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DOMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH

C. GORDON HEWITT, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST

B 3 bMfi 240

CANADIAN BARK-BEETLES

PART II

A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION, WITH AN ACCOUNT
OF THE HABITS AND MEANS OF CONTROL

J. M. 'SWAINE,

Assistant Entomologist in Charge of Forest Insect Investigations

BULLETIN No. 14

(Technical Bulletin}

Published by direction of the Hon. T. A. Crerar, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa

OTTAWA

J. DE LABROQUERIE TACHE
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

1918

ISSUED SEPT. 6, 1918.

ALVMNW BOOK FVND

3IOLOGY

LIBRARY

DOMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH

C. GORDON HEWITT, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST '

CANADIAN BARK-BEETLES

PART II

A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION, WITH AN ACCOUNT
OF THE HABITS AND MEANS OF CONTROL

J. M. SWAINE,

Assistant Entomologist in Charge of Forest Insect Investigations

BULLETIN No. 14

(Technical Bulletin)

Published by direction of the Hon. T. A. Crerar, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa

OTTAWA

J. DE LABROQUERIE TACHE

PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1918

ISSUED SEPT. 6, 1918.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

OTTAWA, September 14, 1917.

To the Honourable

The Minister of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont.

SIR, — I have the honour to submit, for your approval, Entomological
Bulletin No. 14, Part II, entitled "Canadian Bark-Beetles; Part II: A Pre-
liminary Classification, with an Account of the Habits and Means of Control,"
which has been written by Mr. J. M. Swaine, Assistant Entomologist in charge
of Forest Insect Investigations.

As I pointed out in Part I of this series, the bark-beetles constitute the
chief insect enemies of our coniferous forests. Forest fires are spectacular,
and the results are immediately and strikingly noticeable, but competent auth-
orities are of the opinion that the annual loss caused by the depredations of
these and other forest insects which are widely distributed throughout the
country is greater in the aggregate than the loss due to forest fires.

The methods to be adopted to control the outbreaks of these serious enemies
of our forests depend upon a knowledge of the species of bark-beetles concerned.
Different species have different habits, and as control measures are based upon
their habits it is necessary for the forester to be able to recognize the various
species that are to be found affecting our timber and shade trees. The object
of this bulletin, which brings together the results of the work of many years,
is to place in the hands of foresters, students, and other workers requiring such
information, a means whereby they will be able to identify readily the species
of bark-beetles causing any injuries that may be found in our Canadian forests.
An account of the general habits and of the methods of controlling bark-beetle
outbreaks is included, and descriptions are given of a number of new species,

At the present time the protection and correct utilization of our timber
resources is of greater importance than ever from a national and imperial stand-
point. When the information contained in this bulletin is available to practical
foresters it will be of inestimable practical value, as it will assist them in taking
the necessary steps to prevent the continued loss of timber now being destroyed
and to protect extensive areas that are threatened by the attacks of bark-beetles,
most insidious enemies of the forest.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

C. GORDON HEWITT,

Dominion Entomologist and Consulting Zoologist.

36198— 1J 3

686740

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction 7

I. The Beetles and Their Habits 8

The Life Stages 8

General Habits 9

Aberrant Habits 9

The Details of the Tunnels 10

The Entrance Hole 10

The Entrance-tunnels U

The Egg-tunnels proper 11

The Ventilation-tunnels 12

The Egg-niches 14

The Egg-pockets 14

The Egg-grooves 14

The Turning-niches 14

The Nuptial Chamber 14

The Food Tunnels 15

The Types of Egg-tunnels 16

The Larval-mines 18

Factors Influencing the Development of Bark-beetles 18

Oviposition 19

Removing the Boring-dust 19

A Method for Studying Habits 20

II. Bark-beetle Injuries and the Means of Control 22

Bark-beetle Injuries 22

Primary Enemies 22

Secondary Enemies 23

Neutral Species 23

The Importance of Bark-beetle Injuries in Canadian Forests 23

The Normal Annual Loss 23

Sporadic Outbreaks 24

Epidemic Outbreaks 24

Conditions Favouring Bark-beetle Outbreaks 25

Slash 25

Ground Fires 25

Other Factors 26

Natural Control Factors 26

Parasites 26

Predators 26

Birds 27

Parasitic Fungi 27

Methods of Control 27

The Interrelations between Fire and Bark-beetles 28

III. Structural Characters of the Bark-beetles 30

General Characters of the Body 30

The Head 30

The Thorax 32

The Legs 33

The Elytra 33

The Abdomen 33

Internal Characters 34

IV. Classification. A Preliminary Arrangement of the Canadian Bark-beetles 35

Introductory 35

Paired Species 36

The Superfamily Ipoidea 38

The Family Platypodidae 38

The Family Ipidae 38

The Subfamily Eccoptogasterinae 39

The Subfamily Hylesininae 39

The Subfamily Micracinae 44

The Subfamily Ipinae 44

List of Coniferous Host Trees 134

Glossary 134

References to Literature 139

Index to Genera and Species and to the Plates 140

Canadian Bark-beetles.

PART II. A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION, WITH AN ACCOUNT
OF THE HABITS, INJURIES AND MEANS OF CONTROL.

BY J. M. SWAINE

INTRODUCTION.

This bulletin has been written with the object of assisting students and
practical foresters in determining the bark-beetles of Canadian forests. The
majority of the species occurring in the northern regions of the United States
have also been included, since nearly all may eventually be. found in Canada.

The bark-beetles of this country have thus far received but little attention
from most collectors and students of the Coleoptera. There were until recently
so many common species undescribed, and the older descriptions were so incom-
plete, that their determination was frequently given up as a hopeless task.
Furthermore, while many of the species may be obtained in quantity, when
the collector knows their habits, most of the bark-beetles are taken only in the
bark or wood of their host trees, and then only by those who seek them. Owing
probably to these two causes our literature shows a lamentable dearth of biolo-
gical papers on North American bark-beetles. While the life-histories and
habits of the European species have been discussed in scores of papers, the habits
of very few of ours have been published, excepting the species of the genus
Dendroctonus.

There are still numbers of our species undescribed. Some have been
received or collected since these keys were finally revised. Others are repre-
sented in our collection by one or two specimens, and may prove to be only
marked variations, and there are many other species, undoubtedly, that have
not yet been collected.

The study of a group of beetles containing so many destructive enemies of
forests and shade trees is of particular importance. Careful and detailed
studies of the structural characters and habits must be made so that the injurious
species may be readily determined and practical remedies perfected. A single
dying pine or spruce may contain many species of bark-beetles working in the
bark and wood. The entomologist must be able to determine all the different
species he meets and must have a working knowledge of the habits of all of
them so that, with the assistance of the evidence before him in the trees them-
selves, he may be able to select the species responsible for the primary injury
to the timber. It is evident, therefore, that intensive laboratory studies upon
the morphology and classification of the beetles are absolutely necessary, and
that time spent upon even the species of apparently minor economic importance
may give decidedly practical results.

Mr. A. E. Kellett, Artist Assistant in the Entomological Branch, has
drawn the illustrations which bear his signature, under the supervision of the
writer, and has prepared many of the photographs. The writer is indebted to
many students of the Coleoptera and to several institutions for the privilege of
studying their collections. This assistance will be acknowledged more fully in
later publications dealing with the biology of the species.

THE BEETLES AND THEIR HABITS.
THE LIFE STAGES.

The Bark-beetles are small, usually cyiindric beetles, from one to nine
millimetres in length, and brownish or black in colour when mature. They
are found in company with their small, whitish, legless grubs, cutting tunnels
in the bark or wood of trees. Figures on plates 4 and 5 illustrate types of
the tunnels cut by them.

In common with other beetles there are four life stages: the egg, the larva
or grub, the pupa or resting stage, and the adult beetle.

The eggs are usually oval, elongate-oval, subglobular, or rarely somewhat
elongate; pearly white or translucent and watery; with a very delicate covering
when deposited in niches and packed with boring dust, but with a thicker
skin when left loose in the galleries (PI. 3, figs. 1, 3). The surf ce modifica-
tions appear to be of minor importance. They are, of course, very small,
but sometimes of an astonishing size in relation to the size of the mother
beetle. The eggs of Cryphalus are almost as large as the beetle's abdomen.

The larvce are always legless, whitish in colour, with darker, strongly chitin-
ized head and mandibles, and with the thoracic segments distinctly larger than
the others, in the true bark beetles (PL 1, fig. 2). In ambrosia-beetles of the
genera Anisandrus and Xyleborus, the larvae move about freely in the tunnels,
and they are more elongate and distinctly more mobile than the others.

The characters of the larvae will prove of considerable assistance in the
classification of the family; and in addition, they are of decided practical value,
since not infrequently the larvae alone are obtainable in material sent in for
determination. A discussion of the larval characters, however, must be left
for a later publication.

A distinct prepupal, quiescent stage, lasting a few days, is common in the
family.

The pupce are formed in the ends of the larval mines, sometimes in pupal
cells. They are white at first, becoming yellowish before transformation.
They are variably armed with spines and stiff setae, and present characters of
decided importance (PL 1, fig. 3). The adults are yellowish when they emerge
from the pupal skin, but rapidly become darker in colour, passing through
yellow to reddish and dark brown or nearly black.

PLATE 1.
IPID BEETLES, ALL GREATLY ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.)

Fig. 1, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., upper left.

Fig. 2, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., larva, upper right.

Fig. 3, Dendroctonus borealis Hopk., pupa, right centre.

Fig. 4, Pityophthorus nitidus Sw., lower right,

Fig. 5, Pityophthorus nitidus Sw., details of the pronotum, left centre, autenna incorrect.

Fig. 6, Pityophthorus nitidus Sw., caudal view of the declivity, lower left.

PLATE No. l.

' •

GENERAL HABITS.

In habits the Ipidce of our fauna form a sharply isolated group. Their
tunnels, cut usually in the bark or wood of trees, are characteristic of the family.
Our species present two quite distinctive habits, corresponding to which they
have been termed True Bark-beetles and Ambrosia-beetles, respectively. The
former, with very few exceptions, cut their tunnels entirely or almost entirely
in the bark or between the bark and the wood; the latter, on the other hand,
penetrate the wood and the young develop in the tunnels well below the wood
surface, nourished entirely by a peculiar fungus called Ambrosia, which grows
invariably upon the tunnel walls and stains them dark brown or black.

With True Bark-beetles the typical habit is as follows: An entrance tunnel
is cut obliquely upward through the bark to the wood surface. From the base
or inner end of the entrance tunnel one or two or more egg-tunnels are cut,
vertically, transversely, or in a radiate fashion, between the bark and the wood
along the wood surface. With many species a small, flat cavity, the nuptial
chamber, is excavated at the base of the entrance hole, and from it the egg-
tunnels originate. The. eggs are laid along the sides of the egg-tunnels, singly
in cup-shaped egg-niches, a few together in larger egg-pockets, or many in
layers and egg-grooves. The egg-tunnels and entrance hole are uniform in
size, slightly larger than the diameter of the beetle, and perfectly cylindric.
The larvse excavate slender mines through the inner bark or between the bark
and sapwood, away from the egg-tunnels. The larval mines are filled with
excrement and increase gradually in diameter as the larvse grow. With some
species the mines are kept regularly spaced, rarely intercrossing unless crowded,
and present a regular and pleasing pattern*; such are those of Ckramesus icorice
Lee., (PL 23, fig. 5) in hickory twigs, and Leperisinus aculeatus Say in ash (PI. 5,
fig. 8). With other species the larval mines are quite irregular and when
numerous reduce the inner bark entirely to powder. The ends of the mines
are widened to form a more or less distinct pupal cell, which may lie between
the bark and the wood, may be continued into the middle layers of bark, or
may be sunken below the wood surface, according to the species habit. The
adult beetles finally bore round holes through the bark and escape. The result
of this excavation by adults and larvse is a set of egg-tunnels and larval-mines,
characteristic of the family, frequently of the genus, and commonly of the
individual species.

The tunnels of the ambrosia-beetles are discussed briefly on the following
pages. They will not be confused with those cut by any other beetles of our
fauna. A distinctive character is the blackening of the tunnel walls by the
ambrosia fungus. The larval tunnels of Hyleccetus are somewhat similar and
are also lined with a fungus, but they are not similarly discoloured. The tunnels
of Stenocelis might be mistaken for those of ambrosia-beetles, but there is"
no staining from fungi, and the larvse tunnel freely in the wood.

ABERRANT HABITS.

The- tunnels of a few of our species of Pityophthorus, notably ramiperda and
puberulus,- cut their tunnels through the pith of pine twigs (PI. 4, fig. 5).
Several species of Conophthorus excavate egg-tunnels through the pith of pine
cones (PI. 8, fig. 5). Hylastinus obscurus Marsh, makes normal egg-tunnels
in clover roots. A species of Pityophthorus cuts the egg-tunnels immediately
below the wood surface of dry maple twigs, and both adults and larvse feed
upon the black wood fungi which abound in sapwood of the twigs they select.
Exotic species are found in various nuts, date pits, nutmegs, jalap root, and
dry twigs. Species of Xylocleptes breed in plants of the gourd family. Several
ambrosia-beetles are recorded cutting their tunnels in the staves of wine casks

and in similar places. Aberrant habits are much more common in tropical
countries than with us. The vast majority of our species breed normally in
the bark or wood of trees.

DETAILS OF THE TUNNELS.

A study of the egg-tunnels and larval-mines reveals many important and
interesting characters. A distinctive form of the galleries obtains with
many species, so that an examination of the tunnels in the bark or wood may
determine exactly the species to which they belong. It is thus possible to
determine which species have been working in a tree, even years after the beetles
have left, and if the galleries were engraved upon the wood, even after the bark
has disappeared. The work of Chramesus icorice Lee. in hickory branches
(PL 23, fig. 5), of Leperisinus aculeatus Say in ash (PL 20, fig. 2), of Eccopto-
gaster picece Sw. in spruce and fir (PL 20, fig. 3), of E. rugulosus Ratz. in fruit
trees and wild cherry (PL 5, fig. 7), of Phloeosinus canadensis Sw. in eastern
cedar (PL 5, fig. 5), of Dryocoetes confusus Sw. in mountain balsam (PL 19,
fig. 1), and many others, may be specificially determined, even though, as
rarely happens, 110 old dead beetles are to be found in the bark.

THE ENTRANCE-HOLE.

The entrance-hole with most species is usually free from chips or frass
except while this material is being extruded; but with certain other species
there are peculiar characters connected with it. The boring-dust and excrement
of Xyloterinus politus Say projects from the entrance-hole while excavation is
active, often for several centimetres, as a cylindric rod of the diameter of the
entrance-hole. During a period of fine weather these are often visible in great
numbers on the trunks and limbs of dying, infested maples and beeches. The
entrance-holes of T. retusus Lee., on the other hand, are readily distinguished
by quite different characters. The opening is covered by a cup-like layer, an
aggregation of excrement. Through a small hole in the centre of this cup,
which is convex outwards, a slender thread of excrement projects, pushed out
by additions from within, until finally broken by rain or by the action of gravity.
The air circulation in tunnels so blocked at the entrance must be extremely
slow. The borings of Eccoptog aster rugulosus Ratz. and Phthorophloeus liminaris
Harris in green bark of peach trees and wild cherry trees result in a copious ex-
udation of sap, and the hardening of the sap produces conspicuous gummy
masses about the entrance-holes. The flow of resin from the tunnels of certain
species of Dendroctonus, Ips, and others, in green bark of pines and spruces,
results in a " pitch-tube " or " resin-tube " about the entrance-hole. The
beetles are able to live in spite of the exuding resin, and by their movements
backward and forward in the ejection of the boring-dust, form the surrounding
tower of gum upon the bark. The presence of this " resin-tube " about the
entrance-hole proves that the tunnel was started in fresh, sappy bark.

With many species of Ipid beetles the male spends part of his time backed
into the entrance tunnel near the opening, which he neatly fits, and through
which his declivity is often visible. In species whose males are wingless, and
therefore have no part in the construction of new tunnels, the female adopts
this function of guarding the entrance, in addition to her other regular
duties. With a few species, like Chramesus icorice Lee., one or other of the
parent adults dies in the entrance-hole, and thus prevents the intrusion of later
enemies. This closing of the entrance-hole for a considerable part of the time
guards in a measure from predacious and parasitic enemies, and checks evapor-
ation from the tunnel walls.

THE ENTRANCE-TUNNELS.

The entrance-tunnels of the ambrosia-beetles pass directly through the
bark and more or less deeply into the wood. There they give off side tunnels,
along which the greater number of the egg-niches are cut, or in which the eggs
are deposited free, according to the habit of the species.

The entrance-tunnels of the True Bark-beetles either pass directly through
the bark, or in most cases traverse it more or less obliquely, to open into the
nuptial-chamber or directly into the egg-tunnel within. The length of the
entrance-tunnel is never great, and varies with the thickness of the bark in
which the beetles are working. In the thick bark of large pine trunks, thinner
places, the bark fissures, are frequently chosen for the location of the entrance-
holes. Some species of ambrosia-beetles prefer to start their tunnels on freshly
cut or broken surfaces. The entrance-tunnels are always perfectly cylindric, a
result of the shape of the beetles and their constant revolution during the
excavation. Certain species usually cut their entrance-tunnels obliquely upward,
so that it is possible to tell whether the tunnels have been cut before or after
the trunk has fallen.

THE EGG-TUNNELS PROPER.

The egg-tunnels of the True Bark-beetles are* usually cut between the wood
surface and the bark, engraving both. Certain species cut the egg-tunnel
entirely within the bark. Orthotomicus ccelatus Eichh. has this habit when
working in the thick bark of mature white pine, although on branches and
trunks of smaller trees its egg-tunnels engrave the wood surface more or less
distinctly. The egg-tunnels of many species are almost entirely within the
bark,, only scoring the wood slightly; such are those of Phlceosinus canadensis
Sw. in cedar. On the other hand the tunnels of Ckramesus icorice Lee., Leperi-
sinus aculeatus Say, Pityopthorus canadensis Sw., and many others, score the
wood very deeply, and those of a few species, such as Pityopthorus ramiperda
Sw. and Lymantor decipiens Lee., are almost entirely or quite below and parallel
with the wood surface. Certain species of Hypothenemus, Stephanoderes,
Micracis, and Pityophthorus cut their primary tunnels within the pith of twigs,
and have, on this account, bee,n termed " twig beetles." Some species of
Pityophthorus cut their egg-tunnels usually upon the wood surface of twigs,
while their larvae frequently bore to the centre and pupate in the pith.

The egg-tunnels of the ambrosia beetles branch from the entrance tunnels
in various ways, to be described in more detail under the several species in later
papers. The species of Gnathotrichus, Pterocyclon, Trypodendron, and Corthylus
cut their egg-tunnels at a greater or less depth below the wood surface, according
to the species and particular conditions of the wood, and vary somewhat in indi-
vidual habits. All the species in these genera cut egg-niches above and below
along the walls of the egg-tunnels, and later even along the entrance tunnels.
These niches are similar to those cut by most True Bark-beetles, and the eggs
are usually packed in with boring-dust and excrement. The niches are widened
and lengthened by the larvae to form short side tunnels or " larval cradles,"
usually at right angles to the egg-tunnel, and only slightly longer than the larva
itself (PI. 3, fig. 8) ; compound. The egg-tunnels of Anisandrus and Xyleborus
are usually merely side tunnels arising from the sides or the distal end of the
entrance tunnel. The eggs, in these two genera, are deposited free in the
tunnels and the larvae live therein without cutting cradles; simple. The
tunnels of Xyleborus saxesceni Ratz. are peculiar in that the larvae excavate
cavities in congress (PL 2, fig. 13).

It is interesting to note that certain species of the genus Platypus (formerly
included in the Family Ipidce), which occur in the southern and western portions
of the continent, lay their eggs, according to Hubbard and others, free in the

tunnels, their larvae cutting cradles similar to those excavated by larvae of the
Ambrosia beetles already mentioned, and are thus in a manner intermediate
in habit between Xyleborus and Trypodendron. The only Canadian species of
the genus lays its eggs free in the ends of the tunnels, and its larvae apparently
do not cut cradles.*

The tunnels and cradles of Ambrosia beetles are lined with a fungus used
for food and usually characteristic of the beetle species, or at least of allied
groups of species. As this subject is to be discussed in greater detail elsewhere,
it is sufficient here to observe that all Ambrosia beetle tunnels are characterized
by the presence of one species of these fungi during the egg-laying season, and
later contain, in addition, numerous saprophytic as well as parasitic forms.
The tunnel walls are invariably stained brown or black by the action of the
Ambrosia fungus upon the wood.

THE VENTILATION TUNNELS.

These are short tunnels cut at intervals along the roof of elongate egg-
tunnels in certain species of Dendroctonus and Ips, directed outward towards
or to the outer surface of the bark (PL 2, fig. 3). The length of these venti-
lation tunnels depends upon the thickness of the bark overlying the egg-tunnel,
and may vary from a millimetre, or less, to more than an inch. They serve as
turning-niches and storage-places for boring-dust, and in some measure may
increase the air circulation within the egg-tunnels. Many such tunnels that
I have examined ended bluntly in the outer layers of bark, and could only serve
as turning-niches, storage-tunnels, and to increase the body of air available for
the beetles. With certain species, as Dendroctonus simplex Lee., the long egg-
tunnel is often blocked in places with boring-dust, so that these ventilation-
tunnels are perhaps useful, in such cases, for air circulation, but are certainly
necessary as turning niches for the female.

*According to Chamberlain, Or. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bui. 147, 1918, the larvae of this species also cut cradles
shortly before pupating.

PLATE 2.
TYPES OF EGG TUNNELS.

Fig. 1, Forked, longitudinal.

Fig. 2, Simple, longitudinal.

Fig. 3, Radiate, typical.

Fig. 4, Cave-tunnel.

Fig. 5, Radiate, modified; Ips concinnus Mannh. — a.h., entrance hole; e.p., egg-pocket; e.t.

egg tunnel; l.g., larval gallery; n.c., nuptial chamber.
Fig. 6, Irregular, short.
Fig. 7, Radiate, transverse.
Fig. 8, Forked, transverse.
Fig. 9, Radiate, longitudinal.

Fig. 10, Forked transverse, with larval mines, Phthorophloeus.
Fig. 11, Radiate, egg-tunnels commenced, Ips pini Say, from below.
Fig. 12, Ambrosia tunnels, simple, horizontal.

Fig. 13, Ambrosia tunnels, compound, social gallery, X. saxesceni Ratz.
Fig. 14, Ambrosia tunnels, compound, with cradles, Pterocyclon mali Fitch.
Fig. 15, Pith tunnels, Micracis.

Fig. 16, Ambrosia tunnels, compound, with cradles, Gnathotrichus .
Figs. 17, 18, Ambrosia tunnels, simple, vertically branched; Anisandrus.

PLATE 2.

Ul/U U 0

EGG-NICHES.

The great majority of North American bark-beetles deposit their eggs
singly in small niches, termed egg-niches, cut along the sides of the egg-tunnels.
These are shown distinctly in the illustrations of the tunnels of Leperisinus
aculeatus Say, Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw., Pityopthorus cariniceps Lee., and many
others given in this paper. Usually the niche is cup-shaped, with a circular
opening, and is somewhat deeper than the thickness of the eggs. The niche is
cut with the mandibles, and usually at the extreme end of the egg-tunnel as
thus far cut. The size of the niche in relation to the size of the egg varies with
the species. The tunnel face of the wall of egg-packing is usually slightly
convex, so that the cylindrical character of the tunnel is but little altered;
but certain species cut relatively small niches, with the result that the eggs
and their covering of dust project decidedly into the tunnel.

EGG-POCKETS.

These are large niches cut along the sides of the egg-tunnels by species of
Dendroctonus, Ips concinnus Mannh., Orthotomicus caelatus Eichh., and others,
in which several eggs are deposited and packed with boring-dust. 0. caelatus
deposits from two to eight eggs in a mass at the bottom of each pocket.
Dendroctonus simplex Lee., places three or four eggs side by side in the bottom
of an elongate shallow pocket or very short groove. The details vary consider-
ably with the species and with the environment, and apparently to some extent
with the individual. D. simplex often deposits a few eggs in the boring-dust
which fills portions of the tunnels.

EGG-GROOVES.

Dendroctonus valens Lee., Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, Dryoccetes americanus
Hopk., and others, deposit their eggs in layers or rows along one or both sides
of the egg-tunnels. The tunnel is widened or grooved for the reception of the
layer or layers of eggs and their invariable protective covering of boring-dust.
Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, often deposits three layers of eggs in one groove. The
continuous wall of egg-packing covering the egg layers is in line with the tunnel
wall so that the cavity of the tunnel is cylindrical, and but little larger than the
circumference of the beetles. Here again, the details vary greatly with the
species and often markedly in the same genus. Dryoccetes americanus Hopk.,
frequently deposits a few eggs in the roof of the tunnel.

TURNING-NICHES.

These are cut by Dendroctonus simplex Lee., and others, at intervals along
the sides of the egg-tunnels; they are rather wide and deep excavations, and
are used by the beetles for reversing their position, exactly as a street car or
railway train uses a " Y " in the track. I have only rarely found a few eggs
deposited in them. Certain species cut a short tunnel or a niche at the base
of the entrance-tunnel at an angle with the egg-tunnel; these serve in the same
manner for turning. The constructors of forked tunnels use the two branches
of the egg-tunnel and the entrance-tunnel for the same purpose. The ventilation-
tunnels, previously referred to, and the nuptial chamber are also used for this
purpose as well as for copulation.

THE NUPTIAL CHAMBER.

Many polygamous and a smaller number of monogamous species have a
distinct chamber in the inner bark at the base of the entrance hole, called the

nuptial chamber, from which the egg-tunnels originate. The star-shaped tunnels
of Ips, Pityogenes, Pityophthorus in part, Polygraphus, and others, have a
distinctly flattened nuptial chamber, usually relatively large, either entirely
in the inner bark or engraving the wood surface. In the normal star-shaped
type the egg-tunnels radiate from all sides of the chamber; in the modified type
cut by Ips calligraphus Germ., Ips perturbatus Eichh., and others, the two or
three tunnels arise from the chamber at the opposite upper and lower sides.
The unispinosus group of Eccoptogaster cut a vertical tunnel above and below
from opposite sides of a rather large nuptial chamber (PL 20, fig. 3). Two
other types of tunnels are cut by the species of the genus Eccoptogaster, as at
present constituted, one simple and vertical E rugulosus, the other forked
and transverse (PL 4, fig. 1). The species of Phlceosinus cut a single vertical
egg-tunnel, usually with a large nuptial chamber at the base of the entrance
tunnel (PL 5, fig. 5). Many modifications of the chamber appear in the
family, varying from the indefinite cave-tunnel with one or two irregular egg-
tunnels, cut by some Pityophthorus, to the perfectly star-shaped tunnels of
Pityogenes and some species of Pityophthorus and Ips.

The beetles utilize the chamber for several purposes. It serves as a
temporary storage room for boring dust thrust into it by the females working
in the egg-tunnels; it is also used by the beetles for turning or reversing their
position, particularly by species which cut no ventilation tunnels; and it is
used regularly for copulation. With polygamous species the male spends nearly
all his time in the nuptial chamber and in the entrance tunnel.

The nuptial chamber is a special modification, and has apparently arisen
independently in several groups of genera. The star-shaped tunnels of
Polygraphus, with a distinct chamber, are closely similar to those of some Ips
and Pityogenes', but the beetles are structurally so widely separated that no
community of origin could account for their similarity in habit. The chamber
is well developed in Eccoptogaster and Phlceosinus, and these genera are not
only widely separated morphologically from each other but also from the two
groups just mentioned.

In the genus Pityophthorus we find evidence that the star-shaped type may
have arisen in this instance from the more primitive cave-like type still cut by
some species of the genus; and the habit may be explained in allied genera by
community of origin. In some species of Dryocostes we find what appears to be
a secondary degeneration from the star-shaped type to irregular tunnels without
definite plan. The chamber has apparently arisen independently in Eccopto-
gaster, Phlceosinus, and others, as a simple enlargement of either the egg-tunnel
or the entrance-tunnel, at or near the junction of the two.

FOOD-TUNNELS.

The feeding habits of the adults vary greatly with the species. In the
process of cutting the egg-tunnels much of the excavated wood is swallowed,
and many species apparently obtain sufficient nourishment in this way. Other
species excavate special food-tunnels either before or after cutting the egg-
tunnels. The young adults may feed extensively before emerging from the bark,
cutting winding food-tunnels, " brood burrows," between the bark and the
wood, as with species of Ips, Pityogenes, and others; or they may leave the parent
tree directly from the pupal cell, and cut food tunnels in the bark of other trees,
as with species of Ips, Phlceosinus, Eccoptogaster, and others. The parent
adults may extend the egg-tunnels as winding food-tunnels, " terminal burrows,"
or cut short food-tunnels elsewhere before beginning their second set of egg-
tunnels. This intermediate period of rest and feeding is needed, apparently,
in order to mature the second lot of eggs.

THE TYPES OF EGG-TUNNELS.

The egg-tunnels present many variations in form, even in the same genus
and interesting similarities in habit occur between species belonging to widely
separated genera. Several arrangements for classifying the ipid egg-tunnels
have been suggested. The variations in the tunnels are so numerous that a
detailed classification must be cumbersome if at all complete, and the brief
arrangement in the following table will perhaps be more useful for the purpose
of this bulletin: —

IRREGULAR ELONGATE TUNNELS — Dendroctonus, Hylurgops, Hylastes, etc.

IRREGULAR SHORT TUNNELS. — Dryoccetes (in part), etc.

SIMPLE LONGITUDINAL TUNNELS. — Phlceosinus, Eccoptogaster (in part),

Chramesus, etc.

SIMPLE TRANSVERSE TUNNELS. — Cryphalus, Eccoptogaster (in part) ; rare.
FORKED TUNNELS.' — Longitudinal or transverse; Leperisinus, Pseudo-

hylesinus, Eccoptogaster (in part), Phthorophlceus, etc.
RADIATE TUNNELS. — Ips, Pityogenes, Pityophthorus (in part), Polygraphus,

etc.

CAVE TUNNELS. — Cryphalus (in part), Pityophthorus (in part).
PITH TUNNELS. — Micracis, Stephanoderes, Pityophthorus (in part).
AMBROSIA TUNNELS. — Simple; Anisandrus, Xyleborus. Compound;
Gnathotrichus, Pterocyclon, Trypodendron, Xyloterinus. Page 11.

PLATE 3.
AMBROSIA-BEETLE TUNNELS.

Fig. 1, Anisandrus populi Sw.; eggs, larvae and pupae; 1| times natural size.*

Fig. 2, Trypodendron retusus Lee.; tunnel in poplar; about natural size, showing a pupa in its

cradle.

Fig. 3, Anisandrus obesus Lee.; tunnel in beech, showing eggs lying in the inner end.**
Fig. 4, Trypodendron retusus Lee.; larvae; about natural size.*
Fig. 5, Anisandrus pyri Peck; tunnels in apple; about | natural size.*
Fig. 6, Trypodendron retusus Lee.; tunnels in poplar; about £ natural size.
Fig. 7, Trypodendron betulce Sw.; tunnels in birch; \ natural size.
Fig. 8, Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch; tunnels in pine, showing larvae, pupa, and adult; natural

size.**

Fig. 9, Anisandrus pyri Peck; exit holes in apple limb; about | natural size.
Fig. 10, Anisandrus populi Sw. ; tunnels in poplar.

Fig. 11, Trypodendron retusus Lee.; tunnels in poplar, showing small larvae.*
Fig. 12, Eggs, larvae, and pupae of Anisandrus populi Sw.; slightly enlarged.

PLATE; 4.

BARK-BEETLE TUNNELS (ORIGINAL.)

Fig. 1, Eccoptogaster subscaber Lee.,; tunnels in lowland fir; wood surface; £ natural size.
Fig. 2, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Zimm.; tunnels in hazel; wood surface; natural size.
Fig. 3, Dendroctonus monticolce Hopk.; pitch-tubes in western white pine trunk; much reduced.
Fig. 4, Orthotomicus ccelatus Eichh.; tunnels in white pine bark; about natural size.
Fig. 5, Pityophthorus nitidus Sw.; tunnels in pine twig, on the wood surface and in the pith;

3 natural size.

Fig. 6, Study-tunnels, covered with sheet celluloid.

Fig. 7, Phthorophlceus picece Sw.; tunnels in white spruce branch; \ natural size.
Fig. 8, Orthotomicus caelatus Eichh.; tunnels in white pine, inner surface of bark, showing inner

bark entirely reduced to powder.
Fig. 9, Dendroctonus borealis Hopk.; tunnels in white spruce, inner surface of the bark; (the

right end of the figure should be uppermost, the (black) egg-tunnels vertical); the larvae

feed in congress at first and finally separate to cut individual mines; much reduced.
Fig. 10, Ips perturbatus Eichh.; tunnels in white spruce bark; £ natural size.
Fig. 11, Eccoptogaster subscaber Lee.; tunnels just commenced in balsam; f natural size.
Figs. 12 and 13, Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw.; tunnels in white pine limb; $ natural size.

* Original ** Author's illustration

PLATE X,. 3.

PLATE No. 4.

Irregular Elongate Tunnels. — The egg-tunnels of Dendroctonus, Hylastes, and
Hylurgops are elongate, longitudinal, variably irregular, branched or winding,
and frequently anastomosed.

Irregular Short Tunnels. — Several species of Dryoccetes, and others, cut short
irregular tunnels.

Simple Longitudinal Tunnels. — These are simple tunnels lengthwise of the
grain, moderately short and straight. They may or may not have a nuptial-
chamber or turning-niche at the base of the entrance-tunnel, but they have no
ventilation tunnels or turning-niches along the sides. Phlceosinus dentatus Say
cuts a rather elongate egg-tunnel with a distinct nuptial-chamber. Eccoptogaster
rugulosus Ratz., and E. 4-spinosus Say, cut shorter, simple tunnels without a
distinct nuptial chamber. Eccoptogaster picece Sw., cuts an entirely different
one; here the entrance-tunnel opens into a large nuptial-chamber, which gives
off, above and below, but not opposite to each other, a longer or shorter egg-
tunnel. E. unispinosus Lee., of the Pacific Coast, has tunnels very similar to
those of picece; these are properly of the forked type. Chramesus icorice Lee.
cuts short longitudinal egg-tunnels with a distinct turning-niche at the base of
the entrance-hole. Individual tunnels are frequently more or less oblique.

Simple Transverse Tunnels. — These are cut by very few of our species,
except as individual variations from a different type.

Forked Tunnels. — In this type, as here defined, the entrance-tunnel opens
into two egg-tunnels, usually somewhat curved, and diverging at a very wide
angle, or nearly in line. Apparently this type has been developed by the exten-
sion of a turning-niche, such as is now cut by C. icorice Lee., into a second egg-
tunnel. The tunnels of Phthorophloeus picece Sw. (PI. 4, fig. 7), illustrate well
the transition from the simple egg-tunnel with a turning-niche into a regular
forked type. In this species an egg-tunnel is cut from the base of the entrance-
tunnel, usually nearly transverse, though frequently oblique, and a second much
shorter egg-tunnel is cut from the base of the entrance-tunnel at a varying,
though usually wide angle with the first; or in other words, the turning-niche
has been extended somewhat and a few egg-niches cut on either side. The
tunnels of Phthorophloeus liminaris Harris (PI. 5, fig. 7) are usually well-developed,
with two egg-tunnels, one often somewhat longer than the other, nearly in line,
and slightly incurved to meet at the base of the entrance-tunnel. The latter is
oblique and its base slightly engraves the wood at its junction with the two
egg-tunnels. In the process of their development the tunnels of liminaris have
probably passed through the stage in which we find those of picece to-day.
Leperisinus aculeatus Say cuts somewhat similar egg-tunnels in ash, but the
two branches are rather more distinctly arched from their junction with the
entrance-tunnel. The tunnels of Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichh., in elm, are of the
same type (PI. 5, fig. 6). The species cutting the tunnels thus far described
are usually monogamous.

The tunnels of Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Zimm. are peculiar,
straight and transverse, but crossed near the middle of their length by a short
vertical tunnel. They may be included under the simple transverse tunnels
(PI. 4, fig. 2).

Radiate, or Star-shaped Tunnels. — These are cut by the genera Ips} Pityoph-
thorus (in part), Pityogenes, Pityokteines, Polygraphus, and others. The entrance-
tunnel opens below into a flat nuptial-chamber lying between the bark and the
wood, or often chiefly in the former. From the sides of this cavity the egg-
tunnels radiate in varying number, according to species and individuals, from
three or four to eight or nine. The species cutting these tunnels are polygamous
and each egg-tunnel is cut, usually, by a separate female, while a single male
cuts and occupies the nuptial-chamber. The tunnels of Orthotomicus ccelatus
Eichh. are roughly star-shaped, with the nuptial-chamber entirely in the bark

36198—2

(PL 4, fig. 4) . The tunnels of Dryoccetes are in some species, affaber, variably
irregular, but are in others, such as confusus Sw., distinctly of this type.

Certain species of Ips and Pityophthorus have a preference for following
the grain of the wood, and in some of these a few very long egg-tunnels are
developed, more or less parallel to each other throughout much of the length, as
with Ips calligraphus Germ., and Ips perturbatus Eichh. (PL 4, fig. 10). Certain
species of Pityogenes and Pityophthorus cut elongate egg-tunnels in the bark of
small twigs, and show a more or less distinct spiral arrangement.

Cave Tunnels. — Species of the genus Cryphalus excavate an irregular cavity
in the bark, engraving the wood, in which the eggs are deposited (PL 23, figs. 6, 7).
Pityophthorus opaculus Lee., and others, have a very similar habit, sometimes
combining the cave type with short irregular egg-tunnels.

Pith Tunnels. — Certain species of Pityophthorus ,Stephanoderes and Micracis
cut their egg-tunnels through the pith of twigs (PL 4, fig. 5).

THE LARVAL MINES.

The larval mines of the bark-beetles have been described briefly on page 9,
and are dealt with in detail under their respective species in the 'remaining parts
of this series.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF BARK-BEETLES.

It is very noticeable that at different altitudes and latitudes and in different
seasons the broods of the Ipidse develop at different rates. A species which is
single-brooded in northern Canada may have two broods in the middle or
southern States. Certain species which have normally two broods, may have
but one or only a partial second brood in cold, wet seasons, in the same locality.
In the same locality, and during the same season, over-wintered individuals may
appear from cold, swampy sections or northern slopes several weeks later than
others of the same species, which have wintered in a sunny situation. It is
evident that the factors which influence the development of the larvae and the
time of appearance of the adults are of great interest, and are of particular
importance in economic studies. The chief of these factors are the moisture
content of the air in the tunnels, the temperature of the air and of the bark ,and
the sunlight. The beetles are particularly sensitive to any change in humidity;
they will leave all other activities to fill any openings made in the tunnel roof.

Valuable experimental studies upon the effect of different degrees of heat
and moisture upon the development of bark-beetles have been made by several
European writers, especially by Hennings upon Ips typographus Linn. The
results of these studies agree on the whole with more general observations
made in our forests under natural conditions. It has been a matter of common
observation in Canadian forests that the greater number of our bark-beetles
breed most rapidly in hot weather with a moderate supply of moisture. On
the other hand, broods developing in the bark in the open sunlight of clearings
are not uncommonly destroyed by the high temperature and dryness of the
bark, which render the latter unfit for food, and also directly affect the life
processes of the larvse. It may be noticed in very hot, dry seasons that while
broods in the thin bark exposed to the open sunlight may be partly or largely
destroyed, those breeding in the thick bark of the trunk or moister stump, or
in thick bark about the edge of the clearing, where the moisture has been partly
conserved by the shade, may breed successfully and with great rapidity. It
appears also that sunlight, aside from temperature, has a stimulating effect
upon growth. Hennings refers to a " heat paralysis " of the larvse which was
noticed sometimes at 24°C. dry (55 per cent to 56 per cent air moisture).
The highest life processes were reached just before that point. The addition

of moisture raised the " heat paralysis " point, and so gave opportunity for
more rapid development.

It is also well known that their development is retarded by periods of wet
weather, such as prevailed in Central and Eastern Canada during the spring
and much of the summer of 1912. Such periods of excessive humidity are,
with us, invariably cold, so that we have both retarding influences in operation.
There is also the important factor of fungus development which is so much more
rapid in wet seasons, and both renders the bark unfit for food and at times
destroys all stages of the beetles in large numbers.

We may safely conclude that warm and moderately dry seasons, with abun-
dant sunlight, are the most favourable for bark-beetle development; and that
cold and wet seasons are the most unfavourable.

MATING HABITS.

This subject is treated in parts of this series dealing with the biology of
the species, planned for later publication. With many species copulation takes
place during the migratory flight from the old trees to the new, either on the
bark of the old trees or after alighting. With Anisandrus, in which the males
are unable to fly, paring takes place at the mouth of the old tunnel or possibly
within it, but probably in most cases on the bark of the trunks containing the
old tunnels during the later summer. Monogamous species pair often at the
mouth of the new tunnel and one mating may be sufficient to fertilize the
greater part of one lot of eggs; polygamous species usually mate at the entrance
from the nuptial chamber into an egg-tunnel, and with these species mating
occurs frequently.

THE OVIPOSITION.

With many species, oviposition takes place in the manner described for
the following two. The oviposition of Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw. was observed.
The egg-niche was cut at the extreme end of the egg-tunnel, and when the tunnel
was examined, the female was in the tunnel end with ovipositor inserted into
the niche. In a few seconds the egg appeared and adhered to the bottom of
the niche. The time of passage was about one second. As soon as the egg was
deposited the female moved forward to the nuptial-chamber, reversed her
position, and entered the tunnel head foremost. When she reached the tunnel
end she appeared to move the egg with the mandibles, probably placing it more
evenly, and then turned her attention to filling a crack in the tunnel roof with
boring dust. The tunnel had been previously opened and covered with sheet
celluloid, so that the beetles within could be watched, and the celluloid had been
moved just previous to oviposition. Some of this dust she pushed in from the
nuptial-chamber (the male had been removed and the nuptial-chamber was
partly filled with boring-dust), and the rest she removed from the tunnel end.
This finished, she continued the excavation of the tunnel, placing the boring-dust
thus obtained about the egg until the niche was filled.

The Dendroctonus simplex female cuts its short egg-groove or egg-pocket
at the extreme end of the tunnel as then cut. It then backs out to the nearest
turning-niche, or possibly ventilation-hole, reverses its position, proceeds back-
wards to the end of the tunnel, and inserts the tip of the abdomen into the
egg-pocket. In one case observed by the writer, the tunnel end was opened,
revealing the female in position for ovipositing. She remained in that position,
almost motionless, for six minutes, until, suddenly, the egg appeared, or rather,
as the ovipositor was placed against the bottom of the pocket, and the egg was
large, the beetle* appeared to walk away from about the egg, leaving the latter
adhering to the wood. The female then moved forward to the nearest turning-

36198— 2J

niche, reversed her position, and advanced head foremost into the tunnel to
continue excavation and cover the egg with boring-dust. As the tunnel was
by this time covered with celluloid, she first proceeded to close the cracks between
it and the edges of the tunnel with boring-dust.

REMOVING THE BORING-DUST.

In removing the boring-dust, the female scrapes it backward with the
mandibles, which make a very efficient hoe. If she wishes to pack boring-dust
into egg-niches or to fill cracks in the tunnel wall, the dust is pushed forward
with the mandibles and packed by them into the proper position, but when
ejecting boring-dust from the tunnel it is always scraped backward, first with
the mandibles and then with the legs, working it beneath and behind the body.
By moving backward and at the same time revolving in the tunnel, the insect
is able to remove the dust without difficulty, and to eject it into the nuptial-
chamber, or to extrude it through the exit hole. . The tarsi are retracted more
or less, and the outer edge of the tibiae is used much in locomotion, and parti-
cularly in removing the boring-dust. The armature of the tibiae, of course,
assists considerably in both operations.

A METHOD FOR STUDYING HABITS.
(PI. 4, fig. 6).

In studying the habits of Ipidae, it becomes necessary to devise some method
of watching the beetles at work. All their operations, with the exception of
cutting the entrance-hole, are performed beneath the protecting cover of bark;
and when the latter is largely removed they invariably cease work almost
immediately and either leave the tunnels or retire to the uncovered portions.
If the tunnels, with the beetles in them, are covered in the proper way with
glass, celluloid, or mica, the excavation may be continued and much of the
work may be observed. We have secured best results with smaller species
working in thin bark, such as P. hopkinsi Sw., by removing the bark over the
nuptial-chamber and a part of an egg-tunnel, and immediately pinning thereover

PLATE 5
BARK-BEETLE TUNNELS (ORIGINAL).

Fig. 1, Pityokteines sparsus Lee.; egg-tunnels in balsam fir; wood surface; twice natural size.

Fig. 2, Dendroctonus obesus Mannh.; tunnels in Sitka spruce bark; very much reduced.

Fig. 3, Pityophthorus canadensis Sw.; Pupal cells in pine, showing larva and pupa in position;
about natural size.

Fig. 4, Hylastinus obscurus Mannh.; tunnels in red clover roots, showing a beetle, and the eggs
in place in the niches; about natural size.

Fig. 5, Phloeosinus canadensis Sw.; tunnels in arbor yitae, wood surface; two-thirds natural size.

Fig. 6, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichh.; tunnels in elm, inner surface of bark; about natural size.

Fig. 7, Phthorophloeus liminaris Harr.; tunnels in peach limb, showing a portion of the brood;
one-half natural size.

Fig. 8, Leperisinus aculeatus Say; tunnels in ash, showing the brood in position; about natural
size.

Fig. 9, Pityophthorus nudus Sw. tunnel in pine, wood surface; twice natural size.

Fig. 10, Pityophthorus canadensis Sw.; pupal cells in pine twig, showing full grown larvae and
pupae; natural size.

Fig. 11, Phloeosinus canadensis Sw.; tunnels in arbor vitae, showing eggs in situ; one and one-
fourth natural size.

PLATE No. 5.

a piece of sheet-celluloid, leaving a very small opening at one side of the nuptial-
chamber for ventilation and the extrusion of the boring-dust. Better results
are obtained with but one egg-tunnel, since in sets with several working females
more dust is pushed into the nuptial-chamber than the male can handle under
the abnormal conditions, and the chamber rapidly becomes blocked. With
such an arrangement one may observe the removal of the boring-dust and its
extrusion from the nuptial-chamber, the feeding habits of the male, copulation,
and the reversal of position of the female before and after egg-laying. If the
roof of the egg-tunnel is rapidly and carefully removed immediately after the
female has been observed to back into the tunnel, the process of egg-laying may
be studied. A bit of sheet-celluloid should be placed over the tunnel as soon
as it is opened.

When the bark is thick, and the tunnels chiefly in the inner bark, the
following method may be used with advantage. The bark is carefully removed
from the wood, leaving the nuptial-chamber and the developing egg-tunnel as
nearly uninjured as possible, with the beetles within them. A small sheet of
moderately thick glass is placed over the inner side of the bark, closing in the
tunnels. The glass should be held firmly in place by rubber bands or other
means. When the tunnels are not under observation, the bark should be kept
glass downwards upon dark cloth and weighted moderately with a block of wood
to prevent warping.

Whether celluloid or glass is used to cover the tunnel, the male will imme^
diately proceed to fasten all cracks about the edges of the chamber with boring-
dust, and the female does the same in the egg-tunnel; excessive evaporation
from the opened tunnels is thus somewhat checked. It is necessary to remove
the glass or celluloid from time to time and clean away the boring-dust which
has become attached to it.

The moisture content of sticks used in breeding experiments may be pre-
served to some degree, while the bark is intact, by coating the cut ends with
melted paraffin.

FlG. 1 — ECCOPTOGASTER RUGULOSUS RATZ.

Tunnels at right; adult above, viewed from the
side, legs removed. (Author's illustration.)

II.

BARK-BEETLE INJURIES AND THE MEANS OF CONTROL.

BARK-BEETLE INJURIES.

The majority of our bark-beetle species breed commonly in dying trees
and slash, but many of these attack trees which have become weakened or
unthrifty, or even at times healthy trees, and they are therefore distinctly
injurious. Other species attack healthy trees readily when the beetles are
present in sufficiently large numbers, and have killed an enormous quantity of
timber in Canadian forests.

The injury to living trees is caused by the adult beetles cutting their egg-
tunnels through the inner bark or upon the surface of the sap wood, and by the
larvae excavating the larval-mines in the same location.

The multitude of tunnels and mines checks the flow of sap and rapidly kills
the tree, or the part of it attacked. Direct injury to the timber is caused by
the Ambrosia-beetles, since their small black tunnels penetrate the wood for
several inches or, in some cases, for more than a foot.

PRIMARY ENEMIES.

Certain of our bark-beetle species are commonly found attacking and
killing heal hy timber. They attack perfectly sound trees and cause the chief
or primary injury, and they are therefore known as " primary " enemies.
Among our best known examples are: Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee., D. monticolce
Hopk., D. piceaperda Hopk., D. borealis Hopk., and Dryoccetes confusus Sw.
These are also found breeding in slash, and in timber dying from various causes,
but they are commonly and abundantly found attacking healthy timber in
quantity.

A considerable number of our species breed everywhere in slash and dying
trees and are usually secondary enemies, but upon occasion, the frequency
varying with the species and the conditions for rapid breeding, they increase to
immense numbers so that they successfully attack healthy trees and become
important primary enemies. Polygraphus rufipennis Ky., the Four-eyed Spruce
Bark-beetle, is abundant throughout Canadian forests in spruce bark of slash
and dying trees; but it attacks and kills large numbers of over-mature trees,
and those weakened by other causes, and at times becomes epidemic, killing
large quantities of spruce, particularly black spruce. Pityokteines sparsus Lee.,
(Ips balsameus Lee.), the Balsam Fir Bark-beetle, is an important primary
.enemy of the balsam fir in Eastern Canada. It is an important factor in the
present extensive injury to our eastern balsam, and is always active in killing
the over-mature and weakened trees. It is everywhere abundant in dying fir
bark. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., the Douglas Fir Bark-beetle, is every-
where abundant in slashings of Douglas fir and western larch, but is at times
an important primary enemy in restricted localities. D. obesus Mannh., the
Sitka Spruce Bark-beetle, is rather more commonly found as an important
primary enemy of Sitka spruce on the British Columbia coast, but it usually
confines itself to dying bark if this is available. Several of our species of Ips,
and many other species, while usually important secondary enemies, are at
times of considerable primary importance in sporadic outbreaks. All these
primary enemies, in order to overcome the resistance of the healthy trees, must
attack in very large numbers, so that their numerous and rapidly excavated
tunnels may check the sap flow in a short time. In an epidemic outbreak of

the Western White Pine Bark-beetle in western yellow pine more than 2,000
pairs of beetles were estimated cutting their egg-tunnels in the trunk of one
tree. On the other hand, many examples of abandoned tunnels of various
species are found, indicating that the beetles have entered the bark individually
or in small numbers, and have been overcome or driven away by the excessive
and sustained flow of resin.

SECONDARY ENEMIES.

The majority of our bark-beetles are found breeding in bark of dying trees
and logs. Many of them readily attack weakened trees or those whi'ch have
been injured by fire, primary bark-beetle attack, or other causes, and rapidly
effect the death of the trees. They are therefore injurious in the sense that
they assist other agencies in killing timber, without themselves attacking healthy
trees, and are known as "secondary" enemies. Some of these species, usually
secondary, when they become exceedingly numerous through favourable oppor-
tunities for breeding, do at times become primary and attack nearby healthy
timber to a varying degree, causing local sporadic outbreaks. Some of the more
important of these species have been mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

A few of our species normally attack healthy trees in individual pairs, and
while their young may succeed in developing, only the part of the tree directly
affected receives any serious injury. Dendroctonus valens Lee., the Red Turpen-
tine Bark-beetle, often kills patches of bark at the base of pine and spruce without
killing the trees outright. This species is responsible, however, for the death of
considerable numbers of yellow pines in British Columbia, and is an important
assistant of the Western White Pine Bark-beetle and the Western Pine Bark-
beetle in the epidemic outbreaks.

Several species of Pityophthorus kill twigs of pines in considerable numbers.
Species of Phloeosinus and Eccoptogaster cut food tunnels in the twigs of their
host trees, causing more or less injury thereby.

Several secondary species of the genera Polygraphus, Eccoptogaster, Pityo-
genes, Pityophthorus, and others, hasten the death of the lower branches of pine
and spruce, and to that extent may in a sense be considered beneficial in helping
to produce cleaner trunks and, therefore, better logs.

NEUTRAL SPECIES.

Many bark-beetle species are found breeding only in dying bark and are
not known to cause any injury to living trees. Leperisinus aculeatus Say, in
ash; Chramesus icorice Lee., in hickory; Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichh., in elm;
and Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Zimm., in branches of oak and beech, are
not known to injure living trees in our woods. Lymantor decipiens Lee., and a
few others, breed in dead bark and sapwood.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BARK-BEETLE INJURIES IN CANADIAN FORESTS.

These injuries include the normal annual loss to weakened trees, minor
sporadic outbreaks, and the extensive epidemic outbreaks.

THE NORMAL ANNUAL LOSS.

In addition to the more evident outbreaks where large numbers of trees die
each year in the infested area, there is a very large and often unrecognized annual
loss due to the normal activities of forest insects. Everywhere throughout the
forest, injured, unthrifty, and overmature trees are attacked and killed by

various species of bark-beetles and wood-borers; and the normal loss from this
cause is so very great, when large areas are considered, that it should receive
serious consideration. When coniferous trees die without any apparent external
injury, examination usually shows that their death has been hastened or caused
by bark-beetles or other insects. When slashings are allowed to lie, the fresh
bark and wood serves as a breeding ground for many destructive insects, and it
is therefore only to be expected that the annual crop of scattered dying trees
will be abnormally large in the neighbourhood of bodies of neglected recent
slash. It unfortunately happens that nearly all these scattered dying trees are
completely destroyed by boring beetles during the few years following their
death, and they become an absolute loss; since, even though the limit is being
logged, it is often considered unprofitable to collect the scattered dying trees.
Properly conducted slash burning will almost invariably reduce the amount of
this annual loss, and it must be regarded as a most valuable method of insect
control.

SPORADIC OUTBREAKS.

From time to time small local bark-beetle outbreaks occur usually in the
neighbourhood of slash from cuttings, wind falls, or fire-killed timber. The
beetles concerned are frequently common secondary species, which, having had
suitable opportunities for rapid breeding, find themselves numerous enough
to attack the nearby green timber successfully ; these have already been referred
to under " Secondary Enemies," page 23. These minor outbreaks are easily
controlled, and may die away without causing extensive injury; on the other
hand, if they have been originated by some of the more destructive species,
they may become epidemic, and devastate the whole countryside. Small
outbreaks by a destructive primary enemy should not be disregarded.

EPIDEMIC OUTBREAKS.

Bark-beetle outbreaks may be considered epidemic when they spread
rapidly over a wide area, involving the death of many hundreds or thousands
of trees. Under these conditions the beetles occur in immense numbers, and
attack the green timber with the greatest readiness. Often the largest and
finest trees are selected. The one or more primary enemies really responsible
for the spread of the injury are accompanied invariably by numbers of secondary
species. Many examples of these extensive injuries have occurred in Canada
and the United States during the last century. The Destructive Eastern Spruce
Bark-beetle, Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk., has killed many millions of feet of
spruce timber in Maine and New Brunswick during a series of destructive
outbreaks, the last of which occurred between the years 1897 and 1900. The
best known Canadian examples are those still spreading in the yellow pine in
southern British Columbia, caused by the Western Pine Bark-beetle and the
Western White Pine Bark-beetle, and those in the western white pine and

PLATE 6.

BARK-BEETLE BREEDING GROUNDS (ORIGINAL).

Fig. 1, A slashing on Vancouver Island; an ideal breeding ground for beetles.

Fig. 2, Beetle-killed yellow pine, Indian Meadows, B.C.

Fig. 3, Beetle-killed western white pine, B X Mountain, B.C.; the dead trees were killed by the

Western White Pine Beetle many years ago.
Fig. 4, Beetle-killed lodgepole pine, Trepanier Creek, B.C.

PLATE No. 6.

lodgepole pine caused by the Western White Pine Bark-beetle. In parts of the
infested country the trouble commenced nearly twelve years ago, and practically
all the pines have been killed (P. 6, figs. 2, 3, 4). Injury to the mountain balsam
by the Destructive Western "Balsam Bark-beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Sw., is
sporadic in many localities over a wide area between Lesser Slave lake and the
main line of the Canadian Pacific railway through the Rockies and Selkirks,
but in certain districts it may be considered epidemic.

CONDITIONS FAVOURING BARK-BEETLE OUTBREAKS.

In addition to the weather, latitude and altitude, there are various local
conditions which favour the rapid development of the beetles, and, therefore,
are directly concerned in the origin of sporadic and epidemic outbreaks.

SLASH.

The refuse from cutting operations, culls, branches, tops, and stumps
affords an ideal breeding-ground for practically all our injurious bark-beetles
as well as for many other injurious species. Logging operations, settlers'
clearings, and even cuttings for firewood and for trail-making, provide slash that
may prove a positive menace to the surrounding healthy timber.

In order to control our destructive bark-beetles it is only necessary to
reduce the numbers so that the normal amount of dying bark to be found in
the woods will suffice for breeding purposes. Apparently all our bark-beetles
have, normally, a preference for dying bark; and it is only when their numbers
are very great that green timber is attacked in quantity. It therefore follows
that so long as extensive cutting in a district continues, the slash and stumps
serve as a breeding-place, and to a considerable extent, or for a time often
entirely, protect the healthy trees from most species of beetles. Broods of our
most injurious species which have bred in an epidemic outbreak in green trees
have apparently a decided tendency towards green timber. Unless the amount
of slash increases from year to year, certain species are bound to develop to
such numbers that additional breeding-places are required, and then, or, with
certain species, apparently before that stage is reached, they attack the sur-
rounding green timber. When cutting ceases suddenly there is always danger
that an outbreak may develop in the neighbourhood.

It is therefore evident that while slash may serve for a longer or shorter
time as a partial protection to the standing timber, it is likely to become a
nuisance, since it offers an abundant food supply for the beetles in which they
may breed to immense numbers.

The slash can be made to serve as an effective trap. Many injurious
species will pass the winter chiefly as young adults or larvae in the bark. If
the slash of the previous summer's cutting is burned during winter and early
spring, a sufficient number of the beetles will usually be killed to hold the injurious
species in check. When there is but one brood each season, as with the Mountain
Pine Bark-beetle, winter burning of slash of the previous winter's cut will be
effective. When species with two broods are involved summer slash burning
in early August, of the previous winter's cut, would assist in their control. The
most important consideration, however, is the destruction of the slash by fire
before the beetles can breed in it and emerge to infest nearby timber. Properly
conducted slash burning will be exceedingly effective in averting injuries by
both forest insects and fungi.

GROUND FIRES.

Light burns also provide an abundant supply of dying bark for breeding
purposes. The injured and slightly burned trees are in some cases as dangeroue

beetle breeding grounds as the slash, and this should be considered when the
burns are being logged. If the fire has occurred in the first half of the season
and has charred only the bark near the ground, the timber on a burn must be
cut during the first winter following the fire, or not later than the second winter,
if anything is to be saved from the grubs of the large wood-borers.* Since the
logs will contain these living grubs, even though cut the first winter after the
fire, they must be got into water or sawed before spring opens; and when the
latter is done the lumber should be dried as rapidly as possible. All green slash
and small dying trees on the burn should be piled and burned to prevent the
breeding of bark-beetles and other insects. Trees which have been thoroughly
charred from base to top may be disregarded in so far as beetle control is con-
cerned. Burns which were made late in the season are, of course, frequently
immune from beetle injury, although this is true to a smaller degree in British
Columbia than in Eastern Canada.

OTHER FACTORS.

Wind-falls, snow-breaks, and flood injuries provide more or less dying timber
for beetle breeding grounds each season, particularly in the mountain sections.
Whenever any extensive injury of this kind occurs in government parks or
reserves, or on valuable private holdings, it is desirable to have the dying timber
utilized or destroyed before it can give forth its crop of destructive beetles.

NATURAL CONTROL FACTORS.

The influence of weather conditions upon the broods has already been
discussed. The other natural agencies operating to check the development of
the beetles in our forests are, parasites of various kinds, predacious insects,
birds and fungi.

PARASITES.

Small hymenopterous parasites deposit their eggs on the larvae or near
them in their tunnels, and the young parasites kill the beetle larvae by feeding
upon their body juices (PL 19, fig. 2). The larger of these parasitic species
deposit their eggs through the thin bark overlying the larval mines in the tops
and branches; the minute species enter the egg-tunnels and lay their eggs often
in the egg-niches. They affect different species of bark-beetles in varying
degrees. The most destructive bark-beetles, breeding in heavy, thick-barked
timber, are but little affected by them. On the other hand, some species, such,
for instance, as Leperisinus aculeatus Say, are frequently very heavily parasitized,
and the minute round holes through which the adult parasites eventually emerge
from the bark are often thickly interspersed with the exit-holes of the beetles.
A few of our species are sometimes heavily parasitized by mites which breed in
the mines and destroy the larvae about the time of pupation.

PREDATORS.

Predacious beetles and their larvae are frequently abundant about and within
the egg-tunnels and mines, and feed upon the bark-beetle adults, their eggs,
and the larvae.

The influence of parasites and predacious insects appears, on the whole, to
be of minor importance in controlling bark-beetles in our forests; although it is
possible that some of our secondary species, normally rather heavily parasitized,
might otherwise be of primary importance.

*Except the largest timber of the Pacific Coast.

BIRDS.

Insectivorous birds, particularly the woodpeckers, are decidedly beneficial
in destroying the broods of bark-beetles whenever their numbers are sufficiently
great. Beetle-infested trees are often found with the bark largely riddled by
woodpeckers, and the broods almost entirely destroyed. In the beetle-infested
yellow-pine area of southern British Columbia the woodpecker work is some-
times strikingly evident, and the beetle trees may often be detected in this way
(PL 7, fig. 4). There is evidence that the birds have at times a decided effect
in reducing the numbers of the beetles over a limited area; but while their influ-
ence on the whole is decidedly beneficial, they are probably never sufficiently
numerous in our woods to control more than very small sporadic outbreaks.

PARASITIC FUNGI.

The effect of parasitic fungi in destroying broods of bark-beetles has been
studied in several instances. This factor appears to be of minor importance
in our forests.

METHODS OF CONTROL.

Sporadic outbreaks by bark-beetles may usually be controlled without
great difficulty; and even epidemic outbreaks, in which many hundreds of trees
are dying, may be brought under control, often with very little actual loss.
The peculiar habits of the beetles render them vulnerable to attack by the only
methods the lumberman could feasibly employ. Our most destructive species
have one brood, or one brood and a partial second one, each season; they pass
the winter as adult beetles and larvae in the bark of the dying trees, entered by
the parent adults in the early part of the same season. When in green timber
the broods always pass the winter in the trees attacked by their parent beetles
earlier in the same season, then usually with yellowing foliage and often with
resin-tubes and woodpecker work showing on the bark of the trunk. The
beetles never return to the old " red-tops," as the affected trees are called,
nor remain in the trees longer than one year. If then, by modified logging
operations, these green " beetle trees " can be removed during winter, kept
separate, and so treated that the broods in the bark will be killed before their
breeding season opens, it is possible to stop the outbreak in one season. If all
the green beetle-trees could be treated and all the slash and broken trees burned
it would be possible, at least in theory, to exterminate the injurious species
from a limit in one winter's work. Practically, this would not be possible in
dealing with an outbreak of any extent; but it is fortunately unnecessary. If
over three-fourths of the broods in the infested trees can be killed before they
emerge in the early season, the outbreak can be checked; and by similar work
upon the relatively few trees attacked the succeeding season, it can be brought
under nearly complete control, provided the entire infested section is treated,
so that there will not be extensive reinfestation each year. The largest and
most heavily infested trees and the most heavily infested sections should receive
special attention. When only a portion of the infestation can be treated each
season, it is usually considered advisable to direct the work towards reducing
as rapidly as possible the chief centres of infestation in the whole infested section.
What portion of the second year's work should be employed in new territory,
and how much towards cleaning up more completely on the ground covered
during the previous winter, must be decided by the conditions of the locality.
The details of the control methods will depend upon the species of beetles
involved, and partly also upon local conditions, and should be undertaken with
the direction of a competent forest entomologist.

When it becomes necessary to undertake direct control measures, the broods
in the bark of the infested trees can be destroyed by whichever of the following
methods are best suited to local conditions: —

Floating the Logs. — Where water is available, the simplest method is to cut
the infested logs during winter and float them as soon as cut or as early in the
spring as possible; this will kill the greater part of the broods in the bark.

Sawing in Winter and Burning the Slabs. — Where it can be done pro-
fitably, the infested logs may be sawn during winter, and the slabs, which will
contain the brood, burned before the spring opens.

Barking the Trees. — It is always possible to fell and bark the infested trees
during winter, and when necessary, to burn the infested bark before spring
opens. The presence of the greater number of the grubs in the middle layers
of bark renders burning the bark necessary in the control of outbreaks involving
the Western Pine Bark-beetle. Control operations should be completed usually
during the period between the first of November and the following June, but
the work should be finished as early in spring as possible.

When it is not possible to utilize the timber profitably, and control measures
are necessary to protect valuable holdings against ravages of the beetles, the
infested timber should be treated by the cheapest effective method so as to des-
troy the contained broods. The infested trees may be cut and burned or
thoroughly charred before spring opens, frequently at less expense than by re-
moving and burning the bark.

It will often be best to combine two or more of the available methods in
order to complete the control work during late fall, winter and early spring.

This control work has reference solely to the freshly infested trees, with
green, yellowish, or moderately reddened foliage, having the bark filled with
the beetles and their grubs, and not to the old " red-tops " which have been
dead for one and a half years or longer, and from which the beetles have
emerged.

Trap-trees may be utilized in the control of some species. The importance
of slash burning in bark-beetle control and the possibility of utilizing it as a
trap has already been mentioned.

THE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN FIRE AND BARK-BEETLES.

It has been shown that ground fires which injure and kill such large numbers
of trees may provide material for the rapid development of bark-beetles. This
is particularly true if the burns succeed each other year after year in neighbouring
localities. This relation between fires and beetle development has probably
always obtained, since fires have occurred in our forests for ages through the
action of lightning and the agency of man.

When fires run through infested slashings, immense numbers of beetles
may be destroyed and the fire may be very beneficial from that standpoint.
When light fires run through beetle-infested timber the greater part of the broods
are not affected by the heat, since only the bases of the trees are burned. If
the fire is very hot so that the trees are burned far up the trunk, many of the

PLATE 7.
BARK-BEETLE BREEDING GROUNDS (ORIGINAL).

E-g< o' Beetle-killed timber, a clump of red-top yellow pine near Princeton, B.C.

**8- 2, Tunnels of Dendroctonus borealis, at base of white spruce in Jasper Park, Alta.

.tig. 6, iunnels of Trypodendron bivittatum in white spruce, Jasper Park.

*ig. 4, Work of woodpeckers on a beetle infested yellow pine, Coldwater Creek VaUey, B.C.

PLATE No. 7.

broods may be killed; but the uncertain benefit to be obtained by this burning
is usually more than counterbalanced by the certain injury to healthy timber
and reproduction. The control of bark-beetle outbreaks in green standing
timber by fire should be undertaken only with the greatest caution and under
expert advice. In our opinion this method of control would usually do infinitely
more harm than good.

After the beetles have killed a large part of the timber, fires are able to
obtain terrific headway in the masses of dead trees, and therefore to cause an
unusual amount of damage. There are at present large areas in southern
British Columbia where for miles all or nearly all the pines have been killed by
bark-beetles. The trees have been dead from one to ten or twelve years. When
fires occur in such material as this, often on a thin and rocky soil, the heat may
burn through to the rock and reduce the section to a timberless waste for gener-
ations. It is not at all improbable that the large areas of rock and range land
in southern British Columbia have been produced in past ages through this
joint action of beetles and fire. Whatever has happened in the past, it is prac-
tically certain that fires will eventually ruin the extensive areas now existing
in that region upon which the pine has already been largely or entirely killed,
as well as upon that in which the beetles are still actively operating.

FIG 5. — IPS INTEGER EICHH., AUTENNA. Original.

Ill

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

The structures of the ipid beetles are discussed in this paper only very
briefly for the purpose of illustrating the keys for determination. The termin-
ology already employed in literature is made use of here so far as possible.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE BODY.

The size varies in species of our fauna from 1 mm. in Crypturgus and
Pityophthorus to 9 mm. in Dendrodonus. The shape is cylindric, varying from
very stout, as in males of Anisandrus, to moderately elongate, Gnathotrichus,
or elongate-oval in outline from above, as in Leperisinus.

The colour is usually dark reddish brown or black when mature; all species
are yellowish when first transformed, and turn darker as the integument becomes
more strongly chitinized. A few genera, as Leperisinus and Pseudohylesinus,
have patches of scales of varying shades of brown and grey. Species of Trypo-
dendron have the pronotum and elytra varied in black and shades of yellowish-
brown.

The vestiture varies greatly and presents interesting characters. It varies
from long slender hairs to very minute, fine, almost invisible pubescence, to
very short bristles or to scale-like hairs, and finally to stout, flattened, plain or
ribbed scales. The hairs may be simple or show many plumose and palmate or
tuffed variations. Very stout spatulate seta3 as well as spines are developed
on the tibiae. In the ambrosia beetles of all genera, including Platypus, very
long, slender sense-hairs are developed in patches on the labial palps. These
hairs are evidently related to the habit of fungus-feeding and present an
interesting case of convergence. Varying frontal or declivital pubescence may
be of secondary sexual significance.

The armature consists chiefly of stout setae and spines on the tibiae; lunar
rugosities or asperities on the front of the pronotum, more or less strongly devel-
oped; lunar rugosities about the base of the elytra, sometimes accompanied by
an elevated elytral base; and teeth or spines on the interspaces of the declivity.
The declivital spines are particularly important in the classification of such
genera as Pityogenes} Ips, and Xyleborus. An epistomal carina or process, and
frontal tubercles, are developed in some species. The integument is nearly
always strongly chitinized, except in such degenerate forms as the males of
Anisandrus.

The Sculpture. — The surface of the body is pitted with setose punctures of
varied structure; the longer setae or hairs of the elytra are almost invariably
borne by the interstrial punctures, and the minute pubescence from the strial
punctures. The margin of the punctures is variably elevated into granules,
rugosities or spines. The lunar rugosities of the pronotum and the declivital
serrations are enormously developed marginal granules ; they seem always con-
nected with a setose puncture of which they are the greatly elevated front
margin. The elytra are variably striate with the interspaces often convex, or
carinate behind, and variably rugose. In addition to bearing punctures, granules
and setae, the head is frequently very finely aciculate, and any part of the integu-
ment may be finely reticulate.

THE HEAD.

The head is somewhat quadrate and prominent, visible from above in the
Hylesininoe and Eccoptogasterince, subglobular and more deeply embedded in

the strongly convex pronotum so as to be invisible from above in the Ipinoe and
Micracinw. It bears many of the most important characters used in classifi-
cation.

The mouthparts are only rarely made use of in the keys given in this paper,
and need not be described in detail. The labrum is absent. The mandibles
are powerfully constructed, without peculiar characters. The maxillae and
labium, on the other hand, present excellent constant and peculiar characters,
some of which have been used in classification by earlier writers. The objection

JSfiis.

/fcf.

Prothorux Neso- ffetathorajc
:•'•'• Thorax

Head

Thorax

Abdomen*

FIG. 2. — HYLTJRGOPS PINIFEX FITCH; SIDE VIEW. ORIGINAL.

Ant., antenna; EL, elytron, showing striae; EL dec., elytral declivity; Epis., epistoma; F. ex.,
fore coxa; Fr. front; Gen., gena; H. ex., hind coxa; M. ex., middle coxa; Md., mandible; M. epim.,
mesepimeron; M. epist., mesepisternum; Met. st., metasternum; Metepist., metepisternum; Mst.,
mesosternum; MX., maxilla; Pn., pronotum; P.m. st., process of the mesosternum; Scut., scutellum;
Sut. st., sutural stria.

to their general use applies to most internal structures ; that they can be examined
only after careful dissection requiring a microscope and a certain skill in mani-
pulation. The characters of the maxillae include the relations of the sclerites
and the structure and arrangement of the setae. The lobe is spinose in most
species, but fringed with long slender hairs in ambrosia-beetle genera. The
labium is deserving of more attention than it has yet received in literature,
and if it were not for the difficulty in examination, would be used freely in
these keys. The mentum, ligula, and palps bear excellent generic and specific
characters.

The eyes are feebly convex, usually elongate-oval, with the margin entire
or with the front margin more or less deeply emarginate. In the genera Trypo-
dendron, Xyloterinus, and Polygraphus, the eyes are completely divided by
the median emargination (PL 9, fig. 36). Polygraphus is otherwise very
widely separated from these other two genera, and the condition of the eyes
is an excellent example of convergence.

The antennae are geniculate, with a well developed scape, funicle, and a
prominent club. The latter may be regularly segmented with transverse or

arcuate sutures on each side, Pityopthorus (PL 10, fig. 22), or the inner margins
of the segments may be thrust towards or to the apex of the club so that the
segments lie obliquely and the sutures show only at the apex or not at all upon
the inner face, Ips', when in addition to this condition the club is thickened
towards the base with the apical segments more or less completely telescoped,
an obliquely truncate club is produced, as in Xyleborus, Anisandrus, Dryocoetes,
Pityokteines, and Orthotomicus (PL 10, fig. 32), where almost the entire club is
formed by the first segment. The distal segments are distinctly evident in
Orthotomicus. In widely separated genera, Pityophthorus and Eccoptog aster, the
sutures of the club are very strongly chitinized, resulting in a partial or complete,
distinctly visible septum. In a few genera the club is unsegmented, Chramesus
(PL 10, fig. 36), Polygraphus (PL 21, fig. 1).

The funicle comprises that part of the antenna between the 1st segment,
called the scape, and the club. The 1st segment of the funicle, known as the
pedicel, is always enlarged; the remaining segments, comprising the outer part
of the funicle (or the funicle of European writers) vary in number from one to
six, usually widening towards the club. The number of segments in the funicle
is usually a valuable character, but must be employed with caution since in some
genera, Polygraphus, the number may vary in the same species. The scape is
usually elongate, frequently strongly arcuate at the proximal end and clavate
distally; sometimes short, Eccoptogaster (PL 10, fig. 8); rarely much widened
and flattened, Micracis (PL 10, fig. 19).

The antennae bear many important characters, used repeatedly in the tables.
They may often be examined satisfactorily with a good lens without removing
them from the head, but very frequently it is necessary to remove and mount
them in balsam.1

The epistoma presents valuable characters in the median lobe, variably
developed, as in Phleeosinus; the dorsal process, Dendroctonus (PL 9, fig. 37, 38);
the median carina, and the punctuation and pubescence. The margin bears
a fringe of stiff, light-coloured hairs.

The front bears important characters frequently used in the keys. Most
important are the impressions, punctuation, granulation, median carina, and
pubescence. Very often the sexes show marked difference in frontal characters.

THE THORAX.

The pronotum is somewhat depressed in the Hylesinince and Eccoptogas-
terince', usually strongly arcuate or gibbose in the Ipince and Micracince, although
in a few genera, Dryocoetes and Xylocleptes, the convexity is less pronounced.
The characters present in our genera concern the shape, punctuation, asperities
of the frontal portion, granulation, pubescence, sub-basal line or margination,
and the condition of the lateral margin.

On the ventral surface of the prothorax the length and concavity of the
prosternum with the prosternal ridges are important, and also sometimes the
punctuation of the lateral areas.

/Pin the mounted beetle securely to a cork angle. With a needle, kept moist with clearing mixture
until the antenna is secured, work the antenna loose under a dissecting microscope, or a strong lens held
in the left hand. Transfer the free antenna on the moist needle point to a drop of 98 per cent alcohol on
a clean slide. When the alcohol is nearly evaporated add a drop of carbol-xylene, (xylol, one-half,
melted carbolic acid crystals, one-half). When this is nearly evaporated add xylol-balsam and cover.

^ The angle used by the writer for this purpose is made of sheet cork; it has a base 4£ inches long by
3 inches wide, covered above with soft white paper, with a vertical back 1J inches high, and a rim of
Bristol board one-quarter of an inch high pinned securely about the sides and front.

Exceedingly fine needles are necessary for removing very small antennae, and for all fine dissection
under high power. The best needles known to us are those used by dentists for extracting nerves. These
may be obtained either plain or with serrated edges, together with suitable handles from any dentist,
or dealer in dentist supplies. The plain needles may be bent into any desired curve by drawing the point
between the thumb and fore finger. They are exceedingly durable.

The Legs. — The tibiae and tarsi present interesting modifications of great
value in interpreting relationships. The third tar sal segment may be nearly
normal or greatly widened and bilobed; the fourth segment may be distinct, or
almost invisibly hidden in the bilobed third segment. The presence of elongate
tarsal and tibial hairs is a secondary sexual character in some genera. The
shape of the fore tibiae and the condition of their spines and serrations are of
great importance in the relationships of the larger groups ; the individual varia-
tions in the tibial serrations, however, are frequently very great.

Coxa— -
Femur - - -j/- V ^Trocbanter

Tarsus

FIG. 3.— HYLURGOPS PINITEX FITCH; FORE LEG. ORIGINAL.

The scutellum in these insects has the visible portion small, usually with
the apex of the process at the level of the elytra, sometimes oblique or depressed
and nearly invisible from above.

The thoracic sterna present important characters, but have been very little
used. The condition of the mesosternum is important, particularly in the
Hylesinince. The side-pieces of the metathorax are variably exposed, and
variably pubescent. The metepimeron is covered by the elytra or partly
exposed; the metepisternum almost entirely exposed or nearly completely
covered in a few genera.

THE ELYTRA.

The elytra are variably striate, punctured, granulate, and pubescent, with
serrations in certain genera at the base or on the interspaces of the declivity.
These characters are of the utmost importance in generic and specific arrange-
ment. The strial punctures usually bear very minute setae, while the longer
hairs are almost invariably from the interstrial punctures. The elytral pubes-
cence presents every gradation between slender elongate hairs and very short
stout scales; the punctures of the striae and interspaces vary greatly in diameter,
shape and depth ; the interspaces may be flat or variably convex with granulations
or rugosities. The " suture," the junction of the two elytra along the dorsum.
is frequently more or less elevated, particularly behind, by the convexity of the
first interspaces, and the first or sutural striae are frequently more deeply im-
pressed than the others. The declivity is usually steep, sometimes truncate or
concave, or almost absent with the elytra approaching the horizontal behind in a
few genera, Eccoptogaster and Leperisinus, (PL 17, fig. 10).

THE ABDOMEN.

The apical tergites and sternites are of some importance, but will not be
discussed here. The eighth tergites may be covered or exposed in one or both
sexes. The five visible sternites vary considerably in the degree "of fusion,
relative length, and convexity; rarely they bear teeth or serrations, which may

36198—3

be smaller or absent in the female. The last sternite is variably impressed and
carinate behind. It is considered by some that the first two sternites are fused
and hidden in the metacoxal cavities; in this paper the five visible abdominal
sternites are numbered from one to five.

FIG. 4. — HYLURGOPS PINIFEX FITCH; VENTRAL VIEW. ORIGINAL.

C.C., coxal cavity; Cl.,club; E, EL, elytron; F., femur; Fun.,funicle; Gen.,gena; g.s.,gular suture;
L., labium; Md., mandible; M. ex., mesocoxa; M. epist., mesepisternum; M. epim., mesepimeron;
Meta. st., metasternum; Metepist., metepisternum ; M. st., mesosternum.; mx., maxilla; Fed.,
pedicel; Pst., prosternum; P.m. st., process of the mesosternum; Sc., scape; Tr., trochanter.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Considerable attention has been devoted to the application of internal
characters to taxonomy. The characters of the male and female genitalia, and
the alimentary canal, particularly the proventriculus, have been discussed in
papers by Lindeman, Verhceff, Sedlaczek, Nusslin, Fuchs, Hopkins, and others;
and these characters have been employed in arranging keys for determination
of genera and even of species. I have found these characters, especially the
proventriculus, of the greatest interest and much practical value; but a wider
study is apparently necessary, employing many genera and species, and parti-
cularly many specimens in each species, before definite conclusions can be drawn.

The chief drawback to the employment of these internal characters, and
likewise of the mouth parts and hind wings, lies in the difficulty of their examin-
ation. While it is easy enough to make excellent mounts of the mouth parts,
proventriculus and genitalia of Crypturgus atomus, if one has the proper equip-
ment, it is quite impossible for the average student or forester, and a detailed
discussion of these characters is therefore omitted from this paper.

IV.

CLASSIFICATION— A PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENT OF THE
CANADIAN BARK-BEETLES.

INTRODUCTORY.

The genera of the Ipidse have been arranged into tribes and subfamilies
in so many different ways that now a tribal or subfamily name is indefinite
unless followed by the name of the author. The four latest arrangements of
the groups have been advanced by Hagedorn, Nusslin, Reitter, and Hopkins.
Each differs radically from any of the others. The last, by Hopkins, representing
an extensive study of world species, is an exceedingly valuable contribution;
but there are sections of his arrangement with which I am as yet unable to agree.
His family "Scolytidce" seems to me only a subfamily; his subfamily "Crypha-
lince" to comprise two distinct and widely separated groups of genera; both the
"Corthylince" and the "Phl&otribinOB" to group together genera that seem impos-
sible in subfamilies of that extent, and Dendroctonus seems to me very widely
separated from Crypturgus and Dolurgus.

A final acceptable arrangement of the Ipidse can be made, I believe, only
after a more complete study of the external and internal characters of world
species, an exhaustive study of the larvae, and a close comparison of habits.
It is of the greatest importance to study many individuals of each species,
particularly in groups such as Trypodendron and Dryocoetes, in which the species
are notably variable. A study of scores or preferably of hundreds of individuals
of each variable species, representing different localities, forms a basis for definite
conclusions; the examination of a few specimens rarely even suggests the limits
of variation. Tribal and even subfamily names are usually of minor importance,
often a matter of personal preference, and very largely a nuisance. The relation-
ships of the genera are usually indicated clearly enough by the grouping in the
generic keys. The keys which follow are preliminary and far from perfect;
they attempt a workable arrangement of the genera and Canadian species for
the use of students and foresters. Many of the doubtful points will be settled
eventually only by biologic studies. Internal characters have been included in
the keys but rarely, although they have been utilized extensively as checks.
Keys based upon the internal characters of such small insects are obviously
quite useless to the average worker, and in so far as this family is concerned
these internal characters seem usually to be no more reliable for phylogenetic
studies than those of the exterior.

In the present paper the four leading groups of the Canadian Ipidce are
recognized as subfamilies; the Eccoptogasterince, the Hylesinince, the Micracince,
and the Ipince.

The keys to the species include the species known to occur in Canada and
those of the northern part of the United States in so far as they are represented
in literature and in our collection. In a few genera, such as Ips and Pityoph-
thorus, most of the North American species are included; but, in general, no
attempt has been made to cover those genera peculiar to the southern and
southwestern States. For instance, Hypothenemus and Stephanoderes, including
many southern species, are not represented in Canada and are therefore dis-
regarded. The Canadian species and others of special interest are treated
briefly in the catalogue.

36198— 3£

PAIRED SPECIES.

We have to consider the status of the so-called " paired species," that is
to say, species from neighbouring or widely separated areas, with the same
habits and so closely similar in structure that a large section of the individuals
are indistinguishable, while other individuals at the opposite ends of the series
are easily separated by morphologic characters. We have, for example, a series
of a species found in the spruce forests of northern British Columbia whose
variations in certain characters intergrade from A to G, and a second series from
Engelmann's spruce of the Rocky Mountain Region of southern British Columbia
and Alberta with the same habits and the same characters as the first series,
but with the variations in the characters already chosen varying from B to H.
Individuals from either region lying between the points B and G on the curve
are indistinguishable from those of the other region lying between the same
points, while it is more or less easy to distinguish those about A from those
about H.

A B G H

There are apparently two explanations for such a condition. We may
have to deal with two distinct species which have arisen from distinct parent
forms and which through convergence have now come to intergrade; or we
may have to do with a single species, all descendants of a common parent species
which have varied in different directions while intergrading in the same characters
throughout the great bulk of the individuals. Either of these two hypotheses
may be correct, but as the second appears to be far the simpler and at the same
time " practical," it should be preferred.

Classification has two objects; to express biologic facts, and to assist in our
study of the organisms themselves. It is more important to express .the facts,
if we can be reasonably sure of them; but if the truth is very doubtful, as it
certainly is in the case of these " paired " or " overlapping " species, it appears
to the writer that the simpler and more useful explanation should be chosen.
If the individuals about A and H were the only ones known, we should describe
two species; and it is proper to do so, if good judgment is used and the description
sufficient, for it is only by the publication of such studies that rapid progress
can be made. If intergrading forms are discovered later, and a few names
reduced to synonymy, we still have a valuable record of variations, and synonyms
are surely less troublesome than composite species. But when we find many
intergrading individuals in each series so that the two series overlap and much
of the material cannot be determined without the place labels, the writer can
see no sufficient reason in retaining two names. In this paper several series
in which no constant and distinguishing characters appear are left under their
several names awaiting the completion of breeding experiments.

PLATE 8.
IPID STRUCTURES^ALL MUCH ENLAKGED; OKIGINAL.

Fig. 1, Trypodendron retusus Lee.; larva.

Fig. 2, Pityogenes knechteli Sw.; male genitalia. (See Fig. 3.)

Fig. 3, Orthotomicus caelatus Eichh.; male genitalia; Ap., apodemes; cc., central cavity; d.p.,

dor sal plate ; Sp., spicule; Teg., tegmen; Tr., trough; Vp., ventral plate.
Fig. 4, Anisandrus populi Sw. ; larva.

Fig. 5, Egg-tunnels of Conophthorus coniperda Sz. in white pine cone.
Fig. 6, Eccoptogaster piceae Sw.; pupa.

Fig. 7, Anisandrus pyri Peck; male, side view (A. E. Kellett).
Fig. 8, Trypodendron retusus Lee.; pupa.

PLATE 8.

THE SUPERFAMILY IPOIDEA (ScOLYTOIDEA).

This subfamily is distinguished from the rest of the Rhynchophora, and
from all other Coleoptera, by the following characters :—

The submentum not strongly produced behind; the beak very short or
indistinct; the antennae geniculate and clavate; the tarsi five-segmented; the
maxillary palpi rigid; the tibiae usually serrate.

FAMILIES IN THE IPOIDEA.

Tarsi with segment 1 as long as the others united (PL 21, fig. 4).

PLATYPODIMS. Page 38.

Tarsi with segment 1 much shorter than the others united (PL 9,
fig. 34). . IPID^E. Page 38.

The family Platypodidce is represented in our area by one genus, Platypus,
and .one species, wilsoni Sw.

Platypus wilsoni Sw.; Can. Ent., 48: 97, 1916.

Length, 5-5 mm.; width, 1-3 mm.; the male elytra are individually
produced at the apex (PL 21, fig. 3).

This is the most destructive Ambrosia beetle of the Pacific coast of
British Columbia ; its black tunnels penetrate the wood often for more than
a foot. It attacks unhealthy and dying trees and felled logs of British
Columbia Coast conifers except pine,1 cedar, and yellow cedar.

THE FAMILY
SUBFAMILIES OF THE IPID^B.

A The anterior tibiae produced into a prominent process at the outer apical
angle (PL 9, figs. 16, 17). ECCOPTOGASTERI1SME. Page 39,

AA The anterior tibiae not strongly produced at the outer apical angle (PL 9,
figs. 23, 24).

B The head visible from above; the pronotum rarely more strongly
roughened in front (PL 12, figs. 1, 2). HYLESININ^E. Page 39.

BB The head subglobose, concealed from above by the pronotum; the
pronotum usually distinctly more strongly roughened in front (PL 13,
fig. 4).

C The anterior tibiae with the sides nearly parallel, not widened
distally; the antennal funicle usually 6-segmented; the first two
visible ventral segments of the abdomen subequal and each as
long as the last three united, (PL 10, fig. 19).

MICRAGIN^B. Page 44 .

CC The anterior tibiae widened distally and serrate on the outer margin

(PL 13, fig. 3); the antennal funicle with less than six segments.

IPIN^E. Page 44.

1 One doubtful record from Western White Pine.

THE SUBFAMILY ECCOPTOGASTERIN.E.
KEY TO THE GENERA.

This subfamily is represented in our territory by the single genus Eccopto-
gaster Herbst.

A The fore tibiae with the outer apical angle produced into a curved spine,
the inner apical angle acute but not produced beyond the tarsal inser-
tion (PI. 9, figs. 16, 17).

B Venter of the abdomen ascending abruptly behind; the antennal scape
very short (PL 17, fig. 10). Eccoptogaster Herbst. Page 50.

BB Venter of the abdomen normal, nearly horizontal. Loganius Chap.
AA The fore tibiae with the outer apical angle produced into a bifid process,
with a tooth at the inner apical angle extending beyond the tarsal
insertion, and one or more serrations on the outer margin.
B The pronotum transversely rugose in front, the outer margin of the
fore tibiae strongly serrate. Erineophilus Hopk.

BB The pronotum not rugose in front.

C The pronotum with the side margin well defined.

Bothrosternus Eichh.
CC The pronotum without a definite side margin.

D The sutures of the club curved; rostrum narrower than the front;

body oval. Pagiocerus Eichh.

DD The sutures of the club straight; rostrum scarcely narrower than

the front; body oblong. Cnesinus Lee.

THE SUBFAMILY HYLESININ^J.
KEY TO THE GENERA.

A The antennal funicle of two or three segments; the foretarsal segments

cylindric; very small species (PL 10, fig. 9).

B The antennal funicle of two segments, the club with sutures only at
the extreme apex. Crypturgus Er. Page 54.

BB The antennal funicle of three segments, the club segmented.

Dolurgus Eichh. Page 55.
AA The antennal funicle of more than three segments; species of moderate or

large size.
B The third foretarsal segment cylindric, not widened; forecoxae almost

contiguous, (PL 21, fig. 1).

C The eyes divided (PL 9, fig. 36); the antennal club unsegmented,
the scape much longer than the funicle (PL 10, fig. 27) ; the base
of the elytra not much elevated and feebly crenulate (PL 21,
fig. 1). Polygraphus Er. Page 55.

CC The eyes not divided; the club segmented, the scape stout, but
little longer than the funicle; the base of the elytra elevated and
strongly serrate.

D The eyes rather deeply, narrowly emarginate; the elytral declivity

with carinate interspaces; the scape slightly longer than the

funicle (PL 10, fig. 20). Carphoborus Eichh. Page 56.

DD The eyes feebly sinuate in front, hardly emarginate; the elytral

declivity evenly convex; the scape shorter than the funicle.
E The anterior coxae in contact with the head beneath, the
prosternum before them obsolete; the tibiae margined with
short stout teeth. Cal. Renocis Csy.

EE The anterior coxae separated from the head by a very short

prosternum; the tibiae margined with long slender teeth on

the outer side. Pseudocryphalus Sw. Page 57 .

BB The third foretarsal segment distinctly widened and emarginate or

bilobed (PL 12, fig. 1).

C The antennal club unsegmented, the funicle attached to side of
club (PI. 10, fig. 36); beak extremely short, antennal scrobes
circular, attaining the eyes; eyes entire; shape of body hump-
backed (PI. 9, fig. 28) ; pronotum much wider than long, strongly
scabrous on the sides; elytra with declivity oblique, continuing
the curve of the disc, the pubescence on the elytra of short scale-
like hairs and stout bristles (PL 9, fig. 28a).

Chramesus Lee. Page 58.

PLATE 9.
IPID STRUCTURES; ALL MUCH ENLARGED.

Fig. 1, Orthotomicis caelatus Eichh., labium.*

Fig. 2, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, egg.*

Fig. 3, Dendroctonus valens Lee., egg.*

Fig. 4, Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch, labium.*

Fig. 5, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, tarsus, showing wide and bilobed 3rd segment.**

Fig. 6, Xyloterinus politus Say, labium.*

Fig. 7, Micracis suluralis Lee., labium.*

Fig. 8, Anisandrus populi Sw., labium.*

Fig. 9, Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw., labium.*

Fig. 10, Trypodendron retusus Lee., labium.*

Fig. 11, Anisandrus minor Sw., maxilla.**

Fig. 12, Ips pini Say, maxilla.**

Fig. 13, Ips calligraphus Say, labium.*

Fig. 14, Dryocoetes septentrionis Mannh., labium.*

Fig. 15, Pterocyclon mali Fitch, tibia and tarsus.**

Fig. 16, Eccoptogaster picece Sw., fore tibia, lower face.**

Fig. 17, Eccoptogaster picece Sw., fore leg, tarsus retracted.**

Fig. 18, Hylastes, a portion of the tarsus showing emarginate 3rd segment.**

Fig. 19, Xyloterinus politus Say, metepisternum.*

Fig. 20, Pityophthorus, metepisternum.*

Fig. 21, Trypodendron retusus Lee., metepisternum.*

Fig. 22, Xyloterinus politus Say, showing divided eyes.**

Fig. 23, Phthorophloeus picece Sw., tibia and tarsus.**

Fig. 24, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Zimm., fore leg.**

Fig. 25, Leperisinus aculeatus Say, venter of abdomen.**

Fig. 26, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, venter of abdomen.**

Fig. 27, Xyleborus celsus Eichh., labium.*

Fig. 28, Chramesus icoriae Lee., side view.**

Fig. 28a, Chramesus icoriae Lee . . dorsal view.**

Fig. 29, Conophthorus coniperda Sz., labium.*

Fig. 30, Hylastes sp., dorsal view of head and pronotum.**

Fig. 31, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, dorsal view of head and pronotum.**

Fig. 32, Pterocyclon fasciatum Lee., labium.*

Fig. 33, Trypodendron bivittalum Ky., hind tibia and tarsus.**

Fig. 34, Trypodendron betulae Sw., hind tibia and tarsus.**

Fig. 35, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, side view of mesosternal process.*

Fig. 36, Polygraphus rufipennis Ky., side of head; male.**

Fig. 37, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., epistomal process.*

Fig. 38, Dendroctonus valens Lee., epistomal process.*

Fig. 39, Dryocoetes americanus Hopk., prosternal process.**

Fig. 40, Anisandrus minor Sw., prosternal process.**

Fig. 41, Ips concinnus Mannh., labium, side view.*

Fig. 42, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, labium.*

Fig. 43, Stephanoderes dissimilis Zimm., labium.*

""Original. ** Author's illustration.

PLATE 9.

CC The antennal club segmented; the funicle attached to the end of the

club.

D The antennal club loosely segmented, the segments produced on
one side, sublamellate (PI. 10, figs. 4, 6).

Phthorophlceus Rey. Page 58 .

DD The antennal club connate, the segments equal sided.
E The antennal funicle 5-segmented.

F The fore coxse very narrowly separated, practically con-
tiguous; the metepimeron visible in part, variably
distinct; the epistomal process basal and well-developed;
the antennal club flattened, thickened at the base,
as wide as or usually wider than long (PL 12, fig. 2);
the eyes entire; the pronotum frequently wider than
long, punctured; the elytral base not elevated, arcuate
and finely crenulate; the scutellum oblique; the fore-
tarsal segment 3 wide and deeply bilobed; the
ligula in a wide band extending over the distal end of
the mentum; the proventriculus with the diagonal lines
of teeth very long, the transverse lines on the disc very
strongly developed (PL 18, fig. 10).

Dendroctonus Erich. Page 60 .

FF The forecoxse moderately or narrowly separated; the
metepimeron covered by the elytra; the antennal club
much longer than wide; the front without a basal
episfcomal process.

G The funicle with the outer segments distinctly broader;
the club elongate, pubescent, compressed, with three
more or less strongly oblique sutures; the eyes deeply
emarginate; the forecoxse moderately distant; the
prosternum moderately short; the alternate inter-
spaces of the declivity usually serrate, more strongly
in the male; the metepisternum wide, (PL 10, fig. 7).
Phloeosinus Chap. Page 67 .

GG The funicle with the outer segments hardly widened;
the club compressed, obtuse at the tip; the forecoxse
narrowly separated; the prosternum very short in
front of the coxse; thickly clothed with coarse erect
hairs. Cal. Chaetophloeus Lee.

EE The antennal funicle 7-segmented.

F Fore coxse rather widely separated; proventriculus with
diagonal lines of discal teeth absent or very feebly
developed.

G Antennal club strongly compressed; elytra gradually
depressed behind without a steep declivity; venter
of abdomen bent upwards behind; clothed above
with scales; the disc of the proventriculus not finely
granulate, (PL 10, fig. 15).

Leperisinus Reitter. Page 70.

GG Antennal club only moderately or slightly compressed;
elytra with declivity distinct and abrupt; clothed
chiefly with hairs.

H Antennal club hardly flattened, subconical, with
1st segment almost as long as 2nd and 3rd united;

the proventrieulus with the diagonal teeth
feebly developed; episterna scaly.

Scierus Lee. Page 73.

HH Antennal club distinctly but not strongly com-
pressed, 1st segment much shorter than 2nd
and 3rd united.

I Antennal club with first suture alone strongly
chitinized, distinct; each of first and second
segments longer than the third and fourth
united (PL 10, fig. 14) ; the proventrieulus with
a short diagonal band of small costal teeth
backwards from base of bristles, almost obso-
lete on disc which is not finely granulate;
ligula widened distally and truncate at tip;
the distance from the front of the eyes to base
of mandibles much greater than width of
eyes; antennal scrobes distinctly separated
from the front of the eyes; meso- and
metepisterna scaly.

Hylastinus Bedel. Page 73.

II Antennal club with first two sutures strongly
chitinized and distinct/ the two apical seg-
ments together longer than the second; the
disc of the proventrieulus finely granulate;
the ligula rounded at the tip; the distance
between the front of the eyes and base . of the
mandibles hardly greater than the width of
the eyes, which are narrow and elongate,
passing the base 'of the mandibles on the
ventral side of the head.

J Segments of the club indistinctly subdivided
by a constriction and a row of hairs, third
and fourth segments very rapidly narrowed,
segments of funicle more strongly widened
distally (PL 10, fig. 2); meso- and met-
episternum scaly; 9th elytral interspace
strongly carinate; scutellum oblique.

Alniphagus, new genus. Page 73.

JJ Segments of the club not so subdivided, third
and fourth segments longer, segments of
funicle not much widened distally; metepis-
ternum not scaly; scutellum not depressed,
(PL 10, fig. 1). '

Hylurgopinus, new genus. Page 74.

FF Fore coxae narrowly separated; the disc of the proventri-
eulus with diagonal lines of teeth usually strongly
developed (PL 18, fig. 10).

G Elytra with bases very strongly arcuate, slightly ele-
vated and finely evenly serrulate; 1st, 2nd, and 5th
ventral segments subequal in length (PL 9, fig. 25) ;
ligula wide, from a convex chitinized base, narrowed
distally; antennal hairs dense, stout and plumose;
the metasternum somewhat inflated, (PL 10, fig. 3).
Pseudohylesinus Sw. Page 74 .

GG Elytral bases at most but moderately arcuate and not

regularly serrulate; 1st and 5th ventral segments

subequal in length and longer than the others

(PL 9, fig. 26); the ligula slender, from a box-like,

strongly chitinized basal inflation; the venter of the

abdomen horizontal, (PL 9, fig. 42).

H 3rd tarsal segment much widened and bilobed

(PL 9, fig. 5); mesosternum protuberant in

front (PL 9, fig. 35); bases of elytra usually

rounded (PL 9, fig. 31.).

Hylurgops Lee. Page 80.

HH 3rd tarsal segment but little widened and emar-
ginate (PL 9, fig. 18); mesosternum not protu-
berant; base of elytra nearly straight.

Hylastes Er. Page 77 .

THE SUBFAMILY MICRACIN^.
KEY TO THE GENERA.

A The antennal club 5-segmented; abdominal segments 1 and 2 each about as
long as 3 and 4 together; the pronotum with an elevated area projecting
beyond the base of the thorax as a median lobe. In Cereus giganteus,
Arizona. C. hubbardi Sz. Gactopinus Sz.

AA The antennal club 6-segmented; abdominal segments 1 and 2 each as long

as 3, 4, and 5 together; the pronotum normal.

B The elytra acuminate at the apex; the antennal club distinctly annulated
on both sides. Micracis Lee. Page 83 .

BB The elytra not acuminate at the apex; the club not distinctly annulated

on the inner side. Thysanoes Lee. Page 82.

This subfamily is apparently represented from Canada by only the three

specimens of (Cryphalus) rigidus Lee. in the Leconte collection, although several

species of Micracis occur in the northeastern United States, in twigs of various

deciduous trees.

THE SUBFAMILY IPIN^E.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A The eyes divided (PL 9, fig. 22); the antennal club without distinct

sutures; metepisternum rather wide (PL 9, fig. 21).

B The antennal club with the corneous basal segment broadly arcuate in
front (PL 10, fig. 11); the metepisternum narrowed and sinuate in
front, the sides parallel behind (PL 9, fig. 19); the male smaller than
the female, with the front convex.

Xyloterinus, new genus. Page 83 .

BB The antennal club with the corneous basal segment strongly angulate
in front and produced towards the middle (PL 10, fig. 18); the met-
episternum strongly sinuate behind on the inner side (PL 9, fig. 21);
the male with the front deeply excavated, the sexes subequal in size.

Trypodendron Stephens. Page 84.
AA The eyes not divided; the club with sutures at least at the tip.

B The antennal funicle with not more than three segments; the metepis-
ternum covered on the posterior half, the fore tibiae but little widened
distally (PL 9, fig. 15).

C The funicle of only one segment; the fore tibiae without transverse
ridges or asperities on the outer face, strongly serrate distally on
the outer margin; stout species; Eastern States. Corthylus Er.

CC The funicle of two segments, the second smaller and closely attached
to the club (PL 10, fig. 38) ; the fore tibiae with transverse ridges
or asperities on the outer face, serrate on the entire outer margin;
elongate species (PL 9, fig. 15). Pterocyclon Eichh. Page 86.

BB The antennal funicle with more than three segments; the fore tibiae
more or less strongly widened distally (PL 9, fig. 24).

C The body clothed with scales or short scale-like hairs; the pronotum
armed with comparatively few, large, isolated, spine-like or tuber-
culate asperities; small species.

D The pronotum acutely margined on the sides; stout species with
the antennal club but little longer than wide.

E The elytra deeply striate.

F The antennal funicle 4-segmented, the fourth segment
narrow. Eastern United States, etc.

Hypothenemus West.

FF The antennal funicle 5-segmented, the fifth segment wide.
Eastern United States, etc. Stephanoderes Eichh.

EE The elytra feebly striate; the funicle 4-segmented.

Cryphalus Er. Page 87 .

DD The pronotum without an acute side margin.

E The antennal funicle 4-segmented; the eyes simple.

F The anterior margin of the pronotum rounded.

Letznerella Reitter. Page 90 .

FF The anterior margin of the pronotum produced.

Procryphalus Hopk. Page 90 .

EE The antennal funicle 5-segmented, the club much longer than
wide; the elytra elongate; the pronotum with rather
numerous isolated asperities, rather smaller than usual,
(PL 10, fig. 26). Trypophloeus Fairm. Page 90.

CC Body clothed with hairs, often nearly glabrous; pronotum with
numerous small asperities or more or less distinct granules in
front (PL 18, fig. 17).

D The pronotum finely margined with a transverse raised line near
the caudal border; the metepisternum largely covered by the
elytra, visible only in front (while the elytra are in the normal
tightly closed position) (PL 9, fig. 20).

E The mouthparts, as seen from below, rather sparsely clothed
with slender hairs, the maxillary lobe pilose (PL 9, fig. 11);
the body slender, very smooth, punctures and pubescence
nearly obsolete except on the declivity; the pronotum
closely but feebly asperate in front, with an acute, arcuate,
transverse, short carina at the summit, which is before the
middle (PL 18, fig. 17). Gnathotrichus Eichh. Page 90.

EE The mouth parts, as seen from below, densely clothed with
stiff hairs, the maxillary lobe spinose; the body slender or
stout, usually rather strongly punctured and pubescent;
the pronotum strongly asperate in front without a trans-
verse carina at the summit, which is usually median in
position.

F Body very stout; the pronotum with the marginal granules
almost obsolete; the discal asperities extending over
more than the cephalic half of the sides, and the disc
evenly convex, without a transverse impression behind
the summit; the antennal club not septate (PL 10,
fig. 17). Conophthorus Hopk. Page 92.

FF Body slender to moderately stout, the pronotum with the
front margin usually distinctly asperate, the sides punc-
tured and without granules on the caudal half, the disc
transversely, broadly impressed behind the summit; the
antennal club usually septate (except ramiperda).

G Elytra and pronotum minutely and densely punctulate
and densely clothed with very fine short pubescence;
the club with the first segment narrower than the
others; the prosternal process elongate-acute, the
male with long hairs on the front, (PL 10, fig. 24).
Pseudopityophthorus, new genus. Page 93.

GG Elytra and pronotum coarsely or finely and rather
sparsely punctured and pubescent; the club with the
1st segment usually subequal in width to the others;
the prosternal process short and wide; the special
development of hairs on the front a female character.
Pityophthorus Eichh. Page 94.

DD The pronotum not margined behind; the metepisterna distinct

for the entire length.
E The antennal funicle 5-segmented.

F The 'pronotum precipitous or oblique in front, asperate
before the summit; usually punctured behind (except
Ambrosiodmus and Xylocleptes).

G The pronotum strongly declivitous and strongly asper-
ate in front, not granulate behind (except in Ambro-
siodmus) .

H The fore tarsi only moderately widened distally;
the mouthparts as seen from below clothed with
many stiff hairs, the maxillary lobe spinose
(PL 9, fig. 12); the elytral declivity usually
toothed or excavated or both (PL 13, fig. 5).
True Bark-beetles.

I The posternum very short and oblique in front
of the coxae, with the intercoxal process short,
wide, not extending far between the coxae (PL 9,
fig. 40) ; the front of the female usually deeply
excavated (PL 15, figs. 1, 2); the antennal
club flat, compressed, sutured on both sides,
the first segment subcircular, occupying the
basal two-thirds on inner side (PL 10, fig. 25) ;
[proventriculus with "closing teeth" longer than
masticatory plate; the male genitalia with the

" trough " a long, spiral, longitudinally striate
band. (PI. 8, fig. 2)].

Pityogenes Bedel. Page 104.

II The intercoxal process of the prosternum long
and acute (PL 9, fig. 39); the front not
deeply excavated in either sex; the antennal
club usually without sutures on the inner side
or only at the extreme tip; [the "closing teeth"
of the proventriculus shorter than the mastica-
tory plate; the " trough " of the male genitalia
not a longitudinally striate band].
J The concavity of the declivity separated from
the apical margin of the elytra by the
strongly produced, horizontal, plate-like,
acute apical margin of the declivity (PI. 14,
fig. 2); the antennal club flattened, sutured
throughout on the upper face (PL 10,
fig. 10); the " trough " of the male genitalia
divided into two short rods; the ligula
depressed and the mentum very slender,
(PL 9, fig. 13). Ips De Geer. Page 107.
JJ The declivity with the apical margin only
slightly produced, at most forming a very
short acute apical ridge, the plate dividing
the declivital apex from the elytral apex,
when present, oblique and very short; the
antennal club thickened at the base, and
obliquely truncate distally on the upper
face (PL 10, fig. 33); the ligula pine-cone-
shaped, the mentum moderately elongate
(PI. 9, fig- 1).

K The front of the female not densely clothed
with long yellow hair; the declivital con-
cavity separated from the elytral apical
margin by a complete margin, usually
acute and distinct though not strongly
produced, the antennal club usually
longer than wide, thick at the base with
the oblique truncate distal face steep;
the 7th abdominal tergite without
spiracles. (PL 10, fig. 33).

Orthotomicus Ferr. Page 121.
KK The front of the female densely clothed
with very long yellow hair (PL 16,
fig. 3); the declivital concavity less
pronounced, with the apical declivital
margin almost absent towards the mid-
dle of the apex so that the sutural sulci
extend to the apical margin of the elytra
(PL 15, figs. 5, 6); the antennal club
usually wider than long, strongly de-
pressed distally; the seventh tergite
with spiracles.

Pityok teines Fuchs. Page 123

HH The fore tarsi strongly widened distally (PL 11;
fig. 2); the mouth parts with sparse slender

hairs, the maxillary lobe pilose (PL 9, fig. 11);
the males smaller and usually differing markedly
from the females (PL 11, fig. 1); the prosternum
very short, linear in front of the coxae. Ambrosia-
beetles.

The pronotum not serrate on the front margin,
quadrate, granulate over the entire surface;
the antennal club with the distal segments
showing slightly as a suture at the tip of the
inner side; the scutellum distinct, not de-
pressed; the body moderately stout; the
mesepimeron narrow, the metepisternum only
feebly emarginate behind (Xyleborus tachy-
graphus Zimm.). Southeastern United States.
Ambrosiodmus Hopk.

PLATE 10.
IPID ANTENNAE; ALL MUCH ENLARGED.

Fig. 1, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichh.*

Fig. 2, Alniphagus aspericollis Lee.*

Fig. 3, Pseudohylesinus nebulosus Lee.*

Fig. 4, Phthorophloeus frontalis Oliv.*

Fig. 5, Phloeophthorus rhododactylus Rey.*

Fig. 6, Phthorophloeus liminaris Fitch.**

Fig. 7, Phloeosinus canadensis Sw.*

Fig. 8, Eccoptogaster piceae Sw.**

Fig. 9, Crypturgus atomus Lee.*

Fig. 10, Ips pini Say.**

Fig. 11, Xyloterinus politus Say.**

Fig. 12, Phthorophloeus spinulosus Rey.*

Fig. 13, Phthorophloeus piceae Sw.**

Fig. 14, Hylastinus obscurus Marsh.*

Fig. 15, Leperisinus aculeatus Say.*

Fig. 16, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch.**

Fig. 17, Conophthorus coniperda Sz.*

Fig. 18, Trypodendron bivittatum Ky.**

Fig. 19, Micracis, undes sp.*

Fig. 20, Carphoborus bifurcus Eichh.*

Fig. 21, Gnathothrichus maleriarius Fitch.*

Fig. 22, Pityophthorus canadensis Sw.*

Fig. 23, Lymantor decipiens Lee., inner face.*

Fig. 24, Pseudopityophthorus minulissimus Zimm.**

Fig. 25, Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw.*

Fig. 26, Trypophloeus nitidus Sw.*

Fig. 27, Polygraphus rufipennis Ky.*

Fig. 27s, P. rufipennis Ky., showing 2nd segment of funicle partly divided.'

Fig. 28, Lymantor decipiens Lee.; outer face.*

Fig. 29, Cryphalus sp.*

Fig. 30, Dendroctonus valens Lee.**

Fig. 31, Dryocoetes affaber Mannh.*

Fig. 32, Anisandrus minor Sw.**

Fig. 33, Orthotomicus caelatus Eichh.*

Fig. 34, Dryocoetes septentrionis Mannh.*

Fig. 35, Ips concinnus Mannh.*

Fig. 36, Chramesus icoriae Lee.*

Fig. 37, Loganiusficus Sz*

Fig. 38, Pterocyclon mali Fitch.**

*Original. ** Author's illustration.

PLATE 10.

36198—4

II The pronotum asperate on the cephalic half,
punctured but not granulate behind ; the distal
segments of the antennal club completely
telescoped, rarely showing from the inner side.
J The body very stout; the pronotum sub-
circular with the cephalic margin serrate at
the middle line in the female, the mes-
epimeron strongly widened laterally; the
metepisternum only very faintly emarginate
behind; the scutellum distinct, not de-
dressed (PL 11, figs. 1, 2).

Anisandrus Ferr. Page 124.

JJ The body slender, the pronotum not serrate on
the cephalic margin; the mesepimeron
feebly widened laterally, the sides sub-
parallel; the metepisternum rather strongly
emarginate on the inner side behind.

Xyleborus Eichh.* Page 126.

GG The pronotum feebly declivous and not very strongly
asperate in front and somewhat granulate behind;
the sides arcuate; the antennal club strongly com-
pressed, the sutures arcuate, showing on both sides;
the elytral declivity more or less deeply concave.
Xylocleptes Ferr. Page 128.

FF The pronotum feebly convex, subequally in front and
behind, not declivous in front, granulate over the entire
surface, usually somewhat more strongly in front; the
antennal club obliquely truncate at the tip on the
outer side, thickened basally; the declivity convex or
somewhat flattened, never more than feebly granulate.
Bark borers (PL 11, figs. 4, 5).

Dryocoetes Eichh. Page 128.

EE The antennal funicle 4-segmented, the club compressed, with
arcuate sutures on the outer and inner sides (PL 9,
fig. 23, 28); the pronotum rather feebly declivous and
asperate in front, punctured behind, arcuate on the sides.

Lymantor Lov. Page 133.

THE ECCOPTOGASTERIN^.

The Genus Eccoptogaster Herbst

Die Kafer, 5: 124, 1793.

Scolytus Geoff.

Hist. Ins. Envir. Paris, 1: 309, 1762 (description inadequate).

The status of the names Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762, and Eccoptog aster Herbst,
1793, depends upon the acceptance or rejection of Geoffrey's description of
Scolytus. Geoffrey's description seems entirely inadequate; he is not binomial,
although binary, and he does not designate any species definitely as included
in this genus Scolytus except by reference to an unnamed figure and by the local

* Reitter, 1913, has erected the genus Xyleborinus, with the type saxesceni Ratz. This genus is separ-
ated from Xyleborus by the indistinct, oblique, depressed and carinate scutellum. It is included in Xyle-
borus by Hopkins as his Division I in which he has described six new species. There are no Canadian
representatives known.

name " le scolite." The figure, " Planch 5, fig. 5," is poor, and although it
would be identified readily enough as probably belonging to the genus Scoly-
tus, it could not possibly be definitely connected with any particular species.
The genus Scolytus was erected, therefore, without any definite specific repre-
sentative, and in my opinion should be replaced by Eccoptogaster Herbst,1793.

Key to the Species.

A Elytra deeply, closely striate, interstriae as deeply impressed as the main
stria3; the disc of the elytra distinctly hairy; epistomal process almost
obsolete. (Some specimens of muticus have the striae much less distinct
than normal).

B Large, 3 -5 to 4 mm.; elytra sparsely clothed with long hairs over entire
surface. Ohio, Missouri, Pennsylvania; Celtis. muticus Say.

BB Smaller, 2-5 to 3 mm.; elytra with short hairs over entire surface.

rugulosus Ratz. Page 52.
AA Elytral interspaces at least moderately wide and at most only feebly

striate; disc almost glabrous.

B Elytra with deep wide striae of coarse, very closely placed punctures.

C Interspaces rather narrow; the interstrial rows finely impressed; the

male with the front clothed with a fringe of long hairs, and the

venter with four acute spines. quadrispinosus Say. Page 53.

CC Interspaces wide; the front thickly clothed with long hairs; the

venter without spines in either sex. Illinois, Texas; Celtis, Fagus.

fagi Walsh.

BB Elytral striae not very deeply impressed and with small or medium-
sized strial punctures separated usually by one or more times their
diameter.
C Elytral striae distinctly (and variably) impressed; the interstrial

punctures on the disc much smaller than those of the striae.
D The 2nd abdominal sternite with a well-developed spine in the
male, and a spine or acute tooth in the female; the anterior or
ventral edge of the 2nd segment rounded and feebly margined,
except in multistriatus.

E The ventral declivity minutely and very densely punctured;
the 3rd and 4th segments together much shorter than the
5th, and each with a trace of a median caudal granule; the
spine arising from the upper part of the 2nd segment. Elm.

*multistriatus Marsh.

EE The ventral declivity finely and sparsely punctured; the 3rd
and 4th segments together subequal to the 5th, and without
traces of a median caudal granule; the spine arising from
the centre or from the caudal margin of the 2nd segment

F The ventral spine from the centre of the perpendicular
face (2nd segment) of the declivity (PI. 17, fig. 10).

piceae Sw. Page 53.

FF The ventral spine from the caudal fifth of the 2nd segment.

unispinosus Lee. Page 53.

DD The abdomen unarmed, except rarely a faint acute carina at
the apex of the 2nd sternite or a granule at the apex of the
3rd and 4th sternites.

* Introduced into the Eastern States from Europe; not yet known from Canada.

36198— 4J

E The wide discal interspaces finely, confusedly punctured near
the suture; with a median granule at the apex of the 3rd
and 4th sternites. Cal., N. Mexico. californicus Lee.

EE The discal interspaces uniseriately punctured; the 3rd and

4th sternites unarmed.

F The elytral striae rather strongly impressed, with the
punctures of medium size; the interspaces distinctly
though feebly striate; the 2nd abdominal sternite opaque,
very finely punctured. tsugae Sw. Page 53.

FF The elytral strise rather feebly impressed, with the punc-
tures small; the interspaces hardly at all striate; the
2nd abdominal sternite shining, with deep punctures
of medium size. monticolse Sw. Page 53.

CC Elytra usually with only faint traces of striae, the interstrial punc-
tures usually as large or nearly as large as those of the striae.
D The discal interspaces somewhat confusedly punctured near the
suture and feebly striate, the 2nd abdominal sternite very
narrow and oblique. New York. sulcatus Lee.

DD The discal interspaces uniseriately punctured; the 2nd abdominal

sternite large.

E The ventral declivity opaque, very finely and closely punc-
tured. CaL, Idaho, Utah, N. Mexico. prseceps Lee.
EE The 2nd segment moderately shining and sparsely, moder-
ately punctured. ven trails Lee. Page 53.

Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz.; Forstins. I, 187, 1837; Gossard, Ohio Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 264, (Biology and Control), 1905.

Length 2 mm. to 2-5 mm.; nearly black, with the antennae, legs and
tips of the wingcovers reddish brown; the pronotum with coarse, rather
close, elongate punctures; the elytra rather deeply, closely striate, the
punctures moderate, larger in front, close, similar on the striae and inter-
spaces, the interspaces striate along the row of punctures so that striae
and interstriae are similar, interstrial punctures sometimes irregular;
elytral pubescence short and sparse; the male with the front flattened
rather than plano-convex as in the female; the ventral declivity strongly
oblique but not excavated nor toothed.

Host trees. — Apple, Cherry, Plum, Peach, Quince, Nectarine, Black
Cherry, and Wild Plum in North America.

Distribution. — In North America, Eastern United States and southern
Ontario, from Texas to the Niagara peninsula. Not known from elsewhere
in Canada. An injurious orchard pest.

Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus Say; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jour., 3:323, 1826;
ed. Lee. 2: 182, (Scolytus): caryce Riley; Prairie Farmer, Feb., 1872; Pract.
Ent. 2: 58, (Scolytus) 1867.

PLATE 11.
IPID BEETLES— ALL GREATLY ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.)

Fig. 1, Anisandrus obesus Lee., male.
Fig. 2, Anisandrus pyri Peck, female.
Fig. 3, Dryocoetes affdber Mannh.
Fig. 4, Dryocoetes pseudotsugce Sw.
pig. 5, Dryocoetes betulce Hopk., female.

PLATE No. 11.

Length, 4 • 2 mm. to 7 mm. ; black with pubescence brown, legs, antennae,
and front margin of pronotum variably reddish. The male has the front
broadly flattened, strongly aciculate, and fringed with long, incurved hairs;
the ventral declivity deeply excavated, the cephalic margin of 2nd segment
strongly produced, recurved and acute on the median line, with an acute
median carina, the 3rd segment with three long caudal spines, the 4th
segment with one median spine, the 5th segment very short, densely
punctured and pubescent. The female has the front subconvex, slightly
impressed in front and behind, finely aciculate, with moderate, erect,
brownish hairs; the 2nd segment vertical, the 3rd and 4th segments
normal, the 5th as long as the 3rd and 4th united, finely pubescent.

Host tree. — Hickory.

Distribution. — Widely distributed throughout the Eastern States as far
west as Utah (our collection), but extremely rare in Canada; taken at
Rigaud, Que., and Guelph, Ont., and may be said to occur in southern
Quebec and southern Ontario.

A very destructive enemy of hickory.
Eccoptogaster piceae Sw.; Can. Ent., 42: 33, 35, 1910.

Length, 2-7 mm. to 3-2 mm.; nearly black, readily identified by the
characters given in the key, its host trees and its distribution (PL 17, fig. 10).

Host trees. — White Spruce, Balsam Fir.

Distribution. — Throughout Eastern Canada west to the Peace River
Valley in northern Alberta. Breed s usually in half-dried limbs.
Eccoptogaster unispinosus Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 371, 372, 1876
(Scolytus) .

A small shining black species ; length, 2 • 3mm to 3 mm. ; the elytral striae
with small punctures, distinctly but narrowly impressed; the interspaces
finely uniseriately punctured; the elytral punctures somewhat scabrous at
the basal margin; the 2nd abdominal sternite with a spine at the caudal
margin, long, flattened and blunt in the male, much shorter, conical and
acute in the female.

Host trees. — Douglas Fir.

Distribution. — Generally distributed throughout the Douglas fir region
of British Columbia, from Vancouver to Jasper park, Alberta.

Eccoptogaster tsugae Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 32, 1917.

Length, 3-4 mm.; the female front convex, aciculate-punctate and with
fine hairs; the male front flat, more strongly and coarsely aciculate-punctate,
the elytra hardly scabrous at the base, the 2nd abdominal sternite more
coarsely margined.

Host trees. — Mountain Hemlock, Douglas Fir.

Distribution. — Cherry Creek valley, British Columbia; Glacier, B.C.;
Jasper park, Alberta. Found in dying bark.

Eccoptogaster monticolae Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 32, 1917-
Length, 2 • 8 mm. ; with the secondary sexual characters of tsugce.
Host trees. — Western White Pine, Douglas Fir.

Distribution. — Arrowhead, B.C. (white pine); Creighton valley, B.C.
(Douglas fir).

Eccoptogaster ventralis Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2: 167,1868 (Scolytus).

Length 3.75 mm.; the type of ventralis Lee. is a male, apparently
identical with a common form in British Columbia. The front is flattened,
coarsely aciculate, punctured and conspicuously hairy; the elytral punctures
rather small, somewhat coarser but only slightly rugose at the base; much
less coarsely sculptured than in the female; the 2nd ventral segment strongly
margined in front and with a decided median tooth-like carina at the caudal
margin.

The female form which we have referred to this species has the front
convex, finely punctulate-aciculate and very sparsely hairy, the elytra
usually rather coarsely and rugosely punctured at the base and much more
coarsely punctured throughout than the type; the 2nd segment of the
abdomen occasionally with a minute median caudal granule.

E. subscaber Lee.', Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15: 371, 373, 1876. The type of
subscaber is a male, with flattened, aciculate and hairy front, and shining,
sparsely punctured pronotum. The elytra are scabrous at the base as in
our female form, but very finely punctured behind, the interstrial punctures
but little smaller than those of the striae; the striae hardly impressed but
marked by a fine impressed line. The 2nd segment without a granule, and
rather feebly acute in front; the 5th segment with a feeble median longi-
tudinal carina. It was described from Vancouver but we have never
taken a similar specimen in British Columbia. The other two types in
Leconte's series are females identical with those just referred to as prob-
ably the female of ventralis.

It is possible that the type of subscaber Lee. is an abnormal individual of
ventralis Lee., or it may be a distinct species. Although described from
Vancouver it is not duplicated in our large collection.

Host tree. — Grand fir.

Distribution. — Vancouver island and the coast of British Columbia.

THE HYLESININ^E.

The Genus Crypturgus Erichson.

Wieg. Archiv., 1: 60, 1836.

Key to the Species.

A The sutural stria3 suddenly and strongly impressed on the basal fourth;
the surface brightly shining, the pronotal punctures moderately large
and deep; the interspaces nearly as wide as the striae, shining, smooth
and sparsely punctured on the disc; the pronotum strongly rounded on
the sides, suboval. atomus Lee. Page 54.

\A The sutural striae feebly impressed throughout; the surface feebly shining,
the pronotal punctures very small and numerous; the interspaces
narrower than the striae and strongly granulate; the pronotal sides
nearly parallel on the caudal half, much more strongly narrowed in
front than behind the middle.

B The pronotal punctures very feebly impressed; the elytral punctures
very coarse and the interspaces extremely narrow. Pennsylvania.

corrugatus Sw .

BB The pronotal punctures rather strongly impressed ; the elytral punctures
moderately coarse, and the interspaces decidedly narrower than the
striae. The Great Lakes to the British Columbia coast.

borealis Sw. Page 54.
Crypturgus atomus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2: 152, 1868.

Length, about 1 mm.; moderately slender, brown to nearly black,
shining; pronotum rounded on the sides, rather sparsely punctured; the
elytra moderately punctate-striate, the sutural striae strongly impressed on
the basal third; the interspaces convex, smooth, uniseriately punctured,
sparsely on the disc; the male with the postepistomal area of the front
plano-concave, coarsely setose-punctate, the female with that area plano-
convex.

Host trees. — Pines, Spruces, Balsam, and Larch.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada from Nova Scotia to the Great Lakes, and
Eastern United States. This species, like borealis, usually starts its tunnels
from the side of those of Dendroctonus, Ips, Polygraphus, or Dryoccetes.

Crypturgus borealis Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 7, 1917.

Length, 1-2 mm.; closely related to corrugatus from Pennsylvania, but
with the elytra less coarsely punctured, and slightly but usually distinctly
larger. The female front with the postepistomal region triangularly flat-
tened, coarsely reticulate and setose-punctate, the elytral tip subcircularly
spongy; the male with the postepistomal area more strongly flattened,
slightly plano-concave, the elytral tip normal, granulate and setose-punctate.

Host trees. — Tamarack (Manitoba), White Spruce (northern Alberta),
Sitka Spruce (British Columbia Coast region).

Distribution. — Manitoba, northern Alberta, Colorado. A common
species in Sitka spruce of the British Columbia Coast region presents minor
differences, but is probably not distinct.

The Genus Dolurgus Eichhoff.
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 147, 1868.

Dolurgus pumilus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 297, 1843.

Length, 1 • 6 to 2 mm. Its tunnels usually originate from those of Ips
concinnus.

Host trees. — Sitka Spruce.

Distribution. — Alaska through the British Columbia Coast region and
south to Oregon.

The Genus Polygraphus Erichson.
Wieg. Archiv., 1:57, 1836.

In 1911 Seitner separated the genus Pseudopolygraphus from Polygraphus on
the basis of the 6-segmented funicle, with grandiclava Thorns, as type. In 1915
Hopkins employed Lepisoma Kirby for the American species, rufipennis Ky.,
| and the European species grandiclava, as distinct from Polygraphus Er. on
! account of the same character, the 6-segmented funicle. Lepisoma Kirby
• would of course have preference over Pseudopolygraphus Seit.

The number of segments in the funicle is usually a very important character
in this family; but within the limits of the old genus Polygraphus Er. the variation
in the number of funicular segments within the certain limits of individual
[species is so great that it would appear to be of doubtful value as a generic
character. It has been pointed out by Rohrl that less than fifty per cent of
grandiclava specimens examined had the funicle regularly 6-segmented. Our
species, rufipennis Ky., appears to be more regular in this regard, having usually
a 6-segmented funicle, but about one out of six in our material studied, have
the funicle either 5-segmented or 5-segmented with the second segment partly
divided (PL 10, figs. 27a, 27b). The other character given for Pseudopolygraphus
by European writers, the lack of hairs on the second and third segments of the
funicle, seems hardly of generic importance.

In view of the very close similarity in characters between the species
concerned, and the intergrading variations in the generic characters proposed
for Lepisoma, it seems desirable to include all the species under Polygraphus Er.

We have apparently but one species in our territory, P. rufipennis Ky.

Polygraphus rufipennis Ky., Faun. Bor. Am., 4: 193, Apate (Lepisoma) 1837;

Bethune, Can. Ent., 4:152, 1872: nigriceps Ky.,; 1. c. 4: 194, 1837:
saginatus Mannh., Bull Mosc., 237, 1853.

Length, 2-3 mm.; a stout species, black with the elytra piceous. The
divided eyes and unsegmented antennal club are quite distinctive. The
female has the front flat, shining, finely and closely punctured, and rather
densely clothed with short yellow hairs; the male has the front convex
above, with one, or more commonly two, small approximate tubercles

arranged transversely on the middle line, impressed in front of the tubercles
(PI. 21, fig. 1).

Host trees. — Spruces, Larch, and rarely in Pine.

Distribution. — Abundant throughout the spruce forests of Canada
and the northern United States from the Pacific coast of Alaska east to New-
foundland.

It is found everywhere in dying spruce bark, but frequently becomes
a more or less important primary enemy to black and white spruce.

Kirby's type of rufipennis was compared with our material by my as-
sistant, Mr. R. N. Chrystal, and found to be the same. Kirby's nigriceps ap-
peared to differ only in having the head black with the pronotum and elytra
light red. Mr. Chrystal examined Kirby's type of brevicornis, but found it
unrecognisable; only one elytron was present and the abdomen was badly shat-
tered. The following notes were made from it: " Stout, cylindric, clothed
with scales, black with the elytra very dark piceous, the front flat, without
tubercles, the elytral striae almost invisible, the surface rougher than rufipennis,
more coarsely punctured; a female; the antennal club thicker and more knob-
like than in rufipennis." Probably this name should be disregarded.

The Genus Carphoborus Eichhoff.
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 8:27, 1864.

An undescribed species of this genus was collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition on the
Coppermine River. It will be described in the Report of the Expedition.

Key to the Species.

A The declivital interspaces 1 and 3 moderately or feebly, subequally elevated;

the male with front concave, fringed with long yellow hairs.
B The declivital interspaces 1 and 3 feebly elevated and very feebly
serrate in the female, distinctly so in the male; the antennal club
nearly as wide as long, with the sutures strongly arcuate; pronotum
black, shining, and the elytral interspaces feebly granulate, with the
scales very minute, indistinct. California in Pinus ponderosa
and P. lambertiana. simplex Lee.

BB The declivital interspaces 1 and 3 moderately elevated and distinctly
serrate; the antennal club longer than wide, with the sutures nearly
straight; the pronotum more elongate, less than twice as wide as
long.

C The declivity moderately and subacutely serrate on the carinate
interspaces; the elytra reddish, the interspaces roughened, convex,
indistinctly clothed with very small yellowish scales not concealing
the surface; the female front with a blunt median tubercle sur-
mounting the convexity. Californa. radiatae, n. sp. Page 57.

PLATE 12.
IPID BEETLES— ALL GREATLY ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.)

Fig. 1, Dendroctonus valens Lee., The Red Turpentine Bark-beetle.

Fig. 2, Dendroctonus pseudostsugce Hopk., The Douglas Fir Bark-beetle

Fig. 3, Dendroctonus brevicornis Lee., Details of the elytra.

Fig. 4, Dendroctonus obesus Lee, Details of the elytra.

Fig. 5, Dendroctonus brevicornis Lee., The Western Pine Bark-beetle.

Fig. 6, Dendroctonus obesus Lee., The Sitka Spruce Bark-beetle.

CC The declivity acutely, rather feebly serrate; the elytra black, reddish
on the declivity, the interspaces feebly granulate and feebly
convex, densely clothed with greyish scales almost concealing the
surface; the female front unarmed. carri Sw. Page 57.

AA Declivital interspace 3 much more strongly elevated than 1 ;

B The elytra lightly punctate-striate, the strial punctures minute, the
interspaces wide, declivital interspace 3 very strongly carinate. The
head densely clothed with long pale hairs in one sex. Middle and
Southern States. bicristatus Chap.

BB The elytra strongly punctate-striate, the strial punctures coarse;
the interspaces not wider than the striae; declivital interspace
3 strongly carinate. The front without long hairs in either sex.
New York state, Tennessee, Washington, D.C. bifurcus Eichh.

Carphoborus carri Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 17, 1916.

Length, 1-6 to 2mm.

Host tree. — White Spruce.

Distribution. — Banff, Alta.; Edmonton, Alta; Aweme, Man. 'From
the eastern slopes of the Rockies across northern Alberta and Saskatchewan
into Manitoba; not yet found by us farther east.

Carphoborus radiata}, n. sp.

Length, 2-1 mm.; black with the elytra dark reddish; the pronotum
feebly constricted in front, densely, finely, deeply punctured, indistinctly
carinate, the pubescence minute, indistinct, yellowish; the elytra strongly
punctate-striate, the strial punctures coarse, the interspaces narrower,
convex, roughened, "inconspicuously clothed with yellowish scales; the
declivity with the alternate interspaces subequally carinate and coarsely
serrate, the 3rd little more strongly and the 1st less strongly serrate.
The male has the front impressed, clothed with long yellow hairs; the
female has the front broadly concave in front, with a blunt median tubercle
surmounting the impression. Type; in Pinus radiata, Carmel, California;
2940; communicated by Mr. Ralph Hopping; three paratypes; Type No.
100.

The Genus Pseudocryphalus Swaine.
Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 20, 1917.

Pseudocryphalus brittaini Sw.; loc. cit., Bull. 14: 20, 1917.

Length, 1-9 mm.; stout, black, with brown and gray scales; the front
plano-concave, with a strong, transversely arcuate impression behind the
epistoma, the middle line impressed, clothed with stout pubescence, becom-
ing long, dense and pale on the epistomal margin, with a rather coarse
granule behind the impression on each side the middle line; the eyes long,
narrow, extending upon the ventral surface.

The pronotum twice as wide as long; the sides very strongly rounded
behind and very strongly constricted in front; the fronft margin broadly
emarginate at the middle; very densely subgranulately punctured, clothed
with brown and grey, very stout pubescence, the grey predominating on
the sides and behind; the cephalic margin unarmed or nearly so, somewhat
elevated, with pale fine pubescence and brown, elongate, elevated scales;

with three pairs of elongate recurved rugosites in a longitudinal row on the
middle of each side in front, the first pair on the front margin.

The elytra as wide as the pronotum, slightly less than one half longer
than wide, the basal margin very strongly elevated, recurved and coarsely
serrate in the scutellar region; the sides subparallel on the basal half, broadly
rounded behind; the striae distinctly, rather strongly impressed, the strial
punctures rather coarse, not close, deep and distinct, bearing very minute
setae; the interspaces feebly convex, minutely punctured and with a median
row of granules, bearing very small elongate scales which hardly cover the
surface, and a median row of longer, erect, very stout bristles; the pubes-
cence brown, with numerous scattered white scales, more abundant towards
the base and forming a narrow band along the suture; the first two
abdominal sternites subequal in length, each longer than the next two united.

Salmon Arm, B.C.; apple trees, in dying bark. First examined in
company with Prof. W. H. Brittain.

Pseudocryphalus criddlei Sw.; loc. cit., Bull. 14: 20, 1917.

This species is very closely allied to brittaini; with the same size, form,
and colour; but it is apparently distinct through the very feebly impressed
elytral striae, and the small, very closely placed strial punctures.

We have very few examples of brittaini and a longer series may show
intergradations with this species.

Described from a series of 108 specimens from Aweme, Man., Prunus
virginiana; collected by Mr. Norman Griddle.

The Genus Chramesus Leeonte.

Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 168, 1868.

Rhopalopleurus Chap.

Syn. Scol., 46, 1869.

Ghramesus icoriae Lee., Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.. 2: 168, 1868: lecontei Chap.;
Syn. Scol. 255, 1873.

Black, length, 1-5 to 1-7 mm. ; the front of the female flat, that of the
male deeply concave.

This is the only Canadian species of the genus discovered thus far,
and cannot be confused with any other species of our fauna. Leeonte
described Chapuisii from Louisiana, and Schaeffer has described three
species, asperatus, dentatus, and subopacus, from Arizona. (PL 9, figs. 28, 28a).

Host tree. — Hickory.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.

The Genus Phthorophloeus Rey.
Revue d'Ent., 2: 128, 1883.

The North American species heretofore included in Phloeotribus Latr. have
been referred recently to Phloeophthorus Woll.

The species included under these three generic names form a series pre-
senting a remarkable gradation of characters, and they will probably be included
eventually under one genus. The chief characters presented by the three groups
are as follows: —

Phlceotribus Latr. — Antennae originating close together on the front; the
three segments of the club produced unilaterally into very long slender lamellae;
the elytra feebly striate and not strongly granulate; the pronotum not asperate.
Type, olece Fab. (scarabceoides Bern.).

Phthorophloeus Rey. — Antennae originating from the sides of the front; the
three segments of the club moderately produced unilaterally; the elytra coarsely
striate and serrate behind; the pronotum hardly asperate. Type, spinulosus Rey.

Phloeophthorus Woll. — Antennae originating on the sides of the front, the
antennal club narrow, elongate, with the three segments only slightly swollen
on one side; the elytra feebly striate and feebly granulate behind; the pronotum
strongly asperate on the sides. Type, perfoliatus Woll. (rhododactylus Marsh).

If the three names are to be used, all our North American described species
must fall in the genus Phthorophloeus. Such species as frontalis and picece are
in all characters congeneric with spinulosus Rey, the type of Phthorophlceus, of
which we have a long series frqm Russia. The species liminaris and texanus
Shaeff. are intermediate as regards both external and internal characters
between the spinulosus and scarabceoides types, with the antennae arising on the
sides of the front but less widely separated than in spinulosus and frontalis,
the segments of the antennal club less widened than in scarabceoides (Phlosotribus)
but more so than in spinulosus, frontalis and picece, the pronotum unarmed, and
the elytra only feebly striate and granulate, as in Phlceotribus. Other characters
such as the epistomal lobe and those of the proventriculus are as decidedly
intermediate (see also Can. Ent., 43: 221-223, PL II).

Key to Northern Species.

A Club with the laterally extended segments more than twice as wide as
their length at the base. Hind tibiae rounded and toothed on the outer
side; pronotum not coarsely punctured and not tuberculate; elytral
interspaces nearly flat and roughly punctured (PL 10, fig. 6).

liminaris Harris. Page 60.
AA Club with the laterally extended segments not more than twice as wide as

long (PL 10, fig. 13).

B Club with the laterally extended segments about twice as wide as long.
Prothorax granulate-punctate, elytral interspaces elevated and ser-
rate, more strongly behind. Atlantic States; Celtis, etc.

frontalis Zimm.

BB Club with the laterally extended segments about as wide as long.

C Elytral interspaces somewhat elevated; the serrations but little
larger on the declivity than elsewhere; densely clothed with grey
hairs not less distinct on the declivity. Colorado, puberulus Lee.

CC Elytral interspaces strongly elevated and serrate with granules
which become large and prominent on the declivity, especially
about the sides; sparsely clothed with reddish hairs, shorter on
the declivity. piceae Sw. Page 59.

Phthorophloeus piceaB Sw.; Can. Ent., 43: 220, 1911.

Length, 2 to 2-25 mm.; brown to black; sparsely hairy; more slender
than liminaris. The female front with a crescentic transverse ridge pre-
ceded by a pubescent, concave, epistomal area. The male with a transverse
impression on the front immediately following the transverse ridge, with
the long hairs on the antennal scape but little longer than in the female.

Host tree. — White Spruce.

Distribution. — Spruce forests of western Quebec and eastern Ontario;
probably more widely distributed. Breeds in moderately dry branches.

Phthorophloeus liminaris Harris; Kept. Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 78, 1852 (Tomicus).

Length, 2-3 mm.; rather stout; the elytra rather feebly rugose; the
antennal club with the segments very strongly produced laterally; the
female with the front plano-convex, the epistomal region impressed and
bounded behind by an arcuate transverse carina; the male with the front
more deeply concave in front of the carina and subtriangularly concave
behind it.

Host trees. — Peach, Wild Cherry.

Distribution. — Eastern United States, southern Ontario, southern
Quebec (Montreal region, in wild cherry).

An injurious species in. peach orchards.

The Genus Dendroctonus Erichson.

Erichson; Weig. Arch. f. Naturgesch, II, p. 45-65, 1836; Eichh., Europ.
Borkenkafer, 125, 1881; Reitter, Bestimmungstabelle der Bork., 47; Hopkins,
The Genus Dendroctonus, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Series, 17, part 1; 1909.

Generic Characters. — The body rather stout, cylindric; large for the family,
from 3 to 9 mm. in length; the head broad, prominent, visible from above;
the beak very short, with a well developed epistomal process; the eyes trans-
verse, short or long oval, entire; the antennal funicle 5-segmented, with the
club broad, thickened basally and flattened distally; the pronotum approximately
one-half as long, and nearly or quite as wide as the elytra, punctured throughout,
not closely asperate in front; the anterior coxae approximate; the tarsi with
the third segment dilated and bilobed; the elytra crenulate at the base, with
the striae slightly or distinctly impressed, with the strial punctures small to
moderately coarse; the declivity abrupt.

Key to the Canadian Species.

A The pronotum only slightly narrowed in front, feebly constricted in the
male, and as wide as the elytra; the elytra without long hairs, clothed
with abundant, short, nearly erect pubescence, with a few slightly longer
hairs intermixed; with a frontal tubercle on each side a distinct frontal
groove in the male, less evident in the female. British Columbia,
in Yellow Pine (PL 12, fig. 5). brevicomis Lee. Page 62.

AA The pronotum strongly constricted in front, and usually slightly but
distinctly narrower than the elytra; the elytra normally always with
long erect hairs extending nearly to the base (frequently abraded),
without frontal tubercles and groove in either sex.

B The epistomal process narrow, with its sides nearly parallel, and
extending to or beyond the anterior margin of the epistoma; the
striae deeply impressed on the declivity.

PLATE 13.
IPID BEETLES— ALL GREATLY ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.)

Fig. 1, Ips emarginatus Lee., declivity of the male.
Fig. 2, Ips emarginatus Lee., declivity of the female.
Fig. 3, Orthotomicus caelatus Eichh.
Fig. 4, Ips plastographus Lee.
Fig. 5, Ips emarginatus Lee.

- '-

C The pronotum finely, closely punctured, more finely, densely,

and regularly on the middle of the sides behind; the epistomal

process usually projecting slightly beyond the epistomal margin.

British Columbia. pseudotsugae Hopk. Page 62.

CC The pronotum coarsely, rather sparsely punctured; not more

densely and regularly on the middle of the sides behind; the

epistomal process not projecting beyond the epistomal margin.

In Eastern Larch. simplex Lee. Page 62.

BB The epistomal process wide, with the sides strongly oblique, the cephalic

margin of the process concave, with the angles more or less evidently

tuberculate, shorter than the epistoma.

C The punctures of the pronotum large and shallow, disclosing the
bottom, fairly regular in size, without very small punctures
intermixed; the front without a median, posterior impression;
large species, 5 to 9 mm.

D The pronotal punctures only moderately coarse and shallow,
and closely placed; the colour usually yellowish brown to
dark reddish brown, rarely very dark piceous or black;
the epistomal process usually with the oblique sides long so
that the process is notably wide. valens Lee. Page 63.

DD The pronotal punctures very large, very shallow, and rather
sparse; the colour usually dark piceous or black; the epistomal
process with the sides short, and the angles usually more
strongly tuberculate. The Southern States, north to New
Hampshire. terebrans Oliv. Page 64.

CC The punctures of the pronotum deep and small, more or less
evidently intermixed with larger punctures; the front impressed
on the median line towards the vertex.

D The caudal half of the proepisternal area distinctly punctured.
E The declivital striae coarsely punctured.

punctatus Lee. Page 65.

EE The declivital striae finely punctured.

F The caudal half of the proepisternal area rather closely
punctured and strongly roughened; the declivital inter-
spaces strongly punctured ; the basal crenulations of the
elytra slightly separated, hardly overlapping.

murrayanae Hopk. Page 64.

FF The caudal half of the proepisternal area rather sparsely
punctured and only feebly roughened; the declivital
interspaces feebly punctured; the basal crenulations
of the elytra close and overlapped.

rufipennis Kirby. Page 64.

DD The caudal half of the proepisternal area granulate, with the

punctures indistinct.

E The pronotum as wide as the elytra; the punctures of the
pronotum small and moderately regular in size.

monticolae Hopk. Page 65.

EE The pronotum slightly but distinctly narrower than the

elytra; the pronotal punctures decidedly irregular in size.

F The punctures of the discal strise of the eltyra frequently

small and deep; Alaska, the Yukon, British Columbia

and Alberta, in White and Engelmann's Spruce.

borealis Hopk. Page 66.

FF The punctures of the discal strise of the elytra usually
coarse.

G The average size smaller, 5-5 mm.; the elytral strise
somewhat more commonly strongly im pressed on the
sides. East of the Great Lakes, in Eastern Spruce.

piceaperda Hopk. Page 66.

GG The average size larger, 6-5 mm.; the elytral strise
more commonly faintly impressed upon the sides.
The northern Pacific coast in Sitka Spruce.

obesus Mannh. Page 66.

Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 384; 386, 1876.

Length, 3-2 mm. to 5 mm., average 4-2 mm.; colour dark brown to
black; the front elevated on each side of a deep median groove in the male,
faintly so in the female; sides of the epistomal process oblique; the pronotum
shining, hardly constricted in front, feebly so in the male; the elytra as wide
as the pronotum; the strise faintly impressed, the strial punctures very
small, the discal interspaces densely, finely asperate, the declivital strise
faint; broadly impressed on each side of the elevated suture; the pubescence
rather abundant, everywhere short, erect, and inconspicuous, with a few slightly
longer hairs intermixed on the declivity. The female has a narrow, trans-
verse elevation across the pronotum behind the cephalic margin, continued
across the sides; the male has a transverse depression similarly situated.
(PI. 12, fig. 5).

The egg-tunnels are winding, more or less transversely, the egg-niches
separated, the larval mines in the inner and middle layers of bark.

Host tree, in British Columbia. — Western Yellow Pine.

Distribution. — Throughout the range of yellow pine in British Columbia
and in the Western States.

Economic importance. — This species assists monticolce in extensive out-
breaks in southern British Columbia.

D. barberi Hopk. (Arizona, North Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Utah), is
described as distinct through coarser rugosities of the elytral interspaces
and more distinctly impressed elytral strise.

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.; Bur. Ent. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Tech.
ser, 17, pt. 1, The Genus Dendroctonus, p. 126, 1909.

Length, 3-5 mm. to 7 mm., average nearly 6 mm.; the colour dark
brown to nearly black, and black with the elytra red; the epistomal process
with the sides parallel and with its anterior margin usually projecting
slightly beyond the margin of the epistoma; the pronotum shining, finely,
closely punctured, with few larger punctures intermixed. Very closely
allied to simplex Lee., but entirely distinct (PL 12, fig. 2).

Host trees. — Douglas Fir and Western Larch in British Columbia, and
in United States, Big Cone Spruce, in addition.

Distribution. — It follows the range of its host trees in British Columbia,
and apparently also in the United States.

Economic importance. — This species prefers dying bark and is found
everywhere in British Columbia in slashings of its host trees. Small out-
breaks in living timber are found in British Columbia, but these are easily
controlled by proper disposal of slash. It may become an important
primary enemy.

Dendroctonus simplex Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 173, 1868.

Length, 3-5 mm. to 5-2 mm., the average about 4-7 mm.; the front
convex, densely, roughly punctured, with the median line finely impressed

in front and behind, the epistomal process with the sides nearly parallel, its
front margin reaching but not passing the epistomal margin; the pronotum
constricted in front with the punctures distinctly irregular in size, small,
with a few coarse punctures intermixed, moderately close, small and more
regular in size behind ; the elytra slightly wider than the pronotum, the
striae moderately impressed, the strial punctures small and deep, the inter-
strial granulations coarse and sparse; the declivity with the striae rather
deeply impressed, the strial punctures very small and deep, the interspaces
coarsely, sparsely, uniseriately asperate, and finely, very deeply punctured;
the hairs are sparse, erect and moderately long, extending nearly to the
base of the elytra, with the minute pubescence indistinct. The male has
the elytral striae more strongly impressed on the declivity, the declivity
brightly shining, not asperate except at the sides, smooth, but deeply, rather
closely punctured.

The egg-tunnels are longitudinal, somewhat winding, variably branched
and anastomosing, grooving the inner bark and the wood surface; the eggs
are arranged in small groups, the larval mines and pupal cells in the inner
bark.

Host tree. — Eastern Larch.

Distribution. — This species is abundant in dying larch throughout the
larch areas of Eastern Canada from the Atlantic westwards across Manitoba,
northern Saskatchewan, and northern Alberta. A rather distinct variation
occurs about Lesser Slave Lake. It probably follows the eastern larch
throughout its range in North America.

Economic importance. — This species prefers dying bark, but may
become a serious enemy to trees weakened by the sawfly or through other
causes.

Dendroctonus valens Lee.; Pac. R. R. Explor. Ins. V, 12, pt. 2, p. 59, 1860.

Length, 5 mm. to 9 mm., usually 7 to 8; a large reddish species, some-
times piceous, or rarely black in old individuals; the epistomal process
broad, concave, the sides oblique, the median line of the vertex black;
the pronotum faintly narrower than the elytra, moderately constricted in
front, the punctuation rather large, strongly impressed, fairly regular in
size, and close, smaller and denser towards the caudal margin; the elytral
striae distinctly impressed, the discal interspaces convex, rather coarsely
granulate; the striae impressed on the declivity, with small rather indistinct
punctures, the pubescence sparse and short with a few long hairs on the
declivity and disc, frequently denuded (PL 12, fig. 7).

The egg-tunnels are usually at the base of living or dying trees, or
stumps; they are longitudinal, variably winding and branched, and may
reach more than a foot in length; cut in the inner bark somewhat grooving
the wood ; the eggs are placed in layers at intervals along the tunnel walls ;
the larvae feed in congress, excavating chambers of varying size between
the bark and the wood surface (PL 27, fig. 7).

Host trees. — Abundant in Western Yellow Pine and other pines and
spruces of southern British Columbia, and in pines and spruces of Eastern
Canada.

Distribution. — Throughout the pine and spruce forests of Eastern
Canada and in southern British Columbia, and southward throughout the
United States. We have no records from the northern parts of Saskatchewan,
Alberta, and British Columbia, nor from the Yukon.

Economic importance. — An important assistant of monticolce and
brevicomis in outbreaks in British Columbia yellow pine. Frequently found
killing patches of bark at the base of living pines and spruces.

Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv.; Ent. 4: 78, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 6, a-b, 1795,
Scolytus; Hopkins, The Genus Dendroctonus, 147, 1909.

Distinguished from valens by the very coarse, very shallow and sparser
punctures of the pronotum; the colour is usually nearly black, and the
epistomal process has the oblique sides much shorter with the angles usually
more tuberculate.

Host trees. — Pines and Spruces.

Distribution. — It is apparently a southern form ranging north to New
Hampshire; we have no records from Canada. In habits it is allied to
valens Lee., from which it is barely distinct.

Dendroctonus murrayanse Hopk.; U.S. Bur. Ent., The Genus Dendroc-
tonus, 140, 1909.

Length, 5 mm. to 6-5 mm. It is very closely allied to rufipennis
Kirby, but appears to be distinct through the characters enumerated
under that species. The proepisternal area is distinctly punctured, but
rather coarsely granulate and roughened; the basal crenulations of the
elytra are sparser than usual, distinctly separated and hardly overlapped.

Host trees. — Lodgepole Pine. Recorded by Hopkins also from Engel-
mann's Spruce.

Distribution. — It has been taken in Canada only in the Rockies of
southern British Columbia, but it may follow the distribution of its host.
Not uncommon in stumps at Banff, Alta.

Economic importance. — It is not at present a very injurious species
in our forests.

Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby; Fauna Boreali Americana, p. 195, no. 261 '
1837; Hopkins, The Genus Dendroctonus, 138, 1909.

Length, 6 mm. ; black with the elytra dark red; the sides of the epistomal
process oblique; the pronotum constricted in front, the punctures close,
rather coarse, distinctly irregular in size, small and more regular behind,
the caudal half of the proepisternal area distinctly punctured, with the
punctures coarse, not close, shallow, not strongly granulate, so that the
surface is not much roughened; the elytra slightly wider than the pronotum,
the basal crenulatio'ns individually distinct but overlapping, the striae
rather faintly impressed, the strial punctures rather coarse and distinct,
the cliscal interspaces narrow, with the coarse granules irregular, sparse,
and acute, except at the base; the declivital striae narrowly, decidedly
impressed, with very small punctures, the declivital interspaces uniseriately
finely granulate and very finely, sparsely, indistinctly punctured; the
vestiture sparse, the long hairs extending to the base of the elytra; the
male with the declivity more shining, the interspaces obsoletely granulate
and more distinctly punctured. This species differs from murrayance
Hopk., as here interpreted, in the smoother, less deeply and roughly punc-

PLATE 14.
IPID BEETLES— ALL GREATLY ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.) A.E.K.

Fig. 1, Ips pini Say, Declivity of the female.

Fig. 2, Ips pini Say, Declivity of the male.

Fig. 3, Ips grandicollis Eichh., Declivity of the male.

Fig. 4, Trypodendron retusus^ Lee.

Fig. 5, Ips perroti Sw., Declivity of the female.

Fig. 6, Ips perroti Sw., Declivity of the male.

Fig. 7, Ips concinnus Mannh., Declivity of the female.

Fig. 8, Ips concinnus Mannh., Declivity of the male.

i'l.ATK No. 11.

tured proepisternal area, the narrower and more sparsely asperate discal
interspaces, the more sparsely and finely punctured declivital interspaces,
and the close and overlapped basal crenulations of the elytra.

Host trees. — White Pine and Jack Pine.

Distribution. — From northern Manitoba across northern Ontario,
and northern Quebec, and probably to the Atlantic. Recorded from
Michigan by Hopkins.

Economic importance. — We have taken it only in trees dying from
other causes. The type of our description agrees with Kirby's type;
compared by R. N. Chrystal.

Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.; Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 56,
p. 11, 1905.

Length, 3-7 mm. to 6-7 mm.; colour usually black or dark brown;
the front convex, faintly impressed behind on the middle line; the pronotum
as wide as the elytra, with the sides strongly constricted in front, the punc-
tuation close, small, not very evidently irregular in size (PL 7, fig. 7);
the elytra with the striae distinctly impressed, more feebly on the sides,
the strial punctures small, the interspaces slightly convex on the disc,
with moderately close granules of varying size; the declivital striae rather
strongly, narrowly impressed, with very small punctures, the 2nd and
3rd strongly sinuate; the pubescence of the elytra short and sparse, with a
few longer hairs extending nearly to the base, and numerous short subrecum-
, bent hairs on the sides, (the long hairs usually more or less abraded).

The egg-tunnels are vertical, elongate, straight to moderately winding,
with the egg-niches arranged not very regularly in small alternate groups;
the larval mines and pupal cells mostly exposed in the inner bark, grooving
both bark and wood (PI. 30).

Host trees. — Western White Pine, Western Yellow Pine and Lodgepole
Pine in British Columbia. Also recorded from Pinus lambertiana and
Picea engelmanni in United States.

Distribution. — Throughout the range of its host trees in southern
British Columbia west of the Rockies, and in Western United States.

Economic importance. — This is the most destructive bark-beetle of
British Columbia forests; it has already destroyed an enormous amount
of timber in southern British Columbia.

D. ponderosce Hopk. has not been recognized from British Columbia.
It is described as distinct from monticolce through " its average larger
size, somewhat stouter form, with the elytral striae more distinctly impressed,
and the punctures distinctly coarser."* It is destructive to pine forests
in the central and southern Rocky Mountain region.

Dentroctonus punctatus Lee.; Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 173, 1868; Hopkins,
The Genus Dendroctonus, 72, 142, the only valuable description.

This species is recorded by Hopkins in Picea rubens, from New York to
west Virginia. It is probably very rare, and has never been recorded from
Canada. f The coarse punctures of the elytral striae, especially on the decliv-
ity, separate it from its allies, as indicated in the key.

Dendroctonus engelmanni Hopk.; U.S. Bur. Ent., The Genus Dendroctonus,
p. 130.

This species was described from the Rocky Mountain region of the
United States, and Canadian records were given from "(Horn) " H.B."
(Northwest Territory, probably Mackenzie River region)"; "(H. & S)
Calgary, Alta.; Glacier, B.C." These were probably similar to our more
coarsely punctured specimens left in this paper under borealis.

* Hopkins, the Genus Dendroctonus.

tSince this was written a species has been collected on the Coppermine River near the Arctic Ocean
by Mr. Johannsen of the Canadian Arctic Expedition which is either punctalus Lee. or a closely allied
undescribed species.

36198—5

Dendroctonus borealis Hopk.; U.S. Bur. Ent., The Genus Dendroctonus,
133, 1899.

The length varies from 5 mm. to 7 mm.; long series from the Rockies
and Lesser Slave Lake are as large as the average of obesus, while from some
localities the size is usually smaller; the punctures of the elytral striae are
usually small and rather indistinct, but very many individuals have these
dorsal punctures quite as coarse as in typical specimens of obesus; the elytral
stride are more constantly distinctly impressed, but in this character also
there is great variation. Much of our material from the southern Rockies,
the Selkirks and the southern interior of British Columbia agrees with
the characters given for engelmanni Hopk., but' the intergradation with the
typical borealis is so complete that the name borealis is employed for all
our variations discussed here from Alberta and the interior of British
Columbia.

Host trees. — White Spruce, EngelmamVs Spruce.

Distribution. — Alaska, the Yukon, throughout the interior of British
Columbia and northern and western Alberta. We have also taken it in
white spruce in northern Manitoba.

Economic importance. — An important secondary enemy and frequently
a serious primary enemy to white and Engelmann's spruce throughout its
range. Incipient outbreaks should not be neglected. It has killed a large
amount of timber in Northern Alberta.

Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk.; Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric. Bui. 28, N.S.,
p. 16.

This species is very closely allied to the obesus-borealis series. The
head and pronotum are entirely as in borealis and obesus, with similar
slight variations. The elytral striae are usually distinctly impressed and
the punctures of the discal striae are usually rather coarse and distinct.
The size is usually smaller than in borealis and obesus; a series from New-
foundland is constantly 5 mm. long; and another long series from Sydney,
N.S., varies between 5-75 mm. and 6-2 mm. The writer has taken
borealis, with small discal punctures, as far east as northern Manitoba;
when long series are available from the region between Manitoba and
northern Quebec, the relations between borealis and piceaperda can be
discussed more satisfactorily. Individual specimens of piceaperda are
best separated by the rather coarse and deep strial punctures of the disc
and the deeply impressed striae, but exactly the same conditions are
commonly found in our series from the northern Rockies and Alberta.

The egg-tunnels are longitudinal, usually short, in the inner bark,
grooving the wood surface; the eggs are closely placed in rather large
groups, alternately, on the tunnel wall; the larval mines usually separate
at a short distance from the tunnel; they are exposed in the inner bark
and the pupal cells are usually exposed.

Host trees. — Red, White, and Black Spruce.

Distribution. — Michigan and central Pennsylvania (Hopkins), north-
wards through Maine and the Maritime Provinces to Newfoundland.

Economic importance. — This species is one of the most destructive
in the genus. It has killed enormous quantities of spruce, particularly
in Maine and south western New Brunswick.

Dendroctonus obesus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., p. 296, 1843; Hopkins, U.S. Bur.
Ent., The Genus Dendroctonus, p. 135, 1909.

Length, 5-5 mm. to 7 mm., the average about 6-5 mm. The colour
when mature is usually deep black, rarely reddish. The punctures of the
discal striae are usually coarse and distinct; the shape is frequently slightly
more elongate than is usual in borealis, with the hairs often denser, but

these characters are hardly reliable; the elytral striae are usually faintly
impressed, especially on the sides. D. borealis Hopk. usually has the elytral
striae a little more evidently impressed, with the punctures of the discal
striae smaller and less easily distinguished. The variations in obesus from
the west coast, and in borealis from Alberta and the Rockies are so numerous
that many individuals could never be determined if the place and host
labels were removed. We have long series from the regions just named, but
have made no collections in the section between Jasper Park and the
Pacific Coast. When long series are available from that intervening region,
the status of borealis may be more definitely decided. At present I am
of the opinion that obesus, borealis and engelmanni form one variable species,
with piceaperda only doubtfully distinct. (PL 12, fig. 6).

Host tree. — Sitka Spruce.

Distribution. — The Pacific Coast, from Alaska southwards into the
United States throughout the range of the host tree.

Economic importance. — It evidently prefers dying bark under ordinary
conditions, but readily attacks trees of the largest size, at most but slightly
weakened, and is without doubt a destructive primary enemy when the
right conditions obtain.

The Genus Phloeosinus Chapuis.

Chapuis, Syn. Scol., p. 37, 1869.

*Key to the Species.

L The mesosternum precipitous, at least very steep, between the coxae;
the intercoxal piece of the prosternum usually wide; the antennal club
with the sutures subtransverse, only moderately oblique, (excepting
punctatus.)

B The mesosternum transversely, acutely carinate between the coxae;
the metasternum sparsely, feebly punctured; the decli vital inter-
spaces similar, feebly convex, uniseriately granulate ; breeds in Pinus
banksiana. pini Sw. Page 69.

BB The mesosternum not carinate; the metasternum usually coarsely
and roughly punctured.

C The strial punctures very distinct and coarse on the disc, in deeply
impressed striae of moderate width; the 2nd interspace on the
declivity evidently narrower than the 1st and 3rd.

D Very small species, the length, 2 mm. or less; the pubescence
distinct; the discal interspaces with coarse uniseriate asper-
ities in addition to the granules.

E The declivity reddish, minutely scaly, with 1st and 3rd
interspaces strongly serrate and much more strongly
elevated than the 2nd. California. hopping! Sw.

EE The colour entirely black, declivital vestiture hairlike,
with 1st and 3rd interspaces feebly serrate and but little
more elevated than the 2nd. California, minutus Sw.

DD Of medium size, the length, 2-2 mm. to 3 mm.; the pubescence
indistinct; the discal interspaces confusedly very coarsely
granulate; the striae wide and the punctures very coarse.

punctatus Lee. Page 69.

* For serratus Lee. see page 70.

36198— 5i

CC The strial punctures usually indistinct and always small; in very

narrow, moderately impressed striae; the second interspace on the

declivity nearly or quite as wide as the 1st or 3rd.

D The elytral interspaces on the disc and sides sparsely nearly

uniseriately granulate; the declivital interspaces only faintly

convex, with the granules uniseriate, almost obsolete. A

very small, brightly polished western species; length, 2-2

mm. California. vandykei Sw.

DD The elytral interspaces on the disc and sides densely or rather

sparsely but confusedly granulate; the declivital interspaces

moderately convex with the serrations well developed.

E The elytral interspaces rather coarsely sparsely granulate

and somewhat convex; the striae distinctly impressed;

the second interspace on the declivity slightly narrower

than the 1st or 3rd and moderately narrowed distally,

shining, smooth, feebly punctured, nearly flat, and unarmed;

the serrations of the first interspace uniseriate in both sexes;

the pubescence longer than usual and distinct.

canadensis Sw. Page 69.

EE The elytral interspaces closely granulate, wide and flat;
the striae hardly impressed; the 2nd interspace on the
declivity as wide as the others, closely roughly punctured
and more or less serrate; the serrations of the first inter-
space confused in the female; the pubescence very short
and not conspicuous.

F The pronotum densely finely punctured; the elytral
interspaces densely, rather finely granulate, the
pubescence of the declivity minutely hairlike in both
sexes, hardly scale-like; a small species, less than 3 mm.
in length. dentatus Lee. Page 70.

FF The pronotum closely finely punctured; the elytral
interspaces rather coarsely granulate; the pubescence
of the declivity minutely scale-like; a larger species,
length, 3 • 5 mm. Utah, utahensis Sw.

AA The mesosternum oblique between the coxae; the antennal club very
elongate with the sutures very strongly oblique; usually larger species;
the intercoxal piece of the prosternum rather narrow.

B The elytral declivity with the second interspace narrower than the
1st or 3rd, at least towards the apex; the male with the 1st
interspace on the declivity unarmed or serrate only at the top of
the declivity; the smooth, shining area of the proepisternum large,
extending nearly to the caudal margin.

PLATE 15.
IPID STRUCTURES— ALL MUCH ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.)

Fig. 1, Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw., front of head, female.
Fig. 2, Pityogenes knechteli Sw., front of head, female.
Fig. 3, Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw., declivity of elytra, male.
Fig. 4, Pityogenes carinulatus Lee., declivity of elytra, male.
Fig. 5, Pityokteines sparsus Lee., declivity of elytra, male.
Fig. 6, Pityokteines sparsus Lee., declivity of elytra, female.
Fig. 7, Phloeosinus sequoice Hopk., declivity, male.
Fig. 8, Phloeosinus punctatus Lee., declivity.

PLATE No. 15.

3 i-

/ I

5 6

1 8

C The elytral striae strongly impressed on the disc, of moderate width,
with the punctures coarse and very distinct; the female with the
1st and 3rd declivital interspaces subequally, strongly serrate;
the male with the 1st declivital interspace coarsely serrate at
the top of the declivity and unarmed behind. California.

cupressi Hopk.

CC The elytral striae lightly impressed on the disc, very narrow, with
very small punctures; the female with the 3rd declivital ^inter-
space much more strongly elevated and serrate than the 1st;
the male with the 1st declivital interspace without coarse
serrations.

D The interspaces of the disc and sides finely and densely granulate-
punctate; the interspaces of the declivity closely, deeply
and rather finely punctured, California. cristatus Lee.

DD The interspaces of the disc and sides rather sparsely and coarsely,
transversely granulate, the punctures indistinct; the inter-
spaces of the declivity very feebly punctured in the female,
the punctures obsolete in the male.

sequoiae Hopk. Page ,70.

BB The elytral declivity with the 2nd interspace as wide as the others;
the smooth, shining area of the caudal part of the proepisternum
small and central.

C The elytral interspaces confusedly but rather sparsely Tgranulate-
punctate; the striae moderately impressed, punctured | more
coarsely than in juniperi, but distinctly less coarsely ihairpunc-
tatus; the median carina and lateral callus of the pronotum seldom
distinct; a smaller species, length, 3 mm. California.

rugosus Sw.

CC The elytral interspaces wider, confusedly, densely granulate-
punctate; the discal striae slightly impressed, finely punctured;
the median carina and lateral callus of the pronotum usually
distinct; a larger species, length, 3-4 mm. California.

juniper! Sw.

Phloeosinus pini Sw.; Can. Ent., 47: 362, Nov., 1915.

A small black species, 2 • 5 mm. long; the female with the front flattened,
coarsely rugulose-punctate and finely carinate; the male with the front
similar but broadly impressed, with an obtuse elevation on each side,
and the pronotum strongly broadly constricted in front.

Host tree. — Jack Pine.

Distribution. — Riding mountains, Manitoba; probably more widely
distributed.

Phloeosinus punctatus Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 381, 382, 1876.

Readily distinguished by the size, food plant, very coarse strial
punctures, and narrow 2nd striae on the declivity (PL 15, fig. 8).

Host trees. — Giant Arborvitae in British Columbia; also recorded from
United States in Incense Cedar and Port Orford Cedar.

Distribution. — British Columbia, extending south into California.

Phloeosinus canadensis Sw., Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 8, 1917.

A black species, length, 2-5 mm. This is the common species in
arborvitae in Eastern Canada and the adjacent northeastern States. The
brood tunnels are very abundant in dying tops and branches, in weakened
areas on living trees, and less commonly in apparently healthy trees. The

young adults cut short food tunnels in healthy cedar twigs. An important
secondary enemy and at times a primary enemy of arborvitse in Eastern
Canada.

Host tree. — Arborvitse.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.

Phloeosinus dentatus Say; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jour., 5: 258, 1826; ed. Lee.
2:319.

Host tree. — Arborvitse.

Distribution. — Represented in our collection from Texas, Tennessee,
Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, Washington, D.C., and Massachusetts.

Phloeosinus sequoiae Hopk.; U.S. Bur. For., Bui. 38, p. 33-35, fig. 1, pi. 12,
1903.

A large dark species, 4 mm. long; probably the common larger Phloeo-
sinus of British Columbia cedar. (PL 15, fig. 7).

Host tree. — Giant Arborvitse in British Columbia, and Western United
States.

Distribution. — British Columbia Coast region, southwards to California.

Phloeosinus serratus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 169, 1868 (Hylesinus) ;
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. XV, 381, 1876.

The front is concave and finely granulate-punctate; the pronotum is
densely, rather finely punctured, less finely than in utahensis', the elytral
interspaces are very wide, and finely densely rugulose, more strongly than
utahensis', the declivital serrations are coarse, very stout and blunt and
very closely placed. Allied to dentatus Lee.

Known to me only through the type.

Phloeosinus haagii Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 148, 1868, (Dendroctonus) ,
"Amer. bor."; Chapuis, Mem. Soc. Liege, 94, 1869, (Phlcsosinus) ", Leconte,
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV, 436, 1876 (orig. desc. quoted).
Length, 2-5 mm., "Am. bor." Unknown to me.

Phloeosinus graniger Eichh., same references.

Length, 2 mm., Texas. Unknown to me.

The Genus Leperisinus Reitter.
Bestimm. der Borkenkafer, 39, 1913.

The genus Leperisinus was separated from Hylesinus Fabr. by Reitter
upon the following characters: wing covers gradually descending behind;
the venter of the abdomen elevated behind; the body scaly; the elytra
finely striate on the sides; the first two sternites truncate; the second much
shorter than the next two together; the tarsal furrow of the fore tibia long,
attaining at least to the middle of the tibia. It was made to contain
fraxini Panz., orni Fuchs, and wachtli Reitt., of which fraxini should be
taken as the type. The genus is quite distinct from Hylesinus and Ptelobius,
neither of which appears to be represented in our fauna.

Key to the Species.

A The antennal club oval; the pronotal and elytral colour markings trans-
verse, fasciatus Lee. Page 71.
AA The antennal club elongate-fusiform; the pronotal colour-markings longi-
tudinal, the elytral markings oblique, angulated or indistinct.

B The median interstrial row of the elytral pubescence much longer than

the surrounding scales, hairlike on the sides, and broadly spatulate

on the declivity; the sides of the prototum very strongly asperate.

C The elytral strise and strial punctures distinct ; the interspaces feebly

asperate; the colour-markings indistinct; the length usually more

than 3 mm. Eastern States. imperialis Eichh. Page 71 .

CC The elytral strise and the strial punctures largely hidden by the

scales; the interspaces strongly asperate; the colour-markings

very distinct; the length less than 3 mm. California, Olive trees.

calif ornicus Sw.

BB The median interstrial row of the elytral pubescence but little longer

than the surrounding scales, not conspicuously hairlike on the sides.

C The asperities on the sides and cephalic margin of the pronotum

very feebly developed.

D The scales very pale cinereous, the elytra and pronotum with
indistinct, pale yellowish markings; the elytral interspaces
only very feebly asperate; length, about 3 mm.

cinereus Sw. Page 72.

DD The scales forming well-defined dark and pale markings; the

elytral interspaces coarsely, closely, uniseriately asperate;

length 3 • 5 mm. to 4 mm. pruinosus Eichh. Page 72.

CC The asperities on the sides and cephalic margin of the pronotum

rather coarse.

D The pronotal asperities few in number, near the lateral margin,
usually mostly before the middle, those of the submarginal
row in front lunular; the pronotum only very feebly emar-
ginate in front; the strise and strial punctures distinct, with
a median row of scales on the interspaces slightly longer than
the others, more distinct on the declivity; the basal transverse
pale band on the elytra continuous.

aculeatus Say. Page 72.

DD The pronotal asperities numerous, extending to the caudal
margin and upon the disc, those of the submarginal row in
front elongate and subacute; the pronotum rather strongly
emarginate on the middle line in front; the strise and strial
punctures almost entirely hidden by the scales; the median
row of slightly longer scales hardly visible on the interspaces
even on the declivity; the basal pale transverse band on the
elytra absent on the 3rd and 5th interspaces.

criddlei, n. sp. Page 72.

Leperisinus fasciatus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 170, 1868.

Length, 1-5 mm. A very beautiful little species; black, with whitish
and yellowish-brown markings. It may be separated from the aculeatus
group.

Distribution. — Pennsylvania (type); Clemmton, N.Y. (Blanchard col-
lection).

Leperisinus imperialis Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 149, 1868.

A large species, the colour markings of the aculeatus type but rather
indistinct in our specimens. Apparently rare.

Recorded from Dakota, Arizona, Wisconsin, Georgia and New York.
We have one specimen from/New York State, and have seen a closely allied
but possibly distinct species from Marin Co., California, in the collection
of Mr. H. C. Fall.

Leperisinus cinereus Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull., 14: 15, 1917.

Easily separated by the characters given in the key. Apparently a
rare species.

Host trees. — Ash.

Distribution. — Hudson and Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Cambridge,
Roxbury, and Brooklin, Mass.

Leperisinus pruinosus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 149, 1868.

The species accepted here as pruinosus Eichh., heretofore confused
with aculeatus Say, agrees well with Eichhoff's description.

Distribution. — Represented in our collection from Michigan, Pennsyl-
vania, and Tennessee.

Leperisinus aculeatus Say; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jour., 3: 322, 1826; ed. Lee.,
2: 181.

Length, 2 • 3 mm. to 3 mm. ; the colour-markings usually distinct, formed
of greyish and dark scales in alternate subregular bands; on the pronotum
the scales greyish except on a diamond-shaped median area and an elongate
lateral area; on the elytra the pale markings in three subtransverse bands
across the disc and a wide band along each side, the 1st band transverse,
sub-basal, the 2nd and 3rd oblique on each elytron, forming two-angled
bands, angled behind; the intervening dark areas with scales coloured like
the background. The male has the front more distinctly flattened and
more densely hairy than the female.

Host tree. — Ash.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada, following the distribution of its host
tree from Manitoba to the Maritime Provinces; Eastern United States,
represented in our collection from Michigan and Kansas eastward through
New York state and Massachusetts.

The brood tunnels are very abundant in dying and recently killed
trunks and limbs; short hibernating tunnels are cut in the middle bark
of living trunks; a secondary enemy; often nearly exterminated in a limited
locality by hymenopterous parasites and mites.

Leperisinus criddlei n. sp.

Length, 2 mm. to 2 • 6 mm. ; of smaller average size than aculeatus Say,
with distinct colour-markings and characters as given in the key.

Type; Aweme, Manitoba; 21-VII-1915; 8178; N. Criddle, Type No.
102.

Host trees. — Green Ash, White Ash.

Distribution. — Aweme, Man.; St. Hilaire, Que.

PLATE 16.
IPID STRUCTURES— ALL MUCH ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.) A.E.K.

Fig. 1, Dryocoetes confusus Sw., head from the side, female.

Fig. 2, Ips tridens Mannh., head from the side, female.

Fig. 3, Pityokteines sparsus Lee., head from the side, and pronotum from above, female.

Fig. 4, Pityophthorus nudus Sw., elytral declivity.

Fig. 5, Dryocoetes affaber Mannh., head from the side.

Fig. 6, Pityophthorus canadensis Sw., head from the front; male and female.

Fig. 7, Pityophthorus pulicarius Zimm., elytral declivity.

Fig. 8, Pityophthorus canadensis Sw., elytral declivity, female.

PLATE No. 16.

A.E.Kdk»tt.

The Genus Scierus Leconte

Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 390.

One described species in our fauna.

Scierus annectens Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 390, 1876.

Length, 3-6 mm.; reddish brown, opaque; pronotum wider than long,
strongly punctured; elytral striae deep, regular, with close, deep punctures;
interspaces finely rugose, thinly clothed with short, yellow hairs.

Probably more than one species are represented in our collection,
taken by the writer at Lesser Slave Lake and Jasper Park, Alberta, and
Kelowna, B.C., but they are all left under annectens Lee. for the present.

Host trees. — White Spruce, Englemann's Spruce, Lodgepole Pine;
probably also in Sitka Spruce.

Distribution. — Anticosti (Lee.); Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta; Jasper
Park, Alberta; Kelowna B.C.; Cariboo District, British Columbia; Van-
couver island (Lee.).

The Genus Hylastinus Bedel

Bedel, Faun. Col. Seine, 6: 388, 1888.

One described species in our fauna.

Hylastinus obscurus Marsham; Ent. Brit., 57, 1802, (Hyksinus); trifolii
Muller, 1807.

Length, 2-5 mm.; shaped like Hylurgops; nearly black; pronotum
slightly wider than long, coarsely closely punctured with smaller punctures
intermixed, elytra deeply striate, punctures coarse, close and shallow,
interspaces strongly rugose; side pieces of the meso-and metathorax densely
clothed with yellow, fringed scales.

Host plants. — Red and Mammoth Clover, Alsike (less commonly),
White Dutch, and Sainfoin (cutting tunnels but not breeding) in Canada.

Distribution. — Southern Quebec, southern Ontario, and Eastern United
States.

A most injurious species, tunnelling the roots of clovers, particularly
of the red and mammoth varieties (PL 5, fig. 4).

The Genus Alniphagus, new genus.

Of medium size, antennal funicle 7-segmented, club feebly compressed,
with sutures 1 and 2 strongly chitinized, last two segments longer than 2 and
rapidly narrowed, segments of club indistinctly subdivided by a constriction
and a row of hairs; beak short; pronotum strongly muricate on the sides in front;
side pieces of the meso-and metathorax densely scaly; forecoxse widely separated;
proventriculus without distinct diagonal lines, the costal teeth numerous at
the base of the bristles, its disc finely sparsely granulate, chitinized on the sides,
the transverse lines strong; the ligula rounded at the apex.

The type is Hylesinus aspericollis Leconte, 1876, the only species in our
fauna.

Alniphagus aspericollis Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 379, 1876, (Hylesinus).

Length, 3 • 5 to 4 mm. ; the median epistomal lobe wide, the pronotum

with small punctures and decidedly muricate, more strongly in front;

scutellum minute, depressed; the elytral striae strongly impressed and

coarsely punctured; the interspaces convex, minutely granulate-punctate
and uniseriately asperate ; the alternate intervals wider and strongly convex
on the declivity; the side pieces of meso-and metathorax densely scaly.

Host tree. — Western Alder.

Distribution. — Coast and southern interior of British Columbia, and
southward to California.

The Genus Hylurgopinus, new genus.

Of medium size; antennal funicle 7-segmented, club feebly compressed,
sutures 1 and 2 strongly chitinized, last two segments longer than 2; beak short;
protonum coarsely, irregularly punctured, not impressed; forecoxse widely
separated; metepisternum without dense scales; proventriculus with costal
teeth almost obsolete, the disc finely, densely granulate, the transverse lines
indistinct, chitinized on the sides.

The type is Hylastes rufipes Eichh., the only species known in our fauna.

Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 147, 1868, (Hylastes); opaculus
Lee., 1868 (Hyksinus).

Length, 3-25 to 3-75 mm., the epistomal lobe nearly as long as wide;
the pronotal punctures coarse, close and irregular; elytral striae deep,
punctures coarse, close and deep; interspaces minutely punctured and with
an irregular row of asperities.

Host trees. — Elm, Basswood.

Distribution. — Eastern United States; less abundant in Eastern Canada.

The Genus Pseudohylesinus Swaine.
Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 11, 1917.

Key to the Species.

A The first segment of the antennal club much longer than the second; the

9th interspace not strongly serrate about the declivity.
B The antennal club hardly flattened, subconical, segment 1 as long as
segments 2 and 3 together; the sides of the elytra parallel on about
the basal two-thirds; a large species, 5 • 5 mm. in length.

granulatus Lee. Page 75.
BB The antennal club evidently flattened; stouter species, with the sides

of the elytra parallel on about the basal half; smaller species.
C The vestiture slender and almost entirely hairlike on the pronotum;
the scales of the elytra small and elongate, hairlike towards the
base.

D The elytral interspaces strongly convex and coarsely, uniseri-
ately asperate; the strial punctures coarse and the striae wider;
the sides of the elytra parallel on the basal half.
*E The elytra more strongly sculptured; the strise nearly as
wide as the interspaces; the elytral scales small but rather
wide behind. Oregon. nobilis Sw.

EE The elytral strise distinctly narrower than the interspaces;
the elytral scales very elongate. tsugae Sw. Page 75.
DD The elytral interspaces flat on the disc and sides; the asperities
confused on the wider 3rd interspaces of the disc; the strial
punctures moderate; the elytra slightly inflated behind,
slightly wider behind the middle than at the base.

obesus Sw. Page 76.

* Barely distinct from tsuagce; this may prove to be identical.

CC The vestiture of the pronotum of intermixed scales and hairs; the
elytra densely scaly; the interspaces nearly flat, the striae narrow,
with small punctures ; the sides of the elytra parallel on the basal
half; the pronotum with shallow punctures, the scales of the
pronotum abundant on the disc.

D The scales of the elytra elongate and subaouminate at the apex.
Sitka spruce. sitchensis Sw. Page 76.

DD The scales of the elytra but little longer than wide, broadly
rounded at the apex, smaller and more slender towards the
base in the female of grandis (PL 21, fig. 5).
E A moderately stout species with the interstrial hairs of
moderate length; the basal teeth of the elytra closely
placed and crescentic. Grand Fir and Douglas Fir.

grandis Sw. Page 76.

EE A more slender species with much longer elytral hairs;

the basal teeth of the elytra isolated and acute towards

the sides. Shore Pine. sericeus Mannh. Page 76.

AA The segments of the antennal club subequal in length, the first hardly

longer than the second; the basal margin of the elytra with isolated,

acute, well developed teeth towards the sides. The ninth interspace

strongly acutely serrate about the sides of the declivity; the elytral

vestiture of small subcircular scales. nebulosus Lee. Page 75.

Pseudohylesinus nebulosus Lee.; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Proc., 285 (Hyksinus),
1859.

A slender species, with strong colour-markings in dark and light
reddish-brown; the male very densely clothed with stout scales; the epis-
tomal lobe strongly developed; length, 2-8 mm.; width, 1-2 mm. The
supposed female has interspace 9 on the declivity less strongly serrate, and
the elytral scales decidedly elongate and becoming plumose towards the
base. This species should properly form the type of a separate genus.

Host tree. — Douglas Fir.

Distribution. — Southern British Columbia, south to California. Usually
a secondary enemy.

Pseudohylesinus granulatus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2: 175, 1868.

A large species; length, 5-5 mm.; the beak carinate; the antennal club
only slightly compressed, the 1st segment as long as 2nd and 3rd together ;
the pronotum narrower than the elytra and moderately constricted in front
in the female, nearly as wide as the elytra and strongly constricted in front
in the male; the elytral striae impressed, with coarse punctures; the inter-
spaces strongly convex behind; the pubescence stout on the pronotum,
scaly on the elytra, with scattered light-coloured patches; the scales small
and frequently almost entirely abraded.

Host tree. — Grand Fir.

Distribution. — Nanaimo, Eberts, and Campbell River, in British Colum-
bia, and probably more widely distributed. Recorded also from Washing-
ton, Oregon, and California.

Usually a secondary enemy.

Pseudohylesinus tsugae Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 11, 1917.
A stout species of moderate size and reddish-brown colour, sparsely
clothed with short stout hairs, with tufted hairs on the sides and narrow
scales on the declivity. Distinct from granulatus Lee., in the decidedly
stouter form, much less densely and less strongly roughened pronotum, and
the sparser elytral vestiture which becomes tufted on the sides; granulatus

has the elytra everywhere normally scaly. Length, 4 • 5 mm. ; width, 2 mm.,
varying to 3 • 5 mm. and even 3 mm. in length.

Host tree. — Western Hemlock.

Distribution. — Vancouver island and coast of British Columbia. At-
tacks and kills healthy hemlocks; also infests injured and dying trees and
slash.
Pseudohylesinus obesus Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 15, 1917.

Length, 4-5 mm.; a stout species, gradually wider behind; the pubes-
cence scale-like on the declivity. A rare species; known to us only from
Inverness, B.C., from the collection of Rev. J. H. Keen.

Pseudohylesinus sitchensis Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 12,
1917.

Very closely allied to grandis, of the same size, but more slender, with
the front coarsely and less closely punctured, and the transverse impression
unusually deep ; the elytral scales are less dense than in grandis and elongate,
becoming tufted behind the scutellum and notably so on the sides.

Host tree. — Sitka Spruce.

Distribution. — Vancouver island and coast of British Columbia.

Apparently a secondary enemy.
Pseudohylesinus grandis Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 14, 1917.

A moderately stout species, densely clothed with brown and grey
scales, the lighter colour on sections of the interspaces and often forming
an irregular V-shaped mark on the elytra. Length, 2-8 mm. to 3-8 mm.

Host trees. — Grand Fir, Douglas Fir.

Distribution. — The southern half of the western coast of British Colum-
bia and southwards. Apparently also in Queen Charlotte islands, but the
host tree there is unknown to us.

A destructive enemy of the grand fir in certain localities.

Pseudohylesinus sericeus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc. 296, 1843, (Hylurgus) ;
Leconte, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.; 2: 170, 1868; Rhynch. 379, 1876 (Hylesinus).

More slender than grandis Sw.; with longer hairs; the pronotum of
the male transverse, almost oval, the frontal lobe of the pronotum less
distinct; the basal teeth of the elytra are isolated and acute; but the
antennal club has the first segment distinctly longer than the second. It is
in the series, nebulosus, sericeus, sitchensis, grandis.

Since the first part of this bulletin was published, the Leconte collection
has been examined by the writer. The first specimen now in the Leconte
series under sericeus Mannh. is evidently a specimen received from Man-
nerheim himself by Leconte; it bears the Sitka label, and may be accepted
as definitely fixing the species. This specimen was not seen when the writer
studied the Leconte collection some years ago. It is entirely distinct from
grandis Sw.

PLATE 17.
IPID BEETLES— ALL MUCH ENLARGED.

Fig. 1, Ips tridens Mannh., female*.

Fig. 2, Ips chagnoni Sw.*.

Fig. 3, Ips engelmanni Sw., female*.

Fig. 4, Ips pilifrons Sw., female*.

Fig. 5, Ips latidens Lee*.

Fig. 6, Hylastes salebrosus Eichh.*, details of the elytra.

Fig. 7, Ips pini Say**.

Fig. 8, Hylastes porculus Er*, details of the elytra.

Fig. 9, Ips calligraphus Germ*.

Fig. 10, Eccoptogaster picece Sw., male.**

Fig. 11, Ips calligraphus Germ*.

*Original. ** Author's illustration.

PLATE No. 17.

Host tree. — Shore Pine.

Distribution. — Coast of Alaska and probably southward along the coast
to California.

The Genus Hylastes Erichson.
Wieg. Archiv., 2: 47, 1836.

The names Hylastes Er., Tomicus Latr., 1802, and Myelophilus Eichh.
(Blastophagus Eichh) have been applied in different ways. The type of
the genus Hylastes Erichson, 1836, is Bostrichus ater Paykull; the type of Tomicus
Latreille, 1802, is H. piniperda Fabr.; the type of Myelophilus Eichh., 1878,
is D. piniperda Linn. It is evident that Tomicus Latreille, 1802, should
be used for the allies of piniperda Fab., and either that Hylastes Er. or Myeloph-
ilus Eichh. should be submerged.

Several prominent European writers, including Bedel, Tredl and Hagedorn,
have considered piniperda Fab. distinct from piniperda Linn, and the same
as ater Paykull. If this were accepted Hylastes Er. should give place to Tomicus
Lat., 1802. Other authors, notably Hopkins, 1915, regard piniperda Fabr.
and piniperda Linn, as the same, and consider ater Paykull a good species.
According to this interpretation Tomicus would replace Myelophilus Eichh.
and Hylastes Er. would stand, with ater Paykull as type.

In my catalogue, 1909, the former interpretation was accepted, and it is
probably correct; in the present paper, however, Hylastes Er. is used, solely
to avoid confusion, since it is not possible to be certain of the matter, and
Hylastes has been used almost invariably by recent authors.

Key to the Species.

A The beak with a distinct median carina.

B Larger and stouter species, length, more than 4 mm.; the pubescence

very minute, more distinct in the macer group.

C The strial punctures very small, at the bottom of very narrow
deep striae which are separated by very coarsely rugose and
strongly convex interspaces; the tibial teeth few and extremely
coarse; the sutural striae hardly wider than the others (PL 17,
fig. 6). Eastern and Southern United States.

salebrosus Eichh.

CC The strial punctures coarse or small between moderately convex
interspaces, or small between flattened wider interspaces; the
tibial teeth only moderately coarse (PL 17, fig. 8).
D The interspaces distinctly convex on the disc and declivity;
the pronotum usually at its widest part but little narrower
than the elytra.
E The head and pronotum roughly, rather coarsely punctured,

the body variably shining.
F The elytral interspaces densely coarsely rugose.

G The elytral striae strongly impressed; the strial
punctures coarse, as wide as the narrow interspaces
on the disc, the pronotal punctures very coarse and
only moderately close. Southern United States.

scaber Sw.

GG The elytral striae moderately impressed on disc and
declivity, only very faintly on the sides; the strial
punctures rather small, narrower than the inter-
spaces on the disc; the pronotal punctures of medium
size and very closely placed. Colorado. asperSw.

FF The interspaces rather finely granulate.

G The pronotum widest at the middle, the sides straight,
evidently narrowed from the middle to the caudal
angles; the elytral interspaces rather strongly
convex on disc and declivity, finely granulate, and
usually distinctly wider than the striae; the last
ventral moderately punctured not coarsely rugose,
(PI. 21, fig. 2). Eastern species.

porculus Er.* Page 79.

GG The pronotum with the sides nearly parallel on the
caudal half, broadly rounded at the hind angles,
strongly narrowed in front; the elytral interspaces
only moderately convex rather coarsely granulate,
and usually narrower than the wide striae; the last
ventral coarsely rugose-punctate. Western species.
nigrinus Mannh. Page 79.

EE The head and pronotum very finely smoothly punctured;
neither roughened nor granulate; very brightly polished-
New Mexico. nitidus Sw.
DD The interspaces flat or nearly so on the disc and sides, wider
than the finely punctured striae, which are only very feebly
impressed; the sutural striae not much wider and deeper than
the others; the pronotum much narrower than the elytra.
E The pronotum very elongate, nearly parallel behind, gradually
narrowed in front, moderately and not very closely
punctured on the disc; length 4-5 mm. Col., N. Mexico.

longus Lee.

EE The pronotum long oval or nearly as wide as long, coarsely
and rather densely punctured; seldom less than 5 mm.
in length.

F A black, more elongate species; the pronotum long oval,
distinctly longer than wide; the elytral interspaces
faintly convex near the suture on the caudal half, and
the striae there faintly impressed.

macer Lee. Page 79.

FF A red, stouter species; the pronotum but little longer than
wide, the sides subparallel for over two-thirds the
length, then constricted in front; the interspaces
perfectly flat on the disc and sides, with the striae not
impressed. ruber Sw. Page 79.

BB Small, very elongate species; distinctly pubescent; length, 4 mm. or

less.

C The pronotum a little narrower than the elytra, moderately, not
closely and not roughly punctured; the strial punctures moderate,
about as wide as the interspaces, which are coarsely granulate;
the pubescence distinct but sparse and very short. Indiana,
Montana, N. Mex. gracilis Lee.

CC The pronotum very much narrower than the elytra, strongly rough-
ened and coarsely, closely punctured; the strial punctures coarse,
quadrate, rather wider than the coarsely granulate interspaces;
the pubescence rather long and suberect.

longicollis n. sp. Page 79.

AA The beak not carinate; very small hairy species; the pronotum with coarse
punctures and a few small punctures intermixed.

* H. scobinosus Eichh. is said to be distinguished from porculus Er. by the sides of the pronotum
being gradually narrowed in front.

B A stouter species, the strial punctures coarse, the striae wider than the

interspaces, which are finely granulate and finely uniseriately

tuberculate. Fla., Va., N. Car. tenuis Eichh,

BB Distinctly more slender; the strial punctures moderate, narrower

than the densely rugose more hairy interspaces. Fla., N. Car.

exilis Chap.

Hylastes porculus Erichson; Wieg. Archiv. 2: 49, 1836; Eichhoff and Schwarz,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 16: 606, 1896.

A black species; length, 4-5 mm. The last ventral of the male
impressed and pubescent on the middle line behind. The only species of
the genus found in Eastern Canada. (PI. 21, fig. 2).
Host trees. — Pines.

Distribution. — Eastern United States, from Maryland to Maine and
Michigan; and Eastern Canada, west to Manitoba. Rare in Canada.

Hylastes nigrinus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 356, 385, (Hylurgus), 1852.

A black species; length, 4 mm. to 5 mm. The last ventral of the male
more broadly rounded, with a densely punctured and pubescent, broad,
median caudal impression. The common species of the genus in the southern
interior and coast regions of British Columbia.

Host trees. — Douglas Fir, less commonly in Western White Pine and
Western Hemlock, and probably other conifers.

Distribution. — The Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast regions from
Alaska to California.

Hylastes ruber Sw.; Can. Ent., 47: 367, 1916.
A red species; length, 5 mm. Rare.
Host tree. — Douglas Fir.

Distribution. — Southern interior of British Columbia; Golden, Creighton
Valley.

Hylastes macer Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 175, 1868.

A black, elongate species; length, 5 to 6 mm. The last ventral of the
male impressed and pubescent behind. Entirely distinct in our fauna.

Host tree. — Engelmann's Spruce (in litt.).

Distribution. — Very rare in the southern interior of British Columbia,
taken at Vernon and Kaslo; California, Nevada (our coll.), Utah, Nebraska
(in litt.).

Hylastes longicollis. n. sp.

Description of adult: Allied to gracilis Lee., but with the pronotum
much narrower, the strial punctures much coarser, and more distinctly
hairy; length, 3-9 mm.; width, 1-3 mm. A female.

The head is much as in gracilis, but more coarsely granulate-punctate,
and abundantly clothed with rather short reclining hairs above, and denser,
longer hairs below, with a few longest and erect; the basal segment of the
antennal club comprising nearly two-thirds the mass; the beak widened
at the tip; the transverse impression stronger at the middle; the carina
well developed; the epistoma not much impressed and coarsely granulate.
The pronotum is much narrower than in gracilis, one-sixth longer than
wide; very much narrower than the elytra; the sides straight behind, diver-
gent to the widest point just before the middle, then arcuately narrowed
to the very broadly rounded front margin; the hind margin nearly straight;
the disc evenly, very coarsely and densely punctured, more finely in front
and on the sides, not much roughened; with a long narrow, well developed
median carina. The elytra are nearly straight at the base; with the sides
straight for over two-thirds the length, then very strongly narrowed to the
narrow but broadly rounded hind margin, as seen from above; the striae
moderately impressed, faintly on the sides, with the strial margins unusually

regular; the punctures coarse, deep, quadrate, extremely close so that the
partitions are thin transverse ridges, somewhat smaller at the sides; the
interspaces narrower than the strise on the disc, wider on the sides, flattened
although somewhat elevated on the disc from the depth of the strise; finely,
densely granulate-punctate, more coarsely granulate on the declivity, and
evidently pubescent with short yellow hairs, longer on the declivity.

The venter is coarsely, densely punctured; the last ventral slightly
convex, densely, coarsely, roughly punctured, rather narrowly rounded
behind, and pubescent towards the hind margin, probably impressed behind
in the male as in gracilis Lee.; the prothorax below very coarsely, densely
and roughly but distinctly punctured.

Host trees. — Unknown. Type locality, Atlanta, Idaho. Type No. 102.
We have one doubtful record from southern British Columbia.

An undescribed species of Hylastes occurs in Abies nobilis in Oregon.
We have only one specimen.

The Genus Hylurgops Leconte.

Leconte, Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 389, 1876.

Key to the Species.

L Bases of the elytra only moderately arcuate and not serrate; the elytral

interspaces subequally sculptured.

B The pronotum as wide as the elytra, margined at the sides, from
acutely to subacutely, from the base nearly to the apex; densely
clothed with long erect hairs on the upper surface. N. Mexico.

grandicollis Sw.

BB The pronotum narrower than the elytra and not acutely margined at

the sides; the long hairs sparse.

C Stout species; the elytra subinflated behind; the pronotum deeply
sinuate on the sides in front; the mesosternum strongly pro-
tuberant; the third tarsal segment strongly widened and deeply
bilobed; the pronotum rather strongly margined at the base.

PLATE 18.
IPID BEETLES— ALL MUCH ENLARGED.

Fig. 1, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch*.

Fig. 2, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch*.

Fig. 3, Hylurgops rugipennis Mannh*.

Fig. 4, Hylurgops subcostulatus Mannh.*

'Fig. 5, Platypus wilsoni Sw., antenna**.

Fig. 6, Trypodendron betulce Sw.; male above, female below*.

Fig. 7, Trypodendron retusus Lee.; male above, female below.*

Fig. 8, Ips calligraphus Germ*.

Fig. 9, Ips calligraphus Germ.*

Fig. 10, Dendroctonus; proventriculus, showing diagonal lines on the disc*.

Fig. 11, Leperisinus calif ornicus Sw**.

Fig. 12. Leperisinus aculeatus Say, pair, starting a tunnel*.

Fig. 13, Anisandrus pyri Peck*.

Fig. 14, Anisandrus minor Sw.*

Fig. 15, Anisandrus populi Sw*. .

Fig. 16, Anisandrus obesus Lee*.

Fig. 17, Gnathotrichus retusus Lee**.

*Original. Author's illustration.

PLATE No. 18.

* §

11 15

* f

«f*

D Larger and stouter species; the pronotum closely punctured with
large and small punctures intermixed; strial punctures small,
distinct, with sides approximately straight; interspaces rather
sparsely, moderately rugose; epistomal carina distinctly acute
(PI. 18, fig. 2). pinifex Fitch. Page 81.

DD Smaller species, the pronotum densely, rather regularly punc-
tured; strial punctures rather coarse and indistinct, interspaces
closely, coarsely rugose; epistomal carina usually a narrowly
convex ridge (PL 18, fig. 3). rugipennis Mannh. Page 81.
CC Rather slender species; not inflated behind; the pronotum at most
only slightly sinuate on the sides in front; the mesosternum only
moderately protuberant ; the third tarsal segment only moderately
widened; the pronotum rather feebly margined at the base.
D The pronotal punctures small and fairly regular in size; the
elytral interspaces finely granulate on the basal half. N.
Mexico. knausi Sw.

DD The pronotal punctures notably unequal in size; the elytral

interspaces rugose on the basal half.

E The pronotum with many minute and numerous medium-
sized punctures intermixed; the elytra deeply striate on
the disc and declivity. porosus Lee. Page 82.

EE The pronotum with many large and a few minute punctures
intermixed, the elytra rather feebly striate.

lecontei Sw. Page 82.

AA Bases of the elytra strongly arcuate, subacute and irregularly subserrate;
the elytral interspaces alternately carinate, more strongly behind; the
elytra and pronotum everywhere minutely scaly, frequently encrusted
(PL 18, fig. 4). subcostulatus Mannh. Page 82.

Hylurgops pinifex Fitch; N.Y. Agric. Soc. Trans., 43, 1851 (Hylastes).

Length, 4-5 mm.; width, 1-8 mm.; colour reddish brown to nearly
black; the pronotum a little narrower than the elytra, the sides strongly
arcuate behind, strongly narrowed and constricted in front of the middle;
the elytra slightly widened behind the middle, the striae deep, the inter-
spaces convex, granulate and asperate, more strongly on the declivity; the
vestiture of minute hairs, scale-like on the declivity, with a few long erect
hairs behind; the male has the declivity more densely scaly, the arcuate
impression on the front deeper and wider, and the carina of the 2nd ventral
segment usually more strongly developed. This species is distinguished
from the closely allied H. glabratus Zett. of Europe by the more sparsely
and more irregularly punctured pronotum, and the less strongly arcuate
bases of the elytra.

Host trees. — Pines, Spruce, and Eastern Larch.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States; very widely
distributed.

t The tunnels are usually at the base of the trunk, often extending

below the surface of the ground; a secondary enemy.

Hylurgops rugipennis Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 297, 1843, (Hylurgus).

Slightly smaller and more slender than pinifex, with the pronotum
more decidedly narrower than the elytra and the asperities of the declivital
interspaces coarser.

Host trees. — Sitka Spruce, Engelmann's Spruce, Western White Pine,
and probably all pines and spruces within its range.
36198—6

Distribution. — Alaska, British Columbia, and southwards into Cali-
fornia.

A common secondary enemy of pines and spruces.

Hylurgops porosus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 175, 1868, (Hylastes).

A large, elongate species, with a deep frontal impression, and coarsely
sculptured, hairy elytra; length, 5 mm., width, 1-8 mm.; the pronotum
nearly as wide as the elytra, widest at the middle; the elytral bases feebly
arcuate; the male more coarsely sculptured and more densely scaly on the
declivity.

Host trees. — Western White Pine, in British Columbia, and probably
other pines.

Distribution. — British Columbia (Arrowhead); Western States, Wash-
ington, California, New Mexico (in our collection), Utah (a rather distinct
variation). Rare in British Columbia.

Hylurgops lecontei Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 16, 1917.

Length, 4-1 mm.; width, 1-6 mm. Allied to porosus Lee., but smaller,
with the pronotal punctures coarser and denser and the striae less deeply
impressed on the declivity.

Host trees. — Western Yellow Pine, and apparently also Lodgepole Pine.

Distribution. — British Columbia (Okanagan Lake, Golden, Atlin);
Colorado; Nevada; New Mexico.

Hylurgops subcostulatus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 239, 1853, (Hylastes); Leconte'
Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2: 176, 1868 (Hylastes), species fixed; alternans Chap.,
Syn. Scol., 22, 1869 (Hylastes).

Length, 3-4 to 4-5 mm.; easily distinguished by the characters given
in the key; an aberrant species, removed from the true Hylurgops through
the arcuate, subserrate bases of the elytra, the longer 2nd abdominal seg-
ment, and the alternately carinate elytral interspaces.

Host trees. — Lodgepole Pine, Western Yellow Pine, Western White
Pine, and probably all species of Pinus within its range.

Distribution. — Coast region and southern interior of British Columbia,
extending throughout Western United States into New Mexico and Arizona.

THE MICRACIIsUE.

The Genus Thysanoes Leconte.
Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 369, 1876.

Thysanoes rigidus Lee.; loc. cit., 362 (Cryphalus), 1876.

Dark brown, somewhat shining; the form stout, cylindric.

The head with the front closely punctured, with short pubescence,
deeply concave and shining below; the antennal club large, outer face with
suture 1 semicircular, 2 narrowly angled, 3 more broadly angled, the
funicle 6-segmented, the scape densely hairy on the outer side. ,

The pronotum little wider than long, convex, anterior edge not toothed,
disc with a few distinct, small, acute tubercles in front of the middle, rather
closely and coarsely punctured behind; strongly rounded behind, very
strongly narrowed towards the rounded front margin, subtriangular from
above. The elytra coarsely punctured in rows, with fine strial setae; inter-
spaces roughly though finely punctured with uniseriate rows of bristles,
granulate on the declivity; declivity rounded, oblique, the summit near
the middle of the elytra. The first two ventral segments swollen and convex,
subequal and each longer than the last three together. Fore tibiae slender,

subparallel, serrate distally on the outer margin, with a long process at the
inner angle. There are three types in the Leconte collection labelled
" Can.", and a fourth specimen from " Detroit, Mich."

I have seen no others of the species; it is left provisionally in Thysanoes.

Thysanoes fimbricornis Lee.; loc. cit. 370, 1876.

Length, 1 • 8 mm. The pronotum longer than wide, sparsely asperate
in front, nearly smooth behind the middle; elytra with rows of small punc-
tures, interspaces with a row of short clavate bristles; outer margin of
tibiae not serrate.

Host tree. — Hickory, in twigs.

Distribution. — Pennsylvania, not known from Canada.

The genus Micracis is not known from Canada, although several
species occur in the Northeastern States. M. opacicollis Lee. is abundant
in New York State in dead twigs of oak and chestnut, and an undescribed
species is found at Ithaca, N.Y., in poplar shoots. It is a slender species,
1-7 mm. long; the eyes narrowly separated beneath; the elytra finely
punctured in rows and clothed with short scale-like pubescence. M. rudis
Lee. was described from Detroit, Mich., but the few subsequent records
are from Indiana, District of Columbia, and southwestern Pennsylvania.
Our single specimen is from Georgia. It is a short, rather stout, very
coarsely sculptured species; the head deeply excavated, eyes widely separated
beneath, the sutures of the club broadly curved; the elytra scarcely pubes-
cent, coarsely and roughly punctured; length, 2-5 mm.

THE IPIN^B.
The Genus Xyloterinus, new genus.

The male is smaller than the female and has the front convex, not excavated
as in Trypodendron; the antennal club has the corneous first segment entirely
basal, arcuate on its front margin, not narrowly angulate and produced towards
the middle; the metepisternum is narrowed and sinuate in front, with the sides
parallel behind.

The type is Bostrichus politus Say; hitherto included in Trypodendron
(Xyloterus).

Xyloterinus politus Say; Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour., 5: 256, 1828; ed. Lee. 2: 318;

(Bostrichus) .

Length, 2-8 to 3-5 mm.; dark brown to nearly black, except the elytra
which are usually a nearly uniform reddish-brown; the pronotum with
four slender median teeth on the front margin; slightly wider than the
elytra, the summit well behind the middle, asperate in front and smooth
and very finely punctured behind the summit; the elytra with the striae
nearly obsolete, visible on the sides, the strial punctures very small and
not deep, not perfectly regular; the interstrial punctures smaller than but
as numerous as those of the striae, uniseriate on the disc, confused on the
wider lateral interspaces; the declivital striae impressed, the pubescence
abundant but fine and rather short.

Host trees. — Beech, Maple, Birch, and other hardwood trees. In dying
trunks and large branches.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.

36198— 6£

The Genus Trypodendron Stephens.
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent., 3: 353, 1830.

Xyloterus Er.

Erichson, Wieg. Archiv., 1:60, 1836.
Key to the Species.

A The'jf'eltyra strongly and regularly striate, and rather coarsely punctured;
the declivity with the second interspace normal, not sulcate; the
pronotum asperate-punctate on the sides behind. D.C., Pa., W. Va.,
N.Y., N. Mex. scabricollis Lee.

AA The elytra at most rather faintly striate, the striae usually somewhat
irregularly punctured; the declivity with the second interspace
depressed to form a distinct sulcus; the pronotum finely punctured on
the sides behind.

B The carina forming the lateral margin of the declivital sulcus wide
and irregularly punctured, the pronotum entirely black, closely
granulate on the median part of the disc behind; the elytral declivity
distinctly hairy.

C A larger species, 3-5 mm-4 mm.; the declivital sulcus wide and

deep, gradually narrowed on the caudal half; the elytra with

brilliant lustre, the interspaces usually flat; the male with the

cephalic margin of the pronotum broadly emarginate as viewed

from above. Populus. retusus Lee. Page 85.

CC Length, 3 mm. to 3-5 mm.; the declivital sulcus rather narrow

and its sides nearly parallel; the elytra with rather dull lustre,

the interspaces usually noticeably convex; the male pronotum

broadly arcuate in front. Betula. betulae Sw. Page 85.

BB The carina forming the lateral wall of the declivital sulcus narrow

and uniseriately punctate or granulate-punctate; the pronotum

punctured across the middle line near the caudal border, at most

but sparsely granulate; the declivity sparsely and indistinctly hairy.

C Interspace 2 of the declivity distinctly punctured and usually

as wide as interspace 1 and interspace 3, which are distinctly

granulate; the pronotum and elytra normally marked with pale

bands.

D The punctures of the elytral striae rather deep and usually
rather coarse; the discal pale area of the pronotum usually
extending from the base to the cephalic margin. British
Columbia west of the Rockies, cavifrons Mannh. Page 85.

PLATE 19.
IPID TUNNELS (ORIGINAL).

Fig. 1, Dryocoetes confusus Sw.; Tunnels in balsam, inner surface of the bark; three-fifths

natural size.
Fig. 2, Dendroctonus borealis Hopk., Tunnels in white spruce, inner surface of the bark, showing

?arasitized larvae; about one-half natural size.
_ , ps perturbatus Eichh.; Tunnels in white spruce, inner surface of the bark; much reduced.
Fig. 4, Pityophthorus canadensis Sw.; Tunnels in a white pine twig, surface of the wood; four-
fifths natural size.

PLATE No. 19.

•^w^

DD The punctures of the striae shallow and usually small; the pale
band of the pronotum usually transverse and basaL

bivittatum Kirby. Page 85.
CC Interspace 2 very narrow on the declivity and impunctate.

D The pronotum with a caudal, pale, transverse band extending
to the side margins; the declivital interspaces 1 and 3 distinctly
granulate; the male pronotum broadly, strongly emarginate
in front as viewed from above. borealis Sw. Page 85.

DD The pronotum and elytra without pale bands but with an
obscure, smoky, reddish median area; interspaces 1 and 3 with
granules nearly obsolete.

E The striae feebly impressed on the declivity, with the 2nd
interspace only feebly sulcate; the interstrial punctures
rather coarse. rufitarsis Ky. Page 85.

EE. The striae strongly impressed on the declivity, with the
2nd interspace deeply sulcate; the interstrial punctures
small. ponderosae Sw. Page 86.

Trypodendron retusus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2: 158, 1868 (Xyloterus).
Host trees. — Poplars.

Distribution. — Abundant throughout Canada east of the Rockies,
in dying trees; apparently less common in British Columbia. (PL 14, fig. 4).

Trypodendron betulae Sw.; Can. Ent. 216, 1911.
Host trees. — Birches.

Distribution. — Ontario, Quebec, and probably in the Maritime Pro-
vinces.

Trypodendron cavifrons Mannh.; Bull. Mosc. 297, 1843 (Bostrichus) .

Apparently distinct from bivittatum, but presenting confusing variations.
Host trees. — Spruce, Pine, Giant Arborvitae, Birch, Western Alder.
Distribution. — The coast and southern interior of British Columbia
and southwards.

Trypodendron bivittatum Kirby; Fauna Borealis Am., 4: 192, 1837 (Apate).

Length, 3 mm.; width, 1-2 mm.; black with antennae, legs, a band
on the median part of the caudal border of the pronotum, and two longitud-
inal stripes on the elytra yellowish brown. The common species throughout
eastern Canada.

Host trees. — Spruce, Pine, Arbor Vitae, Larch, Hemlock and Balsam.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada from the Atlantic coast to northern
Alberta.

An important variation occurs in the Rockies of northern Alberta
in white spruce. The colour is dark piceous to nearly black with the paler
markings smoky-yellowish and often indistinct.

Trypodendron borealis Sw.; Can. Dept. Agric., Ent. Br., Bull. 14: 21, 1917.

Closely allied to bivittatum, but distinct by the characters given in
the key.

Host trees. — White Spruce.

Distribution. — Northern Saskatchewan and northern Alberta.

Trypodendron rufitarsis Kirby; Fauna Borealis Am. 4: 193, 1837 (Apate);
Bethune, Can. Ent., 4: 152, 1872..

Similar in size and shape to T. bivittatum; distinguished by colour
characters, the coarsely and rather sparsely granulate front, the shallow
declivital sulcus and impunctate 2nd interspace, the nearly obsolete

punctures on the sides of the pronotum behind, and the nearly obsolete
declivital granules. Our type of description agrees with Kirby's type;
compared by R. N. Chrystal. Our series of 50 adults appear to be
distinct from bivittatum.

Host trees. — Spruce, and probably Jack Pine.

Distribution. — Western Ontario and northern Manitoba. The tunnels
and habits are similar to those of bivittatum.

Trypodendron ponderosaeSw.;Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric.; Bull. 14:22, 1917.

" This species is very closely allied to rufitarsis Kirby, but is distin-
guished by its constantly darker colour, deep shining black, with an
indefinite area on the disc of the pronotum and elytra very dark reddish
brown; the interstrial punctures very small; the declivital striae very
strongly impressed, with the second interspace deeply sulcate."

Host trees. — Western Yellow Pine, Engelmann's Spruce, Douglas
Fir, and Mountain Balsam.

Distribution. — Southern coast and interior of British Columbia.

The Genus Pterocyclon Eichhoff.
Eichhoff, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 12: 276, 277, 1868.

Monarthrum Kirsch.

Kirsch, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 9: 213, 1866; (Inadequate).
Key to the Species of Northern America.

A With a prominent, well developed, submarginal epistomal process, narrow
and trifid in the female, broad in the male; length, 3-5 to 4-1 mm.;
declivity of male concave, of female plano-convex. California.

scutellare Lee.
AA Without a prominent, well developed epistomal process; smaller species,

less than 3-5 mm.; with little sexual difference on the declivity.
B With the elytra rather densely hairy behind and on the declivity, the
basal three-fourths or less or at least the central portion of the elytra
pale yellow, the apex brown to nearly black.

fasciatum Say. Page 86.
BB With the caudal part of the elytra at most with few and scattered

hairs, the elytra light to dark brown.

C With two widely separated denticles near the middle of the declivital
face of each side near the suture; declivity oblique.

mail Fitch. Page 87.

CC With the dorsal margin of the declivity on each side swollen and
bearing two small denticles; with a single minute denticle on the
middle of each declivital face; the declivity vertical. California.

denteger Lee.

Pterocyclon fasciatum Say; Jour. Acad. Sci. Phil., V, 255; ed. Lee., 2: 318

(Bostrichus), 1825; simile Eichh., Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 277, 1868; gracile
Eichh., Rat. Tomic., 444, 1878, 9.

Length, 2-4 mm. to 2-7 mm., reddish to dark brown with the basal
three-fourths of the elytra straw yellow, and densely hairy behind. The
female has the front minutely punctured and slightly concave at the
middle, the declivity more evidently swollen above, and the usual
characters of antenna and fore tibia.

Host trees. — Maple, Beech, Hickory, and many deciduous trees; also
recorded from pine in West Virginia.

Distribution. — Eastern United States and Eastern Canada; apparently
very rare north of the St. Lawrence river.

Pterocyclon mail Fitch; N.Y. Rep't. Nox. Ins. 3, No. 5, p. 8 (Tomicus), 1859;
longulum Eichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 278, 1868.

Piceous; length, 2-2 mm. to 2-5 mm., slender; the female with the
declivity rather more strongly toothed, with long hairs from the distal
margin of the club, and the fore tibiae rather finely granulate, as usual.

Host trees. — Apple, Oak, Birch, and many deciduous trees; recorded
also from Pine.

Distribution. — Eastern United States, Ontario, and Quebec.

The Genus Cryphalus Erichson.
Erichson, Wieg. Archiv., 1: 64, 1836.

We have a very small number of species of this genus in our Canadian
fauna. C. balsameus Hopk. is exceedingly abundant in the east; C. approxi-
matus Hopk. and C. subconcentralis Hopk., or closely allied species, occur in
British Columbia; C. canadensis, described herewith by Professor Chamberlain,
was taken in the Selkirks at Rogers7 Pass. In addition to these I have taken
two variations or possibly distinct species in Abies grandis at Saanichton,
Vancouver island. We have only a very few specimens of these western species
from British Columbia. Our material had been sent to Prof. W. J. Chamberlain,
who was monographing the genus. His studies have been interrupted, but in
the meantime his description of the new species canadensis is given here.*

Key to the Species.

A The interstrial hairs of the elytra long, stiff, erect, conspicuous, very much

longer than the remaining scale-like pubescence.

B The pronotal asperities confused and extending towards the base.
Wash. pubescens Hopk.

BB The pronotal asperities in approximate, subconcentric rows.

subconcentralis Hopk. Page 88.

AA The interstrial hairs of the elytra very short and fine, inconspicuous, but
little longer than the remaining scale-like pubescence, and almost
invisible except on the sides and base.

B The front feebly granulate, with a transverse, arcuate, smooth impres-
sion; the pronotum with the sides very strongly narrowed, the pro-
notal asperities rather small, the rugose area subtending a caudal
angle of about 60°; the punctures very small and dense.
C The pronotum narrowly rounded in front; the fine interstrial hairs
of the elytra somewhat more evident.

canadensis, n. sp. Page 88.
CC The pronotum rather broadly rounded in front. Idaho.

approximates Hopk.

BB The front coarsely granulate, convex, with a median, shining, epistomal
carina; the pronotum with the sides rather strongly arcuate, the
pronotal asperities coarse, relatively numerous, the rugose area sub-
tending a caudal angle of about 90°. balsameus Hopk. Page 89.

*Professor Chamberlain's descriptions of C. amabilis and C. grandis have appeared too late to be
inserted in these keys; Can. Ent., 49: 321-323, 1917.

Cryphalus subconcen trails Hopk.; The Subfamily Cryphalinae, U.S. Dept.
Agric., Office of Secy., Rep. 99, p. 40, 1915.

Closely allied to picece Ratz. of Europe, with sparse long setae from the
elytral interspaces. Female: dark brown, length 1-8 mm.; only moderately
stout, narrowly rounded in front and behind; moderately shining; the front
roughly but not coarsely punctured to somewhat beyond the level of the
eyes, with a strong, transverse, shining, epistomal impression, and an anterior
median carina, the vertex and gense subopaque, finely reticulate, indistinctly
punctulate; the pronotum with the cephalic margin narrowly rounded, with
two prominent, contiguous, median asperities supported by two smaller
asperities on each side of them (these marginal elevations vary greatly in
size and in number from 2 to 6), the rugose area reddish with the asperities
rather coarse, rather sparse and hardly concentric, subtending a caudal
angle of about 90°, the reddish colour extending towards the base
but the rugosities not caudad of the summit, the sides and caudal area very
finely punctured and granulate, with long hairs on the sides and in front;
the elytra with the sides parallel beyond the middle then narrowed to the
rather narrowly rounded apex; the striae hardly impressed but discernable,
the strial punctures round, close and shallow, the interspaces with minute,
densely placed punctures, only very feebly granulate, bearing minute scales,
and with a median row of sparse, long, erect hairs from coarser, evidently
granulate punctures, more numerous towards and upon the declivity.

The type of this description is from Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Saanichton,
B.C.

Host trees. — Douglas Fir, Grand Fir.

Distribution. — Saanichton peninsula (Vancouver Island), British
Columbia coast, and southwards.

Our species is doubtfully referred to subconcentralis; some individuals
appear to approach pubescens Hopk. which is described as distinct though
the confused pronotal rugosities.

Cryphalus canadensls Chamberlain, ante page 87.

" Length, 1 • 8 mm. ; width, 0 • 8 mm. body oblong, elliptical, symmetrical;
brownish black, with the rugose area of the pronotum slightly reddish.
Pronotum five-sixths as long as broad, rounded on the sides behind, then
very strongly arcuately narrowed t0 the narrowly rounded front margin,
broadest one-third from the base^base slightly narrower than the base
of the elytra; six distinct teeth on the anterior margin of the pronotum,
three on each side; pronotum with prominent asperities in a V-shaped
mass, with the widest portion anteriorly and the apex near but not touching
the base line ; the hairs of the pronotum not very long and recumbant towards
the posterior margin; the anterior edge of the pronotum with a fringe
of long rather heavy bristle-like hairs; disc of the pronotum everywhere

PLATE 20.
IPID TUNNELS (ORIGINAL).

Fig. 1, Pseudohylesinus nebulosus Lee., Tunnels in Douglas fir, wood surface; one-third natural
size.

Fig. 2, Leperisinus aculeatus Say, Tunnels in ash, wood surface; about one-third natural size.

Fig. 3, Eccoptogaster picece Sw., Tunnels in white spruce, wood surface; about three-fourths
natural size.

Fig. 4, Hylurgops pinifex Fitch, Tunnels in white pine bark, inner bark surface; about two-
thirds natural size.

Fig. 5, Dryocoetes affdber Mannh., Tunnels in white spruce bark; much reduced.

PLATE No. 20.

'•:'!'/./.*

minutely closely granulate punctate and minutely pubescent. The
elytra are densely clothed with short, recumbent scale-like hairs, the
scales not so dense on the middle portions of the elytra, and with a small
more or less shining area on the humeri which is devoid of scales, the striae
not evident, rows of punctures distinct; scattered, short, bristle-like hairs
slightly longer than the general pubescence on the elytra ; the ventral surface
sparsely, faintly punctate and sparsely pubescent. Legs dark; antennae
lighter. Front flattened and roughened feebly."

Described from one specimen collected by me from Abies lasiocarpa
at Rogers' Pass, British Columbia, September 28, 1915.

Cryphalus balsameus Hopk.; The Subfamily Cryphalinse, U.S. Dept. Agric.,
Office of Secy., Kept. 99, p. 41.

Length, 1-5 mm. to 2 mm.; moderately stout; dark-brown, subopaque
with grey pubescence; the front plano-convex, closely roughly punctured,
with rather coarse hairs, strongly transversely impressed, the epistoma
with the median line wide, impunctate and slightly elevated in front,
forming a coarse granule on the epistomal margin; the antennal funicle
4-segmented, 1st longer than the distal three, club nearly twice as long as the
funicle, with 3 distinct sutures on each side and an indistinct fourth
near the base, the segments oblique and the tip obliquely truncate; the
pronotum subtriangular, very broadly rounded and finely margined behind,
widest near the caudal angles, then arcuately strongly narrowed to the
rather narrowly rounded front, the cephalic margin with two wide adjacent
serrations on each side, with one or two smaller lateral serrations, the median
line very narrow, the disc strongly convex, the rugose area obscure reddish,
delimited behind by an angle of about 90°, the asperities rather coarse,
moderately numerous and not concentric, densely finely granulate-
punctate on the sides and behind, the pubescence minute behind, coarser
on the sides and in front; the elytra as wide as the pronotum and slightly more
than twice as long, the sides subparallel for a little over half the length
then arcuately narrowed to the rather narrowly rounded tip, rather faintly
punctate-striate, the striae rather evidently impressed towards the base,
the strial punctures close, shallow, moderate in size, bearing minute setae;
interspaces densely minutely granulate-punctate, bearing minute grey
scale-like pubescence not completely concealing the surface, and a median
row of minute but distinct sparse setae slightly coarser than those of the
strial punctures, and much coarser and conspicuous towards the lateral
margin but not upon the declivity.

The male is usually smaller than the female, about 1 • 5 mm. long.

Host tree. — Balsam Fir.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States; widely
distributed. Not taken by the writer west of the Great Lakes, though
it probably occurs throughout the range of its host.

This species has usually been referred to striatulus Mannh. It is
probably Hopkin's balsameus, although the latter was described as " with-
out interspacial hairs "; both the species before me and abietis Ratz. of
Europe, to which it is very closely allied, have a row of minute hairs on
the interspaces, very distinct at the base and on the sides.

Bostrichus terminalis Mannh., Bull. Mosc. II, 298, 1843, California, is
unknown to me.

It is described as " oblong, closely and deeply punctured, brownish
black, with greyish, erect, small hairs, the apex of the thorax and of the
elytra reddish, the elytra entire, the antennae and feet rusty red.

Length, f lin., width J lin. California."

It has been referred to Cryphalus in literature.

The Genus Letznerella Reitter.
Bestimmungstabelle der Borkenk., 68, 1913.

Included by Hopkins in his Genus Ernoporides.

L. jalappce Letzner is occasionally imported in Jalap root from Mexico
and Brazil. Not recorded from Canada.

The Genus Procryphalus Hopkins.

Hopkins; The Subfamily Cryphalinse, U.S. Dept. Agric., Office of Secy.,

Kept. 99: 33, 1915.

Procryphalus stria tulus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 235, 1853 (Cryphalus) .

Original Description: " Oblongus, fuscus, opacus, pube cinerea dense
vestitus; thorace pulvinato, tuberculis exasperate, antrorsum densioribus;
elytris evidenter punctato-striatis, interstitiis subtiliter ruguloso-punctatis;
antennis pedibusque piceis.

" Var. b. fusco-castanea; thorace rufescente, glabriusculo ; elytris
opacis, subsericeis; antennis pedisbusque rufo-piceis.

" Longit, f lin.; Latit, J lin.

" Kenai.

" Cr. granulato Ratz. longior, thoracis tuberculis majoribus, densioribus
et elytris evidenter punctato-striatis di versus."

This species is unknown to me; it has recently been placed in Procry-
phalus by Hopkins, loc. cit.

The Genus Trypophloeus Fairmaire.

Gen. Col. Europe, 4: 105, 1868.
One species in our fauna.

Trypophlceus nitidus Sw.; Can. Ent., 349, 1912.

Length, 2 mm.; clothed with short, inconspicuous grey hairs of two
lengths; pronotum small, subtriangular from above; the elytra with rows
of punctures, striae hardly impressed; the interspaces finely confusedly
punctured, the whole body shining. The only species known from Canada.

Host tree. — Alder.

Distribution. — Wey mouth, N.S.

The Genus Gnathotrichus Eichhoff.
Eichhoff, Berl. Ent. Zeit., p. 275, 1868.
Key to the Species.

A With the elytral declivity distinctly retuse; moderately to strongly
sulcate along the suture (denticulate along the summit).

B The punctures of the pronotum and elytra very small but distinct
and rather deep; the front of the head coarsely punctured; the
interspaces of the elytra with the minute elytral rugulations rather
sparse; the declivity very strongly retuse. retusus Lee. Page 91.

BB The punctures of the pronotum extremely minute, almost obsolete;

the front of the head strongly convergently aciculate; the minute

rugulations of the elytra very dense. sulcatus Lee. Page 91.

A A With the elytra! declivity not distinctly retuse; only very feebly sulcate

along the suture.
B The pronotum moderately rough in front; the length about 3 mm.

materiarius Fitch. Page 91.

BB The pronotum strongly roughened in front; a very small species,
length, 1-5 mm. asperulus Lee. Page 91.

Gnathotrichus retusus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 155, 1868 (Cryphalus).

Of the form of materiarius, but usually larger; length, 3-6 mm. to
3-8 mm. The female has the front of the head moderately convex, de-
limited above by a curved line, coarsely not densely punctured, with a
smooth, slightly elevated median space ending in an acute, minute epistomal
process ; the antennae with a few, long, slender, hairs from the dorsal margin
of the funicle and club. The male has the front of the head with the smooth
median space longitudinally, very finely and feebly aciculate towards the
epistoma; with the antennal pubescence normal. (PI. 18, fig. 17).

Host Trees. — Western Hemlock, Douglas Fir, Western Yellow Pine.

Distribution. — Generally distributed through southern British Columbia
and southward through the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast regions.

Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 155, 1868 (Cryphalus).

Very closely allied to retusus, but differing in the aciculate front,
more finely punctured pronotum and less strongly retuse declivity. The
front of the head is convex, shining above, with a median carina on the
vertex, very sparsely punctured, with the basal median area strongly,
convergently aciculate, the lines meeting at the slight median emargination
of the epistoma which bears a minute acute point at the base of which the
median lines terminate; the antennal club and funicle with a few long,
marginal hairs, in the female, with the antennal pubescence normal in the
male.

Host Trees. — Grand Fir, Western Hemlock, Douglas Fir, Western
White Pine.

Distribution. — Generally distributed throughout southern British
Columbia, extending southwards. In sapwood and heartwood of dying
and recently killed trees, and more rarely in those apparently sound.

Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch; Nox. Ins. N.Y. 4th Rep't, 40-42, 1858,
(Tomicus); corthyloides Eichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 273, 1868.

Length, 2-5 mm. to 3-2 mm. The male with the median, smooth,
carinate space on the front minutely aciculate, and without long hairs on
the antennal club and funicle; the female with the aciculation on the frontal
carina but with a few very long hairs on the dorsal margin of the club and
funicle.

Host Trees. — Eastern Pines, Spruces, and Eastern Larch.

Distribution. — Throughout Eastern Canada and Eastern United
States; apparently less abundant west of the Great Lakes.

Gnathotrichus asperulus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 155, 1868 (Cryphalus).

A very small, slender species, 1-5 mm. long; the head flat, feebly
punctured; the pronotum one-half longer than wide, strongly roughened
in front, very finely sparsely punctured behind; the elytra faintly punctured
in rows; the declivity rather feebly sulcate.

Host Tree. — Pinusinops, (Sz.).

Distribution. — Virginia; Washington, D.C.

Undescribed species of this genus from the Western States, represented
in our collection, are not likely to occur in Canada, and are omitted.

The Genus Gonophthorus Hopkins.
Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5: 429, No. 12, 1915.

Key to the Species.
The following key is adapted from Hopkins, loc. cit. : —

A Elytra with strial and interstrial punctures equal or subequal in size and
density on the dorsal and lateral areas; elytral punctures coarse and
impressed.
B 3rd interspace of the elytral declivity distinctly granulate; the declivity

not strongly impressed.

C Elytra with strial punctures confused on the dorsal area; the declivity
with the 1st interspace granulate. Dull black.

resinosae Hopk. Page 93.

CC Elytra with the strial punctures in obscure to distinct rows on the
dorsal area; the declivity with 1st interspace smooth, the 3rd
granulate; the pronotum dark, the elytra reddish. Oregon, in
cones of Pinus ponderosa. Length, 3-5-3-8 mm.

ponderosae Hopk.

BB 3rd interspace of the elytral declivity unarmed or only obscurely
granulate; the declivity not strongly impressed; the pronotum dark,
the elytra reddish brown; the front broad. Colorado, New Mexico
and Arizona, in cones of Pinus scopulorum, and P. ponderosa. Length,
3 • 2 mm. to 3 • 5 mm. scopulorum Hopk.

AA Elytra with the strial and interstrial punctures unequal in density and
usually in size, those of the interspaces sparsely placed and usually
smaller than those of the striae, especially on the dorsal area.
Elytra with strial punctures in obscure rows on the lateral area ; pronotum
with punctures of posterior area fine; punctures of elytra distinct, those
of the striae rather dense.

B The declivity with the 1st interspace granulate; the hairs moderately
long and erect; black, shining; the front narrow.

coniperda Schwarz. Page 93.

BB The declivity with the 1st interspace smooth except towards the apex;

the hairs long.

C Blackish brown, shining. Newport, Oregon, in cones of Pinus
contorta. Length, 3 • 1 mm. contortae Hopk.

PLATE 21.
IPID BEETLES— ALL GREATLY ENLARGED. (ORIGINAL.)

Fig. 1, Polygraphus rufipennis Ky. (Upper left).

Fig. 2, Hylastes porculus Er.

Fig. 3, Platypus wilsoni Sw., male, declivity of elytra.

Fig. 4, Platypus wilsoni Sw., female.

Fig. 5, Pseudohylesinus grandis Sw. (Lower right) .

PLATE No. 21

CC Pronotum black; elytra black to reddish brown.

monticolae Hopk. Page 93.

Conophthorus resinosae Hopk.; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5: 431, 1915.

Length, 2-75 to 3-25 mm.; recorded by Hopkins from the Harrington
collection; cones of red pine; Ontario, Canada.

Conophthorus coniperda Schwarz.; Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc., 3: 144-5, 1895.

Length, 2-5 to 3-2 mm. Locally in cones of white pine from Ontario
to Nova Scotia, and southwards; also less commonly in white pine buds
and twigs.

Conophthorus monticolae Hopk.; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5: 432, 1915.

Length, 2-9 to 3-8 mm. The species before me is probably Hopkins'
monticolce. It is closely allied to the eastern coniperda Sz. and mines the
cones of the western white pine in a similar way. It is usually larger than
coniperda; clothed with longer and more conspicuous bright red hairs; with
the pronotum more coarsely asperate; the elytra more coarsely and deeply
punctured; the interstrial punctures less numerous on the disc, usually
seven to ten between the declivital summit and the base, but variable and
in less regular rows ; the declivity broadly, distinctly sulcate, with the suture
practically without granules.

One specimen has the pronotum very strongly compressed in front so
that the front margin is very narrowly and acutely rounded at the middle,
and with the declivital granules coarser. It is possibly the male.

Host Tree. — Cones of Western White Pine.

Distribution. — Southern coast region of British Columbia, and on
Vancouver island; southwards into the United States.

The Genus Pseudopityophthorus, new genus.

The type is P. minutissimus Zimmerman, 1868.

Generic Characters. — The antennal club with strongly arcuate sutures, the
distal segments much wider than the first; the tibiae coarsely serrate; the elytra
not striate, irregularly finely punctulate; the intercoxal process of the
prosternum elongate; the male with the front clothed with very long arcuate
yellow hairs. Allied to Pityophthorus Eichh., in which it has been included.

Key to the Species.

A The pronotum subopaque; the elytral pubescence sparse, minute, slender,
without noticeably longer hairs on the declivital face; the punctuation
minute, rather sparse; the declivity only very faintly impressed on
each side towards the apex; length, 1-8 mm. Eastern species.

minutissimus Zimm. Page 94.

A A The pronotum shining; the elytral declivity bearing distinctly longer
hairs.

B The longer hairs of the declivital face slender, long, closely placed and
conspicuous ; the elytral pubescence dense and slender, often abraded ;
the punctuation on pronotum and elytra dense and very fine; the
sutures of the antennal club strongly curved. A larger rather stout
species, length, 2-5 mm. Western States. pubipennis Lee.

BB The hairs of the declivital face longer than on the disc and subequal
in length; the elytral pubescence sparse or very short and stout;
the first two sutures of the club moderately curved; smaller species,
not over 2 mm. in length.

C The elytral pubescence close, short and very stout, the longer hairs
of the median row on the declivity numerous and little longer
than the remaining pubescence; the declivity distinctly im-
pressed on each side the suture. Eastern species.

pruinosus Eichh. Page 94.

CC The elytral pubescence sparse, the longer hairs of the declivity
slender, abundant; the declivity indistinctly broadly impressed
on each side the suture, and sparsely granulate. Western
States. pilosulus Lee.

Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Zimm.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 143,
1868 (Crypturgus) : pusillus Harris; Nat. Hist. Soc. Hartford Trans., 82,
1837 (Tomicus).

A common species in dying and dead branches and limbs.

Host Trees. — Oak and Beech in Canada; also in Hazel, and recorded
from Dogwood in Eastern United States.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.

Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus Eichh.; Stet. Ent. Zeit., 39: 390, 1878;
querciperda Sz.; Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc., 1: 56, 1888.

This species is destructive to oaks in the Eastern United States, but
has not yet been recorded from Canada.

P. tomentosus Eichh. is unknown to me. It was distinguished from
(pusillus) minutissimus, by Eichhoff, through its shorter form, thorax
subdilated behind, and the elytral apex obliquely declivous and subretuse;
"America borealis."

The Genus Pityophthorus Eichhoff.

Eichhoff., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 8: 39, 45, 46, 1864.

Key to the Species.

A The antennal club short oval, widest near the middle, only one-fifth longer
than wide, with segments 1 and 2 together much shorter than 3 and 4
together; the sides of the club crenulate only at the base; the sutures
1 and 2 feebly arcuate, 3 very strongly arcuate (PL 1, fig. 4).

B The sutures of the club not septate, the margins feebly crenulate, the
punctures of the elytral striae 2 distinct on the declivity, in a straight
line, interspace 2 not widened; the apex of declivity very broadly
rounded, subtruncate. ramiperda Sw. Page 98.

BB The first two sutures of the club feebly septate; the punctures of striae
2 very feebly developed and divergent on the declivity, so that inter-
space 2 is somewhat widened behind; the apex of the declivity rather
narrowly rounded. (PL 1, figs. 4, 5. 6). nitidus Sw. Page 98.

A A The antennal club with the segments 1 and 2 at least nearly as long as 3
and 4; the sides of the club coarsely crenulate on more than the basal
half; the segments subequal in length and the sutures often similarly
arcuate (PL 10, fig. 22).

B Elytral declivity with striae 1 and 2 punctured, interspace 2 not widened
behind (PL 16, fig. 7).

C The declivity moderately or strongly sulcate along the suture, with
interspace 2 impunctate, the strial punctures normally developed.

D The elytra coarsely, closely, and irregularly punctured.

pulicarius Zimm. Page 99.

DD The elytra punctured in rows.

E The pronotal asperities distinctly separated.

F The declivity with the suture strongly elevated and the
elytra individually, deeply sulcate; the declivity without
granules. lautus Eichh.

FF The declivity with the suture moderately elevated, much
less so than the sides, and the elytra therefore con-
jointly broadly sulcate, not so deeply as in EE; the
suture and sides on the declivity granulate.

rhois Sw. Page 99.

EE The pronotal asperities united to form perfectly concentric
semicircular ridges; the declivity with the elytra con-
jointly, deeply sulcate, the suture only very feebly elevated.

F The elytral interspaces sparsely punctured near the
suture; the front margin of the pronotum strongly
asperate at the middle only, the declivity not granulate.
Key West, Fla. lateralis Sw.

FF The elytral interspaces impunctate, the front margin of
the pronotum feebly asperate throughout; the suture
and the sides distinctly granulate on the declivity.

concen trails Eichh. Page 104.

CC The declivity only very feebly sulcate along the suture; interspace
2 feebly punctured ; punctures of striae 1 and 2 distinct but smaller
than on the disc; the suture rather well elevated but smooth or
nearly so; the elytra stout, one-half longer than the pronotum;
minute species.

D The pronotum rather narrowly rounded and distinctly serrate
on the front margin; the pronotum and elytra strongly punc-
tured, puberulus Lee. Page 99.

DD The pronotum very broadly rounded and only obsoletely serrate
on the front margin; the elytra very feebly punctured.

opaculus Lee. Page 99.

BB The elytral declivity with the punctures of striae 1 and 2 becoming
much smaller or nearly obsolete, with interspace 2 decidedly sulcate,
shining, and usually distinctly wider than on the disc (PL 16, fig. 4).

C The declivity not acuminate at the apex, usually rather broadly
•rounded, with the suture narrow and feebly elevated (PL 16, fig. 8).

D The pronotum moderately or narrowly rounded in front and
distinctly serrate; the declivity rather broadly rounded; the
elytral interspaces with the punctures rather numerous.

E Rather slender species with the elytral punctures usually
small and those of the interspaces usually moderately
numerous; the female front clothed with very long yellow
hairs, the male front with a well-developed transverse
median carina, the vertical carina usually nearly obsolete.

. F The declivital sulcus wide and shallow, with the lateral
granules coarse or nearly obsolete!

G The pronotum narrowly or moderately rounded in
front and with the two median marginal serra-
tions distinctly larger than the others.

H The declivity closely granulate on suture and
convexity; the long hairs of the female front
dense and curved; the pronotal asperities
coarse and subconcentric.

tuberculatus Eichh. Page 99.

HH The declivity smooth with only faint traces of
granules; the long hairs of the female front
straight and rather sparse; the pronotal asperi-
ties fine and irregular.

carmeli n. sp. Page 100.

GG The pronotum moderately rounded in front with
the marginal serrations subequal in size; the
asperities moderate and subconcentric; the strial
punctures regularly placed; the declivital gra-
nules few, but distinct on suture and convexity.
pseudotsugae n. sp. Page 99.

FF The declivital sulcus rather narrow and deep, particu-
larly in the male; the pronotum moderately rounded
and regularly serrate on the front margin, the
median 6 to 10 granules subequal; the elytra strongly
punctured, somewhat irregularly near the suture,
the interstrial punctures rather numerous.

G The punctures of the elytral striae usually nearly
regular; the declivital sulcus with the lateral
walls oblique; smaller species, 2 mm. or less in
length. atratulus Lee. Page 101.

GG The punctures of the elytral striae often evidently
irregular near the suture, the declivital sulcus
very narrow, the lateral walls perpendicular in
the male; length 2 mm. to 2-5 mm.

nitidulus Lee. Page 100.

EE Stout species with punctures usually coarse and dense, those
of the elytral interspaces decidedly numerous; the female
front densely, finely pubescent or with hairs of moderate
length, the male front with an acute, well-developed
median, longitudinal carina.

PLATE 22.
BARK-BEETLE TUNNELS (ORIGINAL).

Fig. 1, Pseudohylesinus granulatus Lee., in lowland balsam; one-third natural size.
Fig. 2, Ips latidens Lee., in western white pine; one-half natural size.
Fig. 3, Pityogenes carinulatus Lee., in western yellow pine twigs; two-thirds natural size.
Fig. 4, Pityogenes knechteli Sw., in lodgepole pine; one-half natural size.
Fig. 5, Dendroctonus simplex Lee., in eastern larch; about one-third natural size.
Fig. 6, Polygraphus rufipennis Ky., in white spruce bark; portions of larger Ips tunnels also
shown; two-thirds natural size.

PLATE No. 22.

F The female front clothed with a fringe of moderately long
hairs, the declivity broadly sulcate; the male declivity
more deeply, simply sulcate; the punctuation of the
elytra unusually close and decidedly confused on the
disc. Stouter than cariniceps and somewhat resembling
Conophthorus in form and sculpture.

G The pronotum with the sides converging on the
cephalic two-thirds or more, rather narrowly rounded
in front; pronotum and elytra with punctures
moderate in size and density.

torreyanae n. sp. Page 101.

GG The pronotum with sides nearly straight on about the
basal half, then constricted and broadly rounded in
front; pronotum and elytra coarsely, densely and
deeply punctured. confinis Lee. Page 101.

FF The female with the front densely clothed with short hairs
or minute pubescence ; the male with the declivity armed
with a stout prominence or more elongate blunt horn
from the summit of the lateral convexities.

G The female front very minutely pubescent, with a
large concavity on each side of a very strongly
developed acute median carina; the male with the
declivital convexity of each side bearing a blunt
horn directed mesad, the apices of the horns in
contact at the suture, cariniceps Lee. Page 102.

GG The female front densely clothed with short hairs or
very short pubescence, the pubescent area usually
convex, in some individuals with a tendency towards
the carina and concavities of cariniceps (PL 16,
fig. 6): the male with the declivital convexity of
each side bearing a stout prominence or sometimes
a very short blunt horn, never long enough to reach
the suture. canadensis Sw. Page 102.

DD The pronotum very broadly rounded on the front margin and
only very feebly serrate; the elytral interspaces very sparsely
. - punctured; the declivity rather narrowly rounded at the apex,
and broadly sulcate; the female front densely clothed with
short hairs on a circular, convex area; the declivity with the
suture and lateral convexities distinctly granulate.

intextus Sw. Page 102.

CC The declivity acuminate or at least acutely rounded at the apex, as
viewed from above, with a shining sulcus on each side; with the
suture strongly elevated and usually granulate; the antennal club
with the sutures similarly arcuate below. (PL 16, fig. 4).

D The punctures of the elytral striae more or less confused towards
the suture, the interspaces evidently punctured; the front of
the female usually densely clothed with long hair; the last
ventral deeply emarginate.

E The elytral interspaces sparsely punctured; the strial punc-
tures in fairly regular rows, slightly confused near the
suture; the declivital sulci wide and somewhat shallow.

pulchellus Eichh. Page 102.
36198—7

EE The elytral interspaces closely punctured ; the strial punctures
irregular on the disc; the declivital sulci deep.

F The elytral declivity with the sulci very deep, the lateral
convexities very strongly elevated and very closely
strongly serrate along the summit.

serratus n. sp. Page 103.

FF The elytral declivity with the sulci of moderate depth,
the lateral convexities moderately elevated and sparsely
granulate along the summit, the punctures on the caudal
half of the pronotum becoming nearly obsolete on the
sides.

G The elytra twice as long as wide, the strial rows distinct
on the sides and usually discernible even on the
disc, the interstrial punctures rather sparse on the
sides; the pronotum sparsely punctured behind.

pullus Zimm. Page 103.

GG The elytra distinctly less than twice as long as wide,
the strial and interstrial punctures very close and
strongly confused, those of the interspaces every-
where numerous; the pronotum closely punctured.

confertus Sw. Page 103.

DD The punctuation of the elytral disc in fairly regular rows, the
interspaces impunctate or nearly so; the last ventral broadly
emarginate.

E The sides of the pronotum evenly arcuate from base to apex.

bisulcatus Eichh. Page 103.

EE The sides of the pronotum more or less constricted before the

middle.

F The declivity with the suture and lateral convexities
strongly granulate-setose, granulatus Sw. Page 103.

FF The declivity with only faint traces of granules and no
setae. nudus Sw. Page 104.

Pityophthorus ramiperda Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 28, 1917.

A rather stout species, 2J^ times as long as wide, pronotum strongly
arcuate on the sides and asperate on the sides and front, the declivity very
steep, broadly rounded behind and only slightly retuse, interspace 9 elevated,
discal striae hardly impressed, strial punctures small, interspaces finely
sparsely punctured; length, 2-1 mm. Probably distinct generically from
both Pityophthorus and Conophthorus.

Host tree. — White Pine.

Distribution. — Isle Perrot, Que., Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., Chelsea,
Que., Stony Creek, Ont.; probably rather widely distributed in southern
Quebec and Ontario. It kills twigs by excavating tunnels in the pith as
well as in the bark.

Pityophthorus nitidus Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 25, 1917.

The length, 2 • 1 mm., 2f times as long as wide; the female front flattened
subcircularly, densely minutely punctured and densely pubescent with short,
yellow hairs, the median carina in the form of a carinate tooth on the
epistoma; the male front flattened but coarsely closely punctured, with the
median carina well developed and pubescence indistinct.

Host tree. — White Spruce.

Distribution. — Southern Quebec, Nova Scotia.

Pityophthorus pulicarius Zimm.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 144, 1868 (Cryp-

turgus) .

Length, 1-5 mm. to 1-8 mm.; a very distinct species by the characters
given in the key. Our northern specimens are usually similar to numbers
2, 3, and 6 in Leconte's series, with the pronotum more coarsely punctured
behind than in Zimmerman's type. The female has the front broadly
flattened, very closely, finely punctured, clothed with moderately long
hairs in a rather loose frontal brush ; the male front is more strongly convex,
shining, glabrous, carinate behind, the epistomal region somewhat flattened^
rather finely, not very closely punctured.

P. pulicarius Zimm. approaches Conophthorus in habitus; but the
antennalclub is strongly septate; the pronotum is distinctly though not
strongly asperate on the front margin, with the sides asperate on the frontal
half, as in Conophthorus, but simply punctured behind the middle, and the
transverse impression across the disc to be discerned, although very faint.
This species and ramiperda are each intermediate in certain characters
between typical Pityophthorus and Conophthorus.

Host trees. — Red Pine in Quebec, and probably other Pines.

Distribution. — Aylmer and Isle Perrot, Que., and probably also in
Ontario; widely distributed in the Eastern States.

Pityophthorus rhois Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 26, 1917.

Length, 1-6 mm., width, -6 mm.; elytral striae moderately impressed,
coarsely punctured; the declivity steep, deeply sulcate, with striae 2
impressed and strongly punctured.

Host tree. — Sumach, bark of dying and dead twigs and branches.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States. A common
species, heretofore usually confused with Leconte's consimilis.

Pityophthorus puberulus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 157, 1868.

A very small species, length, 1-3 mm., thinly clothed with short, erect,
grey hairs.

Host trees. — Pines and Balsam Fir.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States. Abundant
in dying twigs but commonly found killing twigs on living trees after the
manner of ramiperda.

Pityophthorus opaculus Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 17: 623, 1878.

Length, 1-4 mm., allied to puberulus Lee., but rather more slender,
with the elytral punctures very much finer, finely granulate and in evident
rows, with the pronotum more broadly rounded in front.

Host trees. — White Spruce, Larch, White Pine, Balsam Fir.

Distribution. — Eastern United States, and Eastern Canada west into
northern Alberta.

Pityophthorus tuberculatus Eichh.; Ratio. Tomic., 498, 1878.

Length, 1-7 mm. to 2-3 mm. It has the frontal characters of the
nitidulus group, with small elytral punctures and widely sulcate and coarsely
granulate declivity ; the declivity is less broadly rounded behind than usual,
with the suture more strongly developed, so that the declivital characters
are intermediate between nitidulus and pullus.

Pityophthorus pseudotsugae, n. sp.

Closely allied to tuberculatus Eichh.; of the same size, shape, and
secondary sexual characters; but differing in having the serrations on the
front margin of the pronotum numerous and only very slightly larger at
the middle line, the strial punctures usually regular, and the declivity with
36198— 7i

100

sparsely placed and usually small granules on the lateral convexities, and
very minute granules on the narrower, less elevated suture.

Type.— A female; length, 2-3 mm.; B X Mt., Vernon, B.C.; 29-VI-14,
J.M.S.; Pseudotsuga taxifolia; 2617; fifteen paratypes, same labels. Type
No. 105.

Host trees. — Douglas Fir, Alpine Fir.

Distribution. — Vernon District, British Columbia, taken in the trunk
of a small dying Douglas fir, evidently a primary enemy; California.

Pityophthorus carmeli, n. sp.

Closely allied to P. tuberculatus Eichh. and P. pseudotsugce Sw. ; length,
2 • 6 mm. ; a female; the front of the head very broadly moderately concave
on the whole surface, finely closely punctured and somewhat sparsely
clothed with nearly straight yellow hairs, shorter towards the centre and
very long about the margin; the pronotum as long as wide, distinctly con-
stricted in front of the middle and moderately rounded in front, the serra-
tions of the front margin very feeble, the median pair longer, the asperities
of the frontal half small and irregular, transversely impressed behind the
summit, coarsely and closely punctured on the caudal half, with a smooth
feebly convex median space, wider at the middle; the elytra twice as long
as the pronotum, the striae feebly impressed, with the punctures close, of
medium size, and fairly regular; the declivity broadly sulcate, smooth and
shining, with only faint traces of granules.

The male has the front impressed on the epistoma, with a postepistomal
transverse carina, the median line smooth, upper part of front covered in
our single specimen.

Type. — A female; Carmel, California; Ralph Hopping; 2934; three
paratypes, two females and one male, same labels. Type No. 104.

Pityophthorus nitidulus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 298 (Bostrichus) , 1843.

The Sitka specimen in the Leconte collection, bearing the label
"Bostrichus nitidulus Mannerh.; Sitka," was probably received from Man-
nerheim himself, and may be accepted as fixing the species.

It is difficult to decide from Mannerheim's specimen of nitidulus,
Lecpnte's descriptions and types of atratulus and puncticollis, and the
available material whether we have to deal with one species, or two, or
three. A study of the types of the last two species in conjunction with
long series from Monterey pine of California, and pine and spruce of
California, Oregon and British Columbia, leads me to believe that atratulus
and puncticollis are the same. The variation in length is from 1-5 mm. to
2-4 mm. A short series from Queen Charlotte Islands, probably from
Sitka spruce, slightly larger and stouter than Mannerheim's specimen are
probably a variation of nitidulus. Until more material is available for
study, especially from Northern British Columbia and Alaska, I am

PLATE 23.
BARK-BEETLE TUNNELS (ORIGINAL).

Fig. 1, Alniphagus aspericollis Lee., tunnels in western alder; three-fourths natural size.

Fig. 2, Ips pini Say, larva and pupa in the tunnels; twice natural size.

Fig. 3, Crypturgus atomus Lee., in white spruce bark; one and one-half natural size.

Fig. 4, 4a, Dendroctonus simplex Lee., in eastern larch, showing part of the brood; 4a, showing

a predacious larva; one-half natural size.
Fig. 5, Chramesus icoriae Lee., in hickory; about natural size.

Fig. 6, 7, Cryphalus balsameus Hopk., tunnel in eastern balsam twigs; twice natural size.
Fig. 8, Ips pini Say, tunnels in a weather worn white pine branch; one-half natural size.

PLATE No. 23.

101

applying Mannerheim's name to the larger specimens £r< t

Islands and uniting atratulus and puncticollis under the former naine for

the southern smaller specimens in our collection. , ,y, \ '*\'i '»: l\: '• A

Host tree. — Sitka Spruce.

Distribution. — Alaska and southward.

, Pityophthorus atratulus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 156 (Cryphalus),

1868; puncticollis Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 5: 71, 1874.

Host trees. — Pines and Spruce.

Distribution. — Southern British Columbia and southwards to Cali-
fornia.

Pityophthorus confinis Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15: 354, 1876.

Length, 3 mm.; width, 1-1 mm.; piceous; coarsely, confusedly sculp-
tured, the pubescence sparse and fine on the sides, almost invisible on the
disc; a female.

The front is densely, deeply, rather coarsely punctured above with a
flattened, somewhat semicircular area in front, densely, finely punctured
and clothed with long reddish-yellow hair; the antennal club nearly as
wide as long, the segments subequal, the last shorter, the sutures arcuate.
The pronotum is about as wide as long, the sides straight and parallel on
more than the caudal half, then constricted and broadly rounded in front;
the front margin moderately serrate; the asperities of the cephalic half
moderate in size and subconcentric ; closely punctured behind; more coarsely
on the disc, with a smooth median line; very strongly margined behind;
the disc transversely impressed behind the summit. The elytra have the
sides nearly straight and subparallel, moderately narrowed and broadly
rounded behind; the punctuation coarse, close, and deep, decidedly confused
on the disc, with the surface strongly roughened, the punctures much smaller
behind near the declivity, smaller on the sides and less thoroughly confused;
the declivity broadly and rather strongly sulcate, with the sulcus shining,
the suture feebly elevated and finely granulate; the lateral convexities each
with two rows of fine granules and fine setae. The male has the front
convex, coarsely closely punctured, impressed and more finely punctured
on the epistoma, almost glabrous, with a strongly developed, longitudinal,
acute, median carina, less elevated on the epistoma, and the declivity
rather more deeply sulcate.

Host trees. — Western Yellow Pine, Sugar Pine, Jeffrey's Pine.

Distribution. — California.

Two entirely distinct undescribed species, closely allied to confinis, are
represented in our collection from New Mexico.

Pityophthorus torreyanae, n. sp.

Length, 2-5 mm.; width, 1 mm.; piceous, the punctuation close, of
medium size; the declivity broadly sulcate; the pubescence rather abundant
on the sides; smaller and slightly more slender than confinis] a female.

The front has a wide, subcircular area rather strongly concave, closely,
finely punctured and thickly clothed with long, slender, yellow hairs. The
pronotum very little longer than wide ; the sides subregularly narrowed from
the base to the rather narrowly rounded apex, only faintly constricted in
front of the middle; the front margin rather feebly serrate, the median
teeth longer; the asperities of the cephalic half rather small, irregular and

102

sparse, small and numerous about the summit; a distinct, transverse impres-
sion behind the summit; the caudal half with the punctures very close,
de-op; .moderate m size, with a complete, smooth median line and a small
smooth spot on each side. The elytra have the sides nearly straight, sub-
parallel, moderately narrowed on the caudal third, rather narrowly rounded
behind; the punctuation moderate in size, deep, rather close, fairly regular
except near the suture where it becomes somewhat confused; smaller behind
near the declivity, smaller and very dense near the sides; the declivity
broadly rather feebly sulcate, the sulcus smooth and shining, the suture
slightly coarser than in confinis, very feebly granulate-setose, the lateral
convexities similarly very feebly granulate-setose in two rows, the apex
distinctly more narrowly rounded than in confinis.

The male has the front of the head convex, coarsely, closely punctured;
the epistoma broadly impressed, more finely punctured; the pubescence
sparse and fine, closer on the epistoma; with a shining, obtuse, longitudinal,
postepistomal median carina (feebly developed in some individuals).

Type. — San Diego, California; Pinus torreyana, female, 2945, collected
by Ralph Hopping; nine paratypes, same labels. Type No. 107.

Host tree.' — Pinus torreyana.
Distribution. — San Diego, California.

Pityophthorus cariniceps Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 353, 1876.

Length, 2-5 mm. A large and very distinct species; connected with
the nitidulus group through canadensis.

Host trees. — Pines.

Distribution. — Eastern United States; Nova Scotia.

Pityophthorus canadensis Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., 14: 24, 1917.

Of the size and shape of cariniceps Lee., and apparently replacing that
species in Quebec and Ontario.

Host trees. — White Pine and Red Pine.

Distribution. — Quebec, O/ntario. Breeding in dying small branches.

Pityophthorus intextus Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 29, 1917.
The length, 1-8 mm.; the width slightly more than one-third the
length; the declivity sulcato-retuse, with long bristles.

Host trees. — Spruce and Larch.

Distribution. — Northern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia.

Pityophthorus pulchellus Eichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 275, 1868; herticeps Lee.,
Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 17: 623, 665, 1878; pusio Lee., loc. cit.

P. pusio Lee. is known by the type and a short series from the Eastern
United States. P. herticeps Lee. is probably the same species, and both
are apparently synonymous with pulchellus Eichh., which is the oldest
name.

The front of the male is coarsely punctured, and that of the female is
densely clothed with long yellow hairs. The elytral declivity is moderately
produced, with the suture well developed. It is allied to tuberculatus
Eichh., but with the declivity more acute, the suture coarser, and the
pronotum less narrowly rounded in front. Length, 1 • 6 mm.

Distribution. — Washington, D.C.; Pennsylvania; Long Island.

103

Pityophthorus serratus, n. sp.

A small, slender, strongly punctured species, strongly sulcate and
serrate on the declivity, with the secondary sexual characters of the nitidulus
group. A male; length, 2-2 mm.; colour, reddish-brown.

The front is closely, deeply, not coarsely punctured, broadly impressed
on the epistoma, /with the usual postepistomal, transverse carina. The
. pronotum is as wide as long, the sides straight and parallel on rather more
than the caudal half, then constricted, broadly rounded and moderately
serrate on the front margin; the asperities of the cephalic half coarse, acute,
rather sparse and irregular; the punctures of the caudal half moderate, but
deep and rather close, the median smooth line obsolete towards the summit.
The elytra with the sides straight and parallel far beyond the middle, very
strongly narrowed on the declivity, with the caudal margin prolonged,
subacuminate ; the strial punctures rather large and close, very deep,
roughening the interspaces, which are similarly punctured, striae only
moderately regular near the suture; the declivity very deeply, widely
sulcate, the sulci smooth, widened behind, the suture moderately wide and
elevated, feebly granulate above, the lateral convexities acute and strongly,
closely serrate on the 3rd interspace, with a row of rather short, stiff setae
accompanying the row of serrations; the pubescence rather long on the
sides behind.

The female has the front plano-concave, minutely, densely punctured
and fringed with very long, incurved, yellow hairs; with the row of setae
on the 3rd interspace of the declivity long and conspicuous in our single
specimen.

Type. — A male, Barkhouse Creek, Siskiyou county, California; yellow
pine limb; 2933; collector, Ralph Hopping; one paratype, female, same labels.
Type No. 108.

Pityophthorus pullus Zimm.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 143 (Crypturgus).

This species occurs throughout the Eastern States, north into Michigan,
in bark of pines. I have never taken it in Canada.

Pityophthorus confertus Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept., Agric., Bull. 14: 27, 1917.

Length, 2 mm.; width, 0-6 mm. The female with the front sub-
circularly plano-concave, closely, very finely punctured, closely pubescent
with rather long yellow hairs, longer about the margin, with a faint median
line; the male with the front flattened, semicircularly margined by a sub-
triangular callus behind, closely, deeply, not coarsely punctured, pubescence
short and subequal in length.

Host tree. — Lodgepole Pine.

Distribution. — Adam's lake, British Columbia.

Pityophthorus bisulcatus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 274, 1868.

It has not been possible for me to connect this name, with satisfaction,
with any species represented in our collection. The densely hairy front in
one sex, the evenly arcuate sides of the pronotum, and the granulate and
setose declivity separate it from nudus, and the two former characters
would distinguish it from granulatus. It is entirely too small for pullus
and the brief description does not apply very closely.

Pityophthorus granulatus Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 28,
1917.

Very closely allied to nudus, differing chiefly in the more coarsely
punctured pronotum and the strongly granulate-setose declivity.
Host trees. — Jack Pine, White Pine, Balsam Fir.
Distribution.— Manitoba, Quebec, and Nova Scotia.

104

Pityophthorus nudus Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 30, 1917.

Length, 1-6 mm.; width, -58 mm., nearly glabrous; the female with
the front closely, finely punctured in front of a slight transverse ridge, and
clothed with fine short pubescence; the male front closely, rather coarsely
and roughly punctured, with a median carina ending in an epistomal granule,
the pubescence fine and inconspicuous.

Host tree. — White Spruce.

Distribution. — Quebec, Ontario, New York State.

Pityophthorus deletus Lee. is unknown from our territory; it should be
separated from Pityophthorus.

Pityophthorus comatus Lee. is unknown from Canada, and is apparently
extremely rare in collections. It is distinguished from all other species known
to me by the subcircular patch of yellow pubescence on each side of the pronotum
before the middle.

Pityophthorus concentralis Eichh. was described from Cuba and is reported
in literature from Florida in Rhus metr opium. We have a short series from
Biscayne and How Ck., Florida, that seem to be EichhofFs species. They
agree closely with his description in Rat. Tomic., except that the pronotum
is rather too coarsely punctured behind. P. lateralis has the pronotum rather
more finely punctured, but differs from the concentralis description in the punctur-
ed (sparsely) elytral interspaces.

Pityophthorus lautus Eichh. is apparently allied to concentralis and rhois.
It has the declivity deeply sulcate on each side with the suture strongly ele-
vated, and is apparently distinguished from rhois chiefly by that character.
In rhois the suture is only slightly elevated on the declivity, and the elytra con-
jointly sulcate, although not so deeply as in concentralis and lateralis; otherwise
rhois agrees with Eichhoff's description of lautus very closely. Dr. Hopkins
has recognized lautus from W. Virginia in Pinus.

Pityophthorus consimilis Lee. was described from Michigan but we have
not yet taken it to Canada. It is allied to granulatus] but has the pronotum
strongly rounded on the sides behind, the discal interspaces of the elytra very
sparsely punctured and the female front very densely spongy-pubescent.

Pityophthorus annectens Lee. was described from Tampa, Florida, and
probably does not occur in our territory. The front is densely clothed with
long hair in the female ; the declivity is acuminate, feebly granulate and feebly
pubescent, the elytral interspaces impunctate, the pronotum feebly constricted
and feebly rounded on the sides behind.

Pityophthorus obliquus and P. seriatus were described from Florida, and
apparently do not occur in our territory.

The Genus Pityogenes Bedel.

Bedel, Faun. Col. Seine, 6: 397, 401, 1888.

Key to the Species.

A The declivity oblique; the pronotum strongly narrowed on more than the
cephalic half, and narrowly rounded in front ; the declivity of both sexes
with three small teeth on each side, considerably larger in the males
(PL 15, figs. 1, 3).

PLATE 24.
BARK-BEETLE TUNNELS (ORIGINAL).

Fig. 1, Eccoptogaster unispinosus Lee.; in Douglas fir; nearly one-half natural size.

Fig. 2, Pityophthorus intextus Sw.; in white spruce; two-thirds natural size.

Fig. 3, Leperisinus calif ornicus Sw.; in olive; two-thirds natural size. Author's illustration.

Fig. 4, Carphoborus carri Sw.; in white spruce; three-fourths natural size.

Fig. 5, Pseudohylesinus grandis Sw. ; in Douglas fir; one fourth natural size.

PLATE No. 2k

105

B The frontal pit of the female circular, undivided.

C The pronotum with the punctures close and regular in size; the
elytra finely rather closely punctured, with very fine pubescence;
the frontal pit of the female very large, occupying nearly the
whole cephalic half of the front, extending behind the eyes; length,
2-3 mm. Vancouver Isl., B.C., and California.

fossifrons Lee. Page 105.

CC The pronotum with the punctures sparse and irregular in size; the
elytra rather sparsely punctured on the disc; the interstrial hairs
coarse and long; the frontal pit of the female covering about the
median third, not extending behind the eyes; length about 2
mm. Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.

hopkinsi Sw. Page 106.

BB The frontal pit of the female longer than wide, divided into two fossae

by a longitudinal median carina. lecontei Sw. Page 106.

AA The declivity steep ; the pronotum with the sides subparallel on more than

the caudal half, broadly rounded in front; the declivity with two teeth

on each side, representing 2nd and 3rd of the group A, small in the female,

very large and curved in the male with the upper one elongate, the

tooth at the end of the second interspace obsolete in the males, nearly

so in the females.

B Rather stout species; the frontal cavity of the female very large,
extending behind the eyes, not divided, suboval, wider in front; the
acute ridge preceding the second declivital tooth of the male strongly
developed; the punctures of the pronotum and elytra rather feebly
impressed, small and seldom closely placed; the pronotal asperities
few and coarse. (PL 15, fig. 4). carinulatus Lee. Page 106.

BB Rather slender, the frontal cavity or pubescent spot of the female
situated upon the cephalic half, and divided by a longitudinal obtuse
median carina; the ridge preceding the 2nd declivital tooth of the
male feebly developed.

C The declivital teeth of the male moderately slender; the front of
the female with a divided, median, heartshaped cavity in front
of the eyes. (PL 15, fig. 2). Western species.

knechteli n. sp. Page 106.

CC The declivital teeth of the male very stout; the front of the female
with a subtriangular pubescent area. Eastern species.

plagiatus Lee. Page 107.

Pityogenes fossifrons Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 353, 1876 (Pityophthorus) ;
Schwarz, U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18: 609, 1896 (Pityogenes).

Length, 2-3 mm.; black, with the declivity red. The front of the
female is granulate about the sides, with the excavation very large and
deep, occupying nearly the whole cephalic half; the pronotum is shaped
as in hopkinsi Sw., much narrowed in front, coarsely, moderately closely
and regularly punctured behind, more closely than in hopkinsi, with a
narrow median carina; the elytral punctures are in approximate rows, the
strial punctures fine and rather close, the interspaces rather more closely
and finely granulate-punctate, the pubescence behind short and fine; the
declivity with a row of three small teeth on each side, sulcate along the suture.

The type, a female, was described from British Columbia; apparently
very rare. The only others I have seen are eight females, probably belonging
to this species, sent by Ralph Hopping, Pinus monticola, Grassy Lake,
Lassen Co., California; and a female and a male, sent by H. C. Fall,
Sabrina Lake, Inyo Co., California.

106

The single male has the front convex, closely, rather finely granulate-
punctate, with a fine, median, vertical carina; the elytral interspaces are
less closely punctured than in the female, with a few coarse hairs behind;
and the declivity is more coarsely toothed than in hopkinsi.

Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw.; Syr. Univ. Col. For., Tech. Pub. No. 2, 8-10, 1915;
Blackman, Syr. Univ. Col. For., Tech. Publ. No. 2, 11-66, plates 1-6 (Life
history and habits.)

Length, 2 mm.; black, with the elytra reddish-brown on the caudal
two-thirds, legs and antennae piceous; the female front "with a deep sub-
circular impression, the declivity retuse with the sutural striae rather deeply,
widely impressed and shining, with a row of three, small, widely separated
teeth on the declivital prominence of each elytron; the male with the front
convex, coarsely granulate and closely hairy, without the median impression,
the declivity strongly retuse, with the three teeth on each side coarse, the 1st
compressed, curved, acute behind, the 2nd and 3rd conical and acute.

Host trees.' — White Pine, Red Pine, Jack Pine, White Spruce.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.

The most abundant bark-beetle in limbs of eastern pines. Usually
in collections under sparsus Lee.; see Pityokteines sparsus Lee.

Pityogenes lecontei Sw.; Syr. Univ. Col. For. Tech. Pub. No. 2, 10, 1915.

Length, 2 mm. Very closely allied to hopkinsi, but readily distin-
guished by the different frontal pit of the female. The front of the female
is shining, granulate-punctate, with two elongate approximate fovese with
a combined outline longer than wide, situated on the median line at the
base of the epistoma, the fovese separated by a narrow median carina; the
frontal hairs sparse and fine.

I have seen only the unique type. Probably allied to hopkinsi in
habits.

Pityogenes carinulatus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 5: 70, 1874 (Cryphalus);
hamatus Lee., Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 17: 624, 1878, carinulatus Lee., male.

Length, 2 • 9 mm. to 3 • 5 mm. The female has the large deep excavation
occupying the central part of the front; the elytral declivity very steep,
with a row of three small teeth on each side, the 1st minute, the 2nd and
3rd moderate, conical-acute and incurved. The male has the front convex,
shining, closely granulate-punctate, with a wide, shining median space ; the
declivity very different from the female, very broadly but not deeply
concave, shining, minutely punctured, acutely margined, with two teeth
on each side, the upper tooth very prominent, long, slender, hooked at the
tip, at the upper margin of the declivity, the lower tooth small, acute, near
the apex, preceded and followed by small serrations of the acute margin,
which there bears a sparse fringe of long, stiff, obliquely erect reddish hairs.

Host trees. — Western Yellow Pine, Jeffrey Pine (Hopkins).

Distribution. — Southern British Columbia, through the Western States
into California and Colorado.

A very abundant secondary enemy to yellow pine in British Columbia.

The species is very abundant over an extensive range, and presents
many variations. A race with rather distinct characters is represented in
our collection from Colorado.

Pityogenes knechteli, n. sp.

Length, 2-8 mm.; rather slender; the front granulate-punctate, convex
in the female with a divided median pit preceded by a reddish densely
pubescent area; the pronotum emarginate on the sides in front, strongly

107

roughly punctured behind on the disc, the median line carinate, the smooth
area on the side distinct; the elytra only very feebly striate, punctures in
rows, those of the interspaces nearly as numerous and large as those of the
striae; the female declivity feebly convex, deeply sulcate along the suture,
with two acute teeth on each side and a minute granule at the summit.
The male has the front flattened, densely granulate-punctate and hairy,
with a small, median, epistomal carina.

Type.— A female; Beau Vert Lake, Jasper Park, Alberta; 30-VIII-15;
Lodgepole pine; 2220, J.M.S. Type No. 109.

Host tree. — Lodgepole Pine.

Distribution. — Jasper Park, Alberta, probably of wider distribution in
the Rocky Mountains and Selkirks; Nechako valley, British Columbia;
Atlin, B.C.

Pityogenes plagiatus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 161, 1868 (Xyleborus).

Length, 2 mm.

Host trees. — " Scrub Pine " and Southern Yellow Pine (Hopkins) ;
Red Pine and Jack Pine (Quebec province).

Distribution. — Maryland, New York, Washington, D.C., West Virginia.
Abundant in West Virginia (Hopkins) ; apparently less common in the nor-
thern States and Canada. A species from northern Quebec in red pine
and jack pine agrees with the Leconte types except that the female has
the frontal triangular area concave and pubescent. It is not separated in
this memoir.

The Genus Ips Degeer.
DeGeer, Mem. Ins., 5: 190, 1775.

Tomicus Lat.
Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins., 2: 276, 1807.

Key to the Species.

A The sutures of the antennal club very strongly arcuate, not angulate at
the middle nor bisinuate; the punctures of the elytral striae and inter-
striae very closely uniseriate. (Pis. 10, fig. 35).

B The caudal half of the disc of the pronotum finely, densely, granulate-
punctate; the elytra rather finely punctured (PL 14, figs. 7, 8).

concinnus Mannh. Page 111.

BB The caudal half of the disc of the pronotum rather coarsely, less closely
punctured, not granulate, the surface between the punctures smooth
and shining; the elytra rather coarsely punctured, the interstrial
punctures as large as those of the striae, radiatae Hopk. Page 112.

AA The sutures of the antennal club nearly straight, bisinuate, or strongly

angulate at the middle.

B The declivital margin with five or six teeth on each side; the produced
apical margin forming much less than one-third of the circumference.

C The declivital margin with six teeth (PL 17, figs. 9, 11).

calligraphus Germ. Page 112.

CC The declivital margin with five teeth (PL 17, fig. 2).

D The punctures of the discal interspaces of the elytra very sparse
or absent on the basal half and not very densely confused
behind. Eastern species.

108

E A smaller, slender species; the pronotum decidedly elongate^
the discal interspaces 2, 3 and 4 impunctate on usually
the basal two-thirds, uniseriately punctured behind, but
little confused near the declivity. Southern States, north
to Massachusetts. (PI. 14, fig. 3).

grandicollis Eichh. Page 113.

EE Larger and stouter and more coarsely sculptured; the prono-
tum only moderately longer than wide, the discal inter-
spaces very sparsely punctured on the basal half, closely
punctured on the caudal half and decidedly confused
towards the declivity (PI. 17, fig. 2). Eastern Canada.

chagnoni Sw. Page 113.

DD The discal interspaces, 2, 3 and 4, punctured throughout, the
punctures uniseriate towards the base, more numerous and
densely confused behind the middle. Western species.
E The hinder half of the pronotum sparsely, rather finely punc-
tured on the disc, closely punctured on the sides; the
interstrial punctures of the elytra small, much smaller
than those of the striae, the first declivital tooth about as
near to the suture as to the second tooth; the declivital
face finely hairy. confusus Lee. Page 113.

EE The hinder half of the pronotum closely coarsely punctured
on the disc, densely punctured on the sides; the interstrial
punctures more numerous and coarse, nearly as large as
those of the striae; the first declivital tooth placed very
close to the second and distant from the suture; the
declivital face coarsely densely hairy.

Vancouver! Sw. Page 113.
BB The declivital margin with four declivital teeth; or, rarely, with only

three declivital teeth.
C The third declivital tooth the longest, compressed, wide, emarginate

at the tip.

D The discal interspaces impunctate; the conical fourth tooth
usually obsolete (PL 13, figs. 1, 2).

emarginatus Lee. Page 113.

DD The discal interspaces closely, coarsely punctured; the fourth

tooth normally present, between the third and the apical

elevated margin. New Mexico. knausi Sw.

CC The third tooth usually cylindric or conical, never flattened and

emarginate at the tip.

D The declivity nearly vertical, three teeth on each side, the third
tooth longest and the last, the second followed by an acute
ridge but not joined to the third; the epistoma deeply emar-
ginate in the male; the sutures of the club only faintly bisin-
uate ; the elytral punctures decreasing in size towards the base.
E The interstrial punctures of the elytra about as coarse as
those of the striae on the sides and on the caudal half of
the disc ; the pronotal punctures sparse ; the female with the
epistoma broadly emarginate. longidens Sw. Page 114.

PLATE 25.
Ips pini Say, in white pine, the inner surface of the bark; about one-third natural size (Original).

PLATE No. 25.

109

EE The interstrial punctures small except near the declivital
margin; the pronotal punctures close upon the sides; the
female with the epistoma entire. (PL 17, fig. 5).

latidens Lee. Page 114.

DD The declivity more oblique, with four teeth on each side, of
which the third is usually longest, at least in the male, and
connected at the base with the second by an arcuate ridge;
the club usually with one or more sutures strongly bisinuate
or very strongly angulate at the middle; the epistoma entire;
the elytral punctures not decreasing gradually in size towards
the base (PL 17, fig. 7).

E The sutures of the club very strongly angulate at the middle

(Fig. 5, p. 29.) Beetles of large size and coarse sculpture.

F A larger species with coarser sculpture; length usually

5 mm. to 5-5 mm.; the form stouter; punctuation of

the elytra deep, coarse and subquadrate; the declivital

armature coarser.

integer Eichh. Page 114.

FF A smaller and more slender form, 4-3 mm. to 5 mm. in
length; punctuation of elytra moderate and armature
finer. Doubtfully distinct. (PL 13, fig. 4).

plastographus Lee. Page 114.

EE The first suture of the club bisinuate or nearly straight, the
second more or less strongly bisinuate or angled at the
middle (PL 10, fig. 10).
F The discal interspaces impunctate except near the

declivity, rarely punctured on the 1st and 2nd.

G Larger, 4 mm. to 5-5 mm., stout, elytral disc little

longer than pronotum ; striae usually impressed, with

interspaces convex; pronotum very short and stout,

not longer than wide; declivital teeth stouter; 1st

two interspaces granulate punctate, hairy to the

base; the pronotum sparsely, finely punctured

behind; the pubescence erect, abundant; the profile

of the elytral suture on the disc strongly arcuate.

perturbatus Eichh. (hudsonicusLec.) Page 115.

GG Smaller, more slender species; the striae usually only
slightly or not at all impressed; the first two inter-
spaces not granulate and hairy to the base; the
elytral suture in profile straight on the basal half.

H Size very small, length, 2 • 3 mm. to 2 • 8 mm. ; the
last three declivital teeth subequal. Southern
United States. avulsus Lee. Page 115.

HH Larger species, length usually over 3 mm. ; the last

declivital tooth smaller than the 2nd or 3rd.
I The pronotum evidently longer than wide, the
punctures of the discal striae much smaller
near the declivity. Eastern species.
J The pronotum arcuate on the sides, the punc-
tures small, the asperities of the cephalic
half small, close and arcuate; the elytral
striae usually not impressed, the 2nd inter-

space wide behind, not punctured except at
the caudal extremity, so that the sutural
strise are not much widened behind.

pini Say. Page 115.

JJ The pronotum with sides straight and parallel
on the caudal three-fourths, the punctures
and asperities usually coarse; the elytral
strise usually impressed, the 2nd interspace
punctured on the caudal half making the
sutural striae evidently widened behind.

laticollis, n. sp. Page 116.

II The pronotum nearly or quite as wide as long;
the punctures of the discal striae but little
smaller towards the declivity ; the sutural
striae always widened behind by punctuations
of the caudal half of the 2nd interspaces.

J The pronotum widest at the base, faintly
arcuate on the sides, the punctures coarse
and the asperities more commonly sparse
and obtuse; the elytral striae usually dis-
tinctly impressed and the interspaces con-
vex, interpunctus Eichh. Page 116.

JJ The pronotum with the sides parallel on more
than the caudal two-thirds, the punctures
usually small, and asperities usually small,
close and acute; the elytral strise hardly
impressed, except the sutural striae.

oregoni Eichh. Page 117.

FF All the interspaces punctured, uniseriately except near the
declivity.

G The pronotum slender, distinctly longer than wide,
with the punctures nearly obsolete on the disc;
discal interspaces of the elytra very sparsely punc-
tured (PL 14, figs. 5, 6). perroti Sw. Page 117.

GG The pronotum hardly longer than wide, strongly
punctured on the disc; the discal interspaces with
numerous punctures.

H The front of the head almost perfectly smooth and
polished, minutely and sparsely granulate and
pubescent in the male, the epistomal region
never more than faintly elevated ; length usually
less than 4 mm. borealis Sw. Page 117.

HH The front of the head densely or coarsely granulate
or distinctly elevated on the epistomal region;
the length usually more than 4 mm.

I The front of the head evenly convex.

J The punctures on the alternate interspaces of
the elytra decidedly confused towards the
declivity; the first two interspaces only
feebly granulate behind.

hunteri Sw. Page 118.

Ill

JJ The punctures on the elytral interspaces
uniseriate, at most only very little confused
behind; the first two interspaces usually
rather strongly granulate throughout.

K The front of the head densely, finely
granulate, the strial punctures usually
close and of medium size.

interruptus Eichh. Page 118.

KK The front of the head very coarsely granu-
late, with abundant long hairs.
L The punctures of the elytral striae of
medium size and usually rather
widely separated.

dubius, n. sp. Page 119.

LL The punctures of the elytral striae very
coarse, quadrate, and very closely
placed; very coarsely sculptured,
pilifrons Sw. cf . Page 119.

II The front of the head at least distinctly elevated

on the epistomal region.

J The front with a very strongly elevated, nearly
naked geminate prominence on the episto-
mal region (PI. 17, fig. 1).

tridens Mann. Page 119.

JJ The front of the head moderately but dis-
tinctly elevated on the epistomal region.
K The epistomal elevation stronger and
clothed on the oblique cephalic face
with a dense brush of hairs.
L The brush of hairs on the rather small
cephalic face of the frontal elevation
long and incurved; the punctures of
the elytral striae moderate in size;
the length usually less than 4 • 5 mm.
(PL 17, fig. 3).

engelmanni Sw. 9. Page 120.

LL The brush of hairs on the rather large
cephalic face of the frontal elevation
short and extremely dense, resem-
bling the pile on velvet; the strial
punctures very large and deep; the
length usually more than 4-5 mm.
(PL 17, fig. 4).

pilifrons Sw. 9. Page 119.

KK The epistomal elevation very moderately
developed, only moderately normally
pubescent, finely granulate.

yohoensis Sw. Page 120.

Ips concinnus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 2: 357, 1852 (Bostrichus) ; hirsutus Eichh.,
Berl. Ent. Zeit., 402, 1867 (Tomicus).

Length, 4-5 mm. to 5 mm.; rather elongate, with parallel sides; the
sutures of the antennal club very strongly elongate-arcuate, strongly but

112

very narrowly recurved at the sides ; the pronotum finely, densely punctured
behind; the elytra shining, hardly striate, finely deeply punctured in numer-
ous rows, the interstrial punctures nearly as large and numerous as those
of the striae, and uniseriate except on the sides and the second interspace;
the declivity nearly vertical, excavated, densely deeply punctured and
pubescent, with three teeth on each side, the first smallest and close to the
second, the third longest, straight and stout, the acute apical margin very
wide. The male has a compressed median tubercle followed by a faint
carina on the front of the head; the female has the faint median frontal
carina only, and the declivital armature is less coarsely developed.

Host tree. — Sitka Spruce.

Distribution. — The coast region of Alaska and British Columbia, south
probably throughout the range of its host tree.

Ips radiatae Hopk.; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 17, 54, 1915.

Original description: " Pronotal and elytral punctures moderately
coarse. Elytra with strial punctures not distinctly coarser than those of
the interspaces." " California to Idaho, in Pinus radiata and Pinus
contorta." It is closely allied to Ips concinnus Mannh.

This is possibly the species before me, represented from California in
Pinus radiata and P. contorta; Grant Co., Oregon, in Pinus contorta; and
British Columbia in Pinus contorta. It is apparently rare in British Colum-
bia. It is of the size and shape of concinnus and differs specificially from
it in the following characters: The pronotum with rather coarse punctures
behind, closer on the sides, a little sparser on the disc, not granulate and
not roughened on the disc; the elytral punctuation nearly as in concinnus
but distinctly coarser, and deep so that the surface is variably rugulose,
the punctures of varying size near the suture; the interstrial punctures
nearly as coarse as those of the striae and somewhat irregular so that the
rows of punctures are often less distinct; the declivital armature similar,
but the 2nd and 3rd teeth of the male stouter than in the male of concinnus;
the hairs on the face of the declivity minute and inconspicuous; the male
front more densely granulate with the median fovea very deep and funnel-
shaped.

Two specimens that are probably females of this species have the
median funnel-shaped fovea of the front succeeded dorsally by a shining,
shallow sulcus, and the epistomal tubercle minute; the pronotum as in the
males described above, but more densely punctured ; the elytral punctuation
similar; the declivital teeth less coarse, the 2nd acute, followed by a faintly
developed ridge, the 3rd tooth slender, cylindric, sub-capitate and sub-
acute.

Ips calligraphus Germ.; Ins. Nov., 461, 1824 (Bostrichus) ; exesus Say, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil. Jour. 5: 255, 1826; ed. Lee. 2: 317 (Bostrichus); chloroticus
Dej., Cat. 332, 1837; conformis Dej., Cat. 332 (Bostrichus)', prcemorsus
Eichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 401, 1867 (Tomicus).

The largest species of the genus in eastern Canada; length, 4-8 mm.
to 6-5 mm.; the sutures of the antennal club very strongly angulate; the
pronotum sparsely, finely punctured on the disc behind; the elytral striae
distinctly impressed, the sutural striae stronger; the strial punctures close
and coarse; the interspaces convex, finely uniseriately punctured on the

PLATE 26.

Dryocoetes betulce Hopk.; Tunnels in yellow birch; one-half natural size (Original).

i LATE N

113

disc, closely on the sides, densely confused and granulate near the declivity;
the declivity concave, coarsely punctured, hairy, the hairs long about the
sides and along the suture; with six teeth on each side arranged as shown
(PI. 17, figs. 9, 11). The male has the 3rd tooth stouter, subcapitate and
curved downwards at the tip, and a shining median depression on the front
of the head behind the median tubercle. There are many variations but
apparently there is only one Canadian species.

Host tree. — White Pine.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States. Usually
found in dying trees and logs; it enters trees green enough to form pitch-
tubes, and may be at times a primary enemy.

Ips grand icollis Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 402, 1867 (Tomicus)', cacographus
Lee., Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 162, 1868 (Tomicus); pini (Say) Zimm., Am.
Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 147, 1868 (Bostrichus).

Length, 3 mm. to 3-7 mm.; a slender species with the pronotum one-
third longer than wide. Represented in our collections from the southern
States and as far north as Massachusetts. A closely allied undescribed
species occurs in Montana and another in New Mexico. Represented in
Eastern Canada by chagnoni Sw.

Ips chagnoni Sw.; Can. Ent., 48: 186, 1916.

Length, 4 mm. to 4-8 mm.; very closely allied to grandicollis Eichh.,
but larger, stouter, and more coarsely sculptured.

Host trees. — White Spruce, Red Pine, White Pine.

Distribution. — The provinces of Quebec and Ontario southward into
New York State.

Ips confusus Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 362, 364, 1876 (Tomicus) : montanus,
Eichh., Borkenk., 219, 1881 (Tomicus); Schwarz, Ent. Am., 2: 42 (confusus),
1886.

Length, 4-5 mm. Readily distinguished from the Canadian species
by the characters given in the key. There are several allied undescribed
species in the Western States, one of which is probably EichhofFs Tomicus
montanus, long considered as a synonym of confusus. Our material is from
California and Arizona.

Ips vancouveri Sw.; Can. Ent., 48: 188, 1916.

Length, 5 mm. to 5-7 mm.; stouter than confusus Lee., and usually
very coarsely sculptured. The face of the declivity is densely rather finely
punctured and densely clothed with long slender hairs. The colour varies
from dark red to black; the punctuation of the pronotum and elytral disc
varies from coarse to medium.

Host Trees. — Sitka Spruce and Western White Pine.

Distribution. — Vancouver island and the coast region of British Colum-
bia; Kaslo, B.C.; southward into the United States.

Ips emarginatus Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 363, 364, 1876 (Tomicus).

A large elongate species; length, 6 mm. to 7 mm.; entirely distinct in the
Canadian fauna by the arrangement of the declivital teeth ; that of the 5th
interspace is wide, compressed, strongly produced, and emarginate at the
tip so that it bears two distinct cusps; in some specimens a more or less
distinct small tooth is developed between the tooth of the 5th interspace
and the strongly produced apical margin. The male has the front more
coarsely sculptured than the female, with a small epistomal tubercle.

Host tree. — Western Yellow Pine.

Distribution. — Throughout the yellow pine region of southern British
Columbia, extending into the western United States.
36198—8

114

Ips longidens Sw.; Can. Ent., 45: 214, 1911.

Very closely allied to latidens Lee. but distinguished by the secondary
sexual characters, the coarser interstrial punctures, and usually by the more
slender pronotum.

Host tree. — Eastern Hemlock.

Distribution. — New York State, Nova Scotia.

Ips latidens Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 5: 72 (Tomicus) } 1874; spinifer Eichh.,
Rat. Tomic., 53, 499, 1878 (Tomicus).

A small slender species of the Western coast; length, 2-7 mm. to 3-5
mm. This species forms with longidens an isolated group, separated by
the nearly straight sutures of the antennal club, the deeply, closely punctate-
striate elytra, the arrangement of the declivital armature, the secondary
sexual characters, and the short though acute apical projection of the
declivity.

Host tree. — 'Western White Pine.

Distribution. — The coast region of British Columbia, extending into the
United States.

Ips integer Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 273, 1869 (Tomicus); Rat. Tomic., 226, 1878.

A large, stout species, from 4 • 5 mm. to 6 mm. in length; with almost the
entire front coarsely, closely granulate-punctate and hairy, a shining median
space with a longitudinal pair of small epistomal tubercles, the sutures of
the antennal club all very strongly angulated; the pronotum distinctly
longer than wide, finely closely asperate in front, rather coarsely punctured
behind; the elytral striae usually strongly impressed, with coarse, deep,
quadrate punctures, the discal interspaces convex, the first granulate-
punctate to the base, the second with an oblique row of granules on the
caudal half and an internal row of punctures of the same length, the
remaining discal interspaces impunctate on the basal two-thirds; the
declivity coarsely punctured; the 2nd and 3rd teeth in the female conical
acute, from a common thickened base and connected by a lateral crescentic
ridge, the male with the 3rd tooth longer, subcapitate and somewhat
curved; the pubescence of the dorsal surface abundant, long, stiff and red-
dish. A very abundant species in yellow pine of southern British Columbia.
Readily distinguished by its large size and the characters given in the key.

Host tree. — Western Yellow Pine, and recorded from Western White
Pine in United States.

Distribution. — Throughout the range of yellow pine in the interior of
British Columbia, extending south through western United States into
Mexico. A secondary enemy, very abundant in slash and dying trees;
apparently also a primary enemy under favourable conditions.

Ips plastographus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 163, 1868 (Tomicus); Am.
Phil. Soc. Proc., 15: 362, 364, 1876; Hopkins, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII,
75-76, 1905.

A series in our collection from California agrees with Leconte's type of
plastographus in the Agassiz Museum. It is doubtfully distinct from
integer. The length, 4-5 mm.; black, with the elytra dark red, usually
smaller and distinctly more slender than integer; clothed with rather short,
fine, gray pubescence; the pronotum coarsely, sparsely asperate in front,
finely, closely punctured behind; the elytral striae slightly impressed, the
strial punctures small and close; the interspaces nearly flat, the 1st granulate
and very narrow, the 2nd with a longitudinal row of granules on the
caudal half supported by an internal row of punctures extending to the
base of the elytra, the remaining discal striae impunctate on the basal two-
thirds, the declivital armature similar to integer, but less strongly developed.

115

Host tree. — Recorded by Hopkins from Pinus radiata (Monterey
Pine).

Distribution. — Our specimens are from California, some from San
Diego county. We have a series from British Columbia yellow pine that is
barely distinct from plastographus type, but is left at present in integer.
Probably we have to deal with only one variable species.

Ips perturbatus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 247, 1868 (Tomicus)', Rat. Tomic.,
248, 1878; Ips hudsonicus Lee.; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 15: 366, 1876
(Tomicus).

Length, 4 mm. to 5-5 mm. Distinguished from its allies by the stout
form and usually large size; long, erect, abundant pubescence; short and
stout pronotum; the punctuation and pubescence of the first two elytral
interspaces; the deep, wide and posteriorly widened sutural striae; the
usually convex interspaces, and the stout rather short declivital armature..
The male has the third declivital tooth more acutely pointed.

Host tree. — We have taken this species only in White Spruce.

Distribution. — Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, and across Canada,
extending north of the prairies in Saskatchewan and Alberta to the Peace
river, and through northern British Columbia into the Yukon. It appar-
ently follows the northern range of its host tree. Back's " Bostrichus
typographus Fabr.," taken on the Great Fish River, was probably this species.

An important secondary enemy but apparently at times of primary
importance.

Ips avulsus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 402, 1867 (Tomicus)', Rat. Tomic., 225,
1878.

Length, 2 • 8 mm. This very small species is apparently limited to the
southern portion of the United States. It is distinguished from its allies
by the small size, more feebly developed declivital armature, with the last
three teeth subequal, the declivity less excavated, more strongly oblique,
and the apical margin but slightly produced.

Ips pini Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Soc. Phil. 5: 257, 1826; ed. Lee. 2: 319 (Bos-
trichus)', Leconte, Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15: 363, 365, 1876 (Tomicus)'
Eichhoff, Rat. Tom., 252, 1878 (Tomicus).

Length, 3-5 mm. to 4-2 mm.; the front convex and coarsely granulate;
the pronotum slightly but evidently longer than wide, finely punctured
behind, the punctures smaller towards the middle line, finely, closely,
acutely, subconcentrically asperate in front, the sides slightly, arcuately
narrowed on the basal three-fourths, emarginately narrowed on the cephalic
fourth and narrowly rounded in front; the elytral striae usually slightly
or not at all impressed, with the strial punctures small, the sutural striae
usually but little more evident, the declivity with the 2nd and 3rd teeth
acute and similar. The male has the front more coarsely granulate, and
the 3rd declivital tooth longer, stout, and slightly curved. There are
frequent variations in nearly all the external characters; the pronotal
punctures vary from moderate in size to small, and nearly obsolete on the
middle line; the sides are sometimes distinctly angled at the cephalic fourth;
the sutural striae and less often the other discal striae are sometimes distinctly
impressed, and the elytral punctures are sometimes moderately coarse.
The majority of the specimens in our very large collection conform to the
characters given in the key.

The egg-tunnels radiate from a central nuptial chamber, in number
from three to six, engraved on the inner bark and deeply on the wood
surface; the eggs are placed singly in niches; the larval mines are mainly
on the inner bark, usually short and rapidly widened, the pupal cells en-
36198— 8}

116

graving the wood. The young adults cut irregular, winding food tunnels
deeply engraving the wood surface.

Host trees. — White Pine, White Spruce, and other pines and spruces
of its range.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada, from the Atlantic to northern Sas-
katchewan, and in Eastern United States. A series from Fort Yukon,
Alaska, does not differ specificially, and it will probably be found across
northern British Columbia and Alberta.

Economic importance. — Everywhere abundant throughout eastern pine
and spruce forests in slashings and dying trees; at times apparently an
important primary enemy.

Ips laticollis, n. sp.

Length, 4 mm. ; width, 1 • 6 mm. ; very closely allied to and only doubt-
fully distinct from pini Say. The pronotum is almost as wide as long,
with the sides parallel for more than three-fourths the length, then rather
distinctly sinuate behind the front margin; very coarsely asperate in front,
moderately punctured behind, very densely on the sides; the elytral striae
usually impressed, the sutural striae more strongly impressed and widened
behind, through the second interspace being strongly punctured on the
mesal side of the caudal half; the first two sutures of the antennal club
rather strongly bisinuate.

The type series was taken near Ottawa, Ont. Type No. 110.

Ips interpunctus Eichh.; Eichhoff, Rat. Tom., 241, 1878 (Tomicus): Tomicus
tridens Eichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 274, 1868.

Length, 4 mm. to 5 mm.; the head convex and coarsely granulate;
the pronotum as long as wide (sometimes slightly longer), usually rather
coarsely and deeply punctured behind, the elytra usually rather deeply
striate on the disc, with the interspaces narrow and distinctly convex; the
2nd interspace punctured on the caudal half making the sutural striae
widened behind.

The Jasper race, from Jasper Park region, have the elytral striae more
often lightly impressed, except the sutural striae, which are almost invariably
wide and deep, and the interspaces more often nearly flat.

In pine and spruce of southern British Columbia the typical interpunctus
Is less common and is intergraded with the oregoni type. The two forms
are there taken in the same trees and apparently from the same tunnels.
Breeding experiments and biological studies should determine the relation-
ships between these series. Our very large collection from many parts of
British Columbia, Alberta, the Yukon, and a smaller collection from the
Western States, indicates that interpunctus is typically a northern form,
tending strongly to vary in Alberta and apparently crossed with oregoni in
southern British Columbia.

Host trees. — Engelmann's Spruce, White Spruce, (Sitka Spruce).

PLATE 27.

INNER FACE OF THE BARK OF A BEETLE-INFESTED WESTERN YELLOW
PINE; ALMOST THREE-FOURTHS NATURAL SIZE (AUTHOR'S ILLUSTRATION).

1, Egg-tunnels of Dendroctonus valens Lee.

2, Work of the larvae of D. valens Lee.

3, Egg-tunnels of Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee.

PLATK No. 27.

117

Distribution. — Alaska, the Yukon, British Columbia, and northern and
western Alberta; extending into the Western States.

Economic importance. — Usually secondary, but at times evidently a
primary enemy.

Ips oregoni Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 274, 1868; Rat. Tomic. 150, 1878.

Rather larger and stouter than the typical pini; length usually about
4-5 mm.; the pronotum as wide as long with the sides straight and parallel,
broadly rounded in front, finely punctured behind; the elytral striae hardly
impressed, the second interspace with a row of punctures on the caudal
half making the sutural striae evidently widened behind; the sides of the
elytra rather coarsely punctured. Secondary sexual characters as in pini
Say. There are variations in southern British Columbia that intergrade
with interpunctus, and others that can hardly be distinguished from pini
Say.

Host tree. — Western Yellow Pine.

Distribution. — In British Columbia probably throughout the range of
its host; Western United States.

Economic importance. — Usually a secondary enemy in British Columbia,
in slashings and weakened trees, but evidently at times an important
primary enemy.

The type of Ips rectus Lee., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 15: 363, 365, 1876,
is probably an abraded specimen of Ips oregoni Eichh. A similar indi-
vidual condition is commonly found in species of the genus.

Ips perroti Sw.; Can. Ent., 47: 356, 1915, 2 figs.

Length, 4 mm.; the declivital teeth of the male larger than in the
female, the 3rd stoutest and capitate. This species differs from tridensf
borealis and interruptus by the characters of the front, which lie between
the much sparser granulation of one sex of borealis and the extremely
dense granulation of interruptus; from borealis in the longer, much more
finely punctured pronotum, more sparsely punctured elytral interspaces
and distinctly much more strongly developed declivital armature; from
interruptus in the usually much smaller size and more slender form, finer
and sparser punctuation, the much more abrupt declivity with strongly
marked sexual variation, and the fewer and smaller granules on the first
and second interspaces.

Host tree. — Red Pine.

Distribution. — Isle Perrot, Que. Rare.

Ips borealis Swaine; Can. Ent., 45: 213, 1911.

Length, 3 • 25 mm. to 4 mm. ; more slender than interruptus; the female
with the front and vertex of the head convex, remarkably smooth and
polished, with a few extremely minute punctures, the anterior portion of the
front and the region about the eyes extremely minutely, more closely punc-
tured and bearing minute inconspicuous hairs; with a very faint, broad, trans-
verse impression between the eyes ; the epistoma faintly depressed ; the first
two sutures of the antennal club broadly bisinuate, the second more strongly ;
the pronotum with the caudal half shining, coarsely, deeply, roughly,
rather sparsely and irregularly punctured; the elytral striae faintly impressed,
excepting the sutural striae which are wide, deep and broader behind; the
strial punctures on the disc round, deep, moderate in size, not close; the
declivity with four teeth on each side, of the pini type, the third tooth

118

but little longer than the second, more cylindric, blunt and incurved; the
male with the front minutely granulate-punctate and hairy, rather closely
in front of the eyes, with a very small median tubercle, the granules and
punctures usually separated with the background distinct. This is vastly
different from interruptus, with the front very densely and much more
coarsely granulate and hairy, or from dubius in which the frontal granules
are much coarser than in interruptus and isolated. There is considerable
variation in the size of the punctures of pronotum and elytra, and in some
the elytral striae are distinctly impressed.

Host trees. — White Spruce, Red Spruce, Engelmann's Spruce; doubt-
fully recorded from Balsam Fir and Eastern Hemlock.

Distribution. — Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, through the northern
forests across Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and in the Rocky
mountains of Alberta and British Columbia.

It is known to me only as a secondary enemy.

Ips interruptus Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 357, 1852; 234, 1853 (Bostrichus) ; Eich-
hoff, Rat. Tomic., 238, 1878.

The original description and Leconte's notes are very meagre. There
are probably four species in the Leconte collection under this name. The
first was probably received from Mannerheim, and fixes the species.

The length varies from 4 to 5 mm. ; the head has the front rather coarsely
punctured above, very densely, finely granulate and closely hairy on the
cephalic half, the granulate portion strongly convex, a transverse impression
behind the epistoma, succeeded by a small median fovea; the pronotum
slightly longer than wide, rather coarsely and sparsely asperate in front,
usually coarsely not closely punctured behind; the elytral striae slightly
impressed, the sutural striae wide and deep, regularly widened behind, the
strial punctures moderate in size and closely placed; the discal interspaces
moderately convex, rather finely and uniseriately punctured; the declivital
armature of the male pini type, with the third tooth stouter than the second
and blunt in the female ; the male has the third tooth coarser and capitate,
and the front a little more coarsely granulate.

Host trees. — Sitka Spruce, Western White Pine.

Distribution. — Alaska and the Pacific Coast region of British Columbia.

Ips hunteri Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 31, 1917.

Very closely allied to I. interruptus Mannh. in size and sculpture, from
which it differs most noticeably by the regularly impressed elytral striae,
the feebly granulate first and second elytral interspaces, and the confused
punctures of the alternate interspaces on the elytra.

The front of the head is convex, opaque, densely granulate, with fine
and coarser granules intermixed, and closely hairy; the club with the first
two sutures bisinuate; the pronotum about as wide as long, narrowly
rounded in front, slightly wider at hind angles (this character variable);
rather finely and densely asperate in front, moderately, not closely punc-
tured behind, more closely and coarsely on the sides; the elytral striae
narrow, -regularly, distinctly impressed, the sutural striae deeper; the strial
punctures small and close; the interspaces finely, uniseriately punctured
in front, decidedly confused and feebly granulate near the declivity, the
punctures of interspaces 1 and 2 feebly granulate behind but hardly
so on the basal half; the declivity coarsely punctured, not closely, with
four spines, the third stout, capitate and acute in the male, more slender
and less distinctly capitate in the female.

Described from a series of about 180 specimens collected by Prof.
S J. Hunter, at Creede, Colo., 8,844 ft.

119

Ips dubius, n. sp.

This species agrees closely with tridens and engelmanni in the characters
of the pronotum and elytra, although the punctures are usually rather
smaller and the striae less impressed; the front of the head is entirely dis-
tinct, evenly convex and coarsely, sparsely granulate, the epistoma slightly,
transversely impressed, the median line smooth towards the vertex, less
roughened than the sides, and shining cephalad to the epistomal impression.
It is to be separated from interruptus by the same character and by the
sparser elytral punctures; in interruptus the front is usually very densely,
finely granulate, and the elytral punctures small and close. Ten specimens
were dissected, representing variations; all were males. The forms here
discussed as tridens, engelmanni and dubius are taken in the same sticks
and even together in the same tunnels. This may be due, as is indicated
elsewhere, to the wandering of the late-feeding young adults, or it mry be
that dubius is the male of engelmanni, or less probably of tridens. I. pilifrons
Sw. is closely allied to engelmanni, and has a somewhat similar frontal
structure; the form taken with pilifrons and described by the writer as
probably the male, differs from pilifrons exactly as dubius does from
engelmanni. Biologic studies must be depended upon to determine the
relations between these forms. For the sake of convenience dubius is
given a name; the other form may be referred to as pilifrons <? until its
status is settled.

Type. — A male; Rogers Pass, B.C.; Picea engelmanni; 28-IX-15;
J.M.S., 2254. Type No. 111.

Host trees. — Engelmann's Spruce, and possibly also White Spruce.

Distribution. — Known to us from the Selkirks and Rockies between
Glacier, B.C., and Banff, Alta.

Ips pilifrons Sw.; Can. Ent., 46: 353, 1912.

Abundantly distinct by the characters given in the key. The form
described as probably the male was taken with the type, but may be the'
male of another species; it differs only in having the front convex and
coarsely, densely granulate and moderately thickly clothed with long,
yellow hairs. Our specimens are mostly from the Cornell University
collection and are all from Colorado.

Ips tridens Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 357, 1852 (Bostrichus).

The length varies from 3 • 8 mm. to 4 • 8 mm. ; with the upper part of the
front convex, shining, coarsely and deeply but not densely punctured, with
a wide, minutely punctured, transverse impression between the eyes, the
region between this impression and the epistomal margin occupied by an
enormous, transverse, elevated, subacute, finely granulate, nearly glabrous
mass, concave behind, oblique, impressed along the middle line, flattened
and minutely pubescent in front; the pronotum with the sides moderately,
arcuately narrowed on the sides, rather strongly narrowed in front of the
middle and narrowly rounded in front; moderately, deeply punctured
behind; the elytral striae usually distinctly though variably impressed, with
the strial punctures round, of medium size and deep, the declivity of the
male pini type, but with the third tooth rather small and usually hardly
capitate. The race in the Selkirks and Rockies has the pronotum usually
rather coarsely and closely punctured behind. A series from the Yoho
Valley, B.C., has the frontal elevation of the same shape but somewhat
smaller. Leconte's type is probably a Mannerheim specimen.

Host trees.— Engelmann's Spruce, Sitka Spruce, and probably White
Spruce.

Distribution.— Alaska; Inverness, B.C.; the Selkirks and Rockies of
central British Columbia between Glacier, B.C., and Banff, Alta.

120

Ips englemanni Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 30, 1917.

This species agrees with tridens in all characters of the pronotum and
elytra; it differs only in the nature of the frontal tumulus, which is much
less elevated, with its cephalic face densely clothed with very long, incurved,
light yellow hairs. Ips pilifrons Sw. is entirely distinct from engelmanni in
its larger size, with the strial punctures very coarse, close and usually
quadrate, the frontal tumulus still less elevated, with its cephalic face more
oblique, longer, and clothed with extremely dense, short, orange to brownish
hairs, resembling the pile on velvet. Engelmanni has variations in punc-
tuation, depth of striae and in the stoutness of the third declivital tooth.
Ten specimens were dissected, representing all variations, but all were
females. The male is thus far unknown. This species is found in the
same sticks with tridens, and probably through the wandering of the autumn-
feeding adults, even in the same tunnels during the winter.

The egg-tunnels were not distinguished from those of tridens.

Host trees. — Picea engelmanni, and probably also P. canadensis.

Distribution. — Known to us from the Selkirks and Rockies of central
British Columbia and from Alberta.

Ips yohoensis Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 31, 1917.

A species with the pronotal and elytral characters of tridens Mannh.,
but distinct by the characters of the front. The front is very finely and
very densely granulate and finely pubescent on the cephalic half; slightly
but distinctly transversely elevated behind the epistoma, which is broadly
triangularly impressed medially, immediately in front of the elevation; the
epistomal margin and the median impression bearing long yellow hairs; the
elevation more evidently pubescent than the remainder of the granulate
part of the front, with a trace of a smooth median line. The punctuation
of the pronotum is usually coarse and close; the elytral striae are usually
deeply impressed and coarsely punctured with sparser interstrial punctures
nearly as large as those of the striae. The male has the front somewhat
more strongly granulate and the third declivital tooth usually somewhat
longer and more evidently capitate.

Variations in the size of the punctures are found and also in the depth
of the striae. The median line on the front is in some individuals smooth,
shining, sulcate from the epistomal impression to the vertex, and guarded
on each side by a small tubercle at the summit of the epistomal elevation.
A considerable number of our specimens have the front entirely or almost
entirely free from pubescence. They were taken from the same sticks as
the typical series and are probably abraded.

Host trees. — Picea engelmanni and probably P. canadensis.

Distribution. — Known to us only from the Yoho valley, British Colum-
bia.

PLATE 28.

Dendroctonus pseudotsugce Hopk.; Tunnels on the inner face of the bark of Douglas fir; one-half
natural size (Author's illustration).

PLATK No. 28.

121

The Genus Orthotomicus Ferrari.
Ferrari, Borkenkafer, 44, 1867.

Neotomicus Fuchs.

Fuchs, Morph. Stud. u. Borkenk., 38, 1911.
Key to the Species.

A The apical margin of the declivity acute, entire, and well defined; the 2nd
visible segment of abdomen much shorter than the 3rd and 4th together ;
the prosternal process elongate and very acute; larger and moderately
stout species, the length usually over 2-5 mm.

B The elytral strise rather strongly impressed; the strial punctures rather
coarse and very close; the interstrial punctures deep and uniseriate,
nearly as large and numerous as those of the strise on the caudal half
of the disc, making the interspaces rough; the face of the declivity
coarsely punctured. caelatus Eichh. Page 121.

BB The elytral striae feebly impressed.

C The strial punctures coarse and not very close, the interstrial punc-
tures nearly as large and close as those of the strise.

punctipennis Lee. Page 122.

CC The strial punctures rather small and only moderately close; the
interstrial punctures very small on the disc, becoming more
numerous and nearly as large as those of the strise near the
declivital margin; the discal interspaces rather smooth and
shining; the declivital face finely punctured.

vicinus Lee. Page 122.

AA The apical margin of the declivity rather ill-defined towards the suture
and very narrowly separated from the elytral apical margin; the 2nd
visible segment of the abdomen as long as the 3rd and 4th together;
small species, slender, usually less than 2-5 mm. in length.
B The front densely granulate; the pronotum elongate, with the sides
parallel far beyond • the middle and finely punctured behind ; the
elytra finely regularly striate, the strial punctures very close and
moderate in size, the interstrial punctures small, larger and granulate
towards the declivity; the declivity decidedly concave, strongly
punctured, coarsely toothed, the 2nd and 3rd teeth very coarse in
the male. ornatus Sw. Page 122.

BB The front coarsely punctured; the pronotum arcuate on the sides,
rather coarsely, densely punctured behind; the elytra not striate, the
strial and interstrial punctures very small and not close, the inter-
strial nearly as numerous and as large as the strial and hardly larger
or granulate behind; the declivity broadly sulcate, very feebly
punctured, feebly toothed, very feebly in the female.

lasiocarpi Sw. Page 123.

Orthotomicus caelatus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., 402, 1867 (Tomicus);
Rat. Tom. 274, 370, 1878; Zimmerman, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2:
146, 1868 (Xyleborus) : xylographus Fitch, Nox. Ins. N.Y., 4th Kept.
716, 1858 (Tomicus).

Length, 2-3 mm. to 3 -4 mm., usually about 3 mm. The declivity
of the male is distinctly concave, with three teeth on each side, the
2nd and 3rd coarse, slightly within the margin; that of the female is
less concave, less distinctly margined, with the teeth smaller, (PI. 13,
fig, 3).

122

Host trees. — Eastern Spruces and Pines, Eastern Larch.
Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.
Usually an important secondary enemy, working in the thicker
bark at the base of the trunk.

Orthotomicus decretus Eichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 402, 1867 (Tomicus), is stated
by Eichhoff to be distinct from caelatus. It is apparently not represented in
our collections. Eichhoff says, Rat. Tom., 272, 1878:—

" Leconte has united this insect (Syn. Scol. p. 177) with T. caelatus. The
tubercles of the posterior declivity, however, are arranged in one straight line,
so that, looking from above and in front, they are seen to be placed on the
continuation of the first interspace, and not on the second interspace as in
caelatus. The depth of the excavation in the female is, just as in the other
species, subplanate, the second and third teeth not near the circumference but
situated nearly midway between the margin and the suture."

Orthotomicus vicinus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 5: 72, 1874 (Xyleborus).

Under this name there are four specimens in the Leconte collection
labelled " 985," " B. Col." The same species is represented in our collection
by long series from northern Alberta and Manitoba, and also by one specimen
from Colorado. It has been submerged under caelatus Eichh. The prono-
tum is rather finely and not very densely, punctured behind; the elytral
striae only faintly impressed and less well defined, the elytral punctures
usually small, and less numerous than in caelatus,' the interspaces flat; the
declivity sparsely finely punctured and shining; the male declivity with the
2nd and 3rd teeth usually distinctly farther from the margin than in caelatus;
the female declivity more strongly convex on the sides, with the 2nd and
3rd teeth distinctly nearer the suture than in caelatus, the 2nd tooth closer
to the suture than to the margin.

This species is doubtfully distinct from caelatus Eichh. The great
majority of our specimens from the region west of the Great Lakes are
distinctly of the vicinus type, while the eastern specimens are almost invari-
ably of the true caelatus type. The true caelatus is also represented from
Alaska.

Host trees. — Spruce, Larch.

Distribution. — Manitoba to the Rocky mountains in Canada; de-
scribed from British Columbia, but not represented from there in our
collection; Colorado.

Orthotomicus punctipennis Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 17: 624, 666, 1878
(Xyleborus)', Eichhoff and Schwarz, U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc., 18: 609, 610,
1896 (Pityogenes).

The length, 2 • 5 mm. ; known to me only from the description and the
type. .The front of the head is entirely retracted in the type. The declivity
is much as in the female of Pityokteines sparsus (balsameus), but more acutely
margined and more densely, coarsely punctured. The antennal club is
slightly longer than wide, rather thick at the base, and truncate distally
as in caelatus Eichh.

Orthotomicus ornatus Sw. Can. Ent. 48: 185, 1916.

The length, 2-3 mm., decidedly slender; allied to the typical Ortho-
tomicus in the normal front of the female, and in the fairly distinct and
complete apical margin of the declivity, but rather closely to the typical
Pityokteines in the small size, the long second abdominal sternite and the
characters of the antennal club.

Host trees. — Western Yellow Pine, Jeffrey's Pine.

Distribution. — Williams, Arizona; Whitman, Oregon; Tulare county,
California; possibly extending northward into British Columbia.

123

Orthotomicus lasiocarpi Sw. Can. Ent. 48: 183, 1916.

The length, 2 mm.; slender. This species is allied to the typical
Pityokteines in the small size, the long second abdominal sternite and
the characters of the male genitalia; but is definitely related to the typical
Orthotomicus in the distinctly, though very obtusely, margined apex of the
declivity and the normal front of the female. The antennal club approaches
the condition found in Pityogenes; it is flattened, with the upper face obliquely
truncate on the distal half, the sutures visible only on the distal half and
slightly procurved, the outer segments showing distinctly from below.

Host tree. — Alpine Fir.

Distribution. — Rogers Pass, British Columbia. Taken in recently
felled trees with the foliage still green.

The Genus Pityokteines Fuchs.

Fuchs, Morph. Stud. u. Borkenk., 37, 1911.

Key to the Species.

A Moderately stout species, with the pronotum very little longer than wide
and rather sparsely punctured behind; the interspaces of the elytra
rather sparsely punctured on the disc, the declivital teeth moderate in
the females and very coarse in the males (PL 15, figs. 5, 6.
B The elytral striae hardly at all impressed, except the sutural striae, and
the strial punctures not very closely placed; the interstrial punctures
of the disc as large as those of the striae (PL 16, fig. 3).

sparsus Lee. (balsameus Lee.). Page 123.

BB The elytral striae finely, regularly impressed on the disc; the strial

punctures very closely placed; the interstrial punctures smaller than

those of the striae. elegans Sw. Page 124.

AA Slender species, with the pronotum decidedly longer than wide, and rather

closely punctured behind, the interspaces of the elytra rather closely

punctured on the disc, the declivital teeth small in the males and minute

in the females.

B The elytra elongate, with the interstrial punctures much smaller than

* those of the striae; the female declivity rounded behind as viewed

from above, sulcate along the suture, densely deeply punctured, the

teeth almost obsolete, represented by extremely minute granules;

the male declivity moderately concave, with distinct but poorly

developed teeth. minutus Sw. Page 124.

BB The elytra with the strial punctures nearly as large as those of the

striae; the declivity broadly rounded behind; the teeth of the female

declivity very small but distinct, the male declivity concave, with

the 2nd and 3rd teeth rather strongly developed and recurved.

jasperi Sw. Page 124.

Pityokteines sparsus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 160, 1868 (Xyleborus);
balsameus Lee., Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17: 625, 1878 (Tomicus).

Length, 2 • 3 mm. The female has the front of the head flattened, finely
carinate, densely punctured and both this area the apical margin of the pro-
notum densely clothed with very long, incurved yellow hairs, and the elytral
declivity deeply sulcate, with three small teeth on each side. The male
has the front plano-convex, rather closely granulate-punctate, carinate,
lacking the long hairs of the front and apical pronotal margin; with the
teeth of the concave declivity much larger, the 2nd pair largest and in-
curved (PL 15, figs. 5, 6).

124

Host trees. — Balsam Fir, Eastern Larch.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States, probably
throughout the range of the eastern balsam.

An important primary enemy of balsam fir.

Pityokteines elegans Sw.; Can. Ent., 48: 182, 1916.

Length, 2-5 mm. This species is known to us only from Hood river,
Oregon, and Hayfork, Cal., but possibly extends into British Columbia.
It probably breeds in one of the western balsams, with habits similar to
those of sparsus Lee., to which it is closely allied.

Pityokteines minutus Sw.; Can. Ent., 44: 352, 1912 (Dryoccetes) .

Length, 1 • 7 mm. to 2 • 3 mm. This species was described from the female ;
owing to the almost complete absence of even granules on the type it was
placed erroneously in the genus Dryocoetes. The type is from Colorado;
the host tree unknown.

Pityokteines jasperi Sw.; Can. Ent., 48: 181, 1916.

Length, 2-3 mm.; very slender; the female with the front plano-convex,
densely finely granulate and densely hairy as in minutus; the front of the
male plano-convex, densely, deeply granulate-punctate and sparsely hairy.
The elytra are slightly but constantly shorter than the type of minutus Sw.
Recent collections indicate that jasperi is only doubtfully distinct from
minutus.

Host trees. — Mountain Balsam (Alberta); Douglas Fir (Oregon).

Distribution. — Jasper Park, Alberta; probably extending southward in
the Canadian Rockies; Oregon.

The Genus Anisandrus Ferrari.
Ferrari, Borkenkafer, 24, 1867.

Key to the Canadian Species.

A The body stout, cylindric, with the hind wings well developed. The
pronotum asperate in front, nearly smooth behind; the 2nd and 3rd
interspaces of the declivity without teeth. Females (PL 11, fig. 2).
B The elytra with the sides strongly angled behind as viewed frofh above,

and the apex subacute (PL 18, fig. 16).

C The declivital ridge of the 7th interspace with a few elongate teeth

intermixed with granules; a much larger species, length, 3-3 mm.

to 3-7 mm. (PL 18, fig. 16). obesus Lee. Page 125.

CC The declivital ridge with granules only; the form more slender, a

smaller species; length, 3 mm. to 3-2 mm.

. populi Sw. Page 126.

BB The elytra with the sides behind and the caudal margin evenly arcuate.
C A larger species; length, 3 mm. to 3-25 mm.; the pronotum as long
as wide; the strial punctures of the elytra closely placed, the
distance between the punctures equal to or less than their dia-
meter (PL 11, fig. 2). pyri Peck. Page 125.

PLATE 29.

Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee., The Western Pine Bark-beetle; pitch-tubes on the bark surface of
an infested western yellow pine; near Princeton, B.C. (Author's illustration).

PI.ATK No. *<).

125

CC Length, 2-35 mm. to 2-5 mm.; the pronotum slightly wider than
long as viewed from above; the punctures of the elytral strise
more widely spaced, the distance between the punctures usually
greater than their diameter, (PI. 18, fig. 14).

minor Sw. Page 125.

A A The body much smaller, depressed and curved into the arc of a circle; very
strongly convex; oval in outline from above; the wings f unctionless ;
the pronotum smooth behind; the declivity without teeth. Males
(PL 11, fig. 1).

B The pronotum without asperities, at most with minute granules.

C Usually distinctly larger, stouter; the interstrial punctures of the
elytra small; with fine punctures on the front of the head.

obesus Lee. Page 125.

CC Usually distinctly smaller and more slender; length, 1-6 mm.; the
interstrial punctures of the elytra nearly as coarse as those of
the strise; with coarse, sparse punctures on the front of the head.

populi Sw. Page 126.

BB The pronotum with the cephalic half asperate or distinctly coarsely
granulate.

C The pronotum narrowed in front, rather closely asperate; the disc
of pronotum and elytra nearly glabrous, pyri Peck. Page 125.

CC The pronotum subcircular, coarsely granulate in front; the disc of
pronotum and elytra hairy; very much smaller.

minor Sw. Page 125.

Anisandrus obesus Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 159, 1868 (Xyleborus) ;
serratus Sw., Can. Ent., 42: 162, 1911.

Female. — Length, 3-3 mm. to 3-7 mm., stout, black when mature,
sparsely clothed with long slender, gray hairs; allied to pyri but distinctly
stouter, with the acute ridge of the seventh decli vital interspace sparsely,
strongly serrate. Male: length, 1-65 mm. to 1-75 mm; dark brown
when mature, smaller and more fragile than the male of dispar (PI. 18,
fig. 16).

Host trees. — Birches, Oaks, Maples, Beech.

Distribution. — Southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Eastern United
States.

Anisandrus pyri Peck; Mass. Agric. Jour., 4: 205-7, 1817 (Scolytus).

Length, female, 3 mm. to 3-25 mm.; male, 2 mm. to 2-2 mm. Doubt-
fully distinct from the European dispar Fabr. There appears to be no
satisfactory specific difference between our Canadian species and the short
series of both sexes of dispar from Europe in our collection (PI. 18, fig. 13).

Host tree. — Apple.

Distribution. — Nova Scotia, southern Ontario, Eastern United States.

Anisandrus minor Sw. Can. Ent., 44: 164, 1910.

The female, length, 2-25 mm. to 2-5 mm.; the male, length, 1 mm. to
1 • 2 mm. An examination of the type of obesus Lee. confirms Hopkins'
statement that minor is a distinct species.

Host trees. — Maples, Beech.

Distribution. — Southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Eastern United
States. In dying trees.

126

Anisandrus populi Sw. Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14: 22, 1917.
Host trees. — Poplars.

Distribution. — Ste. Anne de Bellevue; Chelsea, Que.; probably well
distributed through southern Quebec and southern Ontario. Abundant
locally in unthrifty and dying trees, with T. retusus Lee. (PL 18, fig. 15.)

The Genus Xyleborus Eichhoff.

Eichhoff, Berl. Ent. Zeit., p. 37, 45, 46, 1864.

Key to the Species, based on Females.

A The scutellum indistinct, oblique, carinate, and depressed (Xyleborinus
Reitter). The apex of the elytra very broadly rounded, with a pro-
minent acute marginal granule on each side the apex, at the end of the
3rd interspace; the elytra strongly narrowed on the caudal half, rather
closely serrate on the 1st and 3rd interspaces, with about six well-
developed acute points on each, the 2nd interspace slightly impressed;
the declivity subopaque. saxesceni Ratz. Page 127.

AA The scutellum distinct, horizontal, smooth, not depressed. The apex of
the elytra rather narrowly rounded, without a distinct marginal granule
at the end of the 3rd interspace; the sides parallel beyond the middle
of the elytra, only moderately narrowed behind, the declivital granules
sparser, usually three or four on the declivital face.
B Declivity of the elytra with the 1st interspace granulate or finely

tuberculat.e.
C Elytral declivity flattened.

D Rather elongate; the pronotum decidedly longer than wide; the
elytra evidently narrowed behind with the apical margin
rather narrowly rounded; the flattened area of the declivital
face narrower, hardly including the 4th interspace, the
declivity usually strongly opaque.

The Harris metatype of xylographus Say. Page 127.

DD Moderately stout; the pronotum slightly longer than wide; the

elytra only very faintly narrowed just before the declivity,

the apical margin broadly rounded; the flattened area of the

declivity wider, including the 4th interspace; the declivity

semi-opaque. canadensis Sw.* Page 127.

CC Elytral declivity evidently convex as seen from above, shining;

strial punctures of the declivity very coarse and shallow; the 1st

and 3rd interspaces with about four very small, widely separated

granules; the pronotum roughly punctured behind; the elytral

striae strongly impressed and the interspaces convex.

pubescens Zimm. Page 128.
BB Declivity of the elytra with the first interspace unarmed except at the

summit.

C Declivity with the 2nd interspace bearing two large subequal teeth,
the four at the angles of a square; the 3rd unarmed; the 4th
and outer interspaces with acute granulations; the declivity flat,
obliquely truncate, with the margin acute and serrate on the
sides below; size much larger, 4 mm.-4-5 mm.
celsus Eichh. Page 128.

* propinquus Eichh. has the pronotum lightly punctured behind, the elytral striae faintly impressed
and the declivity subopaque. Not known from Canada.

127

CC Declivity with the 3rd interspace tuberculate, 2nd unarmed except
at top of declivity, length less than 4 mm.

D Punctures of pronotum rather sparse, variable in size, mostly
fine; declivity with one well developed, acute spine near
middle of 3rd interspace, with a second nearly or quite obsolete
below, the 2nd interspace nearly flat.

fuscatus Eichh. Page 128.

DD Punctures of pronotum close, variable in size, rather coarser
than fuscatus; declivity with three acute spines on 3rd inter-
space, the 2nd largest, the 1st well developed, and the 3rd
smaller to nearly obsolete; the 2nd interspace sulcate.

impressus Eichh. Page 128.

Xyleborus saxesceni Ratz.; Forstins. 1: 167, 1837 (Bostrichus).

Length, 2-5 mm., slender.

A species that is apparently identical in every way with our European
specimens of saxesceni Ratz. is represented in our collection from New York
State, Michigan and Indiana. It is not known to occur in Canada. (Xyle-
borinus Reitter).

X. Arbuti Hopk. is distinguished from saxesceni by the shining declivity,
the length 2-4 mm., striae 1 and 2 impressed, punctures distinct, declivity
subconvex, shining, interspaces 1 and 2 elevated. Walker, Cal., in Arbutus
menziesii. This species may occur in the same host in British Columbia.

Xyleborus xylographus Say.; Acad. Nat. Phil., Jour 5: 256; ed, Sec. 2: 318.

So far as we can learn the type is not in existence and has apparently
not been seen since the time of Dr. Harris. There is a single metatype in
the Harris collection at Boston, labelled, " 744, N.C.", "Tomicus xylo-
graphus Say 744, teste Say." This specimen should apparently be accepted
as fixing the species.

Length, 2-7 mm., rather slender, the pronotum rather strongly and
closely punctured behind, the punctures of varying size, the elytral striae
slightly impressed, strial punctures moderate, interstrial punctures smaller,
uniseriate, punctures distinct on the sides; declivity flattened, decidedly
opaque, the suture wide and slightly elevated, with about three widely
separated, small acute granules, the 2nd interspace flat, hardly impressed,
with small granules above the face of the declivity; the 3rd interspace
slightly elevated and granulate as upon the first. Would fall under " inermis
Eichh." in Hopkins' key to Xyleborus.

Host trees. — Probably various hard wood species.

Distribution. — New York state from Buffalo to New York City; New
Jersey; Wisconsin; Washington, D.C.; North Carolina; Virginia and
Missouri. Not known to occur in Canada.

Xyleborus inermis Eichh. is very closely allied to and possibly identical
with xylographus Say. The lateral interspaces of inermis are described by
Eichhoff as " sparsely, lightly punctured."

Xyleborus affinis Eichh. has the pronotum very lightly and sparsely punc-
tured behind, and is apparently distinct thereby. I have not recognized either
inermis or affinis from Canada or the Northern States.

Xyleborus canadensis Sw.; Dom. Ent. Br., Dept. Agric., Bull. 14, 24, 1917.

Length, 2-6 mm.; moderately stout, differs from xylographus chiefly
in the distinctly stouter form, the sides of the elytra parallel far beyond
the middle, hardly narrowed before the declivity, rather broadly rounded

128

behind, broadly flattened on the declivity, the striae only very faintly
impressed.

Host tree. — Oak stump, speties not determined.

Distribution. — Isle Perrot, Que., 29-VIII-1910. Apparently very rare.

Xyleborus pubescens Zimm.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 145, 1868.

Length, 2-7 mm., slender; the pronotum strongly punctured behind,
the elytral striae distinctly impressed; the declivity moderately convex,
shining, the striae impressed, the strial punctures very coarse, shallow, and
not very regular, the 1st and 3rd interspaces slightly elevated and armed
each with three or four rather coarse, acute granules.

Described from material compared with the type of pubescens Zimm.
in the Leconte collection. Allied to but distinct from inermis Eichh.

This species agrees closely with EichhofTs description of his pini, and
probably pini Eichh. (1867) should be used instead of pubescens Zimm.
(1868).

Distribution. — Represented in our collection from Virginia, Florida,
and Alabama. It will probably not occur in Canada.

Xyleborus celsus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., p. 400, 1867.

Length, 4 mm. to 4-5 mm.; a large and very distinct species. Breeds
in hickories in the Eastern and Southern States; it may occur in southern
Canada but has not been recorded.

Xyleborus fuscatus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., p. 400, 1867.

Length, 3-2 mm., female; 2-1 mm., male. Occurs in the Southern
United States, north to New Jersey; recorded from oak and other hard-
woods; not known from Canada.

Xyleborus impressus Eichh.; Berl. Ent. Zeit., p. 400, 1867.

Length, 2-7 mm., female. Occurs in the Southern United States,
north to Massachusetts; not known from Canada.

The Genus Xylocleptes Ferrari.
Ferrari, Borkenkafer, 37, 1867.

Several species occur in the United States, chiefly in the south and west,
usually in Cucurbita. None recorded from Canada.

The Genus Dryocoetes Eichhpff.

Eichhoff, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 38, 1864.

Key to the Canadian Species.

A The sutural striae strongly impressed on the disc and declivity, very small
species, not much exceeding 2 mm. in length; the strial punctures of the
elytra much larger than those of the interspaces.

PLATE 30.

Dendroctonus monticolce Hopk.; tunnels on the inner face of the bark; from a Western Yellow
pine killed by the beetles; about four-fifths natural size (Author's illustration).

1, Egg-tunnels.

2, Larval-mines.

3, 3a, Egg-tunnels of Ips integer Eichh.

tM.ATK No. SO,

129

B The declivity flat, with the 2nd striae also distinctly impressed; the
form moderately stout, 2-5 times as long as wide, the pronotum as
wide as long and strongly convex. British Columbia.

sechelti Sw. Page 130.

BB The declivity convex, the 2nd striae there hardly impressed; the strial
punctures on the declivity as coarse as on the disc; the form more
elongate; the pronotum longer than wide. Pennsylvania.

granicollis Lee. Page 130.

AA The sutural striae not very widely and deeply impressed on either disc or

declivity; larger species, usually well over 2 mm. long.
B The ventral surface with coarse, round, shallow punctures ; the pronotum
widest usually at or near the middle, the interstrial punctures of the
elytra much smaller and sparser than those of the striae; the antennal
club with the basal corneous part usually evidently wider than long,
the pubescent apical surface projecting beyond the distal margin of
the basal corneous part.

C The female with the front only sparsely hairy; the pronotum with
the punctures more or less obscured by the asperities on the
frontal half, but distinct from the base to considerably beyond
the middle, variably but distinctly punctured, and finely granulate
to moderately asperate on the sides behind; the declivity convex
or rather strongly flattened.

D The declivity evidently flattened, with the 2nd interspace
impressed; the odd interspaces of the elytral disc wider and
confusedly punctured from the top of the declivity usually
to the base, with the strial punctures usually rather small ; the
pronotum with punctures of varying size, large, usually as
wide as the elytra, with the sides frequently nearly parallel
on the median third, broadly rounded on the front margin
(PL 11, fig. 4). pseudotsugae Sw. Page 130.

DD The declivity convex (rarely slightly flattened in septentrionis) ;
the elytral interspaces rather regularly and uniseriately punc-
tured (frequently somewhat confused near the declivity in
septentrionis) .

E The pronotum large, usually as wide as the elytra, sides
usually subparallel on the median third, feebly rounded
behind, a little more strongly in front and broadly rounded
on the front margin; the strial punctures of the elytra
usually coarse, the striae evidently impressed on the disc
and declivity, and as wide as the rather narrow interspaces,
length usually less than 4 mm. Eastern America.

americanus Hopk. Page 131.

EE The pronotum apparently rather small, usually narrower
than the elytra, very strongly arcuate on the sides, strongly
narrowed behind, more strongly in front, narrowly rounded
on the front margin; the strial punctures of the elytra
usually rather small, the striae faintly impressed, the inter-
spaces wide, the length usually more than 4 mm.
Northern Alberta to Alaska.

septentrionis Mannh. Page 131.

CC The females with the front densely pubescent with long reddish-
yellow hairs; the pronotum with the punctures on the frontal half
almost entirely obscured by the asperities, and considerably
obscured by the strongly developed asperities on the sides; the
36198—9

130

declivity strongly flattened, with the first two striae impressed
(PL 11, fig. 5). betulaeHopk. Page 131.

BB The ventral surface finely punctate; the pronotum widest well behind
the middle and much more strongly narrowed in front than behind;
the interstrial punctures of the elytra at least nearly as coarse and
numerous as those of the striae; the antennal club with the basal
corneous part as long as or longer than wide, with the apical pubescent
surface only slightly convex, and hardly projecting beyond the distal
margin of the basal part.

C The elytral interspaces confusedly punctured on the disc and sides;
the frontal hairs of the female straight, rather short, and forming
an extremely dense brush almost completely hiding the surface;
the interstrial punctures evidently smaller than those of the striae,
particularly on the sides; the size large, length about 4 mm.

confusus Sw. Page 131.

CC The elytral interspaces rather regularly uniseriately punctured; the
interstrial punctures practically as large and numerous as those
of the striae on the disc and sides; the front of the female very
closely hairy, but with the hairs long and rather uneven, not in a
dense brush, and not concealing the surface at the middle line;
length, 3 • 2 mm. or less.

D The punctures on the declivity as coarse in both sexes as those
on the disc. pubescens Sw. Page 132.

DD The punctures of the declivital striae and interspaces much
smaller and sparser in the male, and in both sexes distinctly
smaller than those of the disc (PL 11, fig. 3).

affaber Mannh. Page 132.

The eastern race has a slightly smaller average size; from
Manitoba eastward to the Atlantic coast.

picese Hopk.

Dryocoetes sechelti Sw.; Can. Ent., 47: 358, 1915.

It is known to us only by a series sent from Sechelt, B.C., by the late
Tom Wilson.

Dryocoetes granicollis Lee.; Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 2: 162, 1868 (Xyleborus).
It is known to us only by the specimens in the Leconte collection.

Dryocoetes pseudotsugae Sw.; Can. Ent.; 47: 360, 1915.

The length varies from 3-5 mm. to 4-9 mm., with very few less than
4 mm. The pronotal punctures and asperities are small and dense; the
strial punctures of the elytra usually small; the declivity is sometimes less
flattened than usual, and the discal interspaces rarely with the punctures
confused at the base and towards the declivity only; such variations could
easily be mistaken for septentrionis. The male has the front very wide,
strongly granulate, with a broad, shining, transverse impression; the front
of the female is moderately wide, less shining, the declivity less strongly
flattened; the front in both sexes is clothed with rather abundant long
hairs (PL 11, fig. 4).

Host trees. — Douglas Fir. It may occur also in Balsam and Spruce.

Distribution. — Very abundant in the coast region of British Columbia,
probably throughout the range of its host tree in that province, southward
to Oregon.

131

Dryocoetes americanus Hopk.; U.S. Dept. of Agric., Office of Secy., Kept.
No. 99, p. 51, 1915; previous literature under autographus Ratz.

Length, 3 mm. to 4 mm. Doubtfully distinct from autographus Ratz.
of Europe. Several rather distinct variations could be described. The
so-called species of this section of the genus are little more than well marked
varieties.

Host trees. — White Spruce, Engelmann's Spruce, White Pine, Larch,
and probably all Spruces and Pines within its range.

Distribution. — Eastern North America, west into the Rocky Mountain
region.

Dryocoetes septentrionis Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 298, 1843 (Bostrichus) ;
semicastaneus Mannh., Bull. Mosc., 358, 1852 (Bostrichus).

Length, 3-5 mm. to 4-7 mm., usually over 4 mm. Very closely allied
to americanus, with which it appears to intergrade, particularly in the
Rockies and Northern Alberta; usually distinguished by the smaller prono-
tum with the sides strongly arcuate, strongly narrowed in front and behind,
more strongly in front, and narrowly rounded on the front margin, and by
the wide elytral interspaces. The male has the front very wide; the declivity
often somewhat flattened and frequently obscurely granulate.

Host trees. — Sitka Spruce, Engelmann's Spruce, White Spruce.

Distribution. — Alaska and the northern coast of British Columbia,
eastwards throughout northern Alberta into the eastern spruce forests of
Northern Canada; less common in southern British Columbia.

Dryocoetes betulaB Hopk.; U.S. Dept. of Agric., Office of Secy., Rept. 99, p. 50,
Redescribed, 1915; eichhoffi Hopk., Can. Ent. 26: 279, (name preoccupied).

The female has the front plano-convex, densely granulate-punctate,
rather densely clothed with long, erect, yellow hairs, longer about the mar-
gin, with a rather distinct median smooth space; the male has the front
sparsely granulate-punctate and sparsely clothed with long, erect, yellow
hairs, the beak very wide and transversely impressed, with the median line
subcarinate. Length, 2-5 mm. to 4-5 mm. (PL 11, fig. 5).

Host trees. — Birches, probably all Canadian species.

Distribution. — Our largest collections are from Newfoundland, Quebec,
Ontario, and British Columbia. Hopkins and Felt record it from various
places in the Eastern States. Throughout Canada and probably throughout
the northern United States.

Dryocoetes liquidambaris Hopk.; U.S. Dept. of Agric., Office of Secy., Rept.
99, 51, 1915.

Closely allied to betulce; distinguished by Hopkins as follows:—

" Pronotal punctures limited to median dorsal area. Grant county,
West Virginia, in Betula sp. betula3 Hopk.

" Pronotal punctures not limited to median dorsal area. Virginia
Beach, Va., in Liquidambar styraciftua." liquidambaris Hopk.

Host tree. — Liquidambar styraciflua.

Distribution. — Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.A.

The species is unknown to us. The host plant is not indigenous to
Canada, but the beetle may possibly be found in Hamamelis.

Dryocoetes confusus Sw.; Can. Ent., 146: 351, 1912; abietis Hopk, U.S. Dept.
Agric., Office of Sec., Rept. 99, p. 52, 1915.

Length, 3-4 mm. to 4-2 mm., clothed with erect reddish hairs. The
female has the front entirely covered by a circular, very dense brush of
short, reddish-yellow hairs, longer about the margin; the declivity has the
36198— 9J

132

first two striae strongly inpressed, the strial punctures very small, the
1st interspace convex, the 2nd less prominent and flattened apically, the
outer part of the declivity strongly convex, the interspaces shining, rather
coarsely granulate and setose-punctate uniseriately. The male has the
front somewhat wider than the female, plano-convex, densely, coarsely,
roughly punctured, with a shallow, transverse, postepistomal impression
and a faint median carina in front and behind, sparsely clothed with long
hairs; the declivity more polished, the punctures minute and the granules
small and sparse on the first two interspaces.

Described from Colorado, and since found to be very abundant in
the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks; the Canadian series presents variations
but is probably not distinct. Hopkins' abietis, described from Abies of
Montana, is apparently the same species.

Host trees. — Alpine Fir, Eastern Balsam Fir.

Distribution. — Colorado; Montana (abietis Hopk.) ; Rockies and Selkirks
of British Columbia, and in northern Alberta.

Attacks and kills healthy balsam in eastern British Columbia and
northern Alberta.

Dryocoetes pubescens Sw.; Can. Ent., 44: 350, 1912.

Closely allied to affaber Mannh., from which it is doubtfully distinct
in the more slender form and densely, coarsely punctured declivity. It will
probably prove to be only a well marked race of affaber.

Distribution. — Colorado; habits unknown.

Dryocoetes affaber Mannh.; Bull. Mosc., 359, 1852 (Bostrichus) .

The species of this section of Dryocoetes are very closely allied. D.
picece Hopk. was separated from affaber through its smaller average size,
2-3 mm. to 2-75 mm., and its eastern distribution. Our specimens from
the Maritime Provinces and Quebec are constantly small, less than 2-75
mm. in length, and rather more coarsely punctured than the western
specimens; our specimens from Manitoba are very faintly larger, a long
series from Edmonton ranging between 2-5 mm. and 3 mm. in length;
seventy-five specimens from south central British Columbia vary between
2 • 6 mm. and 3 • 1 mm. ; over two hundred from northern Alberta range
between 2-3 mm. and 3-2 mm., with many 2-8 mm., and our typical
affaber from the northern coast of British Columbia varies between 2-5
and 3 • 2 mm. with an average of nearly 3 mm. Our collection indicates a
gradual increase in size towards the north and west but presents no definite
specific distinction between the typical affaber and our eastern race which
is apparently picece Hopk., left in this paper as doubtfully distinct. (PI. 11,
fig. 3).

Host trees. — Sitka Spruce, all spruces and probably all pines within
its range.

Distribution. — Alaska, throughout British Columbia and western and
northern Alberta, eastward through the northern spruce forests; recorded
by Hopkins through the Western United States south to Mexico.

PLATE 31.

Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee., The Western Pine Bark-beetle; egg-tunnels on the wood surface
of Western Yellow Pine; near Princeton, B.C. (Author's illustration).

IM.ATK No. 31.

133

Dryocoetes caryi Hopk.; U.S. Dept. of Agric., Office of Sec'y, Kept. No. 99,
50, 1915.

" Pronotum with sides nearly straight, and basal angles not rounded."

" Pronotum with posterior area distinctly punctured; antennal club
with one faint recurved suture on anterior face and two faint recurved
sutures on posterior face." " Length, male type, 2-15 mm.; body oblong,
ellipitical, ferruginous; pronotal rugosities fine, densely placed, and changing
to rugose punctures to base; front flat, shining, distinctly and evenly
punctured, with a few long hairs toward the sides, and with faint median
line; declivity steep, subconvex, interspace 1 elevated, 2 and 3 flat, striae
with coarse punctures. Camp Caribou, Maine, in Picea sp., May 25,
1900; Austin Cary, collector; Hopk. U.S. No. 332c. Type, Cat. No. 7629,
U.S. National Museum."

Female. — "Front flattened, slightly more pubescent than in the male;
declivity more opaque and interspace 1 not so strongly elevated."

This species is unknown to us. Since it occurs in Maine it will probably
be found in Eastern Canada.

Host tree. — Spruce.

Distribution. — Camp Caribou, Maine.

The Genus Lymantor Lovendal.
Ent. Medd., vol. 2, p. 161, 1889.

Lymantor decipiens Lee.; Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., 17: 624 (Xylocleptes) , 1878.

Length, 1 • 8 mm. ; the front punctured, with a transverse postepistomal
impression; the pronotum longer than wide, feebly asperate in front, rather
coarsely and deeply punctured behind; the elytra coarsely and deeply, not
very closely punctured, not striate, the punctures rather irregular, the
rows hardly evident. There is sometimes a fairly distinct fifth segment
in the funicle.

Host trees. — Hicoria, Pyrus, Acer (literature). Taken by the writer
only in dead and dry maple limbs. The egg-tunnels and larval mines are
entirely in the outer wood, sometimes below the surface; both adults and
larvae find an important food in certain black wood fungi, which are always
abundant in the limbs they frequent.

Distribution. — Eastern Canada and Eastern United States.

134

LIST OF CONIFEROUS HOST TREES.

Balsam, Eastern (see Fir, Balsam).
Balsam, Mountain (see Fir, Alpine).
Balsam, Lowland (see Fir, Grand).

fCedar, Incense. Libocedrus decurrens Torrey.
Cedar, Port Orford (Lawson's Cypress). Cha
Cedar, Western Red (Red Cedar). Thuja plicata Don.

fCedar, Port Orford (Lawson's Cypress). Chamcecyparis Lawsoniana (Murr) (Parlatore).

Fir, Douglas (Douglas Spruce). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir) Britt. (P. mucronata (Raz.) Sud-

worth) .

Fir, Balsam (Eastern Balsam). Abies balsamea (Linn.) Miller.

Fir, Alpine (Mountain Balsam, White Fir, Balsam Fir) . Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nuttall,
Fir, Grand (Lowland Balsam, White Fir). Abies gtandis Lindley.

Hackmatack (see Larch).

Hemlock, Mountain (Black Hemlock). Tsuga mertensiana (Bong) Sargent.

Hemlock, Western. Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent.

Hemlock, Eastern. Tsuga canadensis Engelm.

Larch, Eastern (Tamarack, Hackmatack). Larix americana Michx.
Larch, Western. Larix occidentalis Nuttall.

Pine, White. Pinus strobus L.

Pine, Western White (Silver Pine). Pinus monticola Dougl.
fPine, Sugar. Pinus lambertiana Dougl.

Pine, Western Yellow (Bull Pine). Pinus ponder osa Lawson.
fPine, Jeffrey. Pinus jeffreyi " Oreg. com."

Pine, Lodgepole (Shore Pine, Black Pine, Jack Pine). Pinus conlorta Loudon, (Murrayana).
fPine, Monterey. Pinus radiata Don.

Pine, Red (Norway Pine). Pinus resinosa Ait.

Pine, Jack (Labrador Pine, Gray Pine). Pinus banksiana Lamb. (Pinus divaricata D. Mont.)
fPine, Scrub (Jersey Pine). Pinus virginiana Mill. (Pinus inops Ait.)
fPine, Southern Yellow. Pinus taeda Linn.

Spruce, Sitka (Tideland Spruce). Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Trautvetter and Mayer.
fSpruce, Big Cone. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayer.
Spruce, Engelmann's. Picea engelmanni Engelmann.
Spruce, Red. Picea rubens Sarg.
Spruce, White. Picea canadensis (Mill) B., S., and P.
Spruce, Black. Picea mariana (Mill) B., S., and P.

Tamarack (see Larch).

GLOSSARY.

Abraded : rubbed, denuded of vestiture.

Aciculate: applied to a surface bearing minute subparallel scratches as though made with a

needle point. „,

Acuminate : tapering to an acute point.

Alutaceous: of colour, pale brown; covered with minute cracks.
Anastomosing: running together, applied to surface markings in colour, or minute ridges, and to

tunnels.

Annulate: ringed; of a club, sutured.
Apex: the arcuate or narrowed portion of a segment or selerite opposite the basal attachment;

of the elytra, the caudal portion; of the pronotum, the cephalic portion; of the antenna!

club, the distal portion; the portion of an appendage farthest from the body, the distal part.
Appendage: a part attached by a joint to the body or to a larger appendage; e.g., antennae,

legs and wings.

Approximate: placed close together.

Armature: the chitinous teeth, processes, or coarse roughenings.

Asperate: with the surface finely or moderately roughened with acute or subacute elevations.
Asperities: small or moderate surface roughenings, particularly when acute; from coarse granules

to rather prominent elevations; especially the lunular elevations of the anterior half of the

pronotum in the Ipince.

fin United States.

135

Base: the portion of a segment or selerite nearest the middle of the body; of the elytra, the

cephalic portion; of the pronotum, the caudal portion; the portion of an appendage nearest

the body, of the antennal club the proximal portion.
Beak: the rostrum, a prolongation of the head in front of the eyes bearing the mouth parts at

the apex.

Beetle-trees : trees which have been killed or are attacked by bark-beetles.
Bifid : deeply emarginate or split.
Bifurcate: forked.

Bisinuate: with two sinuations or broad double curves.
Bristle: a short, stiff hair.
Brood: the progeny of a single pair of adults developing from the same lot of eggs. The same

parent female of the first generation may deposit a second lot of eggs later in the season;

the individuals developing therefrom will form a second brood of the first generation.

Callosity: a broadly convex or flattened elevation.

Callus: a small callosity.

Capitate: applied to an antenna with the distal segments swollen to form a subglobular mass.

Carina: a narrow ridge or keel.

Caudad: the direction from the head towards the posterior end of the body along the median

line.

Caudal: pertaining to or towards the posterior end of the body.

Cephalad: the direction from the posterior end towards the head along the median line.
Cephalic : pertaining to or towards the head.

Chitin : a horny substance forming the hard portions of the insect's body.
Chitinized: hardened with chitin.
Cinereous: ash-gray in colour.
Clavate: club-shaped.

Club : the distended apical segments of the antenna.
Compressed : flattened from side to side.

Confusedly: irregularly; of punctures and pubescence, not in regular rows.
Connate: applied to segments which have fused into a more or less solid mass.
Constricted: suddenly narrowed and more or less dilated on each side the constriction.
Contiguous : touching when in the normal position.
Convergence: the development of similar characters in species of separate origin often through

the effect of similar habits or environment.
Corneous: resembling horn.

Crenulate: applied to a margin forming a waved line with small, regular, and rather deep curves.
Cusp: an acute prominence or tooth.
Concavity: a broad impression or excavation, larger than a fovea; e.g., the declivital concavity

in the genus Ips, and the frontal concavity in the males of Trypodendron.

Declivitous: sloping rather steeply downwards.

Declivity: a steep slope; the usually steep caudal face of the elytra in ipid beetles; also the steep

cephalic face of the pronotum in the Ipince and Micracince.
Declivous: sloping gradually downwards.
Dehiscent: split or separated along a suture.
Dense : applied to pubescence or punctures very thickly crowded, the margins of the punctures

nearly contiguous.
Dentate: toothed.
Denticle: a small tooth.

Depressed: flattened vertically, from above and below.
Disc : the central portion of any outer surface.

Distal: applied to the portion of an appendage or segment farthest from the body.
Distad: the direction away from the body along the middle line o^an appen4age.
Dorsad: the direction from the venter towards the dorsum, on the meson, at right anglqp to the

longitudinal axis.

Dorsal: pertaining to the dorsum. •

Dorsum: the upper surface.

Emarginate: with a notch cut from the margin.

Emargination : a broad or narrow angular or rounded notch breaking the margin.

Epistoma: the cephalic portion of the front of the head between the eyes and the mouth cavity

or the base of the labrum when the latter is present.
Epistomal Lobe : a flat depressed lobe directed cephalad from the median portion of the epistomal

margin.
Epistomal Margin: in ipid beetles, the dorsal margin of the mouth cavity, that is, the cephalic

margin of the epistoma.
Epistomal Process: a flattened dorsal prominence with converging or parallel sides arising from

the base of the epistoma with its apex reaching towards or to the epistomal margin.

Face: the outer surface of any part.
Ferruginous: reddish brown.

136

Form: applied to seasonal, dimorphic, or sexual, constant variations from the normal type of

the species.

Fossa -ae: a deep, well-defined groove, as those in which the antennae lie.
Fovea -ae : a small, well-defined impression .

Front: the dorsal face of the head between the vertex and the epistomal margin.
Frontal: pertaining to the front.
Fumose: smoky.

Fused: grown together at a joint, anchylosed; applied to markings run together.
Funicle : the portion of the antenna between the first segment or scape and the club, composed

of between one and seven segments in the ipid beetles, the first of which is called the pedicel.

Geminate: in two similar parts; with the apex emarginate, forming two similar cusps or pro-
minences.

Gena -ae : the sides of the head, the sclerite on each side between the front and the gular suture
on the ventral surface.

Generation: all the broods from one series of parent adults, all the progeny of the hibernated
young beetles and larvae will form the first generation; all the progeny of these young adults
comprising this first generation will constitute the second generation.

Geniculate: jointed at an angle, knee-like.

Glabrous: smooth, normally without vestiture of any kind.

Granulate : having small elevations or granules on the surface.

Granule: a fine, acute or blunt grain-like prominence on a surface.

Griseus: light gray.

Group: an indefinite section in classification.

Gum-tube: a pitch-tube or resin-tube.

Habitat: the location frequented by an insect or in which it was collected.

Habitus: the aspect or general appearance.

Hair: a slender, thread-like filament.

Hirsute: clothed with Ions; coarse hairs.

Hispid: bristly, with sparse stiff hairs.

Humerus: the basal exterior angle of the elytra, usually with a distinct elevation in ipid beetles.

Insertion : the place or line of attachment of an appendage.

Interspace: the area between two elytral striae.

Interspatial: pertaining to the interspaces; e.g., punctures, granules and hairs.

Interstria -ae: a secondary stria along the median line of an interspace between two striae.

Interstrial: interspatial; less commonly, pertaining to the interstriae.

Joint: an articulation.

Labial: pertaining to the labium.

Labium : the lower lip in insects.

Labrum: the upper lip; absent in the ipid beetles.

Lamella -ae : a thin, more or less plate-like process.

Lamellate: composed of closely placed lamellae; applied to the antennal club of Phthorophloeus,

in which the segments of the club are laterally produced, although not truly plate-like.
Lanate: woolly, covered with fine long hairs.
Lunular: crescentic.
Ligula: a somewhat toneue-like labial process arising from the upper face of the mentum.

Maculate: with coloured spots or patches.

Mandible: the 1st pair of jaws in mandibulate insects, used for biting.

Margin : the portion of the segment adjoining the edge.

Marginal: pertaining to the margin, near the edge.

Margined: bounded by a finely elevated marginal line.

Maxilla -ae: the second pair of jaws in mandibulate insects.

Maxillary: attached to the maxilla; maxillary lobe.

Meso-: middle, belonging to the mesothorax, e.g. mesosternum, mesepimeron, mesepisternum.

Mesothorax: the second or middle segment of the thorax.

Mesad: the direction from the side towards and at right angles to the meson.

Meson: the median, longitudinal, vertical plane of the body; the mesial plane.

Meta-: posterior, belonging to the metathorax, e.g., metasternum, metepisternum, metepimeron.

Metathorax: the 3rd segment of the thorax.

Metatype: a specimen named by the author of the species after comparison with the type.

Mucro: a long, pointed process.

Mucronate: bearing an acute process.

Muricate: armed with coarse, acute elevations.

Notum: the dorsal part of a segment, the tergum.

137

Obtuse: blunt; an angle of more than 90 degrees.

Occipital Foramen: the great opening in the caudal face of the head.

Occiput: the caudal sclerite of the head.

Ogival: curved like the head of a projectile.

Opaque: dull, applied to a surface without lustre.

Ontogeny: the development of an individual organism.

Palmate: with finger-like processes, hand-shaped.

Palp: a feeler, a sensitive, segmented appendage borne by the maxillse and labium.

Palpus -i: a palp.

Parasite: a species that lives in or upon another organism, called the host, from whose tissues

it obtains its nourishment, or from which it derives some other advantage without making

adequate return.
Paratype: applied to all specimens studied and definitely chosen by the author in the series from

which the type was selected.
Pennate: feather-like in shape.
Phylogeny: the evolution of a group.
Phylogenetic : pertaining to the evolution of groups.
Piceous: pitch coloured, very dark brownish to black.
Pitch-tube: a cylinder of resin surrounding the entrance-hole.
Pilose: clothed with very fine hairs.

Planoconcave: applied to a plane surface very faintly, broadly concave.
Planoconvex: applied to a plane surface very faintly, broadly convex.
Plumose: feathered like a plume.
Plate: any broad, flattened sclerite or area.
Predacious: predatory, living by preying upon other animals; insects which feed upon other

insects from the exterior.

Pro -: anterior; applied to the 1st segment of the thorax, as prosternum.
Process : a prolongation of any part of the surface without an articulation.
Procurved: arcuate with the convexity in front.

Produced: drawn out into a rather wide protuberance or prolongation.
Pronotum : the dorsal piece of the prothorax.

Prosternal Process: the median, caudal, intercoxal extension of the prosternum.
Prothorax: the 1st segment of the thorax.
Post -: behind.

Postepistomal: lying immediately behind the epistoma.
Proventriculus: the posterior masticatory portion of the fore intestine, armed with a chitinous

internal structure.

Proximad : the direction towards the body along the median line of an appendage.
Proximal: of an appendage, the portion nearer the body.
Pruinose: hoary.

Pseudo -: a prefix meaning false or resembling.
Pubescence: short, soft, fine hair; indefinitely for vestiture.
Pubescent: densely or sparsely covered with fine hair.
Punctate: punctured.

Puncture: a small impression as though made by a sharp or moderately sharp point.
Punctured : applied to a surface marked with punctures.
Punctulate : applied to a surface marked with minute punctures.
Punctate-aciculate : punctured and aciculate.
Punctate-striate: with punctured striae.

Race: a group of individuals in a species presenting more or less constant and peculiar but minor
characters, not of specific importance; often geographic, from another region than the type
locality.

Reclinate: reclining, not erect, applied to hairs.

Recurved: arcuate with the convexity behind.

Red-top: a recently killed coniferous tree bearing reddened foliage.

Resin-tube: pitch-tube.

Reticulate: marked with a network of fine impressed or elevated lines.

Retractile: capable of being drawn in or backwards.

Retuse: with the margin or the visible margin when viewed from above broadly rounded and
deeply, arcuately emarginate at the middle; e.g., the cephalic margin of the pronotum in
some species of Trypodendron, and the elytral declivity of species of Pityophthorus when
deeply sulcate along the suture and the sides of the declivity elevated.

Rostrum: the beak or snout-like prolongation of the front of the head.

Rufous: brick-red.

Rugose: wrinkled, marked with coarse elevations.

Rugosities: moderate or coarse surface wrinkles or strong, usually blunt elevations; equivalent
to coarse and blunt asperities.

Rugulose: finely rugose.

138

Scabrous: rough with numerous small elevations.

Scale: a broad, flattened, scale-like hair.

Scape: the elongate first segment of the geniculate antenna.

Sclerite: a piece of the segment wall, bounded primitively by sutures.

Scrobe: a groove, as that on the side of the beak to receive the antennal scape.

Sculpture: the elevated or impressed markings on the surface.

ScuteUum: the subtriangular piece between the bases of the elytra.

Segment: a primary transverse division of an articulate' s body, e.g., the prothorax; a section

or division of an appendage, bounded primitively by sutures, e.g., the segments of the antennal

funicle.

Segmented : divided into evident segments.
Septate: divided by an internal partition or septum.
Sericeous : with a silky lustre from dense, minute pubescence.
Serrate: armed with a row of saw-teeth.
Serrulate: armed with many small saw-teeth.
Seta -3d : a rather short, stiff, pointed hair.
Setigerous: with setse.
Setose: setigerous.

Setose-punctate: with setse arising from the punctures.
Sinuate: undulating.
Solid: applied to organs made up of fused segments; applied to an antennal club of apparently

only one segment.
Spatulate: shaped like a spatula, applied to an appendage or process, flattened, moderately

widened distally and broadly rounded at the apex.
Spine: an elongate, acute process.
Spinose: with spines.
Spiracle: breathing pore, stigma.
Spur: a short, blunt process.
Squamose: scaly.

Sternite: the ventral piece or sclerite of a body segment.

Sternum: the breast piece, the middle ventral sclerite of the thoracic segments.
Stria -se: a narrowly impressed line, usually longitudinal, especially the parallel impressed,

usually punctured, lines on the elytra from base to apex.
Striate: marked with striae.
Sub -: nearly but not quite the same as the term to which the prefix is applied; e.g., subequal =

almost equal, subovate= nearly but not quite oval; also beneath, subcortical= beneath the

bark.
Submarginal: an indefinite area well within but not far from the actual edge, within but near

the margin.

Subtend: to lie opposite to.

Sulcate: marked with a broad furrow or with parallel grooves.
Sulcate-retuse: applied to the elytral declivity when the median sulcus is broad and deep and

the lateral prominences more than usually pronounced; strongly retuse.
Sulcus: a groove or furrow.

Sultural Stria: the first stria on each elytron, usually wider and deeper than the others.
Suture: the longitudinal line along the dorsum marking the junction of the elytra. The name

is frequently applied to the two first interspaces, which are commonly conjointly elevated,

especially towards the declivity; in this case the suture is said to be elevated or convex.

Tergite: the dorsal part of the segment, especially when it consists of one segment as in the

abdomen.

Tergum: the back, the dorsum of the primitive segment.
Tomentose: clothed with densely matted fine hairs.
Tooth: a short acute process, often conical.
Truncate: cut off squarely as though sectioned with a knife.

Tubercle: a small or moderate knob-like prominence, a coarse granule or small blunt tooth.
Tuberculate: marked with tubercles; like a tubercule.
Type: a single specimen selected from a series by the describer to bear his name and label and

from which his description of the species is written.
Typical: agreeing with the type of the species in all important characters, without variations.

Uniseriate: in a single row.

Venter: the lower surface of the abdomen; the belly.

Ventral: pertaining to the venter.

Vertex: tjie top of the insect's head between the occiput and the front.

Vestiture: all the surface clothing, including all hairs, scales, and excrescences.

Villose: clothed with short soft hairs.

Vitta: a longitudinal coloured line or band.

Vittate: striped.

139

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1868 Zimmerman, C., Synopsis of the Scolytidse; Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 2: 141-149.

1868 LeConte, J. L., Appendix to Zimmerman's Synopsis; Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 2: 150-178.

1869 Chapuis, F., Synopsis des Scolytides; Mem. Soc. Liege, 3: 213-269.
1876 LeConte, J. L., The Rhyncophora; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 15: 341-39J.

1876 Lindemann, C., Monographic der Borkenk. Russ.; Bull. Moscow, T. 51, No 4 320-380

1879 Eichhoff, W., Ratio. Tomicinorum.

1881 Eichhoff, W., Die Europ. Borkenkafer.

1888 Bedel, L., Faune Col. Bassin Seme, 6: 358, 421.

1894 Reitter, E., Bestimmungs-tabelle der Borkenkafer.

1895 Blandford, W. F. H., Biol. Centr.-Americana, Insecta, Scolytidae, Col., Vol. 4, Pt. 6: 81-298.

1896 Verhoeff, C., Ueber das Abdomen der Scolytiden: Archiv. fur Naturgesch. Jahrg 62

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1898 Lowendal, E. A., De Danske Barkbiller.

1903 Ganglbauer, L., Systematisch-koliopt. Studien, Munch. Koleopt. Zeitschr., 1: 271-319.
1907 Tredl, R., Nahrungs und Verbreit der Borkenk. Europas; Ent. Blatter, Bd. 3.
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1909 Swaine, J. M., Catalogue of the Described Scolytidae of America North of Mexico; N.Y.

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1910 Hagedorn, M., Coloepterorum Catologus; Ipidae.

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1911 Nusslin, O., Phylog. und System der Borkenk.; Zeitschr. Wiss. Insect., Bd. 7, No. 1-12;

1911, Bd. 8, No. 1-7.

1911 Fuchs, G., Morphol. Studien Borkenk., I, Ips und Pityogenes; 1912, II, Europ. Hylesinen.

1912 Nusslin, O., Phyl. System. Hylesinen.; Naturwissensch. Zeitschr. Forst. u. Landw., Jahrg.

10: 267-290.
Nusslin, O., Leitfaden der Forst Insectenkunde, 201-293.

1913 Barbey, A., Traite d'Entomologie Forestiere.

1913 Reitter, E., Bestimmungs-tabelle der Borkenkafer; Wien. Ent. Zeit., Jahrg. 32.
1915 Hopkins, A. D., A Preliminary Classification of the Scolytoidea; U.S. Dept. Agric.,
Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 17, Part III.

1915 Hopkins, A. D., Classification of the Cryphulinae, U.S. Dept. Agric., Office of Secretary,

Report No. 99.

1916 Blatchley and Leng, R,hynchophora of N.E. America, pp. 576-669.

1917 Swaine, J. M., Canadian Bark-beetles, Part I, Descriptions of New Species; Dom. Ent.

Br., Dep., Agric., Bull. 14.

INDEX.

ALNIPHAGUS Sw 43, 73

aspericollis Lee. , pi. 10, fig. 2; pi. 23, fig. 1 73

AMBROSIODMUS Hopk 46, 48

tachygraphus Zimm 48

ANISANDRUS Ferr., pi. 2, figs. 17, 18; 8, 11, 16, 30, 32, 50, 124

dispar Fabr 125

minor Sw., pi. 9, fig. 11; pi. 10, fig. 32; pi. 18,

fig.14 125

obesus Lee., pi. 3, fig. 3; pi. 11, fig. 1; pi. 18, fig. 16; 124,

125
populi Sw., pi. 3, figs. 1, 10, 12; pi. 8, fig. 4; pi. 9,

fig. 8; pi. 18, fig. 15 124, 126

pyri Peck, pi. 3, figs. 5, 9; pi. 8, fig. 7; pi. 11, fig. 2;

pi. 18, fig. 13 124, 125

serratus Sw 125

(APATE Ky.) 55, 85

bivittatum Ky ; 85

nigriceps Ky 55

rufitarsis Ky 85

BLASTOPHAGUS Eichh 77

(Bostrichus Fabr) 83,85, 86, 115, 131

aterPayk. (HYLASTES) 77

chloroticus Dej 112

conformis Dej 112

exesus Say 112

pini Say 113

politus Say 83

semicastaneus Mannh 131

terminalis Mannh 89

BOTHROSTERNUS Eichh 39

CACTOPINUS Sz 44

CARPHOBORTJS Eichh 39, 56

bicristatus Chap 57

bifurcus Eichh., pi. 10. fig. 20 57

carri Sw. ,pl. 24, fig. 4 57

radiatae Sw 56, 57

simplex Lee 56

CHiETOpHLOEus Lee 42

CHRAMESUB Lee 32, 40, 58

asperates Schaeffer 58

chapuisii Lee 58

dentatus Schaeffer 58

icoriae Lee., pi. 9, figs. 28, 28a; pi. 10, fig. 36;

pi. 23, fig. 5 9,10,11,17,23,58

lecontei Chap 58

subopacus Schaeffer 58

CNESINUS Lee 39

CONOPHTHORUS Hopk 9, 46, 92, 97, 99

coniperda Sz., pi. 8, fig. 5; pi. 9, fig. 29; pi. 10,

fig. 17 92, 93

contortae Hopk 92

monticolae Hopk 93

ponderosae Hopk 92, 93

resinosae Hopk 92

scopulorum Hopk 92

CORTHYLUSEr 11, 45

CRYPHALUS Er., pi. 10, fig. 29 8, 16, 18, 45, 87, 94

abietis Ratz 89

amabilis Chamb 87

approximatus Hopk 87

balsameus Hopk., pi. 23, figs. 6,7 87, 89.

canadensis Chamb 87, 88

grandis Chamb 87

granulatus Ratz 90

picea Ratz 88

pubescens Hopk 87

(rigidus) (THYSANOES) 44, 82

(striatulus Mannh.), (PROCRYPHALUS) 89, 90

subcqncentralis Hopk 87, 88

terminalis Mannh 89

CRYPTURGTJS Erichs 30, 35, 39, 54

atomus Lee., pi. 10, fig. 9; pi. 23, fig. 3 34, 54

borealis Sw 54

corrugatus Sw 54

DENDROCTONUS Erichs., pi. 18, fig. 10; 14, 16, 17, 30,

32, 35, 42, 54, 60

barberi Hopk 62

borealis Hopk., pi. 1, fig. 3; pi. 4, fig. 9; pi. 7, fig. 2;

pi. 19, fig. 2 22, 61, 65, 66, 67

brevicomis Lee., pi. 12, figs. 3, 5; pi. 27; pi. 29;

pi. 31 22, 60, 62, 63

engelmanni Hopk 65, 66, 67

monticolae Hopk., pi. 1, figs. 1, 2; pi. 4, fig. 3; pi.

30 22, 61, 62, 63, 65

PA OK.

murrayanae Hopk ...61, 64

obesus Mannh., pi. 5, fig. 2; pi. 12, figs. 4, 6; 22, 62, 66, 87

piceaperda Hopk 22, 24, 62, 66, 67

ponderosae Hopk 65

pseudotsugae Hopk., pi. 9, fig. 37; pi. 12, fig. 2;

pi. 28 22,61,62

punctatus Lee 61, 65

rufipennis Ky 81, 64

simplex Lee., pi. 22, fig. 5; pi. 23, figs. 4, 4a,

12, 14, 19, 61, 62

terebrans Oliv 61, 64

valens Hopk., pi. 9, figs. 3, 38; pi. 10, fig. 30; pi. 12,

fig. 1; pi. 27 14,23,61,63

DOLURGTTS Eichh 35, 39, 55

pumilus Mannh 55

DRYOCOETES Eichh 16, 17, 32, 35, 50, 54

abietis Hopk .. 131,132

affaber Mannh., pi. 10, fig. 31; pi. 11, fig. 3; pi. 16,

fig. 5; pi. 20, fig. 5 18,130,132

americanus Hopk., pi. 9, fig. 39 14, 129, 131

autographus Ratz 131

• betulae Hopk., pi. 11, fig. 5; pi. 26. .. . . .130, 131

caryi Hopk 133

confusus Sw., pi. 16, fig. 1; pi. 19, fig. 1

10, 18, 22, 25, 130, 131

eichhoffi Hopk 131

granicollis Lee 129, 130

liquidambaris Hopk 131

piceae Hopk 130, 132

pubescens Sw 132

pseudotsugae Sw., pi. 11, fig. 4. .. 129, 130

sechelti Sw 129, 130

semicastaneus Mannh 131

septentrionis Mannh., pi. 9, fig. 14; pi. 10, fig. 34

129, 130, 131

^ECCOPTOGASTER Herbst (Scolytus Geoff.), 15, 16, 23, 33, 39, 50

californicus Lee 52

caryce Riley 53

fagi Walsh 51

monticolae Sw 52, 53

multistriatus Marsh 51

muticus Say 51

piceae Sw., pi. 8, fig. 6; pi. 9, figs. 16, 17; pi. 10,

fig. 8; pi. 17, fig. 2; pi. 20, fig. 3 10,17,51,53

praeceps Lee 52

quadrispinosus Say 17, 51, 53

rugulosus Ratz 10,17,51,52

subscaber Lee 52,53

sulcatus Lee 52

tsugaeSw 52,53

unispinosus Lee., pi. 24, fig. 1 17,51,53

ventralis Lee., pi. 4, figs. 1,11 52, 53

ERINEOPHILUS Hopk

ERNOPORIDES Hopk 90

GNATHOTRICHUS Eichh., pi. 2, fig. 16 11, 16, 30, 45, 90

asperulus Lee 91

corthyloides Eichh 91

materiarius Fitch, pi. 3, fig. 8; pi. 9, fig. 4; pi. 10,

fig.21 91

retusus Lee., pi. 18, fig. 17 90, 91

sulcatus Lee 91

HYLASTES Er., pi. 9, figs. 18, 30 16, 17, 44, 77, 80, 81, 82

asper Sw 77

ater Payk. (BOSTRICHUS) 77

exilis Chap 79

gracilis Lee 78, 79

longicollis Sw 78, 79

longus Lee

macerLec 77,78,79

nigrinus Mannh., pi. 21, fig. 1 78, 79

nitidus Sw 78

porculus Er., pi. 17, fig. 8 78, 79

ruberSw 78,79

salebrosus Eichh., pi. 17, fig. 6

scaber Sw 77

scobinosus Eichh

tenuis Eichh

HYLASTTNUS Bedel 43, 73

obscurus Marsh., pi. 5, fig. 4; pi. 10, fig. 14 9, 73

HYLESINUS Fabr. (see LEPERISINTJS) 16, 70, 73, 74, 76

HYLURGOPINUS Sw 43, 74

rufipes Eichh. (HYLASTES) pi. 5, fig. 6; pi. 10,

fig. 1 17, 23, 74

opaculus Lec.(HYLE8ijros) 17, 23, 74

141

142

PAGE.

HYLTJRGOPS Lee 16, 17, 44, 80

alternans Chap 82

glabratus Zett '. 81

grandicollis Sw 80

knausi Sw 81

lecontei Sw 81, 82

pinifex Fitch, fig. 1, p.31; fig. 2, p. 33; fig. 3, p. 34;
pi. 9, figs. 2, 5, 26, 31, 35, 42; pi. 10, fig. 16;

pi. 18, figs. 1, 2 ;» pi. 20, fig. 4 14, 81

porosus Lee 81, 82

rugipennis Mannh., pi. 18, fig. 3 81

subcostulatus Mannh., pi. 18, fig. 4 81, 82

HTLURGUS Latr 76, 79, 81

HYPOTHENEMUS West 11, 35, 45

IPS De Geer 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 30, 32, 35, 47, 54, 107, 135

avulsus Lee 109, 115

balsameus Lee. (PITYOKTEINES) 22

borealis Sw 110, 117

calligraphus Germ., pi. 9, fig. 13; pi. 17, figs. 9, 11;

pi. 18, figs. 8, 9 15, 18, 107, 112

chagnoni Sw., pi. 14, fig. 3; pi. 17, fig. 10 108, 113

chlorpticus Dej 112

concinnus Mannh., pi. 2, fig. 5; pi. 9, fig. 41; pi. 10,

fig. 35; pi. 14, figs. 7, 8 14,55, 107,111,112

conformis Dej 112

confusus Lee 108, 113

dubius Sw Ill, 118, 119

emarginatus Lee., pi. 13, figs. 1,2, 5 108, 113

engelmanni Sw., pi. 17, fig. 3 Ill, 119, 120

exesus Say 112

grandicollis Eichh 108, 113

kirsutus Eichh Ill

hunteri Sw 110, 118

hudsonicus Lee 109, 115

integer Eichh., pi. 13, fig. 4; pi. 30 109, 114, 115

interpunctus Eichh 116, 117

interruptus Eichh 110, 111, 117, 118

knausi Sw 108

laticollis Sw 110, 116

latidens Lee., pi. 17, fig. 5; pi. 22, fig. 2 109, 114

longidens Sw 108, 114

montanus Eichh 113

oregoni Eichh 110, 116, 117

perroti Sw., pi. 14, figs. 5, 6 110, 117

perturbatus Eichh., pi. 4, fig. 10; pi. 19, fig. 3

15, 18, 109, 115

pilifrons Sw., pi. 17, fig. 4 Ill, 119, 120

pini Say, pi. 2, fig. 11; pi. 9, fig. 12: pi. 10, fig. 10;
pi. 14, figs. 1, 2; pi. 17, fig. 7; pi. 23, figs. 2,

8; pi. 25 110, 115, 116, 117, 119

pini (Say) Zimm (BOSTRICHUS) 113

plastographus Lee ; 109, 114, 115

praemorsus Eichh 112

radiatae Hopk 107, 112

rectus Lee 117

spinifer Eichh 114

tridens Mannh, pi. 16, fig. 2; pi. 17, fig. 1.... Ill, 119, 120

tridens (Eichh) 116

typographic Linn 18

vancouveri Sw 113

yohoensis Sw Ill, 120

LEPERISINUS Reitter 16, 30, 33, 42, 70

aculeatus Say, pi. 5, fig. -8; pi. 9, fig. 25; pi. 10,
fig. 15; pi. 18, fig. 12; pi. 20, fig. 2; 9, 10, 11,

14, 17, 23, 26, 71, 72

californicus Sw., pi. 18,. fig. 11; pi. 24, fig. 3 71

cinerius Sw 71,72

criddlei Sw 71, 72

fasciatus Lee 70, 71

fraxini Panz 70

imperialis Eichh 71

orni Fuchs 70

pruinosus Eichh 71, 72

wachtli Reitt » 70

(Lepisoma Ky .) 55

brevicornis Ky 56

rufipennis Ky . (POLYGRAPHUS) 55, 56

nigriceps Ky .• 55, 56

LETZNERELLA Reitter 45, 90

jalappae Letzner 90

LOGANIUS Chap 39

ficus Sz pi. 10, fig.'37

LYMANTOR Lov 50, 133

decipiens Lee., pi. 10, figs. 23, 28 11, 23

MICRACTS Lee., pi. 2, fig. 15; pi. 10, fig. 19; 11, 16, 18, 32, 44 83

opacicollis Lee 83

rudis Lee 83

suturalis Lee pi. 9, fig. 7

(Monarthrum Kirsch.), PTEROCYCLON Eichh 86

MYELOPHILUS Eichh 77

piniperda Fabr 77

(NEOTOMICUS Fuchs) 121

ORTHOTOMICTJS Ferr 32, 47, 121

caelatus Eichh., pi. 4, figs. 4, 8; pi. 8, fig. 3; pi. 9,

fig. 1; pi. 10, fig. 33; pi. 13, fig. 3; 11, 14, 17, 121, 122

decretus Eichh 122

lasiocarpi Sw 121, 123

ornatus Sw 121, 122

punctipennis Lee 121, 122

vicinus Lee 121, 122

PAGIOCERUS Eichh 39

PHLOEOPHTHORUS Woll 58, 59

perfoliatus Woll 59

rhododactylus Marsh., pi. 10, fig. 5 59

PHLOEOSINUS Chap 15, 16, 23, 32, 42, 67

canadensis Sw., pi. 5, figs. 5, 11; pi. 10, fig. 7; 10, 11, 68, 69

cristatus Lee 69

cupressi Hopk 69

dentatus Lee 17, 68, 70

graniger Eichh 70

haagii Eichh .• . 70

hoppingi Sw 67

juniperi Sw 69

minutus Sw 67

pini Sw 67, 69

punctatus Lee., pi. 15, fig. 8 67, 69

rugosus Sw 69

sequoiae Hopk., pi. 15, fig. 7 69, 70

serratus Lee 67, 70

utahensis Sw 68, 70

vandykei Sw 68

PHLOEOTRIBUS Latr 58, 59

oleae Fab 59

scarabaeoides Bern 59

PHTHOROPHLOEXJS Rey., pi. 2, fig. 10 16, 42, 58, 59

frontalis Zimm., pi. 10, fig. 4 59

liminaris Harris, pi. 5, fig. 7; pi. 10, fig. 6. .10, 17, 59, 60
piceae Sw., pi. 4, fig. 7; p1. 9, fig. 23; pi. 10, fig. 13; 17, 59

puberulus Lee 59

spinulosus Rey., pi. 10, fig. 12 59

texanus Shaeflf 5&

PITYOPHTHORXJS Eichh., pi. 9, fig. 20; 9, 11, 15, 16, 17,

18,23,30,32,35,46,93,94, 105 137

annectens Lee 104

atratulus Lee 96, 100, 101

bisulcatus Eichh : 98, 103

canadensis Sw., pi. 5, figs. 3, 10; pi. 10, fig. 22;

pi. 16, figs. 6, 8; pi. 19, fig. 4... ...11,97, 102

carmeli Sw 96, 100

cariniceps Lee 14, 97, 102

comatus Lee 104

concentralis Eichh 95, 104

confertus Sw 98, 103

confinisLec 96, 97, 101, 102

(coniperda Sz.) 92, 93

consimilis Lee 99, 104

deletus Lee 104

granulatus Sw 98, 103

intextus Sw., pi. 24, fig. 2 97, 102

kerticeps Lee 102

lautus Eichh.. 95, 104

lateralis Sw 95, 104

nitidulus Lee., pi. 1, figs. 4, 5, 6 96, 99, 100, 101, 103

nitidus Sw., pi. 4, fig. 5 94, 98

nudus Sw., pi. 16, fig. 4 98, 103, 104

obliquus Lee 104

opaculus Lee 18, 95, 99

puberulus Lee 9, 95, 99

pulchellus Eichh 97, 102

pulicarius Zimm., pi. 16, fig. 7 95, 99

pullus Zimm 98, 99, 103, 104

puncticollis Lee 100, 101

pusio Lee 102

pseudotsugae Sw 96, 99, 100

ramiperda Sw . . . ... 9, 11 , 94, 98, 99

rhqis Sw 95, 99, 104

seriatus Lee 104

serratus Sw 98, 103

tuberculatus Eichh 96, 99, 100, 102

torreyanae Sw 97, 101

PITYOGENES Bedel.. 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 30, 47, 104, 105, 123

carinulatus Lee., pi. 15, fig. 4; pi. 22, fig. 3 105, 106

fossifrons Lee 105

hamatus Lee 106

hopkinsi Sw., pi. 4, figs. 12, 13; pi. 9, fig. 9; pi. 10,

fig. 25; pi. 15, figs. 1, 3 14, 19, 20, 106

knechteli Sw., pi. 8, fig. 2; pi. 15, fig. 2; pi. 22,

fig. 4 105

lecontei Sw 105, 106

plagiatus Lee 105, 107

PITYOKTEINES Fuchs ... ... 17, 32, 47, 122, 123

balsameus Lee. . . . . .22, 122, 123

elegans Sw 123, 124

143

PAGE.

jasperi Sw ..................................... 123, 124

minutus Sw .................................... 123, 124

sparsus Lee., pi. 5, fig. 1; pi. 15, figs. 5, 6; pi. 16,

fig. 3 .............................. 22, 106, 122, 123

PLATYPUS Herbst ................................... 11, 30

wilsoni Sw., pi. 18, fig. 5; pi. 21, figs. 3, 4 ........ 38

POLYGRAPHUS Er .............. 15, 16, 17, 23, 31, 32, 39, 54, 55

brevicornis Ky. (LEPISOMA) ....................... 56

grandiclava Thorns. (PSEUDOPOLYGRAPHUS) ..... 55

nigriceps Ky. (LEPISOMA) ........................ 55, 56

rufipennis Ky., pi. 9, fig. 36; pi. 10, figs. 27, 27b;

pi. 21, fig. 2; pi. 22, fig. 6 .................. 22, 55, 56

saginat us Mannh ................................. 55

PROCRYPHALUS Hopk ............................... 45, 90

striatulus Mannh ................................ 90

PSEUDOCRYPHALUS Sw .............................. 40, 57

brittaini Sw ........................ ............ 57

criddlei Sw ..................................... 58

PSEUDOHYLESINUS Sw ......................... 16, 30, 43, 74

grandis Sw., pi. 21, fig. 5; pi. 24, fig. 5 ........... 75, 76

granulatus Lee., pi. 22, fig. 1 ..................... 74,75

nebulosus Lee., pi. 10, fig. 3; pi. 20, fig. 1 ......... 74, 75

nobilis Lee ...................................... 75

obesus Sw ...................................... 75, 76

sericeus Mannh .................................. 75, 76

sitchensis Sw ................................... 75, 76

tsugae Sw ....................................... 75

PSEUDOPITYOPHTHORUS Sw .......................... 46, 93

minutissimus Zimm., pi. 4, fig. 2; pi. 9, fig. 24;

pi. 10, fig. 24 ..................... ...... 17,23,93,94

pilosulus Lee

pruinosus Eichh

pubipennis Lee

pusillus Harris

querciperda Sz

tomentosus Eichh
PSEUDOPOLYGRAPHUS Seit

grandiclava Thorns. (POLYGRAPHTJS)
PTELOBIUS Bedel

94
94
93
94
94
94
55
55
70
PTEROCYCLON Eichh. (Monarthrum Kirsch). . . .11, 16, 45, 86

denteger Lee .................................... 86

fasciatum Say, pi. 9, fig. 32 ...................... 86

gracile Eichh .................................... 86

longulum Eichh ................................. 87

mali Fitch, pi. 2, fig. 14; pi. 9, fig. 15; pi. 10, fig. 38 86
scutellare Lee ................................... 86

simile Eichh .................................... 86

RENOCIS Csy ........................................ 39

(Rhopalopleurus Chap.), CHRAMESUS ................. 58

SCIERUS Lee ........................................ 43, 73

annectens Lee ................................... 73

(Scolytus Geoff.) 50, 53, 54, 64

STEPHANODKRES Eichh 16, 18, 35, 45

dissimilis Zimm pi. 9, fig. 43

THYSANOES Lee 44, 82

fimbricornis Lee 83

rigidus Lee 82

TOMICUS Latr. 1802 (H YLASTES Er.)

(TOMICUS Latr., 1807) IPS DeGeer, 77, 107, 111, 112,

113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 127

balsameus Lee. (PITYOKTEINES) 123

cacographus Lee. (Ips) 113

montanus Eichh. (!PS) 113

praemorsus Eichh. (!PS) 112

spinifer Eichh. (ORTHOTOMICUS) 114

tridens Eichh. (Ips) 116

xylographus Say. (XYLEBORUS) 127

xylographus (Fitch) (ORTHOTOMICUS) 121

TRYPODENDRON Stephens 11, 12, 16, 30, 31, 44, 83, 84,

135, 137

betulae Sw., pi. 3, fig. 7; pi. 9, fig. 34; pi. 18, fig. 6; 84, 85
bivittatum Ky., pi. 7, fig. 3; pi. 9, fig. 33; pi. 10,

fig. 18 85,86

borealis Sw 85

cavifrons Mannh 84, 85

ponderosae Sw 85, 86

rufitarsis Ky 85, 86

retusus Lee., pi. 3, figs. 2, 4, 6, 11; pi. 8, figs. 1, 8;
pi. 9, figs. 10, 21; pi. 14, fig. 4; pi. 18,

fig. 7 10, 84, 85, 126

scabricollis Lee 84

TRYPOPHLOEUS Fairm 45, 90

nitidus Sw., pi. 10, fig. 26 90

XYLEBORUS Eichh.... 8, 11, 12, 16, 30, 32, 50, 121, 122, 126

arbuti Hopk 127

affinis Eichh 127

canadensis Sw 126, 127

celsus Eichh., pi. 9, fig. 27 126, 128

fuscatus Eichh 127, 128

impressus Eichh 127, 128

inermis Eichh 127, 128

pini Eichh 128

propinquus Eichh 126

pubescens Zimm ; 126, 128

tachygraphus Zimm. (AMBROSIODMUS) 48

saxesceni Ratz., pi. 2, fig. 13 11, 126, 127

xylographus Say 126, 127

XYLEBORINUS Reitt 50, 126, 127

XYLOCLEPTES Ferr 9, 32, 46, 50, 128

XYLOTERINUS Sw 16, 31, 44, 83

politus Say, pi. 9, figs. 6, 19, 22; pi. 10, fig. 11 .... IP, 83

(Xyloterus'ET.) (TRYPODENDRON), (XYLOTERINUS) ... 84, 85

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