 


3-Q 


6.7 


^.o 


7- 1 


7. 1 


50 


July 


1922 


2-0 


3-3 


5.5 


2-8 


5-5 


3.1 


K.n 


5.Q 


41 


August . . . 


1922 


2-4 


2-8 


5-4 


2-5 


1 *; 


0.0 


Q.R 


6.1 




September . 


1922 


1-5 


2-1 


5-1 


1-9 


.7 


5 


1-4 


4.R 


9.8 


October 


1922 


1-3 


2-4 


5-9 


1-9 


5-2 


1-4 


2-5 


in.fi 


7.Q 


November 


1922 


3-0 


3-4 


11-9 


2-2 


5-7 


9.1 


9.Q 


H.4 


60 


December 


1922 


3-2 


6-1 


7-8 


4-7 


7-8 


J. j 


5-1 


1JI.S 


8.4 


Januurv 


1923 


3-4 


5-0 


6-0 


6-7 


12-8 


5.7 


8-5 


ifi.fi 


7.S 


February . . . 


1923 


5-7 


1-7 


6-4 


7-0 


9-5 


5-2 


4-8 


fi-4 


6.4 


March 


1923 


3-0 


1-4 


7-3 


5-5 


8-5 


5-0 


7-6 


14. n 


0.R 


April 


1923 


2-2 


5 


4-9 


2-8 


8-3 


3.7 


11-9 


5-4 


4. A 


May 


1923 


1-3 


1-0 


9-1 


1-5 


5.4 


2-0 


7-fi 


9.4 


4.1 


June 


1923 


2-2 


1-0 


5-7 


1-6 


5-6 


1-3 


4.5 


4-n 


7.4 


July 


1923 


2-5 


1-0 


4-4 


1-7 


3-1 


1-3 


5-8 


2-3 


9.Q 


August 


1923 


5 


4 


2- 9 


2-2 


3-4 


1-0 


3-6 


2-0 


2.Q 


September 


1923 


1-5 


1-7 


2-3 


2-1 


8 


1.1 


1 .0 


9.4 


2 .ft 

























II. WAGES. 

Statistics of rates of wages and hours of labour have been collected and published 
for recent years by the Department of Labour in a series of bulletins supplemen 
tary to the Labour Gazette. Report No. 1 of ihis series was issued in March, 1921. 
The records upon which the statistics are based begin in most cases with the year 
1901. Index numbers have been calculated to nhow the general movement of wage 
rates, 21 classes of labour being covered back to 1901, 4 classes of coal miners bark 
to 1900, and common factory labour, miscellaneous factory trades and lumbering 
back to 1911. These index numbers are based upon wage rates in 1913 as 100. 



RATES OF WAGES 



733 



The accompanying table of index numbers (Table 18) shows the relative 
changes from year to year. A downward movement appeared in most of the 
groups in 1921 and 1922 since the peak was reached in 1920. The index numbers 
for 1923 show on the \\ho e a slightly upward trend. 

In the building trades there were many instances of decreases of ten cents 
per hour in 1921 and five cents per hour in 1922, but during 1923 there were some 
advances. In the metal trades there had been considerable reductions during 1921 
and further decreases were made in 1922, while the 1923 wages in these trades 
showed little change on the whole. For electric railways the index number averaged 
lower in both 1921 and 1922, but the wage rates were almost stationary in 1923. 
On steam railways a general cut in wage rates in 1921 was followed in 1922 by 
decreases for shop employees, maintenance of way workers, freight handlers, clerks 
and miscellaneous classes, but there were no changes for train crews and few changes 
for telegraphers. At the end of 1922 and early in 1923 there were partial restor 
ations in some cases in the rates for maintenance of way employees, freight hand 
lers and clerical employees. In coal mining there were decreases in the Vancouver 
Island mines each year, although there were slight increases in the summer of 1922 
over the preceding three-month period, in accordance with the agreement by which 
quarterly adjustments are made corresponding to changes in the cost of living 
In southeastern British Columbia and southern Alberta there were no changes hi 
wage rates down to 1923, although the average earnings of contract miners declined 
in 1922, to recover partly in 1923. In Nova Scotia rates were reduced substantially 
early in 1922, but were increased later in the year. In factory labour and hi lumber 
ing there were considerable decreases in wages in 1921 and again in 1922, while no 
general change occurred in 1923. 

18. Index Numbers of Bates of Wages for Various Classes of Labour in Canada, 

1901-1923. 

1913 = 100. 



Years. 


Build 
ing 
Trades. 


Metal 
Trades. 


Print 
ing 
Trades. 


Electric 
Rail 
ways. 


Steam 
Rail 
ways. 


Coal 
Mining. 


Aver 
age. 1 


Com 
mon 
Factory 
Labour . 


Miscel 
laneous 
Factory 
Trades. 


Lum 
bering. 


1901.. 


60-3 


68-6 


60-0 


64-0 


70-8 


82-8 


67-8 


_ 


_ 





1902 


64-2 


70-2 


61-6 


68-0 


73-6 


83-8 


70-3 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1903 


67-4 


73-3 


62-6 


71-1 


76-7 


85-3 


73-7 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1904 


69-7 


75-9 


66-1 


73-1 


78-6 


85-1 


74-8 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1905 


73-0 


78-6 


68-5 


73-5 


78-9 


86-3 


76-5 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1906 


76-9 


79-8 


72-2 


75-7 


80-2 


87-4 


78-7 








1907 


80-2 


82-4 


78-4 


81-4 


85-5 


93-6 


83-6 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1908 


81-5 


84-7 


80-5 


81-8 


86-7 


94-8 


85-0 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1909 


83-1 


86-2 


83-4 


81-1 


86-7 


95-1 


83-9 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1910 


86-9 


88-8 


87-8 


85-7 


91-2 


94-2 


89-1 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1911 


90-2 


91-0 


91-6 


88-1 


96-4 


97-5 


92-5 


94-9 


95-4 


93-3 


1912 


96-0 


95-3 


96-0 


92-3 


98-3 


98-3 


96-0 


98-1 


97-1 


98-8 


1913 . . 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


1914 


100-8 


100-5 


102-4 


101-0 


101-7 


101-9 


101-4 


101-0 


103-2 


94-7 


1915 


101-5 


101-5 


103-6 


97-8 


101-7 


102-3 


101-4 


101-0 


106-2 


89-1 


1916 


102-4 


106-9 


105-8 


102-2 


104-9 


111-7 


105-7 


110-4 


115-1 


109-5 


1917 


109-9 


128-0 


111-3 


114-6 


110-1 


130-8 


117-5 


129-2 


128-0 


130-2 


1918 


125-9 


155-2 


123-7 


142-9 


133-2 


157-8 


139-8 


152-3 


146-8 


150-5 


1919 


148-2 


180-1 


145-9 


163-3 


154-2 


170-5 


160-4 


180-2 


180-2 


169-8 


1920 


180-9 


209-4 


184-0 


194-2 


186-6 


197-7 


192-1 


215-3 


216-8 


202-7 


1921 


170-5 


186-8 


193-3 


192-1 


165-3 


208-3 


186-1 


190-6 


202-0 


152-6 


1922 


162-5 


173-7 


192-3 


184-4 


155-1 


197-8 


176-8 


183-0 


189-1 


158-7 


1923. . . 


166-4 


174-0 


188-9 


ISO i 


157-4 


197-8 


178-4 


181-7 


196-1 


170-4 



Simple average of 6 preceding columns. 



734 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



19. Rates of Wages and Hours of La hour of Employees of Steam Railways in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923. 







September 


, 1921. 


September 


. 1!I22. 


Septembei 


, 1923. 


Occupations. 


"Unit. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 
week. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 

xveek. 


Waj 


Hours 
per 
week. 


Conductors passenger. 


100 miles 


$ 

4- 7 


2 


$ 

4-27 


1 


$ 

4-27 


l 


Conductors, freight (Irreg.). 

Brakemen passenger 


100 miles 
100 miles 


5-80 
2-93 


3 

2 


5-80 
2-93 


3 

2 


5-80 
2-93 


3 

2 


Brakemen, freight (Irreg. ).... 
Baggagemen, passenger 


100 mile.- 
100 mill- 


4-48 

:;-ii4 


3 
2 


4-48 
3-04 


3 
2 


4-48 
3-04 


1 

2 


Kn< r inot?r^ passenger 


100 miles 


6-00 


2 


6-00 


2 


6-00 


2 


Engineers, freight (Irreg.) 
Firemen passenger 


100 miles 
100 mile? 


6-64 
4-48 


3 
2 


6-64 
4-48 


a 

2 


6-64 
4-48 


3 


Firemen, freight (Irreg ). . . 


100 miles 


4-88 


3 


4-88 


3 


4-88 


3 


De-patchers 1 


Alimth 


230.00-238.00 


48 


230.00-238.00 


48 


230.00-238.00 


48 


Telegraphers 1 . . 


Month 


117.76-128.76 


48 


117.00-128.00 


48 


117.00-128.00 


48 


Maintenance of Way 
Foremen (on lino) , . . 


Day 


4-50 


48 


4-26 


48 


4-40 


48 


Sectionmen (on line) 


Day 


3-20 


48 


2-80 


48 


3-04 


48 


Car and Shop Trades 
Bl&cksmil lis 


Hour 


77 


44 


70 


44 


70 


44 


Boilermakers 


Hour 


77 


44 


70 


44 


70 


44 


M achinists .... 


Hour 


77 


44 


70 


44 


70 


44 


Moulders 


Hour 


77 


44 


70 


44 


70 


44 


Carpenters, freight 
Painters, freight 


Hour 
Hour 


72 
72 


44 
44 


63 
63 


44 

41 


63 
63 


44 
44 


Repairer^ freight 


Hour 


72 


44 


63 


44 


63 


44 


Cleaners 


Hour 


42 


44 


37 


44 


38 


44 



















Hates for running trades and dispatchers and telegraphers in British Columbia are slightly higher than 
above. Where ranges are shown for dispatchers and telegraphers, the lower rate is that paid east of Fort 
William , and the higher rate is that paid west of Fort William to British Columbia. 2 Basis of 20 miles per 
hour. 3 Basis of 12; mile.-* per hour. 



. Wages and Hours of Labour of Employees in and about Coal Mines in Canada. 

1921, 1922 and 1923. 



Occupations. 


Unit. 


September, 1921. 


nil, 1922. 


September, 1922. 


September, 1923. 


Wages. 


Hours 

(^ per 
day. 


Wages. 


Hours 
( 4 ) per 
day. 


Wages. 


Hours 
( 4 ) per 

day. 


Wages. 


Hours 
( )per 
day. i 


NOVA SCOTIA 
Contract miners 1 . 
Hand miners 2 
Hoi ting enginecr.- 
Drivers 


Day 
Day 
Day 

Day 
Day 
Day 

Day 
Day 
Day 

1 (ax- 
Day 

Day 
Day 

Max 

Day 

Day 

1 (ax- 
Day 
Day 
Day 


$ 

7-22 
5-05 
5-15 
4-15 
4-30 
4-55 

3-90 
3-80 
5-15 
4-60 

4-85 

9-67 

8-02 
7-50 
7-39 
7-21 
7-50 
6-89 

6-89 
6-58 
8-14 
8-14 
8-14 


8 
8 
8 

8 
8 

- 


8* 
8J 

8^ 
81 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 




4-00 
3-68 
3-05 
3-10 
3-20 

2-84 
2-84 
3-68 
3-24 
3-44 

l 
1 

c 

6 
9 

I 
6 

6 

I 
6 
< 
6 


8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8i 

81 

8i 

8) 


- 

5-94 
4-85 
4-35 
3-60 
3-75 
4-00 

3-35 
3-25 
4-35 
4-00 
4-10 

8-17 

S-02 
7-50 
7-39 
7-lM 
7-50 
6-89 

6-89 
6-58 
8-14 
8-14 
8-14 


8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

- 
8J 

- 

8 
8 

8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 


$ 

6-84 
4-85 
4-35 
3-60 

3 75 
4-00 

3-35 
3-25 
4-35 
4-00 
4-10 

10-00 
8-02 
7-50 

7-21 
7-50 
6-89 

6-89 
6-58 
8-14 
8-14 

s-Ii 


8 
s 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8J 
81 

8!- 

- 

8 
8 
8 

s 

X 

8 
8 
x 
8 
1 


Bratticemen 
Pumpmen 


Labourers, under 
ground 


I.abourers, surface 
Machinists 


Carpenter-* 


Bhicksmit hs 


ALBERTA 5 
( ontract mil 
Machine- miti 
Hand miners - . . . . 
Hoisting engineers 
I- rivers 


Bratt icemen .... 


Pumpmen 


Labourers, under 
ground 


Labourers, surface 

Machinists 


enters 


Blacksmiths 



WAGES IN FACTORY TRADES 



735 



20. Wages and Hours of Labour of Employees in and about Coal Mines in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923 concluded. 



Occupations. 


Unit. 


September, 1921. 


April, 1922. 


September, 1922. 


September, 1922. 


Wages. 


Hours 
( 4 ) per 
day. . 


Wages. 


Hours 
( 4 ) per 
day. 


Wages. 


Hours 

( 4 ) per 
day. 


Wages. 


Hours 
( 4 ) per 
day. 


VANCOUVER I D - 
Contract miners. . 
Machine miners 2 . . 
Hand miners 2 . . . . 
Hoisting engineers 
Drivers 


Day 
Day 
Day 
Day 
Day 
Day 
Day 

Day 
Day 
Day 
Day 
Day 


$ 

8-10 
5-77 
5-42 
6-29 
5-07 
5-07-5-42 
5-07 

5-07 
4-59 
6-66 
5-94 
6-41 


8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
9 
8 
8 
8 


$ 

7-20 
5-41 
5-06 
5-93 
4-71 
4--/1-5-06 
4-71 

4-71 
4-23 
6-30 
5-58 
6-05 


8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 


$ 

7-23 
5-48 
5-13 
G-00 
4-78 
4-78-5-13 
4-78 

4-78 
4-30 
6-37 
5-65 
6-12 


8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 

8 
8 
8 
8 


$ 

7-14 
5-42 
5-07 
5-94 
4-72 
4-77-5-07 
4-72 

4-72 
4-24 
6-31 
5-59 
6-06 


8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 


Bratticemen 


Pumpmen 


Labourers, under 
ground 
Labourers, surface 
Machinists 


Carpenters 


Blacksmiths... . 





1 Average eirning^ psr day worked on contract 2 Minimum rate per day when not working 

on contract, per ton, yard, etc. 3 No figure for Chinese employees included. 4 Some engineers, 
pumpmen, firemen, etc , work seven days per week. 5 Including the Crow s Nest Pass field in eastern 
British Columbia. Strike. 

21. Samples of Wages and Hours of Labour for Various Factory Trades in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923. 







1921 




1922 




1923 




Industries and Occupations. 


Unit. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 
week. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 
week. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 
week. 


COTTON MANUFACTURING. 
Carders 
Samnle No 1 


Hour 


$ 
42 


50 


$ 

34- 40 


50 


S 

34- 40 


50 


Sample No 2 


Week 


17 30 


36 


19 00 


50 


19 00 


50 


Sample No 3. 


Week 


14 >0 


50 


13 15 


50 


13 60 


50 


Sample No 4. 


Week 


14 15 


50 


13 50 


50 


12 85 


50 


Sample No 5. . . 


Week 


16 65 


55 


14 15 


55 


14 15 


55 


Sample No 6. . . 


Week 


13 19 


50 


13 84 


50 


13 88 


50 


Mule Spinners 
Sample No 1 


Hour 


42 


50 


44 


50 


431 


50 


Sample No 2 


Week 


20 20 


45 


22 30 


55 


22 30 


55 


Sample No. 3 


Hour 


45 


50 


43 


50 


41 


50 


Sample No. 4. . 


Week 


19 9 2 


50 


20 00 


50 


20 40 


50 


Sample No. 5. . . 


Week 


14 00 


50 


14 05 


50 


15 50 


50 


Warpers 
Sample No. 1 


Hour 


28i 


50 


37 


50 


39 


50 


Sample No. 2 


Week 


13 50 


50 


12 70 


50 


13 50 


50 


Sample No. 3 


Week 


9 65 


45 


12 65 


60 


12 65 


65 


Sample No. 4. . . 


Week 


15 60 


36 


14 15 


50 


14 15 


50 


Sample No. 5. . . 


Week 


12 75 


50 


11 15 


50 


11 30 


50 


Weavers 
Sample No. 1 


Hour 


33i 


45 


30 


45 


28 


50 


Sample No. 2 


Week 


15 88 


50 


16 00 


50 


16 45 


50 


Sample No. 3 


Week 


12 90 


45 


15 50 


55 


15 5C 


55 


Sample No. 4. ... 


Week 


12 75 


50 


14 20 


50 


15 05 


50 


Sample No. 5 


Week 


19 21 


50 


19 10 


50 


19 81 


50 


WOOLLEN MANUFACTURING AND 
KNITTING. 
Carders 
Sample No. 1 


Hour 


30 


55 


22$ 


55 


224 


58| 


Sample No. 2 


Hour 


32.! -37 


50 


29" 


50 


29 


50 


Sample No. 3 


Week 


16 50 


55 


13 00 


55 


13 00 


55 


Sample No. 4 


Day 


3 50 


54 


3 50 


54 


2 75 


54 


Sample No. 5 


Hour 


33j 


50 


25 - 35 


50 


25 - 30 


50 


Spinners- 
Sample No. 1 


Hour 


30 


55 


221 


55 


.22-i 


58^ 


Sample No. 2 


Hour 


18 


50 


18 


50 


18 


50 


Sample No. 3 


Hour 


37* 


50 


331 


50 


33; 1 


55 


Sample No. 4 


Day 


2 25 -2 50 


54 


9 95 -2 75 


5t 


2 50 


54 


Sample No. 5. . 


Hour 


.31 


50 


20 - 40 


50 


.30 - .32J 


50 



736 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



21. Samples of Wages and Hours of Labour for various Factory Trades in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923. concluded. 



Industries and Occupations. 



WOOLLEN MANUFACTURING AND 
KNITTING. COD. 

Weavers 

Sample No. 1 Week 

Sample No. 2 Week 

Sample No. 3 Week 

Sample No. 4 Week 

Sample No. 5 Day 

BOOTS AND SHOES. 

Cutters 

Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample No. 2 Week 

Sample No. 3 Week 

Sample No. 4 Day 

Lasters 

Sample No. 1 Week 

Sample No. 2 Day 

Sample No. 3 Week 

Stitchers 

Sample No. 1 Week 

Sample No. 2 Week 

Sample No. 3 Day 

Machine Operators 

Sample No. 1 Week 

Sample No. 2 Week 

Sample No. 3 Week 

Sample No. 4 Day 

HARNESS AND SADDLERY. 

Harness Makers 

Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample No. 2 Day 

Sample No. 3 Week 

Sample No. 4 Week 

Saddle Makers 

Sample No. 1 Day 

Sample No. 2 Day 

Sample No. 3 Week 

RUBBER. 

Compounders 

Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample I o. 2 Week 

Sample No. 3 Hour 

Tire Builders- 
Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample No. 2 Hour 

Sample No. 3 Hour 

Tube Makers- 
Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample No. 2 Hour 

Sample No. 3 Hour 

MEAT PACKING. 

Slaughterers 

Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample No. 2 Hour 

Sample No. 3 Hour 

Sample No. 4 Hour 

Curers 

Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample No. 2 Hour 

Sample No. 3 Week 

Lard Makers 

Sample No. 1 Hour 

Sample No. 2 Hour 

Sp.mple No. 3 Week 

Sample No. 4 Hour 



Unit. 



1921. 



Wages. 



15.00 
15.40 
13.50 
15 00 
1.75 



.40 

30.00 

20.00 

4.50 

26.00 

5.00 

21.50 

14.00 

13.25 

3.00 

32.00 

20.50 

15.40 

5.00 



.511 

4.50 

22.00 

22.50 

3.34 
22.50 



.30 

20.05 

.45 

.46* 
.505 
.70 

.70 
.27 
.45 



.49 
.50 
.55 
.50 

.42 

.52 

25.00 

.45-. 50 

.50 

17.60 

.50 



Hours 

per 
week. 



55 
50 
55 
55 
54 



54 
48 
48 
50 

48 
50 
54 

48 
48 
50 

48 
48 
55 
50 



44 
54 
52 
50 

54 
48 
50 



50 
45 
50 

49J 
49} 
44 

44 

491 
50 



45 
55 
55 
50 

48 
55 
60 

48 
55 
50 
55 



1922. 



w 



15.00 
12.00-19.00 

13.00 

12.00-14.00 
1.50 



.40 

30.00 

22.00 

4.50 

23.00 

5. CO 

21.50 

10.50 

13.65 

3.00 

20.00 

22.20 

12.50 

5.00 



.461 
4.05 

20-00-25-00 
22.50 

4.50 

2.50 
20.50 



.28} 
23.65 
.40 

.48 

.50! 

.65 

.65 
.25 
.40 



.41 

.45 
.55 
.50 

.42 

.45-. 48 
25.00 

.37}-. 40 
.45 

20.40 
.50 



Hours 

per 
week. 



55 
50 
55 
55 
54 



54 
45 
48 
50 

48 
50 
54 

48 
45 
50 

48 
45 
55 
50 



54 
54 
52 
50 

54 
48 
50 



H 

10 
10 

491 
49] 
44 

44 

491 
50 



I 

u 

M 
SO 



58 

to 

v, 
18 
51 
10 



1923. 



Wages. 



15.00 
12.00-20.00 

13.00 
10.00-15.00 

1.50 



.40 

30.00 

17.00 

4.50 

18.00 

5.00 

21.00 

10.00 

13.95 

3.00 

18.00 

22,70 

10.00 

5.00 



49 
4.05 
18.00-25.00 
23.00 

4.50 
2.50 
23.00 



.25-. 36 

20.40 

.45 

.49 
.56 
.85 

.50 

.381 

.40 



.43 
.45 
.55 
.50 

.42 

.45-. 50 
30.00 

.371-. 40 

.45 

16.50 

.50 



Hours 

per 
week. 



581 

50 

55 

55 

54 



54 
48 
48 
50 

48 
50 
54 

48 
48 
50 

48 
48 
55 
50 



54 
54 
52 
50 

54 

48 
50 



54 
50 
50 

491 
49} 
44 

44 
49} 

47 



50 
55 
50 
50 

48 
55 
60 

48 
55 

48 
50 



WAGES IN CANADIAN CITIES 



737 



22. Samples of Wages and Hours of Labour for unskilled Factory Labour in Canada, 

1921, 1922 and 1923. 



Industries and Occupations. 



Nova Scotia 

Halifax, No. 1 Hour 

Pictou, No. 1 Week 

Sydney, No. 1 Hour 

Halifax, No. 2 Hour 

New Brunswick 

St. John, No. 1 Day 

St. John, No. 2 Hour 

Quebec 

Quebec, No. 1 Hour 

Montreal, No. 1 Hour 

Montreal, No. 2 Week 

Montreal, No. 3 Week 

Montreal, No. 4 Hour 

Montreal, No. 5 Hour 

Montreal, No. 6 Hour 

Montreal, No. 7 Hour 

Ontario 

Guelph, No. 1 Hour 

Ingersoll, No. 1 Week 

Hamilton, No. 1 Hour 

Toronto, No. 1 Hour 

Toronto, No. 2 Hour 

Toronto, No. 3 Hour 

Manitoba 

Winnipeg, No. 1 Week 

Winnipeg, No. 2 Hour 

Winnipeg, No. 3 Hour 

Saskatchewan 
Regina, No. 1 Hour 

Alberts 

Calgary, No. 1 Week 

Calgary, No. 2 Hour 

British Columbia 

Vancouver, No. 1 Day 

Vancouver, No. 2 Hour 

Vancouver, No. 3 Hour 



L nit. 



1921. 



Wages. 



15.00 
.29 
.35 

3.10 
25 

.30 

.35 

15.00 

15.00 

.371 

.40 

.31 

.40 

.38 
18.00 
.40 
.35 
.34 
.40 

20.20 

.50 

.40-. 45 

.50 

24.00 
.45 

4.20 
.521 
.35 



Hours 

per 
week. 



50 
59 
60 
55 

54 
60 

48 
50 
48 
58 
55 
50 
55 
48 



60 
55 
50 
55 
50 

44 
50 
48 

44 

48 
48 

44 
44 
55 



1922. 



Wages. 



. 27 , 

15.00 

.28 

.32 

2.25 
.25 

.30 

.30 

16.00 

18.00 

.37* 

.35 

.25 

.40 

.35 

18.74 

.45 

.35 

.25-. 32| 
.37 

17.30 
.42| 

.40-. 45 

.50 

24.48 
.40 

3.78 
47J 

.30-. 35 



Hours 

per 
week. 



50 
59 

59 
50 

54 
60 

48 
45 
48 
58 
55 
50 
55 
48 

49i 

60" 

50 

50 

55 

50 

54 
50 

48 

44 

48 
48 

44 
44 
55 



1923. 



Wages. 



$ 

.271 

13.50-15.00 
.33 
.30 

2.50 

.28 

.30 

.32| 

14.00 

18.00 

.40 

.35 

.25 

.40 



18.60 
.45 

.30-. 35 
.25-32^ 
.37-J 

17.30 

.42| 
.40-. 45 

.50 

21.60 
.40 

3.78 

.45 

.30-. 40 



Hours 

per 
week. 



48 
59 
60 
50 

54 
60 

54 
45 
48 
58 
55 
50 
55 
48 

49J 

60 

50 

50 

55 

50 

54 
50 
48 

44 

48 
48 

44 
44 
55 



23. Wages per Hour and Hours worked per Week in leading Trades in Canadian 

Cities, 1921, 1922 and 1923. 



Trades. 



Unit. 



Halifax. 



Wages. 



Hours 

per 
week. 



Montreal. 



Wages. 



Hours 

per 

week. 



Toronto. 



Wages. 



Hours 

per 

week. 



Winnipeg. 



Wages. 



Hours 

per 

week. 



Vancouver. 



Wages. 



Hours 

per 

week. 



1. Building Trades 
Bricklayers and 

masons 1921 

1922 
1923 

Carpenters 1921 

1922 
1923 

Plumbers 1921 

1922 
1923 

Builders labour- 
era 1921 

1922 
1923 

2373 47 



Hour 
Hour 
Hour 

Hour 
Hour 
Hour 

Hour. 
Hour. 
Hour 



Hour. 
Hour 
Hour, 



75 

.70-. 75 
.90 

.66 

.55-. 57 
.57 

.70 
.60 
.60 



.40-. 45 

.40 

.30-. 40 



44 

44 
44 

4454 

4454 

44 

44 
44 
44 



54 

4454 
4460 



90-1-00 

.90 

1.00 

.60-. 70 

.50-. 65 

.60-.72J 

,62i-.75 
.60-. 70 
.70-. 85 



.30-. 40 
.30-. 35 
.30-. 50 



4450 
4450 
4450 

4455 
4460 
5060 

4460 
4450 
4450 



4460 
5060 
5060 



1-00 
1.00 

1.00 

.90 

.80-. 90 
.85-. 90 

.90 
.90 
.90 



.50-. 60 
.45-. 60 
.40-. 65 



44 

44 
44 

44 
44 
44 

4448 
44 
44 



44 
44 
44 



1-15 
1.15 

1.10 

.90 

.85-. 90 
.85 

1.00 

.90 

90-1.00 



.50-. 55 
.40-. 45 
,35-. 50 



44 
44 
44 

44 
44 
44 

44 
44 
44 



4160 
4460 
4460 



1-061 
1.06} 
1.061 

.811 

.81} 
.841 

.90 

.90-1.00 
1.00 



,50-.62i 

50-. 56} 

.50 



44 

44 
44 

44 

44 

4448 

44 
44 
44 



44 

44 
44 



738 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



23. Wages per Hour and Hours worked per Week in leading Trades in Canadian 

Cities, 1921, 1922 and lt concluded. 



Trades. 


Unit. 


Halifax. 


Montreal. 


Toronto. 


Winnipeg. 


Vancouver. 


. 


Hours 
per 

week. 





Hours 
per 
week. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 
week. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 
week. 


Wages. 


Hours 
per 
week. 











S 














S 




2. Metal Trades 
























Blacksmiths. ..1921 


Hour. 


625-. 82| 


4854 


.55-. 70 


4460 


.60-. 70 


4450 


.65-. 80 


4450 


.80-. 92 


4448 


1922 


Hour 


.50-. 75 


4850 


.52-3 -.65 


5060 


.60-. 65 


4450 


.67-. 70 


4450 


.70-83J. 


4448 


1923 


Hour 


.65 


44 


.57-. 65 


4455 


.60-. 75 


4450 


.72 


50 


.67J 


44 


Machinists 1921 


Hour 


62J-82J 


4850 


.55-. 70 


5060 


.55-. 70 


4450 


.65-. 75 


4450 


.75-. 91 


i4 48 


1922 


Hour. 


.50-. 75 


4850 


.50-. 70 


5060 


.50-. 70 


it :.i) 


.55-. 70 


4450 


67J-.83 


4448 


1923 


Hour. 


.50-. 65 


Mr-M 


.50-. 66 


4450 


52K68 


4854 


.61-. 77 


4450 


.59-. 72 


44 


Iron moulders. 1921 


Hour. 


.62-. 70 


48 


.65-. 75 


60 


.65-. 75 


4850 


.61-. 75 


4450 


.75-. 80 


44 


1922 


Hour. 


.62-. 70 


48 


.60-. 70 


4850 


.50-. 70 


4450 


.54-. 72 


4450 


.60-. 75 


44 


1923 


Hour 


:62-.70 


48 


.70-. 75 


48 


.67 


50 


.671 


50 




44 


Sheet Metal 
























workers lfl 21 


Hour. 


.62 -.70 


4850 


.60-. 70 


4455 


7:> Ill 


4450 


.65-.82J 


44 


.90 


44 


1922 


Hour. 


.60 


44 


.60-. 65 


4455 


.60-. 75 


44-49} 


.65-. 75 


4448 


.871 


11 


1923 


Hour. 


.60 


44 


.60-. 65 


5054 


.60-. 80 


44 


.75-. 85 


4450 


.90 


41 


3. Printing Trades 
























Composition 
(Hand, News) 1921 
1922 


Week. 
Week. 


32.00 
32.00 


48 
48 


36.00 

36.00 


48 
48 


38 00 
38.00 


48 
48 


48.00 
47.60 


46 
46 


40.50 
40.50 


45 
46 


1923 


Week. 


32 00 


48 


38 00 


48 


41.00 




42.35 


46 


40.50 


45 


Pressmen 
























(Web) ..1921 


\\ iM-k. 


28. 00? 


48 


36.00 


48 


37.00 


48 


H 0(1 


48 


40.50 


48 










to 
























40.70 
















1922 


Week. 


28.00- 


48 


36 00 


48 


37.00 


48 


44.00 


48 


40.50 


48 










to 
























40 70 
















1923 


Week. 


28.00" 


48 


38.00 


48 


40.00 


48 


42.00 


48 


40.50 


4548 










to 
























40.70 
















Bookbinders. .1921 


Week. 


33.00 


48 


34.00 


48 


36.00 


48 


36.00 


48 


39.60 


44 






to 

























35.00 




















1922 


Week. 


30 00 


48 


34.00 


48 


36.00 


48 


36.00 


48 


39.60 


41 






to 
























37 50 




















1923 


Week. 


30.00 


48 


34.00 


48 


36.00 


48 


36.00 


48 


40.50 


48 






to 
























37 50 




















Bindery girls.. 1921 


Week. 


10.00 


48 


14.50 


48 


16.50 


48 


15.50 


48 


14.00 


4448 










to 




to 








to 












15.00 




19.00 








18.50 




1922 


Week. 


10.00 


48 


14.50 


48 


16 50 


48 


12.00 


48 


14.00 


44 18 










to 




to 




to 




to 












15 00 




19.00 




15 00 




18.50 




1923 


Week. 


10 00 


48 


14 50 


48 


16 80 


48 


12.00 


4418 


16.20 


48 










to 








to 




to 












15.00 








16.00 




20.25 




4. Electric railways- 
























Conductors and 
Motormen 1921 
1922 


Hour. 
Hour. 


.52 
.47 


63 
63 


.48 
.48 


60 
60 


.60 
.60 


48 
48 


.60 
.56 


50 
50 


.65 
.6N 


48 
48 


1923 


Hour. 


.45 


63 


.48 


60 


.60 


48 


.56 


50 


.62 


48 



ip rom August 1, 1922, $43.70. 

Halifax rates are for cylinder pressmen. 

Effective September 1, 1923. 

Wages in Canadian Manufacturing Industries in 1920 and 1921. At 

the census of manufactures taken for 1915, an attempt was made for the first time 
to secure detailed statistics of the wages paid in manufacturing establishments 
throughout Canada. Statistics of wages have been obtained on somewhat similar 
schedules for the intervening years. For 1920, data were furnished covering 490,290 



WAGES IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 



739 



wage-earners out of a total of 596,052 wage-earners enumerated in the census of 
manufactures; for 1921 those statistics covered 319,845 wage-earners out of an 
ascertained total of 440,364. The statistics for 1920 and 1921 are given for compar 
ative purposes in Table 25. 

The changes in wages in recent years may best be measured by taking the 
median wage, that is, the wage of the middle individual in each group, who has as 
many persons receiving more wages than he does as receive less. On the assump 
tion that the earnings of the members of the wage group containing these indivi 
duals were evenly distributed between the upper and lower limits, the median 
wages for 1915, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 are shown in Table 24. The per 
centages of increase in these years over 1915 are also shown. The median wages 
declined during 1921 as compared with the high level of 1920, by 7-2 p.c. for persons 
under 16, by 12-8 p.c. for males over 16 and by 2-3 p.c. for females over 16. The 
changes in the cost of living in the six years for which these wage statistics are avail 
able, are shown by the index numbers (compiled by the Department of Labour), 
also given in the table. 

24. Median Wages in Manufacturing Industries, 1915-1921. 



Years. 


Under 16 years 
of age. 


Over 16 years of age. 


Index 
number 
of retail 
prices. 


Males and Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


1915... 


$ 

4-48 
5-86 
6-90 
8-06 
9-06 
8-41 


Increase 
over 1915 
p.c. 

30-8 
54-0 
79-9 
102-2 
87-7 


1 

12-64 
17-53 
20-28 
22-78 
25-97 
22-64 


Increase 
over 1915 
p.c. 

38-7 
60-4 
80-2 
105-5 
79-1 


t>-87 
8-58 
9-75 
11-59 
12-80 
12-50 


Increase 
over 1915 
p.c. 

24-9 
41-9 
68-7 
86-3 
82-0 


104 
143 
162 
179 
192 
158 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





NOTE. For explanation of term "median", see preceding paragraph 

25. Weekly Wages of Employees in Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1930 and 1921. 

(Weekly pay for week ending Dee. 15 in each year.) 
1920. 



Weekly Wage Groups. 


Under 16 
years 
of age. 


Over 16 years of age. 


Total. 


Males 
and 
Female?. 


Males. 


Females. 


Under $5 per week 


1,399 
5,670 
3,555 
731 
225 
159 
60 
212 


2,316 
13,705 
28,490 
50,364 
60,042 
68,686 
26,042 
128,006 


3,115 

23,327 
42,327 
21,241 
6,104 
2,867 
504 
843 


6,830 
42,702: 
74,672: 
72,336. 
66,371 
71,712; 
26,605 
129,064 


$5 but under $10 


$10 but under $15 


$15 but under $20 


$20 but under -S24 


$24 but under $28 


$28 but under $30 


$30 and over 


Total 


12,011 


377,651 


100,628 


490,290 


SUMMABST. 

Under $10 per week 


7,069 
58-85 
4,942 
41-15 


16,021 
4-24 
361,630 
95-76 


26,442 
26-28 
74,168 
73-72 


49,532 
10-18 
440,758 
89-90 


Per cent 


Over $10 per week 


Percent 





62373 47$ 



740 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



35 Weekly Wages of Employees in Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1920 

and 1921 concluded. 
1921. 



Weekly Wage Groups. 


Under 16 
years 
of age. 


Over 16 years of age. 


Total. 


Males 
and 
Females. 


Males. 


Females. 




1,207 
4,369 
1,648 
576 
280 
138 
85 
28 
30 
7 
6 


2,063 
10,406 
27,327 
50,383 
57,711 
35,673 
23,582 
12.257 
5,972 
2,856 
2,871 


3,051 
19,985 
34,234 
16,521 
4,841 
1,137 
349 
146 
48 
30 
28 


6,321 
34,760 
63,209 
67,480 
62,832 
36,948 
24,016 
12,431 
6,050 
2,893 
2,905 






C1 ^ Kiit iinHpr 2fl 












tA^ Kut iinrlfr f50 


$50 and over 


Total 


8,374 


231,101 


80,370 


319.846 


Sl MMARY. 


5,576 
66-59 
2,798 
33-41 


12,469 
5-4C 

218,632 
94-60 


23,036 
28-66 
57,334 
71-34 


41,081 
12-84 
278,764 
87-16 






Per cent 



26,-Wage Earners, classified by Groups of Industries and of Wages, 1920 and 1921 



1920. 



Groups of Industries. 


Under 
$5 per 
Week. 


S10 per 
Week. 


$10 to 
$15 per 
Week. 


$15 to 
$20 per 
Week. 


$20 to 
$30 per 
Week. 


,30 and 
over per 
Week. 


Total 
Wage 
Earners. 




796 
689 
1,598 
1,358 
412 

31 

872 
56 
193 

825 


7,745 

2,990 
13,814 
6,780 
2,738 

847 

773 
1,160 
1,347 

4,508 


13,153 
4,196 
23,556 
10,964 
6,050 

3,038 

1,260 
1,950 
2,737 

7,768 


10,572 
4,351 
18,164 
12,113 
11,938 

2,853 

1,546 
1,794 
2,674 

6,331 


19,286 
10,921 
16,802 
29,948 
47,942 

6,885 

6,616 

4,228 
6,901 

15,160 


7,876 
3,901 
9,278 
22,977 
54,418 

5,164 

6,281 
2,520 
4,605 

12,041 


59,428 
27,048 
83,212 
84,140 
123,498 

18,818 

17,348 
11,708 
18,457 

46,633 




Textiles and textile products 




Non-ferrous metals and pro- 


Non-metallic mineral pro- 


Chemical and allied products. 


Hand trades, construction and 
repairs 


Total 1920 


6,830 


42,702 


74,S72 


72,336 


164,689 


129,061 


490, 29 


Total 1919 


7,977 


59,053 


89,29b 


100,541 


268,638 


- 


525,505 



iQver $20 per week. 



1921. 



Groups of Industries. 


Under 
85 per 
Week. 


$10 per 
Week. 


$10 to 
$15 per 
Week. 


$15 to 
$20 per 
Week. 


$20 to 
ISO pei 

Week. 


$30 to 
840 per 

\\fck. 


$40 and 

>v<>r per 

Week. 


Total 
Wage 
Earners. 




1,287 
902 
1,923 
1,327 
350 
76 
249 
26 
99 

82 


7,060 
3,317 
12,587 
5,801 
2,523 
919 
381 
990 
952 

230 


11,822 
5,127 
22,388 
10,902 
5,849 
2,081 
977 
1,681 
1,800 

582 


11,324 
6,637 
14,482 
14,482 
11,941 
2,869 
1,611 
1,928 
1,383 

. 822 


17,247 
9,856 
11,404 
21,872 
21,393 
4,435 
6,062 
2 , 7;V) 
3,223 

1,532 


3,937 
2,657 
3,832 
8,736 
9,897 
2,272 
2,685 
803 
992 

636 


693 
nil 
1,820 
4,537 
1,788 
1,000 

00a 

171 
150 

83 


53,370 
29,410 
68,436 
67,657 
53,741 
I 1 V 
12,657 
8,356 
8,599 

3,987 
319,84* 




Tvf ilo^ -inri tpxiilp nroducts. . .... 






Non-ferrous metals and products. . . 
Non-metallic .mineral products 




Hand trades, construction and re 
pairs 


Total 


6,321 


34,760 


63,209 


67,480 


99,780 


36,447 


11,848 



MINIMUM WAGE LAWS 741 

Minimum Wages of Female Employees. 

Minimum Wage Acts are on the statute books of Manitoba, British Columbia, 
Quebec, Saskatchewan, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Alberta, but the Quebec Act, 
passed in 1919, and the Nova Scotia Act, passed in 1920, have not yet taken effect. 
Table 27 shows the comparative weekly rates for experienced adults fixed by the 
Boards of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan. In 
Manitoba orders were issued separately for each type of factory; these are grouped 
in the table under the heading " Manufacturing." 

Minimum wage orders in all provinces fix special rates for learners, apprentices 
or minors, that is, workers under 18 years of age, and some make provision for the 
physically defective. The learning period ranges from three to eighteen months, 
according to the nature of the occupation affected by the order, and the rates of 
wages advance by stages of proficiency until the full minimum wage for experienced 
adults is reached. 

The Boards have power to limit the number of learners and minors employed 
at a plant. The proportion of these classes to experienced workers varies widely. 
In British Columbia the proportion for factory workers is 14 3 p.c. and in Manitoba 
25 p.c. In Ontario the proportion allowed is 50 p.c. of adult learners and minors 
combined; neither of these classes, however, can exceed 33 p.c. of the experienced 
adults employed. The orders so far issued by the Alberta Board have laid down 
no limits in this respect. 

The Boards of all provinces, except Quebec, have power to fix not only the mini 
mum wages, but also the minimum number of hours for which such wages shall be 
paid. There is, however, a wide divergence in the standards of working hours which 
have been fixed by the various orders. Many of these orders provide for a working 
week of 48 hours, but allow latitude in regard to the distribution of these hours 
throughout the week, to permit of a Saturday half holiday, with consequent length 
ening of working hours beyond 8 hours on the other days of the wee k. 

The Alberta Board has issued orders stating that the working week is 48 hours, 
except in the case of stores. 

In British Columbia a week of 48 hours is prescribed for workers in offices, 
in public housekeeping, in personal service, in theatres, and in telephone and tele 
graph services; special rules to govern overtime work are laid dotvn in that pro 
vince for the fruit and vegetable industry. Working hours for woijnen and girls in 
factories are subject to the provisions of the Provincial Factories Apt, while no pro 
vision is made in regard to the hours of mercantile, laundry or fishery workers. 

In Manitoba the regulations of the Board governing most types of factories 
provide for a nine hour day and a 48 hour week, but longer hours are permitted in 
some employments. Thus, bag makers and jewelry workers have a 9 hour day 
and a 49 hour week; auto top, bedding, glove, dyeing and cleaning workers have 
a 9 hour day and a 50 hour week, and millinery, knitting, tailoring and dress 
making employees have an 8| hour day and a 50 hour week. Laundry workers 
may be employed for 52 hours in the week, but not for more than 9 hours in any 
day. The Saturday working hours in shops and stores are 11|, with a weekly 
maximum of 49 hours, or 53 per week in 5 c., 10 c,, and 15 c. stores. Office workers 
in the same province have a maximum week of 44 hours with a maximum day of 
8 hours. 

The Ontario Board has as yet fixed no definite limits for the working day or 
week, but the recent orders governing office workers provide that the minimum rates 
for part time workers shall be based on a regular working week of 48 hours. 



742 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



In Saskatchewan no time limit is fixed for milliners and dressmakers, but a 
48-hour week is fb.ed as the maximum normal period of employment in laundries 
and factories, shops, stores and mail order "houses, and hotels and restaurants. 

Trades Conferences. The Boards of Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario, 
before fixing minimum wage rates for any occupation, summon conferences consist 
ing of representatives of the workers, their employers, and of the general public, 
and the order which follows generally represents a compromise between the views 
of the interested parties, though the Board is not bound by the recommendations 
of such conferences. The Manitoba Board has judicial powers in regard to the 
taking of evidence before deciding on minimum wage rates. 

Minimum Wage Boards. The Minimum Wage Board of Alberta, established 
in 1922, consists of three members appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in 
Council, and representing respectively the employers, the employed, and the Prov 
ince at large, one of the members being named chairman of the Board. In British 
Columbia also, the Board consists of three members; one of these, the Provincial 
Deputy Minister of Labour, acts as chairman. Similar rules are laid down for the 
appointment of the Minimum Wage Commission in Quebec, with the further provi 
sion that one of the three members be a woman. The Acts of Nova Scotia, Ontario, 
Manitoba and Saskatchewan place administration in the hands of Boards of five 
members, including two women, all the members being appointed by the Provincial 
Government. Board members are allowed no remuneration in British Columbia or 
Quebec; in Ontario they receive a per diem allowance for transaction of official 
business, while the Acts of Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan allow the 
members regular remuneration for their services and expenses. 

27. Minimum Weekly Wages for Experienced Female Adults. 



Occupations. 


Allxirta. 


British Columbia. 


Manitoba. 


Ontario. 


Saskatchewan. 


Manufacturing... 


$12.50 


$14.00 


$11.00 to $12 00 


According to 
population 
$12.50 


$15.00 

(Millinery and 
dressmaking) 










11.50 












11.00 












10.00 




Shops and stoi 


12 50 


$12.75 
(26 /i cents per 
hour) 


$12.00 


According to 
population 
$12.50 


$15.00 










12 00 












11 00 












10.00 












9.00 












8.00 




laundries, dyeiiis, 
and cleaning, etc 


1 50 


$13.50 
(28J cents per 
hour) 


$11.00 to $12.00 


According to 
population 
$12.00 


$14.00 










11 00 




Offices 


$14 00 


$15.00 
($65 per month 


$12.50 


According to 
population 
$12 50 


- 










12.00 












11.00 












10.00 












9.00 












8.00 





PRICES 



743 



27. Minimum Weekly Wages for Experienced Female Adults concluded. 



Occupations. 


Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


Manitoba. 


Ontario. 


Saskatchewan. 


Hotels, restaur 


$14.00 


$14.00 


$12.50 




$14.00 


ants, boarding 
houses, etc. 


for 6-day week 
$16.50 


(Includes wait 
resses, cham 






for 6-day week 
of 48 hours. Kit 




for 7-day week 


bermaids, ele 






chen employees 






vator operators 






$12. 






etc.) 


















$15.00 












for 7-day week. 












Kitchen em 












ployees $13. 


Personal service. . . 


$14.00 


$14.25 


812.00 








(includes ushers, 












barbers, cloak 












room attendants, 












etc.) 










Telephone and 
telegraph em 


- 


$15.00 


- 


According to 
population 


- 


ployees. 








$12.50 


x 










12.00 












11.00 












10.00 












9.00 












8.00 












7.00 




Fishing 




$15.50 




















Fruit and vegetable 




$14.00 


. 


_ 


_ 


industry. 




for week of 48 












hours piece 












work rates on 












this basis. 









III. PRICES. 

Price statistics naturally fall into two main divisions statistics of wholesale 
und statistics of retail prices. Representative wholesale prices are much more 
easily collected than are retail prices, since the number of wholesale traders is com 
paratively small, the grades of commodities more carefully denned, and the price 
range at a given moment much narrower. Wholesale transactions are generally 
transactions between expert sellers and expert buyers, dealing with each other oa 
purely business principles. Accordingly, wholesale prices approximately conform 
to the operation of the law of supply and demand, and are thus more valuable as 
an index to the current state of business. 

Retail prices, on the other hand, are largely governed by custom, and do not 
respond to every upward or downward fluctuation in wholesale prices. Further, 
small fluctuations in wholesale prices cannot be fairly represented in retail prices, 
because of the limitations of the currency in dealing with very small quantities of 
commodities. Again, retail prices vary considerably for the same commodity in 
different parts of the same city, this difference being to some extent due to the 
difference in the service rendered to the purchaser in a " groceteria," "a cash and 
carry" store or one where credit is given and goods delivered. In the collection of 
retail price statistics, which in spite of the inherent difficulties must be collected 
to determine the cost of living, it is necessary to take quotations from the most 
representative class of retailers, serving the masses of the people. 



744 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

Further, since " wholesale prices " are determined by the business situation 
of the moment, while retail prices are largely determined by custom and change 
comparatively slowly, there exists what is technically called a " lag " between the 
two, retail prices not showing changes in fundamental business conditions until 
some time after wholesale prices. Thus, while wholesale prices in Canada reached 
the peak in May, 1920, and commenced to decline in June, retail prices reached the 
peak in July, 1920, and began to decline in August. 

1. Wholesale Prices. 

The Dominion Bureau of Statistics now issues monthly a new official index 
number which is computed from 238 commodities, based on the year 1913, as 100, 
and weighted according to the aggregative method known as Laspeyre s. This 
index, while constructed with a view to giving continuity with that issued since 
1910 by the Department of Labour, has been improved by the adoption of several 
ideas developed in the science of index number making since the old index was first 
computed, and by the substitution of new commodities or price series for those 
which have ceased to be representative owing to changes due to the passage of time. 
The changes in question may be noted under the following headings: (1) Commo 
dities included; (2) Method of grouping commodities; (3) Base period; and (4) 
Weighting. 

Commodities Included in the Index Number. The original index number 
of the Department of Labour was constructed from 230 price series. Although 
a number of changes were introduced from time to time, some commodities having 
been dropped and others added (the net result of which was to increase the series 
to 272), the index has been substantially the same as when first published. It ha;- 
for some time been recognized that a revision of the list was required. Several 
of the items have ceased to represent adequately, the field from which, they \\ere 
drawn, and the sources from which others were obtained are no longer reliable. 
The new list contains 238 price series, a% many as possible being obtained directly 
from reputable business concerns as the most dependable sources of information. 
This has involved the addition of 51 new price series and the dropping of 85 other-. 
whilst substitutions of various kinds have been made in 130 cases. 

The number and kind of commodities to be included was determined on the 
basis of the relative importance of the various groups in exchange, that is, in tin- 
general trade of the country. The group of Grains, Fruits and other Vegetable 
Products was found to have a relative importance in trade of 28-1 p.c.; Animals 
and their Products, of 21-1 p.c.; Textiles, of 11-8 p.c.; Wood and its Products, of 
8-8 p.c.; Iron and Steel, etc., of 10-9 p.c.; Non-Ferrous Metals, of 6-3 p.c.; Non- 
Metallic Minerals, of 7-1 p.c.; and Chemicals, of 5-9 p.c. On this basis the number 
of price series allotted to each group was as under: 

1. Vegetable Products (grains, fruits, etc., except woods, fibres and 

chemicals) 67 

2. Animals and Animal Products (except chemicals and fibres) 50 

3. Fibres, Textiles and Textile Products 

4. Wood, Wood Products and Paper 

5. Iron and its Products 

6. Non-Ferrous Metals and their Products 15 

7. Non-Metallic Minerals and their Products (except chemicals) 17 

8. Chemicals and Allied Products 14 

238 



WHOLESALE PRICES 745 



Many satisfactory index numbers are, of course, constructed from a much 
smaller list of price series. The Bureau decided on the larger number in order to 
establish continuity with the old index number, and also because it is believed that 
the larger list, drawn from all classes of commodities and containing several repre 
sentative items from each class, will increase the general usefulness of the report 
for purposes of reference and will better reveal the changes in the general level of 
prices. 

Methods of Grouping Commodities. The method of grouping the items 
for presentation and for calculating group indexes is new, being in conformity with 
the general plan adopted throughout the Bureau in presenting statistics relating 
to commodities, so that co-ordination may be possible between the statistics of prices 
and those of imports and exports, production, transportation, etc. Briefly, the 
items are grouped on three distinct principles which are each applied separately. 
In the detailed tables of prices and in one of the series of group indexes the principle 
of grouping according to " chief component material " (vegetable, animal, wood, 
iron, etc.) is adopted. At the same time independent classifications are constructed 
according to " use or purpose " (food, clothing, producers gocds, etc.), and accord 
ing to " origin " (farm, forest, mineral, marine, etc.). By the use of this method 
each group has a degree of comprehensiveness and accuracy that is difficult to 
secure in a classification scheme which adopts more than cue of these principles 
within the same category. 

In the case of the purpose classification a few very important commodities 
have been included twice, so as to appear in both consumers and producers goods. 
In the origin classification, in the sub-division into raw materials and finished pro 
ducts, it is of course the case that certain commodities cannot be classified definitely 
as raw or finished products, what is raw material from one point of view being 
finished product from another; e.g., copper ingots may be finished products from 
the point of view of the smelter, but are the raw materials for several other industries, 
such as that for producing copper wire. The Bureau, however, ha s divided" all 
its commodities into two groups (1) raw or partly manufactured products; (2) fully 
or chiefly manufactured products, it was found impossible to define these two 
groups so precisely as to make them mutually exclusive, but the commodities were 
classified with the best judgment that could be brought to bear upon the matter. 
The results are thought to be better than if a few commodities had been selected 
as representative. 

Base Period. The original index number of the Department of Labour was 
based on the period 1890-1899. In view of the upheaval in prices occasioned by 
the war, comparisons are now called for with the period immediately preceding 
it. In any event, comparisons with a period so remote as 1890-1899 are not prac 
tical, and it is a fact that the more remote the base the wider is the margin of error 
in the index. In the revision carried out by the Bureau, the year 1913 was adopted 
as the base period, in conformity with the practice in most other countries. Prices 
in the year 1913 will in the present and hi future reports be represented by the figure 
100, and prices in prior and subsequent years will be expressed as percentages of 
those prevailing hi 1913. 

Weighting. The Labour Department s index number was unweighted, but 
the number published in future will be weighted, i.e., in calculating the general trend 
of prices each commodity will be assigned its relative importance in the trade of 
the country. That a weighted index number is more accurate and useful than an 



746 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



unweighted one is now generally conceded. Unless the list of commodities is very 
extensive a random selection does not always represent actual conditions; classes 
of commodities will accordingly be disproportionately represented and within each 
particular class the relative importance of individual items concealed. 1 

Statistical Tables. In Table 28 are shown unweighted index numbers by 
groups of commodities, classified according to chief component materials, for years 
from 1890 to 1921. A weighted index number going back to 1913 is nearly ready 
for publication. Unweighted index numbers according to the above classification 
are also shown by months from 1919 to 1921 in Table 29. Weighted general index 
numbers by months from 1919 to 1922 are presented in Table 30 while Table 31 
contains weighted index numbers by groups of commodities for 1922. The variation 
between the weighted and the unweighted index numbers may be studied in the 
diagram on page 751. 

Index numbers of Wholesale Prices for 1919, 1920 and 1921 on a classification 
by origins and degree of manufacture, are included by months in Table 32. (See 
the variation between index numbers of raw or partly manufactured goods and those 
fully or chiefly manufactured goods, as shown in the diagram on page 751.) 

Table 28 and the accompanying diagram show the movement of prices from 
1890 to 1921. The index numbers have been calculated on the basis of the year 
1913. The extraordinary rise since 1913 is very obvious. The year 1920 stands 
out as the "peak"; all groups, with the exception of non-ferrous metals, will be 
seen to have attained their highest yearly index in 1920. 

28. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1921. 

(CHIEF COMPONENT MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION). 



Groups. 


1890. 


1891. 


1892. 


1893. 


1894. 


1895. 


1896. 


1897. 


< 
Vegetable products (grains, fruits, etc ) 


99-8 


101-5 


89-6 


86-3 


80-2 


82-5 


74-6 


74-4 


Animals and their products 


62-5 


61-3 


60-7 


64-4 


59-0 


57-6 


54-6 


56-5 


Fibres, textiles and textile products . . . / 


93-1 


87-0 


84-9 


83-8 


78-6 


76-8 


77-6 


77-4 




70-8 


70-8 


71-5 


71-3 


71-4 


70-1 


67-9 


67-5 


Iron and its products 


124-9 


118-5 


114-0 


112-3 


106-6 


100-0 


95-0 


91-2 


Non-ferrous metals and their products . ... 


112-0 


102-0 


92-1 


85-8 


74-5 


72-0 


72-5 


72-3 


Non-metallic minerals and their products 


106-0 


103-5 


102-6 


101-4 


98-1 


96-2 


95-6 


94-3 


Chemicals and allied products 


99-1 


100-5 


95-8 


94-7 


94-6 


93-0 


93-1 


90-7 




















Total 


93 


91 4 


8-2 


85-2 


-IM; 


79 6 


78 


75-8 




















Groups. 


1898. 


1899. 


1900. 


1901. 


1902. 


1903. 


1904. 


1905. 




79-7 


81-7 


84-9 


86-1 


90-1 


89-4 


91-2 


90-2 




59-3 


62-0 


65-1 


66-1 


68-4 


69-0 


68-0 


71-9 


Fibres textiles and textile products 


77-8 


81-1 


86-1 


81-5 


81-3 


83-1 


86-1 


88-9 


Wood wood products and paper 


65-8 


67-0 


76-0 


75-4 


77-li 


80-1 


83-4 


84-2 


Iron and its products . . 


1)1 -3 


103-7 


115-9 


105-8 


103-1 


103-1 


99-5 


99-0 




76-0 


91-1 


98-6 


94-3 


82-1 


82-8 


81-3 


91-0 




95-2 


07-4 


91-5 


91-8 


96-8 


100-3 


94-6 


92-1 


Chemicals and allied products 


90-4 


88-2 


95-5 


93-3 


95-9 


96-4 


97-8 


96-4 




















Total . . 


77-8 


81 4 


85-8 


84-5 


88-2 


88-9 


87-0 


87-8 





















1 For a fuller description of methods, see "Report on Prices and Price Indexes, 1918-1922," issued by 
the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, more especially Appendices A and B, pp. 127-133. 



WHOLESALE PRICES SINCE 1890 



747 



THE COURSE or WHOLE SALE PRICES IN CANADA. 1890-1921 




AVERAGE PRICES (93 = IOC 


i 




250 




























































_ 


250 


240 
































































230 




























































J 


I 


.230 


&Q 






























































i 




210 


























































} 


! 


.210 


Zoo 
























































I 









200 


190 
























































1 








130 


Ifr) 






















































1 






IAO 


IH) 
































































160 
































































160 


150 


































































140 
































































1-40 


I3Q 




















































1 










130 


IZO 




















































/ 












/20 


DO. 


















































1 


/ 












no 


100 
















































- 


I 














100 


00 


s 
































/ 


\ 




x 


- 


/ 




















90 


fto 




\ 


~- ^ 


\ 












/ 


. 


^ 








































60 








ro 












\ 




s 
















































70 





O 91 92 93 9* 95 96 37 98 99 

i 







OZ 03 &4 05 Ok C7 06 09 g II (2 13 H. 15 16 IV (8 19 O 



748 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



28. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1921 concluded. 
(CHIEF COMPONENT MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION) concluded. 



Groups. 


1906. 


1907. 


1908. 


1909. 


1910. 


1911. 


1912. 


1913. 




97-3 


136-2 


97-2 


101-1 


105-7 


108-6 


111-9 


100-0 




75-3 


78-0 


76-9 


82-6 


87-3 


84-8 


95-4 


100-0 


Fibres textiles and textile product s 


93-5 


96-2 


86-7 


85-0 


87-8 


88-8 


90-0 


100-0 


Wood wood products and paper 


87-6 


91-0 


90-9 


89-0 


89-5 


91-0 


92-4 


100-0 




101-6 


105-9 


101-8 


97-3 


96-9 


96-9 


97-3 


100-0 




111-8 


115-1 


85-4 


82-9 


83-5 


86-5 


98-6 


100-0 


Non-metallic minerals and their products 


93-2 


92-8 


90-2 


87-1 


88-7 


86-1 


91-2 


100-0 


Chemicals and allied products 


96-6 


97-7 


95-1 


91-3 


93-7 


95-3 


97-1 


100-0 


Total 


92 6 


96 2 


90 9 


ill 1 


94 3 


95 


99 5 


Kill 1) 


Greups. 


1914. 


1915. 




1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




109-3 


124-1 


121-8 


158-6 


198-0 


224-2 


267-7 


162-7 




103-0 


102-9 


123-5 


156-6 


179-7 


194-9 


194-2 


143-0 




101-2 


110-7 


142-9 


196-2 


266-2 


278-7 


311-1 


192-3 




100-2 


98-5 


104-9 


126-6 


172-1 


198-5 


286-7 


217-2 




98-5 


102-0 


144-1 


211-2 


234-9 


206-5 


242-4 


206-7 


Non-ferrous metals and their products 


96-2 


148-2 


199-0 


204.2 


197-9 


147-0 


160-3 


114-& 




99-5 


103-2 


121-1 


172-5 


200-1 


195-7 


243-3 


230-9 


Chemicals and allied products 


106-1 


143-9 


202-5 


221-7 


252-4 


222-7 


289-7 


229-5 


Total. . 


103 5 


115 6 


137 3 


174 6 


207 8 


213 2 


248 2 


147 -a 



29. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices, by Groups of Commodities and by Months, 

1919-1921. 

(CHIEF COMPONENT MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION). 



Groups and years. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


A.pril. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Vegetable products, 
grains, fruits, etc. 
1919 


205-1 


198-7 


198-1 


205-6 


216-6 


221-5 


228-0 


241-1 


239-6 


237-6 


240-2 


249-8 


1920 


269-7 


277-0 


287-2 


299-0 


312-3 


306-1 


295-7 


- 


249-0 


233-8 


216-8 


200-0 


1921 


184-6 


173-0 


167-2 


101-7 


162-3 


158-3 


158-9 


163 -b 


160-0 


154-5 


150-9 


151-7 


Animals and their pro 
ducts 
J919 


183-7 


181-7 


183-5 



188-4 


193-5 


196-7 


201-3 


207-5 


202-9 


199-5 


198-7 


203 & 


]<I20 


207-8 


209-5 


207-9 


206-5 


203-7 


192-4 


193-1 


189-1 


190-4 


183-3 


175-4 


171-0 


1921 


164-8 


159-1 


154-7 


154-0 


ill-:; 


132-9 


133-8 


136-9 


137-0 


133-7 


133-4 


135-8 


Fibres, textiles and pro 
ducts 
1919 


278-8 


275-2 


273-3 


261-1 


261-0 


258-1 


275-3 


276-5 


283-9 


279-6 


294-8 


305-3 


1920 . 


313-7 


323-0 


325-2 


337-5 


338-7 


330-8 


328-1 




313-6 


298-2 


277-4 


2-10-1 


1921 


226-1 


213-3 


213-2 


200-2 


188-9 


179-1 


176-8 


177-8 


187-4 


186-3 


184-4 


183 -t> 


Wood, wood products 
and paper 
1919 


176-3 


176-0 


176-0 


171-5 


184-4 


187-1 


194-0 


210-5 


218-7 


224-0 


223-0 


239-1 


!() () 


252-1 


262-8 


273 ( 




305-1 


292-0 


303-9 


298-3 


297-7 


298-5 


289-3 


263-8 


1921 


250-3 


247-9 


248-2 


238-8 


222-:, 


206-8 


203-4 




199-6 


192-5 


194-5 


191-5 


Iron and its products 
1919 


223-8 


218-2 


210-3 


204-5 


204-0 


200-5 


200-7 


201-8 


200-8 


200-2 


203-5 


210-8 


1920 


214-1 


219-6 


280-8 


229-2 


237-7 


241-3 


246-5 


251-0 


259-2 


261-8 


261-4 




1921 


238-7 


232-4 


223-2 


217-6 


213-J 


210-4 


206-3 


195-5 


190-3 


189-7 


183-5 


180-0 


Non-ferrous metals anc 
products 
1919 


157-5 


142-1 


133-4 


128-6 


132-4 


137-4 


149-2 


154-2 


155-7 


156-8 


156-7 


169-3 


1920 


169-9 


172-4 


175-2 


171-4 


165-6 


161-0 


162-2* 


168-1 


159-4 


150-8 


139-0 


131-9 


1921 


126-7 


120-0 


116-1 


115-0 


120-5 


115-1 


113-2 


108-5 


108-9 


107-9 


109-9 


112-1 


Non-metallic minerals 
and products 
1919 


198-0 


197-1 


194-5 


194-4 


195-8 


195-6 


194-4 


194-8 


198-9 


197-6 


201-2 


203-6 


1920 


202-7 


03 1 


206-7 


2l!5 1 


232-5 


242-2 


217-1 


257-2 


264-1 


267-0 


264-7 


261-8 


1921 


257-5 


241-7 


240-7 


237-: 


233-7 


232-6 


230-0 


224-1 




220-1 


216-0 


214-6 


Chemicals and alliec 
products 

1919 


226-6 


223-2 


226- 


219-4 


223-3 


221-6 


214-5 


222-4 


222-0 


221-6 


227 -S 


234-6 


1920 


245-1 


260-0 


276-( 


279-0 


283-2 


292-0 


317-1 


318-7 


321-9 


316-2 




278-6 


1921 


268-9 


252-5 


246-1 


233 -b 


227-. 


226-0 


219-2 


222-2 


217-0 


217-3 


212-7 


209-5 





























WHOLESALE PRICES BY MONTHS 



749 



30. Weighted General Index Numbers, 1919-1922. 



Months. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


January 


205-3 


232-8 


201-7 


151-7 




200-5 


238-3 


191-1 


153-5 




200-2 


241-1 


186-4 


153-3 




198-2 


251-3 


180-8 


153-4 


May 


201-2 


256-9 


171-4 


153-6 


June 


201-3 


255-1 


164-0 


152-4 


July . 


202-3 


256-1 


163-4 


153-8 


August 


206-5 


250-3 


165-6 


151-4 




213-3 


245-3 


161-8 


147-2 




213-8 


236-3 


155-5 


147-8 


November 


217-4 


224-4 


153-6 


151-5 


December . 


223-4 


212-1 


154-3 


152-8 












Averages for Years 


209-3 


243 5 


171-8 


153-3 













31. Weighted Index Number, by Groups, 1922. 

(CHIEF COMPONENT MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION). 



Groups. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Deo. 


Aver 
age. 


Vegetable pro 
ducts 


145-8 


157-1 


161-5 


160-6 


161-4 


155-9 


157-1 


148-4 


131-6 


130-8 


137-2 


137-8 


148-4 


Animal products . 
Textiles 


136-8 
173-0 


135-0 
172-4 


133-3 
167-2 


136-8 
165-6 


131-2 
173-4 


130-5 
176-0 


133-7 
175-9 


133-3 
174-2 


131-3 
174-7 


133-3 

176-6 


139-8 
183-7 


143-7 
184-8 


135-4 
178-8 


Wood 


166-4 


162-0 


162-4 


162-6 


165-1 


164-3 


166-0 


166-3 


166-4 


171-0 


171-0 


174-1 


166-4 


Iron 


150-3 


147-6 


146-5 


145-1 


147-3 


149-3 


149-6 


154-4 


159-6 


157-9 


157-4 


156-4 


151-8 


Non-ferrous 
metals 


99-3 


97-1 


91-4 


90-6 


91-8 


93-2 


94-5 


94-1 


95-0 


95-2 


94-6 


93-8 


94-1 


Non-metallic 
minerals 


191-3 


191-0 


190-3 


190-3 


185-8 


185-7 


187-0 


185-4 


190-4 


189-2 


187-1 


187-1 


188-4 


Chemicals 


169-5 


166-8 


166-8 


166-2 


166-2 


166-2 


166-1 


165-9 


165-4 


165-6 


165-6 


165-7 


166-4 






























All commodities. 


151-7 


153 5 


153 3 


153 4 


153-6 


152 4 


153 8 


151 4 


147-2 


147 8 


151 5 


152 8 


152 3 



32. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices by Origins and Degree of Manufacture, by 

Months, 1919-1921. 

(ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION). 
(Average Prices, 1913 = 100). 



Origins and years. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


(1) Articles of Farm 
Origin 

(A) Vegetable. 

Raw or partly manu 
faetured 
1919 


216-7 


208-4 


211-8 


222-6 


230-8 


235-5 


241-7 


249-6 


247-2 


248-3 


255-5 


269-5 


1920 


290-3 


304-8 


307-9 


322-4 


351-0 


352-7 


318-1 


276-3 


246-8 


231-4 


222-9 


202-6 


1921 


190-2 


168-6 


161-1 


154-4 


153-2 


149-2 


154-1 


158-7 


158-2 


155-9 


150-8 


148-2 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured 
1919 


227-2 


223-3 


222-4 


215-8 


219-4 


226-6 


234-8 


246-9 


253-4 


250-4 


248-1 


252-4 


1920 


264-3 


276-0 


282-7 


294-2 


299-9 


302-2 


307-0 


280-4 


290-7 


269-9 


244-9 


224-2 


1921 


200-5 


196-4 


191-3 


-187-4 


181-2 


-178-5 


176-1 


175-3 


17fi-fi 


172-5 


r 171-9 


170-7 



750 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



32. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices by Origins and Degree of Manufacture, by 

Months, 1919-1921 concluded. 
(ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION) concluded. 
(Average Prices, 1913=100). 



Origins and years. 


Ian. 


Feb. 


kfar. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


(B) Animal. 

Raw or partly manu 
factured 
1919 


192-2 


193-9 


195-3 


203-1 


206-1 


212-4 


213-3 


221-6 


213-1 


210-9 


213-8 


220-2 


1Q9Q 


235-1 


235-7 


232-0 


223-5 


212-9 


192-6 


192-1 


182-9 


187-5 


179-2 


172-2 


164-3 


igil 


166-2 


150-4 


151-6 


151-7 


143-7 


131-1 


128-7 


132-3 


131-7 


129-9 


131-3 


136- 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured 
igji) 


198-3 


196-3 


197-9 


203-0 


207-8 


212-2 


220-4 


229-5 


228-0 


227-7 


227-3 


232-2 


1920 


236-5 


237-9 


238-9 


240-1 


239-6 


236-2 


234-3 


233-5 


228-5 


223-2 


214-9 


208-4 


19^1 


196-4 


192-1 


191-& 


179-8 


159-0 


152-3 


157-9 


159-9 


156-9 


153-0 


148-4 


148-8 


(2) Articles of Marine 
Origin 
Raw or partly manu 
factured 
1919 


169-5 


165-6 


147-2 


152-1 


192-5 


158-8 


160-8 


159-5 


161-5 


151-8 


157-6 


167-6 


1999 


160-8 


159-8 


159-8 


159-8 


188-6 


171-2 


171-2 


171-2 


171-2 


171-2 


171-2 


171-2 


1921 


135-1 


114-8 


102-0 


146-6 


136-7 


101-8 


84-3 


84-3 


127-5 


127-5 


137-5 


137-5 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured 
1919 


191-9 


191-9 


194-2 


183-4 


184-3 


180-6 


176-3 


171-6 


170-8 


172-7 


181-6 


180-8 


1990 


169-2 


172-4 


172-4 


171-8 


177-2 


162-1 


169-8 


174-1 


179-4 


177-1 


160-9 


165-0 


1921 


156-1 


157-5 


146-4 


141-2 


139-5 


149-6 


141-5 


142-8 


141-1 


142-2 


142-2 


143-0 


(3) Articles of Forest 
Origin 
Raw or partly manu 
factured 
1919 


156-5 


156-2 


156-2 


155-6 


162-3 


159-6 


170-6 


183-5 


194-2 


201-2 


200-0 


207-0 


1920 


233-6 


247-6 


254-8 


290-0 


294 -i 


277 ( 


287-7 


280-4 


279-1 


276-9 


264-9 


238-1 


1921 


220-4 


221-4 


225-1 


212-7 


191-1 


176-2 


174-3 


176-7 


169-2 


167-8 


170-4 


166-5 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured 
1919 


239-8 


239-8 


239-8 


255-2 


255-2 


277-4 


277-4 


296-9 


296-9 


296-9 


296-9 


296-9 


1920 


311-8 


311-8 


331-4 


340-0 


340-0 


340-0 


356-0 


356-0 


357-2 


367-9 


367-9 


346-4 


1991 .... 


346-4 


333-0 


322-3 


322-3 


322-3 


304-9 


296-5 


296-9 


296-9 


271-8 


271-8 


271-8 


(4) Articles of Minera 
Origin 
Raw or partly manu 
factured 
1919 


177- 


169-4 


161- 


158- 


163-3 


163-3 


165-2 


169-4 


168-7 


169-9 


173- 


183-0 


1990 


188- 


194- 


202- 


199-5 


200-0 


201 : 


201-0 


205-1 


205-9 


205-6 


202- 


198-7 


1921 


185-3 


174-3 


171- 


168-9 


168-4 


165-8 


163-4 


159-7 


159-6 


158-9 


158- 


156-8 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured 
1919 


215- 


210- 


205- 


199-6 


199-7 


198-1 


198-2 


199-4 


201-4 


200-5 


203-7 


206-7 


1920 


213- 


217- 


225- 


227-5 


232-3 


238-0 


247-0 


252-3 


258-7 


258-3 


253-1 


247-1 


1921 


239- 


229- 


221- 


217-3 


214-7 


211-i 


209-2 


201-5 


197-1 


195-9 


191-1 


188-9 


(5) SuMMARy. 

All raw or partly 
manufactured 
1919 


194- 


188- 


188- 


194- 


201-6 


203-6 


208-6 


216-5 


215-5 


216-3 


220-6 


231-2 


1920 


248- 


257- 


260- 


270- 


282-0 


274-5 


261-3 


238-8 


228-9 


219-9 


212-4 


197-0 


191 


186- 


171- 


168- 


164- 


158-0 


150" 


150-9 


152-9 


152-7 


150-9 


149-5 


147-4 


All fully or chiefly 
manufactured 
1919 


215- 


211- 


209- 


206- 


209- 


212-5 


216-6 


223-5 


226-0 


224-7 


225-5 


232-1 


1920 


236- 


242- 


248- 


253- 


257- 


258- 


264-2 


257-7 


262-6 


255-0 


242-5 


231-5 


1921 


218- 


211- 


206- 


200- 


192- 


183-0 


183-3 


183-8 


183-2 


179-7 


176-6 


173-8 





























WHOLESALE PRICES BY MONTHS 



751 



RAW AND FINISHED MATERIALS 

Prices ,1313 = 100 



300 








































































_300 


290 








































































z<)n 


280 








































































,/?8o 


vto 


































-., 







































270 


260 




































\ 


- 


































260 


250J 


































*~ 


- 




V 




- 


, 




























250 


Z40^ 
























t 















\ 






\ 




























-40 


30 
























/- 

















\ 






\ 


























^23,0 


220 

















































S 
























2?0 


10 


m 












. 



_ 






























V 






S 






















Zlf) 


zoo 






- 




___ 


,- 
































\ 


! 






> 


" 


















^2oo 


190 










; 

















































N v 
















190 


180 


























































; 




-- 




- 






IflO 


/70_ 
160 


















































. 




















- 


IVO 




Fullu or Chie 


f_|i/ Manufactured goods 
1 Mar.ufatlvrtd Qoods 












- 


- 



















160 


160 




;" 


W or Partd 




















N 


1 






- 


- | 


. 


^.150 
140 


140 










































\ 
























130 








































































no 


120 








































































120 


1 10 








































































1 10 


IQQ 








































































100 



J. F. W. A M.J. J.A.SON.D.J F. W. A. M.J. J.A.S.0 W. D. J. F. M.A.M.J. J. A 5.0. N. 
19(9 (920 1921 



D. 



WEIGHTED AND UNWEIGHTED INDEX 

Average Prices 1913 =<00 



270 








































































2?0 


260 
































X 


S 







































Z60 


250 




























( 


/ 


.- 









































250 


240 






























/ 










^ 


\ 






























240 


230 
























7 


^ 
















V 


s 




























230 


220 






















^, 


, 






















\ 


























22 


210 












/ 


" 


t 


__ 


- 




























% 
























,210 


\90 


!*s 


! 






sst 




,- 





































\ 






















ZOO 








































l -X 


N 




















lS>0 


I80__ 
IfO 






















































X s " 


















I An 




Jnvre iyhted Index 
Weighted \ndt-t 


general 
























V 


V 


-^. 












l?0 


160- 
150 




N _ 




... 


























V s 







^ --. 


^ 


L ^-~ 


" 


- 160 




































-V 


. 


.- 


L ISO 


140-1 








































































\40 


130 








































































130 


l0 








































































L \ZC 


no 








































































1 10 


100 








































































ion 



J.F. M. A.M. J. J.A.S.0. N. D. J. F. M. A. M. J. J.A.S.ft N.U J, FT M. A.M. J. J. A.S. 0. W. D. 
1919 1920 I92/ 



752 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



2. Retail Prices. 

Statistics as to retail prices in Canada have been published by the Department 
of Labour since 1910, the retail prices of the principal staple foods, of coal, wood 
and coal oil and also the prevailing rates for the rent of six-roomed houses being 
published in the Labour Gazette each month for the cities having a population of 
10,000 or more, some sixty in number. Figures for December, 1900, and December, 
1905, were also secured in a special investigation in 1914. 

In addition to the statistics as to retail prices of food and fuel and as to rates 
for rent, the Department in 1920 and subsequent years has secured figures as to 
retail prices of staple lines of clothing, including footwear, from retail dealers through 
out Canada, for each year back to 1913. From these quotations the percentages 
of changes in the cost of clothing have been calculated. Information was also 
secured as to the prices of household supplies, furniture, furnishings, etc., and an 
estimate has been made as to the percentage changes in the cost of miscellaneous 
items, the effect of the information gathered showing that such changes are approx 
imately equal to the average changes in other items. The percentage changes in 
food, fuel and rent have been calculated from the weekly budgets published in the 
Labour Gazette from month to month, and Table 33 summarizes the yearly and 
quarterly changes by groups, the figures for each group and for all items being weight 
ed according to the family budget method. 

From July, 1920, to June, 1921, food and clothing prices fell steeply, and fuel 
slightly, while rent advanced. Food recovered in August and September, 1921, 
but by December was back to June levels. The decline continued until June, 1922, 
since when the changes have been mostly seasonal, being highest in March, 1923, 
and low in July. Fuel declined slowly from the middle of 1921 to July, 1922, when 
it began to advance, reaching a peak in February, 1923. Since then the decline 
has been slight. Clothing and rent have shown little change in cost since 1921. 

33 Index Numbers of Changes in th Cost of Living in Canada, bised upon 

weighted Retail Prices, 1910-1923 

Average Prices, 1913 = 100. 



Dates. 


Food. 


Fuel. 


Rent. 


Clothing. 


Sundries. 


Totals. 


December 1910 


96 


96 


72 


92 


94 


90 


December 1911 


101 


92 


70 


93 


95 


91 


December 191 . 


105 


102 


82 


97 


97 


97 




106 


98 


101 


100 


100 


102 


March 1914 


105 


100 


100 


105 


100 


102 


June 1914 


102 


99 


102 


105 


100 


102 




107 


99 


97 


110 


100 


103 




108 


98 


92 


110 


100 


102 


March 1915 


107 


H 


89 


117 


103 


103 


June 1915 


106 


93 


87 


117 


103 


101 




105 


97 


85 


125 


105 


103 




111 


97 


84 


125 


105 


104 


March 1916 


114 


97 


83 


134 


108 


107 


June 1 J16 


116 


98 


85 


134 


108 


108 


September 1916 


123 


101 


86 


143 


110 


113 


December 1916 


138 


110 


86 


143 


110 


119 


March 1917 


146 


119 


88 


155 


128 


128 


June 1917 


162 


125 


92 


155 


128 


135 


September 1917 


159 


128 


93 


167 


145 


140 


December. 1917... 


167 


133 


94 


167 


145 


143 



INDEX NUMBERS OF CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING 753 



33. Index Numbers of Changes in the Cost of Living in Canada, based upon 

weighted Retail Prices, 1910-1923 concluded. 

Average Prices, 1913 = 100. 



Dates. 


Food. 


Fuel. 


Rent. 


Clothing. 


Sundries. 


Totals. 


March, 1918 


172 


143 


96 


182 


153 


150 


June, 1918 


174 


144 


100 


182 


153 


152 


September 1918 . . ... 


181 


153 


101 


198 


160 


159 


December 1918 


186 


163 


102 


198 


160 


162 


March 1919 


178 


159 


103 


216 


170 


163 


June, 1919 


187 


155 


110 


216 


170 


168 


September, 1919 


195 


162 


114 


234 


180 


176 


December, 1919 


201 


166 


117 


234 


180 


179 


March 1920 


218 


173 


120 


260 


185 


191 


June, 1920 


231 


186 


133 


260 


190 


201 


September, 1920 


217 


285 


136 


260 


190 


199 


December, 1920 


202 


218 


139 


235 


190 


192 


March, 1921 


180 


208 


139 


195 


188 


177 


June 1921 ... 


152 


197 


143 


173 


181 


163 


September 1921 


161 


189 


145 


167 


170 


162 


December 1921 


150 


186 


145 


158 


166 


156 


March, 1922 


144 


181 


145 


155 


164 


153 


June, 1922 


139 


179 


146 


155 


164 


151 


September 1922 


140 


190 


147 


155 


164 


153 


December 1922 


142 


187 


146 


155 


164 


153 


March, 1923 


147 


190 


147 


155 


164 


155 


June, 1923 


139 


182 


147 


155 


164 


152 


September 1923 


142 


183 


147 


155 


164 


153 


October, 1923 . ... 


145 


183 


147 


155 


164 


154 

















The Dominion Bureau of Statistics, in addition to collecting and compiling 
wholesale prices, also collects the retail prices of over 80 commodities in some sixty 
cities in Canada. These are averaged by the Bureau with certain prices received 
through correspondents of the Labour Department, and are then handed over to 
the latter for insertion in the " Labour Gazette." The Labour Department also 
compiles a family budget from this material, together with data on fuel, lighting 
and rents collected by its own correspondents. The Bureau has made use of this 
material to obtain the tables which follow; the index numbers which they contain 
are the result of a special compilation made by the Bureau. 

Table 34 shows the prices from 1913 to 1922 of the items which were included 
in the family budget and the index numbers of groups. The index numbers are 
weighted with the quantities used by the Department of Labour in computing their 
monthly family budget. Table 35 gives the group indexes by provinces. 

An examination of the tables reveals the course of the budget, consisting of 
food, fuel, lighting and rents, over the period shown. The Dominion index for 1915 
indicates a slight fall from 1914. From that year unfil 1920 the upward movement 
proceeds with only an occasional check. Early in 1919 there was a slight fall, but 
it was quickly succeeded by a steady rise to July, 1920, which was the peak month 
in retail prices (May, 1920, being the peak month in wholesale prices). The index 
then stood at 190-8 as compared with 100 in 1913. It fell to 152-8 in July, 1921, 
i hen rose slightly for a couple of months but afterwards began to decline again, 
being 152-4 in December, 1921. 

In 1922 the cost of living declined still further, reaching 146-7 in May, but 
after that month rose again until an index of 149-6 was attained in December. The 
average for the year was 148-9. 

6237348 



754 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



34. Prices and Index Numbers of a Family Budget of staple Foods, Fuel and 

DOMINION AVERAGE 



1 


Commodities. 


Quan 
tity. 


Base 
1913. 


1914. 


915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


J 


eef sirloin steak 


Ib. 


222 


-244 


238 


252 


301 


364 


374 


389 


332 


? 


ecf chuck roust 


(4 


148 


168 


164 


170 


207 


260 


257 


251 


197 


3 




M 


157 


173 


175 


187 


227 


272 


270 


274 


226 




lutton roast . . . 





191 


208 


209 


233 


281 


347 


348 


354 


292 




ork fresh roust 


U 


195 


202 


192 


220 


296 


364 


384 


397 


328 




ork salt mess . . 


it 


176 


186 


177 


194 


268 


340 


359 


362 


309 


7 


aeon breakfast 


u 


247 


259 


256 


288 


385 


494 


579 


559 


497 




urd, pure leaf 


l " 


192 


186 


178 


202 


297 


359 


392 


380 


239 






1 doz. 


337 


344 


327 


380 


489 


565 


621 


709 


529 




ggs, storage . ... 


1 " 


281 


320 


286 


327 


424 


489 


544 


608 


479 




lilk 


1 qt. 


086 


090 


088 


088 


104 


123 


138 


151 


139 




utter, dairy 


1 Ib. 


292 


286 


310 


344 


432 


485 


564 


631 


447 




utter, creamery 


1 " 


339 


337 


354 


385 


480 


538 


630 


696 


519 




Cheese, old 


1 " 


205 


214 


237 


260 


330 


333 


383 


406 


369 


1 ? 


Cheese, new 


1 " 


191 


198 


216 


242 


304 


310 


361 


383 


335 


16 

1*1 


iread, plain, white 
lour, family 


1 " 
1 " 


041 
032 


043 
035 


047 
040 


050 
042 


070 
064 


078 
068 


079 
067 


093 
079 


081 
062 


IS 


Rolled oats 


1 " 


044 


045 


051 


049 


061 


079 


077 


084 


063 


19 

M 


lice, good, medium 
ieans, handpicked 


1 " 
1 " 


057 
062 


061 
062 


056 
075 


066 
098 


081 
149 


114 
168 


130 
122 


164 
117 


108 
091 


21 

o*> 


\pples, evaporated 
Prunes medium 


1 " 
1 " 


120 
119 


128 
126 


119 
125 


134 
131 


156 
154 


223 
180 


242 
219 


286 
270 


221 
198 


?1 


Sugar, granulated ... 


1 " 


059 


064 


080 


090 


100 


113 


123 


197 


114 


21 


>u tr ar, yellow 


1 " 


055 


059 


072 


083 


093 


105 


115 


185 


109 


9* 


Tea black 


1 " 


356 


376 


376 


396 


460 


572 


628 


644 


556 


>c 


Tea, green 


1 " 


372 


384 


360 


408 


452 


548 


624 


672 


608 


<>7 


Coffee 


1 " 


37 


432 


360 


396 


404 


436 


524 


60 


560 


28 


Potatoes 


1 pk. 


15 


205 


169 


294 


44 


346 


359 


65 


283 


39 


Vinegar, white wine.... 


1 pt. 


06 


06 


-06 


064 


06 


07 


072 


08 


080 


30 


All Foods 




7 33 


7-73 


7-86 


8-79 


11 42 


13-01 


13-88 


15 99 


1 MU 


3 


Index Number . 




100-0 


105-4 


107-2 


119-8 


155-6 


177-3 


189-2 


217-9 


164-9 


























3 


Starch, laundry 


1 Ib. 


09 


09 


09 


09 


12 


14 


144 


14 


138 


























3 


Coal, anthracite 


ton 


8-80 


8-64 


8-43 


7-36 


10-72 


11-98 


12-86 


17-04 


18-18 


3 


Coal, bituminous 


K 


6-19 


6-10 


5-89 


6-30 


8-43 


9-54 


10-00 


12-38 


12-70 


3 


Wood, hard, best 


cord 


6-80 


6-80 


5-89 


6-86 


8-46 


11-30 


12-34 


13-09 


13-79 


5 




ti 


4-90 


5-01 


4-93 


4-93 


6-22 


8-35 


9-12 


10-14 


10-26 


3 




gal. 


23 


23 


23 


23 


25 


27 


28" 


36 


354 




























Fuel and lighting 




100-0 


99-4 


95-7 


100-9 


124-1 


149-6 


160-6 


192-1 


199-0 




























Rent 1 month 




19-32 


19-00 


16-49 


16-14 


17-28 


18-88 


20-80 


24-80 


27 -OS 


| 


Index Number 


_ 


100-0 


98-3 


85-3 


83-5 


89-4 


97-7 


107-7 


128-4 


140- - 




























Grand Total 




14-10 


14-40 


13 84 


14 7& 


18-14 


20-63 


22-16 


2.i !)0 


22 70S 


4 


Index Number 


- 


100-0 


102-2 


98-4 


101-8 


128-7 


146-3 


157-3 


183-7 


161-0 



INDEX NUMBERS OF PRICES IN CANADA 



Lighting and Rent, in Sixty Cities in Canada, 1913-1921, and by months for 1922. 

FOR 1913 = 100. 



1922 


Na. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Year. 




273 


277 


283 


288 


298 


316 


321 


317 


302 


291 


277 


264 


292 


1 


152 


157 


161 


162 


167 


175 


178 


173 


162 


159 


150 


143 


162 


2 


189 


188 


197 


190 


190 


191 


191 


187 


184 


187 


184 


180 


188 


3 


256 


262 


266 


274 


287 


293 


280 


281 


273 


-272 


269 


265 


273 


4 


267 


275 


295 


300 


300 


313 


318 


320 


311 


300 


279 


264 


295 


5 


260 


258 


262 


266 


261 


268 


271 


272 


269 


269 


259 


261 


265 


6 


398 


393 


405 


413 


408 


413 


425 


427 


425 


416 


409 


410 


-412 


7 


217 


208 


215 


225 


220 


220 


218 


222 


225 


227 


229 


230 


221 


8 


712 


562 


507 


335 


327 


335 


339 


350 


358 


417 


516 


603 


447 


9 


587 


477 


456 


306 


305 


317 


314 


328 


324 


374 


437 


461 


390 


10 


133 


130 


127 


124 


121 


115 


115 


115 


115 


116 


117 


119 


121 


11 


417 


389 


375 


382 


387 


357 


351 


357 


367 


384 


388 


382 


378 


12 


486 


447 


435 


449 


454 


420 


420 


433 


428 


430 


437 


444 


440 


13 


326 


319 


311 


305 


307 


298 


300 


301 


307 


276 


285 


306 


303 


14 


293 


287 


284 


285 


279 


261 


262 


267 


266 


276 


285 


306 


279 


15 


070 


070 


070 


070 


070 


069 


070 


070 


069 


068 


067 


067 


069 


16 


048 


047 


048 


048 


049 


050 


049 


049 


048 


045 


044 


044 


047 


17 


056 


055 


055 


056 


055 


056 


056 


056 


056 


056 


055 


055 


056 


18 


098 


096 


096 


093 


095 


098 


099 


094 


093 


106 


106 


104 


098 


19 


087 


085 


086 


089 


088 


089 


088 


089 


089 


087 


085 


084 


087 


20 


220 


217 


226 


230 


235 


241 


249 


246 


250 


239 


226 


225 


234 


21 


084 


185 


184 


189 


192 


197 


198 


199 


201 


196 


198 


191 


193 


22 


092 


088 


086 


084 


080 


078 


084 


089 


090 


087 


090 


093 


087 


23 


087 


083 


082 


080 


076 


073 


079 


083 


085 


082 


085 


088 


082 


24 


540 


544 


544 


544 


544 


548 


556 


564 


568 


584 


592 


592 


560 


25 


604 


600 


588 


600 


608 


600 


608 


620 


624 


584 


592 


59? 


602 


26 


544 


540 


532 


536 


516 


540 


536 


536 


532 


536 


532 


540 


535 


27 


263 


266 


260 


246 


229 


228 


219 


291 


241 


202 


191 


189 


235 


28 


080 


080 


080 


080 


08C 


072 


080 


080 


080 


072 


072 


080 


780 


29 


11 034 


10 609 


10 543 


10 258 


10 216 


10-176 


10 266 


10 442 


10 279 


10 226 


10-286 


10 393 


10 394 


30 


150-4 


144-6 


143-7 


139-8 


139-3 


138-7 


14C-0 


142-3 


140-1 


139-4 


140-2 


111-6 


141-7 


31 


126 


126 


123 


123 


120 


123 


120 


120 


120 


120 


120 


120 


122 


32 


17-536 


17-440 


17-392 


17-392 


17-200 


17-184 


16-928 


17-264 


18-832 


18-608 


18-496 


18-288 


17-713 


33 


11-472 


11-280 


10-99? 


10-928 


10-848 


10-928 


11-008 


11-104 


12-016 


12-320 


12-288 


12-018 


11-436 


34 


12-832 


12-736 


12-592 


12-496 


12-432 


12-304 


12-320 


12-368 


12-576 


12-848 


12-656 


12-608 


12-564 


35 


9-568 


9-104 


9-3<>C 


9-296 


9-280 


9-184 


9-360 


9-472 


9-536 


9-504 


9-472 


9-424 


9-380 


36 


317 


317 


317 


316 


316 


312 


313 


311 


310 


310 


31C 


311 


313 


37 


184-8 


182-7 


181-2 


180-6 


179-6 


178-5 


178-5 


180-1 


189-5 


190-6 


189-5 


187-4 


183-6 


38 


27-68 


27-72 


27-64 


27-64 


27-56 


27-80 


27-80 


27-84 


27-84 


27-84 


27-76 


27-80 


27-74 


39 


143-3 


143-5 


143-1 


143-1 


142-7 


143-9 


143-9 


144-1 


144-1 


114-1 


143-7 


143-9 


143-6 


40 


81-523 


21 072 


20 961 


20 656 


20-569 


20 578 


20-670 


20-884 


20-898 


20-865 


20-885 


20 971 


20 877 


41 


153-5 


150-3 


149-5 


147-4 


146-7 


146-8 


147-4 


148-P 


140-1 


148-S 


HR fl 


149-fl 




*2 



62373484 



756 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



35 -Index Numbers of a Family Budget of staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and 
Rent, in Canada, by Provinces and Months, 1< #5. 

(DOMINION AVERAGE FOB 1913 = 100) 
STAPLE FOODS. 



1922. 



Provinces. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Year. 


P. E. Island 
Nova Scotia 
New Brunswick. 
Quebec 


133-3 
152-4 
151-4 
144-9 


133-2 
147-9 
148-3 
139-4 


133-6 
147-6 
146-9 
137-7 


131-9 
142-7 
143-7 
133-8 


127-7 
141-3 
139-2 
131-1 


129-5 
140-4 
140-2 
130-0 


126-6 
140-5 
136-2 
132-5 


127-0 
141-9 
140-8 
136-3 


131-7 
141-1 
141-2 
133-3 


124-2 
142-0 
138-2 
132-9 


126-3 
141-7 
140-2 
134-1 


129-2 
143-2 
143-2 
136-3 

1 1O . * 


129-5 
143-6 
142-5 
135-2 
14ft. 4 


Ontario 


148-3 


142-6 


141-6 


139-0 


138-1 


137-4 


140-1 


141-9 


138-7 


IdS-i 


100. 


m. 1 


m.Q 


Manitoba 


148-2 


142-4 


141-5 


135-2 


136-4 


134-8 


136-6 


140-0 


9 


o 




ion 7 


m. ft 


Saskatchewan. . . 
Alberta 


150-7 
149-1 


144-6 
139-2 


144-2 
138-6 


133-8 
134-0 


138-3 
134-3 


136-7 
136-6 


133-8 
134-4 


135-8 
139-8 


135-2 
136-3 


135-6 
133-2 


136-2 


137-5 

1 Cfi. 1 


137-4 

m.R 


British Columbia 


164-6 


158-0 


156-3 


155-8 


156-3 


156-5 


154-0 


158-5 


158-0 


108*3 


loo-o 







FUEL AND LIGHTING. 



P E. Island 


168-0 


169-0 


170-6 


168-5 


169-0 


166-9 


175-9 


175-9 


177-4 


182-2 


185-8 

ice .Q 


185-8 

Ifil.Q 


174-6 

m.7 


Nova Scotia 


166-9 


164-8 


161-2 


161-2 


156-4 


160-1 


154-3 


154-3 


lOO-O 






I7C .0 


m.J 


New Brunswick. . 
Quebec 


181-1 
185-3 


177-4 
183-7 


173-8 
183-7 


173-2 
182-2 


173-2 
176-9 


171-1 

176-4 


169-0 
175-9 


169-0 
174-3 


1 

194-8 


169-6 
189-0 


188-5 

1QU .O 


187-4 

m.4 


183-1 
190-2 


Ontario 


189-0 
195-3 


186-9 
187-9 


186-4 
189-0 


184-3 
191-6 


183-7 
188-5 


182-7 
189-5 


184-3 
189-5 


186-9 
191-6 


198-4 
201-0 


202-6 


204-7 
9n9.i 


202-6 

1QQ.1 


194-5 
9Q5 -8 


Saskatchewan 
Alberta 


212-1 
130-7 


210-0 
130-7 


207-9 
124-4 


207-9 
123-4 


210-5 
122-3 


210-5 
121-3 


207 -S 
120-7 


207-9 
142-3 


190 -o 
134-9 


125-5 

1 C4.O 


139-1 

1>ifi.d 


140-7 
1155.0 


129-7 
166-0 


British Columbia 


178-0 


175-3 


174-3 


177-4 


177-4 


177-4 


153-3 


155-4 


10( -0 











RENT. 



P E Island. .. . 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


116-6 


121-7 

m. Q 


121-7 

m.Q 


117-4 
123-3 


Nova Scotia 
New Brunswick. . 
Quebec 


124-2 
126-9 
109-5 


124-2 

126-9 
111-8 


124-2 
126-9 
111-8 


124-2 
126-9 
112-2 


122-8 
126-9 
113-3 


122-8 
133-3 
115-3 


122-8 
133-3 
115-3 


122-8 
133-3 
115-3 


8 
136-4 
113-7 


8 

136-4 
113-7 

i co. o 


136-4 
113-7 

119. 9 


136-4 
115-3 
152-2 


131-7 
113-4 
152-6 


Ontario .... 


152-4 


152-4 


151-3 


151-8 


152-6 


153-2 


153-2 


153-2 






m.o 


181 .9 


181-2 


Manitoba 


181-2 


181-2 


181-2 


181-2 


181-2 


181-2 


181-2 


181-2 


181-i 




m. 1 


18d. *\ 


182-5 


Saskatchewan 
Alberta 
British Columbia 


181-2 
161-7 
132-1 


181-2 
161-7 
132-1 


181-2 
161-7 
132-1 


181-2 
155-3 
132-1 


181-2 
161-7 
132-1 


181-2 
161-7 
132-1 


181-2 
161-7 
132-1 


184-5 
161-7 
132-1 




161-7 
132-1 


161-7 
132-1 


161-7 
132-1 


161-7 
132-1 


161-2 
132-1 



GRAND TOTAL. 



P E Island 


132-3 


132-4 


132-8 


131-7 


129-5 


130-2 


129-9 


130-1 


132-7 


129-5 


132-9 

178."; 


134-4 
11Q.1 


131-5 
139-1 


Nova Scotia 
\ow Brunswick.. 
Quebec .... 


144-7 
147-1 
138-3 


142-1 
144-9 
136-0 


141-4 
143-7 
135-1 


138-9 
141-9 
133-0 


137-1 
139-6 
131-2 


137-1 
142-1 
131-3 


136-3 
139-7 
132-5 


137-1 
142-1 
134-3 


i 
143-6 
134-9 


141-9 
133-9 

1 19.9 


143-5 
134-5 
1M -fi 


145-3 
136-1 
152-2 


143-0 
134-3 
151-4 


Ontario 


155-2 


151-9 


151-0 


149-5 


149-2 


149-0 


150-6 


151-9 


lol-s 


1 1Q.7 


11Q-1 


159-7 


160-1 


Manitoba 
Saskatchewan.. . . 
\lberta 


165-8 
169-5 
151-0 


161-9 
166-0 
145-8 


161-7 
165-5 
144-6 


158-6 
160-1 
139-9 


158-8 
162-8 
142-1 


158-1 
161-9 
143-2 


159-0 
160-1 
141-9 


161-1 
162-2 
147-7 


loo-/ 
160-2 
144-9 


160-8 
141-9 

1dfi.fi 


161-1 
145-3 
149-3 


163-1 
146-3 
147-5 


162-8 
144-5 
150-0 


British Columbia 


155-3 


151-4 


150-5 


150-6 


150-9 


151-0 


146-4 


149-0 













FINANCE 757 



XL FINANCE. 

The Finance section of the present edition of the Year Book is divided into 
four main parts. The first of these, Public Finance, includes an account of Domin 
ion, provincial and municipal finance, with the latest available statistics. The 
second part deals with Currency and Banking and Loan and Trust Companies. 
This is followed by a historical and statistical treatment of Insurance, including 
Government Annuities, while the section concludes with a treatment of Commercial 
Failures. 

I. PUBLIC FINANCE. 

The following treatment of public finance includes a discussion of Dominion, 
provincial and municipal finance in Canada, with numerous tables, and closes with 
a brief discussion of the national wealth and national income of the Dominion as 
the basis of all public finance. 

In recent years the subject of public finance has been more elaborately treated 
than formerly, in response to an increasing public demand, resulting from the grow 
ing pressure of taxation to meet the augmented expenditures of the national, 
provincial and local administrations. In the consideration of these growing expend 
itures two facts must be kept in mind: (1) that our country is showing a relatively 
rapid growth of population 22 p.c. in the 10 years from 1911-1921, and (2) that 
$1.50 in 1923 has approximately the same purchasing power as SI in 1913. Further, 
the effect of this latter fact in swelling the aggregated total income of the citizens 
of Canada so as to increase their tax-paying power should not be forgotten. 

The great increase in Dominion expenditure since 1913 has, of course, been 
mainly due to the war and the burden of interest, pension charges, soldiers civil 
re-establishment, etc., resulting from the war, as well as to the necessity of making 
good the deficits arising from the operation of the Canadian National Railways 
and the Canadian Government Merchant Marine. Similar increases have also 
taken place during the same period in provincial and municipal expenditure. In 
1922 the total ordinary expenditure of provincial governments was in the neighbor 
hood of $113,000,000 as compared with $53,826,219 in 1916, only six years before. 
(The aggregate interest payments of provincial governments increased from 
$7,817,844 in 1916 to $19,818,266 in 1921.) Again, between 1913 and 1921, the 
aggregate taxes imposed by the municipalities of Ontario increased from $34,231,214 
to $83,017,612 an increase of 142-5 p.c. Similarly, in Quebec the aggregate 
expenditures of the municipalities increased from $19,139,465 in 1914 to $48,763,253 
in 1921, an increase of 154-7 p.c. In Manitoba the increase in municipal taxation 
has been from $9,922,537 in 1912 to $19,502,894 in 1922, an increase of 94-5 p.c. 
These statistics, covering nearly two-thirds of the population of the Dominion, are 
from provincial government reports, and the growth which they show has doubtless 
also occurred in most of the other provinces. 

I. Dominion Public Finance. 

Historical Sketch. Both under the French regime and in the earlier part 
of the British, the territorial or casual revenues of Canada, consisting of certain 
seigneurial dues and the proceeds of the sale of government timber and land, were 
reserved to the Crown, while the right of levying taxes and of regulating the trade 
and commerce of the colony was after 1763 deemed to be vested in the British 
Parliament. 



758 FINANCE 



By the Quebec Act of 1774, certain duties on spirits and molasses were imposed, 
to be expended by the Crown in order to provide a revenue towards defraying the 
expenses of the administration of justice and the support of the civil government of 
the province." A little later, in 1778, the British Government, by the Declaratory 
Act (18 Geo. Ill, c. 12), renounced forever the right of taxing the colonies to provide 
Imperial revenue, but maintained its claim to impose duties considered necessary 
for the regulation of trade, the proceeds to go towards defraying the expenditures 
of the colonial administration. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the customs 
duties remained under the control of the Imperial Government, their revenue, as 
well as the territorial revenue above mentioned, coming in to the executive adminis 
tration independently of the Legislative Assembly and thus making the executive 
power largely independent of the legislature. In case these revenues proved in 
sufficient, recourse could generally be had to the grant made by the Imperial Govern 
ment for the support of the army. As time went on, however, the Crown revenues 
became more and more inadequate to meet the increasing expenditure, while the 
wave of economy after 1815 in Great Britain made it impossible any longer to 
supplement these revenues from military sources. On the other hand, the purely 
provincial revenues collected under the authorization of the provincial legislature 
showed an increasing surplus. The power of the purse thus began to pass into the 
hands of the legislatures; in 1831 the British Parliament passed an Act placing the 
customs duties at the disposal of the legislatures. 

Under the Act of Union a consolidated revenue fund was established. All 
appropriation bills were required to originate in the Legislative Assembly, which 
was forbidden to pass any vote, resolution or bill involving the expenditure of 
public money unless the same had been first recommended by a written message of 
the Governor-General. The British Government surrendered all control of the 
hereditary or casual revenues, which were thenceforth paid into the treasury of 
the province to be disposed of as its legislature should direct. 

At the interprovincial conferences which took place prior to Confederation it 
was decided that the new Dominion Government, which was to take over per 
manently as its chief source of revenue the customs and excise duties that had 
yielded the greater part of the revenues of the separate provinces (direct taxation 
being as unpopular in British North America as in other new countries), was also 
to assume the provincial debts and to provide out of Dominion revenues definite 
h subsidies for the support of the Provincial Governments. (See Tables 16 
and 17.) Until the Great War, which made other taxes necessary, the customs 
and excise revenue constituted the chief resource of the Dominion Government for 
general purposes the post office revenue and railway receipts which, properly 
speaking, are not taxes at all, being mainly or entirely absorbed by the expense of 
.administering these services. Indeed, for many years preceding the war, customs 
and excise duties, together with the revenue secured by the head tax on Chinese 
immigrants, were the only items of receipts which were classified by the Depart 
ment of Finance as taxes. In the last fiscal year of peace, these two items aggregated 
$126 143,275 out of total receipts on consolidated fund account amounting to 
$163 ,174 ,395, the post office and government railways furnishing between them 
$26,348,847 of the remainder, offset, however, by expenditure on these two services 
amounting to $27,757,196. Miscellaneous revenue, largely fees, amounted in that 
year to $10,682,273 a comparatively small fraction of the total. As both customs 
and excise taxes were indirect, the average Canadian felt but little the pressure of 
taxation for Dominion purposes. 



WAR TAXATION IN CANADA 759 

The war enormously increased the expenditure, and this increase had in the 
main to be met by loans. It is, however, a cardinal maxim of public finance that 
where loans are contracted, sufficient new taxation should be imposed to meet the 
interest charge upon the loans and to provide a sinking fund for their ultimate 
extinction. This war taxation was begun in Canada within the first weeks of the 
war, when in the short war session of August, 1914, increases were made in the 
customs and excise duties on various commodities, including coffee, sugar, spirituous 
liquors and tobacco. In 1915 special additional duties of 5 p.c. ad valorem were 
imposed on commodities imported under the British Preferential Tariff and 1\ p.c. 
ad valorem on commodities imported under the Intermediate and General Tariff, 
certain commodities being exempted. New internal taxes were also imposed on 
bank circulation, on the income of trust and loan companies, on insurance other 
than life and marine companies, on telegrams and cablegrams, railway tickets, 
sleeping car berths, etc., also on cheques, postal notes, money orders, letters and 
post cards. In the following year the Business Profits War Tax (dropped hi 1921) 
was introduced, and in 1917 an Income Tax was imposed. In 1918 both of these 
taxes were increased and their application widened, and in 1919 the income tax 
was again increased, and still further augmented in 1920, by a surtax of 5 p.c. of 
the tax on incomes of $5,000 and over; the sales tax was also introduced in that 
year. This sales tax was increased in 1921 and again in 1922, while another increase 
becomes effective Jan. 1, 1924. The cumulative result of these war taxes was that 
in the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1921, customs duties were for the first time dis 
placed from their position as the chief factor in Canadian revenue, the war taxes 
yielding $168,385,327 as against the customs yield of $163,266,804. In 1922 war 
taxes yielded $177,484,161, while the yield of the customs fell to $105,686,645. 
Again, in 1923 the war taxes yielded $181,634,875 and customs duties $118,056,469. 
Amongst the war taxes, income tax yielded $78,684,355 in 1922 and $59,711,538 
in 1923. 

A more detailed sketch of the new taxation imposed during and following the 
war is appended for reference: 

War Taxation in Canada. War taxation began in Canada almost simul 
taneously with the outbreak of the war. In the short war session of August, 1914, 
the Customs Tariff Amendment, Act (chap. 5), and an Act to amend the Inland 
Revenue Act (chap. 6), provided for increases in the customs and excise duties 
on various commodities, including coffee, sugar, spirituous liquors and tobacco. 
In the 1915 session the Customs Tariff War Revenue Act, 1915, imposed duties 
or additional duties of 5 p.c. ad valorem under the British Preferential Tariff, and 
of 7| p.c. ad valorem under the Intermediate and General Tariffs on all goods in 
Schedule A of the Customs Tariff, whether dutiable or free of duty, subject to 
exemptions of which the chief were, fish caught by Canadian and Newfoundland 
fishermen, goods used in the manufacture of agricultural machinery and of binder 
twine, certain goods used for medical and surgical purposes, anthracite coal, steel 
for the manufacture of rifles, silk, chemical fertilizers, cotton seed cake and cotton 
seed cake meal. By the Special War Revenue Act (chap. 8), new taxes were 
imposed as follows: on every bank, j of 1 p.c. on the average amount of its notes 
in circulation during each three months period; on every trust and loan company, 
1 p.c. on its Canadian income; on every insurance company other than life and 
marine insurance companies, 1 p.c. of its net premiums received in Canada. Further, 
taxes were imposed of 1 cent on every cablegram or telegram for which a charge of 
15 cents or more was made; 5 cents on the first $5 and 5 cents on every additional 
$5 on railway and steamboat tickets to places in North America and the British 
West Indies, and on tickets to places outside of these, $1 if the price exceeded $10, 
$3 if it exceeded $40, and $5 if it exceeded $65; 10 cents on every sleeping car berth 
and 5 cents on every parlour car seat; all the foregoing taxes to be collected by 
the companies concerned and transmitted to the Government. The same Act 



760 FINANCE 



imposed the following stamp duties: 2 cents on every bank cheque and on every 
express and post office money ofder and 1 cent on every postal note, 2 cents on 
every bill of lading, 1 cent extra on every letter and post card, 1 cent for every 
25 cents of the retail price of proprietary medicines and perfumery, 3 cents for a 
pint or less and 5 cents for every quart of non-sparkling wine, and 13 cents for \ 
pint or less and 25 cents for every pint of sparkling wine. 

By 1916 it was seen that still further taxation was required to maintain the 
finances of the Dominion in a satisfactory condition. As a result, the Business 
Profits War Tax of that year (chap. 11), was passed, imposing a tax of 25 p.c. of 
the amount by whiah the profits earned in business owned by an incorporated 
company exceeded 7 p.c. per annum, or, in a business owned by any other person 
or association, exceeded 10 p.c. per annum upon the capital employed in the busini 
Businesses employing less than $50,000 capital, life insurance companies, businesses 
engaged in farming and live stock raising, and businesses of which 90 p.c. or more 
of the capital was owned by a province or a municipality were exempted, tli 
exemptions not to apply to businesses engaged to the extent of 20 p.c. or over in 
manufacturing or dealing in munitions or war materials or supplies. 

In the 1917 session the Business Profits War Tax Act was amended (chap. 6), 
to provide for a tax of 50 p.c. on profits in excess of 15 p.c. per annum, but not 
exceeding 20 p.c. per annum, and a tax of 75 p.c. on profits in excess of 20 p.c. per 
annum. In the same session the Income War Tax Act (chap. 28) imposed a lax 
of 4 p.c. on incomes exceeding $2,000 in the case of unmarried men and widows 
and widowers without children, and on incomes exceeding $3,000 in the case of other 
persons. A super-tax was also imposed, progressing from 2 p.c. on the amount by 
which an income exceeded $6,000 but did not exceed $10,000, up to 25 p.c. on the 
amount by which an income exceeded $100,000. 

In the session of 1918 the Business Profits War Tax Act was amended by 
chapter 10, extending the operation of the Act to businesses having a capitalization 
of from $25,000 to $50,000. The Income War Tax Act, as amended by chapter 
25, lowered the limit of exemption to $1,000 for unmarried persons and childlo- 
widows and widowers and to $2,000 for other persons, the former paying 2 p.c. 
on incomes between $1,000 and $1,500, the latter 2 p.c. on incomes between $2,000 
and $3,000. The normal tax remained at 4 p.c., but the supertax was increased 
on incomes exceeding $200,000, being graduated up to 50 p.c. on incomes exceeding 
$1,000,000. A surtax was also introduced, ranging from an additional 5 p.c. of 
the combined normal tax and super-tax, on incomes between $6,000 and $10,000, 
to an additional 25 p.c. of the normal and super-tax on incomes excec ding $200,000. 
corporations to pay a tax of 6 p.c. on incomes exceeding $3,000, but no super-tax 
or surtax. By the Customs Tariff Amendment Act (chap. 17) increased duties 
were imposed on tea, coffee and tobacco, and by the Act to amend the Special 
War Revenue Act, 1915 (chap. 46), increased or new taxes were imposed as follows - 
for each seat or berth in a parlour or sleeping car 10 cents and 10 p.c. of the price 
of the seat or berth; 1 cent on every hundred matches and 8 cents on every package 
of 54 or fewer playing cards with customs duties of the same amount on these 
articles when imported; 10 p.c. of the selling price on passenger automobiles, gramo 
phones, etc., and records therefor, mechanical piano players and records therefor 
and jewelry. 

In the 1919 session, the Business Profits War Tax was renewed (chap. 39) for 
the calendar year 1919: in the case of businesses having a capital between $25,000 
and $50,000, profits in excess of 10 p.c. were now to be taxed 25 p.c., buMn. 
having a capital of $50,000 or more to be taxed at the same rate as in previous 
years. The Income War Tax Act was amended by chapter 55, which increased 
the general rate of taxation. All corporations paid 10 p!c. of their net income 
in excess of $2,000, as against 6 p.c. under the former Act. In respect of individuals, 
the normal rate of 4 p.c. was to be levied on all incomes exceeding $1,000, but not 
exceeding $6,000, in the case of unmarried persons and widows or widowers without 
dependent children, and upon all incomes exceeding $2,000 but not exceeding 
$6,000 in the case of all other persons, the respective minima of $1,000 and $2,000 
being exempt from taxation. A normal tax of 8 p.c. was levied on the excess of 
all incomes over $6,000. The surtax was imposed on a progressive scale on all 
incomes of over $6,000, applying first at the rate of 1 p.c. on the amount by which 
the income exceeded $5,000 and did not exceed $6,000; then at the rate of 2 p.c. 
on the amount by which the income exceeded $6,000 and did not exceed $8.000; 



WAR TAXATION IN CANADA 761 

then at a rate increasing by 1 p.c. for each $2,000 increase of income up to $100,000, 
so that 48 p.c. was levied on the amount by which the income exceeded $98,000 
and did not exceed $100,000; then at 52 p.c. on the amount by which the income 
exceeded $100,000 and did not exceed $150,000; 56 p.c. on the excess between 
$150,000 and $200,000; 60 p.c. on the excess between $200,000 and $300,000; 63 
p.c. on the excess between $300,000 and $500,000; 64 p.c. on the excess between 
$500,000 and $1,000,000; 65 p.c. on the excess income over $1,000,000. Chapter 
47 provided for the entire repeal of the extra duty of 5 p.c. ad valorem added to the 
British Preferential Tariff under the Customs Tariff War Revenue Act, 1915, and 
for the partial repeal in respect of the intermediate and general tariff rates of the 
excess of 7| p.c. imposed under the same Act; also for the free importation into 
Canada of wheat, wheat flour and potatoes from countries not imposing a customs 
duty on such articles when grown or produced in Canada. Five cents per Ib. 
was deducted from the duty on roasted or ground coffee under the preferential, 
intermediate and general tariff schedules and 3 cents per Ib. was deducted from 
the duty on British grown teas under the preferential tariff. Under the general 
tariff the Act provided for a total reduction (including the 7| p.c. war duty) from 
27 1 p.c. to 15 p.c. on cultivators, harrows, horserakes, seed-drills, manure spreaders 
and weeders and complete parts thereof; from 27f p.c. to 17f p.c. on ploughs and 
complete parts thereof, windmills and complete parts thereof, portable engines and 
traction engines for farm purposes, horse-powers and threshing machine separators 
and appliances therefor. On hay-loaders, potato diggers, fodder or feed cutters, 
grain crushers, fanning mills, hay tedders, farm, road or field rollers, post-hole 
diggers, and other agricultural implements, provision was made for a reduction 
of duty to 20 p.c. with a similar reduction on farm wagons. Respecting cement, 
the war customs duty was repealed and the general tariff rate reduced to 8 cents 
per 100 Ibs. Specific instead of ad valorem rates of duty were enacted for pig- 
lead, zinc spelter, and copper ingots. 

In the session of 1920 chapter 36 amended the Business Profits War Tax Act 
by exempting from tax profits which during the year 1920 did not exceed 10 p.c. 
of the capital employed; upon profits exceeding 10 p.c. up to 14 p.c. there was a 
tax of 20 p.c. of the profits; from 15 to 20 p.c., a tax of 30 p.c.; from 20 to 30, a 
tax of 50 p.c.; exceeding 30, a tax of 60 p.c. In any business with a capital of 
$25,000 to $50,000, 20 p.c. tax was charged on the amount by which profits exceeded 
10 p.c. of capital; this was also to apply in respect of the profits earned in 1917, 
1918 and 1919 on businesses having capital less than $50,000 if 20 p.c. or more 
of such profits had been derived from business carried on for war purposes. Chapter 
49 amended the Income War Tax Act of 1917 in the following particulars: (1) 
empowering the Minister to determine deficits and losses; (2) taxing dividends or 
shareholders bonuses; (3) taxing income from an estate or accumulating on trust; 
(4) increasing by 5 p.c. tax and surtax on incomes of $5,000 or more; (5) requiring 
that one-quarter tax be forwarded with return, the balance being payable, if desired, 
by 3 bimonthly instalments with interest at 6 p.c.; (6) imposing severe penalties 
for default. Chapter 71 amended the Special War Revenue Act of 1915 by imposing 
a stamp tax on bills and notes, bank statements, overdrafts, bank cheques, sale or 
transfer of stock, etc.; also by imposing new excise taxes on certain classes of goods, 
ranging from 3 p.c. to 50 p.c. a ccording to use or value of the goods, and specific 
duties on certain fluids. In addition, a tax of 1 p.c. was imposed upon wholesale 
and manufacturers sales. 

In the session of 1921, the excise duties on spirits were increased from a basic 
rate of $2.40 per proof gallon to a basic rate of $9.00 per proof gallon, the old 
rates being continued, however, where the spirits were used by licensed manufac 
turers of patent and proprietary medicines, extracts, essences and pharmaceutical 
preparations. Under chapter 50 the tax on sales and deliveries by manufacturers 
and wholesalers and jobbers was raised from 1 p.c. to 1^ p.c. and in the case of sales 
by manufacturers directly to retailers and customers from 2 p.c. to 3 p.c. Where 
goods were imported, the rates under similar circumstances were raised from 2 p.c. 
to 2^ and 4 p.c. respectively. The details of the new taxes imposed in 1922 and 1923 
will be found under the heading "Dominion Legislation." 

Summary statistics of the war tax revenue from 1915 to 1923 are given in Table 
8 and detailed statistics of the war tax revenue collected by the Inland Revenue 
Department in 1923 in Table 9. In Table 10 are furnished statistics of the yield 
of the income tax by provinces for the years 1922 and 1923. 



762 FINANCE 



Balance Sheet. A summary review of the financial situation of the Dominion 
as on Mar. 31, 1923, is given in the balance sheet shown on this page. This 
shows the gross debt on the above date to have been $2,888,827,237, partly 
offset by available assets aggregating $435,050,368, leaving a net debt of 
S2,453,776,869. 1 Non-available assets, including such public works as canals and 
railways, also loans to railways, amount in the aggregate to $1,433,433,008, leaving 
a debit balance on Consolidated Fund Account on Mar. 31, 1923, of $1,020,343,861. 
The details of the various assets and liabilities are contained in the schedules accom 
panying the balance sheet and printed in the Public Accounts. 

1. Balance Sheet of the Dominion of Canada, as at March 31, 1923. 

\S8ETS (From the Public Accounts). 

Cash on hand and in Banks $ 4, 256, 042 

Specie Reserve 130, 150,335 

Advance.- to Provinces, Banks, etc 75,433,038 

Advances to Imperial and Foreign Governments 106,540,470 

Soldier Land Settlement Loans 83.325, 152 

Miscellaneous Current Accounts 35,345,331 

Balance being Net Debt, March 31, 1923 (exclusive of interest 

accrued and outstanding), carried forward 2,453,776,869 

$ 2,888,827,237 



Public Works, Canals 144,447,672 

Public Works, Railways 423, 314, 378 

Public Works, Miscellaneous 179, 609,356 

Military Property and Stores 11,749.164 

Territorial Accounts 9, 895,948 

Railway Accounts (old) 88, 397,418 

Railway Accounts (Loans non-active) 558,371,773 

Canadian Government Merchant Marine, Limited 5,979,856 

Miscellaneous Investments (non-active) 11,667,443 

Balance Consolidated Fund as at, March 31, 1922 ?1, 082,636, 649 
Excess of Revenue over Expenditure, Year ended 

March 31. 1923 62,292, 788 

$ 1,020,343,861 

2,453,776,869 



LIABILITIES^- 

Dominion Notes in Circulation 242,657,76 

Bank Circulation Redemption Fund 6,454, 150 

Post Office Account, Money Orders, Postal Notes, etc., out 
standing , 3, 128,772 

Savings Bank Deposits 31,791, 107 

Insurance and Superannuation Funds 20,711,440 

Trust Funds 19,621,838 

Contingent Funds _ 2, 408, 868 

Province Accounts " 9,624. 153 

Miscellaneous Current Accounts _ 421,385 

Temporary Loans 95,432,000 

Funded Debt 2,452,735,750 

Interest Due and Unpaid 3.840.008 

2,888,827,237 



Balance Net Debt, March 31, 1923, brought forward 2,453,776,869 

NOTE. The Dominion of Canada is also responsible for principal 
and interest on loans negotiated by Railways under various 
Acts of Parliament amounting to $296,036,714. Of this 
amount $58,167,952 was held by the Minister of Finance 
in 1923. 



2,453.776,869 



Receipts and Disbursements. The total receipts on Consolidated Fund 
Account for the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1923, were $394,614,900, an increase of 
$12,662,513 over the preceding year; besides this, special receipts amounted to 
$8,479,310 a total of $403,094,210. The regular expenditure on consolidated fund 

iThe net debt on March 31, 1922, was $2,422, 135, 801. See Table 18, page 778. 



DOMINION RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS 



763 



account was $332,293,732, but special expenditure amounting to $8,507,691 was 
also charged to this account. There was also an expenditure on capital account 
of $9,807,124, while advances to railways were made aggregating $77,86b,938 as 
well as advances to the Canadian Government Merchant Marine aggregating 
$5,979,856. Thus the total disbursements, inclusive of these advances, amounted 
to $434,452,341, resulting in an addition of $31,641,067 to the net debt (gross debt 
less available assets). (See Table 22.) 

Detailed statistics of receipts and expenditures on consolidated fund account 
are contained in Tables 3 and 4. Tables 5 and 6 are historical tables giving the 
figures of the main items of Dominion receipts and expenditure since Confederation, 
while Table 7 shows the per capita receipts and expenditure for these years accord 
ing to census and estimated populations. 

2. Receipts and Disbursements, fiscal years ended March 31, 1919-1923. 

RECEIPTS. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Consolidated Fund Receipts- 
Customs 


$ 
147,169,188 


S 
168,796,823 


t 

163.266,804 


$ 
105,686,645 


1 

118,056,469 


Excise 


30,342,034 


42, 698-, 083 


37,118,367 


36,755,206 


35.761,997 


War tax 


56,177,508 


82,079,802 


168,385,327 


177,484,161 


181,634,875 


Post Office 


21,603,542 


24,471.709 


26,706,198 


26,402,299 


29,016,771 


H cii 1 ways 


37,967,551 


i 


i 


i 


i 


Dominion Lands 


3,539,927 


4,622,592 


3,955,326 


2,799,450 


2,347,715 


Interest on investments 


7,421,002 


17,086,981 


24,815,246 


21,961,513 


16,465,303 


Other items 


8,725,995 


9,990,345 


10,139,269 


10,863,113 


11,331,770 














Total Consolidated Fund 
Receipts 


312,916,717 


349,746,335 


434,386,537 


381,952,387 


394,614,900 


Special Receipts- 
Miscellaneous Revenue . ... 






1,905,648 


319,184 


8,479,310* 














Total Receipts 


313,916,717 


349,716,335 


436,392,185 


383,271,571 


403,094,21* 















iRailway Revenue for the fiscal year 1920-23 was transferred and applied against railway working 
expenses. 

*Of this amount $8,199,333 was received from the British Government to cover exchange on re-pay 
ments made to the Dominion Government in London, July 1920 to August 1921. 

DISBURSEMENTS. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Consolidated Fund Expendi 
ture- 
Charges on debt* 



80,185,604 


t 

108,989,747 2 


$ 
140,653,607 2 


$ 
139,357,4492 



138,895,8032 


Subsidies to Provinces . . 


11,327,238 


11,490,860 


11,490,860 


12,211,924 


12,207,313 


Collection of revenue 3 .... 


73.682,985 


41,219,680 


43,740,040 


49,21"i,080 


47,919,565 


Militia and Defence 


3,253,876 


1,616,782 


9,893,863 


11,017,533 


9,883,986 


Pensions . 


18,282,440 


26,004,461 


37,420,751 


36,153,031 


32,985,998 


Civil government 


7,234,897 


7,782,330 


8,784,178 


9,968,932 


10.114,860 


Public Works (Income) 
Soldiers Civil Re-establish 
ment 


6,295,060 


9,016,246 
45,869,064 


10,846,875 
35,174,788 


10,574,364 
17,147,351 


9,978.440 
12,974,858 


Other items* 


32,469,185 


48,854,760 


63,113,183 


61,913,027 


57,332,909 














Total ordinary . . 


233.731.283 


303.843.930 


361.118.145 


347.560,691 


332,293,732 



1 Includes charges of management, interest, sinking funds and premium, discount and exchange. 

4 Sinking funds now included in special account. 

Includes adulteration of food, culling timber, customs and excise, inspection of staples, weights and 
measures, gas and electric light, post office, Dominion lands, public works (collection of revenue), railways 
and canals (collection of revenue). 

4 Includes air board, administration of justice, arts and agriculture, bounties, department of mines, 
fisheries, government of north west territories, health, immigration, Indians, labour, legislation, light 
house and coast service, mail subsidies and steamship subventions, marine hospitals, miscellaneous, naval 
service, ocean and river service, penitentiaries, quarantine, Royal Canadian mounted police, railways and 
canals (income), scientific institutions, soldiers land settlement, steamboat inspection, superannuation, 
trade and commerce, Yukon provisional district. 



764 



FIXA.\< I- 



2. Receipts and Disbursements, fiscal years ended March 31, 1919-1923ronHu<l< <!. 

DISBURSEMENTS concluded. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


mi. 


1922. 


1923. 


Consolidated FundEipendi- 
ture concluded . 
Special Disbursements 
Railway Subsidies 


$ 

43,805 


$ 

334,845 


$ 


$ 


$ 




446,519,440 


346,612,955 


16,997,544 


1,544,250 


4.4t>4,7tiO 


Other Churges 


- 7,283,582 


19,995,313 


492,048 


301.518 


4,1142,931 














Total special 


439,279,663 


366,943,113 


17,489,592 


1,845,768 


8,507,691 














Total charges Consolidated 
Fund 


673,010,916 


670,787,043 


378,607,737 


349,406,459 


340,801,423 














Capital expenditure 


25,031,266 


69,301,878 


40,012,807 


16,295,332 


9,807,124 


Advances to Railways (non- 
active) 




45,780,690 


109,662,655 


97,950,645 


77,863,938 s 


Advances to Canadian Govern 
ment Merchant Marine, Ltc 


- 




- 


- 


5,979,856 


Grand Total Disbursements 


697,043,212 


785,869,611 


528,283,199 


463,652,436 


434,452,341 



6 Of this amount 53,005,095 represents discounts and expenses in connection with loan flotation-. 

3. Detailed Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1919-1923. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 




$ 

29,414 


$ 

50,325 


$ 

61,468 


$ 

77,830 


1 

82,847 




387,655 


441,926 


365,941 


804,516 


742,404 




2,910,190 


3,731,725 


4,005,183 


4,212,862 


3,393,429 


Chinese Revenue 


2,026,669 


132,133 


240, 107 


394,932 


201,458 


Civil Service Examination Fees .... 
Cullers Fees 


11,568 
1,229 


6,394 
1,273 


4,877 
2,070 


2,641 


3,514 


Customs 


147,169,188 


168,796,823 


163,266,804 


105,686,645 


118,056,469 




3,539,927 


4,622,592 


3,955,326 


2,799,450 


2,317,715 


Dominion Steamers 


13,621 


13,181 


4,051 


269 


854 




88,071 


115,859 


140,474 


139,831 


134,770 


Excise 


30,342,034 


42,698,083 


37,118,367 


36,755,207 


35,761,997 




228,815 


628,793 


501,448 


265, 153 


152,085 




123,114 


336,591 


297,797 


224,157 


290,623 




55,701 


61.694 


70,987 


81,720 


69.578 




1,082,070 


1,092,606 


1,483,278 


1,937,323 


2,364,037 




64,684 


62,384 


89,505 


95,735 


112,833 


Interest on Investments 


7,421,002 


17,086,981 


24,815,246 


21,961,513 


16,465,303 




8,628 


7,490 


9,423 


5,199 


13,893 


Lighthouse and Coast Service 


335 


621 


612 


- 







69,244 


78,227 


87,601 


131,727 


161,010 


Militia 


35.955 


_ 





- 





Military College * 


54,428 


53,599 


70,107 


67,315 


61,999 


Militia Pension Revenue 


23,841 


47,979 


139,385 


132,188 


121,244 




4,819 


9,835 


8.878 


8,438 


5,922 




275,709 


354,497 


407,887 


454,886 


484,479 




132,958 


130,843 


162,710 


143,070 


134,515 


Post Office 


21,603,512 


24,471,709 


26,706,198 


26,402,299 


29,016,771 


Premium, Discount and Exchange 
Public Works 


532,849 
396,664 


1,974,072 
479,088 


1,116,581 
503,053 


781,224 
490,056 


1.89 

486,454 




37,967,551 


i 


i 


l 


i 


Royal N.W.M. Police Officers Pen 


4,030 


5,586 


6,469 


6,175 


5,926 




2,775 


4,594 


72,704 


117,548 


126,004 




26,069 


21,986 


22,086 


18,511 


4,572 


War Tax 


56,177,508 


82,079,801 


168,385.327 


177,484,161 


181,634,875 


Weights and Measures 


134. 890 


147,015 


264,587 


269,806 


278,086 


Total 


312,946,747 


349,746,335 


434,386,537 


381,952,387 


394,614,900 















Hallway revenue collected in fiscal years 1920-23 was transferred and applied against working expenses. 



EXPENDITURE ON CONSOLIDATED FUND ACCOUNT 765 



4. Detailed Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1919-1923. 



Items. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Air Board 


$ 


$ 


5 

1,351,212 


$ 

1,624,843 


$ 

1,004,983 


Administration of Justice 


1,495,688 


1,641,122 


2,009,240 


2,151,956 


2,173,404 


Adulteration of Food, etc 


44,621 


44,987 


59,860 


79,999 


111,565 


Arts and Agriculture 


3,884,929 


4,783,083 


5,489,384 


5,805,900 


6,271,816 


Bounties 


270,802 


352,558 


149,202 


100, 140 


95,750 


Charges of Management 


723,336 


875,645 


992,374 


806,926 


880,672 


Civil Government 


7,234,897 


7,782,330 


8,784,178 


9,968,932 


10,114,860 


Culling Timber 


4,625 


4,338 


3,078 


517 


400 


Customs and Excise 


5,426,282 


5,955,374 


6,615,202 


6,657,572 


6,535,822 


Department of Mines 


392,018 


566,175 


595,261 


608,028 


614,087 


Dominion Lands 


2,247,997 


4,751,780 


3,956,027 


4,226,070 


4,278,836 


Dominion Police 


148,489 


151,588 


i 


i 


i 


Fisheries 


1,027,150 


1,215,082 


1,385,102 


1,343,136 


1,215,793 


Government of N.W. Territories 


4,963 


3,979 


29,146 


156, 195 


221,329 


Health 






238,774 


255,450 


244,104 


Immigration 


1,112,079 


1,388,185 


1,688,961 


1,636,597 


1,987,745 


Indians 


1,971,172 


2,351,969 


2,410,073 


2,944,037 


3,075,064 


Inspection of Staples 


2,353 


2,320 


2,598 


2,345 


2,286 


Interest on Public Debt 


77,431,432 


107,527,089 


139,551,520 


135,247,849 


137,892,735 


Labour 


166,260 


648,713 


1,421,969 


1,645,540 


1,969,877 


Legislation 


1,766,401 


2,617,581 


2,343,201 


3,870,450 


2,600,958 


Lighthouse and Coast Service. . . 


1,911,247 


2,120,005 


2,263,118 


2,280,766 


2,306,485 


Mail Subsidies and Steamboat Sub 
ventions 


1,391,850 


1,632,906 


1,094,509 


1,105,896 


1,070,684 


Marine Hospitals 


74,291 


90,112 


77,546 


91,177 


114,727 


Militia 


3,253,876 


4,616,782 


9,893,863 


11,017,533 


9,883,986 


Miscellaneous 


9,515,936 


15,090,383 


19,938,768 


13,577,625 


10,561,669 


Naval Service 


792, 182 


1,168,438 


3,284,911 


3,183,753 


2,286,857 


Ocean and River Service 


1,365,199 


1,558,502 


2,021.930 


1,684,389 


1,627,607 


Penitentiaries 


1,007,586 


1,022,330 


1,296,352 


1,527,451 


1,598,831 


Pensions 


18,282,440 


26,004,461 


37,420,751 


36,153,031 


32,985,998 


Post Office 


19,273,758 


20,774,312 


22,696,561 


28,121,425 


27,794,502 


Premium, Discount and Exchange . . . 
Public Works, Collection of Revenue. 
Public Works, Income 


582,340 
877,472 
6,295,060 


587,013 
921,619 
9,016,246 


109,713 
1,113,876 
10,846,875 


3,302,674 
1,073,304 
10,574,364 


122,396 
1,068,336 
9,978,440 


Quarantine 


227,389 


222,506 


262,498 


261,355 


225,002 


Railways and Canals, Collection of 
Revenue 


45,494,584 


8,418,624 


8,886,458 


8,624,094 


7,691,261 


Railways and Canals, Income 


559,695 


1,184,832 


2,934,424 


5,311.715 


7,179,430 


Royal C. M. Police 


719,143 


3,386,389 


3,927,799 


2,962,442 


2,443,286 


Scientific Institutions 


375,575 


464,450 


587,892 


624,380 


664,326 


Sinking Funds 


1,448,495 


2 


2 


2 


2 


Soldiers Civil Re-establishment 




45,869,064 


35,174,788 


17,147,351 


12,974,859 


Soldiers Land Settlement 


207,559 


2,886,156 


3,454,210 


2,125,874 


1,726,413 


Steamboat Inspection 


72,874 


82,634 


97,704 


103,670 


110,458 


Subsidies to Provinces 


11,327,236 


11,490,860 


11,490,860 


12,211,924 


12,207,313 


Superannuation 


495,017 


517,245 


554,510 


603,116 


884,405 


Superannuation No. 3 . 






80,520 


69,246 


58,457 


Superannuation No. 4 


__ 


_ 


54,541 


435,838 


329,602 


Trade and Commerce 


1,330,449 


1,502,712 


1,880,943 


3,679,146 


2,471,831 


Weights, Measures, Gas and Electric 
Light 


311,293 


346,327 


406,380 


431,754 


436,557 


Yukon Territory 


183,243 


205,124 


189,483 


142,916 


197,930 














Total 


332,731,383 


303,843,930 


361,118,145 


347,560,691 


333,293,733 















1 Now included with Royal C. M. Police. Now included in special account. 

NOTE. Adulteration of Food, Marine Hospitals and Quarantine, have been classified in the public 
accounts of 1921, 1922 and 1923 under the heading "Health," but are here deducted, so as not to break the 
continuity of the table. 



766 



FINANCE 



5. Principal Items of Receipts of Canada on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1923. 



Fiscal 

year.-*. 


Custom, 
taxes. 


Excise 
taxes. 


Other 
taxes. 


Total 
ordinary 
taxes. 


Interest 
on 
invest 
ments. 


Post 
office 
an.l money 
ordi 


Public 
works. 1 


Total 
Receipt.-. 




$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


% 




$ 


S 


1868... 


8,578,380 


3,002,588 


119,713 


11,700,681 


174,073 


525,692 


901,460 


13,687,928 


1869... 


8,272,880 


2,710,028 


129, 665 


11,112,573 


824,424 


1 535,315 


918,933 


14,379,175 


18/0... 


9,331,L i:{ 


3,61 .i 


134,047 


13,087,882 


383,956 


573,566 


1,006,845 


15,512,226 


1871... 


11,841,105 


4, 295. .145 


183,319 


Iti, 320,369 


554,384 


612,631 


1,146,240 


19,335,561 


1872... 


12,787,982 


4, 735. ti.il 1 


191,918 


17,715,552 


488,042 


692,3/5 


1,211,729 


20,714,814 


1873.. 


12,954,164 


4,460,682 


201,709 


17,616,555 


396,404 


833,657 


1,316,636 


20,813,469 


1874... 


14,325,193 


5,594,904 


209,088 


20,129,185 


610,863 


1,139,973 


1,509,915 


24,205,093 


1875... 


15,351,012 


5,069.687 


244,180 


20, 664.87 9 


840,887 


1,155,332 


1,432,360 


24,648.715 


1876... 


12,823,838 


5,563,487 


2?7,090 


18,614,415 


798,906 


1,102,540 


1.479,232 


22,587,587 


1877... 


12,546,988 


4,1)41,898 


209,039 


17,697,925 


717,684 


1,114,946 


1,917,455 


22,059,274 


1878... 


12,782,824 


4,858,672 


200,442 


17,841,938 


791,758 


1,207,790 


2,034,484 


22,375,011 


1879... 


12,900,659 


5,390,763 


185,191 


18,476,613 


592,500 


1,172,418 


1,863,149 


22,517,382 


1880.. 


14,071,343 


4,232,428 


175,806 


18,479,577 


834,793 


1,252,498 


2,167,401 


23,307,407 


1881... 


18,406,092 


5.343,022 


193,025 


23,942,139 


751,513 


1,352,110 


2,759,591 


29,635,29* 


1882... 


21,581,570 


5,884,860 


82,617 


27,549,047 


914,009 


1,587,888 


2.711,134 


33,383,456 


1883... 


23,009,582 


6,260,117 


_ 


29,269,699 


1,001,193 


1,800,391 


3,101,138 


35,794,650 


1884... 


20,023,890 


5,459,309 


_ 


25,483,199 


986,698 


1,755,674 


3,055,792 


31,861,962 


1885... 


18,935,428 


6,449,101 


- 


25,384,529 


1,997,035 


1,841.372 


3,065,503 


32,797,001 


1886... 


19,362,308 


5,852,905 


11,213 


25,226,456 


2,299,079 


1,901,690 


3,082,411 


33,177,040 


1887... 


22,373,951 


6,308,201 


4,850 


28,687,002 


990,887 


2,020,624 


3,270.782 


35,754,993 


1888.. 


22,091,682 


6.071,487 


14,244 


28,177,413 


932,025 


2,379,242 


3,556,101 


35,908,464 


1889... 


23,699,413 


6,886,739 


27,371 


30,613,523 


1,305,392 


2,220,504 


3,642,557 


38,782,870 


1890... 


23,913,546 


7,618,118 


55,408 


31.587,072 


1,082,271 


2,357,389 


3,800,110 


39,879,925 


1891... 


23,305,218 


6,914,850 


94,083 


30,314,151 


1,077,228 


2,515,823 


3,685,530 


38,579,311 


1892... 


20,361,382 


7,945,098 


139,677 


28,146,157 


1,086,420 


2,652,746 


3,575,168 


36,921,872 


1893.. 


20,910,662 


8,367,364 


43,341 


29,321,367 


1,150,167 


2,773,508 


3,761,474 


38,168,609 


1894... 


19,119,030 


8,381,089 


79,084 


27,579,203 


1,217,809 


2,809,341 


3,702,746 


36,374,693 


1895... 


17,585,741 


7,805,733 


54,725 


25,446,199 


1,336,047 


2.792,790 


3,591,689 


33,978,129 


1896... 


19,766,741 


7,926,006 


60,538 


27,759,285 


1,370,001 


2.964,014 


3,594,264 


36,618,591 


1897.. 


19,386,278 


9,170,379 


91,969 


28,648,626 


1,443,004 


3,202,938 


3,587,166 


37,829,778 


1898.. 


21,622,789 


7,871,563 


82,104 


29,576,456 


1,513,455 


3,527,810 


3,873,464 


40,555,238 


1899.. 


25,150,745 


9,641,227 


166,097 


34,958.069 


1,590,448 


3,193,778 


4,433,934 


46,741,249 


1900.. 


28,219,45 


9,868,075 


154.690 


38,242.22: 


1,683,05 


3,205,535 


5,232,459 


51,029,994 


1901.. 


28,293,930 


10,318,266 


131,354 


38,743,550 


1,784,834 


3,441,505 


5,770,07 


52,514,701 


1902.. 


31,916,39 


11,197,134 


275,584 


43,389,112 


1,892.22 


3,918,416 


6,447,98 


58,050,790 


1903.. 


36,738,03 


12,013,779 


263,694 


49,015,506 


2,020,95 


4,397,833 


7,088,50 


66,037,069 


1904.. 


40,461,59 


12,958,70 


241,020 


53,661,319 


2,236,25 


4,652,325 


6,972,219 


70,669,817 


1905.. 


41,437,56 


12,586,47 


-3,9? 


54,020,12 


2,105,03 


5,125,37 


7,395,37 


71,182,773 


1906.. 


46,053,37 


14,01frr22 


11,22 


60,074,81 


2,110,31 


5,933,343 


8,310,26 


80,139,360 


1907 2 . 


39,717,07 


11,805,41 


43,09 


51,565,58 


1,235,74 


5,061,72 


6,839,58 


67,969,328 


1908.. 


57,200,27 


15,782,15 


343,53 


73,325,963 


1,925.56 


7,107,88 


9,973,5? 


96,054,506 


1909.. 


47,088,44 


14,937,76 


326,88 


62,353,09 


2,256,64 


7,401,62 


9,362,27 


85,093,404 


1910.. 


59,767,68 


15,253.35 


388,45 


75,-! 


2,807,46 


7,958,54 


10,114,99 


101,503,711 


1911.. 


71,838,08 


16,869,83 


1,127,30 


89, S 


1,668,77 


9,116,95 


10,818,83 


117,780,409 


1912.. 


85,051,87 


19,261,66 


1,534,27 


105,847,80 


1,281,31 


10,492,39 


11,651,94 


136,108,217 


1913. 


111,764,69 


21,447,44 


1,790,21 


135,002.35 


1,430,51 


12,051.72 


13,158,07 


168,689,903 


1914.. 


104,691,23 


21,452,03 


1,334,79 


127, 478.06 


1,901,51 


12,011 


14,197,05 


163,174,395 


1915.. 


75,941.22 


21,479.73 


294,49 


97,715,44 


2,980,24 


13,046,66 


12,953,48 


133,073,482 


1916.. 


98.64 .i. 40 


22,428,49 


-81,71 


121,046,18 


3,358,21 


18.858,69 


19,286,41 


172,147,838 


1917.. 


131,043,84 


24,ii2,:;i 


86,92 


158,543,11 


3,094,01 


20,902,38 


24,440,84 


232, / 01, 294 


1918.. 


144,172,63 


27,168,44 


208,96 


171,550,04 


4,466,72 


21,345,39 


27,971,09 


260,778.953 


1919.. 


147,169,18 


30,342,03 


2,026,66 


179,537,89 


7,421,00 


21, t: 


38,751,87 


312, .i 


1920.. 


168,790,82 


42,698.08. 


132,13 


211,627,03 


17,086.98 


24. 4; 1.70 


921 


349,746,335 


1921.. 


266.80 


37,118.36 


240. 10 


200,625,27 


24,815,2-1 


26,706,19 


868 


134, 386,537* 


1922. 


105.686,64 


36 , 755. 20 


394,93 


142,836,784 


21,961.51 


26,402.29 


1,294,575 


381,952,387* 


1923. 


118.056.46 


35,761,99 


201,45 


154.019,9? 


16.465,30 


29.016.77 


1.228.858 


394,614,900< 



NOTK. Kwipt- from War Tax<v 1915-23, are as follows 1915, $98.057: 1916, $3,620,782: 1917, 
$16.302,238: 1918,125,379,901: 1919, . $50, 177,508: 1920, $82,079,801: 1921, $168,385,327: 1922, $177,484, 161: 
1923, $181,634,875. 

Including railways and ranals. -Nine months. Exclusive of railv. 

Exclusi vc of special receipts of $1,905,648 in 1921, $319,184 in 1922 and $8,479,310 in 1923. Of this 
lattf r amount, $8,199,333 was received from the British Government on exchange account. See note 
2, *o table 2 of this section. 



ITEMS OF DOMINION EXPENDITURE 



767 



6. Principal Items of Dominion Expenditure, 1868-1923. 





Consolidated Fund. 






Charges of 












Total 






manage 












Expenditure 


Fiscal 
years. 


Interest 
on 
debt. 


ment, 
premium, 
discount 
and 


Pensions. 


Public 
works. 


Railways 
and 
canals 2 . 


Subsidies 
to 
provinces. 


Post Office. 


chargeable 
to 
Con 
solidated 






exchange. 












Fund. 




$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


1868... 


4,501,568 


359,190 


56,422 


126,270 


581,503 


2,753,966 


616,802 


13,486,093 


1869... 


4,907,014 


465,657 


50,564 


65,015 


641,814 


2,604,050 


787,886 


14,038,084 


1870... 


5,047,054 


339,999 


53,586 


120,031 


743,070 


2,588,605 


808,623 


14,345,510 


1871.. 


5,165,304 


126,655 


52,611 


597,275 


752,772 


2,624,940 


815,471 


15,623,082 


1872... 


5,257,231 


346,413 


62,251 


839,786 


913,236 


2,930,113 


929,609 


17,589,469 


1873... 


5,209,2C6 


178, 644 


49,204 


1,297,999 


1,378,161 


2,921,400 


1,067,866 


19,174,648 


1874... 


5,724,436 


264,685 


56,454 


1,778,916 


2,260,820 


3,752,757 


1,387,270 


?3, 316, 317 


1875... 


6,590,790 


227,201 


63,657 


1,756,010 


1,981,893 


3,750,962 


1,520,861 


23,713,071 


1876.., 


6,400,902 


COS, 149 


110,201 


1,948,242 


1,897,283 


3,690,355 


1,622,827 


24,488,372 


1877... 


6,797,2?7 


207,875 


112,531 


1,262,823 


2,239,346 


3,655,851 


1,705,312 


23,519,302 


1878... 


7,048,884 


192,087 


105,842 


997,470 


2,374,314 


3,472,808 


1,724,939 


23,503,158 


1879... 


7,194,734 


277,923 


107,795 


1,013.023 


2,570,361 


3,442,764 


1,784,424 


24,455,382 


1880... 


7,773,869 


289,085 


102,889 


1,046,342 


2,226,456 


3,430,846 


1,818,271 


24,850,634 


1881... 


7,594,145 


225,444 


96,389 


1,108,815 


2,603,717 


3,455,518 


1,876,658 


25,502,554 


1882... 


7,740,804 


195, C44 


101,197 


1,342.000 


2,755,833 


3,530,999 


1,980,567 


27,067,104 


1883... 


7,668,552 


234,170 


98,446 


1,765,256 


3,117,465 


3,606,673 


2,176,089 


28,730,157 


1884... 


7,700,181 


229,906 


95,543 


2,908,852 


3,122,103 


3,603,714 


2,312,965 


31,107,706 


1885... 


9,419,482 


387,495 


89,879 


2,302,363 


3,268,222 


3,959,327 


2,488,315 


35,037,060 


1886... 


10,137,009 


346,921 


88,319 


2,016,552 


3,339,670 


4,182,526 


2,763,186 


39,011,612 


1887... 


9,682,929 


287,742 


102,109 


2,133,316 


3,673,894 


4,169,341 


2,818,907 


35,657,680 


1888... 


9,823,313 


343,592 


120,334 


2,162,116 


4,160,332 


4,188,511 


2,889,729 


36,718,495 


1889... 


10,148,932 


273,590 


116,030 


2,299,231 


4,095,301 


4,051,428 


3,982,321 


36,917,835 


1890... 


9,656,841 


230,409 


107,391 


1,972,501 


4,362,200 


3,904,922 


3,074,470 


35,994,031 


1891.. 


9,584,137 


262,068 


103,850 


1,937,546 


4,505,516 


3,903,757 


3,161,676 


36,343,568 


1892... 


9,763,978 


183,938 


92,457 


1,6?7,851 


4,337,877 


3,935,914 


3,316,120 


36.765,894 


1893... 


9,806,888 


213,794 


90,309 


1,927,832 


3,848,404 


3,935,765 


3,421,203 


36,814,053 


1894... 


10,212,596 


180,975 


86,927 


2,033,955 


3,760,550 


4,206,655 


3,517,261 


37,585,025 


1895... 


10.466,294 


278,950 


84,349 


1,742,317 


3,704,126 


4,250,675 


3,593,647 


38,132,005 


1896... 


10,502,430 


248,575 


86,080 


1,299,769 


3,826,226 


4,235,664 


3,665,011 


36,949,1-12 


1897 . . . 


10,645,663 


315,314 


90,882 


1,463,719 


3,725,690 


4,238,059 


3,789,478 


38,349,760 


1898... 


10,516,758 


199,887 


96,187 


1,701,313 


4,049,275 


4,237,372 


3,575,412 


38,832,526 


1899... 


10,855,112 


173,257 


96,129 


1,902,664 


4,246,404 


4,250,636 


3,603,799 


41,903,500 


1900... 


10,699,645 


227,194 


93,453 


2,289,889 


5,214,301 


4,250,608 


3,758,015 


42,975,279 


1901.. 


10,807,955 


201,861 


93,551 


3,386,632 


6,377,961 


4,250,607 


3,931,446 


46,866,368 


1902... 


10,975,935 


263,250 


83,305 


4,221.294 


6,508,477 


4,402,098 


4,023,637 


50,759,392 


1903... 


11,068,139 


294,968 


87,925 


4,065,553 


7,221,705 


4,402,503 


4,105,178 


51,691.903 


1904... 


11,128,637 


288,984 


113,495 


4,607,330 


8,397,434 


4,402.292 


4,347,541 


55,612,833 


1905... 


10,630,115 


276,072 


140,424 


6,765,446 


9,803,912 


4,516,038 


4,634,528 


63,319,683 


1906... 


10,814,697 


346,902 


179,023 


7,484,716 


8,779,678 


6,726,373 


4,921,577 


67,240,641 


19071.. 


6,712,771 


244,548 


125,832 


5,5?0,571 


7,011,858 


6,745,134 


3,979,557 


51,542.161 


1908... 


10,973,597 


383,820 


187,557 


8,721,327 


10,586,114 


9,032,775 


6,005,930 


76,641,452 


1909... 


11,604,584 


356,707 


191,533 


12,300,184 


10,780,126 


9,117,143 


6.592,386 


84,064,232 


1910... 


13,098,160 


358.9V3 


216,697 


7,261, ?18 


10,215,038 


9,361,388 


7,215,338 


79,411,747 


1911.. 


12,535,851 


376,777 


240,586 


8,621,431 


11,123,251 


9,092,472 


7,954,223 


87,774,198 


1912... 


12,259,397 


455,011 


245,045 


10,344,487 


12,330,463 


10,281,045 


9,172.036 


98.161,441 


1913... 


12,605,882 


502,988 


283,188 


13,468,505 


13,766,180 


13,211,800 


10,882.804 


112,059.537 


1914... 


12,893,505 


187,184 


311,900 


19.007,513 


14,935,138 


11,280,469 


12,822,058 


127,384,473 


1915... 


15,736,743 


554,729 


358,558 


19,343,532 


13,876,060 


11,451,6/3 


15,961,191 


135,523,207 


1916... 


21,121,585 


731,836 


671,133 


12,039,252 


20,777,830 


11,451,673 


16,009,139 


130,350.727 


1917... 


35,802,567 


496,387 


2,814,516 


8,633,096 


27,124,004 


11,469,148 


16,300,579 


148,599,345 


1918... 


47,815,585 


488,712 


8,155,691 


7,432.901 


34,849,608 


11,369,148 


18.046,558 


178,284,313 


1919... 


77,131,432 


1,305,676 


18,282,440 


6.295,060 


45.491,584 


11,327,236 


19,273,758 


232,731,283 


1920... 


107,527,089 


1,462,658 


26,001,461 


9,016,246 


8,418,624 


11,490,860 


20,774,312 


303,843,930 


1921.. 


139,551,520 


1,102,088 


37,420,751 


10,846,875 


8,886,458 


11,490,860 


22,696.561 


361,118,145 


1922... 


135,247,849 


4,109,601 


36,153,031 


10,574,364 


8, 62 ., 094 


12,211,924 


28,121,425 


347,560,691 


1923... 


137,892,735 


1,003.068 


32,985.998 


9.978,410 


7,691,261 


12,207,313 


27,794,502 


332,293,732 



Nine months. "Expenditure (Collection of Revenue). 

NOTE. From 1863 to 1906, inclusive, the fiscal years ended on June 30, and from that date to 1923, 
on March 31. 



768 



FJ. \.\\CE 



6. Principal Items of Dominion 





Capital Expenditure. 


00 










Inter 






N ational 







Canals. 


Canadian 
Pacific. 

Railway. 


Debts 
allowed 
to 
prov 


Domi 
nion 
Lands. 


colonial 
and 
connected 
Railways, 
miscel 


Public 
Works. 


Hudson 
Bay 
Railway. 


ranscon- 
tinental 
Railway 
including 
Quebec 


Prince 
Edward 
Island 
Rail- 








inces. 




laneous. 






Bridge. 


w&y . 




$ 


$ 


- 


$ 


$ 


I 


$ 





$ 


1868 


51,498 


_ 


_ 


_ 


455,250 


41,690 


- 


- 


- 


1869 


130,142 


- 


- 


- 


282,615 


8,548 


- 


- 


- 


1870 




- 




- 


1,693,229 


- 




- 





1871 


_ 


30, 148 


- 


- 


2,866,376 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1872 


255,646 


489,428 


1,666,200 


- 


5,131,141 


68,746 


- 


- 


- 


1873 


256,547 


561,818 


3,859,080 


- 


5,019,240 


99,517 


- 


- 


- 


1874 


1,189.592 


310.225 


4,927,061 


- 


3,614,899 


135,963 


- 


- 


- 


1875 


1,714,830 


1,546.242 




- 


3,426.100 


189,484 


- 


- 


46,087 


1876 


2,388,733 


3,316,567 





- 


1,108,322 


267,840 


- 




42,546 


1877 


4,131,375 


1,691,150 


_ 


- 


1,318,352 


258.833 


- 


- 


200,000 


1878 


3,843,339 


2,228,373 


. 


_ 


408,817 


170,120 


- 


- 


6,551 


187Q 


3,064,099 


2,240,286 


_ 


_ 


226,639 


77,179 





- 


40,129 


1880 


2,123,366 


4,044,523 


- 


- 


2,048,015 


8,730 


- 


- 


16,540 


188 


2,077,029 


4,968,504 


- 


334,681 


608,733 


187,370 











188 


1,647,759 


4,589,076 


_ 


511,882 


585,569 


70,949 


- 


- 


402 


188 


1,763,002 


0,033,800 


_ 


556.870 


1,616,633 


119,869 


- 


- 


57,186 


188 


1,577,295 


1,192,722 


7.1V2.298 


723,658 


2,689,690 


491,376 





- 


130.663 


188 


1,504,621 


9,900,282 


5,420 


303,593 


1,247,006 


182,306 








76,957 


188 


1,333,325 


3,672,585 


3,113,334 


130,653 


765,967 


569,202 


- 





4,668 


188 


1 783,698 


915,057 





162.392 


926,030 


353,044 








5,800 


188 


1,033,118 


52,099 


- 


135,048 


1,713,487 


963,778 











188 


972,918 


86,716 


. 


130,684 


2,623.137 


575,408 


- 


- 





189 


1,026,364 


40,981 


- 


133,832 


2,351.787 


3,220.926 


- 


- 





189 


1,280,725 


37,367 





94,817 


1,184,318 


515,702 





~ 


~ 


189 


1,463,279 


66,212 


_ 


86,735 


316,784 


224,390 


- 





8,300 


189 


2,069,5V3 


413,837 





115,038 


299,081 


181,878 








~ 


189 


3,02, ,164 


146,540 





149,147 


439,209 


102,059 





- 


~ 


189 


2,452,274 


49,209 





99,842 


327,605 


102,393 





- 


~ 


189 


2,258,779 


65,669 





82,184 


260,396 


114,826 





- 


~ 


189 


2,348,637 


14,054 


- 


91,412 


190,570 


129,238 








- 


189 


3,207,250 


692 


- 


127,505 


252,756 


364,018 


- 





17,542 


189 


3,899,877 


8,419 


267,026 


151,213 


1,081,930 


385,094 


- 


- 


22,000 


190 


?, 639, 565 


236 


_ 


199,470 


3,255,348 


1,089,827 


- 





53,546 


190 


2,360,570 


8,979 


_ 


269,061 


3,633,837 


1,006,983 


- 


- 


280, 174 


19C 


2, 114,690 


449 


- 


370,838 


4,626,841 


2,190,125 








475,998 


19C 


1,823,27 




_ 


449,542 


2,254,267 


1,268,004 


- 





829,414 


1904 
190 
190 


1,880,787 
2,071,594 
1 552,12 


33,076 


- 


748, 855 
794,410 
599,780 


1,879,566 
4,755,578 
3,765,17 


1,334,397 
1,642,042 
2,359,528 


- 


6,249 
778,491 
1,841,270 


698,878 
591,413 
496,125 


190 
190 
190 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 


887,839 
1,723,15 
1,873,86 
1,650,70 
2,349,47 
2,560,93 
2,259,64 
2,829,66 
5,490,79 
6,170,95 
4,304.58 


600 
93 

2,91 


- 


5?6.583 
768.24 
79V. 74 
785,157 
- 5,50 


1,512.491 
4,369,738 
3,874,480 
1,278,409 
763,833 
1,710,449 
2,406,988 
4,348,000 
6,914.97 
7,861,89 
4,873,03 


1,797,87 
2,969,049 
2,832,295 
4,514,606 
3,742,717 
4,116,385 
6.057,515 
10,100,01 
11,049,030 
8,471,229 
7,838,11 


92,428 
53,043 
184,150 
159,63 
1,099,06 
4,498,71 
4,773,744 
4,887,13 
2,604,28 


537,867 
18,910,253 
31,317.132 
19.868,064 
23,715,549 
22,264.130 
15,279,837 
15,274,206 
12,648,242 
9,855,265 
6,650,263 


91,210 
390.962 
561,207 
206,397 
94,321 
128,042 
103,001 
129,575 
570,531 
1,350,473 
609,752 


191 
191 
192 


l , 781, 95 
2,211,96 
4,550,76 


~ 


- 


: 


3,285,73 


6,347,20 
5,705,34 
38,869,683 


1,879,69 
562,55 
235,60 


103,167 
1,7?3,638 
527,480 


3,540 s 


192: 


5^450! oo 





_ 


_ 


731,01 


27,559,809 


30,03 


20,164 




192 


4,482,61 


_ 


_ 


_ 


9,64 


10,431,699 


34.77 





97,000 


192 


4,995,18 





~ 


~ 


59,95 


3,411,510 


27,80 







Including $2,725,504 for the improvement of the St. Lawrence, spent du-ing the previous years by 
Montreal Harbour Commission. 

^Including $17,956 cost of new car for the Governor Genera). 
Including $38,583 cost of new car for the Governor General. 
Including $15,000 cost of new car for the Governor General. 
Includes New Brunswick Railway. 
"Xine months. 



DOMINION GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE 



769 



Expenditure, 1868-1923 concluded. 





Other Disbursements. 






North 
west 
Terri 
tories. 


Militia. 


Canadian 
Govern 
ment 
Rail 


Total 
Capital 
Expen 
diture. 


Rail 
way 
Subsidies. 


War 
and 
Demob 
iliza 


Other 
Charges. 


Total 
Disburse 
ments. 


03 

E 

g 






ways. 






tion. 








$ 


1 


- 


$ 


$ 


S 


$ 


$ 




_ 


_ 


_ 


548,438 


_ 


_ 


37,158 


14,071,689 


1868 


19,113 


- 





440,418 


- 


- 


429,663 


14,908,166 


1869 


1,821,887 








3,515,116 





- 


155,988 


18,016,614 


1870 


773,872 


- 


- 


3,670,396 


- 


. - 


- 


19,293,478 


1871 


241,889 








7,853,050 


- 


- 


223,456 


25,665,975 


1872 


63,239 








19,859,441 








5,719 


39,039,808 


1873 











10,177,740 


- 


- 


4,019 


33,498,076 


1874 


_ 








6,922,743 





- 


2,253,097 


32,888,911 


1875 


- 


- 





7,154,008 


- 


- 


315,764 


31,958,144 


1876 





- 


- 


7,599,710 


- 





1,388,984 


32,507,996 


1877 


- 





- 


6,657,200 








-385,413 


30,545,772 


1878 


- 





- 


5,648,332 


- 


- 


676,225 


30,779,939 


1879 





- 


- 


8,241,174 


- 





949,948 


34,041,756 


1880 


- 





- 


8,176,317 


- 


- 


117,772 


33,796,643 


1881 


- 





- 


7,405,637 


- 


_ 


201,885 


34,674,625 


1882 


- 





- 


14,147,360 


- 


- 


21,369 


42,898,886 


1883 


- 





- 


23,977,702 


208,000 


- 


2,567,453 


57,860,862 


1884 


- 





- 


13,220,185 


403,245 


- 


502,587 


49,163.078 


1885 


- 








9,589,734 


2,701,249 


- 


10,534,973 


61,837,569 


1886 


293,918 








4,439,939 


1,406,533 


- 


- 


41,504,152 


1887 


539,930 








4,437,460 


1,027,042 


- 


155,623 


45,064,124 


1888 


31,448 








4,420,313 


846,722 


- 


1,333,328 


43,518,198 


1889 


4,773 


- 




6,778.6631 


1,678,196 


- 


44,947 


41,770,333 


1890 


2,901 








3,115,860 


1,265,706 





68,074 


40,793,208 


1891 


-1,243 





- 


2.164,457 


1,248,216 





2,093,569 


42,272,136 


1892 


8,911 





- 


3,088,318 


811,394 





139,963 


40,853,728 


1893 


-1,1^9 


- 


- 


3,862,970 


1,229,885 





330,354 


43,008,234 


1894 


-833 





- 


3,030,490 


1,310,549 





399,294 


42,872,338 


1895 


-543 


1,000,000 





3,781,311 


3,228,746 


_ 


137,185 


44,096,384 


1896 


3,284 


745,965 





3,523,160 


416,955 


_ 


682,881 


42,972,756 


1897 


-1,272 


173,740 





4,142,231 


1,414,935 


_ 


944,589 


45,334,281 


1898 


-1,853 


387,810 





6,201,516 


3,201,220 


_ 


236,399 


51,542,635 


1899 


-1,473 


230, 851 





7,467,370 


725,720 


_ 


1,549,098 


52,717,467 


1900 


-1,632 


135,885 


. 


7,693,857 


2,512,329 


_ 


900,312 


57,982,866 


1901 


-1,543 


299,697 





10,077,095 


2,093,939 





1,040,374 


63,970,800 


1902 


-3,040 


428,223 





7,049,684 


1,463,222 


- 


1,541,763 


61,746,572 


1903 


-2,616 


1,299,910 





7,879,102 


2,046,878 


_ 


6,716,235 


72,255.018 


1904 


-2,478 


1,299,964 





11,931,014 


1,275,630 


_ 


2,277,812 


78,804,139 


1905 


-1,767 


1,299,876 





11,912,104 


1,637,574 


_ 


2,487,323 


83,277,642 


1906 


-1,352 


975,283 





11,327,792 


1,324,889 


_ 


1,583,297 


65,778,139 


1907 


-911 


1,297,905 





30,428,996 


2,037,629 


_ 


3,470,603 


112,578,680 


1908 


-1,045 


1,243,072 





42,592,122 


1,785,887 





4,999,283 


133,441,524 


1909 


-650 


1,299,970 


- 


29,655,703 


2,048,097 


- 


4,280,227 


115,395,774 


1910 


-33,688 








30,813,767 


1,284,892 


- 


2,988,393 


122,861,250 


1911 











30,939,576 


859,400 


- 


7,181,665 


137,142,082 


1912 


- 








27,206,046 


4,935,507 


- 


255,787 


144,456,878 


1913 


- 





- 


37,180,176 


19,036,237 


- 


2,640,162 


186,241,048 


1914 


- 





- 


41,447,320 


5,191,507 


60,750,476 


5,186,016 


248,098,526 


1915 








- 


38,566,950 


1,400,171 


166,197,755 


3,186,898 


339,702,502 


1916 





- 





26,880,032 


959,584 


306,488,815 


15,275,345 


498,203,118 


1917 


- 





32,999,880 


43,111,904 


720,405 


343,836,802 


10,706,787 


576,660,210 


1918 








14,827,758 


25,031,266 


43,805 


446,519,440 


-7,283,58? 


697,042*21.2 


1919 


- 





22,307,366 


69,301,878 


334,845 


346,612,955 


19,995,313 


785,869,611 


1920 


- 


- 


6,221,774 


40,012,807 


_ 


16,997,544 


492,048 


528,283.199 


1921 








1,239,605 


16,295,333 


_ 


1,544,250 


301,518 


463.652,436 


1922 






1,313,022 


9,807,124 


*- 


4,464,760 


4,042,931 


434.452,341 


1923 



Includes Advances to Railways (non-active) amounting to $45,780,690 in 1920, $109,662,655 in 1921, 
$97,950,645 in 1922 and $77,863,938 in 1923, togethar with advances of $5,979,856 to the Canadian Govern 
ment Merchant Marine, Ltd., in 1923. 



6237349 



770 



FINANCE 



7._Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1868-1923. 



Years. 


Population. 


Revenue 
per 
head. 


Expendi 
ture per 
head. 


Years. 


Population. 


per 
head. 


Expendi 
ture per 
head. 


1868 


No. 
3,372,000 
3 413,000 


$ cts. 
4.05 
4.21 


$ cts. 
4.00 
4.11 I 


1895 
1896 


No. 

5,034,000 
5,086,000 


- 
6.75 
7.20 


$ cts. 
7. 58 
7.26 


isoy 
1870 

1871* 
1871 


3,454,000 

3,485,761 
3,518,000 
3 611 000 


4.29 

5.55 
5.50 
5.74 


4.15 

4.48 
4.44 

4.87 


1897 

1898 
1899 
1900 


5,142,000 

5,199,000 
5,259,000 
5,322,000 


7.36 

7.80 
8.89 
9.59 


7.46 

7.47 
7.97 
8.07 


lOtl! 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 


3,668,000 
3,825,000 

3,887,000 
3,949,000 


5.67 
6.33 

6.34 
5.70 


5.23 
6.10 

6.10 
6.20 


1901* 
1901 

1902.., 
1903 


5,371,315 
5,403,000 

5,532,000 
5,673,000 
5 8 5 000 


9.78 
9.72 

10.49 
11.64 
12 13 


8.72 
8.67 

9.18 
9.11 
9 55 


1877 
1878 
1879 


4,013,000 
4,079,000 
4,146,000 


5.50 
5.49 
5 43 


.86 
5.76 
5.90 


1905 

IQflA 


5,992,000 
6 171 000 


11.88 
12 99 


10.57 
10 90 




4 r !5 000 


5 53 


5.90 


1907 


6,302,000 


10.71 


8.18 


1 ooU 


4 324 810 


fi.85 


5.90 


1908 


6,491,000 


14.80 


11.81 


lool 


4 337 000 


6.83 


5.88 


1909 


6,695,000 


12.71 


12.56 


lool 


4 384 000 


7.62 


6.18 


1910 


6,917,000 


14.67 


11.48 


iBOi 

1883 


4,433,000 


8.08 


6.48 




7 206 643 


16 34 


12 18 


1884 
1885 


4,485,000 
4,539,000 


7.11 
7.23 


6.94 
7.72 


1912 
1913 


7,365,205 
7,527,208 
7 692 832 


18.48 
22.41 
21 21 


13.33 
14.89 
16.56 


1886 
1887 
1888 


4,589,000 
4,638,000 
4,688,000 


7.23 
7.71 
7.66 


.5U 
7.69 
7.84 


1915 


7,862,078 
8 035 584 


16.93 
21 42 


17.24 
16.22 


1889 
1890 


4,740,000 
4,793,000 


8.19 
8.33 


7.79 
7.52 


1917 
1918 


8,180,160 
8,328,382 
8 478 546 


28.45 
31.31 
36 91 


18.17 
21.41 
27.45 


1891* 
1891 
1892 


4,833,239 
4,844,000 
4,889,000 


7.98 
7.96 
7.55 


.52 
7.50 
7.52 


1920 


8,631,475 
R 788 483 


40.52 
49 43 


35.20 
41.09 


1893 
1894 


4,936,000 
4,894,000 


7.73 
7.29 


7.46 

7.54 


1922 
1923 


8,966,834 
9,116,457 


42.60 
43.15 


38.76 
36.33 
















-;i A 1 001 



fiscal period of 1907 is for the nine months ended March 61. 

War Tax Revenue. 

In Tables 8, 9, and 10 are given statistics of revenue collected by war 
taxes for the fiscal year 1923 and previous years; in Table 8 by sources for 1 
years 1915 to 1923, in Table 9 by collections of the Customs and Excise Depart 
ment for the last two fiscal years, and in Table 10 by Income and Business Profits 
War Taxes for the fiscal years 1922 and 1923. 

8.-War Tax Revenue during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1915-1923. 



Years. 


Banks. 


Trust 
and Loan 
Com 
panies. 


Insurance 
Com 
panies. 


Business 
Profits. 


Income 
Tax. 


Customs 
and Excise 
Depart 
ment. 1 


Total 
War 
Tax 
Revenue. 


1915 


$ 


1 


$ 


$ 


$ 


* 

98,057 
1 536 838 


1 

98,057 
3 620,782 


igig 


1,300,447 


324,250 


459,247 






9 fi^Q S84 


16 30? 238 


1917 


1,114,023 


202, 415 


419,699 


12,500.51* 




9 99 j "5QO 


25 379 901 


1918 


1,115,758 


269,129 


496.540 


21,271,084 




U,-.. V- 


56 177,508 


1919 


1,099,764 


323,340 


546,114 


32,970,062 




15 587 707 


82 079,801 


1920 


1,170,223 


274,216 


638,731 


44,145, 184 




78 803 099 


168 385,327 


1921 


1,257,534 


293,802 


807,667 


40,841,401 




71 fiSfi 48Q 


177 484 161 


1922 < 


1,293,697 


283,994 


749,959 


22.815,667 


7o.Oo4.ooo 


1flfi 489 718 


181 634,875 


1923 


1,244.437 


312,392 


852,328 


13,031,462 








Total 


9,595,883 


2,283,538 


4,970,285 


187,581,377 


,214,391,177 

- 


292,340,390 


711,182,5 



Amounts paid in to Receiver-General. 



WAR TAX REVENUE 



771 



9. War Tax Revenue collected by the Customs and Excise Department, by 
Provinces, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1922 and 1923. 

(Accrued Revenue). 
1922.. 



Provinces. 


Stamps. 


Licenses. 


Auto 
mobiles. 


Musical 
Instru 
ments. 


Jewelry. 


Wines. 


Whiskey. 


Prince Edward Island ... , 


$ 
7,572 



1 172 


$ 


t 

g 


S 


$ 


1 


Nova Scotia .... 


65,994 


7 383 




9 082 


706 




9 847 


New Brunswick 


56,052 


3 770 






589 




9 f>Q7 


Quebec 


557,191 


31,434 




49 


11 434 


7 83 


9S.fi RQ7 


< Jntario 


870,313 


55,141 


57,847 


10 691 


80 124 


113 174 


398 441 


Manitoba 


204 372 


5 586 






3 837 


1 R11 


1 A Q97 


Saskatchewan 


118 654 


2 203 


o 117 




2 gig 






Vlberta 


128,826 


3 219 






996 




9 ilS 


British Columbia 


133,736 


9 088 




137 


7 642 


H7 


4 417 


Yukon . 


395 


122 




























Totals 


2,113,105 


119,118 


59,964 


12,975 


108,147 


122 974 


708 544 



















Provinces. 


Sales. 


Ale and 
Beer. 


Matches. 


Playing 
Cards. 


Confec 
tionery. 


Totals. 


Prince Edward Island 



61,480 


$ 


S 


3 


S 
99 


* 

70 139 


Nova Scotia 


877,206 


1,652 






36 620 


QQ4 48Q 


New Brunswick 


759,304 


3,750 






19 567 


845 730 


Quebec 


14,101,680 


855,511 


1,821,629 


50 483 


49 399 


17 773 339 


Ontario 


23,016,539 


192,674 


869,166 


180 545 


193 637 


26 038 290 


Manitoba 


2,292,067 


15 336 






20 1?3 


9 >;s4 ofi7 


Saskatchewan 


687,144 


187 






2 685 


si"! sin 


Alberta 


967,91 


21,268 




43 


10 926 


1 1V{ 7(18 


British Columbia 


2,055,981 


156,145 


3 288 




17* 466 


9 388 0^7 


Yukon 


849 




31 




2 


1 3QQ 
















Totals 


44,820,162 


1,246,523 


3,694,114 


231 071 


3 SO 524 


12 fi17 921 












t 





Importations Sales 

Excise 

Transportation 

Embossed cheques. 



Grand Total Excise Revenue 1 . 
1923. 



16,698,589 

1,212,355 

2,534,170 

840,279 

73,902,614 



Provinces. 


Licenses. 


Stamps. 


Matches. 


Auto 
mobiles. 


Sales. 


Con 
fectionery. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 
404 


S 
15,019 


$ 


1 

1 169 


$ 
71 543 


$ 

7(\ 


Nova Scotia 


2 803 


137 489 




fi fi^9 


1 in9 933 


CO O1 4 


New Brunswick 


2 102 


109 559 




35 816 


1 097 RV) 


}a OXA 


Quebec 


17 675 


1 352,717 


1 914 077 


68 617 


10 404 fi90 


ftfi QAA 


Ontario 


32,866 


2,094,875 


762 770 


1 089 936 


32 646 710 


999 fi^fi 


Manitoba 


3 680 


515 826 




3fi fiSfi 


Q 944 ()fi3 


qo 7(v\ 


Saskatchewan 


1,473 


218 455 




54 401 


07Q OKK 


i oxi 


Alberta 


2,575 


256 164 




29 189 


1 377 557 


nfiftft 


British Columbia 


4,794 


316,732 




40 104 


2 933 911 


17 417 


Yukon 


48 


1 613 




4S 


9 3^8 


















Totals, 1923 


68,420 


5,018,449 


2,676,847 


1,362 597 


62 6S5 520 


lio o-*i 

















Includes $1,932 from British Post Office parcels. 
2373 49J 



FINANCE 



9. War Tax Revenue collected by the Customs and Excise Department, by 
Provinces, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1923 and 1923 concluded. 

(Accrued Revenue). 



Provinces. 


Playing 
Cards. 


Cigars. 


Wines. 


Ale and 
Beer. 


Beverages. 


Schedule I, 
5 per cent. 


Schedule II, 
5c. per gal. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 

17,385 
159,242 


$ 

151 
331 

179,184 
99,285 
217 

1,161 
9,195 


$ 

1,549 
156,896 
438 

487 


S 

5,180 
24,507 

2,060,913 
197,640 
130,360 
14,213 
64,324 
115,326 


S 

1,695 
1,040 
211 

14,928 
2,762 
1,349 
982 
1,398 
4 


1 

5,094 
7,912 
1,001 
22,510 
184,712 
78,628 
7,799 
29,817 
6,451 

1 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 




\lberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Totals. 1923 


206,627 


289,524 


159,370 


2,612,463 


28,304 


343,931 



Provinces. 


Embossed 
Cheques. 


Domestic 
Total. 


Importations. 


Total. 


Sales. 


Excise. 




138 
1,712 

81,506 
57,139 
15,945 
1,830 
1,391 
1,940 




1,314,629 
1,246,982 
89,417 
25,221,487 
37,719,649 
4,062.204 
1,174,727 
1,774,995 
3,447,757 
4,078 


S 

617,207 
690,380 
37,103 
8,038,513 
14,121,106 
1,710,589 
423,863 
437,097 
2,476,121 
21,836 
2,918 


$ 

17,013 

9,070 
419 
137,618 
508,111 
33,899 
5,486 
12,113 
43,912 
359 
3 


S 

1,948,849 
1,946,432 
126,939 
33,397,618 
52,348,866 
5,806,692 
1,604,076 
2,224,205 
5,967,790 
26,273 
2,921 






Quebec 


Ontario 






Alberta 






"Briti c h Po^t Office Parcels 


Totals. 1923. 


161,601 


76,055,924 


38,576,735 


768,002 


105, 409,661 



Embossed Cheques (Departmental). 
Transportation, etc 



355,141 
2,234,091 



Grand Total 107,989,893 

10 Statement showing Amounts collected under the Income War Tax Act and the 
Business Profits War Tax Act, by Provinces, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 
1922 and 1923. 







1922. 






1923. 




Provinces. 


Income 
War 
Tax. 


Business 
Profits 
War Tax. 


Total. 


Income 
War 
Tax. 


Business 
Profits 
War Tax. 


Total. 




$ 

78,929 


$ 


$ 

78,929 


$ 

88,907 





- 
88,907 




2,240,826 


292,654 


2,533,480 


1,585,659 


154,101 


1,739,760 


New Brunswick 


1,456,273 


371,604 


1,827,877 


1,023,467 


127,114 


1,150,611 




24,613,759 


6,654,119") 


31,268,454 


21,107,600 


3,579,034 


24,686,634 




35, 065. ill 


I-. . 131, 057 


47,196,968 


24,935,219 


6,144,924 


31,080,143 




6,116,457 


1,373.081 


7,489,538 


4,251,583 


913,597 


5,165,180 




2,446,219 


218, 168 


2.064,387 


1,520,803 


219,563 


1,740,366 


Alberta 


2,454,499 


310,551 


2,771.1154 


1,546,320 


594,757 


2,141,077 




5,108,570 


1,201,362 


6,429,932 


3,612,128 


1,151,297 


4,763,425 


Yukon 


37,367 


- 


37,367 


- 39,878 





39,878 


Interest 


- 


196,491 


196,491 


~ 


147,044 


147,044 


Total 


79,678,810 


22,815,667 


102,494,477 


59,711,564 


13,031,461 


72,743,025 


Refunds 


994,459 


- 


994,459 





~ 





Total 


78,684,351 


22,815,667 


101,500,018 


59,711,564 


13,031,461 


72,743,124 



INLAND REVENUE 773 



Inland Revenue. 

Under the Inland Revenue Act (R.S. 1906, c. 5), the Department of Inland 
Revenue until 1918 had the control and management of standard weights and 
measures and of the collection of excise duties, of stamp duties, internal taxes, 
bridge and ferry tolls and rents. It administered the statutes which 
dealt with the adulteration of food and other articles, electricity and gas inspection, 
patent medicines, petroleum, naphtha and the analysis of fertilizers and feeding 
stuffs. The Department also established the food standards, which were put into 
force from time to time by Orders in Council under the authority of Section 26 of 
the Adulteration Act. For the year ended March 31, 1923, the total inland revenue 
of the Dominion amounted to $144,249,547, as compared with $110,812,503 in 1922. 
By Order in Council, dated May 18, 1918, the Department of Customs and the 
Department of Inland Revenue were amalgamated and combined under the name 
of the Department of Customs and Inland Revenue under one Minister of the 
Crown. By Order in Council dated June 3, 1918, the administration of the Gas, 
Electric Light and Weights and Measures Inspection Acts, the Adulteration of 
Food, Commercial Feeding Stuffs, Fertilizers, Proprietary and Patent Medicine and 
Inspection of Water Meters Acts was transferred to the Department of Trade and 
Commerce as from September 1, 1918. On June 4, 1921, the Department of 
Customs and Inland Revenue was consolidated, under one Minister, as the 
Department of Customs and Excise (11-12 George V, chap. 26). 

Canadian. Excise Tariff. The following is a statement of the Canadian excise 
tariff, as existing on July 1, 1923: 

Spirits Tobacco, per Ib $0.20 

When made from raw grain, per proof gal.. $9.00 Cigarettes, weighing not more than 3 !b. 

When made from malted barley 9 . 02 per thousand 6 . 00 

When made from imported molasses or Cigarettes, weighing more than 3 Ib. per 

other sweetened matter free of Customs thousand 1 1 . 00 

duty, per proof gal 9 . 03 Foreign raw leaf tobacco, unstemmed, per 

Malt, per Ib . 03 standard Ib 040 

Malt, imported, crushed or ground, per Ib . . . 0.05 Foreign raw leaf tobacco, stemmed, per stan- 

Malt liquor, when made in whole or part dard Ib 0.60 

from any other substance than malt, per Canada twist tobacco, per Ib 0.20 

e,n] 0.15 Snuff, per Ib 0.20 

Cigars, per M 3.00 

( isjars, when put up in packages of less than 

10 each, per M 4. GO 

When, however, any person is licensed by the Minister of Customs and Excise 
to manufacture patent and proprietary medicines, extracts, essences and 
pharmaceutical preparations by the use of spirits in bond, subject to the Inland 
Revenue Act and regulations thereunder, the following duties of excise shall be 
collected; when made from raw grain, $2.40 per proof gallon; when made from 
malted barley, $2.42 per proof gallon; when made from imported molasses or other 
sweetened matter free of customs duty, $2.43 per proof gallon. Druggists 
licensed by the Minister of Customs and Excise to prepare prescriptions, for 
medicines and pharmaceutical preparations, are also allowed to use limited quan 
tities of spirits testing not less than 50 p.c. over proof on payment of the above 
lower manufacturers rates of duty. A drawback of 99 p.c. of the duty may be 
granted when spirits testing not less than 50 p.c. over proof are delivered in limited 
quantities to universities, scientific or research laboratories or hospitals for medici 
nal purposes only. 

. In Table 11 are set out the various sources of inland revenue for the yearS 
1918 to 1923, the last fiscal year showing an increase over the previous year of 
$33,437,044, due to the increased amount collected in 1923 as war taxes. The 
increase in this item over 1922 was $34,087,279. Tables 12 and 13 show statistics 



774 



FINANCE 



of excise licenses issued in the fiscal years 1918 to 1023 and of distillation during 
the last five fiscal years. 

11. Excise and other Inland Revenues for the fiscal years 1918-1923. 



Sources of Revenue. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1928. 


Acetic acid . . 


S 

7,330 


$ 

6,795 


S 

6,007 


$ 

1,955 


$ 

100 


$ 
100 


Cigars 


776,086 


1,261,915 


1,629.254 


1,293,655 


1,095,170 


622,035 


Electric light - . 


79,520 


i 


i 


i 


i 


i 


Malt 


1,791,482 


1,477,792 


2,101,939 


2,468,476 


2,628,995 


2,549,601 


Malt liquor .... 


80,486 


19,082 


76,502 


84,301 


61,531 


60,331 


Manufactures in bond. . . . 


123,183 


118,856 


124,171 


76,508 


16,525 


18,225 


Alethvlated spirits 


398,968 


322,583 


508,406 


405,457 


- 


- 


Kerry licenses 


2,013 






_ 


- 


- 


Seizures 


6,933 


42,021 


213,167 


174,523 





_ 


Spirits 


11,486,517 


6,964,415 


8,950,241 


5,757,463 


6,224,061 


7.985,808 


Tobacco 


12,616,879 


20,248,335 


29,455,255 


27,132,933 


26,876,807 


25,013,128 


War tax, revenue stamps, etc. 

Weights and measures, gas 
and law ^taiiu)^ . ... 


L . 253, 422 
204,955 


11,964,740 
8,628 2 


15,744,040 
7,190 = 


79,346,815 
9,4232 


73,902,614 


107,989,893 


* H her revenue- . . . 


134,582 


70,827 


112,064 


165,482 


6,700 


10,426 
















Totals 


29, 962, 366 


42,505,989 


58,928,536 


116,916,991 


110,8.2,503 


144,349,547 



Administration now under Department of Trade and Commerce. 2 Law Stamps only. 

13. Number of Excise Licenses Issued during the fiscal years 1918-1923. 



Description. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Distillers 


12 


14 


12 


12 


10 


11 




98 


81 


75 


73 


79 


74 


Tobacco manufacturers 


71 


72 


87 


85 


81 


76 


Cigar manufacturers 


195 


165 


155 


147 


152 


140 


Petroleum refineries 


12 


11 


13 


12 


14 


16 


Manufacturers in Bond 


21 


19 


19 


18 


1 




Perfume^ pharmaceutical preparations, etc . . . 


38 


32 


88 


114 


- 


- 


Chemical stills 


123 


122 


129 


140 


149 


163 




12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


9 


Malt vinegar brewers & 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


Malt products 




_ 


1 


1 


- 


- 


11 manufacturer^ and importers 


3 


3 


6 


4 


14 


10 




3 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 




180 


135 


85 


49 


45 


49 




5 


5 


2 


_ 


- 


- 







5 


3 


1 


1 


1 




:; 


50 


90 


119 


334 



















13. Statistics of Distillation for the fiscal years 1919-1923. 



Schedule. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


I .icLTi^c^ i*^ued NV> . 


18 


14 


11 


10 


12 


LicenM $ 




3,500 


3,250 


2,500 


2,750 


Grain, etc., for distillation 

Malt H). 


i.093 


;,832 


1,071.298 


4, 084. ((2.-. 


4,222,031 


Indian corn " 


15,310,212 


7,044,316 


H, 111, 500 


33,210,842 


12,596,833 


Rye " 


1,775,935 


1,170,162 


4,254,150 


9,168,125 


9,936,928 


" 


41,900 


28,7()(i 


: , 980 


185,260 


88,310 


\\ll,.;,t 


1,237. MO 


482,596 


69,710 


220,755 


- 


Tot tl cr;iin distillation 


19.301.2Sii 


50,606 


21,240.868 


46,869,907 


26,844,102 


Molasses 


58,598,950 


34,072. 251 


.5I.S18.675 


41,996,266 


45,009,i01 




4,187,109 


2,356,329 


!,1 J4,691 


5,050,188 


3.828,879 


Duty collected ox-manufactory on 
deficiencies and UMMXncote 


1,860 


388 


3,551 


6,747 


204 


Amount $ 


4,464 


931 


8,536 


16,192 


1,84 


Total duty collected plus license fres. $ 
Vinegar . gal. 


8,839 
2,922,886 


4,431 

2,6d 


15,681 
880,982 


18,692 


4,596 


Acetic Acid " 


167,383 


147,669 


46,375 


~ 


: 



For April, May and Juno only. Regulation.- changed July 20, and duty taken off from that date. 



PROVINCIAL SUBSIDIES 



775 



Consumption of Alcohol and Tobacco. In Tables 14 and 15 are 
shown the quantities of spirits, malt liauor and tobacco taken out of bond for con 
sumption in the fiscal years 1918 to 1923 and the annual consumption per head of 
population of spirits, wine, beer and tobacco, together with the duties per head 
paid on these goods. Until recent years, spirits and tobacco were the most 
important sources of inland revenue. Owing to the imposition of war taxes, 
revenues derived from them have fallen from 65 p.c. of the total of inland revenue 
in 1920 to 23 p.c. of the total in 1923. This is accounted for mainly by the increase 
in the volume of war taxes collected, but to some extent also by the decrease in the 
consumption of wine and spirits. The consumption of cigars also fell from 
270,089,761 in 1920 to 183,965,151 in 1923, a decline of more than 32 p.c. 

14. Quantities of Spirits, Malt Liquor, Malt and Tobacco taken out of Bond for 
Consumption in the Fiscal Years 1918-1923. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Spirits gal 


4 591 972 


2 941 108 


3 816 124 


2 816 071 


730 474 


729 678 


Malt liquor " 


28 442 427 


26 0^4 117 


36 863 867 


35 509 757 


38 404 346 


36 789 195 


Malt lb 


59,616 049 


49 184 747 


69 975 631 


82 210 351 


87 561 176 


84,922 024 


Tobacco, snuff and cigar 
ettes 1 " 


26,774,298 


24 640 853 


30 371,961 


26,708.764 


27 879,419 


27,826,031 


Cigars No. 


254,445,945 


221 087,110 


270,089.761 


214,262 197 


181 255,533 


183,965,151 

















1 Tobacco, 21,313,311 Ibs.: snuff, 759.398 Ibs.: cigarettes, 1,917,773,908 in 1923. 

15. Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco, and amount of 
Excise and Customs Duties per head, in the fiscal years 1918-1923. 

(From the Report of the Department of Customs and Excise). 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922 


1923. 


Consumption of 
Spirits gal 


0-699 


0-391 


0-624 


0-857 


0-360 


0-219 


Wine " 


0-061 


0-025 


0-078 


0-077 


0-037 


0-037 


Beer " 


3-414 


2-948 


4-100 


3-954 


4-375 


4-028 


Tobacco 1 b 


3-612 


3-109 


3-745 


3-272 


3-434 


3-243 


Duty paid on 
Spirits $ 


1-810 


0-942 


1-586 


2-256 


1-859 


2-006 


Wine $ 


0-036 


0-015 


0-056 


0-074 


0-049 


0-057 


Beer $ 


0-228 


0-170 


0-?43 


0-292 


0-308 


0-287 


Tobacco $ 


1-698 


2-520 


3-541 


3-245 


3-254 


2-883 

















Provincial Subsidies. 

Tables 16 and 17 show the aggregate amounts of the subsidies and other 
payments made by the Dominion to the Provincial Governments for each of 
the years 1919 to 1923 (Table 16), and the totals paid from Confederation 
to date (Table 17). The Provincial subsidies payable by the Dominion Government 
were originally settled by the British North America Act, 1867 (30 and 31 Viet., 
c. 3, s. 118), but were revised by the British North America Act, 1907 (7 Edw. VII, 
c. 11). Under the revised settlement each Provincial Government receives (a) a 
fixed grant according to population and (b) a grant at the rate of 80 cents per head 
of the population up to 2,500,000, and at the rate of 60 cents per head of so much of 
the population as exceeds that number. The Province of British Columbia received 
an additional grant of $100,000 per annum for a period of 10 years from 1907. 1 
An additional grant of $100,000 per annum is payable to Prince Edward Island 
under an Act of 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 42), and the payments to Manitoba were revised 

1 See Canada Year Book, 1907, pp. xxxiii-iv. 



776 



FINANCE 



by the Extension of Boundaries (Manitoba) Act (2 Geo. V, c. 32). Other payments- 
to the Provincial Governments by the Dominion Government consist of special 
grants, as compensation for lands and allowances for buildings, allowances in lieu 
of debt, etc. 
16. Subsidies and other Payments of Dominion to Provincial Governments, 1919-1923. 



Provinces. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 

381,932 


t 

381,932 


$ 

381,932 


$ 

381,932 


$ 

381,932 


Nova Scotia . 


636,667 


636,667 


636,667 


661,866 


661,866 


New Brunswick 


637,976 


637,976 


637,976 


666,766 


666,766 


Quebec 


1,969,630 


1,969,630 


1,969,630 


2,256,420 


2, 256, 42ft 


Ontario. . . 


2,396,379 


2,396,379 


2,396,379 


2,642,612 


2,642,612 


Manitoba 


1,447,335 


1,470,991 


1,470,991 


1,470,991 


1,466,380 


Saskatchewan 


1,680,077 


1,753,075 


1,753,075 


1,763,883 


1,763,883 


\lhorta 


1,554,105 


1,621,075 


1,621,075 


1,628,638 


1,628,638 


Briti.-h Columbia 


623,135 


623,135 


623,135 


738,816 


738,816 














Total 


11,327,236 


11,490,860 


11.490,860 


12,211,924 


12,207,313 















17. Total of Subsidy Allowances from July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1923. 



Provinces. 


Allowance 
for 
Govern 
ment. 


Allowance 
per head 
of 
Population. 


Special 
Grants. 1 


Interest 
on Debt 

Allowance. - 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 

2,620,000 


$ 

4,265,555 


$ 

2,949,626 


$ 

2,137,370 


$ 

11,972,551 


Nova Scotia 


5,440,000 


18,728,622 


826,980 


2,602,186 


27,597,788 


New Brunswick 


4,880,000 


14,315,944 


8,130,000 


1,106,521 


28,432,465 


Quebec 


6,640,000 


60,646,200 




3,704,725 


71,080,925 


Ontario . 


7,040,000 


76,320,381 


_ 


3,319,545 


86,679,926 


Manitoba . 


4,645,000 


10,912,548 


9,964,647 


9,153,174 


34,675,369 


Saskatchewan 


3,091,666 


7,752,240 


9,468,750 


7,296,750 


27,609,406 


Alberta 


3,066,667 


6,152,283 


9,000,000 


7,296.750 


25,515,700 


British Columbia 


4,040,000 


7,153,811 


6,200,000 


1,525,639 


18,919,450 














Total 


41,463,333 


206,247,584 


46,540,003 


38,232,660 


332,483,58 















Compensation for lands and allowances for buildings. : Allowance in lieu of debt. 

National Debt. 

The gross national debt of Canada on Mar. 31, 1914, was $544,391,369. 
against assets of $208,394,519, leaving a net debt of $335,996,850. Comparatively 
small as was this debt, it was a debt incurred almost altogether either for public 
works of general utility which, like the Intercolonial and Transcontinental railways 
and the canal system, remained assets, though perhaps not realizable assets of the 
nation, or was expended as subsidies to enterprises, which, like the Canadian Pacific 
railway, though not government owned, assisted greatly in extending the area of 
settlement as well as the productive and therefore the taxable capacity of the 
country. Broadly speaking, it was a debt incurred for productive purposes. Also, 
it was mainly held outside the country, the principal of the Dominion funded debt 
payable on Mar. 31, 1914, in London being $302,842,485, as against only $717,453 
payable in Canada. 

The great changes brought about during the nine years from 1914 to 1923 in 
our national debt have been (1) the enormous increase in net debt from $335,996,850 
to $2,453,776,869; (2) as having been largely incurred for war purposes, the gross 
debt is not represented by corresponding assets; (3) the debt is now mainly held in 
Canada; (4) the average rate of interest paid on interest-bearing debt has been 
considerably increased, the interest-bearing debt on Mar. 31, 1914, being $416,892,576, 
with an annual interest charge of $14,687,797, the average interest rate being thus 
only 3-52 p.c., while on Mar. 31, 1923, the interest-bearing debt was $2,653,869,212, 
with an interest charge of $136,007,667, the average rate of interest paid thus 



NATIONAL DEBT 777 



being 5-125 p.c. Had it been possible to keep down the rate of interest to its pre 
war level, the debt charge would be nearly $44,000,000 less than it is. Post-war 
conversions of debt to lower rates of interest are likely to reduce substantially our 
annual interest payments within the next few years. 

A summary account of the loans effected since 1914 is appended. 

War Loans. The first Dominion domestic war loan was raised in November, 
1915, under authority of chapter 23 of the Statutes of that year (5 Geo. V, c. 23). It 
originally consisted of $50,000,000 5 p.c. tax-exempt 10 year gold bonds, issued at 97? 
and maturing December 1, 1925. As the issue was heavily over-subscribed (public 
subscriptions by 24,862 subscribers $78,729,500, bank subscriptions $25,000,000) 
and the extra money was needed, the Government increased the amount of the loan 
to $100,000,000. In July, 1915, $25,000,000 of 1 year and $20,000,000 of 2 year 
5 p.c. notes had been floated in the United States, with the object of stabilizing 
exchange and of relieving the pressure on London. 

In September, 1916, the second Canadian domestic war loan of $100,000,000 
5 p.c. tax-exempt 15 year gold bonds was issued and again over-subscribed (public 
subscriptions by 34,526 subscribers $151,444,800, bank subscriptions $50,000,000). 
In March of that year, a loan of $75,000,000 in 5, 10 and 15 year 5 p.c. bonds had 
been floated in New York. 

The third Canadian domestic war loan, composed of $150,000,000 5 p.c. tax- 
exempt 20 year gold bonds issued at 96, was issued in March, 1917, and was again 
over-subscribed, 40,800 public subscribers applying for $200,768,000, while the 
banks subscribed $60,000,000. In August, 1917, $100,000,000 of 5 p.c. 2 year notes 
were issued in New York at 98. 

Hitherto the process of raising money had been comparatively easy. The 
buoyancy of Canadian finance was illustrated by the increasing subscriptions to 
each successive loan, while the Government could, when needed, obtain additional 
funds in New York. In April, 1917, however, the United States entered the war. 
Its gigantic preparations drained enormous sums of money from the New York 
money market, and made it difficult for other countries to raise money there. Hence 
forth Canada had in the main to depend .on her own people to supply the funds 
necessary for keeping her steadily increasing forces in the field. Subsequent appeals 
for war loan subscriptions had to be made to the masses of the people rather than 
to the comparatively few wealthy or comfortably-off investors. 

The fourth domestic war loan (First Victory Loan) issued in November, 1917, 
illustrates the foregoing remarks. For the first time subscriptions as low as $50 
were received towards an issue of $150,000,000 5| p.c. 5, 10 and 20 year gold bonds, 
the Minister of Finance reserving the right to allot the whole or any part of the 
amount subscribed in excess of $150,000,000. The subscribers numbered 820,035 
and the subscriptions totalled $398,000,000, or about $50 per head of the population 

f s~1 1 

01 Canada. 

TheJifth domestic war loan (Second Victory Loan) of $300,000,000 5J p.c. 5 and 
15 year tax-exempt gold bonds was issued at 100 and interest as of date November 
1, 1918, and the end of the war, then clearly in sight, stimulated public subscriptions. 
The applications numbered 1,067,879 and totalled $660,000,000. 

The sixth domestic war loan (Third Victozy Loan) was raised at 100 and interest 
in November, 1919. It consisted of $300,000,000 taxable 5 year and 15 year 5| p.c. 
gold bonds. The subscriptions amounted to $678,000,000. 

A 5| p.c. renewal loan, aggregating $114,464,150 and due in 1927 and 1932, 
was floated in Canada in the autumn of 1922 to pay off the maturing 5 year Victory 
Loan bonds of 1917. Largely for the same purpose a $100,000,000 5 p.c. loan was 
issued in New York. 

The general result of these loans has been that in 1923 the great bulk of the 
Canadian national debt is owing to the Canadian people. At the end of the fiscal 
year 1922-23, the net funded debt of Canada payable in London was officially 
stated as $304,770,796, in New York as $210,933,000, while the net funded debt 
payable in Canada amounted to no less than $1,937,031,954. The largest creditors 
of the Dominion Government are within the Dominion itself, and as a consequence 
the interest payments made on national debt account outside the country are a 
relatively small item. Detailed statistics of the national debt as on Mar. 31, 1923, 
are given in Table 21. 



778 



FINANCE 



In the autumn of 1923 a second 5 p.c. renewal loan of $200,000,000 was issued 
in Canada to pay off the maturing 5 year Victory Loan bonds of 1918. 

18. Summary of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1917-1923. 



Description. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Total debt . . . 


$ 

1,382,003,268 


$ 

1,863,335,899 


$ 

2,676,635,726 


$ 

3,041,529,587 


$ 
2,902,482,117 


$ 

2,902,347,137 


$ 

2,888,827,237 


Total assets 


502,816,970 


671,451,836 


1,102,104,692 


792,660,963! 


561,603,1331 


480,211,3351 


435,050,368 l 


Net debt.. 


879,186,298 


1,191,884,063 


I,574,a31,033 


2,248,868,624 


2,340,878,984 


2,422,135,802 


2,453,776,869 


Interest on debt 
Interest on in 
vestment^. . 


35,802,567 
3,094,012 


47,845,585 
4,466,724 


77,431,432 
7,421,002 


107,527,089 
17,086,981 


139,551,520 
24,815,246 


135,247,849 
21,961,513 


137,892,735 
Iti. 465, 303 



1 Active a-M t- only. 

19. Details of the Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1920-1923. 



Items. 


11)20. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 




$156,652,549 


S 50,177,300 


f, 23.899.777 


$ 4,256,042 




105, 067,644 


83,959,873 


85,710,:i2") 


130,150,335 




157,124,864 


138,705,097 


103.591,694 


75,433,038 




211,173,198 


187,408,305 


162,766,689 


106,510,470 


Advances to Soldiers Settlement Board 


41,735,530 


69,366,217 


78,293,234 


83,325,152 




22,338,941 


i 


i 


i 


Miscellaneous current accounts 


98,568,237 


31,986,341 


25,949,616 


35,345,331 


Total... 


792,660,963 


561,603,133 


480,211,335 


435,050,368 



Sinking funds are no longer included in the assets, as they ure shown as deductions from the funded 
20. Details of the Gross Liabilities of Canada, March 31, 1920-1923. 



Items. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Funded debt payable in 
London 


$ 

336,001,470 


S 

310,334,996! 


$ 

307,641,6591 


$ 
304,770,7961 




2,066,856,120 


1,988,494,3571 


2,002,215,601! 


1,937,031,954 


New York * 


135,873,000 


135,874,000 


110,934,000 


21 0.933, 000 


Dominion notes 


311,932,792 


277,882,885 


241,461,426 


242,657,765 


Savings banks 


42,334,813 


39,160,808 


34,666,834 


31,791,106 




58,862,000 


90,835,000 


144,535,000 


95,432,000 


Bank circulation redemption fund 


5,958.543 


11,493 


6,533,999 


6,451,150 


Trust funds 


13,550.907 


17,042,042 


18,647,974 


19,621,238 




9,024,153 


9,624,153 


9,624,153 


9,624,153 


Miscellaneous 


30,535,723 


26,321,783 


26,086,491 


30,511.075 


Total.. 


3,041,529,587 


2,902,482,117 


2,902,347,137 


2,888,827,237 



Sinking Funds. 

21. Funded Debt Payable in London, New York and Canada, together with Tem 
porary Loans, as at March 31, 1923. 



Description. 


Amount. 


Inter< -t 
payable 
thereon. 


Date of Maturity. 


4ipe 
4 

3i 

3i 
3* 

3 
3 
3 
2i 


PAYABLE IN LONDON. 
r cent loan of 19 9 0-25 


$ 

24,333,333 

93,926,667 
23,467,206 

15,056,007 
137,058,841 

8.071,230 
18,250,000 
10,950,000 
4,888,186 


$ 

1,095,000 

3,757.067 
821,352 

526,960 
4,797,059 

242,137 
547,500 
328,500 
122,205 


May 1, 1925 (on or after May 1, 1920, 
on giving 3 months notice). 
October 1, 1960 (on or after Oct. 1 
1940, on giving 3 months notice.) 
On giving 6 months notice or June 1 

July 1, 1938. 
July 1, 1950 (on or after July 1, 193*, 
on giving 6 months not. 
July 1, 1938. 
July 1, 1938. 
July 1, 1938. 
October 1, 1917. 


" " 1940-60 


" " 1884 


" C.P. Ry. land grant. 
" 1930-50 


" 1888 


" 1892 ,.. 


" 1894 


1897 


Gross Total 


336,001,470 

31,230,674 


12,237,780 




Net Total.. 


304,770,7961 



FUNDED DEBT OF CANADA 



779 



21. Funded Debt Payable in London, Xew York and Canada, together with Tem 
porary Loans, as at March 31, 1923 concluded. 


Description. 


Amount. 


Interest 
payable 
thereon. 


Date of Maturity. 


PAYABLE IN NEW YORK. 
5 per cent Bond Loan, 1915-1935 

5 Public Service Loan, 1916. 
5 a a 

5 a a u 
5 Bond Loan, 1922-52 


$ 

874,00 
59,00 
25,000,00 
25,000,00 
100,000,00 
60,000,00 


$ 
43,70( 

1.250.00C 
1,250,OOC 
5,000,OOC 
3,300,OOC 


August 1, 1935. 
April 1, 1921 (overdue). 
April 1, 1926. 
April 1, 1931. 
May 1, 1952. 
August 1, 1929. 

Overdue. 
a 

Various dates. 

July 1, 1925. 
Oct. 1, 1919 (overdue). 

June 1, 1919 (overdue). 
Overdue. 

Various dates. 
January 1, 1924. 

Dec. 1, 1925. 
Oct. 1, 1931. 

March 1, 1937. 
Dec. 1, 1922 (overdue). 
Dec. 1, 1927. 
Dec. 1, 1937. 

Nov. 1, 1923. 
Nov. 1, 1933. 

Nov. 1, 1924. 
Nov. 1, 1934. 

Nov. 1, 1927. 
Nov. 1, 1932. 

March 1, 1928. 
Dec. 1, 1945. 

August 1, 1919. 
April 1, 1923. 
April 15, 1923. 
May 2, 1923. 
May 15, 1923. 

Payable on demand. 


5} 1919-1929 


Total 


210,933,00 

39,19 

54 
12,14 
15 

60 

40 
8,00 
12,53 
45,50 
48,66 
60,80 
1,00 

24,133,000 
700 
59,842 

4,077,113 
1,748,853 

42,014,500 

52,931,600 

90,166,900 
3,117,650 
63,437,250 
236,298,850 

172,459,650 
446,663,800 

107,955,650 
511,910,650 

29,068,400 
85,395,750 

2,000,000 
65,207,351 


10,843,70C 

48 
43 
1,59 
1,70 
2,12 

1,206,650 

224,241 
87,443 

2,100,725 
2,646,580 
4,508,345 

3,489,048 
12,996,437 

9,485,281 
24,566,509 

5,937,561 
28,155,086 

1,598,762 
4,696,766 

70,000 
2,934,330 


PAYABLE IN CANADA. 
Provincial Notes, Nova Scotia 


Unpaid Warrants, Prince Edwarc 
Island 


Compensation to seigneurs. . . . 


Compensation to Townships 
Province of New Brunswick, 6 per cen 
Loan Debentures 


Province of Canada, 5 per cent Loa 
Debentures 


Dominion Stock, issue A, 6 per cent.. 
A, 3| " .. 
B, 3* " 
C, 3* " 
F, 3* " .. 
Debenture Stock, 5 per cent 1919 
5 per cent 1922 
School Lands . . . 
5^ per cent 1919... 
War Savings Certificates 


Dominion of Canada Savings Certifi 
cates 


War Savings and Thrift Stamps 


Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1915- 
1925,5 percent 


Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1916- 
1931, 5 per cent 


Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1917- 
1937, 5 per cent 


Victory Loan 1917, 5$ per cent, due 1922 
Victory Loan 1917, 5| per cent, due 192? 
Victory Loan 1917, 5J per cent, due 1937 

Victory Loan 1918, 5J per cent, due 1923 
Victory Loan 1918, 5J per cent, due 1933 

Victory Loan 1919, 5i per cent, due 1924 
Victory Loan 1919, 5J per cent, due 1934 

Renewal Loan 1922, 5J per cent, due 


Renewal Loan 1922, 5J per cent, due 
1932 


Bond Loan, 3J per cent, 1925-1928. .. 


Bond Loan, 4^ per cent, 1925-1945.. .. 


Gross Total. . 


,938,877,054 

1,845,100 


104,710,107 


Less Sinking Funds 


Net Total... . 


,937,031,954 

12,000 
4,680,000 
41,060,000 
19,325.000 
29,655,000 


- 


TEMPORARY LOANS 
Loan of 1917-19, New York, 5 per 
cent 


Treasury Bills, Canada, 5J per cent 
Treasury Bills, Canada, 5J per cent 
Treasury Bills, Canada, 5J per cent 
Treasury Bills, Canada, 5J per cent 


Total 


91,732,000 

700,000 


- 


Debenture Stock, 5 per cent . 




Total 


95,432,000 


- 





780 



FINANCE 



22. Public Debt of Canada, July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1923. 



Fiscal 
years. 


Total 
debt. 


Total 

assets. 


Net 
debt. 


Increase or 
decrease of 
debt. 


Interest on 
debt. 


. 
Interest re 
ceived from 
invested 
assets. 


1867.. 


$ 

93,046,052 


$ 

17,317,410 


? 

75,728,642 


- 


$ 


$ 


1868 


96,896,666 


21,139,5:)! 


75,757,135 


28,493 


4,501,568 


126,420 


1869 


112,361,998 


36,502.679 


75,859,319 


102,184 


4,907,014 


313,021 


1870 


115,993,706 


37,783,964 


78,209,742 


2,350,423 


5,047,054 


383,956 


1871 


115,492,683 


37,786,165 


77,706,518 


-503,225 


5,165,304 


554,384 


1872 


122,400,179 


40,213,107 


82,187,072 


4,480,554 


5,257,231 


488,042 


1873 


129,743,432 


29,894,970 


99,848,462 


17,661.390 


5,209,206 


396,404 


1874 


141,163,551 


32,838.587 


108,324,964 


8,476,502 


5,724,436 


610,863 


1875 


151,663,402 


35,655,024 


116,008,378 


7,683,414 


0,590,790 


840,887 


1876 


161,204,688 


36,653,174 


124,551,514 


8,543,136 


6,400,902 


798,906. 


1877 


174,675,835 


41.440,526 


133,235,309 


8,683,795 


6.797,227 


717,684 


1878 


174,957,269 


34,595,199 


140,362,070 


7.126,761 


7,048,884 


605,774 


1879 


179,483,871 


.16. 193,684 


142,990,187 


2,628,117 


7. 194,734 


592,500- 


1880 


194,634,441 


42,182,852 


152,451,589 


9,461. 402 


7.773,869 


834,793 


1881 


199,861,537 


44,465,757 


155,395,780 


2,944,191 


7,694,146 


751,513 


1882 


205,365,252 


51,703,601 


153,661,651 


-1,734,129 


7.710,804 


914,009 


1883 


202,159,104 


43,692,390 


158,466,714 


4,805,063 


7.668,552 


1,001,193 


1884 


242,482,416 


60,320,566 


182,161,850 


23,695,136 


7,700,181 


986,698 


1885 


264,703,607 


68,295,915 


196,407,692 


14,245,842 


9,419,482 


1,997,036 


1886 


273,164,341 


50,005,234 


223,159,107 


26,751,415! 


10,137,009 


2,299,079 


1887 


273,187,626 


45,872,851 


227,314,775 


4,155,668 


9,682,929 


990,88, 


1888 


284,513,842 


49,982,484 


234,531,358 


7,216,583 


9,823,313 


932,025- 


1889 


287,722,063 


50,192,021 


237,530,042 


2,998,684 


10,148,932 


1,305,392 


1890 


286,112,295 


48,579,083 


237,533,212 


3,170 


9.656,841 


1,082,271 


1891.. 


289, 899, 230 


52,090,199 


237,809,031 


275,819 


9,584,137 


1,077,228- 


1892 


295,333.274 


54.201,840 


241,131,434 


3,322,403 


9,763.978 


1,086,420 


1893 


300,054,525 


58,373,485 


241,681,040 


549,606 


9,806,888 


1,150,167 


1894 


308,348,023 


62,164,994 


246,183,029 


4,501,989 


10,212,596 


1,217,809 


1895 


318,048,755 


64,973,828 


253,074,927 


6,891,898 


10,466,294 


1,836,047 


1896 . 


325,717,537 


67,220,104 


258,497,433 


5,422,506 


10,502,430 


1,370,001 


1897 


332,530,131 


70,991,535 


261,538,596 


3,041,163 


10,645,663 


1 , 443 , 004 


1898 


338,375,984 


74,419,585 


2fi3,956,399 


2,417,803 


10,516,758 


1,513,455 


1899 .... 


345,160,903 


78,887,456 


266,273,417 


2,317,048 


10,855,112 


1 , 590 ,41* 


1900 


346,206,980 


80,713,173 


265,493,807 


-779,640 


10,699.040 


1,683,051 


1901 


354,732,433 


86,252,42!) 


268,480,004 


2,986,197 


10,807,955 


1,784,834 


1902 


366,358,477 


94,529,387 


27 1, 829, 090 


3,349,086 


10,975,935 


1,892,224 


1903 


361,344,098 


99,737,109 


2ti 1.606. 989 


-10,222,101 


11,068,139 


2,020,95.> 


1904 


364, 962, ) 12 


104,094.79:: 


260,867,719 


-739,270 


11,128,637 


2,236,256 


1905 


377,678,580 


111,454,413 


266.224,167 


5,366,448 


10,630,115 


2 , 105 , Oo 1 


1906 


392,269,680 


125,22ii.7(i:; 


217,042,977 


818,810 


10,814,697 


2,140,312 


1907 (9 mos) . . . 
1908 


379,966,826 
408,207,158 


1 Ifi, 294, 966 
130,246,298 


263,671,860 
277,960,860 


-3,371,117 
14,289,000 


6,712,7, 1 
10,973,597 


1,23, ). , t i 
1,925,569 


1909 


478,535,427 


154,605,148 


323,930,279 


45,969,419 


11 .604,584 


2,256,o4.) 


1910 


470,663,046 


134,394,500 


336,268,546 


12,338,267 


13,098,161 


2,807,400 


1911 


474,941,4*7 


134,899,435 


340,042,052 


3,773,506 


12,535,851 


1,668,773 


1912 


508,338,592 


168,41(1.131 


339,919,461 


-122,691 


12,259,397 


,281,317 


1913 . . . 


483,232,555 


130,930 


814,301,628 


-25,617,836 


12,605,882 


1,430,511 


1914 


544,391,369 


208,391.. )!!) 


335,996,850 


21,695,225 


12,893,505 


1 , 964 , 51 1 


1915 


700,473,814 


251,097,731 


449,376,083 


113,379,233 


15,736,743 


2.9SO,24i 


1916 


936,987,802 


321,831,631 


615,156,171 


165,780,088 


21,421,585 


3,358,210 


1917 . 


1,382,003,268 


502,816,970 


879,186,298 


264,030,127 


35,802.. )6, 


3,094,012 


1918 


1,863,335,899 


671,451,836 


1,191,884,063 


312,697,765 


47,845,585 


4,466,724 


1919 


2,676,635,725 


1,102,104,692 


1,574,531,033 


382,646.970 


77,431,432 


,421,00 


1920 


3,041,529,587 


792,660,963 


2,248,868,624 


674,337,591 


107,527,089 


17,086,981 


1921 


2,902,482,117 


561,603,133 


2,340,878,984 


92,010,360 


139,551,520 


24,815.24t> 


1022 


2,902,347,137 


480,211,335 


2,422,135,802 


81,256,817 


135,217, si ! 


21,961,513 


1923 


2,888,827,237 


435,050,368 


2,453,776,869 


31,641,067 


137,892,,.:.) 


16,465,303 



NOTE. The minus sign () denotes a decrease. _ 

This amount includes $10,199,520, for which land was taken from the Canadian 1 acihc Ky. Co 
This amount included $3,305,450 caused by the settlement of accounts with Ontario and VJueD 
This amount takes into account $5,397,503 allowed to < intano and Quebec, under 47 V, c. b. 

Activ<- a-.-et> only. 



PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FINANCE 781 

2. Provincial Public Finance. 

Provincial Governments in Canada are in the position, under section 118 of 
the British North America Act, 1867 (30 and 31 Viet., c. 3), and the British North 
America Act, 1907 (7 Edw. VII, c. 11), of having a considerable assured income 
in subsidies from the Dominion Treasury. Details of these payments are given for 
recent years in Tables 16 and 17 of this section. In addition, through their reten 
tion of ownership of their lands, minerals and other natural resources, the provinces, 
which, by the voluntary action of their previously existing governments, entered 
Confederation, raise considerable revenues through land sales, sales of timber, 
mining royalties, leases of water-powers, etc., while the prairie provinces receive 
from the Dominion special grants in lieu of land revenues. Further, under section 
92 of the British North America Act, Provincial Legislatures are given authority 
to impose direct taxation within the province for provincial purposes and to borrow 
money on the sole credit of the province. 

While the laisser faire school of political thought was predominant throughout 
the country, provincial receipts and expenditures were generally very moderate, as 
may be seen both for individual provinces and for the provinces collectively, from 
Table 23. From the commencement of the twentieth century, however, the 
Canadian public, more especially in Ontario and the West, began to demand 
increased services from the government, particularly along the lines of education, 
sanitation and public ownership and operation of public utilities. The performance 
of these functions necessitated increased revenues, which had in the main to be 
raised by taxation. Among the chief methods of taxation to be employed has 
been the taxation of corporations and estates, succession duties showing a con 
siderably increased yield even within the comparatively short period of five years 
from 1917 to 1921 covered by the statement compiled by the Finance Branch of 
the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1 and published as Table 25. Prominent among 
the objects of increased expenditure in this same period are education, public 
buildings, public works and enterprises and charities, hospitals and corrections. 
The fact that provincial government is cheaper per head in the laisser faire eastern 
provinces is evident from Table 24, which gives the total and per capita ordinary 
revenue and expenditure for each of the three provincial fiscal years ended in 1921. 
This, however, is not to be taken as evidence that the larger services rendered to 
the public in the western provinces are not worth what is being paid for them. 

For the half century subsequent to Confederation, the provincial accounts, 
published by each Government according to its own system of accounting, were 
quite incomparable as between the provinces, a fact much regretted by students 
of provincial public finance. Upon the creation of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics 
in 1918, its Finance Branch undertook the work of placing the various provincial 
public accounts on a comparable basis, correlating, for example, the revenues 
derived from succession duties, taxation of corporations, sales of public lands, 
royalties on forest, mineral and fisheries products, as well as the expenditures on 
such services as agriculture, civil government, education and public works. As 
the result of the Bureau s exhaustive analysis of the provincial public accounts, a 
summary statement of the ordinary receipts and expenditure of the Provincial 
Governments appeared for the first time in the 1919 Year Book. In the present 
issue an analysis is given of the provincial public accounts for the five fiscal years 

!The succession duties collected by the provinces in 1921 amounted in the aggregate to $8,546,923, aa 
compared with $1,020,972 as recently as 1904, or an eight-fold increase in 17 years. The aggregate revenue 
raised by taxation of corporations, etc., increased from $7,217,548 in 1916 to $18,360,120 in 1921. 



782 FINANCE 



from 1917 to 1921. In it the various items of receipts and expenditures have been 
classified under appropriate headings, and a uniform terminology has been adopted. 
The result is given in Tables 25 and 26, which present summary statements of the 
ordinary receipts and expenditures of all the Provincial Governments for each of 
the five provincial fiscal years from 1917 to 1921. From these statements it is 
possible to ascertain the amounts received and expended in each year under the 
respective headings for each province, while Table 27 supplies the same information 
for the provinces collectively. 1 

In the use of these tables it should be borne in mind that the fiscal years in 
the different provinces do not coincide. In Prince Edward Island, Manitoba and 
Alberta 1<he fiscal year ends December 31, in Nova Scotia, September 30, in New 
Brunswick and Ontario, October 31, in Quebec, June 30, in Saskatchewan, April 30, 
and in British Columbia, March 31. 

The total ordinary revenue of the nine provinces, for their latest fiscal year 
for which final data are available, ended 1921, was $102,030,458, as compared with 
$92,653,023 in 1920, $76,844,307 in 1919, $69,345,305 in 1918, $57,989,984 in 1917 
and $50,015,795 in 1916. The total ordinary expenditure in 1921 was $102,569,515 
as against $88,250,675 in 1920, $76,403,973 in 1919, $66,052,909 in 1918, $60,122,485 
in 1917 and $53,826,219 in 1916. Thus the total ordinary revenue of the provinces 
shows an increase of 104 p.c. in the short space of five years, while the total ordinary 
expenditure shows an increase of 90-6 p.c. The main cause of the increasing 
expenditure has been, of course, the rapid rise during the period in the prices of the 
commodities and labour required for the public service, while the extension of the 
functions of government has also been a considerable factor. The available figures 
for 1922 indicate continued increases. (Table 23.) 

Considering the individual provinces, the largest revenue for 1921 is that of 
Ontario, $30,411,396, Quebec being next with $15,914,521 and British Columbia 
third with $15,219,264. As regards total expenditure for the same year, that of 
Ontario was highest, $28,579,688, British Columbia second with $15,236,931 and 
Quebec third with $14,624,088. In 1921 British Columbia raised the largest 
revenue per head of population, $29.01, while Quebec had the lowest, $6.19. 

Provincial Assets and Liabilities The asset and liability statements of 
the provinces vary so greatly in their content that heretofore no attempt has been 
made to publish any collective statement. In some instances natural resources, 
such as timber, mining, agricultural and school lands unsold, are shown as assets 
while in others no account is taken of these. In other cases provincial government 
buildings with lands connected therewith, also roads, bridges and public improve 
ments are considered as assets, while other provinces do not include them in their 
published statements. With a view to presenting the principal items which make 
up provincial assets and liabilities, the following co-ordinated table (Table 28) has 
been compiled, in consultation with the various provincial audit departments. 
Other miscellaneous assets of the provinces are briefly enumerated. Indirect 
liabilities, which are separately given, consist mainly, as shown by the foot-notes, 
of guarantees of bonds and debentures. Generally speaking, both the assets and 
the liabilities of the provinces in which public ownership of public utilities exists, 
are proportionately larger than is the case in the other provinces. 

A report giving details of the finances of Provincial Governments for 1921, with summary statistics 
for the years from 1916 to 1920, has recently been published. Copies may be obtained on application to 
the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa. 



PROVINCIAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES 



783 



33. Statement showing the Ordinary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial 
Governments for their respective fiscal years ended 1869-1922. 



1 

Years. 


Prince Edward 
Island. 


Nova Scotia. 


New Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Receipts . 


Expendi 
ture. 2 


Receipts. 


Expendi 
ture. 


Receipts . 


Expendi 
ture. 


Receipts. 


Expendi 
ture. 


1869-72 (total 4 yr.) 
1873 


$ 

1,372,064 
484,979 s 
403,013 

306,597 
524, 144 
326,274 
312,684 
288,062 

269,603 
275,380 
233,465 
228,169 
280,271 

248,222 
233,978 
241,736 
254,209 
234,635 

224,882 
274,047 
245,652 
217,473 
282,468 

277,314 
273,496 
272,550 
276,183 
282,678 

282,056 
309,445 
324,670 
318,766 
307,730 

313,445 
258,235 
350,479 
366,601 
375.374 

375,151 

374,798 
485,5658 
506,553 
525,555 

470,730 
508,455 
496,053 
514,475 
501,915 

740,973 
769,719 
748,888 


I 

1,569,447 
401,662 
442,767 

395,277 
353,226 
331,632 
334,133 
313,845 

257,309 
261,276 
257,228 
270,477 
279,545 

266,318 
304,467 
288,052 
279,939 
263,605 

305,799 
304,486 
259,012 
294,201 
280,596 

310,177 
28*, 631 
310,752 
301,700 
276,789 

308,494 
315,326 
324,185 
327,662 
356,120 

334,734 

264,135 
346,081 
377,603 
366,938 

382,891 
398,490 
527,220 s 
450,112 
445,396 

510,345 
453,151 
487,113 
484,416 
655,409 

660,774 
694,042 
687,241 


S 

2,360,891 
600, 196 
686,826 

616,350 

589,637 
562,800 
. 645,294 
394,205 

541,318 

476,445 
537,667 
563,864 
586,561 

613,026 
633,145 
656,639 
712,951 
668,774 

664,938 
661,541 
769,976 
682, 567 5 
888,213 

835,455 
841,160 
832,240 
855,960 
876,828 

1,014,123 
1,090,230 
1,140,217 
1,243,581 
1,194,756 

1,324,531 
1,391,629 
1,438,167 
1,783,467 
1,632,979 

1,592,363 
1,625,653 
1,870,056 
1,920,565 
1,885,458 

1,953,302 
2,165,338 
2,118,620 
2,332,634 
3,280,313 

3,801,016 
4,586,840 
4,791,208 


1 

2,295,304 
608,919 
676,111 

714,803 
653,874 
588,942 
688,003 
503,051 

506,253 
494,582 
569,119 
541,099 
572,768 

620,700 
656,348 
664,103 
668,400 
713,941 

710,497 
692,538 
822,462 
642,385= 
862,842 

831,230 
853,893 
853,699 
849,330 
852,379 

937,261 
1,088,927 
1,087,403 
1,177,331 
1,161,456 

1,303,708 
1,375,588 
1,539,169 
1,624,760 
1,653,508 

1,725,914 
1,790,778 
1,832,075 
1,949,784 
2,098,893 

2,073,672 
2,152,773 
2,344,009 
2,573,797 
3,280,282 

3,916,848 
4,678,146 
4,791,998 


$ 

1,939,397 
568,550 
591,465 

608,099 
" 634,850 
618,113 
584,977 
526,685 

675,285 
607,445 
643,710 
822, 889 3 
650,466 

617,570 
634,574 
665,819 
664,880 
651,031 

646,079 
612,762 
652,669 
730,877 
619, 298 6 

687,437 
698,437 
745,203 
708,809 
764,439 

758,989 
1,031,267 
826,066 
801,410 
890,653 

865,637 
887,202 
969,939 
1,086,738 
1,259,827 

1,324,440 
1,347,077 
1,417,722 
1,459,000 
1,505,229 

1,634,079 
1,580,419 
1,572,814 
2,357,909 
2,182,420 

3,100,892 
2,892.905 
3,226,728 


S 

1,978,949 
540,486 
589,794 

679,814 
587,330 
650,233 
640,815 
616,132 

609,671 
598,844 
614,236 
943,8243 
633,658 

584,473 
623,593 
667,647 
640,806 
637,051 

651,735 
680,813 
676,483 
711,673 
661,5216 

684,635 
701,452 
727,187 
727,050 
749,644 

794,477 
910,346 
845,637 
816,295 
885,457 

874,420 
879,066 
960,093 
1,042,196 
1,255,382 

1,317,876 
1,403,547 
1,409,049 
1,446,963 
1,493,774 

1,626,634 
1,568,340 
2,166,904 
2,399,062 
2,595,937 

2,969,323 
3,432,512 
2,985,877 


$ 

6,638,866 
1,795,749 
1,983,603 

2,036,869 
2,329,868 
2,397,383 
2,018,482 
2,201,215 

2,342,412 
3,191,779 
3,419,371 
2,755,707 
2,823,565 

2,926,148 
2,949,562 
2,965,567 
2,738,768 
3,628,544 

3,537,407 
3,457,144 
3,458,404 
4,373,363 

4,258,728 

4,221,687 
4,327,910 
3,877,466 
4,176,140 
4,223,579 

4,451,578 
4,563,432 
4,515,170 
4,699,773 
4,880,687 

5,039,001 
5,340,167 
5,270,595 
6,016,616 
6,082,187 

6,571,944 
7,032,745 
8,070,109 
8,382,737 
9,000,377 

9,597,926 
9,647,984 
10,441,114 
13,806,392 
12,666,352 

14,472,651 
15,914,521 
21,609,396 


$ 

6,072,289 
1,707,356 
1,908,283 

2,060,779 
2,283,025 
2,471,553 
2,577,171 
2,715,549 

2,830,023 
3,566,612 
3,628,229 
3,096,943 
3,124,620 

2,936,734 
3,032,607 
3,288,798 
3,365,032 
3,543,619 

3,894,413 
4,095,520 
4,446,640 
3,907,445 
4,267,946 

4,189,985 
4,099,707 
4,892,282 
4,415,370 
4,201,023 

4,433,386 
4,516,554 
4,490,677 
4,596,061 
4,795,469 

4,989.906 
5,179,817 
4,767,070 
4,980,919 
5,539,880 

5,627,755 
6,424,900 
7,386,680 
7,953,985 
8,621,368 

8,710,516 
9,436,687 
9,907,672 
11,671,830 
12,371,131 

13,520.740 
14,624,088 
16,575.977 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 . . . 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900... 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905.... 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910... 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915.... 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920... 


1921 


1922 





11 months only. ^Includes expenditure on capital account, except for 1900-1904. 3 14 months. ^Contains 
1250,000, proceeds of b9nds for funding floating debt. For 9 months ended September 30. 10 months. 
Nine months only, owinfe to change of fiscal year. Fifteen months, owing to change of fiscal year. 



784 



FINANCE 



23. Statement showing the Ordinary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial 
Governments for their respective fiscal years ended 1869-1923 con. 



Years. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskatchewan. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


1869-72 (total 4 


$ 

11,532,880 
3,141,298 
3,446,348 
3,156,606 
2,589,085 
2,502,449 
2,284,656 
2,287,951 
2,584,152 
2,788,747 
2,880,450 
2,439,941 
2,820,555 
3,005,921 
3,148,660 
3,527,578 
3,602,862 
4,464,031 
3,434,259 
4,138,589 
4,662,922 
4,091,914 
3,453,163 
3,585,300 
3,490,671 
4,139,848 
3,710,928 
4,103,478 
4,192,940 
4,466,044 
4,291,083 
5,466,653 
6,128,358 
6,016,176 
7,149,478 
8,320,419 
8,602,903 
7,477,921 
8,891,005 
9,370,834 
10,042,001 
11,183,302 
11,121,382 
12,975,732 
13,841,339 
18,269,597 
19,270,122 
20,692,166 3 
25,981,5173 
30, 41 1,396 s 
39,725,370 


8,277,724 
3,099,634 
3,883,702 
3,617,522 
3,152,365 
3,131,998 
2,914,864 
2,954,712 
2,531,166 
2,592,800 
2,931,825 
2,900,035 
3,207,890 
3,040,139 
2,181,450 
3,454,372 
3,544,835 
4,578,982 
3,907,428 
4,158,460 
4,068,257 
3,907,145 
3,839,339 
3,758,595 
3,703,380 
3,767,676 
3,864,971 
3,717,404 
4,003,729 
4,038,834 
4,345,004 
4,888,983 
5,267,453 
5,396,017 
6,720,179 
7,714,246 
8,557,065 
7,545,040 
8,887,520 
9,916,934 
10,287,992 
10,868,026 
11,819,311 
12,704,362 
12,706,333 
16,518,223 
17,460,404 
21,464,575 
25,880,843 
28,579,688 
37,442,986 


S 

24,611 
74,534 
150,0108 
99,608 
98,864 
135,311 
118,867 
121,867 
255,208 
376,863 
302,962 
150.728 7 
485,326 
506,890 
841,8948 
583,7!i. r ) 
585,709 
590,484 
605,288 
633,116 
613,094 
703,172 
665,353 
683,706 
936,604 
776,234 
905,331 
1,008,653 
1,443,256 
1,352,218 
1,48 
1,860,900 
2,089,652 
2,118,784 
2,891,582 
3,376,893 
3,847,322 
4,454,190 
7.(H6,675 
x070 
5,512,163 
5,472,955 
5,897,807 
6,292,986 
6,723,013 
8,613,364 
9,870,710 
9,358,956 
7,940,457 


$ 

138,658 
61,177 
133,390 
145,248 s 
92,958 
107,926 
151,086 
185,109 
226,808 
232,189 
386,071 
501,710 
229,278 
484,002 
520,190 
758,1398 
588,467 
708,302 
664,432 
832,890 
798,188 
699,319 
704,946 
763,158 
780,109 
837,888 
972,462 
1,085,405 
988,251 
1,248,128 
1,262,292 
1,271,733 
1,398,431 
1,572,691 
1,824,381 
2,534,794 
2,752,7J4 
3,234,941 
4,002,826 
4,339,540 
5,314,849 
5,638,659 
6,026,596 
6,147,780 
6,860,355 
7,307,727 
8,497,942 
10,602,955 
10,063,139 
8,381,667 


S 

618,432 
1,441,258* 

1,844,371* 
2,199,984* 
2,514,698* 
2,699,603* 
4,385,831* 
4,668,754* 
6,372,540 s 
5,024,936 
4,801,064 
5,631,910 
7,797,153 
8,333,759 
9,903,885 
11,789,920 
11,801,894 


$ 

118,602 
1,364,352 

2,091,613* 
2,651,690* 
2,220,866* 
2,575,145* 
4,255,850* 
4,656.800* 
5,823,980 s 
5,368,649 
5.258,756 
5,553,965 
6,828,596 
8,125,203 
8,707,833 
12,151,665 
13,322,119 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1 885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 .... 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


Years. 


Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


Totals for .ill Provinces. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


1869-72 (total 4 
yrs.) 


$ 





S 

519,036 
370,150 
372,418 
351,241 
381,120 
408,348 
430,786 
213, 058 10 
390,908 
397,035 
405,583 
425,808 
503,174 
600,399 
514,720 


t 

529,775 
372,169 
583,360 
614,659 
728,310 
685,046 
514,879 
186,716> 
446,575 
378,779 
474,428 
594,102 
590,629 
655,438 
772,211 


$ 

24,363,134 
6,960,922 
7,508,284 
7,150,296 
7,198,714 
6,914,975 
6,375,743 
6,046,487 
6,922,545 
7,858,698 
8,375,454 
7,613,211 
7,967,554 
8,162,014 
8,599,965 


$ 

20,723,488 
6,868,884 
8,145,194 
8,216,244 
7,903,378 
7,952,362 
7,777,791 
7,441,090 
7,366,106 
8,119,701 
8,707,254 
8,732,551 
8,910,820 
8,333,080 
8,054,678 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886.. 



Four months only. Province created Sept. 1, 1905. fourteen months ending Feb. 28, 1907. 
Includes capital revenue for lands, which cannot be separated. *Twelve months ending l<eb. 28. 
Fourteen months ending April 30. Twelve months ending April 30. Six months. Eighteen months. 
Six months of 1871 and for the year 1872. 10 Six months. 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES 



785 



23. Statement showing the Ordinary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial 
Governments, for their respective fiscal years 1869-1922 concluded. 



Years. . 


Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


Total in all Provinces. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


1887 


$ 

635, 976 2 
1.425.059 2 
2,081,828 2 
2,849,6502 
3,135,7272 
2.488.406 2 
3,309,156 2 
4,100,113 2 
5 399,905 


$ 

162,72312 
1.485.914 2 
2,450,375 2 
2,823,831 2 
2,650,441 
4,002,394 
3,437,088 
3,956,562 
5,225,584 
5,401,595 
5,714,032 
6,018,894 
6,752,504 
8,303,808 
9,525,7-19 
10,423,356 
13,109,304 
11,235,1924 


$ 
537,335 
598,252 
698,055 
835,463 
959,248 
1,020,002 
1,019,206 
821 , 660 
896,025 
989.765 
1.383,048 
1,439,623 
1,531,639 
1,544,108 
1,605,920 
1,807,925 
2,044,630 
2,638,260 
2,920,462 
3,044,442 
4,444,594 
5,979,055 
4,664,50P 
8,874,742 
10,492,892 
10,745,709 
12,510,215 
10,479,259 
7,974,496 
6,291,694 
6,906,784 
8,882,845 
10,931,279 
13,861,603 
15,219,264 
16,987,869 


$ 

731,307 
788,955 
857,545 
954,021 
1,032,104 
1,430,920 
1,431,438 
1,514,405 
1,906,924 
1,614,723 
1,569,071 
2.001,032 
2,156,174 
1,831,205 
2,287,821 
2,537,373 
3,393,182 
2.862,794 
2,302,418 
2,328,126 
2,849,480 
3,686,350 
3,749,1713 
6,382,993 
8,194,803 
11,189,024 
15,412,322 
15,762,912 
11.942,667 
10,083,505 
9,531.740 
9,023,269 
9,887,745 
11,568,003 
15,236,931 
17,436,487 


$ 
9,101,564 
9,413,816 
10,928,865 
9,928,737 
10,693,815 
11,414,913 
11,748,516 
10,936,624 
11,206,390 
11,286,792 
11,934,061 
12,104,247 
12,558,875 
13,149,125 
14,074,991 
14,348,387 
15,927,031 
17,527,111 
19,594,560 
23,027,122 
24,994,805 
31,420,983 
30,205,393 
36,480,071 
40,706,948 
48,163,781 
51,819,101 
51,657,239 
50,247,746 
50,015,795 
57,989,984 
69,345,305 
76,844,307 
92,653,023 
102,030,458 
112,859,544* 


$ 

9,614,469 
10,046,106 
11,183,210 
11,132,195 
11.628,353 
12,536,664 
11,692,475 
12,125,968 
12,386,492 
12,023,944 
12,900,776 
12,997,341 
12,926,175 
13,393,957 
14,146,059 
14.878,407 
16,461,806 
16,600,482 
16,880,959 
21,169,868 
22.450,895 
27,719,131 
28,167,824 
33,783,150 
38,144,511 
45,183,992 
53,278,425 
57,108,888 
54,677,473 
53,826,219 
60,122,485 
66,052,909 
76,403,973 
88,250,675 
102,569,515 
116,156.699 


1888 


1889 . ... 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


Ig96 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 . . 


1901 . ... 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 . . 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


5,255,276 
5.143,590 
5,281,695 
6,260,106 
7,660,762 
9,642,739 
10,919,776 
11,086,937 
9,324,889 4 


1915 


1916 


1917 . ... 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922.. 



Four months only. Province created Sept. 1, 1905. 2 Includes small sums of capital revenue and 
expenditure which cannot be separated. 3 Nine months only, owing to change in fiscal year. 4 Subject to 
revision. 

24. Annual Ordinary Receipts and Expenditures of the Provincial Governments per 

head of population, 1919-1921. 







Revenue. 






Expenditure. 






1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island . . . 


$ 
501,915 


$ 

740,973 


$ 

769,719 


$ 

655,409 


$ 

660,774 


$ 

694,042 


Per head 


5-61 


8-32 


8-69 


7-33 


7-42 


7-83 


Nova Scotia 


3,280,313 


3,801,016 


4,586,840 


3,280,282 


3,916,848 


4,678,146 


Per head 


6-35 


7-31 


8-76 


6-35 


7-53 


8-93 


New Brunswick 


2,182,420 


3,100,892 


2,892,905 


2,595,937 


2,969,323 


3,432,512 


Per head . . . 


5-74 


8-08 


7-46 


6-83 


7-73 


8-85 


Quebec 


12,666,352 


14,472,651 


15,914,521 


12,371,131 


13,520,740 


14,624.088 


Per head 


5-54 


6-23 


6-74 


5-41 


5-82 


6-19 


Ontario 


20,692,166 


25,981,517 


30,411,396 


21,464,575 


25,880,843 


28,579,688 


Per head . . 


7-27 


8-99 


10-37 


7-54 


8-96 


9-74 


Manitoba . 


8,613,364 


9,870,710 


9,358.956 


8,497,912 


10,602,955 


10,063,139 


Per head 


14-67 


16-49 


15-34 


14-48 


17-72 


16-49 


Saskatchewan 


8,333,759 


9,903,885 


11,789,920 


8,125,203 


8,707,833 


12,151,665 


Per head 


11 -M 


13-47 


15-56 


11-39 


11-85 


16-04 


Alberta. . 


9,642,739 


10,919,776 


11,086,937 


9,525,749 


10,423,356 


13,109,304 


Per head 


17-50 


19-17 


18-84 


17-28 


18-30 


22-28 


British Columbia 


10,931,279 


13,861,603 


15,219,264 


9,887,745 


11,568,003 


15,236,931 


Per head . 


21-99 


27-14 


29-01 


19-89 


22-65 


29-05 
















Totals 


76,844,307 


92,653,023 


102,030,458 


76,403,973 


88,250,675 


102,569,515 


Per head.. 


9 OS 


10 75 


11 63 


9 02 


10 24 


11 69 



NOTE. In making the calculations for this table the Bureau of Statistics estimates of the populations 
of the provinces, based upon the results of the census of 1921, have been used. 

6237350 



786 



FINANCE 



25. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts of Provincial 



Prince Edward Island. 





1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Subsidies and other Receipts from Dominion Gov 
ernment 


* 
372,18? 


372,182 


$ 

372,182 


$ 

372, IS" 


S 

372,182 




289 


5,908 


1,811 


663 


1,943 


Li&nds 


619 


785 


802 


1,014 


190 


Mine* and Mining 












"Wood*, Fnre.-t and Timber 


^ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Game and I* i-heno^ 


__ 


17 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Fine*- Penalties and Forfeitures ... 


898 


302 


35 


95 


23 


other t ban succession duties) 


9,474 


9,150 


10,923 


13,103 


13,847 


Succession Duties . 


4.199 


3.422 


3.088 


7,936 


10.568 


Taxation of Corporations, etc 


97,498 


108.543 


87,839 


245.573 


285,825 


Ijicens6e and Permits 


1,442 


11.580 


27,378 


86,024 


74,290 


Education 












Charitieb Hospitals and Corrections 


6,557 


8,007 


7,130 


10,178 


7,717 


Interest 














1,747 


41 


42 


28 


2,544 




1,148 


7,189 


2,079 


4,177 


590 














Total Ordinary Receipts... 


496,053 


514.4751 


501.9151 


740,973 


769.719 









Quebec. 








1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Subsidies and other Receipts from Dominion Gov 
ernment . . 


S 

2,027.991 


S 

2,028.028 


$ 

2,028.069 


$ 

2,028,163 


$ 

2.028.241 


Agriculture 


35.522 


23.880 


34.647 


24.875 


28.160 


I, amis 


178.830 


191.889 


485,571 


425.468 


183.5S5 


Alines and Mining 


30,740 


128,864 


278.309 


378,480 


642.285 


\Yood* I orc-t and Timber 


1,574.35:; 


1,418,191 


2.029,361 


2,610.324 


3,039.764 


Game and I i -her i es 


151.405 


209.313 


231.981 


291.719 


299.397 


Kinet) Penalties and Forfeitures 


12.032 


31.045 


30.404 


57.15i 


122.861 


Fees (other than succession duties) 


938.239 


743.810 


898.534 


1.062,503 


1.170.764 


Succesj-ion Duties 


1.741.263 


4,736.548 


1.459.015 


1,786.931 


2.100,456 


Taxation of Corporations, etc 


1.236.470 


1.405.215 


1.711. .11)4 


1,854,528 


1,818.309 


Lict*n-e> and Permits 


1,815.301 


2,025.554 


2,236,444 


2,694.24. 


2,590,695 


Education . . 












Charitie- Hospitals and Corrections 


188.942 


273.772 


664,891 


450.047 


509.506 


Interest f 


118.771 


179,276 


141.249 


146.249 


221,470 


Refunds and Repayments 


94,154 


92,671 


109. i)37 


172.514 


222,766 




297.051 


318,336 


326.03(i 


489.45+ 


936,202 














Total Ordinary Receipts... 


10,441,114 


13,806,39? 


12,666,352 


14,472,651 


15,914,521 



Sources of Receipts. 


Saskatchewan. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Subsidies and other Receipts from Dominion Gov- 


S 

1,983,721 
18,179 

24,148 
54,234 
1,132,828 
69,996 
348,563 
534,02(i 
37,238 
51,286 
483.082 
369,596 
525,013 


$ 

2,207.696 
15,548 

19.777 
67.343 
1, 033.11.3 
117,335 
1, 301.60-* 
l,3- 5, 106 
7.058 
94.989 
699.06. 
367.863 
500.519 


$ 

2,307.148 
23,378 

40 

23.604 

98,182 
962.933 
154.680 
2,491.909 
801.171 
43.967 
92.549 
539.878 
18.315 
776,005 


* 

2,654,840 

37,203 

28,984 
84.079 
1,071.411 
2; 8. 970 
3,439.915 
746.049 
28.990 
84,362 
671,693 
90,238 
684.151 


$ 

3,088.646 
29,029 

32.417 
125.224 

1,177.591 
331.370 
3.660,171 
1.027.235 
30,584 

956,589 
334,659 
996.405 






Mine^ and Mining 


Woods, ! orc-t and Timber 




Finos Penalties and Forfeitures 




Succession Duties 






Education . 


Churitio& Hospitals and Corrections 








Total Ordinary Receipts... 


5,631,910 


7,797,153 


8,333,759 


9,903,885 


11,789,929 



"These totals are exclusive of the Motor Vehicle Tax, amounting in 1918 to *12,651 and in 1919 to *11,344 
net, transferred to the Public Works Department and earmarked for highway improvement. 

The. e t >tals include capital revenue to the amount of $787.394 in 1919 and $903,422 in 1920, and 
$1,1*9,919 in 1921 received from the Department of Lands and Forests, and not separable into its items. 



RECEIPTS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS 



787 



Governments for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921. 



Nova Scotia. 


New Brunswick. 


1917 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


t 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


$ 


$ 


636.667 


636.667 


636.667 


636,667 


636.667 


637.976 


637.976 


637,976 


637,976 


637,978 


11.789 


14.509 


19,546 


21.907 


18.255 


21,095 


179,743 


17,071 


2,399 


2,401 


20.331 


24,010 


42.002 


52,878 


42,958 


336 


323 


51 


561 


3,886 


740,687 


656,989 


622,420 


690,518 


635,577 


27.944 


46.767 


36,809 


34,062 


34,932 










_ 


442.892 


591.872 


685,276 


1,385.420 


973.067 


3,307 


2,291 


1,420 


4.843 


8,466 


69.547 


53.027 


76.162 


82.135 


93,154 


470 


1.404 


23.828 


6,729 


3,081 


8. "(69 


29.489 


48.040 


75,753 


89,787 


38.604 


61.232 


82.311 


199.783 


162,182 


47,430 


48.361 


59.898 


78,496 


84.219 


130.870 


117.393 


180.962 


195,600 


158.972 


30,436 


90.418 


79,325 


90,610 


151,326 


96.085 


149.894 


308. 2?5 


349,210 


572.818 


111,832 


310.869 


187,754 


266.536 


282,334 


71,844 


193.116 


292.333 


449.076 


627,254 


78. 884 


126.593 


191,695 


290,517 


363,275 


51.626 


59.701 


79.658 


105.754 


159,424 


25,674 


23.302 


21,753 


25,891 


57,374 


153.898 


242,846 


406.552 


505.124 


447.854 


52,733 


62,359 


72,194 


81,656 


82,825 


158,010 


166,369 


158.333 


209.866 


160,522 


6,711 


8,064 


6,621 


23,564 


10,077 


675 


312 


1,100 


274 


832 


594 


742 


723 


770 


735 


3.757 


5,901 


424,926 


372,787 


951.978 


9.961 


148,004 


61,072 


24,546 


25,537 


3,118,620 


2,332,634 


3,280,313 


3,801,016 


4,586,840 


1,572,814 


3,357,909 


2,182,420 


3,109,892 


2,892,905 



Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


S 


% 


* 


S 





i 


$ 


$ 


*. 


$ 


2,469.931 


2,469.977 


2,470.064 


2,470,160 


2,470.274 


1,643,642 


1,731,301 


1,859,034 


2,002,169 


1,821,379 


25.793 


179.449 


86.139 


65.771 


87,934 


2,433 


5.821 


7,630 


6,234 


8,798 


134.613 


95.366 


127,363- 


148,7672 


198.409 2 


162,330 


166,858 


106,838 


125,305 


91,615 


1.694,465 


1,054.066 


762.493 


1,113,545 


499.069 


- 


- 


- 


- 





1,703.425 


1,776.377 


1,837,272- 


2.731,549* 


3,784,2032 


- 


- 


- 


- 





215.810 


480.009 


680.979 


791.537 


836,156 


27,154 


25,151 


36,9.33 


53,377 


80,814 


55.549 


100.110 


111,253 


99.748 


125.054 


77.814 


87,147 


109,971 


139,658 


142.508 


514.379 


631.380 


686,365 


1.042,908 


934.857 


338.292 


320.116 


433,441 


584,685 


471.974 


8,228.226 


3,157.5<!7 


3.526,5112 


4,014,468 


4,821,811 


306,453 


197. 503 


193,488 


319.556 


457.563 


3,829.595 


3.990.637 


3.919,916 


2.666.198 


2,632,481) 


591.961 


626.777 


897,797 


991,258 


1,315,390 


1,803,887 


2,070.194 


2.851.587 


5,304,830 


6,318.105 


223,253 


402 028 


613,070 


770,410 


868, 160 


149.568 


149,176 


192.510 


495.425 


652.683 


148.408 


139.037 


229,211 


260,953 


286,317 


536.4(18 


863.270 


876,597 


1.348,456 


1,210.656 


152.140 


159,924 


185.262 


197,773 


223,735 


136.018 


109.774 


289,470 


258.624 


827. 5 tO 


700.102 


783.312 


822,163 


762.681 


1,153,580 


1H|,710 


63.411 


52,20!. - 


214,03 > 2 


91,93d 1 


3,528 


629 


7,763 


3,866 


16.785 


1.577.240 


2.079,359 


2,221,357 


3.215.497 


4,920.235 


1.915,470 


2,077,409 


3.110,763 


3,652,785 


2,420,338 


18,269,597 


19,270,122 


20 692 166 


25 981 517- 


30 411 398? 


6,292,986 


6,723,013 


8,613,364 


9,870,710 


9,358,956 



Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


1917. 


1918 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


$ 


$ 


$ 


1,915,527 


1,999,77? 


2,207,646 


2,313,104 


2,261.601 


723,135 


648,135 


623.135 


623,135 


623.135 


103,108 


157,140 


141,639 


112,660 


109,723 


30.041 


50,929 


51.060 


44,116 


45,970 




_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


308.473 


48J.388 


227,674 


436,821 


587,835 


8,963 


137,527 


213,082 


286,499 


281,158 


631.927 


643,622 


620,522 


550,261 


553.373 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


1,968,787 


2.079.611 


2,582,549 


2,455,000 


3,280,035 


25.306 


28,757 


35.803 


35,462 


68.957 


104.977 


106, 55 f 


119,590 


156,810 


172,712 


110,877 


116.458 


130.962 


179,342 


242,399 


21,968 


28.966 


39,590 


41,870 


75,181 


677,064 


792.61* 


1,005.640 


1,094,027 


1,037,173 


450,286 


398. 17-i 


423,969 


700,922 


752,931 


142.608 


200.072 


167.246 


267,336 


172,598 


277,703 


241.363 


271,777 


374,321 


342,259 


1,077, 924 


1,511.855 


2.0-13.027 


2,914,98. 


2,397,461 


1,718,228 


3,323,170 


4,556.937 


6,479. W 


5.395,272 


383,211 


603.991 


1,096,808 


1,404,037 


1,203,446 


220,178 


356.780 


504.245 


721,594 


1,199.023 


33.002 


35.687 


57,602 


41,578 


139,625 


1.725 


3.105 


4,044 


4,993 


35.561 


35,124 


6.638 


6,728 


10,255 


60,947 


42, 709 


60.491 


74,614 


94,350 


100.302 


180.006 


166.878 


118,937 


181.218 


244,143 


201,709 


269.493 


484,870 


738.896 


619.555 


341.617 


425,322 


673,633 


92.218 


184,634 


35,908 


11.025 


25.211 


19,769 


30,492 


1,220.769 


1,418.051 


1,743,986 


1,987,058 


2,683.072 


169, 03U 


177.039 


321,492 


419,240 


1,405.628 


(,260,106 


7,660,762 


9,642,739 


10,919,776 


11,086,937 


6,906,784 


8,882,845 


10,931,279 


13,861,603 


15,219,261 



NOTE. For combined receipts of all provinces see Table 27. 



623/3 50 J 



788 



FINANCE 



26. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Expenditures of 



Prince Edward Island. 



UDjects. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




1 

24,814 


1 

25,362 


$ 

29,988 


$ 

42,677 


S 

37,102 


Legislation 


18,822 


17,999 


24,460 


31,729 


32,546 




12,660 


16,928 


26,066 


17,621 


26,659 


Lands 


_ 


_ 




- 


- 




_ 


_ 


- 


- 







__ 


_ 


_ 


- 







_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal Adminis- 


30,262 


26,799 


29,015 


34,010 


33,662 




1,610 


2,382 


4,304 


956 


786 


Public Buildings, Public Works and Enterprises 


69,007 
176,952 


66,612 
170,913 


159,561 
183,344 


130,078 
209,478 


119,834 
246,401 




90,038 


91,361 


121,385 


121,866 


120,559 






_ 


- 


- 





Charities 


5,730 


5,669 


5,385 


4,961 


5,349 


Pen 1 - ions Gratuities and Reliefs 


700 


700 


700 


992 


1,408 








_ 


_ 





Colonization Immigration and Publicity 


_ 





_ 










4 


70 


400 


- 


- 




46,799 


49,680 


50,801 


56,498 


58,687 






_ 


- 


- 







9,715 


9,941 


20,000 


9,908 


11,049 














Total Ordinary Expenditure 


487,113 


484,416 


655,409 


660,774 


694,042 




















Quebec. 






Objects. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




$ 

650,230 


$ 

693,377 


- 
719,677 


$ 

807,733 


$ 

878,775 




495,843 


482,469 


666,795 


585,600 


591,107 




451,744 


645,274 


602,800 


824,200 


971.000 




220,776 


260,526 


266,756 


326.707 


373.090 




16,500 


16,500 


16,500 


16,500 


16.500 


Forest Timber and Woods 


154,395 


171,909 


181,761 


272,114 


359,900 




59,305 


65,235 


86,255 


92,500 


120,000 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal Administra- 


1,451.439 


1,578,850 


1,577,815 


1,775,321 


2,068,457 


Con^crvat ion of Heilth and Sanitation 


34,954 


69,313 


53,386 


87,185 


117,448 


Public Buildings, Public Works and Enterprises 
Education 


1,524,898 
1,637,317 


2,127,506 
1,668,425 


2,303,996 
1,666,470 


3,032,754 
1,760,262 


3,047.031 
1,802,619 




666,298 


1,023,556 


1,020,784 


1,022,446 


1,044,145 




184,936 


185,000 


243,665 


226,500 


258,271 




72,385 


72,445 


72,945 


76,025 


77,245 


Pensions Gratuities and Reliefs 


106,527 


184,318 


83,680 


95.084 


86,946 




8,120 


221,190 


264,256 


12,181 


14,364 




55,540 


52,850 


74,586 


71,017 


71,300 




7,888 


10,064 


10,063 


7,220 


16,010 




1,630,926 


1,656,539 


1,668,563 


1,802,760 


2,170,330 




157,711 


167,057 


178,211 


186,036 


198,156 


Miscellaneous Payments 


319,940 


319,427 


612,167 


440,595 


341.394 


Total Ordinary Expenditure 


9,907,672 


11,671,830 


12,371,131 


13,520,740 


14,624,088 















EXPENDITURES OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS 



789 



Provincial Governments for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921. 



Xova Scotia. 



1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921 


$ 


S 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


S 


$ 


$ 


1 


126,796 


142,019 


168,773 


215,455 


262,195 


79,400 


99,450 


123,173 


145,720 


146,270 


97,082 


88,618 


104,900 


142,865 


185, IK 


68,236 


59,650 


59,536 


117,936 


96,292 


36,960 


42,641 


58,461 


46,116 


72,733 


76,209 


251,089 


84,482 


92,912 


66,639 


115 


64 


94 


146 


71 


3,568 


6,068 


6,205 


10,295 


17,107 


40,47i 


21,271 


23,418 


33,445 


42,129 


717 


920 


3,759 


998 


4,524 


2,550 


2,600 


2.600 


3,050 


3,050 


27,648 


35,068 


84,432 


123,233 


215,941 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


- 


36,427 


38,422 


47,669 


49,654 


31,250 


25,670 


28,333 


32,410 


36,095 


58,243 


44,059 


40,216 


59,531 


46,407 


53,443 


_ 


_ 


- 


3,618 


3,058 


412 


5,731 


- 


- 


15,085 


403,665 


460,772 


871,717 


1,134,696 


1,123,933 


527,225 


544,871 


821,741 


908,962 


942,644 


527,272 


522,941 


531,104 


610,870 


776,044 


319,906 


329,564 


326,275 


362,067 


465,522 


352,288 


501,962 


668,257 


751,215 


847,568 


176,978 


208,444 


186,059 


213,717 


210,305 


16,477 


17,755 


21,434 


29,601 


30,813 


2,572 


5,700 


8,619 


29,090 


30,583 


9,076 


7,974 


8,350 


9,578 


10,659 


5,883 


17,561 


10,110 


17,873 


11,343 


3,921 


4,963 


6,280 


10,322 


11,914 


1,300 


4,626 


10,346 


9,287 


15,466 


10,339 


10,778 


12,587 


16,430 


19,651 


13,496 


8,356 


8,613 


8,507 


7,695 


13,151 


15,056 


12,224 


15,894 


13,645 


1,592 


905 


2,607 


1,060 


- 


540,136 


560,987 


599,211 


616,643 


861,564 


686,714 


644,438 


628,892 


679,264 


814,019 


77,85? 


77,448 


76,826 


103,490 


267,358 


33,231 


31,336 


31,335 


31,080 


78,441 


58,684 


66,115 


80,136 


135,822 


118,363 


61,331 


66,647 


92,553 


121,255 


209,943 


2,341,009 


2,573,797 


3,280,282 


3,916,848 


4,678,14f 


J, 166, 904 


2,399,062 


2,595,937 


2,969,323 


3,432,512 



New Brunswick. 



Ontario. 



Manitoba. 



1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


$ 


S 


$ 


S 


$ 


939,259 


1,066,950 


1,261,382 


1,550,665 


1,858,171 


274,778 


328,119 


396,343 


479,272 


529,115 


336,435 


359,885 


412,136 


412,798 


455,348 


251,412 


160,026 


148,031 


306,360 


212,646 


487,330 


611,525 


687,685 


741,115 


709,360 


72,880 


87,924 


134,166 


281,401 


206,017 


70,15? 


69,593 


72,397 


80,830 


86,844 


- 


10,835 


12,092 


19,623 





86,116 


m,2se 


123,269 


129,016 


79,350 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


668,1 If. 


716,375 


867, 19$ 


972,978 


633,475 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


128,199 


399,307 


477,004 


429,593 


371,346 


28,689 


25,684 


24,039 


18,319 


8,821 


694,784 


746,654 


741,815 


908,664 


1,415,029 


499,915 


465,176 


612,786 


800,098 


793,876 


62,57^ 


83,70. 


105,543 


269,641 


199,238 


35,000 


- 


10,000 


30,000 


35,000 


1,213,768 


1,040,0 < 


1.416,919 


1,406,257 


1.9J5.238 


M31.745 


2,351,933 


2,761,473 


3,031,7tv 


1,246,323 


2,886,409 


3,170,625 


3,746,868 


5,469,679 


7,568,815 


1,213,128 


1,301,124 


1,459,710 


1,744,713 


2,131,678 


2,015,610 


2,085,990 


2,559,138 


3,216,009 


3,563,570 


265,205 


305,358 


377,479 


521,738 


553,424 


379,81" 


538,461 


691.77: 


604,671 


852,30: 


47,829 


56,876 


70,831 


101,714 


108,330 


212,90! 


218,804 


225,548 


323,660 


224,170 


247,339 


243,49* 


258,94 


293,404 


342,679 


16,400 


6,17.5 


12,475 


48,635 


96,957 


73,05! 


112,715 


226,732 


399,214 


505,846 


21,262 


50,560 


79,77? 


178,470 


59,748 


13,015 


I 1! 


20,950 


25,759 


35,398 


46,455 


41,745 


67,661 


100,019 


337,625 


68,408 


61,448 


37,101 


69, 59. 11 


76,875 


74,018 


55,878 


58,331 


187,525 


203,08? 


1,997 


2,719 


10,891 


5,623 


29,916 


- 


- 


- 


- 


6,838,334 


1,453,84? 


1,686,325 


1,771,457 


2,338,94! 


3,022,144 


6,178,547 


6,063,913 


7,857,664 


8,850,615 


1,101,674 


182,120 


96,843 


164,913 


135,34!? 


225,051 


16,518,223 


17,460,404 


U, 464,575 


25,880,843 


28,579,688 


], 860, 355 


7,307,727 


8,497,94? 


10,602,915 


10,063,139 



790 



FINANCE 



26. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Expenditures of 



Saskatchewan. 



uujBUia. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Civil Government 


$ 

444,004 


$ 

534,14" 


- 
711,678 


$ 

789,171 


$ 

981,581 


I^e^ishttion 


149,901 


344,44:; 


20:; 


214.131 


218,697 


Agriculture 


159,64. 


131,87( 


119,878 


208,000 


576,101 


Lands 


42,877 


1,903 


31,56i 


51,094 


40,95 * 


Mines and Mining 












I orest TimLiT and Woods 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 




9,501 


10,582 


11,304 


19,482 


19,897 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal Adminis 
tration and Inquiry . 


1,019,806 


988.641 


916,183 


1,107,208 


1,326,496 


Conservation of Health and Sanitation 




24,410 


13,66t 


27,184 


140,190 


Public Buildings, Public Works and Enterprises 
Education 


855,304 

986,798 


1,157. .)M 
1,052,944 


1,147, 2i i 
1,192,69; 


1,321,738 
1,434.923 


1,821.014 

2,443.002 


Hospitals . 


345,771 


526,794 


538,07" 


723, 45 


771,577 


Correctional Institutions 


10,571 


12,561 


14,905 


24,831 


42,011 


Charities 


26,980 


76.39t 


96,308 


65,484 


85,668 


Pension^ Gratuities and Reliefs .... .... 


7,400 


30,353 


74,258 


52,304 


111.378 


Recreation and -Vrnu^eiricnt . . 


3,620 


6,627 


6,047 


11,497 


13,617 


Colonization Immigration and Publicity 












Refunds . . 


12,291? 


1.52S 


3,02 


132,196 


159.307 


Interest Payments 


1,067,780 


1,096,461 


1,222,177 


1,337.754 


1,620.454 


Sinking 1 unds 


74,361 


75,07 . 


192,071 


187,660 


186.960 


Miscellaneous Payments 


337,357 


755,853 


1,630.17." 


909,712 


1,592,756 














Total Ordinary Expenditure . . 


5,553,965 


6,828,591 


8,125,20" 


8,707,83r 


12,151,665 















27. Combined Itemized Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts and Expenditures 

UKCEIPTS. 



Totals. 



Sources 01 Jtteceipw. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919 


1920. 


1921. 


Subsidies and other Receipts from Dom 
inion Government 


$ 

12,410,772 


$ 

12,731,734 



13,141,921 



13,738,396 


$ 

13,940,101 


Agriculture 


24- 


63: 


382,921 


315 


332,213 




805,582 


963,61!. 


990.301 2 


1,190,8142 


1.108.478 


Mines and Minin 01 . 


3,134,72f. 


2,667,83^ 


2,533.67. r . 


3,053,365 


2,646,394 


Woods 1 orests and Timber 


5,6,S!i 45; 


5,866,051 


7,134,458" 


9,1.^ 


l,1077,0h<)= 


Game and c ishories ^. 


621,654 


1,896 


1,206,472 


1,444,873 


1,692.073 


J in"-- Penalties and forfeitures 


342,611 


492,264 


12.268 


684, 42S 


926,118 




4,146,596 


4,038,030 


4,564,044 


5.847.S3S 


5,805,538 


Succession Duties 


5,931,754 


8,861.621 


6,036,1:3 


7,335.728 


8.540.!U3 


Taxation of Corporations, etc 


9,108,15t 


12,728,624 


16,205.30? 


19,207,69? 


18.360.120 




5,227,00! 


7,174.94 


8,614.731 


12,41 


14,271.483 


Education 


447,241 


467.06* 


628,74. r ) 


:!,584 


1,361,568 


Charities, Hospitals and Corrections 
Interest 


1,219,803 
1,984.40! 


1,772.296 

2,382,228 


2,386,5i; 
2.661.521 


2,782,201 
2,995.791 


13.542 

4,193.476 




952. .V. ! 


962.0K 


888.933 


,7112 


885,377* 


Miscellaneous . 


5,719,43! 


6,731,807 


8,987,71 


10, 84.1, tin; 


14.339,985 














Total Ordinary Receipts . 


57,989,984 


69,545,305 


76,844,307 " 


92,653,023 


102,030,458* 















i These totals are exclusive of the Motor Vehicle Tax in Prince Kdward Island, which amounted in 
1918 to $12,651 and in 1919 to $11,344 net. and was transferred to the Public Works Department and ear 
marked for highway improvement. 

These totals include capital revenue in Ontario to the amount of $787,394 in 1919, $903,422 in 1920 
and $1,149,919 in 1921, received from the Dspartment of Lands and Forests, and not, separable into its 
items. 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF PROVINCES 



791 



Provincial Governments for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921 concluded. 



Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


$ 

589,724 


1 

611,423 


$ 
722,933 


1 
822,660 


$ 
932,831 


$ 
1,027,577 


$ 
932,418 


$ 
1,497.939 


$ 
1,980,580 


$ 
2,302,857 


341,071 


171,460 


175,494 


202,993 


464,022 


277,528 


179,95!- 


181,31", 


163.53:? 


432,526 


628,404 


798,825 


1,096,427 


460,767 


598,439 


132, 36S 


138,620 


99,851 


103,574 


144,983 


5,916 


40,859 


71,500 


57,271 


43,903 


84,185 


66,55-: 


160,158 


224,855 


416,273 


33,804 


49,009 


41,781 


51,258 





62,491 


143.491 


136,755 


175,655 


217,071 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


_ 


102,464 


188,620 


143,791 


149.723 


218,737 


29,707 


24,745 


26,785 


30,530 


37,995 


81,616 


64,771 


26,994 


21,61! 


38,371 


880,919 


879,050 


1,010,693 


1,152,55: 


1,265,295 


667,237 


519,086 


579,912 


728, 08G 


876,100 


14,866 


63,848 


125,760 


110,538 


167.115 


21,87! 


20,808 


82,666 


46,84!- 


56,361 


1,673,410 


1,513,256 


2,037,32t 


2,463,95!- 


2,999,556 


2,667,080 


1,562,588 


1,835,320 


2,247,80! 


3,161,538 


1,191,979 


1,209,62!, 


1,439,847 


1,768,834 


2,299,961 


1,640,881 


1,716,840 


1,995.30!. 


2,541,34! 


2,740,486 


180,930 


308,181 


360,333 


515,975 


628,703 


744,559 


706,471 


1,019,11." 


1,013,094 


1,125,011 


49,992 


59.30 * 


67,090 


82,176 


94,788 


86.59? 


81.121 


99.972 


132,964 


146.862 


18,687 


32,063 


35,002 


37,947 


57,364 


78.448 


78,758 


80,80" 


100,962 


114.038 


5,000 


2,150 


39,872 


163,284 


208,144 


53,186 


94,71-; 


65,800 


54,30f 


344,748 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


7,975 


12,004 


18,753 


20,263 


50.485 


16,390 


16,288 


5.660 


2,69.5 


7,958 


40,462 


68,770 


76,580 


75,847 


79,011 


8,365 


7,531 


202.411 


11,632 


20,253 


7,292 


29,731 


5,935 


12,627 


13,176 


913,401 


1,417,299 


1,516,842 


1,771,84 


2,306,24(1 


830,472 


946,728 


1,175,50? 


1,437,62? 


2,126,488 


97,500 


152, 97C 


157,501 


162,501 


212,501 


452,423 


780,149 


- 


- 


- 


72,433 


945,907 


392,492 


543,938 


764,230 


455.077 


691,072 


605,271 


336,688 


631,809 


6,752,504 


8,303,808 


9,525,749 


10,423,351 


13,109,304 


9,531,7411 


9,023,29 


9,887,745 


11,568,003 


15,236,931 



of all Provincial Governments for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921. 

EXPENDITURES. 



Total. 



WUJBUL.S. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Civil Government 


- 
4,156,58C 


$ 
4,433,263 


$ 
5,631,886 


S 
6,833,933 


$ 
7,928,897 


Legislation 


2,036,33C 


1,864,50? 


1,976,044 


2,177,944 


2,658.339 


Agriculture 


2,058,197 


2,724,70 


2,909,816 


2,775,713 


3,371,937 


Lands 


427,596 


456,400 


620,767 


770,821 


978,247 


Mines and Mining 


240,100 


365,427 


345.482 


406,87? 


359,580 


Forest, Timber and Woods 


955, 17f 


1,114,57:; 


1,279,776 


1,5?1,09? 


1,431,103 


Game and Fisheries 


374 944 


630,241 


701,550 


663,189 


627 680 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal 
Administration and Inquirv 


5,314,09! 


5,272,81? 


5,560,157 


6,588,441 


7,890,601 


Conservation of Health and Sanitation. . 
Public Buildings, Public Works and Enter 
prises 


171,20: : 
11,076,101 


270,200 
10,825,544 


395,325 
13,355,274 


575,971 
15, 678, 01 f 


734,281 
16,387,111 


Education 


10,580,64; 


11, 143, DOS 


12,541.624 


15,902,17; 


20,474,528 


Hospitals 


4,837,677 


5, 758, IH 


6,850,623 


8,099,5U 


8,864,862 


Correctional Institutions 


759,73. 


933, 32f 


1,188,242 


1,182,851 


1,502,564 


Charities .. 


681,587 


751,088 


804,988 


961,200 


967,f!09 


Pensions, Gratuities and Reliefs.. 


277,224 


456.651- 


521,977 


841,270 


1,377,429 


Recreation and Amusement .... 


59,203 


321 ,090 


406,410 


267,77! 


200.992 


Colonization, Immigration and Publicity. 
Refunds 


251,096 
126,599 


250,230 
123,483 


282,788 
305,884 


344, IK 
373,777 


600,115 
455,389 


Interest Payments 


7,170,024 


8,058,462 


8,633,44.- 


10,041,343 


19,818,266 


Sinking I- unds 


893,078 


1,284,04? 


635,944 


670,767 


943.416 


Miscellaneous Payments 


7,675,204 


9,015,718 


11,455,37! 


11,573,88: 


4,996,269 














Total Ordinary Expenditure 


60,122,485 


66,052,909 


76,403,973 


88,250,675 


102,569,515 















792 



FINANCE 



28. Assets and Liabilities of the Provincial Governments 

ASSETS. 



Items. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova Scotia. 




1921. 


1921. 


Principal Asset?: 
(1 ) Dominion Government 


% 

893 390 


$ 

1 781 789 


(2) Investments 


307 844 




(3) Deposits 




1 246 836 


(4) Cash Balances or in Banks 






(5) Utilities, Provincial Ownership 


_ 


506 112 


(6) Lands 






(7) Loans and Advances 




6 044 638 


(8) Miscellaneous 




539 028 








Total Principal Assets 


1,201,234 


10,118,403 








(9) Other Miscellaneous Assets 






(10) Natural Resources 













LIABILITIES. 



Direct Liabilities: 
(1) Dominion Government 




531 060 


(2) Debentures 


858 000 


20 678 267 


(3) Bonds 






(4) Stocks 






(5) Treasury Bills 






(6 ) Loans 


657 184 


1 000 000 


(7) Bank Overdraft and Debit Balances 




277,898 


(8) Sinking Funds . . . . 






(9) Miscellaneous 




15 611 








Total Direct Liabilities 


1,515,184 


22,502,836 








(10) Indirect Liabilities 




113 204 









JLess Sinking Fund of $1,546,581 and 10 year 19t2 Debentures of $251,256. 

NOTE. The following list of items shows the classification of accounts which are included in the 
above statement" 

ASSETS. 

(1) DOMINION- GOVERNMENT, including fa) Provincial Debt Account, (b) Land Account, (c) Housing 
Act, (d) Common School Fund, (e) School Land Trust Fund, (f) Annual Subsidy, (g) Grant per Capita, 
(h) Provincial Aid to Highways, (i) Provincial Aid Technical Education Maintenance. 

(2) INVESTMENTS, including (a) Sinking Funds, (b) Inscribed Stock, (c) Victory Bonds, (d) Railway, 

(e) Debentures, (f) Registered Stock, (g) War Loan Dominion, (h) Court House Bonds, (i) Farm Loans 
Association, (j) Land Titles Assurance Fund, (k) Miscellaneous. 

(3) DEPOSITS, including (a) Sinking Funds, (b) Bank Balances, (c) Special Deposits, Trust Accounts, 
(d) Special Deposits, Bank Liquidation. 

(4) CASH BALANCES or in Banks. 

(5) UTILITIES, PROVINCIAL OWNERSHIP, including (a) Telephones, (b) Grain Elevators, (c) Hydro- 
Electric Power, (d) Railways. 

(6) LANDS, including (a) Crown Lands, amounts outstanding and Interest, (b) Former Indian Reserva 
tions, (c) Other Lands, including Soldier.-, Land Act, Railway Sub-idy Land repurchased and Fairview 
\\orks, Fairview, B.C., (d) Timber Dues, Bonus, etc., amounts outstanding, (e) Farm Settlement Board 
Land. 

(7) LOANS AND ADVANCES, including (a) Co-operative Creameries, (b) Co-operative Elevator Com 
panies, (c) Railway Loans and Interest receivable, (d) Railways, (e) Advances, Trust Accounts, etc., 

(f) Advances, (g) City of Regina, (h) Education County Loan, (i) Public Utilities, (j) Due from Capital to 
Current being amount advanced, (k) Other Loans, (1) Power Commission Temporary Loan. 

(8) MISCELLANEOUS, including (a) Deferred Revenue, (b) Deferred Charges, (c) Royalties (Mining), 
(d) Railway earnings- accounts receivable, (e) Trust Funds cash for railway bondholders, if) Drainage 
and Judicial Districts, (g) Dyking Assessments Adjustment Act, (h) Secured Accounts, (i) Education 
School Book Inventory, (j) Taxes uncollected, (k) Accounts receivable and Inventories, (1) Hospitals, 
accounts receivable, etc., (m) Amounts available for Specific Capital Outlay, (n) Outstanding Revenue, 
(o) Patriotic Purposes, (p) Mi-ceilaneous. 

(9) _ OTHER MISCELLANEOUS ASSETS, including ^a) Provincial Government Buildings and Sites, (b) Roads 
and Bridges, (c) Demon.-tration Farms, >dj Surveys, (e) Appropriation of Revenue, Cash for extinguish 
ment of Government Stocks and Bonds, (f) Public Improvements, (g) Royal Commissions, (h) Patriotic 
Purposes, (i) Other Expenditures, j) .Misccllancouu. 



ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE PROVINCES 



793 



at the close of their respective fiscal years ended in 1921. 

ASSETS. 



New 
Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskatch 
ewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


1921. 


1921. 


1921. 


1921. 


1921. 


1921. 


1921. 


$ 

2,054,299 
8,895,700 

1,642,868 
150,000 
774,631 
1,085,982 


$ 

2,473,506 
2,090,299 
284,220 
1,739,321 
3,362,902 

564,912 
5,000 


$ 

8,724,884 
27,309,122 
18,784,466 

102,945,988 
2,900,000 

1,423,661 


S 

16,722,096 
9,938,793 

28,439 
18,439,929 

3,192,595 
14,027.249 


$ 

35,142,221 
9,997,400 
1,485,137 

11,151,976 

3,646,466 
322,527 


$ 

46,116,963 
1,803,944 

1,473,294 
19,525,411 

30,749,562 
15,118,955 


$ 

12,462,702 
6,981,433 
2,167,330 
1,718,518 

4,674,228 
26,408,155 
6,016,27ft 


14,603,480 


10,520,160 


162,088,121 


62,349,101 


61,745,727 


114,788,129 


60,428,642 


14,452,352 


4,418,323 


51,513,358 
503,000,000 


26,206,287 
13,622,014 


21,607,412 
40,000,000 


23,759,751 
81,186,758 


23,545,331 



LIABILITIES. 



1,705,636 


2,799,110 


10,750,000 








1,509,996 


14,718,852 


- 


- 


- 


36,219,999 


55,022,6711 


19,125,000 


7,111,977 


71,000 


165,525,000 


61,929,870 





- 


- 


1,742,602 




8,418,420 


- 


7,015,436 


3,987,586* 


17,196,93ft 


_ 


_ 


16,000,000 


2,238,188 


1,791,753 


- 





_ 


53,652,113 


- 


73,151 


- 


5,686,553 


16,618,445 


1,599,930 


_ 


- 


- 


272,013 


- 





832,212 





- 


4,656,258 


- 


1,419,957 





2,423,364 


1,814,213 


4,266,270 


4,157,040 


629,061 


4,119,936 


6,149,821 


30,134,573 


58,336,436 


204,959,690 


73,054,507 


45,928,262 


68,438,866 


60,600,198 


1,117,000 


4,130,500 


36,882,469 


31,573,102 


- 


- 


65,407,227 



(10) NATURAL RESOURCES, including (a) Pine Timber, (b) Pulpwood, Timber, Ties, Poles, Hardwood, 
etc., (c) Mining Lands and Profits, (d) Agricultural Lands, (e) Water Powers, (f) Sand, gravel, etc., (g) Dis 
trict of Patricia area 146,000 sq. miles Timber, Fisheries Fees and Mining Possibilities, (h) Unsold School 
lands. 

LIABILITIES. 

(1) DOMINION GOVERNMENT, including (a) Agricultural Aid, unexpended Balance, (b) Administration 
Agricultural Aids Act, (c) Housing Act Loan, (d) Dominion Subsidy Paid in Advance, (e) Balance of 
Account, 1902, (f) Purchase of Property Q.M. O. Railway, (g) Loans, (h) Public Health Aid unexpended 
Balance. 

(2) DEBENTURES, including (a) Provincial, (b) Administration Farms Loans Act. 

(3) BONDS, including (a) Provincial, (b) Court House, (c) Government Bonds and Stock, (d) Profit 
on Bond Conversion. 

(4) STOCKS, including (a) Stock inscribed (London, England), (b) Registered, (c) Stocks. 

(5) TREASURY BILLS. 

(6) LOANS, including (a) Short Term Special, (b) Loan Account, (c) Due Bank, (d) Temporary Loans, 
(e) Loans (Funded Debt). 

(7) BANK OVERDRAFTS AND DEBIT BALANCES. 

(8) SINKING FUNDS, including (a) Replacement reserves, (b) Municipal, (c) Invested. 

(9) MISCELLANEOUS, including (a) Certificates (Railway and Annuity), (b) Trust Funds and Deposits, 
(c) Mortgages (B.C. Building, London, England), (d) Interest, (1) on securities (2) accrued (not due), 
(e) Supplementary Revenue Fund, (f) School Grants, (g) Amounts Payable, (h) Licenses paid in advance, 
(i) Liabilities for Capital Expenditure (including Railways, Bridges, Roads, etc.), (j) Outstanding War 
rants, (k) Miscellaneous. 

(10) INDIRECT LIABILITIES, including (a)Guarantee of Bonds and Loans in Nova Scotia, (b) Bonds 
guaranteed by Province of New Brunswick, (c) Debentures and Loans for Railways, Institutions, Schools, 
etc., in Quebec, (d) Guarantees of Debentures for Toronto University, Niagara Falls Park, Toronto and 
Hamilton Highway Commission, Towns of Bruce Mines, Cochrane and Matheson, Township of Tisdale, 
Separate School Board, Town of Timmins and Hydro-Klectric Power Commission for Ontario, (e) Prin 
cipal and Interest guaranteed for C.N.R. Securities, Municipal Debentures and Manitoba Farm Loan Asso 
ciation Securities (in addition interest only has been guaranteed on Municipal Debentures par value 
$99,500, alo rentals payable to N.R. Ry. Co. for certain railways leased) in Manitoba, (f) Guarantees of 
Principal and Interest on Securities, Railways, Sewerage and Drainage Board, Dyking Districts, War 
Reduction Co. and Agricultural Credits Commission in province of British Columbia. 



794 FINANCE 



3. Municipal Public Finance. 

The statistics of the rural and urban population of Canada appearing on 
pages 167 to 175 of this issue of the Year Book, show that between 1901 and 1921, 
the urban population of Canada more than doubled,- increasing from 2,014,222 to 
4,352,442; further, this growth has been greater in the cities, more especially the 
larger cities, than in the towns and villages. The aggregation of great numbers of 
people into the cities within a comparatively short space of time has made it neces 
sary for costly public services to be furnished to the new-comers. Problems of 
water supply, road and bridge building, police and fire protection, sanitation and 
sewage, transportation, education, public health and recreation ha^e been faced 
and more or less satisfactorily solved, often at great expense. Some municipalities, 
indeed, in the period before the war, considered it expedient to provide public 
services for prospective, as well as for existing population, and later found that the 
prospects did not become actualities as rapidly as they had expected. The result 
of the great actual growth and the te it expectations of growth was a rapid increase 
in municipal taxation which has made municipal public finance a very important 
part of the public finance of Canada, attracting a very considerable amount of 
attention from theoretical students of public finance, from municipal officials, from 
bond houses and generally from the urban ratepayer. 

Investigators of municipal public finance have, however, found great difficulties 
in pursuing their studies on account of the incomparability of the statistics collected 
by Provincial Governments, or the entire absence of such statistics, for as late as 
1919 only six provinces compiled and published their municipal statistics. Accord 
ingly, in response to suggestions from the Union of Canadian Municipalities and 
the Municipal Improvement League of Canada, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics 
undertook to collect independently through its Finance Branch the statistics for 
a fixed group of municipalities, of 10,000 population or over, according to schedules 
and methods of compilation approved by the provinces. The results of the first 
investigation for the calendar year 1919 were published in summary form on pages 
570 to 580 of the 1920 Year Book, as well as in greater detail in a special report. 

Statistics of Urban Municipalities of 10,000 Population and over. In 
the present issue of the Year Book the statistics for 1920 of Canadian cities of 
10,000 population and over are printed in considerable detail, a summary of the 
more important statistics being given by provinces and for the whole country in 
Table 29, which shows that the 57 cities included in the report had in that year 
taxable land and buildings assessed at $2,858,792,013, and tax-exempt land and 
buildings assessed at $686,365,646. Their ordinary receipts aggregated $168,840,791, 
of which $94,407,640 were derived from taxation, being $33.38 per head of the 
census population; their extraordinary receipts were $41,679,649, a total of 
$210,520,440, while their grand total expenditure was $210,692,260. Available 
and revenue-producing assets amounted to $389,148,881, and total assets to 
$809,861,298, while total liabilities were $675,610,499. For individual cities, 
statistics of receipts are given in Table 31, of expenditures in Table 30, of assets and 
liabilities in Table 32. 

Statistics of Urban Municipalities of from 3,000 to 10,000 Population. 

According to the statistics compiled and published by the Finance Branch of the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics for urban municipalities with a population of from 
3,000 to 10,000, the 103 municipalities of this class reporting had in the calendar 
year 1919 an estimated population of 552,668. The aggregate value of taxable 



MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FINANCE 795 

property was in that year $280,294,473, and of property exempted from taxation 
$108,239,833. The total ordinary receipts of these 103 municipalities were 
$15,309,562, of which $9,380,217 were derived from taxes, being $16.97 per head 
of the estimated population. The extraordinary receipts were $4,476,454, bring 
ing the total receipts up to $19,786,016. The aggregate ordinary expenditures 
were $15,185,026, and extraordinary expenditures $5,209,136, a grand total of 
$20,394,162. The aggregate available assets were $58,751,680, and the aggregate 
liabilities $55,719,413. A summ ry by provinces of the statistics of principal 
interest will be found on pages 802 and 803 (Tible 33.) 

Statistics of Smaller Urban Municipalities of 1,000 to 3,000 Popula 
tion. Statistics have been compiled and published for 1920 by the Finance Branch 
of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for 241 towns and villages having an estimated 
population in that year of between 1,000 and 3,000, and an aggregate estimated 
population of 419,197. The aggregaie value of the taxable property in these 
municipalities in 1920 was $227,073,141, and of property exempted from taxation 
$49,295,401. The total ordinary receipts of the 241 municipalities were $10,684,795, 
of which $7,375,876 were from taxation, or $17.59 per head of the estimated popula 
tion; the total extraordinary receipts were $5,448,828, bringing the total receipts 
(including $35,306 not classified as ordinary or extraordinary) to $16,168,929. 
Aggregate ordinary expenditures were $11,318,446, and extraordinary expenditures 
$4,848,882, making the grand total expenditure (including $32,661 not classified) 
$16,199,989. Aggregate available assets were $37,718,155, and aggregate liabilities 
$33,407,404. A summ ry by provinces of the statistics of principal interest will be 
found on pages 804 and 805 (Table 34.) 

Comparisons of Finances of Larger and Smaller Municipalities The 
general basis of municipal finance in C; nada is the assessed value of taxable 
property. On the basis of the above-mentioned reports, this amounted in the 
cities to $981.75 per head, in the arger tovns to $507.17 and in the smaller towns 
and vi. lages to $541.69 per head of population. 

Receipts from compulsory ta> ation per head of population were in the cities 
$27.34, in the 1 rger towns $16.67, in the smaller towns and villages $17.60. Total 
ordinary receipts amounted to $45.48, $27.70 and $25.49 per head of popu ation 
respectively, ;nd e traordinary receipts to $17.55, $8.10 and $13.00 respecti- ely. 

Ordinary e penditures per head of population were in the cities $!3.0 r >, in 
larger towns $27.48 and in smaller tov ns and villages $27.00; extraordinary 
expenditures were $18.01, $9.43 and $11.57 per head respectively. 

Assets per head of population were $151.72 in the .cities, $lf6.31 in the larger 
to^ns and $89.C8 in the smaller tovns and villages. Liabilities per head were 
$202.44 in the cities, $100.82 in the larger towns and $79.69 in the smaller towns 
and villages. 

NOTE. According to the census of 1921, 55 cities in Canada had at that time a population of 10,000 or 
over. The municipal authorities of Amherst, Dartmouth and New Glasgow, all in Nova Scotia, and of 
Oshawa and North Bay in Ontario, had previously estimated their populations as being 10,000 or over; 
they were classified as such \n the 1919 report and are here retained for comparative purposes. Three 
urban municipalities having more than 10,000 population by the census, tailed to send in a report and are 
not included, viz., Guelph, Glace Bay and Shawinigan Falls. 



796 



FINANCE 



29. Summary by Provinces of Municipal Statistics of Principal Interest of 



Items. 




Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 

Brunswick. 


Number of Cities reporting in each province 




1 


5 


t 












General Statistics 
Area in acres 




850 


IT 14 1 ? 




Population (Census 1921 ) 




12 347 


1fi7 788 


79 7Afi 


Value of Taxable Property (land and buildings) 


- 


5 762 560 


79 983 U5 


AC All 040 


Value of Exemptions (land and buildings) . 


- 


1 000 000 


33 472 800 


14 157 nnn 


Incomes assessed for Municipal Income Tax. . 


- 


i 


812 850 


94 QST 184 


Business assessment 


- 


i 


9 ni4 i in 


in 319 4^n 


Streets improved, mileage of 




| 


139 


OQ A 1 


Streets unimproved, mileage of. . . 




10 


138-75 


M 


Length of streets lighted 




19 


108 


7>;.4 


Sidewalks, mileage of 




24 


158-55 


m.41 


Sewers, mileage of 




30 


132 


8S.AR 


Water mains, mileage of 




22 


199-6 


14A.7S 


Parks and plavgrounds, acreage of 




40 


382-3 


70 


Estimated value of fire equipment. . . . 




15 000 


431 647 


155 niQ 


Total loss of property by fire 




2 


600 650 


499 109 


Receipts from 
Taxation 




118 858 


1 677 441 


9 (V17 197 


Licenses and fees 




7 839 


59 175 


QQ A9A 


1- ines, forfeits and escheats 




2 392 


74 006 


99 984 


Municipally owned public service 




16 242 


478 258 


K77 KQ1 


Grants, subventions and fees for educational purposes 
Interest 




i 
i 


30,609 
9 59 9 


1,000 

8 774 


Sinking funds 




i 


36 340 


80 700 


Total ordinary receipts 




147 481 


3 987 460 


3 133 173 


Total extraordinary receipts. . . 




98 253 


i E Oft 


823 719 












Grand total receipts 


- 


245 734 


4 169 ~>l( 


3<|-.i; fioo 


Expenditures on 
General government 


| 


11 521 


144 550 


1R1 ISA 


Police department 


- 


11 312 


169 445 


147 97fi 


Fire department * 





6 859 


186 852 


m708 


Inspection of building, plumbing, etc 


- 


128 


4 800 


2 071 


Highways, including administration, salaries and outlays 
Health and sanitation 



- 


24,355 
1 138 


460,090 
348 58 


683,460 

O 1 ; fl41 


Charities and corrections 




1 650 


213 520 


1 19 i no 


Education 




32 153 


665 645 


fi94 479 


Public service enterprises 




5 318 


603 030 


406 293 


Recreations 




1 391 


6 831 


31 896 


Interest 


- 


35 3.35 


400 798 


301 516 


Sinking funds 





17 407 


430 847 


200 483 


Total ordinarv expenditure 





150 24 i 


3 888 20 


3 281 096 


Total extraordinary expenditure 


- 


98 253 


730 875 


315 603 












Grand total eipenditure 




248, 502 


4,619,084 


3 596 (199 


Assets 
Available 





141 505 


3 535 395 


9 047 07| 


Revenue producing 


- 


30 9 000 


4 837 7V, 


g 790 063 


Non-revenue producing 




960 174 


7 8-1 


3 90] 713 


Other 





i 


44 4S. i 


40 545 












Total assets 





1,403,679 


16,260 09? 


12 209 592 


Liabilities 
Bonded (It-lit . ... 


| 


924 600 


]> }14 4f,( 


8 256 728 


Moating or current debt 





i 


322 I3 


449 0gg 


All other 


- 


351 438 


->> , ,", 


mnm 












Total liabilities 





1,276,038 


12 789 112 


8 877 883 













FINANCIAL STATISTICS OF CANADIAN CITIES 



797 



Cities of 10,000 Population and over for the calendar year 1920. 



Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Canada, 
Total. 


11 


24 


3 


3 


4 


3 


57 


60,017 


112,596 


32,756 


26,667 


72,329 


22,860 


376,343 


876,274 


1,158,442 


207,305 


79,456 


142,857 


170,436 


2,827,676 


891,770,301 


1,018,089,000 


266,331,944 


87,905,620 


177,249,184 


290,088,34C 


2,858,792,013 


297,884,462 


206,531,479 


48,108,498 


22,717,700 


19,413,C90 


43,079,717 


686,365,646 


i 


71,410,029 


i 


1,245,614 


3,436,644 


i 


101,888,521 


i 


82,546,688 


i 


7,006,483 


i 


: 


101,899,731 


623-1 


1,263-76 


258-25 


118-23 


251-82 


385-47 


3,087-04 


579-56 


1,036-31 


575 


405-57 


916-21 


209-77 


3,927-17 


930-51 


1,964-37 


428-25 


201-2 


76 


452-75 


4,255-48 


1,176-85 


2,623-53 


627-49 


256 -F 4 


561-46 


421-31 


5,984-26 


870-13 


1,684-95 


318-8 


170-9" 


429-45 


378 -2r 


4,100-14 


796-98 


1,946-91 


357-45 


190-7 


445-85 


489-6f 


4,595-93 


3,152-42 


4,691-7 


754-03 


918-5 r 


1,772-35 


1,065-72 


12,856-04 


1,384,418 


1,604,063 


456,375 


264,87? 


509,871 


374,194 


5,195,460 


1,200,803 


5,538,775 


958, 80C 


263,698 


553,660 


504, 29( 


10,343,883 


22,345,511 


40,742,821 


7,117,371 


3,941,951 


8,611,210 


7,845,350 


94,407,640 


1,117,282 


1,356,741 


338,296 


121,536 


141, 4^4 


472,210 


3,653,139 


298,749 


733,651 


49,708 


25,218 


30,94 


236,823 


1,473,773 


4,595,776 


11,244,432 


1,833,701 


2,471,715 


6,242,447 


1,051,25? 


28,511,522 


i 


564,596 


i 


25,857 


i 


399,878 


1,021,940 


969,850 


779,674 


72,374 


36,886 


700 


353,80 


2,231,655 


1,370,940 


12,821,276 


121,341 


119,544 


i 


i 


14,559,240 


32,658,360 


84,155.827 


11,338,945 


7,481,231 


15,259,74! 


10,678,57? 


168,840,791 


15,485,378 


23,708,052 


674,945 


341,18? 


100,000 


266,033 


41,679,649 


18,143,739 


107,863,879 


12,013,890 


7,822,413 


15,359,741 


10,944,10: 


210,520,440 


3,481,285 


3,454,272 


354,905 


337,737 


672,164 


391,921 


9,009,740 


2,069,558 


2,618,442 


421,183 


197,210 


441,075 


679,863 


6,755,364 


2,245,781 


3,492,423 


507,652 


369,793 


489,066 


634,445 


8,125,579 


47,880 


237,789 


28,132 


12,931 


28,718 


21,287 


383,736 


5,754,543 


10,486,314 


516,856 


369,593 


843,632 


1,065,217 


20,204,060 


1,457,789 


4,785,705 


443,141 


341,15? 


294,264 


354,858 


8,121,677 


438,339 


2,597,168 


507,560 


247,860 


324,968 


386,766 


4,849,940 


5,606,061 


15,438,961 


2,609,858 


1,544,80" 


2,715,118 


2,080,085 


31,317,158 


3,868,840 


10,330,311 


1,809,259 


2,419,021 


6,442,030 


482,521 


26,366,623 


267,389 


2,329,100 


187,158 


65,257 


151,483 


173,929 


3,214,434 


8,828,532 


8,688,476 


966,22? 


1,247,798 


1,293,225 


2,918,611 


24,770,513 


1,366,615 


13,301,681 


397,605 


484,973 


316,381 


1,189,377 


17,705,369 


36,551,915 


84,328,164 


9,875,916 


7,750,634 


14,228,2?P 


10,829,44? 


170,883,855 


11,559,108 


23,926,540 


1,230,79? 


385,104 


1,300,188 


261,94? 


39,808,405 


48,111,023 


108,354,704 


11,106,708 


8,135,738 


15,528,417 


11,091,385 


210,692,260 


36,269,604 


72,814,844 


22,761,651 


12,592,71 


27,236,69? 


25,252,741 


202,852,418 


39,022,249 


70,038,502 


21,949,281 


11,638,388 


19,238,467 


12,549,783 


186,296,463 


84,112,018 


147,665,266 


36,148,537 


17,232,048 


31,901,040 


42,141,25? 


371,204,533 


31,399,106 


11,722,380 


1,783,036 


i 


1,499,024 


3,019.310 


49,507,884 


190,802,977 


302,240,992 


82,642,505 


41,463,148 


79,875,226 


82,963,087 


809,861,298 


159,633,99r 


199,959,78? 


51,614,069 


27,255,644 


55,857,590 


59,471,712 


575,388,587 


12,286,736 


7,869,211 


5,953,888 


2,803,105 


10,122,898 


7,112,653 


46,912,853 


10,793,090 


25,471,110 


6,178,211 


3,134,24f 


2,765,626 


3,252,387 


52,177,547 


182,713,82? 


234,431,615 


63,746,168 


33,192,995 


68,746,114 


69,836,75? 


675,610,499 



1 None, 
in this item. 



2 Xo record. 3 The city of Chatham shows total liabilities only; these are included 



798 



FINANCE 



30. Expenditures, ordinary and extraordinary, of Cities 



No. 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 

29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 

45 

; 
47 

48 
49 
50 

51 

62 
53 
64 

55 
56 
57 


Name of City or Town. 


Ordinary Expenditure. 


General 
Govern 
ment. 


Police 
Depart 
ment. 


Fire 
Depart 
ment. 


Inspec 
tion of 
buildings, 
plumb 
ing, etc. 


High- 

ways. 


Health 
and 
sanita 
tion. 


Charities 
and 
correc 
tions. 


Prince Edward Island 
( h trlottetown 


$ 

11,521 

53.268 
25,200 
24,568 

26,299 
15,218 

123,644 
21,423 
16,318 

2,780,136 
211.064 
24,270 
20.94S 
47.313 
87.889 
80.18 
44.520 
153.066 
18,212 
13,685 

1,517.428 
720.044 
138.954 
114,655 
46,985 
114,310 
17.870 
51.004 
49,603 
41.077 
189.304 
62.35* 
14,383 
47,811 
74,781 
26.345 
28.559 
20.011 
51.613 
43,474 
15,424 
28,102 
19.421 
23,700 

274,079 
32,790 
48,036 

105,476 
99.000 
73.261 

357,316 
199.114 
64.147 
51,557 

270.871 
87.170 
33.880 


$ 

11,312 

109.590 
41,000 
6,508 
7,057 
5,290 

107,506 
25,460 
14,310 

1,742.951 
140.351 
22.306 
31.857 
19.430 
28.334 
35.086 
20,995 
21,426 
6,822 

3 

1,609.888 
249.058 
181.710 
103.028 
79.129 
58.957 
11.779 
24.390 
43,075 
24.544 
30.474 
20.585 
17.079 
19,523 
27.571 
23.930 
20. 728 
11.357 
9.070 
14,666 
9.793 
12.183 
9,479 
6,446 

376.011 
21.291 
23,881 

105.614 
50.722 
40,874 

151.772 
247,600 
20.296 
21.407 

544.614 
110.845 
24.404 


I 

6,859 

130.049 
30,000 
8.540 
9,169 
9,094 

144,302 
38.181 
10,135 

1,650,203 
288,286 
33.459 
58,486 
39.137 
38.541 
40.938 
15.299 
20.799 
15.607 
45,026 

1.994.883 
253.524 
272.317 
145.809 
88.435 
76,496 
58.520 
32.795 
48.376 
37.889 
> 64.960 
45.037 
47.612 
19.473 
69,955 
27,390 
46.787 
34.408 
29.754 
17.705 
25.165 
9.648 
16.348 
29.047 

404,015 
55.286 
48,351 

147,670 
122,898 
99,225 

244,894 
162,767 
40. 870 
40.535 

432.955 
151.396 
50,094 


$ 
128 

i 

4,800 
i 
i 
i 

i 

2,071 
i 

29,880 
13.996 
1,500 

1,000 
1,504 

198.078 
13.219 
1,800 

4 

2,852 
i 

300 
i 

1.500 
1.271 
3.036 
1.408 

1 , 537 
1,744 
2,413 
1,500 

7,133 

25,634 
1.302 
1,196 

5,490 
6,445 
996 

18.556 
8.509 
1,653 
i 

12.962 
3.150 
5.175 


$ 

24,355 

224,721 
120,100 
22,837 
61,481 
30,951 

403,802 
188,790 
90,868 

4,349,050 
289.474 
36,358 
116,761 
69,810 
92,431 
267,780 
82.075 
237.333 
71.694 
141,777 

4,988.738 
641,856 
480.357 
562.817 
125.067 
201.581 
258.277 
194,526 
94,084 
380.18" 
134,380 
146,796 
143.210 
307.753 
79.160 
261.0(7 
280.258 
58.219 
139,930 
445.893 
137,047 
278.609 
78.320 


$ 

1,138 

327,053 
7.000 
7,351 
3,878 
2,707 

44,183 
35.822 
15,036 

1,217,873 
42.482 
35.561 
9,804 
9.796 
39,050 
8,004 
24.271 
51.6fil 
19,032 
255 

2,649.609 
415.6*5 
436.634 
308.440 
19,121 
80,132 
52,509 
45,491 
35.523 
51.051 
20,797 
36,460 
75,945 
44,381 
40,658 
54.10- 1 
70.345 
9.708 
48.083 
12.235 
12,177 
115.613 
28.330 
122,686 

379,570 
32,344 
31,227 

159,690 
107,486 
73,976 

199.590 
33.482 
26,468 
34.724 

192.817 
145.32(1 
16.721 


I 

1,650 

157.772 
16.000 
27.470 
7,041 
5,237 

101.040 
23.510 
7,529 

311.124 

60.378 
5.012 
11,546 
20.798 
12 240 
708 
9.679 
1.859 
4,695 
300 

969.183 
676.072 
269.926- 
175,725 
17.5*3 
121.963 
7.973 
28.573 
29.362 
24,96* 
53.894 
26.898 
12.399 
16,983 
28,459 
17,137 
13,239 
11.309 
60.453 
5.123 
5.310 
1.398 
7.232 
16,048 

469.772 
20.292 
17,496 

54.789 
132,335- 
60,738 

98.?62 
183.126 
21.34& 
22,234 

335,002 
31. - 17 
20.547 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 


Sydnpy 


Amhor-t 


Now Glasgow 


Dartmouth 
New Brunswick 


St John 


Moncton 


Fredericton 


Quebec 


Quebec 


Verdun 


Hull 




Three Hivers 




Machine 




St Hyacinthe 




Ontario 


Haniilton 


Ottawa 






Brantford 


Kitchener 




Sault Ste Marie ... 




Fort William 


St Catharines 


Stritfnrd 


St Thomas 


Port Arthur 


Sarnia 


Niagara Falls .... 


Chatham 


Gait 


Belleville 




Oshawa 




Woodstock 


68,207 

424,082 
37,893 
54,881 

139.902 
94.397 
135.294 

418,303 
347.235 
48.896 
29,198 

761.009 
200.045 
104.163 


Manitoba 




St Boniface 


Saskatchewan 






Alberta 




L,eth^ ridge 




Briti-h Columbia 




New Westminster 



"None Vndcr the control of the school board. Included in fire department Plumbing inspec- 
tion included in health department administration. This total includes miscellaneous ilems of ordinary- 
expenditure not shown elsewhere. 



EXPENDITURES OF CANADIAN CITIES 



799 



of 10,000 Population and over for the calendar year 1920. 



Ordinary Expenditure. 








Education. 


Municipal 
ly owned 
public 


Recrea 
tions. 


Interest. 


Sinking 
Fund. 


Total 
ordinary 
expendi 


Total 
extra 
ordinary. 


Grand 
Total, 
all expen 
ditures. 


No. 




services. 








ture. 6 








$ 


$ 




S 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 




32,153 


5,318 


1,391 


35,335 


17,407 


150,249 


98,253 


248,50. 


1 


401.096 


308.546 


i 


293.637 


332,290 


2,395,799 


611,4..% 


3,007,238 


2 


120 600 


25.000 


2,500 


88.000 


32,500 


579,700 


i 


579,700 


3 


42,250 


15,586 


2,100 


46,284 


40,725 


272.486 


90.081 


363,472 


4 


35, OOP 


40,096 


i 


45.781 


19,543 


257.866 


14,250 


27?, Hi 


5 


66,690 


213,802 


2,231 


17,096 


5,789 


382,358 


14,200 


396,558 


6 


412.383 


359,431 


23,441 


222,887 


155.791 


2,305.183 


7,58i 


2,312.76 


7 


140,314 


2,299 


6.855 


50.98 - 


41.571 


662.744 


223,213 


885,95 


8 


71.775 


44,563 


1,600 


27,647 


3,121 


313,164 


84,80 D 


397,972 


9 


5,185,689 


2,658.744 


191,937 


6,884.686 


711.650 


28,468.187 


5,523,051 


33.901,24 


10 


407,931 


91.559 


14.704 


649.161 


75. IS" 


2,284.538 


2,766,93( 


5,0.11,41* 


11 


2 


121.88 


2,414 


183.963 


38.500 


505.225 


93,091 


598.311 


12 


2 


92.261 


1 , 322 


125.082 


49.453 


524.449 


50,75: 


575.201 


13 


1,830 


190.593 


2.254 


186.044 


38,930 


628.813 


1,634,47! 


2,263.292 


14 


2 


190.569 


11.981 


255.067 


70.418 


848.778 


1,217.328 


2.066.10 


15 


10,611 


244,837 


27.074 


160.041 


309 601 


1,397.621 


22,78* 


1,420.40! 


16 


2 


80,240 


3,137 


142.849 


23.490 


449,294 


215,373 


664 , 667 


17 


2 


i 


9.271 


153,78? 


44,65" 


797.033 


i 


797.033 


18 


S 


94,403 


3,295 


61 . 643 


1 . 763 


309,135 


11,83; 


320.974 


19 


2 


103,662 


i 


26,214 


3,006 


338.842 


23,460 


362,311 


20 


7.115.435 


3,548,923 


1,884.757 


4,485.045 


8,665.074 


44,539.987 


6,685,48C 


51,225,47? 


21 


1.365.046 


975.670 


50.515 


765.33? 


601.364 


6,735,833 


2.378.7K 


9,114.54? 


22 


1,124.584 


912,773 


44.058 


807.913 


17S.289 


4.849.315 


29,250 


4.878.56? 


23 


881.154 


307.503 


31,694 


360.595 


762.360 


4,222.510 


5,671,930 


9.894.440 


24 


805.041 


477,692 


33.507 


190.421 


9,341 


2,251.289 


548,754 


2,800.04? 


25 


256.657 


452.222 


11.532 


128.413 


82,621 


1,584.884 


110.534 


1.695.41!- 


26 


165. ,39 


20,8,474 


15.751 


4,266 


i 


801.158 


159,873 


961.031 


27 


316.704 


395.272 


4 603 


99.789 


40.173 


1.233.410 


332,738 


1, 566,1 4? 


28 


506.613 


224.719 


29.115 


142.925 


105.28? 


1.366,249 


792,484 


2.158.733 


29 


453.620 


225.944 


6,595 


93.946 


71.777 


1.414.698 


342,70? 


1,757.400 


30 


497.410 


446.186 


3.347 


352.489 


150.000 


2, 161.386 


1.177.659 


3,347.04 


31 


267.35!) 


182,869 


7.045 


179.345 


2,036.188 


3.225.718 


907,09!- 


4.132.8K 


32 


136.126 


40.785 


33.500 


174.974 


131.781 


941.396 


356.161 


1.297.657 


33 


164.490 


552,641 


14.879 


75.997 


3.3S: 1 


1.2-80.359 


81.667 


1.362.02P 


34 


206.752 


78 027 


12.058 


313.317 


81,212 


1.066.324 


1,491,404 


2,557,72? 


35 


210.0114 


270.509 


73.208 


112,177 


402 


1,080,793 


547,924 


1.628.717 


36 


220.058 


233.356 


1.610 


8,693 


i 


932.406 


607,53! 


1,539.94- 


37 


123.456 


181 172 


3.507 


72.116 


i 


531.416 


481,691 


1,013.107 


38 


115.257 


162,649 


14,276 


81.001 


31,345 


772.228 


135.000 


907.228 


39 


101.603 


106.777 


4.457 


66. "S3 


109.401 


936,05? 


153,750 


1.089.80" 


40 


106.305 


9.986 


6.716 


43.119 


216,521 


601.815 


499.40L 


1.101.307 


41 


115.97?, 


182.822 


34.311 


35.190 


i 


861.656 


139,076 


1,000.73 


42 


103.928 


27.202 


1.472 


46.244 


i 


339.311 


75,908 


415, 21P 


43 


79,758 


126,129 


3.587 


48,416 


25,159 


594,971 


219,703 


814,674 


44 


2,236.603 


1,648.634 


179.300 


537.173 


140.075 


8,082.038 


363,837 


8.445.R75 


45 


158.255 


122.778 


7,197 


156.659 


136,189 


884.807 


i 


884. 807 


46 


215,000 


37.847 


661 


272,390 


121,341 


909,071 


866,955 


1,776,026 


47 


679.949 


1,009.085 


27,827 


573,087 


263.361 


3.332.840 


240,556 


3.573,396 


48 


544,127 


803. .154 


25,188 


467,258 


146.892 


2.713.206 


88,000 


2,801,206 


49 


320,729 


605,082 


12,242 


207,453 


74,720 


1,704,588 


56,548 


1,761,136 


50 


1,064.532 


2.841.198 


88.506 


675,857 


219,391 


6,487.802 


8,120 


6,495.922 


51 


1,287.010 


3,044.390 


34.318 


302.794 


i 


5,916.537 


1,258,561 


7,175.098 


52 


150,229 


391.090 


20.160 


75,605 


22.489 


897.327 


i 


897.327 


53 


203,447 


165.352 


8.469 


238,969 


74.501 


926,563 


33,507 


960.070 


54 


1,439.949 


233.054 


103.800 


1,760.033 


855.313 


7.055.468 


i 


7.055.4RR 


55 


424,378 


173,620 


61 . 022 


868.055 


234.512 


2.733.136 


101.94? 


2,835,078 


56 


215.758 


75,847 


9,107 


290,523 


99.552 


1,040.839 


160.000 


1,200,839 


57 



800 



FINANCE 



31 Receipts, ordinary and extraordinary, of Cities of 10,000 Population and -over 

for the calendar year 1920. 



: 


Ordinary Receipts. 


Total 
ordinary 
eceipts. 2 


Total 
extra 
ordinary 
receipts, 
deben 
tures, 
bonds, 
etc. 


Grand 
Total, 

ordinary 
and extra 
ordinary 
receipts. 


Name o iCity or Town. 


^axation. 


Jcenses 
and 
fees. 


Public 
er vices. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 

118,858 

837,840 
411,660 
178,579 
131,594 
117,768 

1,431,861 
379,663 
195,603 

7,934,148 
1,714,601 
376,457 
177,233 
284,106 
316,919 
713,491 
269,110 
402,500 
85,809 
71,107 

1,237,193 
3,433,765 
3,227,240 
1,823,685 
1,245,35 
939,483 
563,52 
530,31 
648,89 
577,08 
1,182,18 
733,62 
473,24 
514,55 
708,01 
431,38 
368,97 
426,11 
377.38 
336,66 
275,75 
193,65 
246,53 
248,20 

5,943,77 
662,65 
510,94 

1,759,28 
1,303,73 
878,93 

3,560,55 
3,980,49 
501,76 
568,39 

5,389,09 
1,910,0 
546,23 


$ 

7,839 

32,695 
11,300 
568 
13,444 
1,168 

35,689 

i 

2,937 

909,977 
45,190 
22,820 
16,027 
39,700 
31,924 
18,188 
11,889 
4,593 
11,239 
5,735 

1,036,481 
133.161 
53,403 
23,77 
16,75 
6,369 
3,69 
1,38 
6,76 
6,45 
8,73 
8,65 
4,13 
2,94 
6,84 
4,76 
5,98 
2,93 
2,73 
4,74 
2,69 
3,34 
5,05 
4,91 

332,33 

i 

5,96 

21,30 
83,32 
16, 90 1 

66,00< 
61,51 
6,47 
7,43 

379,60 
79,82 
12,77 


$ 
16,242 

164,266 
56,100 
29,761 
40,479 
187,652 

518,760 
22,879 
36,054 

2,713,490 
486,607 
179,552 
137,135 
410,290 
115,454 
300,045 
110,551 
i 

70,008 
72,644 

4,038,455 
1,184,035 
734.790 
302,310 
569,174 
466,94 
459,18 
358,93 
230,22 
218,15 
559,65 
217,98 
30,84 
637,70 
184,51 
254,67 
221,04 
66,83 
179,71 
90,65 
17,51 
W.61 
40,24 
121,23 

1,650,19 
150,01 
33,49 

1,093,90 
916,63 
461,17 

2,553,71 

2,n 
355,23 
372,82 

520,32 
343,39 
187,53 


$ 

147,481 

2,422,429 
579,120 
346,986 
242,367 
396,558 

2,155,491 
592,899 
384,783 

4.444,955 
2,329,562 
700,922 
384,365 
1,478,278 
596,472 
1,185,368 
567,635 
486,456 
299,136 
185,211 

1,479,747 
7,877,426 
4,568,895 
3,134,810 
1,965,01 
1,580,363 
1,035,03 
1,021,74 
1,497,77 
1,057,34 
2,825,05 
3,959,65 
1,190,90 
1,235,22 
2,505,17 
1,080,39 
1,230,44 
790,74 
618,62 
925,083 
989,16 
647,38 
348,53 
591,304 

8,230,35 
893,81 
2,214,77 

3,440,40 
2,518,26 
1,522,56 

6,194,304 
7,213,43 
874,72 
977, 2& 

6,989,73 
2,671,42 
1,017,40 


$ 

98,253 

i 
136,000 
16,336 
29,750 
i 

495,698 
311,511 
16,510 

9,956,756 
2,129,134 
56,467 
197,502 
975,479 
1,469,634 
235,041 
133,440 
193,570 
21,838 
116,518 

7,369,127 
1,391,228 
2,237,896 
6,794,873 
892,53 

144,986 
i 

327,500 
654,53 
726,40 
527,89 
201,52 
106,42 
63,74 
4,69 
593,46 
306,61 
139,30 
204,78 
173,40 
89,46 
354,62 
66,68 
336,35 

600,00 
i 

74,94 

240,48 
100,69 
i 

i 
i 
i 
100, 00( 

1 
158,05 
107,98 


S 

245,734 

2,422,429 
715,120 
363,322 
272,117 
396,558 

2,651,189 
904,410 
401,293 

34,401,711 
4,458,696 
757,389 
581,867 
2.453,757 
2,066,106 
1,420,409 
701,075 
680.026 
320,974 
301,729 

48,848,874 
9,268,654 
6,806,791 
9,929,683 
2,857,546 
1,725,349 
1,035,032 
1,349,245 
2,152,315 
1,783,742 
3,352,951 
4,161,177 
1,297,322 
1,298,965 
2,509,874 
1,673,856 
1,537,061 
930,042 
823,401 
1,098,488 
1,078,620 
1,002,010 
415,219 
927,662 

8,830,359 
893,816 
2,289,715 

3,680,896 
2,618,957 
1,522,560 

6,194,304 
7,213,431 
874,723 
1,077,283 

6,989,739 
2,829,482 
1,125,385 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 










New Brunswick 
m John 






Quebec 






Hull 
















Ontario 




















Kort William 


St Catharines 


C+mtfnrH 


St Thomas 


Port Arthur 








Gait 


Belleville 






"MnrtVl "Rqv 




Manitoba 






Saskatchewan 






Alberta 








British Columbia 








iNone. This total includes items of ordinary receipts not shown elsewhere in this summary table. 



ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF CITIES 



SOI 



32. Assets and Liabilities of Cities of 10,000 Population and over, for the calendar 

year 1920. 







Total 


Total 






Liabilitie. 




Xante of City or Town. 


Total 
available 
assets. 


revenue 
producing 

assets. 


non- 
revenue 
producing 
assets. 


Total 
assets. 1 


Bonded 
debt. 


Floating 
or 
current 
debt. 


Total 
liabilities. 2 


Prince Edward Island 
Charlottetown 


$ 
141,505 


- 
302,000 


8 
960,174 


S 
1,403,679 


$ 
924,600 


$ 

3 


- 
1 276 038 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 


1,995,471 


2,663,675 


4,681,657 


9,340,803 


7,208,516 


27,949 


7 236 465 


Sydney 


707,054 


651,715 


1,355,000 


2,713.76 ,) 


2,368,000 


125,000 


2,533 000 


Amherst 


341,999 


334,559 


641,027 


1,362,068 


1,006,000 


77 473 


1 095 8 9 6 


Xew Glasgow ... 


379,424 


485,000 


632,300 


1,496,724 


977,450 


12,631 


990 081 


Dartmouth . ... 


111,447 


702,781 


532,500 


1,346,728 


854,500 


79,940 


933 740 


New Brunswick 
St. John 


1,627,465 


5,046,534 


1,395,704 


8,069,703 


;, 595, 821 


2,756 


5 598 577 


Moncton 


396,019 


1,399,907 


1,258,148 


3,086,619 


2,181,108 


323,440 


2 683 131 


Fredericton 


223,787 


273,622 


547,861 


1,053,270 


479,799 


115,873 


596 9 75 


Quebec 
Montreal . . . 


26,953,192 


23,848,765 


57,528,620 


139,562,852 


119,759,310 


8 708,495 


135 097 285 


Quebec ... 


2,379,288 


5,420,107 


8,090,443 


15,889,838 


14,898,167 


418,990 


15 362 301 


Verdun 


534,238 


1,263,584 


2,839,453 


4,637,275 


3,186,500 


383,524 


3 570 024 


Hull 


370,449 


1,287,704 


1,108,610 


2,766,763 


2,268,125 


328,498 


2 616 623 


Sherbrooke 


1,952,274 


3,346,833 


1,083,590 


6,382,697 


3,903,400 


389,722 


4 780 465 


Three Rivers 


833,175 


1,043,238 


3,419,336 


5,295,749 


4,287,000 


455 , 956 


5 295 749 


Westmount 


1,649,957 


825.121 


4,495,205 


7,137,114 


4,330,107 


275,614 


7 137 114 


Lachine 


346,571 


851,402 


1,835,195 


3,033,168 


2,548,000 


127,616 


2 692 635 


Uutremont 


864,920 


3 


2,748,562 


3,613,482 


2,850,000 


276,611 


3 613 48 9 


St. Hyacinthe 


140,385 


593,665 


767,086 


1,501,136 


593.358 


849,519 


1 443 459 


Lovis . . 


245,155 


541,830 


195,918 


982 003 


1 , 009 , 969 


72 191 


1 104 685 


Ontario 
Toronto 


37,351,972 


31,677,533 


88,284.413 


157,313,916 


103,832,350 


1,270 687 


111 451 598 


Hamilton 


5,052,080 


6,115,130 


11,325,803 


29,771,941 


13,843,759 


1 622,276 


24 039 199 


Ottawa 


11,380,331 


5,224,947 


8,714,601 


25,346,155 


18,346,701 


3 


21 994 839 


London 


1,766,147 


3,947,295 


2,233,726 


11,525,416 


8.022,803 


15,000 


9 433 214 


Windsor 
Brantford . . 


391,385 

1,532,288 


1,674,509 
1,340,503 


4,848,858 
2,331,363 


6,914,752 
5,204,154 


3,956,543 
4,059,512 


279,911 

585 356 


4,888,395 
4 644 868 


Kitchener 


49,905 


1,357,564 


1,186,198 


2,593 667 


2,063,789 


140,000 


2 203 789 


Kingston 


455,317 


1,365,206 


442,514 


2,263,037 


2,064,234 


3 


2 215 891 


Sault Ste. Marie 


903,319 


883,026 


2,670,454 


4,599,928 


3,293,297 


464,967 


4 487 696 


Peterborough 


1,306,931 


1,121,464 


1,746,032 


4,174,427 


3,094,582 


26,232 


3 421 360 


Fort William 


3,566,866 


3,219,037 


5,141,278 


11,927,181 


10,983,331 


714,661 


11 697 992 


St. Catharines .... 


1,448,454 


1,392,068 


3 940 764 


7,469 825 


4 971 589 


378 988 


5 705 043 


Stratford 


1,114,652 


993,481 


1,022,500 


3,130 633 


2 317,305 


248 000 


2 568 123 


St. Thomas 


276,715 


1,171,390 


1,175,050 


2,623 155 


1 384 079 


123 530 


1 507 609 


Port Arthur 
Sarnia 


2,321,990 
885,259 


3,247,565 
979,073 


4,350,608 
562,612 


9,920,163 

2,426,944 


7,598,173 
1,534,174 


136,281 
409 , 866 


9,848,135 
2 426 944 


Niagara Falls 


107,183 


663,600 


1,650,670 


2,421,453 


1,130,425 


543 356 


1 673 781 


Chatham 


161,606 


532,500 


894,154 


1,595,520 


7 


7 


1 131 512 


Gait 


574,782 


1,009,655 


469,352 


2,053,789 


1,853,307 


54,062 


1 951 818 


Belleville 


583,414 


281,802 


1,629,215 


2,494,431 


1,424,216 


429,822 


2 494 432 


Owen Sound 


1,021,943 


690,460 


958,343 


2,670 746 


1.234 969 


283 000 


1 517 969 


Oshawa 


69,588 


439,450 


732,410 


1,241,448 


900 336 


38 610 


972 331 


North Bay 


95,535 


209,896 


707,559 


1,012,990 


788 " 73 


104 606 


893 048 


Woodstock 


397,182 


501,348 


646,789 


1,545,319 


1,262,029 


3 


1 262 029 


Manitoba- 
Winnipeg 


18,516,679 


20,193,598 


29,451,465 


69,944,778 


43,514,929 


4,211,421 


53 575 188 


Brandon 


1,787,197 


1,145,299 


2,140,796 


5,073 292 


3,549 246 


111 034 


3 989 653 


St. Boniface 


2,457,775 


610,384 


4,556.276 


7 . 624 , 435 


4,549 894 


1 631 433 


6 181 3 9 7 


Saskatchewan 
Regina 


5,198,152 


5,181 615 


8 284 389 


18 664 156 


! 30 225 


635 562 


13 575 884 


Saskatoon 


3,335,316 


4,017 414 


6,058 008 


13 410 738 


8 932 518 


1 189 174 


12 537 029 


Moose Jaw 


4,059,244 


2,439,359 


2,889, 651 6 


9,388 254 


6 09 9 901 


978 369 


7 080 08 


Alberta- 
Calgary 


9,873,470 


7,948,663 4 


11,036,222* 


28,858 355 


22 856 162 


3 242 724 


26 951 186 


Edmonton 


13,790,982 


7,336,198 


16,306,419 


38,714 !) !) 


24,687 606 


5 829 010 


32 366 156 


Lethbridge 


1,856,051 


1,669 779 


1 867 558 


5 393 388 


3 909 694 


767 645 


4 741 1 9 5 


Medicine Hat 


1,716,192 


2,283,827 


2 690 841 


6 908 554 


4 404 128 


9 83 519 


4 687 647 


British Columbia 
Vancouver 


15,896,560 


6,327,382 


27,107,203 


49,631,338 


35,327,647 


5 361,950 


40 689 597 


Victoria 


8,150,182 


3,751,268 


11 750 851 


26 371 418 


18 305 572 


1 482 507 


22 788 595 


New Westminster 


1,205,999 


2,471,133 


3 283,199 


6 960 331 


5 838 493 


268 196 


6 358 560 



















Includes other assets. 2 Includes other liabilities. None. * $2, 738, 569 depreciation, equi 
valent to sinking fund reserve and depreciation reserve, has been deducted. $786,546 depreciation 
has been deducted. $3, 806, 593 depreciation has been deducted. Total only given. 

6237351 



802 



FINANCE 



33. Summary by Provinces of Statistics of Principal Interest of Urban 



Items. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 

Brunswick. 




1 


10 


6 




General Statistics 


1.000 
3,000 
2,492,970 
Noni 
437.000 
10 
10 
10 
6 
91,500 
10 
4,913 

$ 

31,850 
1,946 
3,628 
680 
41,849 
34,000 
75,849 

2,89 
5,85 
3,21 
8 
2,39 
1,72 
Non 
5,03 
2,31 
10,503 
36,54 
46,46 
83,00 

9,18( 
39,48 
97 
199.44 
Xon 
249,08 

161, (XX 
3,3! 
Xon 
164,39^ 


23,628 
01,700 
20,566,738 
428,330 
7,085,166 
198-65 
112-33 
111-865 
44-2 
1,553,550 
133-1 
123,491 

$ 

667,831 
21,735 
360,580 
17,566 
1,207,075 
331,967 
1,539,042 

61,74 
330,38 
38,52 
338,190 
49,82 
34,57 
35,83 
41,17 
117,22 
117,41 
1,225,00 
197,05 
1,422,06 

107,31 
519,51 
104,74 
3,571,35 
26,04 
4,328,97 

3,445,86 
93,43 
47,15 
3,586,45^ 


24,645 
30,500 
17,838,550 
3,601,550 
7, 690,000 
93-16 
63-4 
31 
4h 
1,096,765 
63 
66,000 

1 

407,023 
8.589 
147,993 
3,368 
595,744 
189,399 
785,143 

36,097 
117,840 
40,349 
169,492 
27,278 
17,097 
19,826 
37,905 
69,435 
166,081 
740,783 
47,482 
788,265 

26,953 
158,578 
142,075 
2,245,009 
12,815 
2,585,430 

2,059,238 
67,400 
105,140 
2,231,778 






















Value of Fire Equipment < 


Receipts from 














Expenditures on 


























Assets (available) 












Liabilities 


Ti"lnn>iner T~)pht 









Vallevfield, Quebec, gave total only for Assets $602,000 and Liabilities $600,000. 
The town of Sandwich included unsold debentures of $165,539 in their total Assets which were not 
shown in detail and the town of Oshawa save total only for Liabilities 00,861. 



FINANCIAL STATISTICS OF MUNICIPALITIES 



803 



Municipalities of 3,000 to 10,000 Population, for the calendar year 1919. 



Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Canada, 
Total. 


24 


45 


3 


5 


1 


8 


103 


55,627-5 


66,714-39 


12,233 


25,108 


1,000 


10,739 


220,694-89 


141,097 


229,134 


12,437 


25,700 


3,000 


46,100 


552,668 


55.304,656 


155,624,726 


8,865,721 


24.379,477 


2,181,560 


33,040,075 


280,294,473 


903,105 


11,306,149 


None 


190.045 


None 


None 


16,429,179 


52.138,722 


25,287,619 


5,483,785 


2.740,817 


515,050 


6,861,674 


108,239,833 


329-92 


815-018 


148-24 


307-25 


2 


158-6 


2,062,838 


261-35 


640-38 


32-79 


84 


None 


87 


1,291-25 


287-13 


762 675 


60-99 


S8-35 


e 


105-9 


1,463-91 


203-9 


317-48 


26-71 


59-2 


5 


72-793 


783-283 


:i, 958, 546 


6,570,300 


534.646 


1,897,087 


79,830 


1,983,277 


17,765,501 


160-48 


507-81 


31 


62 


7 


134-4 


1,108-79 


243, 872 


475,223 


25,575 


153,678 


3,295 


103,861 


1,199,908 


$ 


t 


S 


$ 


1 


S 


8 


1,007,522 


4,598,983 


356,341 


1,043,582 


98,330 


1,168,755 


9,380,217 


103,539 


63,272 


3,685 


24,796 


1,474 


34,595 


263,631 


535,518 


1,405,999 


85,424 


361,624 


5,175 


608,029 


3,513,970 


10,258 


101,432 


3,819 


4,754 


115 


33,103 


175,095 


1,866,936 


7,218,295 


479,847 


1,548,709 


109,111 


2,241,996 


15,309,562 


927,254 


2,650,531 


138,043 


85,110 


None 


120,149 


4,476,454 


2,794,190 


9,868,826 


617,890 


1,633,819 


109,111 


2,362,145 


19,786,016 


299,893 


774,675 


30,964 


251,087 


8,270 


104,779 


1,570,408 


256,790 


1,432,682 


55,177 


303,821 


26,785 


306,749 


2,836,076 


124,593 


509,282 


9,776 


53,855 


358 


50,555 


830,513 


324,008 


1,517,948 


66,349 


377,713 


4,063 


507,062 


3,304,910 


60,780 


218,928 


7,945 


56,910 


4,684 


62,160 


490,903 


86,309 


145,422 


13,023 


28,329 


2,789 


59,952 


389,223 


26,800 


91,600 


7,337 


39,201 


46 


31,875 


252,323 


112,852 


192,780 


None 


70,366 


33,768 


343,027 


836,907 


466,258 


257,481 


76,305 


156,438 


8,534 


254,109 


1,408,093 


200,544 


1,015,862 


8,557 


42,756 


9,762 


117,044 


1,688,527 


2,239,867 


6,983,861 


337,306 


1,487,292 


101,149 


2,033,213 


15,185,026 


717,080 


3,616,195 


293,348 


115,293 


None 


176,222 


5,209,136 


2,956,947 


10,600,056 


630,654 


1,602,585 


101,149 


2,209,435 


20,394,162 


154,114 


243,639 


69,373 


142,831 


6,900 


87,526 


847,828 


320,111 


1,085,891 


90,227 


488,902 


None 


1,497,227 


4,199,937 


384,739 


792,367 


565,783 


2,185,086 


152,762 


652,852 


4,981,382 


8,734,838 


15,978,119 


1,132,104 


6,717,156 


310,833 


6,546,563 


45,435,424 


281,497 


1,606,231 


44,148 


253,387 


3,515 


291,930 


2,519,570 


10,477,2991 


19,871,786 2 


1,901.635 


9,787,362 


474,010 


9,076.098 


58,751,680 


W, 364, 879 


15,556,760 


1,480,311 


7,445,225 


313,562 


6,666,532 


46,493,367 


1,154,039 


1,401,363 


369,383 


451,160 


113,253 


294,630 


3,948,059 


432,912 


1,088,473 


None 


824,020 


None 


1,579,424 


4,077,126 


11. 551, 830 


18,647,457 


1.849,694 


8,720,405 


426,815 


8,540,586 


55,719,413 



2373511 



$04 FINANCE 


U Summary by Provinces of Statistics of Principal Interest of Urban 




Items. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 




1 


15 


2 


72 




General Statistics 


850 
1,100 

495.000 
i 

None 

166,000 
i 

2-5 
1 
None 
None 
None 
None 
2,700 
None 

$ 

4,024 
461 
None 
10 
None 
None 
None 
None 
158 
4,653 
2,596 
7,249 

143 
1,132 
None 
None 
None 
494 
1,718 
1,813 
30 
91 
62 
5,483 
1,500 
6,983 

None 
226 
410 
500 
None 
1,136 

2,300 


23,922 
30,198 

7,805,191 
i 

123,800 

2,014,525 
110,000 
108-91 
76-5 
77-73 
22-5 
589,267 
84-5 
42,590 
37 

1 

318,746 
3,345 
124,362 
4,268 
3,831 
10,854 
7,671 
283 
53,070 
526,430 
198,773 
725,203 

53,894 
135,585 
10,455 
19,302 
110,424 
18,988 
17,943 
96,248 
19,254 
37,212 
62,010 
581,315 
111,954 
693,269 

26,121 

_ .-> 1,268 
43,799 
1,435,448 
19,326 
1,778.962 

1.337,684 
62,455 
108,820 
1,508,959 


3,240 
4,300 

1,624,100 
i 

476,500 

500,000 

i 

26 
14 
22 
17 
203,000 
23 
10,500 
20 

$ 

88,895 
678 
15,924 
88 
None 
None 
507 
None 
268 
106,360 
38,941 
145,301 

4,241 
14,379 
3,007 
1,650 
18,189 
2,051 
8,950 
18,452 
4,007 
9,856 
13,274 
98,056 
25,695 
123,751 

25,228 
38,443 
8,600 
254,454 
4,000 
330,725 

235,900 
38,000 
108 
274,008 


103,213 
128,805 

54,303,193 
24,741,714 
443,154 

14,103,845 
8,167,941 
564-9 
325-3 
359-19 
190-2 
3,859,718 
262-98 
225,184 
118 

1,162,458 
20,915 
340,951 
1,068 
8,261 
14,810 
20,320 
6,473 
100,236 
1,675,492 
1,384,743 
3,060,235 

228,193 
148,352 
35,293 
17.174 
437,032 
23,554 
21,169 
259,215 
84,174 
582,071 
313,151 
2,149,378 
905,201 
3,054,579 

161,063 
242,483 
1,920,812 
8,204,288 
478,403 
11,007,049 

9,609,984 
2,132,027 
368,182 
12.110,193 




Value of Taxable Property 

T onrl * 






Total Exemptions 

T QTW 4 




















Receipts from 
























Expenditures on * 




























Assets (available) 




Sinking I unds - V V " * 








Liabilities 




None 




None 




2.30C 










FINANCIAL STATISTICS OF MUNICIPALITIES 



805 



Municipalities of 1,000 to 3,000 Population, for the calendar year 1920. 



Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon. 


Canada, 
Total. 


88 


9 


20 


21 


12 


1 


241 


69,033 


15,962 


32,043 


22,022 


20,063 


495 


290,843 


155,791 


12,201 


27,500 


35,702 


21,600 


2,000 


419,197 


29,036,594 


6,052,693 


10,897,566 


16,878,713 


13,014,220 


782,085 


140,889,355 


43,091,359 


1,686,395 


6,698,460 


4,595,198 


5,370,660 


i 


86,183,786 


1,959,700 


None 


232,250 


49,910 


None 


188,707 


3,474,021 


2,747,560 


1,285,928 


1,496,569 


2,802,475 


2,199,209 


67,500 


27,383,611 


7,748,277 


597,175 


1,329,595 


420, 834 


3,207,968 


330,000 


21,911,790 


771-24 


78-75 


293-5 


190-58 


121-45 


12 


2,169-83 


622-38 


47-5 


99-05 


84-45 


64-5 


> 


1,334-68 


555-18 


32 


74-49 


85-5 


71-8 


2 


1,277-91 


109-7 


10-5 


25-44 


24-25 


6 


1-45 


407-04 


3.542,692 


347,903 


1,358,764 


1,308,204 


530,893 


30,535 


11,770,976 


314-68 


11-1 


66-25 


71-93 


80-5 


5-5 


920-44 


374,368 


25,098 


103,868 


70,666 


48,953 


32.000 


935,927 


265 


12 


58 


47 


62 


17 


636 


f 


S 


1 


$ 


$ 


$ 


i 


3,159,232 


325,829 


841,814 


903,395 


543,445 


28,038 


7,375,876 


33,167 


6,765 


21,252 


19,136 


29,095 


2,390 


137,204 


937,063 


103,461 


217,847 


296,138 


195,260 


None 


2,231,006 


59,547 


1,263 


2,441 


2,573 


19,735 


5 


90,199 


35,625 


4,176 


9,939 


15,418 


16,942 


None 


94,192 


49,128 


4,441 


4,591 


9,392 


89,945 


None 


183,161 


58,126 


2,210 


354 


1,295 


97,276 


None 


187,759 


7,652 


1,727 


4,654 


894 


864 


None 


22,547 


140,574 


12,844 


9,131 


7,075 


29,696 


9,000 


362,052 


4,480,114 


462,716 


1,112,023 


1,255,316 


1,022,258 


39,433 


10,684,795 


2,973,899 


137,555 


175,219 


177,272 


359,830 


None 


5,448,828 


7,454,013 


635,577 s 


1,287,242 


1,432,588 


1,382,088 


39,433 


16,168,929 


306,230 


71,179 


96,073 


122,598 


73,549 


2,593 


958,693 


1,157,686 


100,282 


322,841 


404,787 


. 250, 130 


1,200 


2.536,374 


186,804 


11,013 


34,487 


31,612 


17,301 


73 


330,045 


27,178 


4,732 


10,070 


13,493 


9,659 


None 


103,258 


1,304,034 


127,841 


274,235 


329,210 


210,420 


None 


2,811,385 


53,375 


6,847 


21,188 


21,600 


36,496 


None 


184,593 


128,785 


5,388 


34,821 


32,686 


30,160 


26,789 


308,409 


718,756 


28,616 


84,324 


97,128 


95,951 


12,019 


1,392,522 


52,085 


2,685 


13,395 


21,390 


172,072 


None 


369,092 


289,034 


48,671 


98,642 


108,777 


146,191 


None 


1,320,545 


470, Q48 


35,867 


53,186 


25,301 


30, 193 


438 


1,003,530 


4,694,015 


443,121 


1,023,262 


1,208,582 


1,072,122 


43,112 


11,318,446 


2,913,302 


156,347 


225,817 


231,942 


276,124 


1,000 


4,848,882 


7,607,317 


632,129 s 


1,249,079 


1.440,524 


1,348,246 


44,112 


16,199,989 


276,311 


44,556 


219,089 


63,663 


55,239 


2,127 


873,397 


518,037 


80,982 


59,827 


184,055 


445,083 


None 


1,823,404 


464,461 


105,879 


751,500 


1,040,663 


347,673 


5,258 


4,689,055 


10,642,398 


868,503 


2,269,537 


3,654,974 


1,682,400 


None 


29,012,502 


473,092 


40,187 


53,351 


67,549 


77,617 


1,000 


1,214,525 


12, 453,890 s 


1,165, 788 3 


3,353,304 


5,010,904 


2,608,012 


8,385 


37,718,155 


8,187,506 


855,927 


2,835,936 


2,598,626 


2,340.188 


Xone 


28,004,051 


415,031 


68,637 


262,576 


405,842 


161,285 


None 


3,545,853 


491,960 


100,118 


364,257 


183,108 


90,011 


None 


1,706,564 


9,173,629" 


1,054, 968 3 


3,462,769 


3, 229,094 s 


2,591,484 


None 


33,407,404 



806 FINANCE 



4. National Wealth and Income. 

National Wealth. There are several methods of computing national wealth, 
i.e., the aggregate value of property within the nation apart from undeveloped 
natural resources. Perhaps the most familiar of these methods is that of working 
back to capital values through income tax returns this can be applied only in 
countries where incomes are thoroughly appraised. A second method is that of 
estimation from probate returns, the value of the estates of deceased persons being 
regarded as representative. A third is that of a complete census, based upon a 
canvass of the individual. In the accompanying table a fourth method, namely, 
the so-called "inventory" method, is employed ; it consists in totalling the amounts 
known from various sources to be invested in agriculture, manufactures, dwellings, 
etc., etc. 

It must be understood that statistics of this character are suggestive and indica 
tive rather than strictly accurate. The concept of wealth is distinctly intangible, 
and there are numerous elements of uncertainty in a calculation of this nature. 
It should also be pointed out that Table 35 covers the year 1920 (the latest year 
for which the statistics are available), and that in 1920 the money values of com 
modities reached their peak. Estimates for subsequent years will doubtless show 
considerable decreases in several of the items. 

35. Estimated National Wealth of Canada, 1920. 

1. Farm Values (land, buildings, implements and ma 

chinery, and live stock, Census 1921) $6,592,351 ,789 

2. Mines (capital employed, 1921) 559 , 514 , 154 

3. Forests (estimated value of accessible raw materials, 

pulpwood, and capital invested in woods operations). 1,244,343,100 

4. Fisheries (capital invested in. boats, gear, etc., in 
primary operations; capital in secondary operations 

included under "Manufacturing Machinery") 29,893,213 

5. Central Electric Stations (capital invested, 1920) 518,997,000 

6. Steam and Electric Railways (investment in road and 

equipment) 2 , 868 , 000 , 000 

7. Canals (amount expended on construction to March 

31, 1921) 136,942,734 

S. Shipping (estimated from 1918 Census) 100,000,000 

9. Telegraph and Telephone Systems (cost of plant) . . 175,000,000 

10. Urban Real Property (a -sessed valuations and exempt 

ed property, and estin ate for undervaluation by 

assessors, and for roads, sewers, etc.) 5,944,000,000 

11. Manufacturing Machinery (Census of Industry, 1920) 583,328,516 

12. Stocks of Raw Materials and Manufactured Goods 

(Census of Industry, 1920, for amount in manufac 
turers hands; estimate for amount in dealers 
hands) 1,316, 000, 00 

13. Stored Products of Farm, Fisheries, etc. (estimated 

from grain trade statistics, cold storage, etc.) 400,000,000 



NATIONAL WEALTH AND INCOME 807 

14. Household Furnishings, Clothing, Carriages, Motors, 

etc. (estimated according to procedure in U.S.A. and 

Australian Census Bureaus) $1 , 144,000,000 

15. Specie (held by Government, Chartered Banks, and 

estimated for public holdings) 202,010, 106 

16. Imported Merchandise in store (estimate based on 

imports during year) 668,460,510 



Total Estimated National Wealth, 1920 $22,482,841,122 

National Income. The national income of Canada is necessarily less than its 
national production, a total for which is suggested in the general survey of pro 
duction on pages 216-220 of this volume. If, as pointed out there, there is no 
reason to suppose that those whose activities are not connected with the production 
of "form-utilities" are less "productive" in the broad sense of the term than others, 
the total value of the production of 1920, the year of peak prices, must have been 
not less than $5,000,000,000. 

In order to arrive at the figure of national income, however, certain heavy 
deductions from the above amount must be made deductions especially connected 
with the maintenance of the industrial equipment of the country providing not 
only for depreciation but for obsolescence and replacement by new and improved 
apparatus of production. Altogether, the charges under this head may have been 
not less than $500,000,000. This would leave the 1920 income of the Canadian 
people at somewhat over $4,500,000,000, which, it must be remembered, is the 
national income at "peak" prices. 

In countries having an income tax, a certain approximation to the national 
income may be obtained by taking the aggregate of the incomes assessed for the 
purposes of the income tax, making allowances for evasion and estimating the 
income of those whose incomes fall below its lower limits. Thus, in the United 
Kingdom, it was estimated that before the war half of the national income went to 
the great masses of people whose incomes were below the lower limit of the income 
tax then 160 per annum. 

Similarly, in the United States, where the lower limit of the income tax is the 
same as in Canada, the statistics of incomes assessed for income tax have been 
used in the study of the aggregate income of the nation, together with material 
based on statistics of production. 

In Canada, the income tax is a newer thing than in either the United States 
or the United Kingdom) also, in a -newer country than either, incomes are to a 
greater extent received in kind. Both of these considerations render it improbable 
that so large a percentage of the national income of Canada is brought under the 
review of the Income Tax authorities as is the case in the other countries mentioned. 
In the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, 3,696 corporations and 190,561 individuals 
paid income tax on incomes aggregating $912,410,429. 1 Statistics of income 
for calendar years 1921 and 1922 assessed in the fiscal years 1922 and 1923 are given 
by provinces in Table 36. The distribution of these incomes by classes of income 
is given hi Table 37, which shows that in the fiscal year ended 1923, 281,182 
individuals and 6,010 corporations paid income tax. The former figure may perhaps 
be compared with the 1,901,227 families enumerated at the census of 1921. 

: See Hansard of June 22, 1922, pp. 3362-3. 



SOS 



FINANCE 



36. Amount of Income Assessed for the purposes of the Income War Tax, by 
Provinces, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 1922-1923. 



Province s. 


Amount c 

Asr*- 


( Income 
md. 




1922. 


1923. 


Prince Kdwanl Island . . . , 


$ 

3,707,988 


1 

2,774,64! 


Nova Scotia . . . . 


51,057,049 


36,613,618 


N ew Brunswick . . 


35,238,694 


29,300,130 


(Quebec . 


362,078,282 


286,349,563 




598,456,379 


481,223,381 




134,039,184 


88,634,308 




89,942,132 


57,513,057 


Vlbcrta 


66,912,332 


51,539,223 


Hritisli Columbia 


119,716,747 


91,938,579 




1,380,383 


1,626,667 








Total 


1,463,539,170 


1,137,533,165 


V <liust men) > . - 




35,114,1. !" 








Total 


1,461,539,170 


1,093,407,935 









37. Number of Individual and Corporate Taxpayers, by Size of Incomes and 
Amount of Taxes paid, under the Income War Tax Act, fiscal years ended 
March 31, 1922 and 1923. 



Income ( lass. 


Individuals. 


Corporations. 


1922. 


1923. 


1922. 


1923. 


No. 


Amount. 


No. 


Amount. 


No. 


Amount. 


No. 


Amount. 


$1,000 to $6, 000... 
$2, 000 to $6, 000.... 
56,000 to $10, 000... 
$10. 000 to $20,000.. 
.<- (). 000 to $30, 000.. 
?30, 000 to $50, 000.. 
?50,000and over... 

Total 
Unclassified 
amount 


154,675 
116,212 
11,840 
0.404 
1,290 
667 
496 


$ 

4,022,056 
5,557,503 
3,981,303 
5,460,899 
8,629,108 
4,295,530 
12,699,832 


146,178 
113,359 
13,030 
6,069 
1,365 
801 
380 


$ 

3,414,475 
4,616,287 
3,603,536 
5,212,937 
(7,914 
3,810,107 
8,212,112 


3,023 
1,508 
1,359 
690 
597 
1,109 


$ 

665,723 
926,596 
1,848,227 
1,581,102 
2,351,149 
31,724,339 


2,407 
1,052 
959 
437 
413 
742 


$ 

546,081 
699,621 
1.478,950 
1,148,752 
1,682,344 
22,987,549 


390,584 


:{!.B46,331 
824,778 


381,183 


31,867,368 

490,046 


8,386 


39,097,136 

110,668 


6,010 


28,543,397 

269,115 


Total 


_ 


49,471,009 

650.412 


- 


33,357,414 

667,997 


- 


39,307,804 

344,046 


- 


28,813,410 

790,264 


Refund 


Total . 


- 


39,830,597 


- 


31,689,417 


- 


38,863,758 


- 


28,033,146 





II.- CURRENCY AND BANKING, LOAN AND TRUST 

COMPANIES. 

1. Canada s Monetary System. 

Early trade in Canada was carried on by means of barter, which at tunes 
resulted (in transactions between Indians and fur traders) in the adoption of beads, 
blankets, etc., as recognized media of exchange. The practice, however, was 
purely a local one. Later, during the French period in Canada, while barter still 
formed perhaps the most important means of exchange between individuals and 
merchants, a more or less satisfactory currency system developed. Beaver and 
other furs, tobacco and wheat were at times used as substitutes for currency, the 
last named being at one time a legal tender. A rather inadequate system was that 
which developed during the period of French military occupation, when playing 



CANADA S MONETARY SYSTEM 809 

cards, stamped with a value and signed by the Intendant, redeemable yearly on 
the receipt of bills of exchange on Paris, caine into circulation. Other paper money, 
most of it of little value, was also issued, and the total amount outstanding at the 
time of the cession was estimated at 80,000,000 livres, the great bulk of which 
finally proved worthless. 

The British government sought to establish a uniform standard of colonial 
currency, but since, at this time, French coinage again began to come into circula 
tion and the Spanish dollar also rivalled the English shilling as the most common 
medium of exchange, this was not universally possible. English sovereigns were 
overrated in ferms of dollars in an endeavour to encourage their circulation. A 
rate of 5s. to the dollar was set in Halifax and was in use for government accounting 
systems, while in Montreal York currency (the rates prevalent in New York), 
giving the shilling an exchange value of 7s. 6d. or 8s., was in common use. 

Canadians had become more or less familiar with the characteristics of paper 
money from the experiences of the various northern States during the first half of 
the eighteenth century. During the war of 1812 this familiarity was increased by 
the establishment of an army bill office, issuing bills of various denominations 
redeemable on presentation. Increased commercial relations between the two 
countries and a growing volume of trade resulted in a tendency in Canada toward 
a decimal coinage, and in 1853 a measure was passed providing for the adoption 
of a decimal currency with a dollar equivalent to the American dollar; the British 
sovereign was made legal tender at $4.86|. An Act of 1857 requiring all govern 
ment accounts to be kept in dollars and cents came into force on Jan. 1, 1858; the 
formal adoption of decimal currency in the province of Canada dates from that 
time. 

By the Uniform Currency Act of 1871 (34 Viet., c. 4), the decimal currency was 
extended throughout the Dominion, the British sovereign was made legal tender for 
$4.86|, and the United States eagle made legal tender for $10, while authority was 
taken to coin a Canadian $5 gold piece. No Canadian gold coinage was, however, 
issued prior to the establishment of the Canadian branch of the Royal Mint in 
1908, the first coins then struck being sovereigns similar to those of Great Britain, 
but with a small "C" identifying them as having been coined in Canada. In May, 
1912, the first Canadian $10 and $5 gold pieces were struck, but the Canadian gold 
coinage has so far been limited in amount, since Canadians have generally prefer 
red Dominion notes to gold for use within the country, and when gold is needed 
for export, British or American gold coin or bullion serve the purpose equally well. 

Gold. Gold is used only to an insignificant extent as a circulating medium 
in Canada, its monetary use being practically confined to reserves, but 5 dollar and 
10 dollar gold pieces weighing respectively 129 and 258 grains, 9-10 pure gold by 
weight, have been coined, the Canadian gold dollar thus containing 23.22 grains 
of pure gold. These corns were first issued in 1912, authority to issue them having 
been first conferred in 1910. By the Currency Act, 1910 (9-10 Edw. VII, c. 14), 
British sovereigns which are legal tender for $4.86|, and other gold coins, and the 
5 dollar, 10 dollar and 20 dollar gold coins of the United States, which contain the 
same weight of gold as Canadian gold coins of these denominations, are also legal 
tender. These, however, are almost entirely divided between the Dominion 
Government and the banks as reserves, and the chief circulating medium of the 
country is provided by paper and token currency. The gold coinages of the Ottawa 
branch of the Royal Mint, which was opened on January 2, 1908, are given in 
Tables 38 and 39. Table 40, compiled by the Dominion Comptroller of Currency, 



810 



FINANCE 



gives the form in which the gold has been held by the Government in recent years. 
The American gold, it will be seen, greatly preponderates, and there is a consider 
able additional amount held by the banks, as it is legal tender in both countries. 

38. Coinage of the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint in the calendar years 192t-82. 





19; 


iO. 


19: 


11. 


19 


12. 


Description of Coins. 


Struck. 


Issued. 


Struck. 


Issued. 


Struck. 


Issued. 


Gold Sovereigns 




4 




136 




_ 


Gold 
Canadian $o s 


or 

$ 


or 
$19 47 

$ 


or 
1 


or 

$661,87 

- 


or 
1 


or 
$ 


*10 s 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


Silver 


1,926.69085 


1,356.000 00 


603,081.80 


128,000 00 


- 


24,000.00 


Bronze . 


223. 7:-! 7 79 


209.085 00 


75,559.64 


60,700 00 


12,439.03 


12,400.00 


\ickeH5c.).. 




- 


- 


- 


238,159.30 


69,000.00 



In addition to the above coinages, the following were executed for the Governments of Newfoundland 

andJamai " a: IM7. 1918. int. 1920. 

Newfoundland -Silver $240,000 S245.000 $200,000 

Bronze $7,000 $3,000 $3,000 

s. d. s. d. 

Jamaica Cupro-nickel -1,515 . 7 A 2.061 14 1 

39. Gold Coinages of the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint, 1968-1922. 



Years. 


Gold. 


Years. 


Gold. 


Sovereigns. 


Canadian 
Currency. 1 


So vi reigns. 


Canadian 
Currency 1 


1908 



636 
16,273 
28,012 
256,946 

3,715 
14,891 


$ 

3,095 20 
79,195 27 
136,325 07 
1,250,470 53 

18,079 67 
72,469 53 




1,477,710 
1,890,620 
1,499,575 


1915.. 




6,111 

58,845 
106,516 
135,889 


- 

I d. 740 20 
286,379 00 
518,377 87 
661,326 47 


$ 


1909 


1916 


1910 


1917 


1911 


1918 


1912 


1919 


1913 


1920 


1914 


1921 




1922 



Authority to issue Canadian gold coins was first conferred in 1910. 

40. Composition of Canadian Gold Reserves, December 31, 1905-1922. 



Years. 


British Coin. 


American Coin 


( :in;i(lian Coin. 


Bullion. 


1905 . . . 


$ 

3,990,717 00 


$ 

29,494.298 





$ 


1906 


7,375,857 00 


31,040.149 


- 


- 


1907 


5,366,47* HO 


33,529,889 


- 


- 


1908 


6,261,715 00 


54,909,076 


- 


- 


1909 


6.537,227 00 


62,988,474 


- 


- 


1910 


>i.:i04,524 30 


68,261.279 


- 


222,933 99 


1911 


6,900,094 86 


93,507,764 


- 


222,933 99 


1912 .. 


4,554,691 31 


98,648,736 


650,186 


222,933 99 


1913 .... 


6,391,374 52 


106,642,969 


2,118,210 


222,933 99 


1914 


4,482,524 44 


86,382,620 


3,440,150 


: 120, 344 71 


1915 . 


29,606,990 36 


86,516,596 


3,431 


775,201 3<> 


1916 


29,333,111 40 


Mi. ((34, 920 


g, 426, 760 


M 13,002 29 


1917 


27,476,789 52 


77,899,494 


:!,-H3,465 


11,352,856 02 


1918 


27,362,254 93 


76,785,665 


3,411,446 


14,701,439 33 


1919 . 


27, fiti l.l .i. 36 


60,988, mi 


8,408,310 


27.154,222 32 


1920 .... 


2ii. 728, 01 6 34 


35,896,485 


3,387.11 .-) 


35,090,343 77 


1921 


26,729,500 65 


35,896,305 


3,385,690 


18,558,557 18 


1922 


26,730,576 20 


67,941.55(1 


3,340,650 


34,572,503 78 



Token Currency. Canadian silver dollars weighing 360 grains, 37-40 fine, 
are provided for by the Currency Act of 1910, but no dollar coins have ever been 
struck by the Mint. Fifty, twenty-five, ten and five-cent pieces of weight pro 
portionate to their respective fractions of the dollar, and of the same fineness, are 



DOMINION NOTES 



811 



in circulation, but by chapter 9 of the Statutes of 1920 the standard of fineness 
was reduced to 8-10. In 1921 the coinage of a nickel five-cent piece weighing 
70 grains was authorized, and a number of these coins have appeared. Silver coins 
are legal tender only up to ten dollars, nickel coins to five dollars, and bronze 
coins to twenty-five cents. 

41. Circulation in Canada of Silver and Bronze Coin, December 31, 1901-1922. 



Years. 


Net Amount of Oliver 
Coin Issued. 


Amount 
per Head. 


ISet Amount of Bronze 
Coin Issued. 


Amount 
per Head. 


A. 

During the 
Year. 


B. 

Since 

1858. 


Col. 
A. 


Col. 
B. 


C. 

During 
the Year. 


D. 

Since 
1858. 


Col. 
C. 


Col. 
D. 


1901 


$ 

420,000 
774,000 
633,850 
350,000 
450,000 
807,461 
1.194,000 
38,541 
648.700 
1,151,186 
1,343,001 
1,303,237 
927,131 
626,198 
61,344 
1,179,516 
1,790,941 
2,329,091 
3,196,027 
1,300,702 
40,191 


> 
8,279,924 
9,053,924 
9,687.774 
10,037.774 
10,487,774 
11,295,235 
12,489,235 
12,527,776 
13,176,476 
14,327,662 
15,670,663 
16,973,900 
17,901,031 
18,527,229 
18,588,573 
19,768,089 
21,559,030 
23,888,121 
27,084,148 
28,384,850 
28,344,659 
26.620.740 


cts. 
7-8 
14 
11-1 
5-9 
7-4 
12-8 
17-9 
0-6 
9-0 
15-4 
18-6 
17-7 
12-3 
8-1 
0-8 
14-7 
21-9 
28-0 
37-7 
15-1 
0-5 



$ 

1-53 
1-64 
1-70 
1-71 
1-72 
1-79 
1-88 
1-80 
1-83 
1-91 
2-18 
2-30 
2-38 
2-41 
2-36 
2-46 
2-64 
2-87 
3-19 
3-29 
3-23 
2-97 


$ 

41,000 
30,000 
40,000 
25,000 
20,000 
41,000 
32,000 
21,604 
39,300 
42,020 
54,275 
49,977 
55,572 
35,057 
50,354 
110,646 
116,800 
131,777 
115,011 
208,961 
60,543 
3.858 


$ 

676,429 
706,429 
746,429 
771,429 
791,429 
832,429 
864,429 
886,033 
925,333 
967,353 
1,021,628 
1,071,605 
1,127,177 
1,162,234 
1,212,588 
1,323,234 
1,440,034 
1,571,811 
1,686,822 
1,895,783 
1,956,326 
1.960.184 


cts. 
0-8 
0-5 
0-7 
0-4 
0-3 
0-6 
0-5 
0-3 
0-5 
0-6 
0-8 
0-7 
0-7 
0-4 
0-6 
1-4 
1-4 
1-6 
1-4 
2-4 
0-7 
0-0 


cts. 
11-0 
12-8 
13-1 
13-1 
13-0 
18-2 
13-0 
12-8 
12-9 
12-9 
14-2 
14-5 
15-0 
15-1 
15-4 
16-5 
17-6 
18-9 
19-9 
22-0 
22-3 
21-9 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 . 


1909 


1910 . 


1911 .. 


1912 .. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 ... . 


1921 .. 


1922... 



1 The decrease shown for 1921 and for 1922 is due to the withdrawal of worn and mutilated silver coins 
from circulation. 

NOTE. Nickel coinage in circulation on Dec. 31, 1922, amounted to $51,960. 

Dominion Notes. An important part of the Canadian monetary system is 
the paper currency of the Dominion Government. Under the Dominion Notes 
Act, 1914 (5 Geo. V, c. 4), the Dominion Government is authorized to issue notes 
up to and including $50,000,000 against a reserve in gold equal to one-quarter 
of that amount. By Chapter 4, Acts of 1915, "An Act respecting the Issue of Domin 
ion Notes", the Dominion Government is authorized to issue notes up to $26,000,000 
without any reserve of gold, $16,000,000 of the notes to be against certain specified 
Canadian railway securities guaranteed by the Dominion Government. 1 Notes may 
be issued to any additional amount in excess of $76,000,000, but (except as pro 
vided by the Finance Act, 1914), an amount of gold equal to the excess must be 

The folloxving is an outline of Canadian legislation respecting the issue of notes. After Confederation, 
by an Act of 1868 (31 Viet., c. 46), authority was given for the issue of notes to the extent of eight million 
dollars. The reserve was fixed at 20 p.c. up to a circulation of five millions; beyond that, 25 p.c. to be 
held as reserve. The law of 1870 (33 Viet., c. 10), authorized a limit of nine million dollars. The reserve 
was fixed at 20 p.c., but the nine millions were only to be issued when the specie amounted to two millions. 
Dollar for dollar was to be held beyond nine millions. In 1872, (35 Viet., c. 7), the reserve for the excess 
over nine millions was fixed at 35 p.c. in specie. This was amended in 1875 (38 Viet., c. 5) by requiring 
dollar for dollar beyond twelve millions; for the reserve between nine and twelve millions, 50 p.c. in specie 
was to be held. In 1878 the law respecting Dominion notes was extended to the provinces of Prince Edward 
Island, British Columbia, and Manitoba. In 1880 (43 Viet., c. 13) the basis of the present standard was 
established. A reserve of 25 p.c. in gold and guaranteed debentures was required, of which 15 p.c. at least 
was to be in gold. The limit was raised to twenty million dollars. In 1894 (57-58 Viet., c. 21) the limit 
was raised to twenty-five millions but this was found unworkable and was repealed in 1895 (58-59 Viet., 
c. 16), and authority was given to issue notos to any amount over twenty millions, on holding dollar for 
dollar beyond that sum. In 1903 (3 Edw. VII, c. 43), the Minister of Finance was required to hold gold 
and guaranteed debentures of not less than 25 p.c. on Dominion notes issued and outstanding up to thirty 
million dollars; beyond thirty millions he was required to- hold gold equal to the excess. In 1914 (5 Geo. 
V, c. 4), this amount was raised to fifty millions and in 1915, to seventy-six millions, under the conditions 
stated in the text. The Finance Act, 1914 (5 Geo. V, c. 3), makes provision, in case of war, panic, etc., 
for the issue of Dominion notes against approved securities. 



812 



FINANCE 



held. Thus Dominion notes are under normal conditions gold certificates. Under 
the Act, the Government issues notes of the denominations of 25 cents, $1, $2, $4, 
$5, $50, $100, $500, $1,000. In addition, "special" notes of the denominations of 
$500, $1,000, $5,000 and $50,000 (first issue September, 1918), are issued for use 
between banks only, the purpose being to safeguard against theft. Table 42 gives 
the main statistics of Dominion note circulation and the reserve on which it has 
been built since 1890, while Table 43 shows the use of notes of different denomina 
tions during the past six years. 

42. Dominion Notes Circulation and Reserves at June 30, 1890-1932. 



Years 
ended 
June 30. 


Notes in Circulation. 


Reserves of 
Specie and 
Guaran 
teed 
Deben 
tures. 1 


Circulation 
uncovered 
by 
Specie. 


Percentage 
Reserve 
to 
Circulation. 


Notes 
1,2, 4 and 5, 
and 
fractionals. 1 


Large notes 
50, 100, 500, 
1000, 5000. 

2 


Total. 


Amount. 


Per 

capita. 


Index 
No. 3 


1890 .. 


$ 
6,665,942 
6,768,666 
6,898,348 
7,136,743 
6,967,818 
7,059,331 
7,377,096 
7,519,345 
8,157,243 
8,770,165 
9,640,473 
10,161,809 
11,029,985 
12,173,248 
12,581,833 
13,045,820 
14,633,576 
15,939,131 
15,279,675 
15,860,149 
17,871,477 
19,840,695 
22,982,588 
28,845,737 
24,586,448 
25,183,685 
27,283,425 
29,498,409 
32,623,514 
35,084,194 
37,203,890 
34,403,934 
31,404,161 


$ 

8,691,950 
9,407,650 
10,384,350 
11,311,750 
13,093,900 
12,460,900 
12,995,100 
14,798,750 
14,020,950 
15,466,300 
16,454,450 
17,736,700 
21,750,400 
26,832,950 
28,992,950 
34,288,400 
35,307,850 
42,377,400 
47,778,450 
63,145,150 
71,414,250 
79,468,250 
88,949,650 
87,517,800 
89,595,650 
126,937,050 
148,213,750 
149,069,600 
248,716,000 
265,665,650 
254,812,400 
234,365,250 
201,344,250 


$ 

15,357,892 
16,176,316 
17,282,698 
18,448,493 
20,061,718 
19,520,231 
20,372,196 
22,318,095 
22,178,193 
24,236,465 
26,094,923 
27,898,509 
32,780,385 
39,006,198 
41,574,783 
47,334,220 
49,941,426 
58,316,531 
63,058,125 
79,005,299 
89,285,727 
99,308,945 
111,932,238 
116,363,537 
114,182,098 
152,120,735 
175.497,175 
178,568,009 
281,339,514 
300,749,844 
292,016,290 
268, 76!). 184 
232,748,411 


$ 

3-20 
3-34 
3-53 
3-73 
4-09 
3-87 
4-00 
4-34 
4-26 
4-60 
4-90 
5-19 
5-92 
6-87 
7-13 
7-89 
8-09 
9-25 
9-71 
11-80 
12-90 
13-78 
15-19 
15-45 
14-84 
19-34 
21-84 
21-82 
33-78 
35-47 
33-83 
30-58 
25-96 


65-3 
68-2 
72-0 
76-1 
83-5 
79-0 
81-6 
88-6 
86-9 
93-9 
100-0 
105-9 
120-8 
140-2 
145-5 
161-0 
165-1 
188-7 
198-2 
240-8 
263-3 
281-2 
310-0 
315-3 
302-8 
394-7 
445-7 
445-3 
689-4 
723-9 
690-4 
624-1 
529-8 


$ 
5,232,181 
~.;23,693 
ti. 868, 243 
8,396,014 
10,239,071 
9,707,750 
10,704,901 
12,667,315 
12,760,405 
15,008,441 
14,422,710 
16,503,740 
20,848,305 
27,877,260 
25,369,291 
31,272,122 
30,960,597 
36,935,936 
41,107,850 
57,309,932 
68,355,787 
78,005,231 
92,442,098 
94,943,499 
92,663,575 
89,573,041 
114,071,032 
119,110,113 
114,951,618 
118,268,407 
95,538,190 
83,854,487 
85,495,068 


$ 

10,125,711 
10,452,623 
10,414,455 
10,052,479 
9,822,647 
9,812,481 
9,667,295 
9,650,780 
!, 417, 788 
9,228,024 
11,672,213 
11,394,769 
11,932,080 
11,128,938 
16,205,492 
16,062,098 
18,980,829 
21,380,595 
21,950,275 
21,695,367 
20,929,940 
21,303,714 
19,490,140 
21,420,038 
21,518,523 
62,547,693 
61,426,143 
59,457,896 
166,387,896 
182,481,437 
196,478,100 
184,914,697 
147,253,343 


P.O. 
34 
35 
40 
45 
51 
49 
52 
56 
57 
61 
55 
59 
63 
67 
61 
66 
62 
63 
65 
72 
75 
78 
82 
81 
81 
59 
66 
67 
41 
39 
33 
31 
37 


1891 . 


1892.... 


1893 


1894 


1895 .. 


1896 ... . 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903.... 


1904.... 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 .. 


1909 ... 


1910 ... 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 .. 


1915 ... 


1916... 


1917.... 


1918 


1919 


1920 . 


1921 ... 


1922.... 





1 Includes Provincial notes amounting to $32,857 in 1890 and reduced gradually to $27,710 in 1922. 

2 Includes issue of $50,000 notes in 1919, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 

3 Circulation in 1900 is taken as 100. 

Guaranteed debentures amounted to $1,946,666 from 1890 to 1910: and $16,000,000 from 1915 to 1923. 

43. Denominations of Dominion Notes in Circulation, March 31, 1918-1923. 



Denominations. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


t 


$ 

14,414,114 


$ 

15,217,261 


$ 

16,550 738 


$ 

16,456,102 


- 
15,387,109 


* 

15,921,295 


2.. 


11 356 895 


12 161 480 


13 238 915 


12 819 010 


11 335 549 


11,854,372 


4.... 


42 187 


39 439 


38 299 


37 567 


36 735 


35,791 


5 


4,813,508 


4 772 455 


3 434 275 


3 699 880 


1 886,410 


2,154,470 


50 


5,350 


4 200 


3 950 


3,800 


3,750 


3,750 


100 


400 












500 


2,355 500 


1 868 500 


2 596 000 


2 683 500 


2 728 500 


3,034 000 


1,000 


3,841 000 


4 146 000 


4 773 000 


5 050,000 


4,999,000 


6,019,000 


500 special 


174,000 


124,500 


95 000 


70,000 


13,500 


2,000 


1,000 " 


1,375,000 


992 000 


1,159,000 


962,000 


931,000 


935,000 


5,000 " 


211,230,000 


213,505,000 


234,105,000 


191,980,000 


142,505,000 


124,845.000 


50.000 1 " 




44 000 000 


34 650 000 


42,800,000 


60,350,000 


76,550,000 


Fractional 


1,163,141 


1,200,120 


1,260,872 


1,293,283 


1,257,163 


1,275,372 


Provincial 


27,766 


27,743 


27,743 


27,743 


27,710 


27,710 


Total... 


250.798.861 


29S.05.S.69S 


311.932.792 


277.8*2.885 


241.461. 426 


242.657.765 



Fir-t issue of $50, 000 notes appear.- in bank statement of .September, 1918, amounting to $5,000.000. 



BANK NOTE CIRCULATION 



813 



Bank Notes. Bank notes form the chief circulating medium in use in Canada. 
Under the Canadian Bank Act, the banks are authorized to issue notes of the 
denominations of $5 and multiples thereof to the amount of their paid-up capital. 
These notes are not in normal times legal tender. 

In addition, during the period of the movement of the crops (September 1 to 
February 28-29), the banks may issue "excess" circulation to the amount of 15 
p.c. of their combined capital and "rest or reserve" funds. In the event of war or 
panic, the Government may permit the "excess" to run all the year. The banka 
pay interest on the excess at 5 p.c. If a bank desires to extend its circulation, it may 
do so by depositing dollar for dollar in gold or Dominion notes in the central gold 
reserves. The figures of bank note circulation are given in Table 44. Table 45 
brings together the results obtained above as to the quantity of the circulating 
medium in the hands of the Canadian public. 

In case of insolvency, the notes of a bank are a first lien upon its assets. 
They are further secured, in case of insolvency, by the Bank Circulation 
Redemption Fund, to which all banks contribute on the basis of 5 p.c. of their 
average circulation, the sum thus secured being available for the redemption of 
the notes of failed banks. 

44. Statistics of Bank Note Circulation, 1892-1922. 1 



Years. 


Paid up 

Capital. 


"Rest" Fund. 


"Redemption" 
Fund. 2 
(Deposits with 
Minister of 

Finance.) 


Notes in Circulation. 


Amount. 


Per Capita. 


Index No.* 


1892 


$ 

61,626,311 
62,009,346 
62,063,371 
61,800,700 

62,043,173 
62,027,703 
62,571,920 
63,726,399 
65,154,594 

67,035,615 
69,869,670 
76,453,125 
79,234,191 
82,655,828 

91,035,604 
95,953,732 
96,147,526 
97,329,333 

98,787,929 

103,009,256 
112,730,943 
116,297,729 
114,759,807 
113,982,741 

113,175,353 
111,637,755 
110,618,504 
115,004,960 
123,617,120 
129,096,339 
125,456,485 


- 

24.511,709 
25,837,753 
27,041,235 
27,273,500 

26,526,632 
27,087,782 
27,627,520 
28,958,989 
32,372,394 

36,249,145 
40,212.943 
47,761,536 
52,082,335 
56,474,124 

64,002,266 
69,806,892 
72,041,265 
75,887,695 
79,970,346 

88,892,256 
102,090,476 
109,129,393 
113,130,626 
113,020,310 

112,989,541 
113,560,997 
114,041,500 
121,160,774 
128,756,690 
134,104,030 
129,627,270 


$ 

1,314,240 
1,790,619 
1,817,511 
1,814,089 

1,831,191 
1,864,937 
1,938,660 
2,033,865 
2,221,128 

2,487,541 
2,832,401 
2,971,260 
3,237,891 
3,448,463 

3,923,531 
4,304,524 
4,249,367 
4,317,006 
4,844,475 

5,353,838 
6,211,881 
6,536.341 
6,693,684 
6,756,648 

6,811,213 
6,324,442 
5,817,646 
6,054,419 
6,122,715 
6,417,287 
6,493,593 


> 

33,788,679 
33,811,925 
31,166,003 
30,807,041 

31,456,297 
34,350,118 
37,873,934 
41,513,139 
46,574,780 

50,601,205 
55,412,598 
60,244,072 
61,769,888 
64,025,643 

70,638,870 
75,784,482 
71,401,697 
73,943,119 
82,120,303 

89,982,223 
100,146,541 
105,265,336 
104,600,185 
105,137,092 

126,691,913 
161,029,606 
198,645,254 
218,919,261 
228,800,379 
194,621,710 
166,466,109 


- 

6-91 

6-85 
6-37 
6-12 

6-18 
6-68 

7-28 
7-89 

8-75 

9-36 
10-02 
10-62 
10-60 
10-68 

11-44 
12-02 
11-00 
11-04 
11-87 

12-57 
13-60 
13-98 
13-60 
13-37 

15-77 
19-69 
23-85 
25-82 
26-51 
22-15 
18-56 


79-0 
78-3 
72-8 
69-9 

70-6 
76-3 
83-2 
90-2 
100-0 

107-0 
114-5 
121-4 
121-1 
122-1 

130-7 
137-4 
125-7 
126-2 
135-7 

143-7 
155-4 
160-0 
155-4 
152-8 

180-2 
225-0 
272-6 
295-1 
303-0 
253-1 
212-1 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906.. 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914.. 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





1 The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 

2 Cash, i.e., gold or Dominion notes. 

3 Circulation in 1900 is taken as 100. 



814 



FINANCE 



45. Circulating Medium in Hands of the Public, 1900-1922. 



Years. 


Silver. 


Bronze. 


Bank Notes. 


Amount. 


Per 
Capita. 


Amount. 


Per 

Capita. 


Amount. 

> 


Per 

Capita. 


1900 


S 

7,911,998 
8,279,924 
9,053,924 
9,687,774 
10,037,774 
10,487,774 

11,295,235 
12,489,235 
12,527,776 
13,176,476 
14,327,662 

15,670,663 
16,973,900 
17,901,031 
18,527,229 
18,588,573 

19,768,089 
21,559,030 
23,888,121 
27,084,148 
28,384,850 
28,344,659 
26,620,740 


S 

1-49 
1.53 
1.64 
1.70 
1.71 
1.72 

1.79 
1.88 
1.80 
1.83 
1.91 

2.18 
2.30 
2.38 
2.41 
2.36 

2.46 
2-64 
2.87 
3.19 
3.29 
3.23 
2.97 


$ 

635,429 
676,429 
706,429 
746,429 
771,429 
791,429 

832,429 
864,429 
886,033 
925,333 
967,353 

1,021,628 
1,071,605 
1,127,177 
1,162,234 
1,212,588 

1,323,234 
1,440,034 
1,571,811 
1,686,822 
1,895,783 
1,956,326 
1,960,184 


I 

11 
.12 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 

.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 

.14 
.15 
.15 
.15 
.15 

.17 
.18 
.19 
.20 
.22 
.22 
.22 


I 

46,574,780 
50,601,205 
55,412,598 
60,244,072 
61,769,888 
64,025,643 

70,638,870 
75,784,482 
71,401,697 
73,943,119 
82,120,303 

89,982,223 
100,146,541 
105,265,336 
104,600,185 
105,137,092 

126,691,913 
161,029,606 
198,645,254 
218,919,261 
228,800,379 
194,621,710 
166,466,109 


$ 

8.75 
9.36 
10.02 
10.62 
10.60 
10.68 

11.45 
12.03 
11.00 
11.04 

11.87 

12.49 
13.60 
13.98 
13.60 
13.37 

15.77 

19.69 
23.12 
23.82 
26.51 
22.15 
18.56 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 




Years. 


Dominion Notes 1 
$1,$2, $4, $5 
and fractionate. * 


Totals. 


Amount. 

3 


Per 

Capita. 


Amount. 


Per 

Capita. 


Index 
Number 
per 
Capita." 


1900 


$ 

9,997,044 
10,595,169 
11,442,138 
12,321,172 
12,813,912 
13,499,894 

14,797,483 
15,973,227 
15,615,082 
16,235,774 
18,098,111 

21,497,429 
27,277,341 
29,067,278 
26,964,063 
25,881,570 

27,857,543 
31,221,311 
34,146,836 
35,492,643 
37,272,725 
33,825,582 
31,888,024 


$ 

1.88 
1.97 
2.07 
2.17 
2.20 
2.25 

2.40 
2.53 
2.41 
2.43 
2.62 

2.98 
3.70 
3.86 
3.51 
3.29 

3.47 
3.82 
4.10 
4.19 
4.22 
3.85 
3.56 


$ 

65,119,251 
70,152,727 
75,615,089 
82,999,447 
85,393,003 
88,804,740 

97,564,017 
105,111,373 
100,430,588 
104,280,702 
115,513,429 

128,171,943 
145,469,387 
153,360,822 
151,253,711 
150,819,823 

175,640,779 
215,249,981 
258,252,022 
283,182,874 
296,353,737 
258,748,277 
226,935,057 


$ 

12.24 
13.06 
13.67 
14.63 
14.66 
14.82 

15.81 
16.68 
15.47 
15.58 
16.70 

17.79 
19.75 
20.37 
19.66 
19.18 

21.86 
26.31 
31.01 
33.40 
34.33 
29.44 
25.31 


100-0 
106-7 
111-7 
119.5 
119-8 
121-1 

129-2 
136-3 
126-4 
127-3 
136-4 

145-3 
161-3 
166-4 
160-6 
156-7 

178-6 
214-9 
253-3 
272-8 
280-5 
240-5 
206-8 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 t 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





> Dominion Notes of larger denominations in hands of banks not included. 

Includes Provincial Notes (denominations of $1, 2, 5, 10 and 20) amounting to $25,622 in 1900 and 
reduced gradually to $24,560 in 1922. 

> Yearly average. 4 Per capita circulation in 1900 = 100. 



BANKING IN CANADA 815 

2. Banking in Canada. 

Historical. In the early days of banking in older countries, one of the chief 
functions of banks was to issue promissory notes payable to the bearer on demand; 
where the bank s credit was good these notes passed freely from hand to hand, 
creating an auxiliary uniform circulating medium, which in various cases was 
preferred to that issued by national governments. 

The lack of a uniform circulating medium in Canada was felt by the merchants 
of Montreal toward the end of the eighteenth century, and the prospectus of a 
proposed bank of issue to be known as the Canada Banking Company was issued 
in 1792. This scheme, however, was allowed to drop, while a second project in 1808, 
for the incorporation of a Bank of Canada, failed to secure the assent of the Legis 
lature of Lower Canada. 

At the close of the war of 1812, the Army Bill currency was withdrawn, and 
public attention once more turned to the expediency of securing a currency through 
the establishment of banks. The Bank of Montreal began business toward the 
end of 1817, with a charter based on that of the First Bank of the L T nited States. 
In the following year the Quebec Bank was established, as well as the Bank of 
Canada at Montreal and the Bank of Upper Canada at Kingston. The three Lower 
Canadian institutions, commencing as private banks, obtained their charters in 
1822, while the Bank of Upper Canada, also a private institution, was superseded 
by a second Bank of Upper Canada, established at York (Toronto) as a chartered 
bank in 1821. Meanwhile the Bank of New Brunswick had been incorporated in 
1820, while in Nova Scotia the Halifax Banking Co. (private) had commenced 
business in 1825, and the Bank of Nova Scotia received a regular charter in 1832. 
The Bank of British North America, previously incorporated in Great Britain, 
commenced business in Canada in 1836, while Molson s Bank was established in 
1853, the Bank of Toronto in 1855, the Banque Nationale in 1860 and the Banque 
Jacques-Cartier (now the Banque Provinciale du Canada) in 1862. The Union 
Bank was established in 1866, the Canadian Bank of Commerce in 1867, the 
Merchants Bank of Halifax (now the Royal Bank) hi 1869, the Dominion Bank 
in 1871, the Bank of Hamilton in 1872, the Banque d Hochelaga in 1873, the Bank 
of Ottawa in 1874, the Imperial Bank hi 1875 and the Standard Bank in 1876. 

The Canadian Banking System. 1 A brief r6sum& of the Canadian Banking 
system should emphasize its growth from the beginning as closely related to the 
Montreal produce and export trade, its development of the branch bank system 
in order to meet the demands of a rapidly moving frontier of settlement, its adapta 
tion to the requirements of the grain and cattle trade of the west, and the consolida 
tion during late years of the features which tended most towards its early success. 
Development of a stable system has been accompanied by failures, particularly 
marked about the middle of the 19th century, but progress has nevertheless been 
steady, based on sound principles and adapted as closely as could be to the particular 
needs of the country. 

The branch bank forms perhaps the most distinctive feature of the Canadian 
system as it exists today, and for a country such as Canada, vast in area and with a 
small population, the plan has proved a good one. A result of the growth of branch 
banks has been the partially centralized system that now obtains centralized as 
to banks, of which there are now 16 2 , rather than as to districts, as in the partially 
centralized system of the United States. 

1 For details regarding Canadian bank note issue, see page 813. 
. 30, 1923. 



8 16 FINANCE 



A second peculiarity of the system may be noted the existence and operation 
of the Canadian Bankers Association. Through this body, which was incorporated 
in 1900, and acts under the authority of the Dominion Treasury Board, co-operation 
of individual banks is facilitated and encouraged. The Association supervises clear 
ing house transactions, appoints curators to supervise the affairs of banks which 
have suspended business and oversees the printing and issue of notes to its members. 
Adherence to similar principles and a linking together of the credit of the system 
result from the co-operation secured through the association. 

The elimination of weaker banks and their amalgamation with more stable ones 
has been a progressive move towards greater efficiency. Co-operation between the 
banks and the Dominion Government has been made permanent through the 
medium of periodic returns and the regulation of note issues and reserves. 

Apart from the many detailed services rendered to its clients, the Canadian 
banking system may be said, in addition, to perform three main functions. In 

brief, they are as follows - 

1. To put into circulation the paper currency which forms the circulating 

medium for small exchanges. 

2. To provide a mechanism of exchange by the issue of bills of exchange, etc. 

3. To form a means by which the credit of the banks and unused deposits 
may be put to immediate productive use. 

Banking Legislation. Note issue was formerly considered as the chief 
function of the banks, and banking legislation dealt mainly with such issue. In 
1830 the Banking Act was amended so that the total amount of notes of less than 
$5 in circulation might not at any one time exceed one-fifth of the paid up capital, 
that no notes under $1 should be issued and that all issues of less than $5 might 
be limited or suppressed by the Legislature. In 1841, in the first session of the 
Canadian Legislature after the Union, the Banking Act imposed a tax of one p. c. 
upon the bank note circulation, together with provisions for the double liability 
of shareholders. In 1850 a new Act prohibited any bank other than those incor 
porated by Act of Parliament or Royal Charter from issuing notes. The tax on 
circulation was abolished, and instead a deposit with the Government of $100,000 
in provincial debentures was required; for the first time monthly bank statements 
were required to be furnished to the Government. 

In 1871 the first Dominion Bank Act provided for a minimum capital of 
$500,000, the restriction of bank note issue to notes of $4 and upwards, the redemp 
tion by banks of their own notes at any of their offices, the limitation of dividends 
until a reasonably large reserve fund had been accumulated, the holding of Dominion 
notes to the extent of at least one-third of the cash reserve, the prohibition of a 
bank lending money on its own stock; the forfeiture of the charter of any bank 
which left any of its liabilities unpaid for 90 days; also, in order that the double 
liability might be effectively enforced, banks were required to transmit certified 
lists of shareholders to the Minister of Finance. The charters were granted for ten 
years only, so as to facilitate the contemplated decennial revisions of the Act. 

The first revision of the Bank Act took place in 1881. The noteholder was 
now recognized as prior creditor, the banks were prohibited from issuing notes under 
$5 while notes of higher denominations were to be multiples of this sum. Dominion 
notes were to constitute not less than 40 p.c. of the banks cash reserve, and banks 
were upon request to pay in Dominion notes sums not exceeding $50. 

At the second revision of the Bank Act (1891), the chief change was the establish 
ment of the Bank Note Circulation Redemption Fund, founded as a consequence of 



BANKING LEGISLATION 817 

the losses to which the noteholders of insolvent banks were still subjected through 
being unable to turn their notes into cash. It was provided that bank notes should 
bear interest from the day of suspension of the bank until the date when their 
redemption was undertaken by the liquidator. If this was not done within two 
months, the Minister of Finance was authorized to redeem them out of the Bank 
Circulation Redemption Fund. Such expenditure, if not made good out of the 
assets of the failed bank, was to be provided by contributions from the other banks 
pro rata to circulation. 

At the third regular revision of the Bank Act, in 1901, the Canadian Bankers 
Association was given authority to appoint an inspector to supervise the bank note 
circulation and see that no bank issued circulation in excess of its paid-up capital. 
In 1908 provision was made for emergency circulation during the crop-moving 
season from October to January, during which banks were allowed to issue excess 
circulation up to 15 p.c. of their combined paid-up capital and reserve or rest fund, 
this emergency circulation to be taxed at the rate of 5 p.c. per annum. In 1912 the 
period during which emergency circulation might be issued was extended to the 
six months from September to February inclusive. 

At the fourth revision, which took place in 1913, the Bank Act was amended 
by providing for the establishment of central gold reserves in which banks might 
deposit gold or Dominion notes, issuing additional notes of their own against 
such deposit. A shareholders audit was also provided for. As a consequence of 
the war, the provision for emergency circulation was extended to cover the whole 
year in 1914, while banks were authorized to make payments in their notes instead 
of in gold or Dominion notes. 

The fifth revision of 1923 (13-14 Geo. V, c. 32) has resulted in numerous 
important changes. The qualifications of provisional directors are re-defined in 
sec. 11, while provision is made for keeping records of attendance at directors 
meetings and bringing them to the notice of shareholders. Annual and special 
statements are given further attention and more complete returns are required 
from the banks, particularly in cases where other operations than banking are 
carried on (sec. 54). Detailed provisions are added regarding a shareholders audit 
of the banks affairs (sec. 56), while the personal liability of directors in case of 
distribution of profits in excess of legal limits is fixed by sec. 59. Regulations 
regarding loans are amended (sec. 76), and annual returns to the Minister regarding 
real and immovable property are required (sec. 79). Registration of security for 
loans is provided for (sec. 88a) ; monthly and special returns are to be made when 
called for by the Minister (sec. 112); certain loans are prohibited (sec. 146); and 
the punishment of directors and other bank officials who knowingly make false 
statements of a bank s position is stipulated in sec. 153. 

Banking Statistics. In Table 46 is given a historical summary of Canadian 
banking business since Confederation. In order to afford a clearer view of the nature 
of banking transactions in Canada, bank liabilities have been classified in two mam 
groups, liabilities to shareholders and liabilities to the public, the latter group only 
being considered when determining the ordinary financial position of any such 
institution. Assets are divided into four groups, other assets being included b 
the total. As of interest to students of banking practice, the proportionate develop 
ment of capital and reserve funds may be pointed out, also the great increase in 
the proportion of liabilities to the public to total liabilities and the gradually 
increasing percentage of liabilities to the public to total assets. 

6237352 



818 



FINANCE 



46. Historical Summary showing Development of the Canadian Banking Business, 

calendar years 1867-1922. 





LIABILITIES. 


( alcndar Years. 


Liabilities to Shareholders. 


Liabilities to the Public. 


Capital 
paid up. 


Rest 
or 
Reserve 

Fund. 


Note* 

in 
Circulation. 


Total 
on 
Deposit. 1 


Total 
Liabilities 

to 

the Public. 


1867 (6 mos ) 


$ 

30,926,470 
30,507,447 
30,782,637 
33, (W 1.249 

37,095,340 
45 190,085 


$ 

18,149,193 
17,879,716 

17,817,693 
17,873,582 
18,529,911 
19,766,426 
21,127,838 

22,821,501 
24,511,709 
25,837,753 
27,041,235 
27. 273, 500 

26,526,632 
27,087,782 
27,627,520 
28,958,989 
3i , 372, 394 

36,249,145 
40,212,943 
47, 761,; 536 
52.082,335 
56,474,124 

64.002,266 
69,806,892 
72,041,265 

75,887,695 
79.970,346 

88,892,256 
102,090,476 
109,129,393 

113,130,626 
113,020,310 

112,989,541 
113,560,997 
114. 041, 500 
121.160,774 
128,756,690 
134.104,03( 
129.627,270 


$ 

9,346,081 
9,350,646 
9.539,511 
15,149,031 

20,914,637 
25,296,454 
27,165,878 
27,904,963 
23.035,639 

21.245,935 
20,704,338 
20,475,586 
19,486,103 
22,529,623 

28,516,692 
33,582,080 
33,283,302 
30,449,410 
30,720,762 

31,030,499 
32,478,118 
32,205,259 
32,207,144 
32,834,511 

33,061,042 
33,788,679 
33,811,925 

3 1.1 66, 003 
30,807,041 

31, 464,297 

34.350,118 
37,873,934 
41,513,139 
46,574,780 

50,601,205 
56,412,598 
lid. 244, 072 
61,769,888 
64,036,643 

70,638,870 
75,784,482 
71,401,697 
73,943,119 
82,120,303 

89,982,223 
100,146,541 
106, 265, 334 

104,600,185 

tw.iar.ooa 

126,691,913 
161,029,601 

198,645,254 
218,919,261 
228,800,379 
194,621,710 

166,466,109 


$ 

31,375,316 
33,653,594 
40,028,090 
48,763,205 

56,287,391 
61,481,452 
65,426.042 
77,113,754 
74,642,446 

72,s52,686 
74,166,287 
70,856,253 
73,151,425 
85,303,814 

94,346,481 
110,133,124 
107,648,383 
102,398,228 
104,014.660 

111,449,365 
112,656,985 
125,136,473 
134,650,732 
135,548,704 

148,396,968 
166,668,471 
174,776,722 
181,743,890 
190,916,939 

193,616,049 
211,788,096 
236,161,062 
266,504,528 
305,140,242 

349.573,327 
390,370,493 
424,167,140 
470,265,744 
531,243,476 

605, %,S.. -,!. { 
654,839,711 
658,367.015 
783,298,880 
909,964,831 

980,433,788 
1,102, 910. 3 S3 
1,126, 871, S23 
1,144,210.363 
1,198,340,315 

1,418,035,429 
1,643, 203, 02( 
1,912,395,780 
2,189,428,885 
2,438,079,792 
2,264,586,736 
2,120,997,030 


1 

43,273,969 
45,144,854 
50,940,226 
65,685,870 

80,250,974 
90,864,688 
98,982,668 
116,412,392 
104,609,356 

90,014,014 
99,810,731 
95,538,831 
96,760,113 
111,838,941 

127,176,249 
149,777,214 
145,938,095 
137,493,917 
138,762,695 

146,954,260 
149,704,402 
163,990,797 
173,029,602 
173,207,587 

187,332,325 
208,062,169 
217,195,975 
221,066,724 

229,794,322 

232,338,(isti 
252, 660. 70s 
281,076,6.". , 
318,624,033 
366,3M,ON 

420,00:>, 74:1 
466,963,829 
507,527,550 
554,014,076 
618,678,633 

7 13, 790, 553 
769,026,924 
762,077,184 
882,598,547 
1,019,177,601 

,097,661,393 
,240,124,354 
,287,372,534 
,309,944,000 
,353,629,123 

,596,905,337 
,866,228,236 
2,184,359,820 
2,4 , 
2.784,068,698 
2,556,454,190 
2,304,S22.6.Y7 


1868 


1869 


1870 


1871 


1872 


1873 . 


54, 690, Ml 

60,388,340 
64,619,513 

66,804.398 
66,206,009 

63,682,863 
62,737,276 
60,052,117 

59,534,977 
59,799,644 
61,390,118 
61,579,021 
61,711,566 

61,662,093 
60,860,561 
60,345,035 
60,229, 7S2 
59,974,902 


1874 


1875 


1876 . 


1877 . 


1878 . . . . 


1879 . 


1880 . 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 . 


1888 


1889 


1890 . 


1891 


60,700,697 
61,626,311 
62,009,346 
62.063,371 
61,800,700 

62,043,173 
62,027,703 
62,571,920 
63,726.3(19 
65, 154, 594 

67,035,615 
69,869,670 
76,453,125 
79,234,191 
82,655,828 

91,035,604 
95,953,732 
96,147,526 
97,329,333 
98,787,929 

103,009,256 

112,730,943 
116,297,729 
114,759,807 
113.982,741 

113,1 To. 35: 
111,637.755 
110,618,504 
115,004,9* 
123,617,121 
129.096,339 
125,456,485 


1892 .... 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 . 


1899 . 


1900 .. 


1901.. 


1902 


1903 . 


1904 


1905 . 


1906 .. 


1907 
1908 


1909 
1910 


1911 . 


1912 . 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 . 


1917. . 


1918 


1919 


1920. . . 


1921 


1922 



NOTE. The statistics in this table arc averages computed from the twelve monthly returns. 

1 Includes the deposits of Federal and Provincial ( .ovcrnments. 

- Includes amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada, not included in deposits prior to 1901 



HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF CANADIAN BANKING 



Sift 



4$. Historical Summary showing Development of the Canadian Banking Business, 

calendar years 1867-1922. concluded. 









ASSETS. 








OiiU-ndMr Years. 


Specie and 
Dominion 
Notes 
(including 
Deposits in 
Central Gold 
Reserves 
1913-1922.) 


Dominion 
and 
Provincial 
Government 
Securities. 


Municipal 
Securities in 
Canada and 
Public 
Securities else 
where t lian 
in Canada . 


Total 
Loans . 


Total 

Assets. 


Percentage 
of 
Liabilities 
to the 
Public 
to Total 
Assets. 


1867 (6mos.).. . 

1868 . 


* 


I 


1 


$ 

53,889,703 
52,299,050 


1 

78,294.070 
79,860 976 


p.c. 

55-27 
56 53 


1869 




_ 




56,433.953 


86,283 693 


59-04 


1870 . 




_ 




(iti 276,961 


103,197 103 


i>3 65 


1871 








84.799,841 


125.273.fi31 


ti4 Ot> 


1872 




_ 




106,744,665 


148,862,445 


61-04 


1873 


_ 


_ 




119,274,317 


166.056,595 


56-60 


1874 


_ 


_ 




131,680,111 


187,921.031 


61-95 


1875 
1876 








- 


136,029.307 
127,621,577 


186,255.330 
183,499,801 


56-17 
54-29 


1877 . 


_ 


_ 




125,681,658 


181,019,194 


55 1 4 


1878 


_ 


_ 


_ 


119,682.659 


175,450.274 


54-45 


1879 




_ 




113 485 108 


173 548 490 


">5 75 


1880 


_ 


_ 


_ 


102,166,115 


184,276,190 


1)0-69 


1881 








116,953,497 


200,613,879 


i)3-3!) 


1882 .... 




_ 




140,077,194 


227,426 835 


65-86 


1883 .. 




_ 




143,944,957 


228,084,650 


63-98 


1884 . 




_ 




130,490,053 


219,998,642 


62-50 


1885 




_ 




126,827,792 


219,147,080 


63-32 


1886 , 








132,833,313 


228,061,872 


64-44 


1887 


_ 


_ 


_ 


139,753,755 


230,393,072 


64-98 


1888 








141 002 373 


243 504 164 


67-35 


1889 


_ 


_ 




149,958.980 


253,789,803 


68-18 


1890 


_ 


_ 


_ 


153,301,335 


254,546,329 


68-05 


1891 . 








171,082,677 


260 307 032 


69-5t> 


1892 


17,794,201 






193 455 883 


291 635 251 


71-34 


1893 


19,714,648 


_ 




206 623 042 


302,696,715 


71 -7.") 


1894 
1895 


22,371,954 
22,992,872 


- 


- 


204,124,939 
03 730 800 


307,520,020 
316,536.510 


71-87 
72-50 


1896 . 


22 318,627 






9 13 211 996 


320 937 643 


7 39 


1897 ... 


24 178,151 






M2 014 635 


341 163 505 


74-06 


1898 ... 


25 330,564 






223 806 320 


370 583 991 


75-86 


1899 


26,682.970 






251 467 076 


412.504 768 


77 - 9 4 


1900 


29,047,382 






79 279 761 


459 715 065 


77-62 


1901 . 


32 088 501 


11 331 385 


13 031 176 


388 299 888 


531 829 3 4 


78-97 


1902 
1903 .... 


35,478.598 
4- 510 574 


9,804,998 
11 186 607 


14,487,632 
14 896 472 


430,662,670 
472 019 689 


585,761,109 
641 543 226 


79-72 
79-11 


1904 .... 


50 307,871 


10 705 202 


15 560 145 


509 Oil 993 


695 417 756 


79-67 


1905 


56 590,323 


8 833 626 


18 820 985 


559 814 918 


767 490 183 


80-61 


1906 . 


61 287 581 


9 360 614 


20 460 670 


655 869 879 


878 512 076 


81-95 


1907 .. 


70 550,520 


9 546 927 


9 1 198 817 


709 975 274 


945 685 708 


81-3 


1908 


80 654,276 


9 522 743 


19 788 937 


670 170 833 


941 290 619 


80-96 


1909 


95,558,461 


11 653 798 


21 707 363 


762 195 546 


1 067 007 534 


82-72 


1910 


104,735,626 


14,741 621 


21 696 987 


870 100 890 


1 ll 452 351 


84-13 


1911 .. . 


120 146,690 


10 637 580 


22 848 170 


926 909 616 


1 303 131 260 


84-23 


1912 


132,853,405 


9 388 968 


22 586 119 


1 061 843 991 


1 470 065 478 


84-36 


1913 


141,872,884 


9 995 237 


23 183 162 


1 111 993 263 


1 530 093 671 


84-14 


1914 


165,845,957 


11,697 603 


22 707 738 


1 101 880 9?4 


1 555 676 395 


S4-20 


1915 


208 438 854 


19 gi4 ggg 


31 553 091 


1 066 52 854 


1 596 424 643 


84-75 


1916 


230,113,831 


29 717 007 


117 902 686 


135 866 531 


1 839 86 709 


86-82 


1917 


265 389 567 


131 078 854 


183 341 125 


219 161 252 


9 HI 559 555 


,\ - x 


1918 , . 


351 762 841 


162 821 026 


252 936 568 


339 660 669 


9*439 331 418 


SO. fit 


1919 . . 


370 775 723 


214 621 625 


256*270 715 


552 971 02 


754 568 118 


on -An 


1920 


367 165,054 


120 356 255 


210 826 991 


935 449 637 


? 064 133 843 


90-86 


1921 


335 081,032 


166 688 146 


156 552*503 


781 184 115 


2 841 782 079 


89-96 


1922 


305,522,425 


198,826,031 


90,13l 491 


, 643 643 [443 


2,638,776,483 


89-62 



NOTE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from the twelve monthly returns. 
62373 52 J- 



820 



FINANCE 



Bank Assets and Liabilities. Tables 47 and 48 show the assets and 
liabilities of Canadian chartered banks for the four years 1919 to 1922, the figures 
being yearly averages of the totals shown in the monthly statements of the 
Minister of Finance. Attention may be drawn to the reduction by almost 
$70,000,000 of total deposits in the central gold reserves, the increase by almost 
$40,000,000 of balances due from foreign banks and correspondents, and the 
decrease of $156,000,000 in the holdings of Canadian municipal and foreign 
securities. A corresponding decrease in liabilities, however, of $130,000,000 is the 
result of the reduction in notes payable, deposits due to the Dominion Government 
and demand deposits in Canada, offset to some extent by increases in Canadian 
savings deposits and foreign deposits. Changes in the character and volume of 
assets and liabilities may, on the whole, be ascribed to deflation throughout the 
country, and to the re-establishing of normal banking practice. 

47. Assets of Chartered Banks for calendar years 1919-1922. 



Assets. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Quick Assets- 
Current gold and subsidiary coin 


I 

80,684,931 


S 

81,471,916 


S 

80,671,931 


$ 

80,776,592 


Dominion n Jtes . . 


176,744,958 


177,990,416 


174,802,401 


170,393,300 


Deposit with Minister of Finance for security 
of note circulation 


6,054,419 


6,122,715 


6,417,287 


6,493,593 


Deposit in central gold reserves 


112,679,167 


107,702,722 


79,606,700 


54,352,533 


Notes of other banks 


30,046,099 


45,640,095 


51,267,964 


40,571,207 


Cheques of other banks 


102,492,254 


130,277,410 


111,726,865 


104,878,651 


Deposits made with, and balances due from 
other banks in Canada . . . ... 


5,823,388 


5,697,820 


6,179,469 


5,243,496 


Due from banks and banking correspondent? 
in the United Kingdom . 


12,359,426 


17,669,923 


12,857,830 


10,309,844 


Due from banks and banking correspondents- 
elsewhere than in Canada and the United 
Kingdom 


.50,904,693 


62,097,682 


60,885,266 


87.972,048 


Total Quick Assets 


577,789,335 


634,670,699 


584,415,713 


560,991,264 


Other Liquid Assets- 
Dominion Government and Provincial ( lov- 
ernment securities 


214,621,625 


120,356,255 


166,688,146 


198,826,031 


Canadian municipal securities, and British, 
foreign and colonial public securities other 
than Canadian 


256,270,715 


210,826,991 


156,552,503 


90,131,491 


Railway and other bonds, debentures and 
stocks 


54,429,301 


48,031,228 


45,728,878 


43,208,758 


Call and short (not exceeding thirty days 
loans in Canada on stocks, debentures and 
bonds . ... 


96,973,179 


118,956,035 


109,542,625 


10J,320,- t)S 


Call and short (not exceeding thirty days) 
loans elsewhere than in Canada 


163,227.204 


200,098,050 


172,137,325 


178,457,564 


Total other Liquid Assets 


785,222,024 


698,268,559 


650.649.477 


611,944,112 


Other Assets 
Other current loans and discounts in Canada 
Other current loans and discounts elsewhere 
than in Canada . ... 


1,091,849,150 
140,200,101 


1,342,763,470 
186,891,995 


1,246,018,266 
156,571,063 


1,122,255,707 
149.586,461 


Loans to the Government of Canada 






158,750 


- 




8,214,314 


13,945,219 


12,806,347 


9,556,612 


Loans to cities, towns, municipalities urn 
- bool districts 


48,546,827 


67,839,214 


77,140,465 


74,627,370 


Overdue debts . . ... 


4,260,427 


4,952,320 


6,809,940 


7,839,461 


Real estate other than bank premises 
Mortgages on real estate sold by the bank. 
Bank premises at it more than cost, less 
amounts (if any) written off 


5.835,33S 
L . 354, 169 

54,499,498 


4,781,361 
2,679,141 

58,111,876 


4,357.257 
3,070,228 

65,808,576 


4,977,208 
3,682,344 

70,909,881 


Liabilities of customers under letters o 
credit as per contra . . . 


33,248,321 


46,054,619 


30,079,462 


18,358,731 


Other assets not included under the fore 
going heads 


2.548,013 


3,175,370 


3,896,535 


4.047,332 


Total Other Aanta 


l,30I.55(i,75( 


1,731,194,585 


1.606,716,889 


1,465,841,107 


Grand Total Assets . . 


2,751,568,118 


3, 064, m, 843 


3,841,782,679 


2,838.778,48* 



NOTE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from the twelve monthly 
year. 



returns in each 



LIABILITIES OF CHARTERED BANKS 



821 



48. Liabilities of Chartered Banks for calendar years 1919-1933. 



Liabilities. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Liabilities to the Public- 
Notes in circulation 


$ 

218,919,261 


$ 

228,800,379 


$ 

194,621,710 


s 

166,466,109 


Balance due to Dominion Government after 
deducting advances for credits, pay lists, 
etc . 


181,768,998 


188,360,129 


109,405,020 


83,669,096 


Balances due to provincial governments 

Deposits by the public payable on demand 
in Canada 


22,049,660 
621,676,065 


21,384,185 
653,862,869 


28,794,562 
551,914,643 


28,833,212 
502,781,234 


Deposits by the public payable after notice 
or on a fixed day in Canada 


1,125,202,403 


1,239,308,076 


1,289,347,063 


1,191,637,004 


Deposits elsewhere than in Canada 


238,731,784 


335,164,532 


285,125,448 


314,076,484 


Deposits made by and balances due to other 
banks in Canada 


10,641,494 


11,830,949 


11,756,766 


9,931,819 


Due to banks and banking correspondents in 
the United Kingdom 


5,908,764 


7,057,506 


8,078,047 


9,775,026 


Due to banks and banking correspondents 
elsewhere than in Canada and the United 
Kingdom 


29,985,104 


40,380,320 


32,532,361 


28,762,762 


Bills payable . . . . 


3,821,080 


8,155,523 


11,494,432 


7,484,191 


Acceptances under letters of credit 


33,248,324 


. 45,962,754 


30,079,458 


18,332,804 


Liabilities not included under foregoing 
heads 


3,629,588 


3,718,070 


3,304,608 


3,072,013 












Total Liabilities to the Public 


2,495,582,525 


2,783,985,292 


2,556,454,118 


2,364,821,754 












Liabilities to Shareholders 
Capital paid up 


115,004,960 


123,617,120 


129,096,339 


125,456,485 


Amount of rest or reserve fund 


121,160,774 


128,756,690 


134,104,030 


129,627,270 












Total Liabilities to Shareholders 


236,165,734 


252,373,810 


263,200,369 


255,083,755 












Grand Total Liabilities 


2,731,748,259 


3,036,359,102 


2,819,654,487 


2,619,905,509 













NOTE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from the twelve monthly returns in each 
year. 

In Tables 49 and 50 bank assets on Dec. 30, 1922, are given by individual 
banks, being classified, in addition, according to their nature and availability in 
meeting liabilities. The tables illustrate, in addition to the comparative volume 
of business done by the various banks, particular types of transactions carried on 
by the individual units in the system. 



822 



FINANCE 



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Banque Nationale 
Banque Provinciale du Cana< 


Vnion Bank of Canada 
Canadian Bank of Com morn 


Koyal Bank of Canada 
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Bimk of Hamilton 9 
Standard Bank of Canada. . . 


Banque d Hochelaga 
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Home Bank of Canada 3 


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BANK ASSETS AND LIABILITIES 



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824 



FINANCE 



Deposits, Loans and Discounts. As an index of the course of banking 
business, of the nature of many transactions undertaken and of the general security 
of bank assets, loans and discounts are of great value. They illustrate clearly the 
channels into which a large proportion of the potential earning power of the banks 
is directed, and, in the comparison between investments made in lending operations 
inside and outside of Canada, as well as in the duration of loans, afford essential 
information regarding the conduct by a bank of one of its most important activities. 

Bank deposits, to a large extent the product of lending operations, by which 
credit is advanced on security, followed by the deposit of the proceeds of a loan, 
are also of considerable importance, and on account of their derivation are one of 
the most valuable records of the volume of business done at any tune. Actual 
deposits of cash are, of course, included with the amounts deposited after the 
granting of loans, and are very small in comparison. 

Tables 51 and 52 following, give the deposits and loans of Canadian chartered 
banks for the years 1918 to 1922. A general reduction in the volume of business 
done is apparent in all branches except those with customers in foreign countries; 
foreign deposits increased, during the year 1922, by some $29,000,000, while call 
and short loans increased in the same year from $172,137,325 to $178,457,564. 

51. Deposits In Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years 

1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Deposits by the public of Can 
ada 
Payable on demand 


$ 

587,342,904 


- 
621,676,065 


$ 

653,862,869 


$ 

551,914,643 


S 

502,781,234 


Payable after notice or on a 
fixed day 


966,341,499 


1,125,202,403 


1,239,308,076 


1,289,347,063 


1,191,637,004 


Deposits elsewhere than in 
Canada 


206,065,621 


23$, 73 1,784 


335,164,532 


285,125,448 


314,076,484 


Balances due to Dominion and 
Provincial Governments 


152,645,756 


203,818,633 


209,744,315 


138,199,582 


112,502,308 


Total Deposits 


1,912,395,780 


2,189,428,885 


2,438,079,792 


2,264,586,736 


2,120,997,930 



NOTE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 

52. Loans of Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years 

1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Call and short loans on stocks 
and bonds in Canada 


I 

77,555,410 


$ 

96,673,179 


$ 

118 956,035 


* 

109,542,625 


$ 

101,320,268 


Call and short loans elsewhere 
than in Canada 


162,333,308 


163,227,204 


200,098,050 


172,137,325 


178,457,564 


Current loans in Canada 1 


982,822,203 


1,140,395,977 


1,410,602,684 


1,323,158,731 


1,196,883,077 


Current loans elsewhere than in 
Canada 


106,913,067 


140,200,101 


186,891,995 


156,571,063 


149,586,461 


Loans to governments 


5,236,593 


8,214,314 


13,945,219 


12,965,097 


9,556,612 


Overdue debts 


4,800,088 


4,260,427 


4,952,320 


6,809,274 


7,839,461 














Total Loans 


1,339,660,669 


1,552,971,202 


1,935,446,393 


1,781,184,115 


1,643,C43,443 



NOTB. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 
1 Includes loans to cities, towns, municipalities and school districts. 



CANADIAN BANK RESERVES 



825 



Bank Reserves. The Bank Act contains no specific provisions as to the 
amount of gold to be held either against note circulation or the general business 
of the bank. It requires, however, that 40 p.c. of whatever reserve a bank finds 
expedient to carry shall be hi Dominion notes. A second provision instructs the 
Minister of Finance to arrange for the delivery of Dominion notes to any bank hi 
exchange for specie. Thus the gold reserve against Dominion notes, to the extent 
that the notes are held by the banks, is reserve against banking operations, the 
Dominion Government being the custodian of the gold for the banks. The other 
cash element in bank reserves is specie in hand. In addition to this cash on hand, 
Canadian banks carry three other kinds of asset which are regarded as reserves, 
being funds more or less immediately available for the liquidation of liabilities. 
These are (1) cash balances in banks outside of Canada; (2) call and short loans 
in New York (the favourite call loan market) ; and (3) readily marketable securities. 
These are shown together with the total and net liabilities in Table 53. In Table 54 
the ratio to net liabilities of each element of the reserve is shown. 

53. Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-1922. 







C 


/ash Due from 




Call and 


Years. 


and 
Dominion 
Notes. 


Banks 
in 
the 
United 
Kingdom. 


Banks 
elsewhere 
than in 
Canada and 
United 
Kingdom. 


Total. 


short loans 
elsewhere 
than in 
Canada. 


1892... 


$ 
17,794,201 


$ 

2,058,538 


S 

20,728,669 


I 

22,787,207 


$ 


1893 


19,714,648 


2,651,533 


17,318,101 


19,969,634 




1894 ... 


22 371 954 


3,439 354 


18 904 416 


22 343 770 




1895 


22,992,872 


4,915,458 


23,183,161 


28,098,619 




1896. . . 


22,318,627 


7,147,788 


17,207,798 


24 355 586 




1897 


25,178,151 


11,149,437 


22,060 471 


33 209 908 




1898 


25,330,564 


11,078,459 


21,849,137 


32 927,596 




1899 


26,682,970 


11,872,548 


24,136,270 


36,008 818 




1900 .. 


29 047 382 


6 972 195 


15 443 217 


22 415 412 


28 228 469 l 


1901 .... 


32 088,501 


5,598,939 


12,811,524 


18 410 463 


40 020 238 


1902 


35,478 598 


6,598,159 


13,519 799 


20 117 958 


46 162 659 


1903 


42 510,574 


5,638 954 


14,192 232 


19 831,186 


38 025 662 


1904 


50 307,871 


7,523 615 


16,817 357 


24,340 972 


41 212 007 


1905 


56,590,323 


9,960,560 


19,201,939 


29 162 499 


51 452 955 


1906... 


61 287 581 


8,877 979 


16 801 119 


25 679 098 


59 363 639 


1907 


70 550 520 


6 027 157 


15 363 728 


21 390 885 


52 907 513 


1908 


80 654 276 


9,828 186 


30,822 761 


40 650 947 


60 764 075 


1909 


95,558 461 


10,311,864 


31,779 144 


42 091 008 


119 728 263 


1910 


104,735,696 


18,892 833 


28,301 602 


47 194 435 


112 777 530 


1911 .. 


120 146 690 


21 122 092 


29 695 985 


50 818 077 


91 097 704 


1912 


132 853 405 


21 338 926 


28 894 103 


50 233 029 


105 718 070 


1913 


135 267,623 


13 329 642 


28 238 329 


41 567 971 


98 602 615 


1914 


159 775 124 


12 230 533 


36 932 958 


49 163 491 


112 438 696 


1915 


200,113 021 


20 824 559 


43,781 939 


64 606 498 


118 896 692 


1916... 


207 797 164 


24 025 192 


72,923 228 


96 948 420 


164 786 760 


1917 


210 475 400 


17 885 648 


53,021 952 


70 907 600 


157 430 643 


1918 


256 656 174 


10,973 606 


47,419 961 


58 393 567 


162 233 308 


1919 .. 


257 429 889 


12 359 426 


50 904 693 


63 264 119 


163 227 204 


1920 . . . 


259 462 332 


17 669 923 


62,100 182 


79 770 105 


200 098 050 


1921 


255 474 332 


12,857,830 


60,885 266 


73 743 096 


172 137 325 


1922 


251,169 892 


10 307 594 


87,972,048 


98 279 642 


178 457 564 















NOTB. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 
i Six months, July to December 1900. 



FINANCE 



53. Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-192*1 concluded. 



Years. 


Securities. 


Total 

Liabilities. 


Net 

Liabilities. 1 


Dominion 
and 
Provincial 
Govern 
ment 
Securities. 


Canadian 
municipal, 
British, For 
eign and Col 
onial, other 
than 
Canadian. 


Railway 
and 
other 
Bonds. 


Total. 


1892 


$ 

3,173,714 


> 

7, 700,634 

9,223,577 
10,634,982 
H.423,850 
9.310,414 
12,559,340 
16,529,414 
16,622,875 
14,364,547 

13,031.176 
14,487.633 
14,896,472 
15,560,146 
18,820.(ts;, 
20,460,625 
21,198,817 
111.788,937 
21.707,363 
21,696,987 

22.84S. 170 
22,586,119 
23,183,161 
22,707,738 
31,553,091 
117,902,r,M, 
183,341,125 
252,936,568 
256,270,715 
210,826,991 

156,552,503 
90,131,491 


$ 

7,060,065 
5,919,928 
7,893,695 
9,566.175 
11,505,439 
13,728,645 
17,241.967 
15, 023,469 
19,561,005 

30,440,258 
34,859,390 
37,800,893 
38,779,477 
39,974,520 
41,125,898 
41,239,589 
42,651,006 
50.783,614 
56.194,734 

60,909.21(1 
64,080.763 
70.713,075 
(i.s. (136, 267 
74,020,538 
68,386,482 
58,958,908 
56,103,418 
54,429,301 
4*. 03 1,228 

45,728,878 
43,208,733 


- 

17,943,413 
18,364,728 
21,681,639 

21,782,172 
23,618,674 
29,337,510 
38,669,462 
36,598,869 
42,089,123 

54,802,819 
59,152,021 
63,883.1(72 
65,044,825 
67,629.132 
70,947,137 
71,985,166 
71.962.6s6 
84,144,775 
92,633.342 

114, 3.94, HIM) 
116.055.850 
103,891,473 
103,041,608 
118,388,527 
216,006,175 
373,378,887 
471,861,012 
525,321,641 
379,214,474 

368,969,527 
332,166,255 


- 

188,083,169 

2 17, 195, 975 
221,006,724 
229,794,322 
232,338,086 
252,660,708 
281,076,656 
318,624,032 
356,394,095 

420,003.743 
466,963.829 
507,527,550 
554,014,076 
618,678,632 
713,790,553 
769,026,924 
762,077,184 
882,598,548 
1,019,177,601 

1,097,661,393 
1,240,124,354 
1,287,372,535 
1,309,944,006 
1,353,629,123 
1,596,905,337 
1,866,228,236 
2,184,359,820 
2,495,582,568 
2,784,068,698 

,556,454,190 
2,364,822,657 


$ 

2(10.590,342 
209,917,600 
214,163,371 
222,531,570 
225.090,083 
244,627,721 
271.451,376 
307.537,537 
344,672,898 

405,915,468 
451.052,607 
489,439,303 
534,147,781 
595,027,264 
684,185,650 
737,505,039 
726,443,670 
844,098,072 
974,731,187 

,044,712,367 
,178,577,787 
,222,752,292 
,251.372,615 
,298,018.9,vi 
, 520,438. tisii 
,771.264,882 
2,071,307,749 
2,363,044,215 
2,608,151,193 

2,393,459,361 
2,219,372,799 


1893 


3,221,223 
3, 152. .Mil 
2,792,147 
2,802,821 
3,049,525 
4,898,081 
1,912,538 
8,163,571 

11,331,385 
9,804,998 
11,186.607 
10,705,202 

8,833,627 
9,360,614 
9,546,760 
9,522,743 
11,653,798 
14,741,621 

10,637,580 
9,388,968 
9,995,237 
11,697,603 
12,814,898 
29,717,007 
131.078,854 
162,821,026 
214,621,625 
120,356,255 

166,688,146 
198,826,031 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902. . .. 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921.. 


1922 





NOTE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 

1 Net liabilities are obtained by deducting from total liabilities the items "notes of other banks," 
"cheques on other banks," "loans to other banks in Canada, secured, including bills rediscounted," which 
represent indebtedness within the system and are counterbalanced by credits within the system 

54. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net Liabilities, 1892-1922. 



Years. 


C a.sli on hand. 


Cash due from 
banks outside 
of Canada. 


Call and short 
loans else 
where than 
in Canada. 


Securities. 


Total 
RflMTVM. 


1892... 


p.c. 

8-8 


p.c. 
11-3 


p.c. 


p.c. 
8-9 


p.c. 
29-0 


1893 


9-4 


9-5 


_ 


8-7 


27 -n 


1894 


10-4 


10-4 


_ 


10-1 


30-9 


1895 


10-4 


12-6 




9-8 


33-8 


1896 


9-9 


10-8 




IQ i 


SI -2 


1897 


10-8 


13-6 




11-9 


35 S 


1898 


9-3 


12-1 


_ 


14-2 


35- 6 


1899 


8-7 


11-7 




ir-8 


12-2 


1900 


8-4 


5-1 


8-2 


12-2 


35-3 


1901 


8-0 


4-5 


10-0 


13-5 


86-0 


1902 


7-9 


4-4 


10-2 


13-1 


35-6 


1903 


8-9 


4-0 


7-7 


13-0 


:(, 


1904... 


9-4 


4-5 


7-7 


12-1 


88-7 



EXTENSION OF BANKING BUSINESS 



827 



54. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net Liabilities, 1892-1922 concluded. 



Years. 
i 


Sash on hand. 


Dash due from 
Danks outside 
of Canada. 


Call and short 
loans else 
where than 
in Canada. 


Securities. 


Total 
Reserves. 


1905 


p.c. 

9-5 


p.c. 

4-9 


p.c. 

8-6 


p.c. 
11-3 


p.c. 

34-3 


1906 


8-9 


3-7 


8-7 


10-4 


31-7 


1907 


9-5 


2-9 


7-2 


9-7 


29-3 


1908 


11-1 


5-5 


8-3 


9-9 


34-8 


1909 


11-3 


5-0 


14-2 


9-9 


40-4 


1910 


10-7 


4-8 


11-5 


9-5 


36-5 


1911 


11-5 


4-8 


8-7 


9-0 


34-0 


1912 . 


11-3 


4-3 


8-9 


8-1 


32-5 


1913 . 


11-1 


3-4 


8-1 


8-5 


31-1 


1914 


12-8 


3-9 


9-0 


8-2 


33-9 


1915 


15-4 


5-0 


9-2 


9-1 


38-7 


1916 


13-7 


6-4 


10-8 


14-2 


45-1- 


1917 


11-9 


4-0 


8-9 


21-1 


45-9 


1918 


12-4 


2-8 


7-8 


22-8 


45-8 


1919 


10-9 


2-7 


6-9 


22-2 


42-7 


1920 


9-9 


3-1 


7-7 


14-5 


35-2 


1921 


10-7 


3-1 


7-2 


15-4 


36-4 


1922 


11-3 


4-4 


8-0 


15-0 


38-7 















NOTE. The statistics in this table are based upon the averages of the monthly returns in each year. 

Chartered Banks in Canada. During the period from 1881 to 1901, the 
number of chartered banks doing business in Canada under the Bank Act remained 
almost the same, 36 in 1881 and 1891 and 34 in 1901, but during the present century 
there has been in banking as in industry an era of amalgamations, the number of 
chartered banks being reduced to 25 in 1913 and to 16 in Nov. 1923. That this 
has been far from involving a curtailment of banking facilities is seen in Table 
46, which shows the development of the banking business since 1867, and in 
Table 55, which compares the number of branch banks existing in Canada at 
different periods, showing a growth from 123 at Confederation to 4,451 at 
December 30, 1922, besides 200 branches in other countries. Table 56 gives the 
number of branches of the various banks by provinces as at December 30, 1922, 
while Table 57 contains the statistics of branches of Canadian banks doing 
business outside of Canada, an extension of Canadian banking (more especially 
to Newfoundland and the West Indies) which has proceeded very rapidly in recent 
years. 1 

55. Number of Branches of Banks in Canada, by Provinces, 1868, 1902, 1905 and 

1915-1922. 



Provinces. 


1868. 


1902. 


1905. 


1915. 


1916. 2 


1917.= 


1918. 2 


1919. 2 


1920. 2 


1921.2 


1922.2 


Prince Edward Island 




9 


10 


17 


17 


17 


24 


36 


41 


40 


36 


Nova Scotia . . 


5 


89 


101 


109 


111 


149 


123 


155 


169 


166 


156 


New Brunswick 


4 


35 


49 


79 


82 


83 


84 


111 


121 


122 


127 


Quebec 


12 


137 


196 


716 


784 


821 


795 


1,055 


1,150 


1,236 


1,198 


Ontario ." 


100 


349 


549 


1,164 


1,154 


1,169 


1,165 


1,451 


1,586 


1,574 


1,521 


Manitoba 




52 


95 


204 


200 


203 


254 


322 


349 


329 


304 


Saskatchewan 




30 


87 


401 


413 


441 


506 


581 


591 


549 


524 


Alberta 


_ 






%8 


247 


267 


307 


408 


424 


396 


356 


British Columbia 


2 


46 


55 


208 


187 


183 


179 


215 


242 


244 


226 


Yukon 






3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


























Total 


123 


747 


1,145 


3,159 


3,198 


3,306 


3,440 


4,337 


4,676 


4,659 


4,451 



























1 The statistics of Tables 55, 56 and 57 have been furnished by the Canadian Bankers Association. 

2 Includes sub-agencies for receiving deposits for the banks employing them. 



828 



FINANCE 



. Number and Location of Branches of Chartered Banks, as at December 30, 1922. 



Chartered Banks. 


P.E. 

Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Bank of Montreal 


1 


15 


16 


82 


204 


je 


Bank of Nova Scotia 


11 


42 


40 


20 






Bank of Toronto 








10 


ju. 




Molsons Bank 








47 


79 


o 


La Banque Nationale 






1 


100 


2 




Banque Provinciale du Canada 


3 




14 


82 


14 




Union Bank of Canada 


1 


2 


3 


10 


an 


me 


Canadian Bank of Commerce 


g 


24 


7 


7t 


121 


VA 


Royal Bank of Canada 


8 


68 


25 


59 


191 


77 


Dominion Bank 






1 


5 


M 


14 


Standard Bank of Canada 






1 


1 


114 




Bank of Hamilton 








1 


67 


71 


Banque d Hochelaga 








133 


19 




Imperial Bank of Canada 








2 


gg 


Q 


Home Bank of Canada 








4 


39 




Sterling Bank of Canada 








1 


67 


7 


Weyburn Security Bank 




























Total 


32 


151 


108 


(31 


1 396 


288 


Sub-agencies (Provincial) 


4 


5 


19 


567 


125 


1C 
















Grand Total 


36 


136 


127 


1,198 


1,521 



















Chartered Banks. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Colum 
bia. 


Yukon. 


Other 
Countries. 


Provin 
cial Sub- 
agencies. 


Total. 


Bank of Montreal 


72 


83 


57 


1 


17 


35 


628 


Bank of Nova Scdtia 


15 


4 


5 




43 


26 


348 


Hank of Tr>rnnt.o 


34 


14 


4 








158 


Molsons Rank 




3 


3 










La Banque Nationale 










1 


242 


348 


Banque Provinciale du Canada 
Union Bank of Canada 


101 


64 


g 


- 


3 


189 
14 


302 
3fi9 


Canadian Bank of Commerce. 
J loyal Bank of Canada 


78 

85 


62 
40 


56 
52 


2 


17 
1172 


22 

17 


513 

AGO 


Dominion Bank 


6 


6 


4 




2 


2 


123 


Standard Bank of Canada 
Bank of Hamilton 


18 

27 


23 
12 


1 
10 


- 




9 
4 


173 
152 


Banque d Hochelaga 


10 


8 








168 


340 


Imperial Bank of Canada 
Home Bank of Canada 


25 
g 


25 
2 


14 
2 


- 


- 


29 
15 


190 
78 


Sterling Bank of Canada 


4 












79 


Weyburn Security Bank . . 


22 










2 


24 


















Total 


505 


346 


217 


J 


200 


774 


4, (51 


Sub-agencies (Provincial) 


19 


10 


9 










Grand Total 


524 


356 


226 


J 


200 




4,651 



















1 Includes one sub-agency. * Includes one auxiliary company. 



CLEARING HOUSE TRANSACTIONS 



829 



57. Number of Branches of Canadian Chartered Banks in other countries, with 

their location, December 30, 



Banks and Location. 


Branches. 


Banks and Location. 


Branches. 


Bank of Montreal: 
Newfound land 


No. 
8 


Royal Bank of Canada: 
Newfoundland . . 


No. 

7 


Great Britain 


2 


Cuba 


56 


France 


1 


British West Indies 


20 


United States 


4 


Porto Rico 


3 


Mexico 


2 


Dominican Republic 


6 






Haiti 


3 






Martinique 


1 








2 


Bank of Nova Scotia: 






2 


Newfoundland 


18 


British Guiana 


3 


Jamaica . . . 


111 


British Honduras 


1 


Cuba 


4 


Brazil 


3 


Porto Rico 


3 


Colombia 




Dominican Republic 


3 


Costa Rica 




United States . . 


3 


Uruguay . . 




England 


1 


Venezuela . . 


3 






Spain 








United States 




Banque Nationale; 




Great Britain 




France 


1 






Union Bank of Canada: 
England 


2 


Auxiliary: 




United States 


1 


Royal Bank of Canada, (France) 


_ f 






Paris 


1 


Canadian Bank of Commerce: 
Newfoundland 


4 


The Dominion Bank: 




St. Pierre and Mlquelon 


1 


Great Britain 


1 


Barbados 


1 


United States 


1 


Trinidad 


2 








I 






Cuba 


1 






Brazil 




Total 


300 


Mexico 


1 






Great Britain 


1 






United States . . . 


4 







1 Includes one sub-agency. 

Clearing House Transactions. The appended table shows for the years 
1918 to 1922 the total volume of clearings in 16 of the larger cities ot Canada. 
These figures, it may be added, represent not only actual city clearings but exchanges 
between numerous rural branches of the banks in each district. 

58. Amount of Exchanges of the Clearing Houses of Chartered Banks in 16 Leading 
Cities, for the calendar years 1918-1922. 



Cities. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


p 
Calgary 


$ 

331,334,577 


$ 
355,011,325 


$ 

438,073,277 


S 

335,465,202 


$ 

263,237,000 


Edmonton 


171,015,066 


233,066,784 


294,873,361 


260,288,619 


234,211,000 


Halifax 


215,289,303 


241,300,194 


254,677,402 


181,802,598 


160,112,000 


Hamilton 


262,076,476 


306,370,966 


380,733,960 


297,932,727 


283,272,000 


London 


176,958,350 


164,126,856 


192,157,969 


161,956,959 


147,788,000 


Montreal 


4,833,924,284 


6,251,781,893 


7,109,189,038 


5,720,258,173 


5,093,943,000 


Ottawa 


357,598,751 


472 691 921 


515 006,231 


404,237,694 


370,775,000 


Quebec 


238,906,890 


290 983 483 


364,589,361 


302,491,488 


283,422,000 


St. John 


117,133,608 


151,319,093 


176 672,389 


148,973,887 


142,488,000 


Toronto 


3,379,864,506 


4,251,644,303 


5,410,214,802 


5,105,893,768 


4,974,950,000 


Vancouver 


545,368,714 


654,913,205 


846,540,136 


708,205,932 


682,964,000 


Victoria 


101,471,852 


123,351,345 


145,707,106 


122,416,244 


105,776,000 


Winnipeg 


2,362,734,211 


2,316,724,063 


3,015,703,999 


2,682,441,103 


2,563,939,000 


Regina 


184 624 629 


210 898 989 


231,070 268 


203,659,640 


184,949,000 


Saskatoon 


91 431,883 


105,886 584 


118 503 076 


100,523,291 


87,892,000 


Moose Jaw 


78,425 563 


86,447,625 


94,624,910 


74,739,761 


64,035,000 














Total ... 


13.448.158.663 


16.316.518.639 


19.588.337.285 


16,811.287.086 


1.5,643,753,600 



i From Bradstroet s. 



830 



FINANCE 



Bank Amalgamations and Insolvencies. -Two tables are appended which 
may be of interest to students of Canadian banking history. The first, showing 
bank insolvencies since 1867, gives the capital paid up, reserve, assets and liabilities 
of insolvent banks, and shows also the payments p.c. to noteholders and depositors. 
In the majority of cases, both these classes of creditors have received payment in 
full. The table of bank absorptions gives the dates of absorption of the 30 banks 
which were incorporated with other institutions between 1870 and 1923. 

59. Canadian Bank Insolvencies since 1867. 



Names 


Date 
of 

Suspension. 


Paid 
up 
Capital. 


Reserve 
Fund. 


Liabili 
ties. 


Aante. 


Paid to 
Note 
holders. 


Paid to 
Depos 
itors. 


Commercial Bank of N.B. . 
Bank of Acadia 2 


1X08 
April, 1873 


I 

600,000 
100,000 


- 


* 

671,420 
106,914 


$ 

1,222.454 
213,346 


pc. 
100 


p.c. 
100 


Metropolitan Bank 


Oct., 18?e 


800.171 


_ 


293,379 


779,225 


100 


100 


Mechanic* Hank 


Mav 1879 


194,794 


_ 


647,23* 


721,155 


:>7 , 


57 J , 


Hank of Liverpool 


( >ct 1879 


37(1 54>> 


_ 


136,481 


207,877 


100 


96/n 


Consolidated Hank of Can.. 
Stadaconii Bank 


Ams., 187E 
Julv, 1879 


2,080,920 

991. Mm 


- 


1,794,24 . 
341,500 


3.077.202 
1,355,675 


100 
100 


100 
100 


Bank of Prince Edward I d 
Exchange Bank of Canad;i 
Maritime Bank of Dom. of 
Canada. . . 


Nov.28,1881 
Sept., 1883 

Mar., 1887 


120,000 
500,000 

321,900 


45,000 
300,000 

60,000 


1,108,000 

2,868,884 

1,409,482 


953.214 
3,779.493 

1,825,993 


59J 
100 

100 


.V.I 1 
66| 

IM 


Pictou Bank. ... . ... 


Sept., 1887 


200,000 




74.364 


277.(H7 


100 


100 


Bank of London in Canada 
Central Bank of Canada 
Federal Bank 


Aug., 1887 
Nov., 1887 
Jan , J888 


241,101 
500,000 
1,250,000 


50,000 
45,000 
150,000 


1,031,280 
2, 631.37* 

3,449.49! 


1,310,675 
3, 23 !.51> 
4,869,113 


100 
100 
100 


100 
100 


Commercial Bank of Mani 
toba. 


June 30, 1893 


5.52 , 650 


50,000 


1,341.251 


1,951,151 


100 


100 


BanQue du Peuple 


July 15, 1895 


1,200,000 


600,000 


7,761,206 


9,533,537 


100 


75} 


Banque Ville Marie 
Bank of Yarmouth 


Julv 25, 1899 
Mar. 6, 1905 


479,620 
300,000 


10,000 
35,000 


1,766,841 
388,660 


2,267,516 
723,666 


100 
100 


m 

100 


Ontario Bank. . 


Oct. 13, 1906 


1,500,000 


700,000 


15,272,271 


15.920,307 


100 


100 


Sovereign Bank of Canada.. 
Banque de St. Jean . . 


Jan. 18, 1908 
April 28, 1908 


3,000,000 
316,386 


10,000 


16.174.40S 
560,781 


19,218,746 
326,118 


100 
100 


100 
30i 


Banque de St. Hyacinthe 
St. Stephen s Bank .... 


Jan. 24,1908 
Mar. 10, 1910 


331,235 
200,000 


75,000 
55,000 


1,172,630 

549, Md 


1,576,443 
818,271 


100 
100 


100 

KM) 


Farmers Bank 


Dec 19, 1910 


567,5.79 




1. .197,041 


2,616,683 


100 


i 


Bunk of Vancouver 


Dec. 14 1!H4 


445, ISK 


_ 


912,187 


1,532,786 


100 


i 


Home Hank of Canada 


An?. 17,1923 


I,90.:i91 


660,900 


24,889,049 


27.434,709 


100 


i 



1 Liquidation incomplete 

- This bank was only in existence for 3 months and 26 days. Only some of its notes were redeemed 
on its re-opening for a few days. The Dominion government received 2.~i cents on the dollar on several 
thousand dollars worth of the notes which it held. 

60. Bank Absorptions in Canada since 1867. 



Purchasing Bank. 



Bank of Montreal. . 



Canadian Hunk ol ( 



Bank of NOVH Scotia 



Royal Bank of Canada 



rial Hank of ( aiiada. 
Standard Hank of Canada 



Hank Absorbed 


Date 


2 


Exchange Bank Yarmouth N S 


Aug. 13, 


l!o:; 


People s Hank of Halifax, \.S 


June 27, 


1905. 


( )ntario Bank . . 


Oct. 13, 


1906. 


People s Bank of \ew Brunswick 


April 15, 


1907. 


Hank of British North \merica 


Oct. 12, 


I .Hs 


Merchants Hank 


Mar. 20, 


1922. 


Gore Bank ... 


Mav 19, 


1870 


Hank of British Columbia . 


Dec. 31, 


1900. 


Halifax Banking Co . . ... 


Mav 30, 


1903. 


Merchants Hank of P.E.I 


May 31, 


1906. 


Kastern Townships Bank 


Feb. 29, 


1912. 


Hank of Hamilton 


Dec. 31, 




I nion Bank of P E I 


Oct. 1, 


1883. 


Hank of \e\v Hruns\\ ick 


Feb. 15, 


1913. 


The Metropolitan Bank 


Nov. 14, 


1914. 


The Hank of Ottawa 


April 30, 


1019. 


I nion Bank of Halifax . . . 


Nov. 1, 


1910. 


Trader^ Bank of Canada 


Sept. 3, 


1912. 


Quel ec Hank 


Jan. 2, 


1917. 




July 2, 






Juno 21, 


! s7/i 


Western Hank of Canada 


Feb. 13, 


iwe 



GOVERNMENT AND OTHER HAVINGS BANKS 



831 



60. Bank Absorptions in Canada since 1867 1 concluded. 



Purchasing Bank. 


Bank Absorbed. 


Date. 2 


Union Bank of Canada 


United Kmpirc Hank 


Mar. 31, 1911. 








Hunk of \t \v Brunswick 


Summerside Bank 


Sept. 12, 1901. 


Merchants Hank of Canada 


Merchants Bank 


Feb 22, 1868. 






June 1 1868 


Union Hank of Halifax 


Commercial Bank of Windsor 


Oct 31, 1902. 


Northern Crown Hank 


The Northern Bank, 


July 2, 1908. 




Crown Bank of Canada . . 


July 2, 1908. 


Home Bank of Canada 


La Banque Internationale du Carada 


April 15 1913 









1 The purchasing banks named in the latter part of the table are no longer in business. 

2 Dates given since 1900 are of the Orders in Council authorizing the absorption. 

Government and Other Savings Banks. 1 There are two classes of Domin 
ion Government Savings Banks in Canada, the Post Office Savings Banks, under 
the Post Office Department, and the Dominion Government Savings Banks, attached 
to the Department of Finance. The former were established under the Post Office Act 
of 1867, C31 Viet., c. 10), in order "to enlarge the facilities now available for the 
deposit of small savings, to make the Post Office available for that purpose, and 
to give the direct security of the Dominion to every depositor for repayment of all 
money deposited by him, together with the interest due thereon." On Mar. 31, 
1922, the number of offices authorized to transact business was 1,303, and the 
number of savings accounts was 82,196. Statistics of deposits are given in Table 62. 
The Government Savings Banks proper, under the management of the Finance 
Department, are established in the leading cities of Canada under the management 
of the Assistant Receiver General, and in other places in the provinces of Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick, under managers appointed by the Governor in Council. 
Statistics of their deposits are given in Table 63, and for the two systems combined 
in Table 64. 

Other Savings Banks. The Montreal City and District Savings Bank, founded 
in 1846, and now operating under a charter granted in 1871, had a paid-up capital 
on November 30, 1922, of $1,498,570, deposits of $45,788,640, and total liabilities 
of $16,158,516. Total assets amounted to $49,425,326, including over $31,COO,000 
of Dominion, provincial and municipal securities. TheCaisse d Economie de Notre 
Dame de Quebec, founded in 1848 under the auspices of the St. Vincent de Paul 
Society, incorporated by Act of the Canadian Legislature in 1855 and given 
a Dominion charter by 34 Victoria, c. 7, had on November 30, 1922, deposits 
of $11,123,189, a paid-up capital of $1,000,000 and an excess of assets over liabilities 
of $2,008,543. 

The co-operative people s banks of Quebec (113 in number) are also an import 
ant element in promoting thrift and assisting business in that province. Loans 
granted in 1921 numbered 14,983, amounting to $4,248,725, a slight decrease from 
figures for 1920. Profits realized amounted to $352,940. 

The system of Government of Ontario Savings Offices, established as sub-Treasury Offices of the 
Province, conducts a purely savings bank business, paying 4 p.c. on deposits, all of which are repayable on 
demand. The syscem has bet-n in operation for about two years, during which time total deposits have 
grown to $16,000,000 (Jan. 15, 1924), number of depositors to between 60,000 and 70,000, and the number of 
offices to 15, mostly in the western sections of the province. The province effects a saving by utilizing 
deposits for governmental purposes, rather than procuring funds by means of bond issues. 

A similar system is in operation in Manitoba, where 4 or .5 sub-Treasury Offices of (he province had 
deposits of about $9,000,000 on Nov. 30, 1923. 



832 



FINANCE 



Historical statistics of Post Office savings banks, of Dominion Government 
savings banks, of the Montreal City and District savings bank and of the Caisse 
d Economie de Notre Dame de Quebec are given in Table 61. 

61. Deposits with Government and other Savings Banks, as at June 30, 1868- 1HC, 

and March 31, 1907-1923. 



Years. 


Post Office 
Savings 
Banks. 


Dominion 
Government 
Savings 
Banks. 


Other 
Savings Banks 
(Montreal 
City and 
District 
and Caisse 
d Economie 
de 
Notre Dame 
de Quebec). 


Total. 


Amount 
per head of 
Population . 


1868. . 


$ 

204,589 


< 
1,483,219 


- 
3,369,799 


S 

5,057.607 


$ CtR. 

1 50 


1869 


856,814 


1,594,525 


3,960,818 


6.412 157 


1 8S 


1870 


1,588,849 


1,822,570 


5,369,103 


8,780,522 


2 54 


1871 


2,497,260 


2,072,037 


5,766, 712 


10,336,009 


2 96 


1872 


3,0%, 500 


2,154,233 


5,557,126 


10,807,859 


2 99 


1873 


3,207,052 


2,958,170 


6,768,662 


12,933,884 


3 53 


1874 


3,204,965 


4,005,296 


6.811,009 


14,021,270 


3 67 


1875 


2,926,090 


4,245,091 


6,611,416 


13,782,597 


3 55 


1876 


2,740,952 


4,303,106 


6,519,229 


13,563,347 


3 43 


1877 


2,639,937 


4,830,694 


6.054,456 


13,525,087 


3 37 


1878 


2,754,484 


5,742,529 


5,631,172 


14,128,185 


3 46 


1879 


3,105,191 


6,102,492 


5,494,164 


14,701,847 


3 55 


1880 


3,945,669 


7,107,287 


6,681,025 


17.733,981 


4 21 


1881 


6,208,227 


9,628,445 


7,685,888 


23,522,560 


5 44 


1882 


9,473,661 


12,295,001 


8,658,435 


30,427,096 


6 94 


1883 


11,976,237 


14,242,870 


8,791,045 


35,010,152 


7 90 


1884 


13,245,593 


15,971,983 


8,851,142 


38,068,679 


8 49 


1885 


15,090,540 


17,888,536 


9,191,895 


42,170,971 


9 29 


1886 


17,159,372 


20,014,442 


9,177,132 


46,350,946 


10 10 


1887 


19,497,750 


21,334,525 


10.092,143 


50,924,418 


10 98 


1888 


20,689,033 


20,682,025 


10,475,292 


51,846,350 


11 06 


1889 . 


23,011,423 


19,994,934 


10.761,061 


53,717,419 


11 33 


1890 


21,990,653 


19,021,812 


1 0.!>08,987 


51,921,452 


10 83 


1891 


21,738,648 


17,661,378 


10,982,232 


50,382,258 


10 40 


1892 


22,298,402 


17,231,146 


U, 236, 100 


51,765,648 


10 59 


1893 


1 4. 153, 194 


17,696,464 


12,823,836 


54,673,494 


11 08 


1894 


25,257,868 


17,778,144 


12,919,578 


55,955,51)9 


11 23 


1895... 


26,805,542 


17,641. .i.-)ii 


13,128,483 


57,578,981 


11 44 


1896 


28,932,930 


17,866,389 


14.459,833 


61,259,152 


12 04 


1897 


32,380,829 


16,554,147 


15,025.564 


63,960,540 


12 44 


1898 . . ... 


34,480,938 


15,630,181 


15,482,100 


65,593,219 


12 62 


1899. . 


34,771,605 


15,470,110 


16,893,567 


66,135,282 


12 57 


1900 


37,507,456 


15,642,267 


17, 42o.472 


70,575. Id.-) 


13 26 


1901 


39,950,813 


16,098,146 


19,125,007 


75,174,056 


13 95 


1902 


42,320,209 


lti.117,779 


20,361 


18,876 


14 11 


1903 


44,255,326 


16,615,802 


21,241,993 


82,013,121 


14 83 


1904 


45,419,706 


16,738,744 


23,063,143 


85,221,503 


15 21 


1905 


45,368,321 


16,649,136 


150.966 


87,068,423 


14 53 


1906 


45,736,488 


16,174,134 


27,399,194 


89,309,816 


14 47 


1907 


47,453,228 


15,088,584 


28,359,6 IS 


CO. 901, 430 


14 42 


1908 


47,564,284 


15,016,871 


28,927,248 


!i 1.508, 403 


14 10 


1909 


4.V 190, 484 


14,71 


29,867,973 


89,80ii.V>: ; , 


13 41 


1910 
1911 


43,68 

43,330,579 


14,61 

14,673,752 


32.239,620 
:<1.770,m 


. (1.503,849 
92,774,717 


13 08 

12 X7 


1912 


43,503,764 


14,665,564 




97,746,083 


13 27 


1913 


42. 728, 942 


14,411,541 


t ).m,351 


( 7.273,834 


12 92 


1914 


41,591,286 


13. . 76, 162 


: .., 110, 439 


94,61 


12 31 


1915 


39 995 406 


14,006,158 


37,817,474 


91,819,038 


11 68 


1916... 


40,008,418 


13,519,855 


40,405,037 


133,310 


11 69 


1917 


42,682,478 


13,633,610 


11.139, 978 


100,356,067 


12 27 


1918 


41,283,479 


12,177,283 


42,000,543 


0.161,305 


11 46 


1919 


41,654,960 


11,402,098 


46,799,877 


99,856,935 


11 78 


1920 


3 1,60"), 5(1 1 


10,729,218 


53,118,058 


n:.. 452, 865 


11 06 


1921 


29.010,619 


10,150,189 


68,676.778 




11 12 


1922 


24,837,181 


9,829,653 


58,292,920 


92,051 


10 37 


1923 


22,357,268 


9,433,839 


69,321 


91,119,068 


9 06 















Nora. The statistics of this table do not include provincial government savings offices. 



WAN AND TRUST COMPANIES 



833 



62. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, March 31, 1918-1923. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Savings banks No 


1,318 


1,328 


1,323 


1,328 


1,303 


1,307 


Deposits $ 


11,791,967 


12,593,190 


10,003,068 


6,631,685 


3,499,339 


2,606,611 


Transferred from Gov 
ernment S.B. to Post 
Office S.B . . $ 


91,649 


174, 143 


184,303 


589,247 


56,468 




Interest on deposits .... $ 


1,244,578 


1,208,559 


1,056,545 


883,842 


767,302 


677,918 


Total cash and interest . $ 
Withdrawals S 


13,128,194 
14,427,194 


13,975,892 
13,604,411 


11,243,916 
21,293,282 


8,104,774 
10,699,749 


4,323,109 
8,496,547 


3,284,529 
5,764,442 


At credit of open accts . . $ 
Open accounts No . 


41,283,479 
125,735 


41,654,960 
116,541 


31,605,594 
97, 154 


29,010,619 
88,563 


24,837,181 
82,196 


22,357,268 
76,111 

















63. Business of the Dominion Government Savings Banks, March 31, 1918-1923. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Deposits 


S 
2,048,469 


$ 

2,344,918 


$ 

2,378,600 


$ 
2,103,873 


$ 

1,400,906 


$ 

1,223,171 


Interest on deposits 


382 151 


340 378 


319,800 


294 349 


289 210 


278 640 


Total cash and interest 


2,430,620 


2,685,296 


2,698,400 


2,398,222 


1,690,116 


1,501,811 


Withdrawals 


3,886 947 


3,460 481 


3,371,280 


2,977,251 


2,010,652 


1 897 625 


At credit of depositors ... . 


12,177,283 


11,402,098 


10,729,218 


10,150,189 


9,829,653 


9,433 839 

















64. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savings Banks, 

March 31, 1918-1923. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Deposits ; . 


$ 

13,932,085 


$ 
15,112,251 


S 

12,565,971 


$ 
9,324,805 


$ 
4,956,713 


$ 
3,829,782 


Interest on deposits 


1 626 729 


1 548 937 


1,376 345 


1 178 191 


1 056 512 


956 558 


Total cash and interest 
Withdrawals 


15,558,814 
18,314,141 


16,661,188 
17,064 892 


13,942,316 
24,664,562 


10,502,996 
13 677 000 


6,013,225 
10,507 199 


4,786,340 
7 662 067 


At credit of depositors 


53,460,762 


53,057,058 


42,334,812 


39,160 808 


34,666,834 


31 791 107 

















3. Loan and Trust Companies. 

Loan and Trust Companies. Up to and including the year 1913, tables 
were given in the Year Book of the assets and liabilities, with comparative figures 
for a series of years, of loan companies and building societies. These tables were 
taken from the "Annual Report of the Affairs of Building Societies, Loan and 
Trust Companies in the Dominion of Canada," as issued by the Department of 
Finance. The statistics in this report were compiled by the Department of Finance, 
partly from the statements required to be furnished under legislation of the Domin 
ion Parliament and partly from returns voluntarily made by corporations operating 
under provincial charters. The laws relating to loan and trust companies incor 
porated by Acts of the Parliament of Canada were revised by the Loan and Trust 
Companies Acts of 1914 (4-5 Geo. V, cc. 40 and 55), and since the passing of these 
Acts the Annual Report issued by the Department of Finance up to and including 
the year 1913 has been replaced by "Annual Statements of the Loan and Trust 
Companies incorporated by Acts of the Parliament of Canada." Tables 65 and 66 
show, therefore, the liabilities and assets of the loan and trust companies as compiled 
6237353 



834 



from the statements furnished to the Department of Insurance. They relate to 
16 loan and 14 trust companies, and do not include companies or societies operating 
under provincial charters. Under Chapters 14 and 21 of the Statutes of 1920 
(10-11 Geo. V, chaps. 14 and 21) a systematic annual inspection of the affairs of 
these companies is made by the Department of Insurance. 

65. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914-1922. 

LIABILITIES. 



v, 


Capital 
paid up 
in rash. 


Reserve 
Fund . 


Debentures 


Deposits 
payable on 
demand or 

after 
notice. 


Other 
liabilities. 


Total 
liabilities. 


payable 
in 
Canada. 


payable 
else 
where. 


Stock 
issued. 


1914 


$ 

19,238,512 
19,401,856 
19,673.934 
19.813.217 
19,945,858 
20,191,612 


i 

9 , 878 , 266 
10,310.176 
10,705,215 
10,938,193 
11. (123,234 
13,442,364 
14,278,619 
14,586,439 


6,688,124 
6,764,830 

6.889.946 
7,075,081 
7.442,982 
7,765,614 
16,98- 
17,682,083 
20,360,480 


f 

22,745,770 
22.279,861 
20,101,111 
18,270,163 
17,767,685 
17,894,50!) 
18,451,054 
20,265,766 
22,390,990 


r 

1,296,480 
1,390,869 
1.447,205 

1,500,491 
1,543,566 
l..V)5,780 


? 

8,104,072 
8,193,194 
8,987,720 
8,934,825 
7,802,539 
9,347.006 
15,257,840 
15,868,926 
16,910,558 


$ 

3,140.770 
3,083,784 
3,453,207 
3,371,201 
4,554,401 
5,802,176 
2,217,449 
1,434,762 
913,585 


$ 

70,588,091 
71,992,666 
70,872,297 
69,679,193 
69,995,224 
74,520,021 
90,413,261 
95,281,122 
100,403,652 


1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


25, 750. (Ki6 


1922 


25,241,600 



ASSETS. 



Years. 


Lent 
on mort- 
gaacs and 
hypo- 
theques. 


Loans upon 
and 
invested in 
bonds, stocks, 
and other 
securities. 


Cash 
on 
hand 
and in 

banks. 


Interest 
due. 


Other 

Assets. 


Total 

Assets. 


1914 


$ 

53,710,084 


S 

10,666,594 


$ 

3,220,803 


$ 

591,443 


$ 

2,399,167 


$ 

70,588,091 


1915 


52,807,357 


10,880,850 


3,993,004 


679,966 


2,631,489 


71,992,666 


1916 


51,981,926 


Il,799,f24 


3,241,053 


681,246 


3,168,848 


70,872,297 


1917 


49,722,872 


12,124,736 


3,478,220 


751.470 


3,608,920 


69,676,223 


1918 


48,293,988 


14,188,297 


3,023,839 


524,664 


3,964,253 


69,995,031 


1919 


47,309.2<is 


19,420,695 


2,838,636 


261,810 


4,689,582 


74,520,021 


1920 


63, 72"). US! 


18,344,060 


3,363,877 


1,658 


4,978,582 


90,41:;. IN, I 


1921 


r,7,:i20,461 


(2,515 


4,568,953 


2,722,260 


5,244,620 





1922 


71,741,961 


16,956,124 


4,800,649 


2,989,460 


6,004,951 


102,493,145 

















6. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1922. 

LIABILITIES. 



Years. 


Liabilities to Shareholders. 


Other 

liabilities. 


Total 
liabilities 
in company 
funds to 
share 
holders. 


Liabilities to the Public. 


Total 

liabilitie- 
to the 
public. 


Capital 
paid up 
in cash. 


rve 
Fund. 


Other 

liabilities 
to share 
holders. 


Guaranteed 
funds. 


Batata 

trusts and 
agencies 
under 
adminis 
tration. 


1914.. 


$ 

6,051,146 
5,307,128 
5,673,670 
5,297,130 
6,266,203 
7,356,474 
7,465,376 
7,532,777 
7,678,401 


$ 

2,541,413 
l.lS .t. 17 
1,245, -589 

1.27, 
I,477.til7 
1,643,461 
1,90- 

1,74: 

-1,920,836 


$ 

2112,127 
233,738 

352,153 
H5.938 

179,609 


* 

1,948,414 
606,005 

i,470 
731,22(1 
676,379 
616,378 

.501 

331,264 


$ 

10,743,400 

7,306,350 
7,821 
7,65( 
8,831 

10.0H7. HI 
10,327. :;>; > 
9,945,923 
10,110,100 


- 

8,560,468 
9, 727,009 

10, 105,318 
11,149,958 
12.743,379 
12,704,672 
9,475,041 
8,660,326 
8,600,588 


$ 

29,832,343 
31,002,934 
38,766,902 

38, 14 1.3 vi 
56, 1 
52,084,047 
57,225,303 
79,252,639 
92,449,298 


$ 

38,392,811 
40,730,033 
47,162,220 

49,291,347 
68,938,236 
64,788,719 
6ti.700.344 
87,811. .(ii. r , 
101. 040, sst 


1915 


1916 


1917.. 


1918 


1919 


1920 
1921 


1922 





INSURANCE 



835 



Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1922 concluded. 
ASSETS COMPANY FUNDS. 



















Market 










Loans 






Govern 






value 


All 














ment, 




Cash 


of real 

(ic+ci-f p 


-*\11 

other 


Total 


Years. 


on 
real 
estate, 
first 
liens. 


on 
real 
estate, 
second 
liens. 


on 
stocks 
and 
securi 
ties. 


Real 

estate. 


rnum- 
cipal 
and 
school 

securities, 
owned. 


Stocks. 


on 
hand 
and in 
banks. 


CO Lit l_t. j 

govern 
ment 
securities, 
etc., over 
book 
value. 


assets . 
belonging 
to the 
com 
panies. 


assets 
of the 
com 
panies. 




S 


$ 


S 


$ 


- 


f 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


1914. 


5,189,797 


113,095 


557,625 


_ 


787,400 


_ 


179,928 


879.039 


3,033,756 


10,740,640 


1915. . 


3,972,520 


102.395 


647,524 


_ 


876,760 


- 


172,448 


5.181 


1,529,522 


7,306,350 


1916. . 


3,906,986 


544,747 


374,392 


_ 


1,116,110 





266,964 


32.231 


1,585,513 


7,826,943 


1917. . 


3,993,484 


297,387 


253,781 


_ 


1,145,815 





173.130 


3,331 


1,789,364 


7,656,292 


1918. . 


3,933,962 


101,784 


294,472 


_ 


1,839,000 


- 


724,689 


5,865 


1,936,365 


8,836,137 


1919. . 


4,432,455 


557,171 


496,769 


_ 


2,170,618 


- 


706,763 


8,392 


1,635,773 


10,007,941 


1920. 


4.736,064 


_ 


512,800 


701,564 


2,500,942 


349,294 


576,125 


_ 


817,463 


10,224,252 


1921. . 


4.408,914 


_ 


344,302 


908,618 


2,400,914 


253,779 


603,618 


-253,598 


1.317.785 


10,237,930 


1922. . 


5,659,486 


- 


391,475 


567,970 


1,584,234 


264,186 


473,687 


-1(58,159 


1.412,205 


10,353,243 



ASSETS TRUST FUNDS. 



Years. 


Guaranteed Funds. 


Estates, 
Trusts 
and 
Agencv 
Funds. 1 


First 
mortgages, 
and hypo- 
theques 
upon 
improved 
freehold 
property. 


Bonds 
and 
Debentures. 


Stocks. 


Cash 
on hand 
and in 
banks. 


Other 

assets. 


Total 
Guaranteed 
Funds. 


1914... 


$ 

13,238,642 
12,267,515 
9,273,771 
9,251,407 
9 314 279 


$ 

2,420,545 
4,214,787 
4,841,833 
6,707,457 
9,833,060 
11,393,564 
2,437,106 
2,508,197 
1,885,982 


ft 

329,801 


$ 

870,994 
778,473 
2,661,481 
1,351,416 
2,027,618 
2.694.454 
843.832 
550,010 
546.929 


t 

13,184,047 
11,706,041 
13,400,107 
14,247,227 
15,428,747 
19.256,564 
941,588 
1,556,622 
954,124 


- 

29,734,228 
28,966,816 
30,177,192 
31,557,507 
36,603,704 
44.294,831 
8,809,510 
8,783,868 
8,628,907 


S 

64,895,196 
79,252,639 
92,449,298 


1915 


1916 


1917. 


1918 


1919 


10,950,249 
4.247,183 
4,169,039 
5,241,872 


1920 


1921 . . 


1922 ... 





1 For the years 1914 to 1919 the figures for this column are not distinguished in the official returns from 
the figures for guaranteed funds shown in the preceding columns. 



III. -INSURANCE. 

Insurance companies transacting business ihroughout the Dominion of Canada 
are licensed by the Dominion Government under Acts administered by the Depart 
ment of Insurance, under the Minister of Finance, while other insurance companies, 
doing business only in one province, or, by arrangement, in more provinces than 
one, are licensed by Provincial Governments. The statistics here published are in 
the main those of companies doing business under license from the Dominion 
Government and are divided into three classes relating to (1) insurance against fire, 
(2) life insurance, and (3) insurance of a miscellaneous character, covering risks of 
accident, guarantee, employers liability, sickness, burglary, hail, steam boilers, 
tornado, weather, inland transportation, automobiles, sprinkler leakage, live stock 
and title. These statistics refer in all cases to the calendar year anil are compiled 
from the report of the Insurance Department. 
62373 53 



836 



Since 1915 the Department of Insurance has endeavoured to collect from the 
available sources statistics of the business transacted by companies holding 
licenses from the Provincial Governments of Canada, or permitted by the laws of 
the provinces to transact business without a license. The business of the provincial 
licensees is divisible into three classes (1) business transacted by provincially 
incorporated companies within the province by which they are incorporated, (2) 
business transacted by provincially incorporated companies in provinces other 
than those by which they are incorporated, and (3) business transacted by British 
and foreign companies licensed by the Provincial Governments. Further, under 
section 129 of the Insurance Act of 1917 (7-8 Geo. V, c. 29), fire insurance on pro 
perty in Canada may be effected, under specified conditions, with companies or 
associations outside of Canada which are not licensed to transact insurance business 
in Canada. 

1. Fire Insurance. 

Fire insurance in Canada began with the establishment by British fire insurance 
companies of agencies, usually situated in the sea ports and operated by local 
merchants. The oldest existing agency of a British company is that of the Phoenix- 
Fire Office of London, now the Phoenix Assurance Co., Ltd., which first commenced 
business in Montreal in 1804. On account of the growth of the insurance business 
of these early British companies, branch offices were established and local managers 
were appointed, charged with directing the companies affairs in Canada. 

The Halifax Fire Insurance Co. is the first purely Canadian company of which 
any record is obtainable. Founded in 1809 as the Nova Scotia Fire Association, 
it was chartered hi 1819 and operated in the province of Nova Scotia until 1919, 
when it was granted a Dominion license. Among the other pioneer fire insurance 
companies still in operation, mention may be made of the following: the Quebec 
Fire Assurance Co., which commenced business in 1818 and which was largely 
confined in ownership and operations, to Quebec province; the British America 
Assurance Co., incorporated in 1833, the oldest company in Ontario; the Western 
Assurance Co., organized in 1851 and after a rapid and steady growth one of the 
largest companies of its kind on the continent; the two American companies, the 
/Etna Insurance Co., of Hartford, Conn., and the Hartford Fire Insurance Co., 
which commenced business in Canada in 1821 and 1836 respectively. 

A company desirous of carrying on business throughout Canada must obtain a 
license from the Dominion Government. If it proposes restricting its operations 
to one particular province, a license may be had from that province, and it may 
transact its business within such limits without regard to any general laws of the 
Dominion relating to insurance. In 1875 an Insurance Department was created as 
a branch of the Finance Department at Ottawa, under the supervision of an officer 
known as the "Superintendent of Insurance", whose duties are to see that the law- 
enacted from tune to time by the Canadian Parliament are duly observed by the 
companies. Some important requirements under these laws are: (1) a deposit of 
sr,(),000 of approved securities with the Government; (2) the appointment of a 
chief agent with power of attorney from the company; (3) the filing of a statement 
showing the financial position of the company at the time of its application for a 
license, and subsequent annual statements of its business. In addition, books of 
record must be kept at its chief office and be open to the inspection of government 
officers whose practice is to examine them annually. 



STATISTICS OF FIRE INSURANCE 837 

The report of the Superintendent of Insurance for the year ended December 31, 
1922, shows that at that date there were 172 fire insurance companies doing business 
in Canada under Dominion licenses, of which 46 were Canadian, 50 were British 
and 76 were foreign companies, whereas in 1875, the first year for which authentic 
records were collected by the Insurance Department, 27 companies operated in 
Canada, 11 Canadian, 13 British and 3 American. The proportionate increase in 
the number of British and foreign companies from 59 to 73 p.c. of the total number 
is a very marked point of difference between the fire and life insurance businesses 
in Canada, the latter being carried on very largely by Canadian companies. 

The growth of business, as shown by the amount of insurance in force and 
premiums received yearly, has been a fairly steady one, the year 1922 showing a 
return to the conditions existing before 1921. A decline in the rate of losses paid to 
premiums received may be noticed in most years, the figures indicating that the 
companies suffered particularly heavy losses in 1877 and 1904, owing to the great 
fires in St. John and Toronto respectively. 

Although in its early days the Dominion did not prove a very lucrative field 
for fire insurance companies, of late the great advance in building construction 
and the wide use of improved fire appliances and safety devices reduce materially 
the danger of serious conflagrations and place the risks assumed by companies in 
Canada on an equality with those of other countries. 

A feature of the fire insurance business during late years, besides the unusual 
increase in premiums received, is the continued increase in the number of companies 
which are operating on the mutual or reciprocal plan. These companies, in which 
all profits or losses are directly received or paid by the policy holders, are making 
themselves felt as competitive factors in the fire insurance business. 

Statistics of Fire Insurance. Statistical tables of fire insurance in Canada 
are added, illustrative of the progress of total business since 1869 and of the opera 
tions of individual companies for the years 1921 and 1922. The gross amount of 
fire insurance policies, new and renewed, taken during the year 1922 was 
$6,859,106,314,^8 compared with $6,604,076,965 in the preceding year. The 
net cash received for premiums was $53,019,456, while net cash paid for losses 
was $36,429,287, or 68-69 p.c. of the premiums. The net amount in force with 
companies holding Dominion licenses on Dec. 31, 1922, was $6,375,555,569, while 
the net amount in force with provincial companies on the same date was 
$1,036,200,959. In addition, policies amounting to $461,617,986 were effected 
by companies, associations or underwriters not licensed to transact business in 
Canada. 

TablQ 67 shows figures of the growth since 1869 of companies holding Domin 
ion licenses, and Tables 68 and 69 illustrate the business done in Canada by individual 
companies during the years 1921 and 1922, while in Tables 70, 71 and 72 are given 
figures of the assets, liabilities and income and expenditure of companies of various 
nationalities during the years 1918-1922. A close study of the various items 
included in these tables will afford an excellent idea of the nature of business trans 
acted by these various groups. A further summary of business by provinces is 
given in Table 73 for the years 1921 and 1922, with premiums and losses shown by 
nationality of companies. Further, a general summary of the business transacted 
by both Dominion and provincial licensees, is given, in Table 74, with business 
by unlicensed companies added in Table 75. 



838 



FINANCE 



67. Fire Insurance in Force, Premiums received, Losses paid and Percentage f 

Losses to Premiums, 1869-1922. 



Years. 


Amount 
in force at 
end of year. 


Premiums 
received. 


Losses 
paid. 


Percent 
age of 
losses 
to pre 
miums 


Years. 


Amount 
in force at 
end of year. 


Premiums 
received. 


Losses 
paid. 


Percent 
age of 
losses 
to pre 
miums. 




$ 


$ 


$ 


p.c. 




- 





$ 


p.c. 


1869.. 


188,359,809 


1,78! 


1,027,720 


57-56 


1895.. 


837,872,864 


13,382 


4,993,750 


71-92 


1870.... 


191,54 


1,916,779 


1,624,837 


84-77 


1896... 


845,574,352 


7.075,850 


4,173,501 


58-98 


1871.... 


228, 


2,321,716 


1,549,199 


66-73 


1897... 


868,522.217 


7,157,661 


4,701,833 


65-69 


1872.... 


251,722,941 


8,710 


1,909, 97.1 


72.6C 


1898... 


VI.-,. 394, 107 


7,350,131 


4,784,487 


65-09 




i 7s. 754, 835 


68,416 


1,682,184 


55-67 


1899.. 


936,869,668 


7,910,492 


5,182,038 


65-51 


1 s74 . . 


306,844,219 


12,308 


1,926,159 


54-68 


1900.. 


992, 332, 360 


8,331,948 


7,774,293 




1875.... 


364.421,029 


3,594.71,1 


2,563.531 


71-31 


1901... 


1,038,687,619 


9,650,348 


6.774, 956 


70-20 


1876.... 


404,608,180 


3,708,006 


2,867,295 


77-33 


1902.. 


,075,263,168 


10,577,084 


4,152,289 


39-26 


1877.... 


420,342,681 


3,764.011.-) 


8,490,919 


225-58 




,140,453,716 


ll,384.7ti. 


5.S70.716 


51-57 


1878.... 


409,899,701 


3,368,430 


1,822,674 


54-] 1 


1904... 


,215,013,931 


13.1(19,882 


14,099,:>:,1 


107-06 


1879. . 


407,357.!i.s5 


87,488 


2,145,198 


(Hi -IT 


190o.. 


,318, 146. 49.1 


14,285,671 


6,000,519 


42-00 


1880.... 


411,51 


3,479,577 


1,666,578 


17-91 




,443.902.211 


1 l.-iv7,963 


6,584.291 


44-83 


1881.... 


462,210.968 


7,116 


3,169.s:. l 


82-83 


1907... 


1,614,703 


hi. 114, 475 


8,445.041 


52-41 




526,851,. 7s 


4.220,706 


:4,986 


63-0! 


1908... 


1,700,708,263 


17,027,275 


10,279.455 


60-37 




572, 


4.624,741 


2,920,228 


63-14 


1909... 


1,863,276,504 


17,019,464 


8,646,826 


50-72 


1884.. 


605,507,7V. 


1,980,128 


3 , 2 i 


65-16 


1910.. 


2,034,276,740 


is. 725, 531 


10,292 


54-96 


1886.... 


611,794,47! 


1,852,460 


2,67!l,2.s7 


55 -21 


1911... 


2,279,868,346 


20.575.2.V) 


16,948 


53-16 


1886.... 


586,773,022 


4,932,335 


3,301,388 


66-93 


1912... 


2, 684, 355. vc, 


23,194,518 


12, 119. 5s 1 


52 I .") 


1887. . . . 


634,767,337 


5,244,502 


3,403,514 




1913... 


3,151,9311 


25,745,947 


14,003,759 


54-39 


1888.... 


650,735,059 


5,437,263 


3,073,822 


56-53 


1914... 


3,456,019,009 


27,499,158 


15,347,284 


55-81 


1889.., 


684,538,378 


5,588,016 


2,876,211 


51-47 


1915.. 


:;. :,31,620, 802 


26.474,833 


14,161,949 


53-49 


1890. . . . 


720,679,621 


.1.s36,071 


3,266,567 


.-,r,. t: 


1916... 


3,720,05- 


27,7* 


15,114,063 


54-40 


1891 .... 


759,602,1111 


6, 168, 716 


3,905.697 


63-31 


1!M7 .. 


3,986,197,514 


31,241 


16,379,101 


52-42 


1892..., 


VI, 410,072 


6,512.327 


4.377.J7H 


67-22 


1918... 


4,523,514,841 


VI, 405 


hi.:;., 1 


53-84 


1893..., 


814,687,057 


6,793,595 


5,052,600 


74-37 


1919... 


1.1123,024,381 


10.031.474 


16,679,355 


41-67 


1894.. 


v. f, ,067, 202 


<>. 711, 369 


4,589,363 


68-38 


192(1 . 


5,969,87- 


50,527,937 


21,935,387 


43-41 












1921... 


6,020,513,832 


47,312,564 


27.572,560 


58-28 












1922... 


6,375,555,569 


ivl: 


32. sis, 280 


68-25 












Total 


- 


703,941,299 


407,015,881 


57-82 



68. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1921. 















Per 








Rate 






cent- 


( ompanie^. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 


Premiums 
charged 


of 
pre 
miums 


Net cash 
received 

for 


Net cash 
paid 

fr^r 


age of 

paid 




during 
year. 


thereon. 


per 

cent 


It.Jl 

premiums. 


m 
lOMM. 


to pre 
miums 








of 






re 








risks. 






ceived. 




$ 


- 


p.c. 


$ 


$ 


p.c. 


Canadian Companies 














\cadiu 1 ire . . ... 


35,301,314 


496,300 


1-41 


229,319 


(42, 1U 


62-00 


Ant 1" i ,111- ), 1 armrr- 


111,750 


1,321 


18 


1,322 


43 


3-25 


J V;i ver 1 ire . . 


9,632,113 


127,043 


32 




9.216 


25-69 


Hritish America 


117,946,281 


1,324.27s 


12 


645,963 


3S 1,526 


59-06 


Hritish Colonial 


28,940,4(16 


445,570 


54 


201,645 


142,245 


70-54 


British Northwestern 


30,335,789 


32!) 


09 


177,769 


76,211 


42-87 


Canada Accident and 1 ire 


24,820,227 


285.71s 


15 


127,494 


46,151 


36-20 


Canada National 


2S. USD. 7(12 


397,660 


37 


219,101 


94,941 


43-33 




17,813,049 


L .15,947 


44 


98,842 


58,212 


58-89 


Canadian Fire . 


52,014.027 


741,026 


42 


376, M l 


148,171 


39-31 


( anadiiin Indemnity 


12,441,648 


194,917 


57 


119,294 


58,489 


49-03 


Canadian Lumbermen s 


1,607,054 


.,235 


2-44 


727 


_ 


- 


Canadian Surety ... 










_ 


_ 


( umherland Farmers 


195,550 


3,927 


2-01 


1,894 


2,269 


119-80 


Dominion Fire 


60,206,715 


760,432 


1-26 


i::ii,S24 


289,077 


65-72 


Dominion of Canada Guarantee 














and Accident 


13,133,798 


133,275 


1-01 


17,048 


23,109 


29-99 


Fire Insurance Co. of Canada.. . 


44, 5M. 4in 


458,916 


1-03 


199 


102,936 


51-60 



FIRE INSURANCE IX CANADA, 1921 



839 



68. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1921 con. 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 

losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived. 


Canadian Companies concluded. 
General Accident of Canada 


- 
10,253,004 


f 
110,881 


p.c. 
1-08 


$ 
48,616 


$ 
21,627 


p.c. 
44-46 


Globe Indemnity. .... 


37,987,137 


389,858 


1-03 


164,128 


59 , 242 


36-10 


Grain Insurance . . 


23,819,123 


232,151 


0-97 


32,151 


117,291 


50-52 


Guardian Insurance Co. of Can 
ada . 


19,989,106 


233,373 


1-17 


60,336 


35.617 


59-03 


Halifax Fire 


2,906,522 


50,653 


1-74 


30,323 


13,324 


43-94 


Hudson Bay 


27,469,056 


358,041 


1-30 


185,419 


127,208 


68-61 


Imperial Guarantee and Accident 
Imperial Underwriters . .... 


38,930,558 


388,916 


1-00 


153 739 


62,281 


40-51 


Kings Mutual 


1,772,114 


22,909 


1-29 


22,116 


12 261 


86-44 


Liverpool Manitoba 


44,296,593 


533,017 


1-21 


270 240 


107,053 


39-61 


London and Lancashire Guar 
antee and Accident 














London Mutual 


109,823,224 


1,121,458 


1-02 


352,337 


413 580 


117-38 


Mercantile 


34,087,370 


335,867 


0-99 


282,844 


120,725 


42-68 


Mount Royal 


98,631,772 


1,241,075 


1-26 


655,066 


379 139 


57-88 


Mutual Fire 


1,014,170 


20 , 599 


2-03 


19 762 


8 920 


45-14 


Xorth American Accident 
Xorth Empire 


31,058,607 


426,143 


1-37 


175 737 


121 565 


69-17 


Vorth \Vi>t . 


23,656,087 


284,329 


1-20 


159 oil 


79 710 


49-95 


Occidental . . .... 


34,767,254 


499,492 


1 -44 


238 09:; 


149 973 


62 9 ) 


Pacific Coast 


18,837,701 


334.257 


1-77 


169 1:1^ 


66 019 


39-06 


Pacific Marine 


2,563,418 


46.741 


1-82 


27 720 


30 250 


109-13 


Pictou County Farmers 


519,375 


4 584 


0-S8 


4 547 


387 


8-51 


Quebec 


40,567,724 


425,468 


1-05 


355 872 


121,763 


34 -2 9 


Reliance 


2,162,893 


28 266 


1-31 


11 706 


1 258 


10-74 


Scottish Canadian 


10 217,170 


162 997 


1-60 


65 745 


97 S53 


42-37 


Western 


154,705,937 


1,705 382 


1-10 


737 191 


448 378 


60-8 
















Totals 


1,218,030,808 


14,951,350 


1-20 


7,374,792 


4 100,20.1 


55-60 
















British Companies 
Alliance 


39,109 827 


421 295 


1-08 


371 440 


195 366 


52-60 


Atlas 


81,033,933 


943 680 


1-16 


733 557 


367 531 


50-10 


Autocar 


2,360,030 


25 413 


1-08 


21 948 


1 356 


6-18 


British Crown 


58,783,701 


714,238 


1-22 


494 327 


363 174 


73-47 


British General 


21 384 626 


181 901 


0-85 


114 081 


48 267 


49. Q1 


British Oak 


2,191,805 


24,147 


1-12 


21 513 


9 




British Traders .... 


25 809 997 


321 978 


1-25 


252 073 


158 145 


62-74 


Caledonian 


58,953 856 


659 616 


1-12 


464 464 


248 722 


53-55 


Car and General 


54,502 563 


252 389 


0-46 


162 710 


44 923 


27-61 


Caxton 


5,467 897 


62 102 


1-14 


15 378 


30 519 


198-46 


Century 


40,558 340 


427 321 


1-05 


284 782 


141 355 


49-64 


China 


899,812 


13 572 


1-51 


7 986 


2 721 


34-07 


Commercial Union 


131 465 322 


1 272 107 


0-97 


987 676 


631 058 


fi^.RQ 


Eagle, Star and British Do 
minions . . . ... 


64 045 950 


591 638 


0-92 


408 691 


9 50 86 


61-39 


Employers Liability 


89,036 613 


9 4 330 


1-04 


729 124 


369 382 


50-66 


Essex and Suffolk 


19,932 474 


214 271 


1-07 


80 986 


28 484 


35-17 


General Accident Fire 


47,487,712 


492 240 


04 


393 794 


9gj 397 


66-38 


Guardian Assurance 


160,790 095 


1,891 261 


18 


1 585 749 


877 686 


55-35 


Law, Union and Rock 


38 114 061 


405 107 


06 


394 o9 


144 615 


44-fifi 


Liverpool and London and Globe 
London Guarantee 


154,720,682 
71 224 219 


1,767,569 
899 825 


14 
26 


1,483,062 
t;9() 063 


746,720 
610 332 


50-31 
QS-i } 


London and Lancashire 


127 906 094 


1 282 753 


00 


1 063 548 


459 239 


43-18 


London Assurance 


60,240 674 


656 960 


09 


559 682 


293 324 


59.41 


Marine 














Merchants Marine 


18,760,361 


183 999 


0-98 


149 511 


99 069 


19-44 


Motor Union 


13,091,232 


122,190 


0-93 


100 666 


18 945 


18-8 


National Benefit 


12,651,100 


152,282 


1-20 


113 316 


86 562 


76- 30 


National Prov. Insurance 


12,779,232 


89 384 


0-70 


66 360 


19 190 


28 9 


North British and Mercantile. . . 
Northern Assurance 


126,057,090 
108,322,596 


1,393,466 
1,281,303 


1-11 
1-18 


1,118,723 
1 066 707 


625,497 
636 137 


55-91 
59-64 


Norwich Union Fire 


106,143,811 


1,341,359 


1-26 


1 097 237 


543 159 


49-50 


Ocean, Accident and Guarantee. 
Palatine 


33,477,055 
44 925 331 


384,261 
514 098 


1-15 
1-14 


288,226 
407 726 


216,616 
205 363 


75-16 
>;n.^7 


Patriotic 


2,792,512 


14 071 


0-50 


13 259 


94 


0.71 


Phoenix of London. . 


137.947.436 


1.715.758 


1-24 


1.225.353- 


652.003 


5S.90 



840 



FINANCE 



68. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1921 con. 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 
losses. 


Per 

cent- 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived. 


British Companies concluded. 


$ 

20.359,452 


$ 
214,134 


p.c. 
1-05 


$ 

183,829 


$ 
90,060 


p.c. 

49-29 




30,477,613 


326,333 


1-07 


275,862 


152,430 


55-20 


Railway Passengers 














.Royal 7 ]\chane;e 


83,356,091 


846,306 


1-02 


634,612 


268,728 


42-35 


Royal Insurance 
Royal Scottish 


219,915,642 
23,349,904 


2,381,598 
259,589 


1-08 
1-11 


1,895,573 
201,236 


1,175,870 
106,805 


62-03 
53-07 


Scottish Metropolitan 


16,332,628 


187,757 


1-15 


152,000 


50,565 


33-27 


Scottish Union 


48,609,955 


488,845 


1-01 


414,758 


186,930 


45-07 


Sun Insurance 


91,727,380 


1,066,104 


1-16 


871,446 


428,233 


49-14 


Traders and General 


21,659,844 


262,845 


1-21 


183,111 


126,735 


69-21 


Union Assurance 


v(, 916, 482 


918,179 


1-09 


690,984 


408,128 


59 -06 




61,853,192 


695,159 


1-12 


537,632 


421,179 


78-34 


















6,350 


43 


0-68 


43 


_ 


_ 


Yangtsze 


9,874,736 


59,115 


0-60 


45,738 


26,223 


57-33 


Yorkshire 


49,774,085 


634,478 


1-27 


497,745 


421,583 


84-70 
















Totals 


2,734,181,393 


29,978,369 


1-09 


23,412,314 


13,171,415 


56-26 
















Foreign Companies 
j52tna 


66,301,227 


648,338 


0-98 


493,925 


261,584 


52-96 




7,308,886 


90,745 


1-24 


63,552 


25,279 


39-78 




31,342,965 


261,939 


0-84 


161,588 


110,363 


68-30 




1,702,747 


25,817 


1-52 


5,504 


1,110 


20-02 




37,339,519 


313,954 


0-84 


227,566 


127,963 


56-23 


American Equitable 


12,396,149 


143,670 


1-16 


111,018 


80,609 


72-61 


American Insurance 


8,459,674 


98,547 


1-16 


64,558 


32,460 


50-28 


American Lloyds 


4,200,138 


17,175 


0-41 


12,934 


3,885 


30-04 


Boston 


13,393,941 


163,081 


1-22 


99,378 


62,635 


63-03 


Caledonian-American 


11,165,859 


127,363 


14 


64,990 


16,830 


25-90 


California - 


13,100,157 


134,738 


03 


107,739 


46.707 


43-35 


Citizens of Missouri 


3,047 045 


47,204 


55 


36,385 


17,169 


47-19 


Columbia . 


18,461,130 < 


223,371 


21 


127,469 


92,646 


72-68 




1,092,946 


17,060 


56 


7,354 


2,492 


33-89 




26,569,801 


296,393 


12 


188,809 


85,818 


45-45 


Continental ....*. 


69.317,638 


ii7 J,816 


98 


496,665 


353,676 


71-21 


Equitable Fire and Marine 


23,381,864 


244,508 


05 


49,387 


30.245 


61-24 


Fidelity-Phenix 


61,363,817 


612,487 


00 


466,780 


300,272 


64-33 


Fire Association of Philadelphia 


7,473,619 
25,958,046 


91,849 
271,311 


23 
05 


67,524 
219,511 


42,000 
142,972 


62-20 
65-13 




9,320,868 


120,897 


1-27 


97,131 


68,448 


70-47 




21,866,662 


209,524 


0-96 


140,727 


96,669 


68-69 




3,453,566 


33,482 


0-97 


22,071 


21,638 


98-04 


Glens Falls 


29,636,440 


333.238 


1-12 


203,688 


170.640 


83-78 




119,800,534 


1,166,353 


0-97 


830,060 


623,037 


75-06 




80,203,276 


750,462 


0-85 


506,388 


340,414 


67-22 




1,926,416 


52,235 


2-71 


42,780 


12,926 


30-22 


Hartford Fire 


211,939,594 


2,144,505 


1-01 


1,539.646 


738,826 


47-99 


Home Insurance 


175,760,150 


2,199,442 


1-25 


1,711,785 


1,253,274 


73-21 


Individual Underwriters 


16,085,290 


65,994 


0-41 


65,994 


11,571 


17-53 


Insurance Co. of North America 
Insurance Co. of State of Penn 
sylvania 


135,151,876 
20,468,089 


1,233,867 
192,863 


0-91 
0-94 


806,671 
147,252 


490,628 
117,209 


60-82 
79-60 


Lumbermen s Underwriting 
Alliance 


19,846,690 


349,300 


1-76 


271,300 


233,844 


86-19 


Manufacturing Lumbermen s. . . . 
Manufacturing Woodworkers 
Mechanics and Traders 


14,595,662 
6,713.567 
1,244,927 


271,268 
125,378 
34,375 


1-86 
1-87 
2-76 


210,603 
76,894 

L l>,545 


206,097 
114,578 
19,602 


97-86 
149-01 
86-94 




11,691,587 


127,131 


09 


102,087 


29,598 


28-98 


Millers National 


3,978,060 


53,416 


34 


37,567 


24,516 


65-26 




1,926,416 


52,235 


71 


42,780 


12,926 


30-22 


National-Ben Franklin 


15,747,331 


192,624 


22 


157,432 


69,282 


44-01 


National Fire of Hartford 


69,225,739 


891,128 


29 


682,243 


658.214 


96-48 


Nat ional Liberty 


2,864,545 


33.818 


23 


29,777 


17,871 


60-02 




28,516,239 


352,552 


1-24 


263,657 


199.995 


75-85 




56,486,781 


675,443 


1-20 


687,793 


340.472 


57-92 




16,751,519 


207,033 


1-24 


110,590 


66,174 


59-84 


New Hampshire. . . 


10,417,935 


117,230 


1-13 


71,482 


60,899 


85-11 



FIRE INSURANCE IN CANADA, 1922 



841 



68. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1921 concluded. 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
" of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 
losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived. 


Foreign Companies concluded. 
New Jersey 


$ 

7,990,731 


$ 

90,876 


p.c. 
1-14 


$ 
64,497 


t 

23,458 


p.c. 
36-37 


New York Reciprocal Under 
writers 


24,673,462 


90,445 


0-37 


69,063 


5,855 


8-48 


Niagara 


54,096,830 


557,052 


1-03 


313,060 


187,381 


59-85 


Northwestern Mutual 


20,826,610 


458,045 


2-20 


412,937 


137,172 


33-22 




25,722,395 


318,301 


1-24 


281,326 


99,279 


35-29 


Pacific 


3,747,058 


33,777 


0-90 


30,667 


6,644 


21-67 


Phenix of Paris 


26,629,466 


271,559 


1-02 


176,455 


112,116 


63-54 


Phoenix of Hartford 


65,877,527 


740,560 


1-12 


424,633 


245,343 


57-78 


Providence Washington 


33,519,358 


313,466 


0-94 


229,186 


110,704 


48-30 


Queen of America 


81,786,801 


942,015 


1-15 


751,791 


427,633 


56-88 


Retail Hardware 


1,926,416 


52,235 


2-71 


42,780 


12,926 


30-22 


St. Paul Fire and Marine 


52,803,341 


538,930 


1-02 


380,808 


147,297 


38-68 


Security 


747,653 


4,464 


0-60 


3,616 


19 


54 


Springfield Fire and Marine 


77,185,594 


662,744 


0-86 


381,389 


289,090 


75-80 


Sterling 


6,647,099 


56,954 


0-86 


48,894 


14, 129 


28-90 


Stuy vesant 


11,179,698 


136,552 


1-22 


104,978 


43,882 


41-80 


Tokio 


11,519,598 


111,296 


0-97 


88,067 


18,851 


21-41 


L Union of Paris 


31,575,441 


373,885 


1-18 


293,477 


214,986 


73-25 


United States Fire 


26,050,786 


207,773 


0-80 


133,539 


99,728 


74-68 




13,341,900 


179,275 


1-34 


76,093 


23,525 


30-92 


Vulcan 


16,542,467 


191,933 


1-16 


114,128 


73,752 


64-62 


Westchester 


33,875,234 


404,771 


1-19 


250,495 


171,105 


68-31 
















Total 


2,157,362,393 


33,232,067 


1-08 


16,535,458 


10,300,938 


62-33 
















Grand Totals 


6,139,474,593 


68,161,786 


1-11 


47,313,564 


27,572,588 


58-30 

















69. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1922. 1 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 

losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived. 


Canadian Companies 
Acadia 


1 

39,331,803 


$ 

505,910 


p.c. 
1-29 


$ 

235,663 


% 

183,609 


p.c. 
77-91 


Antigonish Farmers 


267,768 


2,907 


1-09 


2,907 


2,733 


93-99 


Beaver Fire 


9,555,148 


130,584 


1-37 


34,684 


10,117 


29-17 


British America 


130,655,133 


1,148,672 


0-88 


611,837 


441,079 


72-09 


British Colonial 


33,642,773 


388,753 


1-16 


29,692 


195,122 


657-14 


British Northwestern 


26,156,153 


293,746 


1-12 


169,959 


98,758 


58-11 


Canada Accident and Fire 


29,983,610 


314,081 


1-05 


138,119 


73,785 


53-42 


Canada National 


27,474,986 


361,929 


1-32 


193,228 


95,357 


49-35 


Canada Security 


17,516,871 


256,205 


1-46 


93,274 


76,248 


81-75 


Canadian Fire 


51,653,823 


700,616 


1-36 


353,120 


159,570 


45-19 


Canadian Indemnity 


11,815,458 


179,714 


1-52 


112,023 


83,498 


74-54 


Canadian Lumbermen s 


1,160,425 


28,373 


2-45 


175 






Canadian Surety 














Cumberland Farmers 


180,975 


1,817 


1-00 


1,812 


517 


28-56 


Dominion Fire 


54,822,506 


669,361 


1-22 


371,799 


320, 183 


86-12 


Dominion Gresham 


1,896,106 


22,840 


1-20 


17,307 


143 


0-82 


Dominion of Canada Guarantee 
and Accident 


20,751,974 


194.075 


0-94 


109,045 


36,886 


33-83 


Ensign 


3,398,151 


38,400 


1-13 


18,849 


4,019 


21-32 


Fire Insurance Co. of Canada. . . . 
General Accident of Canada 
Globe Indemnity 


49,019,709 
10,761,444 
37 552 744 


540,073 
124,707 
372,370 


1-10 
1-16 
0-99 


255,727 
57,090 
153,608 


133,630 
22,192 
70 999 


52-26 
38-87 
46-22 

















Figures subject to revision. 



842 



FINANCE 



69. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1922 con. 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 
losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived. 


Canadian Companies concluded. 
Grain Insurance 


$ 
21,266,475 


S 
221,069 


p.c. 
1-04 


$ 
221,069 


$ 

170,620 


p.c. 
77-18 


Guardian Insurance of Canada. . 
Halifax Fire ... 


21,182,221 
4 666,190 


236,439 

65,277 


1-12 
1-40 


71,089 
38,538 


32,806 
21 550 


46-15 
55-92 


Hudson Bay 


26,715,206 


334,666 


1-25 


181,214 


103 090 


56-89 


Imperial Guarantee and Acci 
dent 














Imperial Underwriters 


35,837,896 


370,614 


1-03 


156,864 


105,335 


67-15 


Kings Mutual 


1 242,240 


23,368 


1-04 


22,365 


18 244 


81-57 


Liverpool-Manitoba 


44,787,187 


510,302 


1-14 


250,987 


155 786 


62 -07 


London & Lancashire Guarantee 
and Accident 


58,913 


815 


1-38 








London Mutual 


64,431,741 


692,566 


1-07 


2:; 1,644 


251,405 


107-14 


Mercantile 


33 281,554 


334,487 


1-01 


159,309 


1 :! 093 


77-27 


Merchants Casualty 














Mount Royal . . 


109,347,369 


1,351,155 


1-24 


741,938 


413,687 


55-76 


Alutual Kire 


846,727 


14,062 


1-66 


13,603 


15,187 


111-64 


North American Accident 














North Kmnire 


29,511,576 


362,406 


1-23 


159,064 


158,805 


99-84 


North West 


23,840,635 


271,550 


1-14 


162,738 


118,424 


72-77 


Occidental 


39,829,075 


569,921 


1-41 


376,264 


174,472 


63-38 


Pacific (" oast . 


33,859,886 


340, 891 


1-01 


175,818 


91,706 


52-16 


Pacific Marine 


271 , 980 


4,818 


1-77 


-16,573 


11,699 




Pictou County Farmers 


565,650 


4,306 


0-76 


4,289 


3,392 


79-08 


Quebec 


39,157,687 


421 


1-08 


143,539 


90,367 


62-96 


Reliance 


5,707,661 


63,756 


1-12 


22,379 


6,944 


31-03 


Scottish Canadian 


13,715,994 


185,419 


1-35 


68,531 


33,695 


49-17 


\\estorn 


250,544,725 


1,497,203 


0-60 


681,051 


576,886 


84-71 
















Totals 


1,359,266,138 


14,141,589 


1 04 


6,727,638 


4,685,638 


69 65 
















British Companies 
\llicince 


41,965,.>23 


438. N- " 


1-05 


394,629 


296,578 


75-15 


Atlas 


88.093.sH 


1,024,692 


1-16 


805,685 


662,414 


82-22 


Autocar 


12,280,960 


137,745 


12 


119,008 


27,494 


23-10 


British Crown 


54,008,756 


701,377 


30 


492,553 


359,772 


73-04 


British General 


19,422,301 


180,067 


0-93 


114,591 


59,969 


52-33 


British Oak 


18,036,766 


213,011 


18 


169,597 


74,818 


44-12 


British Traders 


26,774,711 


302,866 


13 


243,187 


206,938 


85-09 


Caledonian 


58,712,152 


629,754 


07 


452,000 


400,434 


88-59 


Car and General 


35,670,346 


310,234 


0-87 


212,167 


83,248 


39-24 


Century 


39,812,851 


418,045 


05 


290,750 


192,894 


66-34 


China 


691,949 


10,138 


47 


5,272 


2,554 


48-45 


Commercial Union 


137,412,548 


1,243,024 


0-90 


952,638 


722,233 


75-81 


Cornhill 


5,581,809 


53,479 


0-96 


50,008 


2,545 


5-09 


Eagle, Star and British Dom 
inions. . . . ... 


67,179,512 


595,762 


0-89 


433,495 


326,680 


75-36 


Employers Liability 


91,326,432 


!>22,232 


1-01 


700,730 


518,777 


74-03 


Essex and Suffolk 


21,775,757 


242,552 


Ml 


92,675 


64,246 


69-32 


General \ccident Fire 


51, 2S. > -".I.") 


466,278 


0-91 


388,430 


199,290 


51-31 


Guardian Assurance 


154,556,932 


1,869,634 


1-21 


1,588,450 


1,472,898 


92-73 


Law Union and Rock 


42.482,364 


432,629 


1-02 


947,197 


165,471 


47-66 


Liverpool and London and Globe 
London Guarantee . . 


158,659,278 
56,902,982 


1.798,769 
614,468 


1-13 
1-08 


1,463,103 

399,115 


900,135 

404,040 


61-52 
101-23 


London and Lancashire 


160,961,860 


i,6i2,r, i 


1-00 


1,863,988 


811,967 


59-97 


London Assurance 


59,584,287 


635,838 


1-07 


548,575 


289,133 


52-71 


Marine 














Merchants Marinu 


24,958,227 


224,933 


0-90 


154.309 


66,983 


43-41 


Motor Union 


17,132,680 


155,662 


0-91 


126,674 


62. 


49-20 


National Provincial Insurance.. . 
North British and Mercantile. . . 
Northern Assurance 


17,655,320 
131,074,011 

10."), 98 1,645 


165,444 
1,423,368 

1,220,995 


0-94 
1-09 
1-15 


118,630 

1,110,364 
1,018,178 


38,512 
869,198 
893,344 


32-46 
78-28 

87-74 


Norwich Union ! ire 


117,548,672 


1,360,153 


1-16 


1,102,638 


763,295 


69-22 


Ocean, Accident and Guarantee. 
Palatine 


35,124,905 
46,943,420 


390,486 
526,330 


MI 

1-12 


307,072 
398,227 


205,187 
342,208 


66-82 
85-93 


Patriotic . . . 


10,690 863 


101,615 


0-95 


82,531 


30,928 


37-47 


Phoenix of London 


146,789,282 


1,641 :;-! 


1-12 


1,216,611 


820,017 


67-40 


Provincial 


23,126,901 


247,660 


1-07 


209,424 


131,650 


62-88 


Queensland . . 


30,532,340 


335,910 


MO 


281 


188,037 


66-79 



Figures subject to revision. 



FIRE INSURANCE IN CANADA, 1922 



843 



69. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1922 1 con. 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 
losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived. 


British Companies concluded. 
Royal Exchange 


$ 
81,791,271 


S 
826,871 


p.c. 
1-01 



590,696 


$ 

334,495 


p.c. 
56-63 




234,215,198 


2,329,119 


0-99 


1,886,929 


1,182,095 


62-65 


Royal Scottish . . 


24,928,309 


27 , 504 


1-09 


209,189 


141,280 


67-54 


Scottish Metropolitan . .... 


20,644,789 


237,916 


1-15 


197,500 


100,031 


50-65 


Scottish Union 


46,853,920 


464,681 


0-99 


399,898 


203,837 


50-97 


Sun Insurance 


93,908,335 


1,085,256 


1-16 


893,942 


622,302 


69-61 


Traders and General 








-83,445 


11,393 




Union Assurance 


98,864,351 


916,219 


0-93 


698,021 


587,066 


84-10 


Union of Canton 


61,462,550 


660,646 


1-07 


523,511 


441 ,54 


84-36 


Union Marine 














\ nited British 


7,880,509 


74,434 


0-94 


63,630 


8,982 


14-12 


Yangtsze 


10,290,721 


72,571 


0-71 


55 , 735 


22,057 


39-57 


Yorkshire 


48,681,469 


595,320 


1-22 


471,526 


602,857 


127-85 
















Totals 


I, 840, 258, 907 


30, 18?, 973 


1-06 


23,651,187 


16,914,261 


71-52 
















foreign Companies 
JEtnn 


66,660,561 


649,981 


0-99 


514,481 


285,363 


55-47 


Vgricultural 


11,165,773 


110,514 


0-99 


72,452 


44,941 


62-03 


\lliance Insurance 


21,275,285 


207,389 


0-97 


161,890 


89,631 


55-37 




1 624 165 


23,012 


1-42 


6,844 


5,894 


86-12 




32 701,717 


314,131 


0-S6 


251,409 


164,835 


65-56 




15 597 474 


175,268 


1-12 


146,068 


88,497 


60-59 


American Exchange Under- 


5.72S, 050 


25,477 


0-44 


23,820 


837 


3-51 


American Fire Ins. of New York 
American Insurance 
American Lloyds . 


9,750,000 
11,545,998 
7,385,040 


54,155 
134,256 
48,426 


0-56 
1-16 
0-66 


54,155 

82,829 
42,356 


33,202 
9,317 


40-09 
21-99 


Baloise 


2,231,301 


61,025 


2-73 


40,803 


33,493 


71-56 


Boston . . . . , 


13,149,375 


168,819 


1-28 


95,222 


75,042 


78-81 


Caledonian-American 


10 467,625 


118,416 


1-13 


58,739 


44,080 


75-04 


California 


13,106,816 


142,069 


1-08 


111,134 


51,750 


46-57 


Citizens of Missouri . 


2 780,866 


41,435 


1-49 


31,699 


19,475 


61-44 


Columbia 


17,448,895 


195,270 


1-12 


121,391 


87,421 


72-02 


Commercial Union of New York 
Connecticut 


1,165,132 
31,792,713 


17,096 
319,777 


1-47 
1-01 


6,640 
206,536 


2,711 
106,188 


40-83 
51-41 


Continental . . . 


64,561,275 


685,025 


1-06 


495,039 


271,453 


54-83 


Equitable Fire and Marine . 


26 316 160 


238,123 


0-90 


52,323 


25,271 


48-30 


Fidelity-Phenix 


54,984,150 


579,587 


1-05 


437,094 


224,066 


51-26 


Fire Association of Philadelphia 
Fire Reassurance Co. of New 
York 


8,125,851 
9,750,000 


103,211 
54,105 


1-27 
0-56 


70,664 
54,155 


36,775 


52-04 


Fireman s Fund 


27,035,685 


253,166 


0-94 


183,273 


196,753 


107-35 


Firemen s Insurance 


9,225,471 


110,985 


1-20 


96,336 


26,384 


27-39 


Franklin 














General of Paris 


19,323,221 


187,311 


0-97 


128,661 


70,007 


54-41 


Girard 


2,863,042 


32,817 


MS 


23,489 


4,635 


19-73 


Glens Falls 


32,400,301 


344,450 


1-06 


214,850 


151,599 


70-56 


Globe and Rutgers 


115,758,364 


1,017,834 


0-88 


811,792 


835,472 


102-92 


Grain Dealers Mutual . . . 


629,750 


12,888 


2-05 


8,018 


6,950 


86-68 


Great American . . . . ... 


70,990,008 


721,730 


1-02 


505,718 


381,946 


75-53 


Hardware Dealers 


5 112 072 


125,361 


2-45 


105,784 


44,043 


41-63 


Hartford Fire 


201 387 923 


2,010,405 


1-00 


1,756,183 


1,027,438 


58-50 


Home Insurance 


189 472,443 


2,270,053 


1-20 


1,815,772 


1,442,083 


79-42 


Imperial Assurance . 


302,462 


2,471 


0-82 


2,012 






Individual Underwriters. 


25,938,499 


104,903 


0-40 


50,695 


9,669 


19-07 


Insurance Co. of North America 
Insurance Co. of State of Pa.. . . 
Lumbermen s Indemnity 


121,683,321 
16,887,035 
10,242,289 


1,133,534 
158,955 
242,339 


0-93 
0-93 
2-37 


906,449 
128,333 
164,682 


464,036 
66,537 
185,914 


51-19 
51-84 
112-89 


Lumbermen s Underwriting 
Lumber Underwriters 


20,384,013 
4,509,169 


363,279 
38 556 


1-78 
1-96 


284,373 
53,768 


165,628 
61,646 


58-24 
114-65 


Manufacturing Lumbermens 
Mechanics and Traders. . 


13,692,391 
1 200 431 


251,631 
28,901 


1-84 
2-41 


191,977 
18,736 


97,377 
15,555 


50-72 
83-02 


Merchants Fire 


18 251,790 


188,734 


1-03 


164,485 


102,622 


62-39 


Millers National 


6,305,995 


76,304 


1-21 


49,294 


28,849 


58-53 


Minnesota Implement 


5,112,072 


125,361 


2-45 


105,784 


44,043 


41-63 


National-Ben Franklin 


16,960,072 


204,255 


1-20 


170,353 


83,303 


48-90 


National Fire of Hartford 


75,457,603 


922,602 


1-22 


701,660 


384,196 


54-76 


National Union.. 


25.897.649 


293.669 


1-13 


203.776 


172,623 


84-71 



844 



FINANCE 



69. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1922 "concluded. 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net.cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 
losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived. 


Foreign Companies concluded. 
La National . 


$ 
63,594,102 


S 

750,790 


p.c. 
1-18 


$ 

569 031 


$ 

328 136 


P.-., 

-,7.1,7 


Newark 


16,758,925 


194,806 


1-16 


108,177 


84 709 


78-31 


New Hampshire . . 


19,628,800 


211,459 


1-08 


137 062 


92 548 


67-52 


New Jersey ... . 


6,676,913 


74,184 


I ll 


46,931 


35 083 


74-75 


N.Y. Reciprocal Underwriters. . 
Niagara 


26,307,012 
52,147,662 


87,652 
521,362 


0-33 
1-00 


8,720 
313,351 


8,810 
180 198 


101-15 
57-51 


Northwestern Mutual 
Vorthwestern \ational 


36,308,000 
29 608,260 


712,248 
367 716 


1-96 
1-24 


591,155 
325 >63 


263,664 
139 148 


44-60 
4 7X 


Pacific 1 ire 


10,059,585 


90,691 


0-82 


78,288 


45 340 


57-91 


Phenix of Paris 


23,316,324 


237,552 


1-02 


159,510 


120 602 


75-61 


Phoenix of Hartford . 


67,453,956 


708 499 


1-05 


MS P. i 


>->3 73 


56-18 


Providence Washington 


40 670,741 


354,392 


0-87 


276 087 


159 630 


57-82 


Queen of America 


81,929,916 


917,242 


Ml 


740,275 


526,481 


71-12 


Retail Hardware 


5,112,072 


125,361 


2-45 


105,784 


41,043 


4 1 (i. f 


Rossia 


19,500,000 


108,311 


0-56 


108,310 






St Paul Fire and Marine 


55,295,183 


519,042 


0-94 


366,291 


227 103 


62-00 


Security 


11,291,618 


122,041 


1-09 


82,053 


44,138 


53-79 


Springfield . ... 


65,606,055 


ii07,131 


0-93 


388,579 


265,399 


68-30 


Sprinklered Risk 


6,146,800 


25,305 


0-41 


15,052 


2,337 


15-53 


Sterling . . . 


28,265,020 


213,522 


0-76 


68,875 


37,246 


54-08 


Stuyvesant 


13,803,856 


155,399 


1-13 


121,501 


76,776 


63-19 


Tokio 


10,646,044 


102,374 


0-96 


77,610 


75.115 


96-78 


IV Union of Paris 


31,912,854 


373,310 


1-17 


305,866 


234,427 


76-64 


I nitpd States Fire 


23,026,888 


181,720 


0-79 


180,566 


75,945 


58-17 


Vulcan 


8,848,101 


93,334 


1-05 


-5,224 


34, 05 7 




\\ostchester 


36,290,355 


386,002 


1-06 


242,773 


154,217 


63-52 
















Total ... 


2,266,542,335 


23,980,356 


1-06 


17,750,001 


11,248,380 


63-37 
















Grand Totals 


6,466,067,380 


68,304,917 


1 06 


48,128,826 


32,848,279 


68-25 



7*. Assets of Canadian Companies Setting Fire Insurance Business, or Fire Insur 
ance and other classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies 
other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922.> 


Canadian Companies 
Real estate . 


S 

1,428,921 


$ 

2,027,655 


$ 

2,009,353 



2,515,633 


$ 

2,838,112 


Lioans on real estate 


2,232,143 


2,101,585 


2,275,827 


2,723,882 


2.600,941 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 


16,259,079 


20,915,449 


23,291,113 


23,223,601 


23,253,773 


Agents balances and premiums out 
standing 


3,412,180 


4,950,477 


5,535,073 


3,622,844 


3,500,280 


Cash on hand and in banks 5 


4,542,576 


4,538,576 


4,997,250 


3,372,212 


3,194,659 


Interest and rents 


415,346 


480,352 


521,380 


504,320 


515,893 


Other assets 


443,710 


682,642 


1,010,843 


913,236 


2,132,413 














Total assets . ... 


28,733,985 


35,696,736 


39,640,839 


36,875,728 


38,036,071 














British Companies 
Real estate 


2,699,024 


2,563,168 


2,899,249 


3,245,714 


3,911,121 


I ,oans on real estate 


12,812,262 


3,969,328 


13,047,264 


3,862,043 


3,128,477 


^tocks bonds and debentures 


22,972,016 


L l 100,318 


32,024,536 


33,012,921 


35,594,762 


Agents balances and premiums out 
standing ... 


2,948,869 


3,612,027 


4,124,467 


3,671,432 


3,889,100 


Cash on hand and in banks 2 


3,733,382 


3,710,520 


4,817,260 


3,737,475 


3,790,596 


Interest and rents 


549,132 


225,742 


819,590 


297,468 


311,984 


Other assets in Canada 


359,215 


517,991 


698,257 


506,298 


432,033 














Total assets in Canada. . 


46,073,900 


39, 059,092 


58,430,623 


48,333,349 


51.058.07S 



Unrevised figures. 

K)r deposited with Governments. 



LIABILITIES OF FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES 



845 



/.Assets of Canadian Companies selling Fire Insurance Business, or Fire Insur 
ance and other classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies 
other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922 concluded . 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Foreign Companies 
Real estate 


I 

none 


$ 

none 


s 

none 


$ 
none 


$ 

none 


Loans on real estate 


none 


none 


none 


none 


6,500 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 


12,752,667 


13,840,421 


17,745,711 


20,453,162 


21,370,225 


Agents balances and premiums out 
standing . 


1,776,201 


2,186,593 


2,551,869 


2,416,245 


2,559,035 


Cash on hand and in banks^ 


2,478,986 


4,302,292 


6,626,823 


4,591,9*8 


4,200,519 


Interest and rents 


148,362 


158,401 


183,333 


216,573 


226,029 


Other assets 


67,949 


75,283 


93-, 478 


32,926 


183,623 














Total assets in Canada 


17,334,165 


20,562,990 


27,201,214 


27,710,884 


28,545,931 


All Companies 
Real estate 


4,127,945 


4,590,823 


4,908,602 


5,761,347 


6,749,233 


Loans on real estate 


15,044,405 


6,070,913 


15,323,091 


6,585,925 


5,735,918 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 


51,983,762 


59,216,186 


73,061,360 


76,689,684 


80,218,760 


Agents balances and premiums out 
standing 


8,137,250 


10,749,097 


12,211,409 


9,710,521 


9,948,415 


Cash on hand and in banks 1 


10,754,944 


12,551,388 


16,441,333 


11,701,665 


11,185.774 


Interest and rents 


1,112,840 


864,495 


1,524,303 


1,018,361 


1,053,906 


Other assets 


870,904 


1,275,916 


1,802,578 


1,452,458 


2,748,069 














Total assets in Canada . . 


92,033,050 


95, 318, SIS 


125,272,676 


112,919,961 


117,640,075 



J Or deposited with Governments. 

71. Liabilities of Canadian Companies selling Fire Insurance Business, or Fire 
Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Com 
panies other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. s 


Canadian Companies 
Unsettled losses 


1 

4,114,105 


S 

4,221,470 


$ 

4,950,257 


S 

4,439,371 


* 

4,045,604 


Reserve of unearned premiums 


7,925,912 


9,355,790 


10,908,023 


10,796,291 


10,524,487 


Sundry items 


2,646,579 


4,170,922 


4,374,692 


3,818,689 


4,416,035 














Total liabilities, not including capital 


14,686,596 


17,748,182 


20,232,972 


19,054,351 


18,986,126 


Excess of assets over liabilities, exclud 
ing capital 


14,047,389 


17,948,554 


19,407,867 


17,821,377 


19,049,945 


Capital stock paid up 


11,323,256 


12,937,306 


13,884,478 


14,096,696 


14,927,193 


British Companies 
Unsettled losses . . 


2,258 557 


2,529,672 


3,019,747 


3,194,287 


4,400,703 


Reserve of unearned premiums 


12,084,409 


13,563,203 


16,561,259 


16,327,032 


16,551,655 


Sundry items 


1,244,533 


2,461,967 


1.471,491 


2,108,192 


1,374,378 


Total liabilities in Canada 


15,587,499 


18,554,842 


21,052,497 


21,629,511 


22,326,736 














Excess of assets over liabilities, exclud 
ing capital 


30,486,401 


20,504,250 


37,378,126 


26,703,838 


28,731,337 


Capital stock paid up 












Foreign Companies 
Unsettled losses 


1,272,279 


1,335,225 


1,937,173 


2,089,288 


2,809,250 


Reserve of unearned premiums 


6,554,146 


7,620,914 


9,621,789 


9,668,233 


10,285,698 


Sundry items 


785,080 


1,441,183 


1,313,944 


811,667 


669,767 


Total liabilities in Canada 


8,611,505 


10,397,322 


12,872,906 


12,569,188 


13,764,715 














Excess of assets over liabilities, exclud 
ing capital 


8,612,660 


10,165,668 


14,328,308 


15,141,686 


14,781,216 


Capital stock paid up 












All companies 
Unsettled losses 


7,644 941 


8 086,367 


9,907,177 


9,722,946 


11,255,557 


Reserve of unearned premiums . 


26,564,467 


30,539,907 


37,091,071 


36,791,556 


37,361,840 


Sundry items , 


4,676,192 


8,074,072 


7,160,127 


6,738,548 


6,460,180 


Total liabilities in Canada , not in 
cluding capital 


38,885,600 


46,700,346 


54,158,375 


53,253,050 


55,077,577 


Excess of assets over liabilities, exclud" 
ing capital 


53,146,450 


48,168,472 


71,114,301 


59,666,901 


62,562,498 














Capital stock paid up 1 . . . 


11,323,256 


12,937,306 


13,884,478 


14,096.696 


14,927,193 



Canadian companies only. 2 Unrevised figures. 



846 



FINAM K 



72. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies selling Fire Insurance 
Business or Fire Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and 
Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such 
business in Canada, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922.2 


I-VCOME. 

Canadian Companies 
Net cash for premiums from fire and 
other . 


- 
17,586,476 


1 

18,329,956 


1 

21,662,202 


- 
19,302.371 


$ 

19,487,560 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc.. . 
tiundry items 


962,863 
28,398 


1,240,566 
65,674 


1,424,109 
190,538 


1,558,982 
189,824 


1,551,610 
794,781 














Total cash Income . ... 


18,577,737 


19,636,196 


23,276,849 


21,051,177 


21,833,951 














British Companies 1 

Vi-t c isli for premiums 


18,658,512 


20, 377. S7l 


25.332,i>51 


30,891.766 


30,588,342 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc. . . 
From branches other than Fire or Life 
Sundry items . ... 


1,680,468 
3,587,437 
783 


1,219,425 
4,429,295 
1,084 


2.026.582 
7,636,827 
1,053 


1.583.811 

...:;;i 


1,653,506 
67,887 














Total cash income . 


23,927,400 


26,027,676 


34,997,113 


32,481,951 


32,309,735 














Foreign Companies 1 
Net cash for premiums 


11,725,601 


13,237,767 


17,191,584 


19,976,929 


21,271,385 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc.. . 
From branches other than Fire or Life 
Sundry items 


582,441 
2,518,135 
3,012 


673,023 
2,789,164 
145 


898,663 
4,011,276 
202 


1,104,775 
33,191 


1,014,060 
9,810 














Total cash income 


14,829,189 


16,700,099 


22,101,725 


21,114,895 


22,294,755 














ExPEXDIirKK. 

Canadian Companies 
Paid for losses 


5,176,053 


5,031,061 


5,712.042 


6,807,210 


7,323,565 


General expenses . . . 


4,018,550 


4,498,537 


5,418,225 


5,451,726 


4,989,557 


On account of branches other than Fin 
or Life 


6,386,814 


7,571,999 


9,487.921 


9,201,593 


7,746,522 


Dividends or bonus to shareholders . 
Taxes 


450,482 


869,195 


1,087,082 


842,083 


776,04ft 
826,342 














Total cash expenditure 


16,071,899 


17,970,792 


21,705,273 


r. ,:t2,612 


21,662,032 














Excess of income over expenditure 

British Companies - - 
Paid for losses 


2.505,838 
9,908,001 


1, 665, 404 

8,387,864 


1,571,576 
11.004.078 


-1,251,435 
18,171,415 


171.919 
16,014,360 


General expenses 


6,320,803 


7,121,830 


9,020,281 


9. 404, MB 


8,631,334 


On account of branches other than Fire 
or Life . . .... 


2,997,315 


4,233,299 


6,665,666 


7,961,092 


6,300,540 


Taxes 








- 


1,002,984 


Total cash expenditure 


19,226,119 


19,742,993 


26,699,025 


30,537,052 


32,849,11H 














Excess of income ov<-r expenditure 

m 

Foreign Companies 1 
Paid for losses 


4.701,281 

6,7d 


6,284,683 
5,355,268 


8,307,088 
7,751,902 


1,944,899 
10,3ft 


-539,383 
11,248,381 


General expenses 


3,965,025 


4,483,060 


6,087,703 


6,351,600 


6,244,97;! 


On account of branches other than Fir 
or Life . 


1,711,862 


2,328,857 


3,212,956 


4,704,705 


2,519,759 


Taxes 






- 


- 


79:; 


Total cash expenditure 


12,386,334 


12,367,185 


17,052,621 


21,357,243 


20,806,806 














Excess of income over expenditure 


2,442,955 


4,332,914 


5,049,104 


-242,348 


1,487,949 















Income and expenditure in Canada. 
I nri visecl figures. 



SUMMARY OF FIRE INSURANCE IN CANADA 



847 



.Amount of Net Premiums written and Net Losses incurred In Canada, by Pro 
vinces, by Canadian, British and Foreign Companies transacting Fire Insurance 
Business, 1921 and 1932. 

(Licensed re-insurance deducted.) 



Provinces. 


Canadian. 


British. 


Foreign. 


Premiums. 


Losses. 


Premiums. 


Losses . 


Premiums. 


Losses. 


1921. 
P. E. Island 


t 
39,920 
477,910 
418,560 
2,245,642 
3,808,343 
914,662 
1,196,038 
065,664 
836,706 
246 


$ 
19,615 
398,744 
291,892 
1,561,192 
2,397,674 
508,170 
688,810 
529,527 
275,268 


$ 
136,116 
1,043,308 
1,176,924 
5,708,531 
8.568,746 
1,623,564 
1,502,544 
1,406,432 
2,161,917 
3,699 


$ 
54,179 
787,666 
872,621 
3,646,369 
4,662,321 
761,450 
838,318 
806,501 
764,478 
10 


- 
63,946 
1,088,113 

926,445 
3,844,473 
4,969,680 
1,305,548 
1,212,929 
1,230,685 
1,883,487 
2,480 


$ 
31,345 

873,267 
811,614 
2,476,57& 
2,742,162 
913,193 
680,110 
672,813 
1,135,626 
163 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec . 


Ontario. . 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan. . 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


10,903,691 


6,670,892 


23,412,314 


13,248,5772 


16,523,386 " 


10,336,87? 


1922. 
P. E. Island 


39,608 
464,645 
374,912 
2,034,739 

3,281,589 
815,111 
1,048,033 
790,774 
748,072 


32,521 
371,390 
374,738 
1,569,215 
2,451,699 
559.375 
610,731 
862,144 
393,867 


126,861 
979.904 
1,119,865 
5,888,501 
8,701,400 
1,631,016 
1,465,454 
1,525,038 
2,136,719 
6,691 


108,849 
690,434 
1,019,163 
4,696,746 
6,598,609 
1,158,184 
724,160 
1,038,498 
789,284 
2,271 


67,309 
1462,704 
910,377 
4,091,834 
5,434,833 
1,395,285 
1,328,475 
1,318,028 
2,035,904 
3,464 


X 

93,595 
726,455 
763,009 
2,882,709 
3,364,936 
955,183 
644,866 
853,422 
964,205 


Nova Scotia 


New Bruaswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba . 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


9,597,483 


7,015,680 


23,651, 186 * 


16,914,2615 


17,750,0046 


11,248,380 





1 Includes $80,533 which cannot be separated according to provinces. 
- Includes 854,664 which cannot be separated according to provinces. 

3 Includes $600 which cannot be separated according to provinces. 

4 Includes S69.737 which cannot be separated according to provinces. 
h Includes $88,063 which cannot be separated according to provinces. 
6 Includes $1,791 which cannot be separated according to provinces. 

Summary of Fire Insurance in Canada, 1921-1922. Of the total amount 
of fire insurance effected in Canada during the years 1921 and 1922, a part was 
that sold by companies holding provincial licenses and permits. Such companies 
confine their operations generally to the province from which they receive authority 
to operate but are allowed at the same time to sell insurance in other provinces. 
The bulk of fire insurance business, however, is that done by Dominion licensees. 
Operations in 1921 and 1922 are summarized in Table 74. 



848 



FINANCE 



74. Dominion and Provincial Fire Insurance In Canada, 1921 and 1922. 



Business transacted by 



1921. 

t. Dominion licensees 



2. Provincial licensees 

(a) Provincial companies within provinces 

by which they are incorporated 

(b) Provincial companies within provinces 

other than those by which they un 
incorporated 



Total for Provincial Companies. 
Grand Totals . 



1922. 
1 , Dominion licensees 



2 . Provincial licensees 

(a) Provincial companies within provinces 

by which they are incorporated 

(b) Provincial companies within provinces 

other than those by which they are 
incorporated 



Total for Provincial Companies. 
Grand Totals.. 



Net 

insurance 
written. 



6,139,474,593 



426,758,302 
37,844,371 



464,602,673 



fi.iiiu.o7ii, ! 



0,466,067,380 



386,528,495 
6,510,439 



393,038,934 



6,839,106,311 



Net in force 

at end of 

year. 



6,020,513,832 



1,151,930,513 
117,833,922 



1,269,764,435 



7,290,278,267 



6,375,555,569 



1,011,491,072 

24,709,88 



1,036,200,959 



7,411,756,528 



Net 

premiums 
received. 



- 
47,312,564 



5,030,276 
515,273 



5,545,549 



52,858,113 



4s, 128, 829 



4,678,775 
211,852 



4,890,627 



53,019,456 



Net 

losses 
paid. 



$ 

r, 573, 608 



3,175,096 
369,724 



3,544,820 



31,118,428 



32,848,280 



3,405.873 
175,134 



3,581,007 



36,429,287 



75. Fire Insurance carried on property In Canada in 1921, under Section 129 of the 
Insurance Act, 1917, by Companies, Associations or Underwriters not licensed 
to transact business in Canada. 



Companies. 



Amount of 
Insurance. 



Lloyds Associations 

Reciprocal Underwriters 

Mutual Companies 01 

Stock Companies _ 47,746,213 

Total I 431, 17,$8 

Description of Property. 

nu 

Lumber and Lumber Mills Jre IInnA 

Other Industrial Plants and Mercantile Establishments -<* * ?"""* 

Stock and Merchandise ono 

Railway Property and Equipment Hi* M 

Miscellaneous __Z__ 

Total 4JM17.IM 

Amount by Provinces. 



Prince Edward Island 342,075 Saskatchewan 

Nova Scotia 4,954,747 Alberta 

New Brunswick . 14,211,508 British Columbia 21>92 MS 

Quebec.. 144,631,164 Yukon ,00 

Ontario 228,906,336 

Manitoba... 8,830,202 Total ttl,7,MI 



LIFE INSURANCE 849 



2. Life Insurance. 1 

NOTE. In this article the terms Hm and Om refer to the expectation of life tables of healthy males 
and ordinary males respectively, while 3J p.c. and 4 p.c. are the assumed interest earning power of the 
money invested in life insurance companies. Om (5) means a table from which the low mortality of the 
first five years after the medical examination required on taking out life insurance policies is excluded. 

Life Insurance business, introduced into Canada by companies from the 
^British Isles and from the United States as a fairly well developed institution, and 
taken up almost as early along ihe same general lines by a native company, can 
hardly be said to have a distinctive Canadian history. The techniaue and practice 
show distinctly the effect of both British and United States influences. Among 
the first companies to transact life insurance business in Canada may be mentioned: 
Scottish Amicable (1846), Standard (1847), Canada (1847), JEtna. (1850), Liverpool 
and London and Globe (1851) and Royal (1851). The late 60 s and early 70 s 
were stirring years in life insurance the world over. In England, the frenzied flota 
tion of companies in this period gave rise to abuses which pointed to the necessity 
for some control over the formation and operation of companies. Statute? were 
passed in 1870, 71 and 72 embodying principles "Freedom and Publicity" 
which have, without any fundamental change, since governed in life insurance 
legislation in England; and in the year 1909 these same principles were extended 
and adapted to four kinds of ins ranee. In Canada no fewer than fourteen companies 
began business hi the early seventies, including four native companies, namely, 
Sun (incor] orated 1865, began business 1871), Mutual of Canada (Ontario Mutual, 
1870), Confederation (1871) and London (1874). By 1875 there were at least 
twenty-six companies, possibly several more, competing for the available business 
in Canada, as against forty-three companies licensed by the Dominion, and a few 
provincial companies, in 1922. A comparison of the first and last lines in Table 76 
is of interest in this connection. 

The first Dominion Insurance Act was passed in 1868. It prohibited the trans 
action of insurance business by any company (except companies under provincial 
authority transacting business within the province) not licensed by the Minister 
of Finance. A deposit of $50,000 was required. The main provisions of this Act 
are traceable in the insurance legislation of the preeent day. Acts were paseed in 
1871, 1874, 1875 (consolidation, Fire and Inland Marine and provision for appoint 
ment of Superintendent of Insurance under Minister of Finance) ; 1875 (extending 
powers of Superintendent to life and other companies) ; 1877 (consolidating the 
laws in respect of insurance; quinquennial valuation of policies by Superintendtnt); 
1885 (dealing \\ith commercial insurance companies transacting business on the 
so-called co-operative or mutual plan, being what is known as assessment companies, 
fraternal societies excluded); 1886 (consolidation); 1894 (life insurance in com 
bination with any other insurance business forbidden; issue of annuities and 
endowment assurances by assessment companies prohibited, and new assessment 
companies required to procure at least 500 applications for membership before 
license) ; 1895 (exempting certain fraternal organizations in hazardous occupations 
granting life, accident, sickness or disability insurance to members, from applica 
tion of Insurance Act) ; 1895 (certain amendments as to foreign companies) ; 1899 
(valuation standard change to Hm3|% applicable to business subsequent to 
January 1, 1900; all earlier business to be brought up to Hm 4<% standard by 
1910, and Hm3% by 1915); 1906 (consolidation) ; 1910 (including many new 
provisions and restrictions to some extent in harmony with the recommendations 

Contributed by A. D. Watson, B.A., Actuary, Department of Insurance, Ottawa. 
623/354 



850 FINANCE 



of the Royal Commission on Insurance, 1906); 1917 (largely a new alignment 
necessitated by the Privy Council decision, 1915, in reference to sections 4 and 70 
of the 1910 Act); 1919 (amendment affecting friendly societies); 1922 (miscel 
laneous amendments referred to below). 

The legislation briefly reviewed above shows traces of the influence of British and 
United States legislation. In many respects it may be said to be mid-way between 
the "freedom and publicity" legislation of England and the inquisitorial and 
restrictive legislation of the United States. Following the disclosures of the 
"Armstrong" investigation in New York, a Royal Commission was appointed in 
1906 to inquire into the conduct of life insurance business in Canada; and, under 
the same technical advisor as the "Armstrong Committee", the recommendations 
of the Commission were in the main the same as of that Committee. Many of the 
recommendations of the Commission, however, were not embodied in the legis 
lation passed subsequent to the investigation. At the same time there is possibly 
a closer analogy between the Acts of 1910 and 1917 and certain United States 
statutes passed in recent years than obtained between the insurance legislation of 
the two countries at any earlier period. The valuation basis was changed by the 
1910 Act to Om(5) 3J% and companies were authorized to include in life policies 
provision for waiver of premiums during total disability, and in event of total and 
permanent disability, to pay in full settlement of the policy an amount not exceed 
ing the sum assured. The 1917 Act permitted the payment of a total and permanent 
disability benefit of like amount without any reduction in the sum assured. The 
legislation of 1919 and 1922 is dealt with below at greater length. 

The development of life insurance in Canada, as in other English speaking 
countries at least, has been marked by an increased service to the individual policy- 
holder. Under the stress of competition, companies more and more seek to bring 
the benefits of insurance within the reach of an ever-widening clientele; and the 
benefits which may now be obtained under a life insurance policy are calculated 
to meet the needs of the policyh older. and of his dependants, whether in event of 
old age or in event of death or of permanent disability. Policies may be obtained 
under which, if the policyholder becomes unable to follow any occupation by 
reason of ill-health or accident, not only do premiums cease, but in addition he 
receives an income under the policy without any reduction in the benefits formerly 
accruing to the beneficiary at death of the insured. 

Within the last few years has been introduced what is known as "Group 
Insurance", a plan whereby a group of persons, usually employees, are insured by 
their employer for a uniform amount or an amount otherwise determined by a 
formula under one policy, generally on the term plan, the employer paying the 
premium, each employee having the right to obtain an individual policy at ordinary 
normal rates, without medical examination, on termination of employment. Under 
the "Group Policy" the expenses are less than if individual policies were issued on 
each life, and consequently the premiums are lower. The plan is as yet in the 
development stages, but seems to be filling a want. 

Industrial life insurance, that is to say, the issue of policies of small amounts 
at weekly or monthly premiums paid to collectors or agents of the company who 
call at the home of the insured, is transacted along the same general lines as in other 
English-speaking countries. The unit premium is 5 cents per week, the sum assured, 
not the premium, varying with the age at issue of the policy. Children and the aged 
are alike insured. In some companies the business Ls written without any medical 
examination or inspection, other than inspection by the agent who procures the 



LIFE INSURANCE 851 



application or in some cases by a salaried official. In some other companies, a 
simple medical examination is required for amounts of over, say, $300, but for 
smaller amounts applications are accepted from the agent as above, or the applicant 
may be required to appear before the medical examiner, but is not examined as 
ordinarily understood. The amount of the individual policy is small and the total 
amount on any one life under several policies is small. It really provides burial 
insurance for the poorer industrial classes. By reason of the frequent calls of the 
collectors and the small amount of each policy a large proportion of the premiums 
are absorbed in expenses. The companies concerned have been devoting their 
energies to devising ways and means of reducing the expense ratio, and with success, 
thus making possible better returns to policyholders. There are at present one 
Canadian, two United States and one Australian company transacting this business 
in Canada. 

Two other phases in the development of life insurance in Canada require 
notice, namely, "assessmentism", as practised for a period by a few companies, 
and "fraternalism", as practised by friendly societies. 

Assessmentism was an attempt to obtain life insurance protection at the 
lowest possible cost. In its cruder forms the age of the individual insured was 
ignored, except that entrance was restricted to fairly early life, a uniform, and 
usually low assessment being charged. There was provision in the contract for 
making additional assessments in certain contingencies excessive deaths or 
reduction in funds of the company. It was held that as the means were thus at 
hand for meeting the exigencies of the business at any tune, the companies were 
sound; and they seemed to be sound, even prosperous, to those unable to see 
beyond the surface of things, so long as a large proportion of the lives assured were 
at the early ages, say under 40 or 45 where the rates of mortality are low and fairly 
uniform. But after a considerable proportion of members had passed to the middle 
and old ages the weaknesses of the system soon began to be disclosed. The "new 
blood" theory was then developed, which, stated in simple terms, meant that enough 
young lives were to be induced to insure to keep the average mortality of the 
company as a whole at a low rate, thus obviating the necessity for excessive assess 
ments. These young lives, however, in turn grew old and thus the aged became 
too numerous to be neutralized by "new blood"; assessments became frequent and 
consequently burdensome; healthy lives, especially the young, soon found they 
could get insurance much cheaper in ordinary companies and declined to pay the 
assessments. With their withdrawal, mortality, with no adequate reserves built 
up to draw upon, soon became unmanageable, and the final debdcle was in sight. 
It is impossible here to follow assessmentism through all its modifications in practice 
merely attempts, perhaps generally honest enough, to bolster up an unsound 
system. The first of these companies appeared in Canada in 1885 and the last 
disappeared about 1907. Legislation in respect of these companies required that 
they should represent the nature of their business correctly to the public. A deposit 
of $50,000 was obligatory; death benefits were to be a first charge on all assess 
ments; each policy had to state, "the association is not required by law to main 
tain the reserve which is required of ordinary life insurance companies"; and the 
words "Assessment System" were required to be printed on every policy, applica 
tion, circular, etc. 

Fraternal societies made their appearance in Canada at a very early date. So 
far as life insurance is concerned, the development is, as in the case of old line life 
companies, of more recent years. As above noted, they were at first exempt from 
62373 54J 



852 FINANCE 



the provisions of the Dominion Acts applicable to assessment companies. Not 
withstanding the exemption, fundamentally the business and the methods of the 
two types of institution as respects life insurance were fairly analogous, though the 
machinery differed. Eventually the provisions of the statutes originally designed 
for assessment companies were applied to fraternal societies, and continued to apply 
until the passing of the 1919 amendment to the Insurance Act. 

The fate of friendly societies has been more fortunate than that of assessment 
companies. Many of them have gone through several readjustments of rates and 
benefits, and although this has meant loss in membership and a temporary set 
back, they are now doing business with due regard for sound principles. The 1919 
amendment requires the benefit funds of friendly societies to be valued annually 
by an actuary, and if a deficiency in funds is shown, it must be made good within 
a reasonable period by an adjustment of rates or benefits. Thus, societies are in 
no way in the dark as to their actual condition, and if any weakness should be 
disclosed, the necessary remedy can be applied before anything in the nature of 
a serious situation arises. 

It may be noted that an actuary performing valuations for a friendly society 
must be a Fellow of one or more of the following societies, namely, the Institute 
of Actuaries of Great Britain, the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland or the Actuarial 
Society of America. 

With the passing of the 1919 fmendment, certain United States societies, 
previously transacting business in Canada under provincial authority, were 
required to obtain Dominion licenses or discontinue business. Up to July 15, 
1923, thirteen of these societies were licensed, some of which were actuarially 
solvent at the date of first license; some have attained solvency since being licensed; 
the remainder have until March 31, 1925, to attain solvency; otherwise they must 
thereafter discontinue transacting business in Canada. 

The 1922 ;mendment to the Insurance Act, 1917, in addition to some minor 
amendments, defines several new classes of insurance; permits life insurance com 
panies to carry on other classes of insurance business under specified conditions; 
authorizes the issue of life policies, including indemnity benefits in event of accident 
or sickness, not exceeding a weekly payment of p.c. of the sum assured, and an 
additional accidental death benefit not exceeding the sum assured; provides for 
the valuation of securities redeemable at a fixed date, if the market values are 
"unduly depressed", at values in excess of the market values, but not higher than 
the values shown in the next preceding annual statement of the company; it 
also requires Government approval of agents soliciting applications for insurance. 

In 1894 an Act was passed (see above) forbidding the transaction of life insur 
ance in combination with any other insurance business. As above noted, this 
principle was reversed by the 1922 amendment, which authorizes a life company, 
on passing a by-law confirmed by the members of the company and sanctioned by 
the Treasury Board, to engage in any and all other classes of insurance business, 
provided separate funds (not separate assets) and accounts are maintained in 
respect of the life insurance business and in respect of the other classes of insurance 
business transacted. Before commencing any new classes of business an initial 
fund is to be set up, the amount to be fixed by the Treasury Board depending on 
the number and nature of the additional classes of business to be undertaken, but 
not less than $50,000. For the purpose of setting up this initial fund a company 
may transfer thereto any amount to the credit of the shareholders account in excess 
of paid up capital; also twenty-five p.c. of the surplus (allowance being made 



LIFE INSURANCE STATISTICS 853 

for contingent allotments and accrued dividends to policyholders) in the life insur 
ance fund. If any profit should be made on the additional classes of business, the 
life fund is to participate therein in the proportion of the amount so transferred 
from the life fund to the total amount transferred. Any fund so established may be 
liquidated under ihe Winding-up Act as though the company transacted no other 
class of business and the capital stock of the company subscribed (paid and unpaid) 
before the date of the separation of funds is liable only in respect of the business 
transacted before the separation of funds. No life company has to date (July 16, 
1923) undertaken to do any other class of business under the amendment. 

As noted above, the 1922 amendment requires soliciting agents to be approved 
by the Superintendent of Insurance, but it is also provided that approval shall 
be deemed to be granted unless and until the company is advised to the contrary. 

The progress of life insurance in Canada may be studied from the tables 
appended. 

Life Insurance Statistics. The business of life insurance was transacted 
in Canada in 1922 by 56 active Dominion companies, including 25 Canadian, 
15 British and 16 foreign companies. 

As shown by the historical statistics of Table 76 the life insurance business in 
Canada has expanded from very small beginnings, the total life insurance in force 
in Dominion companies in 1869 being only $35,680,082, while in 1922 it was 
$3,172,764,844, the amount per head of the estimated population of Canada having 
doubled since 1916 an evidence of the general recognition of the fact that in 
view of the higher prices of commodities, a larger amount of life insurance is neces 
sary for the adequate protection of dependants. Notable also from these historical 
statistics is the fact that in this field the British companies, which were the leaders 
in 1869, have fallen far behind the Canadian and the foreign companies. The 
total amount of new insurance effected during thp year 1922 was $521,304,609, 
while the premiums paid were $106,886,171, as compared with $98,864,371 in 1921. 

In Tables 77 and 78 detailed statistics are given of the business of Canadian, 
British and foreign companies respectively, by companies, in 1921 and 1922, while 
Table 79 is a summary showing the business of Canadian, British and foreign 
companies for the past five years. Table 80 gives the insurance death-rate l\y classes 
of companies. Tables 81, 82 and 83 show respectively the assets, liabilities and cash 
income and expenditure of Canadian and other life insurance companies for the 
years 1918 to 1922. Statistics of Dominion fraternal insurance are given in Table 
84, and of Dominion and provincial insurance combined in Table 85, which shows 
that on December 31, 1922, the total life insurance in force in Canada was 
$3,533,769,038. 



854 



FINANCE 



76. Life Insurance in force and effected in Canada, 1869 to 1922. 



Years. 


Amount in Force. 


Insurance 
in force 
per head of 
estimated 
population. 


Amount 
of new 
Insurance 
effected 
during 
year. 


Canadian 
Companies. 


British 
Companies. 


Foreign 
Companies. 


Total. 


1869 


- 

5,476,358 
6,404,43" 

8,711,111 
13,070,811 
15,777,197 
19,634,319 
21,957,296 

24,649,284 
26,870,224 
28,656,556 
33,246,543 
37,838,518 

46,041,591 
53,855,051 
59,213,609 
66,519,958 
74,591,139 

88,181,859 
101,796,754 
114,034,279 
125,125,692 
135,218,990 

143,368,817 
154,709,077 
167,475,872 
177,511,846 
188,326,057 

195,303,042 
208,655,459 
226,209,636 
252,201,516 
267,151,086 

284,684,621 
308,202,596 
335,638,940 
364,640,166 
397,946,902 

420,864,847 
450,573,724 
490,266,931 
515,415,437 
565,667,110 

626,770,154 
706,656,117 
750,637,092 
794,520,423 
829,972,809 

895,528,435 
996,699,282 
1,105,503,447 
1,362,631,562 
1,664,348,605 

1,860,026,952 
2,013,500,068 


$ 

16,318,475 
17,391,922 

18,405,325 
19,258,166 
18,862,191 
19,863,867 
19,455,607 

18,873,173 
19,349,204 
20,078,533 
19,410,829 
19,789,863 

20,983,092 
22,329,368 
23,511,712 
24,317,172 
25,930,272 

27,225,607 
28,163,329 
30,003,210 
30,488,618 
31,613,730 

32,407,937 
33,692,706 
33,543,884 
33,911,885 
34,341,172 

34,837,448 
35,293,134 
36,606,195 
38,025,948 
39,485,344 

40,216,186 
41,556,245 
42,127,260 
42,608,738 
43,809,211 

45,644,951 
46,462,314 
46,161,957 
46,985,192 
47,816,775 

50,919,67.5 
54,537,725 
58,176,795 
60,770,658 
58,087,018 

59,151,0?.] 
58,617,506 
60,296,113 
66,908,064 
76,883,090 

84,940,938 
93,684,679 


$ 

13,885,249 
18,898,353 

18,709,499 
34,905,70" 
42,861,508 
46,218,139 
43,596,361 

40,728,461 
39,468,475 
36,016,848 
33,616,330 
33,643,745 

36,266,249 
38,857,629 
41,471,554 
44,616,596 
49,440,735 

55,908,230 
61,734,187 
67,724,094 
76,349,392 
81,591,847 

85,698,475 
90,708,482 
94,602,966 
96,737,705 
96,590,352 

. 97,660,009 
100,063,684 
105,708,154 
113,943,209 
124,433,416 

138,868,227 
159,053,464 
170,676,800 
180,631,886 
188,578,127 

189,740,10? 
118,487,447 
193,087,126 
217,956,351 
242,629,174 

272,530,942 
309,114,827 
359,775,330 
386,869,397 
423,556,850 

467,499,200 
529,725,775 
619,261,713 
758,297,691 
915,793,798 

989,875,958 
1,065,580,097 


$ 

35,680,082 
42,694,712 

45,825,935 
67,234,684 
77,500,896 
85,716,325 
85,009,264 

84,250,918 
85,687,903 
84,751,937 
86,273,702 
91,272,126 

103,290,932 
115,042,048 
124,196,875 
135,453,726 
149,962,146 

171,315,696 
191,694,270 
211,761,583 
231,963,702 
248,424,567 

261,475,229 
279,110,265 
295,622,722 
308,161,436 
319,257,581 

32-7,800,499 
344,012,277 
368,523,985 
404,170,673 
431,069,846 

463,769,034 
508,812,305 
548,443,000 
587,880,790 
630,334,240 

656,260,900 
685,523,485 
719,516,014 
780,356,980 
856,113,059 

950,220,771 
1,070,308,669 
1,168,590,027 
1,242,160,478 
1,311,616,677 

1,422,179,632 
1,585,042,563 
1,785,061,273 
2,187,837,317 
2,657,025,463 

2,934,843,848 
3,172,764,844 


$ cts 

10 45 
12 36 

13 15 

18 62 
21 13 
22 41 
21 87 

21 33 
21 35 
20 78 
20 81 
21 65 

23 88 
26 24 
28 02 
30 20 
33 04 

37 33 
41 33 
45 17 
48 94 
v 51 83 

54 10 
57 09 
59 89 
62 96 
63 42 

64 45 
66 90 
70 88 
76 85 
81 00 

86 34 
91 98 
96 99 
100 92 
105 20 

106 3i 
108 78 
110 85 
116 56 
123 77 

131 85 
145 32 
155 25 
161 47 
166 83 

176 99 
193 77 
214 33 
258 04 
307 83 

333 83 
353 83 


$ 

12,854,132 
12,194,696 

13,332,626 
21,070,101 
21,053,618 
19,108,221 
15,074,258 

13,890,127 
13,534,667 
12,169,755 
11,354,224 
13,906,887 

17,618,011 
20,112,755 
21,572,960 
23,417,912 
27,164,988 

35,171,348 
38,008,310 
41,226,529 
44.556.937 1 
40,523,456 

37,866,287 
44,620,013 
45,202,847 
49,525,257 
44,341,198 

42,624,570 
48,267,665 
54,764,673 
67,400,733 
68,896,092 

73,899,228 
80,552,966 
91,567,805 
98,306,102 
105,907,336 

95,013,205 
90,382.932 
99,896,206 
131,739,078 
152,762,520 

176.866,979 
219,205,103 
231,608,546 
217,006,516 
221,119,558 

231,101,625 
282,120,430 
313,251.556 
524.543,629 
641,778,095 

528,193,352 
521,304,609 


1870 


1871 


1872 - 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896.. 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 .. .. 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 .. . 


1914 .. .. 


1915 


1916.. 

1917 


1918 . . . 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





1 Including 20 month- 

2 Subject to revision. 



of the Canada Life. 



LIFE INSURANCE IN CANADA, 1921 



855 



77. Life Insurance in force and effected in Canada, 1921. 



Companies 
doing business. 


Policies Issued. 


Policies in Force. 


Net 
Premium 
Income. 


Vet A mount 
of policies 
become 
claims. 1 


No. 


Gross 
Amount. 


No. 


Net 
Amount. 


Canadian Companies 
Canada 


11,504 
557 
381 
9,332 
1,502 
2,550 
4,435 
282 
4,419 
18,810 
6,911 
61,773 
12,470 
2,174 
13,669 
2,929 
8,185 
2,635 
438 
1,535 
1,030 
1,049 
17,567 
1,901 
378 


S 

40,022,564 
888,750 
1,027,052 
20,281,149 
2,550,710 
5,619,568 
10,897,739 
1,003,140 
9,548,183 
49,602,818 
20,689,734 
28,949,705 
28,306,923 
5,429,519 
34,400,309 
6,194,822 
17,033,460 
5,326,870 
974,731 
2,734,209 
1,431,246 
2,704,510 
46,810,976 
3,868,099 
938,550 


82,224 
4,180 
1,022 
59,065 
11,904 
15,889 
25,630 
293 
26,477 
125,269 
50,231 
305,544 
71,793 
12,913 
110,193 
16,479 
52,909 
15,751 
2,195 
8,264 
4,374 
7,052 
149,198 
7,635 
2,089 


$ 
203,759,599 
6,801,308 
2,648,785 
115,338,181 
17,974,238 
27,824,562 
49,713,585 
16,360,690 
44,122,506 
276,682,026 
110,002,957 
110,998,164 
136,652,632 
27,613,409 
220,162,312 
32,045,413 
95,674,928 
25,356,986 
4,564,192 
11,005,141 
5,118,527 
14,574,983 
288,269,186 
12,192,622 
4.570.020 


$ 
6,838,596 
224,227 
57,260 
4,030,819 
617,488 
961,235 
1,675,369 
163,891 
1,392,759 
8,674,579 
3,912,768 
4,035,844 
4,791,402 
767,391 
8,265,511 
995,476 
3,201,909 
797,089 
145,930 
378,532 
122,212 
501,236 
9,660,234 
423,068 
130,116 


$ 
2,593,282 
15,820 

1,145,346 
106,458 
158,424 
321,457 
52,000 
318,029 
1,421,518 
727,068 
600,785 
988,815 
73,510 
1,773,646 
230,054 
832,618 
210,603 
13,500 
55,616 
19,215 
86,950 
2,190,906 
23,750 
18,675 


Capital 






Continental . . . . 


Crown 


Dominion 


T. Eaton 


Excelsior 


Great West 


Imperial 


London 


Manufacturers 


Monarch .... 


Mutual of Canada 
National of Canada .... 


North American. 


Northern . 


Saskatchewan 






Sovereign 


Sun 


Travellers of Canada 


Western 


Total 


188,416 


315,235,336 


1,168,573 


1,860,026,952 


62,764,841 


13,978,105 


British Companies 
Commercial Union 


( 

359 

557 

22,315 
42 

60 
577 

1,047 


1,487 
1,101,000 

1,444,937 
6,241,353 
448,500 

479,533 
3,376,902 

3,066,525 


151 


543,744 
17,606 
7,300,818 

206,853 

108,515 
17,252,822 

8,209,289 

1,869,974 
86,782 
7,644,790 
17,547,095 
41,377 
17,963 
23,968,328 
124,98 


16,993 
183 
219,993 

2,914 

2,159 
625,442 

288,420 

117,085 
2,478 
228,305 
564,484 
614 
120 
844,06. 
4,165 


31,005 
5,281 
46,439 

57,330 

2,438 
353,318 

26,744 

26,249 
1,643 
158,099 
111,321 

5,548 
890,978 
7,686 


Edinburgh 2 


( 

3,062 
108 

60 
8,449 

30,895 

489 
58 
2,300 
4,933 
1< 

9,996 
90 


Gresham 


Life Association of Scot 
land 2 


Liverpool and London anc 
Globe 2 


London and Scottish 


Mutual Life and Citizens 
(Australia) 


North British and Mercan 
tile 


Norwich Union 2 


Phcenix of London . . . 


Royal 


Scottish Amicable 2 


Scottish Provident 2 


Standard 


Star 2 


Total 


34,959 


16,160,237 


60,621 


84,940,938 


2,917,418 


1,724,079 


Foreign Companies 
^Etna 


1,287 
54 

261,943 
2,16 

6,40 

159,85 

3,11 
21 


6,651,515 
522,509 

80,236,485 
7,066,054 

16,248,884 

42,179,26 
2,00 
13,153,86 
706,70 
30,50 


15,67 
43 
14,33 
5 
1,701,75 
20,14 
3 
57,21 
6 
13 
56 
823,17 
63 
15,06 
4,14 
31 


54,359,20 
852, 15 
38,317,66 
191,40 
445,446,79 
53,986,01 
21,17 
123,059,32 
62,60 
100,47 
867,18 
197,889,29 
1,503,83 
63,412,39 
9,107,69 
698,75 


1,264,90 
20,43 
1,294,66 
9,20 
15,822,21 
1,973,60 
15 
4,380,91 
1,00 
19,62 
25,24 
6,600,67 
38,27 
1,406,67 
301,96 
22,54 


709,450 
27,767 
669,814 
2,108 
3,042,514 
651,431 
1,000 
1,465,129 

46,002 
31,500 
985,076 
500 
484,308 
123,653 
72,029 


Connecticut Mutual 2 . 


Equitable ... .... 


Guardian 


Metropolitan 


Mutual of New York 


National of United States 
New York . .... 


Northwestern Mutual 2 .... 
Phoenix Mutual 2 


Provident Savings 2 


Prudential 


State 


Travelers of Hartford 
Union Mutual 


United States 


Total 


435,04 


166,797,77 


2,653,73 


989,875,95 


33,182,11 


8,312,281 


Canadian Companies 


188,41 
24,95 
435,04 


345,235,33 
16,160,23 

166,797,77 


1,168,57 
60,62 
2,653,73 


1,860,026,95 
84,940,93 
989,875,95 


62,764,84 
2,917,41 
33,182,11 


13,978,105 
1,724,079 
8,312,281 


British Companies 


Foreign Companies 


Grand Total.. 


648,42 


528,193,35 


3,882,92 


2,934,843,84 


98,864,37 


24,014,465 



Including matured endowments. 



2 Ceased transacting new business in Canada. 



856 



FINANCE 



78. Life Insurance in force and effected in Canada, 1922. 



Companies 
doing business. 


Policies Issued. 


Policies in Force. 


Net 
Premium 
Income. 


Net A mount 
of policies 
become 
claims.* 


No. 


Gross 
Amount. 


No. 


Net 
Amount. 


Canadian Companies 
Canada 


10,15 

40 
46 
8,14 
1,70 
2,94 
4,32 
2C 
3,47 
16,90 
6,51 
62,56 
10,81 
2.46 
12,46 
2,41 
6,779 
2,80 
53 
1,943 
997 
1.17 
14.439 
2.063 
498 


S 

32,396.20 
857.12 
1,156,36 
18,828,32 
3,192,15 
7.199,62 
10.531.19 
685.00 
7,335.94 
41,675,52 
20.190,27 
33,344,90 
23,620,78 
5,869,860 
30,926.460 
5.006.825 
14,057,49. 
6,942,905 
978,115 
2,822,594 
1,440,000 
2.620,750 
48.581.574 
4.755.662 
1,027.504 


85,54 
4,40 
1,58 
62,09 
12,98 
17,83 
28,07 
60 
27,51 
134,41 
52,96 
327,81 
76,42 
14.37 
116,50 
18,08 
53,55 
17,06 
2,51 
9.865 
4,72 
7,760 
152,530 
8,8?8 
2.77 


$ 

217,083.19 
7,491.95 
3,885.85 
123.323.73 
19,301.53 
31,875,55 
55,703.66 
14,236,19 
46.322.35 
301,250.39 
119,279,87 
129,576.84 
147,058,91 
30,605,70 
236,879.72. 
34.573.229 
97.341,435 
29,307,28 
4,959.02 
13,341,516 
5.582,90 
15.893.759 
308.184,528 
14. 719.91: 
5.720.9!), 


S 

7,355.492 
246.923 
89,369 
4,169,278 
658,157 
1,081.599 
1,880,152 
149,178 
1,491, OSS 
9,374.053 
4,352,320 
4,425,420 
5,204.180 
868,408 
8,930,878 
1,037,729 
3,363.779 
913,437 
169.336 
408,156 
146,792 
512.887 
10,408,896 
492.933 
151.454 


$ 

2,437,938 
42,500 
11,000 
1,391.131 
203,948 
240.365 
364.179 
44,250 
306,732 
1,603,772 
862,240 
717,342 
1,052,303 
77,340 
2,300,273 
265,059 
1,044,779 
231,034 
13,000 
100,000 
25,402 
80,978 
2,722,796 
51,000 
13,500 


Capital 


Commercial 


Confederation 


Continental 


Crown 


Dominion 


T. Eaton 


Excelsior 


Great West 


Imperial 


London 


M anufact urers 


Monarch 


Mutual of Canada 


National of Canada 


Nort h A merican 


Northern 


Saskatchewan 


Sauvegarde 


Security 


Sovereign 


Sun 


Travellers of Canada. . . 


Western 


Total 

British Companies 
Commercial Union 


177,207 


326, 043,190 


1,240,830 


2,013,500,068 


67,881,899 


16,202,861 


72 

1,140 
54,204 
58 

71 
671 

1,652 


15,000 
195,000 

2,368,209 
13,732,827 
201,500 

302.125 
3,818,983 

3,184,666 


146 
2,567 

92 

68 
9,015 

51,957 

512 

52 
2,241 
5,226 
12 
4 
10,778 
82 


547,369 
16,875 
5,771,591 

182,903 

117.132 
18,330,116 

14,520,785 

1,971,060 
78,690 
7,496,993 
19,663,205 
30,099 
16.716 
24.941,115 
108.468 


17,564 
145 
192,577 

2,123 

2,483 
562,587 

475,895 

69, 599 
1.846 
211.439 
618,426 
513 
93 
755.188 
3.883 


6,199 

972 
15,071 

25,157 

434,743 
90,203 

19.739 
8.093 
93.503 
259.568 
11,278 
1.235 
797,403 
9.598 


Edinburgh 2 


Gresham 


Life Association of Scot 
land 2 


Liverpool and London am 
Globe 2 


London and Scottish 
Mutual Life and Citizens 
(Australia) . . 


North British and Mercan 
tile 


Norwich Union 2 


Phoenix of London 


Royal 


Scottish A micable 2 


Scottish Provident 2 


Standard 


Star 2 


Total 

Foreign Companies 
./Etna 


57,871 


93,818,316 


82,760 


93,793,147 


2,911,361 


1,772,762 


1,229 
10 

258,348 
2,965 

5,603 

158,537 
1 
3,362 
171 
5 

130 231 


6,287,305 
85,087 

79,824,843 
9,247,571 

15,027,559 

44,532,313 
1.500 
15,892,931 
523,000 
21,000 
171 II.! 109 


15,855 
422 
13,563 
47 
1,808,679 
21,250 
33 
58,422 
53 
118 
486 
899,509 
614 
16,724 
3,939 
272 
?Viq OSS 


58,225.448 
828.071 
36,365.188 
186.666 
480,413,923 
58,226.906 
20.127 
128,519.388 
47.328 
90,683 
750.161 
218, 191.345 
1,250.612 
72,899.055 
8.823.884 
618. 71L 


1,373.071 
17,354 
1,211,135 
9,036 
17,425,211 
2,045,868 
122 
4,502,647 
841 
21,489 
21.040 
7,535.916 
36,333 
1,583.532 
286,529 
18.795 


568. 909 
25.727 
643.421 
3,875 
3,275,594 
876,582 
1.051 
1,392.208 
14,274 
9.789 
50.732 
1,100,598 

764,602 
99,660 
34,322 


Connecticut Mutual 2 


Equitable 


Guardian 


Metropolitan 


Mutual of New York. ... 


National of United States 2 
New York . . . 


Northwestern Mutual 1 . . 


Phoenix Mutual 2 


Provident Savings 1 


Prudential 


State 


Travelers of Hartford 
Union Mutual 


United States 
Total . . 


Canadian Companies 
British Companies 


177.207 
57.871 
430,231 


326, 043. 190 
23,818,310 
171.443.109 


1.240, 830 
82.760 
2,839.988 


2.013.500.068 

93.793. nr 

1.065.580.097 


67,881.899 
2,914,301 
36.089.919 


, Hol,JI4 

16.202,861 
1.772,762 
8.861,344 


Foreign Companies 


Grand Total 


66.5,309 


i21,304,609 


4,1C3,5?S 


3,l;2,8?3,312 


106,886,179 


26,836,967 



"Including matured endowments. Ceased transacting new business in Canada. 

MOTS. The figures of the above table are subject to revision. 



PROGRESS OF LIFE INSURANCE 



857 



79. Progress of Life Insurance in Canada, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922.3 


Canadian Companies 1 
Policies new and taken up No . 


132,585 


198,527 


208,512 


188,416 


177,207 


Policies in force at end of year " 


811,891 


947. 4S< 


1,079,146 


1,168.573 


1,240,830 


Policies become claims " 


16,501 


13,10b 


12,062 


10.938 


11,912 


Amount of policies new and taken up $ 
Net amount of policies in force 


179.429.315 
1 105 503 44< 


320,150,705 
1,362 631 561 


397,553,184 
1,664 348 60a 


345,235,336 
1,860,026 95L 


326,043,190 
- 013,500 068 


Net amount of policies become 
claims . $ 


18,926,307 


14,373,721 


14,626,037 


13,978.105 


16,202,861 


Amount of premiums in year. ...... S 


38,728,81.5 


47,126,374 


57,205,08: 


62./64.841 


67,881,899 


Claims paid 2 $ 


16,063,901 


17,454,054 


14,491,847 


14,093,985 


16,070,012 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


5,414,116 


l,902,63f 


1,845,777 


1,648,082 


1,659,325 


Resisted $ 


24,504 


62,993 


29,154 


22,032 


16,054 


British Companies 
Policies new and taken up No. 


6,877 


8,756 


14,743 


24,959 


57,871 


Policies in force at end of year " 


38,040 


42,232 


50 691 


60,621 


82 760 


Policies become claims ..." 


950 


936 


897 


930 


1 326 


Amount of policies new and taken up $ 
Net amount of policies in force $ 
Net amount of policies become 
claims $ 


5,969,013 
60,296,113 

1,674,214 


11,264,394 
66,908,064 

1,803,020 


15,967,383 
76,883,090 

1,782,399 


16,160.237 
84,940,938 

1,724.079 


23.818,310 
93,793,147 

1,772,762 


Amount of premiums in year $ 


l,935,2Ui 


2,201,462 


2,776 099 


2,917,418 


2,914,361 


Claims paid 2 $ 


1,466,069 


1.895.92S 


1,918,850 


1,512,555 


1,762,359 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


519,175 


382,258 


233,254 


336,954 


239,422 


Resisted $ 


53 000 


2,208 




10,633 


10 000 


Foreign Companies 
Policies new and taken up No 


393,645 


433 968 


431,921 


435,045 


430,231 


Policies in force at end of year " 


1,942,045 


2,200,603 


2,444,166 


2,653,733 


2,839 988 


Policies become claims " 


SO.OOc 


27 144 


29,294 


25.613 


26.842 


Amount of policies new and taken up $ 
Not amount of policies in force $ 


127,853,228 
619 261, 713 


193,128,530 
758 297 69! 


228,257,52)- 
913,793 798 


166,797,779 
989,875 958 


171.443,109 
1 065 580 097 


Net amount of policies become 
claims $ 


9,381,768 


8,339,561 


9,036,3 6 


8,312,281 


8,861,344 


Amount of premiums in year f 


20,977,013 


25,380,673 


30,236.86(> 


33,182,112 


36,089,919 


Claims paid 2 S 


8,717,631 


8,727 110 


9,307,381 


8,390,722 


9,022,210 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


1,359,971 


852 393 


511 363 


427 516 


448 639 


Resisted . . $ 


67,627 


41 199 


138,278 


119,425 


86 298 


All Companies 
Policies new and taken up No 


533,107 


641,251 


655,176 


648.420 


665,309 


Policies in force at end of year " 


2,791.976 


3,190,324 


3,574 003 


3,882.927 


4,163,578 


Policies become claims " 


47,462 


41.186 


42.253 


37.481 


40,080 


Amount of policies now and taken up $ 
Net amount of policies in force $ 
Net amount of policies become 
claims $ 


313,251,556 
1,785,061,273 

29.982.28!) 


524,543,629 
?. 187.837.31 7 

24.516.30? 


641,778,095 
2.657,025.493 

25.444.762 


528.1 93. 3.V! 
2.934,843.848 

24.014,465 


521.304.609 
3.172,873.212 

26.836,967 


Amount of premiums in year $ 


61,641 047 


74.708 500 


90 218 047 


98,864 371 


106 886 179 


Claims paid 2 $ 


26,247,601 


28,077,092 


25,718 078 


23,997,262 


26,854 581 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


7,293,262 


3,1.?7,290 


2,590 394 


2 412 552 


2 347,386 


Resisted $ 


145,131 


106,400 


167 432 


152 081 


112,352 















1 I- is^ires of Canadian business only. 

1 Including matured endowments. 

* figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 



858 



FINANCE 



80. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1918-1921. 







1918. 






1919. 




Companies. 


Number 
of lives 
exposed 
to risk. 


Number 
of 
deaths. 


Death- 
rate per 
1,000. 


Number 
of lives 
exposed 
to risk. 


Number 
of 
deaths. 


Death- 
rate per 
1,000. 


Active companies, ordinary. . 


880 859 


13 Oil 


14-8 


1 008 389 


7 SSI 


7. X 


Active companies, industrial.. 


1,762 147 


23 657 


13-4 


1 989 367 


1fi ^48 


80 


Assessment and fraternal societies 


115 360 


2 112 


18-3 


11 for: 


7 (IftO 


1 9 


Non-active and retired companies 


2,284 


107 


46-8 


2,125 


118 


55-5 


Total 


.>,7bO,50 


38,887 


14 1 


:.i:.n. !H.t. 


36, 15B 


8-3 






1920. 






1921. 




Active companies, ordinary. . 


1,177,608 


8 125 


6-9 


1 304 130 


7 40fi 


e.7 


Active companies, industrial 


2,215 815 


18 634 


8-4 


434 322 


Ifi fiQ9 




Assessment and fraternal societies . 


206,066 


2 643 


12-8 


217 259 


9 4.^7 


n.o 


Non-active and retired companies 


1,974 


173 


87-R 


1,736 


123 


70-9 


Total 


3,601,463 


39,575 


8-2 


.{,957,447 


26 65$ 


6-7 



NOTE. Average death-rate for all companies in the twenty-one years 1901-1921 was 9-5. 

81. Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies 
other than Canadian Companies, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canadian Companies 
Real estate 


$ 

16 297 408 


$ 

16 791 000 


$ 

17 17(1 fiW 


$ 

ic (174 R9S 


S 

to /ice onn 


Loans on real estate 


90 653 299 


91 325 101 


in so 1 ; KOI 


1 1 Q SO** ft9. 




Loans on collaterals 


1 225 805 


1 761 166 


1 KQ9 88Q 


i 970 coo 


9 dQd 997 


Cash loans and premium obligations on 
policies in force 


43 884 451 


44 611 997 


49 303 63 9 


fin 9^0 79Q 


77 70S 47fi 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 


179,671 910 


>04 639 77 


27 785 614 


M9 10.fi (\AZ. 


977 998 9^fi 


Interest and rent due and accrued . . 


7,442 414 


8 061 833 


9 266 513 


H9fifi Q4.fi 


to 77ft 400 


Cash on hand and in banks 1 


3,903,597 


2 403 405 


2 924 976 


4 ^17 fifi! 


^ 09 X AftS 


Outstanding and deferred premiums 
Other assets 


7,818,704 
209 SO 9 


9,019,887 
993 744 


11,120,733 
i "in 48fi 


13,825,291 

^V* 1 R9 


15,601,979 

Q7t QOft 














Total assets 


3ol,106,890 


i<8 907 790 


123 25i i9i 


i:t SHU tllX 
















British Companies 
Real estate 


1 112 914 


1 306 036 


017 408 


OQC Aftf) 


7 CO ,409 


Loans on real estate 


14 222 507 


12 998 447 


19 797 4ft4 


1A KKK CO 4. 


10 1 97 fi^4. 


Loans on collaterals 


166 934 


18 770 


19 IfiT 


K f)At\ 


4. AO9 


Cash loans and premium obligations on 
policies in force 


2 532 382 


2 446 603 


2 60 59 9 


9 043 111 


31Q7 000 


Stocks, bonds and debentures . 


17,819,067 


20 036 680 


19 636 657 


21 480 909 


25 259 619 


Interest and rent due and accrued 


463,106 


417 433 


402 639 


3% 519 


393 252 


Cash on hand and in banks 1 


677 197 


756 488 


777 234 


848 501 


S49 7Q8 


Outstanding and deferred premiums.. . . 
Other assets 


354,537 
373 187 


350,585 
3.-) 890 


387,443 

57 360 


436,909 

K8 KS7 


494,955 
47 Tin 














Total assets In Canada 


37,721,831 


38,3tiG,8t>2 


37,521 001 


37 820 <14 


41 121 742 














Foreign Companies- 
Real estate 


120 295 


221 013 


218 139 


r.A-> r.i)A 


cn7 710 


Loans on real estate 


10 63 ( J 987 


10 063 742 


9 143 873 


n fuo 898 


Q 7fin ^S7 


Loans on collaterals 


30,627 


none 


15 000 


15 000 


35 000 


Cash loans and premium obligations on 
policies in force 


11 172 030 


11 318 518 


12 023 999 


14 00 077 


i n QOO ^100 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 
Interest and rent due and accrued 
Cash on hand and in bank. 1 ... 


71,502,264 
1,309,586 
1 997 886 


86,090,541 

1,390. Hi 1 7 
2 077 111 


99,409,049 
1,518,272 
3 919 3% 


14!<)73!322 

1.747,341 

A -)AA KCn 


134,185,635 
2,180,204 

9 fi9"i 97fi 


Outstanding and deferred premiums.. . . 
Other assets 


1,828,015 
6,498 


2,296,416 
16,281 


2,808,887 
I6.W? 


3,161,859 
15.377 


3,3!;8,398 
1.673 


Total assets In Canada 


98,107,188 


13,474,549 


29,072,888 


4.9,3,778 


1K7, 684,993 



1 Includes cash deposit with Government. 

J The figure in the text is the hook value; the market value of tin was 5348,709,244 in 1918, 

$376,604,050 in 1919, $420,018,399 in 1920, $471,103,446 in 1921 and $555,635,494 in 1922. 

: The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 

r^ OT j C crt . a n Rritish Companies transacting fire insurance in Canada transact also life insurance 
in Canada, and insomuch as a separation of assets has not been nmclo between thc-e two classes, their 
assets in Canada are not here included, but are included in the assets of British companies shown in Table 
70 on page 844. 



LIABILITIES OF LIFE COMPANIES 



859 



82. Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life 
Companies other than Canadian Companies, 1918-1922. 



Schedule. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. . 


1922.2 


Canadian Companies 
Unsettled claims 


$ 
7,752,308 


$ 
3,920,563 


$ 

3,505,478 


$ 
3,234,416 


$ 
3 982 634 


Net re- insurance reserve 


91,035,397 


321,027,592 


359,548,337 


402,023,210 


467 013 948 


Sundry liabilities 


11,560,484 


16,220,206 


19,478,309 


31,017,305 


44,186 852 














Total liabilities, not including capital 


310,348,189 


341,168,361 


382,532,124 


436,274,931 


515,183,434 


Surplus of assets excluding capital 


38,361,055 


35,435,689 


37,486,275 


34,828 515 


40 452 060 


Capital stock paid up 


5,921,342 


5,980,407 


6,166,044 


6,572,460 


6 629 009 


British Companies 1 
1 n^ettled claims 


572,175 


384,466 


233,253 


347 587 


249 4^2 


Net re-insurance reserve 


19,075,622 


19,361,479 


20 483 379 


22 061 174 


22 621 893 


Sundry liabilities 


67,198 


157,757 


201 123 


123 365 


219 552 














Total liabilities, not including capital 


19,714,995 


19,903,702 


20,917,755 


22,532,126 


23,090,867 


Surplus of assets 


18,006,836 


18,463,160 


16,682,334 


15,335,119 


18,074 955 














Foreign Companies 1 
Unsettled claims 


1,427,598 


893,592 


649 641 


546 941 


534 936 


Net re-insurance reserve 


92,346,507 


104,220,027 


114,561,395 


126,971 831 


139 690 502 


Sundry liabilities 


3,515,199 


3,621,881 


4,413,133 


5,438 027 


7,946 695 














Total liabilities, not including capital 


97,289,304 


108,735,500 


119,624,169 


132,956,799 


148,172,133 




1 317 884 


4,739 049 


9 448 719 


13 996 979 


19 512 859 














All Companies 
Unsettled claims 


9,752,081 


5,198,621 


4,388,372 


4,128 944 


4 766 992 


Net re- insurance reserve 


402,457,526 


444,609,098 


494,593,111 


551,056,215 


629 326 343 


Sundry liabilities 


15,142,881 


19,999,844 


24,092,565 


36,578,697 


52,353 099 














Total liabilities, not including capital 


427,352,488 


469,807,563 


523,074,048 


591,763,856 


686,446 434 


Surplus of assets excluding capital 


57,685,775 


58,637,898 


63,617 328 


64 160 613 


78 039 874 


Capital stock paid up 3 


5,921,342 


5,980,407 


6,166,044 


6 572 460 


6 629 009 















1 Liabilities in Canada. 2 Figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 3 Canadian companies only. 

83. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income 
and Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 
1918-1922. 



Schedule. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922.2 


INCOME. 

Canadian Companies 
Net premium income 


$ 
53,188,261 


$ 
64,433,449 


$ 
78,725,400 


$ 
84,808,432 


$ 
94,275,510 


Consideration for annuities 


1,622,847 


2,519,957 


2,075,407 


1,909,861 


2,779 506 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc.. . 
Sundry items 


18,986,651 
1,479,332 


19,911,623 
1,766,153 


21,631,593 
2,207,453 


24,257,582 
1,987,555 


28,020,230 
2,735,377 














Total cash income 


75,277,091 


88,631,182 


104,639,853 


112,963,430 


127,810,623 














British Companies 
Net premium income 


1,935,219 


2,201,462 


2,776,099 


2,917,419 


2,914,362 


Consideration for annuities 


9,771 


1,050 


131 


130 


18,313 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc.. . 
Sundry items 


1,851,191 
14,797 


1,977,211 
86,640 


1,838,218 
337,771 


1,785,684 
82,831 


1,829,868 
117,742 














Total cash income 1 


3,810,978 


4,266,363 


4,952,219 


4,786,064 


4,880,285 














Foreign Companies 
Net premium income 


20,977,014 


25,380,673 


30,236,866 


33,182,114 


36,089,919 


Consideration for annuities 


15,750 


40,066 


21,059 


35,696 


45,304 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc... 
Sundry items 


4,747,572 
375,416 


5,189,215 
431,784 


5,890,062 
630,860 


6,581,194 
680,764 


7,698,766 
604,648 














Total cash income^ . . 


26.115.752 


31.041.738 


36.778.847 


40.479.768 


44.438.637 



1 Income and expenditure in Canada. 2 The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 



860 



FINANCE 



83. Cash Income and E\ppnditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income 
and Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies 
1918-1922 concluded. 



Schedule. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


EXPENDITURE. 
Canadian Companies 
Payments to policy holders 


$ 

33,137,434 


$ 

38 477 058 


1 

36 986 070 


$ 

37 311 393 


1 

47 510 R9Q 


General expenses 


16,170 006 


21 912 380 


26 755 643 


27 463 385 


90 701 A/IK 


Dividends to stockholders . 


553 192 


558 01 


957 077 


798 n^7 


QQ-) Q77 














Total expenditure 


49,860,632 


69,947 459 


64 698 790 


65 102 83? 


77 171 R11 














Excess of income over expenditure ... . 


25,416,459 


27 683 723 


39 941 063 


47 450 595 


10 ft 1 ? I fil? 


British Companies 
Payments to policy holders 


1,706 934 


2 149 843 


2 407 707 


1 g^g 50o 


9 1Q4 ftflft 


General expenses 


530,003 


667 253 


1 065 870 


1 242 504 


1 971 fifi? 


Dividends to stockholders 
























Total expenditure 1 


2,236,937 


2,817 096 


3 473 577 


3 its onr. 


3lfiC ecc 














Excess of income over exnenditure . . . 


1,574 041 


1 449 267 


1 478 642 


1 668 058 


1 411 710 


Foreign Companies 
Payments to policy holders 


11,969,716 


12,386 608 


14 044 279 


13 847 206 


16 53 747 


General expenses 


5 756 211 


7 149 270 


8 039 873 


8 255 026 


8<;9i; 9/v 


Dividends to stockholders 
























Total expenditure 1 


17,725,927 


19,535,884 


22,084,152 


22,102 232 


25 068 007 














Excess of income over expenditure 


8,389,825 


11 505 854 


14 694 695 


18 377 536 


19 370 630 















1 Income and expenditure in Canada. * The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. 

Life Insurance on the Assessment Plan Table 84 gives statistics of 
life insurance on the assessment plan, that is, insurance effected through fraternal 
or friendly societies by assessments on the members thereof and with annual dues 
to meet expenses. The statistics in this table relate, however, only to the eight 
Canadian societies reporting to the Insurance Department of the Dominion 
Government, viz., the Alliance Nationale, the Ancient Order of Foresters, the 
Artisans Canndiens, the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association, the Commercial 
Travellers Mutual Benefit Society, the Independent Order of Foresters (whose 
statistics include sick and funeral departments), the Royal Guardians and the 
Woodmen of the World. 

Under an amendment to the Insurance Act which became effective January 1, 
1920, it became necessary for all foreign fraternal societies previously transacting 
business in Canada under provincial licenses to obtain licenses under the Insurance 
Act in order to be permitted to continue to Issue new insurance in Canada. Ten 
such societies obtained such licenses, viz., the Ladies Catholic Benevolent Associa 
tion, the Maccabees, Royal Arcanum, Woman s Benefit Association of the Macca 
bees, Catholic Older of Foresters, the Workmen s Circle, Knights of Columbus, 
Association Canada-Amcricaine, Western Mutual Life Association and Knight a of 
Pythias, while the Jewish National Workers Alliance of America has also obtained 
a license. 



LIFE INSURANCE ON ASSESSMENT PLAN 



861 



84. Life Insurance on the Assessment Plan, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920.1 


1921.1 


1922.1 




7,193 


12,155 


14,234 


11,623 


13,529 




2,647 


2,786 


2,773 


2,417 


2,699 


Amount paid bv members 


$ 

2,679,637 


$ 
2,654,835 


1 

2,691,826 


$ 
2,651,098 


$ 

2,971,934 


Amount of certificates new and taken up. 
Net amount in force 


5,497,819 
129,053,773 


10,405,843 
134,055,399 


12,727,091 
137,057,828 


10,774,992 
136,427,453 


10,037,300 
132,656,090 


Amount of certificates become claims 
Claims paid 


2,555,462 
3,037,860 


2,643,671 
2,997,753 


2,636,213 
2,723,725 


2,319,302 
2,397,681 


2,394,682 
2,617,821 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted . . . . . . 


387,193 


180,919 


192,715 


191,841 


174,709 


Resisted . 


2,500 


1,922 


2,000 


1,000 





Amount terminated by 
Death . 


4,381,610 


1,900,633 


1,868,508 


1,645,521 


1,659,196 


Surrender, expiry, or lapse, etc 


14,849,510 


12,163,679 


10,961,533 


11,409,840 


18,439,896 


Total terminated 


19,231,120 


14,064,312 


12,830,041 


13,055,361 


20,099,092 














Assets 


1,428,123 


1,357,738 


1,376,462 


1,547,378 


1,629,223 


Loans on real e?tate 


7,789,646 


7,418,138 


7,445,923 


7,823,510 


8,609,963 


Policy loans (liens arising out of re 
adjustment) . 


26,013,580 


24.000,472 


23,406,179 


22,638,544 


18,797,174 


Stocks bonds and debentures 


16,303,729 


20,307,673 


21,825,835 


22,190,818 


25,814,991 




264,221 


609,790 


476,693 


799,144 


846,155 


Interest and rent due and accrued 


747,850 


650,515 


721,046 


835,500 


679,798 


Dues from members 


164,346 


235,262 


211,553 


213,162 


212,703 


Other assets 


4,316,012 


4,976,927 


4,993,270 


5,572,258 


5,036,375 


Total assets 


57,027,507 


59,556,515 


60,456,941 = 


61,620,314^ 


61,626,382* 














Liabilities 


590,647 


305,672 


279,971 


292,156 


261,285 


Reserve 


53,550,029 


54,187,476 


55,327,610 


56,601,595 


56,430,585 


Due on account of general expenses 
Other liabilities 


] 2,159,159 


1,063,370 


514,684 


1,036,905 


1,403,659 


Total liabilities 


56,299,835 


55,556,518 


56,122,265 


57,930,656 


58,095,529 


Income 


5,595,406 


5,308,692 


5,441,478 


5,443,211 


5,702.312 


Fees and dues 


173,837 


378,641 


415,759 


464,810 


468,258 




2,579,591 


2,482.912 


2,549,911 


2,659,286 


2,685,835 


Other receipts 


15,727 


136,408 


52,839 


56,328 


97,501 


Total income 


8, 364, 561 


8,306,653 


8,160,037 


8,623,635 


8,953,906 


Expenditure 
Paid to members . 


6,269,903 


6,007,306 


5,547,411 


5,042,055 


5,498,138 


General expenses . 


1,091,611 


1,150,358 


1,311,921 


2,664,942 


1,720,633 














Total expenditure 


7,361,514 


7,157,664 


6,859,332 


7,706,997 


7,218,771 




1,003;047 


1,148,989 


1,600,705 


916,638 


1,735,135 















iCanadian I-raternal Benefit Societies only (business in Canada). 

2 The figure in the text is the book value; the market value of these assets was $57,052,508 in 1919, 
$57,965,864 in 1920, $59,635, 458 in 1921 and ?60,301,249 in 1922. 

Independent Order of Foresters, $43,803,952 in 1918; $44,031,640 in 1919; $41,972.863 in 1920; $42,128.649 
in 1921 and $39,852,318 in 1922. Including a special reserve of $1,600,000 in 1918, $1,000,000 in 1919, $1,000,000 
in 1920, $600,000 in 1921 and $1,000,000 in 1922. 

Summary of life Insurance in Canada, 1921 and 1922. In addition to 
the business transacted by life insurance companies incorporated by the Dominion 
Government to carry on business throughout the country, a considerable volume 
is also effected by companies operating under provincial licenses or otherwise 
permitted by the Provincial Governments to carry on such transactions. Statistics 
of these provincial companies have been collected since 1915 by the Department of 



862 



FINANCE 



Insurance. Table 85, showing policies issued and in force, premiums received 
and losses paid as at Dec. 31, 1921 and 1922, illustrates the volume of business 
done by both life companies and fraternal societies as Dominion and Provincial 
licensees in these years. 

85. Dominion and Provincial Life Insurance in Canada, 1921 and 1922. 



Business transacted by 


New- 
policies issued 
(gross). 


Net 
in force Dec. 
31. 


Net 
premiums 
received. 


Net 
death 
claims paid. 


1921. 
1. Dominion licensees 
(a) Life companies 


$ 

577,207,829 


$ 

2,934 843 848 


1 

99 015 081 


* 

24 251 398 


(b) Fraternals 


16 347,692 


202 549 447 


3 731 135 


3 260 994 












Totals 


593,555,521 


3,137,393,295 


102,746,216 


27 512 392 












2. Provincial licensees 
(a) Provincial companies within provinces 
by which they are incorporated 
(i) Life companies 


9,198,331 


20,680,027 


590 324 


82 587 


(ii) Fraternals 


4,726,665 


122,592,482 


2 , 587 , 839 


2 069 138 


(b) Provincial companies in provinces other 
than those by which they are incor 
porated 
(i) Life companies 


3,914,888 


9 395,013 


243 296 


33 100 


(ii) Fraternals 


4,718,200 


70 203 656 


967 549 


627 252 












Totals for Provincial companies 


22,558,084 


222,871,178 


4,389,008 


2,812,077 












Grand Totals 


616,113,605 


3,360,264,473 


107,135,224 


30,324,469 












1922. 
1. Dominion licensees 
(a) Life companies 


579 000 40 


3 172 873 312 


107 103 57 9 


27 129 578 


(b) Fraternals 


14,989,100 


185 515 525 


4 185,205 


3 717 025 












Totals 


594,079,502 


3,358,388 837 


111 288 777 


30 846 603 












2. Provincial licensees 
(a) Provincial companies within provinces 
by which they arc incorporated 
(i) Life companies 


* 12,243,261 


24 538 407 


666 956 


74 967 


(ii) Fraternals 


2,200,005 


95,144,420 


2,752 560 


1 977 728 


(b) Provincial companies in provinces other 
than those by wH|lh they are incor 
porated 
(i) Life companies 


4,589,281 


7,895,838 


217,400 


20,309 


(ii) Fraternals 


2,505,914 


47,801,536 


692,800 


533,054 












Totals for Provincial companies 


21,538,4(1 


175,380,201 


4,329,716 


2,606,058 












Grand Totals 


615,617,963 


3,533,769,038 


115,618,493 


33,452,661 













3. Miscellaneous Insurance. 

Since 1875 the growth of insurance business other than fire or life has been 
a steady one. The report of the Superintendent of Insurance for the calendar 
year 1880 shows that the number of companies duly licensed for the transaction of 
accident, guarantee, plate glass and steam boiler insurance the only four classes 
of miscellaneous insurance then transacted was 5, 3, 1 and 1 respectively. The 
same report for the year 1922 shows that miscellaneous insurance now includes 
in Canada, accident, sickness, automobile, burglary, explosion, forgery, guarantee, 
hail, inland transportation, employers liability, aviation, plate glass, sprinkler 
leakage, steam boiler, title, tornado and live stock insurance, etc. Whereas in 1880, 
10 companies transacted business of this kind, such insurance is now sold by 138 
companies, of which 34 are Canadian and 104 British and foreign. 



MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE 



863 



Accident Insurance. The first license of this kind was issued to the 
Travelers Co. of Hartford, Conn., in 1868. The first license to a Canadian Co. 
was that issued to the Accident Insurance Co. of Canada, which was organized in 
1872 and commenced business in 1874. Much accident insurance has also been 
sold by companies doing primarily a life insurance business. 

Automobile Insurance. This is now one of the most important branches 
of the miscellaneous class of insurance. Premiums increased from 180,446 in 1910 
to $573,604 in 1915, and to $6,116,140 in 1922, with an increase in the number of 
companies from 7 to 85 during the 12 year period. 

Plate Glass Insurance. Policies were first sold in Canada by the Metro 
politan Plate Glass Insurance Co., an American concern which withdrew from 
Canada during 1882 to avoid business restrictions. The 29 companies operating 
in Canada in 1922 received premiums of $708,748 and paid claims of $215,584. 

Burglary Insurance. This type of insurance received but slight attention 
in Canada until 1918. In 1893, however, one company issued burglary policies. 
A second followed in 1905, and in 1910 five companies were operating, while at 
the end of 1922, 25 companies were licensed to do burglary business. For 1922 
the premium income of all companies amounted to $726,076, and the losses paid 
amounted to $340,214. 

86. Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1922.= 



Types of Insurance. 


Premiums. 


Losses 
incurred. 


Unsettled Claims. 


Not 
resisted. 


Resisted. 


Guarantee 


$ 
1,468,652 
2,425,201 
1,282,269 
2,334,690 
1,584,872 
726,076 
300,126 
4,402,427 
280,764 
708,748 
2,481,802 
3,634,338 
92,826 
87,934 
153,787 
64,284 
18,719 
29,348 
18,572 


$ 

543,871 
1,029,827 
652,259 
1,119,546 
973,403 
340,214 
10,849 
1,635,347 
59,769 
215,584 
1,418,667 
1,332,511 
39,293 
60,015 
38,058 

5,572 
21,187 


$ 
353,636 
242,290 
131,266 
785,883 
204,913 
66,282 
10,033 
1,925 
15,039 
31,540 
264,676 
435,814 
11,133 
8,985 
4,076 

56 
65 


$ 

302,994 
725 
75 
52,635 
4,150 
34,217 
11,767 

53,362 
54,705 


Personal Accident 


Personal Accident and Sickness ... ... 


Employers Liability 


Sickness 


Burglary. 


Steam Boiler 


Hail 


Inland Transportation 


Plate Glass 


Automobile 1 


Automobile 2 


Sprinkler Leakage 


Livestock . . .. ... 


Tornado 


Explosion 


Forgery . . ... 


Rain 


Robbery 





Including fire risk. 2 Excluding fire risk. 3 Dominion licensees only. 



864 



FINANCE 



87. Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies 
doing only Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1922. 



Companies. 


Cash 
Income. 


Cash 
Expendi 
ture. 


Excess of 
Income 
over 
Expendi 
ture. 


Assets. 


Liabili 
ties. 
i 


Excess of 

Assets 
over 
Liabili 
ties. 


Boiler Inspection 


$ 
175,363 


S 

140,373 


$ 

34,990 


$ 

535,263 


$ 

175,878 


$ 

359,385 


Casualty Co of Canada 


166,022 


95 577 


70 445 


156,180 


55,381 


100,799 


Chartered Trust and Executor Co 


145,009 


120.901 


24,108 


1,291,152 


729,612 


561,540 


Fidelity Insurance Company 


77,307 


17,922 


59,385 


317,729 


24,055 


293,674 


General Animals 


69,199 


60,972 


8,227 


87,003 


32,669 


54,334 


Guarantee Co. of N. A 


522,379 


427,193 


95,186 


2,879,689 


662,419 


2,217,270 


Merchants and Employers Guarantee 
and Accident 


243,562 


225,343 


18,219 


203,459 


103,998 


99,461 


Protective Association of Canada 


273 , 285 


248 415 


24 870 


169,781 


97,536 


72,245 
















Total 


1,672,196 


1,336,696 


335,430 


5,640,256 


1,881,548 


3,758,708 

















Not including capital stock. 

88. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies, other than Canadian, doing 
only Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1922. 



Companies. 


Income (Cash). 


Expenditure (Cash). 


Pre 
miums. 


Interest 
and 
Divi 
dends 
Earned. 


Total 
Cash 
Income. 


Net 
Losses 
Incurred. 


General 
Expendi 
ture. 


Total 
Cash 
Expendi 
ture. 


Excess of 
Income 
over 
Expendi 
ture. 


Abeille 


S 

99,996 

14,646 
51,281 
982 
537,157 

76,166 
47,593 
220,592 
102.904 
33,437 
1,200 
30,282 
7,087 
47,925 
252,298 

19,987 
279,079 
7,050 
175,842 
21,024 

39.801 
76,550 
163,796 
536,363 
543,806 

657,548 
36,138 


$ 

A 

4,079 

5,452 
4,680 
11,641 

45 
15,881 
10,064 
2,181 
1,350 
2,500 

3,388 
4,869 

1,567 
23,933 
1,281 
15,162 
1,524 

1,613 
2,539 
13,385 
27,960 

36,350 


$ 

100,457 
4,079 
14,646 
56.733 
5,662 
549,531 

76,166 
47,638 
236,474 
112,967 
35,618 
2,550 
32,782 
7,088 
51,313 
257,167 

21,554 
303,012 
8,331 
191,004 
22,548 

41,414 
79,088 
177, 111 
564,335 
543,969 

693,898 
30,138 


$ 

34,923 

5,151 
-11,334 

242,586 

29,361 
21,122 
138,928 
24,806 
22,835 

3,578 

3,229 
12,682 
150,290 

2,592 
132,986 
225 
116,689 
6,399 

24,403 
42,138 
117,486 
m,662 
185,015 

203,207 
11,181 


S 

42,223 

4,622 
20, 927 
458 
269,512 
190 
31,078 
23,030 
120,964 
49,233 
20,892 

9,987 
702 
23,647 
109,154 

3,313 
124,046 
2,464 
90,585 
10,676 

25,508 
19,728 
89,591 
226,795 
376,063 

344,830 
27,028 


1 

77,145 

9,773 
9,593 
458 
512,099 
190 
60,439 
44,152 
265.892 
74,039 
43,727 

13,565 
3,931 

36,. S - 9 
259,444 

5,905 
257,032 
2,689 
207, 274 
17,075 

49,910 
61,866 
207,077 
310,457 
561,078 

548.037 
38,210 


S 

23,312 
4,079 
4,873 
47,140 
5,204 
37,432 
- 190 
15,727 
3.486 
-29,418 
38,928 
- 8,109 
2.550 
19,217 
3,157 
14,984 
- 2,277 

15,649 
45,980 
5,642 
-16,270 
5,473 

- 8,496 
17,222 
-29,896 
223,878 
-17,109 

145, 861 
- 2,072 


.fEtna Casualty 


American and Foreign 


American Surety . . . 


British and Foreign 


Continental Casualtv 


Co-operative Casualty 


Excess 


Federal 


Fidelity and Casualty 


Hartford Accident 


Hartford Live Stock 


Hartford Steam Boiler 


Indemnity Insurance Co 


International Fidelity 


Lloyds Plate Glass 


Loyal Protective 


Lumbermen s Mutual Cas 
ualty 


Maryland Casualty 


Metropolitan Life 


National Surety 


New York Plate Glass 


Ocean Marine 


Preferred Accident 


Ridgely Protective 


Roval Indemnity 


Travelers Indemnity 


Travelers Insurance 


United States Fidelity and 
Guaranty 


Western Casualty 


Totals.. 


4.080.530 


191.905 


4.273.343 


1.634.139 


2.073.246 


3. 707. 386 


565,957 



STATISTICS OF MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE 



865 



89. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1922. 

NET PREMIUMS RECEIVED. 



Class of business. 


Dominion 
Licensees. 


Provincial Licensees. 


Grand 
Totals. 


(a) 
Proy. Cos. 
within 
provinces 
by which 
they are 
incorp. 


(b) 

Prov. Cos. 
within prov. 
other than 
those by 
which they 
are incorp. 


Total 
Provincial 
Licensees. 


Accident 


$ 
2,425,201 
1,282,269 

2,481,802 
3,634,338 
726,076 
70,281 
64,284 
18,719 

738,7251 
729,972] 
4,402,427 
280,764 
2,334,690 
87,934 
708,748 
29,348 
18,572 
1,584,872 

92,826 
300, 126 

153,787 


$ 

1,708 
13,974 
31,073 
99,740 

1,678 

65,948 
26,887 

24,563 
178,288 

21,188 
133,163 

166,418 
626,789 

237,542 


S 

58,576 
13,781 
95,126 

4,562 
172,059 

3,671 

188,065 
83,171 


$ 

1,708 
72,550 
44,854 
194, 866 

1,678 

65,948 

26,887 

29,125 
350,347 

21,188 
136,834 

354,483 
709,960 

237,542 


$ 

2,426,909 
1,354,819 
44,854 
2,676,668 
3,634,338 
727,754 
70,281 
64,284 
18,719 
65,948 
26,887 

1,497,622 

4,752,974 
280,764 
2,355,878 
87,934 
845,582 
29,348 
18,572 
1,584,872 
354,483 

709,960 
92,826 
300, 126 

153,787 
237,542 


Accident and Sickness combined 


Accident and Sickness (Fraternals) 


Automobile (including Fire risk) . . 


Automobile (excluding Fire risk) ... 


Burglary 


Electrical Machinery 


Explosion 


Forgery 


Funeral 


Funeral (Fraternals) 


Guarantee (Fidelity) . . ... 


Guarantee (Surety) . 


Hail . . . . 


Inland Transportation 


Liability 


Live Stock 


Plate Glass . ... 


Rain ... ... 


Robbery 


Sickness 


Sickness (Fraternals) 


Sickness and Funerals (Fraternals com 
bined) 


Sprinkler ... ... 


Steam Boiler 


Title 


Tornado 


Weather 


Totals.. 


22.165.761 


1.628.959 


619.011 


2.247.97ft 


21.lia.7S1 



NET LOSSES PAID. 



Accident 


S 
1 029 827 


$ 
705 


- 


$ 
705 


- 
1 030 532 


Accident and Sickness combined 


652 259 


5 980 


35 508 


41 488 


693 747 


Accident and Sickness (Fraternals) 




089 


12 706 


32 795 


32 795 


Automobile (including Fire risk) 


1,418,667 


15 937 


53 537 


69 474 


1 488 141 


Automobile (excluding Fire risk) 


1,332,511 








1 33 9 511 


Burglary 


340 214 








Qin 914 


Electrical Machinery 


25 819 








25 819 


Explosion 












Forgery 


5,572 








5 572 


Funeral 




14,309 




14 309 


14 309 


Funeral (Fraternals) 




51,604 




51 604 


51 604 


Guarantee (Fidelity) 


332,5451 










Guarantee (Surety) 


211 326J 


4,437 


2,106 


6,543 


550,414 


Hail 


1,635,347 


124 807 


33 156 


157 963 


1 793 310 


Inland Transportation 


59,769 








59 769 


Liability 


1 119 546 


q 952 




Q Q^ 


1 190 4oa 


Live Stock 


60 015 








fin M<\ 


Plate Glass 


215 584 


50 480 


1 226 


51 706 


OR7 OQO 


Rain 


21,187 








21 187 


Robbery 












Sickness 


973,403 








973 403 


Sickness (Fraternals) 




520,415 


199 668 


720 083 


720 083 


Sickness and Funerals (Fraternals com 
bined) 






44 459 


44 459 


44 459 


Sprinkler 


39 293 








QQ OQO 


Steam Boiler... 


10 849 








W84Q 


Title 












Tornado 


38,058 








38 058 


Weather 




31,858 




31 858 


31 858 














Totals.., 


9.521.791 


850.573 


382.366 


1. 232.9X9 


m_7:vl.73 



6237355 



866 



FINANCE 



99. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1921 

and 



Business transacted by 


Net 
premiums 
written. 


Net 
losses 
incurred. 


1921. 
1 Dominion licensees 


$ 

22,709,816 


- 
14,154,747 


2. Provincial licensees 
(a) Provincial companies within provinces by which they are incorporated 
(b) Provincial companies within provinces other than those by which they 
are incorporated . . . . , . , . . 


3,176,608 
669,542 


1,864,418 
524,130 


Total for Provincial Companies 


3,846,150 


2,388,548 








Grand Totals 


26,555,966 


16,543,295 








1922. 
1 Dominion licensees 


22,165,761 


9,521,791 


2. Provincial licensees 
(a) Provincial companies within provinces by which they are incorporated 
(b) Provincial companies within provinces other than those by which they 
are incorporated . . . 


1,628,959 
619,011 


850,573 
382,366 


Total for Provincial Companies 


2,247,970 


1,232,939 








Grand Totals 


24,113,731 


10,754,730 









4. Government Annuities. 

During the early years of the 20th century, there took place throughout the 
civilized world a distinct movement in favour of ameliorating the living conditions 
of the less well off members of society. One form which this movement took in 
the United Kingdom was that of old age pensions granted by the State as a free 
gift to its poorer citizens, whose earnings were very generally insufficient to permit 
of a margin of saving. In Canada, where wages were higher and a margin of saving 
consequently existed, the movement took the form of providing, through the 
establishment of Government annuities? an absolutely safe investment for such 
savings, which had only too often been lost through the inexperience of their owners, 
leaving the latter a burden upon the charity of relatives or of the public. 

Under the Government Annuities Act, 1908 (7-8 Edw. VII, c. 5), as amended 
by the Act of 1920, His Majesty the King, represented by the Minister (at present 
the Minister of Labour), may sell to persons over the age of five years, domiciled 
or resident in Canada, immediate or deferred annuities of not less than $50 nor more 
than $5,000 (1) for the life of the annuitant; (2) for a term of years certain, not 
exceeding twenty years, or for the life of the annuitant, whichever period shall be 
the longer; and (3) an immediate or deferred annuity to any two persons domiciled 
in Canada during their joint lives, and with or without continuation to the survivor. 
The property and interest of any annuitant in any contract for an annuity is neither 
transferable nor attachable. The purchaser may contract that, in the event of the 
death of the annuitant before the date fixed for the annuity to begin, all money 
paid shall be refunded to the purchaser or his legal representatives with interest 
at the rate of 4 p.c. compounded yearly. 

Statistics of the annuities in force on March 31, 1922 and 1923, are given in 
Tables 91 and 92. From September 1, 1908, to March 31, 1923, 5,137 annuities 
had been issued. On March 31, 1923, 1,365 immediate annuities and 3,772 defer 
red annuities were in force. The total value of these annuities on that date was 
55,892,604, and the amount of annuities purchased was $1,364,059. 



GOVERNMENT ANNUITIES 



867 



91. Government Annuities Fund Statement, March 31, 1933 and 1923. 

Years ended March 31. 



nema. 


1922. 


1923. 


ASSETS. 


$ 
4,366,633 


$ 

5,005,424 




638,791 


887,180 










5,005,424 


5,892,604 


LIABILITIES. 
N^et present value of all outstanding contracts 


5,005,424 


5,892,604 


RECEIPTS. 


514,923 


807,390 




235,017 


221,337 




178,850 


208,684 


Amount transferred by Government to maintain reserve 


58,529 


49,655 








Total Receipts 


987,319 


1,287,066 


PAYMENTS. 
Annuities paid under Immediate Contracts 


319,202 


386,527 


Return of Premiums with Interest 


27,546 


12,985 


Return of Premiums without Interest 


1,780 


374 


Balance at end of year - 


638,791 


887,180 








Total Payments.. 


987,319 


1,287,066 



92. Valuation on March 31, 1922 and 1923, of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant 
to the Government Annuities Act, 1908. 







1922. 






1923. 




Description of Contracts. 


Number. 


Amount 
of 
Annuities. 


Total 
value on 
Mar. 31, 
1922, of 
Annuities 
Pur 
chased. 


Number. 


Amount 
of 
Annuities . 


Total 
value on 
Mar. 31, 
1923, of 
Annuities 
Pur- 
cha;ed. 


1 Immediate Annuities 


741 


$ 

239,854 


$ 

1,880,783 


862 


$ 

298,586 


$ 
2,333,840 


2 Guaranteed Annuities . . ... 


313 


72,258 


634,085 


357 


79,359 


705,905 


3 Last Survivor Annuities 


122 


42,487 


405,037 


146 


58,322 


581,589 


4 Def . V Annuities 


1,150 


248,020 


619,726 


1,171 


260,601 


661,271 


5 Def. A Guaranteed Annuities 


1,983 


448,695 


834,205 


2,019 


467,228 


929,532 


6 Def. A Last Survivor Annuities 
7 Def. B Last Survivor Annuities 
g Def B Annuities 


58 
23 
470 


25,215 
9,306 
148,181 


84,667 
43,750 
503,171 


64 
27 
491 


29,173 
12,584 

158,206 


110,635 
45,645 
521,187 
















Totals.. 


4.860 


1.234.616 


5,005,424 


5,137 


1.364.059 


5.892.604 



IV. COMMERCIAL FAILURES. 

Commercial Failures in Canada, 1922. According to Bradstreet s of 
January 6, 1923, the total number of Canadian failures reported during the calendar 
y ar 1922 was 3,185, with liabilities of $55,047,342, as against 2,350, with liabilities 
of $48,553,757 in 1921. In number there was an increase in 1922 of 35-5 p.c. as 
compared with 1921, while the liabilities increased by over 13-2 p.c. Dun s Review 
of January 13, 1923, gives the total number of Canadian insolvencies in 1922 as 
3,695, as compared with 2,451 in 1921, whilst liabilities reached in 1922 the total 
of $78,068,959, as compared with $73,299,111 in 1921. Tables 93 to 98 give 
statistics from both authorities, those from Bradstreet s (in Table 93) being classified 
by provinces for the calendar years 1921 and 1922, and those from Dun s Review 
by branches of business for the calendar years 1920 to 1922 (Table 94), and by classes 
62373 55* 



868 



FINANCE 



and provinces for the calendar year 1922, with totals for the years 1909 to 1921 
in Table 95. An analysis by causes of failures for 1921 and 1922 is given in 
Table 96 (Bradstreet s). 

93. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces, and in Newfoundland for the 
calendar years 1921 and 1922. [From Bradstreet s.] 



Provinces. 


Number of 
Failures. 


Assets. 


Liabilities. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


Prince Edward Island 


8 
97 
50 
893 
569 
245 
210 
132 
146 


12 
114 
66 
1,255 
759 
369 
231 
194 
185 


t 

20,805 
1,282,963 
410,847 
9,071,294 
5,082,032 
1,469,955 
1,565,088 
1.499,660 
1,086,592 


% 

75,056 
1,332,128 
537,302 
9,370,023 
5,476,319 
1,617,905 
1,834,823 
2,376,864 
1,312,716 


$ 

35,955 
2,432,937 
918,202 
19,577,821 
11,447,743 
4,111,813 
2,393,003 
2,343,915 
5,292,368 


$ 

175,222 
1,980,271 
926,954 
24,263,215 
12,879,192 
4,583,747 
2,939,064 
3,706,796 
3,592,881 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 








Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada . 


3,350 

45 


3,185 

64 


31,489,236 

1,919,005 


23,933,130 

1,315,13:? 


48,553,757 

2,510,322 


55,047,343 

2,200,004 


Newfoundland. . 



94. Commercial Failures in Canada by Branches of Business, 1920-1922. 

[From Dun s Review.] 





] 


920. 


1 


921 


] 


922. 


Classes. 


Num 
ber, 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Manufacturers 
Iron and Foundries 


3 


1 

115,011 


11 


1 

1,264,578 


17 


$ 

873,211 




20 


4,046,847 


28 


7,138,818 


. 60 


10,430,493 


Woollens Carpets etc 




_ 


7 


124,104 


4 


23,648 


Cotton Hosiery, etc 


_ 


_ 


3 


926,743 


7 


101,467 


Lumber Carpenters 


24 


1,034,253 


85 


2,041,646 


134 


4,860,837 


Clothin (r Millinery - . - 


53 


3,096,484 


127 


6,429,289 


148 


3,614,203 


Hats Gloves and Furs 


10 


170,834 


21 


705,049 


26 


1,592,206 


Chemicals and Drugs 


2 


19,000 


9 


166,409 


7 


48,155 




_ 


- 


2 


38 204 


2 


54,522 


Printing and KnTaving 


7 


499,900 


14 


113,154 


30 


329,816 




22 


1,180,602 


- 47 


1,710,511 


54 


763,253 


Leather, Shoes, etc 


9 
5 


287,116 
294,000 


17 
12 


811,232 
467,514 


30 
19 


7,586,389 
386,885 




2 


9,658 


4 


93,800 


7 


319,302 


Allother 


96 


5,117,511 


172 


11,945,739 


312 


8,096,404 


Total Manufacturers 


355 


15,871,316 


559 


33,976,790 


857 


39,080,791 


Traders 


171 


2,997,633 


426 


7,815,984 


488 


6,408,569 




259 


1,634,916 


427 


4,093,626 


582 


3,970,646 




49 


138,497 


66 


819,417 


146 


1,117,053 




13 


34,812 


33 


813,884 


38 


184,547 


Clothins; Furnishing 


60 


703,548 


179 


2,021 


333 


4,614.1-". 


IDrv Goods and Carpets 


43 


436,611 


157 


3,460,304 


226 


4,690,282 


Shoe** Rubber* 2 and Trunks 


31 


279,912 


84 


1,589,683 


138 


3,401,415 


Furniture Crockery 


8 


77,311 


18 


217,875 


49 


(,(10,731 


Hardware Stovc 1 ^ und Tools 


23 


310,697 


36 


439,580 


83 


716,338 




7 


32,500 


18 


143,417 


46 


315,130 






- 




64,067 


8 


154,422 




8 


48,904 


25 


823,149 


53 


267,244 




4 


re.ioo 


24 


181,726 


26 


135,496 


H tt I ur^ and GloVBB 


4 


99,836 


18 


1,20 


25 


537,759 


Allother 


91 


897, L L .S 


223 


6,798,999 


497 


5,830,442 


Total Traders 


771 


7,704,505 


1,739 


39,886,569 


2,717 


33,004,203 


Agents and Brokers 


53 


2,918,5 


153 


$,.-,, 7... 


121 


5,983,965 


Total 


1,078 


26,494.301 


2,451 


?:;. . 99. Ill 


3.695 


7S,Ofi8,959 



COMMERCIAL FAILURES 



869 



95. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces and Classes, for 1922, with totals 

for 1909-1921. [From Dun s Review.] 



Provinces. 


Total Commercial. 


Manufacturing . 


Num 
ber. 


Assets. 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Prince Edward Island 


13 
116 
82 
1,485 
954 
373 
224 
221 
162 


$ 

24,800 
551,185 
530,939 
32,225,598 
18,362,054 
4,054,383 
2,175,850 
2,550,991 
1,948,714 


$ 

93,900 
1,692,005 
787,837 
45,424,806 
16,494,181 
4,449,628 
2,772,540 
2,392,662 
2,207,115 


19 
13 
386 
282 
60 
15 
30 
47 


$ 

336,200 
245,275 
26,524,786 
9,643,475 
755,986 
111,914 
362,008 
916,647 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total 1922 


3,630 


62,424,514 


76,314,674 


852 


38,896,291 


Newfoundland 


65 


673,275 


1,754,285 


5 


184,500 


Total 1921.. 


2,451 
1,078 
755 
873 
1,097 
1,685 
2,661 
2,898 
1,719 
1,357 
1,332 
1,262 
1,442 


57,158,397 
18,569,516 
10,741,441 
11,251,341 
13,051,900 
19,670,542 
39,526,358 
30,909,563 
12,658,979 
8,783,409 
9,964,604 
11,013,396 
10,318,511 


73,299,111 
26,494,301 
16,256,259 
14,502,477 
18,241,465 
25,C69,534 
41,162,321 
35,045,095 
16,979,406 
12,316,936 
13,491,196 
14,514,650 
12,982,800 


559 
255 
213 
232 
261 
363 
655 
614 
452 
323 
321 
292 
354 


33,976,790 
15,871,216 
10,234,477 
8,248,807 
7,455,094 
8,796,646 
13,877,414 
11,063,191 
6,792,763 
4,556,615 
4,760,016 
7,030,227 
3,933,938 


" 1920 


" 1919 


" 1918 


" 1917 


" 1916 


1915 


1914 


1913 


1912 


1911 


1910.. 


1909 




Provinces. 


Trading. 


Other 
Commercial. 


Banking. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities . 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Prince Edward Island 


13 
95 
69 
1,047 
643 
296 
206 
188 
106 


1 

93,900 
1,353,805 
542,562 
13,929,845 
6,465,196 
3,371,949 
2,582,701 
2,004,154 
1,197,506 


2 

52 
29 
17 
3 
3 
B 


$ 

2,000 

4,970,175 
385,510 
321,693 
77,925 
26,500 
92,962 


2 

1 

1 


$ 

27,480 
20,000 

175,000 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total 1922 


2,663 


31,341,618 


115 


5,876,765 


4 


222,480 


Newfoundland 


54 


1,462,585 


6 


107,200 


- 


- 


Total 1921.. 


1,739 
771 
494 
590 
777 
1,237 
1,888 
2,164 
1,216 
975 
986 
947 
1,059 


29,886,569 
7,704,505 
4,475,628 
5,142,397 
8,417,239 
12,290,368 
21,696,890 
18,677,935 
8,681,419 
6,906,665 
7,606,891 
6,943,579 
7,867,287 


153 
52 
48 
51 
59 
85 
118 
120 
51 
59 
5 
23 
29 


9,435,752 
2,918,580 
1,546,154 
1,111,273 
2,369,132 
3,982,520 
5,558,017 
5,303,968 
1,505,224 
853,656 
1,124,289 
540,850 
1,181,575 


1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
2 


45,233 

150,000 
250,000 
125,000 

71,194 
2,546,871 


" 1920 


" 1919.. 


" 1918 


" 1917 


" 1916 


" 1915 


" 1914 


" 1913... 


" 1912.. 


" 1911.. 


" 1910 


" 1909 





NOTE. Newfoundland included in totals. 1909-1921. 



870 



FINANCE 



96. Causes of Failures in Canada and the United States by Numbers and Percent 
ages, j ears ended December 31, 1921 and 1922. [From Bradstreet s.] 
I.v CANADA (including Newfoundland and St. Pierre-Miquelcn). 



Failures due to 


Number. 


Assets. 


Liabilities. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


Incompetence . 


No. 
555 
97 
814 
42 
33 
8 
40 
9 
613 
18 
166 


No. 
768 
113 
1,229 
32 
24 
8 
56 
22 
gOO 
26 
169 


$ 

3,181,669 
438,569 
10,233,610 
281,115 
834,046 
34,614 
148,158 
103,157 
7,017,587 
402,580 
733,138 


$ 

3,251,707 
449,321 
11,306,790 
308,853 
204,119 
186,120 
193,926 
194,700 
7,802,399 
350,183 
1,113,976 


1 

7,559,015 
863,860 
23,134,379 
678,738 
1,635.(W1 
66,575 
321,704 
196,356 
12,737,007 
1,281,708 
2.639,646 


$ 

7,466,371 
1,075,100 
26,190,599 
937,534 
553,567 
321,545 
436,886 
664,753 
13,704,274 
1,034,008 
3,989.250 


Inexperience 


Luck of capital 


Unwise orvdits 




Extravagance 


Neglect 


Competition 


Specific conditions 


Speculation 


Fraud 


Total ... 


2,395 


3,247 


23,408,241 


2.Vtt2,l)94 


-,!.( l.ir.d 


5!i,8~<9,887 



IN UNITED STATES. 



Incompetence 


6,404 


7,666 


103,548,671 


72,631,096 


167,975,466 


140,241,850 


Inexperience . 


1,142 


1,062 


11,391,871 


6,808,250 


21,851,478 


12,244,659 


Lack of capital 


5,855 


6,912 


77,166,433 


80,848,584 


ii,601 


158,575,479 


Unwise credits 


230 


292 


22,938,682 


5,791.966 


29,329,791 


9,570,876 


Failures of others 


226 


278 


8,183,145 


7,856,990 


13,957,791 


16,139,150 




82 


148 


1,138,640 


1,589,500 


2,888.411 


3,526,794 




257 


236 


1,379,815 


4,37ti,:i7.s 


3,014,239 


6,562,221 


Competition 


183 


250 


1,171,511 


5,354,535 


2,082,472 


8,092,894 


Specific conditions 


4,638 


4,686 


205,056,079 


157,311,140 


317,863,633 


241,071,706 


Speculation . 


66 


55 


5,413,682 


6,362,127 


8; 593, 432 


11,636,992 


Fraud 


931 


830 


9,210,059 


16.687.688 


23,184.371 


42,185.759 


Total 


20,014 


2i,4l5 


44f>,o98,588 


3S5,618,254 


;5a,777,685 


649,848,380 

















PERCENTAGES OF NUMBER or FAILURES AND LIABILITIES. CLASSIFIED BY C.u SE. 



Failures due to 


Canada per cent. 


United States per cent . 


Number. 


Liabilities. 


Number. 


Liabilities. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


1921. 


1922. 


Incompetence . . . 


23-2 
4-0 
34-0 
1-8 
1-4 
0-3 
1-7 
0-4 
25-6 
0-7 
6-9 


J23-6 
3-5 
37-8 
1-0 
0-8 
0-3 
1-7 
0-7 
24-6 
0-8 
- 5-2 


14-8 
1-7 
45-3 
1-3 
3-2 
0-1 
0-6 
0-4 
25-0 
2-4 
5-2 


13-2 
1-9 
46-5 
1-6 
1-0 
0-6 
0-8 
1-2 
24-3 
1-8 
7-1 


32-0 
5-7 
29-3 
.1-1 
1-1 
0-4 
1-3 
0-9 
23-2 
0-3 
4-7 


34-2 
4-7 
30-8 
1-3 
1-2 
0-7 
1-1 
M 
20-9 
0-3 
3-7 


22-2 
2-9 
21-9 
3-9 
1-8 
0-3 
0-4 
0-3 
42-1 
1-1 
3-1 


21-6 
1-9 
24-4 
1-5 
2-5 
0-6 
1-0 
1-2 
37-0 
1-8 
6-5 


Inexperience 


Lack of capital 


Unwise credits 


Failures of others 


Extravagance 


Neglect 


Competition 


Specific conditions 


Speculation . 


Fraud 





Analysis of Commercial Failures. In Tables 97 and 98 Bradstreet s and 
Dun s records of commercial failures are analyzed by Kemmerer s method. First, 
the total of concerns failing is stated as a percentage of those in business, and this 
percentage is then stated as an index number, with 1900 as a base year. Then the 
assets and liabilities are stated, with the average liabilities per failure, since failures 
are more disastrous in proportion as the liabilities are larger. Next, the average 
liabilities per failure are stated as an index number, with 1900 as the base year. 
The percentage of liabilities to assets is also given, and finally the index number 
indicating the proportion of failures to the number of concerns in business and the 
index number indicating the size of the liabilities are averaged, and the result is 
given as the barometer of business depression. This number reversed, i.e., sub 
tracted from 200, is given as a barometer of business confidence. The records of 
Bradstreet and Dun are not on the same basis, but the general tendency of the 
two records is the same. 



COMMERCIAL FAILURES IN CANADA 



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FINANCE 



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ASSIGNMENTS UNDER BANKRUPTCY ACT 



873 



Under the Bankruptcy Act of 1919 (9-10 George V, c. 36) which went into 
force on July 1, 1920, certain documents relative to all failures coming under the 
Act are forwarded to the Dominion Statistician. Statistics based upon these docu 
ments have been duly compiled in the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, and are 
published in Table 99. In the consolidation of these statistics it should be 
remembered that recent changes in the Act going into force October 1, 1923, may 
affect the comparability of the figures. It may, however, be pointed out that 
since the early months of 1923 there has been a decided decrease in the number 
of failures. 

99. Assignments under the Bankruptcy Act, by Months, 1920-1923. 



Months. 


1920. 1 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 1 


January 




228 


374 


387 


February 




170 


340 


355 


March 




171 


340 


368 


April 




132 


245 


324 


May 




155 


309 


291 


June 




156 


288 


271 


July .. 


49 


169 


300 


209 


August 


73 


186 


272 


242 


September 


68 


214 


332 


320 


October 


97 


228 


364 


200 


November ... 


117 


267 


410 


259 


December . . 


169 


288 


351 


232 












Totals 


573 


2,364 


3,925 


3,458 













J Six months. 2 Subject to revision. 



By provinces, the failures in 1921, 1922 and 1923 have been in order as 
follows, the figures for 1923 being piovisional: Prince Edward Island, 11, 15, 16; 
Nova Scotia, 108, 121, 156; New Brunswick, 56, 131, 67; Quebec, 928, 1,589, 1,236; 
Ontario, 650, 1,058,970; Manitoba, 147,284,252; Saskatchewan, 177, 272,280; 
Alberta, 189, 299, 323; British Columbia, 98, 156, 158. 



87 4 EDUCATION 



XII. EDUCATION. 
I.-GENERAL EDUCATION. 

Throughout the Dominion of Canada public education is a matter of provin 
cial concern. Before Confederation, the maritime colonies were separated from 
Ontario by French-speaking Quebec, and in each of these an educational system 
specially adapted to the local conditions had come into existence. When Confedera 
tion was under consideration, the protection of existing vested rights was the pre 
dominant consideration. As a result, section 98 of the British North America Act, 
which embodies the Canadian Constitution in so far as that Constitution is a written 
one, provides that in and for each province the legislature may exclusively make 
laws in respect of education, except that " nothing in any such law shall prejudicially 
affect any right or privilege with respect to denominational schools which any class 
of persons have by law in the province at the union." 

Inasmuch as the administration of public education is one of the chief functions 
of Provincial Governments, there is in each of the provinces, except Quebec, a 
Department of Education administered either by a member of the Provincial 
Executive Council or by the Executive Council as a whole. In practice, however, 
the routine administration is in the hands of the permanent officials of the Depart 
ment of Education, who are members of the permanent civil service. In Quebec, 
the Superintendent of Public Instruction, appointed by the Government, is ex 
officio President of the Council of Public Instruction; the link between the Depart 
ment of Public Instruction and the Government is the Provincial Secretary; there 
are also two Deputy Heads, called the French and English secretaries of the depart 
ment. 

Since the Departments of Education are permanent authorities, controlled as 
to the details of administration by permanent officials, educational policy is rela 
tively permanent; further, the control of the Government over education through 
out the province is relatively stronger than in the United States. A capable Deputy 
Minister or Superintendent of Education impresses his personality and his views 
upon the whole system of his province, especially as in practice he controls the 
payment of government grants, which constitute an important part of the revenues 
applied to educational purposes. (In 1922, out of a total expenditure on public 
general education in Canada amounting to $107,685,069, $13,934,113 came from 
the Provincial Governments.) 

The Department of Education in each province naturally has its headquarters 
at the capital of the province. Its local representatives are the school inspectors, 
who, in all provinces except Ontario, are appointed and paid by the Government; 
in Ontario high and separate school inspectors are appointed and paid by the Govern 
ment, while public school inspectors, except in the unorganized districts, are ap 
pointed by the county or city municipality from among the persons recognized by 
the Department of Education as qualified for such appointment, and after appoint 
ment receive half their salary from the municipality and half from the province. 

Education in Quebec. In Quebec there are two distinct systems of education, 
in each of which the teaching of religion takes a prominent position the Protestant 
and the Roman Catholic systems. In the former, which is under the control of 



RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EDUCATION 875 



the Protestant Committee of the Council of Public Instruction, with an English 
Secretary, the curriculum and the general system of education is similar to that in 
the other provinces, except that the highest grade is Grade XI, from which students 
are matriculated to McGill University and Bishop s College, the two Protestant 
English-speaking universities of the province. 

In the Roman Catholic schools, which are mainly French-speaking as the 
Protestant schools are English-speaking, the administration is in the hands of 
the Catholic Committee of the Council of Public Instruction, with a French 
Secretary. General elementary training is given by means of a curriculum, 
extending over eight " years ", some of which require more than a year to 
complete, the work of the eighth " year " corresponding in a general way to the 
work of Grade X as that work is generally understood. 

Recent Developments in Education In recent years there has been a tendency 
to lengthen the period of compulsory attendance and to enforce the law. This 
tendency has been most marked in Ontario, where in 1919 an Act was passed pro 
viding (1) that children 8 to 14 must attend full time and that children from 5 to 8, 
once enrolled, must attend full time to the end of the school term for which they 
are enrolled; (2) that adolescents from 14 to 16 who have not attained university 
matriculation standing must attend full time; those exempted owing to circum 
stances requiring them to go to work must attend part time during the ordinary 
working day for 400 hours a year in municipalities providing part time courses, which 
all municipalities of 5,000 population and upwards must do from September, 1922, 
smaller municipalities having an option in the matter. Further, those who have 
not attended full time up to 16 are required, after September, 1923, to attend 320 
hours a year of part time courses up to age 18. In other words, an Ontario adoles 
cent has the alternative of full time attendance to 16 or full time attendance to 14 
plus part time attendance to 18. The operation of this Act has greatly increased 
the attendance in Ontario secondary schools. 

Further, as a result of the keeping of children in school to a more advanced age, 
increasing attention has naturally been devoted to technical education of various 
kinds, especially as required by those students who are not adapted to higher intel 
lectual work. The number taking technical training of some kind or other is rapidly 
increasing. 

Statistics of General Education The statistical tables on education in Canada 
commence with a statistical summary (Table 1), which shows that in the academic 
year ended in 1922 there were 2,123,618 pupils in attendance at educational insti 
tutions in Canada, or 24-2 p.c. of the 1921 population. Of the above, 1,860,760, 
or 21 2 p.c. of the total population, were enrolled in ordinary day schools under public 
control, the average daily attendance numbering 1,377,423. Those attending voca 
tional schools agricultural, commercial, industrial and other technical schools 
numbered 80,549. There were 23, 929 students in private business colleges, and 71,504 
in other private schools under college grade. University students in regular courses 
numbered 18,245 and college students in regular courses, 5,902. Students in classical 
colleges numbered 9,502. 

There were in 1922, 59,312 teachers in schools under public control, 10,596 
males and 48,716 females. The total expenditure on schools under public control 
was $107,685,069, of which governments contributed $13,934,113, and local taxation 
most of the balance. 



876 



EDUCATION 



1. Statistical Summary of Education in Canada, 

NUMBER or PUPILS ATTENDING 



No. 


Type of Institution. 


P.E.I. 

1922. 


N.S. 
1922. 


N.B. 

1922. 


1 


Ordinary day schools under public control 


18 323 


m99Q 


77 774. 


2 


Agricultural, commercial, industrial and other technical 
schools, including all evening schools, but not short courses 
in universities and colleges 


166 


7 fiSfi 


1 OQA 


3 


Schools for teacher-training 


341 


1 nwi 


qco 


4 


Indian schools 


je 


O7A 




5 


Schools for the blind and deaf 1 


a 


99fi 


ft? 


6 


Business colleges (private)... 


75 


fiQS 




v 


Private, elementary and secondary schools.. .. 


497 


1 tftn 


T1Q1 


8 


Preparatory courses at universities and colleges. 


135 


372 


39? 


8 


Short, special and correspondence courses at universities and 
colleges 




don 




10 


Classical colleges . 








11 
12 


Affiliated, professional and technical colleges (regular courses). 
Universities (regular courses) 


95 


292 
1 293 


486 














Grand Total (exclusive of duplicates).., 


19,678 


127 442 


81 789 




Population of 1921 . 


88 615 


52? 837 


9C7 07* 















Population of 1921 . . 


88,615 


523,837 


387,876 




DISTRIBUTION AND ATTENDANCE OF PUPILS IN ORDINARY 


13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 


Number of boys enrolled 


9,273 
9,050 
14,829 
3,835 

6,570 
11,753 
12,338 
129 
192 
67 .-4 


57,028 
57,201 
89,264 
24,965 
11,039 
4,202 
6,837 
72,091 
42,138 
70,410 
136 
196 
69-5 


35,431 
35,915 
63,518 
7,828 

36,366 
34,980 
51,590 
145 
190 
72-3 


Number of girls enrolled 


Total in the first six grades 


Total in intermediate and secondary grades . 


Total in secondary grade. . 


Boys in secondary grade... . 


Girls in secondary grade 


Number of pupils in graded schools 


Number of pupils in ungraded schools 


Average daily attendance 


Average number of days each pupil attended during year 


Average number of days schools were open during year 


Percentage of total attendance in average attendance 




TEACHERS, ACCOMMODATION AND EXPENDITURE 


26 

27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 


Teachers in schools under public control. . . 


611 
122 
489 
473 
473 
609 

415 
30 

428,869 
271,103 
157,766 

22-21 
31-49 


3,208 
263 
2,945 
1,773 
1,863 
2,982 

1,431 
38 
3,646,570 
616,389 
3,030,181 
1,740,731 
31-92 
45-92 


2,246 
180 
2,066 
1,331 

2,061 

1,196 
38 
2,657,046 
381,075 
2,275,971 

34-17 
51-50 


Male teachers 


emale teachers 


Number of school districts 


Number of school houses . 


Number of class-rooms in operation 


Number of ungraded one-roomed schools 


Average number of pupils to a class-room . 


Total expenditure on education 


Total expenditure on education by Governments. 


Total expenditure on education by ratepayers, etc . 


Expenditure on teachers salaries. . 


Average annual cost per pupil enrolled 


Average annual cost per pupil in daily attendance . . 



1 The blind and deaf of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are accommodated at the insitu- 
are accommodated at the Institution for the Blind in Brantford, Ont., by arrangement between the 
and Alberta are accommodated at the School for the Deaf in Winnipeg, Man. 

* Figures of 1920-21 in Quebec; calendar year 1921 for public and separate schools, and school year 
except university regular courses, private schools and certain other figures of Quebec, which are for 1920-21. 

1 Included with items 7 and 10. There were, however, a number in preparatory courses, in addition to 
4 Including 309 in the Yukon and N.W.T. 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION 



877 



by Provinces, 1922, or latest year reported. 

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



Quebec 2 
1921-22. 


Ontario 2 
1921-22. 


Manitoba. 
1922. 


Sask. 
1922. 


Alberta. 
1922. 


B.C. 

1922. 


Total. 


No. 


462,779 


632,123 


136,876 


183,935 


142,902 


91,919 


1,860,760 


1 


11,046 


44,450 


5,802 


1,779 


3,202 


5,628 


80,549 


2 


1,376 


2,431 


790 


1,462 


760 


685 


9,293 


3 


1,539 


3,625 


1,804 


1,444 


1,203 


2,505 


13.021* 


4 


579 


481 


131 


74 


54 


75 


1,695 


5 


4,248 


12,229 


1,928 


649 


2,304 


1,075 


23,929 


6 


54,671 


7,706 


563 


2,514 


2,489 


1,283 


71,504 


7 


i 


3,321 


251 


8 


653 


74 


5,136 


8 


2,629 


4,299 


1,067 


15,036 


344 


217 


24,082 


9 


9,502 


- 


- 





- 


_ 


9,502 


10 


1,572 


3,046 


759 


54 


64 


115 


5,902 


11 


5,428 


6,168 


1,874 


799 


1,088 


1,014 


18,245 


12 


555,269 


719,879 


151,845 


207,754 


155,063 


104,590 


2,123,618 




3,381,199 


2,933,662 


610,118 


757,510 


588,454 


524,582 


8,788,483 






1 













DAT SCHOOLS UNDER PUBLIC CONTROL. 



248,544 


318,350 


_ 


93,644 


72,093 


46,833 




13 


264,107 


313,773 





90,291 


70,809 


45,086 


_ 


14 


465,945 


465,904 


111,377 


153,389 


112,508 


64,801 


1,541,535 


15 


51,405 


166,219 


25,499 


30,546 


30,394 


27,118 


367,809 


16 





54,870 


10,729 


10,714 


10,762 


8,944 


_ 


17 





21,924 


- 


4,419 


4,707 


3,929 


_ 


18 





26,861 





6,295 


6,055 


5,015 





19 


- 


450,000 


82,000 


85,000 


76,691 


80W8 


_ 


20 





182,000 


54,000 


98,000 


66,211 


11,581 


_ 


21 


397,172 


446,396 


95,433 


119,041 


100,515 


75,528 


1,377,423 


22 





- 


130 


127 


131 


_ 




23 


- 





187 


189-3 


179 


_ 


_ 


24 


77-47 


70 


69-7 


64-7 


70-3 


82-2 


71-6 


25 



IN SCHOOLS UNDER PUBLIC CONTROL. 



17,201 


16,147 


3,893 


7,225 


5,787 


2,994 


59.312 


26 


2,631 


2,378 


924 


1,970 


1,428 


700 


10,5:16 


27 


14,570 


13,769 


2,969 


5,255 


4,359 


2,294 


48,716 


28 


7,377 


- 


2,094 


4,543 


3,297 


716 




29 


7,543 


7,231 


1,936 


- 


2,861 


991 


_ 


30 


13,274 


- 


3,782 


5,717 


4,485 


2,823 


51,000 


31 














(approx.) 




- 


4,989 





3,506 


2,588 


473 




32 


38 


- 


37 


32 


32 


33 


_ 


33 


22,122,979 


36,739,564 


10,898,340 


13,442,417 


9,915,706 


7,833,578 


107,685,069 


34 


2,351,471 


3,475,713 


1,058,292 


1,491,610 


1,146,722 


3,141,738 


13,934,113 


35 


19,771,508 


33,263,851 


9,840,048 


11,950,807 


8,768,984 


4,691,840 


93,750,956 


36 


- 


19,036,129 


5,016,903 


7,273,200 


5,213,011 


_ 




37 


43-15 


54-31 


79-62 


73-08 


61-24 


85-23 


53-77 


38 


55-70 


82-30 


114-23 


112-95 


87-09 


103-73 


76-10 


39 



tipns in Halifax, N.S., by arrangement with that province; the blind of the three prairie provinces 
different prairie provinces and Ontario; by a similar arrangement with Manitoba, the deaf of Saskatchewan 

1921-22 for secondary schools, in Ontario. All other figures for both Quebec and Ontario are for 1921-22, 
those included in items 7 and 10, in private schools not reporting. 



878 



EDUCATION 



2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, by Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 

and 19161922 or latest year reported. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (All publicly controlled schools, except Prince of Wales College, for year ended 

June 30). 



1901 


474 
478 
478 
476 
473 
468 
466 
454 
461 
473 


299 
246 
178 
138 
110 
100 
102 
91 
103 
122 


290 
327 
413 
457 
491 
497 
492 
486 
488 
489 


589 
573 
591 
595 
601 
597 
594 
577 
591 
611 


11,319 
10,196 
9,152 
9,565 
9,291 
9,101 
8,882 
8,842 
8,913 
9,273 


9,460 
8,790 
8,245 
8,797 
8,899 
8,760 
8,705 
8,512 
8,597 
9,050 


20,779 
18,986 
17,397 
18,362 
18,190 
17,861 
17,587 
17,354 
17,510 
18,323 


12,330 
11,903 
10,511 
11,347 
11,319 
11,334 
10,908 
10,991 
11,446 
12,338 


59-34 
62-69 
60-40 
61-79 
62-22 
63-50 
62-00 
62-86 
65-30 
67-40 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 . ... 


1921 


1922 . . . 




NOVA SCOTIA (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for the year ended July 31). 


1901 


2,387 
2,446 
2,639 
2,837 
2,856 
2,859 
2,812 
2,835 
2,898 
2,982 


540 
366 
331 
246 
198 
185 
163 
199 
203 
263 


1,952 
2,212 
2,468 
2,773 
2,847 
2,852 
2,849 
2,816 
2,886 
2,945 


2,492 
2,578 
2,799 
3,019 
3,045 
3,037 
3,012 
3,015 
3,089 
3,208 


49,768 
50,198 
50,985 
53,944 
53,560 
52,731 
52,491 
53,179 
54,355 
57,028 


48,642 
50,134 
51,925 
55,245 
55,472 
55,361 
54,491 
54,917 
55,128 
57,201 


98,410 
100,332 
102,910 
109,189 
109,032 
108,094 
106,982 
108,096 
109,483 
114,229 


53,643 
59,165 
61,250 
69,227 
70,118 
67,923 
65,906 
66,442 
73,291 
79,410 


54-5 
58-9 
59-5 
63-4 
64-3 
62-g 
61-6 
61-6 
66-9 
69-5 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 




NEW BRUNSWICK (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for second term ended June 30). 


1901.. 


1,741 

1,762 
1,885 
1,996 
1,981 
1,986 
1,950 
1,898 
1,973 
2,061 


353 

302 
221 
196 
167 
149 
136 
141 
155 
180 


1,488 
1,577 
1,754 
1,965 
1,962 
1,973 
1,971 
1,913 
1,987 
2,066 


1,841 
1,879 
1,975 
2,161 
2,129 
2,122 
2,107 
2,054 
2,142 
2,246 


30,870 
30,913 
31,871 
33,089 
32,025 
31,858 
31,784 
32,015 
33,615 
35,431 


29,550 
29,768 
31,202 
33,459 
32,751 
32,990 
33,136 
33,035 
34,477 
35,915 


60,420 
60,681 
63,073 
66,548 
64,776 
64,848 
64,920 
65,050 
68,092 
71,346 


37,717 
37,540 
39,215 
43,914 
42,884 
44,970 
46,358 
45,860 
46,777 
51,590 


58-34 
61-86 
62-17 
65-98 
66-22 
69-41 
71-41 
70-49 
74-00 
72-30 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 




QUEBEC (Elementary and Model Schools and Academies for year ended June 30). 


1901 


5,970 
6,364 
6,799 
7,095 
7,195 
7,255 
7,366 
7,481 
7,543 
7,695 


1,268 
1,422 
1,786 
2,263 
2,265 
2,394 
2,473 
2,548 
2,631 
2,760 


8,924 
9,779 
11,104 
12,813 
13,373 
13,800 
13,740 
14,162 
14,570 
14,976 


10,192 
11,201 
12,890 
15,076 
15,638 
16,194 
16,213 
16,710 
17,201 
17,727 


153,801 
166,967 
189,116 
225,425 
223,362 
224,248 
233,834 
239,648 
248,544 
200,449 


161,080 
174,841 
200,007 
239,032 
240,028 
243,260 
252,367 
256,239 
264,107 
270,256 


314,881 
341,808 
389,123 
464,447 
463,390 
1H7.508 
486,201 
495,887 
512,651 
530, 705 


232,255 
263,111 
301,678 
373,364 
367,468 
369,057 
365,803 
372,377 
397,172 
421,704 


73 -7ft 
76-97 
77-52 
80-39 
79-29 
78-94 
75-23 
75-09 
77-47 
78-88 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 . , 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922.. 



NUMBERS OF SCHOOLS, TEACHERS AND PUPILS 



879 



2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, by Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 
and 19161922 or latest year reported con. 

ONTARIO (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for calendar years up to 1916, since which 

date the secondary school year has ended on June 30). 



Years. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
Attendance 
of Pupils. 


Male. 


em ale. 


Total. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


No. 


Per 

cent. 


1901.. 


6,166 
6,382 
6,693 
6,923 
6,950 
6,995 
7,113 
7,042 
7,231 


2,666 
2,376 
2,145 
2,007 
1,913 
1,663 
1,965 
2,164 
2,326 


7,134 
8,368 
9,871 
11,730 
12,141 
12,604 
12,836 
13,177 
13,666 


9,800 
10,744 
12,016 
13,737 
14,054 
14,267 
14,801 
15,331 
15,992 


247,351 
243,572 
253,220 
273,676 
280,597 
281,462 
292,210 
302,887 
318,350 


233,778 
234,812 
244,708 
269,214 
281,268 
283,193 
292,414 
302,036 
313,773 


492,534 
492,544 
518,605 
560,340 
561,865 
564,655 
584,724 
604,923 
632,123 


275,234 
285,330 
305,648 
355,364 
369,081 
328,197 
388,768 
396,141 
446,396 


55-81 
57-81 
58-94 
65-44 
65-69 
58-16 
66-49 
65-49 
70-62 


1906. . . 


1911.. . 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





The discrepancy between the total of pupils enrolled in Ontario from 1901 to 1916 and the number by 
sex for the same years is due to the inclusion of kindergarten pupils in the total. The number by sex of these 
kindergarten pupils is not available. 

MANITOBA (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended June 30). 



1901.. 


1 416 


618 


1 051 


1 669 






MSS8 






1906 


1 847 


596 


1 769 


2 365 






RA 1OQ 






1911 


2 341 


651 


2 217 


2*868 






Ofl 848 






1916 


2,888 


491 


2 500 


2 991 






1 fl9 7QC 






1917 


3 043 


530 


2 494 


3 9 4 






Ififi ^88 






1918 


3,089 


524 


2 573 


3 097 






i no Qot; 






1919.. 


3,256 












mfifi9 






1920 


3,479 


669 


2 810 


3 479 






m4^9 






1921 


3,596 


796 


2 912 


3 708 






mm ^ 


QO 107 




1922 


3,782 


924 


2 969 


3 893 






iqfi 87R 


QC ,00 

























SASKATCHEWAN (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled fchools for year ended December 31). 



1906.. 


873 


563 


733 


1 296 


16 376 


14 899 


91 O7e 






1911 


2,123 


1 316 


2 175 


3 547 


37 692 


34 568 


79 9fin 






1916 


3 629 


1 490 


4 jg7 


5 787 


fifi 4Q7 


ftO 049 








1917 


3 816 


1 304 


4 430 


5 853 


79 fiQl 


AQ G9fi_ 


149 17 




00 -oU 


1918 


3 963 


1 015 


s 047 


6 233 


7fi SQfi 


74 43n 


1 51 .9ft 




OZ-/M 


1919 


4 183 


1 269 


5*117 


6 550 


83 916 


on onq 


mOIQ 




DO -14 


1920. 


4 177 


1 477 


5 332 


6 809 


88 993 


Qr, QQO 


mQ9K 




O/-10 


1921 


4 29? 


1 830 


5 330 


7*160 


93 943 


on QS 


IQA 071 




ol -lo 


1922 


4,543 


1 971 


5 254 


7 221 


Q, R44 


Qfl 9Q1 


100 no PI 




Do 5U 




















04-72 



ALBERTA (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended December 31). 



1906.. 


570 


280 


644 


924 


14 701 


Hno-) 








1911... 


1,392 


867 


1 784 


2 651 


31 7^3 


9Q QH 7 




, l&l 


Ol*0( 


1916 


2,170 


1 355 


3 252 


4 607 


50 17^ 


48 89fi 






oZ Oi 


1917 


2,321 


1 267 


3*866 


5 133 


^4 44 fi 


^ 981 


1fi7 797 




oU*7t 


1918 


2 766 


1 090 


4 565 


5 fi 5 i 


K ni i 








OU tK 


1919 


2 796 


1 082 


3 8 9 


4 902 


R1 9Hfi 






00,489 


61 -6^ 


1920 


2 826 


1 161 


3 853 


5 014 


fiK 04^ 


fi7 7A; 




/4,77o 


61 -5 


19212.... 


2 746 






5 320 


fi9 0^7 


fit ^71 




o^,41 / 


60*7] 


1922 


2 861 


1 428 


4 359 


5 787 


79 fttn 


7O 8flQ 






7o 5 




















7U*a 



There were in addition 5,015 not classified by sex. "Half year only. 



880 



EDUCATION 



2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, by Provinces, 1991, 1906, 1911, 
and 1916 1922 or latest year reported concluded. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA (Elementary and secandary publicly controlled schools for year ended June 33.) 



Years. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
Attendance 
of Pupils. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


No. 


Per 

cent. 


1901 


318 
374 
533 
810 
848 
855 
873 
922 
946 
991 


185 
176 
323 
523 
468 
436 
486 
572 
595 
700 


343 

477 
856 
1,541 
1,656 
1,810 
1,846 
1,985 
2,139 
2,294 


543 

690 
1,179 
2,064 
2,124 
2,246 
2,332 
2,557 
2,734 
2,994 


12,069 
14,524 
23,162 
32,874 
32,480 
33,540 
35,944 
39,772 
43,442 
46,833 


11,546 
13,998 
21,783 
31,696 
32,638 
33,976 
36,052 
39.471 
42,508 
45,086 


23,615 
28,522 
44,945 
64,570 
65,118 
67,516 
72,006 
79,243 
85,950 
91,919 


15,335 
19,809 
32,517 
50,880 
52,577 
54,748 
56,692 
59,791 
68,497 
75,528 


64-94 
68-39 
71-27 
78-78 
80-74 
81-08 
78-73 
75-45 
79-69 
82-16 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


ig^i 


1922 



NOTE The totals for teachers in British Columbia in 1901 and 1906 are greater than the sum of the male 
and the female teachers because no information as to the sex of high school teachers is available, 
discrepancy also appears in the Summary for Canada. 

SUMMART FOR CANADA (1901-1921). 



1901 


18,472 


5,929 


tl, 181 


27,126 


605,178 


494,056 


1,062,527 


654,064 


61-56 


1906 


21,096 


6,S27 


25,886 


32,263 


547,447 


541 ,325 


1,167,055 


742.357 


63-61 


1911 


24,883 


7,818 


33,642 


40,502 


626,951 


ess, s 45 


1,350,821 


806,956 


64-18 


1916 


28,824 


8,709 


41, US 


50,307 


745,445 


749, f 11 


1,615,892 


,102,450 


68-23 


1917 


29.483 


&,m 


43,260 


51,601 


759,453 


774,263 


1,639,303 


,135,788 


69-28 


1918 


30,236 


7,556 


45,721 


53,438 


765, W 


787,068 


1,662,842 


,105,696 


66-49 


1919 


30,815 


7,676 


42,671 


50, ill 


800,367 


f>17,8?9 


1,732,868 


,180,074 


68-10 


1920 


31,814 


9,045 


46,688 


55,733 


833,381 


847,8 ,7 


1.804,680 


,229,579 


67-58 


1921 


32,519 


8,639 


52,617 


57.C37 


864,119 


8*0,889 


1,864,023 


1,336,507 


71-70 



NOTE From 1901 to 1905, inclusive, the Summary for Canada comprised the seven provinces of Prince 
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia, 
two provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were formed in 1905, and from 1906 all the nine provinces are 
included with the exception of Manitoba for 1912, when no Education Report was issued by that province. 
The sex of the teachers in the secondary schools of Saskatchewan is not given, and in Manitoba the sex 
of the pupils was not Riven for any of the year fc while Ontario did not give the sex of its kindergarten pupils 
until 1917 In the Summary, therefore, these defects are indicated by printing certain items in italics. 
A general summary for 1922 for all elementary and secondary schools under public control is given in labl. 
1, pages 876-8 77. 

3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Mani 
toba, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906, 1911, 1! 32. 

NOVA SCOTIA. 
Number of Teachers in Training in the Provincial Normal College. 



Years. 


Enrol 
ment. 


Years. 


Enrol 
ment. 


Years. 


Enrol 
ment. 


Years. 


Enrol 
ment. 


1901 


240 


1916 


388 


1919 


255 


1921.... 


241 
352 


1906 
1911 


154 
268 


1917 
1918 


263 
260 


1920 









NEW BRUNSWICK. 
Number c,f Instructors and Teachers in Training in the Normal School. 



Years. 


Instruct 
ors. 


Teachers in Training 
in Normal School. 


Years. 


Instruct 
ors. 


Teachers in Training 
in Normal School. 


Male. 


Female. 


: 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1Q(11 


11 
16 
16 
19 
18 


41 

44 
46 
45 
41 


155 
263 
324 
327 
331 


196 
307 
370 
372 
372 


1918 


20 
19 


29 
13 
25 
15 
46 


258 
250 
242 
201 
313 


287 
275 
267 
216 
359 


1006 


1919 


1911 


1920 


1916 


1921 


1917 


1922 



TEACHERS IN TRAINING 



881 



3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Mani 
toba, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922., Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906, 1911, 1916-1921 

con. 

QUEBEC. 
Number of Teachers and Pupils in Normal Schools. 



Years. 


Schools. 


Instructors. 


Teachers in Training. 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Femule. 


Total . 


1901 . . 


5 

5 
11 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 


31 
35 

50 
52 
52 
52 
57 
50 


27 
27 
79 
144 
144 
153 
148 
157 


58 
62 
129 
196 
196 
205 
205 
207 


97 
H3 
174 
191 
180 
180 
159 
182 
166 
172 


256 
280 
666 
1,166 
1,181 
1,159 
1,064 
1,320 
1,210 
1,217 


353 
423 
810 
1,357 
1,361 
1,339 
1,223 
1,502 
1,376 
1,389 


345 

420 
835 
1,357 
1,361 
1,339 
1,135 
1,395 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





Per 
cent. 



97-73 

99-29 

99-40 

100 00 

100-00 

100-00 

92-80 

92-87 



ONTARIO. 
Teachers trained W01, 190fi, 1911, 1916 to 1!)M inclusive. 



Years. 


Model Schools. 


Provincial 
Normal Schools. 


Normal Colleges, 
etc. 


Total. 


Grand 
Total. 


Male. 


Fe 
male 


Totals 


Male. 


Fe 
male 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe 
male 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe 
male 


1Qf)1 
























613 
2,286 
1,474 
1,819 
1,438 
1,676 
1,659 
1,888 
2,221 
2,784 


1906 


389 
31 
43 
14 
5 

4 
41 
57 


1,361 
177 
167 
131 
157 
86 
77 
460 
525 


1,750 
208 
210 2 
145 
162 
86 
81 
514< 
616< 


21 
121 
211 
137 
59 
44 
203 
199 
273 


324 
1.145 
1,398 
1,156 
1,455 
1,056 
1,045 
1,282 
1.542 


345 

1,266 
1.609 
1,293 
1.514 
1,100 
1.248 
1,481 
1,815 


52 

169 
297 
150 
213 


139 

304 
262 
78 
140 


191 

473 
559 
226 
353 


462 
152 
254 
151 
64 
213 
504 
390 
543 


1,824 
1.322 
1,565 
1,287 
1.612 
1,4)6 
1.384 
1,818 
2,207 


1910-11 


1915-16 


1916-17 


1917-18 


1918-19 


1919-20 


1920-21 


1921-22 





Previous to 1908, there were 55 County Model Schools in Ontario, in addition to three Normal Schools 
and the Normal College. The function oi these Model Schools was the training of third class teachers, 
while that of the Normal Schools was generally the training of second class and kindergarten teachers, 
and that of the College, the training of first class and secondary teachers. In 1908, most of the County 
Model Schools were abolished and the duty of training teachers for al! the Public and Separate Schools 
except those in the districts and poorer sections of the province was placed upon the Normal Schools, which 
were increased in number from 3 to 7. 

The Department of Education ceased to report the attendance at the Normal College <ifter 1906. This 
college has been since known by various names. Recently, and up til) 1920. its work was done by the 
Faculty of Education of the Universities of Toronto and Queen s, and the figures for the Normal College 
given in the above table for 1918-19 and 1919-20 represent the enrolment in the Faculties of Education of 
these Universities. In 1920 their functions were transferred to the Ontario College of Education. 

Autumn Model Schools. 

3 Includinp extra-mtira! students. 

Includes in 19^0-21, 13 and in 1921-22, 34 students not classified by sex. 

MANITOBA. 
Number of Teachers and Students in Normal Schools. 





lastructors. 


Students at 




Instructors. 


Students at 


Years. 


Pro 
vincial 
Normal. 


Local 
Normal. 


2nd 
class 
sessions 


3rd 

class 
sessions . 


Years. 


Pro 
vincial 
Normal. 


Local 
Normal. 


1st 
class 
sessions 


2nd 
class 
sessions 


3rd 
class 
sessions. 


1901... 


7 


13 


90 


161 


1918... 


10 


7 




288 


225 


1906 


6 


14 


148 


328 


1919... 


10 


5 


_ 


251 


303 


1911 


6 


11 


126 


502 


1920... 


10 


4 


_ 


285 


308 


1916 


14 


12 


331 


406 


1921... 


10 


4 


_ 


321 


321 


1917 


13 


11 


309 


290 


1922. 


11 


5 


69 


363 


220 



NOTE. In Prince Edward Island, teachers are trained in Prince of Wales College; the number of the 
students in this college training for teachers diplomas in 1919-20 was 68 men and 152 women, or a total of 
220 In British Columbia, teachers are trained at the Normal Schools in Vancouver and Victoria. In 
1921-22 there were enrolled in these schools 543 students. 

6237356 



882 



EDUCATION 



3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Mani 
toba, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906, 1911, 1916-1921 

concluded. 

SASKATCHEWAN. 

Teachers trained 1906, 1911, 1916, to 10?1 inclusive. 



Years. 


First Class. 


Second Class. 


Third Class. 


Total. 


Grand 
Total. 


Male. 


I Vinale. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


1906. 




17 

40 
26 
15 
36 
15 
21 


15 

76 
66 
91 
95 
37 
64 


46 
28 
48 
38 
35 
57 
31 
25 


98 
104 
242 
287 
382 
420 
164 
155 


2 
18 
149 
89 
14 
71 
91 
169 


10 
91 
356 
575 
83 
379 
385 
465 


65 
46 
237 
153 

(it 
164 
137 

215 


123 
195 
674 
928 
556 
894 
586 
684 


188 
241 
911 
1,081 
620 
1,058 
723 
899 


1911 .. 




1916 




1917 




1918 




1919 




1920 




1921 








ALBERTA. 
Teachers trained at Edmonton, Calgary and Camrose Normal Schools 1908, 1911, 1916 to 1921 inclusive. 


Years. 


First Class. 


Second Class. 


Total. 


Grand 
Total. 


Special 
Classes 1 . 


Ac 
ademic 
Class. 

18 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


1906 . . 


34 
58 
31 
30 
44 
39 
62 


47 
88 
54 
121 
132 
176 
198 


25 
81 
146 
85 
151 
176 
215 
260 


42 
66 
32 
30 
74 
75 
111 


125 
203 
217 
286 
348 
405 
472 


77 
167 
269 
249 
316 
422 
479 
583 


27 
76 
124 
63 
60 
118 
114 
204 


75 
172 
291 
271 
407 
480 
580 
706 


102 
248 
415 
334 
467 
598 
694 
910 


23 
24 
21 
345 

49 


1911 
1916 
1917 


1918.... 


1919 


1920 


1921 



These classes are designed principally for the purpose of giving teachers from the United Kingdom 
and United States a short period of training in the special requirements of the Alberta Department of 
Education. In 1918 a class was added for the purpose of enabling second class teachers to train for a higher 
professional certificate. The large enrolment in 1919 contained a number of students who desired special 
qualifications for teaching foreigners. 

4. dumber of Teachers and Pupils in Roman Catholic Classical Colleges in Quebec, 

1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922. 



Years. 


Number of 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Years. 


Number of 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Col 
leges. 


Profes 
sors. 


Pupils 
enrolled. 


Col 
leges. 


Profes 
sors. 


Students 
enrolled. 


1901 


19 
19 
19 
21 
21 


549 
621 
642 
704 
747 


5,915" 
6,318 
7,140 
7,696 
8.128 


5,468 
5,895 
6,521 
6,602 
6.790 


1918 


21 
21 
21 
21 
21 


747 
744 

rii 1 

797 
830 


7,622 
7,711 
8,632 
9,033 
9,321 


6,956 
6,338 
7,940 
8,159 
8,592 


1906 


1919 


1911 . 


1920 


1916 . 


1921 


1917.. 


1922.. 



NOTE. The Roman Catholic Classical Colleges are not included in Table 2 with the other public 
institutions for the reason that they are special institutions doing university, secondary and even elementary 
work. The following statistics of secondary schools in Ontario, Saskatchewan and British Columbia 
have been included in Table 2, and are repeated here mainly to show the differentiation between the sexes 
in the higher grades. 

5. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in 

Ontario, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922. 



Years. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Per 

cent. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


1901.. 


131 
142 
148 
161 
162 
164 
167 
168 
170 


579 
719 
898 
1,038 
1,061 
1,088 
1,168 
1,302 
1,420 


10,869 
13,336 
14,679 
12,339 
12,353 
13,228 
14,681 
15,221 
18,328 


11,651 
16,056 
17,548 
16,494 
16,744 
17,504 
18,355 
18,907 
21,077 


22,523 
20,302 

32,227 
28,833 
29,097 
30,732 
33,036 

:;t,l28 

39,405 


13,224 
18,078 
20,177 
22,781 
22,740 
24,500 
26,816 
28,952 
34,262 


58-71 
61-50 
62-60 
79-01 
78-15 
79-72 
81-17 
84-83 
86-96 


1906 


1911 


1916-17 


1917-18 


1918-19 


1919-20 


1920-21 


1921-22 





RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR EDUCATION 



883 



6. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Continuation Schools in Ontario, 1911, 1916- 

1922. 



Years. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Per 

cent. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


1911.. 


129 
132 
137 
136 

137 
144 
160 


218 
234 
241 
234 
244 
286 
323 


2,394 
1,979 
1,989 
1,867 
2,001 
2,304 
3,080 


3,359 
3,103 
3,115 
3,139 
3,125 
3,519 
4,425 


5,753 
5,082 
5,104 
5,006 
5,126 
5,823 
7,505 


3,487 
3,729 
3,734 
3,773 
3,955 
4,790 
6,309 


60-61 
73-37 
73-15 
75-36 
77-15 
82-26 
84-06 


1916-17 


1917-18 


1918-19... . 


1919-20 


1920-21 


1921-22 ... 





NOTE. Previous to 1911 the statistics of these schools were included with those of Elementary Schools* 

7. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in 
Saskatchewan, 1908, 1911, 1916-1922. 



Years. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


1st and 
2nd years. 


3rd 
year. 


4th 
year. 


Total. 


1908... 


8 
13 

21 
22 
22 
24 
24 
24 
21 


23 
56 
138 
119 
161 
164 
198 
200 
202 


335 

766 
1,566 
1,445 
1,533 
1,910 
2,492 
2,944 
2,423 


399 
927 
2,283 
2,441 
2,561 
2,841 
3,425 
3,959 
3,204 


487 
1,003 
2,398 
2,507 
2,533 
3,005 
3,946 
4,615 
3,925 


183 

486 
1,090 
974 
1,065 
1,207 
1,400 
1,617 
1,250 


64 
204 
361 
405 
496 
539 
571 
671 
452 


734 
1,693 
3,849 
3,886 
4,094 
4,751 
5,917 
6,903 
5,627 


1911 


1916... 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





8. Number of Teachers and Pupils in High Schools in British Columbia, 1901, 1906, 

1911, 1916-1922. 



Years. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Per 

cent. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


1901.. 


5 
13 
23 
40 
41 
43 
45 
48 
52 
58 


15 
37 
71 
162 
169 
184 
197 
234 
251 
301 


215 
473 
940 
2,260 
2,074 
2.151 
2,392 
2,826 
3,093 
3,788 


369 
763 
1,048 
2,510 
2,767 
2,999 
3,414 
3,810 
4,166 
4,846 


584 
1,236 
1.988 
4,770 
4,841 
5,150 
5,806 
6,636 
7,259 
8,634 


373 
923 
1,533 
3,816 
3,999 
4,201 
4,670 
5,359 
6,132 
7,481 


63-87 

74-68 
77-11 
80-00 
82-61 
81-57 
80-44 
80-79 
84-48 
86-64 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1901, 

1906, 1911, 1916-19222. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAXD. 
(RECEIPTS). 



Years. 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Local 
Assess 
ment. 


Total. 


Years. 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Local 

Assess 
ment. 


Total. 


1901.... 


$ 

128,288 
91,946 
126,438 
173,962 
178,607 


$ 
36.617 
34,763 
54,738 
70,610 
72,623 


S 
164,935 
126,709 
181,176 
244,572 
251,230 


1918 


$ 

173,579 
187,488 
211,618 
244,347 
271,103 


$ 

94,968 
93,472 
131,030 
152,431 
157,766 


$ 

268,547 
285,960 
342,648 
396,778 
428,869 


1906 1 


1919 


1911 


1920 


1916 
1917 


1921 


1922 






Nine months. "For other years, see 1921 Year Book, pp. 148-153. 
62373561 



884 



EDUCATION 



9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1901, 

1906, 1911, 1916-1923 con. 

NOVA SCOTIA. 
(RECEIPTS). 



Years. 


Govern 
ment Grant. 


Municipal 
Funds. 


Local 
Assessment. 


Total. 


1901 


$ 
254,778 


S 
119,876 


$ 
470,108 


- 
844,762 


1906 


270,925 


147,089 


655,705 


1,073,720 


1911 . 


378,726 


146,823 


804,125 


1,329,674 


1916 . 


414,738 


168,114 


1,037.302 


1,620,154 


1917 


432,284 


163,535 


1,157,907 


1,753,726 


1918 


427,484 


163,994 


1,280,965 


1,872,444 


1919 


432,496 


204,519 


1.460,578 


2.097.593 


igog 


485,787 


224,025 


1,978,242 


2,634.763 


1921 


576,591 


495,242 


2,370,712 


3,442,546 


1922 


616,389 


502,804 


2,527,377 


3,646,570 













NEW BRUNSWICK (RECEIPTS). 



1901 


$ 
163,225 


$ 
90,492 


S 

346,623 


S 

600,340 


1906 


160,957 


91,718 


No record 




1911 


196.082 


90,193 


593,073 


879.348 


1916 


206,486 


96,141 


844,256 


1,146,883 


1917 


204,754 


97.284 


843,357 


1,145,395 


1918 


286,949 


97,230 


930,567 


1,314,746 


1919 


277,996 


99,097 


1,153,163 


1,530,256 


1920 . . 


290,028 


103,629 


1,364,915 


1,758,572 


1921 


352,693 


146,003 


1,779,926 


2.278,622 


1922 


381,075 


195,948 


2,080,023 


2,657,046 













QUEBEC (EXPENDITURE). 







Local 








Local 






Govern 


Assess 






Govern 


Assess 




Years. 


ment 
Grant. 


ment 
and other 


Total . 


Years. 


ment 
Grant. 


ment 
and other 


Total. 






sources. 








sources. 






S 


S 


S 




1 


$ 


S 


1901 


453 950 


2,999,804 


3,453,754 


1918.. . ... 


2,077,569 


12,405,301 


14,482,870 


1906 


536,150 


3,802,402 


4,338,55? 


1919 


2,145,976 


14,698,708 


16,844,684 


1911 


1,065,429 


5,729,104 


6,794,533 


1920 


2,334,108 


16,867,297 


19,201,405 


1916 . 


1,882,838 


10,533,769 


12,416,607 


1921 


2,351,471 


19,771,508 


22,122,97g 


1917 . .... 


2,068,766 


11,887,454 


13,956,220 



























ONTARIO (RECEIPTS). 



Years. 


Elementary Schools. 


Total for 
Secondary 
Schools. 


Grand 
Total. 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Local 

As^es8- 
ment. 


Clergy Re 
serve Fund 
and other 
sources. 


Total. 


1901 , 


- 

377,308 
509,795 
892,377 
831,988 
907,846 
970,585 
1,316,529 
1,612,837 
2,454,018 


$ 

3,784,070 
5,529,496 
7,826.083 
11,010,356 
12,193,439 
13,114,725 
U, 361,049 
18,766,800 
21,195,263 


$ 

1,468,678 
1,883,394 
3,778,183 
4,327,738 
4,168,000 
4,278,957 
6.912.656 
9,413,521 
11,461,271 


$ 

5,630.056 
7,922,685 
12,496,643 
16,080,082 
17,269,285 
18,364,267 
22,593,234 
29,793.158 
35,110,552 


$ 

784,626 
1,209,782 
2,180,026 
3,380,927 
3,412,115 
3,931,788 
4,437,247 
6,102,956 
8,745,050 


$ 

6,414,682 
9,1 32. 467 
14,676,669 
19,461,009 
20,681,400 
22,296,055 
27,030,481 
35,896,114 
43,855,602 


1906 . . . 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR EDUCATION 



885 



9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1991, 

190S, 1911, 1916-1922 con. 

ONTARIO (EXPENDITURE). 



Years. 


Elementary Schools. 


Total 
for 

Second 
ary and 
Technical 
schools. 


Grand 
Total. 


Teachers 
Salaries. 


Sites 
and 
building 
school- 
houses. 


Maps, 

apparatus, 
prizes, 
etc. 


Rent, 
repairs, 
fuel, 
and other 
expenses . 


Total 
for 
Elemen 
tary 
schools. 


1901 


$ 
3,055,321 
3,880,548 
5,610,213 
7,929,490 
8,393.450 
9,027,151 
10.160,399 
13.070.038 
15,473,049 


$ 
531,072 
854,452 
2,164,459 
2,232.110 
1,937.644 
1.242,612 
2,870,349 
4,792.571 
5,605,341 


$ 
81,685 
103,547 
139,229 
1P2.212 
293.207 
169,136 
302,046 
333,288 
418,370 


$ 
1,052,232 
1,559,659 
1,990,333 
2-, 99?, 093 
3,435,534 
4,737.794 
5,513.833 
7,020,615 
8,218.033 


$ 
4,720,310 
6,403,206 
9,901,234 
13,351.9)5 
11,111,835 
15,176,723 
13,851,627 
25,216,512 
29,714,793 


$ 
728,132 
1,029,291 
2,200,133 
2,794,402 
2,743,596 
3,412,167 
3,795,816 
5,409,923 


S 

5,448,442 
7,432,500 
12,104.422 
16,146,307 
16,855,431 
13,538.890 
22.647,443 
30.626.435 


1906 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1Q>n 


1921.. 


7,024,771 


36,739,564 



MANITOBA. 











RECEIPTS. 






i 


Years. 


Legis 
lative 
grant. 


Muni 
cipal 
taxes. 


Deben 
tures. 


Prom 
issory 
notes. 


Sundries. 


Balance 
from 
pre 
vious 
years. 


% 
Total. 


1907 


$ 

242,383 


$ 
1,223,336 


$ 

315,271 


$ 
802,574 


% 

141,452 


$ 

115,677 


$ 

2,840,693 


1911 


325.410 


1,847,380 


1,318,068 


1,275,239 


76,172 


399.539 


5,241,808 


1915 


503,774 


3,296,667 


344,673 


2.080.204 


239,176 


609,932 


7,074,476 


1917 


522,293 


3,445,239 


321,370 


917,486 


108,046 


376,318 


5,720,752 


]Q18 


616,977 


3,736,45 


240,855 


1,142,289 


133,111 


416,194 


6,285,878 


1919 


589, 174 


4,200,519 


188,931 


1,165,751 


264,710 


508,348 


6,917,406 


19 >Q 


691,931 


4.947,186 


402,181 


2,203,019 


432,110 


436.16 


9,117,644 


]g>l 


822,186 


6.922.864 


2,250,073 


2,773,212 


280.644 


457,312 


13,506,292 


1922...... 


1,058,29:- 


7,991,517 


1,832,134 


2,613,709 


242,840 


563,183 


14,301,675 



Years. 


EXPENDITURE. 


Teachers 
Salaries. 


Building, 
etc. 


Fuel. 


Repairs 
and 
caretaking. 


Salary 
of 
Sec.-Treas. 


1907 


$ 
1,009,224 
1,452,630 
2,195,226 
2,314.006 
2,382,840 
2,648,230 
3,296,035 
4,335,5.9 
5,016.903 


$ 

460,260 
1,199,288 
823,266 
382,988 
440,221 
556,072 
958,933 
2,081,176 
1,947.527 


% 

79,963 
109.299 
165.697 
171,462 
197,258 
243,155 
354,076 
393,160 
512.016 


$ 

126,216 
167,734 
358,315 
385,226 
418,660 
372,323 
479,192 
741,058 
746.642 


$ 

23,42 
29,21 8 
41,53n 
19,80 6 
46,24 9 
51,55 S 
96,08 6 
91,41 2 
140,414 


lyil 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


19>0 


19 H 


1922 




Years. 


Principal 
of 
Debenture?. 


Interest 
on 
Debentures. 


Promissory 
notes. 


Other 
expenditure. 


Total. 


1907 


$ 

81,795 
131,975 
194,257 
241,223 
360,134 
391,332 
347,356 
420,323 
485,365 


$ 

80,392 
144,735 
409,193 
155,619 
357,409 
400,754 
439,946 
496,565 
610,418 


$ 

667,791 
1,590,565 
2,132,286 
1,196,806 
1,055,581 
1,305,433 
1,802,294 
3,049,437 
2.666.484 


$ 

200,856 
199,446 
338,459 
466,166 
651,031 
649,888 
1,053,174 
1,470,545 
1.439.055 


$ 

2,729,917 
5,024,89n 
6,658,22n 
5,333,300 
5,909,38 3 
6,618,74 
8,827,09o 
13,079,20s 
13.564.82,1 


1911 


1916 


1<I17 


191S 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922... 



NOTE. For a summary of the principal items of Receipts and Expenditure from 19J1 to 1906, see Year 
Book of 1915, page 128. From 1907 the items are given in greater detail, as above. Owing to change of 
year, no figures were published for 1912. 



gg, 



EDUCATION 



9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1901 

1906, 1911, 191G-1922-(on. 

SASKATCHEWAN ( RECEIPTS) . 



Years. 


Elementary Schools. 


Secondary 
Schools. 


Grand 
Total. 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Local 

Assess 
ment. 


Proceeds 
of De 
bentures. 


Other 

sources. 


Total. i 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Total. 1 


1906 .... 



174,218 
555,438 
969,709 
1,104,156 
1,162,490 
1,255,004 
1,229,934 
1.346,459 


$ 

602,624 
1,519,528 
4,694,242 
4,954,200 
5,618,192 
7,121,046 
8,826,175 
9,619,615 


$ 

360,206 
659,270 
649,300 

455,777 
1,105,6!) - 
1,516,765 

1,475,882 


$ 

328,313 
l,295,.V)ti 
2,999, M3 

4,213,371 
1,874,159 
2,012,422 
2,341,770 
2.546,736 


S 
i.ir>5.36l 

4,029,792 
9,312.691 
10,271.727 
9,11 
11. 191,164 
13,91. 
14,988,692 


$ 

77,158 
83,496 
90,793 
83,925 
107,133 
145,151 


- 

593,144 
704,485 
276,161" 
355,741 
444,781 
4,020,432 


$ 

1,465,361 
1,029,792 

9,905,838 
10,976,212 
9,387,086 
11,849,905 

11,359,434 
19,009,124 


1911 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921.. 



r rhe total expenditure for secondary schools was included in that of the elementary schools up to 1912. 
"This item in 1918 and 1919 does not include money borrowed by note. 

SASKATCHEWAN (EXPENDITURE). 











I> ; I 








Secondary 




Years 


Teachers 

Salaries. 


Offi 
cials 
Salaries. 


Paid on 
Deben 
tures. 


aid on 
Notes 

(renew;. [.- 
and 
interest). 


School 
buildings 
and 
repairs. 


Care- 
taking 

and 
fuel. 


Total 
Expendi 
ture. 


Schools. 


Grand 
Total. 


Teach 
ers 
Salaries. 


To tali. 






- 


* 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


I 


* 


t 


1906.. 


471,7:;.i 


29,076 


113,958 


303,739 


339.933 


47,251 


1,448,915 


- 





1,448,915 


1911.. 


1,298,925 


84,603 


369,951 


1,071,783 


619, till 


172,993 


3,990,036 


- 





3.990,036 


1916.. 


2,956,666 


_ 


_ 


- 


1,105.7 ;.". 





9,211,391) 


175,093 


580,628 


9,792,018 


1917.. 


3,303,929 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1,136,599 


_ 


10,117,716 


190,703 


686,392 


10,804,108 


1918.. 


3,831,942 


_ 


1,020,574 


1,588,995 


845,974 


_ 


9,183,975 


209,085 


1,293,119 


9,477,085 


1919.. 


4,813,000 


_ 


809,999 


1,737,892 


1,369,833 


- 


11,433,258 


235,460 


1,350,685 


11,783,943 


1920.. 


5,940,869 


_ 


813,266 


2,178,134 


1,928,150 


- 


14,141,188 


325,497 


468,477 


14,609,665 


1921.. 


6,890,376 


- 


864,304 


2,169,914 


1,702,327 


- 


15,074,266 


382,824 


538,065 


15,612,331 



secondary school expenditure was included in that of the elementary schools until 1912: the items 
for 1918, 1919 and 1920 do not include promissory notes. 

ALBERTA (RECEIPTS). 



Years. 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Local 

AsMM- 

ment. 


Proceeds 
of Deben 
tures. 


Borrowed 

by 
Note. 


Other 
sources. 


Total. 


1906 


* 
142,836 


$ 

416,344 


$ 

297,158 


$ 

292,786 


1 

140,797 


$ 

1,289,921 


1911 


432,877 


1,575,412 


1,481,173 


1,461,208 


120,363 


5,071,033 


1916 


553,141 


3,749,007 


155,883 


1,105,538 


1,203,814 


6,767,383 


1917 


652,. ".57 


3,657,510 


268,102 


1,451,229 


497,479 


6,526,878 


1918 


625,830 


5,132,232 


433,126 


1,173,546 


195,990 


7,560,724 


1919 


713,083 


5,601,713 


655,960 


1,388,001 


410,235 


8,763,992 


1920 


885,524 


6,894,401 


865,195 


1,948,257 


279,776 


10,873,153 


1921.. 


1,146,722 


7,432,936 


814,008 


2.321,144 


323,242 


12,038,052 



ALBERTA (EXPENDITURE). 



Years. 


Teachers 

Salaries. 


Officials 

Salaries. 


Paid on 
Deben 
tures. 


Paid on 
Notes 

(renewals 
and 
interest) . 


School 
buildings 
and 
repairs. 


( )i her 
Expen 
diture. 


Total 
Expen 
diture. 


1906 


S 
386,108 


$ 

23,796 


1 

94,947 


t 

298,984 


274,525 


$ 

180,747 


$ 

1,259,107 


1911 


1,1*4,584 


87,409 


408,44- 


1,309,134 


1,323,142 


853,062 


."., o. 5,773 


1916 


2,421,404 


2:50,931 


956.563 




325,297 


920,535 


6,121,614 


1917 


2,620,085 


193,484 


1,100,181 


1,06S.( 


414,105 


1,199,649 


6,595,562 


1918 !.. 


2,860,352 


198,870 


1,054,044 


1,598,757 


604,891 


1,179.777 


7,190,691 


1919 


3,560,318 


225,24- 


1,051,171 


1,5(>3. . H 


765,935 


1,698,919 


8,805,529 


1920 


4,371,508 


258,249 


1,053,328 


1,785,432 


1,09 


2, 082, .119 


10,644,329 


1921.. 


5.213.011 


298,003 


1,141,660 


_ ._ 1S,782 


1,120,851 


2,142,181 


12,134,488 



SALARIES OF TEACHERS 



887 



9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1901, 

1906, 1911, 1916-1922 concluded. 
BRITISH Cor.niPiA (EXPENDITURE). 



Years. 


Provincial 
Govern 
ment. 


Cities, 
Municipal 
ities, 
Rural and 
Assisted 
Schools. 


Total. 


Years. 


Provincial 
Govern 
ment. 


Cities, 
Municipal 
ities, 
Rural and 
Assisted 
Schools. 


Total. 


1901 


S 
350,532 


1 

182,160 


8 
532 692 


1918 


$ 
1 653 797 


$ 
1 865 18 


$ 

3 K1Q ni T 


1906 


444,543 


244,198 


688 , 741 


1919. 


1 791 154 


2 437 566 


4. ooa ?on 


1911 


1,001,808 


1,639,714 


2,641,522 


1920. 


2 155 935 


3 314 246 


i; 47n 18(1 


1916 


1 591 322 


1 625 028 


3 216 350 


1921 


2 931 57 


4 238 458 


7 1 70 ri3f> 


1917 


1,600,125 


1,637,539 


3,237,664 


1922. . 


3 141 738 


4 691 840 


7 833 178 



















10. Average Annual Salaries of School Teachers, by Provinces, 1921-22 or latest year 

reported. 



Province and Class of 
Certificate. 


Male. 


Female. 


Province and Class of 
Certificate. 


Male. 


Female. 


Prince Edward Island, 1922 
First class . ... 


$ 
844 


$ 
659 


Saskatchewan, 1921- 


S 


1 


Second class 


565 


508 


First class 


1 450 


1 38S 


Third class 


464 


407 


Second class 


1 398 


1 391 








Third class. 


1 356 


1 258 


Nova Scotia, 1922 






Provisional 


1,310 


1 53 


Class A 


1 465 


910 








ClassB 


1,185 


710 


First class 


2 013 


i 4Kfl 


Class C 


673 


578 




1 R17 


1319 


Class D 


530 


447 


Third class 


1 446 


1 213 


Academic 


2,014 


1 369 


Provisional 


1 496 


1 3fi4 


New Brunswick, 1922 
First class 


1 596 


1 007 


Mberta 19 2 






Second class 


785 


734 


First class 


1 790 


1 987 


Third class 


575 


574 


Second class 


1 98S 


1 1QO 


Superior schools 


1,3 


28 


Third class 


1 19 


1 1*n 


Grammar schools 


2,346 


1 787 


Permit 


1 Ofifi 


1 04.fi 








Specialist 


2 066 


1 578 


Quebec, 1921 






Pending 3 


1 205 


1 086 


Protestant schools 


2 300 


1 013 








Roman Catholic schools 


1 280 


308 


British Columbia 1922 






Ontario, 1921 






High schools 
Academic 


2 555 


2 009 


Public and Separate schools 
First class 


2,236 


1 180 


City graded schools 


2 515 


1 3fi9 


Second class 


1,436 


1,101 


First 


9 3QQ 


i 4<;fi 


Third class and district certi 






Second 


1 643 


1 301 


ficate 


928 


845 


Third 


1 4Q7 


i ion 


High Schools and Collegiate 
Institutes, 1922 
Principals 


2 s; 


.6 








Assistants 


2,527 


1,961 


Academic 


1 536 


1 1Q? 


Continuation Schools 






First 


2 029 


1 274 


Principals 


1,71 


4 


Second 


1 485 


1 173 


Assistants 


1,433 


1,408 


Third 


1 1/17 


i 1 on 


Manitoba, 1918 
Highest salary 


3 f 


00 








Average salary for province. . . . 


; 


94 


Academic 


1,228 


1 110 


Average, cities and towns 


9 


62 


First 


1 437 


1 101 


Highest rural school 


1,C 


00 


Second 


1 182 


1 048 


Average rural school 


6 


28 


Third 


1 031 


1 fifiQ 















In the figures for Quebec lay teachers only are included. 2 In Saskatchewan, only elementary school 
teachers are included; in 1921 the average salary of secondary teachers was about $2,241. ^Pending 
means teachers with certificates from other provinces. 



888 EDUCATION 



II. VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION. 

As late as the seventies and eighties of the last century little vocational educ 
ation was given in the schools; private business colleges were established in the 
cities about this time. 

Among the first vocational courses to be introduced into schools were commer 
cial courses, which were introduced into the high school curricula of Ontario and 
Manitoba in 1899, in British Columbia in 1905, and in Saskatchewan and Alberta 
about the same time. The classical colleges of Quebec were also among the first 
to provide a commercial course for those of their pupils who did not desire to enter 
the professions, and a school for commercial studies was founded in 1907 at Mont 
real. 

Agriculture was first taught in special colleges, the Ontario Agricultural College 
at Guelph, a government institution, being founded in 1874, the Nova Scotia Agri 
cultural College in 1888, the Manitoba Agricultural College in 1903, Macdonald 
College at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., in 1907. The agricultural college at Ste. 
Anne de la Pocaticre, Quebec, the first in Canada and the second on the continent, 
had been founded in 1859, vhi e the Oka Agricultural Institute was established 
in 1890. The Ontario Veterinary College, founded in Toronto as a private venture 
in 1862, was one of the first on the continent, and for many years drew its 
students very largely from the United States. In 1908 it was taken over by the 
Ontario Government, and has recently been transferred to Guelph. 

Training in handicrafts was introduced into the schools in the form of manual 
training for boys and domestic science for girls. The former was originally intend 
ed merely as a training in the use of tools, partly as a recreation and partly as a 
means whereby the boy could get some idea of his capacity as a mechanic. A form 
of this manual training was introduced into Ontario schools in 1883, and into the 
schools of Nova Scotia in 1891; in the latter province it was made compulsory for 
teachers in training in 1893. In the Prairie Provinces manual training was intro 
duced in the first decade of the present century. 

The second decade of the century has, however, seen the most rapid develop 
ment in technical and vocational education. Following upon the publication of 
Dr. Seath s report on Education for Industrial Purposes and the report of the Royal 
Commission of 1910 on Industrial Training and Technical Education, published in 
1913, technical education has made rapid strides, partly due to the stimulus given to 
manufactures by the war. By 1915, manual training courses in Ontario had 
branched out into industrial, technical and art schools and in that year a large 
technical school was opened in Toronto. The Kelvin and St. John s Technical 
Schools in Winnipeg date from 1911, and the great technical school in Montreal 
from the same year. 

Aid Given by Dominion Government. While educational administration 
is a matter for the provinces, the Dominion Government, realizing the national 
importance of vocational education, has supplemented the provincial funds avail 
able for these purposes. In 1913 was passed the Agricultural Instruction Act, 
distributing $10,000,000 in ten years among the provinces for the advancement of 
agricultural education. In 1919 a similar sum was voted for technical education 
to be divided within ten years among the provinces approximately in proportion 
to population, but so as not to exceed the sums expended by the provinces on tech 
nical education. These grants have been most effective in turning the attention 
of the provincial authorities toward vocational education, which is making great 
strides, especially in the eastern manufacturing provinces. 



HIGHER EDUCATION 



889 



11. Vocational Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, year ended June 30, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Number of bchools. 


Number of Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Day. 


Even 
ing. 


Total. 


Day. 


Even 
ing. 


Corres 
pond ce 
Dept. 


Total. 


Day. 


Even 
ing. 


Corres- 
pond ce 
Dept. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Isl d. 
Nova Scotia 


1 
2 
4 
9 
18 
16 
4 
c 

13 


1 
30 
18 
20 
69 
4 
4 
25 
36 


2 
32 
22 
29 
87 
20 
8 
34 
49 


7 
4 
21 
76 
191 
45 
24 
69 
90 


3 
152 
53 
140 
909 
85 
70 
121 
178 


24 
9 

3 
1 


10 
180 
76 
216 
1,100 
133 
91 
193 
269 


94 
23 
255 
1,276 
4,526 
3,507 
947 
1,36 
1,598 


72 
2.884 
1,135 
4.8S2 
27,297 
2,295 
1 , 720 
1,840 
4,094 


186 
1,541 

275 

152 


166 
3,093 
2,931 
6.158 
31,823 
5,802 
2.667 
3,477 
5.844 


New l^unswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


"Manitoba 


Saskatchewan . . 


A b Tta 


British Columbia 
Totals .. 


76 


207 


285 


577 


1,711 


30 


2,263 


13,588 


46,219 


2,151 


61,961 



The vocational schools of which the statistics aro given in this table include only such schools, 
classes or courses as receive grants under the Dominion Technical Education Act. The enrolment of these, 
together with the enrolment of other schools doing technical work, but not receiving grants under the Act, 
is given in Table 1, item 2. Schools conducting both day and evening classes are included under both 
headings. Teachers engaged in both day and evening work are also shown twice. Enrolment- are the 
maximum number reported during the year. In Ontario the commercial classes in each locality are shown 

separately IH.-HIGHER EDUCATION. 

Higher education in Canada is carried on in 23 universities and 65 colleges, 
including 21 classical colleges in Quebec. The last mentioned, although officially 
classed as secondary institutions, offer university courses, and carry a number of 
their students as far as a degree in arts, the degree being conferred by Laval Uni 
versity and the University of Montreal. Of the universities, six are State controlled 
(New Brunswick, Toronto, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia) ; 
four others are undenominational (Dalhousie, McGill, Queen s and Western) ; while 
the remainder are denominational, St. Dunstan s, St. Francis Xavier, St. Joseph s, 
Laval, Montreal and Ottawa representing the Roman Catholic Church, King s 
College, Bishop s College and Trinity College representing the Church of England, 
Acadia and McMaster representing the Baptist Church, and Mount Allison and 
Victoria representing the Methodist Church. Victoria and Trinity are in federation 
with Toronto. 

The 65 colleges may be roughly classified as: 6 agricultural, 2 technical, 2 law, 
1 dentistry, 1 veterinary, 1 school for pharmacy, 18 theological, 10 affiliated for arts 
and pure science, 21 classical, and 3 miscellaneous. This classification is rough, 
for the reason that a large number of theological and other colleges offer courses 
in arts or preparatory courses. Macdonald College, in Quebec, for example, m ght 
be classified as either agricultural or affiliated, or it might be excluded from the list 
of colleges and considered among the faculties of McGill University. It is included 
above among the agricultural colleges. According to this rough classification, the 
agricultural colleges are: Nova Scetia Agricultural College; Macdonald College, 
Oka, and Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, in Quebec; Ontario Agricultural College and 
Manitoba Agricultural College. The technical colleges are Nova Scotia Technical 
College, and Alberta Institute of Technology and Art. The law schools are Ontario 
and Manitoba. The dental, veterinary and pharmaceutical colleges are in Ontario. 
The exclusively theological colleges are: Presbyterian College and the Holy Heart 
College in Nova Scotia; Montreal Diocesan, Wesle; an and the Congregational 
College in Quebec; Knox, Toronto Bible, Waterloo, Huron and Wycliffe in Ontario; 
Manitoba College and St. John s in Manitoba; St. Chad s, Presbyterian, and Emman 
uel in Saskatchewan; Robertson and Alberta Colleges in Alberta, and the Anglican 
Theological College in British Columbia. The affiliated colleges for arts etc. are: 
Prince of Wales, in Prince Edward Island; St. Anne s and St. Mary s, in Nova 



890 EDUCATION 



Scotia; the Presbyterian, in Quebec; St. Michael s and St. Jerome s, in Ontario; 
Brandon and Wesley, in Manitoba; Edmonton Jesuit, in Alberta; and Columbian 
Methodist College, in -British Columbia. The miscellaneous colleges are: Ecole 
des Hautes Etudes Commerciales in Quebec; and the Ontario College of Art and 
the Royal Military College in Ontario. The Edmonton Jesuit College is a classical 
college and associated with Laval University, but the 21 classical colleges above 
mentioned are all situated in Quebec and affiliated or annexed to the Catholic 
universities. An " affiliated " college in Quebec means a college of which the 
university has direct control of the courses and degrees; an " annexed " college 
is one of which the university merely approves the curriculum and by laws, is repre 
sented at the examinations and sanctions the diplomas awarded; an "associated" 
college is an affiliated college situated outside the province. St. Dunstan s Univer 
sity, St. Mathieu s classical college at Gravelburg, Sask., and the Edmonton Jesuit 
College are thus " associated " with Laval University. 

Registration of Students. The number of students registered in universities 
during the year 1922 was 10,821 in State-controlled institutions (teaching staff, 
1,038); 6,704 in other undenominational institutions (staff, 674); and 14,267 in 
denominational institutions (staff, 1,425); making a grand total of 31,792! with a 
teaching staff of 3,137. These, however, are the gross registrations, including 
duplicate registrations at federate 1 universities affiliated college- ;.n-l preparatory 
secondary schools. In colleges the gross registration was 3,439 in agricultural 
colleges; 912 in technical colleges; 453 in law schools; 1,064 in schools of dentistry, 
pharmacy and veterinary medicine; 1,122 in theological colleges; 2,724 in colleges 
affiliated for arts, etc.; 9,321 in classical colleges; and 1,051 in miscellaneous col 
leges, making a grand total of 20,086. 

The net result after excluding these duplicates was 49,900 2 in both universities 
and colleges. These included 8,322 in preparatory courses offered at 23 institutions 
(out of 88); 10,282 undergraduates in arts and pure science; 1,091 in graduate 
courses; 3,295 in medicine; 2,567 in engineering and applied science; 1,227 in 
music; 1,577 in theology; 488 in sociaHscience; 915 in commerce; 1,095 in law; 525 
in pharmacy; 250 in banking, 1,258 in dentistry; 52 in architecture; 1,570 in agri 
culture; 668 in pedagogy; 589 in household science; 212 in nursing; 107 in forestry; 
162 in veterinary medicine; 2,035 in summer schools for teachers; 1,615 in summer 
schools for others than teachers; 4,097 in other short courses (including secondary 
technical work in one technical college); 1,747 in correspondence; 511 in all other 
courses; and 9,502 in classical colleges, from which a certain number (about 1,500), 
already included in arts, might be deducted. The difference between the sum of 
these figures and the net total given above is due to duplication of courses. It will 
be noticed that outside of arts, etc. the largest registration is to be found in medicine, 
engineering, and short courses other than agriculture, the last of which registers 
over 7,000 students. These figures do not include over 14,000 extra-mural students 
in agriculture in connection with the University of Saskatchewan. Table 1 shows 
that the grand total in short courses was 24,082. It will also be noticed that, exclu 
ding preparatory courses, the first ten in order of size are: (1) arts, etc., (2) short 
courses other than agriculture, (3) medicine, (4) engineering, (5) correspondence, (6) 
theology, (7) agriculture, (8) dentistry, (9) music, and (10) pharmacy each of which 
registers over a thousand students. Attention is particularly called to the regis 
tration in summer schools for teachers, as this may have momentous significance. 

l The duplicate registrations in the federated universities of Victoria and Trinity lire excluded from this 
figure. 2 For a net result as between universities, colleges and secondary preparatory schools see Table 
1. To secure this final net result it was found necessary to use 1921 figures in the case of one province. 
Including classical colleges and extra-mural courses in agriculture the net total f :>r all unive.-sity and college 
registration was 62,687. 



UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA 



891 



Degrees Conferred. The number of first degrees conferred by universities 
during the year was 3,248, and of graduate degrees 644. The latter degrees were 
conferred by 21 institutions, but 217, or nearly half, were conferred by 2 institu 
tions, Toronto and Montreal, while 484, or 74 per cent, were conferred by 4 institu 
tionsToronto, Montreal, Laval and Ottawa, In these four institutions, the 
graduate degrees were conferred in the following faculties or courses: arts 96; pure 
science 7; letters 7; philosophy 43; commerce 40; education 3; agriculture 16; 
applied science and engineering 30; forestry 3; law 53; architecture 6; medicine 
82; dentistry 28; music 1; pharmacy 19; veterinary medicine 5; theology 46 
and social science 7. The difference between the sum of these figures and the total 
of 484 is due to duplication between courses. Of these graduate degrees, 7 were 
honorary. It is clear from the above figures that, with the exception of degrees in 
arts, pure scien3e, letters, philosophy and education (155 in all), these degrees 
are not graduate degrees in the ordinary sense of the term that is, degrees con 
ferred for advanced work in a course from which the student has already graduated 
and received a first degree but such degrees as M.D., which are really first de 
grees in Medicine, but are conferred on students who have already received the 
degree of B.A., B.Sc., etc. Table 12 shows the nature of the degrees conferred by 
each university. 

Financial Statistics. The financial statistics show that the income of both 
universities and colleges in 1921-22 was $12,075,047, of which $5,148,626 was in 
government and municipal grants and $2,577,239 in fees, the corresponding figures 
for universities alone being $9,609,830, $4,527,116 and $1,994,076 respectively. 
(Table 16). The total expenditure for both classes of institutions was $13,796,803 
of which $9,849,707 was on current account. 

The government and municipal grants to universities were distributed as 
follows: $4,041,680 to State controlled universities, $257,305 to other undenomi 
national universities. 

12. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees. 





Da 


te of 


j\ ffilii.it ion 






Name and Address. 


Original 
! ounda- 

tion. 


Present 
Charter. 


to other 
Universities. 


Faculties. 


Degrees. 


University of 


1855 





Laval. 


Arts, Preparatory 


B.L., B.A., B.Sc., 


St. Dunstan s, 








and Commercial, 


Ph.M. 


Charlottetown, P.E.I. 








Theology. 




University of 


1789 


1802 


Oxford and 


Arts, Law, Science, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 


Kings College, 






Cambridge. 


Divinity. 


D.Sc., M.Sc., 


Windsor, N.S. 










B.C.L., D.C.L., 












B.D., D.D. 


Dalhousie University, 


1818 


1863 


Oxford and 


Arts and Science, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc. 


Halifax, N.S. 






Cambridge. 


Law, Medicine 


L. Mus., M.Sc. 










and Dentistry. 


B.Mus., Phm. B. 












LL.B., M.D. 












C.M., D.D.S. 












LL.D. (Hon.). 


Acadia University, 
Wolfville, N.S. 


1838 


1840 


Oxford, Dal 
housie and 


Arts, Divinity, Law, 
Science, Applied 


B.A., B.Sc., B. Th., 
and M.A. 








McGill, Nova 


Science, Litera 










Scotia Tech 


ture. 










nical. 






University of St. Francis 


1855 


1909 




Arts, Science, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 


Xavier, Antigonish, 








Engineering, Law. 


LL.D. 


N.S. 












University of New Bruns 
wick, Fredericton, 


1800 


1860 


Oxford, Cam 
bridge, Dub 


Arts, Applied Sci 
ence, Partial 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 
In Civil Engineer 


N.B. 






lin, McGill. 


Course in Law. 


ing, Electrical En 












gineering or I or- 












estry, D.Sc. 


Mount Allison Univer 


1858 


1886-1913 


Dalhousie, 


Arts, Theology, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 


sity, Sackville, X.B. 






Oxford and 


Engineering. 


B.D. 








Cambridge. 







892 



EDUCATION 



12.- Universities of Canada: Fonnditlon, Afflllatl:m, Faculties and Dpgrevs con. 





Date of 


A flC 1 ; rZf* 






Name and Address. 


Origina 
I oun-Ja 
tion. 


Present 
Charter 


Arruianon 
to other 
Universities. 


Faculties. 


Degrees. 


University of St. Joseph 
College, St. Joseph 
N.B. 


1864 


1898 


Oxford. 


Arts, Science. 


B.A., B.S., B.L., 
B.C.S., M.A. 


McGill University, 
Montreal, Que. 


1821 


1852 


Acadia, Moun 
Alliscn, S 


Vrts, Applied 
.Science, Law, 


B.A., M.A., B.C.L., 
D.C.L., LL.D., 








1 rancis 


Medioine, 


Ii.Sc., D Sc 








Xavier, A 


Agriculture. 


D.D.S., M. Sc!| 








berta, ar 

affiliated 1 




Mus. Bac., Mus. 
Doc , B S \ 








McGill in th 




D.Sc., B. Arch ., 








1 acuity o 




M.D., C M. 








Applied 




D. 1 itt , Ph D 








Science. 




LL.B., LL.M., 


University of Bishop 
College, Lennoxville, 
Que. 


1843 


1853 


Oxford and 
Cambridge. 


Arts, Divinity, 
Medicine and Law 


B. Com., B.H.S. 
B.A., M.A., B.D., 
D.D., D.C.L., 












Mus. Bac., Mus. 


Laval University, 
Quebec, Que. 


1852 


1852 





Theology, Law, 
Medicine, Arts. 


Doc., L.S.T. 
M.A., B.A., B.S., 
B.L., Ph.D., 












Ph.L., Ph.B., 












M.D., M.B , 1 L 












B., LL.L., LL.D., 












D.B., D.L., D.D., 












C.L.B., C.L.L., 


University of Montreal 
Montreal, Que. 


1878 


1920 





Theology, Law, 
Medicine, Arts, 


C.L.D. 
Bachelor, Licenci- 
ate, Doctor. 










Domestic Science 












Drawing, Relic: 












ious and Profan 




University of Toronto, 
Toronto, Ont. 


1827 


1906 


Oxford, Cam 
bridge and 


Music. 
Vrf>, .Medicine, Ap 
pi led Science, Ena 


B.A., M.A., Ph.D., 
LL.B., LI M , 








Dublin. 


inearing, Agricul 


LL.D., Mus. 










ture, orestry, 


Hue., Mus. Doc., 










Education, 


M.B., M.D., B. 










Household 


A.Sc., M.A.Sc., 










Science. 


C.E..E.E., M.E., 












B. Pad., D. Pspd., 












B.S.A., B.Sc.A., 












B.SC.F., KE., 












D.D.S., Phm. B., 


Victoria University, 
Toronto, Ont. 


1836 


1836 


oronto. 


Arts and Theology. 


B.V.Sc., D.V.Sc. 
B.D., D.D. 


University of Trinity 
Collese, Toronto, Ont" 


1851 


1852 


oronto. 


Vrts and Divinity. 


,. Th., B.D., D.D. 


Western University, 
London, Ont. 


1878 


1908 





Vrts, Medioine anr 
Public Health, 


B.A., M.A., M.D., 
LL.D., D.Sc., 










Music. 


D.P.H., Mus. 


Queen s University, 
Kingston, Ont. 


1841 


1841 





\rts. Science, 
Engineering, 


Bach. 
B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 
D.Sc., M.Sc., 










Medicine, 


M.D., M.B., 










Theology. 


LL.D., B.D., 












D.D., B. P*d., 


University of Ottawa, 
Ottawa, Ont. 


1849 


1866 





heology, Philoso 
phy, Law, Art? 


D.Peed., B.Com. 
L.D.,D.D..B.Ph., 
D.Ph.,B.A., M.A. 


McMaster University, 
Toronto, Ont. 
University of Manitoba, 
Winnipeg, Man. 


1857 
1877 


1887 
1877 


xford, Cam 
bridge, London 


and Commercial. 
Arts, Theology. 

rts, Science, Law, 
.Medicine, Engin 


.A., M.A., B.Sc., 
B. Th., B.D. 
.A., M.A., B.Sc., 
M.D., C.M., 










eering, Architec 


B.C.E., B.E.E., 










ture, Pharmacy, 


M.CE., M.E.E., 










Agriculture. 


B.M E., B. Arch., 












Phm.B., B.S.A., 


University of Saskatche 
wan, Saskatoon, Sask. 


1907 


1907 


xford. 


rts, Science, Law, 
Agriculture, Eng 


LL.B., LL.l). 
.A., B.Sc., B.S.A., 
B.E.,LL.B.,M.A., 










ineering, Pharma 


M.Sc. 










cy, Accounting, 












Education, Veteri 












nary Medicine. 





UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA 



893 



12. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 

concluded. 



Name and Address. 


Date of 


Affiliation 
to other 
Universities. 


Faculties. 


Degrees. 


Original 
1 ounda- 
tion. 


Present 
Charter. 


University of Alberta, 
Edmonton, Alberta. 

University of British 
Columbia, Vancouver, 
B.C. 


1906 
1907 


1910 

1908 


Oxford, McGill 
and Toronto. 


Arts and Sciences, 
Applied Science, 
Agriculture, Medi 
cine, Dentistry, 
Law, Schools of 
Pharmacy and 
Accountancy. 
Arts, Applied Sci 
ence and Agricul 
ture. 


B.A., B.Sc., M.A., 
B.S.A., M.Sc., 
LL.B., Phm. B., 
B.D., LL.D. 

B.A., B.Sc. 



13. Universities of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff in the Various Faculties, 

1921-22. 



Name and Address of 
University. 


Sex. 


Professors and Instructors. 


Arts 
and 
Pure 
Science. 


Engin 
eering. 


Law. 


Medi 
cine. 


Phar 
macy. 


Theo 
logy. 


All 
others. 


Total. 


St. Dunstan s University, 


M. 


8 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


12 


14 


Charlottetown, P.E.I. 


! . 








- 








- 


- 





University of King s College, 


M. 


13 


- 


7 


- 


- 


6 


- 


20 


Windsor, N.S. 


F. 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 





1 


Dalhousie University, Halifax, 


M. 


28 


- 


19 


40 


- 


- 


17 


104 


N.S. 


F. 


1 








1 











2 


Acadia University, Wolfville, 


M. 


20 


6 


- 


- 


- 


4 


- 


20 


N.S. 


F. 


2 




















2 


University of St. Francis Xa- 


M. 


21 


5 


- 


1 


- 


- 


8 


19 


vier, Antigonish, N.S. 


! . 








- 











- 





University of New Brunswick, 


M. 


10 


9 


- 


- 


- 


- 


11 


12 


Fredericton, N.B. 


F. 


























University of Mt. Allison, 


M. 


19 


11 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


20 


Sackville, N.B. 


F. 


- 


- 














- 


- 


University of St. Joseph s Col 


M. 


14 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2 


24 


38 


lege, St. Joseph, N.B. 


F. 


- 








- 














McGill University, Montreal, 


M. 


74 


70 


17 


126 


5 


- 


28 


320 


Que. 


F. 


8 


1 





1 


- 


- 


30 


40 


University of Bishop s College, 


M. 


9 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3 


- 


9 


Lennox ville, Que. 


F. 


























Laval University, Quebec 


M. 


45 


- 


20 


28 


4 


11 


142 


250 


Que. 


F. 




















15 


15 


University of Montreal, Mont 


M. 


188 


19 


17 


86 


10 


15 


359 


694 


real, Que. 


F. 


10 














- 


41 


51 


University of Toronto, Toron 


M. 


161 


78 


- 


210 


- 


- 


5S 


502 


to, Ont. 


F. 


26 


1 





5 








17 


49 


Victoria University, Toronto 


M. 


23 


- 


- 


- 


- 


11 


- 


32 


Ont. 


F. 


2 




















2 


University of Trinity College 


M. 


27 


- 


- 


- 


- 


11 


- 


27 


Toronto, Ont. 


K. 


3 








- 


- 


- 





3 


Western University, London 


M. 


35 


- 


- 


58 


- 


- 


2 


92 


Ont. 


F. 


7 








1 








1 


9 


Queen s University, Kingston 


M. 


64 


61 


- 


47 


- 


C 
c 


- 


102 


Ont. 


F, 


10 




















10 


University of Ottawa, Ottawa 


M. 


28 


- 


- 


- 


- 


8 


65 


101 


Ont. 


F. 





- 





- 








85 


85 


McMaster University, Toronto 


M. 


14 


- 


- 


- 


- 


8 


- 


22 


Ont. 


F. 


























University of Manitoba, Winni 


M. 


48 


15 


16 


50 


1 


- 


8 


144 


peg, Man. 


F. 


c 


- 


- 


- 











9 


University of Saskatchewan 


M. 


37 


12 


7 


- 


i 





11 


74 


Saskatoon, Sask. 


F. 


9 


- 





- 


\ 


- 


1 


11 


University of Alberta, Edinon 


M. 


44 


28 


20 


33 


11 


.6 


4 


118 


ton, Alta. 


TT 


C 

i 


c 
i 


- 


n 
& 








- 


9 


University of British Colum 


M . 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


96 


bia, Vancouver, B.C. 


F. 


- 





- 














14 


Total.. 




1,023 


318 


123 


689 


39 


90 


943 


3,143* 



Totals are exclusive of persons teaching in more faculties than one. 
2,830 males and 307 females. 



894 



EDUCATION 



14. Universities of Canada: Number of Students 



Name and Address of 
University. 


* 
b 

WJ 


Courses leading to 
Matriculation and 
other Preparatory Courses. 


Arts, Pure 
Science, 
Philosophy 
etc. 


Agriculture. 


Architecture. 


Banking. 


Commerce. 


Dentistry. 


Education. 


Engineering. 


Ap|, lied Science, 
Unspecified. 


Forestry. 


Undergraduate 
Courses. 


(iraduate Courses. 


St. Dunstan s University, Char 
lottetown, P.E.I. 
University of King s College, Wind 
sor, N.S. 
Dalhousie University, Halifax, X.S 

Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S 

University of St. Francis Xavier 
Antigonish, N.S. 
I "ni versity of New Brunswick, Fred 
erictcn, N.B. 
University of Mt. Allison, Sackville 
N.B. 
University of St. Josepli s College 
St. Joseph, N.B. 
McGill University, Montreal, Que. 

University of Bishop s College 
Lennoxville, Que. 
Laval University, Quebec, Que . 


M. 
F. 

M. 
F. 
M. 
t. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
V. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
1 . 
M. 
F. 
M. 
t. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 


135 

92 

322 

9 
949 

1,693 
503 

- 

16 
1 

974 

1,763 


95 

91 
22 
164 
135 
153 
BS 
154 
43 
41 
34 
11? 
98 
5C 

338 
230 
33 
24 
438 

1,129 
47 
1,34; 
1,112 

243 
80 
65 
210 
101 
325 
231 
213 
18 
14; 
84 
604 
455 
211 
101 
264 
196 
354 
339 


















































































j 


- 


- 


- 


lo 

1 


6. 


- 


40 


- 


- 






33 


- 


- 


2 














- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


M 


- 


23 


n 














52 


- 


- 


50 

18 
4 
<c 
77 
4 
181 
15: 
131 
47 














65 

f 



25 


- 


196 
1 


115 


10 

48 


638 


- 


- 




















49 
70 


16 


- 


60 

( 
262 


203 


50 
23 

213 
140 


103 

820 
1 


- 


22 
62 


University of Montreal. Montreal, 
Que. 
University of Toronto, Toronto, 
Ont. 
Victoria University, Toronto, Ont.. 

University of Trinity College, Tor 
onto, Ont. 
Western University, London, Ont.. . 

Queen s University, Kingston, Ont.. 
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont 

McMiuster University, Toronto, 
Ont. 
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 
Man. 
University of Saskatchewan, Sask 
atoon, Sask. 
University of Alberta, Edmonton, 
Alta. 
University of British Columbia. 
Vancouver, B.C. 

Total by sex 


17 

1 
I 
7 
4 
81 
S 
39 

I 

28 
12 

14 

2 
49 
19 

20 
18 


151 

88 
1 
64 
5 


f 
2 


250 
250 


62 
3 

230 
10 

15 
3 

840 
2( 


3fi 


- 


322 

129 
44 
M 

m 

2 


- 


- 


M. 
F. 


4,190 
2,26 


6 .- 
3,872 


712 
300 


487 
8 


52 


41S 
3 


IOC 


2,513 
3 


107 
107 


Grand total . . 





6,457 


0,731 


1,012 


495 


52 


250 


866 


421 


481 


2,516 


- 





217 in British Columbia were not specified by sex. 

2 Exclusive of 371 men and 307 women in arts, pure science, etc., registered at Victoria and Trinity as 
well as at Toronto, with which Victoria and Trinity are in federation. 

3 Not included in the total registration reported by the university. 



UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA 



895 



in the Various Faculties, 1921-22. 



Household Science. 


i 

$ 


Medicine. 


Music. 


Nursing. 


Pharmacy. 


Social Service. 


Theology. 


Veterinary 
Medicire. 


Short or Special Courses 
for Teachers. || 


Short or Special Courses 
other than Teachers. 


Other Short Courses. 


Correspondence . 

V 


Physical Education. 


Unspecified. 


Total, excluding 
Duplicates. 


Number of these also 
registered in affiliated 
| Colleges. 


* 

~a 

a 


oi 

"3 

8 
Ex 

23 

174 

101 
43 
35 

99 

623 
27 
58 
1,561 
1,770 
243 
71 
221 
776 
1,789 
91 
590 
384 
386 
380 


"3 

4* 

O 

H 




























230 
121 
546 
206 
171 
133 
166 
375 
2,218 
56 
1,961 
4,837 
3,579 
371 
111 
360 
1,786 
1,346 
210 
1,836 
656 
899 
634 


230 
144 
720 
307 
214 
168 
265 
375 
2,841 
83 
2,019 
6,398 
5,349 
614 
182 
581 
2,562 
3,135 
301 
2,426 
1,040 
1,285 
1,231 


1,234 
3,206 
911 

108 
2,296 

338 
33 
41 
10 
































- 


30 

1 
77 

10 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


159 
13 

10 


5 


8 


25 
4 


- 


16 

2 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3 
1 
























































































- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


90 


90 

5 


695 

17 


4 
92 


36 


37 

5 


3 

25 


10 








9 

77 


- 


" 


_ 


3 
32 


48 

130 


81 
121 


153 


- 


- 


7 


- 


178 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


295 

997 
75 


250 
600 
24 

20 


77 


144 

2 


30 
120 
17 
293 


297 
183 


20 


65 

30 


20 


5123 

688 3 


70 3 
81 


- 


87 
11C 


- 


- 


148 
5 
259 


- 


15 


- 


I 


19 
4 

26 

78 


- 


17 
23 
151 
133 


_ 


- 


12 
15 
615 
464 


- 


4 
















OK 














































8 
26 


109 
2 
37 
I 
81 
8 


277 
30 

141 
14 


- 


50 
10 


36 
2 
50 
7 
53 
9 


- 


9 


- 


37 
29 
28 
101 
39 
35 


267 

67 
45 


110 


66 
57 


- 


46 

2f 
30 

1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


16 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


217 


- 


- 


302 
302 


636 
17 


3,134 
154 


278 
717 


212 


352 
2{ 


50 
438 


854 
11 


20 


332 
351 


363 
122 


622 
905 


763 
617 


- 


174 

172 














653 


3,288 


995 


212 


381 


488 


885 


2(1 


683 


485 


1,527 


1,380 


- 


S4< 


22,437 


9,138 


31,7922 


8,177 



896 



EDUCATION 



15. Universities of Canada: Number of Students by Academic Years and Number 

of Degrees Conferred, 1921-1922. 



Universities. 


Pre 
para 
tory. 


1st 
year. 


2nd 
year. 


3rd 
year. 


4th 
year. 


5th 
year. 


6th 
year. 


7th 
year. 


Grad 
uates. 


All 
other* 


Total. 


St. Dunstan s 1 


135 


39 


20 


18 


18 












OO A 


King s College 




42 


38 


32 


91 














Dalhousie 






Not 
















79ft 


Acadia 




97 


79 


54 


Z.R 


K 












St. Francis Xavier 










85 


R1 


89 


10 








New Brunswick 




56 


5 


36 


21 














Mount Allison 




67 


56 


40 


39 








*> 






St Joseph s College 1 .. 


322 


10 


16 


11 


13 













O7C 


McGill 




881 


634 


700 


384 


110 






CO 


O.A 


2 841 


Bishop s College... 


14 


30 


16 


16 














00 


Laval 


356 


336 


257 


237 


901 








1:7* 


CO 




Montreal 


3 258 


2q 9 


280 


294 


310 


1 - 


414 


341 








Toronto 




1 641 


882 


1 089 


676 


1^7 






991 


7 en 


50.1Q 


Victoria 






Not 


















Trinity 




50 


32 


41 


21 








11 


93 


1 09 


Western 




133 


111 


90 


53 


31 








110 


C01 


Queen s. . 


11 


99 


148 




Q4 


AA 






i 






Ottawa* 


2,797 


78 


38 


48 


42 








QK 


Q7 


3 131 


McMaster 




54 


56 


43 


40 








44 


fit 


301 


Manitoba 




664 


444 


299 


134 


9fi 






Af\ 


01Q 




Saskatchewan 


















90 


1 fi^fi 




Alberta 




336 


265 


208 


103 








ftO 


?flC 


i ooe 


British Columbia 




446 


241 


172 


116 


1 






3S 


917 


1 931 


























Total 


6,S93 


5,351 


3, 665 


3,622 


2 420 


1 326 


486 


362 


1 157 


6?1fl 


?1 ?QM 





























Under 
graduate. 


Graduate. 


Total. 


St. DunstanV 


16 




1ft 


King s College 


36 


14 


50 


Dalhousie * 


100 


10 


110 


Acadia 


63 


3 


6ft 


St. Francis Xavier 


19 


1 


20 


New Brunswick 


21 


1 


22 


Mount Allison 


19 


3 


22 


fit Joseph s College* 


11 




11 


McGill 


384 


30 


414 


Bishop s College... 


15 


4 


19 


I/aval 


289 


89 


378 


Montreal 


155 


204 


- 359 


Toronto 


1 052 


113 


1 165 


Victoria 


86 


14 


ion 


Trinity 


30 


3 


33 


Western 


56 


5 


61 


ueen s 


237 


12 


249 


ttnwa 1 


89 


78 


167 


McMaster 


49 


5 


54 


Manitoba 


19 


20 


212 


Saskatchewan 


94 


9 


103 


Alberta 


121 


16 


137 


British Columbia 


114 


10 


1 9 4 










Total 


3,248 


(44 


3 892 











Number of Degrees Conferred. 



l The 95 students given by yeari are taking tho ordinary 4 undergraduate years leading to a degree 
in Arts, Letters and Philosophy, whjch are the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th year" of St. Dunstan s. The 135 
given above a, preparatory students include 20 in preparatory work in St. Dunstan s, 30 1st year, 40 
2nd and 45 in 3rd year. The same arrangement of years applies to St. Joseph s and Ottawa. 

Excluding 678, registered at Trinity and Victoria as well as at Toronto. 



FINANCIAL STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES 



897 



16. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1921-22. 

ASSETS. 



Name and Address. 


Value 
of 
Endow 
ments. 


Value 
of 
Land and 
Buildings. 


Value of 
Scientific 
Equip 
ment. 


Value of 
other 
Property. 


Total 
Assets. 


St. Dunstan s University, Charlottetown, 
P.E.I 


$ 
40 000 


$ 
240 000 


$ 
12 000 


$ 
30 ooo 


$ 

QOO noo 


University of King s College, Windsor, 
N.S 


206 486 


200 000 


25 000 




431 48fi 


Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S 


1,251,020 


1 995 000 


75 000 


120 000 


3 441 O O 


Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S 


770, 649 


589 536 


15 000 




1 375 185 


University of St. Francis Xavier, Antig- 
onish, N.S . 


262 919 


425 699 


5 000 


KQ 210 


7K1 000 


University of New Brunswick, Frederic- 
ton, N.B 


20 000 


250 000 


50 000 


100 000 


4o nnn 


Mt. Allison University, Sackville, N.B . . 
University of St. Joseph s College, St. 
Joseph, N.B . 


519.000 


340,780 
337 744 


24,600 
6 500 


21,000 
36 000 


905,380 
380 944 


McGiil University, Montreal, Que. (1921) 
University of Bishop s College, Lennox- 
ville, Que 


13.791,412 
394 454 


7,688,012 
261 611 


856,179 
664 


11 141 


22,335,603 
fift? 87 a 


University of Laval, Quebec, Que. (1921) 
University of Montreal, Montreal, Que. 
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont .... 
Victoria University, Toronto, Ont 


1,400,000 
1 090 472 


1,800,000 
1 185 699 


260,000 


54 864 


3,460,000 
8,740,002 

O Q9> AOE 


University of Trinity College, Toronto, 
Ont : 


1 049 814 


10 049 


34 848 




1 OQ4 711 


Queen s University, Kingston, Ont 


2,286 689 


2 754 585 


238 100 




5 97Q 374 


Western University, London, Ont. (1921). 
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont . . 




500,000 
851 300 




- 


851 300 


McMaster Universitv, Toronto, Ont 


1,022,159 


466 829 


20 267 




i rjnn ost; 


University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. . 
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 
Sask 


1,600,000 
75 112 


2, 000, COO 
2 767 034 




8400 


3,600,000 

9 850 54R 


University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. . 
University of British Columbia, Van 
couver, B.C 


30,050 


4,500,138 
388 771 


448,706 
188 542 


153,113 
148 457 


5,101,957 
755 82(1 














Total Universities 


25,810,236 


29,552,795 


2,260,406 


741 185 


f.R fi(M COJl 















including $8,740,002 unclassified by the University of Toronto, but not including $500,000, value of 
lands and buildings at Western University. 



INCOME AND EXPENDITURE. 



Name and Address. 


Income from 


Expenditure. 


Invest 
ments. 


Govern 
ment and 
Municipal 
Grants. 


Fees. 


Other 
Sources. 


Total 
Income. 


Current. 


Capital. 


Total. 


St. Dunstan s Univer 
sity, Charlottetown, 
P.E.I 


$ 

2,454 
9,886 
58,405 
44,220 

12,045 

2,544 
28,917 

734,369 


$ 
1,200 

" 

25,000 
5,331 

45.105 


$ 

43,586 
28,826 
94,854 
28,838 

62,838 

11,637 
19,944 

80,652 
464.015 


$ 

8,406 
16,665 
12,244 
24,406 

67,428 

300 
40,262 

14,802 
133.511 


$ 

54,446 
55,377 
166,703 
97,464 

142,311 

39,481 
94,454 

95,454 
1.. 377.000 


$ 

54,466 
52,311 
177,486 
92,423 

92,452 
41,495 

74,923 

1.315 990 


$ 

4,239 

632,778 
16,754 

39,720 
6,928 

7 2R7 


$ 

58,705 
52,311 
810,264 
109,177 

132,172 

41,495 
86,201 

81,851 

1 .399 HB7 


University of King s 
College, Windsor, N.S. 
Dalhousie University, 
Halifax, N.S. 


Acadia University, Wolf 
ville, N.S 


University of St Francis 
Xavier, Antigonish, 

N.S.... 


University of New 
Brunswick, Frederic- 
ton, N.B 


Mt. Allison University, 
Sackville, N.B 


University of St Joseph s 
College, St. Joseph, 
N.B.*.. ... 


McGiil University, 
Montreal, Que... 



6237357 



898 



EDUCATION 



16. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1921-22 concluded. 
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE concluded. 



Name and address. 


Income from 


Expenditure. 


Invest 
ments. 


Govern 
ment and 
v unicipal 
Grants. 


Fees. 

$ 

18,917 
_ 27,470 
149,957 
363,462 
19,895 
35,165 
158,824 
23,000 
103,764 
32,738 
103,905 
25,431 
51,560 

44,798 


Other 

Sources. 


Total 
Income. 


Current. 


Capital. 


Total. 


University of Bishop s 
College, Lennoxville, 
Quo 


$ 

19,311 

96,779 
62,008 
95,220 
69,621 
106,755 

53,503 
76,560 
l,30f 

1,725 


$ 

2,500 
38,000 
43,300 
1,887,0001 

211,000 
139,000 

705,380 
506,975 
427,825 

489,500 


$ 

3,011 

25,000 
102,075 
30,218 
3,481 
12,313 
491,000 
55,956 

4,395 
3,143 
541,970 

22,424 


$ 

43,739 
65,470 
315,03fi 
2,414,545 
145,333 
108,267 
488,892 
653,000 
159,720 
86,241 
890,240 
536,855 
1,021,355 

558,447 


$ 

51,487 

304, 102 
1,805,545 
157,056 
107,268 
486,974 
203,000 
145,324 
73,627 
511,591 
516,970 
1,026,119 

501,185 


60,000 

277,277 

450,000 

209,560 
288,177 
450,000 

48.590 


$ 

51,487 
75,420 
364,102 
2,082,822 
157,056 
107,268 
486,974 
653,000 
145, 32i 
73,627 
721,131 
805,147 
1,476,119 

549.775 


University of Laval, 
-Quebec, Que 


University of Montreal, 
Montroil Que . . 


University of Toronto, 
Toronto Ont 


Victoria University 
Toronto Ont 


University of Trinitj 
College, Toronto, Ont 
Queen s University 


Western University 
London Ont. 


University of Ottawa, 
Ottawa Ont. 


McMaster University 
Toronto Ont 


Univer-ity of Manitoba 
\Yinnipeg, Mun 


University of Saskatch 
e wan , Saskatoon , Sask 
University of Alberta 
Edmonton.Alta (1919 
University of British 
Columbia, Vancouver 
B.C. (1920): 


Total Universities.. 


1,475,628 


4,527,116 


1,994,076 


1,613,010 


9,609,830 


7,791,024 


2,491,390 


10,444,0352 



^Including $1,380,000 special legislative grant. 
Including $161,621 unclassified. 

17. Colleg?s of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 



Name and Address. 


Date of 


University 
Affiliation. 


Faculties. 


Degrees. 


Original 
Founda 
tion. 


Present 
Charter. 


Prince of Wales College, 


1836 


1860 


Practically all 


Arts. 





Charlottetown, P.E.I. 






Canadian 
Universities. 






Presbvterian College, 


1820 





Dalhou-sie. 


Theology. 


D.D., B.D. 


Halifax, N.S. 
College of Saint Anne, 


1890 


1892 





Arts, Science. 


B.A..B.SC..M.A. 


Church Point, N.S. 
Technical College, Hali 
fax, N.S. 


1907 





;!, King s, 
Si . Mury s, 


Engineering. 


B. Sc. in M.E., C. 
E.,E.E.,Mch. E. 








Dalhousie, 


* 










Mr. Allison, 












St. Francis 






Agricultural College, 


1888 


1905 


liner. 


Agriculture. 


\--<>piate Diploma. 


Truro, N.S. 
Holy Heart Theological 
College, Halifax, N.S. 
St. Marv s College, Hali 


1894 
1841 


1906 
1841 





Theology, Philoso 
phy. 
Art.-, Partial Course 


T.B., T.L., D.D., 
Ph.D. 
B.A. 


fax, N.S. 
Macdonald College, Ste. 
Anne de Bellevue, Que. 


1907 





McGill. 


in Engineering. 

\tirii-iltiirr, House 
hold Science. 


M.R.A..B.H.S., 
B.S.A., B. Sc. in 
Agr. 



COLLEGES OF CANADA 



899 



17. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees con. 




Date of 








Name and Address. 


Original 


Present 


University 
Affiliation. 


Faculties. 


Degrees. 




Founda 
tion. 


Charter. 








Ecole Des Ilautes Etudes 


1907 


190V 


Laval. 


Commerce. 


L.S.C..C.L. 


Commerciales, Mont 












real, Que. 












Stanstead Wesleyan Col 


1872 


1872 





Arts, Commercial 


Diploma. 


lege, Stanstead, Que. 








Music. 




Presbyterian College, 


1865 


1865 


McGill. 


Theology. 


B.D..D.D. 


Montreal, Que. 












Congregational College o 


1839 


Amended 


McGill. 


Theology. 


B.D..D.D. 


Canada, Montreal, Que 




1864& 












1889 








Montreal Diocesan Theo 


1873 


1879 


McGill. 


Divinity. 


B.D..D.D. 


logical College, Mont 












real, Que. 












Wesleyan Theologica 


1872 


1879 


McGill. 


Theology. 


B.D., S.T.D., D.D. 


College, Montreal , Que. 












Wycliffe College, Toron- 


1879 


1916 


Toronto. 


Theology. 


L. Th., B.D., D.D. 


^to, Ont. 












Knox College, Toronto, 


1843 


1858 


1 oronto. 


Theology. 


B.D.,D.D. 


Ont. 












St. Michael s College, 


1852 





Toronto. 


Arts. 


B..4.,M.A.,Ph. D.i 


Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario Agricultural Col 


1874 


1874 


Toronto. 


Agriculture, Domes 


B.S.A. 


lege, Guelph, Ont. 








tic Science, Man 












ual Training. 




Ontario College of Art 2 , 


1912 


1912 








Diploma. 


Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario Law School, Os- 

















goode Hall, Toronto, 












Ont. 












Toronto Bible College, 

















Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario College of Phar 


1871 


1884 


Toronto. 


Pharmacy. 


Phm. B.a 


macy, Toronto, Ont. 












Royal College of Dental 


1868 


1911 


Toronto. 


Dentistry. 


L.D.S. 


Surgeons of Ontario, 












Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario Veterinary Col 


1862 


Taken 


Toronto. 


Veterinary. 


V.S.& 


lege, Guelph, Ont. 




over by 












Govern 












ment in 












1908 








Waterloo College, Luther 


1911 


1912 





Arts, Theology. 


B.A..M.A. 


an Theological Semin 












ary, Waterloo, Ont. 












Huron College, London, 


1863 


1863 


Western Univer 


Theology. 


Diploma with title 


Ont. 






sity. 




L.Th. 


St. Jerome s College, 


1864 


1866 





4rts, Scholastic 




Kitchener, Ont. 








Philosophy. 


* - : 


Royal Military College, 


1875 











Diploma and Diplo 


Kingston, Ont. 










ma with Honours. 


Brandon College, Bran 


1899 





McMaster. 


\rts, Theology, 


B.A. by McMaster 


don, Man. 








Academic, 


University. 










Business, 












Music. 




The Manitoba Law 


1914 





Vlanitoba. 


L/aw. 


JL. B. by Univer 


School, Winnipeg, Man. 










sity. 


Wesley College, Winnipeg, 


1877 


1877 


Manitoba. 


\rts, Theology, 


B.D., D.D. 


Man. 








Matriculation. 




Manitoba College, Win 


1871 





Manitoba. 


Theology. 


B.D. 


nipeg, Man. 












Manitoba Agricultural 


1903 





Vlanitoba. 


\gnculture, 


B.S.A. 


College, Winnipeg, Man. 








Home 












Economics. 




St. John s College, Win 


1866 





Manitoba. 





B.D. 


nipeg, Man. 












Emmanuel College, Sask 


1879 


1883 


Saskatchewan. 


Divinity. 


L.Th., B.D., D.D. 


atoon, Sask. 












Presbyterian Theological 


1911 


__ 


Saskatchewan. 


Divinity. 


B.D..D.D. 


College, Saskatoon, 












Sask. 













NOTE, For footnotes see page 900 
62373 57J 



900 



EDUCATION 



17. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees concluded. 



Name and Address. 


Date of 


University 
Affiliation. 


Faculties. 


Degrct- 


Original 
Founda 
tion. 


Present 
Charter. 


St. Chad s College, Re- 
gina, Sask. 


1907 





Saskatchewan. 


Divinity. 





Edmonton Jesuit College, 
Edmonton, Alberta. 


1913 


1913 


Laval. 


Preparatory, 
Commercial, 
Classical. 





Robertson College, 
Edmonton (South), 
Alberta. 


191.0 


1916 


Alberta. 


Theology. 


D.D. 


Institute of Technology 
and Art, Calgary, 
Alberta. 


1916 








Technical 
Courses. 





The Anglican Theological 
College, Vancouver, 
B.C. 

















Columbian Methodist 
College, New West 
minster, B.C. 


1892 


1893 


Toronto. 


Academic, 
Music, 
Business. 


Diplomas. 


Royal Naval College, 
Esquimalt, B.C. 


1911 











Midshipman, R.C. 

N. 


Victoria College, Vic 
toria, B.C. 








British Colum 
bia. 


Arts and pure Sci 
ence. 






l Degrees conferred by the University of Toronto. Succeeding Ontario School of Art founded in 1876. 
The University of Toronto grants the degree Phm. B. The degree of D.D.S. is conferred by the Uni 
versity of Toronto. The degrees of B.V. Sc. and D.V.Sc. are conferred by the University of Toronto. 
Degrees in Arts and Theology are conferred by the Western University. The degree of B.A. is conferred 
by the University of Manitoba. 

NOTE. In addition to the above colleges there are 21 classical colleges and 2 agricultural colleges in the 
province of Quebec. The classical colleges, with the dates of their foundation, are as follows: Chicou- 
timi U873), Joliette (1846), L Assomption (1S32), Levis (1853), Mont Laurier (1910), Montreal (Loyola) 
(1896), Montreal (Ste. Marie) (1848), Montreal (St. Sulpice) (1767), Nicolet (1803), Quebec Petit Semin- 
aire (1663), Rigaud (1851), Rimouski (1855). St. Alexandre de la Gatineau (1911), Ste Annedela Pocatiere 
(1827), St. Hyacinthe (1811), St. Jean (1911), St. Laurent (1847). Ste. Therese (1825), Sherbrooke (1875), 
Trois Rivieres (1860). and Valleyfield (1893). The two agricultural colleges are the Institut d Oka and 
the agricultural school at Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere. Of the 9.321 pupils in the classical colleges in 1922, 
706 were in primary courses, 2,585 in commercial courses and 6.030 in classical courses. Of the jast 
mentioned 269 were in colleges affiliated or annexed and 123 in colleges associated with Laval University. 
These were evidently doing work of university grade. 



18. Professional and Affiliated Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and 

Students, 1921-22. 



Name and Address. 


Number of Teaching 
Staff. 


Number of Students. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, P.E.I. (1921) 
Presbyterian College, Halifax, N.S 


7 
4 
15 
40 
15 
7 
12 
42 


3 

2 
19 


10 
4 
15 
40 
17 
7 
12 
61 


74 
36 
140 
217 
205 
90 
220 
438 


158 

38 
208 

353 


232 
36 
140 
2551 
413 
90 
220 
791 


College of Ste Anne, Church Point, N.S 


Technical College, Halifax, N.S 


Agricultural College Truro, N S 


Holy Heart Theological College, Halifax, N.S 


St Mary s College Halifax, N S 


Maorionald College. Ste. Anne de Bellevue. Que. . . 



Exclusive of 94 male, 42 female instructors and 2, 570 students accounted for under "Vocational 1 



COLLEGES OF CANADA 



901 



18. Professional and Affiliated Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and 

Students, by Sex, 1921-22 concluded. 



Name and Address. 


Number of Teaching 

Staff. 


Number of Students. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female 


Total. 


Ecole des Hautes Etudes Oommerciales, Montreal, 
Que.. 


31 

7 
4 

6 
4 
45 
42 
42 
53 
18 
29 
41 
25 
51 
58 
35 
35 
15 
49 
39 
31 
54 
40 
50 
43 
35 
18 
17 
11 
8 
24 
77 
13 
4 
7 
6 

10 

7 
4 
10 
25 
13 
16 
14 
5 
45 
1 
4 
2 
10 
19 
2 
19 

4 
9 


1 

13 
10 

8 

1 

8 

3 
1 

10 

2 
11 


31 

7 
4 

6 
4 
45 
42 
42 
53 
18 
29 
41 
25 
51 
58 
35 
35 
15 
49 
39 
31 
54 
40 
50 
43 
35 
18 
17 
12 
8 
37 
87 
21 
4 
7 
7 

10 

7 
4 
10 
25 
21 
16 
17 
6 
55 
1 
4 
2 
12 
19 
2 
19 

4 
20 


270 
60 
16 

26 
128 
599 
392 
384 
755 
146 
386 
671 
375 
343 
794 
309 
300 
195 
589 
493 
278 
568 
415 
542 
507 
280 
92 
94 
59 
108 
402 
1,012 
238 
122 
324 
65 
822 
83 

76 
23 
200 
155 
140 
112 
193 
14 
447 
29 
52 
5 
98 
159 
17 
657 

18 
60 


7 

107 
104 
582 
381 
22 
15 
103 
15 

199 
2 
120 
15 
392 

3 
1 
33 

111 


277 
60 
16 

26 
128 
599 
392 
384 
755 
146 
386 
671 
375 
343 
794 
309 
300 
195 
589 
493 
278 
568 
415 
542 
507 
280 
92 
94 
59 
215 
506 
1,594 
619 
144 
339 
168 
837 
83 

76 
23 
200 
155 
339 
114 
313 
29 
839 
29 
55 
6 
131 
159 
17 
657 

18 
171 


Presbyterian College, Montreal, Que 


Congregational College of Canada, Montreal, Que 
Montreal Diocesan Theological College, Montreal, 
Que 


Weslevan Theological College, Montreal, Que 


Chicoutimi Classical College 


Joliette Classical College _ 


L Assomption Classical College. 


Levis Classical College 1 


Mont Laurier Classical College 


Montreal ( Loyola) Classical College 


Montreal (Ste. Marie) Classical College 


Montreal (St. Sulpice) Classical College 


Nicolet Classical College 


Quebec (Petit Sem.) Classical College 


Rigaud Classical College 


Rimouski Classical College 


St. Alexandre de la Gatineau Classical College 


Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Classical College 


St. Hyacinthe Classical College 


St. Jean Classical College 


St. Laurent Classical College 


Ste. Therfee Classical College 


Sherbrooke Classical College 
Trois Rivieres Classical College 


Valley field Classical School 


Oka Agricultural School 


Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Agricultural School 
Wycliffe College, Toronto, Ont. (1921) 


Knox College, Toronto, Ont 


St Michael s College, Toronto, Ont 


Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont 


Ontario College of Art, Toronto, Ont 


Ontario College of Pharmacy, Toronto, Ont 


Ontario Law School, Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Ont 
Toronto Bible College, Toronto, Ont 


Roval College of Dental Surgeons, Toronto, Ont. . 


Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ont 


Waterloo College, Lutheran Theological Seminary, 
Waterloo, Ont 


Huron College, London, Ont 


St. Jerome s College, Kitchener, Ont 


Royal Military College, Kingston, Ont 


Brandon College, Brandon, Man 


Manitoba Law School, Winnipeg, Man 


Wesley College, Winnioeg, Man 


Manitoba College, Winnineg, Man . . 


Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man 
Emmanuel College, Saskatoon, Sask ... . 


Presbyterian Theological College, Saskatoon, Sask. . 
St. Chad s College, Regina, Sask 


Alberta College, Edmonton (South), Alberta 


Edmonton Jesuit College, Edmonton, Alberta. . . . 


Robertson College, Edmonton (South), Alberta 
Institute of Technology and Art, Calgary, Alberta.. . 
The Anglican Theological College of B.C. , Vancouver, 
B.C ... . 


Columbian Methodist College, New Westminster, 
B.C 


Total 


1,428 


98 


1,580 


17,117 


2,969 


20,086 





902 



EDUCATION 



19. Colleges of Canada; 









Ass 


era. 






Name and Addiv 


Vahie of 
Endow 
ment. 


Value of 
Land and 
Buildings. 


Value of 
Scientific 
Equipment. 


Value of 
other 

Property. 


1 


Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 

(1921) 





450,000 


2,000 


S 


] 


Presbyterian College, Halifax, N S 


_ 






Xot given 




College of Sto \nne, Church Point, N S . 


_ 


_ 


1,000 







Technical < ollege, Halifax, X S 


B- 


246,000 


210,000 


_ 




Agricultural College, Truro, N.S . 


_ 


400,000 


25,000 


_ 


1 


Holy Heart Theological College, Halifax, N.S.. 


_ 






_ 




St. Mary s College, Halifax, N.S . . . . . 


_ 


155,000 


3,000 


_ 


1 


mild College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. . . . 
- des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, Montreal, 
Que 


4,000,000 


3,500,000 
652,140 


250,000 
33,282 





1 


Presbyterian College, Montreal, Que 


37,410 


170,000 


10,000 


_ 


u 


Montreal Diocesan Theological College, Montreal, 
Qae 


191,594 


104,648 




9,556 


u 

1 

1 


Congregational College of Canada, Montreal, Que. . . 
\Volevun Theological College, Montreal, Que. (1921) 
VVvcliffe College, Toronto, Ont (1921) 


139,105 
129,552 
291,245 


85,000 
300.000 

- 24,814 


- 


27,394 




IVnox College, Toronto, Ont 


461,53 ? 




_ 


700,000 


LI 


St. Michael s College, Toronto, Ont. 




_ 


_ 


Not given 





Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont 


_ 


2,000,000 


_ 




is 


Ontario College of Art, Toronto, Ont . ... 


_ 


124,781 


_ 


_ 


; 


Ontario College oi Pharmacy, Toronto, Ont 


14,580 


50,400 


10,250 


12,500 





Ontario Law School, Toronto, Ont 










\ 


Toronto Bible College, Toronto, Ont .... 


_ 





_ 


_ 


:: 


Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario, Tor 
onto, Ont . 




375,000 


100,000 




I 


Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ont 


_ 


350,000 


10,000 


_ 


,: 


\\at"rloo College, Lutheran Theological Seminary, 
Waterloo, Ont ... 




65,000 


1,000 


2,000 





Huron Co!l"<*e, London, Ont 


85,892 


44,343 


_ 


_ 


N 


St. Jerome s College, Kitchener, Ont." 


40,000 


200,000 


_ 


- 





Royal Military College Kingston Ont 






_ 


- 


% 


Brandon College, Brandon, Man 


108,834 


173,700 


_ 


71,904 


" 


The Manitoba Law School, Winnipeg Man 






_ 




| 


Wesley College, Winnipeg, Man 


299,478 


725,790 


1,000 


_ 


i 


Manitoba College Winnipeg Man 


200,122 


400,000 




30,000 




Manitoba Apri^ulturnl College, Winnipeg, M^n . 






_ 


_ 


: 


Emmanuel College, Saskatoon, Sask 


6,319 


V 0,791 


_ 


_ 


14 

r, 


Presbyterian Theological College, Saskatoon, Sask. 
St. Chad s College, Regina Sak 


7,385 


175,000 

135,000 


- 


: 


!li 


Alberta College Edmonton (South), Alta 


3,000 


175,000 


2,000 


_ 


;v 


Edmonton Jesuit College, Edmonton, Alberta 




180,000 


1,000 


14,000 


to 
M 


Robertson College, Edmonton (South)), Alberta. . . 
Institute of Technology and Art, Calvary, Alta. 
(1921) 


40,064 


19,632 
93,575 


4,716 
56,519 


3,608 
1,556 


in 


Anglican Theological College of B.C., Vancouver, 
B.C 


22,375 




_ 


53,537 


1! 


Columbian Methodist College, New Westminster, 
B.C . .. 


10,000 




135,841 


_ 
















Total 


6,088,487 


11,645,615 


856,608 


926,055 















FINANCIAL STATISTICS OF COLLEGES 



903 



Financial Statistics, 1921-22. 



T* *- 1 


INCOME. 


EXPENDITURE. 




1 otal 
Value of 
Property. 


Invest 
ments. 


Govern 
ment 
Grants. 


Fees. 


Other 
Sources. 


Total 
Income. 


Current. 


Capital. 


Total. 


S 

-- 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


S 


S 


S 


$ 




452,000 


_ 


25,000 


1,400 


_ 


26,400 


22,000 


3,000 


25,000 


I 




m 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 











1 


_ 


__ 


_ 


20,000 


_ 


20,000 


18,000 


2,000 


20,000 


1 


456,000 


_ 


124,985 


8,504 


_ 


133,489 


133,489 


15,907 


149,396 


i 


425,000 


. _ 


73,338 


- 


_ 


73,338 


56,566 


4,951 


61,517" 


. 




_ 


_ 


20,250 


_ 


20,250 


- 


- 


26,300 


1 


158,000 


500 


_ 


23,000 


5,000 


28,500 


27,000 


6,000 


33,000 


1 


7,750,000 


216,000 


10,904 


21,740 


189,490 


438, 134 


426,134 


12,000 


438,134 


- 


685,422 


_ 


65,000 


9,794 


21,799 


96,593 


82,908 


_ 


82,908 


i 


217,410 


23,721 


- 


- 


6,636 


30,357 


23,135 


8,248 


31,383 


n 


305,799 


10,890 


_ 


8,832 


6,095 


25,817 


25,748 


- 


25,748 


a 


224,105 


7,914 





- 


8,193 


16,107 


13,418 


- 


13,418 


12 


429,552 


6,482 


_ 


307 


18,000 


24,789 


25,317 


- 


25,317 


13 


543,453 


18,401 


_ 


150 


64,386 


82,937 


67,281 


14,506 


81,787 


14 


1,161,532 


27,354 


_ 


116 


18,883 


46,353 


51,808 


- 


51,808 


16 




_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 








11 


2,000,000 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


329,110 


7 


124,781 


_ 


25,000 


9,630 


366 


34.996 








30.818 


L8 


87,730 


557 




40,800 


6,286 


47,643 


35,230 





35.230 


U 






_ 


71,014 


_ 


71,014 


23,930 





23,930 


ri 




2,178 


- 


1,500 


14,614 


18,292 


16,335 


2,300 


18,635 


a 


475,000 


_ 


13,029 


142,929 


142,880 


298,838 


264,897 


33,941 


298,838 


n 


360,000 


- 


49,000 


7,500 


- 


56,500 


48,000 


- 


48,000 


", 


68,000 




_ 


3,585 


14,000 


17,585 


18,000 


_ 


18,000 


. . 


130,235 


7,746 


. 


3,316 


5,310 


16,372 


13,967 





13,967 


:-, 


240,000 


2,000 


_ 


50,000 


_ 


52,000 


40,000 


- 


40,000 


:; 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


463,212 


VI 


354,438 


8,674 


_ 


20,445 


126,778 


155,897 


91,531 


70,624 


162,155 


ts 






_ 


7,248 


6,794 


14,042 


- 


- 


14,700 


a 


1,026,268 


18,933 


_ 


15,103 


29,020 


63,056 


81,958 





81,958 


SI 


630, 122 


9,939 


_ 


19 


34,606 


44,564 


44,564 





44,564 


:u 


4,000,000 




133,392 


_ 


89,100 


222,492 


222,492 





222,492 


:!; 


77,110 


747 


_ 


_ 


19,957 


20,704 


19,794 





19,794 


n 


175,000 




_ 


200 


13,821 


14,021 


14,021 





14,021 


14 


142,385 


627 


_ 


2,218 


4,272 


7,117 


- 





- 


K 


180,000 




_ 


8,200 


28,400 


36,600 


33,100 


4,000 


37,100 


M 


195,000 


_ 


_ 


38,169 


5,266 


43,435 


41,715 


- 


41.715 


37 


68,020 


1,965 


- 




11,941 


13,906 


11,891 


- 


11,891 


to 


151,650 


- 


- 


1,540 


- 


1,540 


9,939 


75,625 


85,564 


U 


75,912 


3,667 


- 


1,435 


6,787 


11,889 


11,566 


- 


11,566 


in 


145,841 


609 


1,311 


36,198 


11,960 


50,078 


42,949 


5,100 


48.049 


11 


23,515,765" 


368,904 


520,959 


575,142 


910,640 


2,375,645 


2,058,683 


258,202 


3,181,0253 





l Net expenditure after receipts from farm to the amount of $16,7,72, forwarded to the government, 
were deducted. 

Including $4,000,000 unclassified by Manitoba Agricultural College, but not including $1,000 value of 
scientific equipment at the College of Ste. Anne. 

Including $864,140 unclassified. 



904 ADMIX 1ST RATION 



XIII. ADMINISTRATION. 

This Administration section includes sub-sections on most of the important 
governmental activities which are not covered in the preceding sections. Com 
mencing with a sub-section on the public lands of Canada, Dominion and provincial, 
it continues with a Imminent of public defence, followed by a survey, appearing 
for the first lime, of public health and public benevolence in Canada, and a resum6 
of the activities of the Dominion Department of Public Works, including the 
Harbour Commissions. Next conic-.- ; n article on the Indians of Caneda and their 
relations with the Department of Indian Affairs; to this, statistical tables of Indian 
population, etc., are appended. The establishment and operation of the Depart 
ment of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment, including the Board of Pension Com 
missioners, is described in the following sub-section. The final sub-section, 
Miscellaneous Administration, includes several articles dealing with the Soldier 
Settlement Board, scientific and industrial research in Canada, the Department 
of the Secretary of State (including tables of naturalizations in Canada from 1916 
to 1922 and of companies incorporated since 1900), the National Gallery, the 
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Civil Service of Canada, and judicial and 
penitentiary statistics. It closes with a treatment of divorce in Canada, illustrated 
by statistics of the years from 1901 to 1922. 

I. PUBLIC LANDS. 
1. Dominion Public Lands. 

The Crown lands of the Dominion of Canada are situated (a) in the 
Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta), (6) in the belt of twenty 
miles on either side of the mam line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, known as the 
Dominion Railway Belt of British Columbia, and (c) in a block in northern British 
Columbia, containing 3,500,000 acres, known as the "Peace River block". Every 
person who is the sole head of a family and every male who has attained the age of 
eighteen years and is a British subject, or declares his intention to become a British 
subject, is entitled to apply for entry for a homestead. The lands are laid out in 
townships of 36 sections. Each section contains 640 acres and is divided into 
quarter-sections of 160 acres. A quarter-section of 160 acres may be obtained as 
a homestead on payment of an entry fee of $10 and fulfilment of certain conditions 
of residence and cultivation. To qualify for the issue of the patent, a settler must 
have resided upon his homestead for at least six months in each of three years, 
must have erected a habitable house thereon, and must have at least 30 acres of 
his holding broken, of which 20 acres must be cropped. A reduction may be made 
in the area of breaking where the land is difficult to cultivate on account of scrub 
or stone. Provision is made on certain conditions, for residence in the vicinity, in 
which case the area of cultivation must be increased. 

Lands in Saskatchewan and Alberta, south of township 16, are not open for 
homestead entry, but may be secured under grazing lease. 

Disposal of Dominion Lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. 
According to figures supplied by the Department of the Interior, a total of 
127,764,590 acres, equal to 5,546 townships or 199,632 square miles, has been 
disposed of. The total number of acres within the surveyed area at Jan. 1, 1923, 
was 200,492,790, of which 26,307,900 were available for homestead entry. Table 1 
shows the distribution of the surveyed area for each of the three Prairie Provinces 



DOMINION PUBLIC LANDS 



905 



as at Jan. 1, 1923. In addition to the surveyed area there are large tracts of land 
in the northern part of these provinces, which have as yet been only very partially 
explored. The total area of this unsurveyed tract is 285,150,090 acres, of which 
22,379,120 acres are water-covered. 

Maps showing the disposition of Dominion lands and lands available for 
entry, and reports on the resources and development of Manitoba, Saskatchewan 
and Alberta have been issued by the Natural Resources Intelligence Service of the 
Department of the Interior, some of which are as foljows: Land Maps of Manitoba, 
Saskatchewan, Southern and Northern Alberta respectively, small Land Map of 
the Prairie Provinces, Cereal Map of the Prairie Provinces the Peace Ri-er 
District of Alberta, Description of the Resources and Possibilities of the Province 
of Saskatchewan, Statistical Compilation on the Natural Resources of Manitoba, 
Saskatchewan and Alberta, Athabasca to the Bay, etc. Similar reports have been 
issued with regard to other parts of Canada such as: Natural Resources of Nova 
Scotia, the Province of New Brunswick, and Central British Columbia. With 
the object of assisting in the settlement and development of the idle lands in Canada, 
this Service also publishes lists of unoccupied lands in the Prairie and Maritime 
provinces, giving a short description of the properties, the prices and terms of sale 
or lease and the owners names and addresses, thus giving prospective landseekers 
an opportunity of selecting lands suitable to their means and requirements, 
and affording them an easy means of getting in direct touch with the owners thereof. 

1. Disposition of the Surveyed Areas in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 

Jan. 1, 1923. 



Surveyed Area. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


Total. 


Under homestead (including military homesteads). 
Under pre-emption, purchased homesteads, sale:-, 
half-breed scrip, bounty grants, special grants, etc. 
Granted to railway companies ... 


acres. 
8,269,400 

5,111,100 
3 566 997 


acres. 
27,616,100 

7,663,300 
15 177 063 


acres. 
18,278,600 

3,864,100 
13 120 014 


acres. 
54,164,100 

16,638,500 
31 864 074 


Granted to Hudson s Bay Company 


1 196 800 


3 183 600 


i 175 QOO 


6 556 300 


School land endowment (1/18 of area surveyed in sec 
tions ) 


1,637 700 


& 942 000 


3 755 700 


9,335,400 


Sold subject to rerlaination bv drainage. 




267 


34 083 


34,350 


Sold under irrigation system ... 


_ 


76,832 


981 853 


1,058,685 


Under timber berths 


872,600 


740 900 


1,445 200 


3,058,700 


Under grazing leases 


131,700 


2,898,700 


2 850,200 


5,880,600 


Forest reserves and parks 


2 386 700 


5 964 300 


16 802 300 


25 153 300 


Reserved for forestry purposes (inside surveyed tract) 
Road allowances 


746,300 
977 132 


1,430,000 
1 467 500 


1,677,500 
1 287 200 


3,853,800 
3 731 832 


Parish and river lots 


505 211 


84 010 


118 564 


707 785 


Indian reserves 


434 301 


1 971 136 


1 367 707 


2 873 144 


Indian reserves surrendered 


87 560 


410 365 


30 9 495 


800,420 


Water-covered lands (inside surveyed tract) 


4,260 500 


1 911 200 


2 302 00 


8,473,900 


Available for entry 


5,516 800 


5 390 700 


15 400,400 


26,307,900 












Total within surveyed area 


35,700,801 


79,027,973 


85,764,016 


300,492,790 













Homestead Entries. In the calendar year 1922 the total number of home 
stead entries was 5,318. Table 2 is a statement of the homestead entries on Domin 
ion lands for the years 1915 to 1922. Statistics of the origin of those making home 
stead entries in the fiscal years ended 1917 to 1922 are given in Table 3, and financial 
statistics of receipts from Dominion lands in Table 4. 

The privilege of making pre-emptions or purchased homestead entries was 
withdrawn by Order hi Council, from March 20, 1918, confirmed by chapter 19 of 
the Statutes of 1918, assented to May 24, 1918. 



906 



. ADMINISTRATION 



2. Homestead Entries on Dominion Lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta 

and British Columbia. 



Provinces. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Manitoba 


No. 
4,113 


No. 

2,616 


No. 
1,617 


No. 
873 


No. 

1 , 209 


No. 
795 


No. 

1,477 


No. 

878 


tcl ewan 


6,349 


4,519 


2,967 


1 273 


1,840 


1 726 


2 7!> 


2,046 


Alberta . 


6,584 


5,169 


3,975 


2,163 


3,464 


2,794 


2,936 


2,240 


British Columbia 


486 


"(14 


200 


69 


110 


120 


204 


154 




















Total . . .... 


17,532 


12,568 


8,768 


4,378 


6,623 


5,435 


7,346 


5,318 





















3. Homestead Entries made in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British 
Columbia, by Nationalities, during the fiscal years 1917-1922. 



Nationalities 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canadians from Ontario 


No. 
1,500 


No. 

1 , 1 79 


No. 

599 


No. 
937 


No. 

665 


No. 
786 


Quebec 


496 


4 "> 


260 


296 


270 


318 


Novii Scotia 


1"4 


138 


68 


106 


78 


83 


New Brunswick. 


70 


87 


31 


83 


52 


54 


Prince Iv l\var< i I>lund 


51 


49 


17 


47 


37 


47 


Manitoba 


657 


403 


238 


366 


237 


398 


Saskatchewan 


284 


177 


75 


126 


105 


201 


Alberta 




158 


87 


144 


134 


220 


British Columbia 


68 


47 


28 


37 


27 


55 


Persons who had previous entrv. ... 


1 , 642 


1,087 


606 


875 


871 


946 


Newfoundlanders 


4 


8 


2 


10 


8 


4 


Canadians returned from the United States 


17 


10 


6 


13 


3 


3 


Americans 


1 , 734 


2,084 


870 


1,318 


1,072 


1,505 


English 


1,469 


888 


639 


1,252 


821 


762 


Scotch 


496 


285 


182 


360 


242 


229 


Irish . 


194 


142 


87 


154 


114 


92 


French . . ... . ..*..... 


65 


54 


38 


58 


32 


63 


Belgians. . 


46 


39 


19 


"i, 


36 


37 


Swiss. ... 


30 


24 


8 


13 


18 


17 


Italians . . . 


48 


25 


21 


12 


19 


22 


Rumanians 


24 


19 


7 


10 


12 


48 


Syrians 


5 


2 


1 


4 


1 


2 


Germans 


75 


10 


7 


5 


33 


40 


Austro-Hungarians 


735 


125 


38 


69 


170 


712 


Dutch 


41 


42 


15 


13 


9 


23 


Danes (other than Icelanders). ... . 


57 


46 


29 


35 


46 


44 


Icelanders 


36 


38 


10 


20 


14 


19 


Swedes 


235 


195 


60 


82 


71 


173 


Norwegians 


226 


248 


83 


92 


84 


159 


Russians (other than Finns) 


489 


217 


74 


105 


91 


168 


Finns 












40 


Chinese 


_ 


1 


4 


1 


_ 


2 


Japanese 


3 


2 


2 




_ 




Persiaas 




2 




_ 


_ 


_ 


Australians .... 


10 


6 


1 


5 


2 


2 


New Zealanders 




2 




1 


1 


3 


Greeks 


1 




1 


1 


2 


3 


Hindus. . . 


3 


_ 






_ 




Poles 




__ 


_ 


_ 


_ 




Bulgarians ... 


2 


4 


_ 


_ 


_ 




Serbians 


2 


2 


1 


4 


_ 


_ 


Spaniards 


3 


1 






_ 


_ 


South Americans 






_ 


_ 


_ 


3 


Hebrews. 


__ 


o 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


South Africans 





_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 


Armenians 


^. 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 


Other nationalities ... . . .... 


24 


46 


28 


51 


23 


_ 
















Total 


11,199 


8,319 


4,227 


6,732 


5,389 


7,349 

















PROVINCIAL PUBLIC LANDS 



907 



4. Receipts from Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years 1917-1922. 



Sources of Receipts. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Homestead fees 


S 

II 9 , 110 


- 
83,180 


1 

42,190 


$ 
67,460 


$ 
53,880 


$ 
73,540 


Cash sales 


2,707,204 


3,046,092 


2,192,861 


2,799,605 


1,721,172 


761,850 


Scrip sales 


333 


131 


323 


80 






Timber dues 


429 403 


482 006 


408,728 


589,780 


705,314 


683,491 


Hay permits, mining, stone quarries, 
etc., cash 


600 934 


630,473 


630, 97C 


896,414 


1,234,558 


1,071,396 


All other receipts 


340 254 


315,928 


341,204 


385,582 


371,151 


328,253 


Gross revenue ... 


4,190,238 


4,557,810 


3,616,28 


4,738,92] 


4,086,07C 


2,918,530 


Refunds ... . . 


134,243 


113,680 


76,031 


116,249 


130,751 


119,080 


Net revenue . 


4,055 995 


4,444,130 


3,540,251 


4,622,622 


3,955,325 


2,799,450 


Total revenue, 1872 to date . 


54,834,45- 


59,278,58 : 


62,819,848 


67,442,520 


71,397,84, r 


74,197,295 


Letters patent for Dominion lands.. No. 
Homstead entries " 


18,774 
11,199 


23,227 
8,319 


16,810 
4,227 


17,73! 
6,732 


17,947 
5,389 


13,116 
7,349 

















Railway Lands. Table 5 is a record for the three fiscal years 1921, 1922, 1923, 
of the sales of lands by the Hudson s Bay Company and by railway companies 
having government land grants. The total sales in the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 
1923, amounted to 123,303 acres at a price of $1,864,364, as compared with 155,239 
acres at a price of $2,633,572 in the previous fiscal year. The 1923 prices averaged 
$15.18 per acre, as against $16.96 in the preceding year. 

5. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants, and by the 
Hudson s Bay Company, in the fiscal years 1921-1923. 



Companies. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


Acres. 


Amount. 


Acres. 


Amount. 


Acres. 


Amount. 


Hudson s Bay Co 


178,301 
275, 63 t 

1,518 
11,432 

11,681 
69,934 

5,128 


S 

3,037,360 
5,898,994 

20,058 

160,472 

191,928 
1,455,319 

96,616 


3.3,595 
101,497 

1,519 
1,274 

3,024 
14,163 

167 


S 

545,611 
1,732,350 

15,497 
22,315 

51,603 
263,199 

2,997 


24,976 

83,485 

373 
1,122 

1,013 
11,214 

1,120 


- 

366,257 
1,248,968 

5,107 
17,000 

15,552 
190,112 

21,368 


Canadian Pacific Railway 


Manitoba Southwestern Colonization 
Railway 


Qu Appelle, Lcng Lake and Saskatche 
wan Railroad and Steamboat Co 
Calgary and Edmonton Railway Com 
pany 


Canadian Northern Railway Company.. 
Great Northern Central Railway Com 
pany 


Total 


553, 63 


10,860,756 


155,339 


2,613,572 


123,303 


1,864,364 





2. Provincial Public Lands. 1 

In the Maritime Provinces, in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, the 
public lands are administered by the Provincial Governments. In Prince Edward 
Island all the land is settled. 

Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia there are no free grancs of land; but, under 
conditions prescribed by the Crown Lands Act of the Provincial Assembly (10 Edw. 
VII, 1910, c. 4, s. 26), and an amending Act of May 3, 1912, Crown lands, not 
exceeding in each case 150 acres, may be granted for agricultural or grazing pur 
poses to applicants of not less than 18 years of age at the nrice of $1 per acre, in 

1 For copies of the detailed regulations governing the disposal of provincial Crown lands, application 
i should be made as follows: Nova Scotia, to the Secretary for Industries and Immigration, Halifax; New 
Brunswick, to the Deputy Minister of Lands and Mines, i redericton; Quebec, to the Deputy Minister of 

Lands and Forests, Quebec; Ontario, to the Mini.ster of Lands and Forests, Parliament Buildings, Toronto; 

British Columbia, to the Deputy Mini.ster of Lands, Victoria. 



90S ADMINISTRATION 



addition to the expenses of survey. Leases and grants of Crown lands may aJso 
be obtained upon conditions prescribed. The total area of the Crown lands in 
Nova Scotia is approximately 795,644 acres. 

Neiv Brunswick. The area of New Brunswick is about 17,143,000 acres. 
Of fhis the Crown holds about 7,500,000 acres, most of which is timber land. The 
l-r;/v:nce is essentially a wooded country, and will in all probability always derive 
; large part of its revenue from lumbering industries. Practically all the Crown 
timber lands are held by license for the cutting of timber, most of these licenses 
expiring in the year 1933. While it may safely be said that the bulk of the Crown 
lands are better suited to lumbering than agriculture, yet there are still some 
Crown lands well suited to mixed farming, which may be taken up by prospective 
settlers. One hundred acres is the maximum allo.ved to any one settler, and he 
is reouired to reside on the land and cultivate ten acres of the same for three years 
before obtaining a grant. For some of the best lands there is a charge of $1 per 
acre in addition to the settlement duties already referred to. The Crown controls 
the right to hunt and fish within the province. Hunting of migratory birds and 
fishing in tidal waters are, however, under the control of the Dominion Govern 
ment. 

Quebec. In Quebec the area of public lands subdivided and unsold on June 30, 
1921, was 8,025,703 acres. During the year ended June 30, 1922, 107,871 acres 
were surveyed; 65,818 acres reverted to the Crown; 221,362 acres were granted 
for agricultural and industrial purposes, etc.; the receipts from village lots, as well 
as from the Jesuits estates and the Seigniory of Lauzon, etc., amounted to $18,029. 
Adding to the acreage available at June 30, 1921, the area surveyed and the areas 
that reverted, and deducting sales and grants, there remained, subdivided and unsold 
on June 30, 1922, 7,978,030 acres. Agricultural lands in 100 acre lots are available 
for settlement, upon prescribed conditions, at 60 cents per acre. 

Ontario. In Ontario the public lands which are open for disposal are chiefly 
situated in the districts of Muskoka, Parry Sound, Nipissing, Sudbury, Algoma, 
Timiskaming, Thunder Bay, Kenorar and Rainy River, and in the counties of 
Haliburton, Peterborough, Hastings, Frontenac, Lennox and Addington and 
Renfrew. In northern Ontario, which comprises the territory lying north and west 
of the Ottawa and French rivers, the townships open fo^ sale are subdivided into 
lots of 320 acres, or sections of 640 acres, and a half lot or quarter section of 160 
acres is allowed to each applicant at the price of 50 cents per acre, payable one- 
fourth cash and the balance in three annual instalments with interest at 6 p.c. 
The applicant must be male (or sole female) head of a family, or a single man over 
18 years of age. The conditions of purchase include actual occupation by the 
purchaser, the erection of a house, the clearance and cultivation of at least 10 p.c. 
of the area, and three years residence. Proxy regulations enable an individual 
to purchase a half lot of 160 acres and place an agent in residence, but the duties 
to be performed before issue of patent are double those required in ordinary 
purchases. 

Free grants are available on lands within the districts of Algoma, Nipissing, 
Thunder Bay, Sudbury, Rainy River and Kenora, and between the Ottawa river 
and the Georgian bay, comprising portions of the counties of Renfrew, Frontenac, 
Addington, Hastings, Peterborough and Haliburton and the districts of Muskoka 
and Parry Sound. Grants of 160 acres are made to either single or married men 
in free grant territories where the land is subdivided in sections of 320 acres. In 
the Huron and Ottawa territory an allowance for waste lands may increase the 



PROVINCIAL PUBLIC LANDS 909 

grant of a single man to an area not exceeding 200 acres, while heads of families 
may secure 200 acres free and purchase an additional 100 acres at 50 cents an acre. 
The settlement duties for free grants are as follows: (a) at least 15 acres to be 
cleared and brought under cultivation, of which 2 acres at least are to be cleared 
and cultivated annually; (&) a habitable house to be built at least 16 by 20 feet hi 
size; (c) actual and continuous residence upon and cultivation of the land for 3 
years after location, and thence to the issue of the patent. The mines and minerals, 
and all timber other than pine, are covered by the patent. 

Returned soldiers who enlisted and rendered overseas service with the Canadian 
Expeditionary Forces are each entitled to an allocation of 160 acres free, in any 
township regularly open for sale, subject nevertheless to the performance of settle 
ment duties. 

Ranching lands may be obtained on reasonable terms in waste and wooded 
areas, the valley of the Trent river, lying between lake Ontario and the Georgian 
bay, affording good opportunities for cattle and sheeo raising. The maximum 
annual rental is 5 cents an acre, on easy stocking conditions. Leases may issue 
on condition that there be regularly maintained on the land such number of head 
of stock as may be consistent with the resources of the area covered. 

Ontario includes 230,000,000 acres of land, of which only 14,500,000 acres are 
under cultivation. More than 20,000,000 acres of the very finest arable land await 
the plough. Ontario is 3 times as large as the British Isles and 1| tunes as large 
as Texas, and almost twice the size of France or Germany. From east to west 
its borders are 1,000 miles apart, and from north to south, 1,075 miles. Recent 
railway construction and colonization road building have made accessible vast 
tracts of untilled farm land and virgin forests in northern Ontario. 

Loans are made to settlers in the northern and northwestern districts of Ontario. 
The maximum amount of any loan to be made to a settler is $500, with interest at 
6 p.c. per annum, upon such terms and conditions as the Loan Commissioner may 
approve. The Government of Ontario is anxious that all bona fide settlers shall 
take full advantage of the opportunity provided to secure any needed loan, and full 
information with respect to same may be secured on application to the various 
Crown Lands Agents, or direct from the Settlers Loan Commissioner, Toronto. 

Sites for summer cottages under reasonable terms and conditions may be 
acquired by lease within the Government parks, including Algonquin Provincial 
Park, and by purchase in certain other sections of the province. Islands in 
Timagami are leased without building conditions, but islands elsewhere are sold 
in 5 acre parcels, subject in each case to the erection of a building costing not less 
than $500 within 18 months. 1 The price of mainland is $10 and of islands $20 
per acre. 

British Columbia. In British Columbia there are large areas of free grant 
lands. Any British subject, being the head of a family, a widow, a femme sole who 
is over 18 years of age and self-supporting, a woman deserted by her husband, or 
whose husband has not contributed to her support for 2 years, a bacheloi over 
18 years of age, or any alien on his making a declaration of his intention to become 
a British subject, may pre-empt free 160 acres of the unoccupied and unreserved 
surveyed Crown lands, not being an Indian settlement and not carrying more than 
8,000 feet per acre of milling timber west of, and 5,000 feet per acre east of the 
Cascade range. Fees payable include $2 for recording, $2 for certificate of im- 



1 Further particulars, may be obtained on application to the Minister of Lands and Forests, Parliament 
Buildings, Toronto, Ont. 



910 ADMINISTRATION 



provement and $10 for Crown grant. Residence and improvement conditions are 
imposed. After occupation for 5 years and making improvements to value of $10 
per acre, including clearing and cultivation of at least 5 acres, the pre-emptor may 
obtain certificate of improvement and Crown grant. The fact that an applicant 
has previously homesteaded in another province does not preclude him from pre 
empting in British Columbia. Unsurveyed lands cannot be pre-empted. 

Homesite leases of an area not exceeding 20 acres, surveyed or unsurveyed, 
may be obtained for occupation and cultivation this being a provision to enable 
fishermen, miners or others to obtain homesites at a small rental, under improve 
ment conditions, including building of dwelling in first year, title being procurable 
after five years occupation and completion of survey. 

Under the Land Act, vacant and unreserved Crown lands, surveyed or un 
surveyed, can be purchased in quantities not exceeding 640 acres for agricultural 
purposes, on improvement conditions. The Minister may require improvements 
to the value of $5 per acre within 4 years of allowance of the sale, and Crown grant 
may be withheld until it is certified that improvements are made. Price of first 
class (agricultural) lands is $5 per acre; second class (grazing) lands $2.50 per acre. 

Crown lands are leased, subject to covenants and agreements deemed advis 
able, for agricultural or industrial purposes for hay-cutting, up to 10 years; for 
other purposes, except timber-cutting, up to 21 years. 

The Land Settlement Board has selected a number of land settlement areas 
contiguous to the Canadian National Railways. Lands within these areas are 
sold on easy terms for farming purposes, conditional upon development, prices being 
usually from $3 to $10 an acre, a small cash paj meut being required, and the balance 
spread over a term of years to suit purchaser. Returned British Columbia soldiers 
are entitled to abafement of $500 on purchase price. The Board has power to enforce 
orders on those owning land within an area to improve it, and to levy a penalty tax 
for failure; also power to procure compulsory sale of undeveloped land. To 
established settlers, loans are made by the Board for development purposes of from 
$250 to $10,000, not exceeding GO p.c.t)f improved value of land offered as security. 

Timber-cutting rights are acquired by timber-sale. The applicant locates the 
timber, and, application being made, the area is cruised, surveyed if necessary, and 
advertised for sale by tender. All particulars are obtainable from the Forest 
Branch, Department of Lands. Information regarding water-rights for power, 
irrigation, etc., may be obtained by addressing the Water Rights Branch, Depart 
ment of Lands. 

The area of land administered by the province is 223,519,920 acres, of which 
197,408,896 acres are vacant and unreserved; 5,725,358 acres are included in Indian, 
park, game, forest and other reserves, and 7,880,000 acres in timber, pulp, coal, 
grazing and other leases or licenses. The total area of surveys is 32,729,473 acres, 
including 22,620,266 acres of land surveys, 8,983 085 acres of timber, 658,462 acres 
of coal lands and 470,754 acres of mineral claims. The area included in cities is 
56,270 acres and in district municipalities 888,378 acres. 

The area of the province is 238,469,600 acres, of which 92,800,000 acres is 
above timberline, and 91,432,100 acres is forested 39,352,000 acres carrying over 
1,000 ft. per acre and 17,281,600 acres from 5,000-30,000 ft. per acre. The area 
suitable for agriculture is estimated at 22,608,000 acres. On Vancouver island, an 
area of 2,110,054 acres is included in the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Ry. land grant,, 
embracing the southeastern portion of the island, and applications for lands in this, 
area are to be made to the land agent of that railway at Victoria. 



PUBLIC DEFENCE 911 



II. PUBLIC DEFENCE. 

Before the outbreak of the war, the Canadian Militia consisted of a Permanent 
Force, which on March 31, 1914, numbered 3,000 officers, non-commissioned officers 
and men, and an Active Militia, which at the same date numbered 5,615 officers 
and 68,991 non-commissioned officers and men. After the outbreak of the war 
on August 4, 1914, successive contingents of troops of all arms were recruited, 
equipped, trained and despatched by the Canadian Government to Great Britain 
for active service. When hostilities ceased on November 11, 1918, there had been 
sent overseas for active service in the Canadian Expeditionary Force about 418,000 
officers, non-commissioned officers and men. 1 

Organization. Prior to 1922, three Departments of the Canadian Government 
were concerned with the defence of Canada, viz.: the Department of Militia and 
Defence; the Department of Marine and Naval Service; the Air Board. 

During the session of 1922, the National Defence Act was passed consolidating 
the Naval Service, the Air Board and the Department of Militia and Defence into 
the Department of National Defence. This Act became effective by proclamation 
on Jan. 1, 1923. Under it there is a Minister of National Defence and a Deputy 
Minister of National Defence. To advise the Minister, there has been constituted 
by Order in Council a Defence Council, consisting of: a President (the Minister), 
a Vice-President (the Deputy Minister), and the following members: the Chief 
of Staff, the Director of Naval Service, together with the Adjutant-General, the 
Quartermaster-General and the Director, Royal Canadian Air Force, as associate 
members. There is also a Secretary of the Council. 

1. Military Forces. 

The Militia of Canada is constituted by the Militia Act. It is divided into 
Active Militia and Reserve Militia. The Active Militia is divided into the 
Permanent and the Non-Permanent Militia. 

Permanent Militia. The Permanent Force consists of the following units: 

Cavalry. The Royal Canadian Dragoons; Lord Strathcona s Horse (Royal 
Canadians) . 

Artillery. The Royal Canadian Horse Artillery Brigade ("A", "B" and "C" 
Batteries); Royal Canadian Garrison Artillery (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 
Companies). 

Engineers. Royal Canadian Engineers (13 detachments). 

Signals. The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals. 

Infantry. -The Royal Canadian Regiment; Princess Patricia s Canadian 
Light Infantry; The Royal 22nd Regiment (a French-Canadian 
regiment). 

Army Service Corps. The Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (12 detach 
ments). 

Medical Corps. The Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (12 detach 
ments). 

Veterinary Corps. The Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps (8 detach 
ments). 

Ordnance Corps. The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (12 detachments). 

Pay Corps. The Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps (12 detachments). 

Military Clerks. The Corps of Military Staff Clerks (12 detachments). 

1 For the detailed expenditures of the Canadian Government on account of war appropriations for the 
years 1915-1921 see the Canada Year Book, 1921, p. 798. 





912 



ADMINISTRATION 



Schools of Instruction. The Canadian Small Arms School. This is the only 
School which is an independent unit of the Permanent Force, but at 
all stations of the Permanent Force in Canada there are conducted 
Royal Schools of Instruction. 

Non-Permanent Militia. The Non-Permanent Militia consists of: 
34 Regiments of Cavalry and Mounted Rifles. 
61 Batteries of Field Artillery (Light). 
19 Batteries and 9 Companies of Medium and Heavy Artillery. 

15 Field Companies. 

2 Fortress Companies. 

7 Field Troops of Engineers. 

16 Signal Companies. 

2 Fortress Signal Companies. 

7 Signal Troops of the Signal Corps. 

12 Companies of Cyclists. 

43 Companies of the Canadian Officers Training Corps. 
123 Battalions of Infantry. 
15 Machine Gun Units. 
21 Companies of the Army Service Corps. 
82 Units of the Canadian Army Medical Corps. 
11 Detachments of the Canadian Dental Corps. 
11 Detachments of the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps. 
11 Detachments of the Canadian Ordnance Corps. 

13 Detachments of the Canadian Pay Corps. 

The following table shows the numbers of men and horses in the Permanent 
and Non-Permanent Canadian Active Militia. 

6. Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militia in Canada, 1923. 



Descriptions. 


Permanent 
Active Militia. 


Non-Permanent 
Active Militia. 


Men. 


Horses. 


Men. 


Horses. 




39 
478 
403 

296 
281 
63 

907 
1,144 


305 
271 

37 
21 

38 
M 


11,753 
7,493 
2,0.26 
1,159 
3,336 
3,309 
1,308 
6,602 
70,584 
373 
5,719 
9,244 


10,548 
4,654 
905 
9 
647 
1,200 
24 
711 
720 

3,240 
























Non-combatants 


Total 


3,611 


756 


122,906 


22,658 





Reserve Militia. In addition to the Active Militia, there is also the Reserve 
Militia, a framework designed to serve as a basis for contingent military organiza 
tion. For each unit of Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry of the Active Militia a 
corresponding reserve unit has been constituted, unorganized at present, however, 
with the exception of the posting of officers. 



THE NAVAL SERVICE 



913 



Military Districts. For the command, training and administration of the 
Canadian Militia, Canada is divided into eleven Military Districts, each under 
a Commander, assisted by a District. Staff. 

Militia Appropriations. Table 7 shows the militia vote for the fiscal years 
ending March 31, 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1924. 

7. Money Voted by Parliament for the Militia, for fiscal years ending March 31, 

1921, 1922, 1923, 1924. 



Items. 


1921. 


1922. 


1923. 


1924. 


Allowances Active Militia 


- 
120,000 


$ 
120,000 


$ 
120,000 


- 
100,000 


Annual Drill 


1,500,000 


1,500,000 


1,000,000 


1,050,000 




390,000 


450,000 


350,000 


450,000 




60,000 


264,346 


340,400 


300,000 


Contingencies 


50,000 


40,000 


40,000 


25,000 




50,000 


40,000 


25,000 


12,000 


Departmental Library 


1,000 


2,000 


2,000 


2,000 


Dominion Arsenal Lindsay 


258,112 


243,300 


25.000 


9,000 


Dominion Arsenal Quebec 


532,512 


428,300 


375,000 


390,000 




705,000 


600,000 


560,000 


560,000 




105,000 


125,000 


100,000 


100,000 




200,000 


200,000 


235,000 


250,000 


Ordnance Arms, Lands - 


100,000 


75,000 


66,000 


66,000 


Pay of Staff 


345,600 


265,000 


255,000 


255,000 


Permanent Force . . 


6,500,000 


6,255,000 


5,500,000 


5,290,000 


Printing and Stationery . 


70,000 


85,000 


85,000 


70,000 


Royal Military College 


284,819 


350,000 


345,000 


345,000 




331,463 


225,000 


225,000 


250,000 


Schools of Instruction . 


150,000 


150,000 


90,000 


115,000 


Topographic Survey . . 


45,000 


45,000 


45,000 


45,000 


Training Areas . 


30,000 


30,000 


15,000 


5,000 


Transport and Freight . 


300,000 


200,000 


200,000 


185,000 


Warlike Stores 


400,000 


197,054 


100,000 


160,000 


Total 1 


12,554,808 


11,890,000 


10,099,982 


10,036,237 




247,430 


673,751 


751,797 


762, 681 2 












Grand Total 


13,802,238 


12,563,751 


10,851,779 


10,798,918 













i A few contingent amounts complete the total. 2 Department of National Defence. 

2. The Naval Service. 

The Naval Service became part of the Department of National Defence by 
the National Defence Act, 1922. The senior officer is styled the Director of Naval 
Service, and is a member of the Defence Council. The Service consists of, (1) 
Headquarters at Ottawa (Permanent), (2) The Royal Canadian Navy (Permanent), 
(3) Canadian Naval Reserve (Militia), (4) Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve 
(Volunteer). 

The Royal Canadian Navy (Permanent Service) consists of 2 destroyers and 
4 trawlers on the active list, with the light cruiser Aurora and submarines CH 14 
and CH 15 in reserve. 

The Canadian Naval Reserve consists of 500 officers and seamen, recruited 
from seafaring personnel. 

The Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve consists of 70 officers and 930 men, 
organized as a division and distributed by detachments as follows : Charlottetown, 
Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, 
Edmonton, Calgary and Vancouver. 

The money voted by Parliament for naval service for the fiscal year ending 
March 31, 1924, was $1,515,500. 
6237358 



914 ADMINISTRATION 



3. The Air Board. 

The Air Board Act of 1919 empowered the Governor in Council to appoint an 
Air Board, with a Minister of the Crown as chairman, to control aerodromes, air 
craft, etc., and, generally, aerial navigation in Canada and its territorial waters. 
The work of the Board fell into three main divisions: the control of civil aviation, 
the direction of flying operations for other Departments of the Goveinment and 
the direction of the Canadian Air Force. 

By virtue of the National Defence Act of 1922, the powers, duties and functions 
vested in the Air Board by the Air Board Act or by any order or regulation made 
thereunder shall in future be administered, exercised and performed by the 
Minister of National Defence. 

The executive duties of the Air Board are now carried out under the Chief of 
Staff by the Director of the Royal Canadian Air Force and staff. 

The strength of the Royal Canadian Air Force (Permanent Service) on May 31, 
1923, was 49 officers and 262 other ranks. 

In 1922, 325 Air Officers (Non-permanent) were trained in short and long 
courses at Camp Borden. 

The Royal Canadian Air Force has carried out flying operations for the 
following Departments of the Government: The Department of the Interior, 
the Department of Mines, the Department of Indian Affairs, the Department of 
Marine and Fisheries, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Customs, 
the Department of Immigration and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well 
as co-operating with the Canadian Militia at their annual training. 

The money voted by Parliament for air service for the fiscal year ending 
March, 31, 1924, was $1,250,000. 

Training centres are established at Camp Borden, Ont., Winnipeg, Man., 
Jericho Beach, B.C., and Dartmouth, N.S. 

4. The Royal Military College. 

The Royal Military College of Canada was founded in 1876 by the Honourable 
Alexander Mackenzie, Prime Minister of Canada. Since its foundation, 1,710 
gentlemen cadets have been enrolled; of this number 146 are now in attendance 
and approximately 175, though their names appear on the college roll as having 
been admitted, either did not actually do so, or if they did join, were only at the 
college a very short time. Over 900 took part in the war of 1914-1918 where 159 
ex-cadets made the supreme sacrifice. Some 750 British and 90 foreign 
decorations have been awarded to ex-cadets, and many have risen to high rank in 
the service of their country. Three of the Canadian divisions serving in France 
were commanded by ex-cadets and an ex-cadet also commanded one of the Australian 
divisions at Gallipoli. The establishment of the College, as >t at cd in the Act of 1874 
(37 Viet., c. 36), was "for the purpose of imparting a complete education in all bran 
ches of military tactics, fortifications, engineering and general scientific knowledge in 
the subjects connected with and necessary to a thorough knowledge of the military 
profession, and for qualifying officers for command and >t a IV appointments." In addi 
tion to the foregoing, the course of instruction is such as to afford a thorough, 
practical and scientific training in civil engineering, surveying, physics and chemistry, 
English and French. Strict discipline, combined with physical training, riding, 
drill and outdoor games, forms part of the curriculum. 



PUBLIC HEALTH AND PUBLIC BENEVOLENCE 915 

The College is situated on a beautiful peninsula, one mile from Kingston, 
with the Cataraqui river on the one side, emptying into the St. Lawrence river 
at its junction with lake Ontario, and Navy bay on the other. The grounds include 
about 500 acres. The buildings of the College proper are situated on the above- 
mentioned peninsula, comprising 60 acres. The remainder of the grounds, on which 
stands the historic fort Henry, are at the disposal of the College for use as a training 
area. On the point of the College peninsula is situated fort Frederick, built in 1837, 
when Kingston became capital of Canada, the fort comprising a portion of the 
defences of Kingston. The College is under the supervision of Militia Headquarters, 
who annually appoint an advisory board composed of leading Canadian citizens both 
civil and military. The staff is composed of a commandant, and a staff-adjutant, 
assisted by a competent staff of civil and military professors and instructors. 

A four years course leads to a "Diploma with Honours" or "Diploma" and 
"Certificate of Discharge". To graduates are annually offered a number of com 
missions in the Canadian Permanent Force, as well as commissions in the Royal 
Artillery, Royal Engineers and other branches of the regular Britannic Army. To 
those graduates joining the Britannic Army, the privilege of one year s seniority 
is granted in the Britannic or Indian Armies. This has been arranged in order to 
equalize the seniority of graduates of the Royal Military College of Canada with 
those of Woolwich or Sandhurst, since the course at the latter institutions is shorter 
than the Canadian. Positions in the Public Works Department, Hydrographic 
Surveys, etc., may also be obtained by graduates. Several Canadian universities 
admit graduates to the third years of arts and science courses. 

III. PUBLIC HEALTH AND PUBLIC BENEVOLENCE. 

Greatly increased attention has been devoted during recent years to public 
health and related subjects in Canada, the work embracing, in addition to the 
supervision of the general health of the community, the maintenance of hospitals 
and institutions for the care of needy and indigent persons. In general the establish 
ment and maintenance of such institutions is in the hands of the various provincial 
Governments, under the powers given them in the British North America Act, 
1867. Under their control, municipal governments and various societies and 
individuals initiate and foster charitable and humane efforts, depending on the 
Government to some extent for financial aid and for competent, uniform inspection 
of methods and standards. Exercising particular jurisdiction over some phases of 
the general health of the people of the Dominion, is the Department of Health of 
the Dominion Government. 

Public Health. Considerable diversity in methods of administraticn of public 
health activities is encountered in the different provinces. Apart, however, from 
the actual organization of provincial Health Departments and of the administrative 
bodies charged with the management of hospitals and other such institutions, it 
will be observed, in the summaries of provincial activities which follow, that 
particular attention is given to the same branches of public health work in all the 
provinces. Perhaps the most important of all, and those which reflect most clearly 
the benefits accruing from such work, are the systems of medical inspection of 
school children. This is carried out in some cases by the district or sub-district 
medical health officers, and in others by public health nurses whose activities are 
confined to it alone. In addition to the continual supervision exercised over the 
health of the children, expert advice and assistance are supplied freely to children, 
62373581 



916 ADMINISTRATION 



teachers and parents. In many cases, dental inspection is provided for. While 
this work has been carried on on a considerable scale for but a few years, great 
benefits have already been realized from it, notably general improvement in health 
and sanitary conditions both in schools and homes, and in the prevention of 
epidemics. 

In other directions also, governmental activities through Departments of 
Health have produced numerous evidences of their value, which may be illustrated 
by an examination of the death rates from various communicable and other diseases, 
such as those shown in the Population section of the present volume under the head 
ing of "Vital Statistics". An example may be taken from Ontario as being, perhaps, 
the province in which public health education and activities have reached the 
highest stage of development. In this province, the rate of deaths from tuber 
culosis has decreased from 87-1 to 71 -0 per 100,000 during the period 1912 to 1921, 
that from typhoid fever from 19-4 to 7-2 per 100,000, from measles from 4-2 to 
1-8, and from whooping cough from 16-2 to 10-5. While some other rates have 
increased, it may be noted that increases are not general in the case of communicable 
diseases and that, in respect to tuberculosis especially, the cities of the province 
show the lowest mortality rates. The reason for this is the fact that public health 
work is more advanced there than in the towns and rural areas, and its good effect 
in respect to this and other diseases is apparent. Public health work, indeed, has 
rendered the development and spread of epidemics of the more common diseases 
practically impossible. 

Institutions. The most familiar of all public institutions established to 
administer and foster the general health of the community is the general hospital, 
common to all cities and towns of any considerable population, and found also in 
the more modern and prosperous rural districts. Such hospitals are generally 
erected and supported by the municipality, their actual administration being in the 
hands of a board of trustees, and their revenue, in addition to that provided by the 
municipality, being drawn, in the main, from grants from the provincial Govern 
ment, from donations from individuals and societies and from patients fees. 
Admission and treatment are free to all deserving persons who apply for it and 
whose resources are so limited as to prevent their otherwise receiving proper medical 
attention. Second in importance are the houses of refuge and orphanages, homes 
where destitute adults and homeless children are taken in, fed and clothed until 
they can support themselves or until homes for them are found elsewhere. Orphans 
homes are found in practically every urban and rural community of any size, while 
refuges or homes for the aged are supported by the larger centres and by county 
municipalities. Asylums for the insane, also found in all the provinces, differ from 
the foregoing types in that they are in general owned, supported and administered 
entirely by the province. In Nova Scotia, however, the insane of separate counties 
are, in some instances, cared for in one institution, together with the inmates of 
the refuge and orphanage. In addition, other institutions supported by the public 
include isolation hospitals, maternity hospitals, homes for the deaf, dumb and blind, 
homes for incurables, infirmaries, homes for epileptics and for lepers, and tuber 
culosis sanatoria. 

Throughout the Dominion many other more or less similar institutions exist , 
whose nature is more independent than that of the types mentioned above. Among 
them are included several hospitals supported by the Dominion Government 
for the benefit of returned soldiers, and numerous small homes and hospitals 
depending entirely on private aid. Since these institutions do not receive provin- 



DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 917 

cial Government grants and hence are not in all cases subject to inspection, no 
accurate record showing their number, purpose and the number of inmates can be 

obtained. 

But little historical information on the subject is available. No statistics of 
public benevolence have been included in the Canada Year Book for several years. 
It seems, however, that until comparatively recently, the caring for needy and 
destitute persons, as we now recognize it, was largely in the hands of individuals, 
of whose humane efforts scanty evidence remains for present use. The inability 
of private effort to cope with a problem of rapidly increasing dimensions has led 
to the present government control of the majority of such establishments. 

In the exercise of the powers granted them at Confederation, the various provin 
cial governments have enacted considerable legislation governing the regulation of 
public charities. In Ontario, for example, the Houses of Refuge Act, the Hospitals 
for the Insane Act, the Private Sanitarium Act, the Sanatoria >-f or Consumptives 
Act, the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act and the Prisons and Public 
Charities Inspection Act have been passed, dealing with different phases of the 
subject. Similar legislation by other provincial Governments also provides for the 
carrying on of charitable work, the provision of funds and for inspection by com 
petent officials. 

A summary of the work carried on throughout the country, including the 
activities of the Dominion Department of Health and those of the various provincial 
Governments, is appended. 

1. Dominion Department of Health. 

The activities of the Dominion Department of Health for the fiscal year 1923 
may be classified under the following eleven headings: Quarantine Service, Immi 
gration Medical Service, Marine Hospitals Service, Venereal Disease Control, 
Housing, with Hospitalization and Sanitation, Opium and Narcotic Drugs, Pro 
prietary or Patent Medicines, Child Welfare, Food and Drug Laboratories, 
Public Works Health Act and Finance. 

Quarantine Service. Organized quarantine stations were operated at Charlotte- 
town, P.E.I., Chatham, N.B., Halifax, N.S., Louisbourg, N.S., North Sydney, 
N.S., Quebec, Que., St. John, N.B., and Victoria, B.C. The total number of vessels 
reporting at the above stations was 1,897, and of examinations of individuals 289,292. 
A total of 638 persons was distributed to quarantine hospitals and detention buildings. 
Of these, 128 were actually sick; the remainder, of whom 331 were detained as 
possible smallpox contacts, was made up of contacts and persons accompanying 
the sick. Of the 28 diseases treated in the quarantine hospitals, 59 of the total 
number of cases were of measles, 9 of scarlet fever, 8 of chicken pox and 8 of diphtheria, 
the remaining diseases occurring in 5 or fewer cases. A total of 1,772 persons was 
vaccinated. 

Immigration Medical Service. For the purpose of detecting physical or mental 
defects, 66,480 immigrant passengers were examined; of this number 571 were 
found to be of the prohibited classes, and 152 others were found upon arrival to 
require medical or surgical treatment. An additional number of 661 was found to 
have minor defects, which did not, however, prevent their certification by the medical 
officers of the service. 

The service has under its supervision two leper stations, one at Tracadie, N.B., 
and the other at D Arcy island, B.C. Eleven patients were under treatment at 
the Tracadie lazaretto, six males and five females. One new case was admitted 



918 A DMINISTRA TION 



during the year and no deaths were reported. Five Chinese patients were cared 
for during the year at the D Arcy island lazaretto, the number being unchanged 
from the previous year. 

Marine Hospital Service. The Department operates two marine hospitals, 
at Sydney and Lunenburg, N.S., revenues for the purpose being collected on the tonn 
age of vessels arriving at ports in the Maritime Provinces, Quebec and British 
Columbia. Gratuitous treatment is accorded all needy mariners from vessels 
paying such dues. In addition to the two hospitals maintained by the Government, 
treatment was provided during the year at 52 town and city hospitals in the five 
provinces to 2,663 injured and distressed mariners. 

Venereal Disease Control. The sum of $200,000 was voted by the Dominion 
Government to aid in the prevention of the spread of venereal diseases. This 
amount is allotted to the various provinces engaged in the work. The campaign 
carried on throughout the country by the various governments may be divided 
roughly into five main activities, treatment, education, social service, law enforce 
ment and the collection of statistics. There are 54 clinics in operation throughout 
the Dominion, at which free treatment may be obtained, while free hospital accom 
modation is given where necessary. Both the Dominion and the provincial Govern 
ments have issued pamphlets and circulars designed to prevent the spread of the 
diseases. 

Housing, Hospitalizalion and Sanitation. Under the Dominion Housing Act, an 
amount of $9,550,080 was voted by the Dominion Parliament for the year. Of 
this sum $3,225,816 was lent to the seven provinces included in the scheme, to 
which total loans up to March 31, 1923, amounted to $20,333,406. The total 
number of houses erected was 4,612, while those under construction and planned 
total 223. Municipalities to the number of 160 are operating under the Act. 

Opium and Narcotic Drugs. During the year the Department issued 200 
import licenses, 40 export licenses, 110 wholesale druggists licenses and 56 licenses 
to retail manufacturing druggists. Narcotics imported into Canada were as follows: 
cocaine, 3,330 ozs., morphine, 10,998 ozs., and crude opium, 1,373 Ibs. 

Close supervision is maintained on all exports and imports of narcotics, and 
the licensing system enables the Department to know at all times the amount of 
these drugs received by every druggist, veterinary surgeon, dentist or physician 
in Canada. By this system it is possible for the Department to check up the dis 
position of these drugs, and to make absolutely certain that the use being made of 
them does not contravene the Act. While the illicit traffic is a much more difficult 
problem to handle, no fewer than 692 convictions were obtained during the year. 
Figures are not available to show the number of convictions other than by the 
Royal Canadian Mounted Police for infractions of the Act for the fiscal year, but 
for the judicial year ended September 30, 1922, there were in all 1,858 prosecutions, 
including the Dominion cases. 

Proprietary or Patent Medicines. Medicines registered and licensed under the 
Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act during the year 1922-23 numbered 4,868. 
Under the operation of the Act, which has as its fundamental principle the require 
ment that all such articles shall be on the market in a way which permits the 
ordinary layman to understand what he is buying, many articles were rejected as 
absolute frauds and dangerous to health. Periodically, sample* of various medicines 
are obtained in the open market and are sent to the laboratory, for the purpose of 
confirming and approving the ingredients of each. 



PROVINCIAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES 919 

Child Welfare. General co-operation in matters relating to child and maternal 
welfare has been continued or established with the various Departments of the 
Dominion Government, provincial Governments and voluntary societies through 
out the country. A "Handbook of Child Welfare Work in Canada" has been 
prepared and published during the year, while a new and revised edition of the 
"Canadian Mother s Book" has been issued, together with several reprints of the 
Little Blue Books Home Series". 

Food and Drugs Division. A total of 5,894 samples of foods and drugs were 
examined during the year in the laboratories of the Department, to determine 
their purity or degree of adulteration. Numerous prosecutions were made under 
the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act, where goods not conforming with the 
law had been offered for sale. 

Public Works Health Act. The activities of the Department under the Public 
Works Health Act have comprised the maintenance of a hospital, a first-aid office 
and an ambulance service along the new Welland canal, now under construction 
between lake Ontario and lake Erie. A total of 1,733 visits were made by the 
medical officer, 2,500 cases were treated as hospital out-patients, 51 were given 
hospital treatment, while a total of 927 hospital days were afforded to patients. 

Financial Statements. A net expenditure for the year of $914,690 is recorded, 
in which the largest items are Quarantine and Public Works Health Act, $225,002; 
Venereal Diseases, $189,928; Salaries, $129,317; Marine Hospitals, $114,727, and 
Administration of Food and Drugs Act, $111,565. Revenues amounted to $205,983, 
of which sick mariners dues totalled $161,010. 

2. Other Public Health Activities. 

1. Prince Edward Island. 

In the report of the trustees of the Falconwood Hospital and Provincial 
Infirmary for the year ended December 31, 1922, a total of 309 patients were shown 
as resident on this date, compared with a total of 295 at the beginning of the year. 
During the year 74 patients had been admitted, while discharges and deaths 
totalled 60. Expenditure for maintenance and repair of the institutions amounted 
to $100,464, while revenues from fees and other sources were $9,170. 

2. Nova Scotia. 

The Department of Public Health of Nova Scotia, in its report for the year 
ended Sept. 30, 1922, outlines its main activities in the following groups : collection 
of vital statistics, education and publicity, aid by nurses and clinics, prevention 
and cure of venereal diseases^medical inspection of schools and the control of com 
municable diseases. In the provincial laboratory, 7,688 specimens were examined 
and reported on during the year. 

Complete information regarding hospitals in the province is not available, a 
considerable number of them being privately owned and under no obligation to 
furnish information respecting their operations. Of public and semi-public institu 
tions, however, there are 16 general, 1 maternity and 3 isolation hospitals, 2 tuber 
culosis sanatoria and 23 insane asylums. The number of inmates of general and 
maternity hospitals increased from 625 at the beginning of the year to 654 at the 
close of that period. Total expenditure was $601,648, of which $155,218 was for 
salaries and wages. In tuberculosis sanatoria, the patients increased from 189 to 
233. Total expenses were $306;035, an average of $486.54 per inmate. An increase 



920 ADMINISTRATION 



of admissions over discharges, during the same period, brought the number of in 
mates of insane asylums from 1,347 to 1,381. Total expenditure amounted to 
$524,488. 

3. New Brunswick. 

The New Brunswick Department of Health includes among its branches those 
of general sanitation, water supply and communicable diseases, medical school 
inspection, collection of vital statistics, education and publicity, provincial labor 
atory and the administration of sub-health districts. 

The department is administered by the Bureau of Health and more directly 
by the Chief Medical Officer of the province. Subordinate to him are the Chief of 
Laboratories, three District Medical Health Officers, in charge of the eastern, 
southern and western districts of the province, a Director of Nurses and a Director 
of Venereal Clinics. In addition, the organization is further subdivided into 16 
sub-health districts, each in charge of a Medical Officer. 

Accurate statistics of hospitals and similar institutions in New Brunswick are 
not available, the number of public institutions being the only figure at hand. 
Besides the 14 general hospitals in the province, there are ajso 2 tuberculosis 
sanatoria, 2 maternity hospitals, 1 insane asylum, 1 orphanage, 2 refuges and 1 leper 
station. Numerous other institutions of a private or semi-private nature exist, 
but information is lacking regarding their number and operations. 

4. Quebec. 

In the administration of the health of the province, the Provincial Bureau of 
Health, in charge of the Provincial Secretary, with its activities divided among the 
fifteen public health districts, sees to the carrying out of the provisions of the Public 
Health Act. Twelve inspectors are appointed for the fifteen districts, their duties 
being divided generally between education of the public and municipal public 
health organization, while, in addition, their services i re given in case of consul 
tations, public lectures, maintenance of records of municipalities and medical and 
sanitary investigations. In addition to the district officers, the Bureau maintains 
a laboratory division, a division of sanitary engineering, a division of venereal 
diseases and a division of vital statistics. 

Statistics of benevolent institutions in Quebec are collected and compiled by the 
Quebec Bureau of Statistics. During the year 1922 there were in existence in the 
province 49 general hospitals, 4 maternity hospitals, 2 creches, 5 tuberculosis 
sanatoria, 6 insane asylums, 1 home for incurables and 117 orphanages and refuges. 
In the 55 general and maternity hospitals, the number of inmates on Jan. 1, 1922, 
was 3,085; 52,938 persons were admitted and 52,719 discharged, leaving 3,304 
inmates on Dec. 31. Total expenditure was $3,752,369, of which $902,298 was 
for salaries and wages. Population in the tuberculosis sanatoria decreased from 
144 to 141 during the year, expenditure per head averaging $761 and total expenses 
being $108,778. The number of inmates of mental hospitals increased from 5,443 
to 5,708 during the year, the average constituting 23 p.c. of the population of the 
province. The cost of maintenance of insane asylums for the year was $1,389,372, 
offset by revenues of $1,412,751. In the orphanages and refuges of the province, 
admissions numbering 5,825 and discharges to the number of 5,667 increased the 
population from 12,243 to 12,401. Expenditure amounted to $3,351,534, an average 
of $272 per head, while revenues totalled $3,178,847. 



PROVINCIAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES 921 



5. Ontario. 

A Provincial Board of Health, responsible to the Minister of Labour, and 
comprising divisions in charge of laboratories, industrial hygiene, public health 
education, preventable diseases, sanitary engineering and maternal and child 
welfare, oversees the administration of the Public Health Act throughout the 
province. Through its division into eight districts, each of which is in charge of 
a District Officer of Health, close touch is maintained between the Board and the 
municipalities through the province. This contact, of course, is strengthened by 
the relations between municipally appointed health Officers and the officials appointed 
by the provincial Government. 

In addition to the activities of the Board of Health, the Provincial Secretary 
is charged with the administration of the hospitals and charitable institutions, the 
latter including, among others, the insane asylums and hospitals for the feeble 
minded and epileptics. In the report of the Inspector of Prisons and Public Char 
ities for the year ended Sept. 30, 1921, statistics are given showing the existence 
in the province of 105 public hospitals, including 9 sanatoria for consumptives, 
49 private hospitals, 41 refuges, 30 orphanages, 3 convalescent homes and 31 county 
houses of refuge. All public hospitals and charitable institutions in Ontario are 
entitled to government aid and are regularly inspected. The total number of 
patients admitted to public hospitals and sanatoria during the year was 115,442, 
while on Sept. 30, 1921, the number of inmates had remained practically constant, 
a decrease of from 7,011 to 7,006 being apparent. Total revenues amounted to 
$7,333,902, of which $594,364 was paid by the legislature. Total expenses amounted 
to $7,770,511, an average cost per day per patient of $3.22. In the 44 orphanages 
and refuges of the province there were, on Sept. 30, 1921, inmates numbering 3,062, 
an increase over the figure of the previous year of 199 persons. The average days 
stay in such institutions was 198, with an average day s cost per inmate of $1.28. 
Total revenues amounted to $1,029,291. The 30 orphanages of the province pro 
vided a home for 2,321 persons on Sept. 30, 1921, total expenditure for the year 
having been $504,914, or an average per inmate per day of $0.60. 

On Oct. 31, 1921, a gross total of 7,967 insane, feeble-minded and epileptic persons 
were being cared for in the twelve prov.inci; 1 public institutions for the purpose. 
The inmates of the nine insane asylums had increased during the year from 6,504 
to 6,638, admissions amounting to l,fS4 against discharges, etc., totalling 1,860. 
The hospitals for feeble-minded and epileptics showed an increased population (1,329) 
on Oct. 31, 1921, that of the previous year having been 1,185. Revenues for the 
year from ; 11 sources increased to a total of $1,244,286. Estimated expenditures 
totalled $2,758,061. 

6. Manitoba. 

The report of the Provincial Board of Health for the year ended Dec. 31, 1920, 
is the last available concerning the activities of this body. The various departments 
of the Board comprise those of public health nursing, food inspection, venereal 
disease prevention, the recording and prevention of communicable diseases and vital 
statistics. Under the Superintendent of Provincial Public Health Nurses, a large 
amount of work is carried on in the direction of education, medical school inspection, 
child welfare, public service nursing, and the distribution of literature. The work 
of other divisions is more or less of a routine nature. 

Very incomplete information is available regarding hospitals and charitable 
institutions throughout the province. There are three hospitals in the province 



922 ADMINISTRATION 



for the care of mentally defective persons, to which total admissions, during the ten 
months ended Aug. 31, 1922, were 211, compared with discharges and deaths 
totalling 159. A total of 1,343 patients were under treatment in the three institu 
tions on Aug. 31, 1922, this figure representing 0-22 of the total population of the 
province. Total expenditure amounted to $274,804, or $1 .43 per head for the ten- 
month period. Revenues from fees and other sources amounted to $90,322. At 
the home for incurables of the province, the number of inmates increased between 
Dec. 1, 1921, and Aug. 31, 1922, from 339 to 368, expenses of maintenance amounting 
to 58,899 or $1 .02 per head per day. Revenues from fees and other sources were 
$31,553. 

7 . Saskatchewan . 

In the province of Saskatchewan, the Bureau of Public Health, organized 
under the Minister of Public Health, is in charge of the general duties devolving on 
the department. Among its main activities it numbers the precautions taken against 
and the ar< esting of epidemics, medical school inspection and treatment, venereal 
disease prevention, child welfare and home nursing, and the examination and certifi 
cation of embalmers. In addition, the Bureau employs an analyst and pathologist 
and a bacteriologist; its sanitary division oversees water and food supplies through 
out the province and general provisions for sanitation, while another division 
compiles the vital statistics of the province. 

In addition to the hospitals which Saskatchewan has in common with the other 
provinces, mention may be made of a system known as the Union Hospital Scheme, 
designed to furnish necessary hospital accommodation in rural districts. Under 
the provisions of the scheme, two or more municipalities may co-operate in arranging 
to build, equip and maintain a hospital in their district and for their residents. 
These smaller hospitals are not intended, of course, to furnish extensive accommoda 
tion, but they do furnish splendid accommodation for emergency or maternity 
cases. There were 39 public general hospitals in Saskatchewan at the close of the 
year 1922, 37 private maternity hospitals, 27 isolation hospitals, 1 sanatorium for 
tuberculosis patients, 2 insane asylums and 1 home for infirm and incurables. 
Admissions to general hospitals during the year totalled 30,702, while total expenses 
amounted to $1,445,433. Tuberculosis patients decreased in number from 249 
to 241 during the year. Expenses for their maintenance were $276,517, or an average 
of $684.45. In the insane hospitals of the province, an increase of admissions over 
discharges of 124 resulted in a population in these institutions of 1,294 on Dec. 31. 
Yearly expenditure per head was $560, making up a total of $699,757. The Home 
for Infirm admitted 48 persons and discharged 26, retaining a total of 85 persons. 
Expenses amounted to $35,987, an average of $486.31. 

8. Alberta. 

Among the various Departments of the Government of Alberta is the Depart 
ment of Health, in charge of one of the Ministers of the Administration. The 
department, however, issues no report, as far as can be ascertained, except that 
of its Vital Statistics Branch. Feu- data, therefore, are available regarding the 
activities carried on by the government, the only statistics to be had of the number 
and operations of hospitals and charitable institutions throughout the province 
being those of provincial Government expenditure. In the fiscal year 1921, e- pendi- 
ture on conservation of health and sanitation totalled $167,115, that on hospitals 
$628,703, and that on charities $57,364. 



THE CANADIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY 923 

9. British Columbia. 

The Provincial Board of Health of British Columbia, a branch of the Depart 
ment of the Provincial Secretary, is organized in five main departments; (1) sani 
tary, including the inspection of logging camps, tourist camps and ships; (2) 
venereal disease prevention; (3) public health nursing, comprising the conduct of 
baby clinics, medical school inspection and other social service activities; (4) 
laboratory, including the distribution of vaccines and antitoxins, besides the ordinary 
analysis of specimens, and (5) child hygiene. A report on vital statistics of the 
province is included in the annual report of the board. 

As in Alberta, information readily available regarding hospitals and other 
charitable institutions, is rest icted to figures of government erpenditure in the 
fiscal year H21. During that year $56,361 were e pended on the conservation of 
health and sanitation, $1,125,011 on hospitals and $114,038 on charities. The only 
public institution regarding which complete data are at hand is the leper station 
at D Arcy island, mentioned above as operated by the Dominion Department of 
Health. 

10. The Canadian Red Cross Society. 

Closely allied with the Dominion and Provincial Governments in activities 
to promote the health of the people and the care of diseased or needy persons is 
the Canadian Red Cross Society. It was .originally organized in 1896, and came 
into such prominence during the late war that its peace-time organization has been 
enlisted by the governments of all the provinces to aid in the general improvement 
of health and the extermination of disease. 

The more important phases of the work now undertaken by the society are 
as follows: (1) the assistance rendered towards the professional training of public 
health nurses, (2) co-operation with other organizations engaged in similar work, 
(3) general educational work, and (4) the use of specially trained public health nurses. 
In the first direction mentioned, courses have been established in six Canadian 
universities for the training of public health nurses. Again, the society is actively 
engaged, in co-operation with various other organizations throughout the country, 
in the combating of disease, the promotion of child welfare and the care of physically 
defective persons. Co-operative work is carried on with the Canadian Tuberculosis 
Association, the National Council for combating Venereal Diseases, the National 
Committee for Mental Hygiene, the Child Welfare Section of the Canadian Public 
. Health Association, and the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. In addition 
to numerous public lectures and meetings, a large amount of literature has been 
distributed, and a monthly journal with an average circulation of over 150,000 has 
been published for some years. Many specially trained nurses have been placed 
at the disposal of the various provincial Governments by the society, to carry on 
educational or nursing work in schools and homes. 

11. The Victorian Order of Nurses. 

While of a more specialized type than the Red Cross Society, the Victorian 
Order of Nurses still does a large amount of public educational work in matters of 
health and the prevention of disease. The order was originally founded in 1897, 
and from then until the present time has gradually extended its activities to cover 
a broad field. Twenty-four hospitals have been operated by the order in out-of- 
the-way parts of the country, all but five of which have been handed over to local 
authorities. Since its inception, the scope of the work carried on has constantly 



924 A DMINISTRA TION 



developed and broadened, and at the present time covers all phases of family and 
community nursing, including such activities as home, school, industrial and hospital 
nursing, child welfare, social service, clinics, summer camps, and general health 
education. 

The nurses belonging to the Victorian Order are carefully selected graduates of 
recognized training schools, who are given post-graduate training in district nursing 
by the order. Originally this training was given at training centres established 
by the order, but since 1921 thirty scholarships of $400 each are granted annually 
to enable graduate nurses to take such courses at Canadian universities. 

The order offers to the people of any community an efficient public health 
nursing service best fitted to its needs, as determined by the local committee in 
consultation with the proper authorities in that community. The central board 
at Ottawa, through field supervisors, oversees the whole Dominion. At the present 
time the order operates at 61 centres and maintains hospitals at Chapleau, North 
Bay, Cochrane, New Liskeard and Whitby. The number of nurses on active duty 
is 310, and in 1922 a total of 600,000 visits were made. 

While the order exists primarily for the poor, a great many people who cannot 
afford the services of a private nurse avail themselves of the visiting service at a 
fee commensurate with their circumstances. A large part of the revenue of the 
order is obtained from this source, and is supplemented by grants, donations and 
subscriptions. Each district finances itself, while the revenue of the central office 
is derived from the interest on an endowment fund of $335,000, and annual grants 
of $5,000 from the Dominion Government and of $2,500 from the Province of 
Ontario. 

12. Mothers Allowances. 

Five of the nine provinces of Canada provide for the payment of allowances 
to mothers Vho are widowed or without adequate means of support. The province 
of Manitoba was the first to take up the work in 1916, and her example has been 
followed by the other western provinces and by Ontario. 

It is a general stipulation undeithe existing Mothers Allowances Acts that 
the mother be a resident of the province at the time of making application, that 
she be a British subject, generally with two or more children under fourteen years 
of age or with an insane or totally incapacitated husband and a similar number of 
children. Other similar requirements regarding residence and means of support 
are made, for it is not desired that applicants "be considered as applying for charity; 
but that the mother be regarded as an employee of the State, receiving remuneration 
for services rendered hi the proper care of her children. The mother, as an employee 
of the government, must not only satisfy them of her fitness to receive an allowance, 
but also that she is fulfilling the trust which is being placed in her." 

In most cases the allowance is provided jointly by the provincial Government 
and the local government of the municipality in which the applicant is resident, 
but in some cases those of mothers resident outside of cities, towns and counties 
the whole allowance is paid by the provincial Government. Larger allowances 
are at tunes made in cities than in towns and county municipalities, and the basic 
rate is generally that paid to a mother with two dependent children. Administra 
tion of the Acts is as a rule in the hands of a Commission or Superintendent, and 
is closely allied with other work designed to ameliorate the conditions to which 
certain sections of the community are subjected. In Ontario and Manitoba, for 
example, the Acts are administered by Commissions. In the former, the appoint 
ment of local boards, in cities, counties and districts, whose duty it is to pass on 



MOTHERS ALLOWANCES 



925 



applications before their presentation to the central body, is provided for. Through 
this medium also, intimate contact is maintained with beneficiaries. In Saskatch 
ewan and Alberta, the Acts are administered by the Bureau of Child Protection 
and the Superintendent of Dependent and Neglected Children respectively, the 
organization in Alberta providing, in addition, for the appointment of inspectors 
in each municipality of the province. The Workmen s Compensation Board of 
British Columbia, assisted by a number of local advisory boards, superintends the 
administration of the Act in that province. 

The following table shows, for the five provinces in question, the numbers of 
mothers and children to whom allowances, have been paid, together with the latest 
annual and the total expenditures. 

8. Mothers Allowances in Canada, 1922 and 1923. 



Items. 


Ontario. 1 


Manitoba. 2 


Saskat 
chewan. 3 


Alberta.* 


British 
Columbia. 6 


Number of Mothers 


3,771 


575 


725 


619 


995 


Number of Children 


11,605 




2,537 


1,844 


2,535 


L.ast yearly Expenditure S 


1,382,138 


162,415 


195,070 


252,243 


463,802 


Total Expenditure $ 


2,945,184 




501,345 


660 144 


1,174,607 















i As on April 30, 1923. 2 Dec. 1, 1921 to Dec. 31, 1922. 
ended Dec. 31, 1922. 6 Fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1923. 



s Hscal year ended Dec 31, 1922. 
6 As on latest date available. 



Year 



Rates of Allowances. Rates of allowances paid in Ontario are as follows: 
In cities $40, $45, $50 and $55 per month for mothers with 2, 3, 4, and 5 children; 
in towns the rate is $5 lower, while the rate to beneficiaries in villages and rural 
areas is further reduced by $5. In families where there are more than five children, 
the Commission may grant a further allowance not to exceed $5 a month for each 
child over the number of five. In Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta no set 
rate of allowances is paid, the aim of payments being as far as possible to make 
up the difference between the income and the ordinary expenditure of a family. In 
Saskatchewan, minimum and maximum monthly paym ents of $15 and $30 are 
established. Payments in British Columbia, are also not standardized, but regula 
tions provide for a maximum monthly allowance of $42.50 for a dependent mother 
with one child and an additional $7.50 for each other child under 16 years of age. 
A deduction of $10 is made in case of the beneficiary owning her own home or holding 
it free from rent, while a maximum of $15 per month is paid to a mother and one 
child where board and lodging are obtained free of charge. 

IV. PUBLIC WORKS. 

Since Confederation and before, the Department of Public Works has been 
known as the constructing department. In 1879 the railways and canals were 
placed under control of a new department, the building and maintenance of peniten 
tiaries were transferred to the Department of Justice, the maintenance and construc 
tion of lighthouses to the Marine and Fisheries Department, and the smaller drill 
halls and armouries to the Department of Militia and Defence. The work of the 
Department of Public Works is now divided into three principal branches, viz., 
the Engineering Branch, the Architect s Branch, and the Telegraph Branch. 

Engineering. The Engineering Branch comprises the construction and repair 
of wharves, piers, breakwaters, dams, weirs, bank and beach protection works, 
the improvement of harbours and rivers by dredging, the construction, maintenance 



926 



A DMIN1STRA TION 



and operation of government dredging plant, the construction and maintenance 
of graving docks, the construction, maintenance and working of slides and booms, 
the construction and maintenance of interprovincial bridges and approaches thereto, 
and of bru ges on highways of nat oral importance in the Northwest Territories, 
the maintenance of military roads, also hydrographic and ordinary surveys and 
examinations, inclusive of precision levelling and geodetic measurements which 
are required for the preparation of plans, reports and estimates, the testing of 
cements, etc. The Branch has charge of about 1,845 harbour works, 5 graving 
docks, 4 slide and boom works, interprovincial bridges, 30 dredges and 211 tugs, 
scows and other dredging plant. 

Architecture. The Architect s Branch builds and maintains government 
buildings, post offices, customs houses, examining warehouses, and constructs quaran 
tine, immigration and experimental farm buildings, armouries, military hospitals 
and drill halls, land offices and telegraph offices. The most important public 
building now under construction is that of the new Houses of Parliament at Ottawa. 

Telegraphs. The Telegraph Branch has control over the construction, .repair 
and maintenance of all government-owned telegraph lines and cables. These 
lines are located in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, 
Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon. 

Graving Docks. There are five graving or dry dorks completed and owned 
by the Canadian Government. The dimensions of these docks are shown in Table 
9. The dock .at Kingston, Ontario, is under lease to the Kingston Shipbuilding 
Company. The dock at Lauzon, Quebec, east of the old dock, is 1,150 feet long, 
divided into two parts (650 and 500 feet respectively), and 120 feet wide; it has 
a depth at high water of 40 feet. It cost about $3,850,000. A new dock is under 
construction at Esquimalt, B.C.; the dimensions are given in Table 9. Under the 
Dry Dock Subsidies Act, 1910, (9-10 Edw. VII, c. 17), several docks have been 
subsidized by payments of 3 or 85 p.c. per annum on the original cost for a given 
number of years, as shown by Table 10. 

9. Dimensions of Graving Docks owned by the Dominion Government. 









Width ; 


t 


Depth of 


Rise c 


f tide. 






Coping. 


Bottom. 


Entr 


on .sill. 


Spring. 


Xoap. 


Levis, Quo 


1 eet. 
800-3 


Feet. 

100 


Feet. 
59-3 


Feet. 

07 -f 


Feet. 
25-8 


Feet, 
is 


Feet. 

1 Q .0 


Ksquimalt, B.C 


430 


90 


41 


65 


ol 


7 tn 10 


3, t . ^ 


Ksqtiinwlt (Xeu J 


1 l. id 


136 


125 


1 - ". 


40 


7 tc\ m 


3tn & 


Kingston. Out 


308-6 


79 


47 


55 


11 <t 16^ 






l.uuzon, Que 


1,150 


144 


105 


120 


ti) 11 \V 


IB 


1^.** 



















19. Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Dock 

Subsidies Act, 1910. 



Locations. 


Length. 


Width. 


Depth 
over 

.-ill. 


Total 

ro-t . 


Subsidy. 


Collingwood Xo. 1, Ont 


Fee< 

515- 10 


Feet. 

59-8 


Feet 

16 


$ 

500 000 




Oollimcwcxxl Xo. 2, Ont 


413-2 




16 


:;iii 




Port Arthur, Ont 


708-3 


77-ii 


16-2 


1 25 




Montreal, Quo 


mill 


loo 


7-."i 






Princo Rupert, B.C... 


600 


100 


25 


-i |., 




St. John, X.B 


I , 1.10 


133-0 


4J-0 






Vancouver (Floating Dock) 


556*5 


98-0 


28-0 



















PUBLIC WORKS 



927 



Expenditure and Revenue. Table 11 shows the expenditure and revenue 
for the fiscal years 1917-22 of the Public Works Department of the Dominion Govern 
ment. For the fiscal year 1922, the expenditure was $17,939,494 as compared with 
$20,970,674 in 1921, a reduction of $3,031,180, accounted for by reduced expenditure 
in all services with the exception of roads and bridges, where the increase of 
$399, 98 i is caused by the construction of a bridge at Banff on the Bow river, 
an international bridge at Edmundston, N.B., and a new bascule bridge at Burling 
ton Channel, Ont. 

11. Expenditure and Revenue of the Public Works Department for the fiscal 

years 1917-1922. 

EXPENDITURE. 



Items. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Harbour and river works 
Dredging plant, etc 


$ 

6,548,568 
2,410,413 


- 

5,551,774 
1,405,838 


- 

3,181,349 

677,500 


- 

4,320,581 
1,205,486 


$ 

7,541,668 
1,456,243 


$ 

6,142,157 
1,211,582 


Slides and booms .... 


111,876 


64,859 


56,169 


33,339 


i 


i 


Roads and bridges 


38,266 


18,991 


24,952 


202,888 


196,209 


596,193 


Public buildings 


5,717,450 


5,843,289 


7,466,679 


8,442,124 


8,443,892 


7,401,222 


Telegraphs 


775,340 


751,452 


789,883 


885,730 


1,083,242 


1,024,116 


Miscellaneous 


559,683 


419,005 


706,464 


1,028,185 


1,031,528 


765,697 
















Total 


16,161,596 


14,055,208 


12,992,996 


16,118,333 


19,752,782 


17,140,967 


From War Appropriation for 
Military Hospitals 






8,492 504 


4 337,127 


1,217,892 


798,527 
















Grand total 


- 


- 


21,395,500 


20,455,460 


20,970,674 


17,939,494 



REVEXVE. 



Slides and booms 


97 142 


26 188 


16 763 


48 133 


i 


i 


Oravmg docks ... 


64,919 


56 484 


72 4-^S 


81,148 


64,918 


112,194 


Rents . ... 


94 729 


106 205 


101 664 


143 355 


128,148 


111,111 


Telegraph lines 


191,453 


204 878 


231 332 


277,749 


330,470 


290,131 


Casual revenue 


45,017 


27 737 


108 295 


81,073 


199,583 


180,691 


Ferries 








1 , 632 


2,010 


2,093 
















Total 


493,260 


421,492 


530,482 


633,090 


725,129 


698,220 

















1 In 1920-1921, the slide and boom works were leased or transferred to operating companies. 

Harbour Commissions. 

A number of the harbours of Canada are administered by corporate bodies 
known as Harbour Commissions. Each Commission is constituted by a special 
Act of the Dominion Parliament, the number of Commissioners varying from three 
to five. The property of the Crown in the harbour is placed under the jurisdiction 
of the Commission and the Commissioners are authorized to acquire and hold real 
and personal property for the improvement and development of the harbour; but 
any property acquired from the Crown may not be alienated or in any way disposed 
of by the Commissioners without the consent of the Governor in Council. The 
Commissions are given power to make by-laws for all purposes of governing the 
harbour, and for the imposition and collection of rates on vessels and on cargo landed 
and shipped in the harbour, and penalties for infraction of their by-laws (but every 
such by-law must be confirmed by the Governor in Council before becoming effect 
ive), and they have control of the expenditure of the revenue received from these 
sources. For the purpose of harbour development and the construction of improve- 



<)28 ADMINISTRATION 



ments, the Commission may, with the consent of the Governor in Council, expro 
priate land and borrow money on debentures issued against the security of the real 
and other property of the harbour. For the harbours of Quebec, Montreal and 
Vancouver, the Dominion Government has advanced the Commissioners large 
sums against such debentures. All the Commissions are under the direct inspection 
of an official of the Marine Department and are subject to the jurisdiction of the 
Minister of Marine and Fisheries in all matters. 

The following harbours are administered by a Commission, the date of the 
Act under which each Commission received its present constitution and powers 
being given : Montreal, 1894; Quebec, 1899; Three Rivers, 1882 (amended 1923); 
Toronto, 1911; Hamilton, 1912; Belleville, 1889; Winnipeg and St. Boniface, 1912; 
Vancouver, 1913; New Westminster, 1913; North Fraser, 1913. The harbours 
of North Sydney and Pictou, Nova Scotia, were formerly under the Commission 
form of administration, but the legislation providing for Commissions in these 
harbours was repealed and all property and rights held by the Commissioners were 
re-vested in His Majesty by legislation passed in the years 1914 and 1920 respectively, 
repeal in each case being effective from the 1st of Jan. following. 

V. THE INDIANS OF CANADA. 1 

The Indians of Canada number about 109,000, their numbers varying but 
slightly from year to year. A small yearly increase is evident, however, and the 
popular notion that the race is disappearing is not in accordance with facts. Before 
they were subjected to the degenerating effects of eastern civilization and the 
devastating results of the many colonial wars, the numbers of both the Indians 
and Eskimos were undoubtedly larger, but any reliable information as to the 
aboriginal population during either the French or the early British regime is non 
existent, and there is no adequate basis for a comparison between the past and 
present aboriginal populations. 

Administration. Indians are minors under the law, and their affairs are 
administered by the Department of Indian Affairs under the authority of the 
Indian Act. This Department is the oldest governmental organization in the 
Dominion, dating back to the time of the Conquest. It was originally under the 
military authorities, and did not become a part of the civil administrative machinery 
until 1845. By section 5 of the British North America Act, 1867, the Indians of 
Canada and the lands reserved for them came under the control of the Dominion 
Government, and in 1873 an Act of the Canadian Parliament (R.S., c. 81) provided 
that the Minister of the Interior should be Superintendent-General of Indian 
Affairs, and as such have the control and management of the lands and property of 
the Indians in Canada. The aim of the Department of Indian Affairs is the advance 
ment of the Indians in the arts of civilization, and agents have been appointed to 
encourage the Indians under their charge to settle on the reserves and to engage in 
industrial pursuits. 

The system of reserves, whereby particular areas of land have been set apart 
solely for the use of Indians, has been established in Canada from the earliest times. 
It was designed in order to protect the Indians from encroachment, and to provide 
a sort of sanctuary where they could develop unmolested until advancing civiliza 
tion had made possible their absorption into the general body of the citizens. 

1 The letter-press under this heading is taken in the main from the article contributed by the Depart 
ment of Indian Affairs to the 1921 edition. Paragraphs on the linguistic stock and tribal origin of the Indian 
population, their industries and occupations, their health, sanitation ;uul dwellings, appearing on pages 
786-789 of the 1921 edition, are not reprinted. 



GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON INDIANS 929 

Reserves have been set aside for the various bands of Indians throughout the 
Dominion, and the Indians located thereon are under the supervision of the local 
agents of the Department. The activities of the Department, as guardian of the 
Indians, include the control of Indian education, health, etc., the development of 
agriculture and other pursuits among them, the administration of their funds and 
legal transactions, and the general supervision of their welfare. 

The educational work of the Department is now very extensive. A total of 
321 Indian schools are in operation, comprising 250 day, 55 boarding and 16 
industrial schools. 

The local administration of the Indian bands on the reserves scattered through 
out the Dominion is conducted through the Department s agencies, of which there 
are in all 114. The number of bands included in an agency varies from one to 
more than thirty. The staff of an agency usually includes various officers in addition 
to the agent, such as medical officer, clerk, farm instructor, field matron, constable, 
stockman, etc., according to the special requirements of the agency in question. 
The work of the agencies is supervised by the Department s inspectors, each 
inspector having charge of a certain number of agencies. Expenditures upon 
destitute Indians are made by the Dominion Government, either from public funds 
or from the tribal funds of the Indians. 

The Indian Act provides for the enfranchisement of Indians. When an Indian 
is enfranchised he ceases to be an Indian under the law, and acquires the full status 
of citizenship. In the older provinces, where the Indians have been longer in 
contact with civilization, many are becoming enfranchised. Great discretion, 
however, is exercised by the Government in administering this problem, as Indians 
who become enfranchised lose the special protection attached to their wardship, 
so that it is necessary to guard against premature enfranchisement. 

Treaties. In the older eastern provinces, the history of the Indians has 
been one of slow development with that of the community. In western Ontario 
and the Prairie Provinces, the situation has been different. There the rapid spread 
of civilization made it necessary to take prompt and effective measures to protect 
the moral claims of the Indians, which are recognized by the Government. Accord 
ingly, treaties were entered into with the Indians, whereby the latter ceded to the 
Crown their aboriginal title and interest in the country. In consideration of such 
cession, the Crown agreed to set aside adequate reserves, make cash grants, provide 
per capita annuities, give assistance in agriculture, stock raising, hunting, trapping, 
etc., as particular circumstances might require, provide education for the Indian 
children, and otherwise safeguard the Indians interests. These treaties have been 
made from time to time as occasion arose, and as new territories were opened up. 
The last treaty to be made, Treaty No. 11, was effected in the summer of 1921, 
and covered the Mackenzie River district, where it was necessary to protect the 
Indian interests, owing to the oil rush and consequent rapid settlement of the 
country. No treaty has been made with the Indians of British Columbia, but their 
welfare has received no less attention from the Government on that account. 

Government Expenditure. On March 31, 1922, the capital of the Indian 
Trust Fund, which a year earlier had amounted to $11,458,661, had declined to 
$11,402,577. The amounts expended from the Consolidated Revenue Fund were 
as follows: voted by Parliament for the purposes of the Department, $2,756,245; 
annuities by statute, $191,834. 

On the same date the balance to the credit of the Indian Savings Account 
for the funding of the annuities and earnings of pupils at industrial schools was 

6237359 



930 



ADMINISTRATION 



$127,830. Deposits and interest during the twelve months aggregated $45,868, 
and withdrawals $30,241. 

Statistics. Statistical tables of population, school attendance, income and 
agricultural activities of the Indians in Canada, are appended. The figures in 
Table 12 are compiled from reports of the various censuses since Confederation, 
while the remaining tables contain data from the last annual report of the Depart 
ment of Indian Affairs. 

r;. Indian Population of Canada, 1871-1921. 



Provinces. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia . . 


323 
1,666 


281 
2 125 


314 
2 076 


258 
1 629 


248 
1 915 


235 
2 048 


New Brunswick 


1 403 


1 401 


1 521 


1 465 


1 541 


1 331 


Quebec 


6,988 


7 515 


13 361 


10 142 


9 993 


11 566 


Ontario 


12,978 


15 325 


17 915 


24 674 


23 044 




British Columbia . . . 


23,000 


25,661 


34 202 


28 94 ) 


20 134 


22 377 


Manitoba ) 








16 277 


7*876 


13 869 


Saskatchewan 










/ll 718 


12 914 


Alberta I 


56,000 


56,239 


51,249 


26,304 


\11 630 


14 557 


Yukon Territory 
Northwest Territories 








3,322 
14,921 


1,489 
15 904 


1,390 
3 873 1 
















Total... 


102.358 


108.547 


120.638 


127.941 


105 492 


110.59G 



1 The smaller Indian population of the Northwest Territories in 1921 is to be ascribed to the extension 
of the boundtirios of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba in 1912, which also accounts for the increase in tlicir 
1921 Indian populations. 

13. Attendance of Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, fiscal year ended 

March 31, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Number 
of 
Schools. 


Number of Pupils on Roll. 


Average 
Attend 
ance. 


Percent 
age of 
attend 
ance. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island 


2 
14 
11 
31 
91 
46 
32 
25 
58 
4 
7 


17 
136 
146 
761 
1,933 
905 
714 
588 
1,276 
49 
80 


21 
140 
132 
778 
1,692 
899 
730 
615 
1,229 
59 
121 


38 
276 
278 
1,539 
3,625 
1,804 
1,444 
1,203 
2,505 
108 
201 


18 
128 
177 
956 
2,384 
1,178 
1,039 
916 
1,646 
64 
162 


47 
46 
64 
62 
66 
M 
72 
76 
66 
59 
SI 


Nova Scotia ... 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan . . .. 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Northwest Territories 


Total 


321 


i.m 


6.416 


13.021 


8.668 


67 



14. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands, by Provinces, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Total 
>i;e of 

reserve*. 


Land cleared 
but not under 
cultivation. 


Land 
under 
cultivation. 


Y:ilue 
of 
Lands. 


Prince Edward Island 


Acr 
1,527 


Acres. 
400 


Acres. 

401 


$ 

20 000 


Nova Scotia 


21,681 


3,059 


1 ,135 


81,894 


New Brunswick 


20,782 


1,562 


1 ,997 


70 liOO 


Quebec 


175,220 


15,189 


10,079 


l,4(i 


Ontario 


1,046,088 


74,986 


66,570 


4,978,386 


Manitoba 


415,477 


115,794 


12,581 


2,933,273 


Saskatchewan 


1,181,349 


778,190 


45,520 


12,623,673 


Alberta . 


1,307,343 


869,237 


55,723 


17,188,881 


British Columbia .. . .. 


732,216 


279,774 


32,217 


12,927,167 












Total . 


4.901.683 


2.138.191 


226.423 


52.233.769 






PRODUCTION AND INCOME OF INDIANS 



931 



15. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 1922. * 



Provinces. 


Wheat. 


Oats. 


Other Grain. 


Prince Edward Island 


Acres. 
13 
4 
11 
343 
3,303 
3,560 
13,162 
11,086 
2,089 


Bush. 
195 
92 
155 
4,855 
30,368 
33,569 
186,388 
80,776 
58,728 


Acres. 
40 
46 
95 
2,991 
10,821 
2,574 
15,498 
9,078 
4,178 


Bush. 
740 
1,085 
940 
40,380 
104,512 
33,079 
307,102 
134,995 
123,911 


Acres. 

2 
26 
1,224 
3,159 
924 
729 
701 
280 


Bush. 

29 
370 
13,971 
38,736 
12,559 
14,376 
13,667 
7,826 


Nova Scotia . 


New Brunswick .... 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total 


33,571 


395,126 


45,321 


746,744 


7,045 


101,534 




Provinces. 


Potatoes. 


Other Roots. 


Hay and 
Fodder. 


Prince Edward Island 


Acres. 
11 
111 
63 
1,090 
1,788 
447 
197 
136 
2,584 


Bush. 
1,034 
5,029 
5,960 
37,463 
83,989 
30,413 
23,083 
11,648 
321,106 


Acres. 

14 
16 
111 
502 
71 
36 
38 
890 


Bush. 

655 
520 
4,485 
18,314 
2,199 
2,379 
1,031 
46,018 


Tons. 
53 

545 
238 
2,909 
26,594 
16,756 
32,642 
18,091 
23,223 


Nova Scotia . . . . 


New Brunswick ......... 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia : 


Total... 


6.437 


519.725 


1.678 


75.601 


121.051 



Reason of 1921. 



16. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total Values, by Provinces, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Horses. 


Cattle. 


Poultry. 


Value of 
Live Stock 
and 
Poultry. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
14 


No. 
43 


No. 

198 


$ 

3 500 


Nova Scotia 


75 


266 


935 


16,580 


New Brunswick 


42 


69 


455 


7,045 


Quebec 


1 007 


4 644 


14 014 


232 225 


Ontario 


4,292 


10 073 


62 146 


601 045 


Manitoba 


1,830 


3 244 


3 800 


227 553 


Saskatchewan 


2,486 


7 116 


6 933 


796 965 


Alberta 


12,875 


6,462 


2 083 


603 318 


British Columbia 


14 527 


17,246 


34 140 


1 077 178 












Total.. 


37.148 


49.163 


124.704 


3.565.409 



17. Sources and Values of Income of Indians, 1922. 







Value of 




Re- 


1 


Earned by 






Provinces. 


Farm 
Products 
including 
Hay. 


Beef 
Sold or 
used for 
food. 


Wages 
Earned. 


from 
Land 
Rentals 


Fish 
ing. 


Hunting 
and 
Trapping. 


Other 
Indus 
tries. 


Total 
Income 
of 
Indians. 


Prince Edward Island . . . 
Nova Scotia 


$ 

4,500 
16 887 


$ 
750 
3 644 


1 

1,450 
62 890 


$ 

RQ 


$ 
750 

Q fifil 


$ 

600 


$ 

5,100 


$ 

13,150 


New Brunswick 


8 600 


500 


26 540 


509 


<t 9111 




4U, 140 


141,853 


Quebec 


177 392 


38 227 


347 290 


28 508 


ft f.ifl 


OAK IOC 




50,194 


Ontario 


625,452 


50 374 


889 355 


64 107 


mis 1 ; 


OOQ KfiC 


<4, /UO 


936,318 


Manitoba 


159,202 


16 035 


141 215 


10 764 


iQ S^T 


oc.4 OQC 




2,596,206 


Saskatchewan 


437,662 


74,619 


118 878 


49 242 


25 750 


100 fiftfi 




875,961 


Alberta 


270,038 


51 198 


124 179 


54 658 


13 605 


Ififi 71 (\ 




1,068,640 


British Columbia 


694 438 


61 026 


555 968 


95 950 


4cc oon 






927,581 
















288,401) 


2,586,861 


Total 


2,394 171 


296 373 


2 2K7 7fi*> 


:tii i SIM 


Oftc nan 






















794,482 


9,196,764 



62373591 



932 ADMINISTRATION 



VI. DEPARTMENT OF SOLDIERS CIVIL RE- 
ESTABLISHMENT. 

Under Order in Council of June 30, 1915, the "Hospital Commiss on" was 
created to provide for the treatment of returning wounded and disabled soldiers, 
and in October of that year a revised Order in Council changed its name to "Military 
Hospitals Commission," and empowered it to carry on vocational training, and to 
deal with the subject of employment. 

Two Orders in Council were passed on February 21, 1918, one creating the 
Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment, and the other charging the Depart 
ment of Militia and Defence with all active treatment cases except those suffering 
from tuberculosis, insanity and other diseases likely to be of long duration. This 
arrangement was confirmed by the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-estabfohment 
Act, 1918 (8-9 Geo. V, c. 42). l 

The earlier activities of the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment 
have been described in the Year Book of 1920, pp. 21-29, to which the reader is 
referred for a general idea of the work of the Department in providing medical 
treatment, vocational training, retraining of the blind, provision of artificial limbs and 
appliances, and post-discharge dental treatment. These activities naturally reached 
their maximum in the period following the armistice, the number of employees of 
the Department being 9,035 in March, 1920. The total personnel employed on 
Dec. 31, 1921 was 4,886; this number was reduced by 1,063 to a total of 3,823 on 
Dec. 31, 1922. 

At the close of the calendar year 1922, the Department of Soldiers Civil 
Re-establishment was directly operating 15 hospitals and sanatoria with a total bed 
capacity of 3,857. In-patients on December 31, 1922, numbered 3,684 and out 
patients 258. In all of these hospitals dietitians who make monthly reports on 
food costs have been placed; an elaborate system of cost accounting is maintained. 

Two psychopathic hospitals are now being operated by the Department, one 
at Westminster, near London, and th^e other at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. Here 
all classes of nervous and mental diseases are treated, and the most up to date 
methods, including continuous baths and other hydrotherapeutic installations, are 
in use. There is also equipment for occupational therapy, including both indoor 
and outdoor work of a constructive nature, as well as ward classes for bed patients 
and for those who are otherwise confined to the wards. To this work is detailed 
a special medical officer whose duty is to survey all patients and to make 
individual studies from the viewpoint of their physical and mental equipment, 
also of their occupational capacity and adaptability. The Department also has 
patients in a large number of provincial hospitals for the insane, and keeps close 
supervision, through the Neuropsychiatric Branch of the Medical Service, over the 
treatment of these patients and the conditions under which they are living. On 
December 31, 1922, the number of neuropsychiatric patients on strength was: 
mental, 1,103; nervous, 563; total, 1,666. 

A brief summary of recent legislation concerning the Department of Soldiers 
Civil Re-establishment is appended, together with the more important findings 
of the Royal Commission which sat in Ottawa during the latter part of the year 
1922 to investigate certain charges brought against the Board of Pension Com 
missioners. 

1 Since the D. of S.C.R. Act is a skeleton only and provides for regulations to be promulgated 
by the Governor-General in Council on the recommendation of the Minister, the various Orders in 
Council passed under this authority practically constitute the laws as applied to the care and treatment 
of former members of the C.E.F. 



SOLDIERS CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 933 

In very abbreviated form the principal items of recent legislation were as 
follows : 

1. Provision was made for compensation to be paid to relatives or dependants 
of airmen in the public service of Canada in the event of death or injury while so 
employed. 

2. In view of the fact that serious unemployment existed, reducing certain 
former members of the forces to a condition of distress, it was decided that assistance 
should be rendered to any relief issued by municipalities and charitable and veteran 
organizations. Maximum payments were stipulated. 

3. Aid to former members of the forces in the United Kingdom, both in case 
of those desiring to return to Canada and of those in indigent circumstances, was 

provided for, such aid to be in the form of loans. 

4. The medical treatment, vocational training and general care by the Depart 
ment of former members of the forces, hitherto extended only to those suffering 
from disabilities attributable to war service, was extended to others where only a 
possibility existed that disability was due to this cause, with provision for the 
payment of subsistence, loss of wages, etc. 

5. The payment of $10,000 to the Last Post Fund was authorized, to provide 
for the burial of indigent ex-members of the forces and administration of the work. 

The following are, in the main, the findings of the Royal Commission on Pensions 
and Re-establishment : 

(1) No evidence was presented to indicate the existence of conspiracy, plot 
or ulterior motive in the administration of the Pension Act. (2) Amendments 
should be made to the Pension Act, to render it absolutely clear that former members 
of the C.E.F. and their dependants would be entitled to pension in respect of any 
disabilities attributable to war service. (3) Appeal tribunals should be instituted 
to decide on eligibility for receipt of treatment or pension, and on pension awards. 1 
(4) Cases of unsuccessful applications for insurance should be reviewed with sub 
sequent action, if justified. (5) The time allotted for applications for insurance 
should terminate on Sept. 1, 1923. (6) There should be attached to each office of 
the Department a special soldiers advisor to assist former members of the forces 
in the preparation and presentation of their claims. 

Several amendments to the Pension Act and the Soldiers Civil Re-establish 
ment Act were proposed by the House of Commons, but were subsequently struck 
out by the Senate. These Acts now remain unchanged in their important details. 

War Pensions. A Board of Pension Commissioners for Canada, consisting 
of three members, was created by Order in Council of June 3, 1916, (P.C. 1334), with 
exclusive jurisdiction and authority to deal with the granting and payment of naval 
and military pensions and other allowances to persons in the Canadian Naval 
Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force and to their dependants. 

Under Orders in Council of April 12, 1921, (P.C. 1187), Aug. 17, 1921, (P.C. 
2722), and Dec. 1, 1921, (P.C. 4500), and under authority of the Pension .Act of 
1919 (9-10 Geo. V, c. 43), the administration of the head office of the Board of 
Pension Commissioners was transferred to the Department of Soldiers Civil Re- 
establishment as from April 1, 1921, the Pension Commissioners, however, continuing 
to exercise full power and authority in dealing wkh the granting and renewing 
of, and adjudication upon pensions. 

1 On the mattar comin? before Parliament, one appeal board only, The Federal Appeal Board, was 
created. It is composed of a chairman, two members to hold office for three year?, and two members 
appointed for two years. It has no jurisdiction over pension awards. 



934 



A DMINISTRA TION 



Brief statistics are appended to illustrate the growth of the activities of the 
Board of Pension Commissioners. The total number of pensions in force increased 
from 25,823 to 63,057 during the fiscal years 1918 to 1923, and the total liability 
from $7,273,728, or an average of $282 per pension, to $30,421,766, or an average 
of $482 per pension. While pensions paid to dependants during the six-year period 
practically doubled in number, those paid on account of disabilities showed an 
increase of nearly threefold. Liability under dependants pensions during the same 
period showed a threefold increase, while disabilities pensions had increased in 
1923 to practically six times their 1918 total, a comparatively greater rate of 
increase than that shown in the case of pensions paid to dependants. It will be 
noticed that, following the increase of pensions liability to a total of $31,184,838 
at the close of the fiscal year 1921, a decrease of some $700,000 is shown down to 
the close of the fiscal year 1923. Total expenditure on pensions on account of the 
late war for the period Aug. 4, 1914, to Mar. 31, 1923, amounted to $151,751,591. 

PENSIONS IN FORCE AS AT MAR. 31, 1918-1923. 



Years. 


Dependants. 


Disabilities. 


Total. 


No of 
Pension ~. 


Liability. 


Xo. of 
Pensions. 


Liability. 


No. of 
Pensions. 


Liability. 


1918.. 


10,488 
16, 753 
17,823 
19,209 
19,606 
19,794 


% 

4,168,602 
9,593,056 
10,841,170 
12,954,141 
12,687,237 
12,279,621 


15,335 
42,932 
69,203 
51,452 
45,133 
43, 263 


$ 

3, 105,126 
7,470,729 
14,335,118 
18,230,697 
17,991,535 
18,142,145 


25,823 
59,685 
87,026 
70,661 
64,739 
63,057 


$ 

7,273,728 
17,063,785 
25,176,288 
31,184,838 
30,678,772 
30,421,766 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 


1923 





18. Number of Pensions in Force on March 31, 1923, by Relationship of Dependants 
and Rank of the Disabled, and Annual Liability incurred thereon. 



Pensions to Dependants. 


Pensions for Disabilities. 


Classification. 


Number 
of 
Pensions. 


Yearly 
Lia 
bility. 


Classification. 


Number 
of Pen 
sioners. 


Yearly 
L~ia- 
bility. 


Widows 


8,268 
5,726 
2,719 
1,232 
1,082 
620 
84 
43 
10 
10 


$ 

7,710,376 

2,504,150 
813,180 
523,742 
347,915 
329,482 
24,324 
19,274 
3,348 
3,840 


Privates 


36,509 
3,947 
167 
44 
1,206 
711 
327 
105 
11 
8 
226 
2 


$ 

15,306,619 

1,610,215 
62,811 
17,737 
496,870 
31*8,505 
159,142 
67,239 
8,831 
8,508 
85,368 
300 


Mothers 


Sergeants 


Children 


R S M s 


Parents (both) 


WO s 


Fathers 


Lieutenants 


Orphans 


Captains 


Brothers and Sisters 


Majors 


Grandparents 


Lt -Colonels 


Orphan Brothers and Sisters.. 
Others 


Colonels 




Total 




IS, 794 


12,279,631 


Nurses- Capts 




Total 


43,9(3 


18,142,U5 


Total Annual Liability 





30.421.77S 



PENSION RATES 



935 



The scale of pensions has been revised several times by Orders in Council and 
Acts of Parliament. Under the existing scale of pensions for disability, as estab 
lished by c. 45 of the Statutes of 1921, twenty classes are provided, ranging from 
100 p.c. of total disablement to 5 p.c. of disablement. The pensions range, for the 
rank and file, according to the class of disablement, from $600 down to $30 per 
annum (with a bonus of 50 p.c. of these amounts during the years commencing 
September 1, 1921, 1922 and 1923). The pensions for total disablement range 
from $600 for the rank and file up to $2,700 for persons of, and above the rank of 
commodore or brigadier-general. Married members of the forces receive additional 
amounts, ranging from $300 per annum for 100 p.c. of disablement to $15 per annum 
for 5 p.c. of disablement. Similarly, for disabled soldiers with children there is an 
additional pension ranging from $180 to $9 for the first child, from $144 to $9 for 
the second child, and from $120 to $6 for other children. No pension is 
paid in respect of boys over 16 or girls over 17 except in case of their physical or 
mental infirmity, or where the child is making satisfactory progress in a course of 
instruction approved by the Commission, when the pension may be paid until the 
child has reached the age of 21. The existing scale of pensions in cases of death 
is given in Table 19 and in cases of disability in Table 20. 

19. Scale of Annual Pensions granted to Dependants of Deceased Sailors and Soldiers 
of the Canadian Naval Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective 
on Sept. 1, 1923. 



Rank or Rating of Member of Forces. 


Widow or 
Dependent 
Parents. 


Child or 
Dependent 
Brother 
or 
Sister. 


Orphan 
child or 
Orphan 
Brother or 
Sister. 


All ratings below Petty Officer (Naval); Rank and file (Military). . 
Bonus . 


$ cts. 
480 OQi 
240 OOi 


$ cts. 


$ cts. 


Chief Petty Officer and Petty Officer (Naval); Squad, Battery or 
Company Sergt.-Major and Q.M. Sergeant (Military); Sergt., 
includin " Staff-Sergt and Colour Sergt (Military) . ... 


510 OO 1 






Bonus . 


210 OO 1 


- 


- 


Naval Cadet and Midshipman (Naval); Master Gunner not W.O. 
(Military); Regimental Sergt.-Major not W.O. (Military); Regi 
mental Q M Sergeant (Military) 


620 OO 1 






Bonus . 


100 OQi 


- 


- 


Warrant Officer and Chief Warrant Officer (Naval); Warrant Officer 
(Military) 


680 OQi 






Bonus. 


40 OQi 


- 


- 


Sub-Lieutenant (Naval); Lieutenant (Military) 


720 OO 1 


_ 


_ 










Lieutenant (Naval); Captain (Military) 


800 OQi 


_ 


_ 










Lieutenant Commander (Naval) Major (Military) 


1,008 OQi 


_ 


_ 










Commander and Captain under three years seniority (Naval); 
Lieutenant-Colonel (Military) 


1,248 OOi 














Captain (Naval); Colonel (Military) . 


1,512 OOi 


_ 


_ 










Commodore and higher ranks (Naval); Brigadier-General and 
higher ranks (Military) 


2,160 OOi 














Additional pension for children or dependent brothers or sisters 
for above ranks . . . . . . . .... 


First 


180 OOi 


360 OO 1 




Second 
Subsequent. 


144 00 
120 OO 1 


288 OOi 
240 OOi 



Rate per Annum . 



1 Pensions awarded to parents or brothers and sisters may be less than these amounts in accordance 
with the provisions of this Act. 



936 



ADMINISTRATION 



20. Scale of Annual Pensions to Disabled Sailors and Soldiers of 
Force, as effective for years commencing September 

PERCENTAGE or DISABILITY AND AMOUNT 



Rank or Rating 
of 
Member of Forces. 


Rate 
per 
Annum. 


Class 1 
Total 

Kid , . 


90-95% . 


Class 3 


Class 4 
89-85%. 


Class 5 

84-80% . 


Class 6 

79-75%. 


Class 7 

74-70%. 


Class 8 
69-65%. 


All Ratings below 
Petty Officer 
(Naval); Rank and 
File (Military) 


Pension 
Sonus 


$ cts 
600 00 

300 00 


S cts. 
570 00 

285 00 


$ cts. 
540 00 

270 00 


S cts. 
510 00 

255 00 


$ cts. 
48000 

"MO no 


$ cts. 
450 00 

995 nn 


$ cts. 
42000 

91 A fin 


$ cts. 
390 00 

1Q*; no 


Chief Pettv Officer 
and Petty Officer 
(Naval);Squad, Bat 
tery or Company 
Sergt. -Major and 
Q.M. Servant (Mili 


Pension 
r Bonus 


637 50 
262 50 


605 63 

249 37 


573 75 

236 25 


541 88 
223 12 


510 00 
210 00 


478 13 
196 87 


446 25 

100 7C 


414 38 

170 62 


tary nt, in 
cluding Staff Sergt. 
and Colour-Sergt . 
(Military) 




















Naval Cadet and Mid 
shipman (Naval); 
Master Gunner not 
W.O. (Military); 
Regimental Sergt. 


Pension 
Bonus 


775 00 
125 00 


736 25 
118 75 


697 50 
112 50 


658 75 
106 25 


62000 
100 00 


581 25 

92 75 


542 50 

87 50 


503 75 
81 25 


Major not W.O. 
(Military;) Regi 
mental Q.M. Sergt. 
(Military) 




















Warrant Officer and 
Chief Warrant Offi 
cer (Naval); War 


Pension 
Bonus 


850 00 
50 00 


807 50 
47 50 


765 00 
45 00 


722 50 
42 50 


680 00 
40 00 


637 50 
37 50 


595 00 
35 00 


522 50 
32 50 


rant Officer (Mili 
tary) 




















Sub-Lieutenant 
(Naval); Lieutenant 
(Military) 


Pension 


900 00 


855 00 


810 00 


765 00 


720 00 


675 00 


63000 


585 00 


Lieutenant (Naval); 
Captain (Military).. 
Lieutenant Comman 
der (Naval); Major 
Military) 


u 



1,000 00 
1,260 00 


950 00 
1,197 00 


900 00 
1,134,00 


850 00 
1,071 00 


800 00 
1,008 00 


75000 
945 00 


700 00 
882 00 


650 00 
819 00 


Commander and Cap 
tain under three 
years seniority 
(Naval): T ieu tenant 
Colonel (Military). . 
Captain (Naval); Col 
onel (Military). .. 



M 


1,56000 
1,890 00 


1,482 00 
1,795 50 


1,404 00 
1,701 00 


1,326 00 
1,606 50 


1,248 00 
1,512 00 


1,170 00 
1,417 50 


1,092 00 
1,323 00 


1,014 00 
1,228 50 


Commodore and 
riisher ranks 
(Naval); Brigadier- 
General and higher 
ranks (Military) 


u 


2, 700 00 


2,565 00 


2,430 00 


2,295 00 


2,160 00 


2,025 00 


1,890 00 


1,755 00 


Above Ranks 


Additional 




















pension 
for Mar 
ried mem 
bers of the 
Forces 


300 00 


285 00 


270 00 


255 00 


240 00 


225 00 


210 00 


195 00 


Additional pension for 
children for above 
ranks 


First child . 


180 00 


171 00 


162 00 


153 00 


144 00 


135 00 


126 00 


117 00 




Second 
child 
Subse 
quent 
children. . 


144 00 
120 00 


138 00 
114 00 


132 00 
108 00 


126 00 
102 00 


120 00 
96 00 


114 00 
90 00 


10800 

84 00 


102 00 
78 00 



The bonus payments set forth in this Schedule shall bo paid during the years commencing September 1, 
1922 and 1923. Members of the forces permanently disabled to a less extent than five per cent shall be 
entitled to a final payment not exceeding S]00. 

Members of the forces who are at the time of retirement or discharge, or who later become disabled to 
an extent of between five and fourteen per cent may elect to accept a final payment in lieu of the pensions 
set forth in this Schedule. The amount of such final payment in cases of disability between five and nine 
per cent shall i i three hundred dollars, and in ra.-e> of disability between ten and fourteen per cent 

shall not exceed six hundn d dollars and shall be determined in accordance with the extent of the disabi 
lity and its probable duration. Members of the forces permanently disabled between ten and fourteen per 



PEXSIOX RATES 



937 



the Canadian Naval Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary 
1, 1921, 1922 and 1923, under the Pension Act. 

OF PENSIONS AND ALLOWANCES. 



Class 9 


Class 10 


Class 11 


Class 12 


Class 13 


Class 14 


Class 15 


Class 16 


Class 17 


Class 18 


Class 19 


Glass 20 


64-60%. 


59-55%. 


54-50%. 


49-45%. 


44-40%. 


39-35%. 


34-30%. 


29-25%. 


24-20%. 


19-15%. 


14-10%. 


9-5%. 


$ cts. 
360 00 


$ cts. 
33000 


$ cts. 
30000 


$ cts. 
270 00 


$ cts. 
240 00 


$ cts. 
210 00 


$ cts. 
180 00 


$ cts. 
150 00 


$ cts. 
120 00 


$ cts. 
90 00 


$ cts. 
60 00 


$ cts. 
30 00 


180 00 


165 00 


150 00 


135 00 


120 00 


105 00 


90 00 


75 00 


6000 


45 00 


3000 


15 00 


382 50 


350 63 


318 75 


286 88 


255 00 


223 13 


191 25 


159 38 


127 50 


95 63 


63 75 


31 88 


157 50 


144 37 


131 25 


118 12 


103 00 


91 87 


78 75 


65 62 


52 50 


39 37 


26 25 


13 12 


465 00 


426 25 


387 50 


348 75 


310 00 


271 25 


232 50 


193 75 


155 00 


116 25 


77 50 


38 75 


7 00 


68 75 


62 50 


56 25 


50 00 


43 75 


37 50 


31 25 


25 00 


18 75 


12 50 


6 25 


510 00 


467 50 


425 00 


382 50 


340 00 


297 50 


255 00 


212 50 


170 00 


127 50 


85 00 


42 50 


30 00 


27 50 


25 00 


22 50 


20 00 


17 50 


15 00 


12 50 


10 00 


7 50 


5 00 


2 50 


540 00 


495 00 


450 00 


405 00 


360 00 


315 00 


270 00 


225 00 


18000 


135 00 


90 00 


45 00 


60000 


550 00 


500 00 


450 00 


400 00 


350 00 


30000 


250 00 


200 00 


150 00 


100 00 


50 00 


756 00 


693 00 


630 00 


567 00 


504 00 


441 00 


378 00 


315 00 


252 00 


189 00 


126 00 


63 00 


936 00 


858 00 


780 00 


702 00 


624 00 


546 00 


468 00 


390 00 


312 00 


234 00 


156 00 


78 00 


1,18400 


1,039 50 


945 00 


850 50 


756 00 


661 50 


567 00 


472 50 


378 00 


283 50 


189 00 


94 50 


1,620 00 


1,485 00 


1,350 00 


1,215 00 


1,080 00 


945 00 


81000 


675 00 


540 00 


405 00 


270 00 


135 00 


180 00 


165 00 


150 00 


135 00 


120 00 


105 00 


90 00 


75 00 


60 00 


45 00 


3000 


15 00 


108 00 


99 00 


90 00 


81 00 


72 00 


63 00 


54 00 


45 00 


36 00 


27 00 


18 00 


9 00 


96 00 


9000 


84 00 


78 00 


72 00 


63 00 


54 00 


45 00 


36 00 


27 00 


1800 


9 00 


72 00 


66 00 


60 00 


54 00 


48 00 


42 00 


36 00 


30 00 


24 00 


18 00 


12 00 


6 00 



cent shall receive six hundred dollars. Members of the forces permanently disabled between five and 
nine per cent shall receive three hundred dollars. If an election has been made to accept a final payment, 
such election is final unless the disability of the member of the forces concerned becomes greater in extent, 
in which case the pension shall be adjusted for the past period in accordance with the extent of the dis 
ability, and the amount paid as a final payment shall be deducted. If a married pensioner desires to elect 
to accept a final payment the consent of his wife must be secured. _ All payments of pension made subse 
quent to the time at which an award of fourteen per cent or under is made shall be deducted from the 
amount of the final payment. 



938 ADMINISTRATION 



Returned Soldiers Life Insurance. Under the Returned Soldiers Insurance 
Act of 1920 (10-11 Geo. V, c. 54), a system of life insurance at very favourable rates 
was established for returned soldiers, whose lives might not be considered as insur- 
able by life insurance companies. The general features of the scheme were described 
on pages 38-40 of the 1920 Year Book, to which the reader is referred. Up to Nov. 
30, 1923, the number of applications received and approved was 33,728. Policies 
in force numbered 32,476, having a total value of $55,155,000. 

The total value of death claims payable up to Oct. 31, 1923, was $2,107,000. 
Of the 670 claims due up to this date, 463 had been settled by cash payments or 
annuities involving an amount of $1,546,213. Policies cancelled up to the end of 
October, 1923, numbered 149 ($387,787), while lapses totalled 6,107, a value of 
$14,636,500. Reinstatements reduced net lapses to 2,096 ($4,989,500). A state 
ment of income and expenditure, as at Oct. 31, 1923, shows a balance from operation 
of $1,503,956 

VII. MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATION. 
1. The Soldier Settlement Board. 

The Canada Year Book, 1921, contains, on pages 809 and 810, a statement 
regarding the establishment and early proceedings of the Soldier Settlement Board. 
From the inception of the Board s operations to the end of the fiscal year 
1922-23, the number of war veterans who have come under the Act is 28,984. These 
are divided into two classes: (1) those who have received financial aid in the way 
of loans to enable them to purchase land, live stock and machinery, and to erect 
buildings, fences, etc., numbering 22,626, and (2) those who have taken up free 
Dominion lands and may be eligible for financial assistance for the purchase of 
stock and equipment, 6,358 in number. 

A total of $94,733,548 has been disbursed by the Board on behalf of these 
soldier settlers in the following manner: 

For Land Purchase $56,354,485 

For Removal of Encumbrances 2,209,637 

For Permanent Improvements 9 , 198 , 842 

For Stock and Equipment 25,084,600 

For Seed, Feed, Insurance, etc 642,980 

For Special Advances 406 , 181 

For Replacements 455,953 

For Indian Soldier Settlement 380,870 

Total $94,733,548 

Monies repaid to the federal treasury by soldier settlers total $15,243,167, of 
which $5,463,242 was for initial payments made on purchase of land, and the balance 
for interest and principal. 

At the close of the fiscal year $1,629,915, or 54-5 p.c. of the amount due the 
Board by settlers, was paid in on account of interest and principal charges due 
the previous fall. The Province of Ontario made the best showing with payments 
amounting to 91-3 p.c. of the amount due, but this included some prepayments. 
The district of Regina was second with 77-6 p.c., while the district of St. John, 
embracing the three Maritime Provinces, reported payments of 68-8 p.c. The 
district of Calgary (Southern Alberta) was lowest with 37-5 p.c., and Northern 
Alberta next with 39 p.c. It may be re-stated here that Parliament, in the session 
of lv22, amended the Act with respect to repayments, by granting certain interest 
exemptions to settlers who were established when prices were at their peak. For 



SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 939 

example: settlers who went on the land prior to October 1, 1919, were granted 
four years exemption, that is, from October 1, 1922, to October 1, 1926; those 
established from October 1, 1919, to October 1, 1920, three years exemption; and 
those established from October 1, 1920, to October 1, 1921, two years exemption; 
so that not until October 1, 1926, will full interest on the amount loaned be charge 
able. Further relief was granted by spreading the payments for stock and equip 
ment over a period of 25 years instead of 4 and 6 years as under the old Act. 

A number of settlers (583) have completely discharged their financial obliga 
tions to the Board, of whom 312 have continued to operate their farms. 

Of the settlers to whom advances were made, 14-5 p.c. had discontinued their 
farming operations. Twenty per cent of the failures have been due to causes 
beyond the control of the settlers, such as death, ill-health or a recurrence of physical 
disability due to the war. The major portion of them failed because of unsuitability, 
either of the land or the individual. A number of the farms which have come back 
into the hands of the Board have been resold to returned soldiers and civilians. In 
the case of 978 farms completely sold out, that is, the land as well as the stock and 
equipment sold, the amount realized for the land was $375,229 more than the 
original cost to the Board. In 78 other cases where the land was sold but 
stock and equipment not sold, the amount realized for the land was $12,445 in 
excess of original cost. From March 31, 1921, to March 31, 1923, 991 parcels of 
land were disposed of, the whole showing a substantial increase over original 
purchase price. In view of the limited demand for farm property, owing to the 
general depression in agriculture, the resale of so many farms at a profit show that 
the Board was, on the whole, successful in securing land for its soldier applicants 
at reasonably low figures. 

2. Scientific and Industrial Research in Canada. 1 

Prior to 1870 the basis of research in Canada was observation and record 
rather than experiment. Fifty years ago, laboratories, except elementary ones of 
scant accommodation, were non-existent. The courses in science in the univer 
sities did not, before 1878, involve any practical work beyond extremely simple 
demonstrations. The industries did not concern themselves with scientific investiga 
tion, and research was not regarded as an essential feature of the work of the 
Government Departments, except possibly in the Geological Survey. 

Scientific research in Canada began in the "eighties" with the institution in 
the universities of courses in experimental and practical science. Many of the 
investigators of Canadian origin who have distinguished themselves in the field 
of science within the last thirty years owe their stimulus toward research to the 
outlook developed by these new courses. 

Since 1890 Canadian universities have steadily increased their equipment for 
scientific teaching and research. While many of the teachers have had little time 
for research or for advanced courses, scientific investigators in Canadian univer 
sities have made valuable contributions to the literature of the sciences, and many 
of them have achieved high distinction. 

Scientific societies, such as the Royal Canadian Institute, founded in 1848, 
and the Royal Society of Canada, founded in 1881, also promoted research through 
the publication of papers giving the results of researches in the various departments 
of science, and through the distinction conferred by membership in such societies. 

Various departments of the Dominion and Provincial Governments have 
maintained scientific laboratories. Some of these have been concerned merely 

1 Contributed by the Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 



940 ADMINISTRATION 



with routine examination or analysis, but, in many cases, research was undertaken. 
The research activities of the Government departments have, however, been 
inadequate to meet the needs of the situation. Less than five years ago, it was 
estimated that the amount expended annually by Government laboratories for 
investigations of all kinds was less than $325,000, of which less than $100,000 was 
actually expended for research in Government laboratories. 

Twenty years ago the value of research was not appreciated by Canadian 
industries. A number of firms had routine testing or assay laboratories, but until 
1905 there were none which employed research for the improvement of their manu 
facturing processes or of their products. The example of foreign firms has to some 
extent altered public opinion in Canada on this question, but the number of 
Canadian firms which apply research to their industrial problems is still very small. 
Tn 1917 the Research Council of Canada issued a questionnaire to the industries. 
Replies received from 2,400 of the leading firms in Canada showed that of this 
number only 37, with as many directors and 124 assistants, had laboratories for 
research. Eighty-three firms employed as many investigators and 276 assistants, 
but the great majority of these were engaged only in routine examinations. Apart 
from salaries, the total amount expended in 1916 for research by all firms listed, 
did not exceed $135,000. 

The Research Council of Canada. 

The great war brought home to the British Empire the national importance 
of scientific research. When trade relations were broken by the outbreak of war, 
there followed almost immediately a scarcity of many essential materials, and, 
owing to the lack of scientific knowledge regarding satisfactory substitutes and the 
processes involved in key industries, confusion and paralysis ensued, and the extent 
to which the Empire had become dependent upon foreign monopolies was at once 
apparent. Steps were immediately taken to meet this situation. A committee 
of the Imperial Privy Council was appointed and, under it, an Advisory Council 
for Scientific and Industrial Research was established early in 1915 by the British 
Government to deal with the development of scientific and industrial research and 
its application to the problems of war and of peace. The British Dominions were 
invited to establish similar organizations, in order to bring about co-operation of 
effort and co-ordination of research throughout the Empire. Acting upon this 
suggestion, the Government of Canada appointed, in 1916, a Sub-Committee of 
the Privy Council to devise and carry out measures to promote scientific and indus 
trial research, in order that Canadian industries might be in a position to supply 
Canadian needs and to extend Canadian trade abroad. 

Under this Sub-Committee of the Privy Council, there was constituted, late 
in 1916, the Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 
composed of eleven men distinguished in the scientific and industrial world. To 
this Advisory Council, more commonly known as the Research Council of Canada, 
were assigned the following duties: 

(a) To ascertain and tabulate the various research agencies in Canada. 

(b) To note and schedule the researches and investigations. 

(c) To co-ordinate all research agencies, so as to prevent overlapping. 

(d) To tabulate the technical and scientific problems that confront Canadian 
industries. 

(e) To study the unused natural resources of Canada and the by-products 

of all basic indu>t ries. 

(f) To increase the number of trained research men. 

(g) To stimulate the public mind in regard to the importance and utility of 
scientific research. 



SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 941 

The Research Council, in order to ascertain the equipment and man-power 
available in Canada for research and for the solution of the technical problems con 
fronting Canadian industries, at once made what might be termed a research inventory 
of the Dominion. This established the facts that Canada was far behind in the 
scientific development of her industries, and that Canadians needed to be educated 
to the advantages of research. 

To meet this situation, the Research Council proceeded to develop its work 
in the three following directions: 

(a) Recognizing that there was but a very limited number of highly trained 
men available for industrial research in the Dominion, the Research Council estab 
lished a number of fellowships, studentships and bursaries having an annual value 
of $1,200, $1,000 and $750 respectively, to be held only by university graduates. 
A man (or woman) who has shown a marked aptitude in research may be appointed 
to a bursary tenable for one year, and may in subsequent years be promoted to a 
studentship and then a fellowship. These students follow their courses of advanced 
study and obtain their training in research at one or other of the larger universities 
of Canada. Up to the present time 146 of these awards have been made to 96 
persons, and those who held these bursaries, studentships or fellowships are now 
almost without exception holding positions in industrial companies in Canada or 
in Canadian universities, and devoting their time wholly or in part to the work of 
research. On these grants the Research Council expends annually a sum not 
exceeding $40,000, or one-third of its annual grant of $120,000 from the Dominion 
Parliament. 

(b) The Research Council has inaugurated a number of very important re 
searches, such as that on the utilization of Canadian peat carried out at the Alfred 
bog near Ottawa under the Peat Board, and that on the briquetting of the low grade 
lignite of southeastern Saskatchewan at Bienfait, near Estevan, now being conducted 
by the Lignite Utilization Board. It has also made 93 grants for research into 
questions of special importance to Canadian industry, representing an expenditure 
of about $175,000. 

(c) In order to develop an interest in research everywhere throughout the 
Dominion and at the same time to mobilize for the purpose of research all the 
available forces in Canada, the Research Council has associated with itself eleven 
associate or advisory committees, composed of the leaders hi various branches of 
science in the Dominion and comprising 145 persons, all of whom serve without 
remuneration. 

National Research Institute. 

The Research Council, however, recognizes that in order to develop its work 
the establishment of a national research institute is necessary. If such an institute 
were erected and endowed, the Council would be in a position to organize the various 
industries of the Dominion many of whom now carry on a certain amount of 
research work, and all of which could profit by it in a wide scheme of industrial 
research, the Government supplying well-equipped laboratories and shops under 
a director and one or two assistants of extended and successful experience, while 
the industries would provide the salaries of the skilled workers and the additional 
outlay required for the solution of the special problems which they would bring to 
the institute. 

This plan was recommended to the Government by the Research Council, and 
a special committee of the House of Commons was appointed to investigate and 
report upon this recommendation. The committee studied the proposal for two 



942 ADMINISTRATION 



sessions of Parliament and heard a great many witnesses, several of whom were men 
eminent for scientific knowledge and attainment, and finally, on April 27, 1920, 
brought in its final report, making the following recommendations : 

"1. That a National Research Institute for Canada, endowed with the 
functions and of the character indicated in the foregoing, be established in the 
vicinity of Ottawa, on a site fifty acres in area, of easy access and conveniently 
located for water, gas and electric power supply. 

2. That the first building to be erected for the Institute should be of the 
best modern construction, suitable for laboratory work, and of such dimensions 
as to provide accommodation for some years to come. 

3. That there be appropriated by Parliament $500,000 for the purchase 
of the site and the construction of the building, 100,000 for the scientific 
equipment of the Institute, and $50,000 for salaries and maintenance during 
the first year of its operation. 

4. That legislation be enacted at this session to provide for the establish 
ment of this National Research Institute and the govdruuient of the same." 

A bill for the establishment of such an Institute was passed by the House of 
Commons on May 3, 1921, but failed to receive the approval of the Senate. 

In other countries, research institutes have been or are being founded. Among 
those already in operation, are the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain, 
the Bureau of Standards, with its Industrial Research Institute, at Washington, 
the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry for Australia, the Cawthron 
Institute for New Zealand, the National Institute of Japan, the Physikalische- 
Technische Reichs-Anstalt of Charlottenburg and the Chemical Institute at Dahlem, 
Germany, and the Research Institute at Brussels for Belgium. Beside the Central 
Research Institute at Dehra Dun in India, which is to be enlarged to cover industrial 
research on a semi-commercial scale, the Government of India has accepted a 
proposal to found another research institute, and the establishment of a Research 
Institute for Burmah is now under consideration. Almost everywhere there is a 
recognition of the value of scientific research in the promotion of national pros 
perity scientific research, not casually pursued as in the past, but organized and 
directed to the economic utilization of the natural resources of each country and 
the promotion of human welfare. Canada cannot be indifferent to this situation; 
and the Research Council feels that the establishment of a National Research 
Institute is the first and the earliest measure that should be taken to put Canada 
in a position to develop her natural resources and to hold her own in the competition 
for the trade of the world. 

3. Department of the Secretary of State. 

The Department of the Secretary of State was constituted in its present form 
in 1873 through the merging of the previously-existing offices of the Secretaries of 
State for Canada and for the Provinces. The Secretary of State is the official 
mouthpiece of the Governor General, as well as the medium of communication 
between the Dominion and Provincial Governments, all correspondence between 
the two being conducted by him with the Lieutenant-Governor. He is also the 
custodian of the Great Seal of Canada and the Privy Seal, as well as the channel 
by which the general public may approach the Crown. 

The Secretary of State is also the Registrar-General, registering all proclama 
tions, commissions, charters, land patents and other instruments issued under the 
Great Seal. He is further charged with the administration of the Companies Act, 
the Canada Temperance Act and the Naturalization Act. The following infor 
mation on these subjects has been secured in the course of administration. 



COMPANIES INCORPORATED SINCE 1900 



943 



Charters of Incorporation. The number of companies incorporated under 
the Companies Act and amending Acts during the fiscal year 1921-22 was 875 
(as against 852 in the previous year), with a total capitalization of $351,555,900 
(as against $752,062,683 in the previous year). During the year Supplementary 
Letters Patent were granted to 127 companies, of which 43 increased their capital 
stock by the aggregate amount of $18,275,000, 13 decreased their capital stock by 
$5,121,450, the remaining 71 being granted Supplementary Letters Patent for 
various purposes, such as changing names, extending powers, etc. The total capital 
ization of new companies plus the net increase of capital of existing companies 
amounted to $364,709,450. 

In Table 21 will be found the number and capitalization of companies incor 
porated during the years 1900-1922. 

21. Number of Companies Incorporated under the Companies Act and amending 
Acts during the calendar years 1900-1907, and for the fiscal years ended March 



Years. 


Xew Companies. 


Old Companies. 


Gross 
Increase 
in 
Capital 
ization. 


Old Companies. 


Net 
Increase 
of 
Capital 
ization. 


Number. 


Capital 
ization. 


Number 
ing. 


In 
crease 
their 
Capital 
by 


Number 
ing. 


De 
creased 
their 
Capital 
by 


1900 


53 
55 
126 
187 
206 
293 
374 
378 
64 
366 
420 
454 
575 
835 
647 
461 
534 
606 
574 
512 
991 
852 
875 


$ 

9,558,900 
7,662,552 
51,182,850 
83,405,340 
80,597,752 
99,910,900 
180,173,075 
132,686,300 
13,299,000 
121,624,875 
301,788,300 
458,415,800 
447,626,999 
625,212,300 
361,708,567 
208,283,633 
157,342,800 
207,967,810 
335,982,400 
214,326,000 
603,210,850 
752,062,683 
351,555,900 


44 
45 
44 
54 
61 
34 
28 
36 
41 
69 
88 
135 
43 


$ 

3,351,000 
3,420,000 
5,055,000 
5,854,520 
3,366,000 
9,685,000 
32,403,000 
19,091,900 
865,000 
72,293,000 
46,589,500 
24,715,600 
42,939,000 
65,549,900 
63,599,003 
26,650,000 
68,996,000 
26,540,000 
69,321,400 
67,583,625 
85,187,750 
79,803,000 
8,275,000 


$ 

12,909,900 
11,082,552 
56,237,850 
89,259,340 
83,963,752 
109,595,900 
212,576,075 
151,778,200 
14,164,000 
193,917,875 
348,377,800 
483,131,400 
490,565,999 
680,962,200 
425,307,570 
234,933,633 
226,338,800 
234,507,810 
405,303,800 
281,909,625 
688,398.600 
831,865,683 
369,830,900 


4 
4 
7 
5 
3 
4 
11 
3 
4 
11 
10 
17 
13 


$ 

670,600 
10,650,000 
17,880,800 
11,861,381 
3,290,000 
6,840,000 
4,811,700 
5,050,000 
1,884,300 
2,115,985 
19,530,000 
7,698,300 
5,121,450 


$ 
12,909,900 
11,082,552 
56,237,850 
89,259,340 
83,963,752 
109,595,900 
212,576,075 
151,778,200 
14,164,000 
193,917,875 
347,707,200 
472,481,400 
472,685,199 
669,100,819 
422,017,570 
228,093,633 
221,527,100 
229,457,810 
403,419,500 
279,793,640 
668,868,600 
824,167,383 
364,709,450 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 .. 


1906. . . . 


1907. . . 


1908 (3 mos.) 
1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 . 


1916. . 


1917... 


1918... 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 





Naturalizations. The naturalizations effected under the Naturalization Act 
(R.S. 1906, c. 77), for the calendar years 1908-1917 inclusive, were given on page 594 
of the Year Book for 1919. Since January 1, 1918, the only method of obtaining 
naturalization has been under what is known as the "Imperial" Naturalization Act, 
which came into force on January 1, 1915. This Act was known under the title 
of the Naturalization Act, 1914, until July 7, 1919, when it was repealed and the 
Naturalization Act, 1919, came into force. On July 1, 1920, the Naturalization 
Act, 1919, was repealed, and the Naturalization Act, 1914, was revived and amended 
under the title of the Naturalization Acts, 1914 and 1920. This latter Act is the 
one now in force. Table 22 shows the principal nationalities granted naturalization 
under these Acts during the calendar years from 1915 to 1922. It is a noteworthy 
fact that the number of certificates issued under the above Acts increased from 124 
in the year 1915 to 8,773 in 1920, 11,069 in 1921 and 8,333 in 1922. 



944 



ADMINISTRATION 



22. Naturalizations in Canada, by Principal Nationalities, effected under the 
Naturalization Acts 1914-1920, during the calendar years 1916, 1917, 1918, 

1919, 120, 1921 and 1922. 



Nationalities. 


1916. 


-1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 












2 


3 


4 




63 


58 


11 


37 


3,552 


2,516 


1,599 








- 


- 


1 


- 


1 




_ 


_ 


- 


1 


- 


1 


2 




_ 


- 


- 





13 


182 


88 




_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2 




_ 


_ 


- 


- 


3 


26 


5 


Belgians 


1 


1 


8 


65 


102 


1H7 


132 




_ 


- 





2 


- 


- 









_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 




_ 


_ 


- 





2 


2 


5 




_ 


_ 








3 


5 


3 




_ 


_, 


- 


- 


- 





1 




5 


4 


2 


21 


20 


25 


14 




_ 


_ 


- 


1 


102 


143 


99 




3 


12 


16 


115 


133 


171 


125 







4 


18 


80 


99 


94 


65 


Dutch East Indies 




_ 


1 
















^ 


_ 


- 








- 


2 




_ 


_ 





17 


Ill 


152 


113 




5 


3 


7 


128 


127 


158 


124 






_ 


1 


- 


112 


257 


195 




_ 


- 


- 





1 


- 


- 




6 


- 


4 


30 


161 


224 


260 






- 


- 


- 


7 


28 


31 




3 


1 


5 


156 


181 




665 




17 


31 


15 


82 


125 


i:;5 


95 


Ju^o-Slovaks * 


_ 





- 


- 


3 


2 







_ 


- 


1 


1 


6 


7 


3 




1 


_ 





1 


4 


4 







_ 


_ 





- 


- 


1 







. 


- 


- 


2 


1 


3 


1 




11 


4 


34 


210 


366 


299 


209 




_ 








- 


- 





i 




_ 





- 


- 


3 


4 





Poles 


_ 





- 


58 


1,232 


1,997 


1,092 




_ 


_ 








7 


300 


308 




H 


_ 





- 





3 









_ 





1 


- 


1 







_ 





4 


4 


- 


- 


1 




3 


2 


6 


55 


384 


872 


585 




6 


5 


9 


687 


1,303 


2,021 


1,692 




_ 


- 




- 


- 


- 


7 




_ 


_ 





- 


- 


- 


12 




_ 


_ 


- 





- 


- 


2 




.. 


_ 


3 


3 


24 


4 


3 


Serb-Croat-Slovaks 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


22 


122 


99 




_ 





3 


4 


5 


3 


8 




_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 





118 




14 


8 


37 


236 


384 


435 


276 




10 


1 


10 


39 


51 


69 


49 


Turks 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


2 


10 


7 




_ 


- 


- 


1 


39 


67 


86 




_ 





- 


- 


- 


3 


1 


Turk (Greek) 


_ 


- 








3 


16 


7 




_ 








- 


- 


1 


~ 




_ 


- 


- 


- 


4 


2 


5 


Turk (Palestine) . 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


1 


1 






- 


- 





11 


79 


134 






_ 


1 








- 





~ 




2 


- 


- 





2 


3 


~ 


Section 11 s.s. (c)*c. 38, Nat. Act, 1919 
British in Canada 


_ 


_ 


- 


3 


2 


- 


- 


Total 


15C 


135 


195 


2,051 


8,784 


11,069 


8,345 



















i Under Section 4 of the Naturalization Act, 1914, the Secretary of State is authorized in his discretion 
to grant a special certificate of naturalization to any person with regard to whose nationality as a B 

nationality by wife of alien being a subject of state at war with His Majesty. 



NATIONAL GALLERY 945 



Canada Temperance Act. Under Parts I and II of this Act, provision is 
made for the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors in counties and cities. 
On Dec. 14, 1922, a vote was taken upon the repeal of the Act in the county of 
Missisquoi, Quebec. The repeal was carried by a large majority and became effective 
from March 3, 1923. The Act was suspended by Orders in Council, dated 
respectively Nov. 4, 1922, and June 16, 1923, without the taking of a vote, in the 
counties of Digby and Guysborough, N.S. Part IV of the Act relates to the 
prohibition of the importation and exportation of intoxicating liquors into and from 
the provinces. Under this part, a further plebiscite was taken in the province of 
Prince Edward Island on Jan. 22, 1923. The vote was decisively in favour of 
prohibition, which was accordingly brought into force from May 21, 1923. 
Although seven provinces had previously voted for prohibition, during the autumn 
of 1923 the provinces of Manitoba and Alberta repealed the previously existing 
legislation, adopting systems of government-controlled liquor stores similar to 
those of Quebec and British Columbia. 

4. National Gallery. 

The National Gallery of Canada was the outcome of the establishment, in 1880, 
by the Marquis of Lome and H.R.H. Princess Louise, of the Royal Canadian 
Academy of Arts, which required the elected Academicians to deposit their diploma 
pictures in the National Gallery at Ottawa. The collections of pictures, statuary 
and other works of art now occupying premises in the Royal Victoria Museum 
in Ottawa consist of purchases made by means of .the annual grants voted by the 
Dominion Parliament, the diploma works of the members of the Royal Canadian 
Academy, and gifts and loans by persons interested in art. In 1907 an Advisory 
Arts Council of three members was appointed by authority of an Order in Council, 
and in 1913, under the National Gallery of Canada Act (3-4 Geo. V, c. 33), the 
Advisory Arts Council was constituted the Board of Trustees for the management 
of the National Gallery and the administration of its annual grants. 

In addition to the care and management of the National Gallery, the Act 
imposes upon the Board responsibility for "the encouragement and cultivation of 
correct artistic taste and Canadian public interest in the fine arts, the promotion 
of the interests generally of art in Canada." 

Amongst the collections of oil paintings now in the National Gallery are works 
by such old masters as Tintoretto, Caravaggio, Andrea del Sarto, Bartholomaus 
de Bruyn, Luca Giordano, Cima da Conegliano, Frans Floris, Chardin, Hogarth, 
Snyders, Daniel Mytens. The more modern schools include representative works 
by the great English masters Reynolds, Hoppner, Beechey, Lawrence, Gams- 
borough, Millais, Leighton, Holman Hunt. The French masters include J. F. 
Millet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley and a number of others, while 
the contemporary British school is strongly represented by fine examples of the 
work of such artists as Arnesby Brown, Laura Knight, Glyn Philpot, W. Orpen, 
D. Muirhead, G. Henry, Austen Brown, Adrian Stokes and many others. The 
Gallery includes an excellent and representative exhibition of the work of Canadian 
artists both past and present. 

The National Gallery collections of engravings, etchings, lithographs, etc. 
have been developed and formed into a department of prints with a special curator 
at the head. Important acquisitions have recently been made ^of works by 
Mantegna, Robetta, Nicholetto, Rosex, D. Campagnola, Marcantonio, Canaletto; 
Master M.Z., Schongauer, Durer, Altdorfer, Aldegrever, Pencz, Hirschvogel, Hollaj 

6237360 



946 ADMINISTRATION 



Master W.C.I.E.F., van Dyck, van Leyden, Rembrandt, Ostade, Potter, van de 
Velde, Bega, Berchem, Ruysdael; Duvet, Gellee, Mellan, Morin, Nanteuil, Drevet, 
Jacque, Millet, Corot, Raffet, Isabey, Bonington, Meryon, Braquemond, Jacque- 
mart, Legros, Lepere; Harding, Blake, Crome, Daniel, Wilkie, Geddes, Haden, 
Short, Strang, McBey, Brangwyn, Shannon,. Gabain; Whistler, Zorn. 

One of the most important activities of the National Gallery is its Loan 
Exhibition work. Under this policy the National Gallery lends to any art body 
or society in Canada, which possesses the necessary facilities, a collection of Canadian 
paintings, either for one year or for shorter periods. During 1922 nineteen (19) 
loans were distributed, and practically every important city in Canada has 
thereby gained a better knowledge of Canadian art. The aggregate value of loans 
made during the past five years is over $1,000,000. 

After having been closed to visitors since February, 1916, during which time 
the halls were occupied by the Houses of Parliament, the National Gallery was 
re-opened on September 12, 1921, with extended premises and augmented collections 
of art objects. The attendance during the first year of re-opening was 106,000, and 
it is estimated that almost as many more viewed the various exhibitions held 
throughout the country. 

During the past year two important additions were made to the sculpture 
collection by the purchase of two fine Assyrian reliefs dating from 900 B.C. 

Among the noteworthy paintings acquired are two Florentine panel pictures 
of the 14th Century, a "Madonna and Child" by Taddeo Gaddi and "The Three 
Apostles" by Agnolo Gaddi, and also a rare and interesting study "Adam and Eve 
in the Garden" by Francesco Furini. Among modern works added to the national 
collection are unusually fine examples of the work of such well-known men as William 
Strang, R.A., Augustus John, A.R.A, Charles Ricketts, A.R.A., Mrs. A. L. Swyn- 
nerton, A.R.A. , Walter Russell, A.R.A., Cayley Robinson, A.R.A., and a number 
of others. In addition to the above, the Board of Trustees has continued to purchase 
consistently what it deems the best work of Canadian artists from the current 
exhibitions. 

Outstanding acquisitions in the print department include brilliant impressions 
of the "Virgin and Child with a Monkey" and the "Melancholia" by Albrecht 
Diirer, "Ephriam Bonus" by Rembrandt, and the "Nativity" by Schongauer. A 
total of 893 prints were added to the collection during the year. 

5.- Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (formerly the Royal Northwest Mounted 
Police) are distributed throughout the Dominion, with headquarters at Ottawa. The 
operations of the force for the year ended September 30, 1922, are described in the 
Commissioner s Report for that year, which shows that during the year the Royal 
Canadian Mounted Police discharged numerous and varied functions, in several 
instances assisting provincial administrations in the maintenance of law and order, 
co-operating with the Dominion Department of Health in putting down the illicit 
traffic in narcotics, with the Secretary of State in inquiring into the suitability for 
citizenship of applicants for naturalization, with the Department of Marine and 
fisheries in protecting property in cases of wrecks and in enforcing fisheries regula 
tions, with the Post Office Department in tracking down mail robbery, with the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the taking of the census in outlying communii 
and with the Department of Indian Affairs in the enforcement of the Indian Act, 
important patrol work has been done in the Arctic regions. On September 1, 



THE CIVIL SERVICE 



947 



1922, the strength of the force was 64 officers, 1,163 non-commissioned officers and 
constables, 656 horses and 118 dogs, numbers showing only slight variation from 
the previous year. 

23. Strength and Distribution of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ou 

September 30, 1922. 



Schedule. 



| 

t-, 

-i 

= 

-a a 

03 -^ 
OQQ 

W 


Maritime 
Provinces. 


d 

1 

o 

3 

<y 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskatchewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


C 
O 

J 




Northwest 
Territories. 


T3 

- C J 

1r 

cei-i 



Ellesmere 
Island. 


Canada. 




J 
























i 


Asst Commissioners 


1 




_ 




_ 


_ 




1 










9 


Superintendents . . 


9 




_ 


3 


1 


4 


9 




i 








13 


Inspectors 


3 


1 


i 


E 


3 


10 


7 


q 


R 


9 




1 


4S 


Surgeons 


1 










1 










_ 




9 


Asst. Veterinary Surgeon 






_ 


_ 


_ 


1 










. 




1 


Staff Sergeants 


q 


1 


i 


8 


3 


P 


7 


8 


4 


? 


1 


_ 


53 


Sergeants 


11 


3 


7 


21 


7 


38 


1? 


17 


3 


3 






1?,9 


Corporals 


in 


4 


7 


29 


14 


48 


31 


97 


8 


3 


1 


1 


183 


Constables 


?4 


27 


?4 


?06 


42 


IS? 


qp 


109 


98 


Ifi 


2 


6 


793 


Special Constables 


17 


1 


1 


1P 


1 


11 


18 


11 


4 


? 






8?, 






























Total Personnel 


7 


37 


41 


K. 


71 


274 


173 


17.5 


51 


?7 


4 


7 


m? 






























Saddle Horses 








fiO 


32 


9M 


119 


I M 


4 








W 


Team Horses ... . 








4 


? 


o; 


99 


p 


fi 








fi5> 


Ponies. . . 














1 












T 






























Total Horses 








64 


34 


?7fi 


14? 


130 


10 








656 






























Dogs 










94 




10 




94 


60 






118 































6. The Civil Service of Canada. 

Prior to 1882, appointments to the Civil Service of Canada were made directly 
by the Government of the day. In that year, a Board of Civil Service Examiners 
was appointed to examine candidates and issue certificates of qualification to those 
successful at examinations. Appointments, however, were still made by the Govern 
ment. 

The Royal Commission of 1907, appointed to inquire into the Civil Service 
Act and its operation, reported in favor of the creation of a Civil Service Com 
mission; in 1908 this body was appointed, consisting of two members appointed 
by the Governor in Council and holding office during good behaviour, but being 
removable by the Governor-General on address of the Senate and House of Commons. 
The Civil Service was classified into three divisions under the deputy heads of 
Departments, each division consisting of two sub-divisions, each of these having 
its scale of salaries. The Commission was charged with the organization of, and 
appointments to the inside service and with the competitive examination of candi 
dates for positions in the inside, and the qualifying examination of candidates for 
the outside service. All British subjects between 18 and 35 years of age, having 
resided in Canada for two years, were eligible to try these examinations under the 
system of open competition. 

In 1918 a third member of the Civil Service Commission was appointed. The 
Civil Service Act of that year (8-9 Geo. V, c. 12) extended the Commission s 
authority to include appointments to the outside service, and enlarged its powers 
regarding the regulation of the duties of employees and its access to, and relation^ 
with, the various Departments of the Government. 
6237360* 



948 



A DMINISTRA TION 



The appended table shows the number of employees of the Civil Service as at 
Dec. 31, 1921, classified as permanent and temporary and as employed in Ottawa and 
outside of Ottawa. 

24. Employees of the Civil Service of Canada, in Ottawa and outside of Ottawa, 

as at December 31, 1921. 



No. 


Departments. 


In Ottawa. 


Outside of Ottawa. 


Grand 
Total 
Em 
ployee*. 


Per 
manent. 


Tem 
porary. 


Total 
Num 
ber 
in 
Ottawa. 


Per 
manent. 


Tem 
porary. 


Total 
Num 
ber 
Outside 
of 
Ottawa. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 

35 
36 


Agriculture 1 


333 
27 
152 
38 
122 
521 
37 
320 
14 
129 
65 
133 
72 
31 
1,209 
2 
90 
95 
138 
186 
364 
52 
167 
2 
90 
1,143 
20 
246 

66 
230 
23 
80 

341 
11 
278 


40 
77 
53 
7 
101 
35 
24 
100 
1 
55 
15 
31 
6 

124 

37 
15 
74 
703 
14 
45 
25 
24 
232 

484 
1,108 
3 
40 

7 
57 

735 

156 
102 


373 
104 
205 
45 
223 
556 
61 
420 
15 
184 
80 
164 
78 
31 
1,333 
2 
90 
132 
153 
260 
1,067 
66 
212 
27 
114 
1,375 
20 
730 
1,869 
69 
270 
30 
137 

1,076 
167 
380 


745 
33 

20 

3,075 
9 
31 

70 
406 
193 

674 

63 

4 
85 
219 
190 

7,403 

3 

12 

3 

20 
1 
203 


235 
102 

10 

271 
28 
30 

147 
142 

2.57 

127 

5 

3,585 
10 
416 
779 
622 

1,784 

1,774 
1 
1,882 
4 

3,708 
629 

441 


980 

135 

30 

3,346 
37 
61 

217 
548 
450 

801 

68 
3,585 
14 
501 
998 
812 

9,187 

1,774 
13 

1,882 
4 

3,728 
630 
644 


1,353 
239 
205 
75 
223 
3,902 
98 
481 
15 
184 
27 
712 
528 
31 
2,134 
2 
90 
200 
3,738 
274 
1,568 
1,064 
1,024 
27 
114 
10,562 
20 
730 
3,643 
82 
2,152 
34 
137 

4,804 
797 
1,024 


Air Board .... . 


\uditor General 


Archives 


Civil Service Commission 


Customs and Kxcise 4 


External Affairs 


k inance 4 


Gov Gen Socv s Office 


Hou-e of Commons 4 


Health 


Immigration and Colonization 4 


Indian \ffairs 


Insurance 


Interior 


International Joint Commission 


Justice . 


Labour 4 .... 


M;irine 4 


\lin \s 


Militia and Defence 2 


Fisheries 


\aval Service* 


Purch Com of Canada 


Patents and Copyrights 


Post Office* 


Privy Council 


Public Printing and Stationery 


Public Works 3 


Railway Commission 


Railways and Canals * 


R.C.M.P . 


Soldiers Civil Re-establishment and 
Board of Pension Commissioners 
Soldiers Settlement Board 4 


Trade and Commerce 


Total 5 


7,588 


4,530 


12,118 


13,456 


16,989 


30,445 


42,563 





NOTE. The above enumeration refers solely to the location of employees of the service. 

1 Casual labour excepted. 2 Casual labour and prevailing rate employees excepted. 3 Permanent 
and temporary employees outside of Ottawa cannot be differentiated. 4 Some part time employe;^. 
Does not include rural postmasters. 



7. Judicial and Penitentiary Statistics. 

The collection and publication of Criminal Statistics was first authorized by 
an Act of 1876 (39 Viet., c. 13), and the results have been published upon a com 
parable basis in an annual report from 1880 to the present time, being now collected 
and published b y the Dominion Bureau of Statistics under the Statistics Act (8-9 
Geo. V., c. 43), which provides for the receipt of an annual return by the Bureau 
from every court or tribunal administering criminal justice. The statistic.^ 
published show for each judicial district (148 in number) the offences that have 
>een committed, analysed to indicate the nature of the offence, the age, sex, occupa- 



JUDICIAL AND PENITENTIARY STATISTICS 949 

tion and social condition, birthplace, etc., of the convicted, and the sentences 
imposed. The Act also provides for the collection of the statistics of penitentiaries, 
prisons, reformatories and jails, as complementary to the preceding. The statistics 
relate to years ending September 30, the last report being for 1922. Beginning 
with the report for this year, an enlargement of the classification of offences has 
been adopted, by which offences relating to juvenile offenders are compiled separately 
from those relating to adults. The term "indictable" applies to adults only, 
similar offences committed by juveniles being termed "major" offences; similarly 
"non-indictable" offences as applied to adults are termed "minor" offences when 
applied to juveniles. All comparative tables have been worked out for 1921 and 
1922 in accordance with the new classification. A historical table giving the totals 
for different classes of indictable offences and non-indictable offences, including 
juvenile delinquents, from 1876 to 1922 is here published (Table 25). In the con 
sideration of this table it should be remembered that while the criminal code 
undergoes little change over periods of time, the figures of summary convictions 
depend very much upon the changes in the customs of the people, and are apt to 
increase with the increasing urbanization of the population. The most significant 
column of Table 25 is the figure of criminal offences per 100,000 of population. 

Indictable Offences. Table 26 shows, by provinces, in respect of indictable 
offences, the number of charges and convictions and the percentages of acquittals 
for the years 1920, 1921 and 1922. There were 21,032 charges and 15,720 con 
victions for indictable offences throughout Canada during the year ended Septem 
ber 30, 1922, as compared with 21,451 charges and 16,169 convictions in 1921, 
a decrease of 419 for charges and of 449 for convictions from the previous year. 

Summary Convictions. The number of summary convictions that is, 
the total number of convictions for all offences less the number of convictions for 
indictable offences in 1922 was 136,322 as compared with 155,376 in 1921. This 
represents a decrease of 19,054 or 12-3 p.c. 

Death Sentences. During the year ended September 30, 1922, there were 
19 persons sentenced to death for murder, as compared with 17 in 1921. The 
number of commutations of death sentences in 1922 was 7 to imprisonment for 
life, compared with 9 to imprisonment for life and 1 for 10 years in 1921. 

Police Statistics. The number of police in 135 cities and towns making 
returns was 3,948. The number of offences reported or known to the police during 
the year was 201,049; 162,963 persons were arrested or summoned to stand trial, 
the perpetrators of 38,086 offences remaining undiscovered. Automobiles numbering; 
3,750 of a value of $4,078,825 were reported stolen, of which 3,450 were recovered- 
The number of bicycles reported stolen was 5,982 and of those recovered 3,337. In 
addition the police found 2,531 bicycles which had not been reported stolen. The 
value of all other articles reported stolen was $1,568,787, and of- this amount 
$1,293,220 was recovered. Photographs of prisoners taken totalled 5,459, finger 
prints 15,567, and indentifications established, 3,606. Street accidents reported 
numbered 14,651. Shelter was given to 34,500 persons, and 5,897 children were 
found and returned to their homes. 




950 



ADMINISTRATION 



25. Convictions by Groups of Criminal Offences, and Total Convictions for Minor 
Offences, 1876-1922, with Proportion to Population. 





Indictable or 


Non-indictable or 






Criminal Offences. 


Minor Offences. 


T rtf-ol 




Offences against 








1 Otlll 

Criminal 






OtVior 






i 








pro 


\J 1/HUi 

felonies 






and 
Minor 


Years 


the 


pro 
perty 
with 


perty 
with 


;ind 
misde 


Totals of 
criminal offences. 


Total Minor Offences. 


Offences. 




person. 


vio 


out 


mean 












lence. 


vio 
lence. 


ours. 




















p.c. of 


per 




p.c. of 


per 






Xo. 


Xo. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


all of 


100,000 


No. 


all of 


100,000 


No. 














fences. 


pop. 




fences. 


pop. 




1876... 


4,959 


201 


2,870 


121 


8,151 


28-9 


206 


20,064 


71-1 


508 


28,215 


1877... 


5,253 


229 


3,316 


114 


8,912 


29-4 


222 


21,388 


70-6 


533 


30,300 


1878. . . 


5,376 


222 


3,612 


129 


9,339 


28-3 


229 


23,666 


71-7 


580 


33,005 


1879... 


4,815 


238 


3,043 


78 


8,168 


28-4 


197 


20,568 


71-6 


496 


28,736 


1880... 


5,694 


176 


3,018 


202 


9,090 


32-2 


215 


19,119 


67-8 


454 


28,209 


1881... 


4,353 


144 


2,593 


288 


7,378 


25-2 


170 


21,847 


74-8 


504 


29,225 


1882... 


4,667 


173 


2,845 


106 


7,791 


24-9 


178 


23,514 


75-1 


536 


31,305 


1883... 


4,868 


132 


2,587 


128 


7,715 


22-9 


174 


25,857 


77 1 


583 


33,572 


1884... 


4,288 


228 


3,547 


167 


8,230 


27 6 


183 


21,563 


72-4 


481 


29,793 


1885... 


5,057 


222 


3,157 


289 


8,725 


25 6 


192 


25,317 


74-4 


558 


34,042 


1886... 


5,202 


255 


2,943 


224 


8,624 


25 2 


188 


25,581 


74-8 


557 


34,205 


1887... 


4,902 


208 


2,519 


224 


7,873 


22 7 


170 


26,772 


77-3 


577 


34,645 


1888... 


4,790 


225 


3,442 


162 


8,619 


22-8 


184 


29,173 


77-2 


622 


37,792 


1889. . . 


5,284 


283 


3,456 


164 


9,187 


23-8 


194 


29,421 


76-2 


621 


38,608 


1890... 


5,093 


276 


3,267 


164 


8,800 


22-7 


184 


29,906 


77-2 


624 


38,706 


1891.. 


4,788 


283 


3,369 


160 


8,600 


22-9 


178 


29,017 


77-1 


599 


37,617 


1892... 


4,903 


251 


3,232 


173 


8,559 


24-3 


175 


26,734 


75-7 


547 


35,293 


1893... 


4,689 


362 


3,574 


181 


8,806 


24-7 


178 


26,847 


75-3 


544 


35,653 


1894. . . 


4,599 


450 


4,155 


200 


9,404 


26-0 


189 


26,761 


74-0 


537 


36,165 


1895. . . 


4,652 


462 


4,199 


295 


9,608 


25-6 


191 


27,977 


74-4 


556 


37,585 


1896. . . 


4,544 


408 


4,104 


301 


9,357 


25-1 


184 


27,921 


74-9 


549 


37,278 


1897. . . 


4,418 


475 


4,431 


409 


9,733 


25-6 


189 


28,245 


74-4 


550 


37,978 


1898. . . 


4,594 


540 


4,594 


335 


10, OT3 


26-3 


193 


28,143 


73-7 


514 


38,206 


1899. . . 


4,227 


444 


4,541 


339 


9,551 


24-7 


181 


29,159 


75-3 


554 


38,710 


1900. . . 


4,598 


413 


4,571 


411 


9,993 


24-0 


188 


31,661 


76-0 


595 


41,654 


1901.. 


4,698 


451 


4,441 


384 


9-974 


23-7 


184 


32,174 


76-3 


596 


42,148 


1902... 


4,773 


413 


4,541 


363 


10,090 


23-1 


182 


33,446 


76-9 


605 


43,536 


1903. . . 


5,480 


543 


4,944 


505 


11,472 


22-8 


202 


38,911 


77-2 


686 


50,383 


1904... 


5,919 


552 


5,295 


528 


12,294 


22-4 


211 


42,652 


77-6 


732 


54,946 


1905... 


5,694 


656 


5,711 


812 


12,873 


20-6 


215 


49,686 


79-4 


829 


62,559 


J906... 


6,215 


645 


6,425 


1,078 


14,363 


20-3 


233 


56,540 


79-7 


916 


70,903 


1907... 


6,651 


681 


6,907 


807 


15,046 


19-0 


239 


64,124 


81-0 


1,017 


79,170 


1908... 


7,379 


893 


7,973 


1,069 


17,314 


19-5 


266 


71,320 


80-5 


1,099 


88,634 


1909... 


6,586 


848 


7,771 


1,332 


16,537 


18-4 


247 


73,415 


81-6 


1,096 


89,952 


B910... 


7,793 


943 


8,191 


1,131 


18,058 


17-5 


268 


84,845 


82-5 


1,227 


102,903 


1911... 


8,352 


977 


9,024 


1,194 


19,547 


17-3 


273 


93,713 


82-7 


1,309 


113,260 


1912... 


9,371 


1,195 


10,626 


1,540 


22,732 


15-5 


309 


123,795 


84-5 


1,686 


146,527 


1913... 


11,444 


1,472 


12,721 


1,724 


27,361 


15-8 


363 


145,777 


84-2 


1,936 


173,138 


1914... 


12,136 


1,810 


14,645 


1,952 


30,543 


16-7 


397 


152,492 


83-3 


1,982 


183,035 


1915... 


10,664 


2,234 


14,269 


1,525 


28,692 


18-7 


373 


124,363 


81-3 


1,619 


153,055 


1916... 


9,327 


1,478 


11,018 


1,459 


23,282 


18-8 


289 


100,509 


81-2 


1,251 


123,791 


1917... 


6,852 


1,321 


9,886 


1,271 


19,330 


16-9 


236 


94,681 


83-1 


1,157 


114,011 


1918... 


7,292 


2,049 


10,743 


1,390 


21,474 


17-4 


258 


101,795 


82-6 


1,222 


123,269 


1919... 


7,731 


2,606 


11,508 


1,656 


23,501 


18-1 


277 


106,518 


81-9 


1,256 


130,019 


1920. . . 


8,281 


2,310 


11,634 


2,059 


24,284 


14-9 


281 


138,424 


85-1 


1,604 


162,708 


1921.. 


8,197 


2,609 


12,059 


2,081 


24,946 


14-2 


284 


152,227 


85-9 


1,731 


177,173 


1922... 


7,119 


2,783 


11,607 


2,610 


24,119 


15-2 


268 


134,221 


84-8 


1,495 


158,340 









INDICTABLE OFFENCES BY CLASSES 



951 



26. Charges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences, by 

Provinces, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 







1920. 






1921.1 






1922.1 




Provinces. 


Charges 


Convic 
tions. 


Acquit 
tals. 


Charges 


Convic 
tions. 


Acquit 
tals. 


Charges 


Convic 
tions. 


Acquit 
tals. 


Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia 


No. 
29 
952 


No. 
19 
713 


p.c. 

34-52 
25-10 


No. 
21 
1,029 


No. 
15 
712 


p.c. 

28-6 
30-8 


No. 

40 
973 


No. 
27 
701 


p.c. 
32-5 

28 




494 


434 


12-15 


356 


313 


12-1 


373 


322 


13-7 




4,228 


3,288 


22-23 


3,606 


2,654 


26-4 


3,779 


2,885 


23-7 




10,255 


8,414 


17-95 


10,180 


7,548 


25-9 


9,622 


7,021 


27-1 




1,765 


1,423 


19-43 


1,353 


1,159 


14-3 


1,578 


1,188 


24-7 




1,807 


1,468 


18-76 


1,558 


1,220 


21-7 


1,733 


1,391 


19-7 


Alberta 


1,671 


1,240 


25-78 


1,652 


1,263 


23-5 


1,613 


1,171 


27-4 


British Columbia 


2,004 


1,438 


28-24 


1,693 


1,282 


24-3 


1,308 


1,004 


23-2 




8 


6 


25-00 


3 


3 




13 


10 


23-0 






















Canada. . 


23,213 


18,443 


20-55 


21,451 


16,169 


24-6 


21,032 


15,720 


25-3 



27. Indictable Offences by Classes during the years ended September 30, 

1920, 1921 and 1922. 





192 


0. 


19: 


21.i 


19. 


!2.i 


By Classes and Offences. 


Number 
of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 
Convic 
tions. 


Number 
of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 
Convic 
tions. 


Number 
of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 
Convic 
tions. 


CLASS I. OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON. 
Murder 


57 


26 


76 


17 


56 


19 


Murder attempt to commit 


36 


19 


40 


21 


41 


20 


Manslaughter 


84 


43 


89 


39 


88 


45 


Abortion and concealing birth of infants . 
Rape and other crimes against decency.. 


20 
532 
40 


11 
298 
27 


27 
621 
64 


15 
341 
37 


39 
650 
50 


25 
350 
25 




88 


71 


72 


56 


92 


74 


Shooting stabbing and wounding 


282 


183 


240 


137 


215 


119 




97 


70 


83 


50 


96 


64 


Aggravated assault 


698 


455 


703 


467 


671 


464 


Assault on police officer 


628 


578 


620 


534 


427 


367 


Assault and battery 


1,205 


934 


1,275 


1,007 


1,270 


987 


Refusal to support family 


149 


110 


180 


101 


274 


154 


Wife desertion 






10 


8 


14 


11 


Various other offences against the person 


113 


76 


131 


83 


141 


80 


Totals 


4,029 


2,901 


4,231 


2,913 


4,124 


2,804 
















CLASS II. OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY 
WITH VIOLENCE. 

Burglary, house, warehouse and shop- 
breaking . 


2,317 


2,073 


2,015 


1,628 


2,111 


1,754 


Robbery and demanding with menaces. . 
Highway robbery 


366 
26 


227 
10 


416 

27 


240 
20 


323 
32 


212 
11 


Totals 


2,709 


2,310 


2,458 


1,888 


2,466 


1,977 
















CLASS III. OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY 
WITHOUT VIOLENCE. 

Bringing stolen goods into Canada 


1 


1 


2 


1 


2 


2 


Embezzlement 


8 


4 


6 


6 


35 


19 


False pretences 


693 


473 


851 


582 


987 


684 


Feloniously receiving stolen goods 


652 


430 


677 


432 


628 


418 


Fraud and conspiracy to defraud 


576 


436 


736 


505 


773 


466 


Horse, cattle and sheep stealing 


73 


51 


118 


80 


82 


50 


Theft 


10,478 


8,605 


8,493 


6,559 


7,848 


5,938 


Theft of mail 


24 


22 


37 


33 


25 


21 


Totals 


12,505 


10,022 


10,920 


8,198 


10,380 


7,598 
















CLASS IV. MALICIOUS OFFENCES AGAINST 
PROPERTY. 
Arson 


78 


34 


61 


21 


69 


31 


Malicious injury to horses, cattle and 
other wilful damage to property 


415 


294 


238 


148 


246 


187 


Totals... 


493 


328 


299 


169 


315 


218 



i Figures for 1921 and 1922 do not include juvenile delinquents. 



952 



ADMINISTRATION 



7 - Indictable Offences by Classes during the years ended September 30, 

1920, 1921 and 1922 concluded. 



By Classes and Offences. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922.J 


Number 

of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 
Convic 
tions. 


Number 
of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 
Convic 
tions. 


Number 
of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 
Convic 
tions. 


CLASS V. FORGERY AXD OTHER OF 

FENCES AGAIXST THE CuUUEXCY. 

Offences against currency. . 


14 
559 


11 
419 


13 
600 


9 
529 


18 
532 


12 
453 


Forgery and uttering forged documents.. 
Totals 


573 


430 


613 


538 


550 


465 


CLASS VI. OTHER OFFEXCES NOT IN 
CLUDED IN T-HE FoiiEcoiNG CLASSES. 
Attempt to commit suicide 


42 
156 
67 
101 
48 
4 

187 
32 

927 

361 
122 
251 

KHi 

155 
101 
12 
104 
128 


33 
144 
50 
58 
48 
3 

170 

19 

823 

303 
114 
239 
34 
147 
94 
8 
85 
80 


45 
251 
66 
46 
147 
4 

103 
60 

1,033 

351 
80 
233 

116 
164 
62 
2 
77 
90 


32 
232 
42 
24 
142 
2 

81 
31 

956 

283 
63 
220 
44 
154 
48 
1 
54 
54 


52 
151 
75 
62 
234 

141 
31 

682 

458 
76 
686 
144 
140 
67 
3 
84 
111 


41 
127 
44 
33 
202 

121 
21 

599 

389 
70 
643 
62 
128 
49 
3 
64 
62 


Carrying unlawful weapons 


Criminal negligence 


Conspiracy 


Driving automobile while drunk 


Forcible entry 


Indecent exposure and other offences 
against public morals 


Intimidation 


Keeping bawdy houses and inmates 
thereof 


Offences against gambling and lottery 
acts 


Offences against revenue law. 


Illicit stills 


Perjurv and subornation of perjurv. 


Prison breach and escape from prison. . . . 
Riot and affray 


Sedition 


Sodomv and bestiality 


Various other misdemeanours 


Totals 


9,904 


2,452 


2,930 


2.463 


3,197 


2,658 


Totals for Canada. 


23.213 


18.443 


21.451 


Ni.lfifl 


21 . 0X2 


1.-, :->n 



1 Figures for 1921 and 1922 do not include juvenile delinquents. 

28. Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences, 

1915-1922. 



Charges and Sentences. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Charges 


No. 
26 714 


No. 
23 942 


No. 
10 454 


No. 
21 747 


No. 
03 o M 


No. 
23 213 


No. 

21 478 


No. 

)1 fi99 


Acquittals 2 


6,060 


4 757 


3 868 


4 356 


4 .-,(>) 


4 746 


4 1T\ 


4 80 fi 


Persons detained for lunacy. .. 


29 


25 


27 


21 


33 


24 


30 


27 


Convictions 


20,625 


19,160 


15 5.7) 


17 370 


18 396 


18 443 


16 169 


n 720 


Males 


19,624 


15,486 


13,086 


1 1 ^71 


16 101 


16 722 


14 404 


H1 1 1 


Females 


1 001 




2 473 


2 499 


2 35 


1 721 


1 7t i"i 


i cnn 


First conviction. ... 


17,695 


16 80fi 


13 093 


14 310 


15 118 


1 "> O Hi 


12 589 


1Q noo 


Second conviction 


1,776 


1 337 


1 373 


1 .V>1 


1 641 


1 668 


1 845 


1 11^ 


Reiterated conviction 


1,154 


1 017 


1 093 


1 509 


1 637 


1 679 


1 762 


1 ^fi3 


Sentences 
Option of a fine ... . . 


5 344 


6 786 


4 845 


5 106 


5 053 


5 447 


4 900 


4 Alfl 


Under one year in gaol 


."> 771 


3,816 


2,890 


3 284 


3 455 


3 750 


3 912 


1 Q89 


One year and over in gaol . . . 


893 


666 


462 


783 


921 


886 


1 260 


1 531 


Two years and under five in 
penitentiary. . 


1 074 


799 


540 


701 


978 


873 


1 122 


1 II 1 * 


Five years and over in peniten 
tiary 


241 


178 


145 


185 


229 


245 


481 


435 


For life in penitentiary 


7 


5 


1 


4 


7 


7 


g 


j] 


Death 


34 


21 


15 


20 


28 


26 


17 


19 


Committed to reformatories. . . 
Other sentence^ 


517 
6.741 


568 
6.321 


584 
6.077 


678 
gng 


678 
7.047 


615 

6.594 


126 
4.342 


89 
4.f)7ft 



1 Juvenile delinquents not included. 

2 Includes cases where proceedings were stayed, disagreement of jury, etc. 



PERSONS CONVICTED OF INDICTABLE OFFENCES 



953 



29. Classification of Persons Convicted of Indictable Offences, 1916-1922. 



Classes. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922.1 


Occupations 
Agricultural 


No. 
899 


No. 
904 


No. 
1,152 


No. 
966 


No. 

898 


No. 
1,034 


No. 
1,248 


Commercial 


1,472 


1,424 


1,813 


1,963 


2,406 


2,648 


2,426 


Domestic 


914 


1,390 


1,866 


1,608 


1,354 


999 


1,280 


Industrial 


1,049 


937 


1,214 


1,424 


1,483 


1,522 


1,445 


Professional 


496 


390 


359 


315 


168 


194 


89 


Labourer 


4,155 


3,513 


4,403 


5,232 


5,347 


5,914 


6,105 


Not given 


10,175 


7,001 


6,563 


6,888 


6,787 


7,085 


3,127 


Civil condition 
Married 


3,761 


3,450 


4,474 


4,472 


4,434 


4,811 


5,200 


Single 


8,373 


8,700 


10,339 


11,081 


io,7eo 


11,643 


7,952 


Widowed 


142 


110 


269 


315 


196 


182 


218 


Not given 


6,884 


3,299 


2,288 


.2,528 


3,053 


2,760 


2,350 


Educational status 

Unable to read or write .... 
Elementary 


1,007 
11,045 


763 

11,390 


1,084 
14,042 


843 

14,408 


925 
14,179 


904 

15,598 


672 

12,636 


Superior 


269 


289 


192 


282 


258 


245 


326 


Not given 


6,839 


3,117 


2,052 


2,863 


3,081 


2,649 


2,086 


Ages 
Under 16 years . ... 


3,157 


3,606 


4,104 


3,876 


3,355 






16 years and under 21 


1,575 


1,928 


2,938 


3,846 


3,288 


3,289 


3,169 


21 years and under 40 


5,878 


5,511 


6,728 


6,446 


7,216 


7,898 


8,205 


40 years and over 


1,758 


1,448 


1,748 


1,795 


1,795 


1,932 


2,182 


Not given 


6,792 


3,066 


1,852 


2,433 


2,789 


3,050 


2,164 


Use of liquors 
Moderate 


7,377 


5,387 


11,656 


10,726 


11,000 


11,331 


8,990 


Immoderate 


1,891 


1,332 


1,357 


1,276 


1,232 


1,322 


1,197 


Not given 


9,892 


8,840 


4,357 


6,394 


6,211 


6,743 


5,533 


Birthplace 
England and Wales 


952 


780 


1,177 


1,329 


1,489 


1,659 


1,342 


Ireland 


260 


180 


285 


193 


247 


268 


H J240 


Scotland 


321 


242 


381 


381 


462 


458 


F359 


Canada 


7,428 


7,097 


9,322 


10,157 


9,570 


10,638 


8,607 


Other British Possessions . . 
United States . . 


57 
916 


95 

845 


152 
947 


90 

990 


106 
1,148 


124 
1,113 


* r 63 

i F992 


Other foreign countries 
Not given 


2,697 
6,529 


2,228 
4,092 


3,161 
1,945 


2,780 
2,476 


2,589 
2,832 


2,511 
2,625 


2,188 
1,929 


Religion 


Baptist 


287 


402 


385 


383 


447 


449 


344 


Roman Catholic 


4,918 


5,367 


6,959 


6,896 


6,093 


6,461 


5 077 


Church of England 


1,525 


1,576 


1,910 


2,186 


2,234 


2,527 


2,223 


Methodist 


1,107 


1,186 


1,368 


1,589 


1,503 


1,500 


1,358 


Presbyterian 


965 


1,034 


1,397 


1,432 


1,621 


1,603 


1,409 


Other Protestant 


1,921 


1,286 


1,618 


1,683 


1,671 


2,381 


1,623 


Jews 










519 


564 


407 


Other denominations 


1,228 


1,054 


1,506 


1,438 


802 


854 


815 


Not given 


7,209 


3,654 


2,227 


2,789 


3,553 


3,057 


2,464 


Residence 
Cities and towns 


11,294 


11,157 


14,190 


16,305 


16,178 


16,120 


12,404 


Rural districts 


1,801 


1,501 


1,779 


2,051 


2,111 


3,074 


2,940 


Not given 


6,065 


2,901 


1,401 


40 


154 


202 


376 



















1 Figures for 1922 do not include juveniles. 



954 



ADMINISTRATION 



30. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1916-1922. 



Provinces. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1923. 


Canada 


No. 
123,791 


No. 
114,011 


No. 
123,269 


No. 
130 019 


No. 
162 708 


No. 
177 173 


No. 
158 340 


Sentences 
Penitentiary . . 


982 


686 


890 


1,214 


1,125 


1 614 


1 599 


Gaol or fine 


97,847 


92,402 


99,899 


105,747 


135,288 


146,278 


126,621 


Reformatory . .... 


568 


584 


678 


678 


615 


502 


519 


Death 


21 


15 


20 


28 


26 


17 


19 


Other sentences 


24,373 


20,324 


21,782 


22,352 


25,654 


28,762 


29,582 


Prince Edward Island- 
Convictions 


419 


356 


246 


267 


359 


397 


341 


Sentences- 
Penitentiary . 


3 


5 


2 


2 


1 


3 


4 


Gaol or fine 


402 


338 


198 


240 


342 


383 


327 


Reformatory 




2 


7 


6 




1 


1 


Death 


1 








_ 






Other sentences 


13 


11 


39 


19 


16 


10 


9 


Nova Scotia 


6,568 


5,282 


5,511 


6,300 


6,503 


5,572 


4,279 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


50 


45 


105 


108 


122 


137 


165 


Gaol or fine .... 


5,899 


4,533 


4,682 


5,471 


5,818 


4, 70S 


3,511 


Reformatory 


42 


49 


47 


44 


38 


42 


33 


Death. 


2 


2 


2 






1 


2 


Other sentences 


575 


653 


675 


677 


525 


684 


568 


New Brunswick- 
Convictions 


2,960 


2,896 


1,945 


2,780 


3,839 


3,070 


2,655 


Sentences 


40 


25 


17 


53 


77 


83 


106 




2,696 


2,598 


1,688 


2,477 


3,531 


2,749 


2,371 


Reformatory 


15 


27 


16 


21 


19 


20 


11 


Death 








1 






1 




209 


246 


224 


228 


212 


218 


166 


Quebec 

Convictions 


24,591 


25,936 


29,121 


34,801 


44,089 


49,106 


35,605 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


233 


185 


192 


355 


258 


274 


312 


Gaol or fine 


19,154 


20,205 


23,231 


28,135 


36,835 


42,777 


28,807 


Reformatory 


133 


155 


152 


185 


241 


110 


134 


Death 


1 


2 


4 


7 


7 


3 


4 


Other sentences .... 


5,070 


5,389 


5,542 


6,119 


6,748 


5,942 


6,348 


Ontario- 
Convictions 


49,620 


49,579 


54,761 


53,215 


63,463 


74,127 


72,787 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


287 


216 


343 


389 


404 


659 


559 


Gaol or fine 


35,618 


39,366 


42,745 


41,211 


49,677 


57,070 


55,599 


Reformatory 


266 


289 


352 


323 


252 


245 


218 


Death 


4 


4 


4 


8 


11 


6 


6 


Other sentences 

Manitoba- 
Convictions 


13,445 
9,052 


9,704 
8,155 


11,317 
8,662 


11,284 
9,514 


13,119 
12,516 


16,147 
11,610 


16,405 
11,840 


Sentences- 
Penitentiary .... 


38 


55 


59 


87 


76 


144 


171 


Gaol or fine 


7,234 


6,626 


6,538 


7,387 


9,949 


8,520 


8,737 


Reformatory ..... 


85 


31 


59 


64 


39 


65 


54 


Death 


2 


4 


5 




1. 




1 


Other sentences 


1,693 


1,439 


2,001 


1,976 


2,451 


2,881 


2,877 


Saskatchewan- 


11,016 


7,072 


7,635 


7,315 


7,991 


7,384 


8,504 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


62 


36 


64 


63 


40 


53 


54 


Gaol or fine 


10,141 


6,533 


7,010 


6,636 


7,251 


6,624 


7,501 


Reformatory 


2 




5 






_ 


23 


Death 


2 


_ 


3 


8 


4 


2 


- 


Other sentences 


809 


503 


553 


608 


696 


705 


926 


Alberta- 
Convictions 


11,426 


6,627 


7,633 


7,001 


8,459 


9,847 


9,201 


Sentences 


138 


M 


65 


76 


67 


67 


99 


Gaol or fine 


10,307 


6,124 


7,206 


6,401 


7,756 


8,809 


7,907 


Reformatory 


4 




2 


1 


4 


4 


19 


Death 


4 


1 


1 


3 


3 


2 


> 


Other sentences.. 


973 


445 


359 


520 


m 


65 


1.174 



SUMMARY OF CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES 



955 



30. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1916-1922 concluded. 



Provinces. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


British Columbia- 
Convictions 


No. 
7,963 


No. 
8,002 


No. 

7,680 


No. 
8,789 


No. 
15,434 


No. 
16,020 


No. 

13,048 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


129 


57 


43 


81 


80 


194 


129 


Gaol or fine 


6,277 


6,004 


6,536 


7,768 


14,084 


14,617 


11,822 


Reformatory 


21 


30 


38 


34 


22 


15 


26 


Death 


4 


1 


1 


1 


_ 


3 


3 


Other sentences 


1,532 


1,910 


1,062 


905 


1,248 


1,191 


1,086 


Yukon Territory- 
Convictions 


176 


106 


75 


37 


55 


40 


62 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


2 


1 

6 












Gaol or fine 


119 


75 


66 


21 


45 


21 


39 


Reformatory 










__ 






Death 


1 


1 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Other sentences 


54 


24 


9 


16 


10 


19 


23 



















31. Indictable and Summary Convictions by Classes of Offence, 1918-1922. 

(including Juveniles). 

A. NUMBERS. 



Classes of Offence. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Offences against the person 


No. 
7,292 


No. 
7,731 


No. 

8,281 


No. 
8,197 


No. 
7,119 




2,049 


2,606 


2,310 


2,609 


2,783 


Offences against property without violence 


10,743 


11,508 


11,634 


12,059 


11,607 


Other felonies and misdemeanours 


1,390 


1,656 


2,059 


2,081 


2,610 














Totals for criminal offences 


21,474 


23,501 


24,284 


24,946 


24,119 














Breach of Municipal Acts and By-laws 


38,401 


39,593 


59,378 


74,459 


69,279 




7,472 


7,383 


10,247 


10,460 


8,519 




21,026 


24,217 


39,769 


34,362 


25,051 


Varancy .... 


3,867 


4,097 


5,607 


5,561 


4,530 


Loose idle and disorderly 


2,614 


2,496 


2,134 


5,560 


5,241 


Keeping bawdy houses and inmates thereof 


5,620 


5,567 


3,821 


4,051 


3,918 


Miscellaneous minor offences 


22,795 


23,166 


17,468 


r 17, 774 


17,065 














Totals for minor offences 


101,795 


106,519 


138,424 


152,227 


134,221 














Grand totals. . 


123.269 


130,019 


162,708 


177,173 


158,34* 



B. RATIOS PER CENT OF TOTAL AND PER 100,000 OF POPULATION. 





1 


)18. 


1< 


)19. 


1 


)20. 


1 


321. 


1 


)22. 


Classes of Offence. 


Per 

cent. 


Per 

100,000 
pop. 


Per 
cent. 


Per 

100,000 
pop. 


Per 

cent. 


Per 
100,000 
pop. 


Per 

cent. 


Per 

100,000 
pop. 


Per 
cent. 


Per 

100,000 
pop. 


Offences against the person. 
Offences against property 
with violence 


5-9 
1-7 


88 
25 


6-0 
2-0 


91 
31 


5-1 
1-4 


96 
27 


4-6 
1-5 


93 
30 


4-0 
1-3 


68 
22 


Offences against property 
without violence 


8-7 


129 


8-8 


136 


7-1 


135 


6-8 


137 


5-7 


96 


Other felonies and misde 
meanours 


1-1 


16 


1-3 


19 


1-3 


23 


1-2 


24 


2-0 


35 
























Totals for criminal offences. 


17-4 


258 


18-1 


277 


14-9 


281 


14-1 


284 


13-0 


221 


Breach of Municipal Acts 
and By-laws 


31-1 


461 


30-5 


467 


36-5 


688 


42-1 


847 


45-2 


766 


Breach of liQuor laws 


6-1 


90 


5-7 


87 


6-3 


119 


5-9 


119 


5-6 


95 


Drunkenness. . 


17-1 


252 


18-6 


286 


24-4 


461 


19-4 


391 


16-5 


279 


Vagrancy 


3-1 


46 


3-1 


49 


3-4 


65 


3-1 


63 


3-0 


50 


Loose, idle and disorderly. . 
Keeping bawdy houses and 
inmates thereof 


2-1 
4-6 


31 
68 


1-9 
4-3 


29 

66 


1-3 

2-3 


25 
44 


3-1 
2-3 


63 
46 


3-9 
2-2 


66 
37 


Miscellaneous minor offences 


18-5 


274 


17-8 


272 


10-9 


202 


10-0 


202 


10-6 


181 


Totals for minor offences. . . 


82-6 


1,222 


81-9 


1,256 


85-1 


1,604 


85-9 


1,731 


87-0 


1,474 


Grand totals 


100 


1,480 


100 


1,533 


100 


1,885 


100 


2,015 


100 


1,695 



956 



ADMINISTRATION 



Decrease of Drunkenness. The number of summary convictions for drunk 
enness in Canada was 25,048 in 1922 as compared with 34,362 in 1921, a decrease of 
9,314 or 27- 10 p.c. Table 32 shows the number of convictions by provinces for 
the five years 1918 to 1922, with increases and decreases for 1922 as compared with 
1921, from which it will be seen that drunkenness, at least as measured by statistics 
of summary convictions, decreased during the year 1922 to a most appreciable 
extent. 

32. Convictions for Drunkenness for the five years 1918-1922. 



Provinces. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Increase (+ ) or 
Decrease ( ), 
1922 as compared 
with 1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 

96 
2,435 
704 
6,680 
7,932 
1,123 
434 
825 
778 
19 


No. 
116 
2,879 
1,350 
7,116 
8,498 
1,570 
618 
1,057 
1,004 
9 


No. 
120 
3,140 
1,882 
[1,863 
15,021 
2,330 
919 
1,536 
2,948 
10 


No. 
144 
2,156 
1,264 
9,944 
14,498 
1,429 
708 
1,838 
2,379 
2 


No. 
162 
1,492 
1,088 
7,103 
10,063 
1,623 
816 
1,608 
1,081 
12 


Numerical. 
+ 18 
- 664 
176 
- 2,841 
- 4,435 
+ 194 
+ 108 
- 230 
- 1,298 
+ 10 


Percent. 
+ 12-50 
- 30-80 
- 13-92 
- 28-57 
- 30-59 
+ 13-58 
+ 15-25 
- 12-51 
- 54-56 
+500-00 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta . 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory 


Canada 


21,026 


24,217 


39,769 


34,362 


25,048 


- 9,314 


- 27-19 





NOTE. Three juveniles not included in 1922. 

Juvenile Delinquents. The number of delinquents under 16 convicted of 
major offences during the year ended Sept. 30, 1922, was 4,065 against 3,574 in 1921, 
an increase of 491 or 13-7 p.c. During the same period the number of convictions 
for minor offences was 2,233 against 2,054, an increase of 179 or 8-7 p.c. Of the 
grand total (6,298 in 1922) 443 or 7 p.c. were females. Over 60 p.c. of the major 
offences committed were theft, the remainder being almost entirely composed of 
wilful offences against property and offences against property with violence. Of 
the major offenders, 2,758 were released on probation or on suspended sentence, 
while 1,053 were ordered to make restitution, fined, detained or committed ^to 
industrial schools; the remainder were reprimanded or released. Of the total 
number of ma;or offenders, 543 had one previous delinquency, [573 had two and 
112 had three previous delinquencies. 

33. Juvenile Delinquents convicted of Major Offences by Classes of Offence, 1 1922, 
with the total and yearly average for the period 1885-1922. 



Classes of Offence. 


Under 

16 jv 


16 years and 
under 21. 


Totals. 


M. 


P. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


r. 


I. Offences against the person .... 


No. 

161 

798 
2,447 
436 
12 
47 


No. 

11 
8 
113 
5 
1 
26 


No. 

226 
862 
1,635 
66 
69 
92 


No. 

17 
7 
1M 

l 

1 
39 


No. 

387 
1,660 
4,082 
502 
81 
139 


No. 

28 
15 
267 
6 
2 
65 


II. Offences against property with violence 


HI. Offences against property wit liout violence 


IV. Malicious offences against property 


V Forgery and offences against the currency 


VI. Other offences not included in the above offences 
Total 


3,901 


164 


2,950 


219 


6,851 


383 


Total 1885-1922 


54,993 


2,251 


52,703 


4,106 


107,696 


,357 


Yearly Average 1885-1922 . 


1,447 


59 


1,387 


108 


2,834 


167 





PENITENTIARIES 



957 



3i. Population of Penal Institutions, 1918-1922. 



Penal Institutions. 


In custody, 
beginning 
of year. 


Admitted 
during 
year. 


Discharged 
during 
year. 


In custody 
at end of 
year. 


1918. 
Penitentiaries . 


1,505 


963 


825 


1,643 


Reformatories for boys 


1,189 


1,721 


1,715 


1,195 


Reformatories for girls 


309 


257 


225 


311 


.Jails 


2,004 


29,485 


29,437 


2,052 












Totals 


5,007 


32,426 


32,232 


5,201 












1919. 
Penitentiaries 


1,656 


1,199 


829 


2,0261 


Reformatories for boys . . . * . . 


1,270 


2,033 


1,984 


1,319 


Reformatories for girls 


309 


187 


198 


298 


Jails 


2,052 


32,534 


32,450 


2,136 












Totals ... . 


5,287 


35,953 


35,461 


5,779 












1920. 
Penitentiaries 


1,689 s 


1,166 


924 


1,931 


Reformatories for boys 


1,562 


3,863 


3,785 


1,640 


Reformatories for girls 


312 


327 


359 


280 


Jails 


1,889 


32,369 


32,135 


2,123 












Totals 


5,452 


37,725 


37,203 


5,974 












1921. 
Penitentiaries 


1,931 


1,038 


819 


2,150 


Reformatories for boys 


1,636 


4,143 


3,821 


1,958 


Reformatories for girls 


281 


414 


388 


307 


Jails . 


2,156 


38,171 


37,579 


2,748 












Totals 


6,004 


43,766 


42,607 


7,163 












1922. 
Penitentiaries 


2,150 


1,366 


876 


2,640 


Reformatories for boys 


2,023 


4,247 


4,461 


1,809 


Reformatories for girls 


344 


543 


482 


405 


Jails 


2,674 


35,028 


35,043 


2,659 












Totals.. 


7,191 


41.184 


40.862 


7,513 



1 December 31, 1919. 2 April 1, 1920. 

NOTE. Penitentiary statistics till 1919 were supplied directly by each penitentiary, and were for the 
calendar year. For 1920 and subsequent years they have been supplied by the Inspector of Penitentiaries 
and are for the fiscal year ended March 31. 

Penitentiaries. 

The statistics of penitentiaries given in Tables 35 to 38 are compiled from the 
annual reports to the Minister of Justice of the Inspectors of Penitentiaries. 
Statistics are given of increase and decrease of numbers, deaths, pardons and paroles, 
age, sex, nationality, religion, etc. 



958 



A DM I N 1ST R A TION 



35. Movements of Convicts, 1916-1922. 



Schedule. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


In custody at beginning of fiscal year 


No. 
2 064 


No. 

2 118 


No. 
1 694 


No. 
1 468 


No. 

1 fiSQ 


No. 

1 071 


No. 


Received 
By forfeiture of parole 


11 


11 


10 


A 








Paroles revoked 


4 


IT 


Q 










Recaptured 


1 


1 


1 









< 


By transfer 


24 


10 


1Q 


i ^ 


i en 






From jails, etc 


900 


630 


691 


Q7QI 


1 f\f\*\ 


00 


















,OO6 


Totals 


3 004 


2 801 


2 V& 


3472 


2ft5? 


2(w;n 




















Released by 
Death 


11 


12 




4>; 


1 9 






Escape 


1 


3 


1 


Q 


53 




lo 


Expiry of sentence 


304 


408 


9 ftp. 


919 


9O.1 






Order of the court 


9 


4 


fl 


442 


19 




obo 


Pardon 


4 


65 


M 


ifin 


o no 






Parole 


423 


526 


455 


9^9 


97C 


074 




Transfer 


24 


9 


17 


Ifi 


ICO 


OA 


41X/ 1 


Deportation 


101 


76 


so 


?Q 


3 1 


co 




Sent to reformatory 


1 














Returned insane 


g 














Returned to Provincial authorities 




4 


7 


12 








By military order 










i 






















In custody at end of fiscal year 


2,118 


1,694 


1 468 


1 689 


1 911 


31 1(1 


3fiJ(k 



















1 Includes 84 from military courts. 

2 Includes 25 from military order. 



3 From asylums. 

4 One from asylum . 



36. Number of Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, 1916-1922. 



Schedule. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Deaths 


No. 

,, 


No. 

19 


No. 
11 


No. 
45 


No. 

19 


No. 

10 


No. 


Escapes 


1 


3 


i 


3 


e 


m 




Pardons 


4 


65 


66 


160 


909 


A 




Paroles 


493 


52fl 


45K 


9^9 


971 


0-4 





















37. Age of Convicts, 1915-1922. 



Ages. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Under 20 years 


187 


212 


141 


115 


228 


335 


9RQ 


371 


From 20 to under 30 yc-ar. 


(H7 


941 


714 


616 


718 


775 


969 


1,242 


From 30 to under 40 


553 


563 


473 


405 


395 


434 


479 


581 


From 40 to under 50 


240 


253 


241 


205 


218 


. 251 


242 


290 


From 50 to under 60 


121 


119 


99 


91 


97 


100 


130 


123 


Over 60 years 


4m 


30 


9g 


31 


33 


36 


41 


}} 




















Totals 


. .Oil 


2,118 


1,691 


1,468? 


1 689 


1 931 


2 150 


2 649 





















Includes one age unknown. J Includes five not given (insane). 



CLASSIFICATION OF CONVICTS 



959 



38. Classification of Convicts, 1916-1922. 



Classes. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


By Race 


No. 
63 


No. 
56 


No. 

64 


No. 
52 


No. 

57 


No. 
67 


No. 
83 




1,970 


1,553 


1,333 


1,585 


1,820 


2,019 


2,489 




19 


20 


21 


13 


24 


31 


23 


Indian Half-breed 


19 


21 


15 


12 


8 


8 


15 




47 


38 


29 


24 


22 


25 


30 






6 


1 


3 


_ 


_ 





















Totals 


3,118 


1,694 


1,4682 


1,689 


1,931 


2,150 


2,640 


















By Nationality 
British 


















1,185 


936 


796 


945 


1,107 


1,277 


1,605 


English 


169 


126 


103 


103 


93 


160 


18-2 




43 


41 


31 


38 


29 


39 


36 


Scotch . 


40 


24 


26 


35 


36 


31 


59 


Other British 


26 


22 


21 


19 


20 


14 


29 


Foreign 


204 


182 


165 


163 


209 


199 


246 


Austrian and Hungarian 


148 


104 


80 


113 


108 


108 


109 


Chinese 


32 


32 


26 


22 


21 


21 


20 




11 


8 


5 


4 


12 


10 


9 




23 


17 


15 


15 


18 


_ 







68 


61 


61 


66 


81 


72 


89 




86 


74 


72 


83 


93 


83 


108 


Scandinavian* .... 


29 


18 


17 


20 


15 


13 


14 


Other foreign 


54 


49 


45 


63 


89 


123 


134 


















Totals 


2,118 


1,694 


1,468 2 


1,689 


1,931 


2,150 


2,640 


















By Conjugal State- 
Single 


1,258 


1,028 


892 


1,044 


1,218 


1,456 


1,750 


Married ... ..... 


677 


589 


504 


567 


638 


626 


790 


Widowed 


79 


77 


67 


78 


75 


68 


100 


Divorced 


4 








_ 


_ 


_ 


















Totals 


2,118 


1,694 


1,4682 


1,689 


1,931 


2,150 


2,640 


















By Sex- 
Male 


2,081 


1,659 


1,433 


1,649 


1,917= 


2,125 


2,615 


Female 


37 


35 


35 


40 


14 


25 


24 


















Totals 


2,118 


1,694 


1,468 


1,689 


1,931 


2,150 


2,640 


















By Social Habits- 
Abstainers 


376 


299 


286 


409 


548 


590 


651 


Temperate 


1,008 


837 


745 


844 


975 


1,092 


1,401 


Intemperate 


734 


558 


432 


436 


408 


468 


588 


















Totals ... 


2,118 


1,694 


1,468 2 


1,689 


1,931 


2,150 


2,640 


















By Religion 
Anglican 


330 


266 


204 


227 


301 


356 


435 


Baptist 


101 


78 


91 


98 


111 


113 


137 


Buddhist 


40 


33 


25 


17 


7 


12 


10 


Congregationalist 


7 


not 


not 


not 


not 


not 


not 


Greek Catholic 


52 


given. 
42 


given. 
34 


given. 
38 


given. 

57 


given. 
73 


given. 

85 


Jewish 


26 


23 


20 


28 


38 


34 


41 


Lutheran 


71 


51 


47 


58 


46 


37 


50 


Methodist 


205 


169 


146 


168 


187 


207 


241 


Presbyterian 


222 


155 


134 


153 


193 


207 


285 


Roman Catholic 


1,025 


841 


716 


824 


946 


1,052 


1,294 


Salvation Army .... 


7 


not 


not 


not 


not 


not 


not 


Other Creeds 


19 


given. 
28 


given. 
34 


given. 
65 


given. 
45 


given . 
59 


given. 
49 


No creed 


13 


8 


12 


13 






13 


















Totals .... 


2,118 


1,694 


1,468" 


1,689 


1,931 


2,150 


2,640 



















1 Including Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. 

2 Includes five not given (insane). 

3 Females in Kingston Penitentiary included, not given separately in report. 

4 In Kingston Penitentiary only. 



960 



ADMINISTRATION 



8. Divorces in Canada. 

For many years subsequent to Confederation the number of divorces granted 
in Canada was very small, 1883 with 13 divorces being the first year in which the 
number attained two figures, while 1903 with 21 divorces was the record year up 
to that time. Thereafter the numbers grew more rapidly, 1909 showing 51 divorces 
and 1913, the last pre-war year, 59 divorces. This number was, however, less than 
one per 1,000 of the marriages contracted in Canada in these years. 

The effect of the war was to increase very greatly the number of divorces 
granted in Canada. The causes may be found in the generally unsettling psycho 
logical effect of the war period, and the long separations between men on active 
service and their wives. The provision of new facilities for divorce is also to be 
considered; owing to a decision of the Imperial Privy Council, divorces in the 
Prairie Provinces have subsequently to 1918 been granted by the courts of these 
provinces, so that Ontario and Quebec are now the only provinces in which the 
applicant for divorce must secure a special Private Act of Parliament. 

The above-mentioned causes have tended to produce the recent increase in the 
number of divorces granted in Canada, which have grown from 90 in 1918 to 544 
in 1922, these numbers being those of final decrees, which alone really constitute 
divorces. The slight decline in 1922 may possibly indicate that the wave of divorces 
due to the war has passed its highest point. The statistics of divorces granted in 
the years from 1901 to 1922 inclusive will be found in Table 39. (For divorces 
in the years prior to 1901 see 1921 Year Book, p. 825.) 

39. Statistics of Divorces Granted in Canada, 1901-1922. 



Years. 


Granted by the Dominion Parliament. 


Granted by the Courts. 


Total 
for 
Canada. 


Ontario. 


Quebec. 


Northwest 
Territories. 


Manitoba. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


British 
Colum 
bia. 


1901.. 


2 
2 
2 
5 
2 

10 
3 
8 
8 
14 

13 
9 
20 
18 
10 

18 
10 
10 
49 
91 
101 
90 


1 
1 
3 

3 
1 

4 
2 

4 
3 
4 
7 
3 

1 
4 
2 
4 
9 
9 
6 


1 
2 


1 
2 

1 

2 
3 

3 
1 
6 
2 
1 

2 

88 
424 
1224 
974 


10 
9 
8 
6 
6 

5 
8 
5 
8 
IS 

10 
4 

10 
13 

14 
8 

36 
45 
41 
35 


1 
4 
2 
2 

1 
3 
5 
5 
6 

6 
45 
4 
12 
6 

11 
6 
10 
13 
15 
13 
12 


7 
3 
4 
5 

18 

17 
9 
12 
22 
12 

19 
11 
20 
15 
16 

18 
23 
65 
147 
136 
128 
138 


19 
15 
21 
19 
35 

37 
25 
30 
51 
51 

57 
35 
59 
70 
53 

67 
54 
00 

42(1 
548 
544 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906... 


Albert .Sask 

1 

1 1 
1 

2 
1 1 
4 1 
4 2 
3 1 

1 2 
2 1 
2 1 
36 3 
644 264 
844 50 4 
1294 374 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916... 


1917... 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


I rj- 





NOTE. In Prince Edward Island only one divorce was granted from 1868 to 1922; this was in 1913. 
In consequence of a decision of the Imperial Privy Council, divorces in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta 
have subsequently to 1918 been granted by the Courts of these provinces. 1 Includes one judicial separa 
tion. - Includes one not effective till court costs are paid. 3 One by Parliament. 4 Granted by Courts. 



THE DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS 961 



XIV. SOURCES OF STATISTICAL AND OTHER 
INFORMATION RELATIVE TO CANADA. 

The chief source of information on the current state of the country is the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, organized as the central statistical bureau for 
Canada, and described in the first part of this section; a list of its publications, 
which cover almost the whole field of the national statistics, is appended. 

The second part of the section contains a list of the Acts of Parliament 
administered by the several Departments of the Dominion Government, and the 
the third part a bibliography of the publications of these Departments. This is 
followed by a bibliography of the publications of Provincial Government Depart 
ments, and the section closes with a select bibliography of the most valuable general 
works relating to the history of Canada. 

I. THE DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 

The Dominion Bureau of Statistics was set up by statute in 1918 as a central 
statistical department for Canada: (8-9 Geo. V, c. 43). The Act was a consolida 
tion of all previous statistical legislation and was based on the report of a Com 
mission on Statistics, appointed in 1912, which recommended (a) a series of specific 
reforms and enlargements in Canadian statistics, and (b) a policy of statistical 
co-ordination for the Dominion under central direction. In 1915, following the 
recommendations in this report, the office of Dominion Statistician was created. 

The Bureau has been constituted by the transfer or absorption, by Orders in 
Council, of the following work and branches: (1) the Census and Statistics Office 
(covering the census, and also agriculture, general manufactures and criminal 
justice); (2) Fisheries Statistics; (3) Mining Statistics; (4) Forestry Statistics; 
(5) Dairying and Fruit Statistics; (6) Water and Electric Power Statistics; (7) the 
Railways and Canals Statistical Branch of the Department of Railways and Canals; 
(8) the Trade Statistical Branch (exports and imports); (9) Grain Trade Statistics; 
(10) Live Stock Statistics; (11) Prices Statistics; and (12) Employment Statistics. 
In addition four new branches were erected, dealing respectively with Public 
Finance, Internal Trade, Vital Statistics and Education. Subsequently the 
statistical activities of the Fuel Controller and of the Board of Commerce were 
absorbed. Modifications of the Bankruptcy, Public Health, and Railway Acts 
and of. the Regulation on franking privileges were also made, with a view to 
facilitat ng the collection of statistics. 

Working Constitution of the Bureau. The Act makes the Bureau re 
sponsible for the statistics "relative to the commercial, industrial, social, economic 
and general activities and conditions of the people," a universal mandate. Certain 
statistics, however, originate as by-products in particular Departments, or can best 
be collected through the field staffs or other machinery of such Departments. These 
should not only meet the requirements of the Departments in question, but should 
constitute an integral part of the general system. The Act, accordingly, assigns to 
the Bureau the further task of "collaborating with all other Departments of the 
Government in the compilation and publication of statistical records of administra 
tion." The machinery for this collaboration is provided by a Regulation dated 
October 12, 1918, which giveg the Dominion Statistician direct access to heads of 
Departments for conference purposes, with an instruction aft er such conference to 
prepare a recommendation for Council, such recommendation, on approval, to 

6237361 



962 



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f"Ml 







THE DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS 963 

constitute a permanent arrangement governing the particular subject dealt with. 
A further Regulation provides for central machine compilation as an adjunct to 
the system. In this way the Bureau is constituted as a comprehensive central 
statistical office, working for the most part under the Governor in Council, all 
purely statistical work having been brought by transfer under its immediate direc 
tion. The linking up of Provincial statistics (which, under theB.N.A. Act, include 
some most important subjects) is secured through a clause permitting Provincial 
officers to serve as agents under the Statistics Act. A further clause gives the 
Bureau right of access to Provincial, municipal or corporat on records. 

Purpose of Statistical Centralization The purpose of statistical central 
ization includes, of course, the numerous economies in "overhead" which concentra 
tion promotes, as in staff, equipment, elimination of duplication, etc. For example, 
two pronounced characteristics cf statistical work are (a) the large proportion of 
routine, and (b) its ebb and flow; a "floating" staff is accordingly a feature of a 
central bureau. The use of electrical tabulating machinery, again, has revolution 
ized statistical work, but it effects an economy only on large-scale (i.e., centralized) 
operations. (The Bureau has an investment of over $125,000 in machinery.) 
Central library, record and administration systems are further examples. Still 
another economy, from a different angle, flows from the concentration of statistical 
experience, as a result of the bringing together of the higher statistical officers of 
the government. The convenience of the public is also promoted by having statistics 
all in one place. 

But the fundamental purpose of statistical centralization lies in the fact that 
its great subjects, such as production, trade, finance, population, etc., are not 
separate and distinct, but are closely interrelated. The state, in other words, is 
not a series of heterogeneous activiti s, but is itself an entity. The statistics of the 
country must therefore be framed to illustrate these relationships. For example, 
if the statistics of mines, fisheries, manufactures, and other phases of production 
are carried out in a series of water-tight compartments, the phenomena common to 
all, such as labour, capital, equipment, etc., will inevitably be handled differently, 
with non-comparable results. Again, if one system of classifying commodities is 
employed by the Trade Statistician, another by the Production Statistician, and 
another by the Prices Statistician, no general study of conditions surrounding a 
particular group of commodities can be made; similarly, the classification of occupa 
tions should be uniform, whether in the Census analysis of population, in the vital 
statistical record of deaths, in criminal and in labour statistics, and so on. Again, 
on points of method like the construction of index numbers clearly such devices 
should yield results that are comparable from field to field. In brief, a true national 
statistic is not a mere aggregation of the statistics of different activities, but 
involves also a purview of the totality of phenomena, with the object of revealing 
their interplay, and, if possible, the controlling forces from time to time. Not 
only should the State be provided with statistics on the main subjects of national 
interest, but these statistics should be properly "articulated" with each other, so 
as to form in so far as possible a single conspectus. 

The Bureau has completed the plans for a unified, nation-wide statistical 
system, covering every important phase of social and economic activity, and has 
carried them out to a considerable degree. 

The main achievement of the Bureau has been in the organization of the 
several subjects in correlation with each other in accordance with this general 
plan, and the consequent establishment of a comprehensive viewpoint of the 
62373 6H 



964 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

country as a "going concern." In addition, there has been created what is frequently 
called a central "thinking office" in statistics, continuously in touch with general 
conditions and the line of probable developments. 

The final concept in the organization of the Bureau of Statistics is that of a 
national laboratory for social and economic research. Statistics are not merely a 
record of what has been, but are for use in planning what shall be; it is the duty of 
a statistical bureau to assist directly in the day-to-day problems of administration, 
as well as to provide their theoretic background. One of the most significant of 
recent developments in administration is the extent to which statistical organization 
has been increased as a guide to national policy. Though its usefulness is only 
begun, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics has laid the foundations for a service 
comparable with the increasingly important position taken by Canada in the 
economic and political world. 

Publications of the Bureau. The first annual report of the Dominion 
Statistician contained a full description of the organization of the Bureau and of 
its subject matter. The chart on page 962 is from that report. The main branches 
of the Bureau are as follows: I. Administration; II. Population Census and Vital 
Statistics; III. Agricultural Statistics; IV. Fisheries, Furs and Dairy Products; 
V. Mining, Metallurgical and Chemical; VI. Forestry and allied Industries; VII. 
General Manufactures; VIII. External Trade (Imports and Exports); IX. Internal 
Trade; X. Transportation; XI. Financial Statistics; XII. Statistics of Administra 
tion of Justice; XIII. Education Statistics; XIV. General Statistics. The publica 
tions of the several Branches are as follows: 

ADMINISTRATION- 

Annual Report of the Dominion Statistician. 

POPULATION- 
Census 

/. Census of Population and Agriculture, 1921 
Bulletins of the Sixth Census ofCanada, 1921, as follows: 

(1) Population of the Dominion: (a) Population of Canada, 1921, by Provinces, 

Electoral Districts, Cities, Towns, etc. (b) Religions of the People, 1921. 
(c) Origins of the People, 1921. (d) Racial Origins of U.S. born, 1921. 
(e) Birthplaces of the People, 1921. (/) Canadian-born according to 
Nationality of Parents, 1921. (g) Year of Immigration, Naturalization 
and Citizenship, 1921. (h) Ages of the People, 1921. (i) Conjugal Condi 
tion of the People, 1921. (j) Language Spoken, 11)21. (*) Literacy, 1921. 
(I) Occupations, 1921. Also Bulletins on Population by Provinces as 
follows: (a) Population of Nova Scotia Electoral Districts, etc. (b) 
Population of Prince Edward Island Electoral District-, etc. (c) Popula 
tion of New Brunswick Electoral Di.-t net s, etc. (d) Population of Quebec 

Electoral Districts, etc. (e) Population of Ontario Electoral Districts, 

etc (/) Population of Manitoba Electoral Districts, etc. (</) Population 
of Saskatchewan Electoral Districts, etc. (h) Population of Alberta- 
Electoral Districts, etc. (i) Population of British Columbia 
Districts, etc. 

(2) Census of Agriculture, 1921: (a) Field Crops of Prairie Provinces, 1921. 

(b) Agriculture of Canada General Summary, (c.) Pure-bred Domestic 
Animals, 1921. (d) Agriculture of Nova Scotia, 1.)21. (c) Agriculture of 
Prince Edward Island, 1921. (/) Agriculture of New Brunswick 1921 
(a) Agriculture of Quebec, 1921. (h) Agriculture of Ontario, 1921. (t) 
Agriculture of Manitoba, 1921. (j) Agriculture of Saskatchewan, 1921. 
(fc) Agriculture of Alberta, 1921. (I) Agriculture of British Columbia, 
1921. 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS 965 

N.B. The Reports of the 1921 census will include four volumes on population 
and one on agriculture; there will also be issued a series of special reports 
on the Foreign-born, Origins of the People, Religions, Families, Housing, 
Literacy and School Attendance, Earnings of the People, Unemployment, 
etc." 
//. Census of Population, etc., 1911 

Reports of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911. Vol. I. Areas and Population by 
Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts, with Introduction, Tables I to XV, 
pp. i-viii, 1-623. Vol. II. Religions, Origins, Birthplaces, Citizenship, 
Literacy and Infirmities by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts, with 
Introduction. Tables I-XLVI, pp. i-iv, 1-634. Vol. III. Manufactures 
for 1910 as enumerated in June, 1911, with Introduction. Tables I-XX, 
pp. i-xvi, 1-432. Vol. IV. Agriculture, with Introduction. Tables 1-90, 
I-XXXV, pp. i-xcv, 1-428. Diagrams 5 pp. Vol. V. Forest, Fishery, 
Fur and Mineral production, with Introduction. Tables 1-51, I-XXVI, 
pp. i-1, 1-171. Vol. VI. Occupations of the People, with Introduction. 
Tables 1-25, I-VI, pp. i-xxxi, 1-469. 

Bulletins of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911. Manufactures of Canada- 
Dairy Industries Agriculture, Prince Edward Island Agriculture, Nova 
Scotia Agriculture, New Brunswick Agriculture, Quebec Agriculture, 
Ontario Agriculture, Manitoba Agriculture, Saskatchewan Agriculture, 
Alberta Agriculture, British Columbia Religions Origins of the People 
Birthplaces of the People Educational Status Mineral Production 
Infirmities Ages -School Attendance. 

Special Report of the Foreign-born Population. (Abstracted from the Records 

of the Fifth Census of Canada, June, 1911, 23 tables, 62 pp., 1915.) 
///. Census of Population and Agriculture of the Prairie Provinces, 1916 

Report of the Census of Population and Agriculture of the Prairie Provinces, 
1916. Tables 1-54, I-XXVI, pp. i-lxvi, 1-356. 

Births, Deaths and Marriages 

IV. Vital Statistics. (1) Annual Report on Vital Statistics of Canada, by 
provinces and municipalities. (2) Monthly Report of Births, Marriages 
and Deaths, by provinces. (3) Report of Conference on Vital Statistics, 
held June 19-20, 1918, pp. 1-48. 

PRODUCTION- 

I. General Summary of Production 

Including and differentiating (gross and net) (1) Primary Production (Agri 
culture, Fishing, Furs, Forestry and Mining) and (2) Secondary Produc 
tion or General Manufactures. 

II. Agriculture 

(1) Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics. (Contains monthly reports on 
agricultural conditions, prices, weather, etc. preliminary, provisional and 
final estimates of areas, yields, quality and values of field crops numbers 
and values of farm live stock, poultry, etc. fruit statistics stocks of 
grain annual summary of agricultural production international agri 
cultural statistics.) (2) Advance Summaries of Agricultural Statistics 
(monthly) . 

(See also Census of Agriculture above.) 
777. Furs 

(1) Annual Report on Fur Farms. (2) Annual Report on the Production of 
Raw Furs (wild-life). 

IV. Fisheries 

(1) Annual Report on Fisheries Statistics. (2) Advance Summaries of Fish 
caught, marketed and prepared, by provinces, districts, etc. 

V. Forestry 

(1) Annual Summary of the value, etc., of forest production. (Covers opera 
tions in the woods for saw-mills, shingle mills, pulp and paper mills, etc., 
production of mining timber; production of poles and cross ties, and 
farm production (decennial) of firewood, posts, etc.) 

(See also Reports on Manufactures of Forestry Products listed under 
"Manufactures" Section VII. subsection (5).). 



966 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

VI. Mineral Production: (Mining and Metallurgy) 

(1) General Reports: (a) Annual Report on the Mineral Production of Canada; 

(b) Preliminary Reports (semi-annual) on the Mineral Production of 
Canada. 

(2) Coal: (a) Annual Report on Coal Statistics for Canada; (b) Monthly 
Report on Coal Statistics for Canada. 

(3) Annual Bulletins on the following subjects: Metals (a ) Arsenic; (b) Cobalt ; 

(c) Copper; (c/) Gold; (e) Iron Ore; (/) Lea.d; (g) Nickel; (h) Metals of 
the Platinum Group; (i} Silver; (.; ) Zinc; (k) Miscellaneous Non-Ferrous 
Metals, including Aluminium, Antimony, Chromite, Manganese, Mercury, 
Molybdenum, Tin, Tungsten. Non-Metals (a) Asbestos; (b) Coal; (c) 
Feldspar; (d) Gypsum; (e) Iron Oxides; (/) Mica; (g) Natural Gas; (h) 
Petroleum; (i) Quartz; (j) Salt; (k) Talc; (h) Miscellaneous Non-Metallic 
Minerals including Actinolite, Barytes, Corundum, Fluorspar, Graphite, 
Grindstones, Magnesite, Magnesium Sulphate, Mineral Waters, Natro- 
alunite, Peat, Phosphate, Pyrites, Sodium carbonate, Sodium sulphate, 
Tripolite. Structural Materials and Clay Products (a) Cement; (b) Clay 
and Clay Products; (c) Lime; (d) Sand and Gravel; (e) Stone and Slate. 

(4) Industrial Reviews of the following: (a) The Gold Industry; (b) Copper- 
Gold-Silver Industry; (c) Nickel-Copper Industry; (d) Silver-Cobalt In 
dustry; (e) Silver-Lead-Zinc Industry. 

(5) Provincial Mineral Production Reports for: (a) Nova Scotia; (b) New Bruns 

wick; (c) Quebec; (d) Ontario; (e) Manitoba; (/) Saskatchewan; (gr) Alberta; 
(h) British Columbia; (i) Yukon. 

(See also sections (6), (7), (8) and (9) under "Manufactures" below). 

VII. Manufactures 

(1) General Summary, by Provinces and leading Cities (industrial groups 
classified by component materials, purpose, etc., of products -compara 
tive statistics). 

(2) Manufacture of Vegetable Products Special Bulletins as follows: (a) 
Coffee and Spices; (b) Cocoa and Chocolate; (c) Fruit and Vegetable 
Preparation, including canning, evaporating and preserving; (d) Pickles, 
Sauces, Vinegar and Cider; (e) Flour and Cereal Mills. (See also under 
heading "Internal Trade"); (/) Bread and other Bakery Products; (g) 
Biscuits and. Confectionery; (h) Macaroni and Vermicelli; (i) Liquors, 
Distilled; (j) Liquors, Malt; (k) Liquors, Vinous; (I) Rubber Goods and 
Rubber Boots and Shoes; Jjri) Starch and Glucose; (ri) Sugar Refineries; 
(0) Tobacco Products; (p) Linseed Oil and Oil Cake. 

(3) Animal Products and their Manufactures Special Reports and Bulletins 

as follows: (a) Dairy Products; (b*) Slaughtering and Meatpacking; (c) 
Fish and Fish Products; (d) Leather Tanneries; (e) Harness and Saddlery; 
(/) Leather Boots and Shoes; (g) Leather Goods; (h) Leather Gloves and 
Mitts. (See also under heading "Internal Trade"). 

(4) Textile and Allied Industries General report. Special Bulletins as follows: 

(a) Cotton Textiles (Cloth, yarn, thread and waste); (b) Woollen Textiles 
(Cloth, yarn, blankets, felt and waste); (c) Silk Mills; (d) Clothing (Men s 
and women s factory and custom); (e) Hats Caps and Furs; (/) Hosiery 
and Knit Goods; (g) Neckwear (Men s and Women s) and Fancy Goods; 
(h} Oiled Clothing and Waterproofs; (i) Corsets; (j) Carpets, Rugs and 
Mats; (fc) Cordage. Rope and Twine. 

(5) Manufactures of Forest Products Special Reports as follows: (1) Lumber, 
Lath and Shingle Industry; (2) Pulp and Paper; (3) Manufactures of 
Wood and Paper Products: (a) Cooperage; (b) Planing Mills, Sash and 
Door Factories; (c) Printing, Bookbinding, Publishing, Lithographing and 
Engraving, Stereotyping and Electrotyping, Maps and Blue Prints; (d) 
Furniture; (e) Carriages, Wagons and Sleighs, and Materials 1 hereof; 
(/) Canoes, Rowboats and Launches; (g) Coffins and Caskets; (/?) Con 
tainers Boxes and bags (paper); boxes and packing cases (wood); 
baskets and crates; woodenware. 

(6) Iron and Steel and Their Products General Report. Special Bulletins as 
follows: (a) Pig Iron, Steel and Rolled Products; (/>) Castings and Forg- 
ings; (c) Machinery, Implements; (d) Motor Vehicles and Accessories; 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS 967 

(e) Railway Rolling; Stock; (/) Heating and Ventilating Equipment; 
(a) Wire and Wire Goods; (h) Sheet Metal Products; (i) Hardware and 
Tools; (j) Miscellaneous Iron and Steel Products. 

(N.B. A Monthly Report on the Production of Iron and Steel is issued.) 

(7) Manufactures of Non-Ferrous Metals General Report. Special Bulletins 
as follows: (a) Aluminium Products; (b) Brass and Copper Products; 
(c) Lead, Tin and Zinc Products; (d) Manufactures of Precious Metals; 
(e) Electrical Apparatus. 

(8) Manufactures of Non-Metallic Minerals General Report. Special Bulletins 
as follows: (a) Aerated Waters; (b) Asbestos and Allied Products; (c) 
Cement Products and Sand Lime Brick; (d) Coke and By-Products; (e) 
Glass (blown, cut, ornamental, etc.); (/) Illuminating and Fuel Gas; 
(<?) Monumental and Ornamental Stone; (h) Petroleum Products; (i) 
Miscellaneous Manufactured Non-Metallic Mineral Products, including: 
(a) Artificial Abrasives; (6) Abrasive Products; (c) Electrodes; (d) Fuel 
Briquettes; (e) Gypsum Products; (/) Mica Trimming. 

(9) Chemical and Allied Products General Report. Special Bulletins as 
follows: (a) Coal Tar and its Products; (o) Explosives, Ammunition, 
Fireworks and Matches; (c) Fertilizers; (d) Medicinal and Pharmaceutical 
Preparations; (e) Pigments, Paints and Varnishes; (/) Soap, Perfume, 
Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations; (g) Inks, Dyes and Colour Compounds; 
(h) Wood Distillation and Extracts. 

(10) Miscellaneous Manufactures Special Bulletins as follows: (a) Brooms 
and Brushes; (b) Musical Instruments (including pianos and organs, and 
phonographs); (c) Musical Instrument Materials and Parts; (d) Buttons; 
(e) Trunks and Valises. 

(11) Summary Reports on Groups of Industries, classified according to the use 
or purpose of their principal product as follows: (a) Food; (6) Clothing; 
(c) Drink and Tobacco; (d) Personal and Household Goods; (e) Books; 
(/) Equipment; (g) Materials for further manufacture. 

(N.B. For Statistics of Water-Power and Central Electric Stations, see 
under heading "Public Utilities"). 

VIII. Construction. (a) The Building and General Construction Industry; (b) 
Railway, Telephone and Telegraph Construction, Maintenance of Way 
and Repairs; (c) Government and Municipal Construction; (d) The 
Bridgebuilding Industry; (e) The Shipbuilding Industry; (/) Building 
Permits Monthly Record. 

EXTERNAL TRADE (IMPORTS AND EXPORTS) - 

(1) Annual Report of the Trade of Canada; (2) Preliminary Annual Report 
of the Trade of Canada; (3) Monthly Report of the Trade of Canada; 
(4) Monthly Bulletins on Trade Statistics as follows: General (a) 
Abstract of Imports, Exports and Duty Collected by Latest Month, 
Accrued Period, and Latest 12 Months; (6) Summary of Trade by 
Countries and Principal Commodities, Latest 12 Months; (c) Summary of 
Trade with United Kingdom, Principal Commodities, Latest Month and 
12 Months; (d) Summary of Trade with United States, Principal Com 
modities, Latest Month and 12 Months; (e) Abstract of Trade by 
Countries; (/) Summary of Trade by Groups, Latest Month, Accrued 
Period and Latest 12 Months. Special (o) Summary Exports, Grain 
and Flour; (b) Detailed Exports, Grain and Flour; (c) Exports of Milk, 
Milk Products and Eggs; (d) Exports of Pulp Wood, Wood Pulp and 
Paper; (e) Exports of Rubber Goods and Insulated Wire; (/) Exports of 
Refined Sugar; (g) Exports of Gold and Silver (ores and silver bullion); 
(h) Exports of Preserved and Canned Fish; (i) Exports of Calcium Car 
bide; ) Exports of Leather Footwear; (fc) Exports of Vehicles of Iron 
(Automobiles, Bicycles, Railway Cars, etc.); (I) Imports of Rubber and 
Rubber Goods; (TO) Imports of Preserved and Canned Fish; (ri) Imports 
of Wood Pulp and Paper; (o) Imports of Narcotic Drugs; (p) Imports 
of Vehicles of Iron; (q) Imports of Grain and Grain Products; (r) The Tea 
Trade, Imports and Exports; (s) Imports of Footwear (except Rubber 
Goods); (0 Exports of Live Animals; (it) Exports of Meats; (v) Imports 
of Meats. 



968 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

INTERNAL TRADE 

Grain 

(1) Annual Report on the Grain Trade of Canada; (2) Weekly Report on the 
Gram Movement; (3) Monthly Report on Mill Grind; (4) Special historical 
report on Flour Milling Industry, 1921. 
Lire Stock, etc. 

(1) Annual Report on Live Stock and Animal Products; (2) Monthly Report 

on Stocks in Cold Storage. 
Prices Statistics 

(1) Annual and Monthly Reports on Wholesale and Retail Prices and Price 

Indexes; (2) Prices of Securities. 
Other 

Monthly Report of Visible Supply of Raw and Refined Sugar. 

TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC UTILITIES- 

Railways and Tramways 

(1) Annual Report on Railway Statistics; (2) Annual Report on Electric" Rail 
way Statistics; (3) Monthly Bulletin on Railway Revenues, Expenses 
Incomes and Operating Statistics; (4) Monthly Statement of Traffic of 
Railways; (5) Weekly Report of Carloads of Revenue Freight, 
Express 

Annual Report on Express Statistics. 
Telegraphs 

Annual Report on Telegraph Statistics. 
Telephones 

Annual Report on Telephone Statistics. 
Water Transportation 

(1) Annual Report on Canal Stut istics; (2 > Monthly Report on Canal Statistics; 

(3) Report of Census of Canadian Registered Ships. 
Electric Stations- 

Annual Report on Central Electric Stations in Canada. 

FINANCE- 

(1) Annual Report on Provincial Finance; (2) Annual Municipal Statistics of 
Cities of 10,000 population and over; (3) Annual Municipal St.-.iisiica of 
Urban Municipalities of 3,000 to 10,000 population; (4) Annual Municipal 
Statistics of Urban MunicinBlities of 1,000 to 3,000 population; (5) Special 
Bulletins on Assessed Valuations by Provinces, Municipal Bonded Indebt 
edness, etc. 

JUSTICE- 

Annual Report on Criminal Statistics. 

EDUCATION- 

(1) Annual Report on Education Statistics; (2) Annual Statistics of Business 
Colleges; (3) Annual Statistics of Private, Elementary and Secondary 
Schools; (4) Statistics of Universities and Colleges; (5) Report on Play 
grounds, etc., in Canada; (6) Historical Statistical Survey of Education 
in Canada; (7) Library Statistics of Canada, 1920-21; (8) Report of Con 
ference on Education Statistics, held October 27-28, 1920. 

GENERAL STATISTICS 

Employment. Monthly and Annual Reports and Index Numbers by Localities 

and Industries. 

Commercial Failures. Monthly and Annual Reports. 

The Canada Year Book, 1921, with frontispiece "The Arms of Canada," map of 
Canada and Newfoundland, a Statistical Summary of the Progress of 
Canad% since 1871, and maps and diagrams, pp. i-xxiii, 1-909. 

Contents: I. The Constitution and Government of Canada, by S. A Cud- 
more, B.A. (Tor.), M.A. (Oxon.), F.S.S., F. R. Econ. Soc., Editor Canada 
Year Book. II. Provincial and Local Government in Canada; Maritime 
Provinces, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British 
Columbia, by various writers. III. Chronological History of Canada. 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS 969 

IV. Physical Characteristics of Canada, including special articles on 
Geology and Economic Minerals, Geology in Relation to Agriculture in 
Canada, the Flora of Canada, the Faunas of Canada, and Economic 
Geology of Canada, 1920-21. V. Area and Population. VI. Education. 
VII. Climate amd Meteorology, including article on the Climate of Canada 
since Confederation. VIII. Production, including article on the Develop 
ment of Agriculture in Canada. IX. Trade and Commerce. X. Trans 
portation and Communications. XI. Labour, Wages and Prices. XII. 
Finance. XIII. Administration. XIV. Legislation and Principal Events 
of the Year, 1921. XV. Extracts from the Canada Gazette. 
The Canada Year Book, 1922-23: The official statistical annual of the Physio 
graphy, Resources, History, Institutions and Social and Economic Conditions 
of the Dominion, with Map of Canada and Newfoundland, a Statistical Sum 
mary of the Progress of Canada, maps, diagrams, etc., pp. i-xxvii, 1-1038. 
Contents: I. Physical Characteristics of Canada (Geographical Features, 
Geology, Seismology, Flora, Faunas, Natural Resources, Climate and 
Meteorology). II. History and Chronology. III. The Constitution and 
General Government of Canada. IV. Provincial and Local Government 
in Canada. V. Parliamentary Representation in Canada. VI. Population 
(Census, Vital Statistics, Immigration). VII. Production (General Survey 
of Production, Agriculture, Forestry, Fur Trade, Fisheries, Mining, Water 
Powers, Manufactures, Construction). VIII. Tra de and Commerce (Exter 
nal and Internal Trade) . IX. Transportation and Communications (Steam 
Railways, Electric Railways, Motor Vehicles, Air Navigation, Canals, 
Shipping, Navigation, Telegraphs, Telephones, Express, Post Office). 
X. Labour, Wages and Prices. XI. Finance, Public and Private (Currency, 
Banking, Insurance, etc.). XII. Education. XIII. Miscellaneous Admin 
istration (Public Health, Hospitals and Charities, Justice, Public Lands, 
Public Defence, Public Works, Indian Administration, etc.) XIV. Sources 
of Statistical and other Information Relative to Canada. XV. Annual 
Register for 1922-23 (Dominion and Provincial Legislation, Principal 
Events, Obituary, Government Appointments, etc.) 

II. ACTS ADMINISTERED BY DOMINION DEPARTMENTS. 

List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of 
the Government of the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from inform 
ation supplied by the respective Departments. 

(Numbers within parentheses denote chapters of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906 R.S.C., 1906.) 

Justice. Department of Justice (21); Solicitor General s (22); Northwest 
Territories (62); Yukon (63); Dominion Police (92); Judges (138); Supreme Court 
(139); Exchequer Court (140); Admiralty (141); Petition of Right (142); Criminal 
Code (146); Penitentiary (147); Prisons and Reformatories (148); Identification 
of Criminals (149); Ticket of leave (150); Fugitive Offenders (154); Extradition 
(155); Juvenile Delinquents (7-8 Edw. VII, c. 40, 1908); Bankruptcy (c. 36, 1919). 

External Affairs. The functions and. duties of this Department are defined 
by the Department of External Affairs Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 22) and by the Inter 
national Boundary Waters Treaty Act (1-2 Geo. V, 1911, c. 28), as amended by 
the statute of April 3, 1914 (4 Geo. V, c. 5). 

Customs and Excise. Customs Tariff; Customs; Canada Shipping 
(in part); Infectious and Contagious Diseases affecting Anim^ (in part); 
Destructive Insect and Pest (in part); Export; Copyright (in part); Petroleum and 
Naphtha; Inland Revenue; Special War Revenue, 1915. 

Post Office. Post Office; Pacific Cable; Parcel Post; Special War Revenue 
(in part). 

Agriculture. Experimental Farm Stations; Fruit Act; Dairy Industry; 
Cold Storage; Cold Storage Warehouse; Oleomargarine; Milk Test; Seed Control; 
Feeding Stuffs; Live Stock Pedigree; Live Stock and Live Stock Products; Animal 
Contagious Diseases; Meat and Canned Foods; Destructive Insect and Pest; 
Agricultural Instruction; Dairy Produce Act ; Fertilizers Act ; Section 235 Criminal 
Code (Race Track Betting). 



970 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

Interior. Department of the Interior; Dominion Lands; Dominion Lands 
Surveys: Forest Reserves and Parks; Irrigation; Railway Belt; Railway Belt, 
Water; Yukon; Yukon Placer Mining; Dominion Water Power; Land Titles; 
Northwest Game; Northwest Territories; Ordnance and Admiralty Lands; Re 
clamation; Seed Grain; Migratory Birds Convention Act. 

Health. Quarantine Act (74); Public Works Health Act (135); Leprosy 
Act (136); Canada Shipping Act (Sick and Distressed Mariners) (113); Proprietary 
or Patent Medicines Act (7-8 Edw. VII, c. 56); Opium and Narcotic Drug Act; 
an Act respecting Food and Drugs; an Act respecting Honey; an Act respecting 
Maple Products. 

Finance. Department of Finance and Treasury Board; Appropriation; 
Superannuation and Retirement; Contingencies; Consolidated Revenue and Audit; 
Currency; Ottawa Mint; Dominion Notes; Provincial Subsidies; Bank; Savings 
Bank; Penny Bank; Quebec Savings Banks; Bills of Exchange; Interest; The 
Special War Revenue Act, 1915, and amendments, 1920 (in part); The Business 
Profits War Tax Act, 1916, and amendments; Income War Tax Act, 1917, and 
amendments; Finance Act; Ottawa Improvement Commission Act. 

National Defence. Militia and Defence. Militia Act; Royal Military 
College Act: Militia Pension Act; Sections 85 and 86 of the Criminal Code; the 
Air Board Act; Army Act; Regimental Debts Act; the National Defence Act, 
1922. Naval Service. Naval Service Act (9-10 Edward VII, chapter 43); Naval 
Discipline; Dominion Naval Forces Act (8-9 George V, chapter 34); the National 
Defence Act, 1922. 

Public Works of Canada. Public Works (39) and amendments (8-9 Geo. 
V, 1918, c. 37); Government Harbours and Piers, s. 5 (112); Navigable Waters 
Protection, s. 7 (115) and amendments (8-9 Geo. V, 1918, c. 33); Telegraph Secrecy 
(126); Dry Dock Subsidies (9-10 Edw. VII, 1910, c. 17); an Act to amend the 
Navigable Waters Protection Act (9-10 Edw. VII, 1910, c. 44); an Act to authorize 
the payment of a subsidy to the Collingwood Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (2 Geo. V, 
1912, c. 17); an Act to amend the Dry Dock Subsidies Act, 1910 (2 Geo. V, 1912, 
c. 20); an Act to amend the Government Works Toll Act, R.S.C., 1906, c. 40 (2 
Geo. V, 1912, c. 26); an Act to incorporate the National Gallery of Canada (3-4 
Geo. V, 1913, c. 33); an Act to authorize the payment of a subsidy to the Western 
Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (3-4 Geo. V, 1913, c. 57); Acts to amend the 
Dry Dock Subsidies Act, 1910 (4-5 Geo. V, 1914, c. 29, 7-8 Geo. V, 1917, c. 27 and 
9-10 Geo. V, 1919, c. 51); Act to confirm an agreement between His Majesty the 
King and the Corporation of the City "of < Mtawa (10-11 Geo. V, c. 15); Ferries Act, 
R.S.C., 1906, c. 108, transferred by Order in Council, 3rd June, 1918, for adminis 
tration by Public Works Department. 

Trade and Commerce. Grain Act Consolidation; Electricity and Fluid 
Exportation; Electricity Inspection; Electrical Units; Gold and Silver Marking; 
Gas Inspection; Inspection and Sale; Inspection of Water Meiers; Petroleum 
Bounty; Statistics; Timber Marking; Weights and Measuies Inspection; Copy 
right Act; Cullers Act; Patent Act; Trade Mark and Design Ad. 

Labour. Conciliation and Labour (96); Industrial Disputes Investigation 
(6-7 Edw. VII, 1907, c. 20); Fair Wages Resolution of the House of Commons; 
Employment Offices Co-ordination Act (8-9 Geo. V, c. 21); The Technical Education 
Act (9-10 Geo. V, c. 73); The Government Annuities Act, 1908. 

Secretary of State. Companies; Naturalization; Canada Temperance; 
Boards of ^de; Trade Unions; War Charities, 1917. 

Railways and Canals. Department of Railways and Canals (35); Govern 
ment Railways (36); Intercolonial and P.E.I. Railway Employees Provident Fund 
(6-7 Edw. VII, c. 22); The Government Railways Small Claims (9-10 Edw. VII, 
c. 26); and amendments to foregoing Acts; Acts to amend the National Trans 
continental Railway Act (4-5 Geo. V, c. 43 and 5 Geo. V, c. 18) and to amend the 
Government Railway Act and authorize the purchase of certain Railways (5 Geo. 
V, c. 16); an Act to incorporate Canadian National Railway Company and respect 
ing Canadian National Railways (9-10 Geo. V, c. 13) and amending Act (10-11 
Geo. V, c. 39); an Act to provide Compensation where employees of His Majesty 
are killed or suffer injuries while performing their duties (8-9 Geo. V, c. 15 and 



PUBLICATIONS OF DOMINION DEPARTMENTS 971 

amending Act (9-10 Geo. V, c. 14); the Canada Highways Act (9-10 Geo. V, c. 54); 
the acquisition of the preference and common stock of the Grand Trunk Railway 
Company of Canada (10 Geo. V, c. 17, 10-11 Geo. V, c. 13 and 11-12 Geo. V, c. 9). 

The Railway Act, 1919 (Companies) (9-10 Geo. V, c. 68) confers certain powers 
upon the Minister of the Department. In the case of subsidized railways the 
authorizing Acts are carried out under the Department which has also certain 
jurisdiction where government guarantee has been given. 

Marine. Department of Marine and Fisheries; Government Vessels Disci 
pline; Government Harbours and Piers; Canada Snipping and amending Acts 
(6-7 Geo. V, cc. 12 and 13); Navigable Waters Protection; Quebec Harbour and 
River Police; Live Stock Shipping; an Act to amend the Vancouver Harbour Com 
missioners Act (6-7 Geo. V, c. 9); an Act transferring Rights and Powers in 
Harbour of St. John, N.B., to a Board of three Commissioners approved by Order 
in Council; The Vancouver Harbour Advances Act, 1919; an Act fixing the rate 
of interest to be paid on loans by His Majesty to the Harbour Commissioners of 
Montreal and Quebec; an Act to amend the Canada Shipping Act (Transfers and 
Mortgages of Ships), passed during the session of 1919-20; Canada Shipping Acts 
(10-11 Geo. V, cc. 5, 6, 23, 38 and 70) relating respectively to certificates of service, 
steamboat inspection, pilotage, sick and diseased mariners and shipbuilding; an 
Act to extend the time for the payment of certain debentures issued by the Harbour 
Commissioners of Montreal (11-12 Geo. V, c. 11); an Act to amend the Canada 
Shipping Act (11-12 Geo. V, c. 19); an Act respecting the Lake of the Woods and 
other waters (11-12 Geo. V, c. 38). 

Indian Affairs. The Indian Act, 1906, with amendments to date. 

King s Printer and Controller of Stationery. Public Printing and Station 
ery (80) (10 Geo. V, c. 27, 1919). 

Mines. Geology and Mines (6-7 Edw. VII, 1907, c. 29); Explosives (4-5 
Geo. V, 1914, c. 31). 

III. PUBLICATIONS OF DOMINION DEPARTMENTS. 

List of Principal Publications of the Departments of the Government of 
the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by 
the respective Departments. 

Customs and Excise. Annual Report containing Tables of Imports, Exports, 
Customs and Inland Revenue. Annual Report of Shipping. 

Post Office, Annual Report of the Postmaster General. Official Postal 
Guide. Regulations as to parcel post and rural mail delivery. 

Agriculture. The Agricultural Gazette of Canada, subscription, $1 per year 
(bi-monthly). Annual Reports of the Minister, of the Experimental Farms and 
Stations, of the Veterinary Director General and of the Entomological Branch. 
Bulletins, pamphlets, and circulars of the Experimental Farms Branch on a great 
variety of agricultural subjects, including publications of the following nine divi 
sions: Field Husbandry; Animal Husbandly; Horticulture; Cereal; Chemistry; 
Forage Plants; Botany; Poultry and Tobacco. Seasonable Hints are issued three 
times a year. Bulletins of the Dairy and Cold Storage Branch relating to the 
dairying and cold storage industries in Canada, the making of butter and 
cheese, cow testing, dairying experiments, co-operation, etc. Reports, bulletins, 
pamphlets, etc., of the Live Stock Branch on cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, 
marketing of eggs, wool, etc. Bulletins of the Health of Animals Branch with 
regulations as to contagious abortion; rabies; sheep scab; actinomycosis; anthrax; 
glanders; hog cholera; maladie du coit; tuberculosis; foot-and-mouth disease; 
quarantine and meat inspection. Bulletins and Reports of the Seed Branch as 
to Seed-testing, the production and use of seed grains, the Seed Control Act, and 
the Fertilizers Act. Bulletins and circulars of the Entomological Branch and 
instructions to importers of nursery stock. Reports of the Canadian Seed Grow 
ers Association. Fodder and Pasture Plants, by George H. Clark, B.S.A., and 
M. Oscar Malte, Ph.D., 143 pages, 27 plates, price 50 cents. Bulletin on the 
Maple Sugar Industry; Agricultural Instruction Act; Publications Filing System. 



972 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

Dominion Experimental Farms. (1) Report of the Director (contains sum 
mary of reports of Divisions, Farms and Stations); (2) Animal Husbandry Divi 
sion; (3) Bee Division; (4) Botany Division; (5) Chemistry Division; (6) Field 
Husbandry Division; (7) Illustration Stations Division; (8) Poultry Division; 
(9) Tobacco Division; (10) Horticultural Division; (11) Cereal Division; (12) 
Forage Crops Division; Experimental Farms and Stations Reports: (13) Agassiz, 
B.C.; (14) Indian Head, Sask.; (15) Nappan, N.S.; (16) Charlottetown, P.E.I.: 
(17) Invermere, B.C.; (18) Sidney, B.C.; (19) Brandon, Man.; (20) Morden, 
Man.; (21) Cap Rouge, Que.; (22) Scott, Sask.; (23) Swift Current, Sask.; 
(24) Kapuskasing, Ont., and La Ferme, Que.; (25) Kentville, N.S.; (26) Lennox- 
ville, Que.; (27) Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, Que.; (28) Rosthern, Sask.; (29) 
Lethbridge, Alta.; (30) Lacombe, Alta.; (31) Summerland, B.C.; (32) Experi 
mental Sub-stations Beaverlodge, Alta.; Fort Vermilion, Alta.; Grouard, Alta.; 
Fort Resolution, N.W.T.; Swede Creek, Yukon; Salmon Arm, B.C. 

The pamphlet entitled " List of Publications " contains a list of the publi 
cations of the Department numbering more than three hundred. These publications 
include, in addition to the reports, bulletins and pamphlets on field crops, live 
stock, dairying, orchard and garden insects and plant diseases, poultry and miscel 
laneous topics. With few exceptons, the publications of the Department are 
free on application to its Publications Branch. 

Interior. Annual Report, including Reports from the Dominion Lands 
Surveys, Dominion Parks, Forestry, Irrigation and Water Power Branches. Pamph 
lets, reports, bulletins, etc., of the respective branches: 

Topographical Surveys. (1) Annual Report of the Topographical Surveys 
Branch, and accompanying maps. Price 5c. (2) Manual of Instructions for the 
Survey of Dominion Land?. Price 50c. Supplement to the Manual. Price 50c. 
(3) Rules and Regulations of the Board of Examiners for Dominion Land Survey 
ors, and programme of the subjects of the various examinations. (4) The Selkirk 
Range (in two volumes\ by A. O. Wheeler, F.R.G.S. Price $1. (5) Copying 
Camera of the Sur- r evor General s Office. (6^ Photographic Methods Employed 
b} the Canadian Topographical Survey, by A. O. Wheeler, F.P.G.S. (7) Precise 
Measuring with Invar Wires and the Measurement of the Kootenay Base, by 
P. A. Carson, D.L.S. (8) Report on Levelling Operations, from 1908 to 1914, 
by J. N. Wallace, D.L.S. Price 35c. (9) Triangulation of Part of the Railway 
Belt of British Columbia, by H. Parry, D.L.S. (10) Description, Adjustments 
and Methods of Use of the 6" Micrometer Block Survey Reiterating Transit 
Theodolite, by W. H. Herbert, B-S^c. (11) Papers on Descriptions for Deeds. 
(12) Description of the townships surveyed in the different Provinces, issued yearly 
since 1909. (13) Description of the surveyed townships in the Peace River District. 
(14) Descriptions of lands comprised within the Fort Pitt Sectional Map, consisting 
of townships 49 to 56, ranges 15 to 28, west of the third meridian. (15) Description 
of Surveyed Lands in the Railway Belt of British Columbia (in three parts). (16) 
Extracts from Reports on townships east of the principal meridian, received from 
surveyors to July 1, 1914. (17) Extracts from Reports on townships 1 to 16 west 
of the principal meridian, received from surveyors to July 1, 1914. (18) Extracts 
from Reports on townships 17 to 32 west of the principal meridian, received from 
surveyors to July 1, 1914. (19) Extracts from Reports on townships 33 to 88 west 
of the principal meridian, received from surveyors to March 31, 1915. (20) 
Extracts from reports on townships 1 to 16 west of the second meridian received 
from surveyors to March 31, 1915. (21) Astronomical field tables for use of Cana 
dian land surveyors showing the altitude and azimuth of the pole star. (22) 
Explanation of the Astronomical Field Tables for the use of the Land Surveyors 
of Canada. (23) Tests of small telescopes at the Laboratory of the Dominion 
Lands Survey. (24) Alberta and British Columbia Boundary, Part 1, 1913 to 
1916. Price 50c. Report and Atlas, $1. (25) Description of, and Guide to 
Jasper Park, 50 cents. (26) The Testing of Aneroid Barometers at the Laboratory 
of the Dominion Lands Survey. (27) Testing of time-pieces at the Laboratory 
of the Dominion Lands Survey. (28) Description of Boundary Monuments 
erected on surveys of Dominion Lands, 1871-1917, by H. L. Seymour, D.L.S. 
(29) Standardization of Measures of length at the Laboratory of the Dominion 
Lands Survey. (30) The Testing of Thermometers at the Laboratory of the Domi 
nion Lands Survev. (31) Descriptions of townships between the third and fourth 



PUBLICATIONS OF DOMINION DEPARTMENTS 973 

meridians, 1886. (32) Descriptions of the townships west of the fourth and fifth 
meridians, 1886. Maps. (33) Township Plans, Price lOc. (341 Plans of Parishes, 
Townplots and Settlements, 25c. to $1.00; (35) Sectional maps of western 
provinces and Yukon Territory, price 5c.; (36) New style sectional marts in greater 
detail showing roads, telephones, buildings, price 25c.; (37) Mount Robson and 
mountains north of Yellowhead pass; (38) Banff and vicinity; (39) Central part 
of Jasper Park, in 6 sheets, price 15c. per sheet; (40) Map of the same area, in 1 
.sheet; (41) Crowsnest forest and Watert on Lakes Park, in 5 sheets; (42) Waterton 
Lakes Park; (43) Magnetic maps; (44) Alberta British Columbia boundary 
maps, lOc. per sheet; (45) Land classification maps of the following districts 
Peace River, The Peace River Block, St. Paul de Metis, Northeast of Prince Albert, 
Winnipegosis, Lac la Biche, Pouce Coupe, St. Brieux, Whitecourt, Athabaska, and 
Dauphin; (46) Mining districts of Rice lake, price 5c., and Flinflon lake, price 
15c.; (47) Northern Selkirk mountains and the Big Bend of the Columbia; (48) 
Mackenzie and Slave rivers, in 14 sheets; (49) List of maps and publications issued 
by the Topographical Surveys Branch. (Publications of the Topographical Surveys 
Branch may be obtained on application to the Distribution Office, Department 
of Public Printing and Stationery for No. 1; to the Secretary, Board of Examiners 
for Dominion Land Surveyors, for No. 3, and to the Surveyor General for the other 
Nos.). 

Dominion Observatory. Publications of Dominion Observatory, Vol. V: No. 
8, A Spectroscopic Study of Early Class B Stars (Third Paper), by F. Henroteau, 
Ph.D.; No. 9, The Location of Epicentres, 1919, by W. W. Doxsee, M.A.; No. 10, 
Gravity, by A. H. Miller, M.A.; No. 11, The Spectroscopic System Delta Ceti 
(First Paper), by F. Henroteau, Ph.D.; Vol. VI: Part 1, Sect. 1-4, Spectroscopic 
Investigations of the Sun, by Ralph E. de Lury, M.A., Ph.D.; Vol. VIII: No. 1, 
The Spectroscopic System Theta Ophiuchi, by F. Henroteau, Ph.D.; No. 2, The 
Location of Epicentres, 1920, by W. W. Doxsee, M. A.: No. 3, the Spectroscopic 
System Beta Canis Majoris, by F. Henroteau, Ph.D.; No. 4, The Spectroscopic 
System Sigma Scorpii, Second Paper, by F. Henroteau, Ph.D. (See also Year 
Books, 1919, pp. 630-631; 1921, pp. 838-839). 

Reclamation. Irrigation Reports, 1912 to 1918-19; Annual Reports, 1919-20 
and 1920-21; Reports of the Western Canada Irrigation Association Conventions 
(1st to llth Convention); Report of the International Irrigation Congress, 1914. 
Bulletins: (1) Irrigation in Alberta and Saskatchewan; (2) Alfalfa Culture; (3) 
Climatic and Soil Conditions in C.P.Ry. Go s Irrigation Block; (4) Duty of Water 
Experiments and Farm Demonstration Work; (5) Farm Water Supply;, (6) Irri 
gation Practice and Water Requirements for Crops in Alberta. Pamphlets: "Prac 
tical Information for Beginners in Irrigation," by W. H. Snelson. Address by 
Mr. S. G. Porter on " Practical Operation of Irrigation W T orks." Address by 
Dr. Rutherford on " Inter-dependence of Farm and City." Addresses by Mr. 
Don H. Bark on " The Actual Problem that Confronts the Irrigator," " Practical 
Irrigation Hints for Alberta," and " Alfalfa Growing." 

Dominion Water Powers. Annual Reports for 1912-13 to 1921-22. The 
Annual Reports of the Branch previous to 1913 are included in the Annual Report 
of the Department. Water Resources Papers: I. Reports of Special or General 
Interest: 2, Report on Bow river Power and Storage Investigations, by M. C. 
Hendry; 3, Report on Power and Storage Investigations, Winnipeg river, by J. 
T. Johnston; 5 and 11, Preliminary and final Report on the Pasquia Reclamation 
Project, by T. H. Dunn; 6, Report on Cost of Various Sources of Power for Pump 
ing in connection with the South Saskatchewan Water Supply Diversion Project, 
by H. E. M. Kensit; 7, Report on the Manitoba Water Powers, by D. L. McLean, 
S. S. Scovil and J. T. Johnston; 10, General Guide for Compilation of Water Power 
Reports of Dominion Water Power Branch, prepared by J. T. Johnston; 12, Report 
on Small Water Powers in Western Canada and Discussion of Sources of Power 
for the Farm, by A. M. Beale; 13, Report on the Coquitlam-Buntzen Hydro- 
Electric Development, by G. R. G. Conwav; 16, Water Powers of Canada, a 
series of five pamphlets prepared for distribution at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, 
1915, bv G. R. G. Conway, P. H. Mitchell, H. G. Acres, F. T. Kaelin and K. H. 
Smith; 17, Canadian Hydraulic Power Development and Electric Power in Cana 
dian Industry, by C. H. Mitchell; 20 3 Report on the Interest Dependent on Winnipeg 
river Power, with Special Reference to the Capital Invested and the Labour 
Employed, by H. E. M. Kensit; 27 and 33, Directories of Central Electric Stations 



974 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

in Canada to January 1, 1922, by J. T. Johnston; 32, Water Resources Index 
Inventory, by J. T. Johnston. II. Surface Water Supply Reports: (A) Atlantic 
Drainage south of St. Lawrence river, including Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
Prince Edward Island and Southeastern Quebec; 29, for the climatic year ending 
September 30, 1920, by K. H. Smith; (B) St. Lawrence and Southern Hudson Bay 
Drainage in Ontario; 28 and 34, for the climatic years ending September 30, 1920 
and 1921, by S. S. Scovil; (C) Arctic and Western Hudson Bay Drainage (and 
Mississippi Drainage in Canada) in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, extreme 
\\~estern Ontario, and Northwest Territories; 4, 19, 22, 24, 26, 31 and 36, from 
1912 to the climatic year ending September 30, 1921, by M. C. Hendry (to 1918) 
and C. H. Attwood and A. L. Ford. Previous to 1919-20 surveys in Alberta and 
Saskatchewan were carried on and published by the Reclamation Service, Depart 
ment of the Interior; (D) Pacific Drainage in British Columbia and the Yukon 
Territory: 1, 8, 14, 18, 21, 23, 25, 30 and 35, from 1911 to the climatic year ending 
September 30, 1921, by P. A. Carson (to 1912) and R. G. Swan. 

Natural Resources Intelligence Service. Maps. Land Maps of Northern 
Alberta, Southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba; Cereal Maps of Mani 
toba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta; Small Land Map of Manitoba, Saskatchewan 
and Alberta; Bank Maps of Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and 
Alberta; Land Registration ana Judicial Districts Map of Manitoba, Saskat 
chewan and Alberta; Fisheries Map of the Atlantic Coast; Map of the World; 
Resource Map of Canada; Railway Map of Canada in eight sheets, also in one 
sheet form; Standard Topographical Sheets Sault Ste. Marie; Sudbury; Nipissing; 
Gatineau; Montreal-Quebec; Montmagny; Rainy river; English river; lake 
Xipigon; Michipicoten; Mattagami; Harricanaw; Chibougamau; Roberval; 
Tadoussac; Bonaventure; Gaspe; Belleville; Cape Breton; Cornwall; French 
river; Gowganda; Guelph; Halifax; Hamilton; Kingston; London; Manitoulin; 
Moncton; Montreal; Ottawa; Parry Sound; Pembroke; Prince Edward Island; 
Quebec; Sault Ste. Marie; Sherbrooke; Timiskaming; Toronto; Truro; Windsor 
and Yarmouth; Land District Maps of Dauphin; Winnipeg; Battleford; Prince 
Albert; Calgary; Edmonton; Grande Prairie and Peace River Land Agencies; 
Economic Atlas. Reports. The Unexploited West; The Lower Athabaska and 
Slave River District; The Province of New Brunswick; The Natural Resources 
of Nova Scotia; Supplement to Cereal Maps; Compact Facts; Lists of Unoccupied 
Farms for Sale in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
and Prince Edward Island; Oil and Gas in Western Canada; Central British 
Columbia; New Oil Fields of Northejn Canada; Agricultural Loans. 

Mining Lands Branch. A two sheet map of Alberta, showing the coal mining 
rights disposed of; a map of southern Saskatchewan showing coal rights disposed 
of; Yukon Placer Mininr Act; Quartz Mining Regulations; Coal Mining Regu 
lations; Plscer Mining Regulations: Quarrying Regulations; Petroleum and Natural 
Gas Regulations; Potash Regulations; Dredging Eegulations relating to the Yukon 
Territory; Dredging Regulations relating to beds of rivers outside of the Yukon 
Territory; Regulations relating to bar-digging on the North Saskatchewan river; 
Regulations for the issue of oil and gas permits in the Northwest Territories; Alkali 
Mining Regulations; Regulations for the issue of permits to mine coal for domestic 
purposes; Regulations for the issue of permits to remove sandstone and gravel 
from the beds of rivers and lakes. 

Canadian National Parks. The Annual Report of the Commissioner; Traffic 
and Motor Regulations; Banff Information; The Playground of the World; 
Through the Heart of the Rockies and Selkirks; The Banff- Windermere Highway; 
Guide to Jasper National Park; Glaciers of the Rockies and Selkirks; Guide to 
the Geology of the Canadian National Parks on the C.P.R. between Calgary and 
Revelstoke; Handbook of the Rocky Mountains Park Museum; Automobile and 
Livery Tariffs for Banff and Kootenay National Parks; Automobile and Livery 
Tariffs for Yoho and Glacier National Parks; Automobile and Livery Tariffs for 
Jasper National Park; Map of Banff National Park; Map of Yoho National Park; 
Map of Glacier National Park; Map of Mount Revelstoke National Park; Map 
of Waterton Lakes National Park; Map of Central part of Jasper National Park; 
Map of Banff and vicinity; Migratory Birds Convention Act; Bird Houses and 
their Occupants; Lessons on Bird Protection; Loi concernant les Oiseaux Migra- 
teurs; Maisons d Oiseaux et leurs Occupants; Oiseaux d un Jardin Manitobain; 
La Prohibition de la Chasse au Prin temps; Les Oiseaux Sauvages; Les Oiseaux 



PUBLICATIONS OF DOMINION DEPARTMENTS 975 

Amis du Canada; Historic Sites series No. 1, The Lake Erie Cross, French and 
English; H.S. Series No. 2, Guide to Fort Chambly, French and English; H.S. 
Series No. 3, Guide to Fort Lennox, French and English; H.S. Series No. 4, Guide 
to Fort Anne, English. 

Forestry. Annual Reports of the Director of Forestry, 1914, 1915, 1917 to 
1922 (inclusive). Bulletins (where number and title are omitted, the document is 
out of print): (1) Tree-Planting on the Prairies; (11) Forest Products of Canada, 
1909: Lumber, Square Timber, Lath, and Shingles; (14) Do.: Cross-ties pur 
chased; (22) Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Cross-ties; (23) Do.: Timber used 
in Mining Operations; (27) Do.: Cooperage; (34) Do.: Lumber, Square Timber, 
Lath, and Shingles; (35) Do.: Poles and Cross-ties; (36) Wood-using Industries 
of Ontario; (38) Forest Products of Canada, 1912: Pulpwood; (39) Do.: Poles 
and Ties; (40) Do.: Lumber, Square Timber, Lath, and Shingles; (46) Forest 
Products of Canada, 1913: Pulpwood; (48) Do.: Lumber, Lath, and Shingles; 
(49) Treated wood-block Paving; (51) Game Preservation in the Rocky Mount 
ains Forest Reserve; (52) Forest Products of Canada, 1913 (being Nos. 46, 47, 
and 48); (53) Timber Conditions in the Smoky River Valley and Grande Prairie 
Country; (54) Forest Products of Canada, 1914: Pulpwood; (56) Do.: Lumber, 
Lath, and Shingles; (57) Forest Products of Canada, 1914: (Bulletins 54, 55, 
and 56); (58a) Forest Products of Canada, 115: Lumber, Lath, and Shingles; 
(58b) Do.: Pulpwood; (58c) Do.: Poles and Cross-ties; (59) Canadian Woods for 
Structural Timbers; (60) Canadian Douglas Fir: its mechanical and physical 
properties; (61) Native Trees of Canada (price, 50 cents); (63) Wood-using Indus 
tries of Quebec; (65) Forest Products of Canada, 1917: Poles and Cross-ties; 
(66) Utilization of Waste Sulphite Liquor (price, 50 cents); (67) Creosote Treat 
ment of Jack Pine and Eastern Hemlock for Cross-ties; (68) Forest Fires in 
Canada, 1917; (69) The Care of the Woodlot; (70) Forest Fires in Canada, 1918; 
(71) Canadian Sitka Spruce: its mechanical and physical properties; (72) Success 
in Prairie Tree Planting; (73) Tree-repairing; (74) Distillation of Hardwoods 
in Canada (price, 25 cents). Circulars (5) Planning a Tree Plantation for a 
Prairie Homestead; (6) Preservative Treatment of Fence-posts; (8) The Forest 
Products Laboratories; (9) Chemical Method for Utilizing Wood Wastes; (12) 
The Empire Timber Exhibition; (13) The Cascara Tree in British Columbia; 
(14) Commercial Forest Trees of Canada; (15) Historical Sketch of Canada s 
Timber Industry. Manual: Methods of Communication Adapted to Forest 
Protection (price, $1.00, post-free). Dominion Forestry Branch Message Code 
(price, 10 cents, post-free). 

Northwest Territories and Yukon. Northwest Territories Act; North 
west Territories "Game Act; Migratory Birds Convention Act; Northwest Terri 
tories Timber Regulations; Northwest Territories Hay and Grazing Regulations; 
Yukon Territory, its History and Resources; Yukon Act; Yukon Land Regulations; 
Yukon Homestead Regulations; Yukon Hay and Grazing Regulations; North 
west Tecritories Oil and Gas Regulations; Report of the Royal Commission upon 
the possibilities of the Reindeer and Musk-Ox Industries in the Arctic and Sub- 
Arctic Regions of Canada; Manual for Operators under Oil and Gas Regulations. 

Immigration and Colonization. Atlas of Canada, United Kingdom and 
United States editions. Eastern Canada, United Kingdom and United States 
editions. Canada West, United Kingdom and United States editions. Report 
of the Chief Inspector of British Immigrant Children. Immigration Act and Regu 
lations. A Manual of Citizenship. Annual Report. 

Finance. Annual Reports ol the Public Accounts of the Dominion of Canada. 
Monthly Statements of the Chartered Banks of Canada. Estimates. 

Insurance. Quarterly Statement showing List of Licensed Companies. 
Annual Abstract of Statements of Insurance Companies in Canada (subject to 
correction). Annual Reports of the Insurance Department, Vol. I (Fire and 
Miscellaneous), Vol. II (Life Companies). Annual List of Securities held by 
Insurance Companies in Canada with Department s Valuation thereof. Annual 
Report of Loan and Trust Companies incorporated by the Dominion. 

National Defence. Militia and Defence. Annual Report; Militia List; 
Militia Orders; General Orders. Naval Service. Naval Service Annual Report. 



976 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

The Naval Service Department was established by Act of Parliament in 1910. 
It comprised Naval Service, Fisheries Protection Service, Tidal and Current Survey, 
Hydrographic Survey and Radiotelegraph Sen ice. 

Trade and Commerce Annual Report. Annual Report re Mail Subsidies 
and Steamship Subventions. Annual Report of Board of Grain Commissioners for 
Canada. Annual Report of Weights and Measures, Electricity and Gas. Final 
Report of the Fuel Controller (1919) .List of Licensed Elevators, etc. Grain Inspect 
ion in Canada, (1914). Publications of the Commercial Intelligence Branch. 
Commercial Intelligence Journal (Weekly). Trade with China and Japan (1914). 
Russian Trade (1916). The German War and its relations to Canadian Trade 
(1914). Toy-making in Canada (1916). The Timber Import Trade of Australia 
(1917). Barbados, Preferential Tariff of. Canadian Economic Commission to 
Siberia (1919), Confidential Appendix. Canada- West Indies Conference (1920). 
Dominion Grain Research Laboratory (1920). Electrical Standards and their 
application to trade and commerce. Mexico as a field for Exports (1921). Motion 
Pictures, Catalogue of. Report of Special Trade Commission to Great Britain, 
France and Italy French and English (1916). Rules and Forms of the Canadian 
Patent Office. Patent Office Record (weekly). Trade after the War (1916). 
Trade of the New Countries of South East Europe (1921). Trade between Canada 
and the British West Indies Colonies (1920). West Africa and its Opportunities 
for Canadian Trade (1921). Chinese Markets for Canadian Products (1919). 
Imports into Canada from the United States (1921). Markets of Jamaica, and 
the Republics of Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama (1922), price, 35 cents. Pack 
ing for Overseas Markets. The Indian Empire as a Market for Canadian Products 
(1922). Trade with Egypt (1921). Trade with Greece (1921). Trade with South 
China (1918). Trading Opportunities in Scandinavia (1922). Trading with 
Spain (1920). Trading with Switzerland (1922). 

Publications of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. For the publications of the 
Bureau, covering the field of Canadian statistics, see page.s 96 1-969. 

Labour. Monthly: The Labour Gazette (published in English and French 
at the subscription price of 20 cents per annum, averaging over 100 pages monthly.) 
Annually: Report of the Department of Labour. Report of Proceedings under the 
Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907. Labour Organization in Canada, 
(a Report is published for each year about May or June). Labour Legislation 
of Canada as existing December 31, 1920. (A supplementary Report on Labour 
Legislation during the preceding year is published annually in April or May). 
Report of Proceedings under the Employment Offices Co-ordination Act. Report 
of Proceedings under the Technical Education Act. Report of Proceedings under 
the Government Annuities Act. 

Secretary of State. Annual Report. Regulations and Despatches Respect 
ing Extradition Proceedings. List of Companies Incorporated under the various 
Companies Acts of the Parliament of Canada from 1867 to December 31, 1913. 
Copies of Proclamations, Orders in Council and Documents relating to the European 
War. Method of conducting correspondence between the Dominion and Provincial 
Governments. 

Railways and Canals. Annual Report of the Department. Publications of 
the Highways Branch. 

Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. Annual Report. Judge 
ments. Orders. Regulations and Rulings. 

Marine and Fisheries. Marine Annual Report, containing Harbour Com 
missions, etc. Steamboat Inspection. List of Canadian Shipping. Reports of 
Expeditions to Hudson Bay, Northern Waters and Arctic Archipelago. Canadian 
Port Directory. List of Lights, etc., in Canada: (a) Pacific Coast; (b) Atlantic 
Coast; (c) Inland Waters. 

Tidal and Current Survey. Tide Tables, published annually, for the East 
Coast, Pacific Coast, and Hudson Bay and Strait; also three abridged editions 
for St. Lawrence region, Bay of Fundy and Strait of Georgia. Currents in the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, the entrance to the St. Lawrence, and the Southeast Coasts 
of Newfoundland and Belle Isle Strait. Tables of Currents in the Bay of Fundy. 
Tides at the head of the Bay of Fundy. Tide levels on the East Coast of Canada 
and Pacific Coast. Tides and Tidal Streams, a general explanation of the tides. 



PUBLICATIONS OF DOMINION DEPARTMENTS 977 

Radiotelegraph Branch. Proceedings of the International Radiotelegraph 
Conference in London, 1912. Chart showing the Radiotelegraph stations in the 
Dominion of Canada. Postmaster General s Handbook for Radiotelegraph Oper 
ators (Instructions re handling of traffic, etc.). 

Hydrographic Survey. International Waterways Commission Report. Sail 
ing Directions: St. Lawrence Pilot above Quebec; St. Lawrence Pilot below Quebec 
(English and French); Sailing Directions for the Canadian Shores of Lake Ontario; 
Canadian Shores of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay; Sailing Directions for the 
Canadian Shores of Lake Superior. Charts: 34 charts ot the St. Lawrence river 
between Pointe-des-Monts and Cornwall; Ottawa river: 2 sections covering Lake of 
Two Mountains; Lake Ontario: 11 coast charts with plans of harbours; Lake 
Erie: 2 sheets, plans of harbours and anchorages; Lake Huron: 6 coast charts; 
Georgian Bay: 2 charts; North Channel of Lake Huron: 3 charts; Lake Superior: 
12 coast charts; Lake Winnipeg: 2 charts; Pacific Coast in the vicinity of Prince 
Rupert and Queen Charlotte Islands: 11 charts; Atlantic Coast in the vicinity 
of Halifax Harbour, St. John Harbour and Sydney: 7 charts; Hudson Bay: 7 
charts; International Waterways Commission Boundary charts between St. Regis 
and Pigeon bay: 29 charts; Gulf of St. Lawrence in the vicinity of Port Borden 
and Bathurst: 2 charts; Gulf Telegraph chart of the gulf of St. Lawrence, lower St. 
Lawrence River to Montreal and Maritime Provinces showing the telegraph and 
telephone lines and stations, radiotelegraph, storm and marine signal stations, 
light-houses and fog alarms operated by or for the Government of Canada, the 
railway lines, submarine cables, tracks of vessels and tables of nautical distances: 
one chart; Charts of the St. Lawrence river between Cape Magdalen and Cornwall: 
40 charts; the Sapuenay river, vicinity of Chicoutimi: 1 chart; Lake of the Woods: 
1 chart; Vicinity of Vancouver island and adjacent mainland: 4 charts. 

Indian Affairs. Annual Report. Indian Act, 1906, with amendments to 
date. Schedule of Indian Reserves, 1913. Indian Treaties and Surrenders, Vols. 
I, II, III. 

King s Printer and Controller of Stationery. The Canada Gazette, 
published weekly by authority, with occasional supplements and extras, sub 
scription, $4 per annum payable in advance, single copies, 10 cents each. (Contains 
weeklj a list of current Government publications, as required by Order in Council 
1,522). Judgments of the Board of Railway Commissioners, bi-monthly, $3 per 
annum, single copies, 20 cents; Canada Law Reports, published monthly, yearly 
subscription, $6. Dominion Statutes, 1922, $4. Acts, Public and Private, with 
amendments to date, 10 cents to $1.00 a copy. Canadian Postal Guide, 50 cents 
yearly, supplements, 25 cents. Parliamentary Debates, " Hansard," issued daily 
during session, French and English, $3 per session each for House of Commons 
and Senate Debates, single copies, 5 cents. Prices of blue-books are in nearly 
every case printed upon the front cover and are based practically on the cost of paper 
and pressworV. They may be ordered direct from the Superintendent of Stationery, 
Department of Public Printing and Stationery, or through any bookseller in the 
Dominion. 

Mines. The Work of the Department of Mines, chiefly scientific and investi- 
gatorv, is performed by the Department s four principal units, viz : the Geological 
Suryev, Mines Branch, Victoria Memorial Museum Branch, and the Explosives 
Division. 

The Geological Survey carries on areal and economic investigation and research 
work in mineralogy; The Mines Branch carries on field and laboratory investi 
gations for the furtherance of the mining and metallurgical industries, and the 
compilation of statistics and information relating to them; the Victoria Memorial 
Museum Branch carries on scientific investigations in anthropology, archeology, 
zoology and botany; and the Explosives Division, in the administration of the 
Explosives Act, 1914, has supervision of the manufacture, testing, storage and 
importation of explosives, and the issuing of licenses under the Act. 

The Department of Mines publishes an annual administrative report covering 
the activities of the whole Department, and the branches publish annual reports 
as well as memoirs and bulletins on special investigations. 

The Geological Survey Branch, from 1842 to 1904, published annual volumes. 
From 1904 to 1910 upwards of 80 reports were issued, all separately. Since then, 
the publications have consisted of memoirs and bulletins appearing at irregular 
6237362 



978 SOURCES OF INFORMATION OX CANADA 

intervals, an annual report and miscellaneous publications, including Geological 
Guide Books and Handbooks. The subjects dealt with include Areal and Economic 
Geology of particular districts, Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Ornithology, Botany, 
Anthropology and related topics. Publications on the last three subjects, namely, 
Ornithology, Botany and Anthropology, as well as all Biological papers, are issued 
by the newly constituted Victoria Memorial Museum Branch. 

The Mines Branch, from its beginning in 1908, has published annual reports 
of Mineral Production and summary reports covering the investigations of the 
Metalliferous and Non-Metalliferous Mines Divisions, the Fuel Testing and Ore- 
Dressing Divisions, and the Ceramic, Road Materials and Chemical Divisions, 
and the operations of the Dominion Assay Office. Reports have also been publish 
ed, dealing with the technology of most of the economic minerals of Canada. 

The Explosives Division has published annual reports since 1919. 

The publications of the Department of Mines cover the Geology and Mineral 
Resources of the greater part of Canada. Most of the reports are available free 
of charge, or for a nominal price, on application to the Deputy Minister of Mines. 
Some of the reports may be had in French translations. 

Commission of Conservation. Annual Reports, 1910-19; Fire Waste in 
Canada, J. Grove Smith; Altitudes in Canada, James White, F.R.S.C., F.R.G.S.; 
Dictionary of Altitudes in Canada, James White, F.R.S.C., F.R.G.S. For the 
numerous other reports of the Commission of Conservation, see 1919 Canada Year 
Book, pp. 635-636. 

Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Annual 
Reports of the Administrative Chairman, 1917-18, 1918-19, 1919-20, 1920-21 
and 1921-22. General Reports. (1) The Briquetting of Lignites, R. A. Ross, E.E.; 
(2) The Recovery of vapours from gases, Harold S. Davis, M.A., Ph.D., Mary 
Davidson Davis, B.A.; (3) The de-tarring of Gas by Electrical precipitation, 
J. G. Davidson, Ph.D.; (4) Nicotine and Tobacco Waste, A. D. Hone, M.A.; 
(5) Canadian Waste Sulphite Liquor as a source of Alcohol, Vernon K. Krieble, 
Asst. Prof., Dept. Chemistry, McGill University; (6) An Investigation into the 
Question of early Putrefaction of Eviscerated Fish in which the Gills have been 
left, Louis Gross, M.D.; (8) A method of Smelting Titaniferous Iron Ore, W. M. 
Goodwin, B.A., B.Sc.; (9) Food Requirements of the Ranch Fox, G. Ennis Smith, 
B.A., B.Sc.; (10) Fuel Saving Possibilities in House Heating, L. M. Arkley, M.Sc. 
and James Govan. Bulletins: (1) The need for Industrial Research in Canada, 
Frank D. Adams, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S.; (2) Researches on Sound Measurement, 
Louis V. King, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.StC.; (3) How to Handle Frozen Fish, E. E. 
Prince, D.Sc., LL.D.; (4) Hints on Frozen Fish, E. E. Prince, D.Sc., LL.D.; (5) 
Science and Industry, Prof. J. C. Fields, Ph.D., F.R.S.; (6) The Heating of Houses, 
Coal and Electricity Compared, A. S. L. Barnes; (7) The manufacture of Ethyl 
Alcohol from Wood Waste, G. H. Tomlinson, B.A.; (8) Some Problems of the Fox 
Raising Industry, A. Hunter, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., Ch.B.; (9) The Honorary Advi 
sory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and its Work, Frank D. Adams, 
ScD., LL.D., F.R.S.; (10) A Plan for the Development of Industrial Research 
in Canada, R. F. Ruttan, B.A., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.C.; (11) Red Discolouration 
of Cured Codfish, by F. C. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S.C. and Miss Margaret E. 
Kennedy, B.A., M.Sc.; (12) The Discolouration, Smut or Blackening of Canned 
Lobster, by F. C. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S.C. and E. G. Hood, Ph.D. 

Copies of these Reports and Bulletins will be forwarded gratis to persons 
interested, upon request to the Secretary of the Council for Scientific and Indus 
trial Research. 

Civil Service Commission. Annual Report, including lists of permanent 
appointments, promotions and transfers. Regulations of the Civil Service Com 
mission. General Information respecting Civil Service Examinations. 

Department of Health. " The Canadian Mother s Book" ; General Venereal 
Disease Circular No. 1 to the Medical Profession of Canada: "Information concern 
ing Venereal Disease"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 2 to the Medical 
Profession of Canada: " Wassermann Test"; General Venereal Disease Circular 
No. 3 to the Medical Profession of Canada: " Microscopic Examination "; General 
Venereal Disease Circular No. 4 to the Medical Profession of Canada: " Diagnosis 
and Treatment of Venereal Disease"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 1 



PUBLICATIONS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS 979 

to the Public: "Information for Men"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 
2 to the Public: "Information for Young Women"; General Venereal Disease 
Circular No. 3 to the Public: "Information for Parents." Little Blue Books, 
Home Series: (1) Good Wishes for you from Canada; (2) How to Build the Cana 
dian House; (3) How to Make our Canadian Home; (4) How to Make Outpost 
Homes in Canada; (5) Canadians Need Milk; (6) How we Cook in Canada; (7) 
How to Manage Housework in Canada; (8) How to Take Care of Mother; (9) 
How to Take Care of the Family; (10) How to Take Care of the Baby; (11) How 
to Take Care of the Children; (12) Household Cost Accounting in Canada; (13) 
How to Take Care of Household Waste; (14) How to Avoid Accidents and Give 
First Aid. All published in French and English. 

Other Departments. In addition to the publications above enumerated, 
annual reports are issued by the Department of Justice on the Penitentiaries of 
Canada, the Department of External Affairs, the Public Works and the Auditor 
General. 

IV. PUBLICATIONS OF PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENTS. 

List of Principal Publications of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as 
compiled from information supplied by the respective Governments. 

Note. The numbers within brackets are the numbers of the Bulletins. The 
publications of the larger provinces are arranged by Departments. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 

Journal of the Legislative Assembly. Statutes. General index to Statutes of 
P.E.I., 1869-1918. Royal Gazette. Annual Reports of the Provincial Auditor on 
Public Accounts and of the Departments of Public Works, Education, Agriculture, 
Falconwood Hospital (for the Insane) ano. Vital Statistics. 

NOVA SCOTIA. 

Royal Gazette. Statutes, Journals and Proceedings of Legislative Council- 
Journals and Proceedings of the House of Assembly. Journal of Education. Man 
ual of the Public Instruction Acts and Regulations of the Council of Public Instruc 
tion, 1921. Annual Reports on Public Accounts, Vital Statistics, Statistics of Incor 
porated Towns and Municipalities, Public Health, Education, Industries and 
Immigration, Agriculture, Crown Lands, Mines, Subsidized Railways and other 
Public Works. Rural Telephones, Humane Institutions, Public Charities, including 
report of Hospital and Sanatorium, Penal Institutions, Neglected Children, Temper 
ance, Publicity, Printing, Legislative Library, Utility Board and Workmen s Com 
pensation Board. Also Annual Reports of the Provincial Secretary, the Factory 
Inspector and of the Highway Board, Power Commission and Game Commissioners. 

NEW BRUNSWICK. 

Royal Gazette. Statutes. Annual Reports of the Auditor General, of the 
Board of Health, of the Departments of Education and Agriculture (including Horti 
culture), Annual Reports on Public Works, Crown Lands, the Hospital for the 
Insane, the Factory Report, Report of the Jordan Memorial Tuberculosis Sana 
torium at River Glade, Report of Women s Institutes, and Report of Chief Inspector 
under Prohibition Act, Report of the Workmen s Compensation Board. Official 
Year Book. 

QUEBEC. 

Note. The titles of publications available in the English language are printed 
in English. 

Attorney General. Annual Report of Prison Inspectors; Annual Report 
of Public Utilities Commission. 

Provincial Secretary. Annual Report of the Secretary and Registrar; 
Annual Report of the Superior Board of Health of the Province of Quebec; Statistical 
Year Book; Education Statistics; Financial Statistics of School Corporations; 
Municipal Statistics (annuaD; Judicial Statistics (annual); Statistics of the Penal 
Establishments (annual); Statistics of the Benevolent Institutions (annual); The 
62373 62 



980 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

Official Gazette (weekly); The Statutes of the Province (annual); Revised Statutes 
of the Province (1909); List of Municipal Corporations (annual); Rapport de 
1 Archiviste. 

Treasury. Annual Statement of Public Accounts; Annual Estimates. 

Lands and Forests. Annual Report of the Minister; Surveyed Townships 
and Explored Territories, 1889; Richesse Forestiere de la Province de Quebec, 
J. C. Langelier, 1905; La Foret, Fernow, 1905; Arbres de Commerce de la Pro 
vince de Quebec, 1906; Table of Families of Twelve Children, Eugene Rouillard, 
1904, 1906; Townships Surveyed and Territories Explored, 1908; List of Timber 
License Holders, 1911; Dictionnaire des Lacs et Rivieres de la Province de Quebec, 
Eugene Rouillard, 1914, Bulletin No. 1 of the Forestry Service; Table of Water 
Powers granted by the Province of Quebec, from 1st July, 1867, to 31st December, 
1913. A. Amos; Bulletin No. 2 of the Forestry Service. Piche and Bedard, 1914; 
No. 1, La Rouille vesiculaire du Pin blanc, G. C. Piche"; The Water Powers in the 
Province of Quebec (Illustrated), 1917; Nomenclature of the Geographical Names 
in the Province of Quebec, Quebec Geographical Commission; Annual Report of 
the Quebec Streams Commission; Circulaire No. 3, Les Industries forestieres de 
la Province de Quebec, G. C. Piche. 

Agriculture. Annual Reports: Department of Agriculture; Competition fo r 
Agricultural Merit; Dairymen s Association; Pomological Society; Journal o* 
Agriculture and Horticulture, illustrated monthly. Bulletins: (1) Plans de froma" 
geries et beurreries; (2) Le Drainage Pratique, G. Michaud, 1914; (7) Le Cheval 
du Cultivateur, J. D. Duchene (French and English), 1914; (8"> Culture des Cereales> 
College Macdonald, 1914; (14) La Culture du Trefle; (15) La Culture du Ble- 
d lnde Fourrager; (16) Guide de I Arboriculteur; (24) The Great Fallacy of 
White Bread; (25) Etude Sommaire sur les Cereales; (29) Choix de la Semence; 
(39) Celery Culture; (40) How to Plant your Fruit Trees; (42) De la Protection 
des Plantes; (43) Bean Culture; (44) Vegetable Culture; (45) Liste des Presi 
dents et Secretaires des Societes Agricoles; (47) Le Lapin; (48) Manuel de mede- 
cine Veterinaire; (49) Home Canninp. of Fruit Products; (50) Sheep Raising for 
Profit in Quebec; (52) Breeders Guide of the Province of Quebec; (53") Le Fumier 
de Ferme Composition Valeur Conservation; (55) L elevage des volailles dan.- 
les Yilles et les Villages; (56) De la Culture des Racines Fourrageres; (61) F.i - 
engrais Chimiques et amendements; (62) Le Rucher quebecois; (64) Traitement< 
des semences; (65) Le Paratonnerre; (66) Comment, et pourquoi produire des 
fraises; (67) Insectes Xiiisibles aux Animaiix de la ferme; (69) Ennemis des jardins 
et vergers; (70) La rotation expliqiffe; (71) Le paiement du lait et de la creine; 
(72) Nos Erablieres; (73^ Instruction aux eleves fermiers; (74) Engraissement 
de la volaille; (75) Criaux et calcaire pulverise; (77) Manuel de la Cuisiniere; 
(78) Les Engines a gasoline. Circulars: (3) La Poule couveuse et les Poussins; 
(151 La Diarrhce chez les Poussins; (22) Concours d Etables; (25) Culture du 
Mai s; (27) Calendrier d Arrosage pour les Vergers; (28) Wheat Growing; (30) 
De la Culture de 1 Orpe; (31) De la Culture de 1 Avoine; (32) De la Culture du 
"Lin; (33) Pulverisation pour les Vergers-Pot apers; (35) Culture des Pois; (36) 
Culture des Haricots; (38) Calendrier general d Arrosage; (39) Usage du Miel 
a la Maison; (41) Pommes de terre a la cuisine. 

Roads. Annual Report of the Minister of Roads; Loi concernant le departe- 
ment de la voirie. 

Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries. Minemlogie pratique 
a 1 usage des Prospect eurs, par J. Obalski (1910); Fur Farming in the Province of 
Quebec, 1921; Mines and Minerals of the Province of Quebec, by Theo. C. Denis 
(1914); Iron ores of the Province of Quebec, by P. W. Dulieux (1915); Extracts 
from reports on the district of L T ngava, by T. C. Denis (1915); Report on the Copper 
Deposits ol the Eastern Townships, by J. Austen Bancroft (1916); L Industrie de 
1 amiante dans la province de Quebec (1917); Guide du colon pour la region du 
Temiscamingue et de 1 Abitibi, 1921; Guide du colon pour la region du Nord-Oueet 
de Montreal, et d Ottawa, 1921; Guide du colon pour la region du Lac Saint-Jean, 
et de Chicoutimi, 1921; Guide du colon pour la region du Sud-Est de Quebec, de 
Tc miscouata a Gaspe, 1921; The Eastern Townships of Quebec, 1921; Report on 
Gold Deposits of lake Demontigny, by Ad. Mailhiot, 1922; Annual report on 
Mining Operations in the province of Quebec. 



PUBLICATIONS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS 981 

Department of Public Works and Labour. Minister s Report. 

Department of Public Instruction. Code scolaire (1919); School Law 
(1920); Reglements du comite catholique (1922); Regulations of the Catholic 
Committee (1922); Regulations of the Protestant Committee (1921); Memoranda 
of Instructions to Teachers (1923); Annual Report; Financial statement of the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction (annual); Mon premier livre (1st and 2nd 
part) (1900), a fresh edition of which is printed every year; L Enseignement pri- 
maire; Educational Record; yearly circulars containing instructions to school 
boards and school inspectors. 

Legislative Assembly. Agenda Paper of the Legislative Assembly; Votes 
and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly; Journals of the Legislative Assembly; 
Sessional Papers, Departmental Reports and Returns to Orders and Addresses 
of the Legislative Assembly; Report of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery on 
elections (published after every general election) ; Report of the Librarian of the 
Legislature; Annotated Rules and Standing Orders -of the Legislative Assembly 
of Quebec; Private Bills in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (a manual contain 
ing the rules relative to); Government and Legislature; List of the Chairmen and 
Members of the Committees of the Legislative Assembly. 

ONTARIO. 

Premier. Report of the Hydro-Electric and Timiskaming and Northern 
Ontario Railway Commissions. 

Provincial Secretary. Annual Reports: Registrar General; Hospitals and 
Charitable Institutions; Hospitals for the Insane; Prisons and Reformatories; 
Institutions for the Feeble-minded and Epileptics; Neglected and Dependent 
Children. Digest of the Ontario Social Laws. Annual Report of the Secretary 
and Registrar of the Province of Ontario. Municipal Bulletin. 

Treasury. Annual Statements: Main, Supplementary and Further Supple 
mentary Estimates of Expenditure; Public Accounts; Financial Statement of 
Treasurer delivered in the Legislative Assembly; Auditor s Report; Bureau of 
Archives Report; Statutes of the Province. 

Attorney General. Reports of Inspectors: Legal Offices; Registry Offices; 
Insurance; Division Courts. Annual Report of Board of License Commissioners 
and of the Commissioner of Provincial Police. 

Registrar General. Vital Statistics Act. Act respecting the Solemnization 
of Marriage. Physicians Pocket Reference to the International List of Causes of 
Death. Annual Report of Births, Marriages and Deaths. 

Department of Labour. Report of the Labour Department, including Chief 
Factory Inspector, Chief Boiler Inspector, Chairman of the Stationary Engineers 
Board, General Superintendent of the Ontario Offices of the Employment Service 
of Canada, and Interprovincial regulations regarding boiler construction and 
inspection. 

Board of Health. Public Health Act; Vaccination Act; Venereal Diseases Act 
Regulations. Annual Report. Facts about Flies, Mosquitoes, and How to Prevent 
them. The Baby," monthly section in Public Health Journal. A simple 
Method of Water Purification. Rural and Semi-Urban Sanitation. Regulations: 
Control of Communicable Disease; Slaughter Houses, etc.; Prevention of Typhoid 
Fever; Anti-toxin, Vaccination, Smallpox, Measles, Typhoid Fever, Scarlet Fever, 
Diphtheria, Consumption (General), Venereal Diseases, Consumption (General 
Precautions), Consumption (Personal Precautions). Instructions on Disinfection. 
Leaflet containing Statistics respecting Waterworks and Sewape Systems. Regu 
lations and Application Forms: Waterworks Approvals; Sewerage Approvals. 
Regulations: Prevention of Babies Sore Eyes; Model Milk By-law; Anterior 
Poliomyelitis: Combating Lousiness among Soldiers and Civilians, 1918;. Pre 
vention of Cancer; Hints for Farm Workers. 

Public Works. Annual Report of the Minister with reports of the Architect, 
Engineer, Statements of Secretary, Law Clerk and Accountant. Report of the- 
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Commission. 

Department of Public Highways. Annual Report; Annual Proceedings 
Good Roads Association; (9) Report of the Ontario Highways Commission, 1914; 



982 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

(10) Regulations respecting Township Road Superintendents, 1916; (11) Regu 
lations respecting County Roads, 1920; (14) Township Road Improvement, 1918; 
(15) The Motor Vehicles Act, The Highway Travel Act, The Load of Vehicles 
Act, The Public Vehicles Act, 1922; (16) General Specifications for Concrete High 
way Bridges, 1920; (17) General Specifications for Steel Highway Bridges, 1917; 
(18) Highway Bridges, 1917; (19) General Plans for Steel Highway Bridges 
1917; (20) Description of Road Models Exhibit, 1917; (21) Short Forms for 
Bridge Tenders, 1917; (22) Report on Street Improvement, 1917; (23) Bitumi 
nous Surfaces for Macadam Roads, 1917; (24) Specifications for Bituminous 
Materials, 1917; (25) Country Road Legislation, as enacted by the Highways 
Improvement Act, the Ontario Highways Act, and the Obstructions on Highways 
Removal Act, 1920; (27) Widening the Provincial Highway, 1919; (28) Main 
Road Legislation, 1919; (29) Regulations respecting Township Roads, 1920; 

(30) Township Road Legislation as enacted by the Ontario Highways Act, 1920; 

(31) Motor Vehicle Headlamps; (32) Report of Committee on Road Accounting; 
(33) The Provincial Highway Act, 1922; (34) The Planting and Care of Roadside 
Trees, 1923. 

Department of Game and Fisheries. Annual Report. Game Laws. 

Lands and Forests. Annual Report of the Minister. Preliminary Statistics 
of Mineral Production, issued annually, also bulletins of the, Department of Mines 
which are later incorporated in the Annual Report, issued in several parts. 
Handbook of Northern Ontario on Colonization. 

Agriculture. Annual Reports: Minister of Agriculture; Agricultural College 
and Experimental Farm; Agricultural and Experimental Union; Live Stock 
Branch; Stallion Enrolment Board; Agricultural Statistics; Bee-Keeoers Asso 
ciation; Fruit Growers Association; Vegetable Growers Association; Entomo 
logical Society; Agricultural Societies; Horticultural Societies; Women s Insti 
tutes. Bulletins: (175) Farm Underdrainage Operations; (187) Codling Moth; 
(188) Weeds of Ontario; (194) Apple Orcharding; (198) Lime Sulphur Wash; 
(209) Farm Forestry; (210) Strawberries and Raspberries; (218) Birds of Ontario; 
(219) San Jose and Ouster Shell Scales; (220) Lightning Rods; (222) Currants 
and Gooseberries; (224) Greenhouse Construction; (226) Plum Culture in Ontario; 
(229) Smuts and Rusts; (231) Vegetable Growing; (232) Field Beans; (239) 
Potatoes; (240) Bacterial Diseases of Vegetables; (241) Peach Growing in Ontario; 
(242) Diseased Mouths a cause of Ill-Health; (243) Nature Study, or Stories in 
Agriculture ;. (244) Hints for Settlers in Northern Ontario; (249) The Pear in 
Ontario; (250) Insects affecting FAiit Trees; (251) Insects affecting Vegetables; 
(254) War Breads; (255) Tuberculosis of Fowls; (256) Wintering Bees; (257) 
Diseases of Fruit Trees; (259) Books on Agriculture; (260) Experiments with 
Farm Crops; (261) Wheat and Rye; (262) Sugar Beets; (263) Mushrooms; (264) 
Diseases of Dipestive Organs of Horses and Cattle; (265) Bacteria; (266) Cheese- 
makine and Butter-making; (267) Farm Water Supply; (268) Farm Crops; Expe 
riments at O.A.C.; (269) Hay and Pasture Crops, Grasses, Clovers, etc.; (270) 
Judging Vegetables; (271) The Apple Massot: (272) Contacrious Abortion in 
Cattle; (276) Bee Diseases; (277) Motor Transportation in Rural Ontario; (279) 
Community Halls; (281) Better Bulls; (284) Milk Production Costs; (285) Flour 
and Breadmaking; (287) Silcs and Silage; (288) Farm Management, Part V; 
(289) The Cabbage Maggot; (290) The Rural Literary and Debating Society; 
(291) The Production and Marketing of Ontario cheese (292) Farm Poultry; 
(293) Feeding Young Live Stock; (294) Grafting Fruit Trees; (295) European 
Corn Borer; (296) Sweet Clover; (297) Colony Houses for Swine; special (without 
serial numbers) Debates and Plays; Co-operative Marketing. An average charge 
of 10 cents each for Bulletins and 15 cents each for Reports is made to persons 
living outside of Ontario. 

Education. Annual Report of the Minister of Education. Archaeological 
Report. School Acts, 75 cents cloth boards, 50 cents paper. Regulations and 
Courses of Study: Public and Separate Schools; Continuation Schools; High 
Schools and Collegiate Institutes; School Cadet Corps; General Announcement 
of Summer Courses; Text Book Regulations; Summer Model Schools for Training 
of Teachers; Autumn Model Schools for Training of Teachers; English-French 
Model Schools; Syllabus of Regulations and Normal School Courses for First 



PUBLICATIONS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS 983 

and Second Class and Kindergarten Primary Certificates; List of Teaching Days 
of High, Continuation, Public and Separate Schools; Recommendations and Regu 
lations for Vocational Schools, etc. Recommendations and Regulations for Agri 
culture and Household Science Departments. Courses in History for Junior High 
School Entrance Examinations. Junior High School Entrance and Junior Public 
School Graduation Examination Instructions. Regulations re Validity of Teachers 
Certificates; Special List of Schools; Announcement re The Carter Scholarships; 
The Penny Bank of the Schools of Ontario; The School Attendance Acts and the 
Recommendations and Regulations and the Part Time Courses; The Consolidation 
of Rural Schools. 

MANITOBA. 

Agriculture. Annual Report. Booklets: Stock Raising in Manitoba; 
Opportunities in Manitoba; Meeting the Problems of Rural Life in Manitoba; 
Le Manitoba (French); Periodical Crop and Live Stock Reports; Map of the 
Province; Calendar of the Manitoba Agricultural College; Manitoba Agricultural 
Extension News (Monthly). Bulletins: Management of the Brood Mare and Foal; 
Canning by the Cola Pack Method; Common Diseases and Disorders of the Foal; 
Cheese Making- on the Farm; Asparagus; Hatching, Brooding, Rearing and Feeding 
Chicks; Agricultural Society Activities; Farm Butter-;. viking; Practical Cookery; 
Home Dressmaking; Observations on Rust Control; Tue Cream Separator on the 
Farm; Annual Pasture and Forage Crops for Manitoba; Rusts and Smuts of Grain 
Crops; Lessons in Millinery; Bee Keeping in Manitoba; Common Breeds of Poul 
try; Hand Selection and Harvesting of the Seed Plot; Rearing Dairy Calves; 
Birds in Relation to Agriculture; Laundering and Dyeing; Milk and Cream Testing 
on the Farm; The Manitoba Vegetable Garden; Clothing for the Family; Financing 
the Home; Colour and Design in Relation to Dress; Making Clothes Last Longer; 
Fattening 1 , Killing, Dressing and Marketing Chickens; Debating Clubs; Silo 
Construction; Horses in Manitoba; Hay and Pasture Crops in Manitoba; The 
Farm Flock (Sheep). Circulars: The Farmers Beef Ring; Barley Growing; 
Insect Poisons and Spray Mixtures; Blackleg A Disease of Cattle; Summerf allow 
Competitions in Manitoba; Eggs from the Farm to the Consumer; How to Preserve 
Eggs; Cutworm Control; Back- Yard Poultry Keeping; Alfalfa Growing in Mani 
toba; Feeding for Winter Eggs; Potato Top Diseases in July and August; Standard 
for Judging Vegetables; The Western Wheat-Stem Sawfiy; Chemistry of the Farm 
Water Supply. 

Education. Annual Report. Empire Day Booklet. Consolidation of 
Schools. Programme of Studies. Education among New Canadians. Municipal 
School Boards. 

Mothers Allowance Commission. Annual Report. 

Municipal Commissioner. Statistical information respecting the Muni 
cipalities of the Province, with names and addresses of administrative and health 
officials of each municipality. 

Public Works. Annual Report, including reports on Public Institutions. 

Attorney General. Annual Report, included in Sessional Papers. Annual 
Reports: Public Utilities Commission; Good Roads Commission; Government 
Telephone Commission. 

Provincial Treasurer. Public Accounts; Estimates; Budget Speech; Re 
port of the Commission to inquire into the operation of " The Rural Credits Act"; 
Auditor s Certificate, Balance sheets and Statement of Revenue Disbursements; 
Report of the Superintendent of Insurance and Fire Commissioner. 

King s Printer. Manitoba Gazette. Report on Library and Museum. 
Journals and Sessional Papers. Statutes of the Province. List of Incorporated 
and Licensed Companies operating in Manitoba. 

Publicity Commissioner. Mining and Mineral Prospects in Northern 
Manitoba; Annual Report of Commissioner of Northern Manitoba; Mineral 
Prospects of South Eastern Manitoba; Manitoba s Northland; Manitoba, the Key 
stone Province of the Canadian Confederation. 



984 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

SASKATCHEWAN. 

Agriculture. Annual Repo/t of the Department of Agriculture. Annual 
Reports of Branches, etc.: Dairy , Live Stock, Field Crops, Game, Statistics, Exten 
sion Department of College of Agriculture. Commission Reports: Elevator, Grain 
Markets, Agricultural Credit, Live Stock Marketing, Better Farming, Wheat 
Marketing. Bulletins and leaflets on Live Stock, Field Crops, Dairying, Farm 
Buildings, Tillage Methods, etc. 

Other Publications. Annual Reports : Department of the Attorney-General; 
Bureau of Labour and Industries; Department of Education; Department of 
Highways; Department of Municipal Affairs; Department of Provincial Secretary; 
Department of Public Works; Bureau of Public Health; Department of Tele 
phones; Department of Railways; Local Government Board; Public Accounts. 
The Public Service Monthly. 

ALBERTA. 

Agriculture. Farm Crops and Cultivation: Soil Cultivation; Seed, Pre 
paration of Seed, Seeding; Suitable Varieties of Small Grains for Alberta; Winter 
Rye; The Production of Timothy Seed in Alberta; Potato Growing; Vegetable 
Gardening; The Storing of Roots; Weeds Poisonous to Live Stock; The Destruction 
of the Gopher; Live Stock and Poultry; Sheep in Alberta; Preparing for the Pig 
Crop; The Use of Pasture in Pig Raising; The Silo in Alberta; Successful Poultry 
Raising. Household Bulletins: Meat Curing on the Farm; A Talk about the Baby; 
Home Canning of Fruits, Vegetables and Meats; Home Drying of Fruits and 
Vegetables. Handbook of Alberta; Control of Grasshoppers in Alberta; The 
Housing of Swine; Calendar, Provincial Schools of Agriculture; Opportunities in 
Alberta; Conservation of Soil Fertility and Soil Fibre; Alberta Game Laws. 

Department of Education. Public School Course of Study; Public School 
Leaving Examinations; Elementary Agriculture and Gardening; High School Course 
of Studies; Courses in Art and Manual Arts, IX, X, XI; Course in Agriculture, 
Grade XI; Course in Music for High Schools; Course in Household Economics for 
High Schools; Summer School Announcement; Course of Studies and Examinations 
for Commercial Diplomas; Normal School Announcement; Night Class Instruction 
in Mining Centres; Technical Education in Mining Centres; School Buildings in 
Rural and Village School Districts; 50 Facts about Education in Alberta; Rural 
School Lunches; The Certification of Teachers in Alberta; Syllabus of Physical 
Training for Schools; Second Annual Announcement of the Provincial Institute 
of Technology and Art; Specifications.!^ Teacher s Residence; Plans and Specifica 
tions (School Building Design " B "); Specification " B " (School Building Design); 
School Ordinance. 

Department of the Attorney General. Annual Report on Dependent and 
Delinquent Children. 

Treasury Department. Extracts from Public Accounts, 1920; Budget 
Speech, Provincial Treasurer, 1921; Financial and General Information Bulletin. 

Department of Public Works. Annual Report of Public Institutions; 
Annual Report of Public Works Department, 

Department of Municipal Affairs. Annual Report of Department; List 
of Alberta Municipalities. 

Department of Public Health. Annual Report of Department; Annual 
Report on Vital Statistics. Bulletins issued monthly on various Health Subjects. 
Pamphlets regarding Infectious Diseases Diphtheria; Scarlet Fever; Measles: 
Whooping Cough; Smallpox, etc. (in different languages). 

Annual Reports are also issued by the following departments and brandies: 
Provincial Secretary, Railways and Telephones, Treasury (Insurance Branch), 
Public Accounts, Board of Public Utilities, Agriculture. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

Department of Lands. General Bulletins: (1) How to Pre-empt Land; 
(2) Some Questions and Answers regarding British Columbia; C3) British Columbia 
North of the C. P. Railway Belt; (4) Grazing Possibilities of British Columbia; 
(5) British Columbia South of the C. P. Railway Belt; (6) British Columbia Coast 



PUBLICATIONS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS 985 

(Lower Mainland); (7) British Columbia Coast, Toba Inlet to Queen Charlotte 
Sd.- (8) British Columbia Coast, Queen Charlotte Sd. to Millbank Sd.; (9) British 
Columbia Coast, Millbank Sd. to Portland Canal; (10) Crown Lands, purchase and 
lease; (11) Cariboo Land Recording Division; (14) Vancouver Island; (15) Queen 
Charlotte Islands; (16) Cranbrook and Fernie Land Recording Division; (17) Yale 
and Similkameen Land Recording Division; (18) Osoyoos Land Recording Division; 
(19) Nicola Land Recording Division; (20) Nelson and Slocan Land Recording 
Division; (21) Revelstoke and Golden Land Recording Division; (22) Tatla and 
Anahim Lakes; (23) Stikine and Atlin Land Recording Division; (24) Hazelton 
Land Recording Division; (25) Peace River East of the Rocky Mountains; 
(26) Peace River West of the Rocky Mountains; (27) New Westminster Land 
Recording Division; (28) Franc, ois-Ootsa Lake; (29) Endako and Nechako Rivers; 
(30) Stuart and Babine Lakes; (31) Vicinity of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway 
(Squamish to Clinton) ; (32) Vicinity of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway (Clinton 
to 52nd Parallel); (33) Central Lillooet Division; (34) The Chicotin Plateau; 

(35) Fort George Land Recording Division, Central and Western Portions; 

(36) Fort George Land Recording Division, Fraser River (south fork) and Canoe 
River. Forest Branch: (1) Barns, Combination and general purpose (1! 

(2) Barns, Dairy, Ice, and Milk Houses (1915); (3) Barns, Beef Cattle (1915); 
(4) Barns, Horse (1915); (5) Barns, Sheep (1915); (6) Piggeries and Smoke 
Houses (1919); (7) Poultry Houses (1919); (8) Granaries (1919); (8) Implement 
Sheds (1919); (9) Silos and Root Cellars (1915); (10) Farm Houses (1921); (12) 
How to Finish British Columbia Woods (1923); (21) Uses, Strengths, and Working 
Stresses of B.C. Timber (1920); (Q) What are your Needs? British Columbia Can 
Supply them; Woods to use; (T.S.) How to obtain a "Timber Sale." Grazing 
Branch: (1) Grazing Management of Crown Lands (1919); (2) Grazing Manage 
ment of Crown Lands Range Allotment (1918); (3) Grazing Management of 
Crown Lands Co-operative (1919); (4) Grazing Possibilities of British Columbia 
(1920); (10) Regulations and Instructions for the Use of the Crown Ranees for 
Grazine Live Stock (1919); (12) Central British Columbia; Mount Robson Park; 
Mount Garibaldi Park; Strathcona Park. 

Department of Mines. Comprehensive Annual Reports obtainable on 
application to the Department of Mines, 

Department of Agriculture. Reports and Miscellaneous: (8) Agriculture 
in British Columbia; (26) Columbia-Kootenay Valley, (2nd edition); (27) Climate 
of British Columbia, (7th edition); (30) Guide to Bee-keepine ; (65) Aencultural 
Statistics (1914); (76) Agricultural Statistics (1916); (88) Agricultural Statistics 
(1920); (83) Preservation of Food; Women s Institute Rules and Regulations; 
(85) Clearing Bush Lands; Farmers Institute Rules and Regulations; (12) Proceed 
ings of Entomological Society of British Columbia (1921); Agricultural Fairs Asso 
ciation Report (1918); Board of Horticulture Rules and Regulations (1919); Bee 
keepers Calendar for British Columbia (1921); Farm Account Book; Agricultural 
Department Annual Reports, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920 and 1921. List_ of Publi 
cations, Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Journal (Circulation 2,300. 
Published Monthly); Booklet on Aims and Objects of Farmers Institutes; Leaflet, 
Order in Council re Bounties; Opportunities in B.C. (1923 Edition); Poultry 
Breeders Directory (No. 11); Some Questions and Answers regarding British 
Columbia (Revised Edition for Settlers); Stock-breeders Directory (No. X); 
Bulletins: Live Stock and Mixed Farming. (60) Hog-raising in British Columbia; 
(64) Goat-raising in British Columbia; (66) Silos and Silage; (67) Feeding and 
Management of Dairy Cattle; (71) Butter-making on the Farm (2nd edition); 
(72) Milk-testing and Dairy Records; (73) Field Crop and Field Competition; 
(77) Sheep-raising; (78) Boys and Girls Competition, 1918; (79) Field-crop 
Competition, (1918); (80) Management of Market Rabbits (2nd edition); (86) 
The Potato in British Columbia; (87) Fertilizers; (90) Yields, Grades, Prices and 
Returns for Apple Varieties in the Okanagan Valley. Poultry Raising, etc. (26) 
Practical Poultry-raising (6th edition) ; (39) Natural and Artificial Brooding and 
Incubating (3rd edition); (49) Market Poultry (3rd edition); (74) Breeding and 
Selection of Commercial Poultry; (63) Poultry-house Construction. Circular 
Bulletins: (1) Thousand-headed Kale (2nd edition); (13) Root-seed growing in 
British Columbia; (20) Seed-growers Directory, 1917-18; (21) Silage aids Pro 
duction; (22) Medical Inspection of Schools. Agricultural Department Circulars: 



986 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

(14) Community Breeding (2nd edition); (29) Hints to Exhibitors at Fall Fairs; 
13) Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands; (34) Agriculture in West Kootenay; 
(35) How to Pack Nursery-Stock, etc.; (36) Preliminary Report of forty-five 
Dairy Farms at Chilliwack, etc.; (37) Some Good Egg" Recipes; (38) Cost of 
Producing Apples in Okanagan Valley; (39) Peat and Muck Soils. Horticultural 
Circulars: (6) Spray Calendar (Revised, 1923); (14) Practical Irrigation; (20) 
Orchard Cultivation and Cover-crops; (27) Methods of Fruit Picking and Hand 
ling; (33) Fruit-growing Possibilities, Skeena River; (48) Exhibiting Fruits and 
Vegetables (2nd edition). New Horticultural Series: (31) Peach-twig Borer; (32) 
Cabbage-root Maggot; (33) Strawberry-root Weevil; (34) The Woolly Aphid of 
the Apple; (35) Currant Gall-mite; (36) The Onion-thrips (3rd edition); (37) 
The Imported Cabbage-worm; (38) The Lesser Apple Worm (2nd edition); (39) 

A -*-\-r.l n rt f-i-^. V. -I ,1 ^.^, . / 4 f\\ O^.*-_.C1_1__J-^ _J* fl . *._. /<- 1 1*.* \ S t -t \ ml jL. . 




Growing in British Columbia Dry Belt; (48) Forcing Houses and Frames for 
producing Early Vegetable Plants; (50) Potato-diseases; (51) Orchard Cover- 
crops; (52) Diseases of Stone-fruits in British Columbia; (53) Selection of Orchard 
Sites and Soils; (54) Loganberry Culture; (55) Raspberry Culture; (56) Currant 
and Gooseberry Culture (2nd edition); (57) Blackberry Culture; (58) Strawberry 
Culture; (60) Pruning Fruit Trees; (61) Making Lime-Sulphur at Home (1920); 
(62) Planting Plans and Distances; (63) Locust control; (64) Varieties of Fruit 
recommended for Planting in B.C. Poultry Circulars: (2) Tuberculosis in Poultry; 
(4) Management of Turkeys (2nd edition); (11) Poultry-keeping on a City Lot 
(3rd edition); (12) Management of Geese; (15) Profitable Ducks; (19) Poultry 
Rations and their Practical Application (2nd edition); (25) Hatching Hints; (26) 
Soil-contamination; (27) Breeding Stock Hints. Dairy Circulars: (1) Starters 
for Farm Cheese-making; (2) Farm cheese; (3) Cottage cheese; (4) Clotted 
Cream; (5) Varying Butter fat Tests; (6) Care of Milk and Cream. 

Note. Copies of the publications listed will be sent free of charge on applica 
tion to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C. 

YUKON TERRITORY. 

Reports from the Gold Commissioner and from the Crown Timber and Land 
Agent are contained in the Annual Report of the Department of the Interior, 
Ottawa. Copies of mining regulations and mining laws relating to the Yukon 
Territory can be obtained on application to the Department of the Interior, 
Ottawa, or at the office of any mining recorder in the Yukon Territory. 

V. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF 

CANADA. 1 

Report of Select Committee on the State of the civil government of Canada, 1828. 
Reports of Commissioners on the grievances complained of in Lower Canada 
(Lord Gosford, Sir G. Gipps, and Sir C. Grey.) 1837. 

Lord Durham s report on B.N.A. and 5 appendices, 1839. 

Appendices (a) Clergy Reserves; (6) Public Lands and Emigration; (c) 
Municipal Institutions of L.C.; (d-e) Education and Feudal Tenures. 
(Twice reprinted in recent years by Messrs. Methuen, 1902, and by 
Clarendon Press, 1912.) 

Correspondence re the affairs of Canada, June, 1840, to August, 1841. 1841. 
Report of Select Committee on the H.B.C., 1857. 

Papers re explorations conducted by Prof. H. Y. Hind. 4 maps of country from 
the Red River to the Saskatchewan, 1859. 

Contributed by Adam Shortt, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., Chairman Historical Documents Publica 
tion Board, Public Archives, Ottawa. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF CANADA 987 

Papers re explorations under Captain J. Palliser, 1859. 8 reports, June, 1857, to 

January, 1859. Map of route and several plans by J. Hector, the geologist. 

1859. 

Correspondence re Can. tariff on British goods, March, 1859, to April, 1860. 1864. 
Correspondence re the proposed union of the B.N.A. provinces, December, 1864, 

to January, 1867. 1867. 
Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York; procured in 

Holland, England and France, by John Romeyn Broadhead, Esq. Edited by 

E. B. O Callaghan, M.D., LL.D. 11 vols. Albany, 1858. (Vols. ix and x, 

Paris Documents.) 
Collection de Manuscripts contenant Lettres, Memoirs, et autres Documents 

Historiques relatifs a la Nouvelle-France. 4 vols. Quebec, 1883. 
Charlevoix: Histoire et Description Generate de la Nouvelle-France, avec le Journal 

Historique d un Voyage fait par ordre du Roi dans 1 Amerique Septentrionale. 

3 vols. Paris, 1774. 
Gourlay: Statistical Account of Upper Canada. Compiled with a view to a Grand 

System of Emigration. 2 vols. and introduction. London, 1822. 

Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Committee of the House of Assembly on that 
Part of the Speech of His Excellency the Governor in Chief which relates to 
the Settlement of the Crown Lands, with Minutes of Evidence taken before 
the Committee. Quebec, 1824. 

Substance of Two Speeches, delivered in the House of Commons on the 21st and 
25th of March, 1825, by the Right Hon. William Huskisson, respecting Colonial 
Policy and Foreign Commerce of the Country. London, 1825. 

Seventh Report of the Select Committee of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada 
on Grievances. Toronto, 1835. 

Kingsford: History of Canada. 10 vols. Toronto, 1887-98. 

Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-1791, selected 

and edited with notes by Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty. Ottawa, 

1907. 

Ordinances for the Province of Quebec, 1764-90. 
Extra Official State Papers. By a late Under-Secretary of State. (By Wm. Knox.) 

2 vols. 1789. 
Weld: Travels through the States of North America, and the Provinces of Upper 

and Lower Canada, during the Years 1795, 1796 and 1797. 2 vols. London, 

1800. (Vol. ii.) 

La Rochefoucault-Liancourt : Travels through the United States of North America, 
the Country of the Iroquois and Upper Canada, in the Years 1795, 1796 and 
1797. 2 vols. London, 1799. 

Baring: An Inquiry into the Causes and Consequences of the Orders in Council; 
and an Examination of the Conduct of Great Britain towards the Neutral 
Commerce of America. London, 1808. 

Heriot: Travels through the Canadas, with an Account of the Productions, Com 
merce and Inhabitants of those Provinces. London, 1807. 

Gray: Letters from Canada, shewing the Present State of Canada, its Productions, 
Trade, Commercial Importance and Political Relations. London, 1809. 



988 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON CANADA 

The Colonial Policy of Great Britain, considered with Relation to her North 
American Provinces and West India Possessions, wherein the Dangerous 
Tendency of American Competition is developed and the necessity of recom 
mending a Colonial System on a Vigorous and Extensive Scale exhibited and 
defended. London, 1816. 

Haliburton: An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia. 2 vols 
Halifax, 1829. 

Canniff : History of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Toronto, 1869. 

The Canadas: Comprehending Topographical Information concerning the Quality 

of the Land, for the use of Emigrants and Capitalists. Compiled from Original 

Documents furnished by John Gait, Esq. London, 1836. 

Political Annals of Lower Canada. Montreal, 1828. 

Shipping Interest. Two Letters in Reply to the Speech of the Rt. Hon. W. 

Huskisson in the House of Commons, May 7th, 1827. London, 1827 (signed 

Mercator Loyds). 

Three Reports: from the Select Committee appointed to enquire into the State of 
the Trade and Commerce of Upper Canada. 1835. 

Report from the Select Committee on Timber Duties; together with the Minutes 
of Evidence, and Appendix, and Index. (London Govt. Print.) 1836. 

Bouchette: The British Dominions in North America; or, a Topographical and 
Statistical Description of the Provinces of Lower and Upper Canada, New 
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, and 
Cape Breton. 2 vols. London, 1832. 

Martin: Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire. From the Official Records 
of the Colonial Office. First edition, London, 1839. Later edition, 1847. 

Christie: A History of the Late Province of Lower Canada. 6 vols. Quebec, 

1848. 

Murdoch: A History of Nova-Scotia? or Acadie. 3 vols. Halifax, 1867. (Vol 
iii.) 

Chalmers: A History of Currency in the British Colonies. London, n.d. (1894). 
The Currency of the British Colonies. (By James Pennington.) London, 1848 . 
Wier: Sixty Years in Canada. Montreal, 1903. 

The Canadian Merchants Magazine and Commercial Review. 2 vols. Toronto, 

1857-58. 

Chisholm: Letters and Speeches of Joseph Howe. 2 vols. Halifax, 1909. 

Correspondence relative to the Affairs of Lower Canada, 1841. London, 1841. 
(Union of the two Canadas. Their financial situation. Emigration. Official 
correspondence between Lord Russell, Sir George Arthur and Lord Sydenham.) 

Parliamentary Debates on the Subject of Confederation of the British North 
American Provinces. 

Dent: Last Forty Years. 2 vols. Toronto, 1881. 

Elgin: Letters and Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin. Edited by Walrond. 
London, 1872. 

Grey, Earl: Colonial Policy of Lord J. Russell s Administration. 2 vols. London, 
1853. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF CANADA 989 

Hincks: Reminiscences of his Public Life. Montreal, 1884. 

Pope: Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald. 2 vols. London, 1894. 

Shortt: Lord Sydenham. Toronto, 1909. 

Todd: Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies. London, 1894. 

Turcotte: Le Canada sous 1 Union 1841-1867. 2 vols. Quebec, 1871. 

Walrond: Letters of Lord Elgin. London, 1872. 

Campbell: Nova Scotia in its Historical, Mercantile and Industrial Relations. 
Montreal, 1873. 

The Report of Israel D. Andrews, Consul of the United States for Canada and New 
Brunswick, on the Trade and Commerce of the British North American Colonies, 
and upon the Trade of the Great Lakes and Rivers. Washington, 18.54. 

Keefer: A Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Reciprocity Treaty, with an 
Explanation of the Services rendered in connection therewith. Toronto, 1863. 
Morgan: Dominion Annual Register, 1878-1889. 
Breckenridge : History of Banking in Canada. Washington, 1910. 
Akins: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia. Halifax, 1869. 
Campbell: History of Prince Edward Island. Halifax, 1875. 

McGregor: Historical and Descriptive Sketches of the Maritime Colonies of British 
America. London, 1828. 

MacMechan: Nova Scotia Archives, vols. ii and iii. Halifax, 1900, 1908. 

Raymond: Winslow Papers, A.D. 1776-1826. St. John, 1901. 

Day: History of the Eastern Townships. Montreal, 1869. 

Cartwright: Life and Letters of the late Hon. Richard Cartwright. Toronto, 1876. 

Robinson: Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson. Edinburgh, 1904. 

Smith, Wm.: History of Canada. 2 vols. Quebec, 1815. 

The Life and Times of Sir Alexander Tilloch Gait, by Oscar Douglas Skelton. 
Toronto. Oxford University Press, 1920. 

Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, by Oscar Douglas Skelton. Illustrated 

with Photographs. Vols. i and ii. Oxford University Press. Toronto, 1921. 
Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. A Political History. By J. S. Willison. 

In two volumes. Toronto. George N. Morang & Company, Ltd. 1903. 
Canada and Its Provinces. A history of the Canadian people and their Institutions. 

Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty, general editors. In twenty-three 

volumes. Edinburgh University Press. Toronto. 1917. 



990 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 



XV.-THE ANNUAL REGISTER, 1922-23. 

I. DOMINION LEGISLATION, 1922-23. 

1922. 

The follawing are the public Acts of the first session of the fourteenth Parliament 
of Canada, begun and holden at Ottawa, on March 8, 1922, and closed by proroga 
tion on June 28, 1922. 

Finance. Three Appropriation Acts were passed during the session, cc. 1, 
2 and 53. The total sum appropriated for the fiscal year 1923 was $318,183,520, 
and for 1922, $9,623,793. ,By c. 30, the Governor in Council is given authority to 
raise loans not exceeding in the whole $350,000,000 to meet maturing loans and 
obligations. The Special War Tax Revenue Act, 1915, is amended by c. 47. Taxes 
on cheques, bills, notes and express money orders are increased to a rate of 2c. on 
every $50. or fraction thereof, with a maximum of $2 on $5,000 or more. A 
receipt to be valid must bear a 2c. stamp. The Income Tax Act, 1917, is amended 
by c. 25. The normal rate is 4 p.c. on incomes of from $2,000 to $6,000 in the case 
of a married person or one having dependent upon him any of the following a 
parent or grandparent, daughter or sister, or a son or brother under 21 years of 
age and physically or mentally incapable of self-support. For all other persons the 
normal tax is 4 p.c. on incomes of from $1,000 to $6,000. Chapter 15 sets down 
the year April 1 to March 31 as the fiscal year and the period for which all Govern 
ment accounts are to be computed. Balances of appropriations unused at the end 
of the year are to lapse. 

By c. 37, in the case of penny banks, where formerly 95 p.c. of all deposits had 
to be deposited in a Government or Post Office savings bank, an amount up to 50 
p.c. of the deposits taken elsewhere than at the head office may now be placed in 
a chartered bank. 

The Insurance Act, 1917, is amended by c. 28, as follows life insurance com 
panies transacting any other kind of business must keep separate the funds belong 
ing to the two classes, and likewise with other companies transacting life insurance. 
The separate funds may be separately liquidated under the Winding-up Act. By 
c. 31, the Loan Companies Act, 1914, is amended by particularizing the securities 
a loan company may hold, upon what security it may lend and the proportion it 
must maintain of liquid assets to deposits. C. 51, specifies how and for what 
length of time a trust company may hold real estate, and how trust money may be 
invested when the nature of the investment has not been set down in the trust deeds. 

Agriculture. C. 14 provides for the constitution and powers of the Canada 
Wheat Board, to be established when two or more provinces pass the necessary 
legislation. The Governor in Council appoints its ten members, of whom three or 
more constitute the executive. Its powers are to buy wheat and to sell to foreign 
buyers whatever, in its estimation, is the surplus over the probable domestic con 
sumption. The Dominion .Government is not responsible for deficits. The surplus 
from operations is divided amongst the provinces who by their legislation have 
allowed the Board to act. C. 35 authorizes the manufacture and importation of 
oleomargarine until Aug. 31, 1922, and its sale until March 1, 1924. By c. 43 onions 
and potatoes must be graded and the grade is to appear on the bag or barrel, with 
the name of the seller. Root vegetables, if not sold with " greens " attached, are 
to be sold by weight. C. 32 provides that cans containing meat or fish are to be 



DOMINION LEGISLATION, 1922 991 

labelled with the name of the packer or first dealer, the description of the contents 
and the minimum weight, and the same provisions are to apply to imported canned 
fish. By c. 5, agricultural fertilizers must be registered with the Minister prior to 
sale in Canada, and their composition must be shown on the wrapper or invoice. 
C. 7 reduces the compensation to the owner of animals slaughtered in accordance 
with the Animal Contagious Diseases Act. 

Trade and Commerce. By c. 18, the value for duty of goods from a country 
whose currency is depreciated is to be the same as that on similar goods from the 
United Kingdom. Under c. 19, the Governor in Council may order that goods 
imported be stamped with the name of the country of origin. Settlers effects- 
machines, vehicles and agricultural implements are to be admitted duty free if 
the settler brings them with him into the country, but if admitted under this clause, 
must not be sold in Canada within one year of their entrance. C. 27 provides that 
retail druggists who have been licensed by the Minister of Customs and Excise may 
use spirits testing more than 50 p. c. above proof in preparing medicines, but must 
pay an excise duty of from $2.40 to $2.43 per gallon and increasing in proportion 
to their percentage above proof. 

By c. 8, the Bankruptcy Act is amended. The trustee is legally responsible 
for the verification of the debtor s statement. The trustee s plan for a composition 
of the debts is binding upon all the creditors if it has been approved by a majority 
of them holding two-thirds of the debts and sanctioned by the Court. 

Currency. By c. 17 the millesimal fineness of silver coins is changed from 
4 to 6. 

National Defence. C. 34 charges the Minister of National Defence with all 
matters relating to defence, including the Militia and the Military, Naval and Air 
Services of Canada. C. 44 makes corresponding changes in the Salaries and the 
Senate and House of Commons Acts. The Air Board Act is amended by c. 6, which 
provides for compensation for death or injury suffered while flying in the public service 
of Canada. 

Elections. By c. 20, change of residence within two months of a general 
election is not to be taken as a disqualification from voting. The voter may cast 
his vote at the place where his name is listed. By c. 26, on the application of an 
Indian or of his band in his behalf, two officers of the Department of Indian Affairs 
and one member of the Indian s band are to decide upon his fitness for enfranchise 
ment. 

External Affairs. C. 49 gives authority to the Governor in Council to do what 
ever is necessary toward carrying out the provisions of the treaties of peace with 
Hungary and Turkey. 

Fisheries. C. 23 makes it an offence to leave a Canadian port in order to fish 
for salmon or lobsters beyond territorial waters except under license from the 
Minister. C. 24 provides for license fees for salmon curing stations, and in British 
Columbia for herring dry-salting establishments. 

Health. C. 13 gives the Canadian Red Cross Society the powers of a corpor 
ation, but compels it to furnish an annual report to the Ministers of Health and 
of National Defence, subject to an audit by the latter Department. By the 
amendments to the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act under C. 36, no drugs falling 
under these classes are to be sold to any but practising physicians, dentists, veteri 
nary surgeons, and druggists, and then only upon written order. No prescriptions 
are to be for any but medicinal uses and none are to be filled the second time. Con 
victed aliens are subject to deportation. 



992 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

Justice. C. 29 provides for the compulsory retirement of judges of the 
Supreme and Exchequer Courts and of any superior, admiralty or county court even 
before the retiring age, if the Governor in Council on report of the Minister of Justice 
finds a judge incapacitated for the performance of his duties. A judge so retired 
is to be given the annuity which he would have received if he had continued in his 
work until reaching the age limit. Under c. 48, there is an appeal to the Supreme 
Court from any provincial court which the provincial statutes have named the court 
of final resort in the province. C. 4 provides for deputy judges in admiralty. By 
c. 22, any action against the Crown arising out of escheat must be brought within 
5 years of the time of escheat. C. 11 states the conditions of manufacture and 
export of spirituous liquor in any province. Search warrants are to be given on 
evidence of reasonable suspicion that the law is being broken. By c. 16, the penalties 
for stealing automobiles are increased. Railways are liable to an action for convey 
ing cattle without proper nourishment and rest. C. 3 enacts that a convict in 
penitentiary having a contagious disease on the expiry of his term is to be kept in 
his former custody until the penitentiary surgeon testifies to his good health. 

Dominion Lands. Under c. 21, a lease of Dominion lands may be cancelled 
by the Minister of the Interior or by his agent for neglect to pay royalty or rent, 
or for a breach of the conditions set down at the time of granting. 

Pensions. Under c. 39, on the motion of the Civil Service Commission, civil 
servants unfit for further duty may be retired even if they are under 65 years of 
age. 

Railways. -Under c. 41, the Crow s Nc^t Pass Agreement, in so far as it affects 
grain and flour, is again given force. 

Returned Soldiers. Under c. 42, if on the death of an insured man, a pension 
becomes payable to his dependants by any government other than the government 
of Canada, the present value of that pension is to be deducted from the benefits 
payable under the Returned Soldier s Insurance Act. C. 38 amends the Pension 
Act so that a pension may be continued to minor children on the death of the 
pensioner s wife. C. 45 gives the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment 
power to constitute medical boards, to grant free transportation, and to provide 
for the burial of those dying in destitution, subject to such appropriation as Parlia 
ment may vote. By c. 46, the Soldiers Settlement Act, 1919, is amended by pro 
viding for the consolidation of interest and principal owed by settlers, on account 
of advances, the same to be payable in twenty-five or fewer annual instalments 
with exemption from interest for from two to four years. In default of the pay 
ment of any instalment that instalment is to bear interest until paid. 

Shipping and Harbours. By c. 10, the Governor in Council is authorized 
to make rules affecting all public ports not governed under Act of Parliament by a 
Harbour Commission. The Governor in Council, under c. 33, may advance to the 
Harbour Commissioners of Montreal sums up to $5,000,000 for the construction 
of terminal facilities, the plans for which must have the prior approval of the Minis 
ter of Marine and Fisheries. The corporation is to deposit with the Minister of 
Finance debentures to the amount of the loan and is to pay the loan by their re 
demption in 25 years. C. 40 makes similar provisions for the harbour of Quebec, 
except that in this case the maximum amount to be advanced is $1,500,000. C. 
50 gives the Harbour Commissioners of Trenton powers to take dues on merchandise 
landed or put on board at their port, and to use surpluses for improvements in 
accordance with plans previously approved by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries. 






DOMINION LEGISLATION, 1923 993 

C. 52 gives the Harbour Commissioners of Vancouver power to appoint and pay 
a harbour master and his deputies. By c. 9 the number of exemptions from pay 
ment of pilotage dues is increased. 

Miscellaneous. By c. 12, where the funds of the Canadian Patriotic Fund 
are not sufficient to carry on its work, and where the cessation of this work would 
put additional burdens on a municipality or province, the Governor in Council 
may authorize payments to the Canadian Patriotic Fund from the Consolidated 
Revenue Fund. 

1923. 

The following are the Public Acts of the Second Session of the 14th Parliament 
of Canada, begun and holden at Ottawa on Jan. 31, 1923, and closed by prorogation 
on June 30, 1923. 

Finance. Three Appropriation Acts were passed during the year, cc. 1, 2 and 
73. A total sum of $288,153,681 was voted for the fiscal year 1924, while $18,202,- 
106 was voted for the year 1923. C. 32, amending the Bank Act, is summarized 
on page 817. By c. 34, amending the Business Profits War Tax Act, the limit to 
the period for which a person is liable for unpaid taxes is removed. C. 48, to sup 
plement the Finance Act, authorizes the Minister of Finance to advance Dominion 
notes to banks on pledge of securities valued by trustees of the Central Gold Re 
serves, these advances to be repayable in Dominion notes. C. 52 amends the 
Income War Tax Act regarding amounts of income taxable. The Exchequer Court 
is given sole jurisdiction to determine all questions arising out of assessments. 
C. 55, amending the Insurance Act, provides detailed regulations regarding insu 
rance on automobiles. By c. 66, the charters of the Caisse d Economie de Notre 
Dame de Quebec and of the Montreal City and District Savings Bank are extended 
until July 1, 1933. C. 70 amends the Special War Revenue Act, particularly 
regarding taxes on cheques and money orders, taxes on wines, sales taxes and manu 
facturers and jobbers licenses. 

Agriculture. C. 3 amends the Animal Contagious Diseases Act, reducing 
the compensation paid to owners of pure-bred cattle from $200 to $150. C. 15 
regulates the sale and inspection of fruit and fruit containers in respect to grades, 
marks, packing and repacking, branding, inspection and penalties for infringements. 
By c. 18, consolidating the Acts respecting live stock, standard stockyard regulations 
are authorized, with provisions for inspection and enforcement. The testing, in 
spection and sale of seeds are regulated by c. 27, under which grades, marks, and 
zones of production are to be standardized by an advisory board appointed for the 
purpose. The Dairy Industry Act is amended by c. 43, in which percentages of 
fat in milk, cream and butter are fixed. Penalties for non-compliance are increased. 
The Feeding Stuffs Act is amended by c. 47. The Minister may prohibit further 
importation of adulterated feeding stuffs or those below established standards. 

Trade and Commerce. The Convention of Commerce between Canada 
and France is given in c. 14, by which the customs duties of the " Intermediate 
Tariff " of 1907 are extended to France and her dependencies. The same rates 
apply to the United Kingdom as long as France continues to enjoy them and like 
wise to British Colonies which grant to Canada as favourable treatment as they 
give to any foreign country. A similar convention with Italy is given in c. 17, 
permitting the importation of goods, the produce or manufacture of Italy, on the 
most favourable terms granted to any foreign power. C. 42 amends the Customs 
6237363 



994 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

Tariff of 1907 with respect to discounts granted on goods shipped under the terms 
of the British Preferential Tariff, with provisions and exceptions. Also it provides 
for tariff negotiations between United States and Canada, with a view to reciprocal 
reductions on certain articles. C. 46, amending the Export Act, provides for prohi 
bition, by special regulation, of the export of pulpwood. 

Fisheries. C. 33 amends the Biological Board Act regarding the constitution 
of the Board, while c. 61 forbids halibut fishing in territorial or prohibited waters 
in close season, with port regulations and penalties for vessels violating such regu 
lations. 

Railways and Highways. C. 4 extends the time allotted to the provinces 
by the Canada Highways Act for a further period of two years. Cc. 6 and 7 deal 
with the Canadian National Railways, the latter permitting the company to carry 
on an express business, while c. 37 amends the Canadian National Railways Act 
with respect to the issue of securities. 

Shipping and Harbours. C. 29 authorizes the issue to the Vancouver 
Harbour Commissioners of sums up to $5,000,000, with provisions for applications 
for advances and payment of interest. C. 35 amends sections of the Canada Ship 
ping Act dealing with registration, shipwrecks, inspection, loading and calculation 
of tonnage. C. 45 provides for subsidies during construction of first and second- 
class dry docks. C. 49 requires the filing of rates and rate changes by shipping 
companies or shipowners with the Board of Grain Commissioners, and prohibits 
soliciting and collecting of insurance premiums by owners or their agents. C. 59 
provides for advances to the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal, while c. 71 autho 
rizes the appointment and establishment of the Three Rivers Harbour Commission. 

Interior. C. 12 prohibits the disposal of certain coal mining rights in Alberta 
without statutory authority. C. 13 amends the Dominion Forest Reserves and 
Parks Act with respect to its appended schedule. C. 44 amends the Dominion Lands 
Act as to transfer of title of homesteads, school lands, timber rights, etc. 

Health. C. 22 prohibits the improper use of opium and other drugs, pre 
scribing license regulations and penalties for infringements. 

Returned Soldiers and Pensions. C. 20 provides for the continuation of 
payment of pensions of retired officers who are employed in the public service. 
Any payments to such officers are not recoverable. C. 58 amends the Militia 
Pensions Act, changing the period of service entitling officers and militiamen to 
pension from 20 to 10 years. C. 62 amends the Pension Act regarding disabilities, 
effect of insurance benefits, jurisdiction of Board of Pension Commissioners, and 
appointment of Federal Appeal Board. C. 67 amends the Returned Soldiers Insu 
rance Act, and c. 69 the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment Act regard 
ing medical and appeal boards and tribunals. 

Justice. C. 19 provides that " a marriage is not invalid merely because the 
man is a brother of a deceased husband of the woman or is a son of such brother." 
C. 21 provides for the enforcement of the powers and decisions of stipendiaries in 
the Northwest Territories. C. 31 amends the Bankruptcy Act with regard to 
details of assignments, proceedings of debtor and trustees and security furnished 
by trustees, sale of hypothecated property, creditors meetings and examinations 
by the Official Receiver. C. 41 amends the Criminal Code, principally with respect 
to appeals from convictions. C. 56 amends the Judges Act with regard to salaries 
of judges of the Supreme Court of Ontario and the Circuit Court of Montreal. 



PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1922 995 

Mines. C. 40 provides for the payment of bounties on Canadian-produced 
copper bars or rods sold in Canada for consumption, c. 63 for bounties on Cana 
dian petroleum attaining specified standards, while c. 64 amends the Petroleum 
and Naphtha Inspection Act. 

Immigration. -C. 38, the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, restricts the entry 
to or landing in Canada of persons of Chinese origin, with the exception of govern 
ment representatives, Chinese children born in Canada, merchants (defined by what 
regulations the Minister may prescribe) and students. It also sets out regulations 
for ships bringing Chinese to Canada and their procedure at ports of entry. C. 51 
amends the Immigration Act with respect to deportation and the crews of ships 
arriving in Canada. Enemy aliens are no longer prohibited from entering the 
country. 

Copyrights, Patents and Trade Marks. C. 10 amends the Copyright Act, 
1921. C. 23 consolidates the Acts relating to Patents of Invention, establishes a 
Patent Office in charge of a Commissioner of Patents, and deals with applications, 
their refusal, duration, re-issue, disclaimers, assignments, legal proceedings, caveats, 
restoration and patent fees. C. 28 amends the Trade Mark and Design Act with 
respect to applications already filed in another country. 

Miscellaneous. -C. 68 amends the Senate and House of Commons Act with 
regard to sessional indemnities and allowances. C. 9, the Combines Investigation 
Act, 1923, provides for the appointment of a " Registrar of the Combines Invest 
igation Act " who shall hear applications for investigations into the formation of 
combines. Subsequent actions with penalties for infringements are provided. C. 
39 amends the Companies Act with regard to mining companies, allowing payment 
of dividends from funds derived from operations, although net assets are thereby 
reduced below par value of issued capital stock, provided notice has been given. 
C. 53 reduces the duty on cigarettes from $7.50 to $6.00 per thousand from May 
12, 1923, and removes the excise duty on sugar made from sugar beets. 

II. PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1922. 

Prince Edward Island. 

Administration of Justice. C. 6 provides that the Supreme Court of the prov 
ince is to be composed of four judges. Their powers and precedence, with regu 
lations and duties, are appended. C. 7 amends the Common Law Procedure Act 
regarding docketing of cases, c. 8 the County Courts Amendment Act regarding 
its powers and status, and c. 9 the Statute Law re the tax on lobster cases. 

Child Welfare. C. 14 amends the Act for the Protection of Neglected and 
Dependent Children, setting the age limit at 18 years and designating the court 
officials having jurisdiction under the Act. 

Elections. C. 4 makes slight amendments to the Election Act, 1913, while 
c. 5, the Election Act, 1922, deals generally with the constitution of the legislature 
of the province, qualification of members, resignation, electoral districts, qualifi 
cations of electors and general procedure at elections. 

Finance. C. 16 provides for an expenditure of $698,482 for the fiscal year 
ended Dec. 31, 1922, and provides at the same time for necessary disbursements 
during the year 1923. 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 10 amends the Prohibition Act* 
setting out regulations regarding export liquor warehouses, their operation and 
inspection. C. 13 provides for the incorporation of the Optometrical Association 

62373 63 



996 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

and the practice of optometry in the province. C. 15, the Registered Nurses Act, 
establishes the Registered Nurses Association, provides for the keeping by the Pro 
vincial Secretary of a register of all duly qualified nurses and for their training, 
examination and certification. 

Highways. C. 2 increases the amount of loan and debenture issues provided 
for in the Act to Promote the Improvement of Highways. C. 3 amends the Road 
Act, reducing the poll tax and the rate of pay per day provided therein. 

Motor Vehicles. C. 1, the Motor Vehicle Act, sets out detailed provisions with 
respect to the sale, registration and operation of motor vehicles, speed limits, fees 
and taxes, and penalties for infringement of traffic and highway regulations. 

Nova Scotia. 

Administration of Justice. Chapters 5, 13, 16 and 17 legalize jury panels, 
assessment rolls and revisers lists for 1922, amend the Act respecting court houses, 
jails and lockups and the Probate Act, both as regards the appointment of an addi 
tional deputy registrar and the eligibility of women for such office. 

Agriculture. C. 23 provides for the encouragement of agriculture throughout 
the province by way of financial aid to exhibitions held by municipalities and agri 
cultural societies. 

Assessment. C. 34 amends the Assessment Act, fixing a poll tax of 30 cents 
per head on all persons between the ages of 18 and 60. Revenues from this source 
are for the support of the poor. Further slight amendments are made in chapters 
35 and 36. 

Child Welfare. C. 28 amends the Children s Protection Act regarding aid by 
municipalities and the receipt by Children s Aid Societies of all sums paid for the 
support of children. C. 29 further amends the Act with respect to the care and 
expense incurred in the maintenance of children whose place of settlement cannot 
be determined. 

Companies. C. 3, an Act respecting Trust Companies, deals with the incor 
poration, objects, internal regulation, by-laws, capitalization, ownership, meetings, 
powers and inspection of such companies. C. 4 deals similarly with Loan Com 
panies. C. 48 amends the Nova Scotia Companies Act with respect to powers of 
incorporated companies and the incorporation of companies for the promotion of 
art, science, religion or education, and the exemption of such companies from 
payment of customary fees. C. 124 incorporates certain branches of the Maritime 
United Farmers Co-operative, Ltd. 

Education. C. 39 amends the Education Act by providing that before Sept. 1 
of each year the trustees in every school section shall ascertain the names and ages 
of all children between four and eighteen, entering them in a book of record. No 
children are allowed to be employed in any business or trade during school hours 
unless they hold certificates from school principals attesting to specified proficiency 
at regular examinations. Penalties for non-compliance are stipulated. 

Elections. C. 20 amends the Nova Scotia Elections Act in its first appended 
schedule, while c. 32 amends the Franchise Act regarding qualifications of electors, 
appeals from decisions regarding revision of voters lists, and procedure of investi 
gating courts. 

Finance. C. 1 authorizes the raising of $425,000 by a loan on the credit of the 
province; the proceeds to be used for the retirement of provincial debentures. 
C. 50, the Appropriation Act, provides several sums of money to defray charges 
and expenses of the public service for the fiscal year 1922. 



NEW BRUNSWICK LEGISLATION, 1922 997 

Game. C. 45 amends the Forests and Game Act, with regard to fines and dispo 
sition thereof, open and close seasons, stray dogs, shooting of grouse and partridge, 
licenses to non-residents, other licenses, export of hides, use of fire-arms and trade 
in fur products. 

Highways. C. 14 amends the Roads Act, changing the rule of the road from 
" Keep to the left " to " Keep to the right," 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 21 incorporates the Graduate Nurses 
Association and includes provisions for the training, examination and certification 
of nurses. C. 26 amends the Workmen s Compensation Act with regard to persons 
affected, definitions of accidents, compensation to widows, accidents to children, 
compensation paid by executors or administrators of estates and classes of employers 
under the jurisdiction of the Act. C. 37 amends the Health Act regarding duties 
of sanitary inspectors in municipalities, regulations re vaccination of school children 
and the keeping of wild animals for breeding and other purposes. C. 38 amends 
the Temperance Act, providing for the appointment of vendors who shall sell 
liquors for prescribed purposes. 

Municipalities. C. 2 authorizes the raising of money on loans for the purpose 
of buying cattle feed and seed grain required for the respective polling districts. 
The Lieutenant-Governor in Council is authorized to guarantee the principal and 
interest of such loans, which are not in any case to exceed $20,000. C. 33 amends 
the Municipal Act, stipulating limits to loans by municipalities. 

New Brunswick. 

Administration of Justice. C. 13 amends the Judicature Act regarding the 
appointment of guardians for infants by a court or judge on petition. 

Agriculture. -C. 34 provides for the incorporation of associations for the co- 
operative marketing of farm products, with regulations re ownership, capitalization 
and internal organization. 

Companies. C. 25 amends the Companies Act, providing for the holding of 
real and personal property by companies incorporated for charitable, educational or 
other like purposes. Provision is also made for the incorporation of such com 
panies without capital stock. 

Education. C. 5 amends and consolidates the Acts respecting schools, regard 
ing boards of education and their duties, school districts, inspectors, raising of 
finances and their disposal, meetings of trustees, salaries of teachers and general 
regulations regarding school organization and administration. C. 27 provides for 
the payment of pensions to school teachers, setting out qualifications and amounts, 
with the administration of the Teachers Pension Fund from which these amounts 
are paid. 

Elections. C. 9 amends the Act regarding electoral districts, setting out the 
boundaries and location of new sub-districts in several counties. 

Finance. C. 1 provides certain sums of money to defray expenses of govern 
ment for the year ended Oct. 31, 1922. C. 20 authorizes the issue of debentures 
to the sum of $1,000,000 to redeem debentures payable. The issue is under the 
provisions of the Provincial Loan Act. C. 23 authorizes a further similar issue of 
$800,000. 

Forestry. C. 29 amends the Forest Fires Act respecting fire protection and 
forest service, the duties of fire wardens and rangers and compulsory service in 
case of serious fires. C. 30 provides for the examination and licensing of sealers 
in the province, the appointment of a board of examiners, qualifications of candi 
dates, and the duties of persons granted licenses. 



998 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

Game. C. 11 permits the issue of special licenses to residents and non-resi 
dents, allowing the shooting of moose and deer between specified dates. 

Highways. C. 2 provides for the repair and improvement of roads and bridges 
and other public works and services, giving detailed items of necessary expenditure 
with provisions as to tenders and contracts. 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 3, the Liquor Exporters Taxation 
Act, sets out regulations regarding the licensing of the storage and export of spiri 
tuous and malt liquors, etc., with taxes stipulated and penalties for non-compliance. 
C. 4 amends the Public Health Act regarding the appointment of boards of health 
and medical health officers in health districts and sub-districts. C. 10 amends the 
Workmen s Compensation Act with respect to limits of jurisdiction and compen 
sation to dependent children. C. 18 legalizes the establishment of women s insti 
tutes in the province, together with the objects, organization and procedure of 
such institutes. 

Motor Vehicles. C. 16 provides for the regulation of bus lines and taxi systems, 
traffic regulations in municipalities and their enforcement. 

Municipalities. C. 8 amends the Fire Prevention Act regarding salaries paid 
to fire marshals and assistants, appointment of assistants and the adjusting of fire 
insurance claims. C. 24 requires the establishment of sinking funds by all muni 
cipalities on the issue of debentures. C. 26 permits the incorporation of villages 
where the population is less than 300 for the purpose of local improvements. 

Public Utilities. C. 17 provides for the incorporation of the St. John and 
Quebec Railway Trust Company to become a trustee under a mortgage effected 
between the St. John and Queb.ec Railway Company and the Prudential Trust 
Company, Ltd., with regulations as to its composition and procedure. C. 21 
amends the New Brunswick Electric Power Act, principally regarding expropriation 
proceedings and compensation. 

Taxation. C. 7 amends the Acts respecting Rates and Taxes re duties of 
assessors, collection of taxes, default of payments, warrants, sale of lands for unpaid 
taxes and form of warrants. 

Quebec. 

Administration of Justice. C. 27 amends the Quebec License Act regarding 
the operation of race meetings; c. 81 relates to habeas corpus procedure and c. 78 
to the jurisdiction of Magistrates Courts, c. 76 to the provisions respecting com 
missioners of the Superior Court, whereby members of the bar, notaries and justices 
of the peace may act as commissioners, and c. 79 to exemptions from seizure. 

Colonization. C. 3 provides for the expenditure of from $5,000,000 to 7,000,000 
to aid colonization in the province. 

Education. C. 56, the Agricultural and Industrial Schools Act, deals with the 
treatment of delinquent minors, which is to be in the above schools rather than in 
reformatories. The Act applies only to males under 18 years of age. The Prov 
incial Museums Act, c. 3, provides for the establishment of museums in Quebec 
and Montreal. C. 4 provides for an increase of ten in the number of students sent 
to Europe to study at foreign universities. C. 5 provides for an increase of from 
$3,000 to $5,000 in the annual grant to the Academy of Music. C. 41 establishes 
the practice of voting by ballot in the election of commissioners and trustees in 
certain school municipalities. 

Elections. C. 13 sets out the boundaries of the electoral districts of the prov 
ince and re-drafts, with a few changes, those situated in the island of Montreal. 



ONTARIO LEGISLATION, 1922 999 

Five new districts are created Montreal- Verdun, Montreal-Mercier, Abitibi, Papi- 
neau and Matapedia. 

Finance. C. 1 provides for an expenditure of $1,860,823 for the year ended 
June 30, 1923, and for $9,990,375 for the fiscal year 1924. 

Fisheries. C. 36 creates the Maritime Fisheries Bureau and provides for the 
training of students in fishing methods, the building and maintenance of cold storage 
plants and fish canning. It provides also for the establishment of fishermen s 
co-operative associations. 

Forestry. C. 31 provides for instruction in paper making and forest research 
and for the establishment of schools for the purpose. A grant is made to Laval 
University to aid in the maintenance of a school of instruction in forestry and survey 
ing. 

Highways. -C. 34 increases the loans authorized for roadwork to $40,000,000. 
Any balance of revenues received from the administration of the law respecting 
motor vehicles is to be applied under the Road Act. The province assumes full 
charge and expense of maintenance of provincial and regional highways as defined 
in the Act. C. 30 amends the Motor Vehicles Act with respect to weight, speed, 
equipment and registration. 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 61, the Quebec Narcotic Act, requires 
that a license to sell narcotics be held by all except certain specified persons and 
provides penalties for breaches of regulations, both by licensed persons and others 
who need not be licensed. C. 23 provides for the establishment of census boards 
to take a census of the province or any parts of it. C. 38 provides for the creation 
of a commission to enquire into labour conditions in the province and especially 
with regard to compensation in cases of accident. C. 68 amends the Workmen s 
Compensation Act, increasing the maximum compensation allowable from $2,500 
to $3,000. C. 63 increases the penalties for the illegal practice of medicine and false 
representations by advertisement. C. 24 amends the Alcoholic Liquor Act, permit 
ting the keeping of alcoholic liquor in clubs by members and the sale of beer by the 
glass in certain cases without a meal. The Medicinal Wines Act, c. 26, brings under 
provincial control certain products containing alcoholic liquor and permits their 
sale only by specified persons. C. 39 establishes a Fuel and Foodstuffs Control 
Bureau to protect the public in times of serious shortage and assure adequate 
measures of control. 

Mining. The Quebec Mining Law is amended by c. 35 with regard to the 
staking of claims and the transmission of plans of underground mining operations. 

Municipalities. C. 65, the Cities and Towns Act, gives particular attention 
to borrowing operations with a view to preventing abuses, and to protect such muni 
cipalities and the persons contracting loans with them. 

Public Utilities. C. 52 extends the jurisdiction of the Public Service Com 
mission to expropriations under the Road Act and the Cities and Towns Act. It 
provides also that the chief district magistrate shall be ex officio a substitute member 
of the Commission. 

Ontario. 

Administration of Justice. The Surrogate Court Act (c. 44) provides for the 
cancellation of the bond of an administrator in the distribution of an estate. Slight 
amendments are also made to the Judicature Act, the General Sessions Act and the 
Division Courts Act in chapters 42, 43 and 45, while c. 46 provides that jurors shall 
be summoned twenty days before their attendance is required. The Constables 
and Coroners Acts are also amended. 



1000 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

Agriculture. C. 5 incorporates the Ontario Co-operative Dairy Products, Ltd., 
to deal generally in milk products and to provide co-operative marketing facilities 
for farmers and factories of the province; c. 90 provides for financial assistance 
to co-operative organizations engaged in the grading, packing and sale of fruit. 

Companies. C. 64 provides for the incorporation of co-operative credit societies, 
legalizing and stabilizing institutions of the type already in existence. 

Education. C. 98 amends the school laws with regard to the apportionment 
of public and separate school grants, school boundaries, union schools, rates, non 
resident pupils, consolidated schools, superannuation of teachers and expenses in 
connection with indigent pupils. C. 99 amends the Separate Schools Act with regard 
to number of trustees and their retirement. 

Elections. C. 3 disqualifies for 10 years persons guilty of treasonable and sedi 
tious offences and military defaulters from voting. This may be removed by a 
county judge on application. C. 4, the Ontario Voters List Act, consolidates 
previous Acts. C. 5 extends to the wife or husband of the person rated for land 
as owner or tenant the right to vote at municipal elections, while c. 73 extends the 
right to vote at advance polls to postal and express clerks. 

Finance. The sum of $23,248,489 was voted for the year ending Oct. 31, 1922, 
and $30,135,175 for the fiscal year ending Oct. 31, 1923. 

Game and Fisheries. C. 97 amends the Game and Fisheries Act in respect to 
duration of open seasons and licenses to trappers and fishermen. 

Highways. Chapters 26 and 27 amend the Highway Improvement Act regard 
ing expropriation of land and methods of payment for highway construction. Chap 
ters 80, 81 and 82 amend the Motor Vehicles Act with respect to registration num 
bers, lights and traffic regulations, the Load of Vehicles Act and the Obstruction 
on Highways Removal Act. 

Insurance. C. 61 amends the Ontario Insurance Act with regard to statutory 
conditions to be included in accident and sickness insurance policies and also in 
automobile policies, licenses to agents, brokers and adjusters, boards of enquiry 
in cases of disputes re issue of licenses, records to be kept, underwriters agencies and 
the valuation of life insurance contracts. C. 62 provides for the organization and 
licensing of reciprocal or inter-insurance changes. 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 91 empowers the Minimum Wage 
Board to establish minimum and maximum hours of labour, with penalties for con 
travention. C. 56 amends the Workmen s Compensation Act. C. 93 provides 
for twenty-four consecutive hours rest in every week being granted by certain 
employers of labour. C. 59 provides for the incorporation of The Association 
of Professional Engineers of the Province of Ontario." C. 92 amends the Children s 
Protection Act with regard to shelters and industrial schools, employment, and 
maintenance of Children s Aid Societies. C. 57 provides for the maintenance of 
deserted wives and children. 

Mining. C. 22 amends the Ontario Mining Act with respect to recorders 
and recorders books, licenses, staking of claims, leases and default of owners or 
lessees. C. 23 establishes a commission to oversee the production and distribution 
of natural gas and prescribes regulations regarding rates. 

Municipalities. C. 71, the Municipal Amendment Act, 1922, makes provision 
for new regulations regarding annual nominations and elections, issue of securities, 
expropriation and compensation and bonuses to manufacturing industries. 

Public Utilities. C. 69 amends the Municipal Electric Railways Act. Certain 
sections of the Hydro-Electric Railway Act, 1914, respecting certain railway lines, 



MANITOBA LEGISLATION, 1922 1001 

are kept in force. New provisions are made regarding payment of construction 
costs and the sale of securities. The county of York is authorized to purchase 
several electric railway systems. The Ontario Telephone Act (c. 70) is amended 
with regard to special rates on lands of subscribers to a system. 

Taxation. C. 12 amends the Corporations Tax Act regarding telephone com 
panies and taxes on bets at race meetings. 

Timber. C. 18 empowers the Minister to confirm, vary or cancel any timber- 
cutting privileges, and to set time limits for cutting and removal. 

Manitoba. 

Administration of Justice. C. 3 amends the Distress Act, stipulating certain 
chattels as being exempt from seizure under any landlord s warrant of distress. C. 13 
amends the Jury Act, reducing the number on a grand jury from 18 to 12 and 
requiring petit jurors ordinarily to attend one day later than the grand jury. 

Agriculture. C. 8 amends the Farm Loans Act regarding retirement of shares 
and the raising of capital. 

Assessment. C. 28 amends the Assessment Act re the assignment of tax sale 
certificates by municipalities. C. 29 further amends the Act regarding validation. 

Child Welfare. C. 2, an Act respecting the Welfare of Children, establishes 
the Department of Public Welfare in charge of a Director and provides detailed 
regulations covering the procedure followed in juvenile courts, the apprehension 
of neglected children, their examination, children whose parents have not been 
legally married, feeble minded and mentally defective children, immigrant children, 
adoption, and child welfare organizations in municipalities and districts in the prov 
ince. 

Education. C. 15 amends the Public Schools Act respecting boundaries of 
school districts, taxes and tax collection, union schools, authority of trustees and 
their nomination and election. 

Elections. C. 6, amending the Election Act, provides that elections shall be 
held ten days after nominations. 

Finance. In c. 21 provision is made for the borrowing of $500,000 under the 
provisions of the Provincial Loans Act, such sums to be used in capital expenditures. 
A further loan of $957,500 is authorized by c. 22. C. 23 authorizes the expenditure 
of $8,451,893 to defray the expenses of civil government from Dec. 1, 1921 to Aug. 
31, 1922, and of sums up to $5,000,000 for the fiscal year ending Aug. 31, 1923. C. 24 
makes further provision for the expenditure of $365,800 to defray expenses incurred 
during the fiscal year 1922. 

Highways C. 10 makes slight amendments to the Good Roads Act with 
respect to the dating of debentures and their issue in instalments. 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 7 amends the Fair Wage Act regard 
ing contents of notice for hearing complaints and c. 11 amends the Hospital Aid 
Act, establishing a lien on lands of any beneficiary receiving relief and the discharge 
of such liens. 

Municipalities. C. 9 empowers municipalities to assist farmers in the pur 
chase of fodder, and to borrow money up to $50,000 by notes or debentures up to 
this amount. These may be guaranteed by the province. It sets out also the 
ways in which such sums may be expended and the supervision of the municipal 
commissioner over all such operations. C. 19 enacts similar regulations with regard 
to the borrowing of money for seed grain purposes, the total amount permitted 
being $60,000. 



1002 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

Taxation. In c. 20, provisions for the relief of soldiers property from taxation 
are effected, with classes of persons and property denned, applications, and the 
duration of benefits given. 

Saskatchewan. 

Administration of Justice. C. 23 amends the Surrogate Courts Act regarding 
the distribution of assets and valuation of securities; c. 24 deals with the jurisdiction 
of the Exchequer Court of Canada and the authority of judges of the Dominion 
courts as to the use of court houses, etc.; c. 27 amends the Coroner s Act regarding 
inquests and c. 28, amending the Saskatchewan Provincial Police Act, provides that 
the Attorney General may order a special inquiry to be made respecting the com 
mission of any of the offences mentioned in this Act by any member of the force. 

Agriculture. C. 42 amends the Municipalities Seed Grain Act, providing for 
the renewal of lien agreements; c. 52 amends the Agricultural Co-operative Asso 
ciations Act regarding incorporated associations operating on the co-operative 
plan; c. 57, amending the Egg Marketing Act, sets out the restrictions on the pur 
chasing, selling and candling of eggs and c. 87 outlines the conditions under which 
a grain grower may procure an advance for seed grain. 

C. 2 defines the powers of the Canadian Wheat Board in the regulation and 
administration of the grain trade and the immunity of members as such from legal 
action. 1 C. 3 provides for the licensing of gram dealers in the province on applic 
ation, the revocation of such licenses and the penalties imposed on persons carrying 
on specified operations without being duly licensed. 1 

Assessment. C. 45 provides for the establishment of a permanent assessment 
commission and gives the duties and powers of its officers. 

Child Welfare. C. 15 sets out provisions for the establishment of a Bureau 
of Child Protection and c. 74 amends the Children s Protective Act regarding the 
incorporation of Children s Aid Societies. 

Companies. C. 35 amends the Benevolent Societies Act regarding incorpor 
ation, service of documents and change of address of benevolent societies. 

Education. C. 46 amends the Secondary Education Act regarding the annual 
meeting of taxpayers; c. 47, amending the School Act, states that tenders must be 
called for in case of capital expenditure in excess of $1,000, and c. 49 amends the 
School Assessment Act regarding the powers and remuneration of the Adjustment 
Board of the Saskatchewan Assessment Commission. 

Finance. C. 1 authorizes the expenditure of $2,205,270 to defray expenses 
of government for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1922, and of $19,295,219 for the 
fiscal year 1923 from and out of the consolidated fund. In addition a further sum 
of $2,200,000 is authorized to be paid from the telephone revenue. 

Game.C. 58 amends the Game Act regarding the length of the hunting season, 
protection of beaver and the amounts of licenses. Royalties must be paid to the 
Department of Agriculture upon all raw or undressed skins of fur-bearing animals 
specified in schedule C of the Act. Special permits must be obtained from the 
department in order to ship furs out of the province. 

Highways. C. 12, amending the Highways Act, sets out the conditions regard 
ing the filing of plans for a public improvement. C. 71 amends the Vehicles Act 
regarding the loss or destruction and renewal of motor license plates. 

Insurance. C. 41 amends the Municipal Hail Insurance Act regarding the 
rates for hail insurance. 

These Acts were passed at the second session of the fifth legislature of the province. All other 
Acts quoted were passed at the first session. 



ALBERTA LEGISLATION, 1922 1003 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 59 amends the Medical Profession 
Act regarding investigations; c. 62 provides for registration of marriage settlement 
contracts. C. 73 sets out conditions under which monthly payments may be made 
to the mothers of dependent children; c. 75 deals with the care and treatment of 
mentally diseased persons, and c. 76 contains further amendments to the Saskat 
chewan Temperance Act. 

Miscellaneous. C. 14 provides for the establishment of a bureau, to be called 
the Bureau of Publications, to take charge of travelling libraries and the preparation 
and procuring of motion pictures, etc. C. 54 amends the Stray Animals Act and 
deals with the licensing of herders and auctioning of stray animals. C. 67, respecting 
the Lightning Rod Act, regulates the sale and installation of lightning rods and 
c. 83 provides for warehousemen s liens. 

Municipalities. C. 7, amending the Municipalities Relief Act, provides for 
relief to be given to settlers affected by the recent severe drought and consequent 
crop failure. C. 13 grants special powers to the Local Government Board. C. 17, 
amending the Public Revenues Act, provides for municipalities to deposit moneys 
collected in respect of the public revenues in an account to be called "The Prov 
incial Treasurer s Trust Account " and c. 36, amending the Town Act, deals with 
burial of destitute persons and the collection of amusement tax. C. 37, amending 
the Village Act, authorizes the granting of aid to soldier s memorials, provided the 
grant does not exceed $300. 

Taxation. C. 20 amends the Wild Lands Tax Act regarding payment of taxes 
collected under this Act, while c. 43 amends the Arrears of Taxes Act regarding 
advertising of lands placed on sale. 

Alberta. 

Agriculture. C. 58 provides for the licensing of produce merchants and the 
regulation of their activities by the Minister of Agriculture. C. 67 enacts provi 
sions for the extermination of agricultural pests. C. 68 provides for the inspection 
of stock at stock yards and abattoirs by government inspectors and for the regu 
lation of transactions of butchers and hide dealers, with inspection fees. C. 69 
amends the Domestic Animals Act regarding stray animals in municipalities and 
districts. C. 75 amends the Dairymen s Act with respect to discrimination and 
price-fixing in transactions involving milk and cream. 

Assessment. C. 14 provides for the adjustment of inequalities in assessments, 
the Assessment Equalization Board being given power to enquire into such inequal 
ities and to alter or confirm the assessment. 

Buying and Selling. C. 47, the Bulk Sales Act, establishes uniform provisions 
for the sale of goods in bulk with respect to persons affected and the nature and 
terms of sales. C. 48, respecting fraudulent or preferential transfers, sets out 
regulations controlling the procedure of debtors and creditors in case of insolvencies. 
C. 50 amends the Bills of Sale Ordinance and c. 51 the Alberta Co-operative Credit 
Act. 

Companies. C. 34 amends the Corporations Taxation Act, providing changes 
in the taxes payable by corporations in the province, particularly those payable by 
express companies. 

Education. C. 24 amends the Educational Tax Act and c. 62 the School Ordi 
nance, principally with respect to fees paid by pupils. C. 63 amends the School 
Grants Act and c. 64 the School Assessment Ordinance regarding school taxes on 
land and the collection of taxes for the maintenance of schools. 



1004 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

Finance. C. 1 authorizes the expenditure of $1,202,532 to defray expenses of 
government from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1921, of $27,548,587 for the fiscal year 1922, 
and of $6,986,730 for the fiscal year 1923. C. 2 authorizes the raising of a loan of 
$7,800,000 on the credit of the province. A further loan of $3,000,000 is autho 
rized by c. 3, one third of which funds are to be for the extension of the provincial 
telephone system. 

Forestry. C. 76 amends the Prairie Fires Ordinance, setting out regulations 
regarding fire guardians and their duties, with provisions for procedure in case of 
prairie and forest fires. 

Game. C. 73 amends the Game Act regarding licenses for big game, traffic in 
furs and pelts, trappers licenses and exemptions granted in certain districts. 

Highways. C. 79 provides for a system of highways in the province, including 
the appointment of a Highway Commissioner and a Good Roads Board, the classi 
fication of roads throughout the province and miscellaneous provisions regarding 
highway building and maintenance. 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 5 amends the Liquor Act, chiefly 
with respect to penalties for violation of the provisions of the Act, the appointment 
of a Liquor Act Inspector and the powers of the Governor in Council in regulating 
the sale of liquor. C. 6 sets out regulations to govern the storing and export of 
liquor and the taxation of such business. C. 7 authorizes the licensing and regu 
lation of restaurants. C. 30 and c. 31 amend the Municipal Hospitals Acts, the 
latter with regard especially to the raising of funds and methods of their disposal, 
while c. 32 treats with the care of indigents in hospitals. C. 45 amends the Official 
Guardian Act regarding appointment and powers. C. 56 amends the Medical 
Profession Act, setting out qualifications for membership in the Council, its duties 
and powers and provisions for the licensing of chiropractors. 

Miscellaneous. C. 4 amends various Acts of the Statute Law. C. 11 
establishes the Superannuation Board to administer provisions for the superan 
nuation and retiring allowance of civil servants. C. 43 enacts provisions for the 
relief of persons in drought areas of the province. 

Motor Vehicles. in c. 37, the Act respecting Motor Vehicles is amended with 
respect to licensing, equipment and punishable offences. 

Municipalities. C. 15 amends the Municipal District Act regarding qualifi 
cations of electors and c. 16, regarding the formation of municipal districts, elections, 
insect pests, hospitals and taxes. C. 21 amends the Town Act with respect to the 
preparation of financial statements, elections, taxation and hospital management. 
Very similar amendments are made to the Village Act in c. 22 and to- the Improve 
ment District Act in c. 26. C. 65 and c. 66 provide for advances by municipalities 
to farmers for the purchase of seed grain and feed. C. 82 and c. 84 amend the Act 
respecting Irrigation Districts and c. 85 the Drainage Districts Act. 

Public Utilities. C. 39 provides for a loan of $514,456 to the Alberta and Great 
Waterways Railway Co., c. 40 for : a loan of $475,500 to the Central Canada Railway, 
c. 41 for a loan of $410,000 to the Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia 
Railway and c. 42 for a similar loan of $265,000 to the Lacombe and North Western 
Railway. 

Taxation. C. 25, an Act to provide for the Recovery of Taxes, has regard to 
the scope of the Act, duties of municipal authorities, caveats, sales, redemption 
and penalties. C. 27 sets out provisions regarding tax sales of city property. C. 
36 imposes a tax of 2 cents per gallon on gasoline when first sold in the province. 
C. 44 amends the Amusements Tax Act and c. 53 provides for the relief of owners 
of lands sold at tax sales. 



BRITISH COLUMBIA LEGISLATION, 1922 1005 

British Columbia. 

Administration of Justice. C. 16 amends the Supreme Court Act regarding 
non-payment of judgment debts, c. 17 the County Courts Act regarding intestate 
estates, c. 18 the Inferior Courts Practitioners Act with respect to its application 
in various municipalities, c. 24 the Execution Act regarding registration of judg 
ments and c. 38 the Jury Act regarding personnel of juries and their selection. 

Agriculture. C. 10 provides for the expenditure of sums up to $20,000 to 
prevent injury to fruit lands through the spread of the codling-moth. Such expen 
diture is to be under the direction of the Minister of Agriculture. Fruit lands may 
be assessed and taxed to repay the sums so advanced. 

Assessment. C. 21 amends the Dyking Assessment Adjustment Act regarding 
the assessment of lands, forfeiture in case of non-payment of taxes, redemptions 
and sales. 

Buying and Selling. C. 13 sets out provisions regarding conditional sales, as 
regards rights and liabilities of parties to such sales, redemptions and re-sales, memo 
randa of satisfaction, assignments, etc. 

Child Welfare. C. 31, amending the Infants Act, deals principally with ages 
of children, receipt of moneys by Children s Aid Societies and offences by children 
against the laws of the province. 

Companies. C. 11 amends the Companies Act regarding promotion, incorpor 
ation, share and debenture issues and licensing of extra-provincial companies. C. 
12 amends the Trust Companies Act regarding registration and licensing and c. 15 
amends the Co-operative Associations Act chiefly regarding the distribution of 
profits and the enforcement of contracts. 

Education. C. 64 amends and consolidates the Public Schools Act, establishing 
a Department of Education in charge of a Minister, setting out the functions of the 
Department and of the Council of Public Instruction. The classification of school 
districts and the general system of school government are established, while detailed 
provisions are enacted regarding the election and duties of trustees, appointment 
of inspectors and teachers, provincial aid to schools and the internal management 
of schools with respect to both teachers and pupils. 

Elections. C. 22 amends the Municipal Elections Act regarding the definitions . 
of the term " householder " and expenses incurred in the re-counting of votes. 

Finance. C. 45 provides for the borrowing of $3,500,000 to provide chiefly 
for the purchase of land and buildings for the public service of the province. C. 62 
amends the Revenue Act, authorizing the borrowing of moneys for the repayment 
of provincial securities and the substitution of one class of security for another 
when deemed expedient. C. 74 authorizes the expenditure of $46,714 for the 
fiscal year ending March 31, 1922, a supplementary sum of $301,725 for the fiscal 
year 1923 and $20,097,300 for the year 1924. 

Forestry. C. 41 amends the Forest Act. Provisions are set out with respect 
to the granting of free-use permits for timber cutting, the prevention of forest fires 
and their control. 

Insurance. C. 32 provides for the annual licensing of provincial fire insurance 
companies and of underwriter s agencies, while c. 34 and c. 35 establish uniform 
regulations governing conditions in policies of accident and sickness and automo 
bile insurance. 

Labour, Health and Social Legislation. C. 6 amends the Better Housing Act, 
ratifying and validating over-expenditures by municipalities under the Act. C. 9 
provides for the maintenance of children of unmarried parents. C. 25 provides 



1006 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

for the application of the Factories Act to all laundry establishments. C. 45 amends 
the Government Liquor Act regarding licenses and fees, restriction of sale, penalties 
and disposal of profits. C. 48 permits the practice of chiropractic in the province. 
C. 57 provides for the maintenance of parents by their children, c. 60 for the establish 
ment of a " Provincial Home for Incurables " and c. 86 amends the Workmen s 
Compensation Act regarding payments by employers, procedure in cases of default 
and the jurisdiction of the Board. 

Mining. C. 36, the Iron-ore Deposits Examination Agreement Ratification 
Act, sets out the powers of the Minister of Mines relating to the entry and occupa 
tion of lands, mines, mineral claims and mining property and the carrying out of 
trenching, drilling, etc. The expenditure of $50,000 is authorized under the Act. 

Miscellaneous. C. 5 treats of the assignment of book accounts, their regis 
tration, mortgaging and re-assignment. C. 7 sets out regulations re boiler ins 
pection, principally the duties of inspectors. C. 59 regulates the publication and 
distribution of all official documents by the King s Printer. C. 70 provides for 
special surveys by order of the Attorney-General, the defraying of costs incurred, 
and reports. C. 82, the Warehouses Lien Act, has regard to notices of sales, their 
contents and advertisement and the disposition of proceeds. 

Municipalities. C. 51 amends the Municipal Act mainly with respect to 
assessment and the purchase of lands by municipalities, while c. 52 amends the 
Village Municipalities Act. 

Public Utilities. C. 8 provides for the regulation of rates chargeable by the 
British Columbia Electric Railway, by commissioners appointed by the Lieutenant- 
Governor. C. 23 authorizes the appointment of inspectors of electric equipment 
and c. 28 incorporates the Greater Victoria Water District. 

Taxation. C. 75, the Taxation Act, sets out, in its sixteen sections, detailed 
provisions for assessment and taxation in the province. 

III. PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEARS 1922 AND 1923. 

General Economic Conference. A General Economic Conference was held 
in Genoa from April 10 to May 20, 1922, with Premier Facta of Italy as chairman. 
Canada was represented by Sir Chas. B. Gordon. 

Sir R. S. Home, chairman of the sub-committee on finance, outlined the great 
goal of the conference as: first, to establish an agreement on the financial pro 
grammes of all governments; secondly, to achieve the financial equilibrium of the 
budgets of all states; and, thirdly, the establishment of the gold standard as an 
effective monetary unit. The real interest of the conference, however, centred in 
the question of the relations with Russia. France insisted on the full payment of 
Russia s war debts and the restoration of private property to foreigners; Great 
Britain favoured a reduction in Russia s war debt and the granting to former foreign 
owners the use of their property, instead of a return of actual ownership. 

After prolonged discussions of the payments to be made by Russia, no settle 
ment was reached and the question was referred to the Hague Conference in June, 
1922, for settlement. 

Conference at Washington re Perpetuation of the Rush-Bagot Treaty. 
The Rt. Hon. W. L. Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada, and the Hon. 
G. P. Graham, Minister of National Defence, represented Canada at a conference 
held in Washington on July 13, 1922, re the perpetuating of the Rush-Bagot Treaty, 
a pact which has operated to limit naval armament on the Gieat Lakes during the 



PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1922 AND 1923 1007 

past 105 years. The need for a revision grew out of changing conditions on the Great 
Lakes. The Canadian Government had had to deal with a number of applications 
for the passage through. the Canadian canals of armed vessels used for the train 
ing of naval militia on the lakes. Further, United States shipbuilders on the Great 
Lakes wished to be allowed to compete for the construction of war vessels for the 
United States Navy. The time was suitable, too, as the disarmament conference 
at Washington in 1921 had created a favourable atmosphere. It was also felt that 
if the situation was allowed to develop further, the demand was sure to arise for 
the presence of Canadian armed vessels on our own side of the Great Lakes. 

The Prime Minister, on his return to Canada, stated that the outlook was 
good for putting the agreement regarding disarmament on the Great Lakes on a 
permanent basis. 

Signing of Trade Agreement between Canada and France. A trade 
Agreement was signed by representatives of the French and Canadian Governments 
in Paris on Sept. 15, 1922. The signatories to the agreement were Lord Hardinge, 
the British Ambassador to France, Hon. (now Right Hon.) W. S. Fielding, 
Canadian Minister of Finance, and Hon. Ernest Lapointe, Canadian Minister of 
Marine and Fisheries, on behalf of Canada, and M. Dior, French Minister of 
Commerce, for France. 

The new treaty replaced the pre-war arrangement between France and Canada, 
and placed France on the most favoured nation basis with Canada. French exports 
are now admitted to Canada on the intermediate tariff, which is the most favour 
able given to foreign countries, and affords France a better outlet for her wines, 
automobiles, laces, feathers and other de luxe merchandise. Canadian exports to 
France are admitted on a better basis than formerly. One hundred and twenty- 
eight Canadian articles are accorded the French minimum tariff, while 326 are 
given the intermediate tariff. These intermediate tariff articles are allowed to enter 
France on the same basis as exports from the United States under the Franco- 
American agreement of 1921. 

Third Assembly of the League of Nations. The third assembly of the 
League of Nations was opened on Sept. 4, 1922, 45 out of the 51 nations in the 
League being represented. Hon. (now Right Hon.) W. S. Fielding, Minister of 
Finance, was chairman of the Canadian delegation. The chief subjects dealt with 
by the assembly were those of disarmament and the critical situation of Austria due 
to the currency inflation in that country. Aid was given to Austria by the League s 
authorization of a loan of 650,000,000 gold crowns guaranteed by France, England, 
Italy and Czecho-Slovakia. Canada s contribution to the League budget for 1923 
was reduced from $200,000 to $150,000. 

Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations. The fourth session of the 
League of Nations was held at Geneva from Sept. 3 to Oct. 1, 1923, with Dr. 
Cosme de la Torriente as president. Many important world problems were 
brought before the League, including the Janina murders in Epirus, which had caused 
a crisis between Italy and Greece. Ireland was admitted to membership as a 
British Dominion on September 10. 

At the close of the session, the president, reviewing the work of the meeting, 
praised the skill and wisdom displayed by the Council in the Grseco-Italian dispute. 
Everybody, he said, was anxious and uneasy, fearing a widespread war, and, when 
the difficulty was settled with the close collaboration of the Council of the League, 
the whole world experienced a sensation of relief and satisfaction. 



1008 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

Imperial Conference. An. Imperial Conference was held in London from 
October 1 to November 9, 1923, with Mr. Stanley Baldwin, Prune Minister of 
Great Britain, as chairman. Canada was represented by. the Right Hon. W. L. 
Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada, Hon. Geo. P. Graham, Minister of 
Railways and Canals, and Sir Lomer Gouin, Minister of Justice. 

Many matters of importance to Great Britain and her Dominions were dis 
cussed and dealt with by the conference. Chief among these were the defence of 
the Empire and preferential tariff treatment by Great Britain of her Dominions. 
As seen from the Canadian point of view, the results of the conference are summed 
up by a member of the Canadian delegation as follows : 

1. A much clearer understanding of the Canadian position as to Imperial 

relations. 

2. Recognition of equality and independent initiative in matters peculiar to 

one part of the Empire, coupled with willingness to co-operate in matters 
of common concern. 

3. The clearing up of the present position of the Dominions in respect to making 

treaties, with the unanimous understanding reached alcng the lines adopted 
, by the Canadian Government from the Treaty of Versailles to the Halibut 

Fisheries Treaty. 

4. Recognition by the Admiralty for the first time of the principle of Dominion 

navies. 

5. Emphasis on the responsibility of each part of the Empire for its own defence. 

6. Recognition that it is for the Parliament and people of each part of the 

Empire to decide on the measure of its own defence preparations. 

Provincial General Elections. In Quebec, at a general election held on 
Feb. 5, 1923, the Liberal party, under the leadership of Premier Taschereau, was 
given a renewed lease of power, with a total of 63 out of the 85 seats in the House. 
Conservative candidates were returned in 21 constituencies and one Labour member 
was elected. 

In Ontario, at a general election which took place on June 25, 1923, the Drury 
government was defeated, the Conservative party having a majority of 39 seats 
over all the other parties. Their leader, the Hon. G. Howard Ferguson, took 
office as Premier on July 16. 

In Prince Edward Island, at a general election held on July 26, 1923, the Liberal 
government of the Hon. John H. Bell was defeated, the Conservative party, led 
by J. D. Stewart, K.C., securing 26 of the 30 seats contested. 

The Economic and Financial Years 1922 and 1923. The severe depression 
which continued throughout 1921 had been mainly attributable to the great and 
sudden decline of prices from the peak of May 1920, and to the uncertainty thus 
created in the mind of the producer as to whether his product would be taken off 
his hands at a remunerative price. 

During the years 1922 and 1923 the wholesale prices of commodities remained 
comparatively stationary, the latter year even showing a slight advance. When 
once the business public commenced to realize that the great slump was over and 
that a comparatively steady level of prices had been reached, confidence in the 
future began to revive, and manufacturers and other business entrepreneurs com 
menced once more to produce for a future market. As a result, employment 
gradually improved from the low point of Jan. 1, 1922, when some 4,000 large 
manufacturing firms employed only 68 . 7 p.c. of the hands whom they had em- 



OBITUARY, 1923 1009 



ployed in January of 1920, at the height of the boom. Through 1922, the per 
centage gradually increased to a maximum of 87.7 p.c. in November and December, 
while in 1923, it reached 93.6 p.c. in July. Mining, transportation and construction 
and maintenance have also shown increased employment in 1922 and 1923, as com 
pared with 1921, so that on the whole it may be said that the country has, during 
1922 and 1923, recovered from the profound depression of 1921. Certain serious 
conditions, however, are still to be overcome. 

The gravest feature in the situation at the close of 1923 is the inequality of the 
deflation in the prices of the primary products of the farm and in those of manu 
factured goods. Whereas the average prices of field crops in 1922 were only about 
17 p.c. higher than in 1913 (see diagram on page 293), the prices of the commo 
dities which the farmer bought were not less than 50 p.c. higher than in 1913. This 
situation, which also exists in the United States and the United Kingdom, has 
produced a general agricultural depression in all three countries, and has led to a 
considerable amount of unrest. The disproportion between the world prices of 
agricultural products and of manufactured products has, however, been harder 
upon Canada, since agriculture is relatively a more important industry here than 
in either the United States or the United Kingdom. 

In spite of the depressed situation in her leading articles of export, Canada 
has in the past year or two maintained her position as one of the greatest exporting 
nations of the world. In the calendar year 1922, Canada, with exports amounting to 
$884,363,000, stood fifth among the exporting nations of the world, surpassed only 
by the four great industrial countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, 
France and Germany. In the twelve months ended December, 1923, Canadian 
exports of domestic products were $1,014,734,274, considerably exceeding the 
$944,859,000 which was the gold value of Germany s exports of domestic produce 
in 1922. 

Statistics of bank clearings have in the recent past been vitiated as a record 
of transactions by the decline in the number of banks, which has resulted in the 
elimination from bank clearings of many transactions which formerly figured there. 
In spite of this handicap, the total of all Canadian bank clearings was $17,317,- 
227,574 in 1923, as compared with $16,264,816,442 in 1922. 

The most recent statistics available at the end of 1923 the increase in immi 
gration for the first eight months of the fiscal year from 56,882 to 118,091 the 
enormous, if low-priced agricultural production of 1923 the increase of mineral 
production from $171,923,000 in 1921 and $184,297,000 in 1922 to an estimated 
$214,102,000 in 1923 the expansion of our external trade the increase in Domin 
ion revenue, coupled with the improved showing of the Canadian National Rail 
ways all lead to the conclusion that Canada commences 1924 with better pros 
pects than in any previous year since before the war. It is to be hoped that the 
improvement of the European situation may permit of that continent becoming 
once more a profitable customer for our surplus of food products and raw materials, 
thus restoring the balance between the prices of our agricultural and our manu 
factured products. 

Obituary. 1922. Dec. 28, John A. Chesley, Montreal, Que., formerly a 
member of the House of Commons and Canadian Trade Commissioner in South 
Africa from 1907 to 1913. 1923. Jan. 8, E. D. Sutherland, I.S.O., Auditor General. 
Jan. 10, John A. McDougald, Cornwall, Ont., Local Registrar of the Supreme 
Court of Ontario, Registrar of the Surrogate Court and Clerk of the County Court 
for the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Jan. 17. Hon. 
6237354 



1010 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 

William C. Kennedy, Minister of Railways and Canals. February 18. Col. 
Gustave A. Taschereau, Ottawa, Assistant Director of Equipment and Ordnance 
Services in Department of National Defence. February 20, Sir Thomas George 
Roddick, M.D., LL.D., Montreal, Que., a member of the Medical Council of 
Canada. March 1. Sir Walter Gibson Pringle Cassels, B.A., Kt., Ottawa, 
President and Chief Justice of the Exchequer Court of Canada. March 2. Hon. 
Joseph Martin, K.C., Vancouver, B.C. March 2. Louis Laframboise, K.C. 
former chief French translator of the House of Commons. March 5. Reginald 
A. Fowler, Emerald, Ont., M.P.P. for the constituency of Lennox, Ont. March 6. 
Arthur St. Laurent, Ottawa, Ont., Chief Engineer Public Works Department. March 
12. Judge Joseph Jamieson, former county judge of the county of Wellington, Ont. 
March 13. Major-General Henry Smith, Department of National Defence. March 
17. G. A. Elliott, K.C., Winnipeg, Man. April 1. Hon. John C. Kaine, Quebec, 
Que., Member of the Legislative Council for Stadacona division and Minister without 
portfolio in the Taschereau Cabinet. April 2. Hon. Joseph Godbout, Quebec, 
Que., Senator. April 25. Sir Oliver Taillon, Montreal, Que., Ex-Premier of the 
Province of Quebec and former Postmaster of Montreal, Que. April 27. Brig.- 
General James H. Mitchell, D.S.O., Toronto, Ont. May 14. Rev. Dr. James A. 
MacDonald, Toronto, Ont., former Editor of the Toronto Globe. May 18. H. A. 
Richardson, Toronto, Ont., General Manager of the Bank of Nova Scotia. May 
31. Victor Geoffrion, K.C., Montreal, Que., member of Parliament for Chambly 
and Vercheres, from 1900 to 1911. F. J. Bisaillon, K.C., Montreal, Que. Hon. 
Senator Amedee E. Forget, Banff, Alberta, died in Ottawa. June 9, Rodolphe 
Boudreau, C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont., Clerk of the Privy Council. June 11. Major- 
General Sir Matthew Lord Aylmer, Kootenay Lake, B.C., former Inspector- 
General of the Canadian Forces. Joseph Keele, Ottawa, Ont., Geologist, Depart 
ment of Mines. Christopher B. Robinson, Ottawa, Ont. July 8. Hon. William 
H. Thorne, St John, N.B., Senator. July 13. Hon. Dr. Thomas H. McGuire, first 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories. July 17. 
Lieut. Col. Sir John S. Hendrie, K.C.M.G., C.V.O., Hamilton, Ont., former 
Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. July 23. James Findley, Pem 
broke, Ont., ex-M.P. North Renfrew, Ont. July 24. Dr. John G. Rutherford, 
C.M.G., V.S., Ottawa, Ont., member, Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. 
July 26. Thomas J. Code, Ottawa, Ont., Assistant to the Deputy Minister and 
Chief Accountant, Department of Trade and Commerce. Aug. 15. John Laxton, 
a member of the Toronto Board of Harbour Commissioners. Aug. 17. Sir Alexandre 
Lacoste, Kt., Montreal, Que. Aug. 21. Hon. Sir William Ralph Meredith, Kt., 
Toronto, Ont,, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario. Oct. 2. Lieut.- 
Col. Francis Gourdeau, former Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Oct. 28. 
Auguste T. Leger, M.P. for Kent County, N.B. Nov. 6. John Castell Hopkins, 
F.S.S., F.R.G.S., publisher of the Canadian Annual Review. Nov. 23. Charles 
A. Bigger, C.E., D.L.S., Assistant Superintendent of the Geodetic Survey of Canada, 
Ottawa, Ont. Nov. 19. William John Gerald, I.S.O., Ottawa, Ont., former Deputy 
Minister of Inland Revenue. Dec. 5. Sir William Mackenzie, railway builder 
and contractor, Toronto, Ont. Dec. 10. The Right Hon. Baron Shaughnessy, 
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, First Baron Shaughnessy of 
Montreal and of Ashford, County Limerick, Ireland, and chairman of the board 
of directors of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Dec. 28th. Dr Otto J. Klotz, 
Director of the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. 



EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE 1011 

IV. EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE. 1 

Privy Councillors. 1923. Sept. 12. Edward J. McMurray, M.P., Winnipeg, 
Man. 

Lieutenant-Governors. 1923. Feb. 15. William F. Todd, St. Stephen, 
N.B., to be from Feb. 24, 1923, Lieutenant-Governor of the said province of New 
Brunswick, in the room and stead of the Hon. William Pugsley. Oct. 12. Hon. 
Louis P. Brodeur, P.O., formerly one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of 
Canada, to be from Oct. 31, 1923, Lieutenant-Governor in and over the Province 
of Quebec, in the room and stead of the Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, G.C.M.G. 

New Members of the House of Commons. (Date when gazetted). 1922. 
Nov. 24. Eusebe Roberge, Electoral District of Megantic, Que.; Joseph T. 
Rheaume, Electoral District of Jacques Cartier, Que., and John G. Robichaud, 
Electoral District of Gloucester, N.B. Dec. 19. Richard F. Preston, Electoral 
District of Lanark, Ont. Dec. 26. Robert E. Finn, Electoral District of Halifax, 
N.S. 1923. March 14. Albert Francis Healy, Electoral District of Essex North, 
Ont. May 3. Edward Nicholas Hopkins, District of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. 
May 16. Joseph F. Descoteaux, Electoral District of Nicolet, Que. Aug. 20. 
Fenwick L. Kelly, Electoral District of Cape Breton North and Victoria, N.S. 
Nov. 5. Edward James McMurray, Electoral District of Winnipeg North, Manitoba. 

Cabinet Ministers. 1923. April 28. The Hon. George P. Graham, a member 
of the King s Privy Council for Canada, to be Minister of Railways and Canals. 
The Hon. Edward M. Macdonald, a member of the King s Privy Council for Canada, 
to be Acting Minister of National Defence. Aug. 17. The Hon. Edward M. 
Macdonald, Pictou, N.S., a member of the King s Privy Council for Canada, to be 
Minister of National Defence. The Hon. James A. Robb, Ottawa, Ont., a member 
of the King s Privy Council for Canada, to be Minister of Immigration and Coloniza 
tion. The Hon. Thomas A. Low, Renfrew, Ont., a Member of the King s Privy 
Council for Canada, to be Minister of Trade and Commerce. Sept. 12. The Hon. 
Edward J. McMurray, M.P., Winnipeg, Man., a member of the King s Privy 
Council for Canada, to be Solicitor-General of Canada. 

Judicial Appointments. 1922. Dec. 22. The Hon. Pierre E. Lafontaine, 
one of the Judges of the Superior Court in and for the Province of Quebec, to be 
the Chief Justice of the Court of King s Bench in and for the Province of Quebec, 
and Charles A. Wilson, Montreal, Que., one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in 
the law for the said province, to be a Puisne Judge of the Superior Court in and for 
the Province of Quebec. 1923. Jan. 15. Gonzalve Desaulniers, Montreal, Que., 
one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said province, to be a Puisne 
Judge of the Superior Court in and for the Province of Quebec. Mar. 29. Jean 
B. T. Caron, Ottawa, Ont., Barrister-at-law, to be the Judge of the District Court 
of the Provisional Judicial District of Cochrane, Ont. His Honour Jean B. T. Caron, 
Judge of the District of Cochrane, Ont., to be a local Judge of the High Court 
Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario. Walter Thompson Evans, Hamilton, 
Ont., one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said province, to be 
the Judge of the County Court of the County of Went worth, Ont. His Honour 
Walter Thompson Evans, Judge of the County Court of Wentworth, Ont., to be 
a Local Judge of the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario. April 11. 
The Hon. Daniel Duncan McKenzie, Ottawa, a member of the King s Privy Council 



i Appointments up to Nov. 20, 1922, will be found on pp. 881-885 of the 1921 edition of the Year Book. 
62373 64^ 



1012 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 



for Canada, to be a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. April 14. 
Walter Harley Trueman, Winnipeg, Man., one of His Majesty s Counsel learned 
in the law for the said province, to be a Judge of the Court of Appeal for Manitoba 
and ex-officio a Judge of the Court of King s Bench for Manitoba. April 25. Arthur 
Trahan, Nicolet, Que., one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said 
province, to be a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court in and for the said Province 
of Quebec. June 4. John A. Barry, St. John, N.B., Barrister-at-law, to be Judge of 
the County Court for the City and County of St. John, in the said province, 
such appointment to take effect from the 15th June, 1923. June 19. Louis A. 
Rivet, Montreal, Que., one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said 
province, to be a stipendiary Magistrate for the Northwest Territories. July 10. 
The Hon. Sir William Mulock, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice of the Exchequer of the 
Supreme Court of Ontario, to be the Chief Justice of the Second Divisional Court 
of the Supreme Court of Ontario and to be ex-officio a Judge of the High Court 
Division of the said Supreme Court of Ontario. The Hon. Francis R. Latchford, 
The Hon. William Middleton, The Hon. Cornelius A. Masten and The Hon. Robert 
Smith, Judges of the Supreme Court of Ontario, to be Justices of Appeal of the 
Second Divisional Court of the Supreme Court of Ontario, and to be ex-officio 
Judges of the High Court Division of the said Supreme Court of Ontario. Aug. 14. 
Martin J. Kenny, Port Arthur, Ont., Barrister-at-law, to be the Senior Judge of 
the District Court of the Provisional Judicial District of Thunder Bay, Ont. His 
Honour Martin J. Kenny, the Senior Judge of the District Court of the Provisional 
Judicial District of Thunder Bay, Ont., to be a Local Judge of the High Court 
Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario. Aug. 31. Hon. Sir William Mulock, 
K.C.M.G., Toronto, Ont., Chief Justice of the Second DiA isional Court of the 
Supreme Court of Ontario, to be the Chief Justice of the First Divisional Court of 
the Supreme Court of Ontario with the style and title of Chief Justice of Ontario, 
and to be ex-officio a Judge of the High Court Division of the said Supreme Court 
of Ontario. Hon. Francis R. Latchford, a Justice of Appeal of the Second Divisional 
Court of the Supreme Court of Ontario, to be the Chief Justice of the said Second 
Divisional Court of the Supreme Court of Ontario, and to be ex-officio a Judge of 
the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario. Hon. John F. Orde, a 
Judge of the Supreme Court of Ontario, to be a Justice of Appeal of the Second 
Divisional Court of the Supreme Court of Ontario, and to be cx-officio a Judge of 
the High Court Division- of the said Supreme Court of Ontario. William H. Wright, 
Owen Sound, Ont., of Osgoode Hall, Barrister-at-law, to be a Judge of the Supreme 
Court of Ontario and a member of the High Court Division of the said Court and 
to be ex-officio a member of the Appellate Division of the said Court. Nov 2. 
Hon. Alexander K. Maclean, P.C., Halifax, X.S., one of His Majesty s Counsel 
learned in the law for the said province, to be the President of the Exchequer Court 
of Canada. 

Commissions. 1922. Dec. 22. Louis Robichaud, Richibucto, N.B., 
Barrister-ar-law, to be a Commissioner to investigate into and report as to whether 
the dismissal of Albert M. Goguen from the position of Fishery Guardian on 
the ground of inefficiency was justified and whether Wilfred Bourgeois had efficiently 
discharged his duties in a similar position and whether either of the above-named 
fishery guardians was guilty of political partizanship. 1923. Jan. 5. Pierre 
Dupuy, Paris, France, Secretary to Philippe Roy, Commissioner-General of Canada 
in France, to be a Commissioner to administer oaths and to take and receive affi 
davits, declarations and affirmations in France, in or concerning any proceedings 



COMMISSIONS, 1923 1<> 13 



had or to be had in the Supreme Court of Canada and in the Exchequer Court ot- 
Canada, and to administer, take and receive such other oaths, affidavits, declara 
tions and affirmations as by law of the Dominion of Canada may be made. Jan. 17. 
Simon James McLean, Ottawa, Ont., Assistant Chief Commissioner, Board of 
Railway Commissioners; Levi Thompson, Qu Appelle, Saskatchewan, Barrister-at> 
law, and Brigadier-General Thomas L. Tremblay, C.M.G., D.S.O., Quebec, Que., 
to be Commissioners to investigate into the representations made to His Excellency s 
Government as set forth in an Order hi Council of Jan. 17, 1923, inquiring into the 
relations and arrangements between the steamship companies and interests 
amalgamated or combining for the purpose of operating or arranging for the trans 
portation and insurance of gram upon vessels traversing lakes Superior, Huron 
and Erie; into the alleged combine of shipping interests in efforts to dominate and 
control the freight rates and terms under which grain has been carried from the 
harbours of Fort William and Port Arthur in the Province of Ontario; into the 
comparative freight rates on grain by vessels traversing the Great Lakes between 
Duluth, Milwaukee and Chicago to Eastern Lake Ports, as compared with prevail 
ing freight rates on grain to Eastern Lake Ports in vessels controlled or dominated 
or fixed by the alleged combination of interests controlling Canadian lake shipping, 
sailing from Port Arthur and Fort William to eastern ports, and to make such 
other further inquiry and investigations as to the said Commissioners may seem 
necessary in the premises, the said Simon J. McLean to be chairman of the said 
Commission. Jan. 26. Thomas R. Mayberry, Ingersoll, Ont., to be a Commissioner 
to investigate into and report upon charges of political partizanship against govern 
ment employees in the Province of Ontario. Jan. 30. Lucien Pacaud, Joint Secretary 
of the Office of the High Commissioner in London, in the United Kingdom, to be a 
Commissioner to administer oaths and to take and receive affidavits, declarations 
and affirmations in the United Kingdom, in or concerning any proceedings had or 
to be had in the Supreme Court of Canada and in the Exchequer Court of Canada 
and to administer, take and receive such other oaths, affidavits, declarations and 
affirmations as by law of the Dominion of Canada may be made. Feb. 26. Joseph 
Wilfrid Ste. Marie, Hull, Que., Advocate, to be a Commissioner to investigate into 
and report upon charges of political partizanship against government employees 
in the Electoral District of Wright, Que. March 13. The Hon. William Pugsley, 
K.C., LL.D., St. John, N.B., to be a Commissioner to investigate into and report 
upon the claims filed in the Department of the Secretary of State pursuant to 
advertisements therefor, namely: (a) Claims of persons residing or carrying on 
business in Canada who have been subjected to loss and pecuniary damages arising 
through the destruction of life and property through the illegal warfare of the enemy, 
and (b) claims for damages to which persons residing or carrying on business in 
Canada have been subjected for breaches of contracts, which contracts were 
prevented from being carried out owing to the operation of the statutory list of 
persons in neutral countries with whom such contracts were declared illegal for 
the purpose of determining whether they are within the categories set forth in 
Annex I of Part VIII (Reparation), Section I of the Treaty of Peace between the 
Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, signed at Versailles June 28, 1919, 
and the fair amounts of such claims, and to make such findings as may be of assist 
ance to the Government of Canada in determining which, if any, of such claims 
be paid and the extent of payment thereof, and for the purpose of considering and 
recommending to the Custodian of Enemy Property releases where the parties are 
necessitous, suffering and in hardship. March 20. Andrew T. Thompson, B.A., 



1014 THE ANNUAL REGISTER 



LL.B., Ottawa, Ont., one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said 
province, to be a Commissioner to investigate into and report upon the affairs of 
the Six Nation Indians, including matters relating to education, health, morality, 
election of chiefs, powers assumed by Council, administration of justice, soldiers 
settlement and any other matters affecting the management, life and progress of 
the said Indians, as may be required by the Superintendent-General of Indian 
Affairs. April 21. Frederick T. Congdon, Ottawa, Ont,, one of His Majesty s 
Counsel learned in the law, to be a Commissioner to enquire into and report upon 
the circumstances incidental to or connected with any payment made or authorized 
by the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada (now the Canadian National 
Railway Company) or its shareholders, directors or officers, or by the shareholders, 
directors or officers of any subsidiary company to any officer or any directors of 
any such company by way of bonus, gratuity, retiring allowance or otherwise, or 
any payment made or authorized by any such company or its shareholders, directors 
or officers incidental to or concurrently with the appointment of a receiver of the 
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company or the negotiations for or the acquisition 
of the capital stock of the said Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. 
April 20. Charles C. Mayer, Ottawa, Ont., to be a Commissioner to administer 
oaths and to take and receive affidavits, declarations and affirmations in Canada 
in or concerning any proceedings had or to be had in the Supreme Court and in the 
Exchequer Court of Canada. May 1. The Hon. William F. A. Turgeon, Judge 
of the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan, Professor William J. Rutherford, B.S.A., 
Saskatoon, Sask., Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 
Duncan A. McGibbon, Ph.D., Edmonton, Alberta, Professor of Economics, Univer 
sity of Alberta, and James G. Scott, Quebec, Que., to be Commissioners to inquire 
into and report upon the subject of handling and marketing of grain in Canada 
and other questions incident to the buying, selling and transportation of grain; 
and in particular, but without restricting the generality of the foregoing terms, 
upon the following matters: (1) the grading and weighing of grain, (2) the handling 
of grain in and out by country elevator* and from country points, (3) the operation 
of terminal, public and private elevators, (4) the mixing of grain, and (5) the dis 
position of screenings; the said Hon. William F. A. Turgeon to be chairman of 
the said Commission. May 18. Major Frederick H. Honeywell, Ottawa, Ont., 
Barrister-at-law, to be a Commissioner to enquire into and report upon all circum 
stances incidental to or connected with any payment made or authorized by the 
Grand Trunk Railway Co. of Canada (now the Canadian National Railway Co.) 
or its shareholders, directors or officers or by the shareholders, directors or officers 
of any subsidiary company to any officer or any director of any such company by 
way of bonus, gratuity, retiring allowance or otherwise, or any payment made or 
authorized by any such company or by its shareholders, directors or officers inci 
dental to or concurrently with appointments of a receiver of the Grand Trunk 
Pacific Railway Co. or the negotiations for the acquisition of the capital stock of 
the said Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. June 26. Clovis T. Richard, 
Bathurst, N.B., Barrister-at-law, to be a Commissioner to investigate into and 
report on charges of political partizanship against government employees in the 
Province of New Brunswick. July 10. Robert F. Grant, Joseph L. Fortin and 
Norman Labelle, to be members of the Three Rivers Harbour Commission the 
first named to be president thereof. Aug. 1. Charles D. La Nause, Inspector, 
R.C.M. Police Force, to be a Commissioner to investigate into and report in respect 
of dynamite sticks placed near the road outside the hatchery gate at North East 



COMMISSIONS, 1923 1015 



Margaree, N.S., and in the hatchery yard; also in respect of the interference with 
the screens in the salmon-rearing pond and the damage and injury to the lanterns 
at a trap set for catching parent trout for hatchery purposes at that place. Aug. 31. 
A. S. Williams, Ottawa, Ont., Barrister-at-law and Departmental Solicitor of the 
Department of Indian Affairs; R. V. Sinclair, Ottawa, Ont., one of His Majesty s 
Counsel learned in the law, and Uriah McFadden, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., one of 
His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law, to be Commissioners to investigate and 
report upon the validity of a claim made by certain Indians of the Chippewa and 
Mississauga tribes who have claimed that the said tribes were and are entitled to 
a certain interest in the lands in the Province of Ontario to which the Indian title 
has never been extinguished by surrender or otherwise and should the said Com 
mission determine in favour of the validity of the said claim to negotiate a treaty 
with the said Indians; A. S. Williams to be Chairman of said Commission. Sept. 12. 
Duncan E. Shaw, Charlottetown, P.E.I., Barrister-at-law, to be a Commissioner to 
investigate and report upon charges of political partizanship against government 
employees in the said province. Sept. 22. James W. Robertson, C.M.G., LL.D., 
Ottawa, Ont., James J. Johnston, Charlottetown, P.E.I., one of His Majesty s 
Counsel learned in the law for the said province, and Fred. Bancroft, Toronto, Ont., 
to be Commissioners to enquire into the cause of the industrial unrest among the 
steel workers at Sydney, N.S., and the circumstances which occasioned the calling 
out and the retention of the Militia in aid of the civil power in connection with the 
said unrest, and also into the relations between employers and employees con 
cerned; James W. Robertson to be Chairman of the said Commission. Oct. 2. 
Bannerman W. Tanton, Summerside, P.E.I., Barrister-at-law, and Stephen R. 
Burke, Alberton, P.E.I., to be Commissioners to investigate into and report upon 
charges of political partizanship against government employees in the Province 
of Prince Edward Island. 

Imperial Honours and Decorations. 1923. June 29. To be a Member 
of His Majesty s Most Honourable Privy Council, The Hon. William S. Fielding. 

Day of General Thanksgiving. Monday, November 12, 1923, was appointed 
by proclamation as a "day of general thanksgiving to Almighty God for the 
bountiful harvest and other blessings with which Canada has been favoured this 
year." 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 
Abolition of preferential tariff on Canadian 

wheat, 1846 464 

tariff between provinces 4g4 

Aborigines . . 928-931 

Abrasives, exports 502-503 

imports 544 

manufactures 428-429 

Academies, in Quebec 878 

Accidents, civil aviation 656 

fatal, industrial 715-716 

Acetic acid, excise tariff for 774 

Acids, exports 502-503 

imports 534-535 

Acts of Parliament, list of principal, admin 
istered by Departments of Dominion 
Government P69-971 

of Provincial Legislatures 995-1006 

Adding machines, imports 528-529 

Adhesives manufactures 428-429 

Administration, statistics of 904-960 

Adolescents, compulsory education of 875 

Adulteration of Food, expenditure 765 

Advertising and other novelties, manu- 

factures 428-429 

Advisory Council for Scientific and Indus 
trial Research 939-942 

Aerated waters, imports and exports 542 

manufactures 428129 

Aeroplanes and parts, exports 504-505 

Agents-General of the provinces 139 

Aggregate external trade 470 

Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada 227-235 

implements, exports 496-497 

implements, imports 526-529 

implements, manufacture 426-427 

price?, British 286-287 

prices, Canadian 280-286 

products, see also "Vegetable products," 

"Animals and their products, ""Fibres, 
textiles and textile products" 235-259 

products, exports of vegetable, by quan 

tities and value?, 1920-23 480-485 

exports of agricultural or vegetable 

origin, 1922 540 

exports of, from U.S. to principal coun 

tries, 1917-21 561-571 

imports of agricultural or vegetable 

origin, 1922 540 

imports of, vegetable, by values and 

percentages, 1920-23 479 

imports of, into U.K., by quantities 

and values and by countries whence 
imported, 1917-21 557-561 

lands 37 

revenue, 1918-22 ..... . 299-300 

season, 1921-22 236 

wealth of Canada, 1918-22 299-301 

Agriculture, statistics of 235-309 

acreage, yield, quality and value of 

crops 236-259 

dairying 271-274 

development of, in Canada 220-225 

distribution of Canadian wheat and oat 

crops 297-298 

Dominion and provincial departments of 226-227 

egg production 294 

farm labour and wages 278-280 

farm live stock and poultry 260-270 

fur farming 270-271 

fruit 275-277 

gram stocks in Canada 296-297 

maple sugar 295-296 

prices of agricultural produce 280-292 

Provincial Acts relating to 996-1005 

sugar beets and beet root sugar 295 

the Government in relation to 225-235 

tobacco 294-295 

wool production and value of 292, 294 



PAGE. 
Air Board. 655-656 

navigation 655-656 

Air-compressing machines, imports 528-529 

Alberta, area and boundaries of 4 

coal -., 368, 392-394 

College of Agriculture 234 

Dominion lands in 904-905 

education in 877, 879, 882, 886^ 887, 889 

electrical energy generated, 1923 402-403 

government, publications of 984 

government of 113 

- legislation in . 1003-1004 

Lieutenant-Governors, legislatures and 

Ministries of 137 

manufactures of, 1900-1921 415-416 

mineral production of 358 

municipal Government 113 

population of 140-141, 148 

population, towns and villages 171-175 

Alcohol, consumption of 775 

- wood, exports 502-503 

Ale, exports 480-481 

imports 512-513 

Alfalfa, area, yield and value of, 1917-22... 240-257 

Alkaloids, imports and exports 546-547 

Alliance Nationals 860 

Allowances, regulations, pay and 913 

Aluminum and products, exports 498-499 

- imports 530-531 

manufacture 426-427 

Amber, imports 512-513 

Ammonia, nitrate of, imports 534-535 

sulphate, exports 502-503 

Ammunition, imports and exports. .. : 546 

manufacture 428-429 

A musement goods, exports 504-505 

- imports 536-537 

Ancient Order of Foresters 860 

Animal Husbandry Division of the Dom 
inion Experimental Farms 228 

Animal products, exports of, by quantities 

and values, 1920-23 486-191 

exports of, classed as manufactures, 1922 540 

exports of, from U.S. to principal count 

ries, 1917-21 561-562 

hair goods manufactures 422-423 

imports of, by values and percentages, 

1920-23 479 

imports of, classed as manufactures, 1922 540 

imports of, into U.K., by quantities and 

values and by countries whence im 
ported, 19J7-21 557-559 

Animals, for exhibition 545 

for food 542 

improvement of stock, exports 486-487 

Annuities, Government 866-867 

Annuities Act, Government 866-867 

Annuities fund statement, 1922 and 1923, 

Government 867 

Annuity contracts issued 867 

Anthracite, imports of 532-533 

Anti-dumping clause, Canadian Customs 

Tariff 455 

Appalachian Region 6, 17-18 

Apples, distribution, by varieties, 1920-22. 276-277 

exports 480-481 

imports 506-507 

production and value, 1921-22 276 

production in Ontario, by districts, 1921- 

22 277 

Appointments, judicial 1011-1012 

official 101 1-1015 

Appropriation Acts 993 

Apricots, imports 506-507 

Arctic zone 26 

faunas 32 

Area and population of Canada by provinces 

and districts 144-148 



INDEX 



1017 



PAGE. 
Area of Canada 

of provinces 

Areas of field crops in Canada, 1917-22 238-258 

Armistice with Germany 

Arms, exports and imports 

Arrowroot 510-511 

Art, works of, imports 536-537 

exports 504-505 

Artificial feathers and flowers, manufac 
ture 428-429 

Artificial limbs, manufacture 428-429 

Artisans Canadiens 860 

Arts and Agriculture, expenditure for, 1919- 

23 765 

Asbestos, exports 502-503 

industry 

occurrence of 21 

packing, manufactures 428-42i 

products n.e.s. manufactures 428-429 

quantity and value of, 1909-22 395-396 

Asphalt, external trade 

- imports 534-535 

Assessment, provincial Acts relating to. . . .996-1005 

"Assessmentism" defined 

Assiniboia, District of 

Associates, Company of One Hundred 

Association Canada-Americaine . 

Association, Canadian Manufacturers 

Canadian Lumbermen s 

Association of Canada, Railway 728 

Association of Canadian Building and 

Construction 728 

Athabaska, district of 

Atlantic fisheries 346-347 

Attendance, school, legislation relating to. 996 
Automobiles, see under "Motor Vehicles." 
Awnings, manufacture 424-425 

Babbitt metal and solder, manufacture 426-427 
Bacon, exports 488-489 

imports 516-517 

Bags or sacks, exports and imports 

manufacture -. 424-425 

Bakery products, exports 482-483, 542 

- imports 508-509, 542 

Baking powder industry 

Balance of trade 468, 471 

sheet of the Dominion 763 

Bananas, imports 506-507 

Bank notes, imports 522-523 

Banking . . 815-833 

business, historical summary 

legislation 816-817 

system of Canada 815-816 

Banks and Banking, statistics of 817-833 

assets of 819-820 

assets of, in call and short loans, 1922. . . 

assets of, in call and short loans, 1919-22 

assets of, in Dominion notes, 1919-22 

assets of, Dominion notes, 1922 

assets of, in specie, 1919-22 

assets of, in specie, 1922 

branches, number of, by provinces 827 

branches, number of chartered, in other 

countries 

call and short loans elsewhere than in 

Canada 820,822 

capital of, paid up, 1867-1922 818 

capital of, paid up, December 30, 1922 . . 

cash due from other banks 

central gold reserve 820, 822 

Chartered , amount of exchanges of clear 

ing nouses in 16 cities 

assets 1867-1922 819 

assets 1919-22 820 

deposits in 820, 822, 824 

discounts 

in Canada 815-816 

liabilities, 1867-1922 818 

liabilities, 1919-1922 823 

number of branches of, by provinces, 

December 31, 1922 828 



PAGE. 

Banks, clearing houses of 829 

current loans of, in Canada 820, 822, 824 

deposits by the public in, 1867-1922 

deposits by the public in 1919-1922 

discounts of 

discounts to the public 820, 824 

itemized assets of 

itemized liabilities of 

liabilities of, 1867-1922 818 

liabilities of Dec. 30, 1922 

liabilities of in deposits by the public. . . 

liabilities of in notes in circulation 

liabilities of in paid up capital 

liabilities of in rest or reserve fund 

liabilities, total and net 

note circulation, statistics of 81 1-8 14, 85 

notes 

notes in circulation 

ratio of reserves to net liabilities 826-827 

reserves 825-826 

reserves with liabilities 825-826 

Savings, Dominion Government and 

other 831-833 

savings, deposits with 

business 

liabilities of Canada for 

Post Office 

securities of 

total business of Post Office and Do 

minion Government Savings 

Bankruptcy, Dominion Act relating to 

Barley, area and yield of, 1921-1922 

area, yield and~value of, 1917-22 238-257 

-exports 480-481 

prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort William, 

1922 284-286 

receipts 593-594 

shipments -. . 593-594 

stocks of in Canada, 1922-23 

world s production of, 1921-22 304-305 

Barrels, exports 494-495, 544 

imports 524-525 

Baskets, manufacture 424-425 

Batteries, exports 

imports 

Batting, manufacture 424-425 

Beacons 

Beans, area, yield and value of, 1917-22. . . . 239-257 

- exports 480-481 

- imports 508-509 

yield and value of, 1921-22 237-238 

Bee Division of the Dominion Experimental 

Farms 

Beef, consumption 

exports 488-491 

imports 516-517 

stocks in cold storage 

Beer, consumption of 

dutv, per head paid on 

-exports 480-481 

Beetroot sugar, production, 1911-22 

Beets, sugar, area and yield 240, 248, 255 

256, 258, 295 

Belting, manufactures 422-423 

Beneficiated iron ores 

Beverages, exports 480-481, 542 

imports... 512-513, 542 

Bibles, imports 522-523 

Bicycles, exports . . , 

manufacture 426-427 

repairs 430-431 

Billiard tables, manufacture 428-429 

Binder twine, exports 

imports 522-523 

Biological medicines, imports 

Births in Canada, statistics of 188-16 

Birthplaces of the population 

Biscuits, exports 482-483 

imports 508-509 

manufactures 422-423 

Bituminous coal, imports 534-535 

Blacksmithing 430-431 



1018 



INDEX 



Blast furnaces and steel mills... . 426-427 

Blind, education of 876-877 

Blueprints industry 424-425 

Board of Railway Commissioners. . 615-616 

Wheat 1002 

R oa !: d K s ?? ?orts . . . . .:::::::::: 494-495 

Boat building 424-425 

Boats, exports 504-505 

imports 54 g 

Boiler compounds, manufacture.!! 428-429 

Boilers, imports 526-527, 545 

manufacture 426-427 

Bone products, exports 486-487 

imports " 515-517 

Bookbinding industry \ m 426-427 

Books, exports 492-493 

imports 

Booms and slides, expenditure and revenue 



for. 



927 



Boots , exports ...... ; ; : : : : ; ; ; . , , , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 4 88 - 48 " 9 

and shoe findings, wood 424-425 

and shoe repairs 430-431 

- imports . . . 51 6 -517, 536-537 

- manufacture. 422-423, 446-449 

rubber, manufacture 422-423 

Botanical Division of the Dominion Experi 



mental Farms. 



229 



zones of Canada 26-32 

Boundaries of Canada !..!.!!!!" 1 

Bounties, expenditure for, 1918-23 608-609 

crude petroleum, 1905-23 609 

fishing 35 j 

- statistics of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 608-609 

!lnc ". 608-609 

Boxes, cigar, manufacture 424-425 

paper, exports 492-493 

paper, manufacture 424-425 

imports . . . . . . . . . . 522-523 

wooden, manufacture 424-425 

Braces, or suspenders, exports. . . . 492-493 

Bradstreet s statistics of commercial fail- 

." res . 867-868, 870-871 

Braid, etc., imports 522-523, 536-537 

Brandon Experimental Farm 227-228 

Brandy, imports 512-513 

Brass and products, exports .." 498-499 

and copper products, manufactures 426-427 

imports. . 53o_53i 

Bread, manufacture. . . 422-423 < 

passo ver .imports .. .. . . . . . . . . . 508-509 

Breadstuffs, imports 508-509 

Breakfast foods, manufactures of 422-423 

Breakwaters gj-r 

Breweries, manufactures of .. .!" " 422-423 

Brick, imports 532-533 

and tile ggg 

sand-lime manufacture . 428-429 

Bridges and roads, expenditure for. ... . . 

Bridges, construction . ...... 430-431 

British Columbia, agricultural experiments 231-235 

agricultural products of 253-254 

area and boundaries of 4 

education in 877, 887 8S9 90 

electrical energy generated, 1923... . 402-403 

- forestry in 312-319, 325, 333 

Government of 113-115 

Government publications of 984-986 

Land Act "" 910 

- Lands Department ...... 909-910 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 137-138 

manufactures of 415-415 

mineral production of 369 372 

376, 378, 380, 382, 384, 393-394 

municipal government 114-115 

- population of 140-141, U%, l69, 175 

- public lands of 909-910 

railway belt 904 

University of . . . . . . . . 235, 893-898 

British Empire, population of 177-180 

British Employment Service 729 

British North America Act 91 , 101 



,, 



British Preferential Tariff 

Brock, R W., "Geology and Economic 

Minerals 

Bronze, monetary use of ... .!. ." 1 1 

Broom corn, imports of, 1902-23. . . 477 

Brooms, exports 504-505 

manufacture ] 498-490 

Brotherhoods, Canadian Railway . 

Brushes, exports. . . sru snc 

-imports 

manufacture " 428-429 

Buckwheat, area, yield and value of, 1917-22 239-2 

-area, yield and value of, 1921-1922 237-238 



exports . 



480-481 



Buggies, exports. . . . . . ! ! ! ! . . . 504-505 

Building and Construction Industries, Asso 



ciation. 



728 



Building materials. . ! . . . . ! . . . . ! 

trades, wages in 

- permits, value of, 1918-23 

Buoys g^ 

Bureau of Labour , Saskatchewan !. . . ! ! 934 

of Statistics, Dominion 961-989 
Bursaries, established by Research Council 
Business confidence.. . 871-872 

failures tutT-ai* 

- Profits War Tax Act . . . . . . . . . ! 750 
Butter, exports of from Canada, 192f>23 490-491 

imports 518-519 

production in Canada !! 272-274! 422-423 

stocks in cold storage 606 

values of in 1900, 1910, 1915-22. ! 272-274 

Buttons and button materials . . 545 

- imports ;;;;;; 536-537 

manufacture 428-429 

Buying and selling, Provincial Acts relating 

n to y 1003, 100,5 

Byng, Lord, appointed Governor-General.. lie 

Cables, submarine telegraph 682 

Calculating machines, exports 496-497 

manufactures " 426-427 

Calgary and Edmonton Railway, land 

grants go7 

Cameras, exports ; 50 4-505 

Camphor, imports 536-537 

Canada-Americaine, Association ... ! ! . . 8 60 

- Constitution and Government of 89-100 

- Gazette, extracts from 1011-1015 

Gazette, receipts for 754 

general geographical description of. . . 1 
GmnAct. 581-583 

Highway Act 6 4 8 

-history of ;:::::::!: eo-so 

- land and water area of 5 

natural resources of 36-38 

physical characteristics of j-jg 

physiography of 5,7 

political subdivisions of . . 1-4 

Shipping Act . j . 75 

Temperance Act \ . 945 

Canadian Building and Construction In 
dustries, Association of. . 728 

- currency. ...."."! 808-814 

federation of Labour 710 

Government Merchant Marine . . 680 

- Government Railway System . 619-623 

Government made responsible to Cana 

dian people 464 

- High Commissioner and Provincial 

Agents-General 139 

Lumbermen s Association . . . . . , 728 

Manufacturers Association 728 

- National Railway Company ships . . . . . 667 

- Northern Railway system incorporated 

into Canadian National Railway 
System gjg 

- Northern Railway .... . . .I . . . . . 618-619 

~ P ac ffi c Railway 76 617 

Pacific ships 667 

produce, defined 456 

Railway Brotherhoods 723 



INDEX 



1019 



PAGE. 

Canadian Shield 

War Mission at Washington 

Wheat Board n 

Canal, Panama 666- 

Canals and traffic statistics bo7-bb/ 

Canadian systems of 657-6 

cost of construction of, 1868-1922 

cost of enlargement of, 1868-1922 

expenditure on, 1868-1922 

history of 

length and lock dimensions o 

Panama, traffic through 666-667 

principal articles carried, 1921-22 661-6 

projected 658 

receipts from 

revenue from 

Sault Ste. Marie, traffic through 

statistics of 657667 

tonnage of traffic by canals and classes of 

products, 1921-1922 

traffic, by months, distribution of, 1917- 

22 

traffic through Canadian 659-664 

Cancer, deaths from 198- 

Canned fruits, exports 

industry 

vegetable industry 422-423 

Canoes and parts, exports 504-505 

manufacture 424 ~ooo 

Cap Rouge Experimental Station 

Caps, manufacture 424-425 

Cardboards, imports 522-523 

Carolinian Zone 

Carpet, manufactures. ... 424-425 

sweepers, imports 528-529 

Carpets, wool, imports 520-521 

Carriages and parts, exports 

manufactures *. 424-425 

Cartier, Jacques 

Cartridges, exports 504-505 

Carts, exports 504-505 

Car wheels, manufacture 4 >> 1-, 

Casein, imports 518-519 

Cash registers, imports 528 

Castings, imports 

Castor oil, imports 

Casual receipts 

Catholic Order of Foresters 

Mutual Benefit Society 860 

Workers of Canada, National Federation 

of... 711 

Cattle, exports 486-487 

marketing of 594-604 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1921-22 261-263 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1917-22 263-264 

value of, by provinces, 1916-22 264-268 

Cellulose manufacture 

imports 534-535 

Cement, exports 502-5 

imports of Portland, 1898-1923 

manufacture 428-429 

quantity and value of, produced, 1909-22 
Census Statistics 140-204 

and Statistics Act 

of manufactures 413-4 

of 1921 

of occupations, 1681 

Central electric stations 404-4 

Central g9 d reserves . 817-822 

Cereal Division of the Dominion Experi 
mental Farms 2 

. Cereal foods, exports 4 

imports 508-509 

Cereals, world s production of, 1921-22 302-309 

Chains, imports 526-527 

Champagne, imports 512-51.: 

Champlain, Samuel de 

Charges of management, Consolidated 

Fund 

Charlottetown Experimental Station 



PAGE. 

Charters of incorporation 

Chatham Employment Office 

Cheese, exports of from Canada 490-491 

- factories in Canada 271-274, 422-423 

imports 518-519 

Oka ,.... 232 

production and value, by provinces, 

1920-22 272 

production and value, by provinces, 1900, 

1910, 1915-22 273-274 

stocks in cold storage 606 

Chemical industry 456-459 

Chemicals and products, exports 502-505 

imports 534-537 

manufactures 420-423, 428-429, 456-159 

Chemistry Division of the Dominion Ex- 

perimental Farms 

Cherries, imports 506-507 

production, 1900, 1910, 1920 275 

Chewing gum, manufactures 422-423 

Chicle, imports 512-513 

Child welfare 919-925 

Child welfare, provincial legislation respect 
ing 995-1005 

Children^ Welfareof 1001 

Neglected and dependent 

Children s Protection Act 996, 1002 

China, imports 532-533 

Chinese immigration 

Chopping mills, statistics of 422-4 

Chromite, production of, 1921-22 363 

-exports 496-497 

Chronological History of Canada, 1497- 

1923 SO" 88 

Churns.exports 494-495 

Cider, exports 

Cigarettes, excise tariff for 

exports 484-485 

imports 

manufacture 422-423 

Cigars, consumption of 775 

excise tariff for 

exports tfTl?2 

imports 5 

manufacture 422-423 

Cinders, exports 

Cinematograph films, exports.. . 

manufactures 428-1 

imports 536-537 

Circulating medium in hands of the 

public SI* 

Circulation in Canada of silver and bronze 

C01I1 

Cities and towns, population of 171-175 

assets and liabilities, 1920 796-797, 801-805 

building permits, 1918-23 

expenditure of, 1920 796-799, 802-805 

of 10 000 and over, municipal statistics, 

igoQ 796-801 

- receipts for 1920 798-797, 800-805 

Citrons, imports 506-507 

Civil government, cost of 765 

re-establishment, soldiers , Dominion 

Acts relating to 

Service Act, 1918 (Dominion) 947 

Service Commission 

Service employees, 1921 

Service examination fees 

Classical Colleges, Roman Catholic 

Clay and shales 363-364, 396, 399-400 

Clay and products, exports 500-501 

imports 532-533 

industry 396, 399-100 

Climate and meteorology 

Climate of Canada since Confederation 43 

Clocks, imports 532 

manufacture 426-427 

Clothing, exports 492-493, 543 

- imports. 520-521, 543 

manufactures 4 

Cloths, imports 520-521 

Clover, area, yield and value of, 1917-22. . 240-257 



1020 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Clover, imports 514-515 

Coal, annual consumption, 1901-22 388 

available for consumption, by provinces 

1922 388-390 

distribution through retail dealers 607 

exports, by provinces, 1922 388-390 

exports of 500-501 

handling machines, imports 528-529 

imports of anthracite, 1901-23 387 

imports of bituminous, 1901-23 387 

imports 532-533 

made available for consumption, 1922.. 388-390 

miners wages 733 

mining 399 

occurrence of 21 

tar distillation 428-429 

prices, retail 607-608 

production of, by provinces, 1909-22.. 385 

production and resources of, Alberta. 

385, 392-393 

British Columbia 385, 393-394 

New Brunswick 385, 391-392 

Nova Scotia 385, 391 

Saskatchewan 385, 392 

the Yukon 385 

quantity and value of, 1909-22 385 

Coast mountains 31 

service, expenditure for 755 

service, receipts 764 

Coatings, imports 520-521 

Cobalt and products, exports 500-503 

production of 3fi2, 382 

Cocoa and chocolate 542 

cocoa and chocolate, manufactures 422-423 

Cocoa imports 510-511 

Cocoanuts, imports 508-509 

Cocoanut oil, imports 512-513 

Cod fish, exports, 1920-23 480-487 

-imports, J920-23 516-517 

- fisheries 352, 354, 356 

Cod liver oil, exports 490-491 

Coffee, exports 484-185 

imports 510-511 

manufactures 422-423 

Coffins and caskets, manufactures 426-427 

Coin and bullion, exports and imports of, 

1868-1918 472 

Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal 

_ . Mint 810 

Coke, exports 500-501 

- imports 534-535 

manufacture 428-429 

Cold storage of perishable products 604-606 

storage warehouse in Canada, 1923 604-606 

Collection of revenue, cost of 765 

Colleges, see "Education." 

Colleges of agriculture 230-235 

Colony, the British 90 

Commerce, see under "Trade and Com 
merce " 
Commercial failures 867-873 

analysis of 870 

and business confidence 871-S72 

by branches of business gg 

by provinces and classes 869 

by provinces and Newfoundland 868 

causes in Canada and U.S 870 

Intelligence Service 465-466 

Travellers Mutual Benefit Society 860 

treaties, negotiation of 97 

Commissioners, appointment of 1012-1015 

Board of Railway, for Canada 615-616 

Commodities, prices of 743-756 

Commons, House of , 121 

representation in the 122-129 

Communications, transportation and, 

statistics of 613-696 

Companies Act 943 

Company of One Hundred Associates 61 

Compulsory education 875 

Condensed milk, manufacture 422-423 

Confederation 70-73 



Conference relative to Labour sections of 

peace treaties 706-707 

Confectionery, exports 542 

imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . 510-511 

Confidence, business, in Canada, 1900-21... 871-872 

Congress, Trades and Labour 709-710 

Conjugal condition of brides and grooms.. . 193 

Conservation 973 

Consolidated fund . 763-767 

expenditure 763 1 765 , 767-769 

receipts 754 

Constitution and Government of Canada. . 89-100 

at Confederation 91 

Constitutional Act 90 

development before and since Confede- 

, ration 89 _ 100 

Construction 459-462 

- building permits 462 

contracts awarded 461-462 

cost of materials and value of products. . 460 

employment, salaries and wages 460 

in transportation and public utility in 

dustries 4gj 

relation to general business condition 459 

value of, by classes of work 461 

Containers, external trade 544 

Convicts, see under "Judicial Statistics 

and Penitentiaries." 

Cooperage industry 426-427 

Co-operation,provincial Acts relating to996, 1000, 1005 

Copal, imports 512-513 

Copper, occurrences of 21 

and products, exports 500-501 

- imports , . . . . . . . 532-533 

production of, 1911-22 379 

production of, in British Columbia. . ... . 378-379 

production of, in Manitoba and Yukon 

Territory, 191 1-22 378-379 

production of, in Ontario 378 

production of, in Quebec 379 

quantity and value of, 1911-22 . ......... 379 

sulphate, imports . 536-537 

world s production of 378-379 

Copyright Act, 1911 99 

-Act, 1921 ...;, 612 

Copyrights, trademarks, etc 611-612 

Cordage, exports 492-493 

imports ......... . . . I . .". 522-523 

manufactures 424-425 

Cordials, imports . 512-513 

Cordilleran Region 7, 20 

Corks, imports 524-525 

Cork products, manufactures 426-428 

Corn, area, yield and value of, 1917-22 239-256 

broom, imports 514-515 

exports 480-481 

imports 508-509 

world s production of, 1921-22 306 

Cornmeal, imports 508-509 

exports 480-481 

Cornstarch, exports 482-483 

Corporations, provincial Acts relating to.. .996-1005 
Corsets, manufacture 424-425 

imports . ... . . . . . 522-523 

Cost of living 752-753 

changes based upon retail prices 752-753 

weekly 752 

Cotton and products, exports 492-493 

imports 518-519 

manufactures 424-425 

seed oil, imports 512-513 

Cotton wool and waste, imports of, 1902-23 477 
Cows, estimated number of milch, in 

Canada, by provinces, 1917-22. 263-264 

number of milch in Canada, by provinces, 

1921-22 261 -2 6 2 

estimated values of milch, by provinces, 

1916-22 265-266 

values of milch, by provinces, 1916-22... 267-268 

Cranberries, imports 506^507 

Cranes, imports 528-529 

Cream, exports . 490-491 



INDEX 



1021 



PAGE. 

Cream separators, exports 496-497 

imports 

manufacture 426-427 

Creameries in Canada 271-274 

Creamery butter, production and value of, 

1920-22 

by provinces, 1900, 1910 and 1915-22 273-274 

Credit, banking, of Canada 

Criminal and judicial statistics. 948-939 

charges, acquittals and convictions 

classification of convicts 

code amendment 

convictions and sentences for all offences 954-955 

convictions by classes of offence and pro 

portion of each class to the total 955 

convictions for indictable offences 

death sentences 

statistics, drunkenness, convictions for. . 956 

juvenile criminals convicted of indictable 

offences 9)6 

nature of crimes 

penitentiaries 957-959 

police statistics 

summary convictions 9)5 

total convictions for criminal and other 

offences 

Crops, acreage, yield, quality and value of. 2 

distribution of Canadian wheat and oats 297-298 
Crown lands. See "Public Lands". 

agents 9 

Crude gums, imports 512-513 

Cudmore, S. A. .Editor, Canada Year Book 89, 107 

Cullers fees receipts 

Culling timber, expenditure for 

Cultivators, exports 496-497 

- imports 526-527 

Currants, imports 506-507 

Currency, Canadian 808-814 

Dominion Act respecting 

Curtains, imports 522-523 

Customs Tariff Amendment Act 760 

and Excise, Department of 

and excise expenditure 

anti-dumping clause 465 

tariff of 1907 465 

taxes receipts 

War Revenue Act 

Cutlery, exports 496-497 

imports 528-529 

Cyanamid , exports 502-504 

Cyclometers, imports 530-531 

Cyclonic and auticyclonic areas of Canada. 40 

Dairy products, quantity and value of, 

1920-22 273 

- total value, by provinces, 1918-22 <>73-274 

Dairying 271-274 

Dairying equipment 

Deaths and death rates 194-204 

-* number of, in Canada, 1920-1922 195 

Debt of Canada, statistics of 776-780 

assets of 

charges on 763 

expenditure for interest on public 765 

funded 778-779 

funded, payable in London and Canada. 778-779 

interest from investments 778 

net - 780 

sinking funds 

Declaratory Act 

Deep-sea fisheries 346-349, 354-355 

Defence, Public 98,911-915 

Density of population in Canada 

Dental, equipment 

supplies, manufacture 426-427 

Department of Health 917-919 

of Soldiers Civil Re-Establishment, 

work of 932-933 

Dependent children, neglected and, pro 
vincial legislation respecting 995 

Dependants of deceased soldiers, scale of 

pensions to 935 



PAGE. 

Deportation of undesirable immigrants 210-211 

Deposits, loans and discounts, bank 

Derricks, imports 528-529 

Development of agriculture in Canada 220-225 

Diamonds, unset, imports 534-535 

Disbursements on Consolidated Fund 765 

Discount and exchange, premium, expendi 
ture for 

receipts, consolidated fund account 

Discounts, bank deposits, loans and 

Disinfectants, manufacture 428-429 

Distillation, statistics of 

Distilleries manufactures 422-423 

Distribution of labour, by industries 699 

Districts, electoral, under the Representa 
tion Act, 1914 124-129 

Divorces in Canada 960 

Dominion Bureau of Statistics, organiza 
tion of 961-969 

and provincial departments of agricul 

ture . . 226-227 

- expenditure .763-765, 767-770 

Experimental Farms and Stations 227-235 

finance 92, 757-780 

-lands 904-937 

lands, residence on, requirements 

lands, expenditure 

lands, receipts from 

legislation 990-995 

- ministries, 1867-1923 117-118 

-notes 811-812 

Notes Acts, 1914-1915 

notes, circulation and reserves 

notes, denominations of 

notes in hands of public 

notes, legislation 811-812 

Parliaments, 1867-1923 116-122 

Parliaments, powers of 

police expenditure 

public finance 757-808 

representation at League of Nations 

Statistician, first report of 

steamers, receipts 

Doors, exports 494-495 

Drainage basins of Canada 

Dredging plant, expenditure for 

Dressing, antiseptic, surgical, imports 522-523 

Drills, exports 496-497 

-imports 526-527 

Drugs, crude, imports 514-515 

exports 504-505 

imports 534-535 

manufacture 428-429 

Drunkenness, convictions for, in Canada. . . 

Drv docks of Dominion Government 926 

Subsidies Act, 1910 

Dun s statistics of commercial failures 868-869, 872 

Durham, Lord 67 

Dutiable importsfrom U.K. and U.S., per 
centage proportions, 1901-23. 476 

Duties collected on exports and imports, 

1868-1923 473 

Duties per head paid on spirits, wine, beer, 

and tobacco 775 

Duty, average rates of, collected on imports 
from U.K., U.S., and all countries, 
1868-1923 47P 

collected on exports and imports, 1868- 

1923 476 

Dyeing and cleaning industry 430-431 

Dyes, exports 504-505 

imports 534-535 

manufactures 428-429 

Dynamos 532-533 

Economic Fibre Plants Division of the 
Dominion Experimental Farms 

geology of Canada, 1922 20-24 

Edmonton College of Agriculture 

Education in Canada. 874-903 

Education, academies in Quebec 

average salaries of teachers, by provinces 887 



1022 



INDEX 



PAGE. 
Education, average attendance of pupils.. . 876-877 

classical colleges in Quebec 882 

colleges of Canada 889-903 

collegiate institutes 882-883 

continuation schools 883 

cost per pupil 876-877 

degrees granted by colleges 898-900 

degrees granted by universities 891-893 

denominational universities and colleges 889-903 

expenditure f9r public 876-877, 883-887 

financial statistics of colleges 902-903 

financial statistics of universities 897-898 

general features of Canadian system of. . 874-875 

higher, in Canada " 889-903 

high schools 882-883 

provincial legislation regarding 996-1005 

model schools 881 

normal schools 880-882 

professors, number of university - :: 

provincial legislation respecting. ... 101 , 996-1005 

pupils, number of, in publicly controlled 

schools in Canada 876-880 

pupils, number of, in collegiate institutes 

and high schools 882-883 

pupils, number of, in continuation schools 

in ( >ntario 883 

pupils, number of, in Roman Catholic 

classical colleges in Quebec 882 

pupils, number of, in vocational schools. 889 

receipts for public 883-887 

Roman Catholic classical colleges 882 

schools, number of public, in Canada 876-880 

schools, teachers, and pupils, numbers of 876-880 

secondary school students in Canada. . . . 878-880 

statistics of Canada 874-903 

students, number of university .894-896 

teachers, average annual salaries of 887 

teachers, number of, in Canada 876-880 

teachers in training 880-882 

teachers in colleges 900-901 

teachers in collegiate institutes and high 

schools 883 

teachers in continuation schools in 

Ontario 883 

teachers in Roman Catholic classical 

x colleges in Quebec 882 

teachers in universities 893 

teachers in vocational schools 889 

technical, in Canada 888-889 

universities of Canada 891-S9S 

voeat ional 888-889 

Educational equipment, exports 504-505, 543 

imports 436-437 

Eggs, exports 490-491 

- imports 518-519 

production, 1921-22 294 

stocks in cold storage 606 

Elections, Dominion, legislation regarding. 991 

Elect ions, provincial general 1008 

Electric energy generated by provinces, 

1919-21...." 405 

energy generated or produced for export 

in Canada, 1918-23 406 

- light and power plants 428-429 

light, expenditure on consolidated fund.. 675 

light, inspection, receipts 674 

light and power companies registered, 

1914-23 406 

Electric railways of Canada, statistics of. . 637-642 

capital of, 1922 639 

earnings of, 1921-22 640-642 

operat in a; expenses, of 1921-22 640-642 

passengers of, 1901-22 639 

Electrical apparatus, exports 500-501, 544 

imports 532-533, 544 

manufacture 426-427 

contracts and repairs 430-431 

Electroplating industry 426-427 

Electrotyping industry 426-427 

Elementary education in Canada 876-880 

Elevators, grain 581-582, 586-587 

manufacture 426-427 



PAGE. 

Elevators, repairs 430-431 

Embroidery industry 424-425 

Employers liability 716-721 

Employment and unemployment. 728-732 

as reported by employers 730 

Bureaus, Dominion legislation respect 

ing. 728 

conditions 729, 732 

offices, Dominion-Provincial 728 

offices, Co-ordination Act 728 

operation of 728-729 

service 728 

Enamelled products, imports 498-499 

Engines, exports 496-497 

- imports 526-529 

manufactures 426-427 

Engraving industry 426-427 

Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, land 

grants to 910 

Evaporated fruits and vegetables, manu 
facture 422-423 

Events of the years 1922-23, principal 1006-1010 

Exchange, premium and discount, expendi 
ture for 765,767 

Exchequer Court, establishment of 93 

Excise and Customs, expenditure 765 

licenses, number of, issued 774 

revenues 774 

tariff. Canadian 773 

taxes, receipts 764 

Executive Councils or Cabinets 89 

Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account 

detailed 765 

for collection of revenue 765 

for premium, discount and exchange 765 

of Canada 763-765 

of provincial governments 783-785 

of typical family 752-755 

of urban municipalities 796-799, 802-805 

on public education 876-877, 883-887 

per head of population 770 

Experimental Farms and Stations of 

Canada, Agricultural 228-235 

Explosives, exports 502-503 

- imports 534-535 

manufacture 428-429 

Exports, see under "Trade and Commerce." 
Express, companies 642-646 

Canadian National Company 643-646 

capitalization of 644 

earnings of, 1915-22 645 

financial paper of, business in, 1919-22. . . 646 

operating expenses of, 1915-22 646 

operating mileage of, 1919-22 644 

operations 643-644 

privileges, payments for, 1919-22 646 

Extension and Publicity Division of the 

Dominion Experimental Farms 229 

External Trade, aggregate 470 

-statistics of 466-579 

[extracts from the Canada Gazette 1011-1015 

Factory trades, wages in 733, 735-737 

Failures, commercial 867-873 

commercial, analysis of 870 

commercial, and business confidence 871-872 

commercial, by branches of business 868 

commercial, by provinces and classes 869-870 

commercial, by provinces and in New 

foundland 868 

commercial, causes in Canada and 1 870 
Fair Wages Branch of Labour Department. 702 

Family budget, weekly cost in each prov 
ince 756 

in 60 Canadian cities 754-755 

Fancy wear, manufacture 424-425 

Farm equipment 544 

help in Canada, wages of 278-280 

lands, value of, by provinces, 1908-1910, 

1!) 1 4-22 259-260 

implements and machinery exports 496497 



INDEX 



1023 



PAGE. 

Farm materials 

Farnham Tobacco Station 

Faunas of Canada 32-36 

Feathers, imports 516-517 

Federation of Catholic Workers of Canada . 711 

Federation of Labour, Canadian 710 

Feldspar, exports 502-503 

Fellowships for scientific and industrial re 
search 941 

Felt manufactures 424-425 

exports 492-493 

Female labour in Canada 741-743 

Fence posts, exports 494-495 

- imports 522-523 

Ferro-alloys, manufacture 426-427 

Fertilizer, exports 502-503, 545 

imports 534-535 , 545 

manufactures 428-429 

Fibre imports 492-493 

Field crops, 1917-22 236-259 

annual average yields per acre of, 1915-22 255-257 

comparative value of, 1921 and 1922 258 

total areas and values of, in Canada, 

1917-22 258 

values of, 1921 and 1922 238-254 

Husbandry Division of the Dominion 

Experimental farms 229 

Finance, Dominion Acts respecting 990 

municipal public 794-805 

provincial public 781-793 

public 757-805 

statistics of 763-805 

Fines and forfeitures, receipts from 764 

Fire and Inland Marine Insurance legis 
lation 849 

Fire-arms, exports 498-499 

brick, production 363 

clay, production 363 

extinguishing machinery, imports 530-531 

losses in Canadian forests 340 

wood , exports 494-495 

works, manufacture 428-429 

Fish and fisheries, statistics of 345-361 

capital invested, 1920-21 357-358 

culture 349 

curing plants 422-423 

exports and imports of, 1921-22 360-361 

exports of, by principal countries, 1921-22 360 

exports of, by quantities and values, 

1920-23 488-489 

game 349 

hatcheries 349 

imports of, by quantities and values 516-517 

imports of, dutiable and free, 1902-22... . 360 

industries 422-423 

marketing and transportation 350 

number and value of vessels, nets, etc. . . 358 

persons employed in fisheries 359 

quantity and value of sea fish marketed, 

1920 and 1921 354-355 

quantity and value of inland fish mar 

keted, 1920 and 1921 356 

transportation 350 

value, compared as to quantity, 1920- 

1921 352-353, 356 

value, compared as to quantity, of 

exports and imports 1921-22 360-361 

Fisheries, Atlantic 38, 346 

conservation 349 

deep-sea 354-355. 

early 345 

employees 359 

exports by countries, 1921-22 360 

expenditure for 765 

government bounties for 351 

government in relation to 349-351 

inland 347-348 

international relations 350 

materials employed, value of, 1920-21 . . . 

modern industry 351 

number of men employed in, 1920-21 359 

of Canada 345-361 



PAGE. 
Fisheries, Pacific 348 

production and value, 1917-21 352-353 

quantities and value of the catch of 

1920-21 354-356 

quantity and value of chief commercial, 

1917-21 352-353 

receipts 764 

resources of Canada 

scientific research 349 

value of by provinces, 1917-21 352 

- value of total, 1870-1921 352 

vessel? and boats, number and value of, 

1920-21 358 

Fishermen s equipment 

Fishing bounties 351 

grounds, Canadian 346 

-halibut 348 

lobster 347 

methods 346 

salmon 348 

- whale 348-349 

Flavouring extracts, manufactures 428-429 

Flax and products, exports 492-493 

average annual yield per acre, 1915-22. . . 255-256 

dressed 424-425 

imports 520-521 

Flaxseed, area of, 1917-22. 239-256 

area and vield of, in Prairie Provinces, 

1920-22 257 

exports 484-485 

imports 514-515 

oil, imports 512-513 

prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort William, 

1920-22 284-286 

stocks of, in Canada, 1922-23 29 7 

Flint, the late T.B., "Provincial and Local 

Government in Maritime Provinces" . . 102 

Floor coverings 543 

Flora of Canada 25-32 

Flour, exports 480-483 

- imports 508-509 

- mills 422-423, 444-446 

Flowers and feathers, artificial, manufac 
tures 428-429 

Fodder crops, vield of 237 

Fodders, exports 484-485, 545 

imports 545 

Fog alarms 675 

Food, adulteration of, expenditure 765 

imports and exports 542 

weekly cost in each province 756 

weekly cost in 60 Canadian cities 755 

standards 773 

Forage Plants Division of the Dominion 

Kxperimental Farms 

Foreign produce, defined 466 

Forest ureas 37 

growth, types 312-313 

origin, articles of, trade in 540 

- products, 1917-21 339 

pulp production, 1908-22 332-334 

pulpwood, consumption of, by provinces, 

1920^21 

quantity and value of lath, 1921 

quantit v and value of lumber 323-325 

quantity and value of shingles, 1917-21.. 325, 339 

resources of Canada 

summary statistics, 1917-22 335, 339 

tonnage and value of paper, by kinds and 

provinces, 1921-1922 334-336 

- value of wood for pulping, 1908-22 328 

- wood for pulp exported, 1908-22 328 

wood used in manufacture of pulp, 

1908-22 328 

wood pulp exported by countries, 1922. . . 337 

wood, wood products and paper, exports 

of, 1920-23 492-495 

wood, imports, 1920-23 522-525 

zones of Canada 26-32, 310-314 

Foresters, Ancient Order of 860 

Catholic Order of 860 

Independent Order of 860 



1024 



INDEX 



PAGE. 
Forestry. 310-345 

administration 318-320 

important tree species 314-317 

main types of growth 312-314 

physiography, geology and climate in 

relation to 310-311 

pulpwood, consumption and value of 

1908-22 328 

resources 317-318 

utilization . 322-339 

v orfeitures, receipts from 764 

Forty leading industries 418-419 

Foundry products, manufacture 426-427 

"Fraternalism" 851-852 

fraternal societies 851-852 

Fredericton Experimental Station.. 228 

Free grant lands 904-905, 908- 909 

1 rench language, used in parliamentary 

debates 93 

^gime .. .... . . . . . . . 60-64 

*ruit juices, imports 506-507 

prepared, imports 506-507 

and vegetable canneries 422-423 

production 275-277 

trees in Canada, 1911, 1921 . . 275 

Fuel control 390 

weekly cost in each province 756 

weekly cost in 60 Canadian cities 754-755 

imports and exports 545 

Funded debt payable in London and in 

Canada 778-779 

I ur-boanng animals, kind, number and 

value, on fur farms, 1920-22 270-271 

kind, number and value taken, 1921-22.. 344 
Fur farms 270-271 

resources of Canada 37 

- tr de . 60, 341-345 

t urmshing goods, men s 424-425 

Furniture, exports 494-495 

imports 524-525 

iron, exports 498-499 

manufactures 426-427 

Furs, dressed, industry 422-42. ? 

exports . . . .". 488-489 

imports 516-517 

production, 1920-21 344 

Garden seeds, imports 514-515. 

Gas, compressed, industry 428-429 

expenditure on Consolidated Fund for. . . 765 

illuminating and fuel plants 428-429 

inspection, receipts of 764 

natural 20 

natural, production of, 1921-22 363, 396 

Gasoline, exports 502-503 

imports 534-535 

launches, exports 504-505 

Gaiters, manufactures 424-425 

General Mining Association 454 

Geographical features of Canada 1-13 

Geological divisions of Canada 17 

formation 13-20 

Geology and economic minerals 20-24 

of Canada, economic, 1922 20 

Gin, exports 480-481 

Glass manufactures 428-429 

exports 502-503 

imports 534-535 

Glazing industry 430-431 

Gloves, exports 492-493 

imports 522-523 

manufacture 424-425 

Glue and glue stock, exports 490-491 

- imports. 518-519 

Gold and silver goods manufactures 426-427 

in British Columbia, production of 372-373 

in Nova Scotia, production of, 1911-22. . 371-372 

monetary use of 809-810 

occurrence of 21 

production of, in Ontario 371-372 

quantity and value of, produced in 

Canada, 1911-1922 . 370-371 



PAGE. 
Gold reserves, central 820,822 

reserves, Canadian ,. . . . siO 

world s production of 373-375 

Gold-bearing quartz, exports 500-501 

Government annuities 866-867 

Government and constitution of Canada. . . 89-100 

provincial and local 101-115 

Government of N.W.T., expenditure. . 765 

Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1923.. . 116 

Gowganda Camp, production of silver 376 

Grain Act, Canada 581-583 

crops in Prairie provinces, 1920-22 257 

crops, quality of 259 

crops, value of per bushel 238-254 

crops, yield of 236-257 

elevators, number and storage capacity 

of.1913-23 ..... 586-587 

exports 480-481 

- for distillation, quantity of 774 

growing countries of the world, acreage 

and production of cereals and potatoes, 
1921-22 . 3 2_309 

growing countries of the world, average 

yields of cereals and potatoes in, 1921-22 302-309 

handled at public elevators in the east, 

1918-22 593-594 

- harvest in Prairie Provinces, 1921-22 257 

hay, area, yield and value of 240-254 

imports 508-509 

inspection of, 1914-23 591-592 

inspection of, 1922-23 .. ... 588-591 

shipments of by vessels and all-rail 

route, 1921 and 1922 593 

stocks in Canada, August 31, 1920-22.. . . 296-297 

trade statistics 581-594 

- by vessels from Fort William and Port 

Arthur, 1921-22 593 

Grand Trunk Pacific Railway 6(8 

Grand Trunk Railway 616-617 

Grapefruit, imports 506-507 

Grapes, imports 506-507 

Graphite and products, exports 500-501 

Grass seed exports 482-483 

Graving Docks of Dominion Government . 926 

docks subsidized under Dry Dock 

Subsidies Act, 1910 " 926 

Grazing leases 905 

Grease, exports 490-491 

- imports 518-519 

Great Lakes of Canada 10 

Great Northern Central Railway, land 

grants to 907 

Grisdale, J. H., Deputy Minister of Agri 
culture 220 

Groceries, exports 484-485 

Group insurance 850 

Guelph, Ontario, Agricultural College at... 232-233 

Gums, imports 512-513 

Guns, exports 493-499 

Gunsmithing 430-431 

Gutta percha, imports 477, 514-515 

Gypsum produced in Canada, 1920-22 363, 396 

exports 502-503 

Hair, exports . 488-489 

- imports 516-517 

llairwork 422-423 

Halibut, exports 486-487 

fishing 352, 354, 356 

imports 516-517 

Half-breed scrip 905 

Ham, exports 488-489 

- imports 516-517 

Handkerchiefs 543 

Handles, manufactures 426-427 

Hand trades 430-431 

Harbour Commissions 927-928 

Police 675 

- works, expenditure for 1917-22 927 

Hardware, exports 496-497 

imports 528-529 

manufacture 426-427 



INDEX 



1025 



PAGE. 

Hardwood Forest Zone 27 

Harness, exports 488^89 

manufacture 424-425 

repairs 430-431 

Harrows, exports 496-497 

imports 526-527 

Harrow Tobacco Station 228 

Harvest yields, 1921-22 236-237 

Harvesters, exports 496-497 

- imports 526-527 

Harvesting equipment 544 

Hatcheries 325-326 

Hats, exports 492^93 

imports 522-523 

manufactures 424-425 

Hat materials 545 

Hay, area, yield, and value of, 1917-22 238-257 

Hay, exports 484-485 

imports 514-515 

Hay rakes, exports 496-497 

Health, Dominion Department of 917-919 

public, recent provincial legislation 995-1006 

Heating and ventilating apparatus manu 
factures 426-427 

Hemp, imports of undressed, 1902-23 477 

Herrings, exports, 1920-23 486-487 

imports, 1920-23 516-517 

Hides, exports 488-489 

imports of, 1902-22 516-517 

High Commissioner for Canada 139 

Higher Education in Canada.. .;. 889-903 

Highways and roads, provincial legislation 

respecting 996-1004 

Historical sketch of trade and commerce. . 463-465 
History of Canada 60-80 

chronological 80-88 

Homestead entries 905-907 

lands available 905 

Honey, exports 490-491 

imports :-.- 518-519 

Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific 

and industrial Research 939-942 

Honours, Imperial 1015 

Hoofs, exports 486-487 

Hops, imports 510-511 

exports 484-485 

Horns, exports 486-487 

- imports of, 1902-23 477 

Horses, number and values of, in Canada, 

by provinces, 1921-22 261-263 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1917-22 263-264 

values of, by provinces, 1916-22 264-268 

clothing, manufacture of 424-425 

Horticulture Division of the Dominion Ex 
perimental Farms 

Hose, leather, manufacture 422-423 

rubber, exports 482-483 

Hosie, John, "British Columbia" 113 

Hosiery manufactures 424-425 

Hospitals, expenditure on Marine 765 

Military, Commission 932 

House of Com mons, representation in 1 24 

members of 124-129 

number of members of 122 

Housebuilding 430-431 

Household utilities, imports and exports. . . 543 
Hudson Bay lands 937 

Railway 613 

Hudson s Bay Co., land sales, 1921-23 907 

farms 224 

Hydro-Electric Power Commission of 

Ontario 407-410 

assets and liabilities of electric depart 

ments of municipalities served by, 
1919-22 409-410 

earnings and operating expenses of elec 

tric departments of municipalities 
served by, 1919-22 409 

statistics 408-410 

Hydro-Electricity, provincial power com 
missions ; 407-410 

6237365 



PAGB. 
Ice cream cones, manufacture 422-423 

artificial 428-429 

Illuminants, external trade 545 

Illustration Stations Division of the Dom 
inion Experimental Farms 230 

Immigration and Colonization Department215, 729 
Immigration, statistics of 205-215 

arrivals at inland and ocean ports, by 

nationalities, 1916-1923 207 

Chinese immigrants 

deportations after admission, 1903-23 210 

destination of immigrants into Canada, 

by provinces, 1901-23 

expenditure on 214, 765 

juvenile 211 

legislation 98 

occupations, 1922-23 209 

Oriental 211-213 

policy 214 -215 

prohibited 209-211 

rejection of immigrants at ocean ports, 

1903-23 210 

Imperial honours 1015 

Imports, see under "Trade and Com 
merce." 

Income Tax collected, by provinces . . . 772 

Income War Tax Act 760-761 

Incorporation, charters of 943 

Independent Order of Foresters 860 

Index numbers of employment 730-732 

rates of wages 

Index number of wholesale prices.414, 417, 744-753 

Indian Affairs, Department of 

Indian Head Experimental Farm 

Indian lands 930 

Indians, field crops of 

expenditure for 765 

income, sources and value of 93 1 

lands, acreage and value, of 930 

live stock of 931 

population of, by provinces 

school attendance of 930 

India-rubber, raw, imports of, 1902-23 

Industrial councils 703-704 

designs 612 

disputes 722-729 

Disputes Investigation Act 702 

equipment, external trade 

machinery, manufactures 426-427 

Research, Advisory Council for Scien 

tific and 939-942 

"Revolution" 411 

Industries, see under "Manufactures." 

workers engaged in 433-435, 699 

Infantile and maternal mortality 200-204 

Infusions, imports and exports 542 

Ink, imports 536-537 

manufacture 428-429 

Inland fisheries 347-348, 356 

Marine Insurance legislation 849 

revenue, statistics of 773-774 

waters of Canada 7-12 

Insect powder, manufacture 428-429 

Insolvency, Dominion legislation respecting 
Inspection of grain 582 , 587-592 

of staples, expenditure for 

of staples, receipts from 

Institutions, benevolent .-. 916-917 

Instruments, mathematical and scientific, 

manufacture 430-431 

Insurance Act, Dominion, 1868 849 

Dominion, amendment, 1919 

returned soldiers 

Insurance, accident 862-866 

automobile 862-866 

aviation 862 

burglary 862-868 

death-rate in Canada 

employers liability 862-866 

explosion 862-366 

fire 836-848 

fire, amount at risk 838-844 



1026 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Insurance, fire and other classes of, assets 

of companies doing 844-845 

fire and other classes of, cash income 

and expenditure of companies doing 846 

fire and other classes of, liabilities of 

companies doing 845 

fire, British companies 839-846 

fire, business transacted in Canada 838-844 

fire, Canadian companies 838-846 

fire, companies, aggregate business of. . . 848 

fire, by companies, etc., not licensed in 

Canada 848 

fire, foreign companies 840-846 

fire, losses paid for 838-844 

fire, premiums received for 838-844 

fire, premiums and losses, by provinces. 847 

fire, statistics 836-848 

forgery 862-866 

group 850 

guarantee 862-866 

hail 862-866 

inland transportation 862-866 

- inspection, receipts for 764 

licensees, Dominion and Provincial. 848, 862, 866 

life 849-862 

life companies 855-857 

British, assets of 858 

British, liabilities of 859 

Canadian, assets of 

Canadian, liabilities of 859 

cash expenditure of 859-860 

cash income of 859-860 

foreign, assets of 858 

foreign, liabilities of 859 

liabilities of 859 

life companies on assessment plan 860-861 

assets of 861 

expenditure of 861 

income of 861 

liabilities of 861 

- life companies, premium income of. .855, 856, 8)9 

life, historical, sketch of 849-853 

life, in all companies 857 

British companies 854-860 

Canadian companies 854-860 

foreign companies F 54-860 

life, in Canada 849-862 

life insurance death-rate in Canada 858, 

life, Dominion, in Canada 862 

life, provincial, in Canada 862 

life insurance, provision for returned 

soldiers 938 

life, issued and terminated 857 

life, net amount of, in force 854-857 

life, policies issued, new 854-857 

Insurance, life, policies, premiums and 

claims 855-857 

British companies 854-860 

Canadian companies 854-860 

foreign companies 854-860 

- life, progress of in Canada 857 

- life, statistics 849-862 

live stock 862-866 

other than fire and life 862-866 

assets of Canadian companies J68 

Dominion 

expenditure of Canadian companies. . . . 864 
ezpenditure of other than Canadian 

companies 864 

income of Canadian companies 864 

income of other than Canadian com- 

. panics 864 

liabilities of Canadian companies 864 

provincial 865 

plate glass . . . . . . 862-866 

Royal Commission on, 1906 850 

sickness 862-866 

sprinkler leakage 862-866 

statistics 835-866 

am boiler 862-866 

superintendent of 836 

title 862-866 



PAGE. 

Insurance, tornado 862-866 

weather (hail, tornado) 862-866 

Intercolonial Railway 75, 617 

Interest on investments 764 

on Public Debt, expenditure for 765 

International Trade Unionism in Canada 

710, 713-714 
Intoxicating liquors, legislation respecting.. 995-1006 

Invermere Experimental Station 228 

Investments, interest on 764 

Iron and its products, exports of, 1920-23. . . 496-499 

and its products, imports of, 1920-23 . . . 524-531 
Iron and steel industry... 420-423, 426-427, 452-456 

bar. or steel, imports 524-525 

in Xova Scotia 453 

occurrence of 21 

ore, beneficiated 384 

ore, quantity and value of, 1909-22 384 

ore, exports 496-497 

imports 524, 525 

low grade, utilization of 384 

piping, imports and exports 545 

plates and sheets, imports 524-527 

quantity and value of pig, 1909-22 384 

rolled, imports 524-527 

structural 545 

Islands of Canada 12 

Ivory products, imports 516-517 

Jams, imports 506-507 

manufactures 422-423 

Japanese immigration, 1901-23 213 

Jellies, imports 506-507 

manufactures 422-423 

Jewellery cases, manufacture 428-429 

Jewellery, exports 504-505 

- imports 536-537 

manufactures 426-427 

repairs 430-431 

Jewish National Workers Alliance of 

America g60 

Joint Industrial Councils 703-704 

Judicature, appointment, etc 93 

Judicial statistics 948-959 

charges, acquittals and convictions 952 

classification of convicts 959 

convictions and sentences for all offences 954 

convictions by classes of offence and 

proport ion of each class to the total . . 955 

convictions for criminal and minor 

offences 950 

convictions for indictable offences 951 

death sentences 049 

drunkenness, convictions for 956 

juvenile criminals, convicted of indict 

able offences 956 

nature of crimes 950 

penitentiaries 957-959 

police statistics - 949 

summary convictions 955 

Junk, exports 504-505 

Justice, cost of administration of 765 

Juvenile immigration into Canada 211 

Kapuskasing Experimental Station 228 

Kent ville Experimental Station 228 

Kerosene exports 500-501 

- imports 534-535 

Kin-hen equipment 543 

Knights of Columbus Mil) 

of Pythias 860 

Knitted goods, exports 492-493, 450-451 

imports 522-523 

manufactures 424-425 

Knives, imports 528-529 

Labour 697-732 

1 )cpartment 701-704 

Department, organization of 701 

Department, weekly family budget 753 

distribution by industries 



INDEX 



1027 



PAGE. 
Labour distribution by nativity 701 

distribution by provinces 699-700 

expenditure on Consolidated Fund 

Account 765 

Fair Wages Branch 702 

trade disputes 722-727 

Industrial Disputes Investigation Act . . . 
-Gazette 702 

legislation 703 

organizations in Canada 707-716 

organized, strength of, in Canada. ...... 711-713 

persons engaged in gainful occupations, 

by numbers and percentage 699 

persons engaged in gainful occupations, 

by provinces 

persons engaged in gainful occupations, 

by sex, industry and province 

provincial legislation respecting 995-lOOf 

wages and prices 

wages of farm 278- 280 

wages statistics 732-743 

Lace curtains, manufacture 424-425 

Laces, manufacture 424-425 

Lacombe Experimental Station 

Ladies Catholic Benefit Association 

La Ferme Experimental Station 

Lakes, area by provinces 11-12 

-Great , 10 

and rivers of Canada. 7-12 

Lamps, electric, imports 532-533 

exports 498-499 

manufactures 428-429 

Land area of Canada 37 

sales of, by railway companies and Hud 

son s Bay Co 907 

Settlement Board 910 

values of farm, by provinces, 1908-10, 

1914-22 260 

Lands, area and value of Indian 930 

- Dominion 904-907 

Dominion, expenditure for 

granted to returned soldiers 909 

- provincial 910-915 

railway in B.C ...... . .. 910 

unoccupied, in Prairie and Maritime Pro 

vinces 

Lanterns, exports 

manufactures 428-429 

Lard, exports 490-491 

imports 

Lusts, manufacture 426-427 

Lath, exports 494-495 

Lath, quantities and value of, 1908-1921. . 

Lathes, imports 530-531 

Laundry work 430-431 

Laurentian Plateau 19 

Law stamps, receipts for 

Lawn-mowers, exports 498-499 

Lead and products, exports 500-501 

- imports 532-533 

- in British Columbia 

pipe and sheet lead manufactures 426-427 

tin and zinc goods manufactures 426-427 

quantity and value of 

League of Nations, Assembly of 1007 

Dominion membership in 

Leather and products, manufactures 424-425 

exports 488-489 

imports 516-517 

Legislation, cost of 765 

- Dominion 990-995 

- provincial 995-1006 

Lemons, imports 506-507 

Lennoxville Experimental Station 

Leprosy Act, administration of 917-918, 970 

Lethbridge Experimental Station 

Letters Patent, Supplementary 907 

Liabilities of Canada 778 

of cities 801 

Lieutenant Governors of provinces, 1867-23 130-139 

-new 1011 

Life insurance, see "Insurance." 

62373651 



PAGE. 

Life insurance, returned soldiers , provision 

for 938 

Light, heat and power equipment 

Lighthouse and coast service, cost of 

receipts from 

Lighthouses 

Lighting, weekly cost in each province 756 

in 60 Canadian cities 754 

Lightning rods, manufacture 426-427 

Lightships 675 

Lignites 388, 390, 392, 394 

Limbs, artificial, manufacture 428-429 1 

Lime, chloride of, imports 536-537 

Lime and other fruit juices 542 

Lime in Quebec, 1921-22 366 

Limes, imports 506-507 

Linen, household, trade in 543 

manufacture 424-42; 

Linotype machines, exports 

Linseed oil, imports 

manufactures 422-42; 

Liqueurs, imports 

Lithographic presses, imports 528-529- 

Lithographing industry 426-427 

Live stock, marketing of 594-604 

stock, numbers by provinces, 1921-22. . . 260-263: 

stock, numbers of in Canada, 1917-22. . . . 263-264 

stock, numbars of, 1921-22 260 

stock, values of in Canada, 1916-22 264-270 

Loan and Trust Companies 

liabilities and assets of 834-835. 

Loans and discounts, bank 

domestic war 

liabilities for temporary 

on insurance policies 

public 

temporary 778-779 

-victory 777-779 

war 777-779 

Lobster fisheries 352, 355-359, 361 

Lobsters, exports of, 1920-21 360-361 

- 1920-23 486-487 

Local and provincial government in Canada 101-115 

Lockouts, strikes and 722-727 

Locksmithing 430-431 

Locomotives and parts, exports 

imports 526-527 

Lode mining 

Logs, exports 

products 

Lower Canada, home-made cloth 

Lubricating oils and greases 545 

Lumber, exports 494-495 

imports . 524-5 

products 

- quantities and value of, 1908-1921 . . 

Lumbering trades, wages in 

Lumbermen s Association, Canadian 728 

Macaroni, manufacture 422-423 

Maccabees 860 

Women s Benefit Association of the 860" 

Macdpnald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue. 231-232 
Machine drills, imports 530-531 

shop products, manufacture. . . 

Machinery exports 496-4 

imports 528-531 

Mackerel, exports, 1920-23 486-487 

production 

Magnesite, exports 502-503 

- production of, 1921-22 

Mahogany, imports 522-523 

Mail subsidies and steamship subventions. 

cost of 765 

Malcolm, Wyatt, Economic Geology of 

Canada 20-24 

Male labour in Canada 433-435 

Malt, excise tariff for 

imports .510-511 

liquor, consumption of 

liquors, manufactures 422-42 

taken out of bond for consumption 775 



1028 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Malte, M. O., The Flora of Canada 25-32 

Management, charges of 765 

Mangolds, area, yield and value of, 1917-22. 240-257 
Manitoba, agricultural products of, 1917-22. 248-249 

Agricultural Cpllege 233 

area and description of 3 

copper in 378 

Dominion lands in 904-905 

education in 876-887 

electrical energy generated, 1923 402-403 

government of Ill 

government publications of 983 

hydro-electric power commission of 411 

legislation 1001-1002 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 135-136 

manufactures in 415-416 

mineral production of 368 

municipal government of Ill 

population from 1870 140, 141, 147, 

148, 161, 165, 169-171, 175-176 
Southwestern Colonization Railway land 

grants 907 

Manufacturers Association, Canadian 728 

materials 545 

Manufactures, census of . . 413-443 

capital employed 430-432 

defined 411 

employees, 1921 422-431 

employment 433 

exports of, by values, 1871-1875, 1922.411, 540-541 

history of 411-412, 416 

imports 540-541 

localization of industries 437-443 

power and fuel 435-437 

production 417-418 

statistics of, by cities and towns 437-143 

statistics of, by industries 420-431 

statistics of, by provinces, 1870-1921 415-416 

statistics of male and female employees, 

by provinces 435 

statistics of salaries and wages paid, by 

industries 422-431 

summary statistics, 1918-20 420-421 

Manufacturing industries, wages in. 434-435, 738-740 
Maple sugar, exports 482-483 

industry 295-296 

manufacture 422-423 

syrup, exports 482-483 

Maps, imports of, 1922 543 

Marble, imports and exports of 545 

Marble production 363 

Marconi wireless 682 

Marine, see under "Shipping." 

origin, articles of 540 

Mariners Fund , receipts from 764 

Maritime Provinces, government of 102-105 

Marketing of live stock and animal products 594-600 

Marquis, G . E . , Quebec 1 05 

Marriages in Canada, 1921 and 1922 192-194 

Marriage rates 194 

Masts, exports 494-495 

Matches, exports 494-495 

Maternal and infantile mortality 200-204 

Mats, manufacture 424-425 

Mattresses, manufacture 428-429 

Measures, weights, etc. , expenditure for 765 

receipts 754 

Meat, cold storage of 606 

consumption 602 

exports...... 488-491 

interprovincial and export shipments 603 

imports 516-517 

Medical Branch, Department of Soldiers 

Civil Re-Establishment 932 

Medical supplies 546 

imports 534-535 

Members of the House of Commons 124-129 

Merchandise, sec under "Trade and Com 
merce." 

Metal trades 733 

Metals, see under "Minerals." 



PAGE. 

Meteorological Service 9f Canada 43-47 

observatories, establishment of 44 

publications 45 

weather forecasting 45 

Meteorology, climate and 39-59 

Mica, cut 428-429 

Milch cows 261-268 

Military College 913-915 

receipts of 764 

Military equipment 546 

Military forces of Canada 911-913 

Hospitals Commission 932 

Militia, statistics of 912-913 

expenditure for 765 

Militia, expenditure and revenue 764-765 

Canadian 98 

Pensions, revenue 764 

receipts 764 

Milk and its products, exports 490-491 

imports 518-519 

manufactures 422-423 

Millinery 424-425 

Mineral production, increase or decrease of, 

1920-1921 362-363 

British Columbia 369 

Canada, 1921-22 362-363 

Canada, 1886-1922 362 

New Brunswick 366 

Nova Scotia 365 

Ontario 367 

principal statistics of 399-400 

Quebec 366 

resources of Canada 38 

value of, in Canada, by provinces, 1899- 

1922 365 

Minerals, statistics of 361-400 

compared as to quantity and value 364 

exports of coal, 1903-23 387 

exports of non-ferrous metals, by quan 

tities and values, 1920-23 498-500 

exports of non-metallic minerals, by 

quantities and values, 1920-23 500-505 

exports of mineral produce classed as 

manufactures, 1922 540 

imports of anthracite and bituminous 

coal, 1901-23 387 

imports of non-ferrous metals, by quan 

tities and values, 1920-23 530-533 

imports of non-metallic minerals, by 

quantities and values, 1920-23. 532-535 

imports of mineral produce classed as 

manufactures, 1922 540 

imports of Portland cement and duty 

paid thereon, 189S-1923 397 

manufactures 426-429 

production of, by provinces, 1920-22 365-369 

production of principal, 1921-22 370-397 

waters, exports 504-505 

Mines, Department of 361 

Department of, expenditure 765 

Department of, Provincial 361 

Mines and minerals 361-400 

- history _ 335-337 

Mining and metallurgical equipment 

machinery imports 528-529 

provincial legislation 999-1000, 1006 

Ministerial appointments in Dominion 

Government 1011 

Ministries of the Dominion of Canada since 

Confederation 117 

Mint, coinage at Ottawa branch of the 

Royal 810 

Miscellaneous Acts of Dominion Parlia 
ment ...... ; 

accounts, liabilities of Canada for 

agricultural statistics. 292-301 

expenditure on Consolidated Fund Ac 

count 

exports by quantities and values, 1920-23 504-505 

imports, by quantities and values, 1920- 

23 536-537 

industries 428-431 



INDEX 



1029 



PAGE. 
Mixed grains, area, yield and value of, 

1921-22 239-257 

Molasses, exports 482-483 

imports 510-511 

Moncton Employment Office 728 

Monetary use of gold, silver and bronze 811-814 

Montcalm, General 65 

Montreal, capitulation of 64 

population of 171 

Monuments, manufacture 428-429 

Mops, manufacture 428-429 

Morden Experimental Station 228 

Mortality in Canada, by causes 196-204 

Motor cycles 426-427 

Motor vehicles in Alberta 650-651, 654 

British Columbia 650-651, 654 

Canada 648-655 

Manitoba 650-651, 653 

New Brunswick 650-651, 652 

Nova Scotia 650-651, 652 

Ontario 650-651, 653 

Prince Edward Island 650-652 

Quebec 650-653 

Saskatchewan 650-651, 653 

exports 498-499, 655 

gove rnment revenue from 651 

imports 530-531, 655 

laws concerning 651-654 

manufacture 426-427 

number of, by provinces, 1907-22 650 

repairs 430-431 

speed limits, by provinces 651-654 

Mouldings, exports 494-495 

Mountain peaks 7 

Mountain systems and ranges in Western 

Canada 7 

Mountains, Rocky, geology of 20 

Mounted Police, expenditure for 765 

Moving picture films, see under "Cinemato 
graphs." 
Mowing machines, exports 496-497 

imports 526-527 

Mules in Canada, 1921-22 261-263 

Municipal affairs, provincial legislation 

respecting 997-1006 

electrical installations 406-411 

assets and liabilities of electric depart 

ments of municipalities served by the 
Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Com 
mission, 1919-22. 409-410 

earnings and operating expenses of elec 

tric departments of municipalities 
served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric 
Commission, 1919-22 409 

financial statistics of electrical instal 

lations of municipalities served by 
the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power 
Commission, 1919-22 409-410 

public finance 794-805 

statistics of principal interest of cities 

of 10,000 population and over 

summary, by provinces 796-801 

of urban municipalities of 10,000 popula 

tion and over 796-801 

Municipalities, available assets of 796-805 

assessment of 794-795 

expenditures of 793-805 

liabilities of 796-805 

receipts of 796-805 

Munitions and other iron products exported 

from Canada, value 498-499 

Musical instruments, exports 504-505, 546-547 

imports 536-537 

manufactures 428-429 

Mutton, exports 488-489 

imports 516-517 

stocks in cold storage 606 

Nails, exports 496-497 

imports 528-529 

Nappan Experimental Farm ., 228 

National, Canadian, defined 96 



PAGE. 
National debt 776-780 

Gallery of Canada 945-946 

Research Institute 941-942 

Policy 76 

Natural gas 20, 363, 396 

Natural Resources of Canada 36-38 

Naturalization Act, 1914 99 

Naturalizations 943-944 

Naval Service, expenditure 765 

Service of Canada 913 

Neckwear, manufactures 424-425 

Needles, exports 496-497 

New Brunswick, agricultural products of, 

1917-22 243-244 

area and description 2 

education in 876-887 

electrical energy generated, 1923 402-403 

government publications of f 79 

government of 103 

legislation of 997-998 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 132-133 

manufactures of, 1870-1921 415-416 

mineral production of 366 

municipal institutions of 103-104 

population of, by cities, towns, etc 171-173 

population of, by electoral districts 145 

public lands of 908 

Newspaper printing press, imports 528-529 

Newspapers, imports 522-523 

Nickel and products, exports 500-501 

imports 532-533 

occurrence of 22 

produced 381 

quantity and value of, 1889^1922 . 381 

Non-international Trade Union member 
ship 710-713 

Normal temperature and precipitation 48-53 

Northwest Mounted Police 945 

Territories, early government of 110 

expenditure for Government of 765, 

Notes, Dominion 811-814, 819-820, 822-825 

Nova Scotia, agricultural products of 241-243 

agricultural experiments in 230 

area and description 2 

coal production 391 

education in 878-887 

electrical energy generated, 1923 402-403 

government of 1Q2 

government publications of 979 

judiciary 103 

legislation of 996-997 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 131-132 

manufactures of, 1870-1921 415-416 

manufacture of cloth 449 

manufacture of flannel 449 

mineral production of 365, 383, 391, 396 

municipal institutions of 102 

public lands of 907-908 

Nursery trees, bushes and plants, 1911-21 . . 275 
Nuts, exports 484-485 

imports 508-509, 528-529- 

preparing industry 422-423 

Oak, imports 522-523 

Oats, area and yield of, in Prairie Prov 
inces, 1920-22 257 

area, yield and value of, 1917-22 . . . . . . . . 254-257 

exports 480-481 

imports 508-509 

prices of Canadian, in British markets. 

1.920-22 286-287 

prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort William, 

1920-22 281-286 

receipts 593-594 

shipments 593-594 

stocks of, in Canada, March, 1922-23 296-297 

world s production of, 1921-22 305-309 

Oatmeal, exports 480-481 

Obituary 1009-1010 

Occupations of the people 69T 



1030 



INDEX 



PAGE 

Ocean and river service, expenditure on 765 

Oilcloths, exports 492-493 

imports 522-523 

manufactures 424-425 

Oils, animal, exports 490-191 

- imports 518-519, 534-535 

lubricating, manufacture 428-429 

vegetable, exports 482^83 

vegetable, imports 510-513 

Oka Agricultural Institute 232 

cheese r 232 

Oleomargarine, imports 518-519 

stocks in cold storage 606 

Oliver, the Rev. K. H., "Manitoba, Sas 
katchewan and Alberta" 110 

Olives, imports 506-507 

One Big Union 711 

One Hundred Associates, Company of 61 

Ontario, agricultural products of, 1*917-22 . 246-248 

Agricultural College and Experimental 

Farm 232 

area and description of 3 

constitution of 107 

copper in 378-379 

education in 878-887 

government publications of 981-983 

government, receipts and expenditure of. 784-789 

Hydro-Electric Power Commission 407-410 

judiciary 109 

legislation in 999 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 134-135 

manufactures 415-416 

mineral production of 367, 371, 376, 

378, 380-384 

municipal government 108-100 

population of 146, 174 

public lands of 9 Jv-Od!) 

Oranges, imports 506-507 

Ordnance lands, receipts 764 

Ores, iron, beneficiated 3S4 

Organized labour in Canada 707-715 

strength of 713-715 

Organs, exports 504-505 

Oriental immigration 209-213 

Oyster fisheries 353, 355-356 

Oysters, exports 488-489 

imports 516-517, 



Pacific fisheries 348-349 

Pails, exports 494-495 

Paint and varnish, manufacture of 428-429 

Paint, exports 502-503 

imports 534-535 

Painters materials 545 

Painting and glazing industry 430-431 

Paintings, exports 504-505 

Panama Canal 666-667 

traffic through, 1915-22 666-667 

Paper, exports 337, 492-493 

imports 338 

and pulp machinery, imports 530-531 

manufactures 335-336, 426-427 

goods manufactures 426-427 

Paris, Treaty of 64 

Parliament, Dominion, composition of 116 

Dominion, powers of 92 

duration and sessions of 118-119 

Fourteenth, dates of sessions 119 

provincial, powers of 101 

Parliamentary legislation 990-995 

representation in Canada 116-139 

Parliaments of the Dominion of Canada, 

1S67-1923 118 

Parole system , working of the 957 , 958 

Patent fees, receipts from, 1918-22 764 

Patent medicines, manufacture of 428-429 

Patentees, Canadian, by province of resi 
dence, 1913-23 610 

Patents in Canada 609-611 

Peace River Block 904 



PAGE. 

Peace River District 904 

Peaches, imports 506-507 

production, 1900, 1910, 1920 275 

Pears, imports 506-507 

production, 1900, 1910, 1920 275 

Peas, area, yield and value of, 1917-22 238-257 

exports 480-481 

- imports 508-509 

Pedometers, imports 530-531 

Pens, wooden, manufacture 426-427 

Pelts, imports of, 1902-23 477 

purchased from trappers and fur farmers, 

numbara and values, by provinces, 
1920-22 ; 344 

- taken, 1922, kind, number and value 344 

Pencils, imports 536-537 

Penitentiaries, statistics of 957-959 

age of convicts 958 

conjugal state of convicts 959 

deaths, escapes, pardons and paroles. . . . 958 

expenditure for 765 

movement of convicts 958 

nationality of convicts 959 

race of convicts 959 

receipts from 764 

religion of convicts 959 

sex of convicts 959 

social habits of convicts 959 

Pens, fountain, manufacture 428-429 

Pension Act, Canadian 933 

( ommissioners, Board of 933 

Pensions, scale of 935-937 

cost of 765 

number of, in force 934 

scale of, to dependants of deceased sailors 

and soldiers 935-937 

scale of, to wounded or disabled sailors 

and soldiers 935-937 

-War. 933-937 

Per capita consumption of wheat 298-299 

Perfumery, imports 534-535 

Permits, building, 1918-23 462 

Persons engaged in gainful occupations 697-701 

Petroleum 22, 363, 396 

and products, exports 500-501 

- bounties on, 1905-23 609 

imports 534-535 

manufacture 428-429 

Phonographs, manufacture 430-431 

Photographic equipment, imports 522-523, 544 

industry 430-431 

Physical characteristics of Canada 1-59 

Physiography of Canada 5-7 

Pianos, exports 504-505 

Pickets, exports 494-495 

Pickles, imports 508-509 

manufacture 422-423 

Picture frames, manufacture 430-431 

Picture machines 544 

Piece goods 545 

Piers 675 

Pig iron, exports 498-499 

Pigs, number of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1921-22 _ _ 261-263 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1917-22 263-264 

values of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1916-22 265-268 

Pilotage 675 

Pineapples, imports 506-507 

Pins, exports 496-497 

imports 528-529 

Pipe iron, exports 498-499 

Pipes, tobacco, manufacture 430-431 

Pistol cartridges, exports 504-505 

Pitch, exports 500-501 

Pitch pine, imports 522-523 

Placer mining, Klondike 370 

Plain Region 19 

Planks, exports 494-495 

Plants, exports 484-485 

Plaster, imports and exports 545 



INDEX 



1031 



PAGE. 

Plaster of Paris, exports 502-503 

- manufacture 428-429 

Plate glass, imports 534-535 

Platinum , production of , 192 1-22 362 

occurrence of 19 

Ploughs, exports 496-497 

imports 526-527 

Plumbing industry 430-431 

Plums, imports 506-507 

production, 1900, 1910, 1920 275 

Pocket books, imports 536-537 

Poles, exports 494-495 

Police, cost of Dominion 765 

Royal Canadian Mounted 946-917 

Royal Canadian Mounted, expenditure.. 765 

Royal Northwest Mounted, receipts. . . . 764 
Polish, imports 536-537 

manufactures 428-429 

Population, and revenue and expenditure 

per head 770 

age distribution of 155 

birthplaces of 166 

by cities and towns 171-175 

by provinces and territories 140-141 

by provinces and electoral districts 144-148 

conjugal condition of 152 

dwellings and families 154 

estimated , of Canada 770 

increases of, in other countries 143 

-increase of, 1921 141 

movement of 149 

- of Canada, 1871-1921 140 

of the British Empire 177-180 

of the Prairie Provinces 176-177 

of the Prairie Provinces, by sex 176 

of the world 181 

racial origins of 157 

religions of 162 

rural and urban 167-175 

rural and urban, density of 148 

sex distribution of 149 

statistics of 140-204 

Pork, exports 488-491 

imports 516-517 

stocks in cold storage 606 

Portland cement, imports of, 1898-1923 397 

quantity and value of, 1902-22 397 

Ports, entries etc. at Canadian 668-669 

Ports, Canadian, value of imports entered 

at, 1922-23 547-548 

Postal statistics 689-696 

Post-discharge dental treatment 932 

Post Office Department 689-698 

expenditure of 692-693, 765 

history 689-691 

mail subsidies and steamship subven 

tions 696, 765 

mileage of mail conveyance 696 

money order service 693 

money order system 693-694 

money orders, by provinces 694 

net revenue of 692-693 

offices, number of 690-692 

postal notes 695 

receipts 692-693, 764 

revenue and expenditure of 692-693 

revenue of offices collecting $10,000 and 

upwards 691-692 

rural mail delivery 690 

savings bank service, 1868-1923 832 

savings bank service. 1918-1923 833 

savings bank, business of 833 

stamps, issue of 695 

statistics 689-696 

surpluses and deficits 692-693 

Posts, exports 494-495 

Potato diggers, imports 526-527 

Potatoes, area, yield and value, 1917-22... . 238-257 

exports 484-485 

starch, exports 482-483 

- world s production of, 1921-22 307-308 

Pottery 363 



PAGE. 

Poultry Division of the Dominion Experi 
mental Farms 230 

Poultry, exports 486-489 

in Canada, numbers of, by provinces, 

1921-1922 269, 270 

stocks in cold storage 607 

Prairie and Prairie Steppes 28-30 

Prairie Provinces, agricultural census, 1916 176 

government of, etc 110-113 

grain crops, 1920-22 257 

- population, 1901-21 176-177 

Prayer-books, imports 522-523 

Precious metals and products, exports 500-501 

- imports 532-533 

Precipitation and temperature 48-53 

Pre-emptions ; 905 

Preferential Tariff, British 464-465 

Preferential Tariff .British, Acts respecting 464-465 

Premium and discount expenditure 765 

Premium and discount receipts 764 

Prices of Canadian agricultural produce 280-293 

of commodities 743-756 

wholesale 744-751 

retail 752-756 

Prince Edward Island, agricultural pro 
ducts 240-241 

area and description 1 

education in 878-887 

electrical energy generated, 1923 402-403 

government, publications of 979 

government of 104 

judiciary . 104 

legislation of 995 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 130-131 

manufactures of 415-416 

winter communication with mainland. . . 675 

Principal events of the years, 1922-23 1006-1009 

Printing equipment 544 

industry 426-427 

machinery, imports 528-529 

materials, imports 532-533 

Printing trades, wages in 733 

Privy Councillors, new 1011 

Producers materials 545-546 

Production, statistics of 216-463 

general survey of 216-220 

summary of, 1920 and 1921 219-220 

Property, value of Canadian farm, 1908-22 . 260 
Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act, ad 
ministration of 918 

Province accounts, liabilities of Canada 

on 1... 778 

Provinces, area of, 1921 129 

dates of creation of 129 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries, 1867-1923 130-139 

Provincial agricultural experiments 230-235 

agents-general 139 

and local government in Canada 101-112 

general elections 1008 

governments, assets and liabilities 752,793 

governments, expenditure of, classified 

summary 786-791 

governments, itemized summary state 

ment of receipts and expenditure 790-791 

governments, receipts and expenditure of 785 

governments, receipts, classified sum 

mary 786-787 

governments, revenues and expenditures 

of 783-785 

governments, subsidy allowances to 776 

governments, subsidies and other pay 

ments to 776 

lands 907, 910 

legislation 995-1006 

legislatures, powers of 101 

mineral production 365-369 

public finance 781-793 

representation, re-adjustments in 121 

subsidies 776 

Prunes, imports 506-507 



1032 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Publications of the Dominion Government 971-978 

of the provincial governments of Canada, 

list of principal 979-986 

Public accounts, statistics of 757-780 

provincial 781 

assets 762 

buildings, expenditure for 927 

debt 776-780 

expenditure for collection of revenue 765 

finance 757 

health and medicine, provincial legisla 

tion respecting 995-1006 

lands of Dominion and provinces 904-910 

utilities, provincial legislation respecting998-1006 

Works Department, Architects Branch . 926 

Works Department, Engineering Branch 925-926 

Works Department, expenditure and 

revenue of 764-765 

Works Department, graving docks of. . . 926-927 

Works Department, organization of 925-926 

Works Department, receipts from 764 

Works Department, Telegraph Branch of 926 

Works Department, National Gallery. . 945-946 
Public Schools, Summary Statistics of, by 

provinces 876-877 

Publicty, Extension and. Division of the 

Dominion Experimental Farms 

Pulleys, manufacture 426-427 

Pulp and paper manufactures 426-427 

manufactured 332-334 

Pulpwood statistics, 1908-22 328 

consumption and value of, 1908-22 328 

exports of 328, 494-495 

quantity used, 1908-1922 

kinds of wood used 

Pumps, imports 530-531 

manufactures 426-427 

Pyrites, exports 502-503 

Quarantine, expenditure for 765 

Quebec, agricultural products of, 1917-22... 244-246 

agricultural experiments in 231 

Act 65 

area and boundaries of 

area and description 

Bridge 623 

capitulation of 64 

education in 878-887 

electrical energy generated, 1923 402-403 

government, publications of 979-981 

government, receipts and expenditure of. 783-791 

legislation of 998-999 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 133-134 

manufactures of 415-416 

mineral production of 366, 382-384, 395 

municipal organization 105-106 

political and administrative organization 

public lands of 908 

school organization 106 

Quills, imports 516-517 

Quilted goods, manufacture 424, 425 

Racial origins of the population 157 

Radio-telegraphic service 682-685 

Rags, exports 492-493 

Rags, imports of 522-523 

Railroad ties, exports 494-495 

- imports 522-523 

Rails, exports 498-499 

imports 524-525 

Railway Association of Canada 

Belt of British Columbia 904 

Brotherhoods, Canadian 713-715, 728 

cars, exports 498-499 

Commissioners, Board of 615-616 

Hudson Bay 613 

lands 907 

materials 

Railway and Canals, expenditure 765 

statistics of 623-642 



PAGE. 

Railways, electric 637 

capital liability of, 1908-22 639 

earnings of, 1921 640-642 

mileage and equipment of, 1919-22 639 

miles operated, number of, 1921 640-642 

operating expenses of, 1921 640-642 

persons killed or injured on, 1894-1922. 642 

expenditure for 765 

Government 619-623 

capital expenditure for, to 1922 634 

construction, cost of, before Confedera 
tion to 1922 633-634 

revenue of, with surplus or deficit, 

1868-1922 633-634 

working expenses, 1868-1922 633-634 

receipts on Consolidated Fund Account . 764 

Steam 623-637 

aid to, analysis of, up to 1922 632-633 

aid to, by governments and munici 
palities 632-633 

aid to by Government 632-633 

aid in the form of guarantees by Dom 
inion and provincial governments 632-633 

aid paid up to 1922 632-633 

analysis of traffic and receipts, 1910-22. 628-629 

capital liability of . . , 624-626 

cars, manufactures 427 

earnings, 1921 625-626 

earnings, gross, 1901-22 627 

earnings per mile of line, 1909-22 627 

employees, number and salaries and 

wages, 1919-22 629 

freight carried, 1920-22 630-631 

land subsidies, to 1922 632 

mileage, 1835-1922 623 

mileage and rolling stock of, 1918-22 ... 630 

mileage, by provinces, 1916-22 624 

miles in operation, 1901-22 627 

miles operated, number of, 1921 625-626 

operating expenses, 1901-22 627 

operating expenses of, 1921 625-626 

operating expenses, distribution of, 

1919-22 628 

operating expenses per mile of line, 

1909-22 627 

passenger and freight statistics, 1910-22 628-629 
persons injured or killed on, 1888-1922.. 635 
ratio of expenses to receipts, 1901-22... . 627 
salaries and wages, with ratios to gross 
earnings and operating expenses, 1907- 

22 629 

subsidies paid to, up to 1912 632-633 

wages 629 

Rainfall of Canada 48-53 

Raisins, imports 506-507 

Raw materials, external trade in 540-541 

Reapers, exports 496-497 

Rebellion of 1837, the 67 

Receipts on consolidated fund account 764 

on consolidated fund account, 1868-1923. 766 
Receipts and expenditure of provincial 

governments 783-791 

of city governments 796-805 

Recreation equipment and supplies 

Redistribution, the present problem 123 

Re-establishment, Department of Soldiers 

Civil 932-938 

Insurance 

Military Hospitals Commission 

returned soldiers life insurance 

pensions 933-937 

vocational training for disabled sol 
diers 932 

Re-export of foreign produce 

Refrigerators, manufacture 430-431 

Regalia, manufactures 430-431 

Religions of the population 

Rent, cost in each province 753-756 

in 60 Canadian cities 754-755 

Representation Act, 1914 

Representation Acts 

by provinces 124-129 



INDEX 



1033 



PAGE. 
Representation in House of Commons 124-129 

in Senate 

parliamentary 116-138 

Research, Advisory Council for Scientific 

and Industrial 939-942 

Reserve lands, British Columbia. 910 

Residence on Dominion lands, requirements 904-905 

on provincial lands : 908-910 

Resin, imports 512-513 

Responsible Government, United Prov 
inces under 68 

Retail prices, index numbers 752-756 

of commodities 756-753 

Re-training of the blind 932 

Returned Soldiers Insurance Act 938 

Revenue Act, Customs Tariff War 759 

Act, Special War 759-761 

Agricultural 209-301 

Revenue, collection of, expenditure for 765 

Inland 

of Canada per head 770 

war tax 772 

Ribbons, imports 520-521 

Rice, imports 508-509 

cleaning industry 422-423 

exports 480-481 

flour, imports 508-509 

Rifles, exports 498-499 

River and ocean service, cost of 765 

police 675 

works, expenditure for 765 

Rivers and Lakes of Canada 7-12 

Roads and bridges, expenditure for 648-927 

and highways 646-648 

Rocky Mountains 30 

Rolling-mill machinery, imports 530-531 

products, imports 524-525 

Roman Catholic Classical colleges 882 

Roofing contracts 430-431 

Roots, exports 484-485 

yields of, 1921-22 237, 240-254 

Rosthern Experimental Station 228 

Royal Arcanum Life Association S60 

Royal Canadian Mounted Police 946-947 

Royal Commission on Insurance, 1906 850 

Royal Guardians 860 

Royal Military College, Kingston 914-915 

Mint, coinage at Ottawa branch of 810 

Northwest Mounted Police 946 

Northwest (Canadian) Mounted Police, 

expenditure for 765 

Northwest (Canadian) Mounted Police 

Officers pensions, receipts 764 

Rubber, exports 482-483 

imports 514-515 

Rubber boots, exports 482-483 

clothing, exports : 482-483 

goods, manufacture 422-423 

hose, exports 482-483 

stamps, manufacture 430-431 

tires, exports 482-483 

tires, imports 514-515 

Rugs, manufacture 424-425 

Rum, imports 512-513 

Rural and urban population 167-175 

mail delivery 690 

Rye, area, yield and value of, 1917-22 239-256 

exports 480-481 

flour, exports 482-483 

world s production of, 1921-22 304-308 



Saddlery, exports 488-489 

manufacture 424-425 

Sago, imports 508-509, 510-511 

Sails, manufacture 424 

Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Experimental 

Station 228 

School of Agriculture 232 

St. Lawrence canals 658 

St. Lawrence River system 8 

lowlands 6, 18 



PAGE. 
Salmon 352, 355-357, 361 

exports 488-489 

imports 516-517 

Salt, imports 534-535 

occurrence of 396 

produced, 1921-22 363, 396 

Sand, exports 502-503 

Saskatchewan, agricultural products of, 

1917-22 249 

area and boundaries of 4 

coal production 384, 395 

College of Agricu Iture, Saskatoon 234 

Dominion lands in 904-906 

education in 879-887 

electrical energy generated, 1923 402-403 

government of 112 

government publications of 984 

legislation in 1002-1003 

Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and 

Ministries of 136-137 

lignite fields 392 

manufactures of 415-416 

mineral production 368 

municipal government in 112 

population 147, 175 

University of 234-889-892 , 898 

Sauces, imports 508-509 

Sausage casings, exports 490-491 

imports 518-519 

manufactures 424-425 

Savings Banks, see under "Banks and 

Banking." 
Sawmill machinery, imports 530-531 

products, exports 494-495 

Sawmills 426-427 

Scales, exports 498-499 

manufacture 426-427 

School, Public, Act, Manitoba 1001 

Schools, see "Education." 

Scientific and Industrial Research, Ad 
visory Council for. 939-942 

and professional equipment 430-431 

equipment, exports 504-505 

imports 536-537 

Scientific institutions, expenditure for 765 

Screws, exports 496-497 

Seal, Great, of Canada 942 

Seal oil, exports 490-491 

Sea-grasses ajid plants, exports 484-485 

Seamen, inspection and medical care of. ... 675 

shipped and discharged at Canadian 

ports, 1908-21 679 

Seamen s hospitals 675 

Secondary consolidated schools, Alberta... 879-887 

Secretary of State, Department of 942-944 

Seed cleaning and preparing 422-423 

Seeds, exports 482-483, 545 

imports 514-515, 545 

Seismology in Canada 24 

Selkirk Mountains 31 

Senate, representation in 119-120 

personnel of 120-121 

Senega root, exports 484-485 

Settlers Loan Commissioner 909 

Settlement Board, Soldier 938-939 

Settlement of returned soldiers, legislation 

respecting 

of returned soldiers on farms 909 

Sett|ers effects 504-505, 536 

Sewing machines, exports 496-497 

imports. 528-529 

Sex of population of Prairie Provinces 176 

Shaddocks, imports 506-507 

Shawls, imports 543 

Sheep, exports 486-487 

numbers of, hi Canada, by provinces, 

1921-22 261-263 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1917-22 263-264 

marketing of 594-603 

values of, by provinces, 1916-22 264-268 

Shingle mills 426-427 



1034 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Shingles, exports 494-495 

. quantities and values of, 1917-21 339 

- in Canada 430-431 

Shipments of grain, 1921-22 581-584, 593-594 

Shipping, casualties 675 

history of 667, 672-673 

marine danger signals 679 

Marine Department, organization of the 675 

Marine, expenditure of the Department 

of. ; 765 

marine hospitals, expenditure 765 

Maritime Provinces 667 

Quebec li73 

statistics 668-680 

steamboat inspection 677-678 

vessels built and registered in Canada,. . 674 

vessels, Canadian and American, trading 

on boundary rivers and lakes 673 

vessels employed in coasting trade of 

Canada, 1918-22 672 

vessels, number and tonnage of, on Can 

ada registry. 675 

vessels, sea-going and inland, arrived at 

and departed from Canadian ports. 671 

vessels, sea-going, entered and cleared at 

Canadian ports, 1901-22 671 

vessels, sea-going, entered and cleared at 

principal ports of Canada, 1922 669 

vessels, sea-going, entered and cleared at 

Canadian ports, 1921-22 668 

vessels, sea-going, entered inwards and 

outwards by countries, 1922 670 

vessels sold to other countries 674 

vessels, wrecks and casualties of 679 

Ships and vessels, exports 504-505 

- imports 536-537 

.Shipwrecks 375, 67g 

Shoddy, manufacture 424-425 

Shoes, manufacture 422-423 

rubber, manufacture 422-423 

Shooks, box, manufacture 424-425 

Show cases, manufacture 426-427 

Sidney Experimental Station 228 

Signs, manufacture 430-431 

Silk and products, exports 492-493 

imports 520-521 

manufactures 424-425 

Silver, occurrence of 23 

exports 500-501 

monetary use of 810-811,814 

production of, at Cobalt 376 

production of, in British Columbia 376 

quantity and value of, 1887-1922 377 

world s production, 1920-21 374-375, 377 

Silver-ware and silver-plated ware manu 
factures 428-429 

Sinking funds, expenditure for 765 

61ate production 363 

Slaughtering industry 424-425, 601 

Slides and booms, expenditure and revenue 

for, 1916-21 927 

Smelts, exports, 1920-23 488-489 

Smokers supplies, foreign trade 543 

Snuff, excise tariff for 773 

Soap, exports 502-503 

imports 534-535 

manufacture 428-429 

Society emblems, manufactures 430-431 

Soda nitrate, imports 534-535 

imports 536-537 

pulp, imports 524-525 

Soldier Settlement Act 938 

Settlement Board 933-939 

Soldiers Civil Re-establishment, expendi 
ture for 765 

Department of 932-938 

operation of hospitals 932 

Soldiers Insurance Act, Returned 938 

Soldiers Land Settlement, expenditure for 765 

lands granted to 909 

Royal Commission on pension* 933 

Soups, imports 516-517 



South African war, Canada s part in 79 

Spars, exports 494-495 

Special War Revenue Act, 1915. . . . . . . . . . . . 759 

Spectacle frames, imports " 536-537 

Spices, imports 510-511 

manufactures 422-423 

Spinning wheels, manufacture 426-427 

Spirits, consumption of 775 

duty paid per head on 775 

excise revenue from 774 

excise tariff for 775 

Spoolwood, exports 494-495 

Sporting goods, manufacture 430-431 

Stamps, manufacture 430-431 

Staples, inspection of, expenditure for 765 

inspection of, receipts from 764 

Starch exports 482-483 

- imports . .. ... . . 514-515 

manufacture 422-423 

State, Department of the Secretary of 942-945 

Stationery, exports " 504-505 

manufactures 426-427 

Statistics, Dominion Bureau of 961-969 

activities 963-964 

establishment 961 

publication.- . 964-969 

Statuary and art goods 430-431 

Status of Canada in League of Nations 96, 100 

Staves, imports 524-525 

Steam railways 616-637 

Steamboat inspection 677-678 

expenditure for 765 

receipts from 764 

Steamers, receipts from Dominion 764 

Steamship subventions and mail service, 

cost of 765 

Steel furnaces, manufacture 426-427 

- imports 524-525 

Steel plate, imports 524-527 

Stencils, manufacture 430-431 

Stereotyping industry 426-427 

> k foods, industry 422-423 

Stocks of wheat in Canada, 1919-23 296-297 

Stone, building, in Nova Scotia, 1920-22. . . 365 

exports 502-503 

- imports 534-535 

products, manufactures 428-429 

Stoves, exports 498-499 

Straw, exports 484-485 

Strikes during 1901-1922 722-727 

Studentships for scientific and industrial 

research 941 

Stupart, Sir Frederick, "Climate and 

Meteorology" 39 

Sub-Arctic Forest Zone 27 

Submarine cables 682 

Subsidies to provinces 775-776 

Subventions and mail subsidies 696 

Sugar beets and beetroot sugar 295 

Sugar beets, area, yield and value of, 1917- 

22 237, 240, 248, 295 

exports 482-485 

- house syrup, exports 482-483 

-imports 510-511 

raw, imports of, 1902-23 477 

refined, industry 422-423 

Sulphur, exports 502-503 

- imports 534-535 

Summerland Experimental Station 228 

Sunshine, wind, etc. in Canada 54-59 

Superannuation, cost of 765 

receipts 764 

Supplementary letters patent 943 

Supreme court receipts, 1918-22 764 

Surtax 465 

Sweeping compounds, manufacture 428-429 

Swift Current Experimental Station 228 

Swine, exports 486-487 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1921-22 261-263 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1917-22 263-264 



INDEX 



1035 



PAGE. 

Swine, values of, in Canada, by provinces, 
1916-22 2 

marketing of 5co~^r 

Syrups, exports * 

- imports : 5H)- 511 

manufactures 422-423 

Tacks, exports 496-497 

imports D/-OZ 

Tails, exports 

Talc, exports 

Tallow, exports 490-491 

manufacture 424-425 

Tapioca, imports 510-511 

Tar, exports 500-o01 

Tariff, between provinces abolished 

British Preferential 

Canadian customs 464 -46o 

Canadian excise 

Customs, War Revenue Act 59 

Customs, Amendment Act 

general, 1915 

general, 1921-22 46o, 549 

intermediate 465 

preferential, 1921-22 464, 549 

preferential, on wheat, abolition, 1846. . . 

Treaty Rate, 1921-22 549 

Taverner, P. A., "The Faunas of Canada" 

Tax, Business Profits War, Act 760-761 

- Educational Act, Alberta 1003 

Income War 

Taxes, receipts from 

Tea, exports 484-48o 

imports 

Teachers, number of school, in Canada. . . 876-880 

average annual salaries of 

expenditure on, salaries 885-887 

in elementary schools 885-887 

in secondary schools 885-887 

Alberta 886 

Manitoba. 

Ontario 

Saskatchewan 

Technical education 

Telegraph Branch of Public Works Depart 
ment 926 

Telegraph instruments, imports 532-533 

Telegraph system, Canadian, statistics of 680-685 
Telegraphs 680-685 

chartered companies 682 

coast stations for communication by 

wireless telegraphy with ships at sea . . 682-684 

Dominion Government telegraph service 

expenditure and revenue for government 

radiotelegraph stations 683-684 

summary statistics 

wireless stations 683-684 

Telephone Companies in Canada 

instruments, imports. 532-533 

- statistics 686-6S8 

systems 

Telephones 

capitalization 

classes of 687 

funded debt 

mileage of wire 

number of 

operating expenses of 686-688 

progress of, in Canada 686 

revenue 686-688 

Temperance Act, Canada 

provincial legislation respecting 997-1004 

Temperature and Precipitation 47-59 

normal, and precipitation 

sunshine, wind and weather, averages of 54-59 

Temporary loans 776-779 

Textile machinery, imports 530-531 

manufactures 420-425 

Thanksgiving, day of general 1015 

Thread, imports of 518-521 

manufacture 424-425 

Threshing machines, exports 496-497 



PAGE. 

Threshing machines, imports 528-529 

Tile, production of 

manufacture 396 

Timber exports and imports 494-495-522-523 

industry 426-127 

marks 612 

Timepieces, imports and exports of 

Timothy seed, imports 514-515 

Tin and products, imports 532-533 

Tjnsmithing industry 

Tinware, exports 488-499 

Titles, granting of 99 

Tobacco, area and yield of, in Canada, 

1920-22 294-295 

Tobacco, consumption of. 775 

Division of the Dominion Experimental 

Farms 230 

duty per head paid on 

excise revenue from 774 

excise tariff for 773 

exports 484-485 

imports 

manufactures 422-423 

pipes, imports 536-537 

production of, in Canada 294-295 

raw, imports of 477 

- season, 1922 294-295 

stations 

Toilet articles, imports 534-535 

preparations, manufactures 428-429 

Token currency in Canada 810-811 

Tools, exports 496-497, 544 

- imports 530-531, 544 

manufacture 436 

Towelling and towels, imports 520-521 

Toys, imports 536-537 

manufacture 430-431 

Trade and commerce, expenditure for 765 

aggregate trade of Canada, 1868-1923.. . . 470 

aggregate trade of Canada, by countries, 

1923 550-553 

values of exports to other countries, 

1868-1923 474 

values of exports to I" . K . 1868-1923 . . 474 
values of exports to U.S. 1868-1923... 474 

agricultural produce, exports of, by- 

values, 1922 540-541 

agricultural produce, imports of, by 

values, 1922 540-541 

animals and their produce, exports of, by 

quantities and values, 1920-23 486-491 

animals and their produce, imports of, by 

quantities and values, 1920-23 516-519 

values of exports to U.S., 1868-1923.. 474 
values of exports to other countries, 

1868-1923 474 

values of total exports, 1868-1923. . . . 

balance of trade 468 

Canadian produce, defined 466 

classification of imports and exports 478^179 

coin and bullion movement, 1868-1918. . 472 

comparative growth of Canadian trade. 468-469 

current statistics. . . 467 

- duty collected on exports, 1868-1892 473 

duty collected on imports, average p.c. 

rates of, from U.K., U.S., and all 
countries, 1868-1923 476 

duty collected on imports, by ports and 

provinces, 1922 and 1923 547-548 

duty collected on imports for home con 

sumption, 1868-1923 473 

electrical energy generated or produced 

for export, by companies, 1918-23 406 

electrical energy generated, 1918-23, by 

provinces 406 

electric light and power companies 

registered, 1914-23 406 

exports from U.S. of animal and agricul 

tural products to principal countries, 
1917-21 561-579 

exports of Canadian produce, by princi 

pal ports, values of, 1922-23 547-548 



1036 



INDEX 



Trade and Commerce PAGE. 

exports of coal, the produce of Canada, 

value of, 1903-23 387 

exports of fish, value of 360-361 

exports of fish by principal countries, 

value of, 1921-22 360 

exports of home produce by quantities 

and values, 1920-23 480-505 

exports of home produce by values and 

ratio, 1868-1923 471 

exports of home produce by values, to 

British Empire, 1919-23 552 

exports of home produce, to British 

Empire, 1919-23 552 

erports of home produce, to foreign 

countries, 1919-23 552 

exports of foreign produce, by values, 

1868-1923 470 

exports of merchandise from Canada 

through U.S. to foreign countries, 

values of, 1921-22 554 

merchandise, home produce, by 

values, 1868-1923 470 

wood pulp, 1922 337 

ratio of each class, 1920-23 478 

to U.K., U.S., and other countries, 
of merchandise, the produce of 

Canada, 1868-1923 474 

to U.K., U.S. and all countries, of 
merchandise, the produce of Can 
ada, by values and percentages, 

1919-23 478 

to U.K., U.S. and all countries, in 
quantities and values, by classes of 
home produce, 1920-23 480-505 

exports to West Indies, 1921-23 556 

exports to West Indies, 1901-23 555 

external trade, aggregate 470 

external trade, by main groups and de 

grees of manufacture according to 
origin, 1922 540-541 

fibres, textiles and textile products, ex 

ports of, 1920-23 478, 492-193 

fibres, textiles and textile products, im 

ports of, 1920-23 479 

fisheries produce, exports of, by quanti 

ties and values, 1920-23 486-489 

fisheries produce, imports of, by quanti 

ties and values, 1920-23 516-517 

fisheries produce, values of exports to 

U.K., 1922 540 

fisheries produce, values of erports to 

U.K., 1920-23 486-489 

fisheries produce, values of exports to 

U.S., 1922 540 

fisheries produce, values of exports to 

U.S., 1920-23 486-489 

fisheries produce, total exports, 1922 540 

fisheries produce, total exports, 1920-23. 486-489 

fisheries produce, imports from U.K., 

1922 540 

fisheries produce, imports from U.K., 

1919 7 23 516-517 

fisheries produce, imports from U.S., 

1922. 540 

fisheries produce, imports from U.S., 

1920723 516-517 

fisheries produce, total imports, 1922 540 

fisheries produce, total imports, 1919-22 516-517 

foreign produce, defined 466 

forest produce, exports of, 1922 540 

See also: "Wood, wood products and 
paper." 

forest produce, imports of, by values, 

1920-23 479, 522-523 

forest produce, values of exports to U.K., 

1922 540 

forest produce, value of exports to U.K., 

1920-23 478, 492-495 

forest produce, values of exports to U.S., 

1922 540 

forest produce, values of exports to U.S., 

1920-23 478, 492-495 



Trade and Commerce PAGE. 

forest produce, value of total exports, 

1922 540 

forest produce, value of total exports, 

1914, 1919-22 538 

forest produce, value of total exports, 

1920-23 478, 492-495 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.K., 1922 540 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.K., 1920-23 479, 522-525 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.S., 1922 540 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.S., 1920-23 479, 522-525 

forest produce, value of total imports, 

1922 540 

forest produce, value of total imports, 

1914, 1919-22 539 

forest produce, value of total imports, 

1920-23 479, 522-525 

general tariff, imports under, 1921-22.. . . 549 

history 463-464 

imports, defined 466 

imports entered for home consumption, 

including coin and bullion, 1919-23 553 

imports for home consumption at certain 

ports. 1922-23 547-548 

imports for home consumption, by values 

and ratios of each class, 1920-23 479 

imports for consumption, by quantities 

and values, 1920-23 506-537 

- imports for home consumption, duty 

collected, 1868-1923 473 

imports of anthracite and bituminous 

coal, 1901-23 387 

imports of Canada in quantities and 

values, by classes, 1920-23 506-537 

imports from U.K., U.S., and other 

countries of merchandise for home 
consumption, 1868-1923 475 

imports from U.K., U.S., and all count 

ries, by classes, entered for home eon- 
sumption, by values and percentages, 
1920-23 .- 479 

imports from U.K., U.S., and all count 

ries, in quantities and values, by 
_ classes, for consumption, 1920-23 506-537 

imports from U.K., for home consump 

tion, 1868-1923 475 

imparts from U.K., in quantities and 

values, by classes, 1920-23 506-537 

imports from U.S., for home consump 

tion, 1868-1923 475 

imports from United States, in quanti 

ties and values, by classes, 1920-23 506-537 

imports from all countries, in quantities 

and values, by classes, 1920-23 479, 506-537 

imports from other countries for home 

consumption, 1868-1923 475 

imports of fish, 1902-22 360 

imports from West Indies, 1921-23 556 

imports from West Indies, 1901-23 555 

imports into U.K. of animal and agricul 

tural food products, by quantities and 
values, by countries whence imported, 
1917-21 557-561 

imports of coin and bullion, 1868-1918. . . 472 

imports of merchandise into Canada 

through U.S.. Values of, 1921-22 554 

imports of Portland cement, 1898-1923. . 397 

imports of raw material for home con 

sumption, 1902-23 

imports of broom corn 477 

imports of cotton wool and waste 477 

imports of gutta-percha, India-rubber, 

etc 477 

imports of hemp, undressed 

imports of hides, horns, pelts, etc 477 

imports of rags, all kinds 477 

imports of sugar, raw 477 

imports of tobacco, raw 477 

imports of wool, raw 477 



INDEX 



1037 



PAGE. 



Trade and Commerce 

imports, ratio of exports to imports, 
M 1868-1923 

imports, total, by values, 1868-1923 470 

imports, total, by values, dutiable, 

1868-1923 

imports, total, duties collected on, 1893- 

1923 

imports, total, by values, free, 1868-1923 

imports, by values, from British Em 

pire, 1919-23 

imports, by values, from foreign count- 
i* ries, 1919-23 

imports which may be classed as manu 

factures, by values, 1922 540-511 

imports from the U.K., U.S., and other 

countries, of merchandise entered for 

home consumption, 1920-23 506-537 

imports from U.S. and U.K., propor 

tions to totals of dutiable and free, 
1901-23 



471 
475 

470 

473 
470 

553 
553 



476 

477 



imports of certain raw materials for 
P" home consumption, 1902-23 

imports under General, Preferential and 

Treaty Rate Tariffs, 1921-22 

interprovincial 580 

merchandise, the produce of Canada, 

value of exports, 1868-1923 474 

"merchandise, values of exports to U.K., 

1808-1923 474 

merchandise, values of exports to U.S., 

1868-1923 474 

merchandise, values of exports to other 

countries, 1868-1923 474 

merchandise, values of total exports, 

1868-1923 - 474 

mineral produce, exports of non-metallic, 

by quantities and values, 1920-23 500-503 

mineral produce, imports of, non-metal 

lic, by quantities and values, 1920-23. . 532-535 

miscellaneous produce, exports of, by 

quantities and values, 1920-23 504-505 

miscellaneous produce, imports of, by 

quantities and values, 1920-23 536-537 

movement of coin and bullion, 1868-1918 472 

per cent duty on dutiable imports from 

U.K., 1868-1923 476 

per cent duty on dutiable imports from 

U.S., 1868-1923 476 

percentage proportion of imports from 

U.K. and U.S., to totals of dutiable 

and free, 1901-23 476 

preferential tariff, imports under, 1921-22 

ratio of each class of exports, 1919-23 

ratio of each class of imports, 1919-23. . . 479 

ratio of exports to imports, and value per 

capita of exports, imports, and total 
trade, 1868-1923 471 

raw materials, imports, 1902-23 

re-exports of foreign produce 470-539 

statistics 466-612 

summary of trade, compiled on a classi 

fication according to purpose, 1922 542-546 

Trade Marks Branch 611-612 

treaty rates, imports under, 1921-22 

value of exports of home produce, 1919-23 

value of exports to West Indies, 1921-22. 556 

value of goods entered for consuinption 

at certain ports, 1922-23 547-548 

values of imports and exports from and 

to West Indies, 1901-23 555 

value of imports for consumption from 

British Empire and foreign countries, 
1919-23 553 

value of imports for consumption from 

British Empire and foreign countries 
under General, Preferential and Treaty 
Rate Tariffs, 1921-22 549 

value of imports for home consuinp 

tion from West Indies, 1921-23 556 

value of total exports and imports, by 

provinces, 1921-22 547-548 

value per capita of total trade, 1868-1923 471 



PAGE. 
Trade, balance of 468.471 

- disputes 722-727 

Trades and Labour Congress of Canada. . . 709-710 
Trade Union employment returns 

unemployment 

Union membership 711-715 

Transmission equipment 544 

Transportation and communication equip 
ment : 546 

Transportation and communications, stat 
istics of 613-697 

offish 350 

Treaties, negotiation of 

Treaty rate Tariff imports under, 1921-22. 549 

of Paris 

of Washington, 1871 75 

Trunks, manufacture 430-431 

Truro College of Agriculture, N.S 230-231 

Trust and Loan Companies 8 

liabilities and assets of 834-835 

Trust funds, liabilities of Canada 

Tuberculosis, deaths from 

Tubing, iron, exports 498-499 

Tubs, exports 49 1-495 

Turnips, area, yield and value, 1917-22 240-254 

exports 484- 

Turpentine, imports 514-515 

Typewriters, exports 4 

imports 528-529 

manufacture 430-431 

Umbrellas, manufacture 430-431 

Underwear, imports 

Unemployment in trade unions 

by provinces 

statistics of 730-732 

United Kingdom, trade with 474-476, 

478-537, 540-546, 549-550, 552-554, 557-561 
United States, Canadian diplomatic rela 
tions with 

commercial failures, causes 870 

trade with... 474-476, 478-537, 540-546, 

549, 551-554, 561-579 

Universities, list of 891-893 

University education in Canada 889-898 

Urban population 167-175 

Vacuum cleaners, manufacture 428-4 

imports 528-529 

Valises, manufacture 430-431 

Values of farm live stock in Canada, aver 
age, 1916-22 265-267 

estimated total, by provinces, 1916-22. . 267-268 

of field crops, 1917-22 258 

Vancouver Island, colony of 

Varnish, manufacture 428-429 

Vegetable products, exports of, by quan 
tities and values, 1920-23 480-485 

- imports, 1920-23 506-515 

Vegetables, exports 484-485 

imports 508-509 

Vehicles, exports 498-499, 504-505, 546 

- imports 530-531, 536-537, 546 

Velvets, imports 520-521 

Veneers, imports 524-525 

Vermicelli, manufacture 

Vermouth, imports 512-513 

Versailles, Treaty of, 1783 90 

Vessels, exports 504-505, 546 

imports 536-537, 546 

manufactures _. . 430-431 

Veto Power, on Dominion and provincial 

legislation 

Victory Loan, First 777,779 

- Second 777 , 779 

-Third 777,779 

Vinegar, exports 484-485 

imports 510-511 

manufacture 422423 

Vital Statistics 183-204 

birth-rate, 1921 

collection of, in Canada 183-185 



1038 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Vital Statistics, death-rate, 1920-1922 195 

- marriage-rate, 1921 and 1922 193 

Vocational and technical education in Can 
ada.. ... 888-889 



Wage-earners by industries and wages 

decline in number 433 

Wages of building trades 460, 733 

of employees in Canadian manufacturing 

industries 434-435 

of coal miners 399, 733-735 

of factory trades 434-435, 735-737 

of farm help in Canada, 1915-22 278-280 

of lumbering trades 

of metal trades 

of printing trades 

of railway employees 

per hour in leading trades 737-738 

statistics of 732-743 

\\ ."irons, exports 504-505 

Wall paper, exports 492-493 

- imports 522-523 

manufacture 426-427 

plaster, n anufacture 428-429 

War appropriation, expenditure on 

loans 777 

Mission at Washington, Canadian 97 

Business Profits Tax 760-761 

Profits Tax 760-761 

Revenue Act, Customs Tariff 759-761 

- Revenue Act, special 759-760 

- tax receipts . 770-772 

tax by provinces 771-772 

taxation in Canada 759-761 

Washing compounds, manufacture 428-429 

Washing machines, imports 528-529 

manufacture 426-427 

Washington, British War Mission at 97 

Canadiaji M inister to 

Waste, manufactures 424-425 

Watches, imports 532-533 

manufacture 426-427 

Water area of Canada 

power, in Canada 402, 403 

power developed, of leading countries. . . 

Waterproof clothing, manufactures 424-425 

Waterways of Canada 

Water power resources of Canada 38, 401 

powers of Canada 401-411 

Wax candles, manufacture 428-429 

Wax, exports 490-491 , 502-503 

Waxed paper, manufacture 426-427 

\\ calt h of Canada, agricultural, 1922 301 

Weather of Canada 39-59 

forecasting 

Weatherstrips, manufacture 428-429 

Weekly cost of family budget in terms of 

average prices in 60 Canadian cities . . . 754-755 

in each Province 756 

Weights and measures, expenditure for 

and measures receipts 764 

Welfare, Child 919 

Welland Canal 657-658, 660-661, 603-665 

West Indies, exports to, 1921-23 556 

exports to, 1901-23 555 

imports from, 1921-23 556 

imports from, 1901-23 555 

\\e~tern Mutual Life Association 860 

Whale oil, exports 490-491 

Wharves 675 

Wheat, area and yield of, in Prairie Pro 
vinces, 1920-22 257 

area, yield, quality and value of, 1917-22 238-254 

average yield of, in Canada, 1915-22 255-257 

Board, Provincial legislation as to 1002 

consumption 298-299 

exports 4X0-18! 

imports 508-509 

flour, exports 482-483 

flour, imports 508-509 

movement of, 1921-22 583-585 



PAGE. 
Wheat, prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort 

William, 1922 281-283 

prices of Canadian, in British Markets, 

1920-22 286-287 

receipts 593 

stocks of in Canada, 1919-22. 296-297 

shipments 593 

- world s production of, 1921-22 303, 308 

Whiskey, exports 480-481 

Whisks, exports 504-505 

Wholesale prices, by months 748-750 

course in Canada 744-751 

index numbers by groups 746-750 

index numbers by months 746-750 

of commodities 744-750 

Wickerware, manufactures 426-427 

Window blinds and shades, manufacture. . . 424-425 

curtains and fixtures 

glass, imports 534-535 

Wine, consumption of 

and grape juice industry 422-423 

duty per head paid on 

exports 

imports 512-513 

Wire, exports 498-499 

imports 526-527 

manufacture 426-427 

Wireless telegraph coast stations 683 

Wolfe, General 64 

Women s Benefit Association of the Macca 
bees 860 

Wood distillation industry 428-429 

preservation industry 426-427 

Wood-pulp, exports of 

- imports . 524-525 

Wood for pulp, production, consumption 

and export, 1908-22 

Wood-pulp, exports and imports, 1922 

wood products and pap T, exports of, by 

quantities and values 494-495 

wood products and paper, imports, 

1920-23 522-525 

- manufactures 322-120, 427 

Woodmen of the World 

Woodworking, sash and door factories 426-427 

Wool and products, exports 492-493 

imports 520-521 

manufactures 424-425, 449-452 

Wool, raw, imports of, 1902-22. 

value of, by provinces, 1915-22 292-294 

Workmen s Circle 860 

Workmen s Compensation Acts, provincial 

legislation as to 716-720 

World, population of 

production of cereals and potatoes, 

1921-22 302-308 

production of gold and silver, 1920-21. . . 
Wrapping paper, exports 4 

imports 522 -;>2-> 

Wrecks and casualties 675,679 

Writing paper, exports 492-493 

-imports ... 522-523 



Yarn, trade in 

c ot ion. imports 

woollen, manufacture 424-425 

Yeast, imports 

Yields of fi"ld crops in Canada. 1917-22... 
Yukon, area and description of 

coal production 

copper in 

electrical energy generated, 1923 .... 

government, publications of the 
manufactures of 

Territory, expenditure for 



545 

. 518-521 
, 449-452 
. 510-511 
. 236-257 
4 

369, 385 

369 

. 402-403 



415-416 
765 



Zinc and products, exports 

imports 532-533 

occurrence of 

production, quantity and value of, 1911- 

22 382-383 

production in British Columbia 382-383 



Canada year book 19 22-23. HA 

Ikk 

.sa 



THIS BOOK CANNOT BE 
DE SENSITIZED