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http://www.archive.org/details/canadianentom 3 113. 


THE CANADIAN 


feN POMOLOGIST. 


VOLUME XIII. 


Edited by Gilliam Saunders, 
LONDON, ONTARIO. 


ASSISTED BT 


Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope, Ont. ; E. B. Reed, London, Ont., 
and G. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. 


a” 
London : 
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY. 
1881. 


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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 


BASIERIVIES A TDS SWWAVIey BER cyassistnicis/cla'>\ sieisinis/— Ets) ctaie!=/=1= JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 
BASSE, dio (Moses. a> eS Ce aetomee noo’ WATERBURY, CONN, 

IS LILA VAM UDIS! IA5 cabo adbdngonoudo aceon OCsOr BELLEVILLE, ONTARIO. 
RIDA RNOUNBIP MUONS (Cy Goin gnecncccsasune co daDe Port Hope, ONTARIO. 
ATU TOR DESI DSBs, Gas ave Xorere seis crate s/s 5 0 piles cls /eraieieets MONTREAL, QUEBEC. 
(CLE DANN BI SIRIS SE \iCo dM iergem cen Oetectiacoos coc sores aae COVINGTON, KENTUCKY. 
(CTLAN ARONA OS) De tao RCERIM ID Reaches, Ape crete YELLOW SPRINGS, OHIO. 
LOI GIN O19 a: he ee ire icra cr ocr WasuHineTon, D. C. 
CYOLOLKG AS | Gea apr eeg oe sh iolaaSl nod deeurt oe LANSING, MICHIGAN. 
COOYORUT NEDSS iG cag a ott eo bucigoaol gan Woopstock, ILLINOIS. 
TOYA] DLR DA De ns ORCA eee ies Shee NEw HAVEN, CONN. 

B18) OE) (ees Gree ME i oe) fences Satolars 6 spabaciae ape stoves te GLENCOE, NEBRASKA. 
ROR Ve CUA S Se coe eae Giaoiss:s Bae eaiene Mires oi eee AVONDALE, OHIO. 
ESTONIAN Si aVWe kde) aresen carats acid 2 tap pectic etsve gras COALBURGH, WEST VA. 
TPUSTEI, (CIRUNS Gaamstis Beioomaens: OC as sate: .....OLD Town, MAINE. 
IDTRI SINK GTS ly AGA O18 oe Coen SERA) CRO A, SM ERP IOes Plc, tc CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS. 
Heck) OHNO CMG BNV cts wicrctene ror 2 crsis ie. cketehagal Mie otare es AMHERST, MASss. 

REARS PHS PA eal tags erage ate ove a aps [aslerahes eee Mee wee iadoiete New BriGHTon, NEw YORK. 
ICA By Nee eae Ete Als tere lois edeisio:cinth, Se ntete ee eo CAMBRIDGE, MAss. 

REA Siphon Ge AUNOUCEINB:, ic fics, sers)-0 nae cn tade es. or CARLETON, ST. JOHNS, N. B. 
ERO VUE San IsIRee Ac» Wiss davies ascot ne oie cers cine om Fort Maptson, Iowa. 
LEON RATES) BS 0 ER © ) rear Ac a te ni Me Onc aa Pe WASHINGTON, D. C. 
POEUNSON, GAMES) Siac te iieek yee sais eset ale aie FRANKFORD, PENN. 

OE ECO MTS Din Soot mies acl ctasshcictcte siewathe se dress BUFFALO, NEW YORK. 
THXCKO INEM Sey TDS AO DAP earn aks OSG tree AAs PHILADELPHIA, PENN. 
ROMONGIPINIEG RS Pyicme AC sterersttar tots auc rane seaetauceat~ .. ALBANY, NEW YORK. 
EB AOS cE O DD ORT ec. get tein pee ncn sir erasinns NEw YorK. 

MOWAT Sy Alu ONO ccc cctaersciy enya acc eee eso. HAMILTON, ONTARIO. 
VRID a ACL nae Ae Son chic crccigrene sateen S FAIRBURY, ILLINOIS. 
AVEO RG BIE; Pe ae IVAT RSW) OG, (oreo ic bi .5) tae solos, a Sears oe KirkKwoop, ST. Louts, Mo. 
OSIPEIN-SACIGEN: 4G, JRic. 0 ce rho ners OME: andy ats HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. 
PV ALEXO IOVS AS ahs SA Sicnac Seer een cis Oem cine nae CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIs. 
SEO) MANE y ER he adet ay tetra Stay a [aiois the o's, si) cnn ai ctore alee > LONDON, ONTARIO. 
pair (Cosa Viet ahccstercie cists, teefave, cierto sia > sure stain iescunds WASHINGTON, D. C. 
SAWINDERS)  W.. (Iie Editor). 0.25.22. ee~2 22 LONDON, ONTARIO. 
SPE BORE Rt LIN ye Gy Sh aiaic erase Risin: oterehn | akalelettieho ave READING, MAss. 

AIAUIC, TNA Pe VV rag tING ica b) pepe) cha fale foy/<¥ov'ay oites a2 prstitebeyslvere.< CoLUMBUS, OHIO. 
AVVISTE SSN ER SW). sikisca ois bya =. 0) see sibateis cues New HAvEN, CONN. 
WORT EUINGMON. GiB 026s). Be eae et CHICAGO LIEGLNOIS: 


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Che Canadian Entomolonist. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1881. CO | 


es -— 


TO OUR READERS. 


A happy greeting to all. That the year may bring prosperity in its 
train to every one of our members is our sincere wish. We enter on our 
thirteenth year with confidence ; long experience of the sincerity of the 
friendship and heartiness of support of our many friends and contributors 
in the past, inspires trust for the future—a trust which, we feel sure, will not 
prove misplaced. We want the cordial support of all to make our journal 

- for 1881 more useful and more widely read than it has ever been before. 
We hope to hear from all our old friends and many new ones. Please 
send In your subscriptions promptly to the Secretary. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


The Indian Cetonia: Euryomia tnda. 


This is a stout, hairy beetle (fig. 1) which makes its appearance early 
in spring, usually towards the end of April or beginning of May, flying 
about in open fields and about the borders of woods, with a 
loud buzzing sound, resembling that of a bumble bee. It 
belongs to the flower beetles, most of whom live on pollen 
f and the honey of flowers, and are fond of sweets. 

This insect is of a brownish-gray color, dotted and spotted 
with blackish and thickly covered with short greenish-yellow 

Fig. hairs. It measures half an inch or more in length. During 

the summer it disappears, but a second brood comes out in the fall, usually 
during September, when they may be found feeding on the pollen of 
flowers and also upon the sweet sap of plants and trees.” Not content 
with this, they attack our finest and most luscious fruits, eating their way 
“into the richest ripening pears and burrowing into the finest peaches so 
deeply that only the tips of their bodies are visible, and in this way spoil- 


a 


2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing the fruit and inducing rapid decay. They also attack grapes and other 
sweet fruits. 


The Abbot Sphinx: Thyreus Abbotit. 


This very pretty Sphinx moth has in the past been very rarely met 
with in Canada ; it seems, however, to be gradually spreading and becom- 
ing more common with us. It was first taken some years ago in the 
neighborhood of Hamilton, and is now reported as quite common there. 


‘This season a specimen 
has been captured in 
London by Mr. J. M. 
Denton, the first re- 
corded capture in this 
neighborhood. 


The caterpillar (see 
fiz. 2) is found on the 
grape vine and also on 
the Virginia creeper 
(Amipelopsis — quingue- 
folia), feeding on the 
leaves of both these 
q vines. In color it 
varies froma dirty yellowish to a reddish-brown, marked transversely with, 
fine black lines and longitudinally with patches of dark brown. ‘There is 
also a dark line along each side. In place of the horn at the hinder 
extremity of the body which usually adorns the caterpillars belonging to 
the Sphinx:family, there is in this instance nothing more than a polished 
knob or tubercle. The under side is paler than the upper, with a reddish 
tinge along the middle. The moth (fig. 2) is very pretty and adorned 
with ‘soft rich colors. The fore wings are pale brown, variegated with 
brown of a deeper and richer shade. ‘The hind wings are yellow with a 
broad blackish border ; both wings are notched on the margin. There is 
but one brood of the moths each year, and they appear about the time 
the Lilacs are in bloom in the spring. 

The winter is passed in the chrysalis state. When the larva is full 
grown it descends to the ground and constructs a rough cocoon on or near 
the surface in some sheltered spot, and within this changes to a blackish- 
brown chrysalis. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. > 


OBSERVATIONS ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF AEGERIAD/A: 
INHABITING THE VICINITY OF BUFFALO, N. Y. 


BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N.Y. 


In this communication it is my purpose to record such of my obser- 
vations on some local species of the “ clear-wings” as it is deemed are 
real contributions to our knowledge of the group. I shall say more or 
less about the following species:  Aegeria tricincla, pint n. s., pictipes, 
acerni. pyrt, tipuliformis, exttiosa and Trochilium denudatum. ‘There are 


other species known in our fauna, but these only have been encountered 
in the fields. 


Aegeria tricincta Harris. 

During June and July last I obtained several examples of this moth 
from larvee secured in April. These larvee were taken from branches, 
suckers and small trunks of Pofilus candicans growing on low lands along 
the Niagara below the city. The smaller ones were sometimes found in 
the sap-wood or just beneath the bark, but the larger ones were generally 
in the centre or pith of the stems ; on the smaller stalks they cause con- 
siderable galls, quite as prominent as those upon the willow branches made 
by the larva of the Tortrix, very abundant in the same locality. These 
poplars are badly infested by the larve of Saferda moesta,and I am of the 
opinion that the moth places her eggs in the deserted burrows of the 
’ beetle, the young caterpillars thus easily gaining access to the wood, its 
home for at least a year. The swellings on the branches caused by the 
beetle become more enlarged by a second occupation. I have taken them 
from the stem just above ground, and from limbs of trees many feet high. 


The lasve, when taken, April 15, were of two distinct sizes, the larger 
measuring from .9 to 1.1 of an inch in length, the smaller .5 of an inch 
and less. The former appeared to increase but slightly before pupation. 
The color is dull white with a darker line along the dorsum; head quite 
strongly bilobed, light brown, jaws and clypeus black; the first ring smooth, 
slightly clouded with brown, two irregular oblique marks from posterior 
border outwards to front edge. Body somewhat attenuated toward either 
end ; transverse wrinkles, especially on thoracic rings, well marked ; in 
the small ones there is a slight medio-dorsal indenture ; there are also 
lateral sub-stigmatal wrinkles. Stigmata elliptical, brown, last pair large, 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


placed sub-dorsally and posteriorly. | Above the anal feet, directed back- 
wards, here are two black chitinous teeth ; in the younger specimens they 
are more prominent and upturned. The scanty brown hairs arise from 
slight papille. 

The larva before transforming prepares a way for final escape which 
it carefully guards by means of a silken membrane, reinforced by fragments 
of wood ; it then lines its burrow with silk and spins a firm cocoon about 
itself. 

The pupa is light brown. ‘The clypeus is armed with a sharp wedge- 
shaped process, strengthened by ridges at its four angles and also by a 
median dorsal ridge. The abdominal rings are furnished, as usual, with 
two transverse rows of teeth, except the anal and pre-anal segments, 
which have but one row each. ‘The terminal ring is obliquely truncated, 
bearing several teeth. Length .6 of an inch. 

The moth is described by Harris in Silliman’s Journal, Vol. 36, 310, as 
follows : 

“Blue black ; fore wings opaque ; hind wings transparent, with the 
border, fringe and transverse line near the middle black ; palpi at tip, 
collar, a spot on each shoulder, and three bands on the abdomen yellow; 
antennee short, black ; the four posterior tibiae banded with orange ; tarsi 
yellow tipped with black ; tail flat with .two longitudinal yellow lines. 
Expands from i to 1% inch.” 

He says further that “ this species seems to come near the European 
asiliformis, but the male has only two abdominal bands, while asz/zformis 
male has five.” 

I am able to add the differences between the sexes and to mention 
some characteristic marks not referred to above. ‘The male is consider- 
ably smaller ; the antennze are strongly pectinated to the apical portion, 
which is smooth and enlarged to nearly twice the diameter of the middle 
part; the processes of the joints are hairy with a long fascicle at the 
apex ; the minute apical cone also bears a fascicle of hairs. ‘The antennz 
are blue black and scaled above, below pale bay. The abdomen has 
four yellow bands. -No “ longitudinal yellow lines in the tail.” Both 
sexes have a conspicuous white spot bordering the eye in front; four 
small yellow spots on the upper part of the thorax; two below the base 
of fore wings, also a_ yellow line at the outer edges of the 
collar; the outer edge of the cox of the first pair of legs, also 
those of the second and third pairs are of the same color. ‘The fore 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9) 


wings are more or less washed with red on the basal third. The second 
abdominal band alone appears on the ventral side ; in front of it below is 
a yellow line. 

I have not seen the European asi/iformis (bespiformis, Br. Mus. Lists 
vili., 14), but have carefully compared our species with the descriptions 
of Stephens (Haust. vol. t, 139) and Walker, and find the closest agree- 
ment, except perhaps in the coloration of the legs, and in size ; ¢ricincta 
is a little larger. Besides, Stephens says asz/iformis is ‘“ occasionally 
taken on poplars near London in June.” 


I can not omit mentioning the very close mimicry of ¢ricincta after 
certain wasps ; it is so close that different persons to whom it was shown 
when alive pronounced it a wasp, and this, too, after being cautioned that 
a hasty conclusion might put reason to the hazard. This close mimicry 
results from their form and color, in general hue, abdominal bands, 
thoracic and head markings ; also by their motions and attitudes, the 
buzzing of their wings, the alternate up and down strokes of their 
antennze, the position of their wings at rest, their threatening attitude 
when disturbed, etc. These are often sufficient to deceive even a prac- 
ticed eye. : 


AEGERIA PINI, n.s. 


When studying the larval habits of Pinzfestis Zimmermani in 1878-9, 
I met with the larva and pupa skins of two moths evidently different from 
the pine pest, yet having quite similar larval habits. During the past sum- 
mer I succeeded in getting the moth of one of them; it is an Aegerian, 
as I think, undescribed, but I would not venture upon describing it had I 
only the imago ; but as Iam able to give mainly its history, and having 
done so much tramping and climbing for its sake that I have come to feel 
a proprietary right, L undertake to name and describe it as new. As its 
proposed name implies, the larva inhabits the Pine, boring under the bark 
and into the superficial layers of the wood. From the wounds thus made 
pitch exudes, which through the action of the larva and the warmth of the 
sun forms hemispherical masses over its burrows ; in these masses the 
pupa cells are finally prepared and the inactive stage passed. The larva 
occurs more frequently than elsewhere just below a branch ; sometimes 
about the border of a wound niade by the axe or where a limb has been 
wrenched off by the wind ; .rarely in the axil of the branch. It appears 
to attack larger trees than the Zimmerman’s pine pest, and more fre- 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


quently occurs at considerable altitude. I have taken them thirty to forty 
feet from the ground. While they sometimes, perhaps as a rule, take 
advantage of the broken cortex, I have found them where it appeared 
that they had worked through the same into the soft layer. 

I have found the larva in the following localities: Hastings Center, 
N. Y.; Portage, N. Y.; Buffalo, N. Y. (?); Point Abino, Ontario. At 
the first named place they were found in several instances numerous 
enough to seriously injure trees of moderate growth.* 


I have taken the larve in autumn from.25 to .75 of an inch in length ; 
they finally attain a length of 1 to 1.1 inch; diameter quite uniform, .18 
of an inch. Color white ;*head light brown, flattened ; first thoracic ring 
slightly clouded with brown, smooth; no trace of an anal shield ; true 
legs scarcely colored, pro-legs prominent crowned with two rows of about 
eight hooks each. The brown hairs arise from papillz, the base of each 
hair being surrounded by a brown annulation, The spiracles are but 
slightly elliptical, last pair large, placed sub-dorsally. 

Before transforming they prepare a cell in the extruded pitch mingled 
with their debris; this they line with silk, but spin no other cocoon. 
While in their burrows they move thréugh the soft pitch with impunity, but 
if removed from the same they soon die from the encumbrance of the 
hardening pitch adhering to them. 

I have found the pupa the last of May ; the moth appears from the 
middle to the end of June. It may be thut others come in July and 
August, for I have found larve apparently full grown in July. On the 
15th of July I brought to my rooms devoted to the rearing of insects, 
some blocks of wood containing such apparently mature larvee, expecting 
them to complete their transformations in a few weeks at most; they are 
still in their pitch cells unchanged (Nov.) Is it a case of retarded devel- 
opment due to the drying of the bark and wood ? 

The pupa has a length of .73 of an inch. Color light brown with the 
extremities dark. Over the dorsal portion of the abdominal rings are the 
usual rows of teeth ; those on the anterior margins scarcely extend below 
the spiracles. The clypeus is without a pointed process; the medio- 
dorsal ridge of the thorax is unusually prominent. 


* For definite direction to collectors I mention Mallory, a station near Hastings 
Center, on the Syracuse Northern Railway, where they may be found in force in pines 
thirty rods south from the station. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7 


When about to transform it bores through the pitch wall and escapes, 
leaving the pupa skin protruding. 

The moth (female) expands 1.2 inch. Fore wings opaque; hind 
wings transparent. Color blue black as follows : fore wings, the clothed 
portions of hind wings, head, palpi, thorax, upper part of abdomen, 
antenne and legs. The neck fringe and the sides of the collar are orange, 
also the ventral side of the abdomen and the tail fringes. The antenne are 
long, slightly enlarged toward the end ; there is a decided orange line on 
the under side of the antennz for one-third their length ; the tarsi are 
smoky. The male not seen. 


Aegerta pictipes G and R. 

I have found this species common enough at Buffalo wherever there 
are old plum trees. In some instances I have found it doing grave injury. 
It works also in the cherry trees. Its history has been given recently by Dr. 
J. S. Bailey (North Am. Ent., I, 17) with so much exactness that any 
further notice here seems unnecessary. I make mention, however, of 
finding pictipes in the wild black-cherry (Prams serotina) and the wild 
red-cherry (P. Pennsylvanica) in June and July last, at Hastings Center, 
N. Y. Numerous larve and pupz were taken from beneath the bark ; 
imagines were taken fiying about the trunks. 

Aegeria acerni Clemens, likewise has been carefully described by Mr. 
C. V. Riley in the Mo. Ent. Rept., vi., 107. He says, however, that the 
pupa is unarmed, which is not the case with those obtained here, if 
“‘unarmed” refers either to the dorso-abdominal teeth or to the corneous 
pointed clypeus. The larve of this moth are annually doing much 
damage to the hard maples (Acer saccharinum), planted so generally in 
this city for shade ; they are less destructive to the soft maple (A. 7wb7im). 
It appears that they seldom attack uninjured trees, but depend upon acci- 
dents to afford them opportunity to enter the inner bark and superficial 
wood : when once established they keep at the scar or wound year after 
year, thus preventing recovery and causing the trunks to become rough 
-and unsightly ; in many cases the trees are thus almost ruined. The moths 
appear most numerously from May 20th to June 15th. I have not been 
able to find, after patient search, this borer in our forest maples. 

Exitiosa and tipuliformis are both sufficiently abundant in this vicinity 
to be destructive to peach tree and currant bush. I have imagines of the 
former which escaped late in September from chrysalids given me by Mr. 


} THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


C. D. Zimmerman, so the moth does appear from early summer until . 
autumn. Mr. A. S. Fuller (Am. Ent. vol. 1, N. S., page i1) believes that 
“the grubs go a much greater distance from their burrows before passing 
into pupa state than is generally supposed.” This from the fact that he 
found “at various times during the summer in almond trees larvae of all 
sizes and no pupae.” I have rarely found their cocoons at any distance 
from their burrows, frequently in them covered with gum or bark. From 
observations on other species it appears that larvae apparently full grown 
at midsummer may hybernate without changing. / 

Fyri is a rare form here, so far as ascertained after search and inquiry. 

Trochilium denudatum Harris is also rare; June gth last I found one 
pupa skin, presumably of this species, protruding from an ash shade tree 
in this city, but no further evidence of its presence could be obtained. I 
have one moth taken here June 13th, which is doubtfully referred to this 
species. 


NOTES ON COCCIDAL 
BY J. HENRY COMSTOCK, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


There occurs in certain orange groves in southern California a species 
of Aspidiotus which infests the bark, leaves and. fruit of the orange and 
which from the extent of its ravages has created great alarm. This insect 
is popularly known by the fruit growers of that section as the red scale, 
although this name does not well describe its color. This species as yet 
occurs in only a few of the Californian orange groves, but is more to be 
feared than any other scale insect. I have conclusive evidence that it 
was introduced into that State from Australia. It is, I believe, as yet 
undescribed, and I offer the following diagnosis : 


ASPIDIOTUS CITRI, n. sp. Scale of the female.—The scale of the 
female in outline is much flattened, varying in color from a light brownish 
gray toa bright reddish brown. In fresh specimens there is a white 
nipple-like prominence which is nearly central and is the remains of a tuft 
of cottony excretion, beneath which the first larval skin was shed ; sur- 
rounding this and occupying one third of the diameter of the scale is a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 4, 


ring which is slightly darker than the remainder of the scale and indicates 
the position of the second larval moult. 


Female.—The female is light yellow in color if the adolescent stages, 
becoming brownish as it reaches maturity. When fully developed the 
thorax extends backward in a large rounded lobe on each side, projecting 
beyond the extremity of the abdomen, giving the body a reniform shape. 


Scale of male.—The scale of the male resembles that of the female, 
excepting that it is only one fourth as large, and the posterior side is pro- 
‘longed into a flap which is quite thin. 


Male.—The male is light yellow ; thoracic band brown ; eyes purplish 
black. 


The species described by Mr. Ashmead in the November number of 
the American Entomologist under the name of Chrysomphalus ficus Riley 
MS. is simply a species of Asfidiotus ; and is not that known as the red 
scale in California, as is indicated by Mr. Ashmead. Although I have 
carefully explored many orange groves both in Florida and California, and 
have had extensive correspondence with orange growers, i have been 
unable to find Aspzdiotus ficus in the last named State, and only in a single 
grove in Florida. Here it was first observed by Mr. G. M. Holmes on 
some sour orange trees imported from Cuba. On sending specimens of 
it to a friend at Havana, I received others from that place and the infor- 
mation that it is a very common species in the public gardens of that 
city. The species can easily be distinguished from Asfidiotus citri by an 
examination of the scale alone, which is much darker, being sometimes 
almost black. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
PAPILIO PHILENOR, Linn. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG—Spherical ; the surface much covered with a rough crust which 
rises to a summit, either small and pointed, or rather large and truncated ; 
the sides of this crust irregularly melon-ribbed ; color of surface russet, 
of the crust bright ferruginous. Duration of this stage 7 to g days. 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


YOUNG LARVA—Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, thickest anteriorly 
and tapering from 2 to 13; color ferruginous ; marked longitudinally by 
many rows of low, conical, black tubercles, each of which sends out a 
black hair,and a few on the side on anterior segments several hairs ; of these 
rows four are dorsal, two being close together on either side of dorsum, 
and they run from 3 to 13; three are lateral, the upper two being on 
upper and middle part of side, and running from 5 to 12; the lower, or 
infra-stigmatal row, from 2 to 12 ; besides these are two short rows, one 
of two small tubercles on segments 3 and 4, placed a little below dorsals, 
the other of three on 2, 3 and 4, between the lines of the upper two long 
rows ; on 2 is a dorsal chitinous band, with five concolored tuberculous 
points and hairs on each side; feet black, pro-legs red-brown ; head obovoid, 
a little depressed at top, shining black, with many black hairs. 


As this stage proceeded a change in the appearance of the larva took 
place, and shortly before the next moult this reached its height. The 
tubercles of the two outermost of the dorsal rows became prominent and 
conical, the tops crowned by the black shields which at first had been at 
the surface of the body. Seen lengthwise these two rows now formed 
elevated, sharp ridges. ‘The tubercles of the two inner dorsal rows rose 
scarcely if any at all, and were almost within the bases of the other rows 
and stood a little in advance of them. The tubercles of the second short 
row on 2, 3, 4 became still more prominent, that on 2 especially, and it 
was turned forward so that its end was even with the front of the head. 
At same time one tubercle of the upper lateral row, viz., that on 5, and 
one of middle row, viz., that on 6, also became prominent, and these five 
all gave out several divergent hairs from their summits ; so the remainder 
of second lateral row gave out three hairs, the other tubercles but one 
hair each. ‘To first moult from 4 to 9 days according to the season. 

After 1st Moult—Length .12 inch, same general shape; color red- 
brown ; at the outer edge of dorsal area on either side, corresponding to 
outer dorsal row of first stage, is a row of fleshy appendages, one to each 
segment from 3 to 13; these are thick, tapering, bluntly rounded at top, 
and from base up are beset with short black hairs ; those on 3, 4, 5 are 
longest, next those on 11 to 13, the others are short; on the lower part 
of side on 2 to 4 and on 6 is a demi-row of similar, appendages, the two 
anterior ones longer than any dorsal, and the pair on 2 turned forward so 
that the tips are about even with front of head; on 5, a little above the 
line above this demi-row, is another but very short tubercle ; over the legs 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11 


from 7 to ro and continued to 11 and 12 is another demi-row, all very 
short and pointing downward ; (this arrangement of the appendages con- 
tinues to last larval stage) ; the dorsals are reddish, with a fiery glow, the 
others are color of body; 2 has a chitinous patch with fine tubercles and 
‘hairs ; under side darker brown; head subcordate, flattened frontally, 
surface black, shining, much covered with fine and short black hairs. 
Duration of this stage 3 to 4 days. 

After 2nd Moult—Length .22 inch ; shape much as before, the seg- 
ments well rounded, each having one or two vertical depressions on the 
side ; color chocolate-brown, with a reddish tint ; the appendages on side 
of 2 much elongated, measuring .o4 inch, and as the stage progresses 
reaching .o8 in.; the dorsals on 3 to 5 and 11 to 13 are longest, sub- 
conic ; more or less of these dorsals are fiery red, sometimes a single pair, 
and so to four or five pairs, and the others have a dull red hue ; head as 
before. To next moult 3 to 4 days. 

After 3rd Moult—Length .6 inch; color silky black-brown ; the dor- 
sal appendages from 5 to 11 are bright red ; the front of the ridge on 2 is 
of same red; the dorsals on 11 and 12 are curved forward ; the long 
side spur on 2 is now .16 inch, tapering and flexible. To next moult 4 
to 5 days. 

After 4th Moult——-Length .8 inch ; color now silky-black ; as the stage 
proceeds it changes to dark brown, and loses much of its gloss. At about 
five days after the moult the larva reaches maturity. 


MATURE LARVA—Length at rest 1.6 in., in motion 1.8 inch; 
color uniform black-brown ; shape cylindrical, thickest at 4 and 5 ; each 
segment curved, the highest point being in the line of the appendages, or 
a little back of the middle of the segment ; furnished with several rows 
of fleshy tapering appendages, bluntly rounded at top, and disposed as 
before described under the first moult ; these are mostly concolored with 
the body, and are thickly beset with short black hairs ; the dorsals on 3 
to 5 are moderately long, on 11 to 13 long, and the two last are bent 
forward ; the rest are short ; from 3 to ro they are bright yellow or some- 
times orange-red ; of the anterior demi-row, the one on 2 measures about 
-34 inch and is slender, tapering, flexible, and is moved much like an 
antenna ; the one on 3 Is scarcely half as long as the other, and the two 
on 4 and 6 are shorter still and equal ; or 5 resembles the short dorsals 
and is colored like thera, either yellow or red ; those of the posterior and 
lower demi-row are bent down, and when the larva is at rest have their 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


extremities even with the claspers ; segment 2 is broad, covered dorsally 
by a chitinous patch which is surrounded mostly by a fleshy ridge ; on its 
anterior side is a yellow or red patch; surface of body smooth, but with 
one or two vertical creases to each segment and some depressions near 
the summit ; under side brown ; feet black, legs brown ; head sub-cordate, 
flattened in front, the depression at top slight, the vertices not being much 
elevated ; color dull black, much covered with short black hairs. At 8 
days from 4th moult the larva suspended, and in two days thereafter 
pupated (in August). 

CHRYSALIS—Length 1.1 inch ; the abdomen anteriorly very broad, 
measuring .34 inch; the thoracic segments narrow ; bent in a double 
curve, the head and thorax being thrown back, the abdomen arched and 
turned down at end ; head case much produced, narrow, widening at top, 
compressed transversely and bevelled roundly and equally to a sharp 
transverse ridge, the top of which is a little incurved ; the sides at top 
triangular and at the edges ridged ; at base of head case on either side is 
a small pyramidal projection ; mesonotum high, rounded, and having on 
the summit an elevated, three-cornered process, rounded bluntly at top, — 
the sides excavated so as to form three sharp ridges, two across and one, 
on upper side, in medio-dorsal line ; the wing cases flaring, especially on 
lower half, the middle being depressed ; on the abdomen are two sub- 
dorsal ridges, on each of three segments produced to a high thin circular 
appendage ; on either side of abdomen a low ridge ; color variable, being 
either wood brown, finely veined or reticulated with darker, the ventral side 
of uniform hue; the top of head case, mesonotum and dorsal side of 
abdomen being a little yellowish, all the ridges being darker; at base of 
head case on dorsal side, and along the edges of the wing cases, is a 
sprinkling of small deep yellow spots and points. Or the general color 
is green, which prevails over the whole ventral side, the ridges everywhere 
being of a darker green ; the mesonotum yellow-green, and all below to 
end of abdomen light yellow ; a yellow patch at base of head case, which 
sometimes includes a crimson spot; and sometimes, on either side of 
mesonotum, is a small round crimson spot. Duration of this stage 15 
days. 

Philenor is a very common butterfly in this region, to be seen from 
early spring to frost, in successive broods, and yet I rarely find its cater- 
pillar. Aristolochia, the vine upon which it feeds, is not rare in our 
forests, but is confined to them. Undoubtedly the caterpillar feeds on 


x 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 


some other plant, as Mr. Mead observed a female ovipositing on the 
leaves of a slender, low-growing vine in a thicket near my house, some 
years ago. We neglected at the time to ascertain the name of this vine 
and I have since been unable to re-discover it, or to find any plant except 
Aristolochia upon which the larvee in confinement would feed. Abbot 
figures Aristolochia serpentaria as the food plant of this species, and Dr. 
Boisduval says the butterfly is found especially where A. serpentaria grows. 
The larvee feed upon A. szpho as readily. An old and very large vine of 
this species covered the front of the house in which I formerly resided at 
Newburgh, N. Y., and every year was nearly denuded of its leaves by 
caterpillars of Philenor. How much further north the butterfly lives I am 
not advised, but to the south and southwest, and on the Pacific coast, it 
is abundant. So also throughout tropical America and in the West Indies. 
The eggs are laid in one or two rows of from five to ten in the row, on 
the under side of the leaves, and are not close together, but separated by 
narrow spaces. The young larve betake themselves to the edge of the 
leaf, and ranging themselves at right angles to this, side by side, feed after 
the manner of the large Bombycide. No other species of N. American 
Papilio with whose early stages I am acquainted has this gregarious habit. 
This continues till they are half grown, when they separate. They are 
Very active in their movements, far more so than any other of our Papilio 
larvee, and can travel with great rapidity, and when in motion constantly 
vibrate their long, flexible, antennz-like appendages. I have found them 
somewhat cannibalistic in their propensities, devouring each other at 
times, when the Jack of proper food was not the occasion of it. 


I have been in error for several years as to the number of larval 
moults of Philenor, and several times have spoken of the species as 
exceptional in this respect—as having five moults, when all our other 
Papilios have but four. And suspecting a mistake, I have taken great 
care to ascertain the fact the past season. There are but four moults, as 
hereinbefore described. The figure of the larva of Phz/enor in Abbot is 
fairly correct, but the chrysalis is much out of drawing. Boisduval and 
LeConte profess to have figured after Abbot, but the larva cannot have 
been copied from the Insects of Georgia. It is absurdly wrong. There 
-is no sign of the demi-row of lateral appendages, and the long pair on 
segment 2, which should form part of this row, appear to come from the 
dorsum, and look like the prongs of a thorn-locust tree. There is also 
given a lateral row of red knobs like those on dorsum, and which have 


' 


14 ’ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


no existence in nature. The chrysalis also is badly done, and instead of 
the broad bevelled ridge at top of head case, we see a square flat-topped 
process, much like a wooden plug driven into the head. 


NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


(Continued from Page 258, vol. xii.) 
Graphiphora agrotiformis, n. S. 


2. This form reminds one of Agrotis collarts or versipellis. Eyes 
hairy ; tibiz unarmed ; tuftings obsolete. Fore wings blackish brown to 
the continuous, black, upright, uneven subterminal line ; beyond with the 
fringes brownish. Median lines geminate, faint. Orbicular round, paler 
than the wing; reniform moderate, outwardly excavate, upright, pale- 
ringed with dark centre ; the cell between the spots black-shaded ; the 
stigmata are comparatively small. No trace of the claviform. Hind 
wings pale brownish fuscous, concolorous ; fringes a little lighter and more 
reddish. Beneath secondaries paler, with discal dot and uneven exterior 
line ; fore wings dark fuscous to terminal space, which is pale with the 
fringes dark. Head and thorax like the fore wings; collar a little paler. 
Body rather slender ; costa of primaries a little depressed centrally. 
Colorado ; expands 34 mil. Differs from the described species quite 
strongly ; from AZamestra by the untufted body parts. 


Fleliophila oxygala, n. s. 


Allied to pallens. Fore wings light yellowish ochrey ; the interspaces 
beyond the cell and below the median vein indeterminately shaded with 
blackish. The veins paler; a small black dot at the end of the cell 
alongside of the median vein. The outer line reduced to a small black 
dot on vein 2 and vein 5. Fringes concolorous. Hind wings blackish 
fuscous, a little paler at base; fringes pale. Beneath both wings shaded 
with fuscous, leaving the costa of primaries and the fringes pale. Breast 
shaded with fuscous ; thorax and abdomen yellowish ochrey. This 
species is more yellowish than fad/ens, with the fore wings shaded with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15 


blackish. Eyes hairy; clypeus smooth. Expands 32 mil. Colorado. 
One specimen in Mr. Tepper’s collection, one # in my own. 

Under the name obusta, I believe that Gueneé has described a form 
of pseudargyria in which the primaries are suffused with 7ed. 


LFleliophila flabilis, n. s. 

&. Very pale ochrey or straw color shaded with fuscous. The pale 
longitudinal shades extend along the cell over the interspace between 
veins 5 and 6 nearly to the margin ; a short pale shade on the interspace 
above and extending nearer to the margin. From the base a wide sub- 
mesial pale shading extends outwardly to the margin. A black dot marks 
the reniform at median vein ; an extra-mesial row of dots on the nervules, 
not prominent. The veins are indistinctly paler. The darkest portion 
of the wing is along the median vein, and a fine black streak runs along 
the interspace between veins 4 and 5. Hind wings whitish, vaguely 
soiled with fuscous exteriorly. Thorax concolorous with primaries ; no 
lines on the collar. Beneath without marks. This species recalls in 
ornamentation /ap~zdaria, but is more diffusely shaded ; the outer line of 
spots more numerous, the hind wings, darker, the body more slender. 
Eyes hairy ; clypeus smooth. Long Island, near the sea shore, in May ; 
Mr. Tepper. Expands 33 mil, 


fleliophila farcta, n. s. 

g. Allied to adjuta and dapfidaria, but much stouter. Fore wings 
unicolorous pale ochrey with a warm or reddish tinge and without longi- 
tudinal shadings. Median vein paler. A dot on vein 2 and one on vein 
5 indicate the extra mesial line. A small faint dark shade subterminally 
about vein 5 opposite the cell. Hind wings white with slightly ochrey 
fringes ; no marks above and beneath. Collar lined. Head and thorax 
concolorous with primaries ; femora darker within. Eyes hairy. Length 
of primary 19 mil. California, Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 168. 


The following is a list of the North American species of Zarache 
(Acontia), as far as known to me. I have seen the type of obatra Mor- 
rison ; it appeared to me to belong to Sfragueia. The new variety vir 
ginalis differs from the type by the absence of the subterminal blackish 
shading on the primaries. _ 

1. crustaria Morrison, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil., 70, 1875. Colorado; 
Nebraska. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


. flavipennis Grote, Bull. B. S. N.S., 1, 153. California ; Oregon. 

3. aprica Hubn. 371; Guen. Noct. 2, 219; Var. d¢p/aga Guen., Noct. 2, 
218. Southern States. 

4. abdominalis Grote, Can. Ent., 9, 157. Texas. 

. lanceolata Grote, Can. Ent., 11, 198. Texas. 

. angustipennis Grote, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil., 426, 1875. Texas; Col 

orado ; Calif. 

7. sutrix Grote, Can. Ent., 12,154. Colorado; Nevada. 

8. ¢enuicula Morrison, Proc. B. S. N. H., 218, 1875. Texas. 

9. erastrioides Guen., Noct. 2, 218. Canada; Eastern and Middle 
States. 

10. candefacta Hubn., Zutr. 587-8. Canada; U.S. east of Rocky Mts. 

tt. * geoilis Walk. C. B. Ma 760. Texas.” “War praec. 7 

12. Tt artzonae Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal. Acad. 1878. Arizona. Coll. Hy. Edw. 

13. elegantula Harvey, Can. Ent., 8,55 ; Zar. semtopaca Grote, Bull. U.S. 
Geol. Surv. 4, 182. Montana; Nevada. 

14. btnocula Grote, Can. Ent. 7, 224. Var. virginalis Grote. Texas. 

15. cretata G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3, 181, pl. 2, fig. 78: “Vex: 

16. lactipennis Harvey, Can. Ent. 7, 135; Bull. B.S.N. S. 3, 10, pia; 
Lieress NeRas: 

17. delecta Walk., C. B. M., 799 ; metallica Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 
4, 321, pl. 2, fig. 7. Southern States. 

18. terminimaculata Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S. 1, 153. Eastern and Middle 

States. 


S) 


Ovi 


Staudinger enumerates six species of Zarache (Acontia) in the Euro- 
pean fauna. As above cited we have eighteen. Of these, two, Nos. 12 
and 13, were originally described under Tha/pochares ; one of them I have 
not been able to examine critically (Azzzonae). I have seen the type in 
Mr. Edwards’ collection ; it is frail and small, in ornamentation recalling 
elegantula, of which I have been able only recently to see the type also in 
Mr. Edwards’ collection. Both these species need neurational study to 
determine positively their generic location ; of, elegantula I have only a 
single perfect individual, the type of semzopaca, and cannot sacrifice the 
specimen. Our fauna contains many handsome and noteworthy species, 
Foremost among these are de/ecta, which resembles the species of Eudryas 
in color and cretata and lactipennis, which recall Ciris Wilsonzz. 


* From recollection of the type Mr. Walker’s deézlis is a variety of candefacta, 
+ This and the following were described under 7halfochares. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. t7 


HHyblaca puera Fabr. 


From a specimen shown me by Mr. Neumoegen as Mr. Strecker’s new 
genus Aenigma, with its ‘‘ very Jarge number of subcostal nervules,” I 
infer that Mr. Strecker has re-described this Fabrician genus and species, 

“which latter is variable and enjoys a wide geographical range. _It is also 
very probable that Mr. Strecker’s new “ Cosmia” from Florida, described 
in Proc. A. N.S. Phil., is the typical southern 2 form of the Bombycid, 
Lyparpax aurora. 

Botts dapalis, n. s. 

Fore wings with dusky gray median space ; the rest of the wing brown- 
ish. An arcuate dark brown anterior line; posterior line similarly 
colored, sinuate, followed by a vivid white shade at costa. A brown dot 
in the place of the orbicular ; a small black streak in the place of the 
reniform. Terminal space gray. A black dotted line followed by a gray 
line before the brownish fringes. Hind wings crimson red with a black 
extra discal mark, the fragment of an extra mesial line. Edge of the wing 
and internal margin black shaded. Fringes silky, long, brownish, tipped 
with reddish. Beneath fore wings red with the discal marks repeated and 
the exterior line, followed by the white costal shade, repeated. Hind 
wings yellow, shaded with red, with a red discal dot and extra mesial 
jagged line ; a subterminal line marked at costa. Fringes brownish, long, 
silky, stained with red. Body parts dark brown, paler, reddish beneath ; 
paipi reddish at the sides. Exfanse 18 mil. California, Mr. Hy. 
Edwards, No. 3,023. A very distinct species belonging to the sudsegualis 


group. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


CONCERNING CHRYSOPHANUS NAIS, EDW. 
DEAR SIR,— 

’ This species was described from defective and scanty material, brought 
in from Arizona. As it has recently been taken in numbers in So. Color- 
ado and New Mexico by Mr. B. Neumoegen and others, we are able to 
see that it belongs to the Erycinide, and its habits are reported to be like 
those of Lemonias Virgulti and allies. I enclosed a pair to Mr. A. G, 
Butler, British Museum, and he replies 22nd Noy. : ‘I do not wonder at 
your describing the little butterfly as a Chrysophanus ; it was a most 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


natural mistake considering that the coloring and pattern are quite like 
that genus, and quite unlike the members of the genus to which it appears 
to belong. In structure it agrees best with Apodemia (I might say it 
agrees altogether), but the pattern of the under surface is not like any 
member of that genus known to me, being more like the arrangement 
found in Echenais. If color therefore can be called a structural character, 
the species belongs to no known genus, but as I do not consider this to 
be the case, I should certainly refer it to Apodemia.” 
Coalburgh, W. Va., Dec. 9, 1880. W. H. Epwarps. 


ON HYPHANTRIA TEXTOR. 
DEAR SIR,— 

Hyphantria textor (Harris) made its appearance in this locality on 
May roth, and from that date to the 13th I captured 53 ¢ examples and 
repre 

On June 17th the second brood appeared, and in three days I took 
ite and Toy 

Unfortunately, at the time of the appearance of the third brood, it 
commenced raining, and for two weeks, almost every day or evening, we 
had heavy showers, nearly exterminating lepidoptera. 

In the first brood every male had the black spots on the primaries, 
from a single spot on each wing to almost covered, and in some examples 
a spot on the secondaries. In the second brood all were white, not an 
example with the least trace of'a mark, the females in both broods 
entirely white. I anxiously waited for the third brood, but for reasons 
above, did not see a single specimen. My object was this :—Has the first 
brood or that which remains over winter only, the black spots? or does 
ff, textor alternate? Will some of your readers please answer the above 
questions through your valuable journal. 

August 3rd, 1880. James S. JoHnson, Frankford, Penn’a. 
DEAR SIR,— 

In connection with Mr. Fletcher’s interesting article on Calosoma, I 
send you my experience of scrutatfor. On 11th June I left Hamilton for 
Long Point. I had half a day to spend at Port Dover before the boat 
left. About noon a strong breeze sprung up from the S. W., which drove 
the waves up the shore. I took a stroll along the beach, and had not 
gone far when I saw a greenback just landed, making rapid strides with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 


his long legs away from the water, and I seized my first living serutator. I 
took several of them that afternoon alive, some of them simply that and 
nothing more. At Long Point the evidence of what had been was unmis- 
takable ; the water lines of various storms of different forces were marked 
with bands of green wing-covers. I was too late for the harvest, very few 
coming ashore while I was there. When sugaring for moths we took from 
2 to 5 every night, and one night 16. A large gauze-winged fly was 
attracted in great numbers to the sugar, and the scru¢ator was attracted by 
them, for in almost every instance we took them with one of these in 
their jaws. When seized they would drench the fingers with an acrid 
fluid of the most offensive odor ; it was very volatile, drying rapidly with 
a sensation like alcohol. In one instance I took one from under a board 
on the beach, and in blowing off the sand that adhered to it some of the 
fluid struck my lip; it burned for an instant sharply. The odor from 
them leaves in a very short time. Does it not seem strange they should 
remain so scarce in the country when they are landed in such numbers on 
our shores alive? A friend, Mr. A. H. Kilman, of Ridgeway, writes me 
that they came ashore this spring after a south-west storm in hundreds, 
dead and alive. And we may suppose it to be about the same along the 
whole north shore of/Lake Erie, and yet I know of but three taken in the 
neighborhood of Hamilton in 20 years. J. Atstron Morrat, 
Hamilton, Ont., July 9th, 1880. 


- ARBOREAL AUSCULTATION. 
DEAR SIR,— 


Some time ago, while visiting the Dean and Williams Gold Mine, in 
the township of Marmora, I was interested in observing the proceedings 
of some woodpeckers which resorted to some half-dead pine trees in front 
of my room window. I remarked that after alighting they would run 
upwards in a zigzag way, stopping occasionally, and applying the side of 
their heads to the tree, evidently listening for the noise made by a grub 
while gnawing the wood. Suddenly a bird would begin to dig into the 
bark, the rapid strokes of its powerful bill making the chips fly faster than 
a lumberman’s axe. On one occasion, by the aid of an opera-glass, I saw 
one fellow transfer something large and white from the cavity he had 
excavated to the interior of his craw, but the quickness of the action pre- 
vented me from ascertaining precisely what it was. 

Thinking of this, it has occurred to me that the presence of a 


20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


“borer” in a fruit or other tree might be ascertained in the same manner 
by the use of a tube of wood or tin-plate formed like a stethoscope or 
ear-trumpet ; by applying the wide end to the tree and the small end to 
the ear, the exact locality of the grub could be determined, when the 
application of a stout brad-awl or small gimlet would put an end at once 


to his life and his depredations without material injury to the tree. 
James T. BELL. 


NOTE ON CHRYSOMELA JUNCTA, C. IO-LINEATA AND CARYOBORUS 
ARTHRITICUS. 
DEAR SIR,— 

During last Aug. and Sept. Chrysomela juncta has been more abundant 
than I have ever before seen it in this vicinity, and with larvee was feeding 
on the leaves of Solanum carolinense, in company with Chrysomela ro- 
lineata and larve. ‘The larva of 7uncta differs from zo-¢ineata in being 
stouter and with the head larger. The color is dirty white. They are 
readily distinguishable apart. I took in the sexual act a male of jumcta 
and female of zo-dineata, and Mr. Siewers, of Newport, also observed the 
two species in intercourse. In the neighboring potato fields were 
thousands of zo-dineata, but no juncta. Specimens killed in cyanide and 
pinned immediately after death all turned black in drying ; to get a few 
good specimens I flexed the abdomen down, cut an incision along the 
top and removed the soft parts, put in a amall quantity of arsenic and 
filled the cavity with cotton—getting as a result bright and beautiful 
specimens. 

A friend in Fla. writes, saying: ‘I send a box of seed of the ‘ Cab- 
bage’ tree. I gathered them and put them away, and when I opened the 
box I found a bug in every seed. What are they?” ‘The seeds, about 
100, are of the Saéa/ palmetto ; out of the entire lot only two or three 
did not contain a beetle, Caryoborus arthriticus Fab. The entire inside 
portion of the seed being eaten out and the insect filling the cavity, a 
round cap had been formed—by the larva, perhaps, cutting a ring through 
to the external skin of the seed on the inside, leaving it so that a push would 
burst it outward. The cap was in many cases burst off, and in all cases 
the insect was presented towards the opening tail foremost ; all were 
dead. Is this one of the uses of the powerful posterior legs of this 
species, to burst the skin of the seed and thus get out? 

Cuas. Dury, Avondale, Ham. Co., O. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1881. NO. 2 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF PLUSIA PRECATIONIS, GuENeE. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


Ecc.—Flattened-globular or button-shaped, sometimes with an im- 
pressed spot in the centre of the upper side ; upper part grooved, grooves 
Narrow, interspaces roughened ; milky white ; transverse diameter about 
% m. m. ‘ 

Larva.—/irst stage: Body deep green, two dorsal, a subdorsal and 
stigmatal white line, the latter the most distinct ; piliferous spots green, 
usually tipped with black, each bearing a short black hair ; venter deep 
green, unmarked ; head pale green. Provided with only 12 legs. 

Second stage: Same as first, and with an indistinct whitish line on the 
dorsal space ; subdorsal space usually tinged with black. 

Third and last stage: Same as second; body robust, tapering 
anteriorly ; length at maturity 114 inches. 

CurysALis.—Of the usual shape, blackish brown, terminates behind 
in a short, thick, cylindrical projection, rounded behind and tipped with 
one or two small hooks ; antennz and leg cases project beyond the wing 
cases in the form of a small bulb ; length from 13 to 15 m. m. 

In the larvee of this brood I observed only two moults, and if there is 
a greater number of moults than this they probably occur prior to the first 
moult mentioned above. Just before moulting the larvee left their food 
and collected on the ceiling of their cage. 

In some of the captured larve which I have reared the piliferous spots 
were sometimes entirely black, or had a black basal annulation ; some- 
times the head was surrounded with black, or had a black streak on each 
side ; in many of them all of the white lines, except the stigmatal, were 
obsolete. 

On the 17th of May, 1880, I enclosed a female precationis in one of 
my breeding-boxes in which some grass, clover and plantain were growing. 
In the afternoon of the next day she laid about 50 eggs, placing them 
singly, or in small rows or-patches, on both the upper and under sides of 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the grass and plantain leaves, seldom placing more than five eggs in one 
cluster. Shortly after hatching the larve ate the parenchyma of the 
blades of grass, leaving the veins untouched ; after increasing somewhat 
in size they fed upon the plantain leaves. The first larva of this brood 
began spinning its cocoon on the evening of June 16; it became a chry- 
salis June 19, disclosing the imago June 28. The chrysalis could easily 
be seen through the thin cocoon. When this larva began spinning its 
cocoon the other larve of the same brood, hatched out at about the same 
time and reared under precisely similar conditions, were of all sizes from 
those only one-half grown to those nearly full grown. As they appeared 
to be costive, | supposed that it was caused by a lack of water ; accord- 
ingly I wet a few leaves and fed them to the larve, shortly after which 
they were taken with a violent scouring, which so reduced them that all 
but one died ; this one spun its cocoon and went on to chrysalis, but died 
before producing the imago. 

On the 6th of July followimg I obtained another laying of eggs, and 
the larve from these showed the same variation in size as those of the 
first brood. When some of them became nearly full grown they were 
attacked with a disease which caused them in a short time to turn black ; 
if handled after death the skin readily broke, showing the interior to be 
filled with a blackish liquid. As soon as this disease made its appearance 
I removed the healthy larve to new breeding-cages, but they all finally 
died of this disease. 

On the 23rd of April, 1879, I obtained a larva of this species which 
spun its cocoon the next day, disclosing the imago May 20 ; the earliness 
of the date precludes the possibility of its having issued from the egg the 
same season. It was taken while feeding upon dandelion leaves ; I have 
taken other larvee of this species upon the leaves of burdock and plantain. 
Prof. G. H. French states* that they also feed upon the leaves of the 
thistle and hollyhock, but I have never taken them upon either of these 
plants. i have seen caterpillars which did not differ materially from those 
of precationis feeding upon cabbage leaves, and the frecationis larve in 
my breeding-cages fed readily upon these leaves. As there is so much 
difference in coming to maturity among the larve of the same brood, it is 
evident that no given number of broods are reared in one season by all 
of the members of this species ; four broods in a season seem to be the 
maximum number, while the average n number is BBtes vam three. 


* Seventh Report St. Ent. Ill, p. 229. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 


In the afternoon of June 29, 1880, I saw a female /recationis deposit- 
ing her eggs; these she placed singly on the leaves of grass and low 
weeds, seeming to have no preference for any particular species of plant. 
This diurnal habit of the moth seems to be a well established one, for I 
have frequentiy seen them taking food from clover blossoms in the day 
time, and the moth from which I obtained the first laying of eggs was 
captured while hovering around lilac blossoms at mid-day when the sun 
was shining brightly. In vol. xi, page 108, of the CaNnaDIAN ENTO- 
mMoLocist, Mr. W. L. Devereaux also records the capture of a precationis 
on the 1st of June “ at lilac blossoms in the day time.” 

Precationis is very abundant in this locality, frequenting clover meadows 
in company with Drasteria erechtea and Hypena scabra. | When flushed it 
flies a short distance with a graceful, undulating motion, and then alights 
in plain view without any attempt at concealing itself; after alighting it 
sometimes elevates its wings and vibrates them very rapidly. 

Below is given in a tabular form the time occupied by this species in 
its different stages : 


From deposition of egg to hatching..... 4 to 6 days. 
“« hatching to first moult........... aA 5S 
Sy otrshto second: moult aii). cen ano 
*¢ second moult to spinning cocoon. . eee 
“* spinning cocoon to chrysalis...... Sreit 
e SchrySalis:toulimage:, ta: . sheen» . a20) taRegeeist 


NOTES ON SOME NOCTUID LARV. 
BY. G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Mamestra trifolit, Esp. 


Length when full grown 1.10 inches. In shape and appearance very 
much like the larve of Agzotis lubricans. Color uniform grass green 
marked as follows: a rather broad substigmatal line of creamy white, 
having at times a slightly pinkish tinge; a dorsal line of dark green. 
There is no trace of a subdorsal line except that the place of that line is 
a very little lighter on the first three joints when the larva is crawling. 
Stigmata narrowly edged with black. Head rather small, a little paler 
than the body. Piliferous spots very small, 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Two of these were found in my garden hid among some weeds, June 
29, 1880. After putting them in the rearing box one died, the other 
changed to a chrysalis July 5th, and preduced the imago July 18th. 


Prodenia lineatella Harvey. 

Length 1.35 inches. Shape of body cylindrical, very much like the 
larvee of Agrotis. Dorsal, subdorsal and substigmatal lines, and a line in 
the middle of subdorsal space, pinkish lilac. In the dorsal space there 
are, first a series of oval dark brownish drab spots, the broadest part 
occupying the centre of each joint, the several spots connecting with each 
other at the union of the joints. In width they extend two thirds of the 
distance from the dorsal to the subdorsal lines. On the subdorsal rests a 
series of either triangular or somewhat oval velvety black spots, one to 
each joint on each side of the body. These spots extend inward half 
way to the dorsal line, thus encroaching somewhat upon the drab spots. 
At the base of each black spot, next the subdorsal line, is a narrow, bright 
yellow, semi-elliptical spot. The rest of the dorsal space is gray irregu- 
larly striped with fine white. The upper half of subdorsal space is pinkish 
gray irregularly striped with fine black; the lower half black, similarly 
striped with fine light lines. Substigmatal space and venter carneous 
gray, the first spotted with white. The head and cervical shield are 
black, the inverted Y white. 

The single larva from which the above description was taken was 
found in my garden August 2oth, 1880, in a bed of salsify. While in 
confinement it ate readily of the leaves of salsify, peach and raspberry. 
August 25th it disappeared for pupation, and the imago emerged Sep- 
tember 11th. 


Leucania pseudargyria Guen. 

Length one inch. General color fleshy brown, sprinkled over with 
dark brown. Dorsal line narrow, of general ground color ; this and the 
subdorsal and substigmatal distinguished by not being sprinkled with 
brown. The dorsal space dark brown, composed of dark brown dots 
finely sprinkled over the surface. About midway this is partially separated 
as though forming two dark lines. There is a slight massing of these 
brown dots from the posterior part of the joint, near the dorsal line, out- 
ward forming an indistinct V. Subdorsal space much like the dorsal 
only lighter. Substigmatal space with few dots, a brown patch at the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 


base of each pro-leg. Head of the same general color as the body, mot- 
tled with brown. Cervical shield dark brown, small.  Piliferous spots 
small, brown. 

Two of these were found, one of which died from the effects of para- 
sites. The other, found March 8th, changed to a chrysalis March 2tst, 
on the top of the dirt in its box, under some dry grass, without a cocoon. 
The moth emerged April 18th. They were taken in situations indicating 
that grass constituted their food, and ate only that while in confinement. 

Mr. Caulfield has given us a description of this larva in Vol. 6, page 
132 of the Can. Ent., but as my specimens varied some from his, [| 
thought it well to give what I have above. 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF GRACILARIA 
STIGMATELLA, Fapr. 


BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


As elsewhere stated, the species formerly described by me as Gract- 
laria purpuriella is G. stigmatella Fabr. In the Natural History of the 
Tineina, vol. vill, p. 35, Mr. Stainton gives the following account of it: 
“The larva feeds in and upon willows, sallows and poplars. On the 
white poplar I have had an opportunity of observing the mine of the 
young larva, which is a smad/ blotch not very unlike the mine of a Lithocol- 
letis larva. (Italics my own.) As soon as it quits this mine, which it 
does at an early period of life, it rolls up a piece of the tip or edge of 
the leaf in a conical form, and it feeds on the interior of this cone, eating 
half through the substance of the leaf; as one of the cones does not 
afford sufficient sustenance for the larva during its whole existence, it treats 
in succession several leaves in this fashion, and the deserted cones always 
contain a considerable amount of excrement. On the white poplar the 
conical form of the habitation is not so marked, and sometimes it rolls 
over a piece of the edge of the leaf. When the larva is quite full fed it 
turns down a corner of a leaf, or else fixes itself straight over the midrib, 
and there spins its tough but glossy-looking cocoon, from which in a few 
weeks (italics mine) the perfect insect emerges.” ‘This is the most com- 
plete account of the larva of this species that 1 have seen; and I quote 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


it that the reader may compare it with my own observations as hereinafter 
detailed. The only point in which my observations differ essentially from 
those of Mr. Stainton, is that I find the duration of the pupa state as 
hereinafter shown to be only one week, instead of “a few weeks,” but 
this may perhaps be accounted for by difference of season or temperature. 


Partial life histories of many species of Tineids have been heretofore 
published, but very few full or detailed ones ; and the only attempt at a 
complete history of any species of Gracilaria that I have met, is Mr. 
Healy’s account of the larva of G. syringella, in the Entomologist’s 
Monthly Magazine, v. iv., p. 150, ef seg., and unfortunately I have seen 
only the last two parts of it; and therefore I do not know what 
account he gives of the structure of the mouth parts, nor of the ecdysis 
in the earlier stages of the species. Mr. Healy states that syringella 
frequently goes under the ground to pupate, and in this respect it appears 
to be singular in this genus, but probably it only does this in confinement. 
His account of its manner of rolling and fastening the leaf and of making 
its cocoon is characteristic, I think, of the larger species of this genus— 
the true Gracilariez. I infer from Mr. Healy’s concluding remarks (@oc. 
cit. pp. 176 and 197) that syrzngel/a passes through only four larval stages. 
Thus he states that when the larva first leaves the mine “ it crawls to the 
under side of another leaf, the tip of which it rolls downward ;” that 
‘‘after a few days residence in the rolled leaf the larva moults for the 
second time.” My observations on stgmatel/a and other species of the 
genus lead me to the conclusion that there are two moults in the mine, 
and that the moult which Mr. Healy calls the second is really the third ; 
and that the first stage, and first moult of syvzmge//a (in which it has trophi 
of what I have elsewhere denominated the “ first form,” and membranous 
thoracic feet) escaped his observation. Mr. Healy only mentions two 
other moults later than that which he calls the second, making according 
to his account only four larval stages. But the species whose larval his- 
tory I have observed (stigmatella, rhotfoliella, robiniella and salicifoliella) all 
have five larval stages ; and in the first stage all have the trophi and feet as 
above stated, so that I think it probable that the first moult, which 
takes place when the larva is not more than 85 m. m. long, escaped Mr. 
Healy’s observation. But as above stated, I have not seen the first part 
of his paper. 

Mr. Stainton mentions a slight difference between the habits of stiematelia 
when found on “ white poplar” and when found on willows; that is, the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27 


cone was more regular on the latter. I have observed the same difference 
between those found on willows and those found on silver-leaf poplars and 
cottonwoods. [I attribute it to the size and stiffness of the poplar leaves. 
I have never met with the larva on the weeping willow. But to return to 
its life history. 

On the morning of Saturday, July 10, I found on a leaf of cottonwood 
(Populus monilifera) a narrow white line about one-half inch long, which 
was at once recognized as that of this species in a very early stage. On 
holding the leaf up in the sunlight the larva was visible in the mine ; it 
was flat, had membraneous, unarticulated and unarmed thoracic legs and 
mouth parts of the “first form,” with the head and thoracic segments a 
little wider than the abdominal segments, and looked very much like a 
Lithocolletis larva of the flat group in the same stage. (Nevertheless a 
practiced eye will distinguish a Zethocolletis from a Gracilaria larva even 
in this stage.) It was less than 8 m. m. long, and as I infer from many 
observations on these small larve and their mines, it was but a few hours, 
probably about twelve hours from the egg. It extended the mine until it 
was about 1.9 m. m. in length, and scarcely wider than the body of the 
larva, and the mine looked like a portion of a Phyllocnistis mine ; then it 
made a few digitate lateral branches, and the mine resembled a young 
mine of Gracilaria robiniel/a in locust leaves ; then it connected these 
branches so that the mine became an irregular parallelogram about 1.9 
m.m. long and 6 m. m. wide ; and now, as stated by Mr. Stainton, the 
mine was not unlike a young Léthocol/etis mine, or a white blister on the 
leaf. Like all larve with trophi of the first form, it ate only a layer of 
cells beneath the cuticle, not burrowing down into the pareuchyma. On 
Tuesday evening, July 13th, about three to three and one-half days after 
it left the egg, I found that it had very recently moulted whilst still in the 
mine and that the body was now nearly cylindrical, that it had trophi of 
the second form, and articulated thoracic legs each armed with a claw. 
On Friday evening, July 16th (the larva now being about seven days, 
within a very few hours, more or less, old) it was still in the mine, but not 
feeding, and I “#imk it had just moulted (2nd moult) ; but at an early 
hour the next morning it had left the mine and was found on the leaf near 
to the mine, and not feeding. I think it had very recently quitted the 
mine. ‘Three hours afterwards I found that it had gone to the tip of the 
leaf which it had rolled up and was feeding in the roll; and on opening 
the mine two exuvice were found in it, one of which had the head and 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


trophi of the first form, and the other and larger one of the second form. 
It had therefore been in its mine within a few hours, more or less, of seven 
days, and had undergone two moults there. On the next Friday, July 
23rd, I found that the larva was not feeding, so I unrolled its cone and 
found in it two more casts, one of which was still fresh. Here were there- 
fore.two moults zz/Azm the week, making four in two weeks from the egg, 
and the larva was a little more than half grown It eats much more and 
grows much more rapidly in its last stage. When taken from its roll, as 
just stated, it was placed upon a fresh leaf, where in a little while it had 
curled up the edge of the leaf, fastening it all around by a web instead of 
by the little cords as in its first roll. On Monday morning early, July 
26th, it was still in its roll, but three hours later it had left the roll and 
begun its cocoon at the edge of the leaf. This is unusual, as the mine 
when the larva is free is placed over the midrib. The contraction of the 
silk curled the edge of the leaf over the cocoon. The pupa was dis- 
closed early in the morning of the 28th July, about two days after the 
cocoon was begun, but less than a day after the cocoon was finished ; the 
four previous moults each occupied about twelve hours, as I was able to 
determine approximately by observing whether or not the larva was feed- 
ing. There are thus five larval stages. The entire larval life 
before beginning its cocoon is about seventeen days, within a 
few hours more or less, giving nineteen days as the entire larval 
life. This is about the length of larval life in Zzthocolletis and Leu- 
canthiza. That of Phyllocnistis is not known ; that of some species of 
Nepticula (a genus very far removed from the others above named) is 
sixteen days in some species, only a week in some others, and probably 
even less in some others. In the larva whose history I have given above 
the imago was disclosed Aug. 4th, so that the pupa state lasted just a 
week, or just twice as long as any single larval state. The same rule 
holds in Lethocolletis and Leucanthiza. In Phyllocnistis we do not know 
the length of the larval stages, but the pupa state lasts eight days. I 
refer only to the summer broods, of course. In some species of other 
genera, as Wepticula pteliwella, not yet described, the first and second larval 
stages each last three days, whilst the third (and last one) lasts just twice 
as long—six days, and has just double the rate of growth, so that it looks 
as if a regular moult had been skipped. Is the pupa state likewise the 
equivalent of two larval stages? 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


ON A LATELY DESCRIBED SPECIES OF LIMENITIS. 
BY H. STRECKER, READING, PENN. 


Mr. W. H. Edwards’ Limenitis Eros published in the Dec. (1880) No. 
of Can. Ent., p. 246-251, is the same insect described by myself two years 
since in the Synonymical Catalogue, p. 143, as follows: Lzmenitis Misippus 
“ var. a. FLORIDENSIS, nob.—The form found in Florida and other parts 
of the extreme south. Whilst our more northern form is of the same 
color as Danais Plexippus, this southern variety exactly mimics in its dark 
coloration Danais Berenice, with which it associates.” From this I think 
it will be seen that Mr. Edwards was in error in his supposition that 
Floridensts was different from Zros and indicated a species with dark upper 
surface and pale under side of secondaries, as neither in the place above 
cited nor anywhere else have I made any such statement or said anything 
that would lead to such a supposition. My types were sent to me from 
Apalachicola, Florida, by Dr. A. W. Chapman, a number of years since, 
and they are as dark below as above, or at least the difference in shade is 
so little, if any, that it takes the closest examination to detect it; had 
there been any perceptible difference between the color of the upper and 
lower surfaces, or between the primaries and secondaries on either surface, 
I should have mentioned it in my description, which, though brief, I think 
was sufficiently to the point in regard to color when I said “ this southern 
form mimics in its dark coloration’ Danazs Berenice,” which latter, as is 
well known, is of the same color on both upper and under surfaces. I 
believe now as I did at the time] described this form, that it is only a 
southern variety of A/7sip~pus found in southern Alabama, Mississippi and 
Florida (I once received it from New Orleans, La.) Even the differences 
in the processes in the three cuts accompanying Mr. Edwards’ paper are 
not greater between-(fig. a) the one representing PVoridensis (his Eros) 
and any one of the other two representing the type form of MWzsippus 
(Disippus) than between the two latter (figs. b. c.) And as regards any 
difference in the larve, I do not see why a variety or aberrant form is not 
as likely to differ from the type in the earlier stages as it is in the imago. 

The form that Mr. Edwards mistook for Aloridensis, of which he writes 
as being “almost as dark as Zvos on upper side” and in which “the 
under side of secondaries is but little darker than in many northern 
examples,” is entirely unknown to me; out of hundreds of Adesippus 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


(Disippus) which I have seen I never detected one that answered to such 

a description ; all that I have seen belong either to the common pale 

tawny typical JZzsippus or the southern dusky var. Moridensis (Eros 

Edw.) ; excepting the two monstrosities zigva and Pseudodorippus, which 

are neither species nor permanent varieties, but mere freaks of nature. 
Reading, Jan’y 13, 1881. 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF. PACKARDIA. 
BY L. W. GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS. 


For several years I have had in my collection, among other undeter- 
mined specimens of Bombycidee, a species of Packardia which did not 
seem to agree with any of the published descriptions that were accessible 
to me. Mr. Grote, to whom I lately submitted the specimen, kindly 
informs me that it is as yet undescribed. 


PACKARDIA NIGRIPUNCTYATA, N. sp. 

1 2. Fore wings light bronzy brown; a narrow, oblique, nearly 
straight, dark brown band runs from near the inner margin outward to a 
little beyond the middle of the costa, where it is joined at a nght angle by 
another band which is short and curved, terminating at about one-third of 
the distance from the costa to the inner angle. Between the end of the 
short band and a little outward and above the internal angle, is a curved 
row of three roundish black dots, of which the marginal one is three times 
larger than the inner and twice as large as the intermediate one. The 
bands and spots form a distinct inverted V. Within the area thus formed 
and parallel with the inner band is a brown line which extends from the 
inner margin to the discal end of the short curved band. This Jine is a 
shade lighter in color than the bands and is edged outwardly with very 
pale or whitish brown. ‘There is a band of the same pale brown or 
whitish color which includes the black dots and extends outside of the 
‘short curved band to the costa. It is constricted near the inner dot, 
widening rapidly towards the costa, along which it extends towards the 
base to alittle beyond the middle. Hind wings paler, the apex and outer 
margin concolorous with the fore wings. Fringe of all the wings pale 
silky brown interlined near the base with darker brown and with a black 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31 


spot on the apex of the primaries. Fore wings beneath uniformly a little 

darker than above. Hind wings beneath much as above, but the darker 

shade of the exterior margin and apex is not so distinct. The wings 

above and beneath have the peculiar silken lustre common to the genus. 

Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous brown. Legs grayish brown, the 

tarsi a little paler. Length of body 7 mil. Expanse of wings 20 mil. 
The wings are not so broad as in geminata and albipunctata. 


Obtained from a larva found on oak in Amherst. I very much regret 
that I neglected to take a detailed description, but as near as I can recol- 
lect the larva was oval or boat-shaped in form. green with several longi- 
tudinal rows of minute white papille or spots. The cocoon was round 
and hard and the moth emerged June 20. 


ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS ANTIGASTER 
OF WALSH. 


BY L. O. HOWARD, WASHINGTON. 


In the light of Professor Riley’s recent criticism (American Ento- 
mologist, December, 1880,) upon my conclusion that Antigaster Walsh is 
synonymous with Azpe/mus Dalm., I have gone ‘over the ground again 
with his objections before me, and still adhere to my original view. The 
objections may be summed up as follows : 

ist. Antigaster has ~10-jointed antenne ; Lzupelmus (according to 
Westwood) has 13. 

2nd. The club is obliquely truncate from beneath with Antigaster, 
while (according to W estwood) it is ovate with Aupelmus. 

3rd. ‘The first tarsal joint of the middle tibize is “widened and 
dentate” with Avtigaster, and simply ‘furnished with bristles ” (accord- 
ing to Walker) with Azpelmus. 

4th. The abdomen is widened behind with Avfigaster (? with 
ELupelmus ). 

It is a very easy matter to show, in regard to the first objection, that 
the discrepancy in the number of antennal joints arises simply from the 


oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


method of computation. Counting the club as one joint and omitting 
the “annular” joint between 2 and 3, the antenna of Aupelmus would 
count as 1o-jointed (see figure of antenna of &. Geert 
Dalm., Walker’s Notes, p. 76, and also antenna of #. 
cereanus Rondani, Bull. Soc. Ital. Ent., 1877, i, pl. iv., 
t b fig. 122). Applying the ordinary method of computation 
to the antenna of Antizaster, it will be seen to be 13- 
jointed. The identity of the two is readily seen from 
the accompanying figure, 4 representing a camera lucida 
sketch of the 2 antenna of Axntigaster, and a a repro- 
duction of Walker’s figure of Aupelmus Geert. 

Fig. 3. With regard to the second objection, an oblique 
truncation of the club is seen in Rondant’s figures of &. cecidomyinus and 
E. circinantis (ibid, figs. 147 and 150), and also slightly in Walker’s figure 
reproduced above; so Westwood’s definition, “club ovate,’ does not 
hold with acknowledged European species. 

3rd. The character quoted from Walker (translated by him from 
Foerster) is incomplete as applying to Hupelmus, as Thomson (Hym. 
Scand. iv., 103) says, “tarsis 9 semper dilatatis.” That the “ bristles ” 
of Walker (Foerster) are identical with the ‘“dentations” seen with 
Antigaster, seems most probable from the fact that Foerster, in his figure 
of £. Geert (Beitr. z. Monog. d. Pteromal., pl., fig. 3) shows projections 
on the middle tarsi altogether too stout for ‘ bristles” ; and also from the 
fact that the term “rigid pectinations” of Rondani would apply very 
well to the dentations of “Avtigaster. These are really but a higher devel- 
opment of the strangely modified bristles seen upon the middle tarsi of 
some Encyrtine, notably of Comzys. 

4th. A glance through a number of descriptions of European species 
of Lupelmus shows that the shape of the abdomen varies from the 
“ abdomen lanceolate” of £. subvittatus (Walker’s Notes, p. 83) to the 
“abdomen zucreasing in breadth from base to tip of E. pezomachoides (ibid, 
p. 82). So the fourth objection will not hold. 

Walker’s recognition of Avztigaster in 1869 certainly amounted to but 
little, since he entirely omitted it from his generic synopsis in 1872. 

I would state in conclusion, as a confirmatory evidence of my view, 


that, since the American Entomologist article appeared, in looking over a 
list of Chalcids identified for me by Dr. Mayr, of Vienna, I find that 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33 


specimens of A. mirabilis, sent him without name, are entered upon the 
list as Eupelmus sp. 

Taking all these facts into consideration, it seems to me quite plain 
that Antigaster should be dropped. 


NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 


BY A..R. GROTE. 


(Continued from Page 17.) 

Botis lethalis, n. s. 

Allied to atropurpuralis. Fore wings purply brown to the exterior 
line, which is distinct, nearly straight, a little bent submedially, dark brown 
followed by a whitish coincident shade line. Subterminal space pale 
brown, shaded with whitish. A terminal whitish shade before the broken 
terminal line. Fringes dull pale brown, interlined. Hind wings pale 
fuscous, With an extra mesial line apparent inferiorly, bent before anal 
angle, followed by a pale shade. A fine black terminal line; fringes pale, 
interlined. Beneath the ornamentation of primaries repeated. Hind 
wings pale, with a narrow mesial line bent before anal angle. xpanse 16 
mil. Hab. California. 


Botts vacunalis, n. s. 

Allied to dasconalis. Fore wings and thorax pale yellowish white 
without markings. Hind wings pure white, immaculate, with a dotted 
exterior black line, only partially continued ; a terminal row of dots at 
the base of the white fringes. Beneath the primaries are whitish, with the 
veins marked with fuscous and a transverse extra discal fuscous line. 
Abdomen white. Zxfanse 24 mil. Had. Sierra Nev., Calif., Mr. Hy. 
Edwards, No. 3,001. 


Botis turmalis, n. s. 

¢. This species has a casual resemblance to Momophila noctuella. 
Pale dusty ochrey. The costa of primaries broadly washed with blackish 
brown, absorbing the rather large dark discal spots. An exterior dotted 
line. A terminal series of blackish dots. Hind wings with a terminal 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


dotted line before the fringes and an extra mesial dotted line more appar- 
ent beneath. A discal dot. Beneath the veins are slightly marked with 
fuscous and the markings of the upper surface are repeated. Fore wings 
long, apices pointed, exterior margin oblique. Expanse 27 mil. Colorado 
Rio, Prof. Glover, Aug. 24. 


Botis rufijimbrialis, 1. s. 

Allied to sumptuosalis, but the fringes are reddish fuscous cut with 
deep red. Fore wings purply red over blackish ; the costal region and 
terminal space being very dark. The two discal spots are small and black 
and difficult to make out ; there is a yellow dot between them. Two dark 
yellow bands cross the wing ; the inner oblique, not continued on costal 
region, not very distinct ; median space inferiorly with scattered yellow 
scales. The outer yellow band is broken into a rather large spot opposite 
the disc and appears again as a short waved line above internal margin. 
Hind wings blackish, sub-transparent, with red stained fringes and an 
abbreviate yellowish line. Abdomen fuscous above, pale beneath ; legs, 
pectus and under side of palpi pale or whitish ; palpi and thorax above 
dusky. Wings beneath paler than above, especially the secondaries at 
base, within a darker marginal shade. #xfanse 16 mil. Mass., Mr. L. 
W. Goodell. 


Botts flavinotalis, n, s. 

Allied to octomaculalis. Wings black, the fore wings sprinkled with 
sulphur yellow scales, forming streaks at the base. Fore wings with two 
sulphur spots, one irregularly rounded over the median nervules, the other 
at the end of the cell narrowing to costa. Hind wings with two mesial 
sulphur spots, the lower elongate. Fringes pale. Abdomen finely ringed 
with yellow. Beneath the spots are whiter ; on the secondaries the mesial 
spots are surmounted by one on costa. At base on both wings the pale 
yellow color appears as blotches or streaks. Breast and head with pow- 
dery yellowish scales. Thorax black with fine yellow lines bordering the 
tegulae. Hxpanse 20 mil. Pennsylvania, Mr. Hy. Edwards. The 
species has a false appearance of a Melicleptria. 


Botis annaphitalis, n. s. 

Fore wings dark gray with a large brown suffused spot below the black 
reniform. Ordinary lines obsolete ; fragments of the subterminal line 
appearing at internal margin and below costa as black marks. Inner line 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 


faintly visible. Hind wings faded reddish orange with fuscous fringes, 
with a black line slightly waved at their base. Fringes of fore wings 
blackish with pale dots. Beneath both wings orange, fringes fuscous ; on 
primaries a discal streak and a spot above on costa. Body dusky gray ; 
abdominal hairs somewhat orange; beneath paler, somewhat whitish. 
Lixpanse 27 mil. Havilah, Cal., Mr. Hy. Edwards. This species has the 
false appearance of an Annaphila. It is easily recognized, and seems 
allied to fodinalis Led.; it is as large but very different in colors and 
ornamentation. 


Crambus undatus, n. Ss. 

Allied to exszccatus, but smaller, with the lines without the submedian 
indentation. Pale whitish gray over light brown, a whitish shade from 
base along the centre, the wing with scattered fuscous scales. The two 
fuscous brown lines are very distinct, sub-parallel, near together, well 
removed outwardly, jagged, angulated below costa, the inner line a little 
more inwardly oblique and irregular below the cell than the outer, A 
fine dark line at the base of fringes, which latter are interlined and 
metallic at the tips. Hind wings pale with a subterminal line feebly 
marked on both surfaces. Fore wings fuscous beneath with the lines 
indicated. &xfanse 21 mil. California, Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 4454. 


Catocala grynea var. 

Mr. A. Conradi has collected near Bethlehem, Pa., a singular aber- 
ration of this species in which the black bands on the under surface are 
very broad and the secondaries above almost entirely black, except a yel- 
low spot at base and two more beyond the middle of the wing. 


NOTES UPON CLIMATIC INFLUENCES ON SAMIA GLOVERI 
OF UTAH AND S, CEANOTHI OF CALIFORNIA. 


BY A. H. MUNDT, FAIRBURY, ILL. 


The summer of 1879 was quite warm and dry in Utah as well as Cali- 
fornia. This was very disastrous to the larvee of S. G/overt, which, it is well 
known, feed on the willows in Utah growing in or near swamps or near 
creeks in canons, 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


That year more than half of the cocoons received during the winter were 
dead ; many of the larvae had but half changed, z.¢., half was stlll larva, 
the other half (generally the lower) had already changed to pupa, and in 
most cases, with the larval skin still clinging about it, in a_few partly split 
open at the back, thus exhibiting the pupa in part. Some, in fact, thus 
received were alive in that curious condition until spring ; very few of the 
living pupae were of the proper size. The collectors had also much 
trouble in gathering them. 

However, while G/overz under such conditions did not thrive well in 
Utah, ceanothi in California made splendid cocoons, and but very few, 
comparatively, did not produce fine imagoes, while most of the Gloverz 
that did hatch were crippled. 

This season, 1880, the weather seemed quite the reverse of 1879; the 
atmosphere was more damp, and cocoons received during this winter from 
Utah are very much larger, heavier and healthier in appearance than in the 
former ; in several large lots received but very few were not good, and the 
collectors in the winter of this season had less trouble in obtaining them 
and were only prevented from gathering large quantities by the deep 
snows occurring in Utah this winter. 


The change with ceanothi was this season again the reverse, as my 
correspondents write me frosts occurred nearly every morning in those 
portions of California quite late in the summer, the result being that 
ceanotht was very late and also scarce, and the cocoons very much smaller 
compared with the previous season, and many of these were no good. 
Larvae received from Mr. Baron, arrived Sept. roth, were not half as large 
as those I had raised here in a moderately tempered but well ventilated 
brick building. 

Certain it is, however, that localities may be found in ,2asons of gen- 
eral scarcity, in valleys or protected by surrounding hills or woods, where 
certain species may be found in great abundance and in fine condition. 

With many experiments I have tried for three seasons, I am convinced 
that cocoons of Géovert should be kept in a cool place in winter ( eezing 
will not hurt them), or they will hatch cripples, if alive at all; while 
ceanotht should be kept in a place neither too warm nor dry, but not too 
cold, until the spring season is well upon us. 

That Glover, ceanothi, columbia and others of that family are originally 
of one form, whether cecrofza or some other species, I have no doubt; of 
course climatic and food changes, for many generations, as is well known 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 


in other departments of zoology as well as botany, have brought about 
great changes. I have had no trouble in crossing f and § Gloveri with 
ceanotht, cecropia and ceanotht, and Glovert and cecropia, and have now 
in my possession some fine cocoons of such hybrids between ceanothi 
and cecropia, of which I will speak after the imago appears. 


ENTOMOI.OGICAL NOTES. 
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


1. Cectdomyta spec. on Aristolochia sipho. 

Flat rounded galls on the under side of the leaves, pale, somewhat 
transparent, pale greenish, 4 mil. diam. On the upper side of the leaf the 
gall becomes a slightly elevated disk marked with dark red and having in the 
middle a small pale-bordered hole. The galls grow larger and more globular 
on the stems of the leaves, to globes of 8 mil. diam., some more elongated, 
18 mil. long and 8 mil. broad. The larve are brick red, 3 mil. long, very 
agile. I find no species on Avistolochia described by Osten Sacken and 
others. 

2. Caterpillar of Papilio philenor on Aristolochia sipho. 

I received a number nearly full grown, and young ones (about ro 
mil. long). Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 147, discovered them on the same 
plant in the botanical garden in Cambridge, August, 1840, and Mr. Scud- 
der, List of N. Eng]. Butterfties, p. 162, says ‘‘once or twice taken in 
Eastern Mass. last September.” I don’t know if the species is taken more 
often, but it is remarkable that the caterpillars (about two dozen) were 
nearly full grown on June 16th, as Harris and Scudder give August and 
September. 

3. Wematus Erichsoni on Larix Europaca. 

A largé number of larve very young to nearly full grown, some pro- 
bably full grown, were sent living with the twigs. The larvae agree per- 
fectly wth description and figure in Ratzeburg’s Forst-Insecten, Tom. iii., 
pl. 3,. 4. The species is not represented in the collection here, neither 
in the larva nor in the imago state. It is not mentioned in Mr. Norton’s 
Catalocue of N. Am. Tenthridinidae. I have to remark that the larvae 
of the three other species living in Europe on Larix, viz., Lyda larici's, 
Nematus solea and compressa, from their description, do not agree with 
those sent to me. Iam indebted to the Harvard Arboretum and its 
Director, Mr. Chas. S, Sargent, for these specimens. 


38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE LARVA OF CATOCALA UNIJUGA. 
BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


I obtained, june 16, 1880, from the trunk of a Populus candicans, at 
Buffalo, N. Y., two larvee which proved to be those of C. umzijuga: They 
had passed their last moult when taken ; although they continued to feed 
in confinement for five or six days they increased in size but little during 
that time ; their habits are strictly nocturnal. When first observed they 
were clinging to the bark beneath a limb, lying obliquely, and so flattened 
and leech-like that, together with their gray color and lateral fringes 
blending with the bark, they were difficult objects to discover ; but for the 
fact that the first one seen occurred on a plane with the eye they would 
have been overlooked entirely. When disturbed they jerk themselves 
from side to side and move off rapidly with the gait of a semilooper, 
although possessing sixteen legs. 

The larger one measured 2.2 inches, the smaller 2 inches. The body 
is attenuated at extremities, especially anteriorly. The general color is | 
gray above, below pink with a sub-elliptical black spot to each segment, 
those on the thoracic rings not conspicuous. ‘The head flattened, slightly 
bilobed, lighter in hue than the body and bordered by a well defined 
black line. The lighter head lobes under a hand lens appear mottled and 
reticulated with black lines and blotches. The dorsal line is white, made 
up of patches, illy defined circles and spots ,alternating; on each ring 
on either side of the line there are two white papillz from each of which 
arises a white hair; above the stigmata there is a white interrupted line, 
below them a black line also interrupted. The stigmataare rather large, 
elliptical, whitish surrounded with a black border. There is a row of 
stout hoary filaments just above the line of the legs. No protuberances 
appear on the dorsal aspect of any of the rings. 

June 22nd the larve ceased to feed. On the following day they had 
fastened together some leaves by means of a silken gauze, brownish in 
color ; by the 26th both had transformed. The larger pupa measured 
1.2 in. At first the thorax and abdomen are red, wing covers dusky ; 
after a few hours the whole surface becomes densely pruinose. Under the 
microscope the surface appears rough like Russia leather. The stout 
thorax is quite convex above, head smooth, abdomen attenuated, its tip 
black, bearing eight hooked hairs, the four upper, smaller, turn towards 
the median line, the four under, larger, turn away from it; by hooking 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 


into the cocoon they retain the pupa more securely. The pupa and the 
larva also in cocoon before its change, when disturbed, throw themselves 
from side to side so rapidly as to'give a sound like a shaken seed pod. 

July 15th, one pupa disclosed a male wwzjuga, rather under size ; the 
second, smaller one, failed to give an imago. 

Notes.—July r1th, when taking dinner at a farm house, I saw a large 
female of this species fly in at the open door ; it flew about the room until 
captured. There was a specimen of P. candicans growing hard by. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 


We desire to call the attention of our readers to the following circular 
lately issued from the Department of the Interior : 


DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 


Office of the U. S. Entomological Commission, 
Providence, R. I., Jan’y 1st. 188r1. 
DEaR SIR,— 

The U. S. Entomological Commission designs preparing for publication 
a bibliography of American (and Canadian) economic entomology. The 
bibliography will contain references to papers, articles and notes in agri- 
cultural and popular scientific periodicals, as well as journals devoted to 
bee culture, and as complete as possible references will be made to ento- 
mological notes in those periodicals which appeared prior to 1850. The 
titles of notes, articles, reports on works, will be entered under the name 
of authors, or of periodicals, especially agricultural reports and papers 
with brief digest of contents given in a line or two, in the same style as 
in Mr. Mann’s excellent bibliographical record of Psyche, the organ of the 
Cambridge Entomological Club, of Cambridge. 

After due pains are taken such a record will necessarily be quite 
imperfect. The compiler will have to rely much on aid from authors of 
any and every article or note in economic entomology. Its completeness 
will greatly depend on the care with which entomologists may prepare lists 
of their own articles. Entomologists are, therefore, earnestly requested to 
co-operate by sending full lists of their papers on any subject connected 
with economic entomology (not general or scientific entomology unless bear- 
ing on the applied science) and prepared in the style of that of Psyche, to 
the undersigned, at Providence, R. I. Very respectfully, 

A. S. PACKARD, JR. 


40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON A VARIETY OF CATOCALA NEBRASKAE, DopceE. 
BY G. M. DODGE, GLENCOE, NEBRASKA. 


Catocala Nebraskae Dodge, var. Somnus. 

Fore wings, head and thorax black, thinly powdered with gray scales. 
Abdomen and long scales at base of hind wings clear black. Fringes of 
wings as in typical specimens. Legs and under side of body dark. All 
the lines on fore wings indistinct, being merged in the ground color. Two 
a s. “Glencoe: Neb. 

Normal (Vebraskae has fore wings, head and thorax light gray, sprinkled 
with black scales. Abdomen pale brown. Lines black and very distinct. 


A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES FOUND AT POTSDAM, NOY: 


P. asterias, Drury ; common last of June and July. 
turnus, Linn. ; very common May and June. 
Arctic form ; common May and June. 
Orange var., shown in Edward’s Plate iv., Pt. vi. ; 
scarce, 
oleracea, Harris ; scarce, July. 
rapae, Schrank ; generally very common all summer. 
var. nov. angliae, Scud. ; rare, but one specimen taken July 19, ’77. 
Colias philodice, Godart ; very common all summer. 
D. archippus, Harris ; generally common, August. 
A. aphrodite ; scarce, August. 
myrina ; common, July. 
bellona ; rather common, July. 
M. phaeton, Drury ; common a short time in June, very local. 
V. antiopa, Linn.; very common in Oct., worn specimens early in April. 
cardui, Linn. ; generally common June, quite scarce 1878. 
nilberti, Godt. ; rather common last of May and during June. 
atalanta, Linn. ; es e * 
J-album ; rare, but one specimen taken. 
L. misippus ; common, July. 
arthemis, Drury ; very scarce middle of June. 
S. nephele, Kirby ; common last of July, Aug. and first of Sept. 
G. c-argenteum, Kirby; “ as i 
1 violacea; early in May. 


Che Canadian Entomolonst. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1881. No. 3 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE SATELLITE SPHINX—Philampelus satellitia Linn. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


This is one of the most beautiful of our Sphinx moths, a rare as well 
as lovely creature, and an object highly prized by collectors. It is found 
throughout the northern United States and occasionally in Canada, but is | 
no where very common. 


Fig. 4. 

The moth (fig. 4), when its wings are expanded, will measure from 
four to four and a half inches across. Its color is of a light olive mixed 
with gray and varied with patches of a darker olive green, rich and vel- 
vety, and some portions with a rosy hue. The moths appear in July, when 
after pairing, the female deposits her eggs singly on the leaves of the 
grape-vine or Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), where they 
shortly hatch into small green larvee of a pinkish hue along the back and 
with a very long pink horn at the tail. As the caterpillar increases in 
size the tait becomes shorter, and after a while curves round as shown at 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cin fig. 5. As the larva approaches maturity it changes to a reddish brown 
color, and after passing the third moult entirely loses the caudal horn, 
which is replaced by a glassy eye-like spot. The mature larva when in 
motion, as shown at a, fig. 5, will measure nearly four inches in length, but 
when at rest it draws the head and two adjoining segments within the 
fourth, as shown in the figure at 4, which shortens its length nearly an 
inch, giving it a very odd 
appearance with its anterior 
portions so blunt and thick. 
It is of a rich reddish brown 
color, of a lighter shade along 
the back, with five or six 
nearly oval cream - colored 
spots along each side from the 
fifth to the tenth segments in- 
clusive ; sometimes the spot 
on the fifth segment is indi- — 
cated by a dot only, in other 
instances entirely wanting. 
On the anterior segments 
there are a number of black 
dots; a dark polished raised 
eye-like spot in place of the 
tail; stigmata black, showing 
prominently in the cream- 
colored spots along the sides. 


It isa very voracious feeder, 
and where present strips the 
vine so rapidly of its leaves 
that it soon attracts attention, 
When full grown it descends 

Pg. ise and buries itself in the ground, 
where it forms an oval cell within which it changes to a chrysalis. 


The chrysalis is of a chestnut brown color with the segments rough- 
ened with impressed points, the terminal ring having a long thick spine. 
The insect usually remains in the chrysalis state until the following sum- 
mer, but sometimes it hatches the same season. In the gth vol. of the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 


Can. ENT., p, 120, an instance of this sort is recorded by Mr. R. Bunker, 
of Rochester, where the larva became a chrysalis on the first of August 
and produced the moth on the roth of September. Should these larve 


at any time prove troublesome, they can be readily subdued by hand- 
picking. 


LIST OF N. AMERICAN ANTHOMYIDAE, EXAMINED BY 
R. H. MEADE, ESQ., BRADFORD, ENGLAND. 


BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


Mr. R. H. Meade has kindly examined the N. American Anthomyide 
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, forwarded to him™ 
by the Baron von Osten Sacken. ‘The collection was returned last year 
by the Baron to the Museum. ‘The species are separated carefully and 
accompanied by a list giving the genera and species, the latter not named 
except when identical with European species. The notes and determin- 
ations of the list differ sometimes from the notes previously published by 
Mr. R. H. Meade in the Entom. Monthly Mag., 1878, xiv., p. 230-250. 
Those differences and the more complete statements in the list induced 
me to publish it, thinking it to be ungrateful to Mr. Meade that his exten- 
sive and thorough examination should rest in the archives of the Museum 
and be lost to science. Baron von Osten Sacken stated in his letter that 
he has not the intention to work out the Anthomyide. I have 
carefully compared the labeled types in the Loew collection, and have 
added always the locality for the species examined by Mr. Meade. Where 
I was able to make out identities, they are given. The collection of the 
Museum, out of which the Baron himself selected the lot sent to Mr. 
Meade, will probably contain only duplicates of the lot, except in later 
additions. Loew’s collection contains a number not yet assorted and 
some new species. Types of European species sent by Loew, Schiner, 
Gerstaecker and Jmhoff, have been compared with the American ones. 
O. Sacken’s Catalogue has 139 N. Amer. species, including a large 
number of Fr. Walker’s not yet scientifically compared. Mr. Meade has 
counted (with a few varieties) 121 species, and Loew’s collection contains 
I2 species not seen by Mr. Meade; therefore the whole number of N. 


+4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Am. species is 133. Mr. Meade has identified among them 27 European 
species and Loew 7 more; therefore 34 species seem to be identical with 
European ones. ‘The Museum owes the most sincere thanks to Mr. Meade 
and to Baron y. Osten Sacken. 


Nw 


Genus Hyrropesia Rond. (Aricia pt. Macq.) 


. Bears a considerable resemblance to Avicia marmorata Zett.; 8 


male and female ; Lake Super., Huds. Bay Terr., Can., N. Hampsh. 
No specimen of A. marmorata is at hand. I consider A. 

mortoides Zett. (perhaps A. mort Zett. of O. Sack. Cat., p. 164) to be 
identical with No. 1. Loew’ type is a female from Sitka 
(Sahlberg), and an 47veza. 

Is perhaps a variety of No. 1; the longitudinal thoracic stripes are 
narrower ; 2, male and female ; Lake Super., N. Hampsh. 

Closely corresponds to the descriptions of A. serva ; this is perhaps 
also a var. of No. 1; 1, female ; Norway, Maine. 


. Seems identical with 4. /ucorum Fall. ; 1, male ; West N. Y, 
. Is very similar to 4. obscurata Meig. ; 1, male ; Huds. Bay Terr, 
. Differs from any species I know ; 4, male and female; Brit. Amer., 


Western N. Y.; Geysers, Cala. 

This species is A. pasviceps, Loew collect., from Sitka, Sahlberg, 
male, female ; the male agrees perfectly with No. 6; the female 
differs somewhat, but the 4 spec. of No. 6 seem to represent 

‘ varieties. 


. Bears a very close general resemblance to S. jagana Fabr., but 


differs by having the eyes decidedly pubescent and also by having 
3 instead of 4 thoracic bristles behind the suture; 2, male and 
female; Englewood, N. Jers.; Maine. 

This species is identical with 4 angelice, Loew coll., male and 
female ( Spzlogaster angelice O. Sack. Catal., p. 165) and one Euro- 
pean type sent by Loew as Fé//aca angelice Scop. The differences 
quoted above agree with / angelice ; nevertheless the eyes are a 
little less pubescent in the only European specimen before me, but 
decidedly as pubescent in the 2 Amer. specimens in Loew’s coll. 

There are in Loew’s coll. the following species named, all differ- 
ent from the No. 1-7: A. schinophora, 3, male and female, from 
Sitka, Sahlberg, and from Alaska, related to No. 5 but different. 
A. consors, 2, male and female, from Sitka, Sahlberg, allied to No. 6. 


Oo 


10 


16. 


16 


17 


21. 


23 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


A. spec., 1, female, from Wisc., simillima A. Bilbergi, differt tar- 
sis anticis. In Ent. M. Mag., xiv., p. 250, Mr. Meade has men- 
tioned a species closely resembling A. Zugubris Meig. This species 
is not given in his list. 


Genus Mypara Desy. (Spilogaster p. unspotted.) 


. Unlike any species I know; 1 female, Arctic Amer. 

Corresponds to the description of AZ, floricola Desv. ; 1 female, N. 
Y. This is Spzlog. urbana Loew, O. Sack. Catal., 3, male and 
female, in Loew’s coll. from Br. Amer. and Conn. ; I cannot com- 
pare WZ. floricola, but the specimen No. g agrees with the European 
type of AZ. urbana sent by Mr. Meade. 

. Male, Canada; 11 females and 12 males, Western N. Y.; 13 
females, Catskill Mts., N.Y.; 14 males, Canada; 15 males, Arctic 
Amer. Unlike any species known tome. No. 12 seems to be 
identical with A. fexwosa Loew, male and female, from Sitka. 

Very similar to WZ. flaveola Fall., but has the external transverse 
vein straight instead of curved; 4, male and female, from White 
Mts., N. H.; Quebec, Can.; Huds. Bay Terr.; Catskill Mts., N.Y. 
In Loew’s coll. labelled A. diaphana (Limnophora diaphana O. 
Sack. Catal., p. 166); 7, male and female, from N. Hampsh.; Me.; 
Brit. Amer.; the specimens are identical with European types of 
A. diaphana sent by Loew. 

.a. An imperfect species, very like A. varians Zett.; 1 male, Canada; 
abdomen wanting ; agrees well with one European type sent by 
Loew. 


Genus SPILOGASTER Macq. (spotted.) 


+ Legs black. All species unlike any known to me. 
. 3, male and female. Ky.; Lake Super.—18; 1 male, Huds. Bay 
Terr.—19; 1 female, Huds. Bay Terr.—zo; 1 male, no loc. 
1 female, Huds. Bay Terr.—z22; 1 male, no loc. 
tt Legs wholly or partly yellow. 
. Differs from any species I know, but appears to be the analogue of 
S. uliginosa Fall. ; 2, male; R. I. 
I have compared European types of S. wdiginosa sent by Mr. 
Meade and Loew, but they differ so strikingly from No. 23 that I 
am unable to say why they are analogous. 


46 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


24. 1 male, Western N. Y.—25. 1 female, Cambridge, Mass. Both 


unlike any species known to me. 


26, The generic position of this injured specimen is rather doubtful ; 


1 female, D. C. 


27. Corresponds to Rondani’s description of .S. Aérticrura and is very 


28 
29 
30 


31 


like A. pertusa Meig.; 7, male and female, from N. Y, and IIL. 

I cannot compare A. pertusa nor S. hirticrura ; the species is 
Anth. trabeata Loew; one type of Loew with his label is among 
the specimens No. 27; in Loew’s coll. there are 7 specimens from 
NasY syle Pang 1s 4: 

Mr. Meade says, Ent. M. Mag., Zc. p. 251: Im Spelog, there 

were eleven species. . . . There was only one male in the 
collection, and it bore a remarkable resemblance to Cyrtoneura 
meditabunda Fabr. The fifth longitudinal wing vein was curved 
in a similar manner towards the fourth vein, though in a less 
degree. ; 
There must be some misunderstanding here which I am not able to 
solve, as the eleven species before me contain 12 males belong- 
ing to 7 species. I have compared every one carefully with a type 
of Cyrt. meditabunda sent by Loew, without finding any male cor- 
responding to the characters of C. meditabunda. Later I found 
among the Diptera not seen by Mr. Meade one female very well 
agreeing with the characters mentioned, bearing a label AZ. medita- 
bunda ? written by O. Sacken. 


Genus HypROPHORIA Desy. 


. Unlike any species known to me; 1 female, Connecticut. 
. Resembles JZ. ambigua Fall.; 1 male, Huds. Bay Terr. 
. Unlike any species known to me ;_ 1 female, Brit. Amer. 


Genus Drymeia Meig. 


. A well marked species which differs slightly from the only European 


one, J. hamata, 4, male and female, from Huds. Bay Terr. 

It is difficult to decide about the similarity with D. amata, as 
the Amer. specimens are in a rather indifferent condition ; the 
European types sent by Mr. Meade and Loew are much larger. 


Formerly, /.¢, p. 251, Mr. Meade had considered them to be quite 
distinct. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 


Genus Hyprotea Desv. 


32. Appears to be identical with 7. dentipes Fall.; 1 female, Canada. 
In Loew’s coll., 2 females, 1 from Sitka, Sahlb., with the same 
determination. 
33- Seems identical with /. avmipfes Fabr.; 3, male and female, Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 
In Loew’s coll., 1 male from Nebraska with the same determin- 
ation. 
Genus Lasrops Meig. 
34. Something like LZ. canofans Meig., but it is not identical ; 1 male, 
Br. Colombia.. 
35. Not like any species known to me ; 4, male and female, N. Hampsh. 


Genus OspHyRa Desv. 
36. Similar to A. /eucostoma Fall.; 5, male and female, from D. C., Mass., 
Maine. 
In Loew’s coll., 5 male and female, from Maine, New York, 
D. C., identical with No. 36, labelled 4. Zeucostoma. 
36.2. Not like any species known to me; 2, male and female, Canada. 


Genus LimnopHora Desv. 

37. Somewhat resembles 4. compuncta Wied., but has the eyes more 
widely separated in the male; 6 male and female, from Mass.; N. 
Y., D. C.; Hudson Bay Terr. 

38. 1 male, N. Y.-—39; 1 male, Connect.—-41; 1 male, Huds. Bay Terr. 
—42; 1 female, N. Y.- 43; 1 male, Mass.—43 a (lost) Huds. Bay | 
Terr. All not like any species known to me. 

40. Very like Coenosia triangulum Zett. This species might perhaps be 
placed in the genus Coenosia, as the eyes in both sexes are separated 
by a widish interval. But this occurs to some extent in nearly all 
the species of this genus; 1 male, Catskill Mts., N. Y. 

‘L. stygia Meig., O. Sacken Catal., p. 152, in Loew’s coll. from 
Sitka, Sahlberg, is not represented among the species examined by 
Mr. Meade. Z. triangulifera Zett., tmale, labelled by Loew, is in 
the collection of the Museum. 


Genus Homatomyia Bouché. 
44. Identical with AZ. canicularis J.inn.; 11 male and female, from South 
Greenland; Mass., Maine, Conn, 


48 


45. 


46. 


47. 
49. 


50. 


51. 


52. 
53? 


57: 


59: 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In Loew’s coll. are 10, male and female, N. Y., Maine, with the 
same determination. 

Identical with 4. scalaris Meig.; 8, male and female, Maine, Mass., 
Pennsylvania. 

' In Loew’s coll , 2 male and female, D. C., Pa., Wisc., with the 
same name. 

Identical with AZ. prostrata Rossi (invisurata Zett.) ; 2, male and 
female, N. Y., Mass. There are 3, male and female, from the same 
locality in the Museum’s coll. 

Probably only var. of 77. canicularis ; 4 females, Middle States, Mass. 

Not like any species known to me; 1 male, N. Hampsh., abdomen 
wanting; the other from Hudson’s Bay Terr., lost. 

Probably 4. serena Loew, but the specimen is too imperfect to 
be sure. 

Not like any species known to me; 4 females, from South Green- 
land; N. Y. All imperfect. 

There are in Loew’s collection the following determined species : 
Hf, maniccta Meig., from Sitka, Sahlb.; //. serena Fall., from Br. 
Amer.; 4. subpellucens Zett., from Sitka, Sahlb.; A. ¢etracantha 
Loew, from Middle States ; #7. femorata Loew, from Cuba. The 
H. spathulata Zett. quoted with * in O. Sack. cat., p. 170, is not 
represented. 


Genus AZELIA Desv. 
Seems identical with A. Slaeger? Zett.; 1 male, N. Hampsh. 


Genus ATOMOGASTER Macq. 

Is not among the specimens examined by Mr. Meade, but repre- 
sented in Loew’s coll. by 5, male and female, from Texas; Nebr. 
A. albicincta. 

Genus ANTHOMYIA Meig. 

Identical with AZ, vadicum Linn. 

3 males, Regio. arct.— 54; 1 male, probably Mass.—55 ; 1 female, 
Cambridge, Mass.—56; 2, male and female, no loc.—58; 1 male, 
Illinois. All not like any species known to me. 

Identical with A. /atitarsis Slaeg. & Zett.; 2, male and female, from 
N. Hampsh. and N. Y. 

Very similar to small specimens of 4. pluvialis; 1 male, Long 
tsland, N.Y. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


Genus Hy.emvia Desyvy. 
t+ Legs black. 

60. Not like any species known to me; ro, male and female, Brit. Am., 
WN. Vip Ne 

61. Not like any species known to me ; 5, male and female, N. Hampsh., 
N.-Y.;,Cona, | 

62. Resembles H. antigua Meig.; 2, male and female, Hudson’s Bay 
Terr., Reg. Arctic. ' 

Is identical with /7. deceptiva A. Fitch, 2 types in Loew’s coll. 
tt Legs yellow. 

63. Not like any species known to me; this is perhaps 4. alcathoe Walk. 
Mus. Cat.; 6, male and female, N. Hampsh., N. Y., Mass. 

Is identical with A. farsafa Sik., male and female, N. Y., Ill., 
labelled by Loew. 

In Loew’s collection are 2 males from Cuba, types of /. angus- 
tifrons Loew, united (O. Sack. Cat., p. 167) probably after exam- 
ination of Macquart’s type with . gzcz. T.oew has written on the 
label : “‘ Can be taken to be H. fzcz, if it is assumed that the artist 
has allowed himself wild fancy in drawing the veins of the wings 
and the’ bristles of the legs.” On the label of the second speci- 
men is said: ‘‘ Probably the pale-winged variety quoted by Wiede- 
man as his guwadrilineata.” 

64.—73. Unlike any species known to me. 64. 4, male and female, 
N. Y.—65; 1 female, N. Y.—66; 2 females, N. Hamps.—67; 1 
female, Hudson’s Bay Terr.- 68; 1 male, D. C.— 69; 3 females, 
Hudson’s Bay Terr., Canada, N. Hamps.—7o; 3 males, N. Y.— 
71; 2 females, Lake Super.— 72; 1 female, Maine.—73; 3 females, 
Nebraska. 

Genus CHORTOPHILA Macq. 
+ Legs black. 

74. Very similar to C. floccosa Meig.; 1 male, Mass. 

75- 1 male, Mass.—76; 1 female, California— 77; 1 male, Regio Arct.—- 
All unlike any species known to me. 

78. Seems identical with 4. angustifrons Meig.; 5, male and female, Br. 
Amer., Maine, Mass. 

Is identical with Avthom. caloptent Riley, infesting the eggs of 
Caloptenus spretus, after the types in the Museum sent by Mr, 
Whitmann from St. Paul, Minn, 


a0) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


79.—85. 85 a. Not exactly like any species known to me. 7g. 1 male, 


Hudson’s Bay ‘Verr.—8o, 1 male, N. Y.—81; 1 male, Canada—82; 
1 male, N. Y.—83; 1 male, Hudson’s Bay Terr.—84; 10, male and 
female, Hudson’s Bay Terr., Maine, N. Y., D. C., Arctic Reg.—85; 
8 females, Mass., Conn., N. Y. 

+t Legs yellow. 


86.—g2 and g6-101. Unlike any species known to me. 86, 1 male, 


93: 
94. 
95: 


102. 


103. 


104. 


105. 


106— 


Conn.—87, 2 females, Conn.—88, 1 male, Cala —- 89, 3, male and 
female, N. Y.—go. 5, male and female, N. Y.—g1. 7, male and 
female, Mass., bred from Rumex by O. Sack.—gz2. 1 male, N. Y. 
—g6. 1 female, Hudson’s Bay Terr.—g7. 1 female, no loc.—g8, 
t female, South Greenland. 99, 1 female, Hudson’s Bay Terr.— 
100, 1 female, no loc.—ro1, t female, Regio Arct. 

Resembles A. gz/va Zett.; 2 females, N. Y. 

Very like A. vittigera Zett.; 3, male and female, N. Y. 

Very like A. flavoscutellata Zett.; 1 male, N. Hampsh. 

In Loew’s coll. one species with black legs from Texas is labelled 
f. Chort. cilioraca, 
Genus Lispa Latr. 


Like ZL. ¢entaculata Deg.; 2 females, N. Y. 
Identical with Z. sociabilis Loew; 5, male and female, D. C. 
Like Z. oliginosa Fall.; 1 female, Hudson’s Bay Terr. 
Identical with the same species by Loew from III. 
Not like any European species; 1 female, Maryland. 
In Loew’s collection are Z. flavicincta from Hudson’s Bay Terr., 
and Z. consanguinea from Texas. 


Genus CaricEa Desv. (Coenosia Meig.) 


This very distinct species, of which there are many specimens, is 
different from any European one that I know ; the female closely 
resembles that of AZydaea impuncta Meig. 27, male and female, 
from Hudson’s Bay Terr.; Canada, N. Hampsh., Mass., N. Y. 


Genus CoENosiA Meig. 

115; 117-121. Not exactly like any species known to me; 106, 4, 
male and female, N. Y.—107. 3 females, Cuba, is labelled in 
Loew’s coll. C. s¢#zgosa Loew. 108. 4, male and female, Mass.— 
109. 3, male and female, N. Hampsh., C. D., is C. subsimplex 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 


Loew (not described) from D. C. 110. 2 females, Rhode Island 
—I11. 1 male, Canada—r12. 1 male, Canada—113. 2 females, 
Conn. 114. 1 female, D. C.—rr5. 3 males, N. Hampsh., Conn., 
D. C., is C, calopyga L. from Pa.—-117. 4, male and female. Hud- 
son’s Bay Terr., N. Hampsh., C. D.—-118. 1 male, Hudson’s Bay 
Terr —119. 2, male and female, Canada, Mass.—120, 1 female, 
Hudson’s Bay Terr.—r21. 1 male, D. C. 
116. Very similar to C. pygmaca Zett.; 1 male, Canada. 
In Loew’s coll. is also C. modesta from Washington Terr., not 


from Washington, D. C., as in O. Sack. Catal., p. 171; and C. 
nivea from Pa. 


Genus SCHOENOMYZA Hal. 


In Loew’s coll. are the types of .S. chrysostoma from N. Hampsh , 
and C. dorsalis from D. C. 


NEW SPECIES OF CYNIPIDAE. 
BY H. F. BASSETT, WATERBURY, CT. 


Cynies Q. CALIFoRNICA, n. sp. 

Galls : Polythalamous, sessile on the branches of the Californian 
White Oak (Quercus Hindsii ?) Sub-globular, but varying much in form 
and size. A common form is what may be termed balloon-shaped, the 
upper part perfectly globular, the lower tapering more or less to the sessile 
base. They often occur of a long compressed oval form: these are 
placed longitudinally on the branch and the length is two or three times 
their breadth or thickness. ‘Those of this form are often of monstrous 
size, being ten or twelve inches in their greatest circumference. The 
globular galls are from one to two inches in diameter. In color they are 
of an opaque white. ‘They are usually smooth, but specimens occur that 
have a more or less warty surface, and others are found that have slight 
yellowish brown ridges. Internally they are of a uniform, dense cellular 
structure, and the not very numerous larval cells (from one to a dozen) 
lie closely imbedded in this cellular substance. 

From their shape and color these galls might easily be mistaken for a 
species of white fungus which grows on trees. 


’ 
52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


My specimens were collected in 1878 and in 1880 at Redwood City, 
Cal., by Mr. Wm. Sutton, of San Francisco. 

There are some very large specimens of these galls in the Museum at 
Cambridge, collected in Cal. by Baron Osten-Sacken, I believe. They 
are, with a single exception (Cynips punctata B.), the largest galls known 
to me, and I have given them the name of the State in which they, and 
so many other natural objects of surprising magnitude are found. 


The insects gnaw their way out of the galls in October, but of the 
growth of the galis themselves I have no information. ‘The insects are 
all females, and belong to the agamous generation, and in structure they 
differ but little from C. znanis, C. aciculata, C. spongifica and many others 
that are, as yet, known only in the female sex. 


The insect is described as follows : 


Head small; ocelli medium size, very close together. Face covered 
with short white hairs which are appressed, and which converge towards 
the mouth. Mandibles large and heavy, shining black at the tips. Max- 
illary palpi 5-jointed, labial 3-jointed. Antennze with fourteen joints ; 
Ist joint short, rather thick ; 2nd small, globose ; 3rd equal in length to 
the two preceding together ; 4th to the 13th gradually shorter ; 14th long 
as the two preceding taken together. Thorax with short appressed hairs, 
and with grooves as follows: ‘Two parallel lines start near together on the 
collare, near the dorsal summit, and extend half way to the scutellum ; two 
similar but rapidly diverging lines from the same point on the scutellum, 
extending half way to the collare. Two starting from the scutellum outside 
the first pair, and extending to the base of the wings; these last are 
nearly parallel. All these grooves are smooth and shining, but very fine 
and only seen to advantage under a magnifier. 


Scutellum nearly oval, surface slightly shagreened and with a few scat- 
tering white hairs. Fove indistinct or wanting. 


Pleurze and legs covered with short shining white hairs. Tarsi dark 
brown, ungues black. Basal half of the first abdominal segment hairy. 
Sheath of the ovipositor dark shining brown, not exserted. Ventral hairs 
microscopic. 

Wing veins dark brown, surface of the wings covered with short fine 
hairs ; radial area open, areolet of medium size. ‘The head—except from 
the mouth to the occiput, which is black—the antennz and the entire 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 


insect, including the wings, with the slight exceptions noted above, a 
dusky yellowish brown. Length .22; wing .23 ; antenne .13. 
Described from living specimens. 


Cynips Q. AGRIFOLIAE, Nn. sp. 


The galls from which I have reared this really fine species were sent 
me from California by my brother, H. D. Bassett, of San Francisco, with 
a branch and leaves of the oak on which they grew, They grow on the 
twigs of Quercus agrifolia, one of the family of evergreen or live-oaks. 
The first specimens sent me reached me in November, 1877. From these 
perfect insects appeared Dec. 21st, 1878. Whether the larva matured 
earlier or later in the warm room in which they were kept, than they would 
under normal conditions, I cannot say ; but from what I know of other 
species, I judge this had little effect upon their development. 

As they mature in the autumn, and as all that I have yet reared are 
females, and as these bear a close resemblance to the other agamous 
species known to me, I conclude that these are the one-gendered gener- 
ation of a dimorphic form. The gall fly is even lighter in color than C. 
Californica, and these two species differ very greatly in this respect from 
any other species known to me. 

Galls: Monothalamous, perfectly round, very hard, and internally of 
a dense cork-like consistence, like the galls of C. globulus. They are from 
34 to 36 of an inch in dimater. The surface is microscopically pubescent 
and uneven, and the color varies in different specimens (dry) from a rather 
dark, dull clay color to that of raw umber. The single larval cell is 
adherent on all sides to the gall substance. The point of connection of 
the gall with the twig is scarcely discernible in most specimens, in others 
it is indicated by a minute dot from which fine lines radiate. I learn that 
these galls are so abundant that the ground is sometimes almost covered 
~ with them. 

Gall fly: Head, and with slight exceptions, the entire body, are 
extremely pale yellowish brown, the head and the lower part of the abdo- 
men palest, the first somewhat translucent. Eyes, ocelli and the tips of 

the mandibles jet black and contrasting beautifully with the prevailing 
color. Antenne 14-jointed ; 2nd half the length of the rst, not globose ; 
3rd long; 4th to 8th gradually shorter, the remaining six short and of 
equal length. The antenne light, deepening to dark brown towards the 
extremity. 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. © 


Thorax very finely punctate on the mesothorax, coarser and less regu- 
lar on the scutellum and with scattered microscopic hairs throughout. 
Parapsidal grooves: These differ considerably from the usual form,inasmuch 
as the anterior parallel pair are perceptible only under a powerful lens and 
appear as smooth shining undepressed lines, and the two diverging lines 
which rise on the posterior margin reach quite to the collare. These last are 
very distinctly impressed, as is also the line over the base of each wing. 
Fove small, appearing as a shallow, smooth groove at the base of the meso- 
thorax. There is a scarcely perceptible ridge dividing the groove in the 
middle. On the breast there is a black spot which is usually quite con- 
cealed by the head, and also.a dark brown spot on the posterior angle of 
the thorax ; this is concealed by the wings when they are closed. Legs 
the same color as the body, except. that the tarsi are dusky brown and the 
ungues black. 

Wings of a decidedly yellowish hue. Veins slender and pale, areolet 
distinct ; radial area open, long and very narrow. 

Abdomen large; 1st segment with a dark, highly polished spot on the 
anterior dorsal margin, and laterally there are a few fine hairs; 2nd and 
3rd segments each with a dark nebulous spot, similarly situated, but less 
intense and less sharply defined than that on the first segment. Sheath 
of the ovipositor not exserted, a little darker than the general surface of 
the body, and with short hairs or bristles along its whole length. In the 
living specimens there is on each side of the sheath a dark curved line, 
and seen from beneath these form an elliptic oval. Length.15; wing .18; 
antenne .13. 

Described from numerous living specimens. 


Cynies Q. SUTTONII, n. sp. 


Hard woody galls forming a prodigious enlargement of the small twigs 


and branches of Quercus sp.? from Cal. They vary in size from one- 


half to more than two inches in diameter. Most are globular, while a few 
are elongated in the direction of the twig which they surround. The 
wood is very hard, and is curled and twisted as in woody knots generally. 
The bark is smooth, and in young galls polished and shining. Extending 
from the centre of the gall quite to the bark, but not piercing it, are a 
large number of rounded and sub-compressed hollow tubes, closed and 
bluntly rounded at the base, and flat and slightly enlarged at the top. 
They are one-half inch in length and three-sixteenths in diameter, It is 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. »») 


not difficult to remove these tubes or larval cells from partially dried galls. 
Their thin walls are formed of long straight woody tissue. In the basal 
third of the tubes are the larval cells, one in each, and above the larva 
is a thin paper-like partition so concave beneath as to form, with the sides 
and bottom, an oblate spheroidal larval cell. Above the partition are a 
few shreds of a pith-like substance that filled the entire tube while grow- 
ing. The bark is all that offers serious hindrance to the egress of the 
insect when mature. 

I have been thus particular in describing the structure of this gall 
because several other species known to me have a structure somewhat 
similar and I do not remember to have seen them described. 


Gall-flies: All females. Head black, and with the entire thorax coy- 
ered with short appressed hairs. Vertex slightly rugose. Antenne dull 
dark brown, 15-jointed ; rst joint large, club-shaped; 2nd short, ovoid ; 
3rd a little longer than two preceding taken together ; 4th to the 9th each 
slightly shorter than the preceding one; roth to 14th of nearly equal 
length ; 15th very short and small, but separated from the 14th by a very 
distinct suture. Face black, mandibles dark. Thorax with two short 
smooth parallel lines, not grooves, which extend half way from the collare 
to the scutellum, and two outside of these also parallel, which extend half 
way from the scutellum to the collare ; also a smooth line over the base 
of each wing. All these lines are smooth and entirely destitute of hairs, 
and in certain lights they appear as slightly raised ridges, rather than as 
furrows, as is the case in other species when the parapsidal lines are pre- 
sent. Legs dark brown, nearly black, except the femur, which is a clear 
shining brown. Ungues black. Wings hyaline, subcostal and first trans- 
verse veins heavy, others slender, but distinctly defined ; all dark dusky 
brown, almost black. Areolet large,‘cubitus very slender, in some cases 
not quite reaching the first transverse. Radial area open and the radial 
vein straight. 

Abdomen clear shining brown ; first segment in size equal to the three 
following taken together. Microscopic hairs on this segment beneath the 
wings. Sheath of the ovipositor dark brown and with the ventral valves, 
has fine short hairs along the entire length, but no tuft of these at the 
point of either, as in most species. 

Length : Body, .15, wing .20, antennz .o8. 

I first received this species from Mr. William Sutton, of San Fran- 
‘ cisco, Cal., to whom I am also indebted for other interesting species of 


56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


galls from that section, and I take pleasure in giving to it the name of 


its discoverer. 


Cynips Q. NUBILA, n. Sp. 

Galls : Densely hairy, sub-globular or hemispherical clusters of galls 
on the under side of Jeaves of an unknown species of oak; always on the 
mid-vein. When fresh the hairs are of a fine deep crimson, but fade 
somewhat in drying. At the base they are yellowish white. The galls in 
each cluster grow from the same point on the leaf, and the clusters are 
from one-half to one inch in diameter, and contain from one to five or 
more galls or larval cells. The cells, denuded of their covering of 
hairs, are nearly globular, tapering, however, to an obtuse point at the end 
attached to the leaf, and they measure from three-sixteenths to nearly or 
quite half an inch in diameter. The shell is about .o2 of an inch in 
thickness (thicker than this at the base, however,) and is very hard and 
brittle when dry ; it contains no larval cell, and its inner surface’is slightly 
roughened as if gnawed. 

These galls, in their dense hairiness and in their size and outward 
appearance, resemble closely those of C. g. ¢enuicornis n. s. from the same 
locality ; but while in this species the larval cells are separate, in fenu- 
cornis they are enclosed in an envelope of a dry porous con- 
sistence. The fine crimson color, too, seems to be a constant char- 
acter of C. g. nubila, and the insects from the two galls are widely different, 

Gall-fly : All females. Head very small, dark reddish brown. Vertex 
finely punctate or crackled. Ocelli shining, of medium size. Antenne 
13-jointed, rather slender, the base prominent ; rst joint tapering from its 
abruptly truncate summit ; 2nd short, ovoid ; 3rd one-fourth longer than 
the two preceding taken together ; 4th equal to the ist and 2nd; 5th to 
8th gradually shorter ; 9th to 12th sub-equal ; 13th slightly longer than 
the r2th. The joints, particularly the 3rd, 4th and 5th, closely connected, 
but with a slight enlargement at the nodes in these last mentioned. 

Thorax very dark reddish brown, in certain lights appearing black, 
covered with very short appressed hairs, which give a slight ashen hue to 
the surface as seen with the naked eye. Two fine, smooth, rather indis- 
tinct parallel lines reach half way from the collare to the scutellum, and 
two distinct grooves from the collare, converging towards the scutellum 
and increasing in size as they approach that point. Scutellum distinctly 
wrinkled or rugose. Legs very dark reddish brown, somewhat shining, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 57 


and paler and sub-translucent at the joints. Wings very large, hyaline. 
Veins heavy, black. Areolet very small, radial area open, broad. The 
base of the radial area covered with a dark semi-transparent cloud which 
includes the 2nd transverse vein. ‘The cubitus in this species, as in C. g. 
bella, is heaviest towards the 1st transverse. At their intersection there is 
a dark cloudy spot, and a still Jarger ashen cloud near the tip of the wing 
This last does not touch the veins nor the margin of the wing. 

Abdomen very large, and viewed laterally, nearly circular in outline ; 
Ist segment a little longer than the four following taken together. These 
last are sub-equal, and each of a deep yellowish brown on the posterior 
half, but lighter anteriorly. All the light bands, together with the lateral 
portion of all the segments, covered with minute microscopic hairs. 
Sheath of the ovipositor small, with a brush of rather long hairs at the 
apex. 

Length: Body .15, wing .20, antenne .13. This fine and truly 
remarkable species was collected in the Mule Pass Mts. in Arizona, in 
Nov., 1879, by Prof. E. T. Cox, to whom I am indebted for many 
other interesting species. 


COENONYMPHA ELKO. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA! 


Male: Expands .g5 to 1 inch. 

Upper side pale ochre-yellow, immaculate ; fringes concolored. 

Under side of primaries nearly same ochre-yellow over basal area and 
part of disk, limited without by a slightly sinuous and crenated edge of 
deeper color, much as in the allied species; outside this, slightly ochra- 
ceous next inner angle, but yellow-buff over apical area. 

Secondaries have the basal area uniform gray-brown, the outline dis- 
tinct and in strong contrast with the remainder of the wing, which is 
yellow-buff. Very slightly dusted gray ; the outline is irregularly cren- 
ated, with a deep sinus en upper sub-costal interspace and another on 
lower disco-cellular interspace. 

Female: Expands 1 inch to 1.02. 

Upper side like the male. Beneath, the area just outside the crenated 
edging on disk of primaries is yellow for a little distance, then tinted 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ochraceous to margin; in one example a minute black dot in the disco- 
cellular interspace with white centre ; in another no dot ; secondaries as 
in the male, the basal area one shade of gray, with distinct crenated out- 
line, and beyond a yellow or buff ground to margin, very little dusted 
gray. 

From 2 ¢ 2 @ taken at Elko, Nev., 1880, and sent me by Mr. J. Elwyn 
Bates, of So. Abington, Mass. Mr. Bates informed me that he had quite 
a number of examples. The present species is nearly of same color with 
C. ampelos Edw., from Oregon; on upper side a little more yellow, and 
with less gloss. The under side is much lighter, and on secondaries the 
contrast between the dark basal area, with its clear cut outline and the 
pale yellow extra discal area, is great. Amfelos has the under side of same 
general character as /vornata Edw. (only different in coloring), from Mon- 
tana and Winnipeg. /ko resembles Cadsfornica Bois. rather, in which 
species many examples have the basal area dark and the entire outline of 
same distinctly defined. 


COLLECTION NOTES FOR 188o. 


BY JAMES T. BELL, BELLEVILLE. 


The early months of 1880 were especially favorable to the acquisition 
of the hybernating Coleoptera, and those which have their permanent 
habitat among the moss of our woods and swamps. ‘The early disappear- 
ance of the snow laid bare their hiding places, while the frosts which 
succeeded formed an ice-bridge which gave access to their places of 
refuge, which in ordinary seasons remain covered with snow till the 
general break-up of the winter, when they are rendered inacessible by 
being surrounded or covered with water. Mr. J. D. Evans and myself, 
who are the sole representatives of the Entomological Society in this 
district, took advantage of these favorable circumstances and commenced 
a vigorous course of moss-hunting, lasting from March rst to May 24th. 
During this period we collected upwards of 1,000 specimens of Over 100 
species, of which the following are not included in the Society’s published 
lists. The numbers are those of Crotch’s Check List, and thé determin- 
ations, with few exceptions, were made by Mr. H. Ulke, of Washington, 
and Mr. E. P. Austin, of Boston. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ay 


7496 Anchus pusillus. 
Hydrochus (nova species, Ulke). 
1579 ‘Trichopteryx Haldemanni. 
i 2 sp. (nova species, Ulke.) 
2102@ Pselaphus longiclavus. 
2110 Bryaxis conjuncta. 
2120a B. propinqua. 
2134 Decarthron formiceti. 
2139 Arthmius globicollis. 
2295 Scydmeenus bicolor. 
sé 2 species not determined. 
2366 Latridius deletus. 
2572 Atomaria ochracea. 
5670 Xanthonia Stevensii. 
5771  Plagiodera cochleariz. 
6294 Paratenetus gibbipennis. 
g027 ‘Tanysphyrus lemne. 
9293 Ceutorrhyncus semirufus. 
1818 Philonthus palliatus. 
7749 Stilicus biarmatus. 


All the above were taken from moss, and in addition the following, 
which are already registered as Canadian: 2095, 2100, 2102, 2103, 2113, 
2124, 2130, 2149, 2150, 2164, 2283, 2285, and about 70 species of Cara- 
bide, Staphylinidz, Chrysomelidz, Curculionide, etc. 

3932 Alaus gorgops; from a stump in Bleecker’s Woods. 

On June 7th we experienced a heavy gale from the S. W., and on the 
12th one of my daughters, who was visiting at West Lake, Prince Edward 
County, went with a pic-nic party to the Sand Banks, on the shore of Lake 
Ontario. There she found the beach strewn with Calosomas and other 
Coleoptera. On her return she brought me 16 C. scrutator, 13 C. Wit- 
coxt,1 C. frigidim, and many other beetles. On July 1st, Mr. W. R. 
Smith being at Brighton, found on the beach at Presq’ Isle a similar dis- 
play of Calosomas, and brought me 14 C. scrutator, 24 C. Wilcoxi, and 3 
C. frigidum ; unfortunately most of them were spoiled from exposure. 

In June I had brought to me a rather fine specimen of Zacles im- 
perialis, and a good male of Xyloryctes satyrus, both taken within half a 
mile from the city limits. 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


With these exceptions, the season of 1880 has proved the least favor- 
able to the Entomological collector, in this quarter at least, of any I have 
experienced in my 21 years’ residence in Canada. Very few Lepidoptera 
were seen, either on the wing or at sugar ; beating the bushes was singu- 
larly unproductive, and I have more than once picked stumps and turned 
over stones for a full hour without getting 20 specimens of all sorts. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


CORRECTIONS. 


In the paper on the early stages of Gracilaria stigmatella, ante pp. 25— 
28, occur the following errors, no doubt overlooked by me in the proof: 
On p. 26, “85 mm.” and on p. 27, ‘‘8 mm.” and “6 mm.,” for which 
respectively read .85 mm., .8 mm. and .6 mm. (fractions instead of 
integers). And on p. 28, line 13, for “mine” read cocoon. 
V. T. CHAMBERS, Covington, Kentucky. 


‘ 


FOOD HABITS OF THE LONGICORNS. 


In June, 1873, while collecting in a small swamp on Montreal Moun- 
tain, I caught a specimen of Pogonocherus mixtus Hald. on my coat-sleeve, 
and as the insect was new to me, I commenced a search for others. Upon 
examining a dead branch of a small willow growing close by, I found that 
it had been extensively bored by some small insect. The part attacked 
was about three feet from the trunk, and at this place the branch, for 
about twelve inches, was full of holes from which the insects had escaped. 
Not finding them, I searched further along the branch and near its ex- 
tremity, where it was reduced to the thickness of a twig, I found a number 
of the above-named species. They were lying on the branch with their 
bodies pressed closely against it, and in this position could with difficulty 
be distinguished from the withered buds. I observed several pairs in 
coitu, but none of the females were ovipositing. They appeared to be 
very sluggish, lying almost motionless, although the sun was shining 
brightly at the time. Having bottled all that were to be seen, I.cut off 
the branch where it had been perforated and found a number of the 
beetles in it, but neither larva nor pupa. 

Gaurotes cyantpennts Say.—I find this insect in spring on thorn blos- 
soms, and later in the season pairing and ovipositing on butternut. 

F. B. CAuLFIELD, Montreal, P. Q. 


The Canadian Entomologist. 


WOOL. XIIT. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1881. No. 4 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
TERIAS NICIPPE, Cramer. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG.—Long, narrow, fusiform, thickest in the middle, tapering about 
equally to either end ; the two ends nearly equai, small, blunt, the upper 
one rounded ; the sides marked by many low, narrow, longitudinal ribs, 
about 30 in number; in shape much resembles egg of Colias Philodice, 
but the ribs are more numerous and less prominent, and there are no cross 
striz. Color. when first laid, greenish-yellow ; after a few hours turning 
to red. Duration of this stage in midsummer 2 to 3 days. 


YOUNG LARVA.—Length .6 inch ; cylindrical, nearly even, each 
segment at its anterior end a little smaller than the posterior end of the 
next preceding ; color whitish, semi-iranslucent ; a few whitish clubbed 
appendages scattered about each segment ; legs and feet color of body ; 
head a little broader than 2, obovoid, greenish-white. To rst moult in 
July 2 to 3 days. 


After 1st Moult.—Length .16 inch ; slender, even, head as broad as 2; 
color of body deep green ; dorsum, the sides and lower parts lighter; each 
segment transversely crossed four or five times, and on the ridges so caused 
fine tubercles, some of which put out short clubbed white appendages, 
others short hairs, white or black ; head sub-globose, finely tuberculated 
and somewhat pilose ; yellow-green. ‘To next moult in July 2 days. 


After 2nd Moult.—-Length .2 inch ; same shape ; color wholly deep 
green ; head as before, lighter green than body. To next moult in July 
2 days. 


After 3rd Moult.—Length .4 to .5 inch ; same shape; deep green; a 
darker green vascular medio-dorsal line, the basal ridge pale green from 2 
‘to 13 ; head as at preceding stage. To next moult 2 days, 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


After 4th Moult.—Length .6 to .7 inch; two days later reached 


maturity. 


MATURE LARVA.—Length 1 inch to 1.1; cylindrical, thickest at 
2 and 3, and tapering gradually to extremity ; the three anterior segments 
curved down in a circular bend when at rest ; dorsal surface pale green, 
the lower part of sides of a soft whitish-green ; each segment creased four 
or five times, and on the ridges small tubercles, each of which sends out 
a short white or black hair; along the basal ridge a whitish stripe, most 
often immaculate, sometimes with an orange patch on each segment, and 
occasionally an orange line the whole length ; under side, feet and legs 
pale green ; head small, sub-globose, very little depressed at top, finely 
tuberculated, and with a few short fine hairs ; color yellow-green. Two 
days aiter the moult the larva suspended, and twelve hours later pupated. 


CHRYSALIS. Length .8 inch; long, slender, the ventral side greatly 
produced ; head case conical, prolonged to a point, which isa little curved 
back ; mesonotum low, rounded, followed by a slight depression ; from 
this to posterior extremity the dorsum is a little convex ; the wing cases 
cover the ventral prominence, and this is thin, rising to a narrow keel, the 
sides being a little excavated ; from the summit of the keel the slope is 
regular to head, but posteriorly there 1s an abrupt curve down to abdo- 
men ; a slight ridge upon the side from end to end ; color of dorsum pale 
green or whitish-green, with a darker medio-dorsal line; the wing cases 
and ventral side of abdomen yellow-green ; the side ridges cream-color ; 
so is the ventral carina, but where this approaches the abdomen it becomes 
brown and the dark color is dilated into an irregular stripe ; on either side 
of head case, and also on lower side of same, are small brown patches, 
and near base of mesonotum at upper end are two pairs of small brown 
spots, edged posteriorly with white, the posterior pair the larger ; the wing 
cases with several brown points, part of which are disposed in two rows 
near to and parallel with the hind margin. 

Some chrysalids are quite largely sprinkled with brown dots and 
patches over whole anterior part, including wing cases, and the keel is 
brown. Two chrysalids bred in September, 1880, differed from all the 
rest in that they were black, or black-brown ; the anterior parts darkest ; 
one of these had the posterior part of the ventral prominence, beyond the 
wing cases, dull green ; both had the two pairs of spots above mesonotum 
white. I thought it probable that these chrysalids were diseased, but 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 


both gave imagos in no way differing from the usual form. Duration of 
the chrysalis stage in July and August 8 days. 


Nicippe is a very common species in this part of West Va. Its food 
plant is Wild Senna, Cassia Marilandica, which grows abundantly, and the 
butterfly is present in several successive generations and in overlapping 
broods from early in May to winter. I have seen it on the wing 29th 
April, and also in December, and am of the opinion that a few individuals 
successfully hybernate. At almost any time eggs and larve can be found 
on the Senna leaves, many eggs perhaps dotted over the surface of a 
single leaf and mostly the under surface. On one occasion I noticed a 
butterfly just from chrysalis standing by its empty shell, on a stem 
of Senna, and near by were fresh-laid eggs and newly hatched larve up to 
mature larvae. I recorded at the time that there were about forty larvae 
on one stem. The larvae are very nearly the color of the leaves, and 
usually may be found, when at rest, lying full length along the mid-rib on 
upper side. 

The butterflies differ much in size and color. The normal color is 
deep orange, but I have taken males of all grades up to clear sulphur 
yellow, with no trace of orange. The females also are often nearly yel- 
low, but I have seen none which had not a little orange in the disks. 

Nicippe is found over all the Southern and Western States, on the 
Pacific coast, and so to the tropics, avoiding the highlands. It is common 
about Pittsburgh, Pa., and is occasional as far to the eastward as Massa- 
chusetts. In 1877 I saw a single one flying near the coast, below Boston. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF EUDAMUS. 
BY J. A. LINTNER. 


EupAMus ELECTRA, nN. sp. 

Size of small Wisoniades Fuvenalis. Primaries narrower thanin Zudamus 
Pylades Scudd. 3, more rounded on the costa, and more oblique on the 
hind margin. Secondaries rounded, not prolonged at the anal angle as in 
E. Pylades, nor excavated opposite the cell as in most of the Nisoniades. 

General color dark brown; approaching that of 4. Pydades ; the fringe 
concolorous with the terminal portion of the wings, a Irttle paler at 
their tips. 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Primaries with eleven transparent white spots, upon which an ordinary 
lens shows regular rows of small black scales—the spots, as follows : Near 
the end of the cell (apparently open) are two spots, separated by the 
cellular fold and extending to the enclosing veins (subdorsal and median) 
—the upper one twice as large as the lower and prolonged backward 
superiorly in one or two teeth—the lower one subtriangular in shape ; 
above and in line with these two, in cell 10, is a small elongated spot—the 
smallest on the wing, while beneath them and in range, in cell 2, extend- 
ing from vein 2 to vein 3, is the largest spot on the wing, enlarged 
superiorly and excavated inwardly. Outside of this discal band of four 
spots, are seven others, bordered by dark brown, and arranged in an 
irregular curve, as follows: in cells 9, 8 and 7, three costo-apical spots, 
oblique to the costa ; outside of these, in cell 6, a spot; in cell 5, still 
nearer the margin, another ; in cell 4, a little farther removed from the 
margin, another—these last three subtriangular in shape; in cell 3, 
extending from vein to vein, a subquadrate spot, placed farther from the 
margin, about equidistant with the lower costo-apical spot; these seven 
spots, commencing at the costa and omitting the fifth, show a regular 
increase in size. Outside of these transparent spots, is a series of obscure 
dark brown intranervular subterminal spots which merge into the dark 
brown shade of the margin. Inside of these spots, the wing shows by 
oblique light a purplish reflection approaching a grape bloom but more 
vivid, with the exception of the internal margin and two brown bands of 
the color of the outer margin and posterior wings ; the bands extend from 
the subcostal to the internal vein ; the outer and broader embraces the 
discal band of transparent spots in its outer margin, and the other crosses 
the median vein at its intersection by vein 2; a brown shade rests also on 
the base of the wing. 


Secondaries traversed at about their outer third by a narrow obscure * 
brown band, inside of which the wing is dark brown; outside of this 
band, the subterminal series of brown spots of the primaries is continued. 


Beneath, the purplish reflection of the upper surface appears only at 
the tip of the wing—the median and basal portions being dark brown, 
concolorous with the secondaries inside of the paler brown band; the 
obscure intranervular brown spots of the upper surface are repeated, and 
continued on the secondaries ; the transparent spots are without the lines 
of brown scales. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


The costal vein of the primaries intersects the costa nearly opposite 
the end of the cell; vein 8 reaches the margin at the extreme apex—not 
below it. 

Antenne about one-half the length of the anterior wings, dark reddish- 
brown, marked inwardly with white at the joints, expanding rapidly into 
the club (the terminal half of the club lost). 


Palpi in length about equal to the diameter of the eyes, clothed with 
thick, bristly, dark brown hairs, some of which are white tipped ; apical 
joint short, conical, projecting a little beyond the hairs. 

Locklet black, curving about half way over the eyes. Front of head 
dark brown. 

Thorax above and beneath clothed with long brown hairs, concolorous 
with the posterior wings. 

Abdomen darker brown, reaching only to the pale band of the hind 
wings. 

Legs dark brown ; the posterior pair have the femur and tibia of the 
same length, bearing brown hairs which nearly equal them in length ; 
tibia armed with two pairs of spurs ; tarsi twice as long as the tibie, 
moderately spinose. 

Expanse of wings, 1.65 in.; length of body 0.55 in. 

Described from a single female received from Mr. W. H. Edwards. 
The specimen was captured in Hamilton, Ontario, by Mr. J. Alston 
Moffat, in 1877, in company with another like it, which escaped capture. 


In the Hesperidz the antennal club affords excellent generic features. 
It is unfortunate that in this unique specimen, the half of one antenna 
and the terminal half of the club of the other, have been lost. It being 
also of the female sex, we are without knowledge of the presence of a 
costal fold in this species. In the absence of these characters, it is 
referred, with some doubt, to the genus Eudamus, in which Dr. Herrich- 
Scheeffer, Dr. Speyer and others arrange species with rounded hind wings 
and those in which they are greatly prolonged. Of the three groups in 
which Dr. Speyer has divided the genus, viz., *Hind wings on submedian 
nervure little or not at all produced,— **Prolonged in a lobe,—***Caud- 
ated,—-Z. /ectra falls in the first group. 


The detection of the above species is a very interesting discovery for 
this portion of the United States. 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES ON CRAMBUS. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


Crambus seritcinellus Zeller. 


I am indebted to Professor Fernald for specimens of this species from 
Maine. It appears in two forms ; one in which the thorax and fore wings 
are pure satiny white, which, from Prof. Zeller’s description and a speci- 
men sent him for identification, is the typical ser7c’nel/us ; the other, in 
which the white is somewhat faded, having a slight yellowish or fuscous 
cast. This latter, Professor Fernald informs me, corresponds to Clemens’ 
type of znornatellus, a name which I have referred as a synonym in my 
preliminary J.ist. It may be retained as a varietal name ; I do not think 


it can be specifically distinct ; in some undoubted serzcinellus the thorax 
is a little soiled. 


Crambus minimellus Robinson. 


I have identified this species from a specimen in my collection from 
Massachusetts. It has very pointed fore wings, and the little species 
seems to me related to the Leachellus group. 


Crambus undatus Grote. 


This species belongs to the exszccatus group; it is smaller than 
exsiccatus, pale brown, the primaries washed with whitish, and having two 
dotted transverse lines, angulated on the disc, continuous and very distinct, 
not drawn in submedially. Fringes brown, with a silky or metallic shade. 
A fine series of terminal brown dots. Hind wings pale gray, with a faint 
subterminal line, discontinued inferiorly, visible also beneath. We have 
two Californian species, anceps and undatus, and two Eastern species, 
exstccatus and daciniellus, which are allied in having the fore wings crossed 
by two brownish angulated uneven lines more or less continuous and . 
differing in expression in each species. 


Crambus occidentalis Grote. 


Mr. Hy. Edwards considers this a distinct species and not a variety 
of Leachellus. It differs by the prominent notch of the white stripe on its 
lower edge at the middle, and by the dark shades accompanying the 
stripe below. It is collected about San Francisco. What I regard as the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 


same as our Eastern Zeachellus has been collected by Mr. Edwards at 
Vancouver and also at Mendocino. 


Crambus attenuatus Grote. 

This species has been collected about San Francisco. The Californian 
specimens are a little brighter tinted and slightly exceed in size the 
material I.had before me from Vancouver. 


ON. A NEW SPECIES OF APHIS AFFECTING THE PINE, 
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


Among our native forest trees, none, unless it is the oak, suffer more 
from the depredations of insect enemies than the pine. Distributed as it 
is—from the Arctic to the Tropics—climatologically speaking, it becomes 
a prey to every conceivable form of insect life. 

Already its enemies may be reckoned by hundreds ; but notwithstand- 
ing this, hardly a year goes by without some careful investigator adding 
others to the list. It is not the intention of the writer to enter into full 
details or enumerate all of its foes, but to call the attention of entomolo- 
gists to a new Aphis affecting a pine in Florida, that has evidently been 
overlooked by others. 

For the past two years we have detected numerous large brown plant- 
lice upon the common pine of this region, Pius australis, which for 
want of time we have left unmolested. They cluster together upon the 
new and tender branches, which they puncture with their remarkably long 
beaks, causing the sap to exude and the branch upon which they exist to 
become gummy and sticky. In their habits they are surprisingly shy and 
timid. On disturbing them they invariably seek safety by hiding between 
the needles of the pine; indeed, even on hearing approaching footsteps, 
we have observed them cling closer to the limb, while a few skelter off 
where the needles are denser. 

In looking up literature on the subject, we find several species of 
Aphides described and mentioned as existing upon pines, but none on 
Pinus australis, nor will any of the descriptions agree with the species 
under consideration. It belongs to the section Zachnini as defined by 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Thomas, and we therefore propose for it the name of Zachnus australt, 
and submit the following description : 


LACHNUS AUSTRALI, N. sp. 


Wingless 9 : Length .o8 to .16 of an inch. Uniform light brown ; 
head small, eyes large and round, bulging out on each side; beak 
extremely long and slender, reaching to last ventral segment ; antennze 
six-jointed, reaching to hinder part of thorax ; joints 1 and 2 bead-like ; 
3rd longest, widest at apex ; thorax twice as wide at hinder part as head ; 
abdomen very broad, wider than long, with numerous black spots on top, 
arranged in transverse rows ; nectaries black, tuberculous, nearly obso- 
lete ; legs very long, setaceous and black, excepting basal third of tibie, 


which are yellowish. 


Winged individual f: Blackish, length .o8 to .10 of an inch; ala. 
expanse about .35 of an inch. Head black, punctate, outer margin pale 
yellowish ; prothorax dark brown or blackish, greenish yellow along suture 
next the head; antennz short, reaching below middle of thorax ; meso- 
thorax is beautifully marked with pruinose bands, starting from each corner 
of scutellum, which is transverse and pruinose ; they curve inwards and 
meet on top of mesothorax, forming one band which runs straight for- 
wards, dividing again obliquely into two bands to juncture with 
prothorax ; two dots of pruinose on either side of this band; wings 
hyaline, front pair with a very long, thick stigma, with the third vein 
remarkably thin and three-branched ; hind wings with two oblique veins ; 
abdomen with a dorsal row of whitish or pruinose spots on 5 abdominal 
segments, also along each side, and 12 brownish subdorsal round spots ; 
under surface uniformly pruinose ; legs black, excepting tibiz, which are 
partly yellowish ; beak long, reaching to last ventral segment, pale in color 
to near the tip, which is black. 


ENEMIES. 


We have bred from this species three ichneumon flies, two belonging 
to the Aphidide family and one to the Chalcidide, which we shall 


describe in a future paper. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE LEGGED MAPLE BORER—Aegeria acerni (Clemens). 


BY THE EDITOR. 


In 1860 Dr. Clemens described this pretty moth in the Proceedings of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and since then it has 
been written on by Mr. P. Gennadius in the American Naturalist for 
January, 1874, and in the same year by 
C. V. Riley, in his 6th Missouri Report. 
It is well figured in the accompanying 
cut, figure 6 (after Riley), in all its 
stages ; a shows the larva, 4 the cocoons 
exposed by removal of the bark, c¢ 
the moth, and @ the chrysalis. 

The moth appears late in May 
and during June. When the wings are 
expanded it measures about three-quarters 
of an inch across ; its wings are transpar- 
ent, decorated with bluish-black markings. 
The head and palpi are of a deep reddish- 
orange, antennae bluish-black, thorax 
ochreous-yellow, abdomen bluish-black 
varied with ochreous-yellow and termin- 
ated by a tuft of brilliant reddish-orange 
hairs. 

The under side of the body is ochreous-yellow with bluish-black 
markings. 

The female deposits her eggs on the bark of the soft and sugar maple 
‘ trees, chiefly on the former, and when hatched the young larvae burrow 
through the bark and feed upon the inner portion and sap wood, never 
penetrating into the solid heart wood. The excavations made by the larva 
are filled with its brown castings. When full grown it is more than half 
an inch long, cylindrical to the eleventh segment, then tapering to the 
end, with the skin wrinkled and folded. ‘Tne head is small, of a yellow 
color, cervical shield paler ; stigmata brown; legs and tips of prolegs 
reddish. When the larva is full grown it eats its way nearly through the 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bark, leaving but a very thin layer unbroken; it then retires within 
its burrow, and having enclosed itself within a loose, silky cocoon, changes 
to a brown chrysalis. A short time before the moth escapes the chrysalis 
wrigeles itself forward, and pushing itself against the thin papery-like 
layer of bark, ruptures it and the chrysalis protrudes as shown in the 
figure. Soon afterwards the imprisoned moth in its struggles ruptures the 
chrysalis and escapes. 

This insect appears to be increasing in numbers every year, and is very 
destructive, especially to young maple trees. Many of our shade trees in 
London are much injured by it, and where very numerous it is liable to 
completely girdle the tree and kill it. Itis also found throughout the Middle 
States. To prevent the moths from laying their eggs the trunks of the 
trees should be painted about the first of June with a mixture of soft soap 
and lye about the thickness of paint, or with a mixture of lime and soap. 
When once the larvae obtain an entrance it is very difficult to discover 
them, and they will then carry on their destructive work all through the 
summer. 


PTEROPHORIDA. 


BY CHARLES FISH, OLD TOWN, MAINE, 


About three years ago I commenced the study of the ‘“ feather- 
wings,” with the intention of preparing at some future time a monograph 
of the North American species of this family. While adhering to my 
original intention, I have decided to so far modify it as to publish in 
advance certain new species which have accumulated on my hands, and 
I am induced to this course the more because it may be a considerable 
time before sufficient material will have been obtained to justify me in 
publishing my general paper. In the meantime I wish to obtain as many 
examples of this family as possible from all parts of North America, and 
any aid that may be given me by collectors I shall try to reciprocate. 1 
prefer to have the examples pinned, but not spread, and great care should 
be observed in pinning, that the wings be not denuded or the legs broken 
off. The upper surface of the wings should never be touched with the 
fingers, nor should the specimens be allowed to roll about in the cyanide 
bottle and become denuded in this way. The very excellent directions 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71 


given by Prof. Fernald in Can. Envt., Vol. x., No. 5, for the collection of 
Tortricide, will apply equally well to the Pterophoride. 

I desire to express my obligation to Prof. Fernald, who first suggested 
to me the idea of making a special study of this group, and who has 
granted me the free use of his valuable private library, and greatly aided 
me in other ways. I am also much indebted to Prof. P. C. Zeller and 
Lord Walsingham for aid in determination of species and advice during 
the prosecution of nity studies of this group. To the entomologists and 
collectors who have assisted me in procuring material I likewise desire to 
render my thanks. To Mr. Henry Edwards in particular I am under 
obligation for the loan of his entire private collection in this family, com- 
prising many beautiful species, mostly obtained in California and Oregon. 


PLATYPTILUS ALBICANS, 0. s. 

@. Head, thorax and palpi cream color. Frontal tuft very short 
and blunt. Palpi ascending, extending beyond frontal tuft. Antenne 
pubescent, banded above with alternate black and white scales, dark 
brown beneath. Abdomen pale ochreous, cream color at base. Anterior 
and middle femora and tibie cinnamon brown, sprinkled with whitish 
scales exteriorly, pale cream color interiorly ; tarsi dark cinereous, first 
two joints whitish interiorly. Posterior tibiee cream color, brownish just 
before the spurs ; tarsi cinereous, whitish at base of joints. 

Fore wings cleft one-fourth, creamy white along the inner margin, along 
the costa broadly cinnamon brown sprinkled with white. Costal triangu- 
lar patch not sharply defined, cinnamon brown, bordered posteriorly 
above the fissure by a rather broad white line, but below the fissure its 
apex is continuous with the brown color of the lower lobe. Both lobes 
cinnamon brown, more or less sprinkled with white atoms, with a broad 
white transverse line which does not reach the inner margin of second 
lobe. Costal cilia concolorous with adjacent portion of wing, white just 
before the apex, a few brown hairs at the apex. Cilia of fissure white, 
behind transverse line brown. Cilia of posterior margin whitish, at 
posterior angle of each lobe brown. Cilia of inner margin whitish. Hind 
wings cinnamon brown, with concolorous cilia. Third lobe very narrow, 
linear ; cilia pale at base, bearing no dark scales. Underneath, fore wings 
cinnamon brown, with white transverse line sharply reproduced, also 
white line at base of first lobe, reaching from costa half-way to base of 
fissure. First and second lobes of hind wings cinnamon brown, the first 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Saeed 


lobe with a very broad oblique white line near the apex. Third lobe 
creamy white, somewhat dusted with brown along inner margin on apical 
half, Alar expanse, 22 mil. Nevada, H. K. Morrison. 


PLATYPTILUS EDWARDSII, Nn. S. 


Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous brown. Frontal tuft short and 
blunt, brown above, whitish beneath. Palpi ascending, extending beyond 
the frontal tuft, brown above, whitish beneath. Antenne finely ciliated, 
obscurely banded above with alternate white and blackish scales, beneath 
cinereous. Abdomen slender. Legs ochreous brown ; hind tibiee and 
all the tarsi rather pale. 

Fore wings cleft one-fourth. Color reddish ochreous brown, darker 
on the costa, with a faint sprinkling of whitish scales. Triangular costal 
patch blackish brown, bordered posteriorly by whitish scales. A small 
brown patch near the inner margin at the basal fourth, and another near 
the costa at the basal third ; a white transverse line at apical third of the 
lobes. First lobe before transverse line very dark on the costa, and with 
a longitudinal dark patch midway between costa and inner margin ; 
second lobe dark at the anal angle. Costal cilia white just behind tri- 
angular costal patch and near apex ; between, very dark brown. Cilia 
of fissure white to transverse line, beyond dark brown ; on posterior mar- 
gin white outwardly, brown on basal half, with a marginal line of darker 
scales at base ; at posterior angle wholly brown; on inner margin whitish, 
with a small patch of dark scales before, and one just behind apex of 
costal triangle. 

Hind wings reddish brown, third lobe with ochreous tinge on inner ~ 
edge. Cilia brown, with a dark division line at end of first and second 
lobes. Third lobe linear ; cilia of inner margin whitish at base, and 
bearing a small patch of dark scales just before apex. 

Under side of fore wings cinereous brown, ochreous towards apex ; 
transverse line distinct, also white spot on costa behind triangle ; triangu- 
lar patch showing faintly. First lobe of hind wings ochreous, with oblique 
white line near apex ; second lobe cinereous ; third lobe with ochreous 
and white scales mingled. 

Alar expanse, f 25-27 mil., $ 22-23 mil. Described from 2 ¢ and 
3 @ taken at Boston, Mass., by Mr. Hy. Edwards, to whom the species 
is respectfully dedicated ; and 5 @ and 1 @ taken at Amherst, Mass., by 
Mr. L. W. Goodell. 


THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST. io 


CEDEMATOPHORUS GRATIOSUS, Ni. S. 


Head and palpi rather dark brown, scarcely lighter between antenne. 
Antenne pale brownish, dotted above with white and dark brown scales. 
Thorax brown gray, anterior portion lighter. Abdomen fawn brown ; 
scales somewhat raised at extremity of segments. Legs grayish brown, 
spurs concolorous, not tipped with darker color, tarsi pale cinereous, 
slightly browned at extremities of joints. | Middle band of middle tibiz 
inconspicuous, consisting of a few raised scales on one side. 


Fore wings pale cinereous with dark brown dusting ; an oblique brown 
patch before base of fissure ; faint indication of a brown median spot ; 
a longitudinal brown costal spot nearly opposite base of fissure. Cilia 
concolorous. Hind wings and cilia brownish cinereous, third lobe 
whitish. Under side of wings dusky cinereous. Alar expanse, 22 mil. 
California, Mr. Hy. Edwards, 


CEDEMATOPHORUS CINERACEUS, DN. S. 


Front of head and palpi dark brownish, gray, neck dark brown, vertex 
of head and thorax pale cinereous. Palpi stout, turned upward, third 
joint very short. Antennz brownish cinereous, dotted above with dark 
brown. Abdomen brownish cinereous, somewhat marked with dark brown 
scales. ‘Legs brownish cinereous dusted on one side more or less with 
dark brown scales ; middle and end band of middle tibiae dark brownish 
gray; spurs all tipped with dark brown; tarsi whitish cinereous, very 
slightly browned at extremities of joints. 


Fore wings pale cinereous, tinged with brownish, and very thinly 
dusted with dark brown atoms. These brown scales form a very small 
median spot, and a somewhat larger one before the base of fissure, bor- 
dered posteriorly by whitish. There is a longitudinal brown costal spot 
opposite base of fissure, two smaller ones towards the apex, and one on 
inner margin of anterior lobe just before apex. Basal two-thirds of costa 
only along the very margin dark brown gray. Cilia brownish cinereous. 
Hind wings and cilia brownish cinereous, darker than fore wings. Under 
side of wings dark brownish cinereous. Alar expanse, 28 mil. Wash- 
ington Territory, H. K. Morrison. 


CEDEMATOPHORUS BARONI, 0. Ss. 
Front of head and palpi rather dark brown, lighter on the vertex. 
Palpi rather stout, third joint very short and blunt. Antennae pale 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cinereous, obscurely dotted above on basal portion with dark brown. 
Thorax and abdomen pale brownish cinereous, the latter marked dorsally 
by a row of fine black dots, one at the extremity of each segment beyond 
the third ; a few black scales also on the lateral portions. Anterior and 
middle femora pale brownish cinereous, tibiz gray, tarsi whitish cinereous. 
Posterior femora and tibize pale brownish cinereous, tarsi whitish ; spurs 
very short, tipped with black. 

Fore wings brownish cinereous, with a decidedly ochreous tinge on 
the inner margin and posterior lobe, the whole surface being thinly dusted 
with fine black atoms. No other markings. Cilia concolorous with 
adjacent surface. Hind wings and cilia, as well as under side of wings, 
dark cinereous. 

Alar expanse, 30 mil. California, O. T. Baron, to whom the species 
is respectfully dedicated. 


NEW CYNIPIDAE. 


BY H. F. BASSETT, WATERBURY, CT. 
(Continued from Page 57.) 


CyNniIps Q. POMIFORMIS, Nn. sp. 

Globular, polythalamous galls, sessile on the twigs of Quercus Agri- 
folia, much resembling small round apples except that the apex is not 
depressed as is usually the case in this fruit. Size from one to two inches 
in diameter. Color various shades of brown, depending upon the degree 
of exposure to the sun. The smoothish surface sometimes with a few 
small, hard, scattered wart-like points. In the larger specimens there are 
faint lines reaching from the base to the apex, as though it were divided 
internally by septa; but no such divisions are found. The interior is 
a rather dense mass of yellowish brown cellular tissue, in which, near the 
base, lie closely imbedded the thin walled larval cells. 

I received these galls last summer from my brother, H. D. Bassett, of 
San Francisco, Cal. The exact locality where found was not mentioned. 
The flies began to appear the first of March. They are all females, and 
judging from the appearance of the galls they seem to belong to the 
dimorphic class whose cycle of change is completed in one year. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75 


Gall-fly : Head black, vertex coarsely wrinkled. Ocelli large, black 
and shining. Antennz 14-jointed, only two-thirds as long as the body ; 
Ist joint stout, club-shaped ; znd short, ovate, almost globular; 3rd a 
little longer than the two preceding taken together ; 4th equal to the rst 
and 2nd together ; 5th to roth gradually shorter, r1th to 14th very short, 
sub-equal. Color, clear dark yellowish brown, changing to dusky 
brown towards the tips. Face black, with fine hairs, broad, but vertically 
quite narrow. Mandibles black, palpi clear dark shining brown. Thorax 
black, coarsely rugose, the rugz crossing and nearly obliterating the par- 
apsidal grooves. These, as far as traceable, are as follows: Two short 
parallel lines from the collare, one-third the distance to the scutellum ; two 
lines from the collare to the scutellum, closely convergent on the latter. 
A short, smooth line or ridge over the base of each wing.  Scutellum 
small, wrinkled ; fovae small, indistinct. The entire thorax and legs with 
fine microscopic hairs. Legs light shining brown, posterior pair much 
darker. Wings slightly dusky. Veins slender, except the 1st and 2nd 
transverse, which are heavy, and the latter has a dark cloud at the base 
of the radial area. The longitudinal veins brown, becoming almost 
colorless towards the apex of the wings, Areolet small, in some speci- 
mens a minute translucent point. Radial area open. Abdomen shining 
black, rst segment very long, with white hairs beneath the wings. The 
posterior edge of all the segments a clear shining brown. Ventral sheath 
same color. It is very small and the few hairs at and near the tip are 
microscopic. 

Length, body .16, wing .16, antennae.1o. Des. from twenty living 
specimens in my collection. 


Cynips Q. FICULA, n. sp. 


Closely compressed clusters of monothalamous galls, sessile on and 
surrounding the young branches of Q. macrocarpa, forming globular and 
symmetrical masses sometimes two inches long and an inch and a half in 
diameter, but usually about one-half this size. The individual galls in 
these clusters assume a great variety of forms, by reason of the lateral 
pressure which they exert upon each other. The most common form 
resembles that of pressed figs, and this species bears a close resemblance 
to the much smaller one which Dr. Fitch named C. g. jicus, but which 
Mr. Walsh described as C. g. forticornis. The normal form would 
undoubtedly be that of a regular cone attached by its apex to the branch, 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


They are when young entirely covered with a rust colored pubescence 
which mostly disappears from the outward and exposed surface. This 
outer portion of the gall is somewhat wrinkled and of a dull reddish 
brown color. The interior is filled with a soft spongy reddish brown sub- 
stance which is more dense towards the true base of the gall, and where 
lies the single larval cell. This cell is not separable from the spongy mass 
surrounding it. These galls were collected last fall in the northern part 
of Georgia by Mr. W. H. Patton, from whom I received them. They 
produce only female gall-flies, which I describe as follows : 


Gall-fly: A very dark reddish brown throughout. The thorax and 
abdomen almost black. Head—vVertex finely punctate and with a few 
short yellowish hairs. Surface of the face entirely concealed by the dense 
covering of short and closely appressed hairs. Antennae a uniform dark 
reddish brown, 14-jointed ; 1st joint club-shaped, 2nd regularly ovate, 3rd 
one-fourth longer than the two preceding taken together, 4th equal in 
length to the 1st and 2nd together, 5th to roth gradually shorter, rrth to 
14th sub-equal. Surface of the entire thorax concealed by the fine, dense, 
closely appressed hairiness. Parapsidal grooves—two parallel lines reach- 
ing half way from the collare to the scutellum, two slightly diverging lines 
reaching a little more than half way from the scutellum to the collare, and 
a smooth line over the base of each wing. legs of a uniform clear dark 
reddish brown. Wings large, sub-hyaline, veins dark brown, very distinct 
but rather slender. Cubitus very slenderand disappearing altogether just 
before reaching the first transverse. Areolet small but well defined. 
Radial area open, the longitudinal vein bounding its inner edge consider- 
ably curved. Abdomen rather small, highly polished and shining, rst 
segment with a tuft of yellowish white hairs beneath the wings. Sheath 
of the ovipositor (in dry specimens) projecting beyond the abdomen and 
covered with coarse yellowish hairs. 

Length, body .13, wing .18, antennae .11. 


CyNnips Q. MAMMULA, DN. sp. 

Galls : Hard woody knots at the base of the young shoots on thrifty 
young white oak trees, Q. alba. They affect both the lateral and terminal 
branches, and as they are of a hemispherical form, and of large size when 
compared with the branch which always grows out of their summit, they 
suggest the name above given. ‘They are polythalamous, and the larval 
cells are arranged as though the eggs had been deposited around the bud 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. iw | 


before the leaves appeared. The white, thin-walled larval cells are im- 
bedded in woody tissue from which it is almost impossible to detach them. 
The galls formed around the lateral buds are from one-half to three- 
fourths of an inch in diameter, but those around the cluster of terminal 
buds are often an inch in diameter, and instead of a single branch, several 
are often found growing out of a single gall. ‘They do not seem to affect 
the growth of the branches the first year, but must seriously injure the 
tree the following year when the perforated galls begin to decay. This 
species was very common last year in a thicket which I have searched for 
galls every season for the last fifteen years without discovering it; The 
flies are of both sexes and they leave the galls in July. 

The flies, of which I have many thousands, may be described as 
follows : 

Female: Head clear yellowish brown; the vertex when highly magni- 
fied shows a finely crackled surface. Eyes and ocelli black, the latter 
very near together. Face rounded and full, with a few short hairs scat- 
tered over it, and a brush of long bristly hairs on the mentum. Tips of 
the mandibles show a faint duskiness. Antennz 13-jointed, 1st joint 
club-shaped. abruptly truncate ; 2nd small, regularly ovate ; 3rd and 4th 
slender, 3rd a trifle shorter than the two preceding taken together, 4th 
equals the rst in length. The first four joints are of a uniform clear yel- 
lowish brown, while the remaining ones are of a dull dusky brown ; the 
transition from one shade to the other is abrupt, and not gradual as in 
most species. The remaining joints are also considerably larger than the 
third and fourth, and are short and sub-equal, except the last, which is one 
and a half times the length of the preceding. Thorax dark brown, semi- 
translucent, the scutellum and post-scutellum almost black. Mesothorax 
smooth and shining, but highly magnified it appears very finely rugose. 
Parapsidal grooves absent, scutellum darker and more strongly rugose 
than the mesothorax. Fove wanting. Two anterior pair of legs pale 
yellowish brown, posterior pair much darker. Wings hyaline. The 1st 
and 2nd transverse and the subcostal veins rather heavy, and a dark 
smoky brown. The cubitus disappears about midway between the two 
transverse veins. Abdomen smooth and shining and apparently black. 
The first segment one-third longer than the very long second segment, 
remaining segments short. 

Length, body .og, wing .og, antennz .o6. 

Male : Entire body a few shades darker than the female. The legs a 


78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


shade lighter. Antennze 15-jointed, 3rd joint incised. The antennae are 
much longer than in the female, and the first four joints darker and the 
remaining ones a little lighter, and the transition less abrupt than in that 
sex. Abdomen small. The first segment twice as long as the second. 

Length (dry specimens), body .07, wing .o7, antennae .o8. 

Cynips Q. UTRICULA, Nn. sp. 

Globular, monothalamous galls on the petioles and leaves of Quercus 
alba. Thin-walled, .15 of an inch in diameter, green or purplish, pubes- 
cent. Sometimes entirely preventing the development of the leaf, and 
appearing on the end of the short petiole. Sometimes found on the end 
of a vein in a partially developed leaf, and more rarely surrounded by the 
lamina of the leaf. In the last case it appears on both sides of the leaf, 
but is most prominent above. It contains no larval cell. In size and in 
structure it. resembles C. g. vesicuda found on the same oak, but it is 
several weeks later and the insects differ materially. 

The flies appear early in June, and are of both sexes. 

Female: Head black, very finely wrinkled, face sparsely covered with 
short stiff hairs. Antennae 13-jointed; ist short, club-shaped; 2nd 
globular, 3rd long and straight, 4th three-fourths as long as the 3rd; 5th 
and succeeding ones, except the terminal one, one-half as long as the 
3rd ; 13th long and with an indistinct suture in the middle. Color clear 
yellowish brown at the base, gradually changing to dull deep brown at the 
tip. Thorax black. Mesothorax finely rugose. Parapsidal lines distinct, 
and a broad, deep median line from the collare to the scutellum. Line 
over the base of each wing present but indistinct. Scutellum coarsely 
wrinkled, sparsely hairy. Fovae connate, deep, smooth and shining at the 
bottom. Legs, two anterior pairs yellowish brown, except the trochanter, 
which is nearly black. Posterior pair darker brown. 

Abdomen black, shining. Sheath of the ovipositor with short hairs at 
the tip. Itturns upward and extends above the dorsum as in C. g. operator. 
Wings hyaline. The subcostal and the 1st and 2nd transverse veins 
shining brown, rather heavy, the others quite pale. ‘The cubitus does not 
reach quite to the Ist transverse. 

Areolet very small, and in some cases wanting. Radial area open. 
Surface of the wing more hairy than is usual among the Cynipidae. 
Length (dry) «ro. 

Male: Black, except the legs and the antennae, which are a little 
darker than the female. Antennae much longer than the female, 15- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 


jointed, 3rd joint not incised. Abdomen small, slender, shining. First 
segment equal in length to all the others, Length (dry) .o8. 

This species is often quite abundant in the limited space where I have 
found it. In describing the galls I should have added that the larva is 
not enclosed in a larval cell. 

Habitat—Conn. 


LIMENITIS EROS versus VAR. FLORIDENSIS. 
BY THEODORE L. MEAD, NEW YORK. 


Among the generally accepted canons of nomenclature is the rule that 
if a description includes two or more species, it shall be valid for neither 
as against subsequent authors who discriminate the forms properly. 

While all of us may not be willing to push this rule to its limit and 
reject the first name altogether, it certainly is a wholesome restriction 
against a custom which has prevailed in some quarters, notably in France, 
of making loose and indefinite descriptions, waiting until some more 
careful writer has separated one of the forms as distinct and named it, and 
then declaring that the latter was the species really intended by the 
indefinite description, thus at one stroke of the pen creating a synonym 
and finding a new species to be named. 

It seems to me that Mr. Strecker’s reclamation as to Zémenztis var. 
Floridensis and L. Eros, on page 29, is of this nature. 

He speaks of his Limenitis as “ the form found in the extreme south.” 
Now there is a darker form of Zim. Misippus at the south—some speci- 
mens from West Virginia show a darker color than those from the Cat- 
skills ; in Texas and even in Southern Illinois specimens are found of a 
deep mahogany color. This is the “southern form” of AZis¢ppus which 
differs notably from vos in the absence of the white band on under side, 
to which the mention of v. Floridensis does not allude. This mention, it 
seems to me, is too brief and indefinite to rank as a description, especially 
as the names have now been fixed by careful descriptions and the status 
of “vos established as a distinct species. 

The New York Entomological Club has a committee whose duty it is 
to consider cases of disputed nomenclature ; their decision, when ratified, 
of course carries only the weight due to the unanimous opinion of the 
entomologists composing the Club. But this is a gain over the unorganized 


80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


expression of individual opinion, and it seems to me that this example 
might very profitably be followed by other similar societies. 

I am authorized to state that this committee unanimously sustain the 
name of 70s Edw. as applied to the dark species, and Floridensis Streck. 
as applying to the dark variety of Z. Miszppus which ranges from Illinois 
to Florida. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


ON THE USE OF THE FORCEPS OF FORFICULA. 


I just happen to hit upon Dr. J. G. Morris’s article on the functions 
of the forceps of Forficula (Can. Entom. 1877, p. 218), and it reminds 
me of a statement on the same subject in E, Newman’s “ Zoologist,” 
1850, p. 2,695, which however differs in its details, and deserves therefore 
to be reproduced here. The article is signed: John Willams, Royal 
Astronomical Society, Somerset House ; the insect was Labia minor, and 
the principal passage runs thus: ‘Upon arriving at the highest point it 
“could attain (on a book upon which it had alighted) the msect stood 
“ quite still and raised the elytra ; it then, with a very quick motion, thrust 
“the point of one of the caudal appendages, close to the body, under the 
‘wing, which was unfolded by its agency; this being repeated on the 
* other side, both wings were fully expanded and the insect briskly flew 
“away, etc.” According to Mr. Morris, the insect Zif/ted up the short elytra 
with his forceps, before the wings would expand. Both passages may. per- 
haps be reconciled, only the former is more explicit in the statement that 
it is the weng which requires the help of the forceps in expanding. 

C. R. Osten SackEeN, Heidelberg, Germany. 


. 


The determination of A/aus published by Mr. J. T. Bell, on p. 59 of 
your last issue (xiii, No. 3) as gorgops is perhaps erroneous. I know 
that species (the older name of which is /zsctosus Hope, v. Crotch List, 
Suppl. 27) from no locality north of the western part of Louisiana and 
Texas. The Canadian form must be A. ocucatus. 

In this connection, I would observe that a determination unless as 
authentic as possible, is liable to produce serious error if published as a 
contribution to a faunal list. J. L. LEConreE. 

Philadelphia, March 28th, 1881. 


LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1881. No. 5 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
APATURA FILORA, Epw. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc.—Similar to egg of C/y/on,; nearly spherical, flattened at base, 
marked by 18 or 20 slightly prominent vertical ribs, and by many fine 
equi-distant striz ; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage 6 to 7 days. 


YounGc Larva.—Length .8 inch ; cylindrical, tapering from segment 
3; pubescent ; color pale green, translucent; head twice a8 broad as 
next segment, sub-globose, bilobed, the surface thickly pitted with shallow 
excavations ; color shining yellow or ochrey-brown. ‘Towards the last of 
the stage the body is less tapering, each segment well rounded ; down 
middle of dorsum from 2 to 13 a dark green line, and another on upper 
part of each side, the dorsal area between these side lines whitish-green ; 
below the lines more decidedly green ; legs and feet green. To first 
moult 6 days. 


After 1st Moult.—Length .14 inch; body a little thickest at 7, taper- 
ing slightly either way, the last segment ending in a forked tail ; the 
surface closely covered with yellow and yellow-white tubercles, arranged 
in longitudinal rows, and also in regular cross rows ; these tubercles are 
stout at base, subconic at top, of irregular sizes, and at top of each is a 
short white appendage ; on middle of dorsum a dark green stripe, and 
another, but narrower, on upper part of side ; the dorsum is covered by 
two bands of tubercles, divided by the green stripe, each band made up 
of two rows, the outer row being whitish, the inner yellow ; below the 
lateral stripe is another band of two rows, and as the stage proceeds these 
separate, showing a dull green line between them, the lower row running 
with the basal ridge of body ; the tails are divergent from base, are short, 
tapering, rough with tubercles, and these gave out longer hairs than else- 
where ; under side, feet and legs yellow-green; head subquadrate, the 
sides rounded, the front a little rounded, the top incurved ; whole surface 


82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


shallowly pitted and covered with a short yellow down ; color greenish- 
white, with dark brown spots and patches ; a large brown triangle over 
mandibles, a small sub-triangular patch at top in the depression, a sub- 
crescent patch along base of each vertex, and a stripe from vertex half 
way down side, another down the back; the ocelli black on brown 
ground ; on each vertex a short, compressed, fleshy, white process, and 
single white spurs along back of head at top and down sides ; on the 
sides and tops of the processes and spurs many long white hairs. To 
next moult 4 days. 

After 2nd Moult.—Length .26 inch ; similar shape, stouter, the sides 
somewhat less rounded than dorsum, the base broadest ; the tails more 
produced ; the tubercles as at next previous stage, white and yellow, but 
broader and flattened ; the two rows of each dorsal band a little separated 
so as to show a dull green imperfect line ; the side stripe much widened ; 
segment 2 wholly yellow ; head shaped as before, the depression more 
angular, green behind, green with dark brown patches at sides and front ; 
these patches much extended, the one at top nearly meeting by a triangu- 
lar projection the triangle from mandibles, and the one from base of 
process in nearly all cases protracted to outer end of mandibles, so that 
the white in front is confined to two curved vertical stripes forming with a 
cross line between the two triangles the letter H, each upright, incurved ; 
the processes stout, short, cylindrical, evenly forked at top, each fork 
bluntly rounded, and a little tapering; at the base is a spur turned for- 
wards, and along the back and sides are single spurs ; color of process 
black in front, green behind ; along back of head at top spurs in line, and 
so down the sides, diminishing gradually in length, the upper ones bent 
down ; all as well as the processes pilose. To next moult 3 days. 


After 3rd Moult.—-Length .38 to .4 inch; stouter, the back more 
arched ; marked as before ; head almost precisely as before. To next: 
(last) moult 5 days. 


After 4th Moult,—Length .6 inch, greatest breadth .14 inch; same 
shape as at close of last stage and banded in same way, viz., a narrow 
dark green medio-dorsal stripe ; a broad upper lateral yellow-green stripe, 
a lower lateral one of same color; the tuberculated bands on dorsum 
each divided by a medium yellow-green stripe, not so clear or uninter- 
rupted as the others ; the inner row cf each band is quite narrow and is 
yellow, the outer row is wider and white ; below the upper lateral stripe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 
| 


is a yellow row, and a yellow and wavy one runs along the ridge, at base ; 
these two side bands unite at 4 or 3 and go to head as one broad band, 


Six days after 4th moult the larva reached maturity, and two days later 
suspended. 


MaturE Larva.—Length 1.2 f, 1.4 2; greatest breadth .18 Z,.2 
; body sub-cylindrical, obese, in some cases almost same thickness from 
2 to 8, then tapering rapidly to end, in others the middle segment is 
thickest and the taper is regular either way, 2 being of equal diameter 
with 12; the dorsum well rounded, the sides much less convex, rather 
flattened, and sloping toa broad base ; the last segment ending in a forked 
tail; banded with tubercles as immediately after the moult, but these have 
constantly diminished in size as the larva progressed, and in no place are 
so distinct, and many have disappeared altogether ; general color either 
bright yellow or ochre yellow, a little whitened along the edges of dorsal 
area ; the medio-dorsal stripe is very narrow and either black or deep 
blue, but greenish on two or three anterior segments ; the two side stripes 
are dull or sordid green, as is also the under side ; feet and legs same ; 
head .06 inch broad, .o7 high, sub-quadrate, the sides rounded, the front 
moderately rounded, the top depressed at a slight angle ; on each vertex 
a short, stout stag-horn process, with two equal prongs at top, one in front 
at base, another near the base on the front inner side, making four prongs 
which are of same shape, tapering to a blunt rounded top, and these and 
the entire front and sides of the process are black ; the back is green, and 
upon it and at the sides below are four green similar prongs; along the 
back of head, at top and down the sides are several greenish-white slender 
spurs, the upper ones long, those on sides diminishing in length as they 
descend, and bent down ; on the front four small knobs, two below horns 
towards the suture, two at side ; the back of head green, the rest green- 
ish-white and black, and thickly covered with a fine yellow down; the 
processes and spurs much covered with quite long white hairs ; the entire 
surface of head shallowly pitted ; in nearly all cases the pattern of face is 
as in the preceding stages, the top being black, and projecting over front 
and sides black sub-triangular or long patches ; and also a black triangle 
resting on the black patch which covers the mandibles; the white area 
being restricted to four vertical stripes, two of them incurved on middle 
front, making the letter H, the uprights reaching from vertices to ends of 
mandibles, a narrow space between the two front triangles making a cross 


84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bar ; the other two being on the sides; but in many cases the white is 
much restricted on the front, there being merely two short bars on lower 
face ; one example differed from all the rest, the face being largely white, 
the black tip and patches merely indicated by gray of the palest shade, 
the only black being in a small spot over mandibles; in all cases the 
mandibles and oceili are black. 


Curysais.—Length .7 f, .85 %; compressed laterally, the outline 
of ventral side convex, a regular curve from top of head case to end of 
wing cases ; the abdomen prominent dorsally, much arched, sharply car- 
inated, the sides very little convex and near the keel slightly incurved ; 
the anterior edge of each segment on the keel a little produced and thick- 
ened, and marked on either side here by a shining black dot ; the tho- 
racic segments depressed at an angle of about 45° above the end of the 
keel, and their sides excavated ; mesonotum low, rounded at summit, with 
a slight carina, the sides convex ; the head case subconic, the ocellar pro- 
jections prominent, three sided and running to a blunt point, the space 
between them on top of head being concave ; from end of each a small 
ridge runs back, the two ridges meeting at base of mesonotum, the inter- 
vening area being almost flat, very little convex ; color pale yellow-green, 
finely streaked and specked with light buff over head case, mesonotum 
and wing cases, and specked over abdomen; the neuration of the wings 
distinct in pale yellow or buff; a buff line passes along the keel and 
mesonotum, and forks to the projections of head case ; another passes 
along the posterior edge of the wing case and is joined by a wavy line 
down side of abdomen; on middle of each abdominal segment on dorsal 
side is an oblique faint buff line pointing down and forwards, ending ina 
little buff spot. Duration of this stage 6 and 7 days. 


In Butterflies of N. A., Vol. 2, Part 5, I described 4. Mora as a 
“ possible variety of 4. Clyton,” but expressed the opinion that it would 
be thereafter found to be a good species. ‘The few examples then known 
to me were all collected by the son of the late Mr. Wm. Stadlmair, of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., at Pilatka, Fla, and were accompanied by undoubted 
Clyton. In 1880, I received from Dr. Wm. Wissfeld a female Flora taken 
at Indian River, and I urged him, in case he was so fortunate as to cap- 
ture another female, to tie it in a bag over a branch of any species of 
Celtis tree. On 2oth July, I received about 50 young larve, from eggs 
laid 11th July. A female had laid about 225 in a cluster within bag on 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 


leaves of Celtis integerifolia, and on 12th, part of these were forwarded to 
me by mail in a tin box, arriving in good order, because the leaves had 
not lost their freshness, though 8 days on the road in the heat of July. I 
gave the larvee Celtis occidentalis leaves. which they took to readily, and 
I had no difficulty in raising several of them to maturity. The first stage 
was about one half over when I received these larvee, and four days after- 
ward the first moult took place. The habits of the larve were similar to 
those of C/yfon, during the early stages gathering in dense clusters and 
resting for long intervals, during the later stages separating and concealing 
themselves by stitching together two or three leaves. C/7yton, in W. Va., 
unlike 4. Ce/tis, has no second brood, and all the larve hybernate after 
passing the 2nd moult. In the spring they pass three additional moults, 
making five in all. Flora passed but four moults, like the summer gen- 
eration of 4. Cé/fis, and none of the larvee hybernated. The butterflies 
began to emerge from chrysalis 22nd Aug., and continued doing so till 
31st, by which time I had 4 7,6 2. No examples of C/y/on were at 
any time received last year from Indian River, and probably it does not 
inhabit that locality. 


NOTES ON SCIOMYZIDAE WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF 
NEW SPECIES. 


BY DR. L. T. DAY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 


Tetanocera clara Lw. Mass.,Conn. Specimens of this species with typical 
frontal markings, have the posterior transverse vein nearly straight and 
perpendicular, as in va/zda. In a single specimen there is an incomplete 
brownish-black abdominal stripe, interrupted at the incisures. 

Tet. pictipes Lw. Conn., Pa., Kansas, Wash. Ter. Specimens from 
Wash. Ter. are larger and more melanized than the New England species. 
Nearly the whole front is occupied by a blackish-brown quadrangular 
spot, leaving a yellowish border laterally and anteriorly. 

Tet. combinata var. sparsa (Lw.) Mass, Conn., Pa. From the 
examination of a large number of specimens of both forms, chiefly col 
lected by Dr. Williston, I am satisfied that sfarsa can not be specifically 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


separated from combznata. In none of my specimens do I find the polished 
frontal stripe narrowed anteriorly, and yet in some the brown spots form 
very distinct double bands running across the wing. I find the ante- 
penultimate band to run as frequently before as over the posterior trans- 
verse vein. Again, in those specimens with the double-band arrangement 
of the brown spots on the wings, I find the tibia in more than two-thirds 
not darker than the femora. In some of the specimens there is only a 
feeble attempt at double bands; even in single specimens I find both 
double and single bands, showing an unusual degree of variation for 
species of this genus. 


TET. PUBESCENS, sp.nov. 1 f 2. Third joint of the antenne shorter than 
the second, excised, bristle white pubescent, wings reticulated, with nar- 
row costal border, posterior transverse vein but slightly curved and nearly 
perpendicular, tips of tarsi black. Long. corp. 7 mm. Long. al. 6.5 mm. 


Yellowish-brown, somewhat tinged with reddish. Front yellow, with 
the middle stripe broad, excavated and polished, widening somewhat 
anteriorly ; on each side near the orbit is a small black dot, and more 
anteriorly a second larger one between the antennz and the anterior 
corner of the orbit. Antennz reddish-yellow, with the third joint shorter 
than the second, distinctly excised above and somewhat pointed ; the 
second joint very broad, the upper border thickly studded with stout 
hairs, the under border with finer hairs. Antennal bristle slightly yellow- 
ish at the base and covered with a whitish pubescence. Face with white 
reflection and considerably receding, Dorsum of the thorax with two 
stripes dusted with white and bordered with brownish streaks, enclosing a 
rather narrow median yellowish stripe ; lateral borders dusted with yel- 
lowish. Superior part of the pleuree with a brownish-red longitudinal 
stripe extending to beneath the halteres. Scutellum somewhat lighter than 
the thorax. Abdomen yellowish-brown, with narrow brownish median 
stripe interrupted at the incisures. Legs yellowish ; tarsi tipped with 
black. Surface of the wings yellowish, with the margin of the costal 
border black, extending from the stigma to the fourth longitudinal vein, 
There are five or six small clear spots on the anterior margin of the second 
longitudinal vein ; the remainder of the reticulation similar to, but coarser 
and less distinct than in savatogensis, consisting of narrow longitudinal 
stripes bordered by small transverse spots, arranged for the greater part in 
pairs. The anterior transverse vein is near the middle of the discal cell ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 


the posterior transverse vein is slightly curved and almost perpendicular. 

Hab. Washington Territory, H, K. Morrison. This species is most 
nearly related to savatogensis, but differs in the greater size of the second 
joint of the antennz, and the long hairs or bristles above ; the narrower 
costal border and sparser reticulation of the wings, and the blackened 
tips of the tarsi. 


Tet. plebeja LLw. Specimens from Washington Territory agree closely 
with this common Eastern species. The median abdominal stripe is how- 
ever more distinct, and there is a feeble indication of a double curvature 
in the posterior transverse vein. 


Tet. plumosa Lw. The most common species of this genus in Con- 
necticut. This species runs so closely to the preceding that it is some- 
times extremely difficult to distinguish them. The posterior cross vein 
shows a considerable variation in its shape, as do the frontal markings, 


TET. MONTANA sp. nov. 2. Third joint of the antennz obtuse, 
short, not distinctly excised, bristles plumose with black, wings greyish, 
unicolorous, posterior cross vein feebly bi-arcuated. Long. corp. 8.5 mm. 
Long. al. 7 mm. 


Acorn colored. Front golden yellow, with a narrow distinct reddish 
median furrow, the black spot near the orbit wanting, but a reddish spot 
between the base of the antennze and anterior corner of the orbit. 
Antenne reddish-yellow, first two joints thickly covered with black hairs, 
third joint not longer than the second, and not distinctly excised above ; 
bristle of the antennz plumose with black. Face perceptibly lighter than 
the front, and by reflected light with a golden glisten. Occiput without 
distinct white spot. Thorax with a very distinct median, longitudinal 
stripe, bordered with a dusky line; also two narrow, less distinct, and 
interrupted stripes on each side; thorax covered with numerous short 
black hairs. Pleurze distinct chestnut, and somewhat pollinose with gray. 
Abdomen unicolorous and thickly covered with black hairs ; a narrow 
dark median stripe interrupted at the incisures ; sides dusted with grey. 
Legs luteous ; anterior femora darker than the middle and posterior, hind 
femora with a single long bristle on the under side in front ; three last 
joints of anterior, two of middle and posterior tarsi black. Wings broad, 
not reticulated, of a uniform greyish or blackish tint ; posterior transverse 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


vein very slightly bi-arcuated and sub-perpendicular; both transverse veins 
narrowly bordered with brownish-black. 
Hab. Wyoming, June, Dr. Williston. 


TET. LINEATA, sp. nov., ¢.  Bristles of the antennz nearly bare, 
wings not reticulated, posterior transverse vein very strongly doubly 
curved, so that the middle half is parallel to the fourth longitudinal vein. 
Long. corp. 6 mm. Long. al. 5 mm. 

Pale brownish. Front obscure yellowish, with the median polished 
stripe tapering anteriorly ; on each side near the orbit is a small reddish 
spot, and more anteriorly, between the base of the antennz and anterior 
corner of the orbit, a larger reddish spot with a dark centre. Antennz 
nearly the color of the front, the second joint covered with small black 
hairs, the third joint as long as second, scarcely excised and obtuse ; basal 
half of the bristle concolorous with the antenna, terminal half slender, 
whitish, and microscopically pubescent. Face gently receding, light yel- 
lowish. Thorax with a median reddish-brown stripe extending over the 
scutellum, divided in its anterior part by a narrow whitish line ; on each 
side a stripe dusted with white extending over the side of the scutellum ; 
laterally on each side there is another irregular brownish-red stripe bor- 
dered by whitish in front of the wings. Pleuree with brownish stripe, 
extending to beneath the poisers. Abdomen brown with paler lateral 
borders and narrow posterior margins of the segments. Legs obscurely 
yellowish-brown, hind femora with a number of short spine-like bristles 
underneath the distal halves; tarsi blackened towards their tips. Wings 
yellowish-hyaline, with irregular brownish clouds in the end of the sub- 
marginal, most of the first posterior and middle of discal cells ; posterior 
margin of the wing greyish. Transverse veins clouded with brown, the 
posterior one strongly curved, its middle portion parallel to the fourth, and ~ 
its terminal portions perpendicular to the fourth and fifth longitudinal 
veins. 

Hab. Connecticut, Dr. Williston. 

An easily recognizable species with characters approaching somewhat 
the genus Sepedon. 


Sepedon fuscipennis Lw. Specimens from Washington Territory can- 
not be distinguished from New England ones. In all, the lateral frontal 
spots are more commonly absent, and the tarsi may show but a faint 
degree of blackening in their ground color. Long. corp. 5.5-8 mm. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 


Dryomyza pallida, sp. nov. Polished, pale yellow, bristle of the 
antennz slender, sparsely pubescent with black near the base, thorax 
striped, wings pubescent, hyaline, first longitudinal vein clothed with hairs. 
Long. corp. 8 mm. Long. al. 8 mm. 

Pale yellow, shining. Front deeper yellow, opaque, with the short 
pubescence and bristles black. Antennz incumbent, reddish ; second 
joint short, third about twice as long as wide, oval; bristle slender, the 
distal end bare, the proximal sparsely pubescent with black. ‘Thorax yel- 
low, with two narrow median stripes of a brownish tinge ; on each side 
and posteriorly there are about ten black bristles. Scutellum with four 
black bristles. Pleurze with narrow distinct brownish lines extending 
from the root of the wings to the humeri; just below and in front of the 
tegule is a small oval black spot, Abdomen pallid, yellow, and darkened 
toward the tip, sbining, covered with rather long, fine black hairs. Legs 
pale yellow, with black hairs ; last two joints of all the tarsi black ; tip of 
middle tibial, and first three joints of middle tarsi, with a short brush of 
golden pile. Wings pubescent, hyaline. The first longitudinal vein 
distinctly hairy, the third bare ; posterior transverse vein straight and per- 
pendicular ; both transverse veins bordered with black, as is also more 
narrowly the termination of the fourth longitudinal. 

Hab. Connecticut, May. 

This species is easily distinguished from the other American species 
already described by the hairy first longitudinal vein. 

My thanks are due to Dr. S. W. Williston for the examination of his 
excellent collections in this family. 


ON A GIGANTIC CHALCID FLY INHABITING FLORIDA. 
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


In the spring of 1880, while collecting Coleoptera, I secured a & 
of a large species of Chalcid belonging to the genus Smzcva, which is 
apparently unknown to the scientific world. 

The specimen was captured on an oak shrub, in close proximity to an 
empty polyphemus cocoon. Could it have hatched from it? ‘This is not 
improbable, as Prof. C. V. Riley’s Smcra marte was bred from this moth, 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and other species of the genus are known to be parasitic upon the larvee 
of our larger moths. 

For want of a good seeaae library of my own, and there being none 
in the State, I was unable to look up the species until recently, and as 
I fail to find any description that will agree with it, either in size, color- 
ation, &c., I submit the following : 


SMICRA GIGANTEA, N. Sp. 

9. Length .43 of an inch. 

Head, antennz and thorax black, opaque. Head and thorax coarsely 
and strongly punctate, antenne more finely punctate ; eyes greenish red ; 
collare somewhat bulging at sides, praescutum triangularly elongated 
posteriorly ; scutum rather large, bulging ; scutellum convex, rounded off 
posteriorly, punctate ; abdomen rather abruptly produced into a long 
sharp point, the thick globular basal portion being a shining brownish 
red; basal half of segment next the peduncle longitudinally.grooved, the 
grooves being deepest at base and shallowing off at middle of segment ; 
the pointed part of abdomen black or brownish black, a few short whitish 
hairs scattered promiscuously over abdomen ; wings hyaline fuscous, veins 
black ; anterior and middle cox brownish red ; femorae brownish black ; 
tibiae and feet lighter; posterior coxae and femorale brownish red, smooth 
and y»olished, coxae slightly punctate, the swollen femorale toothed 
beneath where tibiae rest when drawn up, the latter brownish black ; tarsi 
and feet reddish brown. 


NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUIDAE IN THE ZUTRAEGE.— 
FOURTH AND FIFTH HUNDREDS. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


Oria sanguinea, 9, fig. 613-614. 

“Georgia.” This species has been generally recognized. Ov7a is 
used for maculosa in the Verzeichniss, from which sanguznea is distinct 
structurally. I have referred the latter as the type of Porrima in the 
Check List, No. 664. The doubtful reference there to Fitch’s volupia 
must be struck out, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i 


LEpiseuxis lubricalis, %9, figs. 665-666. 

‘‘ Java.” I have considered that the locality is erroneous and that 
this undoubtedly represents //e/ia phcalis Guen., a common species 
throughout the U.S. and California. 


Dyachrisia balluca, 22, fig. 681-682. 
“Géorgia.” The figures are excellent representations of our not 
uncommon Plusia balluca from Canada and the Middle and Eastern States. 


Trigonophora frugiperda, 22, figs. 683-684. 

Geyer refers to Abbot and Smith as authority for the species. It is 
without doubt the Laphygma frugiperda of Gueneé, a common and 
destructive Southern and Western species re-described by Prof. Riley in 
the Missouri Reports as Prodenéa autumnalts. ‘ 


Aedia limbolaris, 23, fig. 689-690. 
‘“* Georgia.” I have taken this species about Buffalo, N. Y. 


Antiblenma flavipunctalts, 25, fig. 701-702. 

. Java.” Also with Zubricalis, from M. de Luxerre, and probably 
American. It represents a female allied to Renza pastoralis Grote, which 
seems to differ only from Renza Belfragei, a common species, in the yellow 
stigmata. I have two males colored more darkly than fastoralis and 
agreeing in this respect more nearly with Geyer’s figure. I have labeled 
these flavipunctalis in my collection; but the distinctness of the three 
forms is not fully made out. 


Autographa oxygramma, 37, fig. 769-770. 
“Georgia.” Gueneé refersthis Southern species to P/usia, Noct. 2,350. 


Agriphila bistriaris, 38, fig. 775-770. 
‘North America.” I believe this is Doryodes acutaria H.-S., and have 
so referred it Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 179, 1878. 


Exarnis diffiua, 9, figs. 821-822. 
“Labrador.” Staudinger refers this as a synonym of exis, Cat. 
Eur., 100. 


Clytie liburna, 40, fig. 963-964. 

“North America.” This is without doubt the species afterwards 
described by Gueneé as Scolecocampa lignt. The red-brown shading on 
the reniform is not so. bright as Geyer figures it. I have made this identi- 
fication in my List of the Noctuide of North America, p. 20. 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Acolasia hinna, 41, fig. 971-972. 
“ Georgia.” A ? specimen sent me through Mr. v. Meske from 


Texas (coll. Heiligbrodt) seems to belong to this species. It is less dis- 
tinctly marked than the figure, else nearly resembles it. 


Carl Geyer is to be regarded as authority for the species in these 
fourth and fifth Hundreds, concluding the work. The date of the first 
Hundred is 1818; of the second, 1823; third, 1825; fourth, 1832; fifth, 
1837. The total number of figures is 1,000, each example being figured 
in two positions separately numbered ; each Hundred contains two hun- 
dred figures. 


NEW CYNIPIDAE. 


BY H. F, BASSETT, WATERBURY, CT. 
(Continued from Page 79.) 

CYNIPS TENUICORNIS, 0. sp. 

Galls: Densely hairy hemispherical masses attached by a single small 
point to the upper or under surface of the leaves of an unknown species 
of oak found in Arizona. ‘They are from one-half to three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter. One specimen in my collection is nearly globular, but 
all the others are hemispherical, the flat side lying close upon the surface 
of the leaf. The woolly hairs are of a dull russet color and entirely hide 
the polythalamous gall beneath. Denuded of the hairs the surface of the 
gall is uneven, and beneath the slight protuberances lie the larval cells. 
The shell or rind is brittle, and when dry crumbles easily. |The inside is 
nearly filled by the small and extremely thin-walled larval cells. Between 
these there are a few thin fibrous plates or lamina with open spaces. A 
gall of average size contained fourteen larval cells. 

Gall-flies : All females. Head black, vertex finely rugose or punctate, 
Ocelli rather large ; the middle one lies in a smooth shallow groove which 
extends from the posterior margin of the vertex nearly to the base of the 
antennae, and is broader behind than before. Face microscopically 
wrinkled and hairy. Antennae 14-jointed, extremely slender or thread- 
like ; 1st and 2nd joints short and comparatively stout. the 2nd nearly as 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


long as the 1st, both of a clear dark amber color. Color of the remaining 
joints dark brown ;.3rd joint equal in length to the first two: 4th, 5th 
and 6th gradually shorter, the remaining ones sub-equal. All except the 
first two closely connate. Thorax black, finely and evenly crackled. Par- 
apsidal grooves only two. These are sharply defined but remarkably 
narrow, and widely separated on the collare, but closely convergent on the 
scutellum. Scutellum more coarsely and less evenly crackled, but in 
other respects like the mesothorax, from which it is separated by an 
extremely fine line or groove. Fovae absent. There are on the scutel- 
lum, also on the mesothorax between the base of the wings, afd on the 
head, a very few microscopic hairs. Legs clear dark amber or yellowish 
brown. ‘Tarsi darker brown. Abdomen olive brown with paler transverse 
bands ; 1st segment half broader than the 2nd, and with a few very fine 
hairs on the sides beneath the wings. All the segments, except a narrow 
border on the anterior edge ot each, with an extremely fine punctation 
that gives to them when highly magnified the opaque effect seen in ground 
glass. Sheath of the ovipositor short with a minute tuft of hairs at the 
tip. Ventral valves extending to the extremity of the abdomen. These, 
with the sheath of the ovipositor, darker than the rest of the abdomen. 

Wings hyaline, medium size. Veins small, dark brown, or black 
towards the base, lighter at the apex of the wing. Areolet medium size, 
bounded by equal veins, cubitus disappearing a short distance from the 
Ist transverse. Radial area open, long and narrow. 

Length, body .11, wing .12, antennae .o8. 

Galls collected in the Mule Pass Mts. in Arizona, in Nov., 1879, by 
Prof, E. T. Cox. 


CYNIPS BELLA, N. sp. 

Galls: These belong to the class known as oak-apples. They are 
attached by a minute sessile point to the under side of the leaves of an 
oak found in Arizona—often near the margin of the leaf, but more com- 
monly on or near the mid-vein. ‘They are perfectly round, and those that 
have escaped the attack of parasites are quite uniform in size, measuring 
from 34 to 7% of an inch in diameter. ‘Those stung by parasites are gen- 
erally much smaller, and this species is so subject to their attacks that more 
than three-fourths are thus affected. The galls (when dry) are of various 
shades of brown, mostly smooth but not polished ; a few specimens have 
a decidedly russet color and a rough surface. ‘The shell very thin and 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


brittle. | Each gall contains a single larval cell which is kept in a central 
position by fine, silky, radiating fibres that reach from it to the outside 
covering. Besides these fibres, there are others that are attached to the 
inner surface of the shell, but which are not attached to the larval cell. 
They are much finer than the others and resemble coarse wool. Except 
that these galls are smaller, and the internal structure more delicate, and 
the surface less smooth and polished, they might easily be taken for those 
found on Quercus rubra—C. inants. 

Gall-fles: All females. Head brownish black, very small, though 
transversely very broad. Vertex microscopically wrinkled. Eyes rather 
narrowly oval. Ocelli large, black and shining. Head and face covered 
with fine downy hairs. Antenne short, slender, hairy, shining reddish 
brown, darker towards the tips, fourteen-jointed; 1st joint large, club- 
shaped or ovoid with the upper end truncate and hollowed to receive the 
globular 2nd joint; 3rd one-fourth longer than the first two taken together; 
4th equal to the rst and 2nd;:5th to the gth gradually decreasing in length, 
roth to 14th very short, scarcely longer than broad. ‘Thorax covered with 
bright shining hairs. Parapsidal grooves: Two parallel lines extending 
from the collare three-fourths the distance to the scutellum. Two diverg- 
ing lines reaching from the scutellum to the collare. These are much 
nearer together at their starting point on the scutellum than is usual in the 
genus Cynips. ‘There is the usual short line over the base of each wing. 
(All the above markings of the mesothorax are found in most of our one- 
gendered species—not in all, however.) ‘The posterior limit of the two 
parallel lines vanishes in a tuft of long hairs, which in common with the 
hairs on the thorax, converge into a ridge on each of the interlinear spaces. 
Scutellum small, but long in proportion to its breadth, slightly shagreened. 
Fove very shallow, confluent, smooth and shining. Legs dark shining, 
semi-translucent brown, with abundance of whitish hairs. 

Wings large, surface covered wijh short, stout, nearly erect hairs, and 
numerous dark opaque with lighter cloudy spots. Veins dark shining brown 
and very heavy. Cubitus, as in C. aubila, is very broad and heavy at 
its union with the rst transverse; 2nd transverse broad and heavy, par- 
ticularly at the base of the radial area. Areolet not large, but clearly 
defined. ‘The radial vein at its termination forms a darge triangular blotch 
with an indistinct areolet in the centre. By the curvature of the radial vein 
and its considerable backward extension along the margin of the wing and 
the upward extension of the costal vein beyond the base of the radial area, 


‘ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95 


what may be termed a half open and perfectly radial area is formed. The 
anal vein is sometimes branched or forked at the tip. 

Length—body .14, wing .16, antennz .o8. Des. from living speci- 
mens, Galls received from Prof. E. T. Cox, of Tucson, Arizona. 


DIASTROPHUS SIMILIS, n. sp. 

Galls on Wepeta glechoma. simple or compound ; the simple ones are 
round and have a single cluster of larval cells in the centre ; the compound 
are extremely irregular in form and size, and have two or more distinct 
clusters of cells. ‘The round galls vary in size from ¥% to 34 of an inch 
in diameter, and contain from one to six and even more round larval cells. 
The cells in dry galls are held in place by coarse fibres that are attached to 
the cell and to the extremely thin and almost paper-like outside covering 
of the gall. From galls that lie on the ground through the winter the out- 
side quite often entirely disappears, and the bleached fibres surrounding 
the larval cells look like little burrs. The galls grow on the leaves, petioles 
and occasionally on the stems of the plant. The plant is not common in 
this place, but wherever I have seen it the galls are also found. Very fine 
specimens have been sent to me from Long Island. This species does not 
seem to differ very much from D. glechome found in Europe, and may be 
identical. The plant is supposed to have been introduced from Europe, 
and with it the insect may have come, but such descriptions as I have 
found of D. glechome are not sufficiently full to enable me to decide as to 
their identity, and I have some very good reasons to believe them distinct. 

Gall-fly : Head black, finely rugose on the vertex.  Ocelli small, close 
together, and almost linear in position. Face rough, broadly carinate. 
Mandibles black. Antenne long, slender, thirteen-jointed with faint traces 
of a suture in the Jast joint; 2nd one-half as long as the 1st; 3rd to the 
t2th inclusive of equal length ; 13th one-third longer than the preceding. 
The head hairy on the posterior side. Thorax black and shining, but when 
highly magnified it presents a beautifully crackled surface. The two _par- 
apsidal grooves broad and smooth, narrowly convergent on the scutellum. 
Scutellum unevenly and roughly rugose. -Fovee large and deep, separated 
by a low smooth ridge. Legs of a uniform reddish brown, ungues black. 
There is on the middle of the posterior side of the posterior pair a rather 
dense tuft of hairs much longer than on the other legs and reminding one 
of the tufts found similarly situated on certain species of bees. 


Wings hyaline ; veins slender, pale yellowish brown. Areolet wanting, 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and the thick dark spot at the confluence of the veins, which usually marks 
the obsolete areolet, also wanting. Cubitus very pale, and reaching only 
half way to the first transverse. Radial area open. Abdomen black, 
shining ; 1st, 2nd and 3rd segments dorsally sub-equal, 1st with a minute 
round, dense tuft of hair on the sides beneath the wings. Sheath of the 
ovipositor not exserted, inconspicuous, a few minute hairs at the point. 

Length—body .12, wing .15, antenne .1o. 

Described from living insects cut from the galls, Oct. 23, 1879. The 
flies probably live in the galls over winter. 


C. MINUTA, N. sp. 


As soon as the leaves of Quercus alba begin to expand in the spring, a 
few buds are occasionally seen that develop into a cluster of greatly 
enlarged petioles without a leaf blade, or at most:only a very rudimentary 
one. ‘They are three or four times the size of those of a full grown leaf, 
and each contains a number of larvee of the small gall insect which I have 
named C. minuta. ‘The larvae mature very rapidly and the imagos 
leave the gall about the time that the leaves are full grown. Occasionally 
an embryo leaf seems to have escaped the sting of the mother insect, and 
a fully developed leaf appears among the galls, but such instances are not 
common. The galls are pubescent and usually of a pinkish color, The 
insects are of both sexes, and may be described as follows : 


Male: The entire body a clear semi-transparent amber, with a shade 
of brown on the thorax and the back of the abdomen. The eyes and 
ocelli a dull black, the latter much less prominent than in C. vesicula,. 
n. sp. (next described). Antenne 14-jointed, the first three joints pale 
amber, the remaining ones by a sudden transition a dusky brown ; rst 
joint club-shaped, 2nd oval, 3rd long and slender, curved, but only slightly 
incised ; remaining ones short and of nearly equal length. 

Thorax smooth and shining, but in certain lights the living specimens 
show bands of darker brown where the parapsidal grooves appear in other 
species. Scutellum small, smooth and shining. | Fovee wanting, but the 
furrow separating the mesothorax and scutelium broad and deep. 

Wings with a slight smoky tinge, veins distinct. Cubitus reaching 
quite to the rst transverse. Areolet of medium size. Radial area long 
and narrow, partially closed by the thickened border of the wing as in 
C. vesicula, Legs of a uniform pale amber, ungues dusky brown, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 


Abdomen petiolate, small, smooth, shining and tapering to a cone-like 
point at each extremity. 

Length—body .08, wing .10, antennz .07. 

Female: Entire body except the antennz and legs apparently black, 
but really a very dark brown. Antenne 13-jointed, and as in the male, 
except that they are shorter and the 3rd joint is straight. First segment 
of the abdomen (petiole ?) short, remaining ones taken together not longer 
than deep. ; 

The color, the much smaller wings (only .o8), the shorter antenne and 
the very short petiole give to the female an appearance ‘so distinct from 
that of the male that it is not easy to believe that,they belong to the same 
species ; but that they are the same is proved by their being often found 
im coitu, and indirectly by the fact that there are several other species in 
which the sexes differ in the same way, and to almost as great an extent as 
in this case. 

Length—body .07, wing .o8, antennz .o5. Not rare in this section. 


CYNIPS VESICULA, Nn. sp. 


Gall a small, smooth, reddish brown vesicle developed from the centre 
of the buds of Quercus alba, surrounded at the base by the bud-scales, 
The color is sometimes a pale greenish brown. ‘The walls of the gall are 
thin and the larva free, that is, having no larval cell. These galls are par- 
tially developed in the preceding autumn, and mature so rapidly in the 
spring that the insects emerge about the time the leaves of the oak begin 
to expand. 

Gall fly—Male: Head small, black, vertex triangular, and nearly cov- 
ered by the large and protruding ocelli which form an equilateral triangle. 
Eyes very large. Face narrow, almost linear, the breadth considerably less 
than half the width of one eye as seen from the front. Antenne long, 
filiform, 15-jointed, 1st and 2nd joints short, globular, 3rd deeply incised, 
the remaining ones nearly equal in length, except the very short terminal 
joint ; rst joint nearly black at the base, the others yellowish brown, darker 
towards the tip of the antenne. ‘Thorax shining black with extremely fine 
microscopic reticulations ; no grooves or lines. Scutellum ; surface as the 
mesothorax. Fove shallow and indistinct. Wings very large, clear smoky 
brown. Veins dark and heavy, the 2nd transverse when the wings are 
closed on a line with the extremity of the abdomen. ~Cubitus heavy and 
reaching quite to the 1st transverse. Areolet distinct. Radial area long 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and narrow, and apparently closed by the somewhat thickened border of 
the wing. ‘This thickened border of the wing scarcely deserves to be 
called a vein. Legs: Coxee and trochanters clear shining black, changing 
below to yellowish brown, which is the color of the remaining parts. Color 
of the posterior pair a little darker than the others, particularly near the 
body. Abdomen shining black, the first, segment an extremely slender 
pedicel, which is slightly enlarged in the middle. 

Length, body .12, wing .16, antennae .12. 

Female: Head broader than in the male. Ocelli and eyes much less 
prominent, face twice as broad. Antennae slender, pale brown at the base 
changing to dusky brown above. Some shades darker throughout than the 
male antenne and only two-thirds as long; 14 joints. Thorax like the 
male except that there are two faint parapsidal depressions, hardly grooves. 
Wings smaller and shorter. Color and venation the same. Legs paler. 
Abdomen large, shining, black, not distinctly pedicilate. This appears 
early in April. 

Length, body .13, wing .14, antenne .o8. 


Cynips PATTONI, n. sp. 

Galls, clusters of larval cells along the midvein of the leaves of Quer- 
cus obtustloba, on the under side, and standing perpendicular to its surface. 
The cells are completely hidden in a short, dense brownish wool. The 
largest clusters often extend along the midvein more than half the length 
of the leaf. They are found on young trees, and usually on the leaves 
near the top of the stronger growing shoots. ‘The insects live over winter 
in the galls. My specimens gathered in October were kept in a warm 
room and the insects came out in the February following. ‘The galls 
resemble in their woolly covering those of C. ffocci of Walsh, but the 
latter are round and the woolly hairs are longer, and the species is only 
found on Quercus alba. CC. Pattoni was discovered in 1876 on West 
Rock, in New Haven, Conn., by Mr. W. H. Patton, from whom I have 
received several interesting species of gall insects, and to whom, in 
acknowledgment of my indebtedness, I dedicate this species. 

Gall fly: Head reddish brown. Antennae 14-jointed, dusky brown. 
The last two joints indistinctly separated by a closely connected suture. 
Entire head and face covered with short white hairs. The tips of the 
mandibles black. ‘Thorax very dark shining brown, that in certain 
positions appears quite black ; surface finely and evenly reticulatg. _Par- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 


apsidal grooves closely convergent at the scutellum. Short line usually 
present over the base of each wing, in this species wanting. A few scat- 
tered hairs on the borders of the mesothorax, most abundant at the base 
of the wings, Scutellum rugose, hairy. Fovae large and shallow. Legs 
a uniform reddish brown except the darker tips of the tarsi. Wings hya- 
line, veins fine and slender, dark brown. Areolet medium size, cubitus 
very pale and sometimes quite disappearing before reaching the rst trans- 
verse ; radial area open, broad and rather abruptly terminated by the 
short curve of the radial vein. Abdomen shining blackish brown, lighter 
on the venter. A few hairs on the sides of the first segment beneath the 
wings. ‘The ventral valve projects a little above the dorsum. 

Length, body .08, wing .1£, antennae .07. 

Described from twenty-five specimens, all females. In my collection. 


CYNIPS POLITA, N. sp. 

Galls round, monothalamous, found abundantly in midsummer on 
both surfaces of the leaves of Quercus obtusiloba, at or near the summit of 
young and thrifty shoots, from one to fifteen or twenty on a single leaf. 
They are from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and are 
when grown in the shade of a paler green than the leaf, but when exposed 
to the sun are red or brown. ‘They are attached so slightly to the mid- 
vein and its branches that their removal leaves little if any trace. The 
shell is when dry extremely thin and brittle, and the single round larval 
cell is kept in a central position by fine radiating and branching fibres 
that extend to the outside shell. 

These galls resemble, except in their mode of attachment to the leaf, 
those of C. semgularis B., but the insects differ considerably. They are 
also somewhat like those of C. zwanis Harris, but are many times 
smaller. ‘The insects are fully mature in October, but remain in the galls 
over winter. 

I received my specimens of this species from Mr. E. Potts, of Phila- 
delphia, and from Mr. Thomas Annadown, of Glassboro, N. J., and Mr. 
P. H. Uhler informs me that they are very abundant in southern New 
Jersey and in some parts of Maryland. 

The shining and finely polished thorax and abdomen suggest the 
- specific name given to the insect. 

Gall flies: Allfemales. Head apparently black, but in a strong light 
it is seen to be a very dark reddish brown; cheeks a shade lighter than 


LUO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the other parts. Vertex beautifully reticulate. Antennae black, 14- 
jointed, rst joint club-shaped, 2nd short ovate, 3rd as long as the two first 
taken together, 4th one-fourth shorter than the 3rd, remaining joints 
except the last short, sub-equal, last a little longer than the 13th. Thorax 
black, smooth and shining. Parapsidal grooves two, deep and narrow ; 
between them are two parallel depressions that reach from the collare 
two-thirds the distance to the scutellum, but so very slight are they that 
they can only be seen by means of the difference in the angles of reflec- 
tion when they are placed in a strong light. There are a few scattered 
hairs on the thorax and the polished and mirror-like pleurae are bordered 
with short scattered white hairs. Scutellum finely wrinkled, rounded 
posteriorly and projecting over the metathorax. Fovae small, widely 
separated, shining. Legs a very dark reddish brown, a little lighter at the 
joints. Wings hyaline, veins moderately heavy. Cubitus pale and 
slender. Areolet small. Radial area open, short and broad by the cur- 
vature of the radial vein. Abdomen black and polished. Pedicel, which 
in most species is a short thin plate, is in this more than half as long as 
broad. First segment with a very few scattered hairs on the sides beneath 
the wings. Sheath of the ovipositor slightly projecting, and at the end it 
has a few long yellowish hairs, 
Length, body .11, wing .14, antennz .08. 
Described from dry specimens in my collection. 


CYNIPS RUGOSA, N. sp. 

Round, hard galls, sessile, on the branches of Quercus prinoides. Size 
from % to 34 of an inch in diameter. ‘They are attached to the branch 
by a small point. The surface when green is smooth and often quite red 
on the side exposed to the sun. When fully ripe they have a shrunken 
and shrivelled surface and the color varies from an ashen hue to a dull 
brown. The free larval cell is surrounded by a yellowish brown cellular 
mass, too dense to be called spongy, which fills the entire gall. This 
species has been known to me for many years, but until lately I have con- 
sidered it a variety of C. globulus Harris, but a careful study convinces 
me that it is a distinct species. C. globulus is only on the white oak 
and rarely more than one or two galls in a place, and has even when dry 
a smooth surface, while C. rugosa is often found in clusters of four or 
five and even more, so closely compressed that the galls are of an angular 
or cuneate form. The flies are all females and‘ they mature and leave the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 101 


galls late in the fall, at least I have never been able to find them in the 
galls in winter, 

Gall-fly: Head small, vertex wrinkled. Ocelli minute and very close 
together. Face with short hairs which are longest about the mouth. 
Antenne dark brown, 14-jointed, rst joint large, club-shaped ; 2nd 
broader than long, 3rd longer than the first two taken together, 4th as 
long as the first two, the four next following gradually shorter, gth and 
remaining ones short and of equal length. Vhorax covered with short 
appressed yellowish white hairs, which nearly hide the punctate surface. 
Parapsidal grooves : two parallel lines that extend rather more than half 
way from the collare to the scutellum, and two, also parallel, that extend 
half way from the scutellum to the collare, and a short line over the base 
of each wing, all nearly parallel and equidistant. Legs dark reddish 
brown. Wings large, hyaline ; veins blackish brown, quite distinct, the 
subcostal and 2nd transverse darkest. Areolet present, not large. Cubi- 
tus reaches only half way from the areolet to the 1st transverse. Veins’ 
enclosing the open radial area stop abruptly before reaching the margin 
of the wing. Abdomen black, shining ; rst segment (in dry specimens) 
equals in length all the rest, and is covered with short white hairs on the 
sides beneath the wings. Sheath of the ovipositor a dark yellowish brown. 

Length, body .16, wing .18, antenne .1o. 

Described from numerous specimens in my collection. 


CYNIPS CICATRICULA, 0. sp. 

Polythalamous galls on the midvein of the leaves of Quercus alba, 
never more than one on a leaf, and situated sometimes at the base, but 
usually from one-fourth to one-half way from the base, rarely above the 
middle. ‘They project one-third below and two-thirds above the surface 
of the leaf. On the under side of the leaf they are rounded and on the 
upper cone-shaped. ‘The gall is solid and somewhat fibrous, and in its 
shorter diameter measures about one-half inch and in the longer from five 
to seven-eights of an inch. The larval cells radiate in all directions from 
the centre of the gall and are quite numerous. There is at or near the 
summit of the cone a small scar or indentation which is always present 
and so characteristic as to suggest the name I have given to the species. 


CyYNIPS CAPSULA, n. sp. 
Galls; Monothalamous, on slender pedicels on the margins of the 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


leaves of Quercus bicolor, rarely more than one ona leaf. The pedicels 


are from one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. The galls are three- 


eighths long and one-eighth of an inch in diameter, oval and resemble 
very closely the capsules of certain mosses. Surface rough, and with the 
pedicel finely pilose, cr rather, pubescent. The pedicel is usually, but 
not invariably, the extension of a lateral leaf vein. ‘The whole is of the 
color of the under side of the leaves of this species of oak. Most of the 
leaves which bear galls are fully developed, but a part are more or less 
imperfect and occasionally a gall is found on what is but the merest rudi- 
ment of a leaf. 

The galls appear with the leaves and the insects come out early in 
June. This little gall is a true larval cell and its thin walls offer slight 
obstacle to the attacks of parasites. 

The gall flies are of both sexes and are described as follows : 

Female: Color a deep shining black, with the exception of the 
‘antennee, legs and sheath of the ovipositor. Head and thorax microsco- 
pically punctate and sparsely dotted with extremely fine, short hairs. 
Parapsidal grooves: One pair converging as they approach the scutellum, 
and a slight groove over the base of the wings. The short parallel pair 
seen in many species near the dorsal line is in this species represented by 
a very slight depression on each side of the rather prominent dorsal ridge, 
but these last are so obscure as to easily escape notice. The scutellum 
wrinkled rather than punctate. Fovee wanting. Antenne short, 13- 
jointed, 1st and 2nd globose, 13th as long as the rrth and rath together 
and with a connate suture. Color amber, inclining to brown. Legs : 
Coxe, trochanter black or blackish brown, femur and tibia dark, clear 
shining brown, paler at the joints. Tarsi pale cinnamon brown. Ungues 
black. Wings hyaline, veins pale brown, fading in the smaller ones to 
hyaline. Areolet small, indistinct. Radial area short, broad, open. 

Abdomen: 1st segment equal in length to ‘all the others taken 
together. The sheath of the ovipositor dark translucent brown, not 
turned up at the extremity. 

Length, body .ro, wing .r1, antennz .06. 

Male: The smaller size, darker and longer antenne, darker legs, and 
the much smaller and laterally compressed abdomen distinguish the male 
from the female. 

Length, body .o7, wing .11, antennze .08. 

Described from dry specimens in my collection. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


CYNIPS AFFINIS, Nn. sp. 

Monothalamous, round, thin-walled galls in the buds of Quercus 
prinoides, usually partly hidden in the scales of the bud, but in some 
instances standing out round and free like a little blister on the twig, in 
size only large enough to hold the larva within, and in color dark brown 
with grayish spots, or wholly brown. ‘These galls are half-grown in the 
autumn and develop so rapidly in the spring that the insects come out 
just as the leaves begin to expand. 

I should have been disposed to consider this species a variety of C. 
vesicuda, which, both in gall and in insect, it closely resembles, had not 
late discoveries shown that dimorphic species often in one generation 
closely resemble each other and in the next develop characters that fully 
establish their non-identity. 

The gall insects are of both sexes and may be described as follows : 


Female: Black. Head finely rugose. Ocelli prominent. Antenne 
14 joints on a protuberant base ; rst joint short, truncated ; 2nd short, 
ovoid ; 3rd one-fourth longer than 1st and 2nd taken together, 4th equal 
to the first two, 5th to roth gradually shorter, the remaining four sub- 
equal, the last small and pointed. Color clear yellowish brown in the 
basal half, changing to dusky brown toward the tip. 

Mesothorax very finely and evenly punctate; parapsidal grooves 
wanting. Scutellum small, punctate, separated from the mesothorax by a 
rather broad shining groove. Legs clear, shining, almost translucent 
brown, with a darker shade in the trochanter and upper half of the femur. 

Wings smoky. Veins smoky brown. Subcostal and the two transverse 
much darker than the others. The areolet of medium size, and instead 
of the usual equilateral, in this species it is an isosceles triangle with the 
narrow base on the 2nd transverse vein. Cubitus slender but reaching 
quite to the 1st transverse. Radial area open, but the subcostal extends 
above the base a short distance, and the anterior border of the wing is 
somewhat thickened, which gives, in certain lights, the appearance of a 
closed radial area. Abdomen briefly petiolate, black and shining, so 
shrunken in the specimens before me as to render further description 
impossible. 

Length, body .og, wings .11, antennz .08, 

Male: Antenne 15-jointed, slender, long, 3rd joint deeply incised. 
Color of antennz as that of female. Wings much larger. Legs paler 


104 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and the dark brown of femur wholly wanting. Abdomen with a long 
slender petiole, very small and black and shining throughout. 
Length, body .11, wing .13, antenne .r1. 


C. GEMULA, Nn. sp. 

This species is a recent discovery of mine, having escaped detection 
on account of its early appearance and minute size. The gall is found in 
the centre of both the flowering and leat buds of Q. prinoides. It is 
fully developed when the sterile flowers of this species of oak are in bloom. 
Only one gall is found in a single bud. It is exactly like an ordinary acorn 
in shape, having a truncate base and a cone-like extremity with a sharp 
point at the apex. It is a dull blackish color, and only .ro of an inch in 
length and .o5 in diameter. It contains but one larva. When the gall 
happens to be in a leaf bud it is often found at the summit of a young 
branch one or two inches long, so rapid is the growth of the tree at this 
season. In the flower buds it is often nearly hidden in the surrounding 
bud scales. The insects appear in both sexes about the middle of May, 
and may be described as follows : 

Female : Head black, finely rugose. Ocelli medium size, the anterior 
one forming the vertex of a more than ordinarily obtuse triangle. Anten- 
nz 14 joints; 1st short, truncate; 2nd ovate and standing in the cup- 
shaped summit of the first like an egg in an egg cup; 3rd short, though a 
little longer than the first two taken together; 4th a very little shorter than 
the 3rd. Remaining ones sub-equal and of moderate length. In color 
the 1st and 2nd are a clear brownish yellow, the rest a dull brown, growing 
darker in the terminal joints. Thorax bright shining black. Parapsidal 
grooves well defined ; no other lines or grooves. Scutellum finely rugose. 
Fove wanting, but there is a smooth narrow groove between the meso- 
thorax and the scutellum. Legs a clear, uniform amber, ungues black. 
Wings decidedly fuscous. Veins dark and well defined. Cubitus heavzest 
in the lower half. Areolet present, but very minute. Radial area open. 
Radial vein heavy its entire length and slightly thickened at the end, which 
does not quite reach the margin of the wing. Abdomen sub-pedicellate ; 
rst segment very long, shining black, remaining segments in dry specimens 
concealed in the first so completely as to make their study very difficult. 
Sheath of the ovipositor very small, with a few microscopic hairs on the 
dull yellowish brown tip. 

Length—body .08, wing .11, antennz .o7. 

Male: Antenne 15 joints, the rst and 2nd a little darker than in the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


female, the 3rd slightly curved. ‘Thorax narrow. Wings much larger than 
the females. | Abdomen very small and much compressed laterally ; in 
other respects not differing materially from the female. 

Length—body .o9g, wing .14, antennze .o9. 


This species is often found with C. afinis, but both gall and insect 
are quite different from that species. 


C. PIGRA, n. sp. 


The galls of this species answer perfectly to Baron Osten-Sacken’s 
description of C. g. tumifica. They are large irregular swellings on the 
midrib of the leaves of Q. ¢nctoria, always on the under side and usually 
on the lower half of the leaf. Sometimes two distinct galls are found on 
the same leaf. Their presence is only indicated on the upper surface by a 
widening of the midrib and a slight depression of the leaf at that point. 
They are often an inch in length and in the middle half an inch in 
diameter, tapering more or less towards the ends. They are of a dense 
cellular tissue, with the woody fibre of the midrib along the axis. The 
cellular portion contains a large number of larval cells, which are insepar- 
able from the enveloping substance. 

Having discovered a young oak nearly all of whose leaves had these galls 
upon them early in June last year, I made frequent visits to it to watch the 
development of the larve. Quite sure that they would prove to be Cymips 
g. tumifica, 1 expected to find the insects fully matured early in July, but 

‘at that time the larve could scarcely be seen in the soft, immature vege- 
table cells that surrounded them, and it was late in autumn when the per- 
fect insects made their appearance. This extremely slow development 
suggested the specific name. The gall flies are all females, and differ 
widely from C. g. tumifica O S. 

Description: Head, thorax and abdomen deep black. Ocelli_ small, 
widely separated and inconspicuous in the rather coarsely rugose surface 
of the vertex. Antenne 14-jointed ; 1st joint short, club-shaped, 2nd 
ovate, 3rd not quite as long as the 1st and 2nd taken together; 4th, 5th 
and 6th each a little shorter than the one immediately preceding it. The 
remaining joints sub-equal and scarcely shorter than the 6th. Color at the 
base is a clear yellowish brown changing gradually to a light dusky brown 
at the end. Thorax finely and evenly punctate. A favorable light reveals 
two extremely faint, parallel lines that extend half way from the collare to 
the scutellum. They might more properly be called depressions, as they 


7 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


do not interfere with the punctation. ‘There is a very short but broad and 
smooth groove that begins at the scutellum on the middle of the meso- 
thorax ; it ends suddenly as a groove, but continues as a faint depression 
half way to the collare. The parapsidal grooves are fine and narrow, but 
distinct. There is a smooth polished line over the base of the wings. 
Scutellum rugose, round, small. Fovee large and deep. Legs rather dark 
reddish brown. Wings large, hyaline, veins slender but sharply defined ; 
areolet small, radial area open, cubitus extremely slender in the lower half 
and colorless throughout. Abdomen polished and shining, 1st segment 
long and more than equalling in length the remaining ones taken together, 
A few short scattered hairs on the anterior half beneath the wings. Sheath 
of the ovipositor very short, color at the tip dark yellowish brown, a few 
very short microscopic hairs at that point. 


Length—body .11, wing .14, antennz .o8. 


C. IGNOTA, Nn. sp. 

Galls: Small oval cells, found singly or in small clusters of from two 
to eight together on the under side of the leaves of Q. dzcolor. They are 
sessile on the midrib and principal veins, and usually lie in a position 
nearly horizontal to the surface of the leaf. They are at first covered with 
short woolly hairs, but when ripe become more or less denuded. The 
naked surface when examined with a microscope shows numerous minute 
papilla, and between these a fine and regular reticulation. They are .1o 
of an inch in length and .o5 in diameter, and might easily be mistaken for . 
the cocoons of some species of Microgaster. 

About fifteen years ago I found a few of these galls on the fallen 
leaves of a large oak and also on a small tree a few rods distant. The 
next year the greater part of the leaves on the large tree were covered 
with galls, a hundred or more being sometimes found on a single leaf. I 
gathered a large quantity after the leaves fell, and the flies came out the 
next spring. I have examined this tree every year since and have never 
found any of these galls, nor have I ever seen them on other trees. 

There are some specimens of this species in the Museum at Cam- 
bridge, which Dr. Hagen informs me were found on oaks in the University 
grounds. I examined some oaks of the same species in the borders of the 
Botanical Garden at Cambridge last fall, and found several species of galls, 
but none of these. Can it be that the species has disappeared entirely ? 

The flies are all females. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 107 


Description : Head black, finely rugose. Ocelli small. Antenne 13- 
jointed ; 1st and 2nd joints short, dusky yellowish brown, remaining ones 
changing gradually from dull dusky brown to dark opaque brown. Thorax 
microscopically crackled or striate, the striz.apparently transverse, though 
not so over the whole surface. Parapsidal grooves present, but not as 
strongly impressed as in most species; no other lines. Scutellum finely 
rugose. Fove wanting. Legs clear yellowish brown, posterior pair much 
darker, especially the femur. Wings slightly dusky, veins pale slender. 
Areolet medium size, and bounded by almost transparent veins. Radial 
area open; cubital vein very slender. Abdomen black; 1st segment 
black and shining, in length equal to all the others taken together. Sheath 
of the ovipositor short, dusky yellowish brown at the tip. 

Length—body .07, wing .10, antennz .06. 


C. PAPULA, N. sp. 

Clusters of small papillose or cone-like galls on the upper side of the 
leaves of Q. rubra and Q. tinctoria, projecting unequally and usually so 
crowded as to form a confluent mass of pustule-like elevations. They are 
very hard, though only transformed portions of the blade of the leaf. On 
the under side of the leaf they appear simply as a scar, projecting little if 
at all. They bear a slight resemblance to the galls of C. futilis, but 
this species is rarely confluent and never beyond two or three galls, while 
C. papula is quite often found in clusters of forty or fifty, or even a hun- 
dred. C. papula is monothalamous, while C. fuéilis has, usually, 
from three to five larvee in each gall. 

I discovered this species many years ago on a red oak tree near my 
residence, but the galls were only seen on a single leaf. Soon after I 
found a leaf or two having these galls upon them—on the same species of 
oak, twenty miles south of this place (at Derby, Conn.) ; and still later 
found them in considerable numbers on the leaves of Q. ¢inctoria, at Chi- 
copee, Mass. In this last locality I have observed them for several years, 
but always confined to a few trees in a very limited area. 

This species ough? to be found in both sexes, but among the few speci- 
mens in my collection I cannot discover any males. 

Description : Head dark reddish brown. <A few white hairs on the 
posterior edge of the vertex. Ocelli large. Vertex finely punctate. 
Antenne brownish red, darker towards the extremity ; 13-jointed, the last 
three joints connately joined, and forming a rather heavy club, such as is 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


seen in many Braconides. Thorax black, lustreless, sparsely covered with 
very fine short hairs. Parapsidal grooves faint and indistinct, converging 
slightly as they approach the scutellum. A very faint median line, dis- 
cernible on the posterior part of the mesothorax, extends one-third the 
distance to the collare. Surface of the entire thorax. 

Fovee present but indistinct. Legs reddish brown. Abdomen shining 
black. Sheath of the ovipositor yellowish. Ovipositor yellowish brown, 
and remarkable for its great length. In all my dry specimens it is ex- 
serted to a length at least five times that of the entire body, and is coiled 
two cr three times. 

Wings hyaline. Costal and first and second transverse veins fine 
clear reddish brown, the others fine and nearly colorless. Cubitus ex- 
tremely faint, and quite disappearing before reaching the first transverse. 
Areolet small and elongated, and in some specimens wanting. Radial 
area open. 

Length—-body .08, wing .07, antennze .04. 


C. NOXIOSA, Nn. sp. 


Galls : Large, woody, polythalamous, terminal or sub-terminal swell- 
ings on the twigs of Q. dzcolor, varying greatly in size and form, but usu- 
ally tuber-like and three or four times as long as thick. The larger speci- 
mens in my collection are nearly an inch in diameter and four inches 
long, and contain a large number of insects. The smallest are almost 
imperceptible swellings, and have often but a single insect. These galls 
develope in the summer, and the insects, which are all females, live in 
the galls over winter, coming out before the leaves appear in the spring. 
They resemble, both gall and gall-fly, C. datata B., and I for a long 
time, considered them a variety of that species. Some new facts in the 
history of C. datata B. having been learned, I shall re-describe it in 
these articles, when the differences between the two species will be stated. 
C. noxiosa is described as follows : 

Head black, finely and regularly punctate. Antennze 13-jointed ; 1st 
dark, nearly black; znd and 3rd brownish yellow, the remaining ones 
gradually changing to dark dusky brown. ‘Thorax smooth, but under a 
one-eighth lens showing a beautifully fine crackled surface. Parapsides 
entirely wanting. Surface of the scutellum lke the meso-thorax, though 
the markings are a trifle coarser. Fove wanting. Legs dark shining 
brown, with clear yellowish brown joints. ‘Tarsi dark yellowish brown, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


Wings hyaline. Veins almost black, all clear and distinct. Areolet 
small but very sharply defined. Cubitus unusually heavy its entire 
length. Radial area open, the veins enclosing it strong and dark quite to 
the edge of the wings. Abdomen smooth, shining black, much shrunken 
and distorted in the dry specimens, and the long ovipositor much ex- 
serted. 

Length—body .08, wing .og, antennz .o6. 

These galls are invariably preceded by a vernal crop, which affects the 
leaves only, and which may be described as follows: Gall, an*enormous 
development of the mid-vein of the leaf, often to the extent of an inch in 
diameter and an inch and a half in length. Green, smooth, but irregular 
in shape, and succulent and a little harder than a green grape. The 
blade of the leaf dwarfed and curled, and after the galls mature drying up. 
In some years these galls are so abundant on certain trees as to affect 
nearly all the vernal leaves, but a later crop hides the blighted appear- 
ance they produce. They are filled with larval cells, from which are pro- 
duced vast numbers of male and female gall flies, about the twentieth of 
June. Long observation has satisfied me that this is the bisexual genera- 
tion of C. noxiosa. ‘The females of this brood agree exactly with the 
above species, except in size and in the length of the antenne, they being 
a little smaller. 

Length—body .07, wing .08, antennze .o4. 


The males, which are nearly or quite as abundant as the females, differ 
from them as follows: Color throughout somewhat paler. Body longer. 
Antenne 14-jointed, 3rd joint curved but not incised. Legs clear yellow- 
ish brown. Abdomen small, petiolate, petiole slender. 

Length—body .o9, wing .08, antennz .o5. 

Large numbers of both generations in my collection. 


CYNIPS CORRUGIS, n. sp. 


This species is founded on a single specimen which I took from the 
claws of a small spider that had evidently just killed it. The spider was 
in a cluster of the sterile flowers of Quercus prinoides. ‘The capture was 
made on the 11th of May. ‘This species is remarkable for the almost 
diaphanous wing veins, the pedicellate abdomen, and the coarsely corru- 
gated sculpturing of the thorax. It is a female, and may have been in 
the act of ovipositing in the young acorns or the buds of this oak when 
killed by the spider. The description is as follows : 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Head clear dark reddish brown, finely and evenly rugose. Ocelli 
dark brown, not d/ack, as is usually the case among the Cynipide. 
Antenne 14-jointed, clear translucent brown, except the four or five ter- 
minal joints, which are darker and more opaque. Mandibles black and 
shining, and contrasting beautifully with the clear light brown of the face. 
Thorax clear, translucent brown, somewhat darker than the head, coarsely 
rugose and corrugated ; even the parapsidal grooves have a wrinkled sur- 
face, and are in certain lights scarcely distinguishable from the general 
surface. Scutellum like the meso-thorax, but small and ending abruptly 
posteriorly and perpendicularly to the axis of the body. Fove wanting. 
Wings and wing veins, except the subcostal and 2nd transverse, perfectly 
hyaline; these last have a very faint brownish tinge. Areolet wanting. 
Radial area open. Legs clear dark, somewhat paler at the joints. Tarsi 
pale brown ; ungues nearly black. Abdomen petiolate ; rst segment 
clear brown at the base, changing to shining black posteriorly ; in length 
equal to one-half the entire abdomen ; remaining segments of an opaque 
brownish black, and with a fine microscopic punctation. Venter and the 
sheath of the ovipositor clear shining brown, the sheath without hairs and 
only moderately exserted. 

Length—body .11, wing .12, antennz .06. 


C. CINEROSA, N. Sp. 

Globular, monothalamous galls, from three-fourths to one inch in 
diameter, the surface in recent specimens covered with a mealy grayish 
powder, which disappears when the galls have been long exposed to the 
weather ; internally of a dense cellular structure, much like the galls of 
C. g. globulus ; the rather large, centrally placed larval cell nearly or quite 
free. These galls, and the gall flies produced from them, were collected 
in Texas, and were sent to me by Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, Ontario, 
who received them from Prof. J. M. Maisch, of Philadelphia. I have been 
unable to learn from what species of oak they came. 

The flies, which are all females (20 specimens), may be described as 
follows: Head small, covered throughout with short appressed hairs. 
Tips of the mandibles shining black. Color of the head, thorax and legs, 
a dull yellowish brown. Antennee 14-jointed ; short, hairy, dusky brown, 
except that the first joint on the inner side, and the second and third at 
the tips, are a paler brown and shining. 

Thorax : two parallel lines extend from the collare half way to the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111 


scutellum. The space between these is darker than outside. There is a 
short median line starting on the posterior edge and soon disappearing, 
and two rapidly diverging lines from the same border, which extend half 
way to the collare. Outside of these are two parallel lines of the same 
length. All these are some shades darker than the general surface. 

Scutellum small, and hairy like the meso-thorax. Fovee wanting. 
Abdomen clear shining reddish brown, except the posterior edges of the 
segments, which are nearly black ; 1st segment, except a small spot on 
the dorsum, covered with fine short hairs ; sheath of the ovipositor very 
large and with strong white hairs ; ovipositor shining black, and slightly 
exserted in dry specimens. Uvgues black. Wings sub-hyaline, veins 
dark brown; second transverse heavy. Areolet distinct but small. 
Cubitus slender, and disappearing before reaching the Ist tramsverse. 
Radial vein heavy, and ending in an enlarged point within the border of 
the wing ; radial area open. Length of a specimen of average size, .18. 

This species is probably the agamous generation of what will yet be 
found in another generatien and in another form of gall, two-gendered. 
The galls and insects sent me vary so much in size that I strongly sus- 
pect they may represent two very closely related species, but the slight 
differences between the large and small flies hardly warrant me in sepa- 
rating them till I can learn more of their habits. | My description refers 
to the /argest specimens. 


C. FLOCCOSA, n. sp. 

The late, terminal leaves of the thrifty shoots of young oaks of the 
species Q. 4icolor are often thickly dotted on the under side with 
small hairy, or rather woolly, galls, sometimes as many as two hundred 
being found on a single leaf. The leaves are sometimes quite small, and 
in such instances the galls become nearly or quite confluent. They 
measure, including their woolly covering, about .15 of an inch across, but 
divested of this, only .o5 or .o6, and each contains but a single larva. 
The larva is free, having no larval cell. The galls are hemispherical, and 
attached by their flat side to the leaf, and they show on the upper surface 
only as small, smooth, flat, shining blisters. They are so much infested 
by inquilines and other parasites that all attempts to rear true gall flies 
from them proved fruitless for many years. I, at length, succeeded in 
rearing in the spring a considerable number of true gall flies from galls 
collected the October preceding in Northern Ohio. Only females have 


112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


yet been reared, and these minute creatures will be found, no doubt, like 
other and larger ones that live over winter in the galls, to be only of one 
sex. The description is as follows: aint 

Head, thorax and abdomen shining black and smooth. Ocelli large, 
but not conspicuous. Antenne 13-jointed ; 1st and 2nd joints compara- 
tively stout, the 3rd a little longer than the two preceding ones taken 
together, very slender ; the remaining ones also slender, but slightly in- 
creasing in thickness towards the last; color, a pale, dusky yellowish 
brown. Thorax without lines or grooves of any kind, anteriorly high and 
rounded. Scutellum very small. Fove obsolete. Legs dark brown, 
except the joints and the tarsi, which are almost colorless. The wings 
rather large. Areolet large. Radial area long, narrow and open. The 
cubitus is very slender, and disappears at some distance from the 1st 
transverse. ‘The vein bounding the areolet on the posterior side is so 
nearly colorless at that point that the areolet itself might easily be pro- 
nounced wanting. 

Abdomen smooth and shining; the terminal segments, in dry speci- 
mens, are almost entirely retracted into the rather large 1st segment ; the 
abdomen is sub-petiolate. 

Length—body between .04 and .05, wing .06, antennz .03. 


(). COXIL ne sp. 

Galls: Hard, smooth, woody knots or swellings on the twigs of 
Quercus, sp. They are covered with bark not unlike the rest of the twig. 
The two specimens in my collection are not more than three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter, but whether of average size or not I am unable to say 
They might easily be taken for small specimens of C. Suttonii, B, from 
California, or for C. datatofdes, Ashmead, an unpublished species from 
the live oaks of Florida, but the insects differ specifically from both these. 

My specimens were received from Prof. E. T. Cox, who collected 
them near Tucson, Arizona, probably from one of the dwarf live oaks of 
that region. I have reared from them only female gall flies, which are 

described as foliows : 

Head deep yellowish brown; vertex very slightly punctate. Ocelli 
small, black, Antenne near together, 14-jointed ; 1st joint short club- 
shaped, 2nd short ovate ; these two, in a favorable light, are an almost 
golden yellow ; 3rd one-third longer, and the 4th a little shorter than the 
rst and znd taken together ; the 5th, 6th and 7th short, and the remain- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 


ing ones very short, and all of them of a dull opaque brown ; at the base 
of the antennz, on the lower side, is a nearly black spot, its edges fading 
into the prevailing color. The face is hairy ; the mentum smooth, but 
with a fringe of long stiff hairs on the lower edge. ‘The mandibles are 
dark, nearly black. The color of the thorax differs considerably in dif- 
ferent individuals ; tn some it is quite black, but in most is more or less 
clouded with spots of clear shining yellowish brown. The pleurae are 
black in all my specimens. The parapsidal grooves are large and deep. 
They start quite near together on the scutellum, and diverge gradually 
till within a short distance of the collare, when they diverge so suddenly 
as to form a rather short curve in that part of their course. Scutellum 
small, finely rugose and hairy, separated from the mesothorax by a broad, 
smooth band, that can hardly be called a furrow or fovae. Legs clear 
yellowish brown. Ungues very dark, but not black. Wings hyaline, 
quite large. Veins rather slender, pale reddish brown. Areolet small. 
Radial area open, and, by the curvature of the radial vein, broadest in the 
middle. Abdomen shining black; 1st segment rather large, and with a 
few short hairs scattered over its anterior half, mostly confined to the 
sides beneath the wings, remaining segments short and withdrawn (in dry 
specimens) within the first ; sheath of the ovipositor straight, with mod- 
erately long hairs towards the point. 


Length—Body .11, antennae .06, wings .14. 
Described from dry specimens. 


|Note.—When my description of the gall of C. cicatricula was already 
in type, I found my specimens of the gall flies were quite unfit for descrip- 
tion, and the species will: be described in a future paper. In answer to 
some of my friends, who have expressed some surprise that I still retain: 
for all the oak gall insects the old generic name Cyzps, I will say that I 
intend to publish a complete list of our described species, with their true 
generic names, in the course of the summer. In this I shall follow Dr. 
Mayr’s classification, adding to his list of American galls such new species 
as I have not already submitted to him. In my illustrated monograph, on 
which I am at work, I shall give brief descriptions of all the American 
species known to me. | 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


ANTIGASTER VS, EUPELMUS. 
DEAR SIR,— 


I have read with interest Mr. Howard’s remarks on p. 31, f. In the 
article in the American Entomologist which he refers to, I stated distinctly 
that he gives reasons for considering Antigaster and Hupelmus synonym- 
ous, and, as I consider the reasons good, I have no criticism to make 
thereon. My remarks were intended to show rather that his reflection on 
Walsh that there were “no grounds for the founding of the genus Azzz- 
gaster” was hardly justified. I endeavored to show that with the light 
then at his command Walsh had reasons for erecting the genus. The 
characters of Eupelmus as set forth by Mr. Howard are mostly brought 
together from works subsequent to Walsh’s characterization of Antigaster. 
The close relationship of this last with Aupe/mus was recognized by me 
as previously stated by Mr. Howard, and whether, in the light of subse- 
quent writings, the two should be combined generically is a question 
depending on the limitation or comprehensiveness we deem best to give 
to generic divisions, on which subject I have no reason for differing from 
my friend who, from special study of the family, is most competent to 
decide. C. V. Ritey, Washington, D. C. 


HOW WE CAPTURED A HORNET’S NEST. 
DEAR SIR,— 


One fine day last October, while enjoying a ramble in the woods near 
Belleville, with two of my sons, one of them took hold of a knot which 
projected from a small half-decayed log, intending to turn it over to search 
for beetles beneath it. The piece, however, came away in his hand and 
disclosed the entrance of a nest of black hornets. Of course we retreated 
“at the double” before the disturbed insects recovered from their first 
surprise, leaving them to settle down at their leisure. A few days after, 
taking advantage of a cool morning, I sent my two boys to the wood with 
a small bottle of chloroform and a hard rubber syringe. According to 
directions, they injected about a drachm of the liquid into the hole, and 
threw a handkerchief over the entrance. In about five minutes they 
opened up the nest, when they found the inmates in a perfect state of 
slumber, and transferred them without trouble to their cyanide bottles. 
In about an hour they returned, bringing me forty-eight specimens of the 
insect J... 2D Beau, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 


THE COLORADO BEETLE. 
DEAR SIR,— 

The following extract from an English newspaper, the Brestol Mercury, 
will show how carefully the Colorado Beetle is looked after in England 
and how great a risk he runs if he sets foot within the United Kingdom. 
He is far more sternly outlawed than was Robin Hood or Smith O’Brien, 
and if only a suspicion of his presence is felt, all, from the Privy Council 
downwards, are up in arms to crush him with all the terror of the law. 
Let us hope they will succeed in making the country too hot for even the 
ten-lined Spearman. 


“Mr. Borlase put a question as to the discovery of a Colorado Beetle 
in South Devon. 

“Mr. Mundella answered, saying the Colorado Beetle was in his 
department (a laugh). He then gave the facts of the discovery of a live 
Colorado Beetle in the possession of a man at Yealmpton, who refused 
to give it up. Upon instructions from the department he was prosecuted 
under the Destructive Insects Act of 1877, and fined the mitigated penalty 


of £5, he pleading ignorance of the law and agreeing to the destruction ' 
of the beetle.” How. C3 


DEAR SIR,— 


I always look for the coming of the Can. Env. with pleasure. Having 
seen several articles in the ENToMo.ocistT relative to the abundance or 
scarcity of insects, aS compared with past seasons, I would inform you 
that in 1879 I did not see a single specimen of Zerias nicippe, while this 
year they were abundant, in fact more numerous than Colzas philodice. 


Columbus, O., Dec. 2, 1880. W. N. TALvant. 


DEAR SIR,— 


On the 6th Oct., 1880, I took six cresphontes larvee feeding on prickly 
ash. Some of them fed for several days afterwards, and in dué time they 
all transformed to chrysalids. Now they have all emerged as butterflies ; 
the first appeared on tle 22nd of March, the last on the 17th of April, 
1881. They measure from 334 to 4% inches in expanse of wing, perfect 
in form and rich in coloring. J. Auston Morrat. 

Hamilton, Aprii, 188r. 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DEAR SIR,— 

In your last issue Dr. LeConte pronounces my record of the capture 
here of Alaus gorgops to be “probably. erroneous,” because he has not 
known any instance of that insect having been taken north of Texas and 
Western Louisiana, and that therefore my specimen must be A/laus 
oculatits. 

Alaus oculatus is of such common occurrence here that I have long 
ceased to collect specimens, unless remarkable for beauty or for abnormal 
size, either large or small, and with over twenty years’ acquaintance I 
ought to be tolerably familiar with its appearance and proportions. The 
specimen in dispute was found resting on a stump in Bleecker’s Woods, 
about half a mile from our city limits, and was taken by me as an unusually 
fine and large example of A/aus oculatus, and placed as such among my 
seasonal captures ; but on placing it in my cabinet I observed so marked 
and manifest a difference between it and the other specimens, that I 
thought it might be a distinct species. Finding from Crotch’s List that 
there were only three species known, and possessing examples of two of 
them, I obtained a specimen of 4. gorgops from Mr. E. P. Austin, of 
Boston, for the sake of comparison, which came to hand ticketed 
“Dallas, Texas.” On placing this side by side with mine, I was unable to 
distinguish the slightest shade of difference except that mine is rather the 
larger and fresher specimen. In order to show the identity of these two 
examples, and their common difference from A. ocu/atus, I append their 
respective measurements as taken at the time, and carefully repeated and 
verified, as also the dimensions of my largest specimen of A. oculatus: 


Mr. Austin’s sp’n. My own. A. oculatus. 
Total length, 41 mm. (about 1% in.) 42 mm. 42% mm. 
Length of thorax, 12 mm. (sharp.) 12 mm. (full.) 12% “ 
Breadth of thorax, 11% mm. 12 mm. II a 
Breadth of elytra, 114 mm. (full.) 12% “ Tigo 4 


The ocular spots on the thorax are much larger and more circular in 
shape than those of A. ocudatus, and the white marginal lines are much 
broader and more distinctly marked, in all which characters Mr. Austin’s 
specimen and mine thoroughly agree. I am thus led to the conclusion 
that either my specimen is A/aus gorgops, or that Mr. Austin’s 7s 77. 

I have in my collection examples of A. ocw/atus varying in length from 
42% mm. to 25 mm. James T. BELL. 

Belleville, April 29th, 1881. 


Th Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1881. No. 6 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


THE EVED ELATER—Alaus oculatus. 


This is the largest of our Elaters or “spring beetles,” and is found 
with its larva in the decaying wood of old apple and other trees. The 
,. beetle, fig. 7, is about an inch and a half—sometimes 
# more—in length, of a black color, sprinkled with 
numerous whitish dots. On the thorax there are two 
large velvety black eye-like spots, from which has 
arisen the common name of the insect. The thorax 
is about one-third the length of the body and is pow- 
dered with whitish ; the wing cases’ are ridged with 
longitudinal lines, and the under side of the body 
and legs thickly powdered with white. It is found in 
the perfect state in June and July; is active in the 
daytime, flying about with a loud buzzing noise. 

Fig. 7. The mature larva, which attains its full growth 
early in April, is about two and a half inches long, nearly four-tenths of 
an inch across about the middle, tapering slightly towards each extremity. 
The head is bread, brownish and rough above, the jaws very strong, curved 
and pointed, the terminal segment of the body blackish, roughened with 
small pointed tubercles, with a deep semi-circular notch at the end, armed 
at the sides with small teeth, the two hindermost of which are long, forked 
and curved upwards like hooks. | Under this hinder segment is a large 
fleshy foot, armed behind with little claws, and around the sides with short 
spines ; it has six true legs, a pair under each of the first three segments. 
Early in spring the larva casts its skin and becomes a chrysalis, and in 
due time emerges a perfect beetle. 

This beetle, when placed upon its back on a flat surface, has the 
power of springing suddenly into the air, and while moving, turning its 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


body, thus recovering its natural position; this unusual movement, 
together with its curious prominent eye-like spots, combine to make it a 
constant source of wonder and interest. Since it feeds only on decaying 
wood, it scarcely deserves to be classed with destructive insects. 


THE STAG BEETLE—Lucanus dama. 


This is another very common beetle somewhat similar in its habits to 
the eyed Elater, but very different in appearance. It is a large and 
powerful insect belonging to the family called Lamellicornes, or leaf-horned 
beetles, from the leaflike joints composing their antenne. In the male, 
fig. 8, the upper jaws or mandibles are largely 
developed, curved like a sickle and furnished 
internally beyond the middle with a small 
tooth ; those of the female are much shorter 
and also toothed. The body measures from an 
inch to an inch and a quarter in length, exclu- 
sive of the jaws, and is of a dull mahogany 
brown color. The head of the male is broad 
and smooth, that of the female narrow and 
roughened with punctures. The insect appears 
during the months of July and August, is very 
vigorous on the wing, flying with a loud buzzing 
sound during the evening, when it frequently a 
enters houses to the alarm of nervous occupants. _It is perhaps scarcely 
necessary to remark that it is not in any way venemous, and it never 
attempts to bite without provocation. 

The female lays her eggs in the crevices of the bark of trees, especially 
near the roots. The larve live in decaying wood and are found in the 
trunks and roots of various kinds of trees, particularly those of old apple 
trees ; they are also found in old cherry trees, willows and oaks. They 
are said to be six years in completing their growth, living all the time on 
the wood of the tree, reducing it to a coarse powder resembling sawdust. 
The mature larva is a large, thick, nearly cylindrical whitish worm, with a 
horny-looking head of a reddish brown color, dark mandibles and reddish 
legs. The body is curved when at rest, the hinder segments being brought 
towards the head. 

When the larva has attained full size it remains in its burrow and 
encloses itself in an oval cocoon formed of fragments of wood and bark, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 


cemented together with a glue-like secretion, and within this enclosure it 
is transformed to a chrysalis of a yellowish white color. Through the 
partially transparent membrane the limbs of the future beetle are dimly 
seen, and in due time the beetle bursts its filmy enclosure and emerges to 
the light of day. 

As this insect affects only old and decaying trees, it seldom does much 
harm. ‘The use of alkaline washes, applied to the bark of the trees in 
July, would probably deter these beetles, in common with others, from 
depositing their eggs on the trees thus coated, and any mischief they 
might otherwise do be in this manner prevented. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
PAPILIO PALAMEDES, Drury. ( Calchas, Fab.) 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ece—Spherical, a little flattened at base; color greenish-yellow. 
Duration of this stage four to five days. 


Younc Larva—Length .1 inch ; near the end of the stage .28 inch, 
and then cylindrical, greatly thickened from 3 to 6; after 6, tapering to 
12, then thickening to end, the back and sides after 6 a little incurved ; 
2 has a thin square ridge and on each curve of same a thick fleshy pro- 
cess, longer than others on body, thickly beset with straight hairs ; there 
are two rows of similar processes, sub-dorsal, smallest on the narrow 
segments, colored as the segment they stand on, those on £2 and 13 con- 
siderably larger than any others except on 2; besides the subdorsal 
rows, are two dorsal, running the whole length of body, ard one row on 
side, another along base; all these are small, simple tuberculations with 
hair on end; color of body brown-yellow marked with white ; a white 
band, not very clearly defined, especially on its lower edge, passes along 
the side of segments 3 to 8, turning up on 8 to edge of dorsum, the two 
extremities there not quite meeting ; 12 and 13 are white ; under side 
greenish-brown ; feet and legs same; head obovoid, a little depressed at 


top, smooth, shining, color yellow-brown, a shade darker than body. To 
Ist moult about 4 days. 


After 1st Moult—Length .33 inch ; same general shape, at first the 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


dorsum on the thickened segments is smooth and rounded, but after a 


few hours becomes flattened a little, and corrugated ; 2 has a thin, high, 
Square topped ridge, the corners produced, and each bears a short, thick 
process, pilose ; on 12 are two short subconical processes, on 13 two like 
them but larger, and these four form part of the two subdorsal rows, which 
are almost suppressed on 6 to 10, but are distinct on 11 ; the two dorsal 
rows of tubercles are minute; color of body yellow-brown, darkest on 
posterior half, the anterior segments a little red-tinted ; the white lateral 
band as before, but distinct, white ; the dorsum and upper part of the 
side of 12 and 13 and a little of rr pure white, the lower part of side 
less pure, the shield sordid white ; over the white band, on 4, is a large 
sub-oval black ocellus in a narrow yellow ring ; this ocellus is mostly 
occupied by a prominent rounded black process with many short black 
hairs on it; head sub-cordate, finely granulated, shining yellow-brown, 
with fine hairs. To next moult 2 days. 

After 2nd Moult—Length .36 inch ; same shape, and as before, the 
dorsal area on thickened segments becomes corrugated and flattened and 
depressed some hours after the moult, and the depression is enclosed by 
an elevated oval rim ; 3 is a little excavated on dorsum on anterior part ; 
2 is a square-topped ridge, but the processes have passed away ; on 12 
and 13 the processes as at previous stage, but the rest of the subdorsal 
rows have disappeared, and in place of part of them are slight rounded 
elevations, like those of the dorsal rows ; so that on 3 there are two dor- 
sal and two subdorsal rows of these knobs, but two dorsal only on 4, 5, 
6; on 9 and tro are two subdorsal little round lilaceous spots ; color 
yellow-brown to dark brown, the anterior parts having most yellow ; the 
sides of the posterior segments of a black hue; the white side stripes as 
before ; 12, 13 white, the shield greenish-brown above but white below, 
and the anal claspers white ; the white extends into the sides of 11, but 
the brown dorsal area runs back in a sharp point nearly to 12; on 4 the 
eye-spot is large, flattened in front and there velvet-black, but behind this 
is a prominent black vitreous bead-like elevation, smooth and without 


hairs ; instead of a complete and uniform ring there is a thickening of the ~ 


yellow above and below the eye-spot, and the ends are narrowed, so that 
the appearance is much like that of eye-lids ; head as before, and it and 
segment 2 are one color, honey-yellow. To next moult 3 days. But one 
larva, after 2nd moult, differed from all the rest, being uniform light yel- 
low-brown, the white area on 11 and 12 yellowish. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. t2h 


After 3rd Moult—-Length .8 inch ; same shape and general color, the 
anterior segments a little darker, and their surfaces finely and thickly, but 
indistinctly, dotted green ; the middle segments lighter colored and dis- 
tinctly dotted green ; the side bands salmon color, the last segments a 
redder salmon ; 13 white above base at extremity ; along base of body, 
with and a little above the spiracles, a white macular band; on dorsum 
of 13 two small conical white processes (none on 12); on dorsum of 5 
are two abbreviated bars of red-lilac, one on each side, in the subdorsal 
row, and on 6 to to is a small rounded lilac spot on each in same row ; 
on the side of 8 to 10 one similar spot to each; on 3 to 6 low rounded 
knobs as at previous stage ; below the basal ridge is a small indistinct 
blue-lilac spot on each segment from 6 to 11; the ocellus as at previous 
stage, the buff ring now open at anterior side ; head as before, but green- 
ish-yellow. 

Towards the last of this stage the brown area has a green tinge, and 
the green dots become quite distinct, and the side bands are greenish ; 
the circlet of the eye-spot changes to red-buff. Later the top of the 
anterior segments became olive green, the dorsum after 5 light green, 
edged down the sides by dark green; the side band pale green, as are 
the last segments; under side pale greenish-brown; the lilac spots 
unchanged ; the spots below spiracles blue. To next moult 4 days. 


After 4th Moult.—Length 1.1 inch; 9 days after the moult reached 
maturity. 


Mature Larva—Length 1.6 inch ; cylindrical, the segments 3 to 5 
much thickened, arched dorsally, then tapering to last; color dull vel- 
vety-green, on 3, 4, 5, and on 12, 13 nearly solid, but a little specked 
with lighter green; the other segments light and dark green in fine’ 
markings ; the basal ridge whitish-green; under this is a fine black line 
from 3 to 12, and on 6 to 11 is a subtriangular blue spot in black edging 
on each segment just below the line ; 2 has a narrow yellow ridge in 
front, nearly flat on top, the curves rounded ; on anterior side of this and 
next it is a black subdorsal dash on either side ; behind the ridge’is a 
black, rough or shagreened narrow band ; the scent-organs light yellow- 
brown ;' on the side of 4 is a black ocellus, upon which rises a rounded 
vitreous black process, the circlet orange-red, having a black stripe within 
its anterior edge, and a blue spot on its upper outer side; on 5 to II are 
four rows of small blue-lilac spots, each in fine black ring, two of the rows 


122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


being subdorsal, two lateral ; on 12 only the two dorsals are present,.on 
13 neither ; on the dorsum of 5 at posterior edge is a buff spot just out- 
side the lilac spot and touching it. Under side deep oc re-buff ; feet and 
legs greenish-brown ; head subovoid, bilobed, granulated, with a dull 
gloss ; color olive-green. 

Gradually the larva changes, the specks disappear on the anterior and 
also on the last segment, so that the extremities are solid green ; on the 
middle segments the specks and marks become less distinct ; the ridge at 
base becomes yellow, the whole under side port wine color ; all the lilac 
spots change to bluish, the two spots on 5 to brown-buff. 


Finally, before suspension the whole surface becomes dull ochrey- 
yellow, like P. Z7oz/uws at same period, the red of lower side becomes dull 
and yellowish, or dull salmon, the lilac spots on back change to pale 
black, but the spots below the basal nidge retain their blue color, but are 
dull. One day after suspension the larva pupated. 


CuRysALis—Length 1.4 inch ; greatest breadth .38 inch ; the ventral 
side highly arched, the dorsum much incurved, the former narrow at 
summit, particularly on the thoracic segments, rounded, the sides sloping ; 
the dorsum rounded, the sides somewhat flattened to the lateral ridge, 
which is prominent, carinated, and extends from end to end ; head-case 
long, flattened transversely and about equally on the two sides, narrowest 
at base and widening gradually to the tips of the ocellar prominences ; 
these are long, subpyramidal, divergent, the space between excavated 
roundly ; mesonotum low, the sides very little convex, on the top a very 
small pyramidal elevation ; surface all finely granulated ; color variable ; 
one phase shows the whole ‘dorsal side a delicate green, with a darker 
green medio-dorsal stripe from mesonotum to last segment ; below meso- 
notum two sub-dorsal low red tubercles, one on either side ; on either side 
of the abdominal segments two rows of dull lilac points, forming a cross 
row of four to each segment; whole ventral side one shade of green, a 
little darker than dorsum and less yellow ; the lateral ridge cream-color, 
more or less marked by a red line, which broadens on the process of 
head ; on the ventral side below the head two red dots near the middle 
line ; a series of white dots along the margins of wing cases ; below the 
ridge, on last segments, are traces of blue spots. 


Another resembles the above described, except that there is a yellow 
shade over the dorsal elevation and the medio-dorsal stripe is red. 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123 


Others are quite unlike these ; the head case and mesonotum are 
yellow-brown, and the rest of the dorsal side is yellow-brown with a pink 
tint ; the stripe and the ridge brown ; the dorsal spots blue, and dull blue 
spots below the ridge ; whole under side light yellow-brown. 

No butterflies from my larvee emerged the same season. But of four 
chrysalids found in Florida 11th to 13th Sept., 1880, two gave butterflies 
25th and 27th Sept., and two over-wintered, the butterflies emerging 2nd 
and 3rd Feb. 

I received 24th August, 1580, from Dr. Wm. Wissfeld, Indian 
River, Fla., about a dozen larve of VPalamedes in 1st and 2nd 
stages. My correspondent wrote: “On 15th I confined 2 2 in bag over 
limb of Persea carolina, or Red Bay. One began to lay eggs within a 
short time, and in an hour had laid 26. The other was heavy with eggs 
but would not lay till to-day, and has laid 7 eggs.” These were sent me 
with leaves of the food plant, in a tin box per mail, and I received them 
24th, the leaves still fresh, and the larve, which had hatched on the road, 
feeding. As this food plant is not found here I tried the larve with 
leaves of orange and lemon, to no purpose. But sassafras they took to 
‘at once. This is the food plant of P. Zroi/us, a species belonging to 
same sub-group as Pa/amedes. I had no difficulty inraising the larve to 
chrysalis. They are sluggish, like the larve of Z7yoz/us, and in general 
behave in same way, at all stages resting on a lining of silk which they 
had spun on middle of the leaf, whereby the leaf is curled or drawn 
together so as to afford a concealment. This they rarely leave, and then 
only when hungry, feeding on the end of the leaf until it becomes too 
small for a hiding place, after which they betake themselves *to another 
leaf. But these larvae do not cut into the side of the leaf and fold down 
the cut portion, as 77oi/us does. ‘This Dr. Wissfeld states in reply to my 
inquiries, He farther says: “ Palamedes roosts on the highest tree it can 
find, oak or palmetto. I have seen four to six near sundown fluttering 
about the tree, where they finally settled and remained. Sometimes three 
or four so roost on one large palmetto leaf.” 


DIFFERENCES WITHOUT DISTINCTIONS. 
BY C. E. WORTHINGTON, CHICAGO, ILL. 


If there is one thing more than another that fills the brain of an 
amateur Entomologist with despair, when he first makes the acquaintance 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ce 7, 
of the long lists of largely incongruous and incomprehensible names that 
he is expected to master, it is the utter absence of anything in the system 
of nomenclature tending to show the relations of various forms to each 
other, or of varieties to the parent or more abundant form. ‘There is 
nothing to show at a glance the results of the experience of others and 
to attain any idea of the true relationship of allied forms. The student 
must either acquire the knowledge by slow and persevering experiment, or 
oftentimes forego the acquisition altogether, because time and the rarity 
of books will not permit him to gainit. We cannot start where others 
left off, but must follow their paths step by step, only hoping to gain the 
point they reached soon enough to be able to penetrate a little further. 

Most conspicuously is this the case as regards the so-called varieties 
of variable species. Let a student in England, for instance, take up Mr. 
’ Edwards’ Catalogue of North American Butterflies, and the first species 
is listed with three “ dimorphic” varieties and one “ sub-variety.” The 
theory of their origin is well known, and the facts regarding their appear- 
ance at certain seasons, but this cannot be learned from the list, and must 
be gained from various contributions on the subject written at many times’ 
and distributed through many books—a comparatively easy task as regards" 
Papilio ajax, though less easy were the researches of some species in 
question conducted by an obscure author and published in some rare 
book in a foreign language. 

Under the present system Papilio Watshit, Pieris pallida and Grapta 
umbrosa are designated dimorphic varieties, although no two of them bear 
the same or similar relations to the species to which they belong. 


It is hardly to be expected that we can arrive at an exact and uni- 
versally acceptable definition of a species, or that the time will soon come 
when extremists for the sake of advertisement or other reasons will not 
persist in declaring accepted species as mere varieties or vie versa, OY 
that such persons will cease to set dictum above experiment ; but it does 
not seem impossible to adopt some system that shall indicate to a certain 
extent the relations of many forms, and at the same time elastic enough 
to be acceptable to all. 

For the purposes of this article, however, I consider it necessary to 
submit a brief description of what I hold to constitute a species, in the 
hope that it will substantially agree with the conceptions of others in the 
main. 

We may define a species as an aggregation of individual forms of life 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. lp 


bo 
baa | 


imbrifera Guen., Noct. 2, 76. Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 
latex Guen., Noct. 2, 78. Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 
+ condita Guen., Noct. 2, 78, pl. 8, fig. 5. ‘*‘ New York.” 


N. B.—This species is not known to me. In some collections I have 
found Déianth. /ustralis determined as “condita.” But from his figure 


and description, which latter I here translate, Guenee’s species must be 
quite different. 


“2 35m.m. The smallest of the genus (i. e. Apéecta). Wings 
slightly elongate, the primaries nearly entire, rather wide, of a grayish 
white much powdered with blackish, which makes them griseous ; except 
the edges of the lines and the two ordinary spots which remain white and 
empty. These latter are very regular; the orbicular longitudinally ovate. 
The three first lines very distinct, dentate, black ; the t. p. line sending a 
sharper tooth in the sinus of the reniform. The subterminal very nebu- 
lous, pale, margined anteriorly by a vague shade of pale ferruginous ; the 
upper edge of the claviform alone visible. The two median spots separ- 
ated by a dark shade surrounded by black. A basal black ray crosses 
the halfline. Secondaries dirty yellowish white, with traces of a discal 
spot, of a much twisted median line and of a sub-anal blackish spot. 
Terminal marks thick, contiguous and better marked. Beneath with the 
spot and line well indicated, blackish, thick, the line continuous on the 
primaries. Abdomen short, with small crests. Palpi ascending, slighter 
than in the other species (i. e. of Aplecta).” 


This description and the figure of Guenee differ throughout from Zus- 


tralis. In my List I originally transferred. Gueneé’s Aplectas to this 
genus. 


adjuncta Boisd.; Guen. Ind. 243; Noct. 1, 199. 
Middle States. 

lubens Grote, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., 113, 1875; zzfula Morr., P. A. N. S. P. 
62, 1875; dubens Morr., P. B.S. N. H. 119, 1875. 
and Middle States. 

Beanii Grote, Can. Ent. 9, 87; N. Am. Ent. 1, 12. Texas; Illinois. 

legitima Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 3, 82. Can.; Middle, Western and 
Eastern States. 

liquida Grote, Papilio, 1. Washington Territory. 

lilacina Harvey, Bull. B.S. N.S. 2, 119. Middle States. 


7m 


ilabefacta Morr., P. B. S. N. H. 141, 1874. 


Can.; Eastern and 


Can.; Eastern 


Eastern and Middle States. 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


N. B.—This is in my opinion a more obscurely colored grayish-brown 
form of the preceding. 
noverca Grote, Can. Ent., 10, 236. Nebraska; Cal.; Col. 

Goodellii Grove, Can. Ent., 7, 223. Eastern and Middle States. 

assimilis Morr., Bull. B.S. N. S. 2, 119. Eastern and Middle States. 

rosea Harvey, Bull. B.S. N.S. 2, 119. Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 

congermana Morr., Can. Ent. 6, 106. Eastern and Middle States. 

vindemialis Guen., Noct. 1, 344; Grote Proc. Ac. N.S. 418, 1875; Cer- 
amica rubefacta Morr. Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 

t+ w-album Gwen., Noct. 1, 345. “ Florida.” 

picta Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 329; Ceramica exusta Guen., Noct. 1, 344. 
Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 

N. B.—I am indebted to Prof. Fernald for a bred specimen of Jicéa ; 
there is a slight divided thoracic crest and I do not see the necessity for 
disturbing the original generic reference of Harris. The following seven 
species have the typical markings of the genus. 

Farnhamii G7ofe, Bull. B. S. N. S. 1, 138, pl. 3, fig. 2. Colorado. 

grandis Bozsd., Gen. 950; Led. Noct. 90; Guen. Noct. 2, 105, pl. 8, fig. 
to. ‘* Greenland:” Can. to Middle States. 

nevadz Grote, Bull. B.S. N.S, 3, 84. Nevada. : 

subjuncta G. G #., Tr. Am.. Ent. S. 2, 198, pl. 3, fis. 71; Grote Baia: 


INES Stress ee Eastern and Middle States. 
atlantica Grote, B. B, ine S. 2, 12; Grote Check List 6; var. discolor 


Speyer, S. E. Hi 142. 
N. B.—This may be = the European dissimitis. 
Dimmockii Grote, Proc. A. N. S. Phil., 420, 1875. Eastern and Middle 
States. 
distincta Hudn. Samml.; G. & R. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. 2, 197, pl. 3, fig. 72 ; 
Grote, B. B. S. N.S. 2, 156 (dlamestra); Dicopis vitis French, 
Can. Ent. 11, 76. Middle and Western States to Tex. 
mucens //ubn, Zutr. 515-16; Grote Can. Ent. 11, 206, Same localities 
as preceding. 
confusa Hubn., Zutr. 495-6; Grote Bull. B.S. N. S. 2,12. Same locali- 
ties as eet 
trifolu Rott. Nat. 9 & 131; albifusa Walk. B. M. Cat.; chenopodit S. V. ; 
Speyer S. E. z. 138. New York to Oregon. 
N. b.—The Oregon specimens are more concolorous, without the 
prominent W-mark of the s. t. line relieved by darker preceding dashes. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 


having the same general characteristics, but exhibiting definite, transmit- 
table structural differences from all other forms of life—a definition which 
does not touch the construction of genera. 

From each species are given off from time to time individuals in 
greater or less numbers differing from the parent form and from any other 
species ; these forms sometimes exhibit transmittable differences, some- 
times not transmittable, but in nearly every case are connected by almost 
imperceptible gradations or known circumstances of origin with the form 
from which they sprung, the extremes of variation being sometimes so 
great that in the absence of knowledge of intergrades or attendant cir- 
cumstances, they would readily be declared distinct species. 

In the case of those species where the departures from the normal 
form appear at all seasons and in all broods without restriction to locality 
and with satisfactory intergrades, it seems to me that a good end would be 
served by ceasing to consider them ‘“ varieties,” but merely terming them 
“variations” and designating the extremes of variation by letter, as 
Variation A, or by name, if the practice be more agreeable, as in the case 
of Catocala scintillans, a name given to an extreme variation of C. énnu- 
bens, which occurs in all broods without restriction to locality and with 
perfectly satisfactory intergrades, which would thus become Variation 
a name that would at once express its relation to C. zvnubens. 


scintillans 

Thus relieved of an embarrassing number of forms whose title to the 
dignity of varieties is, to say the least, dubious, we might classify actual 
varieties as follows : 

Seasonal—Where a certain variation of form appears only or mainly in 
certain broods of many brooded species, disappearing in following 
broods only to reappear in the succeeding year at its proper 
season, as Papilio Walshit. 

Climatic—Where varieties occupy considerable habitats, often to all 
appearance distinct species when viewed at the extremes, but hav- 
ing common ground where intergrades occur or either form is 
produced indiscriminately, as in the varieties of S. a/ope. 

Dimorphic—Where well marked varieties do not thoroughly intergrade, 
but appear in all broods and are produced indiscriminately regard- 
less of sex, as in Grapta comma. 

Occasional—When aberrant forms are produced in both sexes rarely and 
at irregular intervals, as Papzlio Calverleyit. 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Melanic or Albinic—-Male or female, or local, the names of which are 
sufficient definition. 

This would not preclude the use of the term sub-variety as now used, 
but would open the way for the use of the still more expressive term of 
“ sub-species,” applicable to varieties highly differentiated, and especially 
when the differentiaticn has so far progressed as to begin in the larval state. 

Would not the application of some such system to the catalogues be 
of much aid in study and designate approximately the relations of many 
forms to each other ? 

I offer this as a suggestion ; the subject will certainly bear discussion, 
and some permanent good may come of it surely. If the result of the 
discussion is the adoption of the system herein indicated, after elaboration 
and revision, or of some other system that will in some way indicate the 
relationship of forms in their names, my end will be attained. That some 
reform is necessary | am convinced. 


THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MAMESTRA, Ocus. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


The species of this genus have hairy eyes, unarmed tibiz and a tufted 
thorax. ‘The dorsum of the abdomen is more or less tufted, but in some 
species. the tuftings are not noticeable. Several species which seem to 
me to belong to Graphiphora ( Taeniocampa) have been referred to this 
genus ; among these I may mention ovobia of Harvey, modesta, incincta 
and ¢hecata of Morrison, and the species described by me as rufu/a and 
puerilis. (also take out the curta and promulsa of Morrison, which I 
believe to be species of Avarta. The species included under Déanthoecia 
differ from JZamestra by the extruded ovipositor. But they appear to 
arrange themselves naturally among the species of AZamestra, and perhaps 
do not really differ in a generic sense. They are here included. 


purpurissata Grote, P. Ent. S. Phil, 3, 82. Can.; Eastern and Middle 
States. 


nimbosa Gwev., Noct. 2, 77; Speyer, Ent. Can.; Zeit. 142. Eastern and 
Middle States. 


discalis Grote, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 3,797. Colorado, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131 


NEW NOCTUIDA, WITH LIST OF THE SPECIES OF 
PERIGRAPHA. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 

Agrotis nanalis, n. S. 

9. ‘The smallest species known to me. All the tibiae spinose ; eyes 
naked ; body untufted. A slender species which may be compared with 
opaca. ‘The fore wings are blackish with the lines lost. ‘The stigmata are 
concolorous, difficult to make out. The orbicular is elongate, the reni- 
form vague, upright, broad ; the spots are picked out by a brown shading 
which fills the cell and marks the subcostal and median veins. _ S. t. line 
a vague blackish even shade. Hind wings concolorous fuscous griseous, 
with the veins soiled and a faint discal mark. Beneath griseous, the pri- 
maries a little brownish. The costal preapical dots visible beneath and to 
be made out on the upper surface. Abdomen like hind wings. Head 
brownish ; tegule blackish, disc of thorax paler. Hxganse 26 mil. 
Nevada. 


Agrotis esurialis, n. s. 

This species has all the tibize spinose. In color it is like ferconftua, 
being of a pale ruddy brown over ochrey. ‘The stigmata are concolorous, 
and as in Mormaniana, set in a black spot. The orbicular nearly touches 
the reniform inferiorly, leaving a blackish brown v-shaped space between 
the stigmata. The orbicular is open to costa, oblique, widening above, 
preceded by a narrow black shade on the cell. Reniform widening in- 
feriorly, constricted, upright. Lines dark; t. a. line single, marked on 
costa above the orbicular, sinuate, incomplete. TT. p. line indicated by 
venular dots, as also the s. t. line, which is followed by a faint narrow pale 
shade and is inaugurated on costa by a curved mark. ‘The species seems 
to belong to the series of rubifera, perconflua, Hilliana, conchis, Normant- 
ana. Hind wings pale fuscous with the fringes and outer edge colored 
like primaries. Head a little paler than thorax, with the palpi darker at 
the sides. Abdomen at the sides and beneath tinged with rosy brown. 
Wings beneath tinged with ruddy, especially on the margins and outside 
of the extra-mesial fuscous line. Discal marks indicated. axfanse 31 
mil. Washington Territory, coll. by H. K. Morrison. 


Agrotis colata, n. s. 
2. Like Versipellis, but a little larger and without the white lines on 


132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


. 


the veins. Entirely dark purply brown ; thorax and head reddish brown. 
Stigmata a little hoary; orbicular large, open; reniform wide ; claviform 
indicated. Lines very faint ; an indistinct paler shade following the t. p. 
line ;_ the terminal space also indistinctly paler. Hind wings concolorous, 
dark fuscous. Mount Hood; one fresh female specimen. Cannot be 
confounded with any other species from the color and its affinity with 
versipellts. . 

Agrotis semiclarata, Nn. Ss. 

& §. Allied to gravis and Vancouver ensis, smaller than the latter and 
without the pale cast of gvavés. A thick dark brown basal dash extending 
into the claviform, and faintly cut by the t. a. line. Rich brown with the 
costal region (especially in the ¢) suffused with darker. Spots concolor- 
ous ; cell shaded with black. 5S. t. line pale, without the small teeth at 
the middle and below apices of its allies. Head and collar rich yellow 
brown ; tegule shaded with pale, but not so pale as in gravis. Beneath 
the costal half of secondaries is fuscous, leaving the lower portion of the 
wing including the border pale; a spot and common line. Above the 
hind wings are fuscous and rather dark in both sexes. This species may 
be known by the hind wings beneath being half pale, including the lower 
portion of the border, which is usually darker. The three species, gravzs, 
vancouverensts and semiclarata, are nearly allied ; their Eastern allies seem 
to be volubilis, venerabilis and stigmosa. 


Xylomiges perlubens, n. s. 

g. Allied to rubrica. Fore wings variegated with reddish and gray. 
Lines double, brownish, marked on costa by blackish dots. | Orbicular 
pale, with brown centre and blackish annulus, upright ; reniform with an 
inferior stain, a curved reddish inner streak, indistinct outwardly. Veins 
blackish. ‘T. p. line followed by white venular points. S. t. line preceded 
by a deep reddish shade marked opposite the cell and again below vein 3. 
Terminal space blackish with a gray apical patch. External margin den- 
tate ; fringes cut with pale. Hind wings and fringes pure white ; a broken 
terminal line ; beneath with a dotted extra-mesial line and discal spot. 
Primaries beneath with the terminal space whitish ; subterminal space 
stained with brownish; a discal mark very near the dotted extra-mesial 
line which hardly reaches the margin. Eyes hairy; tibize unarmed ; 
antenne brush-like ; abdomen tufted at base. Wings elongate. ‘Thorax 
and head reddish brown ; collar edged with gray ; abdomen pale reddish 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


Speyer, who calls the N. Am. spec. from N. Y. var. major, says that 
trifolii is found on the old continents from Spain to Peking. 
chartaria Grode, Bull. B. S. N. S. 1, 138, pl. 4, fig. 12. California. 
defessa * Can Ent? 72, 88: California: 
pensilis ‘ P. A. N.S. P. 199, 1874. Vancouver; Sauzalito, Cal. 
vicina “ Bull. B.S. N.S. 2,119; ¢eligera Morr. New York to Texas. 
N. B.—-To this form Aensz/7s is nearly allied; the extension of the ovi- 
positor does not seem to be a constant feature. I have a specimen from 
California, “‘ Shasta,’ which seems to be the same as the Eastern veczna. 
Again I have an Illinois specimen which indicates a closely allied but 
probably distinct species from the East. 


anguina Gyvofe, n. Ss. 


gf. Allied to vicina, but with the t. p. line drawn in below the reni- 
form, narrowing the median space below the vein. No red or brown 
tintings. Median space shaded with blackish. The general color is 
gray ; the stigmata pale, much as in vicina, except the claviform, which is 
much larger and wider, while it also extends across to t. p. line. A dis- 
tinct black dash at internal angle to s. t. line at its sinus on submedian 
fold. Hind wings white with soiled borders. No dark dashes before the 
subterminal line which are in both Aensi/is and vicina. LExpanse 28 mil. 
Illinois, Dr. Nason, May 31. 
acutipennis Grote, Can. Ent. 12, 214. Nevada; Arizona. 
N. B.—Also closely allied to wvécina. The fore wings appear more 
elongate and sharper. 
capsularis Gwen., Noct. 2, 22, pl. 8, fig. 3; Paphia propulsa Walk. 529. 
Middle States. 
detracta Walk. C. B. M. 732; claviplena Grote, B. B.S. N.S. 1, 194. 
Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 
cuneata Grote, B. B. S. N. S. 1, 139, pl. 4, fig. 9. California; Wash. 


Territory. 
brachiolum //arvey, Can. Ent. 8, 6. Texas. 
marinitincta ‘“ Bae BYES. NOSRe eget .Bexas: 


laudabilis Guwen., Noct. 2, 30, pl. 8, fig. 4. Var. illaudabilis Grote, Can. 
Ent. 7, 127. Alabama, Tex. to California. 

N. B.—The typical Zaudadilis has the median space shaded with red- 

dish. The var. e/audabilis from Cal. and Texas has it filled with black, 

and the base of the wing and thorax often shaded with black. Another 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. 


interesting Californian specimen has the fore wings concolorous dusky 
greenish, but I do not think is a different species, though this is possible. 
Guenee refers the species to Hecatera, but I have classified it as a AZam- 
estra ; it is allied to the species with which I here associate it. 

4-lineata Grote, Bull. B. S. N.S. 1, 140, pl. 4, fig. 15. California. 
olivacea Morr., Proc. B. S. N. H. 143, 1874. Can. to Vancouver. 
alboguttata Grote, Bull. B, S. N. S. 3, 85. Oregon. 


comis fa ee a Vancouver. 

sutrina “* Papilio 1,5. Colorado. 

lustralis “ Can. Ent. 7, 223. Middle and Western States. 
meditata ‘ Bull. B.S. N.S. 1, 104. Eastern and Middle States. 
innexa 7: is ay r2aen Vexas: 


N. B.—Mr. Morrison has referred this species to AZamestra, in correc- 
tion of my original determination. 


renigera Steph. 2, 16; Grote, Can. Ent. 6, 132 (Mamestra),; herbimacula 
Guen. Noct. 1, 133. Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 
cinnabarina Grote, P. B.S, N. H. 241, 1874. Var. ferrea Grote. 


N. B.—This species is allied to the European JZ. strigitis and faser- 
uncula. The var. ferrea occurs in Vancouver Island (Can. Ent. 7, 25) 
and Washington Territory (Morrison leg.) The fore wings are different 
shades of yellowish ferruginous, while they are more brownish in the 
typical form from California. 


lorea Guen., Noct. 1, 126. Can.; Eastern and Middle States. 
niveiguttata Grote, B. B. S. N.S. 1, 194, pl. 4, fig. 16. California. 


leucogramma “ a 1,140. California. 

palilis Harvey, y Boy a0 | he xEs, 

t repentina Morr P. B.S. N. H. 118, 1875. “ New Jersey.” 
+ ectypa fs i $° “ West Virginia.” 


insolens Gvofe, Bull. B. S. N.S. 2, 65. California. 
arietis “Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5, 207. California. 


N. B.—This may be the ¢ of dvsolens; it is very different in appear- 
ance from the more distinct markings. 


? quadrannulata Morr., P. A. N.S. P. 430, 1875. Nebraska. 


? rugosa « Prog) BAS. N. Hy ate 7875. Mame? 
+ Rogenhoferi Adoeschd., S. E. Z. 269, 1870. “ Labrador.” 
+ subdita i W. E. M. 363, 1860, T. 9, fig. 7. “ Labrador.” 


+ phoca Ff YY 197, 1864, T. 5, fig. 15. ‘‘ Labrador.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 133 


fuscous. xfazse 39 mil. Washington Territory, collected by H. K. 
Morrison, 


Perigrapha Led. 


The North American species which I refer to this genus differ from 
Graphiphora (Taeniocampa) by the thorax having a sharp ridge of scales. 
The stigmata are usually large and confluent. The eyes are hairy ; tibiz 
unarmed. ‘The genus Stre¢chia of Mr. Hy. Edwards is based on a species 
of Perigrapha. 1 had made one Californian species the type of the genus 
Acerra,; but I believe this now well-known species (xormalis) is not gen- 
erically distinct from the European species. 
normalis Gove, Bull. B. S. N. S. 2, 162; Check List fig. 4. California. 
muricina “ i 2, 45-1, Oregon, 

Behrensiana ““ Can. Ent. 7, 71. California. 
plusiiformis //y. Edw., Pac. Coast Lep. 4, 3. Nevada. 
erythrolita Grofe, Can. Ent. 11, 208. California. 


Bomolocha fecialis, n. s. 

Q. Similar to dizugalis; the basal half of the primaries is of an 
even rich but comparatively pale brown, not blackish brown as in its ally. 
It encloses a discal dot and is limited inferiorly by a white flexed oblique 
line which does not attain the margin. The brown portion of the wing is 
limited by the white upright and undulate t. p. line, which is not so sharply 
produced at median vein as in its ally. Subterminal line very faint and 
the usual apical streak quite undecided. Outside of the t. p. line the wing 
is paler, but not so white as in its ally. The expanse is the same. New 
York. This may be a varieiy of bz7ugalis, but it looks quite different. It 
cannot be a sexual form as I compare it with 2 dzjugalis. 


Bomotocha ? incusalts, n. s. 


2. A slender bodied form with the wings a little narrower than in 
our Eastern species ; the palpi a little shorter ; the abdomen smooth. The 
entire insect is faded dusty ochrey with the median space of primaries 
dark brown and contrasting. It is bounded by the two median lines, the 
first even, upright, nearly straight, a little oblique. The outer line curves 
inwardly below median vein, forming an arcuation to internal margin ; it 
is followed by a faint line, sometimes not noticeable.  S. t. line darker 
than the wing, irregular, vague. Hind wings with faint traces of lines. 
The comparatively narrow dark median space of primaries above shows a 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


discal mark. Zxfanse 23 mil. Colorado Rio (Prof. Glover); Arizona 


(Mr. Hy. Edwards). The shorter labial palpi and the wings narrower at ' 


base may distinguish this species generically. I regret not to know the 
male, which would decide the genus. 


Deilinia glomeraria Grote. 

In a letter, with regard to the species of Ded/inia described in the 
March number of Papilio, Mr. G. R. Pilate says: “I have the male of 
elomeraria and it is not different from the female, the antennae are not 
pectinated. I find I have no males of septemfuaria. ‘They are both 
common insects early in the spring, before the leaves are out, but are 
difficult to catch, as they are disturbed by the slightest noise and fly with 
the wind, which generally blows pretty hard at that time of the year. I 
have seen them go up out of sight.” Dr. Packard, to whom I submitted 
these species, stated that he thought he had seen specimens of glomeraria 
from a different locality, but neither species is apparently included in his 
work on the family. 


ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF CHALCIDIDAS FROM FLORIDA. 
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


Group Eurytomides. 


EURYTOMA VAGABUNDA, n. sp.— . Length .1ro inch. Deep black. 
Head and thorax coarsely punctate ; antennz 8-jointed, black and pubes- 
cent ; eyes black ; thorax black, very coarsely punctate, collare transverse 
quadrate, parapsidal grooves indistinct, scutellum hardly separated from 
the praescutellum, convex, narrowing but rounded posteriorly ; metathorax 
coarsely punctate ; abdomen black, smooth, and highly polshed, peduncle 
short, a series of very fine punctures along the basal margin of 2nd, 3rd 
and 4th segments, only perceptible with a high power, tip pubescent ; 
wings hyaline, iridescent ; veins slightly yellowish, no stigmal spot ; legs 
reddish yellow, tibize slightly paler, feet pale. 

Captured on Spanish Bayonet (Yucca sp.) 


DECATOMA FLAVA, n. sp.— f and ¢. Length .12 to.15 inch. Head, 
thorax, abdomen, antenne and legs a bright greenish yellow; head and 
thorax rather coarsely punctured; ocelli brown, eyes light brown with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 


darker spots; 2nd antennal joint slightly reddish; tips of mandibles 
brown, palpi whitish ; wings hyaline, iridescent, ligaments of wings brown, 
stigma brown black, a large dark blotch extending from stigma across to 
near the hind margin, and in some specimens a slight indication of another 
blotch between this and base of the wing; abdomen smooth and shining, 
very slightly infuscated on dorsum; a brown spot at base of posterior 
coxee ; outer surface of posterior femora dark brown excepting at base 
and tip, inner surface more of a reddish brown. 

Described from 8 specimens, 2 @ and 6 f, bred from an oak gall 
( Cynips g. ficus Fitch ?) 

DECATOMA QUERCI, n. sp.—{f. Length .12 inch. Head green, 
slightly yellowish and coarsely punctate, vertex enclosing ocelli brownish 
black, mandibles tridentate, tipped with black, gula black; eyes greenish 
brown with darker spots; antennze 7-jointed, pubescent, greenish yellow, 
grd joint dark ; thorax coarsely punctate and slightly hairy; collare trans- 
verse quadrate, but broader than mesonotum, greenish yellow, with a slight 
darker transverse band of brown in centre; mesonotum, scutellum and 
metathorax dark reddish brown ; parapsidal grooves indistinct ; scutellum 
longer than broad and posteriorly rounded; abdomen smooth, shining 
black or brownish black, more or less of a reddish brown anteriorly, 
peduncle two-thirds as long as abdomen, black ; wings hyaline, veins hya- 
line, stigma black, with a brownish black blotch extending from it to more 
than half way across the wing; legs, anterior pair greenish yellow, middle 
tibiae infuscated, posterior tibize brownish black, tarsi black. 

Raised from a dipterous gall on Quercus Catesbei. 


DECATOMA LANA, n. sp.—. Length .o8 to .10o inch. Honey yel- 
low. Head finely punctate, thorax coarsely punctate ; a small black spot 
on vertex hardly enclosing ocelli, the latter yellowish ; tip of mandibles 
black ; antennze 8-jointed, honey yellow and gradually increasing in size 
to tip; collare narrow ; scutellum somewhat oval, narrowed anteriorly and 
with the disk brown ; abdomen yellowish red, dorsum infuscated, peduncle 
short, posteriorly brown or black; wings hyaline, stigma black and the 
blotch smoky and hardly extending half way across the wing ; legs yel- 
lowish, posterior tibize only black or brownish black. 

@. Differs very little from above excepting in size, a longer peduncle 
and in antennee being but 7-jointed. 

Described from numerous specimens raised from a woolly gall ( Cynips 
g. Turnerit Ashmead) on Quercus aquatica. 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DECATOM PHELLOS, n. sp.—. Length .10 inch. Head brown 
black, finely punctate; eyes greenish brown; antennze 7-jointed, scape 
and joints 3 and 4 dark, balance rufous, thorax dark brown, coarsely 
punctate ; collare broader than mesonotum, beneath reddish brown, parap- 
sidal grooves almost obliterated ; scutellum convex, coarsely punctate ; abdo- 
men smooth, black and shining, peduncle brownish, hardly the length of 
abdomen ; wings hyaline, veins slightly yellowish; stigma black, smoky 
blotch beneath extending more than two-thirds across the wing ; legs honey 
yellow, coxee dark, middle femora and tibize slightly darker, posterior femora 
and tibiz brown black. 


Raised from gall on Quercus phellos. 


DECATOMA FOLIATZ.—@. Length .10 inch. Head black, coarsely 
punctate ; eyes brown ; antennze 9-jointed, brownish, sparsely pubescent ; 
scape yellowish, last three joints: somewhat connate; thorax coarsely 
punctate, collare attenuated and a beautiful orange yellow ; some speci- 
mens have only the corners so colored ; abdomen brownish black, smooth 
and shining ; wings hyaline, veins almost hyaline, slightly yellowish, a large 
black circular stigma with tip of stigmal vein protruding, iridescence 
strongly defined on hinder wings, the whole outer margin sometimes being 
a beautiful violaceous ; legs a beautiful bright orange yellow, with tarsi 
and feet slightly paler and posterior coxe black. 


f. Length .o8 inch ; 2nd joint antenne larger, scape black, corners 
of collare orange yellow, peduncle two-thirds as long as abdomen, cox 
black, stigma spot somewhat triangular ; palpi and labrum yellowish white ; 
otherwise same as @. 


Described from numerous specimens raised from leafy live oak gall, 
Cynips g. foliata Ashmead. 


DECATOMA BATATOIDES, n. sp.—Length .15 of an inch. This species 
in punctation and shape very much resembles D. folate, but may be easily 
distinguished by the following differences : In size ; eyes, face and antennz 
brown, mouth parts and palpi yellowish, coxz and legs a uniform lemon 
yellow, collare and mesothorax lemon yellow, sternum black, sutures of 
parapsides yellowish, posterior margin of scutellum yellowish and stigma a 
mere dot. 

Described from several specimens bred from the live oak potato gall, 
Cynips g. batatoides Ashmead. 


Che Canadian Entomalogist. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ON T.,. JULY, (1832, No. 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF HYPENA SCABRA, Fapr. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


Ecc.— Globular, slightly flattened above, more decidedly so below ; 
lower half smooth; upper half deeply grooved, the interspaces rounded 
and marked with fine transverse impressed lines ; whitish, the upper half 
sometimes dotted with dark brown ; transverse diameter nearly 4% mm. 
[The top of this egg closely resembles that of the unarmed Rustic 
(Agrotis saucia) figured in Riley’s 8th Report, page 37, fig. 24.] 

Larva.—First Stage: Body green ; a dark colored dorsal line, edged 
each side with a whitish line ; a white subdorsal and stigmatal line ; pili- 
ferous spots green, each bearing a short black hair ; venter green ; head 
polished green ; body provided with only 14 legs. When jarred from 
their perch the larvz hang suspended by a silken thread. I observed 
only two moults in these larva, and the color and markings'after each 
moult are the same as in the first stage. Length at maturity about one 
inch. 

CurysALis.—Of the usual form, dark brown ; length about 14 mm. 

On the 15th of May, 1880, I enclosed a moth of this species in one 
of my breeding cages in which some red clover was growing ; the next 
day it deposited about 50 eggs, placing them singly on the under side of 
the leaves, and rarely upon the stems of the clover, sometimes consigning 
several eggs to the same leaf. They hatched out on the 23rd of the same 
month, and all of the larvzee reached maturity at about the same time, and 
then crept beneath dead leaves, etc., and spun their cocoons. 
moth issued June 28, and the last one July 2. 

On the 6th of July of the same year I obtained another laying of 
eggs, and the larvee from these, like those from the first laying, all reached 
maturity at about the same time. 


The first 


A larva which I found July rr, 1879, spun its cocoon August 22nd, 
but died before producing the imago ; another spun its cocoon September 
6th, disclosing the imago Sept. 18th. On the 3oth of October, 1880, I 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


found a fresh female of this species in a shock of corn ; the moth was 
killed the same day and her ova were found to be undeveloped, from 
which fact, and the situation in which the moth was found, it is very pro- 
bable that the imago hybernates. The moth from which I obtained the 
first laying of eggs was very much faded and worn, and presented all the 
appearance of having hybernated. Prof. C. V. Riley also holds the 
opinion that the imago hybernates, and adds* that in more southern 
localities the chrysalids also hybernate, as he has taken them under bark 
in the winter. He states that the larve also feed upon vobinza, but I have 
never taken them upon any other plant than clover ( Z7<folium pratense). 

There appears to be only two broods produced in one season in this 
latitude ; I have never taken the larve later in the season than the first 
week in September, and female moths enclosed in my breeding cages at 
this time refused to deposit their eggs, although earlier in the season they 
deposited eggs readily in confinement. 

Scabra is very abundant in this locality, frequenting clover meadows in 
company with Plusia precationis and Drasteria erechtea. When flushed it 
flies very rapidly a short distance and.then suddenly alights upon a leaf 
and quickly crawls to the under side, concealing itself as much as pos- 
sible from sight. ; 

Below is given the time passed by this species in its different stages :— 


From deposition of egg to hatching, — - -" "4 to" 6 days: 
‘¢ hatching to first moult, - - iy fe 
“* first to second moult, - : - kien? 
*¢ second moult to spinning cocoon, - Bae 
‘* spinning cocoon to imago, - - i 0e tO ae 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE RED-HUMPED APPLE TREE CATERPILLAR. 
(LVotodonta concinna ) 


BY THE EDITOR. 


This insect appears in the perfect or moth state (fig. 9) during the 
latter part of June. When its wings are expanded it measures from one 
inch to one inch and a quarter across. The fore wings are dark brown 


* Bulletin No. 3, U. S. Ent. Commission, p. 27. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 


on the inner margin and grayish on the outer margin with a dot near 

the middle, a spot near each angle and several 

longitudinal streaks along the hind margin dark 

brown. The hind wings of the male are brown- 

ish or dirty white, those of the female dusky 

brown; the body is light brown, the thorax 
Bees of a darker shade. 

The female deposits her eggs in a cluster on the under side of a leaf 
during the month of July, where they shortly hatch into tiny caterpillars, 
which at first consume only the substance of the under side of the leaf, 
leaving the upper surface unbroken, but as they increase in size they 
devour the entire leaf. When not eating they lie closely together on the 
twigs and sometimes entirely cover the branches they rest on ; they attain 
their full growth during August or early in September. When mature the 
larva presents the appearance shown 
in fig, 10. The head is coral red 
and there is a lump on the back on 
the fourth segment of the same 
color ; the body is traced length- 
wise by lines of black, yellow and 
white, and has two rows of black 
spines along the back, and other shorter ones upon the sides from each 
of which there arises a fine hair. “The hinder segments taper a little and 
are always elevated, as shown in the figure, when the insect is not crawling. 
It measures when full grown about one and a quarter inches long. 

They entirely consume the leaves of the branch on which they are 
placed, and when these furnish insufficient food to bring them to maturity, 
the adjoining branches are laid under tribute. When handled they dis- 
charge from their bodies a transparent fluid of a strong acid smell,- which 
doubtless serves as a defence from their enemies, especially birds, since 
their habit of feeding openly in large flocks renders them particularly 
liable to attack from these active foes. 

When full grown they all disappear about the same 
time, descending from the trees to the ground, where they 
conceal themselves under leaves upon or slightly under the 
earth. Here, after a long time, the larva changes to a 
brown chrysalis, fig. 11, and remains in this condition until 
late in June or early in July of the following season. They are very 


140 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


generally distributed, but seldom abundant, and while very partial to the 
leaves of the apple tree, feed also on those of the plum, pear, cherry, rose 
and thorn. 

As they feed in flocks during their entire existence, these larva can 
easily be gathered and destroyed either by cutting off the limbs on which 
they are feeding and burning them, or by dislodging them by suddenly 
jarring the limbs, when the larve fall to the ground and may be trampled 
under foot. 


PTEROPHORID:. 
BY CHARLES FISH, OLD TOWN, MAINE. 


(Continued from Page 74.) 
CEDEMATOPHORUS LUGUBRIS, N. S. 


Front of head and palpi very dark fuliginous, the vertex slightly 
lighter. Form of palpi as in O. Barvont. Antenne dotted above with 
white and blackish scales, tawny brown beneath. Thorax color of vertex. 
Abdomen slender, with scales slightly raised at extremities of joints, dark 
fuliginous brown, rather copiously sprinkled-with black scales. Legs dark 
brown gray, the middle tibie whitish just before the middle and end 
bands, and all the tarsi whitish at base of joints ; spurs also whitish at 
base. Fore wings dark smoky gray, with a dusting of black scales ; inner 
margin and second lobe with a tinge of brown. An obscure blackish 
spot before base of fissure bordered posteriorly by gray scales. A longi- 
tudinal black spot on costa opposite base of fissure, embracing the costal 
cilia, and obscurely connected with the spot before base of fissure. Faint 
indications of two smaller black spots on costal margin of anterior lobe. 
Cilia brownish fuliginous, with a few white hairs on inner margin of 
anterior lobe near apex ; also some of the cilia of inner margin of pos- 
terior lobe tipped with white. Hind wings and cilia, as well as under 
side of wings, cinereous. | 

Alar expanse 27-29 mil. California, Hy. Edwards, O. T. Baron. 

This species is allied to O. gréescens Wism., but differs in the more 
slender body, and the almost entire absence of white in the markings, 
thus giving the entire insect a very sombre appearance. The hind tibiae 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 141 


and tarsi are much darker, the latter being lightened only at the base of 
the joints, while in g7zsescevs they are whitish, and darkened only at end 
of joints ; still it may ultimately be found to be only a strongly marked 
variety of Walsingham’s species. 


LIOPTILUS GRANDIS, N. S. 


Head, thorax, palpi, antennae, abdomen and both pairs of wings, 
including their cilia, of nearly a uniform pale cinnamon color, Legs of 
about the same color as the wings, with tarsi somewhat lighter. Fore 
wings less than one-third cleft, with the anterior lobe extending into a 
falcated point which reaches over the shorter and broader posterior lobe. 
No markings except faint dots of a darker brown in some examples at the 
extremities of the veins on the posterior lobe. Under side of wings same 
as above. The largest Zzopfidus at present known. Alar expanse 34 
mil. California, Hy. Edwards, J. Behrens, Dr. J. S. Bailey. 


LioptiLus KELLICOTTIHI, n. s. 


Head ochreous brown, whitish between antennae. _Palpi rather long 
and slender, second joint with a small tuft of raised scales at the extremity 
on upper side, third joint bending downward, ochreous brown. Antennae 
whitish above, pale brownish beneath. Thorax and abdomen pale brown- 
ish ochreous, the latter striped longitudinally with pale brown lines. 
Anterior and middle legs pale brown exteriorly, pale brownish ochreous 
interiorly. Posterior legs whitish ochreous, tarsi nearly white. 


Fore wings pale brownish ochreous, some examples dusted more or 
less with dark brown scales in the median space. A dark brown dot 
exactly at base of fissure, two on costa and one on inner margin of first 
lobe near the apex ; usually four at end of second lobe tipping veins 2, 3, 
4and 5. None of these dots extend into the cilia. Cilia of fore wings 
concolorous. Hind wings and cilia, also under side of both pairs, cin- 
ereous brown with a silky lustre. Alar expanse 28-30 mil. Buffalo, N.Y. 
Bred by D. S. Kellicott, from larvae infesting the stems of some species 
of Solidago. A full account of the Jarval habits can be found in an article 
by Prof. Kellicott in Can. Enr., vol. xii., No. 6. I will state in passing 
that the other plume moth mentioned in the same article, the larvae of 


which feed upon the foliage of the same plants, is Acipii/us montanus 
Wlsm, 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


? 


ACIPTILUS BELFRAGEI, N. Ss. 


Front of head ochreous brown, vertex pale brownish gray. Palpi 
brown above, whitish underneath. Antennae pale brown. Thorax pale 
brownish gray, tegulae whitish. Abdomen pale brownish ochreous, striped 
longitudinally with fine white lines, and copiously marked with short 
blackish streaks. Anterior and middle femora and tibiae striped longi- 
tudinally with whitish and dark brown lines, tarsi cream color with brown 
shading on one side. Posterior tibiae and tarsi cream color ; spurs cream 
color tipped with brown. 

Fore wings cleft about two-fifths, brownish gray, dusted with dark 
brown scales. There is an oblique brown patch at base of fissure, bor- 
dered posteriorly with white ; a small brown spot midway between the last 
and base of wing, two longitudinal brown marks on the costa of first lobe 
and one or two brown dots on inner margin of the same lobe near the 
apex. Cilia of the fissure pale brown, at apex of second lobe whitish, 
on inner margin pale brown. Hind wings brownish cinereous with pale 
brown cilia. Under side of wings brownish cinereous, at the extremities 
of the lobes gray from admixture of white scales. Alar expanse 18 mil. 

Described from one 2 taken at Clifton, Texas, May 16, 1879, by G. 
W. Belfrage, to whom the species is respectfully dedicated. 


TRICHOPTILUS OCHRODACTYLUS, N. S. 

Head and palpi pale ochreous. __ Palpi cylindrical, extending horizon- 
tally beyond the head by about half its length, second joint somewhat 
thickened all around by raised scales, third joint rather stout, longer than 
the second joint, pointed. Antennae with a longitudinal brown line 
above, bordered by a fine white line on each side, beneath pale ochreous. 
Anterior part of thorax concolorous with head, posterior portion and 
abdomen light cream color, the latter nearly pure white beneath. Legs 
white, striped longitudinally with pale brownish ochreous ; posterior tibiae 
with a band of raised ochreous scales before each pair of spurs ; spurs 
brown on one side, white on the other. 

Fore wings very narrow, cleft rather more than half, the anterior lobe 
tapering to avery fine point, posterior lobe linear, almost thread-like. 
Color pale ochreous, approaching to cream color, with a very slight 
brownish tinge on anterior lobe. A minute brown spot at base of anterior 
lobe reaches from base of fissure half-way to costa. Costal cilia of 
anterior lobe brownish ochreous, with a longitudinal white spot at the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 


* basal third, another at the basal two-thirds, and a smaller one just before 
the apex. Cilia of fissure ochreous with a tinge of brown just beyond 
the middle and some white hairs near the apices. Cilia of inner margin 
pale ochreous, with a white patch at about the middle of posterior lobe, 
beyond rather dark brownish with a streaklet of white just before the 
apex. Hind wings brown, cilia slightly paler; third iobe on basal half 
pale brownish ochreous. On the inner margin of third lobe just behind 
the middle is a small patch of dark brown scales in the cilia, and from 
this to base of wing extends a row of slender club-shaped white scales. 
Under side of wings brownish ochreous. Alar expanse, 17 mil. Texas, 
G. W. Belfrage. Described from one example taken May 22, 1879. 


NOTES ON A PARASITE OF PYRAMEIS CARDUL. 
BY CAROLINE E, HEUSTIS, CARLETON, ST. JOHNS, N. B. 


I send you a few specimens of an insect which I have found parasitic 
on the larve of P. carduz. For several successive summers I have reared 
a number of these caterpillars, with which our thistles in most seasons 
abound. I observed variations in size and color of the larve found feed- 
ing on the same plant, which led me to suppose that they might not belong 
to the same species. I have always observed that a large proportion were 
almost black, and much smaller than those from which I had obtained 
good specimens of cavduc, but until the last summer my efforts to raise 
these were not attended with success, all the small black larve dying 
before they had attained their full growth, although they fed well fora time. 

Last season I collected from a group of thistles of the same species 
fifteen caterpillars, and’ put them in breeding boxes. They all ate vor- 
aciously and one after another went into chrysalis, except two, which died 
on the bottom of the box, after having made several ineffectual efforts to 
suspend. Those which died were black. I carefully marked those which 
I supposed other than carduz as they suspended, and watched for the 
advent of the butterflies. I observed that the chrysalids of the black 
specimens were bright golden, and smaller than those of the bright and 
healthy-looking larvee. The chrysalids of the latter were grey, ornamented 
with white stripes along the sides. 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In due time two butterflies appeared from the striped chrysalids, and 
simultaneously with them a large ichneumon fly with bright blue wings 
and safiron body.* I felt some surprise at finding it in the box, and did 
not at first suspect where it came from; but when others appeared I 
examined the chrysalids and found several tenantless. Eight of the fifteen 
were infested. These flies are very sluggish, clinging closely to the sides 
of the box, and making no effort to fly unless disturbed. 


LARVZ OF CERURA OCCIDENTALIS Lint., AND C. 
BOREALIS, Bp. 


BY G, H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


During the past season I have had an opportunity of raising the larvee 
of these two interesting species of insects, and as I do not know of any 
easily accessible description of either in the larval state, I give below 
the descriptions from my note book for the benefit of the readers of the 
ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Cerura occidentalis.—\ength when full grown 1.25 to the bifurcation 
of the anal segment. It is of nearly uniform size, a trifle enlarged 
anteriorly. In about the middle of the subdorsum of joint 1 is a prom- 
inent projection on each side, the body sloping from these down to the 
rather small head. ‘There is but little sloping from these back to joint 9 ; 
from this there is a rapid sloping to the anal segment, this ending in two 
projections extensible at pleasure, instead of anal legs. When withdrawn 
these are a little more than a quarter of an inch, but may be extended to 
three-quarters. These are usually carried elevated backwards, but when 
extended are often thrown over the back as though used for defence. The 
general color is clear bright green, the sides spotted with clear purple 
brown, the spots round the stigmata and at the base of the legs and pro- 
legs the largest. ‘The back is marked with lilac, varying in shade and 
arranged as follows: From the two small contiguous tubercles on the 
back of joint 2 to the head is a somewhat diamond shaped space, the 


* This insect has been kindly determined by E. T. Cresson, of Philadelphia, as 
Ichneumon rufiventris,—ED, C. E. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 


broadest part at the subdorsal tubercles on joint 1. From the tubercles 
on joint r to those on joint 2 the lilac is bordered by bright brownish 
purple with a white line outside of this. In the middle of this diamond 
is a little green shading. From the tubercles on joint 2 to the extremity 
of the body is another parti-colored space lighter than the anterior one. 
This gradually expands so as to include the stigmata on joint 7, then 
decreases in width to the anterior part of the anal segment, expanding a 
little in the middle of this, but contracting again at its posterior part. 
The lilac of this is like the first, considerably suffused with green on the 
back, and is bordered with brownish purple and white, though the colors 
are a little lighter posteriorly. ‘These two dorsal patches are not continu- 
ous, but are separated on joint 2 by a distinct though small patch of 
green. The posterior projections are mostly brownish purple, though 
with somewhat greenish annulations, and when extended a ring of white 
near the extremity. Head dark lilac. The body is a Hhittle thicker ver- 
tically than from side to side. 


These were found feeding on willows (Salix nigra, 1 think) from 
September gth of last year to October 5th, nearly full grown. I noticed 


that previous to the last moult the tubercles on joint 1 were covered with 
little spines. 


They were kept in a room of moderate temperature during the winter 
and transferred to the wood-house as soon as no more freezing was appre- 


hended. The imagines began to appear April 30th, and the last emerged 
June 3rd. 


Cerura borealis.—Of the same size, shape and general marking as the 
preceding. The head is brown. The sides of the body are yellowish 
green, the dorsal dark color not being so distinctly separated on joint 2 
as in the first. The back, instead of being parti colored, is brown, some- 
what suffused with green on the back at the widest places and darker 


along the edges. Previous to the last moult the sides are bright green 
and the brown a little less dull. 


Two of these were found feeding on wild cherry the 17th and 18th of 
September, one nearly full grown which spun up Sept. 23rd. Only one 
produced an imago, and that emerged April 2tst. 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


LIST OF N. AMERICAN SARCOPHAGIDA, EXAMINED BY — 
R. H. MEADE, ESQ., BRADFORD, ENGLAND. 


BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The Deyrolle carton containing the specimens, which are in the same 
position as returned by Mr. Meade, bears the inscription by the Baron 
von Osten-Sacken: ‘‘ This collection was arranged at my request by Mr. 
R. H. Meade, especially with a view of ascertaining whether any of the 
species are common to Europe and N. America.” I have published this 
list for the same reason as the Anthomyidae. ‘The division of the species 
is so far advanced that not much is left for the future monographer, 
except to draw up the descriptions and to name the species, Both are 
not done by myself for obvious reasons. The 27 species with 115 speci- 
mens are indeed all the contents of the collection of the Museum and 
those of the Baron. The Loew’s collection contains about 24 species 
not labeled (except for the 3 species given) nor even arranged after the 
species. About half of them are from Cuba. My additions are given 
in{ |; I have tried to compare the species as carefully as possible, but 
I should remark that the types of only 12 European species are at hand. 
Of the species are from N. England 13, from N. York 14, from Canada 
7, from the Antilles 5. 


SARCOPHAGA, 


A, Anus red or yellow. (first division.) 
B. No spines upon the second longitudinal veins. 
C. Posterior tibiae of male bearded on their inner sides. 
D. Second abdominal segment without central spines. 
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture. 
Spec. 1. S. aegra? Walk.; does not correspond to any British species. 
[8 specim. M., male and female, Cambridge, Mass., June 22 ; 
Catskill Mts., N. Y., July, 1874, O.S.; Denison, Craford Co., lowa; 
Brit. Amer. In Loew’s coll., 4 male and female, Ill; Minn.; 
Wisc. ‘l'wo types from Mo., labeled by O. 5S. Savcophaga sarra- 
ceniae Riley, which have not been seen by Mr. Meade, are identi- 
cal; the species was formerly believed to be S. carnarta 
Comstock’s Rep. 1879, p. 304. | 
KE. Thorax with three dorsal bristles behind suture. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec 


Spec 


Spec 


2. Not like any British Sarcophaga. 

[ro spec M., male and female, Cambridge and Dorchester, Mass.; 
Trenton Falls, July, O.S.; Long Island, O.S., July, Sept.; Manlius, 
Comstock, all N. York ; Canada; Illinois. There are similar 
specimens in L. coll., but I am not sure of the identity. | 

E. Thorax with only two large bristles behind suture. 


3. Seems identical with S. zuxus Rond. 

[11 spec. M., male and female, Cambridge, Mass.; N. York ; 
Pennsylvania; Canada; Twin Lake, Color., Lieut. Carpenter. In 
Loew’s coll. is at least one specimen labeled S. dimidiata from 
N. Y., bearing the same No., 325, with two seen by Mr. Meade. 
The number was used by O. S. to identify later specimens sent by 
him to Loew. One specimen seen by Mr. Meade from Mr. A. 
Agassiz’ collection is labeled S. georgiana, and probably to be 
considered as the species mentioned by Th. W. Harris, as most of 


Mr. A.’s specimens were determined by him. I can not compare 
S. nurus Rond.| 
4. Very similar to S. crustata Meig. 
[2 spec. M., male and female. Nahant, Mass. I cannot identify 
with them spec. in L. coll. } 
5. Similar to S. zurus Rond., only both anal segments red. 
[3 spec., Cambridge, male; Cuba, Ch. Wright, female. In Loew’s 
collect. 3, Distr. Columbia, a number from Cuba marked “ vivi- 
parous, out of rotten land cray-fish,” one fr. Bahia. | 
6. S. Lherminicri? R. Desv. 
[One female, M, collect. on a voyage fr. Aspinwall to N. York by 
W. Holden; loc. incert. | 
C. Posterior tibiae of male without beard. 
D, Second abdominal segment with two central spines. 
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture. 
7. Differs from any British species. 
[2 spec. M., one N. Conway, N. H., male, August 17, O. S.; the 
other marked “ doubtful spec.,” female, S. Franc., Cala., Holden. 
I am not able to see the two spines in the centre of the edge of 
the 2nd segment. | 
E. Thorax with three dorsal bristles behind suture. 


Spec. 8. Corresponds with S. erythrura Men. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Spec 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


. 


[2 spec., male and female, M., Cambridge, Mass.; Cayuga Lake, 
N. Y., Comstock, June 19. | 
D, 3. Second abdominal segment without central spines. 
FE. Thorax with four bristles behind suture. 
9. Differs from any British species. 
[25 spec. M., male and female. Cambridge, Mass.; Long Isl., N. 
Y., OS., Manlius, N. Y., Aug. 26, Sept. 28, Comstock, swept from 


grass, in woods; Fabyan’s Nock., N. H., Sept., O.S.; Illinois, * 


Allen; Brit. Amer, Scudd.; Huds. Bay Terr., Kennicott; Pacific 
Slope, -Color., Lieut. Carpenter. In Loew’s coll. fr. Illinois, 
Nebraska. | 

to. Not like any British species. 

[2 spec. M., male and female, Long Island, N. Y.; O.S.] 

E. Thorax with three bristles behind suture. 
11. Differs from all European species. 

[7 spec. M., male and female, Cambridge, Mass.; Long Island, 
Cayuga Lake, May 25; Manlius Sept. 6, all N. Y.] 
12. Not like any British species. 

[3 spec. M., male and female, Manlius, N. Y.; Maryland, Oct. 20; 
Grand Anse, Hayti, Uhler. | 
13. Very similar in structure to S. haematodes Meig. 

[2 spec. M., female, Kentucky. | 

E. Thorax with only two large bristles behind suture. 
14. Not hke any British species. 

[5 spec. male and female, Dorchester, Mass ; Exglewood, N. J.; 
South Park, Colorado; Grand Anse, Haytt. | 
15. Not like any British species. 
[2 spec. M., male, Cuba; Distr. Columbia. | 
B. Both second and fourth longitudinal veins of wings with spines. 
D. Second abdominal segment without spines. 
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture. 

16. Differs from any British species. 

[7 spec. M., male and female. Canada; Mass.; Long Island and 
Manlius, N. Y., end of August. | 

E. Thorax with three dorsal bristles behind suture. 

17. Differs from any British species. 

[9 spec. male and female. Cambridge, Mass.; Long Island, N. Y., 
O.S.; Grand Anse, Hayti, Uhler. The four larger specimens from 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


Spec. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 


Cambridge and New York are S. pachyprocta Loew, var. major ; 
the other ones from New Yorkand Haytiare S. pachyprocta Loew, 
var. minor. The labels in Loew’s handwriting are on the pins, and 
two corresponding specimens with the same numbers and labels in 
Loew’s collection ; there are specimens from Cuba and Pennsyl- 
vania in L. coll. | 

18. Not like any British species. 

[1 spec. M.; Manlius, N. Y., Aug. 18, Comstock. | 

A. Anus black or gray. (Second division.) 

B. Second longitudinal veins of wings spineless. 
C. Posterior tibiz of male bearded. 
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture. 
D. Second abdominal segment without central 
spines. 

19. Closely resembles .S. szmi/is Mihi. 

[3 spec. M. male and female, Lake Superior, Agassiz; South Park, 
Color., Lieut. Carpenter.. See about this species O. S. Catalogue, 
p257.5 kam doubtful whether any of the N. Am. species ‘is 
absolutely identical with S. cavnaria, unless it be with S. semis, 
etc.” Mr. Meade. 

E. Thorax with three bristles behind suture. 

20. Very similar to female of S. a/biceps or S. atropos. 

[x spec. M., Detroit, Mich., June 3, Hubbard. | 

C. Posterior tibize of male smooth. 

D. Second abdominal segment with two central spines. 

21. Corresponds clesely with S. 7uvenzs Rond. 

[2 spec., male and female, M.; Manlius, N. Y., Aug. 12, Comstock; 
Detroit, Mich., July, Hubbard. | 
22. Corresponds closely with S. xigriventris Meig. 

[1 spec. M., Sturgeon Isl.; Brit. Amer.; N. Red River; Scudder. ] 
23. Not like any British species. 

[x1 spec., Cambridge, Mass. ] 

Genus Phrissopoda (Peskia Desy., Meade.) 
24. wmperialis? Desv. 
[1 spec. M., Cuba; some spec. in L. coll. | 
Gen. Cynomyita Desv. 
25. Spec. uncertain. 
[1 spec, M., Fabyan House, N. Hampsh. O.S.] 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Gen. Theria Desv. 
Spec. 26, 27; can not name the two species. 
[6 spec.; all N. York, Manlius, Aug. 21-27, Sept. 6; Cayuga Lake, 
June 19; Comstock. | 
Family Tachinidae. 


Sectio. Phasina. 
Gen. Xysta Meig. 
Spec: 28. One female spec., N. Hampsh. 

[This specimen is different from the type of X. didyma Loew. The 
type described was a male from IJhnois ; the only male in L. coll. 
with label on the pin has a white square label with an R., similar 
to those with green square label from Red River of the North. 
Besides stands a female from Texas, less than half as large; per- 
haps not belonging here. | 


Family Dexidae. 
Gen. Prosena. 
Spec. 29. One spec. from Cuba. | Differs from Loew’s type, P. mexicana. | 


Genus JA¢itogramma Meig. 

Spec. 30. [There are 5 spec. from Cambridge and Dorchester, Mass.; 
Trenton Falls, N. Y.; Colorado Mts., Carpenter; probably belong- 
ing to different species. | 

Spec. 31. [Sarcophaga nudipennis Loew.; bred from mud cells of Pelopaeus 
by W. H. Patton, Waterbury, Conn., Aug. 24; see Packard’s Guide 
p- 408. One of the spec. by Mr. Meade labeled ALi/togramma 
Meig., the other one A¢z/togramma ? Meig. ‘There are in Loew’s 
two spec. with corresponding number, and label in his hand- 
writing. 


ON SIMULIUM. 
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


I have received from Mr. H. G. Hubbard some larvee and pupee, with 
the case, labeled as follows: ‘‘ The Svmudium larve and pupz were col- 
lected on the rocks at the foot of the falls of Michipicotin River, Lake 
Superior, in shallow pools and gutters of rapid water. There were large 
patches of rock surface densely covered with either the larvee or pupze, so 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151 


closely packed as to resemble a growth of aquatic vegetation. The black 
flies were very abundant in the woods.” 

The pouch or case is similar to that described by me for S. pictipes. 
The nymphae and larvae seem to be the same, but that the pupa has on 
each side nine filaments instead of eight, as stated for S. pictipes. I 
made a new examination of my material and found this number variable, 
without possibility to ascertain that one filament is broken off. I see 

“nymphae with eight or with nine filaments on both sides, and have 
ascertained in one specimen nine on one side and eight on the other. I 
think more material is needed to decide if one filament in such cases is 
perhaps wanting as a consequence of a previous mutilation. The flies 
sent by Mr. Hubbard, without certainty to belong to the pupae, are only 
half the size of S. pzctipes, and differ in the color of the legs. But the 
few specimens of 5S. fictifes which I have seen are newly hatched and in 
alcohol. The flies sent by Mr. Hubbard are considerably smaller than 
those described by Mr. Barnard, and differ also by the color of the legs. 
(Amer. Entom. i1., No. 12.) 

To prevent later uncertainty about the types of Szudium in the col- 
lections of the Museum, I have to state that the collection of O. Sacken 
contains named only 5S. vitfatum, and the collection of Loew only S. 
venustum and S. guadrivittatum. S. invenustum and piscioidium, though 
starred in the catalogue of O. S., have not been found in his collection. 
There is without name only one specimen from Hudson’s B. Terr. (none 
in Loew’s), and no specimens from Mumford, N. Y. Only two later col- 
lected from Goat Isl., and one labeled by myself from Trenton Falls. 
Loew’s collection has no species from N, Y._ In both collections are a 
number of unnamed specimens, and Mr. Hubbard’s species seems to 
agree with one from the Saskatchewan River. 


LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BOMBYCL OF HUBNER. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


Since I first catalogued our species of Boméycie, under Herrich- 
Scheeffer’s later designation of Cymatophorine, in the Proc. of the Ento- 
mological Society of Philadelphia for May, 1863, there have been but few 
additions to the group. Nor have the then debatable points been settled 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The validity of expul/tvix as a “species” is still doubtful. I have taken 
a considerable number of both sexes of expultrix and cymatophoroides, and 
while the latter show a considerable variation in the distinctness of the 
finer markings of the fore wings and in the depth of ground color, the 
specimens of the former remain always nearly alike and uniform, and never 
show the black lines of the typical cymatophoroides. Notwithstanding I 
am inclined to revert to my original opinion that the two are but forms of 
one species. Since 1863 the typical genus of the group has been dis- 
covered in this country. Both the described species of Bombycia are from 
the Pacific Coast, and are additional examples of the resemblance of our 
Western fauna with fhat of Europe. Of one, semzcircularis, I have seen 
only the female; in the smooth abdomen with its single dorsal tuft and 
the basal patch on primaries it resembles Ziyat:ra. In ornamentation 
and cut of wings it is like zmprovisa and the European species. 

In the present list I leave the genera as formerly recognised, but I am 
aware that they need more careful study. This cannot be undertaken 
until fuller material from the Pacific is received. Mr. Hy. Edwards 
reports expultrix from British Columbia ; if this locality is correct we have 
a wide range for this species. 1 suspect that under the name derasa, the 
same author reports seria from Alaska and Victoria. The members of 
this group seem single brooded, and in New York I have taken sevzpfa and 
the two forms of Pseudothyatira in May and June at sugar. The larve 
await discovery and description. 


LePTINA Gueneé. 
dormitans Gwen., R. 1.; N. Y. 
ophthalmica Gwen., Wisc.; N. Y.; Mass. 
Var. australis. ‘Texas ; Alabama. 

This form is narrower winged and the markings are more effaced than 
the type. The black curved mark inaugurating the s. t. line in the type 
is here straighter, shorter, in one specimen thicker. The black marks at 
internal margin of the same line are disconnected dashes ; the line itself 
is interrupted. ‘The basal patch is whitish. This is not improbably a dis- 
tinct form, but the variations of the species of Zedf/na are not understood. 
latebricola Grote. Waisc.; N. J. 

N. B.—I have only seen one more specimen than my type, which latter 
is in Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil., and which I have not been able to compare 
since describing it. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Loo 


— — ——— = + = - =~ 


Doubledayi Guen., Mass. (in July); N. Y.; Penn. 


Bompycia Hubn. 
improvisa /7y. Hdw. Wash. Territory. 
semicircularis Grote. Wash. Territory. 

N. B.—Mr. Walker describes a ‘‘ Cymatophora caniplaga” from Can- 
ada ; I do not know it and the type must be examined to see if it belongs 
here. 

THYATIRA Ochs. 


lorata Grote. Wash. Territory. 
pudens Guen. Anticosti; Can. to Penn. 


PSEUDOTHYATIRA Grote. 


cymatophoroides Guen. Can. to Penn. 
expultrix Grote. Same localities, also B, Col. (teste Hy. Edw.) 


HABROSYNE Hubn. 


scripta Gosse,; abrasa Guen., Alaska?; Victoria? (derasa Hy. Edw.) 
Canada to Pennsylvania. 


N. B.—This species is very near the European derasa, but is consid- 
ered distinct from a comparison of the imago by Gosse and Gueneé. I 
have given the differences as they appear to me (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 2, 
58). It seems to me better where differences occur to keep distinct names 
for these ‘representative species” or ‘“ geographical varieties.” They 
are connected with the series of distinct species by forms differing more 
or less notably, and in this case it is difficult to decide where -the 
‘* species” commences and the “variety” ends. But it is quite unexact 
to lump species in the moths as has lately been attempted in the pages of 
the Brooklyn Ent. Society’s periodical, without exact information and 
merely on the general principle that there are too many “species” in our 
lists. This may indeed be the case, but the way to prove it does not lie 
in slurring over noted characters or quoting opinions which do not rest on 
solid foundation. More confusion is created by’ throwing together distinct 
forms under one name than in keeping varieties under specific titles. 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL ('CLUB.~OF THE 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT 
OF SCIENCE. 


The Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science was formed last year into the Entomological Sub-Section 
of Section B of the A. A. A. S., and will therefore hold no separate meet- 
ings hereafter. It will meet with the Association at Cincinnati, Ohio, on 
Wednesday, 17th August, 1881, at 10 a.m. All persons interested are 
invited to attend its meetings and participate in its discussions. 


B. PickMan Mann, Secretary. Jno. G. Morris, President. 


ON THE APHIDIDA OF FLORIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF NEW SPECIES. 


(Paper No. 7.) 
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 


In the April number of the CanapiaAn Enrtomotocist I described a 
new Aphis affecting Pzmus australis belonging to the Section Lachnint. 

Having been studying the Aphididae of Florida for the past two 
years, a quantity of new material has accumulated on my hands, repre- 
senting nearly all the known North American genera. 

This I now propose bringing to the notice of the Entomological world, 
at the same time giving a list of all the known North American species in 
a series of short papers, through the columns of the Can. ENT. 

I desire to express my thanks to my friend, Mr. Allen H. Curtiss, of 
this city, and to Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Apalachicola, for assistance in 
determining the plants upon which these feed. In classification I shall 
follow Prof. Cyrus Thomas. 


Section LACHNINI. 


Genus Lachnus, Mliger. 


The species of this genus already described from North America are 
as follows : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. bas 


. L. abietis, Fitch. 
. L. alnifoliae, Fitch. 


. L. salicicola, Uhler. 
Syn. Aphis salicti, Harris. 


| 


6 

7 
2. I. dentatus, LeBaron. 8. L. quercifoliae, Fitch. 
3. L. caryae, Harris. g. L. salicelis, Fitch. 
4. L. strobi, Fitch. to. L. longistigma, Monell. 
5. UL, daricifex, Fitch: 11. L. australi, Ashmead. 


To these I add the following : 

12. LACHNUS QUERCICOLENS, n. sp. 

Wingless female.—Length .o5 inch. Ovate. Reddish, becoming 
brown with age. Vertex of head brown; beak reaching to middle coxae, 
reddish at base, yellowish in middle and brown at tip; antennae 7-jointed, 
reaching to honey tubes, whitish, basal joint reddish, joints annulated at 
tip with black, apical joint short, black ; honey tubes almost obsolete, as 
wide as long, whitish ; style hardly visible, whitish, pubescent ; legs pubes- 
cent, posterior pair dark brown or black, middle and anterior pair reddish 
yellow, feet infuscated. 

Winged individual.—Length .o5 inch. Same as apterous female 
excepting abdomen is lighter in color, middle femora and coxae dark 
brown, and wings hyaline, with the stigma and veins green. 

This species was found early in February, feeding on the under surface 
of the leaves of the live oak, Quercus virens. Winged specimens, how- 
ever, were not taken until April. 

Genus Phyllaphis, Koch. 

The only species so far known belonging to this genus is 

1. Phyllaphis fagi, Linn. 

To this I now add 

2. PHYLLAPHIS NIGER, Nn. sp. 

Wingless female.—Length .o5 inch. Ovate and of a shining black 
color. Head broad, nearly as long as wide, slightly arcuate in front and 
with two longitudinal depressions on vertex. 

Beak long, reaching beyond hind coxe, black at base, but becoming 
reddish towards tip and slightly pubescent ; antennae 7-jointed, situated 
very widely apart and not on tubercles, brownish in color with the terminal 
joint very minute; metathorax a broad, smooth, shining, convex plate ; 
abdomen wider than long, sides flattened to honey tubes, slightly pubes- 
cent ; honey tubes black, almost obsolete, as’ wide as long; style not 
visible, anus pubescent ; legs dark brown, approaching black, pubescent, 
posterior pair long, 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


This, in some respects anomalous Aphis, was detected feeding on a 
tender shoot of the willow oak, Quercus phellos, variety laurifolie. No 
winged specimens could be found. 

The broad head, slightly pubescent abdomen and other characters 
would seem to exclude it from the genus Lachnus. 1 have therefore 
placed it provisionally in Phyl/aphis genus, to which it seems most closely 
allied. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TROCHIEIUM. 
BY HERMAN STRECKER. 


TROCHILIUM GRANDE, n. sp.—General appearance of TZ: Ceto 
(Melittia Cucurbite Harr.) but very much larger, expanding 134 inches. 

Antenne blackish. Palpi reddish orange. Head white in front, dark 
lustrous greenish gray on top. Collar red. ‘Thorax above dark greenish - 
same as top of head. Abdomen red, each segment outwardly edged with 
black. Beneath whole body reddish orange; on the abdomen a row of 
black ventral spots. Posterior legs heavily clothed with red hair, accom- 
panied by a narrow ridge of black, above, towards the abdomen ; tibial 
spurs black edged with white hair inwardly. Fore and middle legs red, 
tarsi black and white ringed. 

Primaries. Upper surface same dark silky gray as back of thorax. 
Secondaries transparent, broadly fringed on exterior edge with same color 
as primaries ; some orange hairs at abdominal margin and base of wing. 

Under surface. Primaries shining orange red shading somewhat into 
gray towards exterior margin. Fringe gray. Secondaries as on upper 
surface, but with some red scales along costa. 

Hab. Texas. 

Allied to Desmopoda Bombiformis, Feld., Trvchilium Astarte, Westw., 
but still more closely to our smaller indigenous species 7? Cezo, above 
alluded to, and to a species from Mexico lately described by Hy. Edwards 
as Melittia Gloriosa ; this latter differs from all those mentioned in having 
opaque hind wings. 

As the description of Hiibner’s genus Melittia, in which the Americans 
place Cefo, is much too vague and uncertain (“The fore wings partly, the 
hind wings entirely transparent ; the feet very thickly haired.”) I have pre- 
ferred to adopt Prof. Westwood’s infinitely better determined genus 
Trochilium. 

May 4th, 1881. 


/ 
~ 


Che Canadian Entomoloaist. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 188r. No. 8 


NOTES ON AEGERIA PINI. 
BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


The description of this moth on page 7 of this volume was drawn from 
a single female specimen and that not in good condition. I have this 
season secured fresh examples of both sexes; from these I note some 
additions and corrections to the previous account. 


The male is smaller than the female but of similar ornamentation. 
The antennz are fimbricate ; the hoary hairs towards the base are nearly 
equal in length to the diameter of the joint on which they stand. The 
fourth abdominal ring bears an orange band on the posterior half in the 
female ; it occupies nearly the entire width of the ring in the male. The 
black of the upper side of the abdomen is continued in the tail fringe. 
As regards the color of the head, the vertex in one female was black, in 
one black with a few orange hairs, in another the orange equals the black; 
it is orange in all the males seen ; the under side of first joint of palpi is 
orange. There are a few orange scales on the coxe of the first pair, and 
an oblique tuft of same color on inner side of fore tibiz ; these marks 
occur in both sexes. In some examples there are a few orange scales or 
hairs on top of thorax, especially on the inner edge of shoulder covers. 


It seems worthy of note that the specimens hatching in confinement, 
and so not having used their wings in flight, have the hind wings sparsely 
covered with scales, as in the case of the newly hatched sesa. These 
scales fall off easily, but appear to be retained more firmly than in the 
former cases with which I am acquainted. Anapparently full grown larva 
brought in July 15, 1880, gave a pupa May 19 and an imago July 2, from 
which I conclude that the larva does not transform until two years old. 
The moths appeared ten days later in 1880 than in 1881. 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF HELICONIA 
CHARITONIA, Linn. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Kec—Cylindrical, one half higher than broad, flat at base, tapering 
very slightly from base to about three fourths the length, then conoidal, 
the top flattened and a little depressed ; marked by 14 vertical ridges, 
straight, narrow, not very prominent, and extending from base to the 
middle of the cone ; below the cone are horizontal strize, which with the 
ridges enclose long, rectangular spaces ; there are nine tiers of these, each 
space roundly excavated ; above the base of the cone are similar spaces 
in one tier, but they are higher and more nearly square and more deeply 
excavated ; next these is a tier of seven cells, irreguiarly pentagonal ; the 
flattened top is composed of three concentric rows of small spaces, the 
outer one largest, and this and the next formed of pentagons; the inner 


row is made of rhomboids with the micropyle in the centre ; color yellow. 
Duration of this stage 3 days. 


YounG Larva—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, segments 2 to 7 of 
about even thickness, then tapering, the dorsum sloping; marked by six 
rows of rounded tubercles, each of which sends out a long black hair, 
those on three anterior segments bent forwards, the others back ; there is 
also a minute tubercle at the junctions of the segments a little below the 
subdorsal row, with short hairs; color pale red-brown; legs and feet 


same ; head obovoid, a little lighter in hue than the body; sparsely 
pilose. To 1st moult 2 to 3 days. 


After 1st Moult—Length .22 inch ; cylindrical, nearly even, the seg- 
ments a little rounded ; color light brown, changing, as the stage proceeds, 
to greenish-white, mottled with brown ; armed with six rows of spines, two 
sub-dorsal, one on middle of each side, and one infra-stigmatal ; these 
spines are short, slender, tapering, black, with a few short black bristles 
on the sides standing almost at right angles to the spine ; on 2 a chitinous 
dorsal patch with hairs ; feet and legs brown ; head obovoid, truncated, a 
little depressed at the suture, the vertices low, rounded, and on each a 


short, tapering blunt process, black, with a few fine bristles. To next 
moult 2 days. 


After 2nd Moult—Length .5 inch; color dull white, mottled or 


etn 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


spotted with yellow-brown; under side wholly brown; the spines long, 
sharp ; head as before. ‘To next moult 2 days. 


After 3rd Moult.—Length .7 inch ; slender, whiter than before, the 
color not pure but with a green tint; dorsal spines .1 inch long, upper 
laterals .og inch, lower laterals .o7 inch; head greenish-yellow, the pro- 
cesses more like the body spines, .o8 inch long, directed forward and a 
little recurved. To next moult 3 days. 


After 4th Moult—Length 1 inch, and in 3 days reached maturity. 


Mature Larva.—Length 1.25 to 1.5 inch; cylindrical, slender, 
nearly of even size from 2 to 12, the segments a little rounded ; color 
dead white, with no gloss, smooth, with no hairs ; spotted with black or 
black-brown, the spots disposed in cross rows, two of which are back of 
the spines and one on the extreme anterior end of the segment ; mostly 
rounded or oval, but those on medio-dorsal line are half-oval except the 
spots on the posterior edges of the segments, which are triangular ; these 
spots form one dorsal row and two on either side ; over the basal ridge, on 
4 to 11, is a brown patch covering the adjacent edges of the segments ; 
another patch covers each spiracle ; under side reddish-brown with a green 
tint ; segment 2 has a dorsal chitinous bar divided in middle, and on 
either part are two black tubercles with hairs; the body furnished with 
six rows of spines, two sub-dorsal, one on middle of each side, and one 
infra-stigmatal ; the dorsals run from 3 to 13; the upper laterals from 5 to 
13, the lower from 5 to 12; and between 2 and 3, 3 and 4, in line with 
upper laterals, is a spine ; the spines of the four upper rows are straight 
and erect, but those of the lower row are turned down and a little 
recurved ; all are alike, shining black, and about each are from 5 to 7 
short black bristles irregularly placed ; the dorsals measure .16 inch, the 
rst laterals .14, the lower 1 inch, and there is little variation in the length 
of the spines of each row ; legs brown, tipped black, pro-legs brown, with 
a black spot on the side of each ; head obovoid, rounded in front, trun- 
cated, a little depressed at the suture, the vertices but little elevated, 
rounded ; color greenish-white, vitreous; on either side the suture on 
mid-front a round black spot; the ocelli black on a small black patch ; 
mandibles black ; on each vertex a black spine nearly like those of the 
body, but less tapering and more blunt, .1 inch long, directed forward at 
about 45°, and a little recurved. 

As the larvee approach suspension the spots change to brown, and ihe 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


white becomes dull and sordid. ‘Twelve hours after suspension, pupation 
takes place. 

CurySALis—Length to top of head .g5 inch, to end of processes on 
head 1.1 inch; slender, compressed laterally, the thoracic segments on 
ventral side highly arched and rounded abruptly down to abdomen ; the 
sides of this elevation covered entirely by the wing cases, sloping, almost 
flat or a little convex, the two wing cases not quite meeting, but separated 
by a narrow depressed ridge, on either side of which is a row of small 
bead-like tubercles, each giving out at top a short sharp bristle or thorn ; 
this ridge widens anteriorly so as to include the antennee cases, and the 
rows of beads pass along and around head case to its top on the dorsal 
side, but for a little distance at the base of the antennz lose their bristles ; 
head case prominent, compressed transversely, nearly square at top ; upon 
each vertex a narrow leaf-like process, lanceolate, flattened and thin, ser- 
rated on both edges, divergent, like horns ; mesonotum prominent, com- 
pressed at top into a thin ‘carina which rises on the anterior part in a 
double curve to a sharp point, but on the posterior side slopes at about 
45 3; followed by a rounded excavation considerably longer than the 
mesonotum itself; abdomen cylindrical; on the two upper segments a 
large sub-dorsal, flaring, flattened process rounded irregularly on the edge 
and completely spanning both segments ; on the next segment is a small 
sharp rounded process, and on the next another small and flattened ; on 
the next a sharp tubercle, in some cases flattened ; on the tops of all these 
processes are thorns, one on each of the smaller, and two on the largest ; 
in row with these, on the depression and on the sides of mesonotum are 
four low conical tubercles, each with a short thorn ; segments 9, 10, 11, in 
the ventral line, have the anterior edges turned up and produced into low 
divergent points ; at the base of the head case on dorsal side a large 
burnished gold spot, and the tubercles behind the mesonotum are similar 
to this in color ; general hue brown, in shades; the anterior parts, which 
includes head case, mesonotum and half the wing cases, being light or 
yellowish; the rest of wing cases dark, or streaked dark in the interspaces 
of the wings; the light part of these cases somewhat gray or whitish ; the 
processes on head and the antenne cases are dark ; abdomen varied in 
longitudinal streaks, confined to each segment, dark and light brown, with 
some oblique whitish marks on the ventral side. Duration of this stage 
6 to 7 days. 

This species is common in Southern Florida, and has been taken at 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161 


least as far north as Port Royal, S. C., from which place I have seen an 
example. It is a tropical species, however, and abounds in Central 
America and the Antilles. By the kindness of Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, of 
Indian River, eggs were obtained by tying the females in bags over stems 
of Passiflora, and after several failures, owing to delays on the journey, I 
received 30th Aug., 1880, larvee of different sizes. The eggs had. been 
mailed very soon after laying, and the larvee had hatched on the road. I 
gave them Passiflora coerulea. All the changes take place with great 
rapidity, scarcely two days being necessary for each larval stage. When 
mature, being porcelain-white, with their long black body and head spines, 
they are conspicuous objects, and very pretty ones. They move about 
actively, and in habit and general appearance—except color—remind one 
of Agraulis Vanillae. Dr. Wittfeld informs me that on touching the 
chrysalis of Charitonia, it wriggles about and gives out a_ perceptible 
creaking noise, but I had not observed this with my chrysalids.* The 
chrysalis is a most remarkable object, from its general shape and the 
thorny ‘flattened projections on the abdomen, and the foliaceous 
processes on the head. 


Several imagos came forth in my room and one of them I turned 
loose in the garden, placing it carefully upon a Passion flower. It rested 
some moments, with wings fully expanded over the flower and depressed 
a little below horizontal, and then flew slowly away toward the woods and 
I saw it no more. 


Dr. Wittfeld informs me that these butterflies frequent paths in the 
woods, or are found feeding at a little distance from the woods, to which 
they at once betake themselves, if alarmed, and that with rapid wing, 
though usually their flight is rather heavy and measured. Also that they 
have the habit of gathering in flocks towards night and roost on Spanish 
moss, and on dry twigs of trees, especially such as have dead leaves still 
hanging to them. He has seen them so roosting, always with heads up, 
to number of 50 or 60. In the morning, after the sun is well up, Hey 
coiie trooping from the woods in search of flowers. 


* In Part II of Dr. Weismann’s Studies in the Theory of Descent, Lond. con. 
1881, is an abstract of a paper by Dr. Fritz Miiller, on Brazilian butterflies, in which it 
is stated that ‘‘the pupze of Heliconius when moving their posterior segments rapidly, 
as they do whenever they are disturbed, produce a very perceptible hissing noise by the 
friction of these segments, this sound perhaps serving to terrify small foes.” 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mr. Thaxter has described Danais Avchippus as flocking in this 
manner, in Florida, but this seems to be a habit at certain seasons, during 
the day as well as night. Charitonia would seem to roost in crowds at 
night only, and to disperse during the day for feeding, like so many 
pigeons. I find nothing of this in books, nor have I been able to find 
that any of the preparatory stages of this species have been figured or 
even described by authors. I have a complete set of drawings of the 
egg, larva at each stage, and chrysalis, and shall in due time give a Plate 
to them in Butterflies of N. A. 


INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA. 


COMPILED BY REY. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M. A. 


From Kirby s Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta. 


(Continued from Vol. xi., p. 154.) 


FAMILY NOCTUIDA. 


429. PLusiA RECTANGULA A7réy.—Expansion of wings 1% inch. 
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 

Body cinereous, underneath whiter. Antenne testaceous; thorax 
crested? as the scales are mostly rubbed off this cannot however be 
positively asserted ; wings incumbent ; primaries with a subcrenate edge ; 
inclining to ash-colored, clouded with black, with a subramose rectangular 
somewhat silvery spot, extending from near the base to the middle of the 
wing; between which and the apex is a narrow white wavy band, edged 
with black ; and still nearer the margin a zigzag transverse black line ; 
the secondary wings are plicatile, cinereous, and dusted at the apex with 
brown. 

N. B. The silvery rectangular spot in the primary wings of this 
insect, when they are brought near to each other, forms a quadrangular 
area very much resembling a picture in a silver frame. 

[307-] 430. PLusia Gamma Zinn.—Expansion of the wings 1% 
inch. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ~ 168 


Head, crests of the thorax and abdomen gray; these crests are edged 
with white and in the anterior ones the margin is formed by a black and 
white line ; abdomen cinereous ; antennz above testaceous, underneath 
white banded with brown ; the primary wings are shaded and clouded 
with black, brown and white, and towards the apex have three indistinct 
bands, the first white internally abbreviated, the second dark-brown, and 
the marginal one gray including a transverse series of black crescents ; in 
the disk of the wing is a pallid silvery signature, representing the Greek 
letter gamma, or the Roman Y, the forked part pointing to the costal 
margin; from the upper point of the fork a white curving line runs 
obliquely to the anal margin of the wing near its base ; secondary wings 
light brown, or drab, with the nervures, and posterior margin broadly, dark- 


brown ; fringe alternately dark and light ; underneath the wings are cin- 
ereous, darker at the apex. 


[308.] 431. Pxusta ratcirera A7rby.—Expansion of the wings 134 
inch. ‘Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac Culloch. 

Body gray. Antenne and thorax, when laid bare, testaceous ; primary 
wings gray with a faint reddish tint, a broad brown spot, or cloud, almost 
triangular, traverses the middle of the wing, which partly includes, and is 
partly edged, by a sickle-shaped silvery streak ; the part representing the 
handle of the sickle being broader than the rest, and sending forth 
externally near its apex a short branch, which, with the internal apex of 
the handle, forms a fork ; the inner tine, or branch, of which terminates 
in a slendcr line running in a curve to the costal margin, where it touches 
the scutellum ; a brown indistinct cloud, or band, also runs obliquely from 
the anal to the apical angle of the wing ; a very minute, pale streak marks 
it just transversely above the former angle ; the posterior margin is slightly 
indented ; the secondary wings are reddish-brown} with an obsolete, pale, 
submarginal band. 


432. Piusta 1oTa Linn.—Expansion of wings 134 inch. ‘Taken in 
Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac Culloch and in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 

[309.] Body, legs and antenne fawn-colored, as are likewise the paler 
parts of the wings ; primaries clouded and streaked with dark, and reddish- 
brown ; the disk of these wings is occupied by a large cloud of this color 
inscribed with two, sometimes silvery, and sometimes golden, brilliant 
metallic spots, tending to form an obtuse angle with each other ; the upper 
one, or that nearest the base of the wing being acuminated towards that 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


part, rounded towards the apex, and sending forth two branches towards 
the costal area; the lower spot is subtriangular or V-shaped, with the 
point towards the base of the wings ; the two together form, in some sort, 
a semicolon reversed ; between the lower or ovate spot and the costa isa 
rather indistinct circlet of gold or silver, and two streaks of the same 
lustre may be traced lower down between it and the inner margin of the 
wing ; the disk near the apex is bronzed ; from the brown cloud men- 
tioned above runs a wavy brown streak to the external apical angle, the 
apex itself is terminated by a band formed by indistinct black crescents ; 
and above the streak is a transverse band formed by two faint lines of 
dark indistinct crescents including a pale band ; secondary wings darker 
at the apex. 

N. B. In the Nova Scotia specimens the discoidal spots are silvery, 
while in that trom Canada their lustre is golden. The synonymy of this 
species seems very doubtful ; the metallic signature can scarcely be said 
to represent either a mark of interrogation, or a Greek Iota reversed ; 
they most resemble a semicolon. 


IX.—DIPTERA. 
FAMILY CULICIDA. 


433. CULEX PUNCTOR K7rby.—Length of body 3% lines. Two 
specimens taken in Lat. 65°. 

Body black. Proboscis longer than the trunk ; sheath black ; valvules’ 
and lancets testaceous ; palpi somewhat incrassated towards the apex ; 
antennze broken off in both specimens; wings white, iridescent, with 
testaceous nervures, without scales, hairs and fringe ; legs testaceous. 


‘ [310.] FAMILY TIPULIDA. 


434. TIPULA PRATORUM A?zrdy.—Length of body 7 lines. Taken 
with the preceding. 

g¢. Head and trunk slate-colored. Antennz black, with the scape 
yellow ; thorax with four brown stripes, the lateral ones abbreviated ; 
wings embrowned, clouded with white ; nervures black, but those at the 
base of the wing are testaceous ; there is a black dot or two near the 
anterior margin ; and the stigma, or what represents it, is black; the 
poisers are pale but black at the tip ; legs obscurely testaceous ; thighs 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


and shanks black at the tip ; tarsi black ; abdomen clubbed, yellow, with 
a longitudinal dorsal brown stripe ; anal club black. 

9. Wings not spotted with white ; legs distinctly testaceous, black 
at the joints ; last joints of the tarsi black ; abdomen lanceolate, yellow, 
with a dorsal, ventral, and on each side a lateral, brown stripe. 


FAMILY BIBIONIDA. 


[3r1.] 435. Asprres (ArrHRIA) ANaLIs A7zrby.—Plate vi., fig. 8.— 
Length of body, excluding wings, 2 lines; including wings, 3 lines. 
Several taken in Lat. 65°. 

Body black, naked. Head very small; trunk with a dorsal area marked 
out by a ridge ; on each side is a reddish-yellow line drawn from the 
collar to the base of the wing ; but in some specimens this is very indis- 
tinct ; poisers white ; wings hyaline, iridescent, much longer than the 
body ; costal area divided into three areolets, with testaceous nervures, 
terminating in a black stigma ; there are four spurious nervures, the first 
abbreviated, and the anal one bent towards the margin; the legs are 
reddish-yellow except the apex of the, tarsi, which is black ; the inter- 
mediate pair are smaller and shorter than the others ; anterior thighs are 
much incrassated, and the tibize terminate in a spine ; the posterior thighs 
are elongated ; abdomen flat above ; anus yellow, as is sometimes the 
margin of the ventral segments. 


FAMILY EMPIDA. 


436. Empis Lucruosa A7z7by.—Length of body, including wings, 3 
lines. Taken with the preceding. 
Body entirely black. Proboscis very little longer than the head ; 


wings a little embrowned, with a large black stigma, iridescent, nervures 
black. / 


[312.] 437. Empis'centcurara Kirby.—Length cf body 3 lines. 
Taken with the preceding. 


Very similar to the preceding, but not so black ; wings slightly em- 
browned, beautifully iridescent ; legs, where the shank is united to the 
thigh, white ; proboscis nearly as long as the thorax. 


166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


FAMILY BOMBYLIAD/., 


438. BompyLius Major Lzun.—Length of body, including pro- 
boscis, 7 lines ; excluding do., 5 lines. Expansion of wings 1 in. to 34 
inch. Taken in Lat. 65°. 


[313-] Body black, thickly covered above with yellowish, soft, but 
erect hairs ; underneath the hairs are whiter, but those on the breast, at 
the origin of the legs, are black ; wings with the anterior half longitudinally ° 
black-brown, the dark color on the inner side being sinuated or uneven ; 
the posterior half of the wings is transparent’ with black nervures ; the 
legs are long, and pale-yellow ; but the tarsi are reddish-black at the 
extremity ; the eyes are triangular. 


[This species is taken in Europe, and in N. America in Nova Scotia, 
New York, &c. | 


439. Bombyitius pycmM&us /aér—Length of body, including pro- 
boscis, 5 lines; excluding do., 3 lines; expansion of wings g lines. 
Taken with the preceding. 


Body black, hairy. Hair below the eyes black ; eyes meeting at the 
vertex ; behind the eyes the hairs are gray ; those on the thorax are tawny 
or reddish with a white tuft on each side at the anterior and posterior 
margin ; the wings are longitudinally dusky at the anterior margin ; more 
than the posterior half is hyaline, with several scattered black dots, the 
interior ones being the largest; the legs are testaceous, but black at the 
tip ; the abdomen is covered by reddish hairs with dark ones intermingled; 
those at the anus are whitish. 


[Taken in various localities throughout N. America. | 


FAMILY TABANID. 


440. TABANUS AFFINIS Azrby.—Length of body 734 lines. Taken 
with the preceding. 


[314.| _ Body black with hoary down. Proboscis, palpi, and base of 
the antennz obscurely, all red ; down on the trunk very thin, mixed with 
a few black hairs ; tubercles before the wings, winglets and knob of the 
poisers, pale testaceous ; legs black with the four posterior tibize rufous ; 
wings embrowned, with darker nervures ; three first segments of the abdo- 


/ 


se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 


men rufous, each with a black dorsal spot ; margin of the segments pale 
with a whitish fringe ; the fourth segment has a pair of round, red, dorsal 
spots. 


Variety B. Antenne all black. 


441. ‘TABANUS ZONALIS A7irvby.—Length of body 7% lines. Taken 
with the preceding. 


Body black, with a few hairs of the same color, especially at the sides 
of the trunk, Antenne reddish at the base ; sheath of the proboscis, 
and palpi, black ; haustellum testaceous ; breast whitish from inconspicu- 
ous down ; tubercles before the wings subferruginous ; wings subtestaceous 
with some of the nervures black ; knob of the poisers reddish ; thighs . 
black, reddish at the tip ; tibiee, and tarsi, except the anterior pair, which 
are black, as well as the apex of the anterior tibiz, red ; abdominal seg- 
ments above and below margined with white decumbent down and fringe. 


442. CHRYSOPS SEPULCHRALIS /aér.—Length of body 6 lines. 
Taken with the preceding. 


[315.] Body black, slightly downy. Head hoary from pubescence ; 
proboscis with a black sheath and testaceous haustellum ; feelers black ; 
antenne red at the base ; below the antennz is an obtriangular levigated, 
and naked space, with rounded angles, and somewhat elevated ; behind 
the antennz in the frontal space, between the eyes, the ordinary levigated 
and naked areas, which in Zaéanus are longitudinal, in Chrysops are 
transverse ; sides of the trunk hairy with black erect hairs, it is also 
marked above with four longitudinal hoary stripes formed by invisible 
pubescence ; underneath the trunk is covered with down of the same 
description and color, and set with tufts of longer hairs ; wings white, 
with the costal margin and a middle abbreviated band, and nervures 
brown ; legs and abdomen black, and extremity whitish from down. 

[An European species. | 


FAMILY SYRPHID&. 

443. Scava riBEsIt Fadr—Length of body 4 lines. Taken with 
the preceding. 

Head concavo-convex ; underneath black, with the edge fringed with 
whitish hairs ; vertex black ; face below the antennz yellowish ; hoary 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from decumbent hairs next the eyes ; antennz yellowish with a darker 
cloud ; trunk bronzed with a greenish tint, downy especially on the sides, 
down whitish ; wings hyaline, longer than the body, with black nervures, 
but those of the costal area are ferruginous ; scutellum large, yellow; 
legs luteous, coxze and trochanters dark-brown, posterior tarsi black, first 
joint below with a brush of golden colored bristles ; abdomen depressed, 
above black with five yellow bands, viz, one consisting of two crescents, 
forming an interrupted band, |316] traversing the middle of the first seg- 
ment ; then a broadish subinterrupted one traversing the base of the 
second and third ; and lastly the margin of the two last segments is also 
yellow, as is the under side of the abdomen. 
. [An European species ; taken also in Nova Scotia. | 


FAMILY MUSCID. 


444. Musca CADAVERUM Kirby.—Length of body 434 lines. A 
single specimen taken in Lat. 65°. 


Body black, with black hairs and bristles. Antenne plumate ; eyes 
brown ; the cheeks and front in certain lights appear hoary or silvery from 
inconspicuous down, in others black ; feelers subferruginous ; trunk and 
abdomen black-blue with a greenish tint ; wings hyaline ; intermediate 
areolet obtusangular ; winglets white, bordered with a testaceous nervure. 

This species approaches very near to JZ. cadaverina, but the front, 
winglets and palpi are of a different color. 


445. Musca MorTISEQUA A7rby.—Length of body 5% lines. Sev- 
eral taken with the preceding. 

[317-] Body black, with black hairs and bristles. Eyes brown ; 
cheek and front ferruginous, in certain lights exhibiting something of a 
golden lustre ; feelers long, slender, reddish-yellow ; trunk slightly hoary, 
with three very indistinct black dorsal stripes; wings hyaline, with the 
intermediate areolet projecting internally into an acute angle ; winglets 
white terminated by a white nervure ; abdomen heart-shaped, glossy, blue 
with a slight tint of green. 

This seems to be the American representative of JZ. vometorta, from 
which it differs chiefly in having three obsolete black stripes between the 
wings; in the anterior spiracles not being of a different color from the 
rest of the trunk ; in having white winglets and not black edged with 


pa a Sr 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


white ; and in the abdomen exhibiting no changeable appearance of 
chequer-work. 
Variety b. with a green abdomen. 
C. with chalybeous abdomen. 


X.—HOMALOPTERA, Leach. 


FAMILY HIPPOBOSCID#E. 


446. Hippoposca EQUINA Lz7zn.—Length of body, excluding wings, 
4 lines ; including do., 5 lines. Locality not mentioned. 


Body flat ; subpubescent, dirty-yellow, spotted with brown, with whit- 
ish signatures. On the forehead, between the eyes, is a brown quadrangu- 
lar spot shaped like what are called skates eggs, with four projecting points 
at the angles ; abdomen underneath pale, anus hairy ; tarsi with four black 
claws, the inner ones shorter and truncated ; wings much longer than the 
body. 

[An European species. Loew (Monographs of Diptera, part i.) 
divides the order of Diptera into three sections :—emocera, Brachycera 
and Coriacea, and includes this family, with the Wycteribide, in the last 
mentioned. | ' 


[318.]| XI.—APHANIPTERA. 


FAMILY PULICIDA, 


447. PuLex Gicas Azrby.—Plate vi., fig. 9.—Length of body 2 
lines. ‘[wo specimens taken in Lat. 65°. 

Body ovate, reddish-yellow ; segments, particularly the first of the 
trunk, pectinated with black bristles ; antenne, though short, very distinct, 
standing out from the head, they seem to consist of two joints, the last 
conical and obtuse; the base of the second segment of the trunk is 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


black ; the thighs are very flat and wide, inclining to ovate ; tibiae armed 
with long black bristles. 

This I believe is the largest flea known, but I have not been able to 
ascertain upon what animal it was captured. 


(Concluded.) 


ON TWO NEW CHALCID FLIES FROM FLORIDA, PARASITIC 
UPON THE LARVA: OF SYRPHUS FLIES, 


BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 


Having continued my investigations on Orange Insects, I have made 
many other discoveries. Among these probably the most interesting is the 
breeding of two species of Chadcids from the larvae of Sy7zphus flies. 

Now, as a general rule, the Cha/cidide must be considered beneficial, 
the majority of them preying upon other insects injurious to the agricul- 
turist, the species belonging to the. Aurytomide genus Ssosoma, being, I 
believe, the only vegetable feeders known among them. 

In my recent pamphlet on ‘‘ Orange Insects,” I described and figured 
several bred from Aphides, Coccides, etc.; besides, I have since bred 
hundreds from other sources, and all may be considered beneficial. 

Nevertheless, there are exceptions to all rules, and those now under 
consideration must come under that head and be classed as injurious, 
because they prey upon the larve of flies which destroy our orange 
aphides—pests particularly troublesome to the orange grower in spring and 
fall. Another strange fact about these Chadcids, and which needs a thor- 
ough investigation, is this: How do so many manage to live in and sub- 
sist upon the Syrphus without destroying it at once? For it is not until 
the larva has transformed into a puparium, that these little parasites them- 
selves transform—first into pupee, and afterwards into perfect flies, which 
escape by eating a hole through the head of the puparium. From a single 
puparium I had 18 Chalcids (5 males and 13 females). On carefully 
opening another, I found it closely packed with Chalcid pupee, like “ sar- 
dines in a box.” Undoubtedly all of these lived as minute worms in the 
larva of the Syrphus fly, feeding day after day on the fatty substance, but 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yal 


instinctively avoiding all vital organs. Alas, poor larva! For days the 
victim of these minute worms, and like the misery of some poor mortal, 
finds release from suffering only in death. 

In Europe, Westwood, Introduction to the Modern Classification of 
Insects, vol. 2, p. 160, states that Aupelinus syrphi Bouche, infests the 
larvee of Syrphus ribesit and S. balteatus. In vol. 1, p. 423, that Spalangia 
nigra is parasitic on the pupz of the common house fly, W/usca domestica. 

In America I do not know of any having been described from Syrphus 
flies, excepting Zriophilus mali Hald. I consequently presume these 
are unknown to science, and submit the following descriptions : 


SPALANGIA? SYRPHI, N. sp. ? 


@. Length .o7 inch. Head and thorax black, coarsely, uniformly, 
but not deeply punctate, and with slight purplish and brassy reflections. 
Head transverse, much broader than thorax, mandibles 4-dentate, denta- 
tions not so deep as in ¢; antenne r11-jointed, reddish-brown, slightly 
but gradually widening towards tip, covered with short pubescence ; 
thorax—parapsidal grooves converging towards scutellum, but abruptly 
ending at middle of mesothorax ; collare very short, hardly visible, scu- 
tellum convex; abdomen ovate, brownish black, smooth and_ highly 
polished, with a slight cupreous tinge at base, and attached to thorax by a 
short peduncle ; legs honey yellow, anterior and middle femora dark, pos- 
terlor pair being brownish black ; wings hyaline, iridescent, veins greenish 
yellow, stigma slightly thickened at base, stigmal vein with a little pointed 
knob near the tip. 

g. Length .o5 inch. Head and thorax bright greenish golden, 
punctation as in 2 ; antenne 11-jointed, filiform, reddish brown and 
covered with rather long hairs, collare very short, hardly visible, purplish ; 
abdomen ovate, purplish black, smooth and shining, with a short peduncle ; 
legs honey yellow, cox brassy ; wings hyaline iridescent. 

Described from 2 f and 5 2 specimens bred from the pup of 
Syrphus philadelphicus. 


PTEROMALUS 4-MACULATA, N. sp. 


9. Length .o5 inch. Head wider than thorax, bluish purple, micro- 
scopically punctate, with mouth parts brownish black ; eyes brownish, 
antennz 9g-jointed, reddish brown, scape very long, as long as all the others 
combined excepting club; 2nd joint as long as 3 and 4 combined and 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. 


thicker ; 3rd shortest, others slightly widening towards tip; 9th broadly 
fusiform and longer than joints 6, 7 and 8 combined ; thorax about twice 
as long as broad, microscopically punctate and with a slight brassy tinge 
and sparsely pubescent ; collare hardly visible ; praescutum much broader 
than long, convex, occupying nearly the whole mesothorax, scuti small, 
triangular and purplish ; scutellum rather large, convex, triangular, tinged 
with brassy and with the basal margin purplish; pleurz large, convex, 
smooth and shining ; abdomen very short, sessile, flattened and triangular 
when seen from above ; legs—coxee brownish, femora and more than half 
of the tibize brownish yellow, tip of femora and balance of tibiae and feet 
honey yellow, hind legs with rather long tibial spur; wings hyaline, iri- 
descent, with only a short costa and stigmal vein, reaching 'to one-third the 
length of wing. . 

gf. Length .o4 inch. Head purplish, vertex and face brassy, micro- 
scopically punctate, with a few larger punctures scattered in front of 
ocelli; antennae 8-jointed, filiform, scape shorter than in 2 and with the 
joints irregular and covered with long hairs ; callare, unlike the female, is 
transverse quadrate; scutellum triangular with a brassy tinge and the 
edges rounded ; abdomen longer than in female, blackish. 

Varieties of the male occur with the head, thorax and scutellum as in 
the female, with an attenuated, transverse collare and with 9-jointed 
antennae ; also with coarse punctures on the face and along the margin of 
the eyes, and with the middle pair of femora yellowish. 

These varieties are important as showing how certain species of Chal- 
cid flies are lable to vary in coloration and structure, even those bred 
from the same brood. 

Described from 18 females and 8 males; 13 females and 5 males raised 
from one larva, and 3 males and 5 females raised from another larva of 
Syrphus 4-maculatus Ashmead, in November, 1880. 

This species I place in the genus Pferomalus provisionally, for the 
reason that the description was made from dry specimens and the antennae 
in the &# and the structure of the abdomen of both sexes was too much 
shrunken to make a critical examination. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173 


ON A LARVA OF MORDELLA. 
BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


In previous numbers of the Can. Env. (vols. ix, p. 232, and viii, p. 
137) I have given an account of a singular larva found in thorns of 
Gleditschia triacanthos or Honey Locust. I have never succeeded in 
rearing the imago from the larve found in the thorns, but the same larva 
—or one that I have not been able to distinguish from it—lives also in 
the pith of the “iron weed” ( Veronia) and also in that of the “hog 
weed” or ‘“‘horse weed,” Ambrosia trifida; and in the pith of these 
stems is also found a Lepidopterous larva which I have not been able to 
rear to the imago state, but which does not seem to differ from that of 
Laverna gleditscheella found in the thorns. Both larve, therefore, or 
larvee not yet distinguished from them, inhabit the thorns of the Honey 
Locust, the Iron Weed and the Horse Weed. I have bred the Lepidop- 
terous larva from the thorns ; it is that of Laverna gleditscheella Cham., 
but I have not bred the ‘curious larva” from them. I have bred the 
“curious larva” from the Iron Weed, but not from the thorns on the 
Ambrosia. It proves to be the larva of a beetle allied to Mordella, if it 
does not, as I think it does, belong to that genus. I send a bred speci- 
men herewith ; it is, I think,a common species. Please give me its name, 

From the fact that it feeds in the same stems with the Laverne larve, 
I thought it probable that the Mordeé/a larva fed upon that of the Laverna, 
or upon some of the other larve found in the thorns of Gleditschia ; but 
it is more probable that the fact simply is that the pith of these plants 
affords food to all of the species. 

I have seen the Mordella larva eating its way through the pith, or 
rather cutting its way with its mandibles, for I never saw it swallow any.of 
the pith, nor have I found any of it in the larval intestine. It may there- 
fore be parasitic on the Laverna larva, in the sense that it eats the Laverna 
where it meets it in the stem. But it must be capable of feeding and 
growing for a long time without meeting the Lepidopterous larva, for it is 
frequently found in stems and thorns in which no other larve have been 
seen. 

Besides the Laverna and Mordella \arve, many others also—of other 
genera and orders—feed in the G/editschia thorns, as I have already stated 
in the papers before referred to. Thus in these thorns I have found a 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


beetle larva resembling that of a Brachys, one of the Carabide one-half 
an inch long, one of a small bee, and one of a wasp, the names of which 
have been given me by Mr. W. H. Patton, but to which I cannot just 
now refer. Mr. Patton also informs me that the ants found in the thorns 
and mentioned in the former papers (loc, cit.) do not belong to the’species 
and genera there suggested. I mention these species as being on the food 
of the Mordella larva. 


But in the pith of the Veronia and Ambrosia I have found only the 
Laverna larva, that of the Mordel/a, that of one of the larger moths and 
which I have not succeeded in rearing, and some small Dipterous larve. 
It may be that the Hymenopterous larvee found in the thorns will yet be 
found in Veronia and Ambrosia; but if not, then of course the JZordel/a, 
if it feeds upon them at all, is not confined to them. This latter larva 
excited my attention by its singular structure and mode of locomotion. 
Its maxilla are much like its legs, and are used as legs ; the body is 
arched so that the feet are brought to bear on the lower surface, and the 
dorsal tubercles (or as I have elsewhere called them, the dorsal prolegs) 
are brought to bear upon the upper surface, and all are used as organs of 
locomotion, and the larva is unable to crawl when in any other position, 


Dr. Packard, in the Guide, says of Mordel/a that ‘the larvee are said 
to live in the pith of plants, and are long, sub-cylindrical, and the sides 
of the rings are furnished with fleshy tubercles.” In this species the 
tubercles are on the back. Westwood (Introduction, vol. 1, p. 293) 
figures and describes (after Schilling) a form of M@ordella larva certainly 
quite different from that of this species. It is called the larva of AZ 
pusilia and is said to feed in the pith of Avtemesa. He also mentions a 
larva found in the pith of Hoarhound as that of JZ pusilla, whilst the 
larvae of the genus Aipiphorus are parasitic upon other insects. This 
larva most probably feeds upon the pith, but possibly it may feed upon 
some of the other larvae, Lepidopterous or Hymenopterous, which it 
meets sometimes in the pith. Not being a Coleopterist, | do not know 
what is known by them as to the habits of the Mordellidae now, and per- 
haps the facts above given may be new to some of them. 

I do not know the duration of the larval state in this species. The 
larva may be found in the stems in fall and winter and spring, and passes 
into the pupa state in April and May, remaining in that state for two 
weeks or more. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 


Since the foregoing was written I have found the same Aordella larva 
common in the galls of Gelechia galle-solidaginis Riley, in stems of 
Solidago (Golden-rod) eating into and through the walls of the galls ; but 
not disturbing the larvae or pupae of the moth. But here it eats into the 
body of the wall of the cavity and does not confine itself to the pith. 


NOTE ON HEMARIS BUFFALOENSIS, 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


The Rev. Mr. Hulst, who has arbitrarily drawn together distinct 


species of Catocala, as C. cwataegi and C. polygama, forgetting that the 
Jarva of the former is described. has also referred Buffaloensis as a small 


form of Thysbe, or untformis. But Prof. Lintner has described the larva 
of Buffaloensis (Ent. Cont. II., 8), and in answer to my enquiries Prof. 
Lintner states that Buffaloensis is well known to him and may be dis-— 
tinguished by the different shape of the discal cell of primaries, the cross- 
bar of scales nearly fusing with the lower edge of the cell and not 
running in the centre of it. I have myself no doubt of the validity of 
Buffaloensis, which is probably unknown to Mr. Hulst, but what I wish to 
call attention to is the reckless way in which. distinct forms have been 
recently united without all the facts or literature being studied or known. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 

On the 11th of June I took a pair of Saperda Fayi upon thorn, a 
rather rare insect with Canadian collectors hitherto, I believe. Ten years 
ago or more I captured one, and had not met with it since, but this year 
amidst a general scarcity it seemed to be quite abundant here, the different 
collectors finding it well represented in every direction around the city. 
One day, coming on a favorable locality, I took 19; returning to the same 
place the following afternoon, I got 30, and had to leave before 4 o’clock 
on account of rain—going back a few days later and securing 34. I found 
old bushes in an exposed situation the most productive. 

Hamilton, Ont. J. Atston Morrat. 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CUPES CAPITATA. 


For some years past I have been, during the month of July, in the 
habit of collecting specimens of this pretty little beetle on the fence of a 
churchyard adjoining my residence. This year they were exceedingly 
numerous, and I captured in four days over 80, of which some 50 were 
females. It is curious to note that I have invariably found that certain 
pickets of the fence were selected by the beetles, and that out of a long 
distance of fencing round the sides of the church, these few pickets on 
one side would be the only place to find the beetle. I can give no reason 
for such selection—the trees and food plants round the fence are similar ; 
they congregate for breeding purposes and then suddenly disappear, and 
can only be rarely found afterwards. Do any of our readers know the 
life history of this beetle ? . _E. Baynes ReEeEp, London, Ont. 


THE CODLING MOTH. 


Prof. E. W. Claypole, of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, in a 
recent communication states that he has lately captured two specimens of 
this moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, at sugar under an apple tree. Whether 
they were chance captures or whether they were attracted by the sugar he 
is unable to form an opinion. 


I received more than a year ago two specimens of A7istalis tenax 
Lin. collected in Washington Territory by Mr. H. K. Morrison. The 
specimens on careful comparison show no differences whatever from 
typical eastern ones. The peculiar hairy markings of the eyes, to: which 
my attention was directed by Baron Osten-Sacken, are quite the same. I 
have specimens also from Kansas, showing that this common European 
fly has spread over the whole United States since it was first observed by 
Osten-Sacken in November, 1875, or somewhat earlier by Mr. Patton, 
The fly at present is very abundant in the vicinity of New Haven, making 
its appearance about the middle of July and: remaining till cold weather, 
in early October being frequently found in houses and gardens. That this 
species should have become so very widely spread in three or four years 
seems remarkable, but, on the other hand, it would seem more remarkable 
that so conspicuous and common a fly should have entirely eluded so 
experienced and zealous an Entomologist as Baron Osten-Sacken, had the 


species really been in North America earlier. 
S. W. Wiuiston, M. D. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1881. No. 9 


NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF PAPILIO 
CRESPHONTES, Cram. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Ege—Spherical, a little flattened at base, .o61% inch in diameter, pale 
ochre with sometimes a greenish tinge, at others inclining to orange. 
Duration of this period six days. 

Young Larva—Length .11 inch ; the body covered with tubercles from 
which project small spines ; color dark brown, the tubercles on all but the 
first of the anterior joints a little lighter, joints 6 and r1 straw color. 
Duration of this period three days. 

After 1st Moult—Length .31 inch. General color and shape the 
same, the body having a shining appearance, six tubercles on each of the 
first four joints, the upper four more prominent, two small tubercles on 
the back of each of the other joints, the posterior pair more prominent, 
joints 6 and 11 a little paler than before. Being btisy, no notes were 
taken of the second moult, but the general appearance was much the 
same. From the first to the third moult was six days. 

After the 3rd Moult—Leneth .75 inch. Body shining, appearing more 
as though wet, the tubercles all disappeared except on joints 1 to 4, joint 
3 the largest, from joint 4 to 5 an abrupt decrease to the size of the pos- 
terior joints ; head olivaceous, the ridge on joint 1 pale olivaceous, parts 
of joints 5 and 6 creamy tinged with olivaceous, the terminal part of body 
somewhat enlarged and pearly whitish on the back, tinged with olivaceous 
round the edges, the rest of the body olivaceous brown. Duration of this 
period five days. 

After 4th Moult—Length 1.25 inches; the dark parts rich dark 
brown ; a prominent ridge over the middle of joint 3 and over the back 
part of joint 4 a lighter shade of brown, each ridge containing several 
white rings, there also being a few on the dorsum in front of the ridge on 
joint 4 ; a white band above the head, this organ when the animal is at 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


rest being under joint 1, this white band reaching round the sides to the 
elevation on joint 4, the lateral portion mottled with olive and brown. 
The boundaries of the light spaces back of joint 4 varying slightly in 
different specimens, but in all the anterior one reaches on the sides to the 
first pro-leg. Each side of the dorsum on joints 8, 9, 10 is a dark brown 
patch with a bright elliptical violet spot in the centre, the patch more or 
less surrounded with mottlings of white, the last pair of patches nearly 
surrounded and often partly absorbed by the light that covers the rest of 
the body. Joints 2, 3, 4 have each four small dots of the same violet 
hue, while on each side of joints 8, 9 is a cluster of fine blue points, 
Each joint, except such as are light at this place, has a cluster of these 
little points below the stigmata. The light space in the middle of the 
body is more or less mottled with pale olive. Duration of this period 
to the time it suspended in its loop to change to chrysalis, five days. 


Mature Larva—When full grown length 1.75 inches, width of widest 
part, or joint 4, .56 inch, narrowest part, or joint 10, .25 inch, of joint 
11,.31 inch. The anterior part of body much thickened, a prominent 
ridge extending across joint 1, along the sides and over the back part of 
joint 4, tne latter being the highest part. Inside of this space is some- 
what flattened. Back of joint 4 it tapers rather abruptly to the posterior 
part of joint 5, after which the body is nearly cylindrical. The scent 
organs about .50 inch, bright dark red. From the time of suspension to 
casting the last larva skin one day, or more nearly thirty hours. 


Chrysalis—Length 1.50 inches, some a little shorter ; the ventral side 
strongly arched, the dorsal incurved but not very strongly ; head case 
long, depressed, the sides parallel, scarcely wider at base, ocellar promin- 
ences long, subpyramidal, not divergent, two teeth on the inner edge of 
each, a dorsal tubercle at the base of each prominence ; mesonotum 
rather low, edges slightly carinated, anterior elevation bilobed ; abdomen 
with a subdorsal row of small tubercles. Surface granulated. Color 
variable. One form gray marked with dark gray and brown, another form 
pale green marked with gray and brown, the latter color mostly on the 
head case and down the ventral part of the thorax. 


The pupal period varies. One of the two observed from which these 
notes were taken produced the imago fourteen days after pupating, making 
forty days from the time the butterfly was observed depositing the egg to 
the imago. The other one is at writing still in chrysalis. Fourteen days 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 


is the shortest pupal period I have observed in rearing this species. From. 
some former notes I have the following pupal periods of 15 specimens : 


t produced the imago in 16 days. 


“ee 73 


“e 

4 17 
2 ce ce 18 ce 
ce “ a4 

3 £9 
I “cc “c 20 ce 
2 ‘73 ce 2I “c 
I ce “ 22 “ce 
I ce “cc 24 ce 


These were the early brood producing the imagines in July, though I 
might say that about one-eighth of this brood, instead of hatching in 
July, pass the winter in this state to produce imagines in the following 
spring. The one that is mentioned above as having a pupal period of 14 
days was deposited as an egg June 6th, and produced the imago July 
16th. I can see no difference between either the larve or the butterflies 
of those fed on Prickly Ash and those fed on Orange leaves. 


NoTe.—Since writing the above the second of the two from which 
notes were taken has produced the imago, its pupal period being 39 days. 
The time of hatching was August roth, having a period of 65 days from 
the depositing of the egg to the imago. This is the longest period of any 
of the summer brood of which I have kept a record. 


= 


MEETING OF THE SUB-SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


The meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science was held at Cincinnati, Ohio, commencing at 10 o’clock a. m. on 
Wednesday, the 17th of August, 1881. At the conclusion of the opening 
exercises the several Sections proceeded to organize, when the Sub-section 
of Entomology was called to order by the President, Rev. J. G. Morris. 
A large number of Entomologists were present, among others C. V. Riley, 
Washington ; Cyrus Thomas, Carbondale, Ill; Wm. H. Edwards, Coal- 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


burgh, W. Va.; J. A. Lintner, Albany, N. Y.; Rev. J. G. Morris, Balti- 
more, Md.; Wm. Saunders, London, Ontario; E. W. Claypole, Yellow 
Springs, Ohio; Miss M. W. Brooks, Salem, Mass.; B. Pickman Mann, 
Washington ; C. D. Zimmermann, Buffalo, N. Y.; A. J. Cook, Lansing, 
Mich.; J. D. Putnam, Davenport, lowa; S. H. Peabody, Champaign, II; 
V. T. Chambers, Covington, Ky., and Chas. Drury, Avondale, Ohio. 

On Thursday, August 18th, the Sub-section of Entomology met at 
2.30 p. m. 

The first paper read was by Prof. C. V. Riley, on Retarded Develop- 
ment in Insects. In this paper the author recorded several interesting 
cases of retarded development in insects, whether as summer coma, or 
dormancy of certain portions of a given brood of caterpillars, the belated 
issuing of certain imagines from the pupa, or the deferred hatching of 
eggs. One of the most remarkable cases of this last to which he called 
attention was the hatching this year of the eggs of the Rocky Mountain 
Locust or Western Grasshopper, Ca/optenus spretus, that were laid in 1876 
around the Agricultural College at Manhattan, Kansas. These eggs were 
buried some ten inches below the surface in the fall of 1876 in grading 
the ground around the chemical laboratory, the superincumbent material 
being clay, old mortar and bits of stone and a plank sidewalk above this. 

In removing and regrading the soil last spring, Mr. J. D. Graham 
noticed that the eggs looked sound and fresh, and that they readily 
hatched when exposed to normal influences ; the species being determined 
by Prof. Riley from specimens submitted by Mr. Graham. Remarkable 
as the facts are, there can be no question as to their accuracy, so that the 
eggs actually remained unhatched during nearly four years and a half, or 
four years longer than is their wont. ‘This suggests the significant ques- 
tion: how much longer the eggs of this species could under favoring 
conditions of dryness and reduced temperature, retain their vitality and 
power of hatching. ‘ 

Putting all the tacts together, Prof. Riley concludes that we are yet 
unable to offer any satisfactory explanation of the causes which induce 
exceptional retardation in development among insects. The eggs of 
Crustaceans, as those of Sefus and Cypris, are known to have the power 
of resisting drouth for six, ten or more years without losing vitality, while 
in some cases they seem actually to require a certain amount of desiccation 
before they will hatch. Yet the fact remains that different species act 
differently in this respect, and that individuals of the same species under 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 181 


like external conditions of existence act differently, that temperature, 
moisture, food, &c., do not influence them alike. We can understand 
how this great latitude in susceptibilty to like conditions may and does in 
the case of exceptional seasons prove beneficial to the species by pre- 
‘serving the exceptional individuals that display the power to resist the 
unusual changes. 

The next paper was by the same author, on New Insects Injurious to 
American Agriculture, in which attention was called to several insects 
hitherto unknown as injurious, which during the present year have proved 
very Gestructive to one crop or another. Such hitherto unknown and 
unreported injury is either caused by—tst, imported species ; 2nd, native 
species previously known but without destructive habit ; 3rd, unknown or 
undescribed species. 

Mr. W. A. Edwards then read a paper on certain habits of Heliconia 
charitonta. 

Some interesting discussions followed the reading of these papers, after 
which an informal discussion on Entomological subjects took place, in 
which many of the members joined. The meeting then adjourned. 

On Friday, at 11.30 a. m., the Entomological Sub-section held another 
session. 

The first paper, ‘‘On the Length of Life of Butterflies,” was read by 
W. H. Edwards, followed by one on the Life Duration of the Heterocera, 
by J. A. Lintner, both of which will appear in the pages of the EnTo- 
MOLOGIST. 

A few remarks were made by C. V. Riley on his own extended obser- 
vations on the duration of the lives of both butterflies and moths, indi- 
cating that they were as a rule of very short duration. 

Cyrus Thomas stated that according to his observation the Army 
Worm, as a caterpillar, a chrysalis and a moth, existed in all seventy-seven 
_ days. Some observers had, however, made it seventy-six, others seventy- 
nine days. He contended that in confinement, in a proper temperature 
and with ample food, the Army Worm passed through its metamorphosis 
more quickly than in natural conditions. 

B. P. Mann disagreed with Mr. Thomas on this latter; so also did 
C. V. Riley, it being contrary to their experience. 

J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, then read a paper on 
“ A Remarkable Invasion of Northern New York by a Pyralid Insect.” 

He said that about the middle of May, of the present year, a serious 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


invasion of St. Lawrence County, N. Y., and several of the adjoining 
counties by the “army worm” was announced. It was stated that many 
pastures had been completely ruined, and the entire destruction of the 
pastures and meadows was threatened. Not having witnessed the oper- 
ations of the army worm, he at once visited the infested locality. The 
reports had not been exaggerated. The injury was widespread and 
serious, already extending over eight of the northern counties. Hundreds 
of acres of grass presented a brown appearance, as if they had been 
winter killed. A pasture lot of fifty acres, which, ten days before, offered 
good pasture, was burned so that in places not a blade of grass could be 
seen to the square yard. Numerous dead caterpillars were adhering to 
the dead stems of last year’s grass, which it was believed had fallen vic- 
tims to starvation. The upland pastures were first attacked. The pro- 
gress was remarkably rapid ; entire fields were laid waste in ten or twelve 
days. ‘The secrecy of the depredations was remarkable. The larve had 
seldom been seen, and never observed in active feeding. It was believed 
by the farmers that they fed at night, or by drawing the blades of grass 
into their subterranean retreats. In two instances the larvae were observed 
in immense numbers, collected on the trunks of trees so that they could 
have been scooped up by handfuls. 

The tree trunks were enveloped by a firm web of silk, spun by the 
caterpillars, of so firm a consistence that it could be lifted up in a sheet 
like a piece of woven silk. The cause of the congregation at this point 
could only be conjectured. It was not for feeding on the foliage, for the 
grasses alone were eaten by the caterpillars. 

The caterpillars observed and collected by Mr. Lintner were slender, 
cylindrical forms, sixteen footed, of an obscure greenish color, with a 
shining black head. They were destitute of lines or other ornamentation, 
except some warty spots on their upper side. ‘Their average length was 
three-fourths of an inch. He was unable to identify them with the army 
worm, for they were quite unlike the mature form of that species, and 
their habits seemed to be quite different. 

On the 6th of August the first moth emerged from some cocoons 
furnished by Mr. J. Q. Adams, of Watertown, N. Y., and it turned out to 
be a Crambus vulgivagellus. 

The interesting question as to which of our insect depredators was 
chargeable with the ravages in Northern New York was decided, The 
new enemy was found to be an inconspicuous, hitherto unobtrusive little 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 


Crambus. It had long been known in our cabinets, but had never before 
presented itself as an injurious insect. 

It is probable that several accounts of injuries to pasture lands in 
New England States during the last three or four years, which have been 
ascribed either to the army worm or an unknown depredator, are due to 
this species. Its subsequent appearance may hereafter be recognized. 

The Crambide are small moths with narrow front wings often marked 
with metallic spots. and stripes, which are frequently driven up for short 
flights in our pastures and meadows during the fall months. Specimens 
of the larva, pups, cocoons and perfect insects were exhibited to the 
Section. 

Following this three papers were read by A. J. Cook, of Jansing, 
Mich., ‘‘ How Does the Bee Fxtend its Tongue?” ‘‘ The Syrian Bees,” 
“ Carbolic Acid as a Preventive of Insect Ravages.” 

The author explained how the bee extends its tongue by means of a 
diagram ; it is done, he believes, by forcing into the extremity of -that 
member some of the fluid contained in the glands. In his paper on 
Syrian Bees he related how D. A. Jones, of Canada, and Frank Benton, 
of Michigan, went to Europe in search of new varieties of bees. They 
brought from Cyprus both the Cyprian bee and the Syrian bee, and Mr. 
Benton went to Ceylon and Java in search of other varieties. From the 
former place he brought two new species not very unlike our own, but in 
Java he failed to find the great Java bee. With the Syrian bees the author 
had Syrianized the apiaries of the Michigan Agricultural College. The 
Syrians are of a yellow type, closely allied to the Italian bee; they are 
indefatigable workers, but more irritable than other bees, especially when 
queenless. They are undoubtedly a valuable acquisition to American 
apiculture. 

The next paper was by Mr. W. H. Edwards, on “The Alleged 
Abnormal Peculiarity in the History of Azgynnis myrina,” which was 
followed by one by E. W. Claypole, of Yellow Springs, Ohio, on the 
Buckeye Stem Borer. The writer remarked that during the spring months 
some of the leaves of the Buckeye tree droop and die without any obvious 
cause ; indeed these dying leaves may be seen almost as soon as the 
foliage is expanded. On examination a small hole was discovered in every 
stalk on which a dying leaf was found, and in splitting this round stalk a 
living caterpillar was observed ensconced in the narrow tunnel evidently 
excavated by itself. The destruction of the central part of the leaf stalk 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


was Clearly the cause of the death of the leaf. A number of leaves were 
collected and the larva reared in confinement, producing a small moth 
closely resembling Serécoris tnstrutana. When or where the egg is laid, 
has not been discovered. The young larve may be found in the leaf 
stalks of the Buckeye tree from the 2nd to about the 8th of May. After 
spending a few days in this secure retreat, it comes out and dwells for the 
rest of its caterpillar life in the dying leaf at the top of the stem upon 
which it feeds ; after thus feeding for about a fortnight it passes into the 
chrysalis state, from which in about ten days more it emerges a moth. 
The President then read his annual address. 


PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS, 


GENTLEMEN,—I regret exceedingly that I am compelled to begin my 
address by the recital of a melancholy event in the history of our Section. 

About ten days after our adjournment last year, and after probably we 
had all arrived at home and settled down to our autumn’s work, the dis- 
tressing intelligence reached us of the sudden death of one of our most 
honored and distinguished members. He had mingled with us at Boston 
and had taken part in our deliberations, and though cheerful and full of 
hope, yet his usually buoyant temperament was plainly mellowed by 
advancing years, the every-day anxieties of life, and the pressure of severe 
intellectual pursuits. He returned home after our adjournment and 
immediately resumed his linguistic studies with his usual incessant ardor, 
for he often said to me: “I never take exercise when I am at home, but 
work all day and sometimes late into the night,” and on the 1st of Sept., 
1880, Samuel Stehman Haldeman was suddenly stricken down. His 
lamented death has been noticed in most of the leading papers and 
scientific journals of the country, accompanied with some biographical 
facts, for he was widely known as a scholar and scientist, and no man was 
more highly esteemed as a companion and gentleman. We all are aware 
of the distinction he achieved in letters and science in our own and 
foreign countries, of the learned books and papers he has written, and of 
the titles and prizes which his works secured for him. 

If this were the proper place, it would be pleasing to dwell, even at 
length, upon the many valuable traits of his character, the vast extent of 
his diversified acquirements, and his almost unparalleled qualities as a 
friend and scientific fellow-laborer. I feel as if I were announcing the 
death and reciting the admirable virtues of a brother. For forty years he 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 


and I were what may properly be called “bosom friends.” In early life 
we were engaged in similar scientific pursuits, and living but a few hours’ 
distance from each other, our mutual visits were frequent and our warmest 
friendship and confiding intercourse continued uninterrupted to the end. 

It is well known that in early life he devoted much of his time to our 
favorite science, to which he made some valuable contributions. His 
principal papers are: Materials toward a History of Coleopterous Longi- 
cornia of the U.S.; Corrections and Additions to this paper; Description 
of N. Am. Coleoptera; Cryptocephalinorum Borel. Am. Diagnosis. 
These papers give evidence of honest and painstaking research, patient 
analysis and sharp discrimination, and are profitably consulted by investi- 
gators at the present day. 

Of late years he had turned his attention particularly to the study of 
Language, and became a distinguished member of the Philological 
Society. All readers know the celebrity he attained in that department 
and the ardor with which he pursued those studies, but notwithstanding 
their engrossing attractions, he never ceased to feel an interest in every- 
thing that concerned our department. It is hard for a man to forget his 
first love. ; 

Thus much I thought it proper to say of the lamented Haldeman. 
He was no ordinary man whom you might compliment with a passing 
respectful obituary notice. In science and letters he was a great man. 
His memory will be long cherished by admiring friends. ‘‘ /dem extinctus 
amabitur.” It may not be out of place to mention here one fact to me, 
at least, personally interesting. Less than two months ago the monument 
of Haldeman, chiseled out of enduring granite by Strecker, a brother 
Entomologist, was erected over his grave by the pious care of the skillful 
artist himself, who spends his days in cutting marble and granite into 
classic forms, and half of his nights in studying and figuring the butterflies 
of his own unequalled private collection. 

Gentlemen, forty years ago I could count the known working Ento- 
mologists of our country with the first ten numerals. The older Mels- 
heimer, who may properly be designated as the father of our science in 
this country, Say, Peck, Gould, Randall, Peale, and a few other pioneers, 
had died or retired, and the only workers then were Harris, of Cambridge; 
Major LeConte and his son John L., of the City of New York; Fitch, of 
the State of N. Y.; Haldeman, Melsheimer, jr., and Zeigler, of Penna., 
and a few others of no special note, were the only ones, as far as is at 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


present recollected, who prosecuted our science with any zeal and who 
contributed to its progress by the descriptions of species. There were 
others who collected insects, but they made no claim to be scientific 
Entomologists. I remember distinctly when Melsheimer, Haldeman, 
Zeigler and I used to meet several times a year at our respective homes 
to read papers, discuss questions, exhibit new species, recite our Ento- 
mological adventures and then adjourn to a well appointed table. We 
regretted that we had no collaborators within two hundred miles, for the 
LeContes, in New York, were our nearest neighbors. In that day there 
was not a man in Philadelphia who studied insects. We then established 
“ The Entomological Society of Pennsylvania,” and after electing all our 
confreres in this country as honorary members, we had the audacity to 
confer the same distinction upon some great men abroad, whose letters 
of grateful acceptance indicated that they thought that the Society was 
something more than a club of four comparatively unknown men meeting 
in Haldeman’s study on the banks of the Susquehannah ! 


And now look at the mighty change. In the Naturalist’s Directory 
for 1880 there are no less than 436 names reported as pursuing our 
sscience. Now, whilst it is true that many of these may be collectors 
only, still they are more or less useful. They all must be interested in it 
to a greater or less extent or they would not have reported themselves as 
such. Be this as it may, the increase is simply wonderful and very 
encouraging. Doubtless there are numerous others in the country 
engaged in the same delightful employment whose names do not appear 
in the Directory. 

There is no other distinct branch of science that has so many repre- 
sentatives in that book as ours, excepting Botany and Geology, and in 
Zoology specially we are ahead of the Ornithologist by over 50; the 
Conchologists are fewer than roo all told, and all other specialists in 
Zoology are behind us. All this is cheering, and we are sure that the 
number of collaborators is growing every year. 

But there is a still more encouraging view of the subject, which is 
founded not only on names, but on facts, and I am sure it will gratify the 
Section to hear of the number of the published contributions of our 
fellow workmen. True, they are not all members of this Section, but they 
belong to the family and we hail them as brethren of the same household. 

Most of us have, of course, kept our eyes upon the various journals 
and have been pleased to see so many papers, and yet perhaps few of us 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 


have any proximate conception of their number and variety. Hence I 

have thought that probably the most acceptable contribution I could 

make at this meeting would be a complete list, as far as was possible, of 
all American Entomological writers since our meeting in August last, and 

this I have done and will present it-at the proper time. Some names 

may have been inadvertently omitted, but these can be subsequently ° 
introduced. In order to insure perfect accuracy and fullness, I made the 

list of each author’s writings as far as I could find them and sent it to 

him for correction, and I here desire to thank those gentlemen for the 

uniform courtesy with which they granted me their aid. 

This paper will give us a better idea of the progress of our science 
during the past year than any other mere description possibly could. 

A brief analysis of it gives 77 writers and 302 titles; 25 of these 
articles treat of Coleoptera ; 19 of Lepidoptera; 15 of Orthoptera; 5 of 
Neuroptera; 10 of Diptera; 11 of Hymenoptera ; 11 on Hemiptera ; 8 
or 10 describe larvee of various orders ; 5 or 6 are on fossil insects ; a few 
on Myriopods and spiders, and 11 on Economic Entomology. 

This brief exhibit will give an idea of what has been done as far as 
has been made public. Doubtless there are many other papers in pre- 
paration, and much efficient work has been privately done which may 
never be published. 

It would be out of my province to specify any of these writings in 
this address, and much more to express any opinion of their relative 
value, or to indulge in any critical remarks. That must be left to the 
reviewers. 

We now have four journals exclusively devoted to our science, and ‘in 
several others considerable space is allotted to it. In connection with 
these must be mentioned the annual reports of the State Entomologists. 
The Proceedings and Transactions of all Natural History Societies also 
contain frequent articles upon the subject. 

The Canadian Entomologist, Psyche, The Bulletin of the Brooklyn 
Ent. Society, and Papilio, should be supported by every one of us. 
Indeed, no man can know how our cause is advancing without them, and 
as it is likely that none but Entomologists read them, so much the more 
general should be our patronage that they may be maintained. 

Each of these four seems to occupy its peculiar field. The Canadian 
is general and the organ of a special association. Although it is geo- 
graphically extra /imitad, yet it is very near to us and a large share of its 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


original papers come from this side of the Niagara. We claim it as one 
of our own, and being the oldest and admirably conducted, we hope that 
its present efficient editor may long continue to conduct it and render it 
still more interesting and instructive. 

The next oldest is Psyche, and in relation to it | may quote what our 
first President said in his opening address: ‘‘ Psyche, though small, is 
indispensable to every one occupied with the insects of North America.” 
It covers a ground not occupied by any other periodical in the world, and 
is very creditable to the disinterested labors of American Entomologists. 
Its accuracy has never been questioned, and it is extremely desirable to 
secure its continuous publication. You know that it was begun by the 
Cambridge Entomological Club, which is really the parent of the Club 
of the A. A. A.S., which has now been elevated to the dignity of a 
Sub-Section. The Cambridge Club differs from some others in the country 
in freely granting the use of its library to Entomologists throughout the 
whole country, and hence it is very desirable that the library should be 
enriched and the Club thus enabled to extend its benefits still more 
widely. 

The Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society is a spirited pub- 
lication, displaying much zeal, correct diagnosis and careful description. 

Papilio, the youngest of the family, is entirely devoted to Lepidoptera 
and thus occupies an exclusive field and cultivates it successfully. The 
necessity for it arose, I apprehend, from the fact that our investigators had 
so much that was new to publish, that room could not be found in the 
other journals, and when we consider that the number of our writers is 
increasing every year and new discoveries are constantly made, it is plain 
that all the journals now in existence among us could not publish all the 
communications unless the journals were greatly enlarged. As it is likely 
that all these editors render their valuable services gratuitously, and that 
the present patronage would not justify an enlargement, we shall have to 
be content for some time to come with their present size. 

In conclusion, I will make bold to throw out one or two suggestions. 

1. In view of the wondertul progress which our science has made in 
this country, has not the time come for condensed, complete, systematic 
books on each of the Orders, after the style of many German books that 
might be mentioned? Every one of us is often asked by beginners : 
What book would you recommend on beetles? And our answer is: 
there is none which contains descriptions of all our known species in 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 


systematic order, but you must gather them from various monographs, 
journals and proceedings, which are not easy to procure. This disheartens 
the young student. The same is to a great extent also true of butterflies, 
especially of Noctuids, and of other orders of insects, although the want 
is supplied in Lepidoptera more fully than in any other. But even this 
order, beyond the Diurnals, although hundreds of species are described, 
has not been brought together in systematic arrangement. The material 
is at hand, and nothing is wanting but a competent editor and an accom- 
modating publisher to bring out a series of works which would contribute 
immeasurably to our progress. 

My second suggestion is, that it would be interesting to know the 
extent, character and condition of the larger public and private collections 
in the country, with a mention of the varieties they contain. This might 
embrace two sections, those of our own species and those of foreign 
countries. A paper on this subject for next meeting would be an inter- 
esting contribution, and I hope some gentleman will furnish it ; or let 
some member be appointed, so that there may be no conflict, and the 
whole field be open to him. No doubt the owners of private collections 
and the curators of public ones would cheerfully render him their counsel 
and aid. 

And now, gentlemen, congratulating you upon our meeting again, let 
us proceed to our business and prosecute it with vigor, patience and order. 

Joun G. Morris. 


At the conclusion of the address a vote of thanks was tendered to the 
President, coupled with the request that the copy be sent to the CANADIAN 


ENntTomoLocist for publication, which was kindly assented to. 
(To be Continued.) 


CARBOLIC ACID AS A PREVENTIVE OF INSECT RAVAGES. 


(Read before the Sub-Section of Entomology of the A. A. A. S.) 


BY A. J. COOK, LANSING, MICH. 


One year ago I gave at the Boston meeting of the Association for the 
Advancement of Science the results of some experiments in the use of 
London purple to destroy the codling moth larva, and bisulphide of car- 
bon in fighting the cabbage maggot and squash borer. These experi- 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ments have been repeated the present season, and with results no less 
favorable than those reported one year ago. — I think it is an established 
fact that the methods recommended are valuable. They not only seem 
reliable, but they promise to be the cheapest and most desirable modes 
that can be made practicable on all occasions. 

As stated last year, the bisulphide of carbon will also destroy the 
radish maggot (Anthomyia raphani), but owing to the great number of 
plants to be treated, the amount of the liquid necessary to do thorough 
work is large, and so the expense is perhaps too great to warrant its use 
in case of this insect. The present season I tried to see if we might not 
make the application in a few places about the bed, at some distance 
apart, and still effect our purpose to destroy the maggots. ‘The result 
does not recommend this liquid for the destruction of the radish 
Anthomyia with the same emphasis that we may safely give in advising its 
use for the cabbage Anthomyia and the squash A®gerian. This fact led 
me to cast about for some more desirable agent to be used against the 
radish fly, and it occurred to me that carbolic acid, which is not only very 
repellant to insects, but also quite as remarkable in retaining its obnoxious 
odor for a long time, might be made most serviceable in this warfare. 

I prepared some of this material as follows: To two quarts of soft 
soap I added two gallons of water. This was then heated to a boiling 
temperature, when one pint of carbolic acid (in a crude state) was added. 
This mixture is then set away in a barrel or other vessel, and is ready for 
use as occasion may require. I mixed one part of this liquid to fifty parts 
of water, to be used on the radish plants. It was used by three parties 
in three places. Mr. Lee used it in the College garden, a student—Mr. 
E. Hale—used it on a bed specially prepared, and I used it in my own 
garden. Mr. Lee sprinkled it on the plants and poured it into a trench 
made close beside the row of plants. Mr. Hale and myself sprinkled it 
directly on the plants. Messrs. Lee and Hale made but one application 
and found that it kept the insects at bay for about two weeks. Even this 
proved of no little service. I made the application once every week, and 
the radishes were almost entirely free from the maggots. My bed was 
seventy or eighty rods from the other beds. But I caught the flies about 
my garden, and plants near by, not treated, were badly injured by the 
maggots. Two cautions should be urged; first, sprinkle the plants as 
soon as they are up, and thereafter every week or ten days; secondly, the 
mixture, if sprinkled directly upon the plants, must not be so concentrated 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 


as to injure the plants. My experiments this season make me feel certain 
that this will prove a valuable remedy, and if cheaper, it may even replace 
the explosive bisulphide of carbon in fighting the cabbage maggot and 
the squash A®gerian. 

About my house at the Michigan Agricultural College I have planted 
a little apple orchard of eight trees. |The trunks and larger branches of 
these trees have been thoroughly washed twice each spring, the last week 
of May and the last week of June, with soft soap. A neighbor but a 
stone’s throw distant set out some fine primates about the same time that 
I set out my trees. He does not believe in the use of soft soap, practi- 
cally at least, and his trees are sorely disfigured and greatly injured by the 
Saperda candida and the S. cretata, while my trees are smooth and 
admired by all. I have some pear trees in the same orchard which were 
not treated with the soap, one of which has been much injured by the 
borers. é 

This year I used the undiluted carbolic mixture instead of the soft 
soap. I fully believe this to be an improvement on the soap alone, as in 
some cases, if but one or even two applications of the soap are made, the 
effect is not so long continued as to entirely prevent the borers from egg 
laying. The carbolic acid will tend to extend the period so that I believe 
two applications will in every case repel the beeties. 


“ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN TINEIDA, BY THOMAS,. 
LORD WALSINGHAM, F. Z. 8S.” 


BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


The above is the title of a paper received from the author, and pub- 
lished in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (February 
15th, 1881), in which his Lordship characterizes three new genera: 
PHRYGANEOPSIS—one species, P. brunnea; ARHOLEPIA-—one species, 
subfasciella ; and EUCERATIA—two species, casted/a and securella. Fre 
also describes as new Calantica polita, Plutella interrupta, P. albidorsella 
and P. vanella; Cerostoma falciferella, C. cervella, C. sublulella, C. dente- 
Jerella, C. canariella and C. frustella ; Depressaria sabulella, D. argillacea, 
D. arnicella, D. klamathiana, D. posticella, D. nubiferella, D. parilella 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and D. umbraticostella; Menestia rubescens; Glyphipteryx regalis, G. 
california, G. bifasciata, G. unifasciata and G. quingueferella, and Felio- 
dines extraneclla. Plutella cruciferarum Schrank, is mentioned as found 
on Mount Shasta, California (as indeed it is found, as Mr. Stainton says, 
wherever man eats cabbage, and perhaps wherever crucifere grow), and is 
identified probably with “ Zzwea spilotella” mentioned in a note in the 
American Naturalist,. v. 8, p. 194. Plutella porrectella Linn. was taken 
also on Mt. Shasta, and on the authority of Mr. Stainton (Tin. Nor. 
Amer. p. 90) is identified with P. vigilaciella Clem. 

Cerostoma instabiliella Mann. was also taken on Mt. Shasta. Cerostoma 
radiatella Donovan was taken in Oregon. Depressaria ciliella Stn. was 
taken in Oregon, but its common European form, J. ap/ana Fabr., “ was 
conspicuously absent, nor have I met with it in any American collec- 
tion,” says Lord Walsingham. JD. yeatiana was taken in Oregon, and has 
been received also from Texas. JD. zervosa Haw. found in Oregon. JD. 
parilella Treitschke: one specimen from the Eastern States agrees fairly with 
the European descriptions, whilst the Western specimens differ among 
themselves somewhat, and from the European species still more, so that 
Lord Walsingham is left in some doubt as to whether they really belong 
to the same species, and in case an investigation of its habits should show 
it to be distinct, he suggests for it the specific name of novi-mundi. LD. 
emeriteéla Stn. found in Oregon on Artemisia.  Gelechia liturella Walk. 
identified with Alenestra tortriciformella Clem. The locality of Lord 
Walsingham’s specimens is not mentioned, nor is that of Calantica polita ; 
the other species, except as above indicated, are from California and 
Oregon. 

Lord Walsingham has also favored me with specimens of many of the 
above-mentioned species and some others. All of the species described 
as new are I think undoubtedly so, and some of the species previously 
known are new to America. /P%ryganeopsis ‘‘should be placed near the 
genus /ucurvaria.” Calantica polita is the first species of the genus 
found in America. The genus Aveolepia is near Plutella Schrank and 
Plutelloptera Cham. Plutella interrupta is the American representative of 
the European P. annulata Curtis. Lord W. thinks (and no doubt he is 
right) there is*scarcely sufficient evidence of the existence of Cerostoma 
xylostella Linn. in America, and as C. drassicel/a Fitch has already been 
identified with P/utella cruciferarum, the eight species found: by his Lord- 
ship on the Pacific Coast are the first that have been found in North 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


America, and two of these (7zzstabiliella and radiatella ) were already known 
in Europe. The genus thus seems to be confined to the Pacific Coast in 
this country. 

His Lordship gives some valuable notes upon the genus Depressaria. 
Thus he thinks that D. georgiella Walker belongs to the genus Z7ichotaphe 
Clem., and would more properly be included in Ge/echia than in Depfres- 
saria. D. clausella Walker is D. cinereocostella Clem., and D. confertella 
Walker is Cryptolechia (Machimia) teutoriferdia Clem. “It has since 
been described by Mr. Chambers under the name of Depressaria fer- 
naldella. 1 am assured by Prof. Fernald that he is well acquainted with 
the species” (fernaldella ?) “and that it agrees with a specimen of the 

. true C. teutoriferella which I received from him for comparison with Mr. 
Walker’s D. confertella. But I am aware that Mr. Chambers himself still 
doubts their identity.” I have never had an opportunity to compare 
Jernaldella with teutoriferella, but as stated in the U.S. Geol. & Geog. 
Survey, I described /ernaldella as distinct from feutoriferella because I 
could not recognise it in Dr. Clemens’ description of the latter, though 
there admitting the fact that they might nevertheless be the same. Lord 
Walsingham mentions that D.? pallidochrella Cham., D.? rileyella Cham. 
and D.? versicolorella Cham. are by me doubtfully referred to Gelechia. I 
now think that whether these species are properly referable to Gelechia or 
not, they do not belong to Defressaria, and after eliminating these, “ we 
have then eleven unquestioned species of Defressaria, viz., D. atrodorsella 
Clem., cenereocostella Clem., clausella Walker, eupatoriella Cham., grotella 
Robinson, helaclina De G., hilarella Zell., nebulosa Zell., pulvipennella Clem. 
(pulvipumella in Lord W.’s paper is no doubt a misprint), vobiniella Pack. 
and scabiella Zell.” So says Lord Walsingham, and probably he is right, 
though I have some doubts about vobznzella, which, however, I have not seen. 

Passing on to the genus Glyphipteryx, the species are all undoubtedly 
new except perhaps G. Cadiforniz, which will probably prove to be 
identical with that described by me as G, montisella from Colorado. 
There are specimens of movtised/la in my collection in Cambridge Museum 
and in some other collections, but I have none now at hand for com- - 
parison. I think it highly probable, however, from my recollection and 
notes of that species, which is very variable, that Californie will prove to 
be the same species. I will state here that I described G. exopiatedla as 
new because I was unable to recognise it in Dr. Clemens’ description of 
his G. impigritella. Neither yet now am I able to do so. Recently, 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


however, I have seen an authentic specimen of impigritella without the 
means of comparing it with exoptatella; and | now think it not improbable 
that exoptatella will prove to be that species. G. montisella, however, 1s 
something quite different. 

After describing Heliodines extraneella, Lord Walsingham proceeds to 
discuss the question whether the genus Aeto/e Cham, is the same with 
Heliodines. 1 suspected as much when I described Aetole bella, but my 
knowledge of Heliodines was then and is now too imperfect to me to feel 
certain about it. Lord W. gives my brief account of Aetole and Mr. 
Stainton’s still briefer account of He/éodines in Ins. Brit. v. 3, with copies 
of Mr. Stainton’s and my figures of the neuration of the genera, and 
alludes to the discrepancy between my printed account of the neuration 
of the fore wings of Aeéole bella and my figure. The discrepancy exists, 
and in my original pencil sketch of the neuration I find this endorsement 
made by me just after the figures were published : ‘‘ the published figure 
is incorrect in that it does not represent the apical vein as being fur- 
cate,” and the original figure represents it as being furcate. This being 
supplied, the neuration of the fore wings is the same in the two species, 
and not as Lord Walsingham thinks, simply corresponding “ very closely 
with the exception of the absence of a short vein in Aefole, which in 
Heliodines runs from the lower edge of the cell to the dorsal margin, and 
which may possibly have been overlooked.” In other words, the apical 
vein of my figure being made furcate, the neuration of the fore wings is 
identical with that of Heliodines as represented in Mr. Stainton’s figure. 
But the form of the wing of Aeéole is narrower and it is more distinctly 
caudate. The hind wing in Mr. Stainton’s figure is also wider and the 
median gives off a branch which is wanting in Aetole. These small 
differences, however, are perhaps unimportant, and it is more than likely 
that Aefole Cham. is the equivalent or American form of Heliodines 
Stainton ; and this view is supported by the ornamentation. 

Lord Walsingham’s descriptions are accompanied by two plates con- 
taining twenty-eight beautiful figures of the species described, with illus- 
trations also of the neuration of the wings and form of the head and its 
appendages, of Phryganeopsis brunnea and Eucerotia securella, and is a 
most valuable addition to our knowledge of the American Zineide. 
Every one interested in the group owes him ‘a vote of thanks,” and 
hopes that he will persevere in so good a work, and not abandon it as the 
writer of this bas reluctantly been compelled to do. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 


NOTE ON BASILARCHIA. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


Some time ago, in speaking of the discovery of Mr. Gray of inter- 
mediate specimens showing a connection between the species of Bastlarchia 
(published in the Can. Ent.) I suggested that arthemis was the older 
form, a view which I have recently been glad to know is held by Mr. 
Scudder. In examining Southern specimens of wrsula or astyanax and 
ros (the latter the Southern form mimetic of Dazazs) I think it possible 
that Zros stands ina nearer relation to astyanax than to archippus, although 
the latter is a prevalent form in Alabama. In studying this group we 
seem really to have to do with series of individuals scarcely hardened into 
species. It will I think be the most profitable genus to take up in con- 
nection with developmental studies. We have here a group which seems 
to exhibit the effect of various outside forces upon a comparatively plastic 
organization, and can thus measure perhaps the extent of the different 
influences brought to bear in moulding external characters in our butter- 
flies. How much climate, selection and mimicry can effect may be here 
determined, and which works quicker or at the shorter distance in succes- 
sion. It will be very interesting if the facts bear out the offspring of Zyros 
from astyanax as well as archip~pus, and not the two “ mimetic” forms 
from each other. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 


LACHNOSTERNA FUSCA. 


At the last meeting of the Entom. Soc. of Ontario, Mr. J. M. Denton 
reported that he had seen near Delaware, Co. Middlesex, Ont.,a ten-acre pas- 
ture field almost destroyed by the larve of this beetle, and he exhibited 
some specimens he had brought. ‘The roots of the grass were completely 
eaten through, and the sod on being lifted came away easily in large 
patches, showing the larvze underneath at their work of destruction. The 
owner of the land said that this spring the beetles were hovering in dense 
swarms over the pasture. 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Melitaeca phacton, generally very rare here, was more abundant this 
spring. I found the larve feeding on Gerardia pedicularis ; afterwards I 
obtained eggs from confined females and found eggs out doors on same 
plant. The eggs hatched. The larve therefrom, and additional larve 
found out doors, feed on the above-named plant, and developed and spun 
up as Mr. W. H. Edwards has it in his Butterflies of N. A., vol. ii., part 4. 

There grows another Gerardia here, the G. purpurea, on which the 
larvee of Funonta coenta feed. 

Callidryas eubule is found here in a few specimens every year ; last 
year fresh specimens were in great abundance. 

Terias mexicana (worn).—I have captured a small and a large speci- 
men of this species during several years collecting. 

Auc. W. HOFFMEISTER. 

Ft. Madison, Lee Co., Iowa, Sept. 7, 1881. 


BOOK NOTICE. 


The Canadian Sportsman and Naturalist, Vol. 1, Nos. 1 to 8. 


This is a monthly journal published in Montreal, and edited by Wm. 
Couper, a well known naturalist and sportsman. Each number contains 
eight pages of matter arranged in double columns, printed in first-class 
style and on good paper. The articles are short and interesting, treating 
mainly of matters pertaining to hunting and fishing, with brief descrip- 
tions of Canadian wild animals, birds, etc. 

The editor’s extensive experience and travels in the Lower St. Law- 
rence is manifest in his articles on the rivers of that district and their 
products. Entomology also comes in for a share of attention. The fifth 
number contains a valuable contribution from Dr. J. H. Garnier, of . 
Lucknow, Ont., on the reptiles of Canada, a subject to which but little 
attention has yet been given in this country, but one in which there is a 
large and promising field for the enterprising investigator. To all lovers 
of sport, either with the rod or gun, this journal will commend itself. It 
should also be of value to all who are fond of natural history in general. 
We hope to see it liberally supported. The subscription price is one 
dollar per annum. 


The Canadian Entomologist 


VOL. XIII. 


LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1881. No. Io 


ANNUAL , ADDRESS, OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


To the Members of the Entomological Society of Ontario . 


GENTLEMEN,—While Entomology may be said to deal with small 
things, the abundance or scarcity of the tiny creatures called insects 
involves great issues. The truth of this statement has been illustrated 
forcibly in several directions this year, notably in the case of the Angou- 
mois wheat moth, which has played sad havoc among the stores of corn 
and wheat in granaries in the South-western States. It is said to have 
destroyed many thousand bushels of grain, and so widespread has the 
evil become that it is the opinion of the New York Sun that if the Gov- 
ernment or the farmers of America could at this time arrest the progress 
of this insect by expending five millions of dollars, it would be the best 
investment ever made by the people. 

The Angoumois grain moth, Bufalis cerealella Oliv., is a small moth 
the larva of which is very destructive to all sorts of grain. The female 
lays her eggs on the grain sometimes in the field before it is fully ripened, 
but more frequently in the bins in the granary. ‘The eggs are of a bright 
orange rzd color, and in a few days there issue from them very minute 
whitish-colored worms, scarcely thicker than a hair, which bore into the 
grain and occupy it, one larva in each kernel. Each kernel contains 
sufficient food to support one occupant until it reaches maturity, when it 
changes to a chrysalis within the grain, which, although hollowed and 
almost entirely consumed within, appears outwardly sound and plump. 
On pressing between the fingers the grain is found to be soft and yielding, 
and when dropped into water it floats on the surface. 

When the larva is full grown it spins a white silken cocoon, which 
occupies one end of the cavity within the grain, the other end being filled 
with the castings of the worm. ‘The moth makes its escape through a 
small round hole in the side of the grain, which the larva cuts with its 
jaws before spinning its cocoon. When preparing this orifice for the 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


escape of the future moth the larva is careful not to cut entirely through, 
but leaves a thin tissue-like skin unbroken, which the moth finally rup- 
tures when it makes its escape. The body of the moth is about one-third 
of an inch long, and its wings when spread measure about two-thirds of 
an inch across ; the fore wings are of a plain brownish-buff color, with a 
satin-like lustre ; the hind wings above and below, as also the under side 
of the fore wings, are blackish-gray. 

This insect is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and has long 
been very destructive in France. It was introduced into the southern 
portion of the United States more than 100 years ago, where it has become 
fully naturalized. It is often brought into New York in cargoes of grain, 
but the climate of the Northern United States and Canada appears to be 
too cold to permit it to thrive amongst us, or to permanently establish 
itself. It has never yet, to my knowledge, been found within the limits 
of our Province. 

The Chinch Bug, which, although always present in our midst, has 
happily never yet proved a serious trouble with us, has been very destruct- 
ive to the corn crop in Missouri and Kansas, and combined with the 
drought, has seriously affected the yield of this cereal in those States. 

The Army Worm has appeared ‘during the season in some portions of 
the West, and inflicted much damage ; and there were good reasons for 
anticipating trouble from this source in our own Province next year, unless 
the exceptional drought we have lately experienced, and which has been 
generally looked upon as an unmitigated evil, should check their natural 
increase. The Army Worm, in common with many other of our night- 
flying moths, is double-brooded, but whether the later brood pass the 
winter in the larval or chrysalis state has never been fully settled. It is 
probable that with us the bulk of the brood pass the inclement season in 
the larval condition, the young larva burrowing into the ground for pro- 
tection during the extreme cold of winter. It has been observed by 
Entomologists that an unusually wet season which induces a free growth 
of vegetation is very favorable for the sustenance of these pests, and if 
preceded by a dry autumn, which appears to have the effect of dissemin- 
ating the moths over a wider area, the worms are often met with in great 
abundance. During this summer the Army Worm moths (Leucanta 
unipuncta), which are always present with us to a greater or less extent, 
have been unusually abundant in the western portion of our Province. 
To the sugar-bait, employed by Entomologists to attract night-flying 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 


moths, these insects have flocked by hundreds, and this has been observed 
not only in Ontario, but also in the Western States, showing that this 
moth has been unusually abundant over an extended district. Millions 
of their eggs must have been deposited on the leaves and stems of grasses, 
but the intense drought we have had has probably deprived the newly- 
hatched larvze of the food necessary to their existence, and we may hope 
that the evil we have suffered from in the way of drought has saved us to 
a great extent from serious invasions of Army Worms next year. 

Much attention has been paid of late by Entomologists to the natural 
conditions which favor or prevent the increase of injurious insects ; and 
I think there is good ground for expecting, after a few more years of close 
observation, that it will not be difficult to prognosticate, with a large 
measure of accuracy, several months in advance, the probabilities as to 
the insect pests likely to prevail during any year in any given district. 
When this can be satisfactorily accomplished, much practical good may 
be expected to result therefrom, since by: avoiding the planting of such 
crops as are likely to be especially injured by insect hosts, and growing 
others comparatively free for the time from these troubles, a large saving 
may be effected. 

During the summer a small moth, well known to Entomologists as a 
common insect throughout the Northern States and Canada, but never 
before recorded as destructive anywhere, has invaded the pastures in some 
parts of Northern New York, and inflicted great injury. It is a species 
of Crambus, Crambus vulewagellus. Vhe Crambide are known by the 
common name of grass moths, from the fact that as far as is known they 
all feed in the larval state on grass, and hence the moths are found every- 
where in meadows, flying about in the daytime, with a short but rapid 
flight. The moths are small, with narrow front wings, which are usually 
ornamented with metallic spots and stripes. It was about the middle of 
May that a serious invasion of what was popularly supposed to be the 
Army Worm, occurred in St. Lawrence County, New York. The State 
Entomologist, Prof. J. A. Lintner, at once visited the scene of destruction 
and found the injury widespread and serious, extending over eight of the 
northern counties. Hundreds of acres of grass presented a brown 
appearance, as if winter-killed. A pasture lot of ten acres which, ten 
days before, offered good pasture, was so thoroughly destroyed that in 
many places not a blade of grass could be seen to the square yard. The 
upland pastures were first attacked and entire fields were laid waste in ten 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


or twelve days. Unlike the Army Worm, the caterpillars were seldom 
seen, and never observed actively feeding, and it was believed by the 
farmers that they fed at night, or by drawing the blades of grass into their 
subterranean retreats. In two instances the larvee were observed in 
immense numbers collected on the trunks of trees so that they could have 
been scooped up by handfuls. The cause of their congregating at these 
points could not be conjectured ; it was not for feeding on the foliage, for 
the grasses alone are their natural food. The caterpillars were slender, 
cylindrical worms, about three-quarters of an inch long, of an obscure 
greenish color, with shining black heads. They were destitute of lines or 
other ornamentation, excepting some small, warty spots on their upper 
side. Early in August the moths began to appear, when they were identi- 
fied as specimens of Crambus vulgivagelius, the new enemy proving to be 
an inconspicuous and hitherto unobtrusive little Crambus. It is quite 
probable that several accounts of injuries to pasture lands in the New 
England States during the last three or four years by some unknown 
depredators are to be credited to this species. 

At a late meeting of our Entomological Society, held in London, one 
of our members, Mr. J. M. Denton, referred to the injuries which were at 
that time being inflicted on some pasture lands within a few miles of Lon- 
don by the larva of the common May Bug, Lachnosterna fusca, and 
exhibited specimens of their work. He had found whole fields of pasture 
land with the roots of the grass so eaten that the turf could be readily 
lifted with the hand by the yard, and underneath were thousands of these 
grubs feeding on the remaining fragments of roots. In one instance, near 
the village of Delaware, a field had been so completely destroyed that the 
farmer had set fire to the withered grass with the hope of scorching the 
enemy to death. As these larve readily burrow in the ground when dis- 
turbed, he was advised to adopt a different method and turn his hogs into 
the field to root amongst the grass and devour the larva, which they 
greedily consume in immense numbers. Such wholesale destruction by 
this insect is not common, but when it does occur it is very alarming. 

In the tenth annual report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, just 
received, mention is made of a new insect injurious to corn. This isa 
small beetle closely allied to the common striped Cucumber Beetle, and 
known to Entomologists under the name of Déabrotica longicornis. In 
Illinois the damage caused by the larva of this insect has been consider 
able. They are small white worms about half an inch long and very 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 201 


slender, which attack the fibrous roots of the corn, and so destroy them 
that the plants may be pulled up very easily with the hand. After a time 
the plants begin to wither and the grain fails to mature. In some instances 
it is believed that the injury inflicted by this tiny creature would result in 
the loss of fully one-third of the crop. The perfect beetle is about one- 
fifth of an inch long, with a width scarcely equal to half its length, and 
of a pale, dull greenish yellow color without spots or stripes. 

The general alarm which prevailed several years ago in reference to 
the Colorado Potato Beetle seems now to have toa great extent subsided, 
and notwithstanding that the insect has been very abundant in some sec- 
tions, it has not been so generally injurious, and where it has appeared in 
abundance prompt remedial measures have been successfully employed. 
It has been claimed, and, I suppose, correctly so, that this pest originally 
came from the canons in the Rocky Mountains, in the State of Colorado, 
where it is said to have fed on some wild species of Solanum growing 
there. It was my privilege during the latter part of August of this year 
to spend a week in this district, and while there I travelled fully one 
hundred miles through those canons. Several species of wild Solanum 
grow in abundance almost everywhere in the adjoining plains as well as in 
the canons, and every opportunity was embraced of examining them, but 
in no instance could I detect any evidence of the presence of the Colorado 
Potato Beetle in any of its stages. Besides, I saw several potato patches, 
and these also seemed quite free from any insect trouble. This seemed 
to me not a little singular in view of the extremely prolific nature of the 
insect. Can it be that it has migrated so completely as to leave over large 
areas no representatives behind, or have its natural enemies so increased 
as to almost annihilate the pest? Our farmers here would, I am sure, 
gladly hail the advent of either of these agencies should it free them from 
this troublesome insect. 

The question of the use of the most suitable and economical poisons 
for the destruction of injurious insects still attracts much attention, and 
Paris Green continues to head the list as the most generally useful, not- 
withstanding the efforts which have been made by interested parties to 
replace it by London Purple. London Purple is an arsenical mixture, a 
waste product, which accumulates during the manufacture of aniline dyes. 
Before its introduction as an insect destroyer it had no commercial value; 
on the contrary, the dye makers were at considerable expense and trouble 
in getting rid of it as it accumulated. Arsenic, which is the active 


202 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. 


ingredient in this compound, is present in very variable proportions, which 
is just what one might expect in a waste product. Sometimes it forms 
less than twenty per cent. of the mixture, while other samples will contain 
more than forty per cent. It is associated chiefly with lime and coloring 
matter. The arsenic present is in a very fine state of division, and inti- 
mately mixed with the lime and other ingredients, forming a very fine 
powder. It is much more soluble than Paris Green, and hence more liable 
to scorch the foliage, while its very variable strength makes it uncertain in 
its effects. For these reasons London Purple is not likely to take the 
place of Paris Green as an insecticide, which, when unadulterated, is 
nearly uniform in its composition and effects. An artificial mixture of 
arsenic and lime of uniform strength and colored could be supplied at 
about the same price, and would be more reliable than London Purple ; 
but owing to the more ready solubility of the arsenic in this form and its 
caustic character, it is apt, unless used with much care, to destroy portions 
of the tissues of the leaves on the plants to which it is applied, making 
them appear as if scorched or burnt. 

Experiments have been carried on for the past two seasons at the 
Agricultural College at Lansing, Michigan, by Prof. A. J. Cook, on the 
use of London Purple as a remedy for the Codling Worm. Early in the 
_ summer, while the fruit was quite small, some crab apple trees were 
syringed thoroughly with London Purple mixed with water, and it is 
claimed that the poison, which, when the water has evaporated, forms a 
thin coating on the fruit, either prevents the Codling Moth from depositing 
her eggs or else poisons the young larvee as soon as they are hatched, the 
result being the saving of a very large proportion of the crop from injury, 
whiie other trees near by not similarly treated bore very wormy fruit. It 
is also said that, as the fruit approaches maturity, the most delicate 
chemical tests fail to show a trace of the poison. I scarcely think that 
the experiments yet tried in this direction have been sufficiently extended 
to warrant any general conclusions being based on them, and provided it 
were proven that this remedy was a certain and safe one, thé popular 
prejudice against applying such virulent poisons directly to the fruit we 
are to eat would be so strong as to prevent the general use of any such 
means. Indeed, were it generally known that the apple growers of any 
district were in the habit of applying arsenic in any form directly to their 
fruit, it would interfere very seriously with their sales, and it is doubtful if 
apples so treated would find a ready market anywhere. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 


It is well known that the seeds of certain noxious weeds will some- 
times lie dormant in the soil for almost any number of years, awaiting a 
favorable opportunity for germinating ; but it is not so generally known 
that the development of insect life is sometimes similarly retarded. It 
has many times been observed that a few individuals out of a large brood 
of moths will remain in the chrysalis state over one season and produce 
the perfect insect the following year, thus remaining a full year more in 
the dormant condition than is usual, and instances are on record where 
the perfect insects have escaped after three years spent in this condition 
of torpor. Recently, Prof. Riley, of Washington, has called attention to 
a very remarkable case of retarded development in the eggs of the 
destructive Rocky Mountain Locust, Caloptenus spretus. ‘These eggs were 
laid in 1876 on the grounds of the Agricultural College at Manhattan, 
Kansas. While grading the ground around the chemical laboratory in the 
autumn a quantity of the eggs were buried some ten inches below the 
surface, the covering material being clay, old mortar and bits of stone, 
and above this a plank sidewalk. On removing and regrading the soil 
last spring a number of these eggs were disinterred quite sound and fresh- 
looking, and when exposed to normal influences they readily hatched, so 
that these locusts’ eggs actually remained nearly four years and a half in 
the ground unhatched, or four years longer than is their wont. How 
much longer they would have retained their vitality under favorable con- 
ditions of temperature and dryness is unknown. This point has a very 
practical bearing and deserves further investigation, not only in reference 
to the eggs of this insect, but to those of all injurious species whose eggs 
are deposited on or under the ground. 

The Sub-Section of Entomology of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science met this year at Cincinnati, Ohio, where I had 
the honor of representing our Society. A large number of distinguished 
Entomologists were present, and many useful papers read and discussions 
held at the meetings. An account of the proceedings will appear in our 
Annual Report. It having been decided to hold the next meeting of the 
American Association in Montreal, I trust that our representative men in 
all departments of science will be present to greet with a hearty welcome 
the distinguished scientists from the United States and abroad, who will 
on that occasion honor the Dominion with their presence. I have strong 
hopes that the Entomologists of Canada will turn out in good force. 

If the progress of a science is to be indicated by its literature and the 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


number of its devotees, then Entomology has made very rapid progress 
within the last two or three years. There are on this continent now nearly 
500 persons pursuing the study of this important branch of natural 
history, and during the past year a large number of original papers have 
been published on the subject. The Canapian EnTomotocist, the 
monthly organ of our Society, centinues to hold its place in the front rank 
among the most useful periodicals in this connection, while clustering 
around it now are Psyche, the organ of the Cambridge Entomological 
Club ; the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society; and last, 
though by no means least, Papilio, a journal devoted exclusively to lepi- 
doptera and mainly to descriptions of new species, which has now com- 
pleted its seventh number. All these are devoted exclusively to Ento- 
mology, and will be found of great value to every Entomologist. To 
these must be added the valuable reports of the U. S. Entomological 
Commission, whose good workis still being continued ; the annual reports 
of the Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, 
those of the several State Entomologists, the annual report of our own 
Society, as well as a large number of papers on the subject to be found in 
the transactions and proceedings of all natural history societies. There 
has also appeared in the Canadian Sportsman and Naturalist, edited by 
William Couper, of Montreal, some Entomological items of special interest 
to Canadian Entomologists. 

In my last annual address I referred to the appointment by the Ontario 
Government of a Special Commission to enquire into the agricultural 
resources of the Province, and the progress and condition of agriculture 
therein. In view of the important bearing of Entomology on successful 
agriculture, the Government was pleased to appoint your President as 
one of the Commissioners. The report of the Commission has since 
been compiled and published, in which the insects injurious to the farmer 
and fruit grower have been fully dealt with ; also the remedies suggested 
for their destruction, and the beneficial insects which prey upon them. 
The evidence relating to the subjects of insects and insectivorous birds . 
occupies 104 pages in the full report, and 61 pages in the condensed 
report, both of which are adorned with many excellent illustrations. The 
eagerness with which these publications have been sought after is indi- 
cative of the estimation in which they are held by the public. It would, 
I think, meet a strongly felt want if some arrangement were made whereby 
this valuable work, so useful to every farmer, might become accessible by 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


purchase to all who are seeking for it throughout the length and breadth 
of our Dominion. I have the honor to be, 
yours very sincerely, 
Wm. SAUNDERS. 


ON THE LENGTH OF LIFE OF BUTTERFLIES. 


[Read before the Ent. Sub-Section of the Am. Ass’n at Cincinnati, 19 Aug., 1881.] 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Not long since I received a letter from a correspondent in Europe, 
asking what my experience was in regard to the life of butterflies, and this 
led to much thinking of the matter and reference to my note books, in 
which for more than fifteen years I have put down everything that has 
come under my observation relating to butterflies. | The current opinion 
has been that the life of such butterflies as did not hibernate was short, 
and that in case of hibernators their existence ended soon after copulation 
in the g, and after laying their eggs in the 2. Dr. Boisduval says, Spec. 
Gen., 1, p. 28: “ The existence of lepidoptera in the perfect state is 
generally of brief duration ; the male perishes some days after copulation 
and the female after having finished her laying of eggs.” Kirby and 
Spence, Introd., London, 1856, p. 41, say of the perfect insect: ‘Its 
almost sole object is now the multiplication of its kind, from which it is 
diverted by no other propensity ; and this important duty being performed, 
the end of its existence has been answered, and it expires.” 

I believe that this is a correct statement fora general one. On the 
other hand, Mr. S, H. Scudder, in various publications, has spoken of 
butterflies of the summer generations as living for months—z to 3 months 
at least. 

With regard to the hibernating species, I believe it is the last brood 
only which hibernates, so that the individuals begin their existence about 
the month of September. They lay eggs in the spring as soon as the food 
plant is ready to receive them, and shortly die. ‘Therefore their existence 
would be limited to 8 or 9 months at the outside. Per contra, Mr. 
Scudder asserts that Danais Archippus lives from a year to 15 or 16 months, 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It is not possible to say of butterflies at large exactly when one came 
from chrysalis, or when it expired, but in the case of any species we observe 
at a certain time of the year, with great regularity, fresh butterflies are on 
the wing, and that in a few weeks only here and there can this species be 
seen, the survivors being old, abraded of wing and broken. If a female 
be now taken, on dissection there will usually be found a few eggs in the 
abdomen, perhaps half a dozen, the remains of an original stock of 200 
or more. Sometimes not a vestige of the eggs remain. Any collector 
much in the field will often have seen female butterflies on the ground, 
sometimes struggling, oftener dead, and if examined these will usually 
show no sign of violence, but plenty of old age and exhaustion. 


In the case of many-brooded species we observe that, periodically, 
every few weeks a new brood has come, then that the butterflies are old 
and scarce, and suddenly great numbers of fresh ones are flying. So that 
in a certain number of weeks a whole generation has come and gone. 
But the individuals of this generation which emerge earliest, and lay their 
eggs soonest, will die first, and as the emergence occupies at least half the 
whole period of the generation, we may say, if a generation is on the 
wing six weeks, that three or four weeks would be the limit of existence 
of any particular individual. In many species, in the latitude of West 
Virginia and further south, there is a new generation on the wing every 
month, and in such case a butterfly three weeks old would be a patriarch 
among its kind. In New York and New England, where most species are 
double-brooded at least, the duration of an individual life may be a trifle 
greater, but no more, depending upon the time the eggs are laid. 


In the case of a seasonally-dimorphic species, and still more of a tri- 
morphic species, like Papilio 47ax, we can fix the limits of duration of 
one or more of the forms with some definiteness. In my section of West 
Virginia the form Wadshii is on the wing very early ; Ze/amonides appears 
about a month later, but occasional Wadshii fly as late as any Zelamon- 
ides ; and by first of June the third form, A/arce//us, appears, and almost 
at once completely supplants the other two. In a few days not an 
example of the other forms will be seen. I find many memoranda in my 
note books bearing on this point. 


In a series of years, from 1871 to 1881, the first appearance of ali the 
forms of Ajax, and the last appearance of the two spring forms, is recorded 


nearly every year. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 


WaALSHII. TELAMONIDES. 

Earliest. Latest. Earliest. Latest. 
1871. 24 May. 24 May. 9 June. 
1872. 11 April. 19 May. 29 April. 30 May: 
1873. 8 April. 
1874. 27 April. 14 May. 6 June. 
1875. 7 April. 27 May. 
1877. 23 March. 15 May. 18 May. 
1878. 9g March. 15 May. 3 May. 
1880, March, earlyin30 May. tg May. 
1881. 19 April. 21 May. 

MARCELLUS. 
Earliest. 


BOy Tene tr pune: 
ES7 2.) lew june. 
1874) 7-6; June: 
1880. 30 May. 
TOOts /s( 70) Une, 

So that Walshiz, during a period of eleven years, has been seen as 
early as gth March, and as late as 30th May ; and Zé/amonides as early as 
29th April and as late as oth June. In the one case there has been a 
range of g2 days, in the other of 41. The first appearance of Wadlshit 
depends altogether on the state of the weather. If a few fine days come 
early in March, some individuals will surely be seen long before the bulk 
of their generation ; and these early comers are invariably cut off by the 
severe weather which follows. Washi is in fact an April form here, 
while Ze/amonides is scarcely ever seen in April, but is a May form, not 
descended from Walshii of the same year, but like Wadshii, coming from 
over-wintering chrysalids of all three forms of the preceding year. After 
1st June, Marcellus coming from the eggs of Wadshiz, laid last of April 
and early in May (before which time the food plant Pawpaw, Anona 
triloba, does not put forth the first flower bud or leaf bud) abounds, and 
continues in successive generations till late in the season. 

During the middle of the Wadshiz period many females may be seen, 
worn and broken, evidently some time out of chrysalis, and in their last 
days. In 1871, roth April, I recorded that I took 3 2 Walshit “ bat- 
tered and broken.” Whereas, a few days later, on 16th April, I took 4 
fresh 9. One half the generation was passing away while the other was 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


coming on. A large proportion of these early females must die before 
the leaves of the Pawpaw first show themselves. In this plant the flowers 
precede the leaves, and these larve do not eat the flower, but eggs are 
sometimes found on the unopened flower buds and even on the stems, 
several days before the bursting of the leaf buds. 

In 1880, 9th April, I recorded that no good examples of Wadshiz were 
to be had, all being worn and broken. But same year, on 2oth April, I 
took a pair of Walshit in copulation, the 2 just out of chrysalis, the 
wings expanded, but still limp—not wholly dried—the g old and broken. 
Next day I took 3 pairs of same form in copulation, and in each case the 
female was fresh, while the male was worn and broken.* 


Now in that year the first Wadshiz had been seen early in March. On 
1st day of April I took a 2; on 3rd April I recorded that I saw several 
females about the blossoms of the wild plum and that all were worn. 
Plainly one division of this generation, in the 2, was passing away early 
in April, while 2oth April many fresh females were coming from chrysalis. 
I took all these pairs in one clump of bushes inside my fence, and it is to 
be presumed that if plenty there, multitudes of Wadshzzt were coming from 
chrysalis throughout this region on those days. ‘The weather had sud- 
denly changed from cold and blustering to fine, and the belated chry- 
salids were giving butterflies. 


The period of Zelamonides in these same years has been from 29th 
April to 9th June. In 1871, 9th June, I recorded that I confined 2 2 
Telamonides ; on toth had got no eggs, and concluded from their wasted 
appearance that they had previously exhausted their stock. That same 
year, both on 24th and 28th May, I had taken females of Ze/amonides 
while ovipositing. On 12th May, 1872, I recorded that I shut upa 2 
Telamonides and got eggs; on 30th May, that I shut up 2 92; and add that 
many of this form were to be seen, but all were worn. TZe/amonides 


* J have again and again noticed in many species of butterflies, where a pair have 
been taken in copulation, that the male will in most cases show signs of considerable 
age, while the female is evidently either just from chrysalis or quite recently. Boisduval, 
Spec. Gen., 1, p. 28, says: ‘‘In some instances two or three days elapse between chry- 
salis and pairing, but only when the sexes cannot come together sooner.” But of the 
hibernators the same author says of the Vanessidee, all which in temperate regions at 
least hibernate in the imago: ‘‘ Their pairing does not take place till seven or eight 
months after the emergence of the insect.” Of my own experience I know nothing as 
to this, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


emerges after the weather is settled, and its extreme period as observed 
has been 41 days, during 11 years. But in any one year it has been but 
one month. In 1872 the first were seen 29th April, the last 30th May. 
So that I doubt if any individual Zé/amonides is alive longer than three 
weeks. . 

Marcellus 2 lays its eggs very soon after chrysalis. The eggs are in 
part fully formed when it emerges from chrysalis. I dissected a female 
a few hours after chrysalis, which emerged in my room 13th July, 1881, 
and found some of the eggs round and deep green (the color when laid), 
but not hardened externally ; others were nearly formed. In Wadlshiz it 
is different, the eggs being at first fatty masses without form. I dissected 
one of the females taken 21st April, 1880, before spoken of. This was 
just from chrysalis and in the act of pairing, but the eggs were wholly 
unformed. The same thing is true of Zéelamonides. 

The eggs of Ajax are laid during several days. ‘The female flies from 
leaf to leaf and deposits one at a time, and as some scrutiny is exercised, 
one leaf being selected while another is refused, much time is lost. So 
that several days may be occupied in laying 200 eggs—perhaps a week. 
And by this time the insect will have become worn and the wings broken. 
She cannot possibly exist many days after the laying is finished. That 
the eggs are either all mature together, or mature with great rapidity, is 
evident from the ease with which they are obtained in this species from 
females tied in a bag over the food plant. They usually lay at once and 
in large numbers. I noticed particularly the condition of Wadshi and 
Telamonides during the last days of May, 1881. All were old and the 
males much exceeded the females in number, I should say ten to one. In 
1880, 30th May, the last Wa/shzz seen that year were two old males. It 
seems to me probable that many males never have the opportunity of 
pairing, and that these live longest, their lives enduring much beyond that 
of any female. The latter is discovered almost as soon as out of chry- 
salis, and several males at same time may often be seen fluttering about 
one female. The young males stand no chance at all in competition with 
the older ones. The former are for some hours limp and weak, and by 
the time they have attained their strength, the eager crowd of suitors, who 
are prying in every bush in quest of a mate, have carried off the prize. 
But when there are no old males, the young one may certainly pair a few 
hours after chrysalis. I have seen this in Argynnis /da/éa, when a limp 
female was taken with a male absolutely perfect in wing and thorax, and 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


therefore but lately out of chrysalis. So in Argynnis Myrina, where I 
took a pair in copulation both which had emerged in my boxes the pre- 
vious night. | How speedily the males expire after pairing I cannot say ; 
they certainly do sometimes during the process. In 1872, 25th April, 
Mr. Mead, here at Coalburgh, took in his net a pair of Aax flying by, and 
found the male not merely dead, but dry, and evidently it had expired 
many hours before. As I have said, both Boisduval and Kirby and 
Spence state that the males die very séon after pairing 

I think from what I have said, it will be evident that Papilio Ajax, 
which from its size and strength would seem as likely to live several 
months as any butterfly in our fauna, really does live but a few weeks, and 
probably not more than three or four, unless in case of males which have 
not paired ; even then but a trifle longer. 

Take Lycaena Violacea, a dimorphic species of which Violacea is the 
early form and Pseudargiolus the later. During 17 years past I have kept 
record of the first appearance of this Lycaena because it is the earliest 
butterfly of the year, and the harbinger of spring. The earliest date has 
been 17th February, and the latest date of first appearance has been 7th 
April. But except in one year, 1876, the earliest examples seen have 
been on 6th March. No flowers are in bloom so early, and the Dogwood 
(Cornus), on the flowers of which Vzolacea deposits its eggs, does not 
usually begin to put forth its flower buds till about middle of April. The 
eggs are not formed when the females come from chrysalis, nor till several 
days have passed. In 1878, 7th April, I dissected a 2 and found no 
eggs. ‘The same day the Dogwood was in bud, but I found no eggs after 
along search. On 13th April I confined a 9 over a limb of Dogwood 
and got 4o eggs. On 16th April, 1880, I took a pair of Véolacea in copu- 
lation, and 17th found the first eggs of the season, though I had been 
watching daily for them. 

On 26th April, 1881, the buds were still unopened but formed, and I 
found the first eggs on them. In 1879, 27th April, I found eggs, but no 
young larve. Three days later there were scores of eggs, seven on one 
flower head, but still no larve. On tst May the larve were hatching. 

Up to the ume of laying eggs fresh males and females are to be taken 
and I repeatedly record this. The latest mention of Violacea is on 6th 
May in one year, when two or three were seen. 

The next generation, Pseudargiolus, come from eggs laid by the early 
form, Vzolacea, in these years has been first seen once on roth April, once 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91 


1st May, but in the other years from 7th to 22nd May, their advent 
depending on the season, and on the date of the previous flowering of the 
Dogwood, i. e., the laying of eggs by Violacea. 

The life, therefore, of Lycaena Vio/acea must be limited to three or 
four weeks at the utmost, and shortly after oviposition this form com- 
pletely disappears. 

There are some species which live but a short time at a particular 
season of the year, and being single-brooded, pass the greater part of the 
year in chrysalis. Of such is Anthocharis Gexutia. I find its earliest 
appearance at Coalburgh recorded on 17th April, its latest on rqth May, 
in a series of years. 

So Thecla Henrici ; year after year I record its appearance in April, 
and in no other month. ‘The earliest seen have been on 11th, the latest 
29th April. : 

For an example of a hibernating butterfly we can have no better 
example than Danais Archippus, and it is the one which Mr. Scudder finds 
so remarkable in its longevity. It is of large size, and therefore readily 
distinguished, and is cosmopolitan. In West Virginia there are at least 
four, and possibly there are five generations of the imago of this species 
in succession, and it is the last generation which hibernates. Very early 
in the spring a few of the survivors may be seen about the blossoms of the 
peach or wild plum trees. About first of May, the leaves of the larval 
food-plant, Asclepias, begin to show themselves, and at once the females 
of Archippus seek them in order to deposit their eggs. I have watched 
carefully to see how late these old hibernating females were flying, and 
the latest date was 2nd June, when I took one. ‘This I dissected, and 
found the abdomen free from eggs, all having been laid. Also I watched 
all through the season of 1878 to see what sort of females laid eggs. I 
had the best possible opportunity, as Asclepias abounds near my house 
and comes up all through the grass hereabouts. So in the lanes and along 
the brooks it grows in profusion, and young plants continue to come up 
quite into September. In every instance the ovipositing female was fresh 
colored, plainly not long from.chrysalis. One generation of the butter- 
flies succeeded another the season through. ‘The first brood of larve 
raised by me came from eggs laid 2nd May. These eggs were found on 
the plants, and must have been laid by a hibernating female. The butter- 
flies began to emerge from chrysalis 30th May, several days after fresh 
individuals of the same or first generation were observed flying abroad. 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The second brood came from eggs laid 1st June. ‘I saw the female 
ovipositing, caught her and confined in bag over a plant, and got many 
eggs. This female was nearly perfect, and not long from chrysalis. (It 
was on the next day, 2nd June, that I caught the hibernating female 
before spoken of.) The butterflies from this brood began to emerge 25th 
June. 

The third brood raised by me came from eggs laid 29th—30th July, by 
a fresh female, confined as before. (During the interval between 25th 
June, when the previous brood began to emerge from chrysalis, and the 
29th July, when these eggs were laid, there was plenty of time for an 
additional brood.) The butterflies began to emerge 2oth August. 

The fourth brood raised by me came from eggs laid 30th August, and 
the butterflies from these began to emerge 29th September. 

Now plainly the history of Avchifpus does not differ from that of any 
other many-brooded species, except that in some the chrysalis hibernates, 
while in others it is the imago.* 

I could adduce other instances, as Argynnis Cybele, Satyrus A/ofe, 
Apatura Celtis, Limenitis Diséppus, etc., but I have given enough to show 
that butterfly life is of short duration ; that in the summer generations it 
cannot exceed a few weeks, and that in all cases it probably terminates 
shortly after copulation in one sex, and oviposition in the other ; and that 
the current opinion on the subject among lepidopterists is correct. 


Norte.—I learn from Prof. Lintner that Archippus is three-brooded in 
New York. It may be so in the lowlands, and in the mountains be but 
double-brooded. But whatever the number of broods, the behavior of 
the species will be the same in one place asin another. This butterfly 
being cosmopolitan, adapted to all climates except the arctic, with a wide 
range of flight in the individual, often migrating indeed from one region 
to another, we may be sure that the length or the shortness of the season 
in special or in any localities cannot possibly effect a radical change in its 
habits. Therefore it was with much surprise that I read the following 
statement gravely propounded by Mr. Scudder, in Psyche for July, 1875, 
respecting this species, under the name of Danais Plexzppus: “In North 


* To show how readily Archippus lays its eggs in confinement, on I9th August, 
1879, I tied a female over Asclepias, and within 24 hours had gotten 82 eggs. This 
also shows that the eggs mature for deposition, not singly, but ez masse. Fourteen days 
later the larvee from these eggs were pupating. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. FS 


America” (not, be it observed, in one part of it, but everywhere) ‘‘ 77 zs 
single-brooded (not double-brooded, as asserted by Mr. Riley), the butter- 
flies hibernating. It leaves its winter quarters later in the season than 
other hibernating butterflies, avd continues upon the wing until Fuly and 
August, laying eggs all the time, so THAT the insect may be found in its 
earlier stages throughout most of the summer”; and “ the perfect insect lives 
a full year, mingling on the wing with its own progeny, and witnessing the 
decay and renewed growth of the plant which nourished it.” That is to 
say: the caterpillars of Avchi~pus which may be found throughout most 
of the summer come from the eggs of these old hibernating females, and 
not from young females of a new generation. These last are compelled 
to go over winter before they can lay eggs. It follows that females 
hatched from the early eggs of one season must or may exist till the close 
of the following season, and therefore live not merely a full year, but a 
year plus the time from June till September. 

I knew enough of Azchzppus to be assured that it had a history in no 
way peculiar in respect to its propagation. No butterfly on earth has a 
habit such as is above.stated, and the author would seem to have had in 
his mind something quite outside of lepidoptera. But that I might be 
able to speak with precision, I carefully made observations reaching 
through the whole season of 1878, and which I have just recited herein. 
These were published at length in Psyche, Dec., 1878, and showed con- 
clusively that in one part of North America the hibernating females came 
early from their winter quarters, began to lay eggs at first sight of the food 
plant, and were extinct soon after. Therefore that the hibernating female 
was not laying her eggs all through the summer, and did not give birth to 
the succession of fresh butterflies of that season. But it was clearly 
shown that the eggs of the hibernating female produced the first gener- 
ation of butterflies, and that females of the first produced the second, the 
second the third, and so to the end. 

I was considerably more surprised, therefore, on reading Mr. Scudder’s 
recent book, “ Butterflies,’ 1881, on page 136, to find this story repeated 
word for word, with no allusion to my published history or to the obser- 
vations of Mr. Riley or any other person, and with no verification on the 
author’s part or data whatever. The first account might have been 
excused in an author of restricted experience in the field, contriving in 
his closet a theory which should explain imperfectly observed phenomena, 
but what shall be said of its subsequent repetition, without note or com- 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ment, after an interval of years! “It is the longest-lived of our butter- 
flies” ; ‘continues upon the wing until July and Auguss, laying eggs all 
the time” ; “the perfect insect often lives a full year, mingling on the 
wing with its own progeny, and witnessing the decay and growth of the 
plant which nourished it”! ! 

Throughout this book A7chifpus is ostentatiously called THE Mon- 
ARCH, I apprehend in right of its amazing history. If it lives as long for 
a butterfly as Methusaleh lived among men, it may be entitled to some sort ot 
distinctive appellation, and if it has so changed the habits of its kind as 
to breed like a mammal, laying eggs at intervals in the closing half of its 
long life, and gathering its progeny about its tibia, perhaps it ought to 
have some superlative title. We read that Methusaleh lived after he begat — 
Lamech seven hundred and eighty and two years, and begat sons and 
daughters, but his long life appears to have been that venerable man’s | 
sole claim to distinction. We do not read that he attained regal honors, 
or even the chieftainship of a tribe. In view, therefore, of this high 
precedent, I suggest that the correct thing would have been to designate 
this long-lived, phenomenal butterfly not THe .MonarcH, but THE 
PATRIARCH. 


MEETING OF THE SUB-SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


(Continued from Page 189.) 


On Saturday morning the Entomological Sub-section was again in 
session, when the following papers were read : 

The Egg Case of Hydrophilus triangularts, by C. V. Riley; on the 
Oviposition of Prodoxus decipiens, and also one on the Cocoon of Gyrinus 
by the same author. Following these a paper was presented by B. P. 
Mann, entitled, Suggestions of Co-operation in Furthering the Study of 
Entomology ; and another by C. V. Riley, on New Insects Injurious to 
American Agriculture, 

In this latter paper the author called attention to several insects 
hitherto unknown as injurious, which during the present year have proved 
very destructive to one crop or another. ' Such hitherto unknown and 
unreported injury is either caused by, rst, imported species ; 2nd, native 
species previously known but without destructive habit ; 3rd, unknown or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


undescribed species. The author gave an account of the injury which 
had been done to clover plants by a beetle, Phytonomus punctatus, in 
Yates Co., New York. The cocoons of the beetles were found on the 
ground in the fields, but the beeties were difficult to find on account of 
their shyness, as they fall to the ground when approached. Mr. Riley 
also reported that much injury had been done to corn in South Carolina 
and Georgia by a borer which was probably the larva of a Pyralid moth. 

After the reading of papers an informal discussion on Entomological 
subjects took place. 

Mr. A. J. Cook remarked that Heliothis armigera had attacked corn in 
Michigan for the first time in 1880. That was a very wet year, whereas 
this year had been very dry, and this season the Army Worm, Leucania 
unipuncta, had been observed injuring it for the first time. 

Mr. W. Saunders said that the imagos of the Army Worm, Lewcanza 
untpuncta, had been unusually abundant in Ontario during the summer, 
and had been seen at sugar in great numbers, and referred to the fact that 
the destructive brood of this inseet was not the first brood. Mr. Cook - 
had found the moths similarly abundant in Michigan. 

Mr. Cyrus Thomas stated that he had positive proof that the eggs of 
Leucanta untpuncta had been deposited in fields of oats. He also said 
that wet weather was very favorable for the development of this insect. 

Mr. J. A. Lintner spoke of the great abundance of the Clover-seed 
Midge, Cecidomyia leguminicola, which was rapidly spreading over a large 
area. Mr. B. P. Mann considered that the rearing of insécts in the house 
tended to prolong the life of the larvz, and to shorten that of the pupe. 
Mr. C. V. Riley agreed with him, but Mr. Thomas held the opposite view. 

Mr. S. H. Peabody, speaking of the duration of life of some moths, 
remarked that in Zxdropia and in Ctenucha virginica the period of exist- 
ence of the imago was short. 

Mr. Riley said that Amzsota rubicunda feeds on both the hard and soft 
maple trees, and that the coloring of the imago in the western limits of 
the region where the moth is found is very palein color. Mr. J. A. Lintner 
stated that he had captured this insect at Schoharie, N. Y., having a yellow 
color with only a slight tinge of rose. 

Mr. W. H. Edwards remarked that he had found Zhecla henrici only 
in April. It feeds on the wild plum tree. The larva eats into the unripe 
plums, burying its head and shoulders in the fruit, and eats no other kind 
of food. The larva becomes full grown by the time that the plum has 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. 


become half grown. The insect has but one brood in the year. Mr. 
Edwards also remarked that Lycaena violacea feeds upon many different 
food plants. 

The meetings of the Entomological Sub-section were throughout very 
interesting and profitable, and the “ brethren of the net” separated with 
regret, the hope being expressed by all that they might be privileged to 
meet again next year in Montreal. 


BOOK NOTICE. 

Butterflies: Their Structure, Changes and Life Histories. By Samuel H. Scudder. 

We are indebted to the author for a copy of this beautiful book, a 
well printed octavo volume of 322 pp., illustrated with 201 figures. The 
work is divided into thirteen chapters, the first six of which treat of the 
structure of butterflies in all the stages of their growth from the egg to the 
perfect insect. A chapter is devoted to the internal organs of caterpillars 
and another to the transformation of these organs during growth. The 
remaining chapters deal with the life histories of these attractive msects 
and the changes which they undergo under varying circumstances. 
Following these is an appendix containing instructions for collecting and 
preserving insects, etc., a list of the common and scientific names of 
butterflies, and a list also of the food plants of their caterpillars, all written 
in a plain and popular style. It is a great pity that a work of this char- 
acter, coming from so well known and talented an author, and containing 
as it does so much useful and valuable information, should be marred by 
the introduction of a series of new names for our butterflies which to the 
great bulk of the Entomologists of America seems to be a most unreason- 
able imposition and against which their is a general feeling of revolt. 
That any author should persist in carrying the rules of priority so far as to 
resurrect old documents the authority of which is of the most questionable 
value, and on the strength of these insist on the changing of nearly all the 
names of our butterflies, is a tax on the patience of the practical man 
which few can endure, and a serious bar to the progress of our favorite 
science. Neither do we think that the introduction of a large number of 
newly invented common names will add in any degree to the popularity 
of Entomology ; it were far better, in our opinion (with few exceptions), 
to use the specific name of the insect for this purpose, which is as easily 
learnt and conveys a more definite idea than is possible with such com- 
mon names as those given by this author. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


Mok. ZiT. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1881. ING: OEE 


ON THE LIFE DURATION OF THE HETEROCERA (MOTHS). 


BY J. A. LINTNER, ALBANY, N. Y. 


Read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at its Cincinnati 
Meeting, August, 188. 


I have been requested by Mr. Edwards, who has presented to the 
Association an interesting and valuable paper, “On the Length of Life 
of Butterflies,” to supplement it with some remarks on the Zzfe Duration 
of the Heterocera. 

The period of time passed by insects in their perfect stage, is an item 
in their history to which, so far as I know, very little attention has been 
paid. It has not hitherto been made a special subject of inquiry. When 
we seek to answer the question, we find that very few of our published 
observations bear upon it. The little that is known upon this point, in 
the Heterocera, would not authorise the presentation of these notes before 
this body, were it not that a confession of our ignorance should, and I 
hope may, serve as an incentive to the examination of the interesting 
question. 

It must prove a difficult field of investigation. Observations made 
upon species in confinement, deprived of food and subjected to other 
unnatural conditions, would give only approximate results. Even here we 
find our knowledge extremely limited. Outside of the Sphingidz and the 
Bombycidz, scarcely anything has been done by our Lepidopterists in 
rearing entire broods of species. In these two families the eggs can be 
easily obtained, either by the “‘ sembling ” method (attraction of the male 
by the exposure of a newly-emerged female), or by simply pinning a cap- 
tured female. Several species of the Phalenidze are quite prompt in 
extruding their eggs upon being pinned, even after having been tempor- 
arily subjected to anzsthetic influence. But in the extensive family of 
Noctuide—with the winged forms of which we are so familiar, and of 
which our knowledge, therefore, should be the more complete—it is diff- 
cult to obtain the eggs under the restraint of confinement. I have never 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


carried an oviposition of a single Noctuid to the perfect stage, nor can I 
recall a published record of its having been done. Further, in illustration 
of the veil that still hides portions of the life histories of these forms 
which rarely obtrude themselves upon our sight except under cover of the 
night, it may be mentioned that during the thirty years in which my 
studies have engaged me to a greater or less extent in the rearing of Lepi- 
doptera, I do not recall an instance where I have observed the Noctuide 
am coitu, and therefore have no personal knowledge of the time, place, 
manner or duration of the initiative of Noctuid life. 

It is known that in the Attacine, among the Bombycide, in confine- 
ment, the lives of the moths are very brief. The sexes mate a few hours 
after emerging from the pupze, and continue in copulation for twenty-four 
hours or more.. Oviposition may be commenced the following day, and 
completed within four or five days thereafter. Perhaps a week longer will 
complete the life period of the female—extending in all to about fifteen 
days. The male usually dies a few days after copulation—several days 
before the female. 

In the Sphingidze, the lives as observed, in confinement, are longer than 
in the Attacinz, but I have no records from which to give comparative 
duration. Our observations upon the Phaleenidz lead us to believe that, 
as a general rule, their lives are shorter than are those of the Noctuide. 

An approximation to the life period of the Noctuidz may be obtained 
from the dates when the several species are observed abroad. The pub- 
lished records of the collections made by ‘‘sugaring” will furnish con- 
venient data for this. I regret that at my present writing, away from 
books of reference, I am unable to refer to the papers of Messrs. ‘Thaxter, 
Norman, Westcott* and others. From a paper published by myself in 
Entomolog. Contrib., v., pp. 43-51, it appears that the period of collection 
(embracing probably nearly the entire life period, as the examples when 
first taken at sugar were apparently just from pup, and those last taken 
so worn as to be hardly capable of flight) of quite a number of species 
was about one month. Among these may be mentioned abvosyne scripta, 
Agrotis baja, A. subgothica, A. bicarnea, A. repentis,t Hadena verbas- 
coides, Gortyna sera, G. nictitans, Leucania pallens, L. phragmitidicola, L. 
lapidaria, L. pseudargyria, Orthodes infirma, Orthosia helva, Scoliopteryx 
libatrix and Pseudaglossa lubricalis. 


* Psyche, ii., pp. 34-38, 80; Canad. Entomol., vii., pp. 3, 21; Zd., viii., p. 12. 
+ Now regarded as distinct from 4. messoria Harris. 


THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 


If, in consideration of the condition of the moths when captured, the 
probable different time of oviposition and more or less favorable exposure 
of eggs, we assume that the individuals of a species continue to emerge 
from the pupa during one-third of the above period, there will remain, as 
the approximate life duration of these Noctuide, a feriod of three weeks. 


Mr. Wm. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y., in giving the results of his 
collections of Noctuidz at sugar for two years,* states that ‘‘most of the 
species remain for about a month.” From other data which I have con- 
sulted, I think that we shall not be far from the truth if we adopt as the 
life-period of the larger portion of the Noctuidee a term of three weeks. 


As might be expected in so heterogeneous a family as the Noctuidee— 
differing so greatly in general character, coming forth at such different 
seasons of the year, and varying in the number of the broods,—the life- 
histories of the several groups vary to the extent of preventing generaliza- 
tion and necessitating specific observations. For example, we find that 
the genera Xylina, Homoptera and Catocala have their periods of 
apparition much extended beyond the species above noticed. In the 
paper by myself, above referred to (p. 51), we find that Xydna petulca, 
X. disposita and X. Bethunet were observed for a period extending over 
forty-one, forty-seven and fifty-one days respectively, with a possible pro- 
longation of the lives of some of the later individuals through hibernation 
and reappearance in the following spring, of six additional months. Seven 
species of Catocala give an average duration of forty-five days, and from 
Mr. Devereaux’s observations, nine species of Catocala give an average 
period of fifty-seven days. These last may have shown a prolonged period 
from their extending over two years—one of which, from a more favorable 
season, may have included earlier dates of first appearance. It is proper 
to state that the above species were selected from the lists, as having been 
observed for the greatest length of time; the larger number gave consid- 
erably shorter terms of apparition. 

In concluding these brief notes, which are quite unsatisfactory to 
the writer, and offered only in compliance with request, I would beg leave 
to suggest that good service may be rendered to Entomology by the 
collation from published records, and incorporation in our published lists 
of insects, hereafter, of the several dates of their collection or observation 
throughout the entire time of their appearance. The want of such data 


* Canadian Entomologist, vol. xi., pp. 105-109, 1879. 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


has been felt in the attempt to answer the question of Dr. Wiesmann, as 
to the duration of life of some of our insects in their perfect state. It 
would also be of service in the determination of the number of annual 
broods ; it would afford a knowledge of the time for guarding against the 
initiative of insect attack ; it would enable us in many cases to decide 
upon the best time for putting in our crops; it would enable collectors to 
seek for specimens for their cabinets when they are to be found; in 
short, it would furnish an essential part of the life-histories of our species. 
I commend it to the attention of Entomologists. 


ON THE APHIDIDA OF FLORIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF NEW SPECIES. 


(Paper, 1Vo.02.) 


BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


Family Psyllidee (Jumping Plant-lice). 

The species belonging to this interesting family have received very 
little attention from Entomologists generally, and considering the extent 
of the North American fauna, comparatively few species have been 
described. Of these almost nothing is known of their habits and | 
development. 

In Europe, with the exception of two or three species, as little is 
known of their life histories as in America. Kollar, in his Treatise on 
Insects Injurious to Gardens, &c., according to Westwood, vide Intro- 
duction, vol. 2, p. 437, gives the history of two species. As I do not 
possess this work, I am unable to state which these are or how much of 
their history is known. 

According to this author, and probably one of those referred to by 
Westwood, the Pear Tree Psylla, Psy/la pyri Linn., ‘‘ comes forth from 
its winter retreat provided with wings, as soon as the buds of the fruit | 
trees begin to expand. After pairing, the female lays her eggs in great 
numbers near each other on the young leaves and blossoms, or on the 
newly formed shoots. The eggs are oblong, yellowish, and look somewhat | 
like grains of pollen. The young insects, soon after they are hatched, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 271 


resemble young wingless plant-lice and are of a dark yelluw color. They 
change their skins and color repeatedly and acquire wing-scales or rudi- 
mentary wings, then fix themselves to the bark in rows and remain sucking 
the sap until about to undergo their last change, when they disperse 
among the leaves and appear in their winged form.” 


This account has been copied by nearly every economic Entomologist 
who has had occasion to treat of these little pests. Even Dr. Harris, in 
his well known Treatise, nor a later writer, Prof. Thomas, give no new 
facts. 


From my studies of some undescribed species in Florida, and other 
known facts respecting this family, I feel justified in stating that Kollar’s 
account cannot possibly be correct ; especially is this true with regard to 
its coming forth from its winter retreat provided with wings and in his 
description of the egg. It does not agree with my observations, nor with 
those of Leon Defour. To this celebrated Frenchman and indefatigable 
biologist are we indebted for the first accurate description of a Psylla’s 
egg. Those interested will find an account in his “ Recherches anato- 
miques et physiologiques sur Les Hemipteres,” p. 358, and on plate xvii., 
fig. 191 b. c., good figures of the egg. A translated account may also be 
found in “ ‘Thomas’ 8th Illinois Report,” p. 16. 


In the summer of 1879 I noticed for the first time that the leaves of 
the young Persimmon trees (Dvuospyros virginiana) in the vicinity of 
Jacksonville were very much discolored, curled and distorted ; on most 
of them, too, were numerous small warty-like galls. A thorough examin- 
ation under the curled and twisted parts of the leaves revealed numerous 
small, flattened, hemipterous bugs, arranged in rows, and covered with a 
fine mealy or powdery substance; on disturbing they secrete large watery 
globules, the color of milky water. 

A careful study of these during the past two years has enabled me to 
completely work up their life history, as well as the partial histories of 
other species which I shall now proceed to give, after giving a list of the 
known N. A. species. 


Genus Diraphia, Waga. 


1. D. vernalis, Fitch. 3. D. calamorum, Fitch. 
2. D. femoralis, Fitch, 4. D, maculipennis, Fitch, 


a2 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Genus Psyla. 


i: JP-pyu, Linn! 6. P. annulata, Fitch. 

2. P. rubi, W. & R. 7. P. urticeecolens, Fitch. 

3. P. tripunctata, Fitch. © 8. P. quadrisignata ? Walker. 
4. P. quadrilineata, Fitch. g. P. venusta, O. S. 

Bae: 


. carpini, Fitch. 


To these I now add 
THE PERSIMMON PSYLLA. 


By the middle of April this is found in considerable numbers on the 
leaves of the young trees, with beaks inserted, almost standing on their 
heads, and swaying from side to side like the motion of a vessel in a 
stormy sea. This motion is evidently intended to assist either in inserting 
the beak or in pumping up the juices of the tree. 

At this time they are also caught copulating, soon after which the 
female begins depositing her eggs. These are very minute, o.o1 inch in 
length, elongate ovate, pale greenish in color, with a wavy beak benzath 
at thick end, and a long filament at tip of smaller end, nearly the length 
of the egg, and extending backwards over it. These are laid along the 
margin of the leaf, without regard to regularity, the female first preparing 
for their reception by secreting a thread-like, transparent, gummy sub- 
stance along the extreme edge of the leaf; she then fastens them in place 
by the beak, which adheres securely to the gummy substance. 


ITS LIFE HISTORY. 

These hatch in from 5 to 6 days (actual observation) and the leaf from 
their punctures curls completely over them ; under this they reside until 
just before the final transformation. The pupa then comes forth, attaches 
itself to a leaf or twig, and changes into the perfect fly, escaping through 
a longitudinal slit in the head and thorax. The young take from four to 
five weeks to mature and breed throughout the whole summer. 

Like the Fig Psylla, the fall brood probably lay their eggs in crevices 
of the bark and twigs ; these hatch at the first breath of spring, feed on 
the tender new shoots and leaves, and are those found fully matured by 
the first and second week in April. 


10. PSYLLA DIOSPYRI, N. Sp. 
Ecc.—Length hardly .or inch. Elongate ovate, with a long filament 


at apex of smaller end extending backwards to near its whole length; a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Wine 


short wavy beak or filament beneath at thick end, which is used for 
attaching the egg to the leaf. 

Younc Larva.—Length about .o2 inch. Flattened, elliptical, pale 
yellowish, pulverulent ; head broad, strongly arcuate in front ; antennz 
short, conical ; eyes reddish, large and prominent, situated well back close 
to thoracic margin ; thorax laterally twice dilated back of middle; legs 
pale ; margins fringed with rather long hairs. 

Pupa.—Length .1o to.12 inch. Broadly flattened ; yellow, greenish 
beneath ; head not so strongly arcuate as in young larva and slightly 
notched in front ; antenne much longer, apparently 7-jointed, dusky at 
base ; wing-cases very broad and projecting slightly in front of eye and 
considerably laterally ; eyes brownish; abdomen well rounded posteri- 
orly, 8-jointed ; legs stout, pale ; strongly fringed with long hairs on all 
sides. ‘ 

Imaco.— f and ? .10 to.12 inch; length of wings.15 inch. Black, 
shining and slightly pubescent, in certain lights slightly tinged with bronze. 
Head transverse with a deep frontal notch ; eyes prominent, three ocelli 
black ; antennez filiform, to-jointed, two basal joints short and stout, 
dusky, following joints slender, pale yellowish, slightly pubescent, ter- 
minal joint thickened, black and tipped with two short bristles ; abdomen 
elongate, somewhat conical, black and shining ; metasternum yellowish, 
epimeral spines long, pale yellowish ; wings hyaline, apex of front pair 
lanceolate, veins yellowish ; legs honey yellow, tibize shaded with brown, 
femora dark brown. 

The male is easily distinguished by its smaller size and by the usual 
abdominal differences ; otherwise it does not differ from the female. 

The sketch on next page, fig. 12, will give one a fair representation 
of .its various stages: a, egg; 6, young larva; ¢, mature larva or pupa; 
d, imago. 

THE BAY MAGNOLIA PSYLLA. 

This handsome and well known tree, Magnolia glauca, is quite com- 
mon along our creeks and swamps, and is noted far and wide for its 
beautiful fragrant flowers. It is often, however, greatly disfigured by the 
sting of a Psylla, producing a large gall on the leaves, a fact I ascertained 
by breeding. This species is evidently a true, gall-maker. The galls are 
quite conspicuous on the leaves, of a large size, greenish yellow in color 
with a bluish plume, and when fully matured open along the side in the 
form of a large curved lip. . 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ITS LIFE HISTORY. 


The eggs I have been unable to find ; it is probably possible that these 
are laid under the epidermis of the leaf, which may account for my 
inability to find any, even after a very careful examination of the 
leaves with my pocket lens. In the interior of the galls, which measure 
half an inch or more in length, I found the lice in various stages of 


Fig. 12. 


growth, generally in the midst of a watery secretion the color of milky 
water, which almost always fills the galls. Below I give description of 
different stages : 


PSYLLA MAGNOLIA, nD. sp. 


Younc Larva.—Length hardly .o2 inch. Elongate, oval, flattened 
and pale yellowish in color. | Head smaller and less rounded before than 
in previous species ; eyes situated well forward ; antennz short, conical ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


abdomen more elongate, the sides of thorax not dilated and without the 
fringing of hairs, as in previous species. 

Pupa.—Length .12 to .14 inch. Elongate, oval. Pale greenish yel- 
low. Eyes brownish, prominent and situated further forward than in 
previous species ; wing cases not so broad, obtusely rounded before and 
not projecting forward towards eyes ; abdomen more elongate and notched 
posteriorly ; legs pale ; and is easily recognized by not being pubescent 

Imaco.— f and 9. J.ength .12 inch; wing .14. Pale greenish 
yellow. Head transverse, not projecting much in front, and with a frontal 
notch, but not deep; three remote yellow ocelli, situated on yellow 
ground, two close to but back of eyes, and one in front between antenne ; 
eyes large and prominent ; antennz 10-jointed, filiform, reaching beyond 
tip of thorax, two basal joints short and stout, pale to tip of 6th, following 
joints black ; collare transverse, very short, preescutum broadly obcordate ; 
mesothorax has two large deep lateral depressions, extending backwards 
towards scutellum, with a slight central groove; scutellum triangular ; 
abdomen elongate, pointed ; wings hyaline, lanceolate, veins pale green- 
ish ; legs, epimeral spines and metasternum pale greenish yellow ; basal 


tarsal joint broadly flattened. The usual structural differences distinguish 
the male. 


_THE ILEX PSYLLA. 

During a recent short trip to the sea shore, my attention was called 
(by my friend, Mr. Curtiss) to a gall on //ex cassine, a shrubby tree grow- 
ing in the rich hammocks along our coasts. These were found on the 
terminal new leaves, measured from .2 to .3 of an inch in length, and 
frequently destroyed the whole shape of the leaf. © Cutting these open, I 
found they were caused by a Psylla, and judging from the size of the 
pupa, is probably the smallest species known In the gulls the young 
were covered with a mealy powder, very much resembling certain 
Coccides, and when disturbed do not appear to secrete the watery 
globules noticed in the previously described species. Below I give 
description of the stages as far as ascertained : 

12. PSYLLA ILECIS, n. sp. 

Younc Larva.—Length less than .o1 inch, oval, flattened, yellow and 
pulverulent, with reddish eyes and pale legs. 

Pupa.—Length scarcely .o3 inch. Yellow, pulverulent; legs and 
antennz pale, wing cases well developed and obliquely projecting on 
either side ; abdomen rounded. 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
LIBYTHEA BACHMANNI, Kirtianp, 


” 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG—- In shape are oblate spheroid, somewhat pointed at base, and 
a little truncated and depressed at summit ; marked by many horizontal 
striae, and longitudinally by 18 or 20 narrow, prominent ribs, which pro- 
ceed from base and terminate, some of them irregularly, at about four fifths 
the distance to summit, while eight, increasing gradually in prominence, 
end abruptly at the mm of the summit ; these long nbs are cut on either 
side by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg; they are also 
frequently deflected somewhat from a direct line; color pale green. 
Duration of this stage about 4 days. 

YOUNG LARVA—Length just from egg .o4 inch; cylindrical ; the 
segments a little rounded, and four times creased transversely ; covered 
with a fine short down ; color green, semitranslucent ; head twice as broad 
as 2; obdvoid, a little depressed at suture, the vertices rounded ; sparsely 
pilose ; color yellow-brown. ‘To 1st moult about 2 days, in July. 

After First Moult—Length .o8 and.og inch ; color brownish-green, 
the segments curved ; head a little broader than 2, shape as before ; color 
yellow-green. ‘To next moult 2 days. 

After Second Moult—Length .12 inch ; same shape ; upper side dark 
green ; a faint shade of yellow over and along basal ridge, rather macular ; 
under side, legs and feet lighter green ; the segments much specked with 
faint white on the ridges caused by the creases ; on 3, high up, a black 
dot on either side ; head as before; color light green. To next moult 
2 days. 

After Third Moult—Length .26 to.28 inch ; color dull green, yellow- 
ish along and over basal ridge ; specked with pale white, or yellow white, 
as before ; the black dots as before; head green. To next moult about 
2 days. 

After Fourth Moult—Length .4 inch. Four days later the larva 
reached maturity. 

MATURE LARVA—.7 to.g inch; cylindrical, thickened at 3 and 
4, the dorsum of last segment abruptly curved down to the end ; color 
dark green, the lower side, and also feet and legs, pale green ; each seg- 
ment four times creased transversely and on the flat ridges so caused are 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. PAT 


rows, one to each, of small tubercular flattened points, pale or whitish- 
yellow ; from 2 to 13 a white stripe along base, just over the spiracles, and 
above this the ground is yellowish for a little way ; a medio-dorsal yellow 
line and sometimes a fine line on middle of side ; yellow tuberculated 
points over the legs, in arcs of from 3 to 6 ; on foremost ridge of 3rd seg- 
ment, high on the side, a dead black tubercle, a little raised and rounded, 
in yellow ring; spiracles in brown ovals; surface covered with a fine 
short down ; head obovoid, green, smooth, sparsely pilose ; the ocelli 
brown. 

Occasionally the larve in later stages are differently colored. One 
had the dorsum dark green, edged on either side by a gray line, and suc- 
cessively by a band of yellow, a gray line, and a black band ; the 3rd 
segment was wholly, and 5th partly black. Two others of same brood 
were green, with a black band along base of body, and black patches on 
3 and 11. 

CHRYSALIS—Length .5 inch; helmet-shaped ; compressed _later- 
ally, the abdomen somewhat carinated ; mesonotum high, rounded, sloping 
abruptly to top of head case, much compressed and sharply carinated, fol- 
lowed by a deep excavation ; head case not prominent, square or nearly 
so at top, a little excavated, the corners sub-pyramidal and scarcely at all 
produced ; along carina of abdomen a yellow line, which forks and passes 
round mesonotum to top of head case; a slight yellow lateral line on 
abdomen ; color green, either deep, or with a blue or a yellow tint ; the 
abdomen much sprinkled with pale yellow flat points or small spots ; a few 
of these about the head case. Duration of this stage 5 days in July, 7 
days in August. 

I described and figured Bachmanni in both sexes, and also the egg, the 
two later stages of the larva, and the chrysalis, in Butterflies of N. A, 
Vol. 2, Part 1, 1874. At that time I was unable to give the complete 
larval history. In subsequent years I have repeatedly taken the butterfly 
and observed all of the preparatory stages. It is certain that in this region 
this species appears in several successive generations, probably four, that 
the later butterflies hibernate, and the survivors are on the wing early in 
May, and probably in favorable seasons in April. The first generation in 
descent from the hibernating females are on the wing in June ; the second 
generation in July ; the third in August ; and late butterflies emerge from 
chrysalis in September, and these would be of the fourth generation in 
descent from the hibernating females. The period from laying of the egg 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to emergence of the butterfly is from 15 to 17 days. The only food plant 
known to me is the Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis, and the eggs seem to 
be nearly always laid on the tender terminal leaves of the branches. By 
frequent cutting in some trees in my garden I have made them close headed 
and low, and I never look over them at the proper seasons that I do not 
find eggs or larvae of Bachmanni. Usually one egg is laid at the end of 
a branch, in one of the forks, on the leaf stem, but I have seen two 
eggs on same stem, and occasionally an egg laid on the under side and 
middle of a leaf. The young larve on hatching ascend to the extremity 
of one of the leaves and remain there, stripping the sides, leaving the 
midrib untouched, whence it is easy to find them. They eat their way out 
of the egg a little below the tip, but do not eat the egg shell after emerg- 
ing, and the empty shell has often guided me to the whereabouts of the 
young caterpillar. In all stages these 
larvee when at rest arch the anterior 
segments, in the attitude of a Sphinx. 
When ready to transform they spin 
buttons of red silk upon the under side 
of a leaf—chrysalid shells being occa- 
sionally discovered in such positions— 
suspend after the manner of the Nym- 
phalide, and in about eight hours 
pupate. I have noticed no variation in the colors of the larve in any 
brood but the last one of the year. 


Fig. 13. 


As Bachmannzi (fig. 13) has been taken in Ontario, it well be well 
worth while if some lepidopterist there would seek for its eggs or larve 
on Celtis occidentalis, and determine the number of annual generations. 


I subjoin notes from my journals of times of appearance and finding 
of eggs and larve : 


1873. Between 25th April and 15th May, a worn female taken during my 
absence from home ; this was evidently a hibernator. 


1st Brood. 


1873. 11th June, fresh females flying, set one for eggs. 

1880. 13th June, found 8 larvae in younger stages. 

c881. 25th June till 9th July, found eggs and larvae daily ; first butterfly 
emerged roth July. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 


2nd Brood. 


1874. 4th July, caught female while ovipositing ; the larvae from these 


eggs were in chrysalis 17th July. 
1876. oth July, caught female while ovipositing. 
1879. 1oth and rith July, found several eggs and young larvae. 
1873. 11th July, set female for eggs ; found eggs 14th and 23rd July. 
1881. 1st to 8th July, found eggs and young larvee daily. 


3rd _ Brood. 
1872. tst August, saw female ovipositing and found a dozen eggs; 21st 
August, imagos from these eggs. 
1873. roth August, female ovipositing ; up to 25th August continued to 
find eggs ; on 22nd August set female for eggs. 
1881. 23rd to 26th August, found eggs and larve. 


4th Brood. 
1875. 7th September, found a fresh egg, a half grown and a mature larva. 
14th September, larvae in last stages. 


1881. 2nd September, butterflies emerged. 
és 1 tth “ce ce “ 


NEW MOTHS, CHIEFLY FROM ARIZONA. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


HADENA PERPENOA, 0. S. 

g. Eyes naked ; tibiz unarmed; abdomen tufted ; size moderate. 
Apparently allied to Zdirecta and Cinefacta, but darker colored, with a 
certain resemblance to Mamestra Atlantica or Vicina. Concolorous dark 
wood brown ; lines faint. The usual markings. A dash connects the 
claviform with the t. p. line. Stronger costal double marks inaugurate the 
indistinct median lines ; the t. a. oblique and approaching the t. p. line 
near internal margin, where it seems to have a strong tooth running back- 
ward on the margin. Stigmata subequal, concolorous. S. t. line indi- 
cated, twice indented with darker shades. Fringes dark, narrowly cut 
with pale. Hind wings fuscous, paler at base, with mesial line and discal 
shade mark ;- beneath paler, with discal dot and faintly double extra 


230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


mesial line. Thorax concolorous, collar and tegule marked with deep 
brown. xfanse 32 mil. One fresh specimen from Arizona. 


MAMESTRA BISULCA, N. S. 


S 2. Eyes sparsely haired, tibize unarmed. Antenne of the male 
bipectinate. Colors of confusa. Brown, shaded with deep brown and 
white. A deep brown streak from base to t. p. line along submedian 
interspace. Cell dark brown. Orbicular concolorous, small; reniform 
small, more or less white shaded. Median lines near together, feebly 
indicated by white shades. A deep brown shade on terminal space 
interrupting s. t. line opposite the cell ; this dark shading intrudes again 
at internal angle, resolving itself into stripes bordering the veins. Pale 
dots at base of fringe. Hind wings fuscous with pale fringes. Beneath 
fuscous, dark, sub-irrorate, hind wings pale inferiorly. No lines; discal 
dots. Head and thorax brown; tegulae with dark edges. Collar pale 
tipped. xfanse 36 mil. Three specimens; Arizona. This may not 
remain in AZamestra, owing to the pectinated antennae. From Mr. New- 
moegen’s collections. 


MAMESTRA TRIFOLII, var. Oregonica. 


Under this name I register Oregon specimens which appear to belong 
to Zrefolii, but differ by the concolorous fore wings, wanting the dark 
dashes to the subterminal line which has no M-mark, or but a faint one. 
The hind wings have a faintly yellowish tone. The claviform is reduced 
and rounded. ‘The dark reniform entirely contrasts. Otherwise I see no 
differences and we have to do probably with a geographical variety. 
Kansas specimens are somewhat intermediary. Five specimens of the 
variety are before me. 


SCHINIA BUXEA, n. s. 


This species has the front flat, eyes naked, palpi ascending, third 
article distinct, squamation smooth appressed, scales of thorax flattened 
and broader. Pale yellow, deepening exteriorly to the brown contrasting 
fringes. Three fine brown lines angulated superiorly cross the outer half 
of primaries. Hind wings silky, whitish at base, shading to yellowish 
exteriorly with pale fringes. Body whitish yellow. xpanse 29 mil. 
Fflabitat, South-western Texas. 

By its color and contrasting fringes and fine, nearly equidistant, thread- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 


like, dark lines on fore wings easily separated from the other described 
forms. 


ONCOCNEMIS GRACILLINEA, N. S. 


gf. Size extremely small. Eyes naked. ‘Tibiae with a large claw on 
anterior pair, at the inner extremity of the joint, and an outer spinule. 
Aspect, style of marking and color of Czbalzs. Bright gray ; apices pro- 
duced, A fine longitudinal black hair streak below median vein. Indi- 
cations of transverse lines on costa by trembled blackish shades. 
Subterminal line white, irregular, preceded by a black diffuse shade from 
apices, the most noticeable character of the wing, partly broken into 
cuneiform marks toward the middle. A fine, even, continuous, black 
terminal line. Fringes gray, darker tipped. Hind wings whitish, sub- 
pellucid, silky, a fine terminal line and traces of a mesial line. Fringes 
whitish. Head and thorax gray. xpfanse 1g mil. Arizona, Mr. Neu- 
moegen. This neatly marked, diminutive species is the twentieth 
described Ozxcocnemts from North America (see this volume, p. 34). The 
ground color of the fore wings is almost white, with fine black streakings ; 
and the subterminal shade very prominent, as in Czas. The scales on 
the body are partly flattened and wide. The front is full. The species 
may be catalogued next to Cialis, in my arrangement, among the gray 
forms. 

The genus is numerous in species in our territory. We have a repre 
sentative of the European Confusa, in Behrensii, from California. The 
nearest species to this are Levis, Glennyi and Homogena from Colorado, 
and Augustus from Texas. The only Eastern form is gray, like Chandleri 
from Colorado. It is the ARzparia of Mr. Morrison, and has been taken 
on the coast of the Atlantic by Mr. Tepper, and by myself on the shores 
of Lake Erie. Its describer considered it as a variety of Chandlerz; but 
I am more inclined all the time to regard it as a good species, and thus to 
contradict my own original idea of it, based, however, on a single speci- 
men. I have myself now taken two, and have now seen others, and I 
believe the characters I have elsewhere pointed out will always distinguish 
it from Chandlert. The gray species are, then, Chandlert, Riparia, Mayor, 
Aqualis, Cibalis and Gracillinea. Another interesting group of species is 
that to which Saundersiana, from Canada and Illinois, belongs. This 
species is the only one, beside Rifarza, found east of the Mississippi 
River. Its near ally is Occata, from Texas. ‘The yellow-winged species 


Dae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from the West are becoming well known through recent collections. They 
are very interesting and look a little like Anartas. As yet we have three, 
Dayi, Hayest and Mirificalis ; I believe there are no European species 
like them. The Californian Avervima, with black secondaries, is a rather 
small, pretty, but aberrant species, looking something like a Zarache at 
first sight. 

It is interesting to note that Fruva obsoleta, from Illinois and Texas, is 
found in Arizona, from whence, also, Mr. Neumoegen has received a 
specimen of /eterocampa Belfraget. It is then likely that a number of 
species which as yet we only know from Texas, will be found in Arizona. 


FrRuva GEORGICA, Nn. s. 


Front with a clypeal protuberance. A little larger than /asczatella, of 
the same olivaceous buff, dull colored. No lines. Fringes discolorous, 
blackish. The wing becomes stained with ochreous terminally and a dark 
shade extends inwardly opposite the cell from the margin. Hind wings 
fuscous ; fringes pale. Beneath pale fuscous, costa of fore wings pale 


yellowish ; fringes dark. The hind wings and fringes on both wings are 
somewhat silky. 


CaTocaLa ARIZON& Grote, Can. Ent., 163, 1873. 


This species has been collected in numbers by Mr. Doll and Mr. Neu- 
moegen has kindly presented me with an example. It is totally distinct 
from Walshit, with which I have already compared it. There is the faint 
glaucous shade on fore wings described by me. The primaries are more 
brown than in Wadshiz. I have already published my opinion that Mr. 
Strecker has very briefly and unrecognizably described this species under 
the name of Aspasia. Wadshii is not found in Arizona. Both myself and 
Mr. Strecker compare the species with Amazrix. The student is referred 
to the descriptions published of these species. 


PERISPASTA IMMIXTALIS, n. s. 


This species is similarly sized with Caecu/alis, of the same shining 
fuscous, quite pale beneath, but without the pellucid impressions on 
primaries. There can be made out the traces of a pre-apical costal 
curved line enclosing a slightly paler space. The wings are shaped as. in 
its ally. New York, collected by Mr. Angus and given me by Prof 
F ernald. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 


For some time I was inclined to consider this the 2 of Caecu/alis, but 
I make out the frenulum of my type to be single and the specimen there- 
forea male. The species are small and frail in this Pyralid genus and 
may be known by the peculiarly shaped wings. 


BotTis COMMORTALIS, N. S. 


A small form no larger than Vibicalis, very distinctly marked and 
easily recognized. Fore wings brown, crossed by two mesial distinct 
nearly upright lines. Fringes white. Head and thorax dark. Hind 
wings pure white, immaculate. Beneath fore wings dark, hind wings 
white ; legs whitish. Axfanse 11 mil. Havilah, Calif., Mr. Edwards. 

This little species must be easily recognized. It is possible that it 
may be placed more advantageously in an allied genus when the neuration 
can be studied. 


(To be Continued.) 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The Annual Meeting of the Society was held, according to announce- 
ment, in their rooms, Victoria Hall, London, Ont., on Monday evening, 
Sept. 26, 1881. 

A number of those interested in Entomology were present from differ- 
ent parts of the Province, the President, Mr. Wm. Saunders, in the chair. 
The report of the Council was read and adopted, and the Sec.-Treasurer 
submitted his financial report, which was duly adopted. 

Letters of apology for non-attendance were read from Rev. C. J. S. 
Bethune, Jas Fletcher, W. H. Harrington, W. Couper and G. J. Bowles. 

The President then delivered his annual address, on the conclusion 
of which the meeting unanimously tendered Mr. Saunders a vote of 
thanks, with a request that his address be printed in the CANADIAN 
ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The election of officers then took place, when the following gentlemen 
were declared duly elected : 

President— Wm. Saunders, London. 


934 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Vice-President—G. J. Bowles, Montreal. 

Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian—E. Baynes Reed, London. 

Council—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope ; J. A. Moffat, Hamilton ; 
James Fletcher, Ottawa; R. V. Rogers, Kingston ; J. M. Denton, Lon- 
don; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa, and W. Couper, Montreal. 

Editor—Wm. Saunders. 

Editing Committee—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, J. M. Denton, E. Baynes 
Reed. 

Auditors—Chas. Chapman, H. Bock. 

The report of the Montreal Branch was next read. 

Routine business having been transacted, the chairman invited dis- 
cussion on any Entomological matters. 

POTATO BEETLE. 

Prof. J. T. Bell, of Belleville, remarked that he had found the Potato 
Beetle feeding in his neighborhood on the “ Bittersweet,” Solanum 
dulcamara. Mr. Saunders stated that during a recent visit to Colorado, 
although he travelled much over the plains and through the mountain 
canons, he found no traces of this insect in any of its stages. 

Mr. Chas. Arnold, of Paris, said that in his section the Colorado Beetle 
after having devoured the potato vines, attacked the tomato plants. 

Mr. P. C. Dempsey, of Trenton, stated that he had preserved his 
tomato vines from injury by the beetle by the free use of Paris Green on 
his potato plants. 

Mr. J. A. Moffat, of Hamilton, stated that he had observed serious 
injury to be caused to the young plants by the beetle. 

Mr. Saunders reported that Zedza grandis, one of the beneficial insects 
which devour the larve of the Colorado Beetle, had been found by him in 
greater numbers than usual, and that he had taken a number of specimens 
at night when sugaring for moths. Mr. Moffat had also observed it to be 
common near Hamilton on the Golden-rod, So/idago. 

COTTON WORM. 

Mr. Jas. Fletcher had written to ask if any member had made any 
observations during the year on the moth of the Cotton Worm, A/eta 
argillacea, in reference to which an interesting discussion took place at the 
last annual meeting. 

Mr. Moffat reported having captured several specimens, and Mr. Reed 
had observed their frequent occurrence attracted by light in the house at 
night during September. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 


CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 


Mr. Saunders reported that as far as he could ascertain, the extreme 
western limit of this insect did not at present exceed 100 miles west of 
Chicago. Prof. Bell stated that he was of opinion that in the neighbor- 
hood of Belleville the common English Sparrow had proved useful in 
destroying the larvee of this butterfly. 


The chairman, Mr. Saunders, remarked that this was contrary to the 
experience of all those who had made a special study of the habits of this 
sparrow, and enquired whether the Professor had ever examined the crop 
of the bird for evidences of the presence of this larva, to which the Pro- 
fessor replied in the negative. 


A RARE BEETLE. 


Prof. Bell exhibited several specimens of A/aus gorgops, one of which 
he had captured near Belleville ; and showed the peculiar points of differ- 
ence between this insect and our common Eyed Elater, A¢laus occulatus. 


NEW CLOVER INSECT. 


Mr. Wm. Weld, editor of the Farmers Advocate, said that he had 
lately read in several American papers accounts of the ravages of a new 
clover insect, that specimens of clover heads had recently been sent him 
by severai correspondents, infested with an insect which he believed to be 
this new species, and asked whether any of the Entomologists present 
could give him any information as to where it had occurred and the 
amount of damage it was likely to cause in this Province. 


Mr. Arnold thought from what he had heard from those growing clover 
in his vicinity that this insect was injuring the crop there. Mr. Saunders 
said that the insect had not yet come under his observation and that he 
would be very glad to receive specimens from any person who should find 
them in this Province. 


The insect referred to is the Clover Midge, Cectdomyia leguminicola, a 
small fly which in its larval state devours the ripening seeds in the clover 
heads. 


PEA BUGS. 


Mr. Weld also enquired as to the experience of those present as to 
the ravages of this pest during the year. 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mr. Arnold said that the Pea Bug had committed more damage ‘this 
year in his neighborhood than ever before. Some friend had recommended 
him to enclose a piece of camphor in the bags of seed peas with a view 
of destroying the insect ; this he had tried and found useless. Mr. Gott, 
of Arkona, had not found the beetles so plentiful this year as usual. The 
subject was discussed at some length, and the general opinion expressed 
that the most feasible remedy was to cease growing peas for a time in any 
district where the insect had Les seriously destructive, and thus starve 
them out. 


THE MAPLE TREE BORER. 


Prof. Bell remarked that he had found this borer, ‘* Clytus spectosus,” 
not nearly so common as formerly. Mr. Saunders said that he believed 
it to be increasing in the neighborhood of London, and that some of the 
street trees had been seriously injured by it ; he also referred to the depre- 
dations of another maple borer, ‘‘ Aegeria acerni,” a small moth whose 
larva burrows under the bark of the red maple, “ Acer rubrum,” and in 
season was quite common on the trunks of the maple trees on our streets. 
Mr. Reed also reported the maples round his house being much infested 
by this pest, the empty cocoons being found protruding from the trunks 
of the trees in quantities during the summer. 


A discussion then ensued on the probabilities of new insect pests 
being introduced from abroad by the importation of grains, seeds and 
trees, in which several of the members took part. Mr. Weld urged that 
the Society should call the attention of the Government to the necessity 
of taking every possible precaution to prevent the introduction of such 
insects. The President remarked that in his official capacity he had 
through the Provincial Agricultural Association already brought this matter 
before the Government, and that some steps in this direction had been 
taken. 

The meeting then assumed an informal character and the members 
were shown by Messrs. Saunders, Denton and Reed many of the more 
interesting specimens in the Society’s large collections, and also exhibited 
microscepic specithens illustrating the structure of insects ; the valuable 
library of the Society was also examined by the members and added to 
the interest of the gathering. 

After enjoying a very pleasant and profitable evening the meeting 
adjourned. 


Che Canadvan Entomologist. 


VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1881. Nonna 


IS LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS A DOUBLE-BROODED SPECIES? 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


In Butterflies of N. A., Vol. 2, Part 8, 1879, I gave the history of 
Arthemis, and stated that it was single-brooded ; that the first butterflies 
of the season appear in the Catskills about the end of June; that they are 
abundant during July; that the eggs are laid last of July and early in 
August ; that the larve from these eggs pass two moults and then go into 
lethargy in cases of their own construction; that they come from these 
cases in spring and moult twice before chrysalis. I related my own experi- 
ence in breeding, and I particularly say that the existence of the species 
is due to the eggs laid in July and early in August, because eggs laid later 
than this, although by females of the same generation of the butterfites, 
cannot give larvze which shall be able to reach the hibernating stage before 
cold weather sets in. 

Mr. Scudder, in a paper read before the Appalachian Club, at Jackson, 
N. H., July 12th, 1881, and printed in The Mountain Echo, 3oth July, upon 
Arthemis, under the name of Basilarchia Arthemis, gives a very different 
account of the species, and declares it to be two-brooded. ‘‘ Twice a year 


it runs the cycle of its changes . . . . As a general rule its first 
appearance here (in W. Mts.) is between the 16th and 2oth of June, and 
its second late in August. . . . . About the middle of August the 


caterpillars now feeding will be rapidly changing to chrysalis, and in 10 or 
12 days afterwards the butterfly will again be on the wing and the cycle 
recommences.” 

Mr. Scudder goes on to say: ‘“ The history I have now given does not 
agree with Edwards’ account of the insect. He would make it out single- 
brooded, having never seen or heard apparently of the September butterfites” ; 
adding these words in explanation of my error: ‘and so it probably 4s 
(i. e., single-brooded) in the southern part of its range, for all the butter- 
flies taken south of this region of their abundance have been of the first 
brood ; that they have not flown thither from these northern parts is proved 


i) 
oh) 
OO 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


by their usually greater size.” It is admitted then that the species is 
probably single-brooded in the southern part of its range, 1. e., in the 
Catskills. It strikes me as very singular that Avthemis should be single- 
brooded to the southward, but double to the northward—and not so very 
far north, either, the Catskills being from 1° to 2° only south of the White 
Mts.,—exactly the reverse of what happens with every other species of 
butterfly. 

On reading the paper spoken of, I wrote the author thus: “Do you 
know of any one who has raised a caterpillar of Avthemis from egg to 
chrysalis and imago the same season? Did you ever do it yourself?” To 
this the reply came: “I have bred Arthemis only from the wintering 
caterpillars, and I know of no one who has bred them from the egg in 
N. Hampshire, du¢ you cannot get away from a fresh September brood, 
which I have on the authority of three or four persons, indeed myself.” 

Let us look into this matter of “a fresh September brood.” I will 
first relate briefly the experience of Mr. Mead and myself with Avthemzs 
and its co-form Proserpima, and so far as I know, we, with Mr. C. H. 
Roberts, formerly of Factory Point, Vt., are the only persons who are 
recorded to have bred Arthemis from the egg. In Can. ENT., vil, p. 162, 
Mr. Mead states, that in July, 1875, he had 15 females of Arthemis and 
one female of Proserfina confined in boxes with growing branches of 
willow, at Hunter, N. Y., in the Catskills. That the Avthemis laid about 
500 eggs and the Proserpina 35. I myself came to Hunter just at this 
time, arriving 25th July, and Mr. Mead gave me many larve from these 
eggs, and I brought them to Coalburgh while they were in their 2nd and 
3rd stages, 1 e., after rst and 2nd moults, reaching home 17th August. 
These larve all went into cases, the last one on 20th August, not one 
going on to chrysalis. On 25th Aug., I received from Mr. Mead, who 
was still at Hunter, more larve in first stage, 1. e., just out of egg, and 
these were making their cases gth Sept., or three weeks later than the first 
lot. That represents the difference, or part of it, between the time of the 
emerging from chrysalis of the earlier and later butterflies of the same 
generation. There is a similar difference in the emerging of all species 
of butterflies, as every lepidopterist knows. All of these larvee, though 
from eggs laid by different females, and during three weeks, behaved in 
the same way, all going into lethargy, and none to chrysalis. Mr. Mead 
had taken part of the brood to New York City and some to Ithaca, N. Y., 
and none went to chrysalis. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 


The next year, 1876, I was at Hunter from 19th Aug. to about roth 
Oct. During the early part of this period a few Arthemis were on the 
wing, but they were exceedingly rare, though in July the species abounds. 
Mr. Mead has stated that in July, 1875, he did take 200 examples and 
might have taken 1,000. But this great flight was over when I reached 
the mountains, and only here and there was a single individual to be seen. 
I was out every day searching for them in order to obtain eggs. All our 
larvee of 1875, excepting a small number, had died during the winter, and 
of these, three or four only reached chrysalis and imago in the spring of 
1876, giving the form Arthemis. I was therefore anxious to repeat the 
experiment, with the hope of determining the relation of Pvoserpina, 
and I travelled far and wide to get females of one or both forms. 
With this result: on 21st Aug. I took 3 Arthemis § ; on 22nd, 1 
Arthemis 2, 1 Proserpina 8; on 24th, 2 Arthemis §,1 Proserpina 2; on 
26th, 1 Arthemis 2; 1st Sept., 1 Avthemis 2. In all g butterflies, 7 9, 2 
&. On 28th, I had ridden several miles among the hills, and found many 
Arg. At/antis and other species, but I saw, but failed to take, only one 
Arthemis,a , that day. Seven of the nine spoken of were taken in 
Stoney Clove, .the coldest spot in these mountains, and the very one at 
which cool weather during early summer would retard the emerging of the 
butterflies. 

It is plain that there is no ‘‘September brood” of Arthemzs in the 
Catskills. 

Of these females, all of which were shut up for eggs, one only laid, 
viz., Proserpina of 22nd Aug. I had kept her alive on sugar and apple, 
and the weather was so cold that during some days and most of the nights, 
I had to bring her into the house; but rst Sept., she laid rr eggs and 
died. The other females had meantime died, and on dissection were 
always found to contain a few nearly matured eggs, perhaps the remains 
of a large original stock. Though observations on other species of butter- 
flies have led me to suspect that the latest females of a generation may 
develop but a very few eggs, and that these in the absence of males may 
generally prove sterile. 

The larve from my Proserpina eggs hatched from roth to 12th Sept., 
or in from 9 to 11 days. They began to reach rst moult 18th Sept., and 
were all past 2nd moult 24th Sept. By 3oth Sept., all were in their cases. 
As I stated in But. N. A., I should not have raised one of these larva to 
case had I not protected them in a warm room, and carefully preserved 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


food for them. ‘The weather was cold, nights frosty and the leaves of their 
food plant (Aspen) were fallen to the ground before the cases were 
reached. I was confident at the time that the larvee would have perished 
out of doors, and that the existence of the species wholly depended on 
the larvee from eggs laid by the earlier emerging females. And I believe 
now that the late emerging females are either sterile, or if eggs are laid 
later than 20th August, the larvee perish prematurely. In nine years out 
of ten, the equinoctial storms come on between 15th and 2oth Sept., and 
what the weather is thereafter, all dwellers in the mountains well know. I 
have seen a foot of snow here in Virginia on 26th Sept. 

Now in N. Hampshire, in the White Mts., I have never supposed the 
climate was milder than in the Catskills. | Mr. Scudder makes his second 
brood of butterflies emerge from chrysalis about 1st Sept. How much 
time is to be allowed for the eggs to mature, and to be impregnated and 
laid, is not stated. . My own opinion is that this would require not less 
than 20 days, even in mid-summer. I know it takes all of that in case of 
the allied species, DisiZpus. But we will say ro days, lest winter be upon 
us. This brings us to about roth September, when the eggs are laid. Ten 
days more before hatching, and we reach z2oth, just in time to enjoy the 
equinoctial storms. ‘Then if haply any larva survive, three weeks, at the 
very least, must be allowed for growth to the hibernating stage, and we are 
in October, clear, cold, windy, and very likely a good covering of snow 
upon the ground! And yet Mr. Scudder says the existence of this species 
is due to these September caterpillars—poor little belated, benumbed, 
frozen and perishing creatures ! 

If Arthemis is really double-brooded in the White Mts., with a flight 
in September, then of course it must be so in some part of Canada. We 
surely cannot be asked to believe that it could be double only in one 
locality out of its vast range. Therefore I have written several of the 
lepidopterists of Quebec and Ontario on this matter, and I give their 
replies. 

1. Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, whom I requested to present the 
case to the members of the Natural History Society, and collect their 
testimony. ‘I was obliged to delay my answer till after the October 
meeting of our Society. I have never seen any specimens of Arthemis 
in the neighborhood of Montreal in Aug. or Sept., nor have any of our 


Montreal entomologists.” 
2. Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, of Cowansville, P. Q., writes: “ Arthemis 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 241 


is so abundant here that I have paid less attention to it than its beauty 
deserves. It disappears in August, but at what time of the month I can- 
not say.” 

3. Mr. J, Alston Moffatt, of Hamilton, Ont., writes: ‘Here are the 
dates of my captures of Arvthemis for a series of years: 1873, 3rd July ; 
1874, June 29 ; 1875, June 29 ; 1876, July 7; 1877, June 23 ; 1878, June 
27; 1881, July 1. They seem to fly 3 or 4 weeks, then gradually dis- 
appear. I have seen an odd one the middle of August, which I thought 
very late. I never saw, or heard of their being seen, in Sept., in this 
locality. Probably they are out a few days earlier than my first captures, 
but the last week in June and the first in July is when we expect them, 
according as the season has been late or early. I never saw or heard 
anything to cause the slightest suspicion of their being double-brooded.” 

4. Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, Ont., writes: ‘“ With regard to 
Arthemis, it occurs with us late in June and during July, and I think early 
in August. I am satisfied that I have never seen one on the wing here 
as late as Sept., and do not think I have ever taken one after the first 
week in August.” 

I hardly think it necessary to call more witnesses from Canada. 

Nor is the testimony from the Adirondacks, of New York, favorable 
to the existence of a second brood of Arthemis. Mr. W. W. Hill, of 
Albany, who has collected for many seasons in these mountains, which 
correspond in latitude to the W. Mts., says that while the species 1s exces- 
sively abundant in July, he has not met with it in September. In New 
Hampshire, Mr. C. P. Whitney, at Milford, writes: ‘“‘ Avthemis is rare in 
this vicinity. All told, I have not seen 25 examples, and none that I now 
recollect later than July.” 

I do not say that it is not possible for here and there a larva of 
Arthemis from eggs laid in July to go on to chrysalis and buttertly the 
same season. ‘There is no evidence from breeding that they ever do so ; 
on the contrary, all the evidence so far is the other way. I have bred 
many L. Disifpus, and through many years. ‘This is a three-brooded 
species here, and the caterpillars of the last brood make cases at either 
2nd or 3rd moult, about two-thirds of them at 2nd. I have never known 
a caterpillar of any earlier brood stop at any stage and go into its Case. 
But I have reason to know that L. Ursuda behaves quite differently. I 
have myself never been able to get eggs of this species. It is common in 
our forest roads in June, but not common near my residence. After June 


242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


there are but few examples anywhere to be seen, but so late as August and 
September, I have occasionally takena 2, nevera f. In some years 
two or three, in others none. I have always confined these females for 
eggs, but have failed to get any. On dissection a few nearly matured eggs 
would be found imbedded in fat, and I had some time ago concluded that 
these eggs probably were not impregnated, as I had seen no late males. 

But this last September, Ireceived from Mr. Lewis Ullrich, of Tiffin, 
Ohio, several hibernating cases of Ursu/a anda chrysalis. Mr. Ullrich 
wrote me that on 26th Aug., he obtained from a female tied in a bag over 
a branch of apple tree 13 eggs, from which he got rr larvee. Of these, 6 
went into cases when half grown, 1 died when 34 grown, and 4 went to 
chrysalis. Two of the chrysalids produced females, and these Mr. 
Ullrich sent me. I dissected one of them, and could discover no signs 
of eggs. Certainly there were no eggs formed. The other female I sent 
to Mr. C. S. Minot, who has not reported on its condition. 

This then accounts for the late examples of Uyvsuda seen on the wing. 
Part of a brood may go into winter cases, while some go on to chrysalis 
and imago. But the existence of the species does not depend on these 
late, or September butterflies. Far from it! Dzszfpus does not behave 
like Ursula in this respect, as observations show, and there is no evidence 
that Avthemis does. And yet, if any Avthemis, in any locality, are to be 
found flying in September, their presence may be accounted for by 
supposing that here and there a larva has passed the hibernating stage 
and gone on to butterfly, without there being a “second brood.” 


NEW SPECIES OF TINEID~. 
BY MARY E. MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, ST. LOUIS, MO. 


GELECHIA CHAMBERSELLA.—In some notes on the larve of certain 
Tineids, published in Vol. vi., No. 12 of the CANADIAN EnTomo tocistT, I 
referred to an interesting species found on Ambrosia artemesiefolia, which 
I proposed soon to describe under the above name. The description 
was indefinitely delayed by a vexatious accident by which I lost all my 
perfect specimens. For several succeeding years I searched in vain for 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243 


the larvee, and as the moth is not attracted by lamp-light, I began to 
despair of ever replacing the lost specimens. During the past summer, 
however, I was successful in taking several of the larvae, from which I 
obtained three imagines, and am thereby enabled to prepare the history 
of the insect for publication 

(My acknowledgments are here due to Mr. V. T. Chambers for the 
generic determination of this and the following species, and for much 
other assistance in my studies of this group of Micros. I am also 
indebted to Prof. O. S. Westcott, of Chicago, for valuable suggestions as 
to the selection and etymology of the names ) 

Imago: Alar expanse 0.35 inch, length 0.20 inch. General color of 
head and body cream-white, shading to buff on abdomen. Head varie- 
gated with fuscous scales ; vertex roughened but scarcely tufted ; palpi 
slightly exceeding the vertex, second joint brush-like, terminal joint 
smooth and slender ; antennae rather short, dingy white, obscurely annu- 
lated with fuscous. 

Ground color of primaries dingy white, thickly overlaid with fuscous 
scales arranged in eight or nine obscure vittae, most pronounced on apical 
third, with a more or less distinct fuivous spot on the outer edge of disk ; 
outer margin dark; ciliae checkered white and fuscous. Secondaries 
silky, pale cinereous. Legs cream white, tibiae of hinder pair clothed 
with long, somewhat iridescent hairs ; tarsi with fuscous annulations. 

The larva inhabits a fusiform case formed by webbing together the 
slender divisions, of the leaf, from which it eats the parenchyma of the 
upper surface, the latter being folded inside. Its average length is 0.35 
inch ; slender, cylindrical, sub-moniliform. Head small, polished, dark 
brown. The arrangement of colors on the body is striking and character- 
istic. First segment narrow, dark brown with small, transversely oblong, 
yellowish shield. Second and third and sixth and seventh segments 
velvety black or very dark brown, with conspicuous milk-white fold on 
posterior edge. Fourth and fifth segments uniform velvety black. 
Remaining segments similar with the addition of an oblique lateral white 
band on each anterior edge. Hairs fine, short and black. The larva 
makes several cases in the course of growth and changes to pupa within 
the last, enclosed in slight cocoon. ‘The imago appears in July and early 
in September. ; 

GELECHIA FORMOSELLA.—This species bears considerable resemblance 
to G. maculimarginella Cham., but is nearly one-half larger, the alar 


244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


expanse being from 0.70 to 0.75 inch. The colors are also much deeper, 
more contrasted and somewhat differently disposed. 

Face golden buff, vertex dark silvery, second joint of palpi pale ochre- 
ous dusted with brown, terminal joint very acute dark brown, antennae 
pale purple-brown. | 

Thorax and primaries dark slate gray with purplish reflections and 
variegated with small irregular ochreous and dark purple dots. There is 
a conspicuous purple spot on the costa at the outer edge of the basal 
third, and obliquely forward and below this a large irregular purple discal 
spot with minute ochreous dots on its inner margin. The outer one-third 
is entirely dark brown with purplish reflections brightened by a distinct 
costal streak of cream white and a similar opposite dorsal streak. Ciliae 
pale brown. Secondaries cinereous, shading to pale brown on costal 
edge. Abdomen same color. Legs pale ochreous variegated with brown. 

The larva feeds on the Laurel Oak in May, rolling the leaves. It is 
of a pearl gray color ornamented with eight fine longitudinal purple or 
dull red lines. Head polished black. First segment narrow and con- 
stricted, corneous, black ; second segment velvety chocolate brown edged 
anteriorly and posteriorly with white, third segment also edged anteriorly 
with white. Venter and prolegs translucent greenish white. Thoracic 
legs black. Pupa enclosed in slight cocoon within folded leaf. Imago 
appears about the middle of June. Rather rare. 

GELECHIA CINERELLA.—The general color of this species is ochreous 
cinereous in all its parts. | Head and thorax paler than the wings, inclin- 
ing to cream color. Palpi simple, not exceeding the vertex. Primaries 
variegated with a few longitudinal fuscous streaks and a marginal row of 
minute black dots at the base of the ciliae. Alar expanse 0.45 to 0.50 
inch. Length 0.20 inch. 

The larva may be found during June and July mining and crumpling 
the edges of the leaves of the Horse Nettle ( Solanum '‘carolinense), causing 
them to turn brown as though seared by fire. Inside the puffy mine the 
larva forms and inhabits a tough silken gallery to which the frass is 
attached externally and upon which the edge of the leaf is gathered. The 
larva is cylindrical, rather thick and about one-third of an inch in length 
at maturity. It is of a translucent green color, the thoracic segments 
acquiring a blue tint after the last moult. _Piliferous spots glassy, giving 
rise to short light hairs. Head and shield bright brown. When ready to 
transform it deserts its mine and forms a tough, oval cocoon on the sur- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245 


face of the earth. Imago appears in from twelve to fifteen days, and 
there are at least two successive broods. 


GELECHIA BENEFICENTELLA.—Ground color of head, body and pri- 
maries pale buff or cream with ochreous shadings and a sparse dusting of 
blackish scales. Palpi exceeding the vertex, second joint thickened but 
smooth, terminal joint with two broad dusky bands. Primaries ornamented 
with numerous, rather indefinite maculae, of a blackish or dark steel gray 
color, producing on the light ground a somewhat checkered appearance. 
The dark color predominates toward the apex of the wing, and the outer 
border and ciliae are of the same dark shade. Secondaries broad, silky, 
cinereous with slight iridescence, ciliae a shade or two paler. 

Legs cream color, dusted with blackish scales, tibige of hinder pair 
densely tufted. Alar expanse from 0.70 to 0,75 inch. 

The first brood of larvae may be found early in May folding the 
terminal leaves of Solanum carolinense into round, hollow balls, each of 
which forms the habitation of a single larva which feeds on the incipient 
flower buds and the infolded edges of the tender leaves. Length of larva 
from 0.50 to 0.60 inch, fusiform, greatest diameter 0.10. Color dull yel- 
lowish-green with dark-glaucous vesicular stripe. Head _ horizontal, 
cordate, about one-half the width of middle segments, black when young, 
later assuming an olive brown hue. Cervical shield corneous, rectangular, 
covering about two-thirds of the first segment, of an olive brown color. 
Piliferous plates minute, pale brown, each giving rise to a short light hair. 

Pupa elongate, dark brown, without marked characteristics, suspended 
in the midst of a mass of fine, webby matter with which the mature larva 
fills its leafy domicile, an opening being also prepared through which the 
future moth can make its exit. Imago issues within two weeks. A 
second brood of larvze soon follows. 

The specific name for this insect was selected with reference to its 
services in the larva state, in preventing, to a considerable extent, the 
blossoming and fruiting of one of our most pernicious weeds. 


LITHOCOLLETIS GREGARIELLA —Ground color rich purple-brown with 
golden reflections. Two conspicuous golden-white fascia cross the basal 
and discal portions of the primaries. The apical one-third is ornamented 
with two white costal streaks and one dorsal streak opposite the inner 
costal one. Ciliz dingy white. Secondaries very narrow, steel gray. 
Head purplish, iridescent, antennae dark purple conspicuously tipped with 


246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


white. Expanse 0.15 to 0.18 inch. This species is closely allied to Z. 
desmodiella Clem., but Mr. Chambers notes the points of difference as 
follows: “There is a shade of difference in the ground color, face not 
white as in desmodiella, though with a silvery or opalescent lustre ; the 
dark margins of the fasciae and streaks are less distinct ; it has no distinct 
dorsal mark opposite the costal one before the ciliae, and the apical part 
of the wing is not darker than the remainder ; it is also a little larger than 
desmodiella.” 

The larva belongs to the cylindrical group, is of a whitish green color, 
and attains a length of about 0.14 inch. It mines the leaves of the Wild 
Bean (Phaseolus paucifiorus). Its chief peculiarity is found in its gre- 
garious habit, from five to fifteen imagines sometimes emerging from the 
large tentiform mine. The parent moth places her eggs here and there 
upon the under surface of the leaf, upon which the work of the young 
miners is soon apparent in the form of numerous minute blisters, which 
as they are enlarged, become confluent, and the congregated larvae soon 
devour every particle of the green tissue of the leaf, which puffs out into 
a cylinder. When mature the larvae construct in common a loose ham- 
mock-like web, within which they change to slender honey-yellow pupae. 
The imagines of the midsummer brood appear in twelve or fourteen days 
from the change to pupae. The second brood hibernates in the pupa state. 


MR. SCUDDER’S “BUTTERFLIES.” 
BY S. H. PEABODY, CHAMPAIGN, ILL. 


This long promised and lately issued book wants little that the skill of 
artizan or the genius of artist can furnish, The Entomological brother- 
hood—those lovers of the net and flask, who, gentler than the historic 
angler, impale not even a worm until it has become insensible to pain— 
they and the general public will find some store of delightful reading 
within its pages. Whether, as has been more than hinted, there are 
notable omissions of valuable matter observed and reported, and bearing 
with force upon topics treated therein, or not, there is enough of what Mr. 
Scudder has himself seen, to make the volume a valuable addition to the 
literature of Psyche. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 


The fact that so many intelligent Entomologists have found themselves 
impelled to put on record their dissent from statements and theories found 
in this book, may, perhaps, be construed as a recognition of the high place 
which Mr. Scudder has held and still occupies as a scientific writer. The 
greater the authority borne by his words, the more earnest must be the 
protest of those who believe that in certain respects his utterances are 
misleading and mischievous. Reviewers in the New York Tribune, in the 
Nation, and elsewhere, have found in this work many points which invite 
trenchant criticism, in directions where the writer of this article does not 
care to follow. There remains, however, a topic upon which something 
should be said. We believe we shall be sustained by many of the fore- 
most lepidopterists, when we express the opinion that this work is 
grieviously marred by a nomenclature that is singularly unscientific and 
confusing. If it shall appear that in the reproduction of this nomen- 
clature, Mr. Scudder has acted not inadvertently, but in the face of positive 
and conclusive facts, which have demolished the foundation and razed the 
superstructure formerly constructed by him, then the terms by which we 
have characterized this nomenclature are not as explicit and as severe as 
they might well be made. 

After Mr. Scudder had proposed his wholesale deformation of the 
nomenclature of American Butterflies, as published in his “Systematic 
Revision,” in the Fourth Annual Report of the Peabody Academy of 
Sciences, we took occasion to review that Revision in the pages of the 
Entomologist. In that paper we attempted to show that the differences 
upon which, as criteria, Mr. Scudder had formed his new genera, even if, 
for argument’s sake, these differences were admitted to be real, were not 
such as authorized the construction of new genera. As an example, 
applying the test of accurate and just comparison which every scientific 
discussion demands, we presented a tabulated statement of the characters 
of several of the proposed genera, collated from the printed diagnoses of 
these genera, and showing in parallel columns all the distinctions given. 
By this means we sought to show, as it seemed evident to ourselves, that 
the differences on which these genera were founded were both in fact and 
in statement evanescent and delusive, and not such as science could or 
should recognize as generic in their significance. | We had prepared like 
synoptic tables of others of the proposed genera, and had found the 
innovations equally open to adverse criticism, but the specimen given 
seemed sufficient evidence of the quality of the whole. In the west, at 


ae 


248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


least, grain is bought and sold by sample. Let it not be understood that 
we refer to this paper, its arguments, or its conclusions, as in any respect 
binding upon the opinions or expressions of Mr. Scudder. Upon the 
question of the value of the criteria referred to, there was room for great 
difference of opinion, and perhaps the points made might have been con- 
clusively answered, even though no answer has been offered in the five 
years that have since glided into the past. 

But the insuperable objection was yet to come, one which appears to 
be conclusively and finally fatal to the farther recognition of Mr. Scudder’s 
new genera. 

This objection was that the criteria on which the new genera had been 

constructed, the differences described in the ratios of tibiz, the venation 
of wings, etc., when tested by careful measurement did not exist, as the 
constant and distinguishing differences between the genera which they had 
been said to designate. . These measurements were made with great care 
and in large numbers by Mr. Theodore L. Mead, and were described by 
him in the columns of this magazine (Can. Ent. vii, 232-238). They 
showed that on the points specified the range of variation in well identified 
and indubitable specimens of the same species, was greater than, and 
included all, the variation that had been given as differentiating the 
genera. The question was no longer one of argument or of opinion, but 
of fact. Wehad argued that the differences, if existing, are not generic ; 
Mr. Mead demonstrated that they did not exist, as constant in genera, but 
as found in individuals, or in species of the same genus. Facts, however 
stupid and senseless they may seem to him whose theories they oppose, 
are yet stubborn. No man who claims to recognize scientific truth can 
gainsay or deny them. 
’ We claim, then, that Mr, Scudder’s persistent use of his nomenclature 
in the face of these demonstrations is unscientific. Removed from a 
scientific basis, the system which subdivides genera without stint, which 
transfers specific names from genus to genus, which disturbs and inverts 
the familiar sequences of tribes, genera and species, becomes utterly and 
inextricably confusing. We are thankful that the well known, and well 
worn, cuts from Harris are again in service to show us bewildered mortals 
what familiar forms are signified by the unrecognized cognomens. We 
are also grateful for a catalogue in the appendix, where, as in a court 
calendar, we may learn what was the maiden name of the lady who has 
acquired a new title by wedlock or otherwise. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249 


Meanwhile we must express our sympathy for the “ Awctores” who are 
so constantly quoted to be as constantly corrected. Poor fellows ! They 
did know Lepidoptera so shockingly. 

But Mr. Scudder does not seem to be content even with his own 
handiwork. Although he has cut a slice from a genus at this end, and a 
piece from that end, and a fragment out of the middle, and has given new 
names to pieces and relics alike, and in spite of swapping specific names, 
until they pass from hand to hand like soiled postal currency, he has yet 
amission. He is seized with a certain Adamic afflatus, and begins the 
work afresh. Seated in his Eden he orders the Psyche phalanx to defile 
before him, and to each insect as it comes to a salute he presents a new 
name. Some are fairly suggestive ; some on the principle of Lucus a non 
lucendo ; some entirely fanciful; some singularly inapt ; all unnecessary, 
and furnishing a still further element of confusion. Upon an erroneous 
assumption that Danais Archippus lives as an imago for a year and a half, 
it is dubbed the Monarch—certainly a ruler without a subject. If, as 
Mr. Edwards suggests, its longevity were proven, the insect might be called 
Patriarch ; because of its wide and wandering range, we suggest that it 
were better with the name of Pilgrim, or possibly of Tramp. As the 
Monarch governs nobody, and Limenitis Disippus resembles him, no 
matter how, he must be Viceroy. Because the latter is tawny, and con- 
geners are black, they are grouped as Purples. Papilio Philenor, which 
Say described—and Say had an eye for color—as black with green reflec- 
tions, is called the Blue Swallow-tail. The genus once called Argynnis is 
broken up into several, but all receive the name Fritillaries. Diana 
remains Diana. Idalia becomes the Regal Fritillary ; Cybele the Great 
Spangled Fritillary; Aphrodite the Silver-spot Fritillary ; Atlantis the 
Mountain Silver-spot (not Fritillary) ; and Myrina is the Silver-bordered 
Fritillary. And so on to the end of the flitting, fluttering train. 

Now, in’ the name of science, we seriously and earnestly protest 
against all this. Nearly every branch of natural history is cursed with a 
series of trivial or common names, which having no definiteness nor 
certainty of application, stand in the way of those which are accurate and 
significant. Birds, fishes, reptiles, plants have different names in localities 
not farther removed than adjacent counties, and one is always uncertain 
as to the species which is indicated. The scheme of Linnean nomen- 
clature was devised to remedy this evil. English Entomologists have 
suffered their science to bear the burden of a double system of names, 


250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and it has been an occasion of devout thankfulness that no attempt has 
been made until lately to import the “ common” ones within our borders. 
Their introduction, if successful, will be found a blunder surpassed in 
atrocity only by the introduction of the English Sparrow. 

With grim sarcasm, the Tribune says: “ A sufficient reason why these 
terms [the proposed ‘common’ names] should be fixed and permanently 
adopted is found in the fact that the scientific nomenclatnre is so variable, 
fluctuating constantly as one system of classification supersedes another. 
The practice of Mr. Scudder illustrates this confusion. Five new genera 
now take the place of Papilio, while that name has been transferred to a 
subdivision of what has been called the genus Vanessa. Specific names 
are shifted with the same freedom. Under the circumstances common 
names will be found of great value in indicating what particular butterfly 
is meant, just as scientific names are used in Botany to identify any plant 
which is spoken of under one or another of its more popular names,” 

As if, after dear little Buttercup had ‘‘ mixed those children up,” she 
had proceeded to solve the problem of their misplaced identities by giving 
them a new set of names. Or, since Mr. Scudder has introduced into the 
nomenclature of our butterflies a confusion as complete as it is ingenious, 
he now deserves great credit for leading us out of this maze of his 
creation by way of a series of new names, freshly devised for the occasion. 


BOOK NOTICES. 
Papilio: 

This valuable monthly serial, devoted entirely to Lepidoptera, has 
now reached its ninth number, with an average of about 20 pages 
per number. It is the organ of the New York Entomological Club, is 
well got up as to printing and paper, and is edited by the Secretary of the 
Club, Mr. Henry Edwards. A large portion of its space is devoted to 
descriptive Entomology, with occasional papers relating to the life history 
of species. In the September number, among other interesting papers, 
we find one by W. H. Edwards on the alleged abnormal peculiarities of 
Argynnis myrina, which was read before the Subsection of Entomology at 
the recent meeting of the American Association at Cincinnati. In this 
paper the author shows from records of careful observation that many of 
the remarkable statements made by Mr. Scudder on the abnormal peculi- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. O51 


arities of this insect are incorrect. In the October number is a full 
description of the preparatory stages of Zhecla Henrici by the same 
author ; notes on an Aquatic Noctuid Larva, by J. H. Comstock, and 
descriptive papers by A. R. Grote, B. Neumoegen and Henry Edwards. 


Bulletin No. 6, from the Department of the Interior, U. S. Entomological 
Commission, being a General Index and Supplement to the Nine Reports 
of the Insects of Missouri. By C. V. Riley; 8v0., pp. 177: 


This useful pamphlet will add much to the value of the Missouri Reports, — 
containing as it does a very complete index to all the matters contained 
therein. Following the introduction we have tables of the contents of the 
nine reports, then a list of errata, followed by a few pages of notes and 
additions ; then follow descriptions of new species, descriptions of ado- 
lescent states, lists of illustrations, a copious general index and an index 
to plants and food plants. 


On the Genera of Carabidae, with Special Reference to the Fauna of Boreal 
America. By Georze H. Horn, M. D. From the Transactions of the 
Amer. Ent. Society, October, 1881, 105 pp., with eight plates : 


In this paper the author dwells at some length on the value of the 
modifications of various organs of the body in the Carabide, for the pur- 
poses of classification, following with a complete classificatton of the tribes 
in this order, the points of difference being illustrated by examples in the 
excellent plates which accompany the text. Throughout this work there 
are many tables wherein the main points of difference are grouped in such 
a manner as to enable the student to readily recognise the many genera 
into which our numerous species are divided. This addition to our Ento- 
mological literature will prove a great help to Coleopterists, and only those 
who know the extent of this subject will be able to estimate the amount 
of labor and careful study required to produce such a work as that we 
have before us. 


The Honey Ants and the Occident Ants. By Henry C. McCook, D. D.; 
8v0., pp. 188, illustrated with thirteen plates, 1882 : 


This work, in the words of the author, is “‘a monograph of the archi- 
tecture and habits of the honey-bearing ant, AZyrmecocystus melliger, with 


252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


notes upon the anatomy and physiology of the alimentary canal; together 
with a natural history of the occident harvesting ants or stone-mound 
builders of the American plains.” It is written in a charming and popular 
style, and the details of the curious habits of these interesting creatures are 
given in such a manner as to show that the author has studied them closely 
and is quite familiar with every aspect of the subject treated of, while the 
beautiful illustrations are a material aid towards the ready comprehension 
of the whole matter. This work is well worthy of a place in the library 
of every student of nature. 


A Manuat or Injurious Insects, wth Methods of Prevention and 
Remedy for their Attacks to Food Crops, Forest Trees and Fruit, and 
with a short Introduction to Entomology. By Eleanor A. Ormerod, 
F. M. S., London, England, 1881 : 


It is with very great pleasure that we draw attention to Miss Ormerod’s 
excellent work on Injurious Insects—the full title of which we have given 
above. It is the first effort that has been made in England to bring within 
the reach and comprehension of ordinary farmers and gardeners a com- 
plete account of the insect enemies that they have to deal with. The 
work begins with an introduction to Entomology, in which the reader is 
furnished with an account of the general life-history of insects during the 
various stages of their existence, beginning with the egg and going on 
through the larva and pupa to the imago. This is followed by a sketch 
of the classification of insects, based upon Prof. Westwood’s division into 
thirteen orders, each of which is represented by wood-cuts of common 
species in order that it may be easily recognised by the reader. The 
book is divided into three parts, viz., Food Crops, Forest Trees and Fruit, 
with the insects that injure them respectively. In each part the various 
crops, trees, &c., are treated of as regards their insect enemies, in alpha- 
betical order ; for instance, the “ Food Crops” begin with the Asparagus, 
Bean, etc., and end with Turnips, thus making it very easy to obtain 
information about any insect that happens to be prevalent. Every insect 
treated of in the book is made easily recognisable to the non-scientific 
reader by means of admirable wood-cuts, partly the work of the talented 
authoress herself, and partly reproductions of the beautiful illustrations in 
Curtis’ Farm Insects. Each cut shows the insect in the various stages of 
its existence, while the letter-press gives an account of its life history. As 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 253 


an example of Miss Ormerod’s work we give two illustrations, selected 
almost at random : 
P. 1—Asparagus Beetle, Créoceris asparagi Linn. (fig. 14). 


Fig. 14. 


Asparagus Beetle, larva and egg ; all magnified. Natural length of egg 
and beetle shown by lines. 


P. 123—Onion Fly, Anthomyia ceparum Bouché (fig. 15). 


Fig. 15 
Onion Fly, pupa and larva, all magnified. Onion-bulb showing pupa 
remaining in stored onion. 


We cannot but congratulate Miss Ormerod upon the skillful manner in 
which she has accomplished her task, and we trust that her work will be 
fully appreciated by the farmers and gardeners of Great Britain, for whose 
special benefit it has been produced. The whole book is written in clear, 
simple language, free from all scientific terms and technicalities so far as 
they can be omitted, while the modes of prevention are such as have been 


254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


practically tested by competent persons, and cannot fail to be beneficial if 
intelligently followed. We hope to see many editions of the work called 
for, and to learn that the authoress has been amply rewarded for her labor 
of love.—[C. J. S. B. 


Reporis of the U. S..Commissioner of Agriculture for 2878 and 1879 : 


We have lately received copies of both of these valuable reports from 
the Department of Agriculture at Washington. There are in them, in 
addition to all the other useful papers on subjects relating to agriculture in 
the reports of the Entomologist of the Dept., much that is of great inter- 
est to Entomologists. In the report for 1878 we have, from the pen of 
C. V. Riley, Contributions on the Insects Injurious to the Cotton Plant ; 
the Silk Worm, with Instructions for the Production of Silk ; with descrip- 
tions also of a number of insects injurious to field crops and fruits, occu- 
pying in all fifty: pages, and illustrated by seven full-page plates. In 
1879, papers by J. H. Comstock on the Army Worm, Clover Insects, 
Insects Injurious to Orange Trees, and many other species which injure 
field crops, fruit and forest trees, occupying in all. 75 pages, and illustrated 
by six full-page plates. This volume also contains an extensive report on 
insects injurious to the cotton plant, 84 pp., with g plates. 


Ottawa Field Naturalists Club: 

The second volume of the transactions of this active body of natural- 
ists is at hand. It is a neat pamphlet of 44 pages, 8vo., with one excellent 
plate illustrating a new species of Porocrinus from the Trenton lime stone, 
accompanied by a description, with some remarks on the genus by Dr. 
James Grant. In addition to the annual report of the Club, the volume 
contains the inaugural address of the talented President, James Fletcher, 
Esq.; a paper ‘“‘On some Coleoptera Injurious to our Pines,” by W. H. 
Harrington ; one by Prof. J. Macoun, “On the Capabilities of the Prairie 
Lands of the Great North-west, as shown by their Fauna and Flora,” and 
other interesting contributions. | We congratulate our Ottawa friends on 
the good work they have done this year, and sincerely hope that their 
active efforts may have the effect of promoting a general love for natural _ 
history among the residents of the capital of our Dominion. 


North American Moths, with a Preliminary Catalogue of Species of Hadena 
and Polia. By A. R. Grote, 8vo., 20 pp.; from the Bulletin of the 
Geological and Geographical Survey of the U. S., Vol. 6, No. 2: - 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 255 


In addition to the catalogues, this paper contains descriptions of 
twenty-eight new species. 


The Insects of the Clover Plant. By J. A. Lintner, 8vo., 17 pp., with six 
cuts : 

This excellent paper forms part of the fortieth annual report of the 
New York State Agricultural Society, and contains detailed descriptions of 
the insects most destructive to clover, with references to all the species 
known to feed on this plant. 


PERSONAL. 


It will interest our readers to know that our eminent American Cole- 
opterist, Dr. John L. LeConte, of Philadelphia, has recently been elected 
an honorary member of the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft. The’ 
number of members of that grade seems very restricted, for there are but 
seven others in the last catalogue, of whom the venerable Westwood is 
the only English-speaking one. 

Mr. B. Pickman Mann, late of Cambridge, Mass., and so well-known 
as editor of Psyche, has been appointed assistant Entomologist at the 
Department of Agriculture, Washington. His many correspondents will 
please bear in mind that his address in future will be Dept. of Agriculture, 
Washington. 

Mr. K. L. Bramson, Member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists, 
of Moscow, who resides at Exaterinoslaw, Russia, desires to procure 
specimens of American Diurnal Lepidoptera, tor. which he offers in 
exchange European Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. 
He has sent a list of his duplicates to the editor, who will be glad to send 
it to any one who may wish to make exchanges with this European Ento- 
mologist. 

We havé lately been favored with two letters from one of the founders 
of our Entomological Society of Ontario, Prof. H. Croft, formerly of 
Toronto, but now engaged in sheep farming in Texas, with his son, at 
Hermanitas Ranch, San Diego, Duval County. His many entomological 
friends will be glad to learn that he has carried his enthusiasm for natural 
history, and especially for insects, with him to his new home, and has 
promised shortly to send a communication on some of the ‘Texan insects 


256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ee 


for the Enromorocisr. He speaks enthusiastically of the many beautiful 
butterflies to be seen on the wing in that southern latitude, and refers also 
to some diabolical Hymenoptera, the females of which are wingless, that 
sting horribly ; of another large species which kills and carries off the 
Tarantula, and other interesting insects. He says: ‘‘ During the summer 
we had thousands of E/ater noctileucus, also quantities of ZLampyrus ; the 
light of the former is much more blue, brilliant and persistent.” 


PSAs PS S.A am dis AIS 7a Dt eR ce a 
OBITUARY. 


It becomes our sad duty to record the death of one of our much 
esteemed fellow-laborers in the Entomological field, J. D. Putnam, of 
Davenport, Iowa. Mr. Putnam had long taken an active interest in the 
Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, and had for some time past 
held the position of President of that active association of naturalists. He 
was with us at our late meeting in Cincinnati, and took part in the pro- 
ceedings of our Entomological meetings, where his uniformly courteous, 
affable and gentlemanly bearing endeared him to all who had the oppor- 
tunity of forming his acquaintance. Notwithstanding that he has been 
for some years in delicate health, he has written some valuable papers on 
Entomology and Mineralogy. His removal will be deeply regretted by 
all who have been privileged to know him, and particularly will he be 
missed by those with whom he has labored in the Academy at Davenport. 
When parting in Cincinnati we had sincerely hoped to meet again, but it 
has been otherwise ordered ; he has been taken from a noble field of labor 
below, to, we trust, a nobler one above. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 
DEAR SIR,— 

I have lately received a specimen of Alacrosila cingulata Fab., cap- 
tured at Long Point. It is about the dimensions of a medium-sized 
guinguemaculata. ‘The spots on the body pink, and a pink patch on the 
hind wing. I see in connection with it that it feeds on the Sweet Potato, 
indicating that it was originally a more southern species. ; 

J. Aston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont. | 


INDEX TO VOLUME XIII. 


Abbot Sphinx, 2 

Aciptilus Belfrage?, n. s., 132. 
Acolasia hinna, 92. 

Aedia limbolaris, gl. 
Aegeridz, on some species of, 3 
Aegeria acerni, 7, 69, 236. 

**  exitiosa, 7. 
pictipes, 7. 

Pini, 2. S., 5, 157- 
pyri, 8. 
tipuliformis, 7. 

Petkaeincta..'3. 
Agriphila bistriaris, gr. 
Agrotis colata,z. s., 131. 

m esurialis, Be Shit aT- 
NHANALIS, HN. S., 131. 
semiclarata, 2- S., 131. 
Alaus gorgops, 59, 80, 116, 235. 

** oculatus, 116, 117. 
Aletia argillacea 234. 
Angumois grain moth, 197. 
Anisota rubicunda, 215. 
Annual address of President Ent. Sub-Sec. A. A. 
A.S., 184. 
Annual address of President Ent. Soc. Ont , 107. 
Anthocaris genutia, 211... 
Anthomyidae, list of N. Amer., 43. 
Anthomyia raphani, 190. 
Antiblemma flavipunctalis, 91. 
Antigaster, on the genus, 31. 

* vs. Eupelmis, 114. 
Apatura clyton, 85. 

‘* flora, preparatory stages of, 8r. 
Aphididae of Florida, 154, 220, 
Aphis, a new, affecting pine, 67. 
Arboreal auscultation, 19. 

Argynnis idalia, 209 
‘« _ myrina, 183, 210, 
Army worm, 181, 198. 
ASHMEAD, W. H., articles by, 67, 89, 134, 154, 170, 
220. 
Aspidiotus cit77, 7. s., 8. 
s§ ficus, 9. 
Aspites analis, 165. 
Autographa oxygramma, 91. 


“6 
«ce 
“e 
“e 


“ec 
ee 


Basilarchia, note on, 195. 
Bassett, H. F., articles by, 51, 74, 92. 
BELL, JAMEs T., articles by, 19, 58, 114, 116. 
BETHUNE, Rev. C. J. S., articles by, 162, 252. 
Bombyciae of Hubner, N. Am., 151. 
semicircularis, 152. 

Bombylius major, 166. 

Fe pygmaeus, 166, 


Bomolocha feczalis, 2. s., 133. 
EG zucusalis, 2. Ses 133. 
Book notices, 196, 216, 250. 
Botis axnaphilalis, 2. s., 33- 
“*  commortalis, 7 s., 233. 
‘*  dapalis, n. s., 17. 
“ flavinotalis, n. s., 33- 
_ &thalis, 2. Ss.) 33- 
* rufifimbrialis, 2. S., 33 
turmalis, 2. S., 33- 
VaCUNALS, 2. S.. 33» 
Buckeye stem borer, 183. 
Butalis cerealella, 197. 
Butterflies, length of life of, 181, 205. 
“ list of found at Potsdam, "New York, 40. 
S Scudder’s book on, 216, 246. 


“ 
aa 
“ 


“ 


Cabbage butterfly, 230. 

Callidryas eubule, 196. 

Caloptenus spretus, 180, 203, 

Calosoma scrutator, 18. 

Carbolic acid, a preventive of insect ravages, 183. 
189. 

Carpocapsa pomonella, 176, 

Caryoborus arthriticus, 20. 

Catocala Arizonae, 232. 

‘*  grynea var., 35. 
Nebraskae var. of, 40. 
unijuga, larva of, 38. 
CAULFIELD, F. B., article by, 60. 
Cecidomyia leguminicola, 215, 235- 

on Aristolochia sipho, 37. 
Cerura borealis, larva of, 145. 

“* ~~ occidentalis, larva of, 144. 

Cetonia inda, 1. 
Chalcididae from Florida, 134, 170. 
Chalcid fly, a gigantic, 89. 
CHAMBERS, V. 1., articles by, 25, 173, 1901. 
Chinch bug, 198. 
Chrysomela to-lineata, 20. 

juncta, 20. 
Chrysomphalus ficus, 9 
Chrysophanus nais, Scat: ue 
Chrysops sepulchralis, 167. 
Craypote, E. W., article by, 115. 
Clytie laburna, gt. 
Clytus speciosus, 236. 
Coccidae, notes on, 8. 
Codling moth, 176. 

*¢ “worm, proposed remedy for, 202. 
Coenonympha elko, 2. Ss, 57+ 
Collection notes for 1880, 58. 

Colias philodice, 115. 
Colorado potato beetle, 115, 201, 234. 


“ee 
“e 


258 


INDEX TO VOLUME XIII. 


ral Fi a % 

Comstock, J. H.,, article by, 8 

Cook, A, Js article by, 189. 

CoQuiLurTt, D. W., articles by, 21, 137. 

Corrections, 60. 

Correspondence, 17, 60, 80, 256. 

Cotton worm moth, 234. 

Crambus attenuatus, 67. 

minimellus, 66. 

occidentalis, 66, 

sericinellus, 66. 

undatus, 2. Se, 35, 66. 

vulvivagellus, 182, 189. 

Ctenucha virginica, 218. 

Culex punctor, 164. 

Cupes capitata, 176. 

Cymatophora cymatophoroides, 152. 

expultrix, 152. 

Cynipidae, new species of, 51, 74, 92+ 

Cynips Affints, 2, S., 103. 
es ace agrifoliae, Me Sey 53 

bella, 7. Se 930 
Or Californica, 2. Sey 51 - 
“  capsiula, n. $., TOX. 

ClHEYOSA, 7H. S., 10. 

ctcatricula, #. S., IOI, 113. 

corrugis, 1. S., 109. 

COXIt, M, S., II2. 

“O, ficula, 2. Ss 75+ 
Sloccosa, H. S , 111. 
geniula, N. S., 104. 
zegnota, 2. S., 106. 

Q. mammula, 2. S., 76. 
minuta, 2. S., 90. 
NOXIOSA, 2. S., 108. 

“ O, nubila, n. s., 56. 
papula, . S., 107+ 
Pattoni?, 2. s., 98. 
Pigra, N.S , 105. 
polita, n. s., 99. 

Q. ponitfornits, Ne S-,74- 
FULOSA, N. Sr, TO4. 
Suttoniz, 2. S., 54- 
tenuicornts, 2, S., 92. 
utricula, x. s , 78. 
vesicula, i. S..97- 


Danais archippus, 205, 211. 
Day Dr. L. T., article by, 85. 
Death of J. D. Putnam, 256. 
Decatoma éatatoides, x. s , 136. 

flava, n. S., 134. : 
Soliate@, n. s., 136. 
lan, M, S., 135. 

we phellos, 2.8 , 130. 

- Querct, M.S, 135+ 
Deilinia glomeraria, 134. 
Diabrotica longicornis, 200. 
Diastrophus s7zwzzlzs, 72. S., 95+ 
Differences without distinctions, 123. 
Donec, G. M., article by, 4o. 
Dryomyza pallida, 2 S., 89. 
Dury, Chas., article by* 20. 
Dyachrisia balluca, QI. 


73 


Eacles imperialis, 59- 
Economic Entomology, Bibliography of, 39. 


Epwarps, W. H., articles by, 9, 17; 57, 62, 81, 
119, 158, 205, 226, 237. 

Empis luctuosa, 165. 

‘* geniculata, 165. 

Entomological maT ee Ontario, annual meeting 
fe) 

Subseedon AS AVAL S., meetings 
of, 154, 179, 214- 

notes, 37, 175, 195- 

Entomology for beginners, 1, 41, 69, 117, 138. 

Epizeuxis lubricalis, gl. 

Eristalis tenax, 176. 

Eudamus electra, ae Sa ODs 

Euryomia inda, 1, 

Eurytoma vagabunda, 2. S., 134. 

Exarius difflua, or. 

Eyed Elater, 117. 


“cc 


“ec 


Fis, Chas., articles by, 70, 140. 
Forficula, forceps of, 80. 

FRENCH, G.H., articles by, 23, 144, 147. 
Fruva georgica, 2. S., 232. 


Gaurotes cyanipennis, 60, 
Gelechia beneficentella, 7. S., 245. 

‘  Chambersella, n. 5.) 242. 
cinerella, 2. S.) 244. 
Sorniosella, it. S., 243. 
GoovELL, L. W., article by, 30. 
Gracilaria purpuriella, 25. 

oe stigmatella, early stages of, 25. 
syringella, 26. 

Graphiphora agrotzformits, 7. S., 14. 
Grote, A. R.,, articles by, 14, 33, 66, go, 126, 131, 
151, 175, 195, 229. 


“ce 
“cc 


“cc 


Habrosyne Scripta, 153. 
Hadena Zerfenoa, 2. S., 229. 
Hacen, Dr. H.,, articles by, 37, 43, 146, 150. 
Heliconia charitonia, preparatory stages of, 158, 
Heliophila farcta, M. Sey 15. . 

ss Siabilis, 2. 5.) 15+ 
oxygala, 2. S., 14. 
Heliothis armigera, 215. 
Hemaris Buffaloensis, note on, 175. 
Heterocera, life duration of, 181, 217. 
Heustis, Caroline E., article by, 143. 
Hippobosca equina, 169. 
HoFFMEIsSTER, A, W,, article by, 196. 
Hornet’s nest, how captured, 114. 
Howarp, L.O., article by, 31. 
Hvblaea puera, 17. 
Hypena scabra, early stages of, 137. 
Hyphantria textor, 18, 


“c 


Ichneumon ruficentris, 144. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XIII. 259 


ee 


Jounson, James S., article by, 18. 
Junonia ceenia, 196. 


KecticoTr, D, S., articles by, 3, 38, 157. 
Kirby’s Fauna Boreali-Americana, 162, 


Lachnosterna fusca, 195, 200. 
Lachnus aust7 ali, 2. s., 68. 

‘¢ quercicolens, N. Sey 155+ 
Lebia grandis, 234. 

LeCon rg, Dr, J. L., article by, 80. 
Length of life of butterflies, 181, 205. 
Leptina ophthalmica, 152. 

Leucania pseudargyria, larva of, 24. 

«*  unipuncta, 198, 215. 

Libythea Bachmani, preparatory stages of, 226. 
Life duration of the Heterocera, 181, 217. 
Limenitis arthemis, is it double-brooded, 237. 

‘* "eros, 29, 79: 
misippus, 29. 

s var. Floridensis, 29, 79. 
LinTNER, J. A., articles by, 63, 217. 
Lioptilus grandis, 1. s., 141. 

a Kellicottiz, 2.5, 141. 
Lithocolletis gvegariella, 1. s., 245. 
Longicorns, feod habits of, 60. 

Lucanus dama, 118, 
Lycena pseudargiolus, 210. 
*« violacea, 210, 216. 


“cc 


Macrosila cingulata, 256, 
Mamestra anguina, 2. s , 129. 
ce bisulca, 2. S$ , 230. 

condita, 127. 
illaudabilis, 120. 
laudabilis, 129. 
N. Amer. species of, 126. 
trifolii, larva of, 23. 

var. oregonica, 230 
Maple tree borer, 69, 236. | 
Meap, Theodore L., article by, 35. 
Melitaea phaeton, 196. 
MorratrT, J. Alston, articles by, 18, 115, 175, 256+ 
Mordella, on a larva of, 173. 
Moths, new, chiefly from Arizona, 229. 

«* North American, 14, 33. | 
Munpt, A. H,, article by, 35. | 
Musca cadaverum, 168. 

‘*  mortisequa, 168. 

MurtTFELpT, Mary E, article by, 242. 


Nematis Erichsoni, 37. | 
Noctuidz, North Amer, in the Zutraege, go, 
ee new, 131. 


Noctuid larvez, notes on some, 23. 
Notodonta concinna, 138. 


Obituary, 256. 
(Edematophorus Bavont, 2. s., 73- 

sf CINEYACEUS, N. S-5 73+ 
Lratiosus, Nl. Sey 73+ 
lugubris, 2. S., 140+ 
Oncocnemis gvacillined, Ne S., 231- 
Oria sanguinea, 9o. ; 
OsTEN SACKEN, C. R., article by, 80. 


“ 
“ 


Packardia nigripunctata, 2. S., 30. 
Papilio ajax, 206. 

cS ‘© var. Walshii, 206. 

‘« telamonides, 206. 

“* marcellus, 206. 
cresphontes, 115. 

ay preparatory stages of, 177. 
palamedes, FP ry 119. 
philenor, 
“ 


“cc “ 


“cc “ 


Q: 
on Aristolochia sipho, 37- 
Prasopy, S. H., article by, 246. 
Pea bug, 235- 
Pear tree Psylla, 220. | 
Perigrapha, list of species of, 133. 
Perispasta zmixtalts, 2. S., 232. 
Persimmon Psylla, 222. 
Personal, 255- = 
Philampelus satellitia, 21. 
Phyllaphis 27gev, 7. s., 155- 
Phytonomus punctatus, 215. 
Platyptilus albicans, 7. S., 71 
oe Edwardsii,.1. S., 72+ 

Plusia falcifera, 163, 

“  jota, 163. 
precationis, early stages of, 21. 
rectangula, 162. 
Pogonocherus mixtus, 60. 
Poisons for insects, 201. 
Prodenia lineatella, larva of, 24. 
Psylla diospy77, 1. S-, 222. 

(C ZleciS, He S-, 225 
magnoliae, t S., 224+ 
pyri, 220. 
Pteromalus ¢-saculatae, n. S., 171. 
Pterophoridz, 70, 140. 
Pulex gigas, 169- : 
Pyrameis cardui, parasite on, 143. 


“ce 
ce 


“ec 
oe 


Red-humped apple tree caterpillar, 138. 
REED, E. B, arvicles by, 176, 233- 
Retarded development in insects, 180, 203. 
Rixey, C. V., article by, 114. 


260 


Samia Gloveri of Utah, 35. 
“*  ceanothi of California, 35. 
Saperda candida, 191. 
cretata, 191. 
4 Fayi, 175 
Sarcophagidz, list of North American, 
Satellite Sphinx, 41. 
SAUNDERS, W., articles by, 1, 41, 69, 117, I 
195, 196, "197, 214, 216, 250, 254, 255, “236. 
Scaeva ribesii, 167 
Schinea urea, 2. s., 230. 
Sciomyzide, new species of, 85. 
Sepedon fuscipennis, 88. . 
Simulium pictipes, 151. 
& quadrivittatum, 151. 
sf venustum, 151. 
Smicra gigantea, 7. S., 90. 
Spalangia? syrphi, 2. §.? 171. 
Stag beetle, 178. 
STRECKER, H., articles by, 29, 156. 


146. 


Tabanus affinis, 166. 
‘¢ _zonalis, 167+ 
TALLAnT, W. N., article by, 115 
Tarache, list of species of, 16. 
Terias mexicana, 19 
‘* nicippe, preparatory stages of, 61, 115. 


38; 179; | 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


INDEX TO VOLUME XIII. 


Dw —-_< i ~ 
Tetanocera clara, 85. 
combinata var. sparsa, 85+ 
lineata, 2. s., 88. 
re montana, 2. S., 87. 
ne pictipes, 85. 
plebeja, 87. 
plumosa, 87. 

“* Pubescens, 1. S., 86. 
Thecla Henrici, 211, 215- 
Thyreus Abbotii, 2. 
Tineide, new species of, 242. 

se North American, 1gl. 
Tipula pratorum, 164. 
To our readers, 1. 
Trichoptilus ochrodactylus, n. S., 142. 
Trigonophora frugiperda, 91. 
Trochilium denudatum, 8. 

id grande, i. s., 156. 


Wicuiston, Dr. S. W., article by, 176. 
WorTHINGTON, G iE. article by, 123. 


Xylomiges, perlubens, 132. Fi 
Xyloryctes satyrus, 50. 


Wr 


* 


THE CANADIAN 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


VOLUME XIV. 


Edited buy William Saunders, 
LONDON, ONTARIO. 


ASSISTED BY 


Rev. C. J. S. Bethnne, M. A., Port Hope, Ont.; E. B. Reed, London, Ont., 
and G. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. 


—— 200 —-—--— 


5 
PWondon: 
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY 
1002. 


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7 1 / 
Prec - Wa 
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Che Canadian Entomolonist. 
Wot, ATV. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1882. No. I 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE SOUTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFL Y—Pieris protodice. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


In figure 1 we have represented the male, and in figure 2 the female 
of the Southern Cabbage Butterfly, an insect by no means confined to the 
South, although much more abun- 
dant there than in the more northerly 
portions of America. ‘This insect 
enjoys a wide geographical distri- 
bution, extending south-west as far 
as Texas, west to Missouri, north- 
west to the Red River, and along 
the east from Connecticut to the 
Southern Atlantic States. A few 
years ago it was not uncommon around London, and occasionally quite 
plentiful about the shore of Lake Erie at Port Stanley ; but of late years 
it has become a rare insect with = 
us, and we have not met with a, 
specimen on the wing for several 
years. The English Cabbage But- 
terfly, Preris rape, seems to have 
taken its place entirely. 


The butterfly is a very pretty 
one, as will be seen by the figures. 
The ground color in both sexes is 
white, with black spots and black and dusky markings which are much 
more numerous in the female than in the male. Although so rare in 
Ontario that it has never, as far as we know, been reported as injurious, it 
is frequently very destructive to the south of us. According to Mr. Riley, 


id THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


it is abundant in Missouri, and often proves exceedingly injurious, some- 
times destroying in a single district thousands of dollars worth of cabbages. 
The caterpillar, when full grown (figure 3, a), is about an inch and a 
quarter long, of a bluish-green 
color, with four longitudinal 
yellow stripes and many black 
dots ; when first hatched it is 
of an orange color with a black 
head. The chrysalis, shown 
at 6 in the figure, is about 
seven-tenths of an inch long, 
: of a light bluish-grey color 
Fig. 3. speckled with black, with the 
ridges and prominences edged with buff or flesh-color, and having larger 
black dots. 
The insect hybernates in the chrysalis state, and where common may 
be found on the wing during the months of July, August and September. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF N. AMERICAN 
BUTTERFLIES. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS,. COALBURGH, W. VA. 


CHIONOBAS VARUNA. 

Male.—Expands 1.6 to 1.75 inch. 

Upper side brown, individuals varying from yellow to red and _ black- 
brown, but in the examples under view red predominates ; costal edge of 
primaries dark brown, next base dusted with white ; apex and hind margin 
edged with dark brown, which fades insensibly into the ground color; 
beyond the disk, one to four small black ocelli ; where one only is present, 
it is on the upper discoidal interspace ; where two, the second is on lower 
median interspace ; where all are present, the two extreme are large and 
about equal in size, the interior pair minute. 

Secondaries have a narrow brown border, clearly defined on inner 
side ; all the nervures and branches edged with dark scales ; the ocelli 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 


are from nil to five, small, black ; when all are present they stand one on 
each interspace from subcostal to lower median; fringes of primaries 
mixed light and dark brown, of secondaries mostly light. 

Under side of primaries paler, the tint varying as above ; over costa, 
apex and over hind margin to the ocelli, sprinkled with light brown and 
white ; in some examples the white disappears below median nervure ; in 
the cell the brown lies in transverse streaks, and near the outer end are 
two whitish patches ; along the edge of hind margin a white dot in each 
interspace ; the ocelli repeated, enlarged and pupilled with white ; in one 
“example, which has but one ocellus above, there are three below, one 
being on second discoidal, the other on second median interspace. 

Secondaries light and dark brown and white, or almost wholly dark 
brown ; the basal area often dark to middle of cell, in sub-concentric 
curves about base, intermingled with streaks of white, but in other cases is 
nearly solid dark brown ; across disk a narrow dark band, the outer side 
well defined, the basal side not so distinctly, as the curved stripes, or the 
basal color, tend to coalesce with it ; but when most distinct this inner 
side is pretty evenly excavated ; on the outer- side there is a rounded 
prominence opposite cell, posterior to which the outline is wavy to inner 
margin, and anterior there is a single curve to costa; this band is dark 
brown upon both edges, and in some examples is wholly dark, in others it 
is lighter colored within, and with a little white; beyond the band, the 
ground is either white, thickly dusted and streaked with brown, most so 
along the line of the ocelli; or wholly uniform dark brown with a little 
dusting of white ; along the margin white dots like those of primaries ; 
the ocelli are five, nearly equal and pupilled white ; in one they are minute 
and the spot next outer angle is wanting. 

Body black-brown ; below, thorax black, abdomen gray-brown ; legs 
light brown, with gray ; palpi brown with black hairs ; antennze fuscous 
above, dull white below ; club orange below and at tip. 


Female.—Expands 1.8 to 1.9 inch. 


Closely like the male, the color varying in same manner ; the marginal 
borders are both distinctly cut on inner side ; the ocelli on primaries run 
from two to four, on secondaries are five, all usually blind, but sometimes 
the anterior ocellus on primaries and the second and fifth on secondaries 
have white pupils. 

Under side as in male ; white dots along both margins as in the male, 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


From 6 ~,4 2%, taken by Mr. Morrison on the plains of Dacotah 
Terr., May, 1881. . 

Varuna belongs to same sub-group with UfA/erz, Reak.; the fore wings, 
especially of the male, being narrow and produced. On the under side 
Uhleri is very white. Mr. Reakirt described the hind wings as “ marbled 
with irregular markings of white, black and brownish scales, sometimes 
congregated into spots ; at others, disposed in transverse lines, the darkest 
portions nearest the base, the color decreasing outwards ; the waves from 
the outer border of the transverse band (up to base) are so interlaced 
- and contiguous as to preclude all possibility of tracing any inner outline 
to this band ; this outer is more distinct, yet not nearly so well or clearly 
defined as in the ailied species ; the reticulations appear to be diffused 
over the whole surface.” 

This description was made from a single pair taken by the late Mr. 
James Ridings, on Pike’s Peak, in 1864, and late in the year, as to my 
knowledge, Mr. Ridings did not begin to collect before last of August or 
September. The expanse of the f is given as 1.75 inch, the ?, 1.69. 
Since that date many examples have been brought in, and the species is 
not uncommon in collections. It varies greatly. I have 11 gf, 3 $, in 
my own collection. All are larger than Mr. Reakirt’s specimens seem to 
have been, the smallest % expanding 1.7 inch, the largest 2.05. The 
average expanse of the 11 is 1.88 inch. The females expand 2.1, 2.15, 
2.2, averaging 2.15 inch. On the other hand, my Varuna males run from 
1.6 to 1.75, averaging 1.7 inch; and the females average 1.88. Varuna 
therefore is considerably the smaller of the two. 

It is also darker colored on upper surface, being red-brown most often, 
less commonly yellowish, while UAderi is pale yellow-brown, and some- 
times decidedly whitish—though I have one which is _ red-brown, plainly 
an exceptional case, as out of many which have passed through my hands, 
this was saved as the only dark one. 

In the ocelli, their number and shape, the two species are alike. 

On the under side, Uh/erz is white, that being the predominating color 
on the hind wings especially. In6 @, there is no trace of a band, the 
brown waves, as Reakirt calls them, being distributed pretty evenly over 
the whole surface, sometimes much broken, or macular ; in one of these 
the brown is almost obsolete, and the surface is white with some fine 
streaks and a dusting of brown. In 5 @, there is a concentration of the 
waves upon the disk and basal area so as to give an indistinct band, the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 


brown and white being interlaced in about equal proportions. If any- 
thing, the white predominates from the outer edge of the band to base ; 
in 2 of the 5, while the band is thus outlined, all the rest of the wing to 
hind margin is white flecked with fine streaks or dusted. 

The 3 2 are yellow above, two of them with less white below than 
any of the males; the other has the macular surface and no band. Of the 
two, one has the area from base to outer side of the band evenly reticu- 
lated brown and white, and the other is macular over the same area ; so 
that in neither is there an inner side to the band. Wherever in both sexes 
there is an approach to a band, it is very unlike the dark band usually 
seen in this genus. In all the Varuna, also, there are distinct white 
points on both hind margins on under side, and I find nothing of this in 
Uhlert. 

Mr. Morrison writes : ‘‘ This Chionobas was taken in Dacotah Terr., on 
my way to Montana, in May. It was found on the plains, elevation about 
1,200 feet, and in all about 100 specimens were taken. All the Uh/eri 1 
have taken were in mountains, never at less than 5,000 feet elevation, and 
from that to 11,000 feet, and only in July and August.” 

Mr. A. G. Butler, Cat. of Satyride in B. Mus. Col., 1868, gave 
Chionobas (Oeneis) Zarfera, Esper., Eu. Schmett., pl. 83, as belonging 
to Arctic America. It has occurred to me that the form I call Varuna 
might be that which Mr. Butler had in view. Esper’s figure represents a 
species shaped, colored above, and ocellated after the manner of UA/ert, 
but I should not take the under side to be that of any of the American 
forms. But the figures are too coarsely done to enable small differences 
to be distinguished. The butterfly Zarpera I have not seen. 


ANCYLOXYPHA LENA. 


Male.—Expands 1.1 inch. 

Upper side dark brown, glossy; primaries have three small white 
spots, with traces of a fourth, in an oblique bar from costa, at four fifths 
the distance from base to apex ; a small spot in cell near outer end ; and 
three minute spots in median and submedian interspaces, two being in the 
latter, these about three fifths the distance from base to hind margin. 
Secondaries immaculate. | Fringes concolored. 

Under side of primaries dark brown, grayish at base and over apical 
area, more particularly when seen obliquely. Secondaries gray-brown, 
caused by a uniform sprinkling of whitish scales over the brown surface ; 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


without spot except a transverse abbreviated white dash on middle of disk. 


Female.—Expands 1.15 inch; color of the male; the white spots 
conspicuous, forming a discal row quite across primaries ; a large spot in 
cell, and a small one in submedian interspace near base. Under side of 
both wings as in the male, except that the three costal spots of discal row 
are repeated, and the spot in cell, but all are reduced. 


From t £, 1 9, taken in Montana by Mr. Morrison, 1881. In all 4 


examples were taken. 


LIST OF BUTTERFLIES TAKEN BY H. K. MORRISON IN DACOTAH AND 


MONTANA, I881. 


Papilio Zolicaon, Bois. 
Pieris Protodice, Bois. 
Colias Philodice, Godt. 
*“«  -Eurytheme. 

form Keewaydin, Edw. 
Argynnis Cybele, Fab. 

ne Aphrodite, Fab. 
Nevadensis, Edw. 
. Edwardsi, Reak. 
Myrina, Cram. 
Euptoieta Claudia, Cram. 
Melitaea Acastus, Edw. 
Phyciodes Carlota, Reak. 

< Tharos, Drury. 
Limenitis Weidemeyeru, Edw. 

*«  Disippus, Godt. 
Coenonympha Inornata, Edw. 
Satyrus Nephele, v. Olympus, Edw 

‘¢  Meadii, Edw. 

‘< Charon, Edw. 

*¢  Silvestris, Edw. 
Chionobas Varuna, Edw. 
Thecla Humuli, Harr. 

“« Strigosa, Harr. 


Thecla Acadica, Edw. 
“« Smilacis, Bois. 
© Titus: Fab: 
Chrysophanus Dione, Scud. 
us Helioides, Bois. 
ég Rubidus, Edw. 
Lycaena Saepiolus, Bois. 
_ Lupini, Bois. 
“ Melissa, Edw. 
Aemon, West.-Doubl. 
ed Pseudargiolus, Bois. 
form Violacea, Edw. 
5 Comyntas, Godt. 
Ancyloxypha Lena, Edw. 
Thymelicus Poweschiek, Parker. 
Pamphila Pawnee, Dodge. 
ee Uncas, Edw. 
* Cernes, Bois. 
#5 Metacomet, Harr. 
<4 Delaware, Edw. 
Amblyscirtes Vialis, Edw. 
Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud, 
“« Scriptura, Bois. 
Thanaos Persius, Scud. 


ba | 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


FIELD NOTES—1881. 
BY W. H. HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT. 


The earth covered by its first mantle of snow reminds one that the 
collecting season is virtually ended, and the lengthening evenings allure 
one to the study fireside to go carefully over note books and collections 
and to read the recorded labors of fellow Entomologists. 

A few memoranda from my own note book may perhaps not be barren 
of interest to some of the less experienced readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST. 
I find that almost the first insect of spring was the Mud-wasp, Polestes 
annulatus, which appeared with a few flies and spiders about the 15th of 
March. This wasp is very abundant here, and from the pulverized mac- 
adam of the streets thousands of its mud cells are constructed every 
summer under the window-sills and numerous cornices of the Parliament 
Buildings, about which the wasps linger until the end of October. Toward 
the end of March a few bees and a number of small beetles, as Amara 
interstitialis, appeared. Pieris rap@, the cabbage butterfly, was observed 
on April 1st, but from this date to the 8th of the month a severe cold 
spell (thermometer touching zero) reduced insect appearances to the 
minimum again. At its conclusion they emerged in still greater variety 
and number; Vavessa antiopa flitted about in sunny glades of the wood ; 
Cicindela purpurea enlivened the fields, and its relatives, C. vulgaris and 
C. sex-guttata, the roads. Mosquitoes came in full force a fortnight later, 
and on the 24th I obtained a number of Buprestide upon young pines, 
viz., 1 g and 2 2 C. virginiensis, and 14 f and 13 2 C. déderta. I was 
somewhat surprised to find them so early in the year, yet could have taken 
many more. ‘They were generaily paired, in several instances copulating. 
Some /%ssodes were also seen, and these were with few exceptions copu- 
lating. Great numbers of Saw-flies were also upon the pines. A few days 
later I captured specimens of A. striata, and by the beginning of May all 
orders of insects were well represented. On the 6th Serica sericea was 
abundant on the foliage of wild gooseberry bushes. Chrysomela elegans 
was also unusually numerous, but I could not find upon what it fed. 
Platycerus quercus ? was found eating the buds of maples and other trees, 
The buds were often completely eaten out, and the beetles hidden from 
view therein. In some buds a male and female were found copulating. 
This beetle was new to my collection, but I found them frequently again 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 


during the summer when using a beating net. During May the curious 
larvee of certain Lampyridez were often seen in damp woods, crawling on 
the trunks of trees, such as cedar, or affixed by the tail to the bark, under- 
going their metamorphoses in a similar manner to the larvee of the Coc- 
cinellide. Some reared at home emerged as Photinus angulatus. The 
larve, and to a less degree, the pupz, emitted a strong greenish glow from 
two of the posterior segments ; the imago being, of course, one of our 
common “ fire flies.” Some of the larve were thickly covered beneath 
with small ticks, of a bright vermilion color, which had their pointed heads 
plunged between the armored segments of the larve. They were not 
easily dislodged, but walked rapidly when free. By these little parasites 
the larvae were so weakened as to perish before completing their transfor- 
mations. The warm weather of mid-May brought forth increased hosts 
of insects, and the sultry air, especially in the neighborhood of lumber 
yards, swarmed with Scolytide, etc. Toward the end of the month I 
took a trip, with three friends, to the Wakefield Cave, about twenty miles 
north of the city ; and in my spare moments collected a number of insects 
in that vicinity. Cicindelide especially abounded on the sandy hill-side 
roads, and I captured three species which are rare, or not found about 
here, viz., C. 22-guttata, C. longilabris and C. limbalis. On my way back 
I took a specimen of C. sex-guttata having only two spots (the anterior 
one on each elytron). Although called Six-spotted Tiger Beetles, very 
many have eight spots, and specimens with ten spots are frequeatly taken. 
In a beech grove at Chelsea, /thycerus curculionides was very abundant ; 
several could be seen on nearly every tree ; many pairs were copulating. 
Where do the larve live? On the 31st of May several specimens of C. 
Harrisii were taken on pine saplings, and #. pales and its long-snouted 
relatives were in full force. On June 4th, Saperda vestita, Oberea ama- 
bilis, B. nasicus, C. nenuphar, A. quadrigibbus, and many other weevils, 
elaters, etc., were noted. At an excursion of the Ottawa Field Natural- 
ists’ Club to Montebello (45 miles down the river), on 26th June, I 
captured 129 species of Coleoptera, a considerable percentage of which 
were new to me. Carabidz were particularly abundant under drift-wood 
and dead leaves on the damp, shady shore, and 35 species were taken. 
Chrysomelidee, Elateridee and Curculionidae were next in number with 
15, 13 and 13 species respectively. After midsummer my opportunities 
for collecting were few, and my notes correspondingly scanty. I will 
merely mention the capture at Aylmer and Hull, on Oct. 2nd, of Adetia 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ) 


argentata, the cotton moth; both specimens were in perfect order, not in 
the least rubbed or worn. In Oct., 1880, I took several specimens about 
the city, also apparently recently emerged. 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISOSOMA. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


IsosoMA ALLYNII, n. s. 

Female.—Average length .10 of an inch. Color of body and antennz 
uniform black, the first with a slight greenish lustre. Head about .025 of 
an inch wide, about two thirds as long ; the antennz a little enlarged at 
the ends, hairy, microscopic hairs moderately scattered over the head and 
thorax. Thorax, as well as head, punctured ; wings hyaline, dotted over 
with microscopic hairs, the thorax in its widest part about the width of the 
head. Abdomen gradually tapering from near the base, the ovipositor 
slightly exserted. The color of the legs vary slightly; in five speci- 
mens the anterior and posterior legs have the femurs fuscous except at the 
ends ; the tibiz with basal half fuscous, the rest yellow; the terminal 
joint of tarsi fuscous, the rest yellow; the middle pair of legs are yellow 
throughout except the terminal tarsi. Two specimens have all the femurs 
fuscous, yellow at the ends. One specimen has all the femurs pale red, 
and the tibize fuscous, but this is probably a change from yellow by the 
poison bottle used in killing. One is marked like the first five, with the 
yellow replaced by pale red ; another is like the first five, except that the 
middle tibiz are a little clouded at base. 

- Male.—In this sex the body, wings and antennz are colored like the 
females, but the antenne are a little more slender at theirends. The 
head and thorax have about the same measurements, but the abdomen is 
a little shorter, the whole insect being from .06 to .o7 of an inch. The 
legs have all the femurs yellow, front tibie yellow, middle and hind tibize 
fuscous, except at the apices, which are yellow; feet as in the females. 

Larvae.—These are found inside stalks of growing wheat in Southern 
Illinois, before the ripening of the grain, and in the straw and stubble 
during the rest of the summer. They are found mostly in the interior of 
the first and second internodes below the one supporting the head, usually 
singly, but sometimes more than one in the same internode. They pro- 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


duce no swelling or gall, as do the larve of 7 Hordei, but feed upon the 
soft tissue of the interior of the stalks. They are about .15 of an inch 
long, rather slender, tapering slightly toward either end, footless, but when 
in motion seeming to have the power of pushing out the substigmatal 
portion of the segments, a distinct transverse head about two thirds the 
width of body, with a pair of brown jaws. Color yellow, approaching a 
pale orange. 

Pupae.—These vary from about .o8 to .12 of an inch long, are black 
and of the usual hymenopterous form. About four fifths of the larvee 
observed changed to pupee and produced the imago, or died, the past 
season from July 2oth, when the first imago was found, to August 2oth, or 
perhaps better, underwent their changes between July 8th and August 2oth; 
but I think this the effect of the dry season. Those examined the last of 
November were in the pupa state in the interior of the stalks down close to 
or in the substance of the joint, both in the fields and in my breeding 
jars. ‘Those were in the larva state the last of August. It is probable they 
pass the winter in the pupa state under ordinary circumstances to produce 
the imagines in the spring, and that those hatching during July and August 
perish without ovipositing. 

Described from to females and 4 males. 

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Robt. Allyn, LL.D., 
President of the Southern Illinois Normal University, as a slight acknow- 
ledgment of valuable aid and encouragement he has rendered me in my 
work. 


IsosomMA ELYMI, DN. s. 


Length .o7 of aninch. A little more slender than the preceding ; 
width of head and middle of thorax .o2 of an inch. Color black without 
metallic lustre. Head and thorax very sparsely covered with hairs ; 
antenne scarcely enlarged at the ends; wings hyaline, microscopically 
hairy ; legs rather more slender than in the preceding species, or in 
Hordei, al fuscous throughout, except that the joints are a little pale. 
Abdomen about as in the other species, the ovipositor slightly exserted. 


Larvae.—These are found on the interior of the culms of Elymus 
Canadensis in about the middle internodes of the stalks, very much as the 
larvae of the preceding species are to be found on the interior of wheat 
culms. While, however, the wheat larvae are generally just above the 
joint, these may be found in any part of the interior of an internode. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11 


Both feed upon the soft tissue of the interior of the stalk, and do not pro- 
duce any enlargement ; the only noticeable effect from the outside is that 
internodes containing larvae are usually shorter than others. The larvae 
are footless, about .10 of an inch long when still, and 04. wide in the 
widest part, tapering to the extremities ; the head transverse, about two 
thirds as wide as the body in its widest part, with two brown jaws. Color 
very pale yellow. Like the preceding, there appear to be slight projections 
from the sides of the body at times. 

Pupa.—At the time of writing this, December 12th, all the specimens 
I have are in the larva state. A few went through with their transforma- 
tions during the summer, but a much smaller number than of the preced- 
ing species. August 30th, two specimens of the imago were obtained from 
culms, having gnawed their holes of egress nearly large enough to emerge, 
but one was so injured in cutting open the stalk that it was not preserved. 
The form and color of pupa can only be guessed from the empty cases of 
those found in the culms. 

Described from one female specimen found hatched in a stalk of 
Elymus Canadensis, August 30th, 1881. 


THE OLDEST FIGURES OF NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The Gazophylacium of Jacob Petiver, Apothecary in London (died 
1715) is a very rare book, as the plates and the catalogues were printed 
and published at different times between 1695 and 1715. They 
were collected later and published by Mr. Empson, an officer of the 
British Museum and a natural son of Sir Hans Sloane, in 1764, in 
London, with the title, “ Jacobi Petiveri Opera, etc., or Gazophylacium, 
2 vol. fol.” A small volume in 8vo contains the original sheets published 
by Petiver between 1695 and 1706. ‘The library of the Museum of 
Comp. Zool. at Cambridge possesses a copy presented, June 1765 by 
Emanuel Mendez da Costa, Librarian of the Royal Society, to Thomas 
Knowlton. The collection of J. Petiver, at least the Lepidoptera, is still 
preserved in the British Museum, and was seen by mein 1857. Every 
butterfly is placed between two thin plates of mica, fastened with a small 


i pe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


band of paper around the margin, and glued with one flying slip to the 
pages of a book in quarto, so that every species can be examined above 
and beneath. 


Perhaps it is of some interest to know the names of the insects repre- 
sented in the Gazophylacium, the more as many of them are quoted by 
Linnaeus. Some are well represented, many of the others recognizable. 


2. Buprestis rufipes ? Maryland. 
«¢ 3. Neonympha eurytris. Maryland. 
2. Deiopeia bella. Carolina. 
<6, “6.” Perhaps. enthredo.) * @arotma: 
2. Limenitis spec.? Carolina. 
; 6. Basket from Oiketicus. Carolina. 
ee tee - TOry (Olas, CAcsOnia j= ator 
“70, “~ “a Alas oculatus. Virginia: 
13, “ 10: Mutilla spec. Viremia. 
Ets oo 5. Actias luna. Maryland. 
“t5, “1&2. Libellula trimaculata, mas. fem. Maryl. 


‘« g. Limenitis disippus. Carol. 

St a 2. Tortrix spec. Maryl. 
"f «7. Callimorpha militaris var. contigua. Maryl. 
e ‘“« 8. Callimorpha interrupto-marginata. Maryl. 
i «11. Disonycha glabrata. Maryl. 


12. Thyris lugubris. Maryl. 
10. Strategus antaeus. Mary]. 
e225, yt? Sur-ed@erambycidur +) Carol: 
“26, ‘* a1. Coleopteron? Maryl. 


soe heeds 3. Clytus Robiniae. Maryl. 
i - 7. Passalus interruptus. Maryl. 
i. «¢ 8. Phanaeus carnifex. Maryl. 
Segees 5. Eudamus Lycidas. Carol. 
5 ‘ 7. Haemaris thisbe. Carol: 
33, “* 3. Epilachna borealis. Maryl. 
ig 5. Vanessa Huntera. Maryl. 
ay «11. Erebia Portlandia. Carol. 
* : g. Cicindela purpurea. 
Sea aes 3. Lebia spec. Carol. 
is ** 4. Cassida spec. Carol, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1} 


The second volume contains the Pterigraphia Americana on 20 plates 
(Ferns, Mushrooms, etc.), published perhaps 1708. ‘There are many 
insects, mostly from the Antilles. But there are also a number of un- 
doubtedly N. American insects among them. 

Pl. 11, fig. ro. Pyrgota undata? 11. Dipteron. 12. Tabanus. 13. 
Musca. 14, 15. Mutilla. 

Pl. 12, 11-15. Diptera. 

Pl. 13, 1. Thalessa lunator. 2. Ophion. 3. Sirex. 4. Hymenopt. 

Pl. 14, 8 & ro. Chauliodes serricornis. 9. Polystoechotes sticticus. 

Pl. 15, 7. Chauliodes pectinicornis. 8 & 9. Diptera. 

Pl. 20, 14. Longicorn beetle. 

The much later work of Catesby figures only 17 insects from North 
America. 


NOTES ON APHIDIDA. 
BY JOSEPH MONELL, E. M., ST. LOUIS, MO. 


APHIS LONICERZ Monell. Riley & Monell, Notes on the Aphididz, 
U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey, Vol. v., Jan., 1879, p. 6. 

This species is the one mentioned by Prof. Thomas in the eighth Ill. 
_ Ent. Rept., p. 104, under the name of Chattophorus lonicere Mom’ Mss. 

PHORODON MAHALEK Fonsc. ‘This European species has been very 
abundant at the Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis. I believe that it 
has not before been definitely reported as occurring in the United States. 


CHAITOPHORUS SMITHI& Monell, |. c. p. 32. 
Chaitophorus salicicola Thos. 1. ¢. 
CALLIPTERUS Koch. 


Continued study of this genus has confirmed me in the opinion that 
the subdivision proposed by Passerini is impracticabie. In this I am 
confirmed by Prof. Buckton in his valuable work on the British Aphides. 


C. uLmiroLu Monell, |. c. p. 29. 
C. ulmicola 'Vhos. |. c. p. 111. 


C. (Myzoca.iis) HyPERIcI Thos. 
This species was previously described by me as APHIS HYPERICI I. ¢, 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


p- 25. This insect is a typical Aphis and lives in ¢lusters. So far as I 
know, all Callipterus are sporadic in habit. 


C. TRIFOLII n. sp. 


Apterous individuals : Tuberculate ; with capitate hairs. 

Winged individuals : Dorsum without conspicuous tubercles. Third 
joint of antennz twice as long as the fourth ; fourth and fifth joints sub- 
equal ; sixth and seventh joints sub-equal. 

Wings: Marginal cell hyaline. Veins bordered with brown. — Basal 
half of stigmal vein sub-obsolete and not thickened and dusky at base. 

Length of body .o4-.05, of wing .07, of antenne .06 in. Clover 
leaves. June. 

This species can be easily distinguished by the naked eye from C, pumec- 
tata, by having the veins more robust, and shaded not only at tip but for 
their entire length. 

The American species may be distinguished as follows. With regard 
to the species described by Fitch, see Riley & Monell, l. c. p. 28. 


A. Dorsum of winged individuals with spine-like tubercles. . .C. wdmifolit 
AA. Dorsum without spine-like tubercles. 
a. Marginal cell dusky. 
b. Middle tibize pale yellow. Femora pale yellow...... C. Walshit 
bb. Tibiz black. Apical portion of femora black..........C. bella 
aa. Marginal cell hyaline. 
6. Wings with transverse, shaded bands. 
c. Abdomen with conspicuous dusky spots.............C. discolor 
cc. Abdomen yellow, concolorous, or with very faint transverse 
bands..C. asclepiadis 
bb. Wings sub-hyaline. 
c. Nectaries distinct. 
ad. Wings not hyaline. 
é. Sixth joint of antennz half as long as seventh. .C. punctata 
ee. Sixth and seventh joints sub-equal............ C. trifoltt 
add. Wings hyaline. 
e. Apical joint of antenne a little longer than the sixth, veins 
whitish. . C. Ayalinus 
ee. Apical joint of antennz three times as long as the sixth. 
First and second discoidals black... .C. detudaecolens 
cc. Nectaries not perceptible. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15 


Ge Wills wiarmermeetenc nt we ers oteep en rE oe EEN PS OM C. caryae 
dd. Veins bordered with browns). 030. 0/60. 20. C. guercicola 


COLOPHA COMPRESSA (Koch.) 


Schizoneurq compressa Koch. Pfizl. 1854. 

Byrsocrypta ulmicola Fitch. Fourth N. Y. Rep’t, 1858 §. 347. 

Thelaxes ulmicola Walsh. Gen. Am. Aph. Proc. Phil. Ent. Soc. 
I, 1862, p. 305. 
American Entomologist, I, 1869, p. 224. 

Colopha ulmicola Monell. C. E. ix, 1877, p. 102. 

Glyphina ulmicola Thomas 1. c. p. 142, 1879 

Colopha compressa Lichtenstein. Les pucerons des ormeaux. 
Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 1880. 
American Entomologist, ili., p. 76, 1880, 

This insect has been referred to six different genera. The synonymy 
of this species up to 1877 has been discussed in the C. E,, ix., 102. 

The genus Glyphina was insufficiently characterized by Koch. The 
species upon which it was founded, G. Gefudae, is referred to the genus 
Vacuna by Passerini (1863), Walker (1870) and Kaltenbach (1874) under 
the name of V. a/nz Schrank. 

Some doubts existed as to whether intermediate forms would not be 
found connecting Vacuna and Colopha, as it has been found that the 
number of joints in the antennz sometimes vary (see Lichtenstein, 
Entom. Monthly Mag., March, 1880), but Prof. Riley, who has investigated 
this subject with his usual ability, has succeeded from biological evidence 
in establishing the right of Colopha to rank as a separate genus. 

According to Mr. Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, the true female of 
Vacuna has a rostrum and lives about a month sucking at the leaves. In 
Colopha, on the other hand, the true female has a rudimentary mouth and 
dies with the egg in the body. Judging by analogy with Tetraneura, it is 
probable that the true female lives but for a few days. ‘The validity of the 
genus Colopha is acknowledged by Lichtenstein, Kessler, Loew and Fr. 
Thomas, but all of these gentlemen concur in considering the European 
S. compressa Koch identical with the American 2. w/micola Fitch. 


TETRANEURA Hartig. 


Lyrsocrypta Hal (in part), nec Walsh. 
Antenne short, six-jointed. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. , 


Wings deflexed. Fore wings with four simple oblique veins. Hind 
wings with one oblique vein. 


This genus has not been previously found in America. The only 
species known are Z: w/mi Geoffr., Z: alba Ratzb. and 7: rubra Licht. 


I have succeeded in raising 7: z/mz at St. Louis from eggs sent to me 
by Mr. Kessler, of Cassel. They seemed to thrive the first season, but 
did not appear again the next year. 


T. GRAMINIS N. sp. 


Head and thorax dusky, abdomen dusky or sometimes of a greenish 
or yellowish tinge. Antennz dusky, the third joint as long as the three 
following taken together ; joints four and five equal; apical joint a little 
over half as long as the preceding. Wings hyaline. Subcostal of the 
hind wing comparatively straight. 

Length of body -08, to tip of wings .r2 in. 

On leaves of Azra caespitosa and Agrostis plumosa, enveloped in a 
thick cotton-like secretion, 


Sept.-Oct. St. Louis, Mo. Springfield, Mo. Neosho City, Mo. 


PEMPHIGUS ACERIS N. sp. 


Winged female: Head and thorax dusky, abdomen dusky, but appear- 
ing white from the abundant pulverulent matter. Antennz long, slender ; 
the apex of the fourth joint reaching the wing insertions; joints sub- 
cylindric, scarcely contracted at base, apical unguis not perceptible ; 
fourth and fifth joints sub-equal, fourth joint not clavate, third joint less 
than the two preceding taken together. 


Wings sub-hyaline, subcostal and oblique veins brownish black. Stig- 
mal vein arising behind the middle of the stigma. Venation closely 
resembling that of P. acertfoli?, except that the base of the first discoidal 
is usually more remote from that of the second discoidal. Length o.12 
—o.15, to tip of wings 0.20—o.22 in. On the under side of limbs of 
Hard Maple, enveloped in woolly matter. Peoria, Ill. June (Miss E. A. 
Smith). A comparison of about fifty species, each, of P. aceris and P. 
acerifolit, shows that the antennal differences between the two are quite 
constant. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FOR THE SUMMER OF 1881. 
BY PROF. E. W. CLAYPOLE, YELLOW SPRINGS, 0. 


I came only last year on the premises where I am now residing, and 
though I had a small crop of cherries, they were so badly infested with 
the weevil ( Conotrachelus nenuphar) that only a few quarts could be 
found free from the grub and fit for canning. This year a fair crop was 
promised, the spring was late and the danger of frost little. I proposed 
therefore to make war upon the enemy, and as soon as the blossom was 
over prepared a large sheet of cheese-cloth, and for about three weeks 
jarred the trees before breakfast almost every morning. As the result, I 
have now nearly 2,000 weevils peacefully reposing in a bottle, after a com- 
posing draught of benzine. Only about ro per cent. of my cherries this 
year were unfit for use. I carried the war into the orchard, and simply by 
way of experiment, jarred some of the early apple trees and captured a 
great many of my enemies. Iam more than repaid for my labors both 
on the cherry and apple trees by the quality of the apples, when last year, 
with a larger crop, I only obtained knotty, gnarly fruit. I have this year 
round, smooth, well-shaped apples. I have never heard that anything has 
been done, at least in this neighborhood, to trap the weevils on the apple 
trees. Those who live in the north have no idea of the mischief wrought 
here by the weevil in the orchards. 

A word for the mole. In digging potatoes this year I observed the 
runs of a mole in all directions through the ground. It wasa piece of old 
sod and very much infested with white worms, the larvze of the Cockchafer 
(Lachnosterna fusca). Many of the potatoes had been partly eaten by 
these worms, but I observed that wherever a mole-run traversed a hill of 
potatoes no white worm could be found, even though the half-eaten 
potatoes were proof of his former presence. The inference is fair that 
the mole had found him first and eaten him, and very likely the mole’s 
object in so thickly tunnelling this piece of ground was to find these grubs. 

Now it would be very easy to trump up a charge against the mole on 
the evidence of these facts. There was the ‘“‘run” which nothing but a 
mole could make, and there were the gnawed potatoes; put the two 
together and kill the mole. Many a man has been punished on less con- 
clusive circumstantial evidence. But it is perfectly easy to distinguish the 
work of a mole from that of a white worm, if one will only take the pains, 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I have many times found the latter coiled up in the potato he was eating, 
but I have never seen the mark of teeth such as the mole possesses on a 
potato. Nor do I believe the mole ever meddles with potatoes, or corn. 

Abundance of Certain Insects.—The Southern Cabbage Butterfly 
(P. protodice) is exceedingly abundant here this summer. I have been 
able to count scores on the wing at one time. 

The potato worm, or larva of S. 5-maculata, is troublesome on the late 
potatoes this month (September) and soon strips a plant of its leaves. 
However, he is easily dealt with, as he is at once betrayed by the castings on 
the ground, and a little “ poison-dust,” such as I use for the beetle, soon 
makes an end of him. I have tried ‘‘ Buhach” on this insect, but find 
the former much easier of application and more effective. The latter 
diluted with ten parts of flour had little effect on the worms, but when 
used neat it stopped their feeding and killed two of them in a couple of 
days. But there is the trouble of looking up the creature (green on a 
green ground) in order to put the powder “‘ where it will do the most 
good,” whereas one need only shake the powder-tin over the plant and 
pass on, leaving the worm to poison itself. 

The same is true of the Cabbage Butterfly (P. age) in the early 
stages of growth of the cabbage. I have used Buhach, and a friend of 
mine is now using it on a plot of 3,000 heads of cabbage, but the time 
spent in finding the green worm on the green leaf is a serious drawback, 
and while the,plant is very young I prefer using the “ poison dust.” I 
can sprinkle a whele bed while I am finding the worm on a dozen cabbage 
heads in order “to put salt on his tail.” The “poison dust” to which I 
refer is made by mixing one part of London Purple and sixty parts of 
ashes and passing the mixture several times through a fine sieve. I may 
add that I find this a very efficient remedy for the turnip fly. 


NEW MOTHS, CHIEFLY FROM ARIZONA. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 
(Continued from Vol. xiii., p. 220.) 
HADENA IDONEA, 0. S. 
g @. This species is similar in size to verbascoides and cariosa ; it is 
very like the latter only instead of reddish brown the color is of an 
ochrey brown, rather pale, the stigmata concolorous, rather wide, ill- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 


defined, separated by the dark median shade. The claviform spot is 
open, and stretches across the median field nearly touching the even t. p. 
line. Lines geminate, marked on costa. A slight, irregular basal streak 
and one below it on internal margin. ‘Terminal field dark shaded, 
obtaining twice, opposite cell and at internal angle. Fringes dark cut 
with pale. Hind wings very dark, with paler fringes, concolorous, an 
indication of discal mark ; beneath with faint double extra-mesial lines ; 
the narrow terminal space paler on both wings. ‘The costa of fore wings 
is more or less pale. Abdomen tufted. This species is more ochrey than 
vulgaris. Texas, Kansas, Wisconsin. 


HADENA AUREA, Grote. 

This species may be known from all the other forms of Pseudanarta 
by the white discal (reniform) spot and the orange hind wings. A speci- 
men from Arizona is:a little larger than my type and the fore wings show 
indications of the t. p, ands. t. lines shaded with whitish and give the 
outer third of the wing a little the appearance of fava. The white discal 
spot of fore wings is repeated beneath and is probably a quick character 
of the species. The hind wings are bright orange above and below, 
without discal mark and with a moderate, even, black marginal band. 
My type from Texas has the fore wings a little rubbed. The Arizona 
specimen expands 21 mil. Coll. B. Neumoegen. 


ONCOCNEMIS GRISEICOLLIS, nN. Ss. 

Allied to atricol/aris but smaller, the collar entirely whitish gray, head 
blackish. Eyes naked ; the short fore tibiae with a terminal claw. Gray, 
of a whitish tone. Under the glass the surface of primaries is whitish 
sparsely mixed with black scales. The markings hardly visible to naked 
eye. Under the glass the black, perpendicular, thread-like t. a. line is 
seen and attached to it a sub-rounded enclosed concolorous spot, the 
claviform. Similarly the concolorous orbicular and reniform may be seen 
ringed with fine black circles, the stigmata subequal, orbicular round, 
reniform upright, hour-glass shaped. Median space narrow; t. p. line 
indicated. A black dash from the reniform outward tapering to external 
margin. Similar fine interspaceal shades give the terminal space a slightly 
rayed appearance. Hind wings whitish, sub-pellucid. Beneath pale. 
Expanse 25 mil. Arizona, coll. B. Neumoegen. 

This makes the twenty-first species of this genus discovered in North 
America. ‘The species is interesting as affording an ally to atricollaris. 


20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


PYGARCTIA ABDOMINALIS. 

This species described by me many years ago, from a specimen taken 
by me in Alabama, is, I now believe, wrongly placed. The type has been 
broken ; only a pair of wings remain. I believe it to be a Huchaetes, not 
since taken. The fore wings are of the same dark color as eg/e and 
Spraguei, but there is a distinct dark yellow costal vitta. The species 
will easily be recognised from the description, with its reference to 
Luchaetes. The median vein of secondaries is 4-branched, 3, 4, 5 being 
thrown off near together from the extremity of the vein. The type was a 
female, as may yet be verified by the divided frenulum. 


CaPIsS CURVATA, N g. et sp. 

A Deltoid form with the outline of Zzsyrhypena, but the wings broader 
and shorter. Antenne simple. Ocelli. Labial palpi moderately pro- 
jected, third article short, a little depending. Fore wings broad, glistening 
deep brown, with a curved even s. t. line, outside of which the exterior 
margin is washed with white. Hind wings concolorous fuscous. Beneath 
paler fuscous, without markings. This species I have seen in Prof. 
Lintner’s collection. One specimen in my own expands 20 mil. New 
York. 


SOME PECULIARITIES OF ARGYNNIS IDALIA. 


The males are very plentiful throughout the summer, flying about feed- 
ing on the flowers of the clover and milk-weed; but the females are 
exceedingly rare, and I never saw one feeding but once. I collected a 
whole summer and did not succeed in finding one. I never have seen the 
female on the wing, unless I had scared it from its hiding place. Of 
course the females must feed, but I cannot imagine when they do so. In 
trying to discover where the females were, I found that they remained hid- 
den in the long grass of the fields near the ground, and they would not 
take wing unless you nearly stepped on them, when they would get up as 
quickly as a partridge. Their flight is exceedingly rapid and generally in 
a straight line for about roo ft., and then they do not alight on a flower or 
bush or flutter about like the male, but suddenly drop like lead in the long 
grass. It would be almost impossible to tell the exact spot where they 
alight, as they drop so suddenly, but on approach near it they are off like 
a shot again. I was thus able to distinguish the males from the females 
by the peculiarities in their flight alone. 

Harry SKINNER, Philadelphia, Penn. 


Che Canadtrin Entomologist. 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1882. No. 2 


NOTES ON CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES, THEIR HABITS, ETC. 


IND. OF: 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


I. PAPILIO PHILENOR. 

On 21st May, 1881, I saw a female PhAz/enor fluttering about a low plant 
in the edge of the woods near my house. Apparently it was a vine just out 
of the ground—some four or five inches high—and three eggs were laid on 
the stem. I sent the plant to Mr. Scudder for determination at the 
Botanical Gardens, but he reported that there was not enough of it for that 
purpose. 

On rst Aug., I saw a female coursing over the hill side, alighting on 
various species of plants for an instant ; sometimes on clover heads or 
other flowers, then flying again in short circuits, touching a leaf here and 
there. Perhaps it was ten minutes before she lingered on one plant 
longer than usual, though then but for three or four seconds, and I found on 
examination three eggs laid on the stem just below the terminal leaf. The 
plant was of the same species I had noticed in May, and I dug it up and 
planted it in the garden. When at Cincinnati, at the meeting of the 
A. A. A. S., I learned from Dr. H. S. Jewett that this must be Aristolochia 
serpentaria, a common plant about Dayton, O., and later I received from 
him several dried examples of it. I had no idea that this was what is 
spoken of by Dr. Boisduval, Lep. Am., as the food plant of Pfzlenor, as 
it is wholly unlike other species of Aristolochia with which I am familiar, 
they being all vines, and this a low herb. Gray describes it as growing 
in rich woods, Conn. to Ind., and southward, the stems 8 to 15 inches 
high, leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-shaped base. The Virginia 
Snake-root of medicine. 


2. PapiLio MAcHAON. 
During the winter 1880-81 Mr. Mead sent me a large number of chry- 
salids of AZachaon, imported by him from Germany, requesting me to turn 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the butterflies loose here as they emerged. ‘The first one was female, out 
6th May, when the lilacs were in blossom, and I placed it un the flewers. 
Others emerged day by day. On gth, I recorded that [ had turned out 
40 to 50, but they soon disappeared and were not again seen. I saw 
one soon after I had placed it on the lilac, pursued by an Ajax as if it 
was regarded as an intruder. In all upwards of 100 were freed. About 
a week after the last butterfly had emerged, I caught a male near the 
house on a clover head, and this was the only Machaon I saw during the 
summer. I had planted a large quantity of Fennel, thinking the females 
might deposit eggs thereon, but diligent search failed to discover any. 


3. Effect of Cold Applied to Larvee. 


1. Diana. In 1873-4, 1 succeeded in rearing one of these larve from 
the egg to imago, starting with several hundred eggs ; there were losses at 
every stage. The duration of each stage was also very great, of 2nd 
stage 16 days ; of 3rd, 14; of 4th, 17; of 5th, 12 to 5th moult; from 
5th moult to pupation 22 days; of the chrysalis 21; the butterfly 
emerging gth June. 

In Sept., 1880, I obtained about too eggs, and as soon as the larvae 
hatched, I sent most of them to Prof. Fernald, at Orono, Me., to go inan 
ice house. <A few I kept myself and tried to carry them through the 
winter in a cold room, but by 11th Feb’y, 1881, all had died. Most of 
those sent to Orono also died from the ice giving out late in the fall appar- 
ently, but in one little paper box were a few larvae (10 or 12) still alive 
when I received it, 7th March. From these I raised 4 butterflies, and 
could have several more, had I not put one at each larval stage, and one 
chrysalis, in alcohol. The stages were in duration as follows, beginning at 
Ist moult, or the next one after hibernation : 


No. 1. 2nd stage, ro days. No. 2. 2nd stage, 13 days. 
500 ron ay ara? tes Ossie 
rth a ge" ale ath, «¥ 5 to Gp 
Et es Goes Bt aes Lee 
5th moult to pupation 13 days. 5th moult to pupation 13 days. 
In chrysalis 19 days ( 2). In chrysalis 19 days ( f). 
No. 3. 2nd stage, 13 days. No. 4. 2nd stage, 14 days. 
Brdligraise ic x td as ONE 
Ath nis tao ae wth) beth BAe, 


Ethie wes Gag 5th’, Gao em 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 


5th to pupation 14 days. 5th to pupation to to r1 days. 
In chrysalis 21 days (? ). In chrysalis tg days ( 2). 

No. 1 was 64 days from 1st moult to imago. 

No. 2 was 65 vi e 

No. 3 was 67 i = 

No. 4 was 65 be a 


Whereas the period of the larva before spoken of (1873-4) was 102 days 
from ist moult toimago. The frozen larvae were healthy at all stages, 
and I lost none after 1st moult, except one in chrysalis. 


2. CYBELE. 

In Sept., ’79, I obtained eggs of Cybele, and 7th Oct., I sent 40 larvae 
just hatched to Prof. Fernald, togo on ice. Others I retained, and tried in 
the usual way to carry them through the winter, but in Feb’y I found that 
these were dead. I received the lot from Orono 3rd March, ’80. ‘These 
were nearly 5 months in the sawdust next the ice in house, as Prof. Fer- 
nald wrote me. ‘Two days after they reached me several were moving 
about, and I transferred them from the boxes to violet. ‘The stages were : 


No. 1. 2nd stage, 12 days. No. 2. 2nd stage, 1o days. 
ae Age os 6 (S Malar 
Ate. 5 = ities? Athe le Vw te 
5th “ce 7 ce 5th ce 4 ee 


5th moult to pupation 9 days. 

In chrysalis 16 days. 

From rst moult to imago 62 dys, 
No. 3. 2nd stage, 8 days. 


SCb AT ce Oe 
rie Cima tah as Ra 
Sth, es 
5th moult to pupation 12 ‘“ 
In chrysalis 20 
Ist moult to imago Cone 


The first butterfly emerged 12th May (7). 

Here again, as in the case of Déana, above related, the periods were 
all shortened by the freezing the larvae had undergone, and the larvae 
were healthier at every stage. In 1874, out of 100 caterpillars of Cybele 
hatched in fall of ’73, I obtained but 3 chrysalids, and from these 2 but- 
terflies. From rst moult to butterfly was 104 days. 


In 1874-75, I raised three butterflies, Cyde/e, starting with 219 eggs by 
count, obtained from one female, 5-7 Sept. The rst moult occurred (in 
greenhouse) 13th Feb’y, 1st chrysalis was reached 29th April, and the 
butterfly emerged 24th May, the period from 1st moult being too days. 
I found the same result in freezing caterpillars from eggs laid by Satvrus 
Nephele, as 1 related in Can. Ent., vol. xu. It may be assumed that 
freezing through the winter preserves the lives and contributes to 
the good health of caterpillars which go into lethargy from the egg, all 
the way to the imago. 


4. On Transportation of Eggs and Young Larvae. 


I have frequently had eggs of butterflies sent me from points 5 to 12 
days distance by mail, and except in rare instances, the larvae hatched ex 
route have died in consequence of the decay of the leaves (food) sent 
with them. Some leaves, being of a dry nature, like Celtis, bear a 6 to 
to days journey from South Florida very well, and usually some larvae 
reach me alive. Willow does not bear this journey readily, and I have 
lost several lots of larvae of Limenitis 470s in consequence, though in 
two or three cases they have reached me alive. But Passion-vine has 
always decayed, even in 5 days. The leaves break loose from tie stem 
and get rolled into a nasty rotten ball, destroying everything in the box. 
So I have several times lost larvae of H. Charitonia. I suggested to Dr. 
Wittfeld, who sent these, to tie each leaf of Passion-vine to the stem 
before boxing, to prevent their breaking off, and this has seemed to work 
better. 

On 3oth Aug. last, 1 made an experiment, putting a stem with half a 
dozen leaves of Passion-vine into an eight-oz. bottle and corking tight. 
This was placed in a dark closet. ‘Temperature without was high, among 
the nineties daily. After ten days, I first discovered signs of mould and 
decay in the leaves, and then only in the tender terminal ones. 

At same time I had bottled in similar manner two leaves of Pawpaw, 
on each of which an egg of P. Ayax had been laid that morning. At that 
season the eggs of Ajax would hatch in 4 to 5 days. On the gth day, I 
observed the first signs of mould, and that on one leaf only. The other 
was sound, and two caterpillars were upon it, and both had just cast their 
skins at 2nd moult, the skins being still present. They had hatched about 
5 days before, and though corked up and kept in the dark, were appar- 
ently as healthy as though all the conditions had been normal. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 


I then requested Dr. Wittfeld to bottle leaves of Passion-vine and 
mail to me packed in a box, which he did. This was in October, and the 
package was ro days on the road. ‘Two leaves were rotten and worthless 
for food, but still held together, and four leaves were sound. 


Therefore, it is plain that in corked bottles, or in air tight tins, eggs 
of butterflies can be forwarded from points 8 to 12 days distant, 1. e., 
Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, Oregon, and the larvae from them 
will probably reach their destination in good condition. 


I received several tin boxes (soda-powder boxes, and not air tight) 
from Arizona the past season, from Mr. Doll. Three contained eggs of 
two species of Lemonias, viz., Palmeri and Nais. They were sent on 
the leaves and stems of Mesquit, on which they had been deposited, and 
between layers of cotton wadding. As it happened, the eggs, though out 
12 days, were but partly hatched when I got them, and the hatching pro- 
ceeded. Had they hatched two or three days earlier, I should have lost 
every caterpillar, for the leaves were dry as tinder and unfit for food. I 
believe, as the result of several observations, that it is not well to place 
the leaves in cotton in any case, as this seems to extract the moisture from 
them. [Even in so short a journey as from Coalburgh to Philadelphia, 26 
to 30 hours, Mrs. Peart has noticed that whenever cotton was in the box 
with leaves, the latter had suffered. 


Eggs should in no case be sent in wood or in paper boxes, as the 
leaves dry up at once, and any larve will starve. I am very anxious to 
receive eggs of any species of butterfly, especially of all Satyrids in Rocky 
Mts. to Pacific, including species of Chionobas ; of all Argynnids and 
Parnassians ; and if any collectors will send me these, or one or more of 
them, corked in glass, or in air tight tin, I will pay liberally for them, or 
exchange butterflies for them to any extent. I would gladly give twenty 
species of butterflies for one lot of eggs which I have hitherto not had. 


5 On Irregularity of Number of Moults in Larva of APATURA FLORA. 


In Psyche, vol. 3, p. 159, I enumerated the species of butterflies 
whose larvze I had bred from the egg, and gave the number of moults of 
each. One or two had but three, nearly all had four, and some had five. 
When the species is two-brooded, and the larve of one brood hibernate, they 
usually pass five moults, but in the summer brood of the same species 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


there are four.* In the case of Apatura Ce/¢zs, at Coalburgh, the species 
being two-brooded, there are five moults in the winter brood, four in the 
summer. In A. Clyton, which here has but one annual brood, there are 
five moults, the larvee hibernating. In A. Mora, belonging to same sub- 
group with CZyfon, as distinguished from Ce/f7s, but a Florida species and 
double-brooded, I cannot speak as to the number of winter broods, but 
in the summer of 1880, I found four moults only. I received eggs from 
Indian River in July, and raised nine larvae to imago. But in 1881, I 
raised larvae in August, from eggs received from Indian River, and all 
passed five moults. Mrs. Peart, who was feeding two of this lot of larvae, 
and making drawings of each stage, wrote me 25th Aug. that both had 
passed 5th moult, and I had discovered the same thing myself. 


In 1880, 1st moult, 24th July. In 1881, 1st moult, 3rd Aug. 
eh 2h. ha Acdays: end “ \4-8th “432 cays. 
STG) es ES Aig ae St 3rd’. ‘* .n2the eS sae 
AUN. F), S-Othie. baa Ath.) ntlinones Oa 
Suspended 14th “ 7% “ 5th, “24-25ths = eae 


Suspended 1st Sept. 74% “ 

In 1880, from 3rd moult to suspension was 13 days; in 1881 
was 20 days; and the length of this last period would seem to 
make an additional moult necessary, but why the stages were so 
protracted in ’81 and so short in ’80, I cannot guess. The conditions 
were similar so faras I know. In ’80, I had 4 males, 6 females from 
chrysalis, in ’8r both sexes, though I do not appear to have made a note 
of the exact number of each. But as all the larvae in one year passed 4 
moults, and all in the other 5, the difference was not sexual. 


6. The proportion of chrysalids of Paprtio Ajax which go into pre- 
mature hibernation does not always increase as the season advances. 


Mr. Scudder states this as a rule, in “ Butterflies,” p. 172. In 1872, 
I related my observations on Ajax, and I say: ‘It will be noticed that a 
large percentage of the chrysalids of nearly every brood pass the winter, 
the proportion seeming to increase as the broods succeed each other.” Now 


* I omitted to state in that paper, that Limenitis Déséfpus makes its case in the fall 
either after second or third moult. Of 7 larvz in Oct., 1881, 5 went into their cases 
after second moult, 2 after third. I have noticed the same thing in former years, but no 
larva has passed more than two moults after hibernation. So that this species would 
have both 4 and 5 moults in the winter generation, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Bid 


this rule is not absolute. In 1881, from eggs laid by the form Zé/a- 
montdes, | had 26 chrysalids, the last of which formed rgth June. From 
these, 4 butterflies only emerged the same season, and the rest of the 
chrysalids are now passing the winter. If the rule above set forth held, 
the proportions should have been reversed, or 22 butterflies should have 
emerged and 4 chrysalids passed the winter. 


7. AjJAx, Wa.tsHu and TELAMONIDES. 


Mr. Raphael Meldola, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xii,1873, made some 
remarks on my history of Ayax, But. N. A., v, 1, to which Mr. Scudder 
called attention in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, 1874, and this last 
paper closed with these words: ‘‘ Mr. Edwards had not drawn attention 
to the fact that Walshiz and Telamonides belonged to the same brood ; the 
former consists of earlier, the latter of later individuals from wintering 
chrysalids ; the second brood of the species (the first from short-lived 
chrysalids) is Marcellus, and made up of the mingled progeny of both 
Walshit and Telamontdes.” 

In the “ Butterflies,” p. 170, Mr. Scudder again refers to this: ‘‘ The 
first two ( Wadlshii and Te/amonides) do not appear to represent distinct 
broods ; and this point, to which Mr. Edwards strangely failed to draw 
attention in the first account of his observations, 1s one of the most extra- 
ordinary features in the history of the insect ; for Ze/amonides is not the 
direct con-seasonal produce of Wadsfzz, but both are made up of butter- 
flies which have wintered as chrysalids, those which disclose their inmates 
earliest producing Washi, the others Zelamonides ; while all butterflies 
produced from eggs of the same season, and there are several successive 
broods, belong to Marcelius.” 

The experiments recited in But. N. A. ran through two seasons, 1870, 
1871. In the former they began with Zélamonides, circumstances making 
it impossible for me to begin with Wadshzi, the earlier form. During the 
following winter nearly all the hibernating chrysalids were destroyed by a 
fire which burned my house. But the experiments and observations 
enabled me to say in the text, ‘‘ that from Ze/amonides came Marcellus the 
same season, and Zée/amonides in the following spring ; that from A/arcel/us 
came successive broods of Marcellus the same season and from the last 
brood Zé/amonides in the spring.” Also, ‘these observations failed to 
determine the connection between Wadshii and the other two forms,” and 
I therefore set myself at work to ascertain what that might be, by breeding 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from Walshii as well as the other forms, and continued the experiments 
the season through. Now, in Jan., 1872. Part ix of the But. N. A., which 
contained 47ax, issued, before the chrysalids which hibernated had given 
imagos. But I had discovered enough during the two seasons, and by 
outside observations, to enable me to say: ‘The summing up 
therefore of this whole series of observations is this: Walshii 
produces Walshii, Telamonides and Marcellus the same season; Tela- 
monides produces Marcellus the same season and its own type in the 
spring ; Marcellus produces successive broods of Marcellus the same 
season, and occasionally Ze/amonides, and the last brood produces Walshit 
and Telamonides in the spring: and whenever any of the chrysalids of either 
brood of Marcellus pass the winter they produce the other two varieties 
(forms), and probably sometimes their own type (individual, i. e., Mar- 
cellus, taken April, 1867). The chrysalids of Wadshii that pass the winter 
of 1871-2 will probably vroduce Walshii or Telamonides.” 

It seems to me that this statement is explicit as to Walshit and Teda- 
monies together being the product of one or any lot of eggs laid by 
Marcellus 2 the previous year. As to what the chrysalids of Walshit or 
Lelamonides might actually produce I could not then state with 
certainty, for the reason given. Since that first account I have 
spoken of these forms and their relationships in several papers, and it was 
hardly necessary for the author of the “ Butterflies,” ten years later, to 
call attention to a strange omission in my first account, even had there 
been such an omission, when subsequent observations described by me 
made the whole history clear. It certainly was not strange that I did not 
state as fact more than I then knew. At all events, what I have not dis- 
covered about Ayax no one has discovered, for my observations to this 
day are the only ones on record. 


NOTE ON CHIONOBAS VARUNA. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS. 


After the description of this species in the Jan. No. was in type, I 
received a letter from Mr. A. G. Butler, to whom I had sent an example, 
with request to be informed if it was Zarpfeza, spoken of in his Catalogue 
of Satyridz as being N. American. Mr, Butler writes : ‘‘ Your Chionobas 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


is very distinct from C. Zargeta ; the latter comes nearer to C. Chryxus, 
being quite a fulvous species, with blind ocelli on under surface. The 
band of secondaries also is altogether different in outline”; and Mr. 
Butler gives me a drawing of the wing and band. His drawing and 
description in all points named agree with what Mr. Scudder formerly 
described as C, Ca/ais, from a single female taken by Mr. Drexler 20 
years ago, at Rupert House, Hudson’s Bay, and on carefully comparing 
this (which remains unique in my collection) with a series of C. Chryxus 
from the Rocky Mts., I see that it is a distinct species, and not Chryxus, 
as of late I had assumed. 


NOTE ON LIMENITIS URSULA. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS. 


In my paper on L. Arthemis and its alleged second brood, in Dec., 
1881, I stated that some caterpillars of L. Ursuda did go on to chrysalis 
and butterfly late in the year, in Ohio, though others of same lot went into 
their hibernacula when half grown; and that I had dissected one female 
Ursula which emerged in September last, and could discover no signs of 
eggs, or at any.rate, there were no formed eggs. Also that I had sent a 
second female of same lot to Prof. Minot for examination, I now have 
his report, as follows: ‘‘ There were certainly no ripe eggs in the abdo- 
men, although there were a great many eggs in an immature condition.” I 
stated in the above mentioned paper, that the existence of the species 
Ursula did not depend on these late, or September butterflies ; and the 
reason is, that the female coming so late, and with immature eggs, the 
season would either not allow the eggs to ripen, or if it did, and they were 
impregnated, which would be doubtful, it would not allow the larve to 
hatch and to reach the hibernating stage. There is not time for all this 
before frosts or cold weather. Of course, the same would hold good of 
Arthemis, if possibly any females of a second brood should emerge. 


ON TWO GENERA OF PHYCID. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


I find that unless we use neurational characters to separate the genera 
of Phycide, that it will be impossible to classify the species with accuracy. 
All characters drawn from the periphery, the appendages of the body, will 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


be found subject to very gradual modifications, but I do not think we can 
afford to reject any of them, because of their relative want of stability. 

Indeed the neuration in the L epidoptera seems to be as useful as in the 
Diptera, although there are certain cases (as I long ago pointed out with 
regard to Zhyridopteryx) where it varies not only in the species, but in 
the opposite wings of the same specimen. I think that we must regard as 
generically distinct from Pempelia the North American species Pravella, 
which has 8, instead of 7 veins to the hind wings (see Bull. U. S. Geol. 
Surv. 4, 694). For this species, the structure of which I have quite fully 
described, I propose the generic name Meroptera. also find that our 
two species, found in Texas and Colorado, and which probably mine the 
Agave, viz., Bollid and Dentata, are distinct from the European types of 
Zophodia, to which Prof. Zeller referred Bod/it, the type of the new genus 
Megaphycis. In the structure of the palpi, shape of the wings, greater 
size and length of body, our two large species differ strongly. 

I have also here to correct a mistake of mine in the use of the term 
“porrect” in this group as applied to the labial palpi (e. g. in Pimcpestis ). 
I meant by it ascending, whereas it appears that it is equivalent to extended 
forwards. ‘The term appears inconvenient to use, and perhaps I am not 
alone in mistaking its sense. 


A NEW APPLE TREE PEST. 
BY CHARLES R. DODGE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


As if the apple tree with its sixty or more insect enemies were not 
sufficiently afflicted, a distant relative of the Canker-worm has been making 
itself so notorious in Georgia, as to give apprehension of the total 
destruction of apple orchards in the locality infested. The insect com- 
plained of is Zugonia subsignaria Pack., a measuring worm which at times 
has been a veritable nuisance upon shade trees in New York and Phila- 
delphia. 

In pursuance of my duties as a Special Agent of the Census Office (in 
the fruit interest), and through subsequent correspondence, the following © 
facts were obtained from Mr. Adam Davenport, of Fannin County, in the 
State named. In his first communication, received some months since, it 
is stated that the worm made its appearance upon Rich Mountain, a spur 
of the Blue Ridge, about four years ago, attacking forest and fruit trees ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ol 


and that it had since spread over a large area, doing great damage. Apple 
trees in June last were as destitute of leaves as in mid-winter, the fruit 
growing to the size of marbles and falling off. 


A late communication—with replies to a series of questions—shows 
the destruction to be even worse than at first reported. I give Mr. Daven- 
port’s own words : 

“The insect made its appearance four years ago upon Rich Mountain, 
since which time it has been spreading in a northern semicircle at the rate 
of about fifteen miles a year. It is by far the most interesting insect that 
has plagued this country since the first white settlement. So wonderfully 
prolific, that in two years it literally covered every tree, bush and shrub, 
and with the exception of a few varieties, stripped them of their leaves. 


“The egg hatches about the first of May, and the caterpillar, which is 
dark brown, lives about forty days, transforms to a chrysalis, lives in this 
state about ten days, and emerges a milk-white miller. For two weeks 
before their first transformation the fall of their excreta, in the woods, 
resembles a gentle shower of rain, and from its abundance tinges the 
streams a dark green hue. I have seen trees that had been stripped of 
their foliage, entirely wrapped up in their silken webs, resembling, when 
covered with dew, a wrapping of canvas. ‘They constitute a great feast for 
all insectivorous birds and animals ; it is said that even cattle and sheep 
eat them with great greed. They have an instinctive way of protecting 
themselves by losing their hold upon the limb, at the slightest touch, and 
swinging by their web in the air. - For this reason they are easily shaken 
off into sheets and destroyed ; however, they are so numerous, this 
remedy is worth nothing except in keeping them off very small trees. 
This instinct is not lost after leaving the caterpillar state, for if a bird 
alights upon a tree above the millers, they suddenly drop like a shower of 
snow to the ground for protection.” 


In the Practical Entomologist, volume 1, page 57, an anonymous 
writer gives an account of this insect’s attacks on elms in Philadelphia. 
Dr. Packard, in his Monograph of the Geometrid Moths, page 528, men- 
tions only elm as a food plant, but Prof. Thomas, in his Second Illinois 
Report, page 243, says: ‘I have not noticed them feeding upon that tree, 
but have twice found them feeding upon apple, upon the leaves of which 
I have reared them to the perfect insect. In neither case were they 
numerous.” Prof. Comstock makes brief mention of the insect in his 


5p THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


recent report as United States Entomologist, quoting Mr. Davenport, as 
above, to the effect that the worms were destroying forests of hickory and _ 
chestnut, and were damaging fruit trees. This statement doubtless refers 
to the season of 1880. 

The infested district in Georgia is not less than 60 miles long by 40 
wide, and embraces Union County on the east, Gilmer on the west, and 
Polk County, Tennessee, on the north. They have been injurious two 
years, but in the summer of 1881 they were most destructive. 

It is stated in the Practical Entomologist that the eggs are deposited 
in masses of fifty upon the limbs of the tree. <A piece of apple bark 
before me presents an irregular patch over three inches long, and 4% to % 
nch broad, the eggs closely crowding upon each other. As there are 
many hundreds, they have doubtless been deposited by a number of 
moths, which attests the truth of Mr. Davenport’s statement regarding 
heir falling in showers like snow. 

They are deposited for the most part on the under side of the limbs 
n the tops of the trees, and not only upon the bark, but the tufts of moss 
are covered by clusters of them. The eggs are smooth, dull, irregularly 
ovoid, slightly flattened upon the sides, rounded at the bottom, while the 
top is depressed, with a whitish rim or edge, forming a perfect oval ring. 
Color yellowish brown, resembling brown glue. Length of examples 
before me, .o4 inch; width, lying upon the flattened side, .o3 inch ; 
thickness, or smallest diameter, .o2 inch. They are deposited in curved 
or straight rows of a dozen or more (or less), these lines forming masses 
often of many hundreds. 

The name, Eugonia subsignaria, is given on the authority of Mr. 
Davenport, supported by his descriptions in answer to my questions, as I 
have had no means of determining the species. There is no doubt in my 
mind, however, of the insect’s identity. 


NOTE ON THE GENUS TRIPUDIA AND ON THE SPECIES 
OF SPRAGUEIA. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 

On pages 231 to 238 of the CanapDIAN Envromotocist for 1879, I 
gave a list of the species of Spragueta and allied genera. Iam still in 
doubt of the position of Apicella, from want of material to examine. It 
may belong to /vuva, which can be readily ascertained. The genus 772- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 


pudia may be identical with Oribates of Hy. Edwards, described more 
recently. I have seen the type of O. Versutus, and, without being able to 
compare it, it seemed to me identical with my previously published Z7z- 
pudia flavofasciaia Grote, CAN. ENT., 1877, p. 69: The type of Z7ipudia 
is this species, to which I have joined guadrifera of Zeller, from Texas, as 
a second. Whether the orange species AZwirzz and “Zimbatus belong here 
can be ascertained by proper dissections, which should be undertaken as 
soon as possible. 

The species of Spragueia have received two interesting additions since 
the publication of the List. The first of these is Pardadis, collected in 
Florida by Mr. Thaxter. It is allied to dama by the orange fringe of pri- 
maries interrupted with dark opposite the cell. The costal spots are 
smaller and pale ; the wing is blacker and there is a pale costal spot at 
base, wanting in its ally. 

The second species is Funeralis from Arizona, collected by Mr. Doll. 
It is of a peculiar silky dark leaden hue, with concolorous fringes. <A 
large pale spot outside the t. p. line on costa. ‘Two pale bands enclosing 
orange lines and swelling into wider spots at costa, where the outer band 
encloses a dark streak. The species are similarly sized and are very 
interesting from their brightly marked and narrow primaries. While 
recalling the European Zvotyla sulphuralis in ornamentation, they are 
structurally distinct, as I have shown (1. c.). Our North American 
species are now as follows : 

SPRAGUEIA Grote. 


onagrus Guen. Fla. dama Guen.’ Ala., Tex. 
Type Zo Guen. Ala. pardalis Grote. Fla, 

plumbifimbriata Grote. Tex. guitata Grote. Tex. 

Suneralis Grote. Arizona. tortricina Zell. Tex. 


? apicella Grote. Ala., Tex. 
= truncatula Zell. 


A NEW SPECIES OF ICTHYURA. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 
IcrHYURA PALLA, nN. sp. 
Length of body, including anal tuft, .56 of an inch. Expanse 1.10 


inches. General color of body and primaries pale gray, the latter rather 
sparsely sprinkled with dark brown scales. Palpi brown above, scarcely 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


projecting beyond the head, third joint concealed by the hairs of the 
others. Front slightly brownish, a tuft of pale gray scales at the base of 
each antenna, the usual deep brown mark from between the antenne to 
the top of the thoracic crest. Primaries with the usual] transverse lines 
almost white. The basal line makes a bend outward on the median vein; 
from this it goes in a straight course to the submedian vein ; from this to 
the posterior or inner margin it curves a little outward. A second line 
extends from the costa about one-fourth of the distance from the base 
obliquely to the posterior margin, near the posterior angle. A third line 
passes straight across the wing from the posterior margin to the second, a 
little below the median vein. The fourth begins as a white spot on the 
costa a little more than two-thirds of the distance from the base, and joins 
the second on the posterior margin, making the usual ‘‘ V” as in the 
allied species. The fourth line is slightly S-shaped in its costal third. 
Outside the fourth line is a subterminal, somewhat zigzag row of black 
spots, some of which are often faint or obsolete. In the discal cell there 
is usually a faint oblique line that seems to be a continuation of the third 
line, though it does not reach the costa, and the end of the cell sometimes 
appears like a short line. There are three oblique shades of brownish 
olive more or less distinct, that cross the wing parallel to the second line ; 
the first, beginning on the costa inside the basal line, faintly borders that 
line to the submedian vein. and is seen below that vein on the third line ; 
the second outside the second line through its whole course, is darkest 
next the line; the third from both sides of the fourth line to the middle 
of the outer border, faint, except along the line. Just outside the S-part 
of the fourth line are three grayish-yellow spots with a few reddish-brown 
scales. Secondaries pale smoky gray with a faint whitish line from the 
fourth of the primaries (as the wings are spread) to the anal angle. 
Under side, the primaries are about the color of the secondaries above, 


pale along the costa and terminally, the secondaries paler with a dark 
transverse line. 


Described from 2 ¢ and 3 @, all reared specimens. 


Larva.—Length 1.25 inch when crawling, body nearly cylindricai, two 
black tubercles, close together, on the top of joints 3 and 11. On the 
dorsum are four bright but narrow yellow lines alternating with narrow 
black ones. The stigmatal line black ; above this, or the subdorsal space, 
an irregular alternation of black and white. Below the stigmata a narrow 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 


yellow line ; below this, or the substigmatal space, the body is flesh color. 
Head shining black. There are a few gray hairs scattered over the body. 

These larvee were found feeding on willows through the most of Sep- 
tember, resting in an enclosure formed of several leaves fastened together 
at the ends of twigs, but I did not find nore than half a dozen in a nest. 
Those put in breeding cages pupated before the middle of October, mostly 
in the corners of the boxes. The first hatched April 22, 1881, the last 
May 8. I took one fresh specimen that had flown to light May 28. 

This form is related to Zvclusa Hub. and Ornata G. & R., more nearly 
to the latter in size and coloration, but differs from both in several par- 
ticulars. Besides size and color, it differs from /zclusa in the coloring 
of its larva. It differs from Ornata in the color of the scales sprinkled 
over the primaries, the color of the spots outside the fourth line, and the 
continuance of that line, as it is not here partially obsolete opposite the 
disc, as well as in some other points. ‘The apices are no more produced 
than in Zzclusa, nor is the costa more bent. 


ON THE CHALCIDID OF FLORIDA. 


(Paper No. 2.) 


BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 


Genus Eupetmus, Dalman. 


Prof. Westwood, in his Generic Synopsis, characterizes this genus as 
follows: “‘ Antennz 13-jointed, clavate, third and fourth joints minute ; 
club ovate ; thorax long-ovate ; collar moderate ; thorax depressed in the 
middle ; abdomen long-ovate ; ovifositor exserted, wings with stigmal 
branch distant from the union of the subcostal nerve and the costa.” 

In view of the recent controversy between Prof. Riley and Mr. 
Howard, in regard to this genus and the genus Antigaster of Walsh, I 
deem it advisable to publish the above from Westwood, verbatim et 
literatum. Just beginning my entomological studies, I do not pretend to 
take issue with either of these gentlemen, but merely desire to draw their 
attention to the ovégosifor in this genus, which both seem to have entirely 
overlooked, and which, according to above description, is exse7 fed. 

Now, I have bred a great many specimens of Avtigaster mirabilis from 
eggs of Microcentris retinervis, and neither this species nor those recently 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


described by Mr. Howard, have exserted ovipositors. Does this not throw 
some light on their generic position ? 

I describe below two new species belonging to Zupelmus genus, if 
Westwood’s definition of it be correct. I must acknowledge, however, 
that the antennz, wings and formation of thorax strikingly resemble 
Antigaster. The exserted ovipositor would, however, easily distinguish 
them. 

EUPELMUS ROS, n. Sp. 

®. Length .10 inch ; ovipositor .o2 inch. Head wider than thorax, 
greenish-golden, finely transversely punctate and with slight purplish 
reflections ; front purplish, with metallic reflections, beneath eyes greenish 
and with the punctures converging towards mouth; eyes purplish ; 
antenne r1o-jointed, clavate, scape metallic green to near tip, flagellum 
black, joints 6 to 9 shorter than the rest and about equal in length ; thorax 
long ovate, collare short, corners bulging, praescutellum depressed, 
depression extending from corners of collare and converging and uniting 
towards scutellum, greenish golden, finely transversely punctate and with 
purplish reflections; the triangular pieces back of praescutellum are 
greenish with edges well rounded ; scutellum highly convex, longer than 
broad, greenish with posterior half purplish ; the side piece is one elongate 
convex surface extending from before the insertion of the wing to hind 
coxe, purplish, with greenish metallic reflections ; wings hyaline, irides- 
cent, with yellowish veins; the subcostal joins the costa at less than 
one-third the length of wing, the vein then extending to more than two- 
thirds, with a thin stigma near tip ; hind wings strongly iridescent ; abdo- 
men long-ovate, slightly depressed, purplish black, with slight cupreous 
and metallic green reflections ; ovipositor black, annulated with yellow in 
the middle ; legs—coxz black, trochanters yellowish, fore and middle 
femora and tibiae yellowish, the middle pair slightly dusky in the middle ; 
all tarsi, except at tip, white ; posterior femora and tibiae, excepting at 
knees and tip, which are yellowish, black; a short tarsal spur ; tarsi 
white, brownish towards tip, basal tarsal joint of middle pair of legs 
slightly widened. 

Described June 17th, from one female specimen bred from Cynipidous 
rose-gall, Rhodites r. lucida (Ashmead MS): A gall found on a wild rose 
bush growing along the borders of our rivers and swamps. 

EUPELMUS CYNIPIDIS, Nn. sp. 

@. Length .15 inch; ovipositor .o5 inch, Head slightly wider than 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. le 


thorax, greenish golden, with the surface crackled and sparsely covered 
with short fine hair; eyes brownish purple ; antennae 1o-jointed, black ; 
thorax elongate ovate, greenish brassy with a slightly elevated, golden, 
finely transversely punctate shield in centre, extending from collare to 
two-thirds length of praescutellum, with the posterior end rounded, a 
depression on either side running squarely off posteriorly perfectly smooth 
and shining ; the scutellum small and convex, with the triangular praescu- 
tellar pieces, almost joining, so closely do they press against it ; it is brassy 
but ends posteriorly in a small, flattened, triangular point ; abdomen 
purplish black, flattened above, keeled below ; ovipositor at base for one- 
fifth the length purplish black, balance reddish brown ; wings hyaline, 
veins yellowish to juncture of subcostal with costa, balance brown, a large 
smoky brown blotch extending across the entire wing from one-fourth the 
length to near the tip of the wing; legs uniform reddish brown. 


Described from one female bred specimen, bred May 2nd, from 
Cynipidous live-oak gall, Cyips g. batatoides Ashmead, 


Genus CoccopHacus,: Westwood. 


»COCCOPHAGUS ANNULIPES, N. sp. 


@. Length .og inch. Vertex of head red, ocelli black and triangu- 
larly arranged ; eyes greenish, face and around mouth parts green, mandi- 
bles tipped with black; antennz 9-jointed, clavate, scape somewhat 
widened, black, 2nd joint larger than 3rd and 4th, basal half black, apical 
half greenish yellow, joints 3 and 4 small, red, others gradually widening 
to club, greenish yellow, club large and black ; thorax longer than abdo- 
men, collare very narrow, greyish or greenish ; mesothorax red, praescu- 
tellum transverse, occupying the whole dorsum ; scutellum very large and 
triangular, the base being as broad as the praescutellum, both sparsely 
covered with short whitish hairs; beneath, the surface, with the coxe, 
femora and tibiz are the color of milky water, tibiae annulated with two 
black bands, tarsi yellowish, ungues black ; abdomen obtusely pointed, 
blackish above, greyish and with an ovipositor-groove beneath ; from a 
stigma on each side issue three long black hairs; wings hyaline, closely 
covered with short hairs, veins yellowish. 

This unique little species was bred from a large brown Coccid scale 
( Lecanium sp.) occurring on Quercus aquatica, and the description is made 
from two female specimens, which hatched April 17th. 


38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


EXPERIMENTS WITH YEAST IN DESTROYING INSECTS. 


We are indebted to Dr.-H. A. Hagen, of Cambridge, for the following 
letter and the subsequent remarks on this interesting subject : 


Kingsworth, Ashford, Kent, Dec. 27, 1881. 
DEAR SIR,— : 


I beg to thank you very much for your letter, dated Nov., 1880, 
respecting the application of yeast for destroying insect pests. During the 
past season I have endeavored to follow the instructions contained 
therein, and as you express a wish to hear of my success or failure, I will 
attempt to describe my experiments as clearly as possible. As soon as 
Aphides became noticeable, I procured some German compressed yeast, 
dissolved an ounce in a little warm water, added a little coarse sugar, and 
set it to ferment. In about 24 hours I added sufficient water to make up 
a gallon, and with this syringed a cherry tree attacked by black Aphides. 
This was on the 16th of June. - Four days later I found the tree almost 
clear of living Aphides, though their dead bodies, or cast skins (I could 
not ascertain which, although I asked the assistance of an entomological 
friend) smothered many of the leaves. One remarkable point in this 
experiment was that a small branch of the tree, loaded with Aphides, hung 
over a window, and at the request of my wife, I abstained from syringing 
it. Here the insects remained perfectly healthy, and after a few days were 
seen to work down the tree and attack the young shoots that had been 
washed clean. On June 29th I again dressed the tree, and this time 
destroyed or drove away every Aphide. 1 may add that the larvae of 
several Aphidivorous insects were present on the tree, and did not appear 
greatly affected by the application. Encouraged by the apparent success 
attending the application, I commenced operations, June 20, on a second 
cherry tree. This, however, was heavily leafed, and I could not make so 
much impression, but they evidently did not like the dressing, for they 
disappeared entirely soon after the second application. I also tried the 
yeast for Aphides on Guelder Rose (Viburnum), Elder (Sambucus), Field 
Bean, and some other plants ; also for Currant Grub, but could make no 
decided mark anywhere. With respect to the Currant and Gooseberry 
Grubs, the liquid ran from off their bodies clean, and I found it almost 
impossibie to saturate them with it. If the syringing was persisted in, they 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 


would release their hold and fall to the ground, but very shortly crawl up 
again. To conclude, I was delighted with the apparent success of my 
first experiment, but all subsequent trials were so discouraging that I fear 
yeast is too uncertain in its action to supersede many of the washes we 
have already in use. Again thanking you for your kind letter, I beg to 
subscribe myself, sir, Yours most respectfully, 
Toss VEL ART. 
To Dr. H. A. Hagen, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A. 


This interesting letter by Mr. Thos. H. Hart, who owns nurseries and 
greenhouses, allows the following conclusions : 

I. It is doubtless true that in the experiments of June 16 and 20, the 
Aphides were killed, as upon the branch not syringed they remained in 
perfect health. 

II. It is doubtless true that the later experiments were a failure. 

III. It seems evident that the yeast has not contained Isaria, or other 
fungi obnoxious to insects, to which the first success could be ascribed ; 
otherwise the later application of the same fluid ought to have had the 
same effect, or even by the multiplication of the fungi, a more marked 
effect. 

Experiments made in Germany and here had exactly the same result, 
first success, later failure. In Germany it was made on a jasmine, in a 
flower pot, and the previously rather sick plant was in 1881 in good health 
and perfectly free of Aphides. Some currant shrubs on the left side of 
my house were entirely free through the whole year (without fall gener- 
ation) after the experiment, though similar shrubs on the right side of my 
house were badly infested with currant worms ; I had here purposely not 
applied yeast. After all I believe it can be concluded that a certain stage 
of the yeast solution is needed to make it effective, and that after this 
stage it becomes indifferent. That yeast solution has killed insects seems 
to be undoubtedly proved, and it remains only to find out the stage in 
which its application is successful. It is sure that success, even in a very 
small number of experiments, cannot be annihilated by failure in other 
experiments. H. A. HaGeEn. 


PIERIS RAPA IN NEBRASKA. 
DEAR SIR,— 


I am sorry to note the appearance of P. rape in Nebraska. August 
3rd, 1881, I first saw a living specimen ; needless to add that it was busily 


tO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


engaged in a cabbage patch. Others soon appeared, and before cold 
weather set in it had become quite abundant and larve in an advanced 
stage of growth were found in November. Probably the butterfly crossed 
the Missouri in the summer of 1880. We are here thirty-five miles west 
of the river, a distance that could hardly have been traversed in one 
season. It also appears that the cabbage crop has been almost totally 
destroyed in the eastern part of Dodge County and farther east, while 
here a partial crop has been secured notwithstanding the visit of the 
imported pest, supplemented by an unusual abundance of the Cabbage 
Plusia. August 1st, 1873, when I left my former home in Bureau County, 
Illinois, xaf@ had not yet reached that place ; therefore in less than eight 
years its westward progress upon this parallel has taken it across the State 
of Iowa and the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. 


The question naturally arises—Will the insect stop short when it 
reaches the grassy plains of Western Nebraska, or will it press onward to 
the cabbage gardens of Utah and the Western slope? By the aid of man 
it might soon cross the plains, even if it subsisted wholly upon cabbages ; 
but being not averse to other cruciferous plants, it will find its way made 
easy. A mustard-like plant of this family with pink flowers grows along 
the embankment of the Union Pacific Railway, nearly if not quite 
throughout the whole distance from Omaha to Ogden. At Ogden Junc- 
tion it is the most abundant of wild plants. If this plant furnishes a 
suitable food, P. rape will have little difficulty in surmounting all obstacles 
that bar its progress toward the valley of the Salt J.ake. 


G. M. DoncE. 
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska. 


EXCHANGES.—I would like very much to effect some exchanges with 
Entomologists in Canada in Lepidoptera. I have a great quantity of good 
material in duplicate from our Adirondack region, from the South and 
West, and from Europe. W. W..HiLz, Albany, N. Y. 


DonatTion.—We desire to return our sincere thanks to Prof. J. T- 
Bell, of Belleville, who has kindly sent to our Society a number of very 
interesting mounted microscopic objects, including Polycistina and Dia- 
tomacea from Vancouver Island—a most useful addition to the cabinet of 
objects in our rooms. 


See we 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1882. Nov. 3 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE POLVPHEMUS MOTH—Telea Polyphemus. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


The caterpillar of this insect is also known as the American Silk 
Worm, in consequence of its having been extensively reared for the sake 
of its silk. When full grown the larva presents the appearance shown in 


figure 4, is over three inches in Jength, with a very thick body. It is of a 
handsome light yellowish-green color, with seven oblique pale yellowish 
lines on each side of the body; the segments, which have the spaces 
between them deeply indented, are each adorned with six tubercles, which 
are sometimes tinted with orange and have a small silvery spot on the 
middle, and from each one of which arise a few hairs. The head and 
anterior feet are pale brown, the spiracles pale orange, and the terminal 
/ 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1, 


segment bordered by an angular band resembling the letter V, of a pur- 
plish-brown color. 

When mature the caterpillar proceeds to spin its cocoon within an 
enclosure usually made by drawing together some of the leaves of the 
tree it has fed upon, some of which are firmly fastened to the exterior of 
_ the structure. The cocoon, fig. 

5, 1s a tough pod-like structure, 
nearly oval in form and of a 
brownish-white color, and within 
it the larva changes to an oval 
chrysalis of a chestnut brown 
color, represented in fig. 6. 


itt 
} 


A 


WW 
2 “h 


Usually the cocoons drop to the ground with the fall of the leaves, and 
in this state the insect passes the winter. 


Late in May or early in June the prisoner bursts its prison house, when 
there is revealed a large and most beautiful moth, the male of which is 
well shown in fig, 8, p. 44, the female in fig. 9, p. 45. The antenne are 
feathered in both sexes, but more widely so in the male than in the female. 
The wings, which measure when expanded from five to six inches across, 
are of a rich buff or ochre yellow color, sometimes inclining to pale grey 
or cream color, and sometimes assuming a deeper, almost brown color. 
Towards the base of the wings they are crossed by an irregular pale white 
band, margined with red ; towards the outer margin is a stripe of pale 
purplish white, bordered within by one of. deep, rich brown. Near the 
middle of each wing is a transparent eye-like spot, with a slender line 
across the centre; those on the front wings are largest, nearly round, 
margined with yellow, and. edged outside 
with black. On the hinder wings the spots 
are more eye-like in shape, are margined 
with yellow, with a line of black edged with 
blue above, and the whole set in a large oval 
patch of rich brownish-black, the widest 
portion of the patch being above the eye- 
spot, where also it is sprinkled with bluish atoms. The front edge of the 
fore wings Is grey. 

This lovely creature flies only at night, and when on the wing is of 
such a size that it is often mistaken in the dusk for a bat, Within a few 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 


days the female deposits her eggs, glueing them singly to the under side 
of the leaves, usually one only on a leaf, but occasionally two or even 
three may be found on the same leaf. 


The egg is about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, slightly convex 
above and below, the convex portions whitish, and the nearly cylindrical 
sides brown. Each female will lay from two to three hundred eggs, which 
hatch in ten or twelve days. 


This insect is subject to the attack of many foes, particularly while in 
the larval state. | A large number fall a prey to insectivorous birds, and 
they also have insect enemies. A large ichneumon fly, Op/zon macrurum, 
see fig. 7, is a special and dangerous foe. This active creature may often 
be seen in summer on the wing, searching among the leaves of shrubs 
and trees for her prey. When found she watches her opportunity, and 
places quickly upon the skin of her 
victim a small, oval, white egg, 
securely fastened by a small quan- 
tity of a glutinous substance at- 
tached to it. This is repeated until 
eight or ten eggs are placed, which 
in a few days hatch, when the tiny 
worms pierce through the skin of 
the caterpillar and begin to feed on 
the fatty portions within. ‘The 
Polyphemus caterpillar continues to 
feed and grow, and usually lives 
long enough to make its cocoon, 
when, consumed by the parasites, it Bis: 7 


dies ; in the meantime the ichneumons having completed their growth, 
change to chrysalids within the cocoon, and in the following summer in 
place of the handsome moth there issues a crop of ichneumon flies. It 
is also subject to the attacks of another parasite, a tachina fly. Should 
the insect ever appear in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome, it can 
be readily subdued by hand-picking. This larva feeds on a variety of 
trees and shrubs, such as plum, oak, hickory, elm, basswood, walnut, 
maple, butternut, hazel, rose, &c. 


As this moth has been found to be easily propagated, extensive experi- 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ments have been tried with the view of producing silk for commercial 
purposes from the cocoons. ‘The silk is rather coarser than that of the 


common silk worm, 4ombyx mori, has a continuous thread, and can be 
readily unwound. <A measure of success has attended these efforts, but 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 45 


not sufficient, it sppears, to secure their continuance, and we know of no 
one now raising these larvae for the purpose of obtaining silk for com- 


merce. ‘The insect has also been introduced into France with a similar 
object, but with what success we have not learned. 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


EUROPEAN WRITERS ON NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 
= BY A. R. GROTE. 


For more than twenty years I have been endeavoring to complete the 
synonymy of our moths, and to find out what species were covered by 
Walker’s and Guenee’s descriptions. During this time I have made three 
trips to Europe, with this object more or less directly in view. Com- 
paratively few of M. Gueneé’s species remain unknown to me; and as 
many of these were collected by Doubleday, the types will probably be 
found in the British Museum. Mr. Gueneé’s descriptions of species are 
good, and among the best extant, but he does not give structural char- 
acters. The microscope was not used by him. His genera contained 
incongruous material. When he had a species that he did not know what 
to do with, instead of making a new genus for it, which would have 
assisted the identification of the species, he often made a group of it, 
under a genus to which it was opposed in every structural feature—and 
the species in this way was readily over-looked. As, for instance, Leucania 
Littera. 

Mr. Walker’s descriptions are entirely misleading, because his types 
prove that he made no serious study at all of the matter. No system 
whatever has been followed by him in locating his material; not even 
casual resemblance has been used as a guide. In my last work on the 
Noctuide, written in London, and with Mr. Walker’s collection before me, 
I became satisfied that it would take over a year’s steady work, glass in 
hand, to settle all the questions raised by his determinations. Not only 
have his types to be gone over with his descriptions, but his identifications 
of Gueneé’s species have to be compared with that author’s writings. 
Although in Gueneé’s genera, such as Hadena, Leucania, Aplecta, Mam- 
estra, species with naked or hairy eyes, spined or unspined legs, etc., are 
thrown indiscriminately together, yet some sort of system, 1. e., casual 
resemblance, and often a knowledge of the larva, has been recognized in 
his work. All this is wanting in Mr. Walker’s work; the specimens 
appear to have been described just as they came along. The genus 
Bryophila is not very hard to recognize ; the species are slender bodied 
with flattened scales on the thorax; yet Mr. Walker describes three 
American species under this genus all different generically, and none 
belonging to Bryophila. Species belonging to Agrozis are described by 
him, up and down all over the family under all sorts of genera. Some of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 


his types are in very bad condition ; and sometimes the condition of the 
specimen is taken as a specific character. ‘The same species is described 
in the same drawer several times over. It is absolutely impossible to find 
out what principle has guided Mr. Walker in his work. If the \species 
had been sorted out just as they came along, and then described, I do 
not sincerely think the effect would have been much worse ; provided the 
material had previously been sorted into families. And yet, even here, 
there are a large number of mistakes. There are plenty of Bombycide 
and NVoctuide among his Geometride. or twenty-five years Mr. Walker’s 
work has been a real obstacle in the way of American Entomologists. 
Through my different visits a certain number of his species have been 
made known ; but it is impossible for a private person, with my means, to 
finish this work. Every day that the British Museum allows Mr. Walker’s 
work, which it published and paid for, to remain uncorrected, it continues 
to inflict as much injury upon the progress of this branch of science as it 
is possible to do. 

I take this opportunity to thank Mr. Butler for his very kind and wel- 
come assistance in the preparation of my Essay on the North American 
Noctuidz, which is being printed in London. 


NOTE ON CATOCALA WALSHII. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 
After a comparison of my types with Mr. Walker’s, Mr. A. G. Butler 
writes me that Walshii Zdw., as taken by Prof. Snow in Kansas, is the 
same as Functura of Walker. The form which has been taken about 
Albany and which is exactly like Unzjuga, but differs by the band being a 
little narrower on hind wings and not quite so continuous, is an unnamed 
variety of Unijuga. It follows from this that my Avzzone is certainly not 
Walshii, as suggested by certain parties. | Mr. Neumoegen has received 
it in quantity from Arizona. The form taken by Belfrage in Texas, and 
distributed as Wadshii, may be the same as Arizone, and should be care- 
fully compared with Arizonian specimens. In any case it becomes now 
additionally probable that my suggestion that Asfasza is a re-description 
of Arizone is correct, and if any one will take the trouble to compare the 
descriptions the reasonableness of my suggestion will become apparent. 
On account of the pinkish or red hind wings and the brown primaries, 
both species were naturally compared with amatrix. The amount of 
variation in color of hind wings in this genus is not yet ascertained. 


48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON SOME CHALCIDID. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


In the January number of the Canapian Entomotocist I described 
two new species of this interesting family under the names of /sosoma 
Allynit and J. Elymi. Professor C. V. Riley, to whom a pair of the first 
were sent, writes me that they belong to the genus Hupelmus instead of 
Isosoma. From a re-examination of my specimens I think he is correct, 
and the species will be known as Lupelmus Allynit, instead of as first 
described. They have 11 joints to the antenne, and the prothorax short. 


Since writing the descriptions above referred to I have had a number 
of wingless insects hatch from my wheat straws, and it is now evident that 
the description of chrysalids, and perhaps larve, as given under Jsosoma 
Allyniz, can not apply to that species, but to these wingless specimens. In 
a recent letter Professor Riley states that he has bred wingless specimens 
of an /sosoma from wheat received from Kentucky, and it is probable 
these are the same. I am inclined to think they belong to Zsosoma Elymi 
that I obtained from the stalk of “/ymus Canadensis, though it will be 
difficult to say positively without more specimens of Elymi or winged 
specimens of the other. ‘The wingless ones are from .10 to .11 of an inch 
long, inclusive of ovipositor, while the winged Z/ymz I have is .o7 of an 
inch. Premature development might account for the difference. They 
agree in the following points. Both have g-jointed antenne with whorls 
of hairs at the base of the joints, the antennz black except the base, 
which is fulvous, the darkest in the, winged specimen. The legs have the 
femurs and tibize fuscous, the joints fulvous, the feet, all but the terminal 
joint, brownish yellow. Abdomen jet black, the ovipositor and hairs 
brownish, the hairs arranged chiefly at the sutures of the joints. Head 
and thorax dull or brownish black, coarsely punctured, the eyes piceous, a 
fulvous spot on dorsum and sides of the prothorax and similar marks 
under the thorax. Where there are light markings those on the wingless 
specimens are a little paler than the corresponding ones on the winged 
specimen from which my description of Z. Zlymi was taken. 

On the other hand, I have now (Feb. 9) larvee inside stalks of Elymus 


Canadensis. Will they produce Z Z/ymi or something else? Rearing 
them to the imago will alone tell, and that may help to settle the other 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


question. I may say in conclusion that I have bred a specimen of Zugel- 
mus Allynii from a gall that was probably made by /sosoma Hordet, hence 
there is a probability that the specimens I bred from the wheat stalks were 
parasitic on the larva of our wingless /sosoma. 


NOTES ON CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES, THEIR HABITS, ETC. 


Vo. 2. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W.. VA. 


8. On Young Caterpillars Eating their Egg Shells. 

Mr. Scudder, Butterflies, p. ror, says, after describing the way in which 
the caterpillar eats out of the egg: “ The taste he has gained of egg-shell 
seems to allure him ; for, strange as it may seem, although placed by the 
provident parent within immediate reach of choice and succulent food, 4e 
will not taste it until he has devoured the last remnant of his prison-walls. 
Strange food this for a new born babe! The act, however, is plainly a 
provision of nature by which the tender animal is rid of a sure token to 
his enemies of his immediate proximity.” Surely here is an error in fact, 
and a wrong conclusicn whatever the fact may be. I read the above 
statement on the 25th July last, and at once went to my garden to search 
for eggs of Libythea Bachmannt, on Hackberry leaves. The young 
caterpillars of this species are green, of a shade so near that of the leaves 
they feed on, that it is very difficult to discover them. Even where the 
tip of the leaf has been eaten, and their presence is suspected, it is easy 
to overlook them. I found at once three eggs and one young caterpillar. 
The egg from which this caterpillar had come was present at the base of 
the leaf on the extreme tip of which the little creature rested. A hole 
was in its side near the top, and no more had been eaten than just enough 
to permit egress. Repeatedly, in the next succeeding days, I found egg- 
shells of Bachmanni, each with an opening like that described, and 
usually, on the leaf above was the caterpillar. So that here is one species 
which does not devour the last remnant of its prison-walls—perhaps no 
part thereof. And instead of ridding itself of a sure token of its presence 
to its enemies, quite the contrary happens, for the empty shell left at the 


D0 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


base of the leaf is a token by which an enemy, or a good friend in the 
form of an industrious naturalist, may find it. 

The fact is, so far as my observation goes, and besides what I had 
noticed in a general way for years, I paid particular attention to this matter 
of eating the egg shells for the rest of last season, caterpillars very rarely 
eat up the shell so completely that one cannot discover some remains of 
it. Papilio Avax usually leaves that part which is cemented to the leat. 
The Graptas nibble about the tops a little, but leave the greater part of the 
shell. Lycaena Psevdargiolus eats its way out at the depressed summit, 
and sometimes eats a little of the upper part of the shell. I had two 
score eggs of two species of Lemonias, viz., Pa/mer? and Wazs, which came 
last summer from Arizona, giving caterpillars after they reached me. In 
every case the egress was by a round hole bitten out of the top, as in 
Lycaena (the eggs much resembling Lycaena in shape), and the caterpillar 
could scarcely squeeze through, so small was it. Not a bite from the 
shell was taken afterward. 

As to why caterpillars eat their egg-shells at all, an eminent authority 
writes : “ It is to save the labor of building up new chitine, that substance 
being here at hand in the shell.” 


g. On the Appearance of Albinic Females of Cotas PHILODICE. 


Mr. Scudder, in same work, page 183, says: “ It isa curious fact that 
these pale females never appear in the early spring brood, and increase 
in proportion as the season advances. ‘This is in harmonious contrast 
with the occurrence of a melanic male in the spring brood of Lycaena 
Pseudargiolus ; when we consider that albinism is a northern, melanism a 
southern peculiarity, we should anticipate albinism in the cool, melanism 
in the hot season.” 

In Butterflies N. A., vol. 2, text of Colias Hurytheme, I speak of 
albinic females of that species: ‘‘ Albinic females appear in every brood, 
as in Philodice. In that species ( PAzlodice) these females are as common 
in the early spring brood as in any of the later ones ; and judging by the 
number of albinos received by me from many quarters, the same is true 
of Eurytheme.” In case of Eurytheme, the distinction between the spring 
form (Aviadne) and the later forms (Keewaydin and Eurytheme) is so 
marked, that an albino specimen received can be allotted to one or the 
other with certainty. There is not such distinctness between the early 
and late broods of Phélodice, and my statement on the occurrence of 


ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 


albinic females in spring was based, not on dried specimens, but on per- 
sonal observation. Such females are seen by me here, at Coalburgh, 
every spring. I took one in my net early in 1881, thinking before I struck 
it that it was a large P. Rapae, gand same day I saw another. In my note 
book I recorded, 1874, 8th May, that I took an albino female PAzlodice. 
But as it might be said that albinos were to be expected at the south, but 
still were not to be found at the north, I wrote Mr. Lintner for such 
information as he could give on the matter. He replied, 27th July, 1881: 
“Twas at Albany yesterday and a friend showed me a beautiful white 
female Philodice taken near Centre, on May 15th. On 2zoth June, he took 
six more.” So that albinic females do appear in the early spring brood, in 
New York as well as in West Virginia, and the foregoing generalization is 
erroneous. 


to. Upon Certain Alleged Peculiarities in the History of SatyRus 
ALOPE, 


Mr, Scudder says, |. c., page 132, it “ first appears on the wing in the 
early half of July. . . . The females live a long while before deposit- 
ing a single egg ; the earliest record I have of this event is the 22nd of 
August, or from jive to six weeks after the first appearance of females ; they 
continue to lay eggs until the end of the first week in September ; and in 
keeping with the indolence of the females is the duration of the egg state— 
from 3 to 4 weeks, a period longer than in any butterfly known to me 
where the eggs hatch at all the same season. The earliest caterpillars 
therefore appear by the middle of September,” etc. I spent some time at 
Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., in July, 1877, at Oak Bluffs, and on the grassy 
plains back of the town I searched daily for butterflies. The first Alope 
seen were 2 males, and they were just from chrysalis, 23rd July. On 
26th, the first female was seen, and I took 12 f,:1 2. I then left the 
Vineyard and Mr. Mead came there just at that time, and set to work to 
obtain eggs of A/ope for me. On roth Aug, or 15 days after the first 
female had been seen by me, he began to shut up females in a bag over a 
plant of grass in a tin can, and 22nd Aug., at Coalburgh, I received from 
him 125 eggs, laid prior to Aug. 18th. These began to hatch 27th Aug., 
or 17 days after the first female was enclosed. ‘This certainly is not a long 
period for the egg as compared with some other butterflies, especially the 
large species of Argynnis. The period of A. Cybele I have found to run 
from 12 to 24 days; of A. Diana 15 to 26; A. /dalia, 25 ; A. Alcestis, 27 


5? THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and 29 days. On the other hand, I have had eggs of A/ope and LVephele 
from several localities, and the periods of this stage have run from 14 to 
28 days. It depends much on the weather how long the egg period shall 
be, whether it be a Satyrus or Argynnis egg, and it is hardly right to 
charge the females of A/ofe with special indolence of habit. Their eggs 
are laid, so far as my observation goes, as soon after emergence of the 
female from chrysalis, as are the eggs of the larger Argynnids, and hatch 
as speedily. 


11. On Eggs of THECLA CALANUS. 


It is stated, l. c., page 128, that the eggs of Ca/anus “are laid towards 
end of July and early in August; these eggs remain unhatched until the 
following spring, when the caterpillar emerges, feeds on oak leaves, 
changes to chrysalis in June and July, and after a fortnight the butterflies 
of the new year appear.” I should much like to see evidence to support 
this statement. Mr. Saunders, at London, Canada, Can. Ent., vol. 1, p. 
57, says of this species, which he calls by its synonym T. zzorata G. & R. 
(= T. Falacer B. & L.): “ About the middle of July, 1868, two eggs were 
deposited on the sides of a pill box. This box was overlooked for several 
days, and when examined again, the larvee were found to have escaped and 
dried up for want of food.” 

Mr. C. E. Worthington, at Chicago, writes me: ‘ I took examples of 
Calanus the last days of June, and cunfined on a branch of oak. The 
eggs were laid, and hatched during the first week in July, and the larve 
died a few days after. Ca/anus is our commonest species. My memor- 
anda of captures are June, July, September.” 

It is certain then that Ca/anus eggs laid in June and July hatch in a 
few days, in Canada and Illinois, and that in the latter the species is 
double-brooded. If eggs are laid in September, they may possibly hiber- 
nate, or the caterpillars may, or the chrysalis, and to this date apparently 
no one knows which of these stages hibernates. My opinion is that it is 
the chrysalis, as with other American species of this genus. 


12. On the Number of Larval Segments, 


Authors have recognized 13 segments, counting the head as one (vide 
Burmeister, Westwood, &c.) Mr. Scudder, page 17, says: ‘‘ The body, 
or the portion of the caterpillar (ying back of the head, is composed of 
thirteen segments.” I find no explanation of this thirteenth segment, nor 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 


directions where to look for it. It does not appear to be visible. ‘Twelve 
after the head are distinctly seen in all the large lepidopterous larve, and 
any one can satisfy himself of that if he will examine a caterpillar of one 
of the large Bombycide or Sphinges. The segments are distinct in many 
butterfly larve, as for example, D. archippus. Now on page 82, Mr. 
Scudder gives a magnified figure of the larva of Avchippus from Burgess, 
in which the thoracic segments are numbered 1 to 3, and the abdominal 1 
to 9, making 12 without the head. On page 19 we read: ‘‘ Among the 
butterflies these appendages (pro-legs) are always borne by the 3rd to the 
6th abdominal segments, and by the last segment, leaving thus a s¢mzlar 
space without support between the true and false legs, and between the terminal 
and preceding false legs.” ‘Plainly this accounts for but 12 segments, as 
these ‘‘ similar spaces” are two segments in each case. ‘Three thoracic, 
bearing legs, 2 segments “without support,” 4 with false legs, 2 more 
‘without support,” and the “terminal” segment. That is 12. I should 
have regarded the statement that there were 13 segments without the head 
as an error of the printer ; but on page 239, the author undertakes to 
conceive a picture of the primeval butterfly, and says: ‘‘’The caterpillar 
had a rounded head, a body composed of 13 segments,” &c. Therefore 
I should like an explanation, and a hint as to where one is to look to find 
this 13th segment. It is hardly necessary to count segments which are 
invisible to the naked eye. 


13. On Apaturas ‘‘ Herse” and “ Lycaon,” 


In 1833, Boisduval and Leconte, in Lep. de l’Amer. Sept., described 
and figured two species of Apatura as Ce/tis and CZy/on, and for more than 
a generation these names were unchallenged. In 1869, Mr. A. G. Butler, 
in his Catalogue of Di. Lep., described by Fabricius in the Collection of 
the Brit. Museum, introduced Zycaon f and Herse 2, Fab. Ent. Syst., as 
of one and same species, and remarked : “ This species is well figured in 
Jones’s unpublished ‘ Icones’ ; it comes very near a new species figured 
by Mr. Edwards” (A. AZiciz). All that Fabricius himself knew of these 
species was from the drawings, so far as appears, and his description is 
taken directly from the drawings. What part of the globe the butterflies 
came from he did not know, as in both cases he says ‘‘ Habitat ——.” 

In 1871, Kirby’s Catalogue followed Butler, giving Zycaon as J, Herse 
as 2, of one and the same species, but not one identical with either Ced¢zs 
or Clyton. In this Catalogue. Lycaon stands No. 34 and Cetis No. 38 in 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the series, two tropical species intervening with others. No locality is 
given for Zycaon and Herse, as it was not known by Kirby what part of 
the world they came from. Since the time of Fabricius, 1793, these- 
drawings had never been fixed on any living species. 

In 1872, 39 years after Boisduval and LeConte had figured Ce/tzs and 
Clyton, during all which period their names had stood unchallenged, Mr. 
Scudder, in his Systematic Revision, first connects Jones’s figures with our 
N. Am. species, making CZyfon to be identical with Herse and Ce/tis with 
Lycaon, differing completely, as is seen from both Butler and Kirby. They 
regarded these drawings as meant to illustrate two sexes of one species, but 
that one neither Clyton nor Celtis. Mr. Scudder asserts them to illustrate 
two distinct species, with no explanation allotting one to C/yton, the other 
to Celtis. Now Cilyfon and Celtis belong to two well marked sub- 
groups, and it shows the utterly worthless character of the Jones drawings 
for identification of species, that such an authority as Mr. Butler should 
regard them as representing the two sexes of one species, and that Mr. 
Scudder should, on the contrary, think they represented two species of 
distinct sub-groups. 

In 1874, Mr. Riley, 6th Mo. Report, gave admirable wood-cuts—as 
his manner is—of both our species, but unfortunately, followed Mr. Scud- 
der in perpetuating the errors I have spoken of, and that evidently out of 
deference to Mr. Scudder’s supposed means of information. He says that 
“for forty years the species have been known as Ce/¢/s and Clyton, and he 
regrets that some time should not by agreement be fixed, say a quarter of 
a century, after which an insect which has been universally designated by 
a particular name, should not be called on to change its name evermore, 
no matter what prior name might turn up. But as no such rule exists, he 
thinks the quickest way to get rid of the confusion now attaching to the 
specific nomenclature zs to follow Mr. Scudder, who has given the matter 
so much attention.” If Tam not much mistaken, Mr. Riley would not 
give that advice to-day. Ido not suppose Mr. Scudder ever saw Ce/tis 
and Clyton alive—as they are not New Englanders—and all that he knew 
of Jones’ figures was learned by a cursory inspection of them at Oxford 
at some time during his travels. That unlucky inspection has been the 
cause of a great deal of trouble. 

I had occasion to figure Ce/tis and Clyton in Vol. 2, But. N. A., Parts 
3 and 5, and I obtained, by the kindness of Prof. Westwood, colored 
copies made by himself of both surfaces of Herse. Mr. Riley, after his 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oe) 


paper was written, had also obtained from the same source uncolored 
tracings of both Herse and Lycaon, which he permitted me to see. Mr. 
Butler had himself examined the drawings and wrote me, he still regarding 
them as representing two sexes of one species: “It is certainly not 
Celtis, which I know well.” Now Mr. Butler’s testimony was of itself 
sufficient to settle this matter. 

I first saw the tracings spoken of through Mr. Riley, and in my Part 
3, I say: ‘‘I entertain not a doubt that they were meant to represent 
Ldyja, or a species allied to that.” There are certain well marked peculi- 
arities in the arrangement of the spots in /¢yya to be found roughly done 
in the drawings, and herein /dy7a differs from either of our two species. 
I copied Fabricius’ description of Zycaon (drawn up from Jones), and 
compared it line for line with the appearance of Cé/tis. and made it plain 
that the description of one could not apply to, and could not have been 
meant for, the other, whether as to coloring or markings. 

When I wrote the text of Clon, Part 5, a year later, I had Prof. 
Westwood’s colored copies of Herse before me, and I showed that Fabri- 
cius’ description of Herse could not possibly relate to Clyton. I gave 
wood cuts of the under sides of Herse and /dyja (a West India species 
whose nearest allies are to be found in tropical America), and the resem- 
blance in the arrangement of the spots between these two was as unmis- 
takable as was the difference between either and Clyton or Celtis. If 
Jones did not have /dyja before him he certainly had a species of same 
sub-group. But what that species was it is impossible to say. Surely it is 
quite time that Fabricius’ names for Jones’ figures should drop into their 
original obscurity. Nevertheless here they stand in Mr. Scudder’s 
“ Butterflies,” 1881, as if their claims were established, or had never been 
denied, and the names properly belonging to the species are put down as 
synonyms! 


14. On Coiias CHRISTINA Edw. 


In Mr. Strecker’s Catalogue, p. 81, Colias Christina, a well marked 
orange species, figured in Vol. 1, But. N. A., is set down as a var. of C. 
Pelidne Bd., a yellow species which I should say was at a considerable 
distance in a series ; and in various other publications Mr. Strecker has 
expatiated on this supposed discovery. Pedidne, with its var. Christina, 
stands as No. 54 in his series. Colias Occidentalis Sc. is quite as strangely 
put down as a var. of C. Philodice, a species for which it has but a slight 


On 
(or) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


affinity, and Phzlodice stands No. 58 in his series, AZexandra, Emilia and 
Barbara intervening between it and Pelidne. And C. Scudderi is given 
as a synonym of FPe/idne, not even worthy to be called a variety. 

Being recently in New York, I saw in the collection of Mr. Henry 
Edwards several examples of what Mr. Strecker had sent him as Christina 
from Hudson’s Bay, where this complication of species is said to be the 
normal condition. These examples embraced 9 Scudderi, 2 2 Odcct- 
dentalis, and no Christina at all! 

While on this subject, I may as well add that C. Barbara, H. Edw., 
spoken of above, stands as a good species in Strecker’s Cat., No. 57, and 
C. Harfordii, H. Edw., is put as a var. of C. Chrysotheme, No. 60, 
although the latter is not an American species. It is however an orange 
species, whereas Harfordii is a yellow one, and Harfordit and Barbara 
are really one and the same thing. Mr. H. Edwards suggested this in a 
paper in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 17th June, 1878, and he informs me that 
he is at present fully satisfied of the identity. After inspection of the 
specimens in his collection I agree with him. 


MIGRATION OF DRAGON-FLIES—Aeschna heros* (Fabr.) 


* 


BY A. H. MUNDT, FAIRBURY, ILL., LIVINGSTON CO 


On the evening of August 13th, 1881, I observed them between the 
hours of 5 and 7 o’clock. The air for miles around seemed literally alive 
with these dragon-flies, from a foot above ground to as far as the eye 
could reach, all flying in the same direction, a south-westerly course, and 
the few that would occasionally cross the track of the majority could all 
the more’ easily be noticed from the very regular and swift course they 
generally pursued ; but even these few stray ones would soon fall in with 
the rest again. Very few were seen alighting, and all carefully avoided 
any movable obstacles. 

The next day very few were seen on the prairies, and these mostly of 
another species very abundant in this country, Avax juntus (Drury), 
which were probably at home previously, and in a few days I could see 
none others but the latter. A few newspapers, and also a few correspond- 


*( Qschna heros, Fabr. 
vEschna, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 


‘ee — Se a 


ents from twelve to fifteen miles east and west of here, had observed and 
mentioned their flight. Although their course was precisely in that 
direction, Prof. Forbes, of the State Normal Museum, writes that “no 
observations had been made there regarding the migrating of this 
insect,” and he kindly identified the last named species for me ; however 
both have been carefully looked up and identified as being separate, by 
other well informed Entomologists, all agreeing with me that the above 
names are correct. 

Whether their migrating was instinctive, or forced by the Manitoba 
wave, then reported in Chicago papers as having arrived in that direction, 
after a spell of very warm weather; or caused by the dry season, the 
ponds having become so exhausted as to afford no pasturage for their 
larvee, seems a matter of conjecture ; most likely the latter, however, as 
the cold wave reached here but very slightly. 


NOTES ON LAST YEAR’S COLLECTING. 
BY J. ALSTON MOFFAT, HAMILTON, ONT. 


No one I think can have been long engaged in collecting insects with- 
out having noticed the remarkable diversity in the products of different 
years, not only in quantity, but in kinds. Each summer seems to bring 
its own particular species to the front, so that if a person wishes to get a 
moderately correct idea of the insects of any locality, it is necessary for 
him not only to hunt diligently all the season, but every season for a con- 
siderable length of time ; and if he has from any cause missed one, he 
may be sure he has missed something which it may be years before he will 
again have an opportunity of securing, or securing in the same abundance. 
The causes of these variations seem as yet to a great extent a mystery. 

Insect hunting could not be said to be good in this locality last sum- 
mer. It might be considered very poor, yet it produced its new things for 
the collection, and some things in plenty which had hitherto been scarce. 
On the 12th of May I came across some specimens of a Pieris which I 
thought were poor specimens of oleracea, but which Mr. Edwards deter- 
mined to be Virginéensis. On the 23rd I took a very attractive Chryso- 
mela, which is in the Society’s Coll. in London as C. dabyrinthica, but 
which the authorities say is mu/tiguttis of Crotch’s Check List, of which 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


scalaris is a synonym. Rather remarkable, surely, that so handsome and 
distinctly marked an insect should not have a name of its own. Its 
season lasted about four weeks, during which I secured over a dozen. I 
took one specimen of Stenosphenus notatus Oliv. Of this species I 
captured in May, 1879, three specimens, the first I ever took, and that 
year, a week or two previous to my captures, I received from Mr. 
Reinecke, of Buffalo, a pair labelled Dallas, Texas. They are exactly 
similar. The Cerambycidz were ten days later than usual this year. 
Goes debilis was numerous, and | took my first and only specimen of 5S. 
pulcher. Saperda discotdea, although never plentiful, is interesting from 
the great difference in size and markings of the sexes. I had always 
found two or three females to one male until last season, when the males 
were most numerous. There were several species of Leptura quite com- 
mon, especially vzbex, which I had not seen before. Gawrotes cyani- 
pennis was in great abundance, but although you could bring a dozen 
down with one stroke, you might not secure more than two or three, they 
were so quickly on the wing again. The months of July and August were 
barren of anything worthy of note. In the second week of September 
the fall moths began to appear, and up to the end of October were quite 
plentiful. Those attractive genera, Scopelosoma and Lithophane, were 
more fully represented than I had seen them since the fall of 1877, when 
I took eight or ten species for the first time. A few S. Gragiana and ZL. 
Bethunet can be found every year, but Scopelosoma Pettiti and ceromatica, 
and Lithophane semtiusta, pexata, signosa, petulca, querguera, are rare. 
Some of these choicer species were easily secured again last fall. I also 
took one new to me, L. ferrealis, whilst a friend here, Mr. J. Johnston, 
took S. ¢ristigmata and L. cinerosa, which we were enabled to identify 
through the kindness of Mr. R. Thaxter, of Cambridge, Mass. Mr. Kyle, 
of Dundas, secured Z. Georgiz, which I have not yet met with. It may 
be worthy of note that Mr. Johnston took a specimen each of Plusia 
striatela and Cherocampa tersa, the first taken here of either species. 
Mr. Thaxter kindly determined the following for me: 


Dryopteris rosea, Hadena Miselioides, : 
Limacodes inornata, Dianthoecia meditata, 
Gortyna cerina, Orthodes cynica, 
Calledapteryx dryopterata, Paristichtis perbellis, 


Mamestra eloniplina. 
The last four were taken the previous year at Long Point. 


THE CANADIAN 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


59 


CATOCALA TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF FRANKFORD, 
PENNSYLVANIA. 


NAME. 


Epione. 
Lachrymosa. 
Obscura. 
Angusil. 
Var. Lucetta 
Ulalume. 
Insolabilis, 
Robinsonii. 
Viduata. 
Retecta. 
Flebilis. 
Desperata. 
Tristis. 


Judith. \ 
Levettii. 


Cara. 
Amatrix. 
Var. Nurus. 
Cocinnati. 
Unijuga. 
Marmorata. 
Parta. 
Ultronia. 
Concumbens. 
Ilia. 
Innubens. 


Var. Scintillans. 


Piatrix. 
Subnata. 
Neogama. 
Paleogama. 
Var. Phalanga 
Nebulosa. 
Serena. 
Habilis. 
Cerogama. 
Antinympha. 
Grynea. 
Gracilis. 
Var. Similis. 
Minuta 
Linella. 
Androphila. 
Amasia. 


OccuR- 
RENCE, 


BY JAMES S. JOHNSON. 


CAPTUKES. 


EARLIEST 
CAPTURE. 


Not common. Every season. July 10, 1880, 


Rare. 

Not common. 
Rare. 

Rare. 

Rare. 

Not common. 
Not common. 
Very rare. 
Not common. 
Not common, 
Common. 
Rare. 


Rare. 

Not common. 
Common. 
Common. 
Very rare. 
Not common. 
Very rare. 
Not common. 
Not common. 
Very rare. 
Common. 
Rare. 

Very rare. 
Not common. 
Rare. 
Common. 
Common. 
Rare, 

Very rare. 
Not common. 
Common. 
Not common. 
Rare. 

Not common. 
Not common. 
Not common 
Rare. 
Common, 
Common. 
Very rare, 


3 specimens. 
Every season. 
5 specimens. 
3 specimens. 

I specimen. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
2 specimens. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
5 specimens. 


Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
3 specimens. 
Every season. 
I specimen, 
Every season. 
Every season, 
I specimen. 
Every season. 
7 specimens. 
2 specimens. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
4 specimens. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season. 
Every season 


Every season. 


Sept. 4, 1877. 
July 10, 1880. 
Sept. 3, 1880. 
Sept. 3, 1880. 


July 8, 1880. 

Aug. ro, 1880. 
Sept. 5, 1877. 
July 19, 1880. 
July 26, 1877. 
Aug 9, 1877. 

July 14, 1877. 


July 9, 1880. 
Aug. 6, 1880. 
Aug. 9, 1880, 
Aug. 17, 1880, 
July 14, 1880. 
Aug. 28, 1881. 


July 21, 1877. 
July 8, 1880. 


July 1, 1880. 

Aug. 10, 1877. 
Aug. 18, 1877. 
Aug. 10, 1877. 
July 14, 1880. 
july ro, 1880, 
July 11, 1880. 
July 16, 1880. 
July 26, 1877. 
July rr, 1880. 
July 25, 1880. 
Aug. 8, 1880. 

Aug. 15, 1877. 
July 1, 1880, 

July 9, 1880. 


Every season. July ro, 1880. 


4 specimens. 
Every season. 
Every season, 
3 specimens. 


July 21, 1877. 
July 4, 1880, 

July 14, 1880. 
July 24, 1877. 


Latest Duration, Founp 

CAPTURE. Days. ON 
July 28, 188z. 1g Oak and chestnut. 
Sept 7, 1881. “yo Oak: 

Sept. 27, 1881. 18 Hickory and oak. 
Sept. 7, 1881. 5 White and black oak. 
Sept. 8, 1877. 6 sé #3 
Sept. 27, 1881. Black oak. 

Sept. 8, 1881. 63 Hickory and oak. 
Sept. 27, 1881. 49 se fe 

Sept. 7, 1881. 3 Black oak and elm. 
Sept. 10, 1881, 54 Oak,hickory & chestn’t 
Sept. 27,1881. 64 sf ae a 
Sept. 19, 1881. 42 “ + = 
July 21, 1877. 8 ‘Tulip, poplar and oak. 
Aug. 23, 188. 46 Shell-bark hickory. 
Sept. 13, 1880. 39 Oak andold stumps. 
Oct. 10, 1877. 63 Beech, maple & willow 
Oct. 10, 1877. 55 se ge * 
July 23, 1877. to Beech. 

Sept. 21, 1877. 25 Beech and willow. 
Sept. 6, 188x. White oak. 
Oct. 10, 1877. 82 Beech, oak and willow. 
Aug, 23, 188r. 47 o re chestnut. 
Aug. 16, 1877. Beech. 

Sept. 10, 188r. 72 ss 
Aug. 31, 1877. 22 ‘© and chestnut. 
Aug. 29, 1877. 12 fs *F 

Sept. 6, 1881. 28 Walnut and oak. 

Aug. 22,1881. 40 Beech, 
Sept. 27, 1881. 80 ** and oak. 

Sept. 19, 17881. 7 rf N 

Sept. 8, 188r. 55 = + 
Sept. 27, 1881. 64 ‘3 “ 

Sept. 8, 1881. 60 Shell-bark hickory. 
Sept. 27, 1881. 65 Oak,hickory &chestn’t 
Aug 27,1881. 20 Oak and beech. 
Aug. 23, 1880. 9 Under brush and logs. 
July 24, 188r. 24 Oak and hickory. 
July 29, 1877. 2x Oak. 

July 27, 188. 18 wy 
July 28, 188x. 8 cs 

Sept. 1, 188r. 60 Black oak. 
Sept. 8, 188r. 57. White oak. 


Aug. 6, 1877. 


a 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The above table was compiled from my diary for the past five years. 
I notice that the season of 1880 was 8 or 1o days in advance of the 
others, while 1877, during which there was a harvest, held out the longest. 
All of the specimens were taken at rest, and the trees named are those on” 
which they were discovered and seemed to select for hiding. It is a 
singular fact that among the hundreds I have captured, I have never yet 
found a 2 Catocala containing eggs. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


A CORRECTION. 
DEAR SIR,— 


In my.article which appeared on pages 21-23 of the CANADIAN ENTO- 
MOLOGIST, Vol. xili, No. 2, the species was erroneously accredited to 
Plusia precationis Gueneé, instead of to Plusia simplex of the same 
author. This mistake on my part was owing to the fact that the moths 
from which I obtained the eggs had the metallic spots in the centre of the 
fore wings nearly as they are in a frecationis which Mr. Grote determined 
for me. Ihave been enabled the present season to correct my former 
mistake by the use of the excellent descriptions of the Plusia moths given 
by Prof. Cyrus Thomas in his Fourth Report. 


On the 21st of November, 1881, I received from the Editor of the 
Germantown Telegraph a box of insects for determination, and in the 
letter which accompanied the box the Editor stated that the worms which 
he sent me were very destructive to the celery in many gardens in his 
locality. 

These celery worms agreed precisely with the description of the 
simplex larvee referred to above. They differ from the larve of dvasszca, 
as given by Prof. Riley, only in having the spiracles ringed with black ; 
and both of these larve differ from that of precationis by not having a 
black stripe on each side of the head. In all other respects these three 
larvee appear to be utterly indistinguishable. 


D. W. CoguiLLett, Woodstock, III. 


The Canadian Entomologist. 


— 


won. ATV. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1882. No. 4 


NOTES ON PEMPHIGUS TESSELATA, Fitcu. 


BY HERBERT OSBORN, AMES, IOWA. 


SYNONOMY. 


Chermes alni Kalm. ‘Travels into North America, English translation, 
vol. (1; p: 154% p. 121; 2nd’ed. 

Eriosoma tesselata Fitch. 4th Report State Cab. Nat. Hist., N. Y. 

Eriosoma tesselata Glover. Ag. Rept., 1876, p. 39. 

Eriosoma tesselata (or imbricata) Glover, unpublished plates HOMOPTERA 
iil., fig. 19. 

Schizoneura tesselata Thomas, 8th Report Insects of Illinois, p. 139. 

Apparently the first record of this insect is given by Kalm., as cited 
above, where he says under date of Oct. 3rd, 1748: “I saw to-day the 
Chermes of the Alder ( Chermes aini) in great abundance on the branches 
of that tree, which for that reason looks quite white, and at a distance 
appears as it were covered with mold.” This reference, in all probability, 
is to P. fesselata, and the reference to the European species, Chermes alni 
L., a mistake, since there are no later records of the European species 
being found here, and this one is specifically distinct from the ane 
described by Linnzeus. 

Dr. Fitch describes the apterous female and states that he bad searched 
in vain for winged individuals. His specimens were from Adzus rubra. 
Mr. Glover states that it was found upon Birch in Maryland. In his 
unpublished plates he figures the same, referring to it as /essedata or 
imbricata. 

The newly-born larva is pale brown. The antennz are 4-jointed, the 
first joint short, second one-half longer, third and terminal nearly equal 
and each equalling the first and second together. The dorsal portion of 
the body is covered with slight elevations which mark the position of the 
wax-secreting glands. They are arranged in rows, there being three rows 
on each side in the abdominal segments, except the terminal, which has 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST: 


none, and the subterminal, which has two on each side. On the thorax 
and head they are smaller and fewer in number. Length of body 1.25 
m. m. 

Apterous viviparous 2. “Dull bluish black ; tergum with the seg- 
ments marked by strongly impressed lines and covered by white down in 
square checker-like spots. Length 0.16 in.” (4 m.m.) Fitch. 

The abdomen is covered by long shreds of down, while the thorax 
and head are simply covered with whitish dust. © Antenne 5-jointed by 
division of third (?) joint of larval antenna into ¢wo, while the ‘second 
joint has apparently shortened. 

Fresh specimens of winged 2 cleaned in alcohol are described in 
MS. by Dr. Hagen as “head and antenne black, prothorax pale dirty 
whitish ; thorax chestnut brown ; abdomen pale whitish gray, above with 
six rows of blackish spots ; beneath with four blackish fine lines on each 
side near the middle, not reaching the tip ; legs brown ; tibiz and tarsi 
paler ; wings opaque, veins pale, except the mediana of fore wings, which 
is brown. Full grown nympha is similar to the imago ; the wing cover- 
ings are black.” 

Alcoholic specimens of winged viviparous 2 were dark bluish black 
with the white filaments on the abdomen less prominent than in the 
apterous 9 ; head and thorax covered with whitish powder. The antennz 
are 6-jointed by division of the third (?) larval joint into ¢/7¢e, the second 
joint shortening ; joints 3-6 are marked with transverse irregular inter- 
ruptions lined with a thin membrane, while the terminal and subterminal 
joints contain sensitive glands, as do also these joints in the larva and 
apterous 2. Length 4-5 mm. Expanse 10-12 m.m. 

The sensitive glands of the antennz, which may be seen in the ter- 
minal and subterminal joints, are cavities or funnel-shaped openings in 
the crust, which are lined by a membrane which expands in the middle 
into a glandular body from which arise from two to four papille. In 
some cases within the border of the cavity can be seen minute ciliz 
forming a fine fringe. These organs undergo but little modification during ~ 
the metamorphoses of the insect. They are prominent in the embryo 
taken from the viviparous female. In the adult, however, they are par- 
tially obscured by other irregularities in the surface. In the winged 
individuals, where the antennz are 6-jointed, the terminal joint has at tip 
five short papilla-like spines, and a little below these four slightly granular 
elevations, immediately beneath which is an interrupted space in the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 


crust, and at one side of this a cavity containing a papilla ; the surface of 
the joint is broken below this in two places by irregular interruptions in 
the crust, which appear to be lined by more delicate membrane. It is 
also somewhat roughened and thrown up in places in transverse ridges or 
elevations ; a few hairs also pass from round openings in the crust. The 
subterminal joint has yery near the end a large opening through the 
external coat, and within this three large glandular bodies which bear 
papillz. Other open spaces are to be seen along the joint, but no glands. 
The fourth and third joints have also irregular transverse interruptions in 
the crust, but no papilla-bearing glands. 

The papilla-bearing bodies in the last two joints must certainly be 
organs of sense, though I have not been able to satisfactorily show their 
connection with nerves. A delicate thread, probably a nerve, can in some 
cases be seen running through the joints, but preparations from fresh 
specimens will be necessary to establish its character and connections. 
The delicate membranous coverings of the transverse irrorations in the 
crust seem also well adapted to receiving impressions, but their connection 
with nerves is still undetermined. 

The labrum is a slender conical projection beyond the clypeus from 
which its separation is indistinctly marked, since it contains but little 
chitinous structure. It is channelled on the under side to near the tip, 
and from this channel the sete forming the sucking tube pass in a regular 
curve into the channel of the labium. 

The superior sete (mandibulz) spring from cones which originate 
with chitinous arcs each side of the opening of the cesophagus ; passing 
forward, they unite immediately in front of the hypopharynx and within 
the paraglosse. The inferior sete (maxillz) arise from similar cones 
which lie beneath based upon chitinous structure lying at the superior 
posterior portion of paraglossal bases. They unite with each other and 
with the superior sete at the union of the latter, and pass with these 
between and in the channel of the paraglossz, and thence into the groove 
of the labrum. The paraglossz are short and setaceous, arising from an 
inferior lamina which rests upon the base of the labium. ‘The labium is 
gjointed and reaches nearly to the end of the body in the larva, but only 
beyond the first pair of legs in the adult ; the tip is surrounded by numer. 
ous hairs and a row of bristles extends each side of the groove. Imme- 
diately in front of the cesophageal opening appears a denser portion, the 
epi- and hypo-pharynx, extending to the union of the sete, and within 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


this, forming a central row, are eight spots, light in the centre with dark 
borders, becoming entirely dark with more superficial focussing ; appar- 
ently these lie immediately above the channel formed by the epi- and 
hypo-pharynx leading to the gullet. 

In Cicada the epi-pharynx, which forms the under surface of the 
clypeus, is channelled, and the edges of channel are raised into two strong 
arches. In the central portion of this channel is a double row of ten 
spots similar to those described in ?. éesse/afa, and back of these in a 
direct line toward the pharynx is a sac-like organ apparently with an open- 
ing into the channel and with a delicate tube leading from its neck, and 
within its boundaries two clusters containing four spots each, lying one on 
each side of the median line.* These spots are very similar to structures 
that I have examined which are similarly located in the honey ant, and 
which evidently correspond with the sense organs of the honey bee 
described as located here. 

These organs, which seem never to have been described in Hemiptera 
heretofore, are present in such Hemiptera as I have been able to examine, 
and when fresh specimens are at hand, it is hoped that their structure and 
office may be more fully determined. It seems most probable, however, 
that they are organs of sense, and their location would warrant the belief 
that they may be connected with taste, though they may be connected 
with smell instead, or it is not impossible, owing to the close relation of 
these senses even in the highest animals, that they might perform a double 
office. The wax-secreting glands located on the dorsal surface of each 
segment consist of circular groups of large pavement cells disposed 
beneath the epidermis. 

Prof. Thomas, in his work on Aphidide (8th Rept. State Entomolo- 
gist of Ill.), places this species in the genus Schzzoneura, but following the 
venation of the wings according to which the genera are divided, it can- 
not be placed in this genus since the third discoidal vein is not forked, 
while in other characters, as well as this, it agrees with Pemphigus. 

The venation, however, is not constant, for in examining the wings of 
over thirty specimens, one was found in which the third discoidal of the 
front wing was distinctly forked, while in one other the second oblique of 
the hind wing was forked. 


* Can this structure be analogous to the ‘‘taste goblets” which are found in the 
fungiform and circumvallate papilla of the human tongue ? 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


The hooklet which attaches the hind wing to the front one is com- 
posed of five pieces side by side, like the fingers of a hand. It fits into 
a fold of the hind border of the front wing, which lies at the termination 
of the first discoidal vein. 

The observations here recorded were made during the past winter in 
the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology, while studying under 
the direction of Dr. H. A. Hagen, to whom I am under lasting obligations 
for valuable aid and for the use of material and books with which to 
pursue my work. 


REMARKS ON THE GENERIC CHARACTERS OF THE 
NOCTUID. 


BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW YORK. 


“ T can get along very well with the Butterflies, and I know something 
about Beetles, but the /Voctwzde were always a great puzzle to me.” So 
writes one of my correspondents, and to the same effect sare expressions, 
both oral and written, from nearly all the collectors I have had any 
acquaintance with. And yet there is no good reason why the Woctuide 
more than the other families or groups should be considered so very 
difficult. True that the species are often very closely allied, and true also 
that there is often more difference between variations of one species than 
there is between valid (so considered at present) species. Yet there are 
many excellent characters in the WVoctuide, easily recognized and readily 
discerned, which make the placing an unknown species into its proper 
genus a task of little difficulty 

The truth is that the octuide are not so difficult a group fer se, but 
the sources of information concerning it are so various, so difficult of 
access, and so foggy when they have been discovered, that even if the 
student happens to know the language in which his work is written, the 
information derived scarce repays the trouble bestowed upon the search. 
Later writers have done little to lift the veil which concealed knowledge 
from the eyes of others. Species there have been described in very large 
numbers, and genera have been created with exceeding great liberality, 
and the result is that the beginner is appalled at the chaos which confronts 
him in Entomology, and takes to Botany or some other branch of natural 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


science about which something seems to be known. Many of the writers 
of the present decade also seem to find their greatest delight in accusing 
those whose misfortune it is not to agree with them, of ignorance, either 
of the literature of the subject, or of anatomy, or something else equally 
heinous. A knowledge of the literature of the subject is, I admit, an 
accomplishment not everyone can boast of, but a knowledge of the 
anatomy of a Noctuid is a thing that any one can acquire in a very short 
time. All this has nothing particular to do with generic characters, but it 
was necessary to say a few words to explain why the following dissertation 
was written, and I will now proceed with my subject. 

A good, concise definition of the group JVoctuzd@, which shall include 
all the forms belonging to it, and exclude everything not so referable, is 
still one of the destderata, and I am not able at present to supply it. As 
good a one as it is possible to get within a short space is the following 
from the preface of my synopsis of the genera : 

The Noctuidee are as a rule robust, seldom slightly built moths, with 
comparatively small, stiff wings, which, except in Zortricodes bifidalis, are 
entire ; the ocelli are nearly always present, and the wings have simple 
discal cells, two free veins at inner margin of secondaries (counted as one 
by the German Entomologists), and one at inner margin of primaries; the 
latter usually have also an accessory cell at the upper angle of the discal, 
sometimes separated from it by a short stalk. The antennz are bristle- 
form, generally simple in the female and pectinate or ciliate in the male. 

Commencing at the head, the characters used in generic divisions are 
as follows : 

The eyes, as to clothing, are either entirely naked, naked and fringed 
above and below, and sometimes at the sides, with hairy or bristly lashes, 
or entirely hairy—a single hair usually arising from the angles of the 
facets of the compound eye. These differences have a very great generic 
value, and two genera separated only by one or the other of these char- 
acters would be valid. 

In form the eyes are either hemispherical and very strongly convex, 
rounded and somewhat flattened, elongate oval, or reniform. The degree 
of convexity or the size have no, or only a slight, generic value, but an 
insect with reniform eyes would be generically distinct from a round- 
eyed one. 

The oced/i are usually present, but are lacking in a few genera ; in this 
group lack of ocelli suffices for generic separation. When present they 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 


are found close to the compound eye, and behind the base of the antenna. 
Usually they can be distinguished without denuding the head, but occa- 
sionally they are so small, and the vestiture of the head is so thick, that a 
part of it must be removed before the presence of the ocelli can be posi- 
tively determined. 

The clypfeus is variously modified ; usually it is smooth, moderately 
convex, and without any special peculiarity. In some cases, however, it 
becomes prominent, bulging out between the palpi, and this convexity has 
occasionally a concave depression in front, and in this depression again 
are tubercles, conic protuberances, etc. In other genera a conic tubercle 
adorns the clypeus; sometimes there is a cylindrical projection, and some- 
times the projection is flattened ; in one genus (/Vonagris) bifid in front. 
Occasionally the “infra clypeal plate” is produced, forming a flattened 
shelf-like projection, usually squarely cut off before. These projections 
are often partially or entirely concealed by the vestiture, but can in all 
cases be readily demonstrated by touch with a fine pin. As to the gen- 
eric value of these modifications, there is considerable difference of 
opinion. For my own part, I consider them as having only a slight value, 
and as not being sufficient in themselves to separate genera. The genus 
Cucullia, for instance, has in some spécies a normal clypeus, in others a 
convex projection, and in others a depression in this convexity. Arzama 
has in some species a conic tubercle, which is lacking in others ; so that 
genera distinguished by clypeal differences only should be cautiously 
created, and no genus based on the presence, absence or form of a tubercle 
situated in a depression of the clypeus, should have any standing. 

The ¢ongue varies somewhat in consistency and length. Sometimes it 
is almost obsolete, as in C/eoceris and Euthisanotia, but usually it is long, 
strong and corneous, coiled between the palpi. Genera may be properly 
based on the extremes of length and consistency of the tongue, but mere 
variations in length do not authorize them. 

The fa/p~i vary greatly, and genera are very largely based on their 
modifications. In the typical JVoctwae they are of moderate length, the 
second joint generally longest and always heaviest, and the third joint 
usually small and slender, and sometimes so small as to be obsolete. 
They are usually curved upward, closely applied to the head, and gener- 
ally reach to the vertex. Sometimes they are so short as to be practically 
obsolete, and then again they exceed the head by half the length of the 
entire insect (§ De/toide). Sometimes they are porrect and closely scaled, 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


having the terminal joint nearly as long as the second (Cafocala). Some- 
times, as in Plustodonta and in some species of P/usia, the terminal joint 
is exaggerated, reaching far above the head. In some genera they are 
oblique and heavily fringed beneath, broadening toward the tip (Basz/odes) ; 
then again they project forward horizontally, sometimes, in conjunction 
with the pointed frontal tuft, forming a snout (Scolecocampa). In Her- 
minia, Hypena and some others, the second joint is disproportionately 
long and fringed above with upright scales or hair, while the terminal joint 
is short and slender. Sometimes they are curved upward, sickle-shaped, 
nearly reaching the base of the thorax and closely scaled. Mere differ- 
ences in the length of the palpi or in the proportions that their joints bear 
to each other, do not authorize generic distinctions, if the general form 
remain the same ; but insects having the palpi practically obsolete could 
not be considered congeneric with those having them well developed ; 
nor could an insect with porrect palpi be placed with one having elongate 
horizontal palpi; and this in turn could not be united with one in which 
they were sickle-shaped and curved upward. Variations in the position 
of the terminal joint, whether vertical, drooping or otherwise, do not 
authorize a generic distinction. 

The antenne are very variable, but their variations do not afford good 
- generic characters, as they are generally sexual. Usually they are simple 
in the 2 and more or less pectinate or ciliate in the ¢; sometimes they 
are both simple, and then again both sexes have them pectinated. In some 
of the lower forms the males have them bunched or knotted at or below 
the middie, sometimes there is a tuft of hair at this point, and sometimes 
alone, or in addition to either or both of these distinctions, there is a 
decided bend, usually above the middle. Sexual characters alone should 
not authorize genera, and therefore the variations of the antennze should 
not have a generic value. 

The clothing of the head varies with the clothing of the entire insect, 
but it is sometimes modified into tufts. There is occasionally a small tuft at 
the base of the antennze, and often one in front, between the palpi. 
Sometimes the clothing of the front is smooth and even ; then again it is 
rough, divergent, occasionally mixed with bristles. None of these modi- 
fications alone have a generic value, but they add to the value of others, 
and combined with them, may attain a greater value. 

The szze of the head as a whole, varies somewhat in the sexes, and 
does not alone afford good generic characters, but combined with the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69 


mode of its attachment to the thorax, it attains a higher value. The head 
is sometimes free, separated from the thorax by a distinct constriction, 
and sometimes it is closely applied to it and almost buried in its vestiture. 
This about exhausts the head, and it will be seen that by the variations 
of the head and its appendages alone, numerous divisions and subdivisions 
can be established, which will simplify the determination of unknown 
species. 

The ¢horax and its appendages vary less, but even here there is a great 
deal of difference, 

In shafe it is usually convex, sometimes very large and heavy, rarely 
small ; often it is somewhat depressed and occasionally quite flat ; some- 
times it is quadrate, but more usually rounded or ovate. Alone these 
variations do not present good generic characters, but combined with 
tuftings and the proportion the thorax as a whole bears to other parts, 
they afford good distinguishing features. 

The vestiture is usually hairy, often scaly, and sometimes a mixture of 
both. The extremes would be generically distinct, but where the vestiture 
is mixed, the question is not free from doubt; ordinarily an insect with 
mixed vestiture would be distinct from either a hairy or a scaly one, but 
sometimes the mixture is so slight, or the hairy insect has the hair so 
much flattened, that a generic separation would be unjustifiable. Acronycta 
and Hadena each fall into two very well marked divisions by the char- 
acter of the vestiture. 

The zuftings vary considerably. Sometimes there are none, sometimes 
there is only a small acute tuft behind the collar, sometimes a divided 
crest or tuft in the same place, and again there may be a rounded or 
truncate bunch of hair. Posteriorly there is usually a larger rounded 
tuft, but sometimes, as in Plusza, it rises upward saddle-shaped, or as in 
Zale and Homoptera, it is divided into three diverging tufts truncate 
behind. 

The collar is sometimes produced at the middle, and excavated at 
either side, sometimes flat, disk-like, or again, as in Cucullia, hood-like 
and exaggerated. 

These modifications of tufting and collar have but a small generic 
value. The presence or absence of either, or the variations in form, 
would not indicate a generic difference, though a total absence 0 tufts 
would probably do so if there were no intermediate forms. 

The “bia are sometimes spinose and sometimes not. ‘This affords an 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


absolute generic distinction. Sometimes all the tibia are spinulated, 
sometimes middle and hind tibia only, and sometimes only the middle 
tibia ; the number of tibia spinulated has no generic value. The posterior 
tibia has usually (if not, as I believe, always) two pairs of spurs, one 
pair near the middle and the other at the tip. The middle tibia have a 
single pair at the tip. 

The anterior tibia varies greatly in shape -and armature, and its modi- 
fications afford good generic characters. Usually it is proportionate, and 
unarmed at tip ; sometimes it has spinules at the extremity, and some- 
times a single strong claw; sometimes the spines and claw co-exist. 
Neither of these alone authorize generic distinction. Sometimes the tibia 
is very short, exceeded in length by the first tarsal joint and variously 
armed at the tip ; this suffices for generic distinction irrespective of the 
armature. This latter is various, sometimes consisting of spines and 
sometimes of claws at the tip. Very often the tibia, besides being short- 
ened, is also flattened and becomes broader anteriorly ; this also author- 
izes separation from a genus with the fore tibia equal, no matter what its 
length. In a few genera the anterior tibia is almost fossorial; Z7ccopis, for 
instance, having a very heavy, long inner claw, and three shorter but 
equally heavy claws outwardly. Zami/a has very heavily armed tibia, and 
in Heliolonche the inner claw is nearly as long as the tibia itself, and not 
much more slender than the tarsi. The variations in the number of claws 
or their length alone, do not authorize generic separation, but added to a 
change in the form or proportion of the tibia, they would. 


The males sometimes have a brush of long hair at the inner side of the 
anterior tibia, but this has no generic value. 


The femora vary little, and so far as I know, not at all in the American 
forms ; in the European forms two genera have them clavate. Sucha 
modification would support a genus. 


The tarsi, so far as I know, are always spinulated. They are some- 
times distinguished by long fluffy hair on the anterior and middle pair 
(Eriopus), or by long, dense, vertical, upright hair on the posterior 
(Remigia). These modifications being sexual purely, have no generic 
value. 

The wéngs vary greatly in form and proportion. Usually the primaries 
are elongate, widening gradually outwardly, with rectangular or obtuse 
apex, slightly oblique outer margin, rounded hind angle and straight inner 


<< le 


{HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. fis 


margin. The secondaries are usually more or less rounded, shorter and 
broader than the primaries. 

This is their form in the typical Moctua, but variations from it are 
numerous ; sometimes the wings are short and broad, again they are nar- 
row and equal, sometimes lanceolate, and occasionally falcate. In one 
species only the primaries are divided to the middle, and this is the lowest 
of our Noctuids, if indeed it belongs to the group. Some genera have a 
tooth at the hind angle of primaries, some a slight projecting lappet, and 
others have this angle either rounded or excavated. _Little generic value 
can be given to these variations, as in Plusia all forms of wings can be 
found. A lanceolate primary would however indicate a distinct genus, and 
the same can be said of a decidedly angulated or falcate one. A broad 
lappet at the middle of the hind margin would indicate a distinct genus, 
but a merely sinuate hind margin would not. The proportion that the 
wings bear to each other and to the body, have a high generic value, and 
genera can be safely rested on that point ; be it understood, however, that 
I do not miean by this that every difference in that respect authorizes a 
genus. The proportion must be one striking the eye at first sight, and 
not to be only discoverable by careful measurement. 

The venation of the wings among the JVoctuids varies very slightly, and 
the variations have been very generally considered as having an absolute 
generic value. 

The abdomen varies somewhat in shape and proportion, and also in the 
tuftings. As to shape, it is usually more or less cylindrical, generally 
reaching to and often exceeding the hind angle of the secondaries ; some- 
times it is cylindro-conic, as in most Catocala, and sometimes it is flat- 
tened, as in Scofelosoma and some species of Orrhodia (Glaea). Its 
variations of form do not afford good generic characters, nor does its 
length, unless the proportion is exaggerated. 

The genitalie of the males vary somewhat, but these variations, while 
affording excellent specific characteristics, have no generic value. First, 
because they are sexual merely ; second, because there is an insensible 
gradation from one into the other, rendering separation impracticable ; 
and third, because occasionally insects otherwise very closely related, 
differ very widely in this particular. 

As to tuftings, these vary little in shape, being usually round bunches 
of vertical hair or scales, varying in number and size. ‘Their presence or 
absence has no generic value, but affords good specific characters. 


2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The foregoing includes most of the structural peculiarities of the group _ 
Noctuidae, and it will be seen that there is nothing whatever in them that 
a student moderately familiar with the names of the parts of an insect, can 
not himself examine with but little trouble, and nothing requiring any 
higher magnifying power than that afforded by a good Stanhope lens. 


PSEPHENUS LECONTEI. 
BY J. GEO. GEHRING, CLEVELAND, 0. 


A few notes as to the habits and whereabouts of this inhabitant of the 
rapids of Niagara may perhaps be of interest to such collectors as may 
visit this locality the coming season. This interesting beetle being but 
rarely represented in collections, I felt induced to make extra exertions 
during a few hours sojourn there last August, to find it, and was finally 
rewarded by finding it in numbers. Although my time did not allow me 
to reap the benefit of my discovery, still if others are enabled to profit by 
these notes, the result will be the same. 

By turning over the small rocks which lie in the small rapids close by 
the Goat and Sister Islands, the flat, crustacean-like larvee will be found in 
great numbers adhering tightly to the under surface in all stages of devel- 
opment, and it is here one would naturally look for the perfect insect, but 
only to be disappointed. I spent nearly all of my time in this fruitless 
search, finding only ove specimen on the under side of one of the stones, 
which proved to be a gravid female, and had well nigh given up in despair, 
when the sudden appearance and immediate disappearance of several 
small, shining beetles on the wet surface of a partly projecting stone 
aroused my attention. Every alternate wave would submerge the stone, 
when the objects of my anxiety would take flight, only to alight the next 
moment when the water retreated. After a deal of maneuvering, I suc- 
ceeded in getting one, but to find that in my anxiety to get it I had 
crushed it hopelessly, but not so much as to prevent me from recognizing 
Psephenus Leconte. The truth now dawned upon me that the place to 
look for Psephenus was not wader but outside of the water, and accord- 
ingly I closely scanned the neighboring projecting stones. I soon found 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ie 


the objects of my search to be perfectly at home on these projecting 
rocks, which were momentarily submerged by the waves, taking seemingly 
_ Special delight in frequenting rocks where the current was most rapid and 
the swirl of the waters the strongest. It is a very active insect, and con- 
siderable dexterity is needed to take it without mutilating, the moment it 
alights on the slippery stones. 

It would seem that it leads its matured existence entirely on the outside 
of the water and in the sunlight, the female only entering it for the pur- 
pose of depositing her eggs on the under side of the stones. 

I am confident that any collector will be well rewarded for his trouble 
if he will follow the above suggestions in looking for Psephenus. 


LARVA AND PUPA OF PHEOSIA RIMOSA, Pack. 
BY CHAS. F. GOODHUE, WEBSTER, N. H. 


Mature larva, 1.50 to 1.75 long. The body increases in size from the 
head to the anal segment, deeply incised between the segments. Head 
small and nearly round ; first four segments can be retracted nearly one- 
half. Head and entire upper parts of body pale slate color, slightly 
shaded with brown on the dorsal portion. Yellow beneath between the 
legs, also a slight stigmatal line of the same color. Caudal horn short 
and black ; the black extends from the base of horn to below the stig- 
matae. Anal shield rusty and rough ; stigmatae black, encircled with 
yellow ; abdominal feet black, the rest pale yellowish. Another specimen 
differs in color, being pale lavender, a slightly darker dorsal line. Under 
parts between the legs, a faint substigmatal line greenish yellow. Another, 
slightly smaller, was of a bright pea green color, with a bright yellow 
stigmatal stripe, in other respects like the former. The larvae are very much 
like those of the Sphingidae in appearance, and are exceedingly smooth 
and shiny. Found on willows and poplars, the last of Sept. The trans- 
formation takes place in a slight cocoon of dead leaves fastened together 
with a few silken threads, on the surface of the ground, much in the 
manner of Darapsa myron. 


Pupa dark brown. Head case smooth, deeply incised between the 
abdominal segments. Anal segment large and smooth, ending in two 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


short points. The moth appears early in spring and is probably double 
brooded, as Mr. Fred. Tepper, in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 
Vol. II., page 4, speaks of the moth in August. 


ON CERTAIN FORMS OF NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUID:, 
INTERESTING FROM THE STRUCTURE OF 
THE, CLYPEUS -AND, TIBIA: 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


The following genera seem to fall in between Heliothis and Plusia. 
They appear to be distinctively American, and there is nothing like them 
in the European or Asiatic faunz, so far as appears in literature. The 
white species inhabit the West and South-west ; and the fore wings are 
remarkable for their lustre, the markings consisting often of black dots, in 
this recalling Zmydia and certain Lithosians. 


BEssuLa Grote. 


Vestiture hairy. Eyes naked. Front full, without excavation or 
tubercle, the infra-clypeal plate prominent. ‘Tibize spinose, the fore tibize 
with a claw. Thorax untufted. Antenne simple. Fore wings dull. 
Aspect of the Arctiid genus Pareuchaetes. One species from New 
Mexico, Zuxa, Grote. Primaries very light and fady yellow. The t. p, 
line indicated by a curved series of faint ochrey dots. ‘Two cellular dots 
and one or two more in place of t. a. line. Beneath costa and apices 
dusky yellowish. The coloring is very pale and the dotted markings tend 
to become lost. Consult: Papilio, I., 176. 


ANTAPLAGA Grote. 


Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. Fore tibiz with a stout claw. Front 
with a protuberance rising from the lower margin of a rim-like excavation 
jutting out from above the infra-clypeal plate. Primaries white, silky, 
shaded outwardly transversely with olivaceous fuscous, the dark ground 
color cut by the whitish subterminal line. In shape the fore wings widen 
outwardly, the apices are produced and the costal margin is long ; the 
external margin very oblique and the internal margin comparatively 
short. One species from Colorado, Dimidiata Grote, Can. Ent., 9, 71. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75 


Pippona Harvey. 


Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. J.abial palpishort. Front full without 
excavation or tubercle. Thorax untufted. Cut of the wings somewhat 
like Heliophila. Fore wings satiny white, immaculate. Antenne simple. 
All the tibiae spinose ; fore tibiae strongly armed. One species, Bimatris 
Harvey, from Texas, with yellowish head and abdomen ; primaries with a 
faint yellowish costal tinge; shaded beneath with fuscous. There are 
probably no “claws” to the front tibiz, only stout spines. Consult : 
Balke. S..N. 5, TLE, o. 


Epinyctris Grote. 


Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. Labial palpi short. Front full, without 
excavation or tubercle ; the infra-clypeal plate prominent. Tibi non- 
spinose ; fore tibize short, with a claw. Thorax and abdomen untufted. 
Antenne simple. Cut of the wings somewhat like Cucud/a. Primaries 
narrow and long, apices pointed ; external margin oblique, even; the 
wings satiny white. One species, Wofatella n. s., size of Bimatris, from 
Montana. Fore wings with two black dots on the cell. Below, on 
internal margin, about where the median lines might terminate, are two 
more. A row of black points along external margin. Else concolorous, 
immaculate white. 


PLAGIOMIMIcUsS Grote. 


Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. Front with a cup-like excavation, the 
raised edges forming inferiorly a corneous projection above the infra- 
clypeal plate. Tibize unarmed ; fore tibiz with a claw. The tegule 
spreading away from the thorax behind with elevated terminal scales. 
Body untufted. One species, from New York to Texas, fuscous, with 
angulated pale lines and a dark sub-apical, costal triangulate patch, 
Pityochromus, Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., 1, 182. 


PoLENTA Morrison. 


No characters are given by the author of this genus, excepting the 
negative one that it may be distinguished from Schinza by the “ plain ” 
fore tibie. I have shown, Bull. B. S. N. S., IIL, that the genus is not 
allied to Schinia, of which ¢rifascta is the type ; it differs throughout from 
that genus. It differs by having a frontal excavation, and it agrees with 
Plagiomimicus in this respect, as well as in the peculiar tegule and 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


especially in the pattern of ornamentation. Polenta Tepperi is a very 
pretty, delicate, dusky greenish species from the South, and its sole gen- 
eric distinction from Plagiomimicus, the “plain” fore tibiae, wanting the 
claw, must be verified. The frontal excavation is slighter and its shape a 
little modified as compared with Pityochromus, but in their peculiar 
appearance the two insects are so similar that they would hardly be 
referred to different genera. It must be remembered that Mr. Morrison 
redescribes Pityochromus as Schinia media, and that it is with this species, 
which has a claw on the fore tibiae, that Mr. Morrison compares: Polenta. 
The typical species of Schinia, trifascia and rectifascia, appear to me to 
have the fore tibiae unarmed. 
| 

STIRIA Grote. 

Vestiture scaly. A moderate frontal excavation with a moderate 
tubercle near its inferior edge. Eyes naked. Legs unarmed, the fore 
tibiae with a stout blunt claw. The thorax is short with the extremity of 
the patagiae spreading and fringed with uplifted scales like Plagtomimicus 
and Polenta. Size large; fore wings broad with a Plusia-like tooth at 
internal angle. The species is rather light bright yellow, with frosted 
purple patches at base on internal margin and at the centre of the wing, 
while the terminal space and thorax are also of this darker shade. A 
showy species, Rugifrons, Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., II., 73, from Illinois, 
Kansas and Colorado. 


STIBADIUM Grote. 

A curious moth, resembling the fuscous species of Gortyna in color 
(necopina, nitela), but slighter. The wings have not the fringed tooth at 
internal angle of primaries as in S#rvia, but belonging here from the 
shallow excavation of the front, wanting, however, the tubercle, and the 
unarmed tibiae, the fore tibiae with a claw. The peculiar frosted coloring 
also allies the moth to St#ria.  Spumosum Grote, Bull. B.S. N. S., IL, 
74, occurs in the same localities with Rugsfrons and in two varieties, one 
paler, more ochrey than the typical form. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN 
SYRPHID~. 


BY DR. S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 


In the preparation of a synopsis of the North American genera of 
Syrphidz, I have found several new species that could not be placed in 
any of our known genera. A careful study of the figures and descriptions 
of exotic forms has not thrown much light upon them, and I am therefore 
constrained to regard them as new. 

With the genera included in the present paper, and resuscitating 
Macquart’s Zoxomerus, the number now recorded from North America 
will reach sixty, all but five or six of which are in the writer’s collec- 
tion. Of these, but nine or ten have not yet been found east of the 
Central Plains, and the following, only, that are not now known west of 
that region, viz., Zriglyphus, Senogaster, Pyrophaena, Doros, Ocyptamus, 
Rhingia, Brachypalpus, Somula, Temnostoma, Merapiotdus, Pterallastis, 
Teuchocnemis and Lepidomyia, leaving nearly forty genera that occur 
entirely across the continent ; indeed a large proportion of the species are 
identical from the Atlantic and Pacific regions. 

Merapioidus villosus Bigot, Bul. Soc. Ent. France, 1879, No. 6, p. 64. 
An aberrant and well marked genus, easily recognized by the peculiar 
structure of the antenne, the third joint of which is extended on its upper 
anterior part into an elongate cone, slightly bent forward and terminating 
in the thickened arista. The arista is really subterminal, showing the 
’ development of such genera as Cadlicera and Ceria. Body short, oval, 
abdomen with interrupted metallic fasciae. Its relationship is remote from 
Milesia in Schiner’s acceptation (Sphixea Rond., Bigot.) viz., with the 
closed sub-marginal cell. It may be placed in the neighborhood of 
Criorhina, Chrysochlamys, or the following : 

Brachymyia gen. nov. Head short, broad, antennal prominence well 
developed in the male, conic, less so in the female. First joint of antennae 
longer than the second, third broader than long, transversely oval. Face 
much produced downward and forward, conical, pointed, tuberculate, 
cheeks broad. Front short, eyes bare, separated in the male by the tumid 
ocelligerous tubercle. Body with long pile, abdomen short, broad, arched, 
without markings. Legs all slender, simple, Third longitudinal vein 
nearly straight ; small cross vein very oblique, near outer third of discal cell. 

Brachymyia lupina, sp. nov., § @. Face on the sides covered with 


78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


yellowish gray pollen, with the broad median stripe and cheeks broadly 
shining black. Antenne brownish black, first joint twice as long as 
second ; third joint somewhat reddish or brownish black. Front in the 
female shining black, covered with reddish or fulvous pile or hair, on the 
sides below pollinose. Frontal triangle in the male pollinose as on the 
face, the tumid ocelligerous callosity black, opaque, slightly pollinose and 
with a tuft of long reddish pile. Proboscis in female as long as the 
thorax, shorter in male. Posterior orbits below tumid, thickly pollinose 
and with a conspicuous fringe of yellowish white pile. Thorax black, 
shining, with metallic lustre and reddish or fulvous pile, longer and thicker 
on the scutellum. Abdomen shining black, with sparse similarly colored 
pile, the hind borders of the segments narrowly pollinose. Legs black, 
extreme tips of femora, basal third of tibiae, and basal joints of tarsi, 
especially the middle pair, a brownish yellow or luteous. | Wings hyaline, 
a faint blackish shade near the tip; near the origin of third vein a narrow 
indistinct brownish cross band, small cross vein also narrowly clouded ; 
first posterior cell closed in the border of the wing. L. cc. 10-13 mm. ; 
1. al. 7%-11 mm_ Four specimens, California. 

Brachymyia (2 Lrwphora Ph.) nigripes sp. nov., 2. Sides of face 
covered with yellowish pollen, broad median stripe and cheeks shining 
black ; front black with black pile. Antennae black, first joint but a little 
longer than the second. Proboscis long. Posterior orbits fringed with 
whitish pile below. Thorax black, with fulvous pile in front, across the 
middle with black, the pleurae, scutellum, and especially the posterior 
angles, with lighter, yellow, and more bushy pile or hair. Abdomen — 
black, shining ; short, broad, and arched; the sides of the second, and 
all the fourth and fifth segments with thick yellow pile ; elsewhere the pile 
is shorter and black. Legs wholly black. Wings hyaline, a little shaded 
near the tip, small cross vein faintly clouded, first posterior cell closed 
before the border of the wing, petiolate. L.c. 14 mm.; |. al. 13 mm, 
Five specimens. California. 

The greater, more woolly pilosity, and the conically produced face 
leave me in doubt as to its relationship to Z7iophora Ph. (Ver. zool. bot. 
Gesell. in Wien. 1865, p. 735, pl. xxvl., fig. 36). 

A third species from Maine, rather larger than the last, differs in the 
two basal segments only of the abdomen being yellow pilose, and the 
tibize and tarsi mostly a deep red. 

Hadromyia gen. nov. Antennae situated below the middle of the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 


head, the antennal’protuberance of moderate size. Antennae short, third 
joint obliquely oval, front (2) rather narrow, somewhat arched, sides 
nearly parallel. Face deeply concave from antennae to tip, short, without 
tubercle, arched. | Cheek very narrow, descending but a very short dis- 
tance below the eye. Oval opening large, broad ; proboscis short. Pos- 
terior orbit not tumid. All the femora very slightly thickened, simple, 
without spines, or protuberance. Abdomen uniformly black, broad, oval, 
arched. Sub-marginal cell open. ‘Third longitudinal vein nearly straight, 
small cross vein quite oblique, beyond the middle of discal cell. 


Allied to Brachypalpus, but differs in the simple unarmed femora, and 
the broad, short body. 


Hadromyia grandis, sp. nov., 2. Brassy black, shining. Front black, 
covered with gray pollen, and (except below) with short yellow pile, 
slightly intermixed with black at the vertex. Antennz reddish brown, 
blackish toward the base. Face a dull whitish yellow, cheeks black, shin- 
ing. Dorsum of thorax from in front of the wings and pleurae thickly 
covered with short yellow pile. Posterior half of thorax, scutellum, and 
first three segments of abdomen with thick, short, black pile ; fourth and 
fifth segments of abdomen with longer yellow pile, abdomen scarcely 
longer than thorax. Legs black with short black pile; knees slightly 
reddish, anterior tibiae in front, the tips of posterior tibiae behind and 
anterior and posterior tarsi, with short thick golden pile ; middle tarsi 
reddish. Wings hyaline ; costal cell and stigma yellow ; posterior cell 
petiolate. L.c.23 mm. L. al. 17 mm. Width of head and thorax 6 
mm.; of second segment of abdomen 814 mm, One specimen. Wash- 
ington Territory (H. K. Morrison). 

? Brachypalpus pulcher, sp. nov., f 2. Face yellow with black 
cheeks, and with or without blackish or brown narrow median stripe ; 
frontal triangle of the male yellow or fuscous ; front in the female black, 
rather narrow, a little broader below, yellow pollinose on the sides, pile 
short, fuscous. Eyes of male with enlarged facets above. Antennae yel- 
lowish brown or black, first two joints short, third obliquely oval, of a 
lighter color near the base below. Dorsum of thorax and scutellum 
black, with a bluish or partly metallic reflection, or in better preserved 
specimens a metallic bronze, the pile of dorsum more fulvous, on post- 
alar callosicies, scutellum and pleurae, yellow. Abdomen of a brilliant 
golden or bluish bronze, with short golden pile and opaque black markings 
as follows : first segment except the sides, second segment on the anterior 


80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


part, and a band beyond the middle of about the same width, somewhat 
angulated in front, third segment similar, except the anterior border may 
be quite narrow and the cross band sub-interrupted, fourth segment in 
male wholly bronze, concealing the hypopygium, in female with very nar- 
row front border and narrow interrupted cross band ; the black is attenu- 
ated on the sides, not quite reaching the lateral margins. Legs yellow, 
femora rather stout, anterior and middle pairs mostly brownish or black, 
sometimes prevailing yellow blackish above, posterior femora varying from 
a blackish ring near the base, to almost wholly black, below with short 
black bristly hairs near this end; three last joints of tarsi black. Wings 
smoky hyaline, stigma yellowish brown, small cross vein near outer third 
of discal cell. Long c. 12-16 mm., ro specimens. Mt. Hood, Oregon; 
Washington Territory (H. K. Morrison). 

The fasciate abdomen of this species differs from all known Lrachy- 
palpi ; the spines below the hind femora are also quite small. Its pilosity 
will hardly allow it to be placed with Xy/ofa ; besides, the face is not so 
receding as in that genus. The structure of the head is very much like 
the preceding genus. Its resemblance to Stexphus Ph. (1. c.) from Chili, is 
quite as great. 

Eugeniamyia gen. nov. Allied to Brachyopa, but differs in the face being 
tuberculate, not carinate, rather more produced and less truncate, and in 
the abdomen being long as in Xy/ota. There are also well developed 
scutellar, postalar, dorsopleural and mesopleural bristles.* 


Eugeniamyia rufa, sp. nov., f. Red. Head and antennae yellowish red, 
first two joints of antennae very short, third joint sub-quadrate, arista 
plumose. Dorsum of thorax darker, almost brownish red, with very short 
black hairs, and with two rather broad pollinose stripes, abbreviated 
behind, and enclosing in front'a black spot not reaching the suture. 
Pleurae with sparse yellowish white pile. Abdomen narrower than the 
thorax and much longer, nearly bare, shining, somewhat blackish towards 
the end. Legs red, basal joints of tarsi yellowish, terminal joints black- 
ish, femora considerably swollen, with tufts of yellowish white pile below 
near the base, the middle and more especially the posterior pairs and pos- 
terior tibiae with sparse short bristle-like spines. Wings clouded with 
brownish on the anterior part, sub-hyaline behind. L c. 14 mm.; 1. a. 
ro mm. One specimen, Washington Territory (H. K. Morrison). 


* See Osten Sacken: ‘‘An Essay of Comparative Chaetotaxy,” Mitth. d. Miin- 
chener Ent. Ver., 1881, 


Che Canadian Entomologist, 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1882. No. 5 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


“ LONG-STINGS.” 


BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT. 


Among the conspicuous insects which attract the attention of even 
non-entomologists, there are few more interesting in their structure and 
habits, as well as in their relations to other groups, than the large “ long- 
sting” ichneumons with their long triple “tails.” Our two largest species 
belong to the genus Rhyssa (of the Hymenoptera), and as, so far as I am 
aware, no accounts of them have yet been published in the ENTOMOLO- 
GIST, a brief description of their appearance and habits may not be 
undesirable. 

They may be easily distinguished from their relatives (often their 
victims), the “ horn-tails ”—Uroceride—as they are much more slender 
in body and appendages. The female, readily determined by the extra- 
ordinary development of the ovipositor, has the abdomen stouter than that 
of the male, with the posterior segments dilated and curved under, and 
bearing the ovipositor, which is constructed essentially of the same parts 
as is that of a ‘“‘ horn-tail,” only that they are greatly lengthened. 

The head, in shape like a short segment of a cylinder, slightly convex 
before and concave behind, bears on its rounded front a pair of large 
eyes, from between which spring the long slender antenne. ‘The head is 
joined by a small neck to the thorax, which is strongly built and supports 
two pairs of long narrow wings, as well as the six very long and slim, yet 
strong, legs. The segment of the abdomen which adjoins the thorax is 
much less in diameter than the succeeding ones. 

The male has a long cylindrical abdomen tapering gradually to the 
extremity. This, in connection with the prominent head and narrow 
wings, gives him, especially when in flight, a considerable resemblance to 
a dragon-fly, from which, however, he is at once distinguished by his long 
antennze and shorter hinder wings. 


82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In these insects, as in the Uroceridz, the hinder-wing has upon its 
anterior margin a row of minute hooks with which to hold the posterior 
border of the front one. The number of the hooks is, however, much 
less, there being only about a dozen scattered along the outer half of the 
wing. 

Of our two species the larger and handsomer is &. atrata, of which 
my specimens vary in length from a little over one and one-quarter inches 
to nearly two. The head is a rich yellow, with the exception of the eyes 
and a slight band, bearing the ocelli, on the vertex. The slender antenne, 
about an inch long, are also yellow, as, likewise, are the extremely long 
legs, with the exception of the upper joints of the posterior pairs. The 
thorax and abdomen are black. The wings, which expand from two to 
two and three-quarter inches, are transparent, but with a dark smoky 
tinge. The female is furnished with an ovipositor from four to five and 
one-half inches in length ; flattened and scarcely stouter than a hair. 

&. dunator is more common, at least in this vicinity, and varies much 
more in size, the largest specimens being fully twice as big as the lesser 
ones. The body varies in length from three-quarters of an inch to one 
and one-half inches, and bears at its posterior extremity an ovipositor 
projecting from one and one-half to three and three-quarter inches. 

The head is yellow with a dark band, in which are inserted the three 
ocelli, between the eyes, parallel to which runs another dark line which 
almost encircles the head. Lines also run from the base of the antennze 
to the mandibles. The slender antenne are dark at the base but get 
lighter toward the tip. The thorax and abdomen are dark brown, orna- 
mented with lines and borders of yellow, which is also the color of the 
legs. The wings (front pair) expand from one and one-quarter to two 
and one-half inches, and have a quadrangular dark patch on the anterior 
border. 

The larvee of both “long-stings” feed upon those of the Uroceridz 
and other wood-borers, in which the female ichneumon deposits her eggs — 
by means of the long ovipositor. The method of performing this oper- 
ation may often be witnessed during the summer by visiting beech trees 
in which Tremex larvae are at work, but it is difficult to describe clearly 
its accomplishment and the different postures of the insect during the 
progress of her laborious and dangerous duty. A series of good drawings 
would best convey a correct idea of the process, but I do not know of any 
book in which such are to be found, while some illustrations are very 
inaccurate, For instance, I saw the other day in a text book of zoology 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 


an ichneumon depicted with her ovipositor fully inserted in the tree and 
with the side-pieces or sheaths sticking straight out behind her. Such an 
attitude is altogether unnatural, and I am convinced that in that position 
she would be powerless to extract the ovipositor. 

Selecting a suitable tree, if we find no ichneumons at work, we may. 
shortly see one flying strongly and noisily through the sunny woods and 
settling upon the bark where perforations mark the exits of previous occu- 
pants. Here she runs around until she finds a promising spot, as, for 
instance, the hole made by a Tremex in depositing her egg. Placing 
herself so that the tip of her abdomen will be above the orifice to be 
probed, she makes herself as tall as possible, and, by elevating her abdo- 
men and curving under the ovipositor, succeeds in inserting the tip of the 
latter in the hole. 

If the dorsal surface of the abdomen be examined, there will be 
observed, between the sixth and seventh segments, a gap closed by a 
whitish membrane. This marks an admirable contrivance to enable the 
insect to use her seemingly unwieldy weapon, for the membrane is capable 
of being so dilated as to form a cavity in the posterior part of the abdo- 
men, in which can be coiled a large portion (more than one-third) of the 
ovipositor, which thus becomes perpendicular under the insect, where it is 
guided and supported by the sheaths which bend up in loops over her 
back. By vigorous muscular contractions of the sac, the delicate ovi- 
positor is slowly forced down the larva’s burrow, often to its full extent. 
If a larva be reached an egg is deposited in it, and the ovipositor is 
slowly withdrawn in a similar manner. This, however, the insect is 
frequently unable to accomplish, and remains struggling until some bird or 
tree-toad snaps her up, or she perishes from exhaustion. 

I have seen a large R. atrata with her ovipositor (five and one-quarter 
inches long) inserted four and one-half inches into a beech, so firmly that 
it was only by careful and vigorous pulling that I extracted it uninjured. 

The insects are to be found during the latter part of the summer; &. 
lunator, as already mentioned, being much the more abundant. 

On the last day of June, 1879, while collecting in a grove just beyond 
Rideau Hall, I stopped to examine a dead tree for bark and fungi beetles, 
and was bottling a fine Penthe pimelia, when the rustling of insect wings 
above me attracted my attention. Looking up I saw several specimens 
of Zunator flying about the trunk, and a circuit of the tree with closer 
inspection showed many others walking about on the bark or in various 


84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stages of the act of ovipositing. ‘The tree was a large one, about two feet 
in diameter, from which the top had been broken off at a height of thirty 
or forty feet. The rugged bark was dotted all over with /unafors, often 
massed in rows or patches, so that there must have been several hundred 
upon the tree, forming an unusual and most interesting spectacle. The 
great majority were females, but a number of males were also present. 
While I was consigning to my bottle a few specimens, a large woodpecker 
settled upon the opposite side of the tree and began to rapidly thin the 
ranks of the helpless insects, whose mission, like that of the woodpecker, 
is the destruction of wood-boring larvae. 

A year later, being in the same locality, I visited this tree and found 
again a number of ichneumons engaged in the performance of their duty, 
and also saw sticking out of the bark many ovipositors which had belonged 
to unfortunate visitors of the previous summer. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF DEBIS 
PORTLANDIA, Farr. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc.—Obovoid, the base a little flattened, and under the middle 
thereof is a slight rounded protuberance of lesser diameter; surface 
smooth ; color greenish-white. Duration of this stage 4 to 6 days. 


Younc Larva.—lI.ength .13 inch; cylindrical ; head twice as broad 
as any other segment, body tapering slightly from 2 to 13 ; each segment 
from 3 to 12 several times creased, making 6 flat ridges, of which the 
foremost one is broadest, and on this and the fifth ridge each is a minute 
tubercle and rather long white hair, bent forward, the whole series forming 
two subdorsal rows, one a little below the other, from 3 to 13; on the 
middle of side a similar row, one hair to each segment and placed on the 
second ridge, all of them bent forward ; lower down a third series, one to 
each segment, placed on the fourth ridge, all bent down and back ; two 
short hairs over each pro-leg; on segment 2 are four long hairs on each 
side, nearly in line, two being subdorsal, the others lateral; on 13 are 
four hairs in cross row, all curved back, and one on either side behind 
these ; this segment is roundly excavated at extremity, making on either 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 


side a sharp point, which sends back a straight hair; color of body 
whitish-yellow, in a few hours changing to pale green ; head sub-globose, 
flattened and depressed at top, broadest at base, a little broader than high, 
the vertices rounded, and on each a slight protuberance, with long curved 
hair ; a similar hair a little below and nearer the suture, and two rows of 
shorter hairs across face, four in upper, six in lower row ; surface corru- 
gated ; color yellow, somewhat brown-tinted. Two days later, as the 
body was changing to green, the head changed to yellow-green. Duration 
of this stage 6 to 8 days. 


After 1st Moult.—Length .26 inch; cylindrical, tapering from 2 and 
ending in two long, slender, blunt:tipped tails; color of body bright 
green ; much covered with whitish tubercles mostly arranged in longitud- 
inal rows, one being on either side the medio-dorsal line, one sub-dorsal, 
one infra-stigmatal, and in the intervening spaces are many separated 
tubercles ; each tubercle ends in a short, stiff white hair ; under side, legs 
and pro-legs green ; head obovoid, truncated, well rounded on front and 
sides, depressed at top, the vertices rather high, each bearing a tapering, 
roughly tuberculated process or horn, which is green with red tip ; the 
face much covered with white, conical, separated tubercles, arranged in 
vertical rows ; ocelli black ; color of head green, rather darker than body. 
To next moult 7 to 8 days. 


After 2nd Moult. Length .44 inch ; shape as at second stage; color 
light green ; the tubercles of the subdorsal line more prominent, more 
yellow, and run from horns to tails ; another such row along basal ridge ; 
head shaped as before, bright green, the horns long, tapering, green with 
red tips. ‘To next moult 9 to 15 days, depending on the weather. 


After 3rd Moult.—Length .52 inch; shape and color as at preceding 
stage. To next moult 6 days, in case of a single larva which died soon 
after the moult. All others have hibernated in stage following 3rd moult. 


After 4th Moult, in Spring.—Length .6 inch ; color yellow-green ; in 
addition to the dark green medio-dorsal stripe is another sub-dorsal, and 
a second on mid-side, both narrow, scarcely more than lines. In 11 to 
20 days the larvee reached 5th moult. 


After 5th Moult.—Length 1 inch, greatest breadth at segments 2 and 
3, 13-100 inch, then tapering to extremity ; color as before. In about 
ten days the larve reached maturity. 


@ 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mature Larva.—Length f, 1.2 inch, greatest breadth (in middle 
segments) .16 inch; @ 1.4 in., gr. br. .17 inch ; the dorsum much arched 
and sloping about equally either way from middle segments ; ending in 
two small, short and slender tails ; each segment several times creased, the 
front ridge so caused flattened and about twice as broad as any other, the 
others equal and rounded ; covered with fine whitish tubercles, mostly 
disposed in longitudinal rows, each bearing a short stiff hair ; color yel- 
low-green ; on middle of dorsum a dark green band; on the edge of 
dorsal area a yellow line to tail, and on upper side of this a dark green 
line ; another such on middle of side ; along base a narrow yellow stripe ; 
tails pink-tipped ; under side, feet and legs pale green; head obovoid, 
well rounded on front and sides, the vertices high, each bearing a stout 
tapering process or horn, tuberculated ; color yellow-green, the upper part 
of horns red ; the sides of face bear many rather large, white, conical and 
separated tubercles, disposed in oblique rows; ocelli brown; in one 
position the largest is green with a brown rm, at other angles it is brown. 
From 5th moult to pupation 15 to 16 days. 

CurysaLis.—Length .6 in,; greatest breadth, across base of wings 
-22, across abdomen .22 inch; cylindrical, the abdomen conical, the wing 
cases considerably raised along dorsal side ; the head case short bevelled 
transversely to a sharp edge, roundly excavated on the sides, the top 
rather broad, very little incurved, the corners sharp but not produced ; 
mesonotum prominent, angular, the apex rounded, carinated, the sides 
flat and sloping ; color delicate green, sometimes blue-green, the ventral 
side of abdomen lighter or whitish ; the top of head case and edges of 
wing cases next dorsum cream color ; surface smooth, glossy. 
of this stage 13 to 14 days. 

The chrysalis much resembles that of Satyrus Adofe, the head case is 
broader, sharper-edged, the mesonotum more angular and more promin- 
ent, and the abdomen more protuberant on the dorsal side ; the surface is 
also smooth, with no granulations. 

The caterpillar also somewhat resembles that of Satyrus 4/ofe, much 
more than it resembles any of our species of Neonympha, except that the 
head bears a pair of horns or processes, as do several of the Neonymphe, 
whereas the head of A/ofe is round. The egg is quite unlike Satyrus, of 
which I have seen several species, all having been rather cylindrical, with 


vertical ribs. Whereas the egg of Portlandia is rounded and smooth, very 
much as Neon. Cazthus, but more ovoidal. 


Duration 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 87 


In Say’s time, (about 1825), this insect was known only as Southern. 
He says: “ It has not been found so far north as Pennsylvania.” Gosse, 
in Canadian Naturalist, p. 246, 1840, mentions seeing an example in 
Canada. Mr. Scudder, 1863, includes it among the butterflies of New 
England, but says he has seen only a single specimen from N. E. _ I find 
in my notes that it has been taken at Orono, Maine (I think by Prof. 
Fernald), and on Mt. Holyoke, Mass., by Prof. H. W. Parker. At the 
West, Lieut. Carpenter has sent it to me from Fort Niobrara, Neb. Gosse, 
in his Letters from Alabama, p. 122, 1859, speaks of the butterfly (under 
name of Hipparchia Andromacha) as common in Alabama, and mentions 
its habit of frequenting the foot of a particular tree for many successive 
days, and sallying out on any passing butterfly, and after performing 
sundry circumvolutions, retiring to its chosen spot of observation again. 
He regards it as particularly “ social and gamesome.” 

Portlandia is not a very common species in this part of West Virginia, 
probably because we have so little open forest at low elevation, the 
mountains rising abruptly from very narrow strips of bottom land. It is 
a forest species, not being found in the open fields so far as I have 
observed. Apparently it must swarm in certain localities in other States. 
Mr. Lewis Ullrich, of Tiffin, O., wrote me August, 1881, that ten days 
before he had taken about 150 good specimens, and rejected many not 
good, in a certain piece of woods near by, stating that they seemed to be 
confined to this particular spot, and so far as he knew were unknown else- 
_where in that county. Mr. Ullrich, at my request, made another excur- 
sion, and succeeded in obtaining a female which he tied in a bag over 
grass, and so got a dozen eggs for me, 3rd Sept. From these I raised five 
larve to maturity. I have myself found great difficulty in obtaining eggs 
of Portlandia by this method, and have repeatedly failed. But twice 
succeeded, and carried a few larve over winter, only to lose all before 
chrysalis. Except in a single case, when the larva reached 4th moult 18th 
Sept., and presently died, all I have bred have gone into lethargy soon 
after 3rd moult. But the eggs have always been laid late in the season. 
Two moults are passed in the spring, but probably 4 moults are all which 
larvee of the summer broods require. I have taken the butterfly, in 
different years, as early as 18th May, and through each month to rst 
Sept., and I apprehend there are three annual generations here, the first in 
May, the second middle of July, the third late in August, as I have taken 
fresh examples at these times. Say describes the caterpillar briefly, thus : 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


“The caterpillar is downy and bimucronate behind.” And the chrysalis : 
“The pupa is suspended by the tail ; it is angulated, bimucronate on the 
front.” Mucronate means in his glossary “ terminating in a sharp point.” 
That will do for the caterpillar, as it is tailed, but the chrysalis is wrongly 
described, its head case being square, without sharp points, or processes. 
Bois. and Lec. give a very fair representation of the chrysalis after Abbot, 
but the caterpillar is badly done, the head and its processes being quite 
out of drawing. Boisduval’s description is drawn from the figure, not 
from nature, and of course is wholly incorrect, and he remarks that the 
two points which surmount the head spring up in the form of ears 
(s’éléveut en forme d’ oreilles), as indeed they do, funnily enough, in the 
cut. The face is as that of a grasshopper, and the “ ears ” are as of a 
kangaroo, and the whole thing foreshadows a “gamesome and frolicsome”’ 4 
butterfly. 


ON THE APHIDID OF FLORIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF NEW SPECIES. 


BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 


(Paper No. 3.) 


Section SIPHONOPHORINI. 
Genus SIPHONOPHORA, Koch. 


The species of this genus already described from North America are 
as follows : 
1. S. sudbeckie, Fitch. 


2. ‘* ambrosie@, Thomas. 
3. “zvose, Reaum. A variety of this species I find here on culti- 


vated roses and on the wild Cherokee rose. It differs very considerably 
from Prof. Thomas’ description, and may be known as S. floride. 
I submit following description : 


S. rose, var. florida, n. s. 
Wingless female.—Length .o7 inch. Elongate ovate; pale shining 


green ; eyes red ; beak very pale and short, not reaching to middle coxe, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 


widening before tip, tip black ; antennze 7-jointed, reaching to base of 
honey-tubes, annulated with brownish-red at joints; honey-tubes long, 
reaching beyond tip of abdomen, pale greenish, very slightly infuscated at 
tip ; style short, conical, pale green ; legs uniform pale green, feet very 
slightly infuscated. 

Winged individual.—Length .06 inch. Elongate ovate and shining 
green. Vertex of head reddish ; eyes brown ; antennz reaching beyond 
tip of abdomen, dark brownish black, excepting basal joints, which are 
pale ; thorax shaded with brown ; abdomen pale; legs pale greenish yel- 
low, knees black; wings hyaline, veins greenish yellow, discoidal vein 
black. 


4. S. avene, Fab. 
5.° “ viticola, Thomas. First detected here early in March on wild 


grape vines growing in our swamps; later it becomes quite common on 
cultivated vines. 

6. S. setaria, Thos. 

7. “ euphorbie, Thos. 

8. “ euphorbicola, Thos. 

9. “ asclepiadis, Fitch. Very common here in early spring on 
Asclepias cornutt. 

10. S. erigeronensis, Thos. 

11. “ cereopsis, Thos. 

12. ‘“‘ Jactuce, Linn. Occasionally found here on lettuce. 

13. ‘* polygont, Walker. 

14. ‘ salicicola, Thos. 

15. “ verbene, Thos. 

16. ‘‘ vubz, Kalt. Rarely found in early spring on under surface of 
leaves of R. villosus. 

17. S. ptst, Kalt. 

18. ‘* gerardie, Thos. 

19. ‘‘ heuchere, Thos. 

20. ‘ cucurbite, Thos. 

21. * tanaceti, Linn. 

22. “ fragaria, Koch. Var. tmmaculata, Riley. 

23. “* menthe, Buckton. 

24. ‘ absinthii, Linn. 

25. ‘* achyrantes, Monell. 

26. ‘* calendulla, Monell. 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


27. S. Zulipe, Monell. 

28. ‘ crataezgi, Monell. 

29. “ soncht, Linn. Syn. sonchella, Monell. 

30. ‘ calendule, Monell. 

31. “ telie, Monell. 

32. ‘* lirtodendri, Monell. 

33. “* prunicola, Ashmead, Pacific Rural Press, 188r1. 
33- “‘ cétrifoliz, Ashmead, Orange Insects. p. 65, 1880. 


DIMORPHISM AMONG THE SIPHONOPHORA. 


For many years dimorphism, viviparousness and parthenogenesis 
among insects have attracted universal attention. Not only from the fact 
of the rarity of their occurrence, when we take into consideration the 
countless insect hosts of varied forms, sizes and colors that constitute 
what may be termed the insect world; but to the biologist, the naturalist 
and the philosopher, they are of the most profound and absorbing interest 
as bearing upon some of the great unsolved questions of the day. A 
careful study of the economy of any one of the billions of animated 
forms that exist around us, will certainly unfold some hidden truth, give a 
glimpse, or reveal some knowledge of that mysterious, omnipotent and 
almost unknowable force pervading the universe. And will not facts 
derived from these studies enable mind—the supreme, the attainable—to 
grasp truths unattainable without them? Since Darwin’s wonderful revel- 
ations in regard to earthworms, I have had the profoundest respect for 
them ; and as I pass on my way to my business in the early morning and 
turn up with my foot their dwellings, disclosing their tortuous night work, 
I feel like bowing to them and saying: Oh, wonderful earthworm! You, 
too, are worthy of respect and admiration; for hast thou not during 
countless cycles of ages been helping to build up and beautify the universe 
and render it a fit habitation for man ! 

The subject under consideration has had the closest attention from 
some of the more thoughtful students of Entomology in this country, as 
well as in Europe. America may well feel proud of her investigators in 
this particular field of research, among whom may be mentioned Benj. D. 
Walsh, discoverer of dimorphism among the Cynipide ; H. F. Bassett, who 
so ably continues the studies and adds to the discoveries respecting the 
habits of this family, since Walsh’s death. We younger Entomologists 
may well imitate the example of W. H. Edwards, whose very thorough 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. She 


and able investigations and experiments with the diurnal Lepidoptera have 
thrown such a flood of light on dimorphism and what really constitutes 
‘a species ;” and last, but not least, Prof. C. V. Riley’s similar discoveries 


among the Phylloxeree and Pemphigine. All have done much towards 
elucidating the vexed question. 


Among the Aphidide proper, although it has often been suspected in 
America, no recorded instance of dimorphism among them, that I am 
aware, exists. . The discovery of its occurrence in the Orange Aphis, 
Siphonophora citrifolii, described by me in my pamphlet on “ Orange 
Insects,” in the fall of 1880, therefore is of great interest, and no doubt will 
prove such to many readers of the Can. Eno. 


From observations made this year I find that from an egg laid by a 
fall oviparous female hatch the brown-black and black winged male and — 
winged viviparous female, which [ describe as follows: 


Young. —Length .o2 inch. Dark greenish brown, with dark eyes and 
glassy white antennz and legs. 


g.—Length .o4 inch. Color brown and brown-black; antennz 
brown, legs pale or yellowish, posterior femora slightly shaded above with 
brown or black ; feet reddish ; nectaries shorter than in female; wings 
hyaline, stigmal spot pale. 


These are rare among the first broods, and afterwards almost or entirely 
disappear. 

2 Apterous.—Length .o5 to .o6 inch. Broadly ovate. Dark brown- 
ish black. Head between antenne reddish; antennz 7-jointed, pale 
yellowish, apical ends of joints 3, 4 and 5 brown, 6th shortest, 7th long, 
setaceous ; legs pale yellow, latter two-thirds of femora brownish or 
blackish, tips of tibiz and claws brown; nectaries slightly thickest at 
base, black and cylindrical ; cauda distinct. 


9. Winged viviparous. Length.o6 inch. Color black and shining; 
eyes red-brown, tubercles of antennz black, vertex of head reddish ; 
rostrum reaching back of middle coxe ; antenne not quite reaching to 
tip of abdomen ; abdomen variable, brown-black, brown or olive-green ; 
nectaries long, cylindrical and black; cauda long and recurved, dark ; 
wings hyaline, stigma rather broad, brown, obliquely sharpening to a point 
at outer edge towards apex; stigmal vein strongly curved, three oblique 


veins, the third forked ; hind wings with two oblique veins, in some speci- 
mens but one. 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I have watched these viviparous females breed on my orange trees, 
and the rapidity with which this is done is simply astonishing. In a few 
days broods upon broods, or young colonies, seem to exist on all the 
tender new leaves and shoots, and still the parthenogenetic young keep 
coming. Verily, if it were not for the chalcid flies, ichneumons and other 
parasites, they wouid be the death of the trees. By the middle of March 
a change takes place in the broods. The young differ from their parents 
in shape, color and size! So different are they as to discredit belief, and 
had I not watched them breeding day by day on my orange trees, I should 
have felt justified in describing them as a distinct species. They are. 
undoubtedly a dimorphic form, and I give below a description ; 


Dimorphic, viviparous, apterous female—lLength .o8 to .og inch. 
Elongate ; color a uniform pale pea-green, with more or less of a longi- 
tudinal shading of a darker green on dorsum, with the surface more or 
less corrugated ; eyes bright red, with a prominent facet or ocellus spring- 
ing out from hinder edge of same, giving it a toothed like appearance ; 
antennz 7-jointed, pale glassy green, in mature specimens the tip from 5th 
joint is reddish ; legs of the same uniform pale green, with only feet red ; 
abdomen at tip somewhat pointed ; nectaries very long and thin, slightly 
curved, slightly swollen in middle, and pale green ; cauda small, conical. 
Beak does not quite reach to tip of middle coxze. 

The winged form agrees in every respect with above description, and 
can only be distinguished by having wings, the veins of which are very 
pale. These are rare, the majority being wingless. 

The mature viviparous female continues breeding and can often be 
found surrounded by from 20 to 30 pale green young; occasionally a 
brown one will be found among them. These continue breeding for 
several generations, ultimately giving place to the original type, and by 
the last of April none can be found. Why this change of form occurs is 
yet a mystery, and needs further investigation. ‘Towards the end, all seem 
to be parasitized by a Zvioxys, TZ. testaceipes Cresson, which thoroughly 


eradicates them. 


34. 8. solantfelit, n. sp. 

Wingless female.—Length .12 inch. Elongate ovate and of a pale 
yellowish green color ; beak short, not reaching middle coxe, pale, tip 
black ; antennz 7-jointed, slightly reaching beyond abdomen, situated on 
large tubercles, pale greenish, joints infuscated, 6th joint shortest, dark, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


7th longest, brown ; eyes red ; honey tubes very long, reaching consider- 
ably beyond abdomen, slightly thickened at base, infuscated at tip ; style 
short, conical, greenish ; coxee shining and yellowish, feet black. 


g. Length .o5 inch. Black. Beak reaching to middle coxe, apical 
half black ; antennz black, hardly reaching to middle of abdomen ; honey 
tubes rather short, black ; all coxae black, anterior and middle legs pale 
greenish, tips of tibiae and feet black, posterior pair, excepting apical half 
of femora, which is greenish, brown. 

Only two males were secured out of hundreds of apterous individuals, 
and these are remarkable for being so much smaller than the females. 

Found feeding on the Pepper Vine, Solanum jasminotdes. 


THE HOP-VINE BORER. 
BY CHARLES R. DODGE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The casual reader, calling to mind only the half dozen hop-vines 
usually seen about the kitchen garden, or trailing upon some farm out- 
building, can hardly realize the possible losses to hop growers by insects. 
According to the last census (for 1879) New York State alone had over 
39,000 acres in hop yards, producing nearly 22 millions of pounds of 
hops, which, at an average of 28c. per lb., would aggregate a value of over 
six million dollars. Bearing these figures in mind, with an annual loss of 
ro per cent. from only one insect—the hop borer—(and 25 to 50 per 
cent. of injury has been reported) a loss of $600,000 would result in this 
single State. 

With such a destructive agent in the hop field, is it not a little singular 
that there is little or nothing “in the books” on the subject, and that the 
pest is in all probability an unknown and undescribed species? I am not 
able to give its name—Prof. Comstock writes me he is working it up—but 
as I have accumulated a mass of interesting data on the subject in my 
census work, I deem it proper to make known now the experience of 
intelligent growers in different sections of the country, for the benefit of 
those who have not yet learned how to fight the pest, leaving the scientific 
name and details of habits and natural history to be supplied hereafter. 

The only mention that I can find of an insect boring into the crown 
of the hop plant, in the manner set forth by my numerous correspondents, 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


occurs on page 33 of the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
for 1872, by Rev. C.J. S. Bethune. As an appendix to his paper on Hop 
Insects, he gives descriptions of an unknown larva feeding ‘“‘upon the crown 
of the root,” and which he was unable to rear. The size of the larve and 
the general points of description agree so well with the unscientific 
descriptions given by my correspondents, the growers, that I unhesitatingly 
pronounce them to be the destructive hop borers, which are the subject 
of this paper. 

The pest has been known to cultivators of the hop for many years— 
indeed it is reported from Oneida county that it has always been known 
in the locality—and other hop growing districts have felt its presence for 
longer or shorter periods. In Juneau county, Wisconsin, it was first 
noticed in 1867, while the observer in Waupaca county had not noticed it 
prior to 1881. The percentage of destruction varies in different sections 
from almost nothing, where kept under control, or yards are new, to 25, 
50, and even a greater percentage where the yards are old, badly infested, 
or not looked after. These facts lead a New York grower to state, in his 
opinion, that it is best to abandon yards after six or eight years’ culture, 
and change to new ground, for “ grubs will get into a yard after two or 
three years, gradually increase, and in eight or ten years spoil the yard.” 
Other growers contend that only the yards of the ignorant and shiftless are 
ever damaged to any extent by the borer. 

I shall not attempt to give a description of the larva here further than 
to say that all correspondents agree in the statement that it is an inch and 
a quarter to an inch and a half in length, and three-sixteenths to one-fourth 
inch in diameter at maturity, whitish or light gray in color with a dark head. 

As soon as the vines start from the ground in May and June, and when 
but a few inches high, the mother insect begins the attack by depositing 
her eggs upon them. The subsequent injury is thus described by Mr. 
Pierpont, a large grower of Ontario county : 

‘“The warm sun hatching the egg deposited in the head of the hop 
vine, soon after it is out of the ground, it soon becomes a lively worm 
about one-fourth of an inch in length, subsisting upon the sap of the vine. 
It leaves the head of the vine soon after hatching, enters the ground, bores 
to the centre of the vine and works up an inch or two, finally locating 
where the vine starts from the crown, eating at this point and at the crown 
until the vine is nearly or quite destroyed, and the crown weakened by 
water getting in, causing decay, and finally the destruction of the entire hill.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95 


Another report states that the insect begins work in the latter part of 
June by eating into the tender vines where they start from the old crown 
or bed root ; and unless prevented, will eat the vine entirely off, thus 
destroying the crop ; “many times they poison the root so that the whole 
hill dies.” Old yards die from this cause more than any other, as the 
borer prevails more in old than in newer ones. 

Another grower states that the damage commences about the last of 
May or first of June, when “ the head of the vine will appear slightly bent 
or curved, if compared with sound ones. The grub, after feeding a little 
time in the heart of the head, drops to the ground and makes its way into 
the heart of the vine below the surface of the ground, working deeper as 
it grows larger. The vine wilts and finally dies.” 

There is great diversity of opinion among growers as to the best means 
of ridding a yard of these pests. A few take for granted that there is no 
remedy, leaving the skunks to carry on the warfare alone; and right here 
it may be stated that growers east and west speak most favorably of the 
friendly offices of this much despised animal, in the hop yard. Salt is 
mentioned by many growers as a remedy. It is put on after the vine has 
become somewhat toughened, from middle to last of June, salt on the 
tender new stalks killing them ina short time. Lime, ashes, sulphur, &c., 
are also recommended, but doubtless do little real good. Some growers 
emulate the skunks by digging out the grubs, often doing more damage 
than the pests themselves. 

Mr. Pierpont says an experienced tyer of hops can tell at a glance the 
head containing a worm, which is crushed in an instant, but this process 
can only be practiced for a few days, as the worms leave the head soon 
after hatching. Next to the crushing process a useful remedy is to hill the 
hops as soon as possible and give the yard thorough cultivation. The 
hilling causes fibrons roots to put out above the operations of the grub 
and save to some extent the crop. 

The most detailed statement of experience, and it seems to me the 
best remedial agency or means of prevention, is furnished by Mr. J. F. 
Clark, a grower of Otsego county, New York, who writes as follows : > 

When the vines are well up the poles, and at the first hoeing about the 
- last of May or first of June, the dirt should-be carefully worked away from 
the vine by the hoe; all the dirt remaining between the vines must be 
carefully worked out with a sharpened stick, so that all the vines will be 
left bare as low down as where they leave the bed root ; thus they become 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


toughened by the weather and are not so attractive to the grub. Imme- 
diately after this operation, a good handful of the following compost should 
be applied directly aronnd the root and vine: Take equal parts of salt, 
quick-lime and hen-manure ; place the lime on the floor first, and throw 
on water enough to thoroughly slack it ; immediately spread the salt on 
top, following with the hen-manure. When the lime is well slacked, mix 
the whole thoroughly, and in a.couple of weeks it will be ready for use, as 
above. Do not hill up the hops until the latter part of July or first of 
August, and the yard will not suffer any from grubs, but will remain clean 
and free from weeds the remainder of the season. When yards are hilled 
earlier than stated above, the grub sometimes works in them more than in 
late hilled ones. 

To return to the skunks. ‘They seem to have acquired the digging-out 
process to perfection—far better than the hop grower—as they are able to 
dig around the hills without the least injury to the vines. In Juneau 
county, Wisconsin, this little fellow—with an appetite for juicy grubs only 
equalled in degree by the pungency of his perfume—is the only positive 
remedy, as he works about the hop-hills or roots, cleaning out the worms 
in a few nights. One grower says: ‘‘I have seen ten acres where not a 
dozen hills would escape their Jittle noses.” 

It is worthy of note that in a majority of cases the growers report the 
borer as the most injurious insect in the hop yard, not excepting the 


hop-aphis. 


LEAF-MINING ANTHOMYID:. 


BY J. A. LINTNER, ALBANY, N. Y. 


Among our American species of Anthomyidz, none have hitherto 
been known as leaf-miners. Several are depredators on the roots of gar- 
den vegetables, as indicated by the specific names of Anthomyta ceparum, 
A. brassite and A. raphani (the onion fly, cabbage fly and radish fly) ; 
some occur in excrementa, and one, a few years ago, was discovered as 
preying upon the eggs of the Rocky Mountain locust. During last year 
and the preceding a species (A. dete) which had been almost unknown 
since its publication in 1860, has been seriously damaging the leaves of 
beets, in England, by mining them in tortuous channels and large blotches, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 


causing them to shrivel, dry up and die. In two counties alone, 1,624 
acres of mangolds were infested (Ormerod). This last summer some 
Anthomyiz larve were discovered by me in Middleburgh, N. Y., exten- 
sively mining the leaves of the garden beet ( Beta vulgaris). Judging from 
published descriptions and figures, I believed it to be identical with the 
European species of the same habits, and that it had been a recent 
importation thence. Examples of the eggs, larvee, puparia and flies were 
sent by me to Mr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford, England, who has been 
recently making special study of the Anthomians, and particularly of the 
North American species, as may be seen in a paper in the March number 
of the last volume (xiii) of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, giving the 
result of his study of the collections in this family, belonging to the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Mr. Meade finds, 
among the examples which I sent to him, reared by me from my larval 
collections at Middleburgh, no less than three distinct species—all differ- 
ing from A. def@e—two believed to be undescribed—and one identified as 
Chortophila floccosa Macq. It seems somewhat remarkable that all these 
should have been obtained from larve feeding at the same time, upon a 
small garden bed of beets, containing about fifty square feet of surface. 
The description and general history of the new species will probably be 
given in my forthcoming Annual Report. 


NOTES ON ISOSOMA ELYMI, FRENcH. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


In my notes in the March number of the Can. Ent., the idea is con- 
veyed that this species obtained from the wild Canada rye grass, may 
prove to be identical with the wingless form obtained by Prof. Riley and 
myself from wheat stalks, and which Prof. Riley has since named in the 
American Naturalist, Z Zyitici. At the same time doubt was expressed 
as to their identity, because at the time of writing there were still larvee in 
the grass straws, while 7 Z7itici pupated in the fall, both in the breeding 
jars and in the field. Since the article mentioned has appeared, I have 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


obtained from my grass stalks several more specimens, and I believe the 
two forms to be entirely distinct. A specimen was sent to Prof. Riley, 
upon the receipt of which he wrote as follows: 

“Tt is undoubtedly distinct from /. Zré¢ic7, as is shown not only by the 
greater length, stouter body, darker color of the antennal scape and con- 
stancy of the winged form, but also by the punctuation (most markedly), 
by the shape of the mesothoracic scutum, and by the color of the meso- 
scutar parapsides. It comes in fact nearer to Hordei than to TZ7ritice, 
though, as you say, it is well distinguished from the former by the 
punctuation.” 

Five specimens were obtained. These measured : two .12, one .14 
and two.15 of an inch in length, and all were winged females, the male 
not being as yet known. The body robust, much like Hordez, the head 
and thorax rather coarsely punctured, but less so than in Hordez. The 
scape of the antennz black, the rest brownish black; legs black, the 
articulations and feet, except the last joint, tawny, the tibiz scarcely 
lighter than the femars and trochanters. Spot on side of prothorax and 
tips of ovipositor tawny. This is less hairy than Z7?icz, more in that 
respect like Horde. It may be stated here also that it differs from Hordee 
in the place where the larvee are found, these being on the interior of the 
culm in the central hollow, and making no galls, while the larve of Hordet 
are found in galls in the outside tissue of the culms. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LUNA. 
DEAR SIR,— 

On the evening of the 12th of April, being at the residence of Mr. 
J. Johnston, a noise proceeding from his hatching box attracted his atten- 
tion. Upon looking for the cause, he found a Luna just emerged, the 
fifth from a batch of nine cocoons which he had raised from the egg. Its 
body and wings seemed to be quite dry, and were a pure downy white, 
with the exception of the costal band, which appeared disproportionately 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 99 


large, and a minute dark speck for the eye spot. It was remarkably 
active and did a great deal of rapid travelling before it came to rest, which 
it did at last quite suddenly on the end of a twig, and then never moved 
except to better secure its foothold. Mr. Johnston placed it in a suitable 
position under the full light of the lamp, that we might watch its progress 
to maturity. The first change noticed was the appearance of a bright 
green spot near the base of the front wing, and as that enlarged the wing 
expanded, very slowly at first, but more rapidly as it increased in size, the 
green coloring matter flowing along between the upper and under mem- 
brane of the wing, becoming more delicate in its shade as it spread first 
along the front of the wing, and had reached the apex before it extended 
through the inner half; but by the time it had touched the extremity of 
the whole outer angle the size, form and color of the wing were complete. 

In the meantime the hind wing had not yet doubled its original size, 
with the part from which the tail was to come showing as a slight break 
on an otherwise even edge ; the same routine was followed in the devel- 
opment of the hind wing as in that of the front, and by the time the 
broad part of the wing had attained its full size, the tail was a little more 
than half an inch long and very much crumpled. | This was the last part 
to expand, but as the fluid passed into it, it also took size and form. The 
whole time occupied in the operation, from first seeing it until it was com- 
pleted, was about one hour and three quarters. 

J. Auston Morrat. 


DEaR Srir,— 


I send the following from my Entomological notes : October 10, 1881, 
I discovered a male Prerts rapae coupling with a female Pieris protodice. 
I placed over them a wire screen, as they were in a bunch of mustard. 
Next morning I discovered that the male was dead. The female soon 
deposited (in open day) her eggs on the mustard plants. They hatched 
out and a part of them moulted the second time, but they finally all 
perished. 

On Dec. 27, 1881, and February 15, 1882, I disturbed some boards 
in my garden, when a female A/etia argilacea in each case flew out. They 
were captured ; the first was perfect, the latter not quite fresh. As this 
has been the most remarkably warm winter we ever experienced in Wis- 
consin, it is not strange that the A/etia could survive. On Feb. 15th the 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


farmers were plowing, bluebirds, robins, meadow-larks, red-headed wood- 
peckers and cedar birds were numerous. 
P. R. Hoy, Racine, Wisconsin. 


REMARKS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF CAPIS CURVATA, GROTE. 
DEAR SiR,— 


In Vol. xiv of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, at p. 20, Mr. A. R. 
Grote described Cafis curvata, n. g. et sp. As a generic description 
this is certainly an extraordinary specimen of incomplete work. The 
species might be recognized, but the genus certainly can not be from the 
description. Genera are supposed to be based only on structural char- 
acters, and I presume that the remarks on structure contained in the 
description referred to, apply to the genus. Let us see of what these 
consist : ‘‘ Antennze simple ”—an unimportant generic character, for many 
of the genera have the antenne of its species both simple, ciliate and 
pectinate. ‘‘Ocelli.” Considering that there are 250 or more genera to 
which this can be applied, this does not help us much. “ Labial palpi 
moderately projected, 3rd article short, a little depending.”—This will 
apply to the majority of the Deltoidz, and to many of the other genera ; 
how they are projected, whether curved upwards or straight, Mr. Grote 
does not say ; neither does he state how the palpi are clothed—a very 
important character in the Deltoide. ‘The form and outline of Zisy7- 
hypena* (? Sisyrhypena), but the wings shorter and broader.” What form 
and outline has Sisryhypena? Is the student expected to hunt up the 
description of that genus, only to find that the wings of that genus are 
compared with that of some other ? 

No one knows better than Mr. Grote the essentials of a good generic 
description, but he entirely omits any reference to the eyes, whether hairy, 
lashed or naked ; there is no mention of the tibiz, whether spinulated or 
not ; no mention of the character of the vestiture, whether hairy or scaly, 
and nothing said of the tuftings, if any, or whether they are entirely absent. 

There is doubt and trouble enough to assail the student in the older 
works, without adding to his burdens such descriptions as that of Cafzs, 
and expecting him to recognize it. 

Joun B. Smit, New York. 


* Lisyrhypena was a typographical error. It should have been Stsyrhypena,—ED.- 
Cary 


Che Canadtan Entomologist. 


VOL. XIV. - LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1882. No. 6 


THE PICKLED FRUIT FLY—-DROSOPHILA 
AMPELOPHILA, Loew. 


BY G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL, 


In August, 1879, I met with a small Dipterous fly, Drosophila 
ampelophila Loew, in considerable numbers, and as the subject is of 
interest to entomologists, I give the result of my observations. I have to 


g 
fat 
ca 
—-| 

b 


a 


Fig. 10 —Dvosophila ampelophila: Fly and Wing. Vig. 11.—Dyvrosophila ampelophila : 
Magnified 10 diameters. a, Larva; 4, Pupa. Magnified 7 diameters. 


thank Professor Hagen, of Cambridge, for the determination of the species 
and other information, and also Professor Lintner, of Albany, for a copy 
of his article in the “Country Gentleman” of 1st Jan’y, 1880, on this 
insect, and from which I have largely drawn. 

With regard to the genus, Professor Lintner says: “‘ Twenty-five North 
American species of Drosophila are catalogued, which have all, with the 
exception of three species common to Europe and America, been 
described by Dr. Loew, the distinguished Prussian Dipterist, and Mr. 
Walker, of the British Museum. They have not been studied by our 
American entomologists, and consequently nothing is known of their 
habits. I find no reference to a single determined species by any of our 
writers.” In the ‘American Naturalist,” vol. 2, page 641, an unknown 
species of Drosophila is noticed as infesting apples, preferring the earlier 
varieties. The larvee penetrate the interior of the apple in every direction, 
and if there are several working together, render it quite unfit for use. 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dr. Packard, in his ‘‘ Guide,” page 415, figures an unknown species as 
the “ Apple Fly,” which is believed to be the above species. Mr. Walsh 
in vol. 2 of the “ Practical Entomologist,” also gives a brief notice of a 
larva supposed to be that of a species of Drosophila, and which also were 
injurious to an apple crop in Vermont to the extent of about half its 
value, by boring the fruit in every direction. 

Professor Lintner further says: ‘‘ The different species of Drosophila 
vary considerably in their habits, as we learn from European writers ; and, 
indeed, the same species seems often to occur under apparently quite 
different conditions. The larve of the European PD. ce//laris occur in 
fermented liquids in cellars, as wine, cider, vinegar and beer, and also in 
decayed potatoes. WD. aceti Kol. infests decayed fruits. Its larvae occupy 
about eight weeks in attaining their growth, and their pupal state lasts for 
ten or twelve days. The flies appear in May and June. JD. funebris has 
been reared from pupa taken from mushrooms. It is sometimes known 
as the vinegar fly. Another European species, D. flava, is stated by 
Curtis to mine the leaves of turnips, raising blister-like elevations on their 
upper surface.” 

The present species, D. ampelophila, is described by Loew in his 
Centuria Secunda (Dipt. Amer. Sept. indigena), No. 99, page 1o1. It is 
exceedingly common (Professor Hagen states) in the southern parts of 
Middle Europe and in Southern Africa, but the only localities given for it 
in America, in Loew and Osten Sacken’s Catalogue, are the District of 
Columbia and Cuba. Professor Lintner, however, has bred it in New 
York ; it also occurs in Pennsylvania, and now Montreal must be added 
to the list. I also think, from observations made in Quebec, that it, or an 
allied species, is found there. At any rate, this immense area of distri- 
bution for such an insignificant insect is very remarkable. 

Like the other species of this genus, and so many other dipterous 
insects, the larva of ampelophila feeds on decaying or fermenting vegetable 
matter. Professor Lintner bred it from pickled plums ; in Pennsylvania 
it fed on decaying peaches, and I found it in pickled raspberries, An 
earthenware jar had been nearly filled with this fruit and vinegar, prepared 
by the good housewife for the purpose of making that favorite drink (in 
Canada at least) called raspberry vinegar. On opening the jar about ten 
days afterwards (16th August, 1879) it was found to be swarming with the 
larvze and cocoons of the insect. Hundreds of the larve were crawling 
on the sides of the jar and the under side of the cover, while pups were 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


found abundantly, singly and in clusters, particularly where the cover 
touched the top of the jar. The short time required for the production 
of so many individuals was surprising. I half filled a covered tumbler 
with the pickled raspberries and larve, and they continued to produce 
flies for several weeks. I regret not having more attentively observed the 
exact time required for the different stages, and can only say that its 
growth from the egg must be very rapid, and its pupal state does not last 
longer than ten or twelve days. 

The larvze, when full grown, are nearly one-fourth of an inch long, 
somewhat tapering towards the head, which is small; and are sparsely 
covered with minute hairs, particularly on the divisions of the segments. 
They have no feet, but can travel quite rapidly on glass, seeming to retain 
their hold by a glutinous condition of the skin, and moving by extending 
and contracting their bodies. They seemed to exist with ease either in 
the vinegar or the air, moving through the former in search of food, and 
sometimes coming out of it, and either resting or moving about on the 
glass sides of the vessel. ‘Their bodies were quite transparent, and under 
the microscope their internal organs could easily be seen. At both ends 
of their bodies are curious projections or tubercles, which are also seen in 
the pupa. 

The puparium is about three-sixteenth inch long, oval in shape, and 
yellowish brown in color, with the tubercles at head and tail before 
referred to. 

The fly measures about one-eighth of an inch in length, with a large 
rounded thorax, long legs, and broad iridescent wings. The whole insect 
is yellowish in color, and very hairy, even to the proboscis. Some of the 
hairs on the head bear three or four branches. The wing forms a very 
beautiful object for the microscope. 

Last year the flies were attracted to some raspberry wine in process of 
fermentation, hovering about the jars and alighting upon the corks, evi- 
dently seeking for an opening through which they might pass to lay their 
eggs. It is doubtless in this way that fruit is attacked by this or some 
allied species. The minute fly effects an entrance beneath a not closely- 
fitting lid, and deposits its eggs on the fruit, or upon the side of the jar, 
whence the young larve make their way to the fruit, or find their susten- 
ance in the liquid. . 

During the past summer I was desirous of again testing the matter. 
A few raspberries, with a small quantity of vinegar, placed in a pickle 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bottle with a loose cover, were quite sufficient. A fortnight afterwards, a 
number of larve were seen in the bottle, and several pupz were attached 
to its sides. Absence from home, however, interfered with the carrying 
out of the experiment. It could easily be tried this season by some of 
our entomologists, and the time required for the transformations of this 
curious fly be determined, as well as the further extent of its distribution. 

The outline drawings were made under the microscope, and give a 
fair idea of the insect. Every part of the fly is covered with hairs of dif- 
ferent lengths, as indicated in the figure. The branched hair on the head 
is faithfully copied from a specimen, but in others it was not so largely 
developed. The wings are beautifully edged with hairs, and the membrane 
is also studded with them. The fly was drawn in the position given, so as 
to show its extremely long legs, and the curious shape of the thorax and 
abdomen. 


REMARKS ON AGONODERUS COMMA Fas., PALLIPES Fas., 
RUGICOLLIS ILec., AND TACHYCELLUS (Bradycellus) 
ATRIMEDIUS Say. 


BY JOHN HAMILTON, ALLEGHENY, PA. 


Experience in exchanging Coleoptera shows that the first two and the 
last of these forms are greatly confused in collections. Their appearances 
are so similar as easily to deceive, and they are only to be separated by a 
close observance of two or three characters. Comma and atrimedius are 
abundant here, and fadiipes is not rare. ‘Comma and fpallipes are usually 
confounded, the former being labelled padl/ipes ; and atrimedius is often 
marked jpallipes also. The typical comma has a black vitta on each 
elytron extending from the first to the fifth stria, which does not reach the 
apex, and may be more or less abbreviated anteriorly. The vitta on each 
elytron is therefore separated by a yellow suture. The scutellar stria is 
Jong. The typical padiipes has a broad black vitta on the disk of the 
elytra extending from the fourth stria on one side to the same on the 
other, and not separated by a yellow suture. It does not reach the apex 
and may be abbreviated in front, in which case it is narrowed towards the 
scutellum. The scutellar stria is sort. ‘The thoracic characters are 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


omitted here, being so inconstant as to be of no diagnostic value. Had 
all the specimens of each species the typical coloration as given, recog- 
nition by this character would be easy ; but the extent of variation is so 
great as to render it absolutely useless. While I have not yet seen a 
specimen of comma without the yellow suture, many specimens of fad/ipes 
occur with it where the broad elytral vitta is abbreviated and disintegrated 
so as to form a short, narrow vitta on each side. ‘The vitta of comma is 
similarly reduced, and the separation by color becomes impossible. In 
other specimens of each the colors are so suffused and blended as to 
present no typical characters. 

The length of the scutellar strie, then, is the only character to be 
relied on for separation. That of comma is said to be dong; that of 
pallipes, short. Neglect to define the relative lengths, no doubt, gives rise 
to the confusion where the two species do not inhabit together, and 
material is not at hand for comparison. 


In palliges this stria may be termed rudimentary. The examination 
of near one hundred specimens shows it to be merely basal, and not to 
extend notably along the plane of the elytron behind the commencement 
of the declivity, while in comma it is quite conspicuous, and about half a 
line in length. 

Rugicollis is Californian. The scutellar stria is as in fallipes. The 
typical specimens have a short black vitta on each elytron from before the 
middle backwards, and occupying the 2nd, 3rd and 4th striz. Specimens 
of pallipes occur with exactly the same marking. Apart from a certain 
microscopic rugosity of the thorax, and a little less convexity of the 
elytral interstices, both of which may be evanescent in a large series, I 
see nothing to distinguish them, except locality. 


Tachycellus (Brachycellus) atrimedius.—Many individuals of this 
species simulate in the form of the thorax and in coloration of the elytra 
specimens of the foregoing. The scutellar stria is as in padlipes. This 
at once distinguishes it from comma. Besides the generic character of the 
mentum, the antennz and hind tarsi separate it from pad/ipes readily. 
The three basal joints of the antennz are g/abrous, and the tarsi are dong 
and arrow, the first joint being one-half longer than the second. In 
pallipes, etc., the same tarsi are short, the joints broad and hairy, The 
typical a¢rimedius has the hind angles of the thorax sharply rectangular, 
but in many specimens they are considerably obtuse, and the four species 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


approximate so closely in this respect in individuals that this character 
fails. 

The above forms can all be very satisfactorily determined where they 
depart from typical marks, by the observance of the above characters, 
which may be thus stated : 

Hind tarsi shor¢, joints not longer than wide. 

Scutellar strize Jong. Comma. 

x short. Pallipes. 
rf ‘“* ‘Thorax usually finely rugose (California). Rugicollis. 
Hind tarsi Zong, joints narrow, first one-half longer than second. 
Scutellar striz short. Three basal joints of antenne glabrous. 
Tachycellus atrimedius. 

This paper is not intended to touch on the question of whether the 
three first mentioned are species, or at most, varieties. Say did not 
separate pallipes and comma, the species now.recognized as comma he 
describes by the former name, and his variety B is the true Aadlipes Fab., 
according to the bibliography. 

The American Entomologist, vol. iii., p. 154, states, as the opinion 


of Dr. G. H. Horn, that comma and rugicollis are synonymous with 
pallipes. 


NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDA. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


I have indicated in this short paper where the types of my Geometrid 
species are to be found, to the best of my knowledge, and I have given 
such additional information as I am possessed of with regard to the 
species. I have followed the classification of Dr. Packard, except in a 
few instances where I have found reasons to prefer other names. __ I -refer 
to my paper, Can. Ent., 8, 152, for a review of the synonymy of certain 
species. Two species, one described by Dr. Harvey (viz., Endropia 
Warneri), have been re-named by Dr. Packard, who calls Dr. Harvey’s 
species Agiciaria. As to whether we must put the terminations ava and 
ata (accordingly as the ¢ antennz are pectinate or not) I cannot attempt 
to decide. I think it is advisable to bear this rule in mind when naming 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 


species, but I would not change therefore any names already in use. 
Especially do I think it unadvisable to place the termination after a proper 
name. I should call the Zvdropia, E. Warneri, not £. Warneraria. 


To the following names of our species the reference to the plate is 
given where they have been figured. The type of Zutrapfela is the Euro- 
pean Zunaria. I would therefore retain Gueneé’s name Choerodes for the 
genus of which Zransversata is the type. With this, our highest Geo- 
metrid, I would commence the family. Dr. Packard begins with the 
lowest genera. The Brooklyn “Check List” is, in the main, a transcrip- 
tion of Packard, and, in this family, reverses its ordinary procedure, which 


is to commence with the supposed highest genera and end with the 
lowest. 


Tetracis Lorata Gr. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 3, 91, 1864. 


This is a well known insect, the most simply marked and delicately 
colored of the genus, and also one of our largest species. The larva is 
described by Mr. Goodell, Can. Ent. 9, 62. It was found on the Sweet 
Fern ( Comptonia Asplenifolia). The moth is figured in Dr. Packard’s 
Monograph. Unless the types are in the Philadelphia collection, I do 
not know where they now are, the species being described so long 


(eighteen years) ago. It is of little consequence, as there is no doubt 
about it. 


Tetracis Coloradaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat, Hist., vol. 8, 
wyO7 ep). 2):fig.rr, 2: 

Dr. Packard figures the ¢, plate 12, fig. 47, and refers the moth to 
Tetracis. The original figure is colored. The type may be in the Central 
Park collection, and is then probably injured, as the “Grote & Robin- 
son” collection, deposited there, has had little attention. There is no 
doubt as to the species, which is not rare in Western collections. 


Drepanodes Puber G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. Hist., vol. 8, 1867, 
DLs, (ig. x. 2. 

The original figure is colored. The type in my collection. Dr 
Packard keeps our name, but the Brooklyn Check List puts a7za after it 
quite unnecessarily. Dr. Packard figures the 7, plate 12, fig. 35. Ido 
not know the female. 


Drepanodes Sesquilinea Grote. 
Dr. Packard figures the g under the name varus, plate 12, fig. 36. 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The ¢ type is in my collection from Alabama. Dr. Packard says: “A 
careful examination convinces me that the males which I had heretofore 
regarded as distinct from varus (labelled sesguilinea by Mr. Grote) are 
really the males of D. varus, of which heretofore we have only had the 
females.” 


Drepanodes Varus G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. Hist., plate 15 A, 
Bp i2, Pe ; 

The type, with that of aguosus, was not returned by Dr. Packard to 
my recollection. The original figures of both are colored. They are 
regarded as forms of one species by Dr. Packard, who refers his Yumiper- 
aria as synonymous. I have little doubt that Dr. Packard is entirely 
correct and that we have to do with a single variable species, which Dr. 
Packard calls Varus, and which has received four names. The Brooklyn 
“ Check List” calls the species “ Varia,” which is entirely inaccurate, the 
two words being quite distinct. 


Endropia Vinosaria G. & R. Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 4. 

Identified by Dr. Packard with Mr. Walker’s Madusaria and Opone- 
aria; probably also described by him as Astylusaria. We had previously 
published the same facts, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 15, after our visit to 
the British Museum. 


Lndropia Arefactaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 7. 

Larger than Amoenaria, of which in the Phiiadelphia collection I 
determined specimens. Considered the same by Dr. Packard. Iam of 
the opinion that it is a variety, but not strictly the same as Gueneé’s 
species, which is smaller and brighter. I do not think that Dr. Packard 
has seen the exact equivalent of Gueneé’s species because (as I recollect) 
the Philadelphia specimens agreed fairly with his figure, while Dr. Packard 
says his material does not agree with Gueneé’s figure, but perfectly with 
his description. Dr. Packard’s figure is Avefactaria, agreeing with ours. 


Lillopia Bibularia G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 8, &. 


Ellopia Pellucidaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 9, 2. 

Identified as sexes of one variable species by Dr. Packard and as 
previously described by Walker as “//lopia seminudaria. Dr. Packard 
says: ‘‘If I had had Mr. Grote’s types alone of dzbularia f and pellucia- 
aria §, I should have regarded them as distinct ; but with the addition 
of other specimens of both sexes, I have felt compelled to unite them.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


Our figures were colored and give a good idea of the species. I have not 
seen the types since they were sent to Dr. Packard ; but they are now of 
relatively little importance. 

Ellopia Endropiaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. HL, pl. 15 A, fig. 
UG. ey 

This distinctly colored species may be known by the greater number 
of transverse lines and the strong angulation of the hind wings. Our 
figure is colored. The type may be in the Central Park collection. There 
can be no confusion as to the species. 


Lucaterva Variaria Grote. 

This insect seems allied to Caterva Catenaria. ‘The long linear black 
and white palpi, shorter in the female, are peculiar. It has the appear- 
ance of a C/eoria. Black and white. The male has a curved extra-basal 
and a straight outer median blackish band, and discal mark on fore wings. 
Ground white. The females are of two sorts; one white with sparse 
black dots over costa at base and collar, and along external margin, and 
singly elsewhere ; the other has the middle of the wing dead black. Fringe 
spotted. Body white. Hind wings white, dotted or irorate. Beneath 
the same. Collected in Arizona ; collection of Mr. B. Neumoegen, who 
has a magnificent collection of Zefidoptera, in many respects the finest 
private collection I have had the opportunity to look over. The European 
genus Zerene does not occur in our fauna. 


Chloraspilates Arizonaria Grote. 

I have relied on the pale antennal stem, the minute annular discal 
marks and the obsolete t. p. line, to separate these from the Texan material 
described by Dr. Packard. Collection of Mr. B. Neumoegen. I am 
surprised that neither this genus nor Stenaspilates are acknowledged by the 
Brooklyn “ Check List.” They have many exclusive characters. 


Plagodts. 

Two species “differ by the wider wings being fuller at external margin 
without the lower excision; the margin is angulate at the middle. In 
P. Hloscularia, the short, broad palpi do not exceed the front. The male 
antennz are stoutly bipectinate. ‘The front is rather broad and subquad- 
rate between the naked eyes. The tibiz are not swollen. The hind 
wings are rounded and wide. In the shape of the fore wings there is a 
resemblance to Antepione, but they are sharper at apices, and, above all 


! 


LLo THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


longer in this, not unlike typical Plagodis. Floscularia is of a brilliant 
yellow color, without inner line on fore wings ; the outer line vague, nearly 
straight. There is an apical red-brown dot ; the outer line: red-brown on 
costa, followed by a pinkish-violet patch at internal angle. Hind wings 
concolorous, hardly paler yellow with linear patch at anal angle A 
tender pinkish-violet shade on costa of fore wings above ; at base marked 
costally with dark brown. Body yellow ; face pinkish. - Venter reddish- 
pink. Beneath also yellow with markings repeated. The 2 type of 
Floscularia is in the collection of Mr. G. R. Pilate. 


Plagodis Rosaria G. & R. 

This species is figured by Dr. Packard as the Efzone Serinaria of 
Gueneé, and referred to Plagodis. Our name for the insect was distributed 
now many years ago. One unset and somewhat defective type in my 
collection. Others must be in Central Park or in collections of corre 
spondents. ‘The species was named by us in 1867 or thereabouts. This 
insect is ochrey yellow and purely pink, not lilac or violet tinted, and 
without the red apical mark of Fvoscularia. 


Nematocampa Expunctaria Grote. 

Dr. Packard refers this to Az/amentaria, without knowing my type from 
Alabama. This type is either in Philadelphia or in the Peabody Museum, 
Salem, to the best of my recollection. The texture of the wings seemed 
to me different, less smooth, closer and heavier than its ally. It appeared 
to me a decidedly distinct and a little larger species. I believe when the 
type is examined that it will be found a different species from /i/amentaria, 
but as I have not met it again, I am unable to add anything to my original 
description, CAN. ENT., iv., ror, 1872. 

Fleliomata Grote. 

Of the three lovely species belonging to this genus, //fwdata and 
Cycladata are figured by Dr. Packard, and I have seen several specimens 
of them since originally figuring and describing.them in the “Proceedings 
of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia.” But the third, Zadorata, 
I have not seen again. The type is, I believe, in Philadelphia ; I think 
my figure and description will serve to identify the species. The species 
of this genus are probably more or less active by day. They seem to be 
quite rare, for I have seldom met them in collections. I think I have 
seen Cycladata oftener than its ally. I have never been fortunate enough 
to find them myself, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111 


Byssodes Obrussata Grote. 


I have followed M. Gueneé’s terminations in this tropical genus. Our 
Florida species seems allied to Paradoxata, but Gueneé does not mention 
the basal ochre metal-margined line ; the third band at the middle is not 


marked with a ‘“‘cellular spot” and I should not call the wings “ narrow 


and elongated” ; our species is also larger. There seems to be a number 


of species very similar; and, perhaps, geographical races rather than 
species. With Racheospila cupedinaria, this species from Indian River 
shows that the Geometride of South Florida are allied to those of the 


West Indies. The same fact is exhibited by the representatives of other 
families of Lepidoptera. 


A PHYSIOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF INSECTS. 


BY A. H. SWINTON, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND. 


Extracted from The Entomologist,’ vol. xi., p. 255; and Yorkshire Naturalist, vol. vii., 
p- 45; with author’s revision. 


Having in times gone by perused with interest certain essays from the 
pen of the late Edward Newman on the subject of a true or physiological 
arrangement of Insecta, may I now be allowed to call attention to the 
additional evidence adducible from the recent investigations of their 
organs of sensation, a matter I had lately the honor of placing before 
public attention in my book, Insect Variety. 

Viewed in this new light, the presence of auditory organs and well- 
developed eyes place the Orthoptera first in this list ; and these would be 
followed by a group of the Homoptera, the Czcadide, where we find the 
auditory organs are highly developed, but sight less potent. Next to 
these appear to come Lepidoptera, where the MVocturnz stand first as hav- 
ing well-defined auditory organs, and the Dzurnz second from reason of 
their excellent optic organs. ‘Then would follow Coleoptera, which as far 
as Europe is concerned, certainly give evidence of possessing auditory » 
apparatuses in two of their groups, the Lamellicornia and Longicornia, 
although in the latter the visual organs are impertect. As far as I can 
learn, the species of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera and Diptera, have the 


112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


auditory sense, if present, much less potent; but sight, smell and touch 
are evident and variously developed. This perfectly harmonizes with 
Newman’s circular view, given in the Entomologist, vol. iv., p. 236. 
"Next, it has been a long standing practice with the authors of works 
on British Butterflies to treat of the five groups represented in these 
islands in the following order: Papilionide, Nymphalide, Erycinide, 
Lycenide and Hesperide ; but since the first family has close affinity with 
the last, according to Dr. Scudder and others, the method is only plausible 
on the principle of extremes meeting ; the better arrangement every way 
being this, Vymphalide, Erycinide, Lycenide, Papilionide and Hesperide. 
Then if physiological reasons could ever be got to prevail over the fancy — 
for having the butterflies first, I would likewise suggest a further arrange. 
ment of five groups of moths, showing the development of that structure 
at the base of the abdomen I attribute with the faculty of hearing, the 
highest of insect senses, thus: Voctuina, Bombycina, Geometrina and 
Sphingina. Between the Geometrina and Sphingina come as I consider 
the butterflies, springing from either group in the species of Urania and 
the Hesperide respectively. At the best, however, must it appear that any 
such linear system is to be inferior to the Darwinian method of a theor- 
etical descent, for if lines are not to meet somewhere, what can be made 
out of case-bearing Bombycina, and case-bearing Zzmecna that harmonize 
like the species of Zucurvaria ; and why is our ghost moth such a strange 
anomaly? One warm, still evening at the commencement of July, 1881, 
wandering out butterfly net in hand to watch for the comet to appear over 
our chalk hill, I came on a spot where an elder bush stood clearly defined 
against the full harvest moon, over whose ivory blossoms several males of 
this moth were dancing sideways, little fans full of whimsicality giowing in 
the dusk like whiting on the hook or calico caught by the sunshine. It 
was a beautiful and saintly apparition, that held me long before courage 
was mustered sufficient to catch a couple for the cabinet. Two ghosts 
however were eventually boxed, and as I spread these out on the setting 
board I became much struck by the circumstance how little they gave me 
the idea of a moth, and how little they harmonized with the moths of the 
group to which they are accredited. Their four wings all alike, wanting 
the hook and eye to link them, suggested most those of a dragon-fly, and 
seemed to point to a greater development of the mesothoracic muscles to 
sustain their increased exertion. Their expansile fans on their hinder 
femora, and their subterranean larvee, brought one back to the owl moths 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 


of the Brazils and the red under wings of the genus Cafoca/a ; which in 
their great wing expanse, semi-looping caterpillars, and scent pencils, bridge 
over the gap between the Woctucna and Geometrina. Yet as their wings 
want the ook, so do their favs want the fouch that conceals them in these 
moths. Indeed the ghost moths, and the family of the Hepalde to 
which they belong, want so many of those characters that characterize 
lepidoptera, that one is led on to the supposition that their progenitors 
never acquired them; and they belong to an older race, that in time past 
has disseminated itself from Europe to the antipodes of the Maories. 
Other races, as the species of Psychidae and Coleophora, whose distribution 
is equally great, are in their economy scarcely indeed less curious ; and 
the worm-like females of the first, sitting on their caddis-cases composed 
of straws, bring us very low down indeed in the scale of insect organi- 
zation and adaptation, while they seem at the same time to transport us 
back in geological time. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE GREAT LEOPARD MOTH—Ecpantheria scribonia Stoll. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


The larva of this insect is comparatively abundant in the autumn 
throughout most of the Northern United States and in many parts of 
Canada. It is found feeding on various species of plants, but most com- 
monly on the wild Sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus. It is about two and 
a half inches long, with a shining black head shaded with reddish on the 
sides, and a brownish black body. Each segment has an irregular trans- 
verse row of tubercles from which spring tufts of rigid shining black 
hairs, while the spaces between each segment from the fourth to the tenth 
inclusive are banded with red, the bands being widest and most con- 
spicuous from the sixth to the ninth inclusive. These bands are a striking 
feature in the appearance of the caterpillar, especially when it is coiled up 
as shown in figure 12 (after Riley). The color of the under side varies 


114 THE CANADLAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from reddish to yellowish brown, feet reddish, prolegs brown, thickly 
clothed with short hairs. 


This larva attains its full growth in the autumn and hybernates during 
the*winter under logs, the loose bark of decaying trees, or other suitable 
hiding places. By the genial warmth of spring 
it is aroused from its torpid condition and 
feeds for a few days upon grass, or almost 
any other green thing it may meet with. It 
then constructs a loose cocoon, within which 
it enters the chrysalis state. 


The chrysalis is black with a beautiful 
bloom on its surface, which is easily rubbed 


eee off ; it has a flattened projection at its hinder 
extremity, which is tipped with a few bristles. 


After remaining about a fortnight in the pupa state, it appears as a 
unigue and very beautiful moth. In figure 13 (after Riley) @ represents 


the female, d the male. The wings are white, ringed, streaked and spotted 
with dark brown as shown in the figure. The thorax has ten or twelve 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 


black spots with a bluish white centre ; the upper portion of the body 
is steel blue, streaked along the middle and sides with yellow or orange ; 
legs white, ringed with black at the extremities. The male differs from 
the female mainly in his smaller size and narrower abdomen. 


PROFESSOR FERNALD’S SYNONYMICAL. CATALOGUE OF 
NORTH AMERICAN TORTRICID. 


BY AL Ro GROPTE: 


The reader of the CANaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST will recall the first paper 
on the Zortricide, by Professor Fernald, who has been kind enough to 
send me advance sheets of his Catalogue of the Family now being pub- 
lished in Philadelphia. 

At the time when Professor Peenala commenced his studies he paid 
me the compliment of asking my advice as to the group of Lepidoptera 
he should work upon. In advising him to take the Zortricide, I was 
influenced by my belief in his patience and scientific ability. No family 
of Lepidoptera which I have studied, except perhaps the Phycide, are as 
difficult as the Zortrices, or call for more diligent examination and careful 
manipulation. I had been bringing together material for a study of the 
Tortricide, and had described a few species and the genus Phaecastophora, 
when Professor Fernald wrote to me. I was thus in a position to be of 
the slight assistance which Professor Fernald has, I am afraid, over- 
estimated in his original paper alluded to above. But it is difficult to 
overestimate the importance of Professor Fernald’s work and the excel- 
lence with which it has been performed. With the valuable aid of Lord 
Walsingham, Professor Fernald was able to examine personally almost 
every one of Mr. Walker’s types. The types of my friend, the late Mr. 
C. T. Robinson, had been placed in Professor Fernald’s hands before his 
visit to London, and I had given him all the material brought together by 
myself, so that no one was in so favorable a position for ascertaining what 
had been described and what was yet new among our Tortrices. Every 
American paper which I have seen on the family, since that time, has 
been issued after the material on which it was based had been determined 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 
; : 


by Professor Fernald, who is our authority on the Zor¢ricide without a 
rival. And this position is not an easy one to gain. The little delicate 
insects are very variable, and in the genus Zeras, for instance, they change 
pattern and colors like a kaleidescope. The genera, as in the Deltoids, 
Phycids, etc., have to be limited by characters offered by the males alone, 
quite often, and in all cases the entire structure has to be carefully noted 
in order to locate the species to the best advantage. 

All the requirements have been met, and, as a proper conclusion to 
his labors so far, a breathing place where one can survey the road travelled 
over, Professor Fernald gives us his very useful Ca/a/ogue. Having our- 
selves written a synonymical Catalogue of the Sphingide, we have a lively 
sense of the work to be performed in a Family yet more numerous in 
species and more intricate in synonymy. The student can, however, use 
Prof. Fernald’s Catalogue with the certainty that it is as accurate as it can 
be made, and he will be very unappreciative if he feels no gratitude to 
its accomplished author, who has spared no labor in completing his self 
imposed task. Professor Fernald, by his moderate views and careful 
methods, has proved himself a safe guide ; at the same time he has shown 
himself possessed of talents which carry him easily in the front rank 
among living Entomologists. It would be well if such proofs as Professor 
Fernald has offered of knowledge of the subject were demanded of all 
writers of Lists and Catalogues ; but I will not pursue this view of the 
subject any further, nor burden a proper praise of Professor Fernald with 
remarks which he is too amiable to sanction. 


MR. S. H. SCUDDER’S NOMENCLATOR ZOOLOGUS. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


Science is much indebted to Mr. Scudder for a great deal of very dry 
and tiresome work in the preparation of Catalogues. We have already 
from his pen a list of the generic names used for Butterflies, and now in a 
thick octavo volume of 376 pages we have a ‘“‘list of generic names 
employed in Zoology and Palaeontology to the close of the year 1879, 
chiefly supplemental to those catalogued by Agassiz and Marschall, or 
indexed in the Zoological Record.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117 


The list is beautifully and clearly printed and the proof reading has 
been exceedingly careful. After having gone over a number of names 
and after spending some hours with the book, I have found but one error 
of spelling. The labor of compiling the list has been evidently great, and 
Mr. Scudder speaks of it in terms which shows how arduous it really was. 
The author was helped by those to whom he applied for lists of the gen- 
eric names proposed by them, however, and Prof. Marsh went to the 
trouble of printing the references to his own numerous genera. 

The list can hardly be thoroughly tested by any one student, who can 
only be expected to know his own genera and those of others in his 
specialty. In the JVoctuzde and the Moths generally I find a larger num- 
ber of omissions than [ should have expected. In the Butterflies I find 
no reference to the genus Fenzseca, a name used by Mr. Scudder and all 
who have written on Zarguinius since it was proposed. I also find two 
mistakes which should not have been made. The genus Auclemensia is 
given as = Hamadryas of Boisduval, whereas it was proposed for 
Hamadryas of Clemens,, preoccupied by Boisduval and Hiibner. Also 
the genus Cofablepharon is credited wrongly to me, and the original cita- 
tion for Azgyrophyes is not given. If these are fair samples of the 
reliability of the work, it would be wrong to praise it and its usefulness 
might be considered doubtful. It is probable, however, that the intention 
was not to give all the genera (as they have not, I think, been all collated 
out of the books of which Mr. Scudder gives a list), and the mistakes 
above pointed out may be exceptions. Of this each student will be able 
to judge, and it would be well for the work to be publicly examined by 
different scientists and the mistakes pointed out before Mr. Scudder pub- 
lishes again on the subject. 

The error of spelling alluded to above is on page 130, where Lwjitchia 
is written Eujichia. It will be of course impossible to get all the names, 
but about twenty-five names proposed for genera of Lepidoptera which I 
looked for, I could not find in the List. These names were published 
within twenty years up to 1880, This number is very likely less than the 
real omissions of names for genera in the order Lepidoptera. There has 
been probably too great reliance placed on the contributions of authors, 
at the expense of personal research. We cannot suppose that there has 
been any private influence brought to bear on a compilation of this char- 
acter, but there has been an effort to display very fully the generic names 
of certain authorities, while the genera proposed by those who have not 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


written much are apparently neglected. But it is precisely such genera 
which should be brought together in a work of this kind. A number of 
genera of which it may with confidence be predicted that they will never 
come into use, are cited, while genera now in constant use are omitted. 


, 


BOOK NOTICES. 


Bulletin No. 7. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees, by A. 
S. Packard, jr., M.D. Issued by the Department of the Interior, U. S. 
Entomological Commission.; 8vo., pp. 275, with roo illustrations. 

The object of this Bulletin, as stated in the introduction to it, is to 
give to the public a brief summary of what is up to this time known of 
the habits and appearance of such insects as are injurious to the more 
useful kinds of trees. Beginning with the insects injurious to the various 
species of Oak, the author treats of those which injure the Elm, Hickory, 
Butternut, Chestnut, Locust, Maple, Poplar, Linden, Birch, Beech, Tulip 
Tree, Horse Chestnut, Wild Cherry, Ash, Alder, Willow, Pine, Spruce, 
Balsam, Juniper, Tamarack, Arbor Vite, and others. A large proportion 
of the work is occupied with descriptions of those insects which injure the 
more important forest trees, such as the Pine and Oak. This is a most 
useful synopsis of our knowledge in this department, and its issue will no 
doubt greatly stimulate the progress of Entomology in this practical direc- 
tion, for while it shows that much has been done in some of the most 
important departments, in many others our knowledge is extremely scanty. 
This work is conveniently arranged, and like the other works of this 
distinguished author, well written’ in a plain and popular style, and will 
commend itself to all who are interested in preserving our forests and 
useful shade trees from destruction by insect foes. 


(A Fragment of a) Guide to Practical Work in Elementary Ento- 
mology. An outline for the use of students in the Entomological 
Laboratory of Cornell University, by J. Henry Comstock ; 8vo., pp. 35. 


This work is divided into two chapters, the first of which treats of the 
terms denoting the position and direction of parts in insects, the second 
of the external anatomy of a grasshopper, Caloptenus femur-rubrum. A 
useful guide to all those entering on the study of Entomology. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 


Tenth Report of the State Entomologist of the Noxious and Beneficial 
Insects of the State of Illinois, by Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D., 8vo., pp. 244, 
illustrated with two plates and 79 wood-cuts ; containing articles on the 
Army Worm, Leucania unipuncta ; a new Corn Insect, Diabrotica longt- 
cornis ; the Relation of Meteorological Conditions to Insect Development ; 
Descriptive Catalogue of Larve ; the Larve of Butterflies and Moths; 
and the Hessian Fly. This Report contains mdch that is new in refer- 
ence to these several subjects, and is a valuable contribution to Entomo- 
logical literature. 


A Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by Samuel H. Scudder, 8vo., pp. 
47, being a complete list up to the present time of all known works and 
papers on fossil insects, arranged in alphabetical order. 

Synopsis of the Catocalz of Lllinois, by G. H. French, Carbondale, 
Ill., containing references to fifty-eight species, followed by instructions for 
capturing Catocalz, 8vo., pp. 11, with one wood-cut. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


In reply to Mr. John Smith’s remarks upon Cagis, I would state that 
every student ought to know that in the Deltoids the eyes are always 
naked, the tibiz unarmed. It was not necessary to recapitulate characters 
common to the Group. As I have given a large number of generic 
descriptions and reviewed in different papers and works the structure of 
the (Voctuide, for the past twenty years, I think it probable that I gave all 
the necessary characters, for the moment at least, until the male is dis- 
covered, to establish the genus. In the Deltoid Woctuide, as in the 
Phycids and Tortricids, sexual structure is of generic value. It is very 
easy now for Mr. John Smith to have his Moctuzde named, and in response 
to a private letter from him, I offered to name his material more than a 
year ago. I am glad he seems to be studying the group, and I shall be 
happy at any time to name his material and afford him any information in 
my power. I think if he had applied to me I should have been able to 
give him the facts as to Capzs and the Deltoid genera which would have 
rendered his article unnecessary. For, the structural details mentioned in 
Mr. John Smith’s letter, cited in the paragraph before the last, and for not 
giving which in connection with Cagis, I am blamed, are uniform through- 
out the North American Deltoids so far as I have observed. 

A. R. GROTE. 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTE ON PAPILIO POLYDAMAS, LINN. 


In the Revised Synopsis of Species, commenced in Part ro, Vol. 2, 
But. N. A., I struck out Polydamas, Villiersit and Serion, for want of 
authentication. I believe these species have been credited to our fauna 
on authority of Dr. Boisduval, but if examples of either have been taken 
within the U. S. during the last twenty-five years, and up to the printing 
of my Revision, I am not aware of it. However, within the last two 
months, Dr. Wittfeld, of Indian River, Florida, has taken half a dozen 
Polydamas, one of which he sent me for identification. Although 
collecting butterflies assiduously for two years past, Dr. Wittfeld had not 
observed this species before. The larva, according to Boisduval, feeds 
on Aristolochia. .Sevion, Fabr., is a Jamaican species, and is not likely to 
have been seen in Florida. Zonaria, Butler, = Sevion, Cramer, is Cuban, 
and may be also Floridian, but until properly authenticated, I should 
TEJECE it. 


NOTE ON CHIONOBAS TARPEIA, ESPER. 


I have recently received from Dr. Staudinger six Siberian examples of 
this species, showing variation, and am satisfied that I myself have seen 
nothing American which cnn be called Zarpeta. It resembles on upper 
side C. Uhlert, but differs widely on under side. Mr. Butler, in Cat. 
Satyr., credits Zavfeta to Arctic America, and of course his authority 
decides that question, as he had the British Museum example before him. 

W. H. EpwarbDs. 


A NEW VARIETY OF CATOCALA. 


Catocala Paleogama Guen. 

N. Var. Annida.—The whole of the posterior margin, nearly to the 
middle, of the primaries brownish black. The terminal space brownish 
gray with a light shade across the middle. The white marking along the 
z, p. and ¢. a. and subterminal lines very prominent. 

In the more common form the whole wing is pale brownish gray, 
except the reniform and subterminal space, from which this var. may 
readily be distinguished. 

This var. is to Paleogama what var. Evelina is to Lachrymosa. 

I have made my description from three male specimens. 

D. B. Facer, Carbondale, Illinois. 


Che Canada Entomologist. 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1882. No. 7 


THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA—PaAylloxera vastatrix. 
BY THE EDITOR. 


This tiny but formidable foe to the grape vine, which has during the 
past few years attracted so much attention in Europe and America, has 
appeared in its worst form, viz., the root-inhabiting type, in Ontario, and 
is doing a considerable amount of damage in our vineyards. Early this 
spring the writer received from Mr. A. H. Pettit, of Grimsby, samples of 
fibrous roots from diseased vines, which had every appearance of being 
affected by the Phylloxera, but the specimens received were so dried up 
that if there had been any lice on them they could not be discovered, 
Request was made for fresh specimens in moist earth, but none were 
obtained. 

On the rgth of July, in company with Mr. J. M. Denton, of London, 
I visited the vinery of Mr. Richard Stephens, in Westminster, about a 
mile from London, where we found a number of Concord vines growing in 
heavy clay soil, which were suffering much from some cause; the foliage 
had become very yellow and some of the vines appeared to be dying. On 
examining the roots we could find but few living, and the fibrous roots 
were covered with the little knotted swellings so characteristic of Phyl- 
loxera. On digging around some vines that were less diseased, a number 
of the lice were discovered on the young, fresh roots, puncturing them, 
imbibing their juices, and causing disease and death. 

On the day following we visited our own vinery, on sandy soil, near 
London, and detected the same form of disease, but much less pronounced, 
on Rogers’ 15 and some seedlings. 

On examining the roots Phylloxera were found in their different stages of 
egg and larva of various sizes, in comparative abundance. In the case of 
Mr. Stephens the insects must have been at work for several years to have 
caused the extent of injury which we saw, but in our own case the invasion 
is probably a more recent one. We are glad to state that on Mr. 
Stephens’ grounds we found the smail mite, Zyrog/yphus phylloxera, which 


109 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


feeds upon the Phylloxera and destroys it, associated with the lice and 
busy in its useful mission. 

Since this insect is now known to be at work in Ontario, and probably 
to a greater extent than we are at present aware of, a condensed account 
of its life history wiil probably be interesting to our readers. ‘The figures 
are from Prof. Riley’s excellent reports, and the facts given mainly gleaned 
from the writings of this and other authors. 

Its progress in Europe has been most alarming, inflicting untold losses 
in the wine making districts. The destruction it has occasioned in France 
has been so great that it has become a national calamity which the Gov- 
ernment has appointed special agents to enquire into; large sums of 
money have also been offered as prizes to be given to any one who shall 
discover an efficient remedy fer this insect pest. At the same time it has 
made alarming progress in Portugal, also in Switzerland and some parts of 
Germany, and among vines under glass in England. It is a native of 
America, from whence it has doubtless been carried to France ; it is com- 
mon throughout the greater portion of the United States, and in one of 
its forms in Canada, but our native grape vines seem to endure the attacks 
of the insect much better than do those of Europe. Recently it has 
appeared on the Pacific slope in the fertile vineyards of California, where 
the European varieties are largely cultivated, and hence its introduction 
there will probably prove disastrous to grape culture. 

This insect is found in two different forms: in one instance on the 
leaf, where it produces greenish red or yellow galls of various shapes and 
sizes, and is known as the type Gad/aeco/a, or gall-inhabiting ; in the other 
and more destructive form, on the root, known as the type Radicicola, or 
root-inhabiting, causing at first swellings on the young rootlets, followed 
by decay, which gradually extends to the larger roots as the insects con- 
gregate upon them. These two forms will for convenience be treated 
together. 

The first reference made to the gall-producing form was by Dr. Fitch 
in 1854, in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 
where he described it under the name of Pemphigus vitifolie. Early in 
June there appear upon the vine leaves small globular or cup-shaped galls 
of varying sizes ; a section of one of these is shown at d, figure 15 ; they 
are of a greenish red or yellow color, with their outer surface somewhat 
uneven and woolly. Figure 14 represents a leaf badly infested with these 
galls. On opening one of the freshly formed galls, it will be found to 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 128 


contain from one to four orange colored lice, many very minute shining, 
oval, whitish eggs, and usually 
a considerable number of 
young lice, not much larger 
than the eggs and of the same 
whitish color. Soon the gall 
becomes over-populated, and 
the surplus lice wander off 
through its partly opened 
mouth on the upper side of 
the leaf, and establish them- 
selves either on the same leaf 
or on adjoining young leaves, 
where theirritation occasioned 
. by their punctures causes the 

Fig. 14. formation of new galls, within 
which the lice remain. After a time the older lice die, and the galls which 
they have inhabited open out and gradually become flattened and almost 
obliterated ; hence it may thus happen that the galls on the older leaves 
on a vine will be empty, while those on the younger ones’ are swarming 
with occupants. 

These galls are very common on the Clinton grape and other varieties 
of the same type, and are also found to a greater or less extent on most 
other cultivated sorts. They sometimes occur in such abundance as to 
cause the leaves to turn brown and drop to the ground, and instances are 
recorded where many vines have been defoliated from this cause. The 
number of eggs in a single gall will vary from fifty to four or five hundred, 
according to the size of it ; there are several generations of the lice during 
the season, and they continue to extend the sphere of their operations 
during the greater part of the summer. Late in the season, as the leaves 
become less succulent, the lice seek other quarters and many of them find 
their way to the roots of the vines, and there establish themselves on the 
smaller rootlets. By the end of September the galls are usually deserted. 
In figure 15 we have this type of the insect illustrated ; @ shows a front 
view of the young louse, and 4 a back view of the same; ¢ the egg, d a 
section of one of the galls, ea swollen tendril; f g, Z,mature egg-bearing 
gall lice, lateral, dorsal and ventral views ; 7, antenna, and 7 the two- 
jointed tarsus, 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


When on the roots the lice subsist also by suction, and their punctures 
result in abnormal swellings on the om rootlets, as shown at a in figure 
16. These eventually 
decay, and this decay is 
not confined to the 
swollen portions, but in- 
volves the adjacent tis- 
sue, and thus the insects. 
are induced to betake 
themselves to fresh por- 
tions of the living roots, 
until at last the larger 
ones become involved, 
and they too literally 
waste away. 


Fig. 15. 

In figure 16 we have the root-inhabiting type, Radicico/a, illustrated ; 

a, roots of Clinton vine, showing swellings ; 4, young louse as it appears 
when hibernating; ¢, d, antenna and leg of same; e, 7, g, represent the 
more mature lice. It is also further illustrated in fig. 17, where a shows 
a healthy root, 4 one on which the lice are working, ¢ root which is decay- 
ing and has been deserted by them; d d d indicates how the lice are 
found on the larger roots ; 
female pupa seen from 
above, f# the same from 
below ; g, winged female, 
dorsal view; 4, the same, 
ventral view; 2, the an- 
tenna of the winged insect; 
J, wingless female laying 
eggs on the roots, while & 
indicates how the punctures 
of the lice cause the larger 
roots to rot. Most of these 
figures are highly magni- 
fied; the short lines’ or 
dots at the side showing the natural size. 


During the first year of the insect’s presence the outward manifestations 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 125 


of the disease are very slight, although the fibrous roots may at this time 
be covered with the little swellings ; but if the attack is severe, the second 
year the leaves assume a sickly yellowish cast, and the usual vigorous 
yearly growth of cane is much reduced. Eventually the vine usually dies, 


rs 


on 


its 


‘dade 


LAR TT 


sarPAWWire 


Fig. 17. 


but before this takes place, the lice having little or no healthy tissue to 
work on, leave the dying vine and seek for food elsewhere, either wander- 
ing underground among the interlacing roots of adjacent vines, or crawling 
over the surface of the ground in search of more congenial quarters. 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


During the winter many of them remain torpid, and at that season assume 
a dull brownish color, so like that of the roots to which they are attached, 
that they are difficult to discover. They have then the appearance shown 
at in figure 16. With the renewal of growth in the spring, the young 
lice cast their coats, rapidly increase in size, and appear as shown ate, f, g, 
in the figure ; soon they begin to deposit eggs, these eggs hatch, and the 
young shortly become also egg-laying mothers like the first, and like them 
also remain wingless. After several generations of these egg-bearing lice 
have been produced, a number of individuals about the middle of summer 
acquire wings. These also are all females, and they issue from the ground, 
and rising in the air, fly or are carried with the wind to neighboring vine- 
yards, where they deposit eggs on the underside of the leaves among their 
downy hairs, beneath the loosened bark of the branches and trunk, or in 
crevices of the ground about the base of the vine. Occasionally indi- 
vidual root lice abandon their underground habits and form galls on the 
leaves. 

The complete life history of this insect is extremely interesting and 
curious, and those desirous of further information as to the different modi- 
fications of form assumed by the insect in the course of its development, 
will find them given with much minuteness of detail in the 5th, 6th, 7th 
and 8th Reports on the Insects of Missouri, by C. V. Riley. 

Remedies : This is an extremely difficult insect to subdue, and various 
means for the purpose have been suggested, none of which appear to be 
entirely satisfactory. Flooding the vineyards where practicable seems to 
be more successful than any other measure, but the submergence must be 
total and prolonged to the extent of from twenty-five to thirty days ; it 
should be undertaken in September or October, when it is said that the 
root lice will be drowned, and the vines come out uninjured. 

Bisulphide of carbon is claimed by some to be an efficient remedy ; it 
is introduced into the soil by means of an augur with a hollow shank, into 
which this liquid is poured ; several holes are made about each vine, and 
two or three ounces of the liquid poured into each hole. Being extremely 
offensive in odor and very volatile, its vapor permeates the soil in every 
direction, and is said to kill the lice without injuring the vines. This 
substance should be handled with caution, as its vapor is very inflammable 
and explosive. Carbolic acid mixed with water, in the proportion of one 
part of acid to fifty or one hundred parts of water, has also been used 
with advantage, poured into two or three holes made around the base of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127 


each vine with an iron bar to the depth of a foot or more. Soot is also 
recommended, to be strewed around the vines. ‘ 


It is stated that the insect is less injurious to vines grown on sandy 
soil ; also to those grown on lands impregnated with salt. 


Since large numbers of these insects, both winged and wingless, are 
known to crawl over the surface of the ground in August and September, 
it has been suggested to sprinkle the ground about the vines at this period 
with quicklime, ashes, sulphur, salt or other substances destructive to 
insect life. The application of fertilizers rich in potash and ammonia 
have been found useful, such 
as ashes mixed with stable 
manure or sal-ammoniac. 


A simple remedy for the 
gall-inhabiting type is to pluck 
the leaves as soon as they 
show signs of the galls, and 
destroy them. 


Several species of predace- 
ous insects prey on this louse. 
A black species of Thrips with white fringed wings deposits its eggs within 
the gall, which, when hatched, produce larve of a blood red color, which 
play sad havoc among the lice. The larva of a Syrphus fly, Pipiza 
radicum, which feeds on the 
root louse of the apple, see 
figure 18, has also been found 
attacking the Phylloxera. An- 
other useful friend is a small 
mite, Zyroglyphus phylloxera, 
P. & R., see fig. 19, which 
attacks and destroys the lice, 
and associated with this is 
sometimes found another 
species, Hoplophora arctata 
Riley, of a very curious form, reminding one of a mussel. The lice are 
also preyed on by the larva of a Scymnus, a small dull colored lady bird ; 
also by several other species of the lady-bird family, and by the larvae of 
lace-wing flies. 


Fig. 18. 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


To guard against its introduction into new vineyards, the roots of 
young vines should be carefully examined before planting, and if knots 
and lice are found upon them, these latter may be destroyed by immersing 
the roots in hot soap suds or tobacco water. 


Our native American vines are found to withstand the attacks of this 
insect much better than do those of European origin, hence by grafting 
the more susceptible varieties on these hardier sorts, the ill effects pro- 
duced by the lice may in some measure be counteracted. The roots 
recommended to use as stocks are those of Concord, Clinton, Herbe- 
mont, Cunningham, Norton’s Virginia, Rentz, Cynthiana, and Taylor. 
The Clinton, one of the varieties recommended, is particularly liable to 
the attacks of the gall-producing type of Phylloxera, but the lice are 
seldom found to any great extent on its roots, and the vine is so vigorous 
a grower that a slight attack would not produce any perceptible effects. 


“RUDAEMONIA JEHOVAH ”—A REVIEW. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


The describer of species has accomplished his task when he has given 
the proper Latin names, but it depends largely on the one who catalogues 
the species, whether these names pass into use or not. In the work of 
preparing a ‘““New Check List of North American Moths,” I have gone 
over much of the literature bearing on the subject, and the following 
reflections have presented themselves to me. 

In the first place, I have been actuated by a sincere desire to meet the 
views of the anti-Hiibnerists, and avoid the use of old or objectionable 
names. Professor Riley has brought forward objections to the resusci- 
tation of forgotten or neglected names, and others have written with the 
same object in view. I found, however, to my surprise, I must confess, 
that the best Catalogue, that of Staudinger, did not hesitate to introduce 
names out of use for almost a century ; and this merely because they were 
a very little older than the name in common use. So prominent an insect 
as Papilio Podalirius, is made to appear as P. Simon. And in the 
“ Preface,” the necessity for placing the synonymy on a firm basis is given 
as areason for enforcing the rule of priority so rigidly. If this can be 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


done in Europe, where there exists so large an Entomological public, why 
should it not be done here, where that public is so limited? For instance, 
in the genus Catoca/a, I have reinstated Grynea of Cramer ; but I hardly 
think that, before my paper appeared, the insect had any name at all in 
collections, or that the name of zuptula, which I rejected, was used to any 
extent. Outside of the difficulty of deciding what constitutes a name 
“in use,” I think the science is yet so young with us, that no names have 
been used su much that their abandonment could lead to any confusion 
or trouble of moment. Certainly if such changes can be made in an 
important European Catalogue like Staudinger’s, there can be no reason 
for the American Systematist being at all troubled at finding himself 
obliged to make them. And with the use of Hiibner’s genera, I find that 
proportionately more of such names are used by Staudinger than in the 
older lists of Boisduval, Heydenreich, Gueneé or the English writers, 
except, perhaps, Stephens. To the writers of the “ Brooklyn Check 
List,” I would, in fact, recommend the study of Staudinger’s Preface. 
These writers profess, indeed, much veneration for Staudinger, and the 
writers whom they somewhat vaguely term ‘‘ Continental Authors,” and 
it is really worth while to ascertain fully what Staudinger says on this and 
kindred topics in his “Preface.” I think that we can adopt this 
“Preface” as giving excellent judgment on all, or most of the moot 
points in nomenclature, and be guided by it. The practice of giving a 
specific name only once in a Family is discussed on page xviii of the 
“Preface.” This is properly condemned, but it is rightly insisted upon 
that in two related genera the same specific name should not be used. 
And where a change has been made for this reason, the new name should 
be respected even if the species thus re-named should be removed-to a 
quite different genus from the one under which it originally appeared, and 
where it was re-named to avoid a duplication of the first specific name. 
Thus I should keep Pwvitana Rob., instead of bringing into use again the 
original name for the species which was a duplication at the time. 

I would, finally, modify the law of priority and not recognize such 
names as the one proposed by Mr. Strecker at the head of this article. 
There is only one objection to such names, that they offend the ears of 
many who are interested in the object they designate. On fair, “com- 
mon sense” grounds, they should be rejected. And they have no excuse 
for appearing, since names are more plentiful than species. In the present 
case, the species should be catalogued under the name S¢recker?, and no 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


reference be made to the original name, which has been used by Mr. 
Strecker ‘‘in vain.” 


It is not here a question of Orthodoxy, but of taste and decency. 
While great sacrifices are to be made to secure a stable nomenclature by 
the enforcement of the law of priority, there is a point where the proposer 
of objectionable names should meet with a check. Under cover of 
priority there is no telling how far we might be led, were we obliged to 
adopt any names that might be proposed. But no student is obliged to 
use names which appear to him disadvantageous to the comprehension of 
his subject or the general welfare of his science. The more he is inter- 
ested about the fact and the less about names and rules, the better. At 
least he will not trouble himself to use an objectionable term for the sake 
of priority. And this is the strong point of the anti-Hubnerists. And it 
would be legitimate were it not shown that Hibner’s names are mainly 
objected to from their being neglected, or insufficiently founded ; there 
can be no reason, where they are well founded, for their further neglect, 
since their use makes but little trouble at present and what we need is a 
stable nomenclature. To attain this we must exhaust the application of 
names at present in literature. 


PREPARATORY STAGES OF HOMOPTERA LUNATA, Drury. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Ecc.—Diameter, .03 inch. Globular in shape, slightly flattened at the 
base, the apex having a punctured space but no depression ; a series of 
longitudinal ridges from near the base, 20 of which reach the apical space. 
As these ridges are the same distance apart, there are between those 
reaching the apex several shorter ones, the number not noted. The 
depressions between the ridges show slight punctures. Color pale green. 
Duration of this period 5 days. 


Youne Larva,—Length .15 inch, slender, 12 legs, the first and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. tor 


second pair of pro-legs mere points. A looper in motion. Color of the 
middle of the body from joint 2 to r1 pale dull yellow, with a slight leaden 
hue ; head, joint 1 and the anal joint slightly reddish, these parts lacking 
the leaden hue. All the feet pale. Hairs arising from piliferous spots 
gray. Head about one third broader than the body. Duration of this 
period 3 days. : 


After rst Moult.—Length .20 inch. The whole of the dorsum pale 
green with traces of lines only on the thoracic and the posterior segments. 
On the sides two prominent reddish brown lines separated by a narrow 
green one. ‘There is a very faint reddish subdorsal line. None of the 
piliferous spots are prominent except the posterior pair of the dorsal on 
joint 4, which are slightly enlarged and black. Head pale reddish brown 
mottled with darker. The first and second pairs of pro-legs a little more 
prominent. The larve are very active. Duration of this period 3 days. 


After 2nd Moult.—Length .55 inch. The general color of the dor- 
sum is pale grayish green tinged with brown at the extremities. Dorsal 
line composed of two greenish white lines with a narrow space of the 
ground color between. Subdorsal line dull white. On the sides are three 
stripes separated by narrow white lines. The middle stripe is blackish 
brown considerably tinged with green on joints 4 and 5, and containing 
the stigmata. The other two stripes are paler with more green. The 
general color of head is brown, the stripes of the body extending irregu- 
larly over it, though considerably mottled. Feet pale brown. - Piliferous 
spots black, the posterior dorsal pair of joint 4 prominent in color, a little 
so in elevation. Part of hairs from piliferous spots black, part brown. 
Venter gray with black spots in the middle of the joints. Duration of 
this period 4 days. 


After 3rd Moult.—Length .75 inch. The dorsal space is in three 
distinct stripes, separated by two white lines. The dorsal or central stripe 
has an imperfect faint dorsal line, the rest of the stripe being pale mottled 
with brownish. ‘The stripe between this and the subdorsal is brown mot- 
tled with greenish. The sides striped much as in the last period, the 
stripes separated by white lines. The upper of the three is like the dorsal 
stripe, pale inclining to carneous ; the second or stigmatal is like the one 
in the dorsal space. The stripes are a little darker on the thoracic joints 
than elsewhere. _Piliferous spots black, the posterior dorsal pair of joint 
4 prominent as before. The articulations or incissures of the joints in the 


132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


middle of the body incline to yellow. The brown and pale brown mot- 
tlings of the head, though irregular, seem to follow in a measure the stripes 
of the body in arrangement. Pro-legs concolorous with the body, thoracic 
paler. Venter dull white, black in the middle of the joints. Hairs 
black. Duration of this period, 3 days. 

After 4th Moult.—Length 1.05 inches. Marked and colored very 
much as during the preceding period. _Piliferous spots less prominent, 
except the posterior pair of joint 4. Each one of these contains a white 
dot with a similar dot in its front. Joint 11 a little raised with the pos- 
terior pair of spots tubercular. Duration of this period 3 days. 

After 5th Moult——Length 1.35 inches. The plan of marking of the 
insect has not changed, but the colors are so modified that the caterpillar 
has a yellowish brown appearance with a decided chrome yellow tint at 
the intersection of joints 4 and 5. ‘The piliferous spots are black, but 
from joint 4 back each is accompanied by a small white spot. In general 
the piliferous spots have grown less prominent, the posterior on joint 4 
about the same, those on joint 11 a little more elevated. The dorsal 
stripe is a little irregular in outline at the intersection of the joints, con- 
sisting of one or more expansions and contractions. ‘The difference in 
color of the stripes seems to be due to the difference in shade of the brown 
dots of which the stripes are composed, the yellowish green ground color 
being about the same. Venter about the shade of the pale stripes, the 
middle of each joint being brownish black tinged with wine color, these 
spots being connected. 

Mature Larva.—Length 1.45 inches. Width of head .12 inch,- of 
middle of body .18. Head flat, sloping ; ocelli 6 ; in shape and number 
of ocelli resembling larve ot Catocale. Marked very much as at the 
beginning of this period, three stripes on the dorsum and three on each 
side, alternating light and dark, but these are less distinct, approaching a 
uniform brownish drab ; the white spots also less distinct. The first and 
second pro-legs are about half the length of the others. Venter a little 
paler than above, with an elliptical reddish brown spot in the centre of 
each joint. Legs and palpi concolorous with the body, jaws dark brown. 
Duration of this period 13 days. 

Chrysalis.—Length .80 inch, depth of thorax .25 inch ; basal abdom- 
inal depression very slight. Depth of 4th abdominal joint .27 inch, from 
this gradually tapering to the end ; the wing cases covering five joints in 
front, the legs and antennz cases extending the same distance as the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. t33 


wings. The tip of abdomen coarsely furrowed and punctured, terminating 
in two long hooks with several shorter ones arising from the corrugated 
surface a little way from these. These hooks are fastened in a button or 
piece of silk of considerable extent at the posterior end of the cocoon; 
the latter being composed of leaves fastened together, with or without 
being attached to the box, but not lined on the inside except the space 
of silk already mentioned. Anterior portion of chrysalis a little produced 
at the head, no particular organ projecting prominently. Color brown, not 
very dark, moderately glaucus., Duration of this period 18 days. 

This gives a total time from depositing the egg to the imago of 52 
days. I should say, however, that this season was very wet during the 
months of May and June, and after passing the 5th moult there were 
several days during which little food was taken and some of the larvze 
died, they appearing to be affected by the wet weather. I should say 
further that the notes as to time of moult were taken from a few of the 
more healthy larvee, several of them being more protracted in their time 
than the one given. The 13 brought through all their stages had periods 
as follows : 


1 a period of 52 days. 2 a period of 55 days. 
Maia Gns" 56“ ah Ss mitt 

- a Raeies, I 2 Gon 

2 “ 6L- ee I “ec : 62 “ce 

I ce 65 “ec I “ce 70 73 


The eggs were deposited April 30th, and the first moth hatched June 
21st, the last July roth. During former years I have found the larve of 
this species on willow and other bushes, and had them spin up the last of 
September and come out as moths the fore part of November. In other 
instances they passed the winter as chrysalids. From all the data given 
I should judge that there are from two to three broods during a season, 
according as the eggs are deposited by the early or late moths. All that 
I have wintered over hibernated in the pupa state, which is probably the 
usual if not the only method of hibernation. 

On page 89 of vol. 9 of the CanapDIAN ENTomoLocist (1877) Mr. A. 
R. Grote mentions Mr. Hill, of Albany, N. Y., as authority for a statement 
that Adusa and Lunata are possibly sexes of one species. On page 174 
of the same volume, Mr. Thomas E. Bean, of Galena, IIl., gives the result 
of some observations on specimens in his collection going to show that 
not only the two referred to, but Saundersiz, should be included as well in 


134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


one species, those having white on the wings the males, and Zwnata the 
female. On page 228 of the same volume, Mr. Bean again refers to the 
same subject, giving some additional evidence from observation of the 
imagines, going to show the correctness of the position taken. Since that 
time many have regarded the question as settled, though I find in the 
Check List recently published by the Brooklyn Entomological Society, the 
three names stand as three species, with Migricans between Saundersti 
and Lunata. 

The result of my rearing fully confirms all Mr. Bean claimed, as the 
following will show. From the one brood of eggs deposited by a single 
moth, form Lunata, Lunata, Saundersit and Hdusa were obtained, and 
the forms were hatched in the following order: Numbers 1, 3, 9, 12 and 
13 were Lunata,; Nos. 2,5, 6,7 and 10 were Adusa ; Nos. 4, 8 and 11 
were Saundersit. As an evidence of sex the frenulum was examined in 
each specimen, and in all the Zwnatfa it was double, but single in both the 
other forms. 

This settles the question beyond any doubt, and reduces two of the 
forms to sexual varieties. I have not the works containing the original 
descriptions by me, and can not say for that reason which name has the 
priority, but shall leave that question to some one who has access to 
these works. 

Knowing this species to be a general feeder from having reared it on 
maple and willow before, no effort was made to test its range of food 
plants, but it was fed most of the time on plum leaves. 


ON A RECENT SPECULATION AS TO RANK IN INSECTA. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


The reader will have noticed, in the June number of the CANADIAN 
ENTOMOLOGIST, a paper on the “ Physiological Arrangement of Insects.” 
The author there places the Orthoféera first in this list, owing to the 
presence of auditory organs and well developed eyes. The “ arrange- 
ment” which follows is exceedingly ‘‘ mixed,’ but the object of the 
present remarks is to point out that the author mistakes when he considers 
the presence of sense-organs as the crucial test of rank. And for this 


oo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 


reason, that, within the different Sub-orders, there is great variation in this 
respect. For instance, in the Pyvalide we have forms almost identical, 
such as Chryseudenton and Cataclysta, which differ by the absence or 
presence of simple eyes. I do not wish to follow out the argument at 
length ; the environment seems to effect comparatively easily the sense 
organs ; Cave-insects are frequently blind. Again the Challenger Expe- 
dition brought up from the depths an eyeless Crustacean— W2elemoesza, 
named for the distinguished naturalist, Dr. Willemoes-Suhm, who, unfor- 
tunately for science, died before the “Challenger” returned to her 
English dock. But insects ave now “arranged” by their physiological 
characters, though certainly with very different results from those attained 
by Mr. A. H. Swinton. The whole structure and proportionate parts are 
taken into consideration, and little can be said against the observations, 
partly original, brought together by Dr. Packard in his “Guide.” And 
Mr. Swinton himself speaks of Dr. Scudder’s observations of rank in the 
Butterflies, not based on ‘sense organs,” and which seems to us so full 
and satisfactory. The observations on the ‘‘ Ghost-moth” are an echo 
of Dr. Packard’s remarkable paper, in which the resemblance of Hepzalus 
to the Neuropterous genus Polystichoetes was fully discussed. That the 
Bombycide, afford instances of synthesis has been shown by this dis- 
tinguished pupil of the elder Agassiz, who had so remarkable an ability 
for perceiving and weighing analogies and affinities in animals. The 
question of rank in insects goes hand in hand with that of the origin of 
the diverse forms. We fear that Mr. Swinton has but very partially 
examined the subject and that his suggestions as to sense-organs are not 
based on proper physiological studies. Not without a certain shudder can 
we read the author’s glib disposal of the question of rank in Hexapoda. 
And his use of sense organs to determine rank is open to the objection 
that it is not thorough ; that some members of his highest groups will 
fall into the lowest, and thus utterly forsake their “ physiological asso- 
ciates” by reason of a sudden failing of ears and eyes. ‘‘ As far as I can 
learn” is hardly to be expected as the basis of observations seriously 
advanced ; yet with these words our author disposes of ‘‘ the species of 
Hymenoptera, Neuroptera and Diptera.” There is only one way to 
accumulate facts upon this subject, and that is to trace the changes in 
related forms, to take the dissecting needle in hand and to take down the 
numerous memoirs already extant upon the subject and thoroughly master 
their contents, 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF 
SCIENCE. 


THIRTY-FIRST MEETING, 


To be Held at Montreal, Canada, August, 1882. 


The Thirty-first Meeting of the Association will be held at Montreal, 
Canada, commencing at 10 o’clock, a. m., on Wednesday, the 23rd of 
August, 1882 ; under the presidency of J. W. Dawson, LL. D., F. R. S., 
Principal of McGill University, Montreal. 

The headquarters of the Association will be at McGill University, 
where members will register as soon as possible after arrival. The hotel 
headquarters will be at the Windsor. 

The offices of the Local Committee and of the Permanent Secretary 
will be at the University. The General Sessions and the meetings of the 
Sections and Committees will all be held in the University buildings. The 
particular rooms will be designated on the programme for Wednesday. 

Members expecting to attend the meeting are particularly requested to 
notify the Local Secretaries at the earliest moment possible. 

The address of the Permanent Secretary will be Salem, Mass., until 
August 17th; after that time and until the meeting has adjourned, his 
address will be Windsor Hotel, Montreal, Canada. 


OFFICERS OF THE MONTREAL MEETING. 


President—J. W. Dawson, of Montreal. 

Vice-Presidents : 

. Mathematics and Astronomy—Wm. Harkness, of Washington. 

Physics—T. C. Mendenhall, of Columbus. 

. Chemistry—H. C. Bolton, of Hartford. 

. Mechanical Science—W. P. Trowbridge, of New Haven. 
Geology and Geography—E. T. Cox, of San Francisco. 
Biology—W. H. Dall, of Washington. 

Histology and Microscopy—A. H. Tuttle, of Columbus. 

. Anthropology—Daniel Wilson, of Toronto. 

Economic Science, and Statistics—E. B. Elliott, of Washington. 

Permanent Secretary—¥. W. Putnam, of Cambridge. 

General Secretary—William Saunders, of London, Ontario. 

Assistant General Secretary—J. R, Eastman, of Washington. 


PmOmtnoOO wp 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137 


Secretaries of the Sections : 
. Mathematics and Astronomy—H. T. Eddy, of Cincinnati. 
. Physics—Chas. S. Hastings, of Baltimore. 
. Chemistry—Alfred Springer, of Cincinnati. 
. Mechanical Science-—Chas. B. Dudley, of Altoona. 
. Geology and Geography—C. E. Dutton, of Washington. 
Biology—Charles S. Minot, of Boston. 
. Histology and Microscopy—Robert Brown, jr., of Cincinnati. 
. Anthropology—Otis T. Mason, of Washington. 
Economic Science, and Statistics—F. B. Hough, of Lowville. 
Treasurer—William S. Vaux, of Philadelphia. 


Prat hy Am > 


The Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural 
Science will be held at the rooms of the Natural History Society, Mon- 
treal, on August 21st and 22nd. The American Forestry Congress will be 
held at the same time in Forestry Chambers, opposite St. Lawrence Hall. 


OUR ANNUAL MEETING. 


By the kind permission of the Hon. S. C. Wood, the Commissioner 
of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario, the Annual Meeting of the 
Entomological Society of the Province of Ontario will be held at Montreal 
during the first week of the meeting of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. The meeting will be held at the rooms of the 
Montreal Natural History Society, on Thursday afternoon, August 24, at 
3 o'clock. It is expected that there will be a large attendance of those 
interested in Entomology. 

A meeting of the Council of the Society will be held on Thursday 
morning at eleven o’clock, at the residence of the Vice-President of the 
Society, Mr. J. G. Bowles. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


DROSOPHILA AMPELOPHILA. 
Dear SiR,— 


In a letter recently received from Mr. S. W. Williston, of New Haven, 
Ct., he says, in relation to the above insect: “ I would call your attention 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to the ‘ two branched bristles’ of the head. You will find that they are 
inserted in the third (last) joint of the antennz, and correspond to the 
‘ plumose arista’ of the common house-fly, for example. They are found 


in all our species of Drosophilidz.” 
G. J. Bow Les. 


DROSOPHILA AMPELOPHILA, LOEW. 
DEAR SIR,— 

In the autumn of 1879 I bred and recognized numerous specimens of 
Drosophila ampelophila, Lw., at New Haven, from decaying pears, labelled 
specimens bearing date of Oct. 30. Since then I have observed them in 
August, September and October in the greatest abundance in Massachu- 
setts and Connecticut. Perfectly sound fruit I have never known to be 
attacked by them, but the slightest indication of fermentation attracts 
them in great numbers, and about heaps of cider refuse I have seen them 
in clouds. Species of the family may be easily mistaken for one another, 
but by aid of Mr. Bowles’ accurate figure of the wing, and by the 
presence in the male, on the tips of the anterior metatarsi above, of a 
minute but conspicuous black tubercle, the present Fermenting Fruit Fly 
may be with certainty distinguished. Loew apparently had some know- 
ledge of its habits in giving it the name ampelos. As regards its distri- 
bution he says (Cent. IL, 99): “ Drosophila ampelophila in Europae 
regionibus meridianis frequentissima nec Europae mediae plane aliena 
etiam in meridianis Africae partibus habitat.” The question is an inter- 
esting one: In which continent is itanative? The European D. confusa, 
as well as ce//aris and aceti, appears to have very similar habits ; doubtless 
other of our American species will be found to infest fruit. 

S. W. WILLISTON. 

New Haven, 28th July, 1882. © 


LARV# OF PAPILIO THOAS. 
DEAR SIR,— 

For several years past I have seen a few specimens of Pafilio thoas in 
this locality, in the month of August, but in poor condition ; this year they 
appeared as early as the middle of June. I have just found for the first 
time the larve in my garden feeding on Dectamnus fraxinella, ‘There are 
two broods—one quite small, and the other three quarters grown. 

G. H. VAN WaGENEN. 


Rye, Westchester Co., N. Y., July 17th, 1882. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 


ON CAPIS, GROTE. 
DEaR Sir,— 

Mr. Grote’s reply to my remarks on Cazs contains a statement which 
requires correction. He says: ‘“‘ Every student ought to know that in the 
Deltoids the eyes are always naked, the tibiz unarmed.” ‘The latter part 
of the sentence is correct, but as a very fair proportion of the De/toide 
have lashed eyes—Mr. Grote, himself, having described three genera’ with 
that character—the remainder of it is rather new and surprising, and con- 
tains information which all students are excusable for not having previously 
known. Generic descriptions should always be complete. Capzs is said 
to be like Szsyrhypena ; that genus is described as Crambiform. Before 
it is possible to know what Cafzs is like, we must go through Sésyrhypena, 
hunt up what Craméiform is, and graft on that the difference between 
Capis and Sisyrhypena! 1 do not consider my “ Remarks on Capis” 
answered by Mr. Grote’s reply. Iam obliged to Mr. Grote for his offers 
of assistance. Joun B. SMITH. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


The Hessian Fly—Its ravages, habits, enemies and means of pre- 
venting its increase, by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D.; being Bulletin No. 4 
of the Department of the Interior, U. S. Entomological Commission, 
8vo., pp. 43, illustrated by two plates containing many figures, one wood- 
cut and a map: being a synopsis of all that has been published in refer- 
ence to this destructive insect, with such additional facts as the members 
of the Commission have been able to collect. 


A Treatise on the Insects Jnjurious to Fruit and Fruit Trees in Cali- 
fornia. By Matthew Cooke, chief executive Horticultural officer ; 8vo., 
PP. 72. 

This useful pamphlet treats of the Codlin Moth, which has now taken 
up its permanent residence in California, making apple and pear growing 
in some sections very uncertain ; the Pear Slug, the Red Spider, the Tent 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Caterpillar, Currant Borer, and several species of Scale Insects which 
attack the apple, pear, peach, plum, orange, etc., illustrated by a number 
of wood-cuts. It appears that our California friends are now seriously 
affected by insect pests, from most of which they had until of late been 
free. The fruit interests of this State are so highly important that very 
active measures are being taken to keep these insect pests within bounds, 
and an Act has been passed by the State compelling the general adoption of 
such remedial measures as shall from time to time be found of value. We 
shall watch with interest the effect of such legislation, and sincerely hope 
that it may result in a marked abatement of the evils complained of. 


Revised Check List of North American Birds, with a Dictionary of the 
Etymology, Orthography‘and Orthoepy of the Scientific Names. By Dr. 
Elliot Coues ; lge. 8vo. Estes & Lauriat, Boston. 


Such a book from such a pen cannot fail to come into the hands of a 
great many Ornithologists, and the circulation of so valuable a work will 
greatly tend to render this much neglected part of the science more widely 
studied and understood. ‘The first part of the book is devoted to notes 
and general explanations on Etymology, Orthography and Orthoepy. The 
second part contains the Revised Check List proper, and on the latter 
part of each page the names divided into syllables and marked for pro- 
nunciation and accentuation, with copious notes on the derivation. In 
regard to the nomenclature, the author has in many instances in this work 
taken a stand opposed to that of some eminent Ornithologists of the 
present day, which is much to be regretted in view of the desirability of 
uniformity in this matter. 

The printing is excellent and done on fine heavy paper, and the proofs 
have evidently been most carefully read, altogether forming a very 
attractive volume and a valuable addition to the Ornithologist’s library. 
—W. E.S. 


Errata.—In our last issue, page 120, on 2nd, 11th and 12th lines, for 
“* Serion” read .Sinon. 


Che Canadtan Entomologist. 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1882. No. 8 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The annual meeting was held in the rooms of the Natural History 
Society, Montreal, on Thursday, August 24, 1882, at 3 o’clock, p. m 

The President, Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, Ont., in the chair. 

Present: . F. Bassett, Waterbury, Conn.; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, 
M. A., Port Hope; G. J. Bowles, Vice-President, Montreal; F. B. Caul- 
field, Montreal ; Prof. J. H. Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ; 
Prof. A. J. Cook, Agric. College, Lansing, Mich. ; Wm. Couper, Mon- 
treal ; T. Craig, Montreal ; J. M. Denton, London; C. R. Dodge, Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; Prof. C. H. Fernald, State Coli., Orono, Maine; C. Fish, 
Brunswick, Maine ; Jas. Fletcher, Ottawa; Rev. F. W. Fyles, Cowans- 
ville, P. Q. ; Prof. H. A. Hagen, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. ; 
W. H. Harrington, Ottawa ; Prof. S. Henshaw, Boston, Mass. ; Dr. P. R. 
Hoy, Racine, Wis. ; J. G. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, P. Q.; Dr. H. S. 
Jewett, Dayton, Ohio ; Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist, Albany, 
N. Y. ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal ; B. Pickman Mann, Assist. Entomologist 
Agricul. Dept., Washington, D. C. ; Prof. C. V. Riley, Entomologist Ag. 
Dept., Washington, D. C.; Wm. Shaw, Montreal; E. D. Winble, Mon- 
treal ; C. D. Zimmerman, Buffalo, N. Y.; E. Baynes Reed, Sec.-Treas., 
London, and others. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed, the reading 
being dispensed with as they had been printed and sent to the members. 

The President then addressed a few words of cordial welcome to the 
members present. 

The report of the Council and the financial statement of the Sec.- 
Treas. for the past year were then read, and on motion, adopted. 

The report of the Montreal Branch was submitted and read to the 
meeting. 

The election of officers then took place, when the following gentlemen 
were duly elected : 


President—Wm. Saunders, London. 
Vice-Prestdent—G. J. Bowles, Montreal. 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian—¥. Baynes Reed, London. 

Council--Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope; J. Fletcher, Ottawa ; 
Rev. F. W. Fyles, Cowansville ; W. Couper, Montreal; J. M. Denton, 
London; J. Alston Moffatt, Hamilton ; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa. 

Editor of Canadian Entomologist—Wm. Saunders. 

Editing Committee—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, J. M. Denton, E. B. Reed. 

Auditors—H. B. Bock and C. Chapman, London. 

The President then delivered his annual address, for which he was 
unanimously tendered a vote of thanks, accompanied with a request to 
publish it in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. 


GENTLEMEN,—For the first time in the history of our Society, we meet 
within the limits of the Province of Quebec. Although belonging to 
Ontario, and sustained in our work mainly by the liberal aid granted us 
by the Government of Ontario, our sphere of usefulness extends through- 
out the length and breadth of this great Dominion, and also across the 
lines into the United States. | We have long had an active branch of our 
Society in Montreal, comprising members who have materially aided in 
the advancement of Entomological science, and now at this particular 
juncture, when so large a body of distinguished scientists were to honor 
Montreal with their presence, and among them many noted Entomologists, 
no time, it was thought, could be more opportune than this in which to 
hold the annual meeting of our Society, and by the kind permission of the 
Hon. S. C. Wood, Commissioner of Agriculture for the Province of 
Ontario, we are privileged to meet here on this occasion. 


During the past season that dreaded pest, the Hessian Fly, has pre- 
vailed to a considerable extent in Ontario. My attention was first called 
to it this season during the last week in July, when the grain was ripening. 
On visiting wheat fields in the vicinity of London, I found the insect very 
_ prevalent, and in some instances I believe the injury to the crop must 
have been fully twenty per cent. The affected stalks were lying on the 
ground, and the grain in the heads imperfectly developed; on pulling 
these they would often break at the point where the insect had been at 
work, that is, about the base of the first or second joint. | On examining 
the affected stalks, the insect was found to be in what is known as the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 143 


puparium or flax-seed state, from the resemblance which it bears in this 
condition to a grain of flax-seed. The attention of farmers was drawn to 
the depredations of the insect by a communication to the press, and 
information sought as to the extent of the evil. From letters received 
from various sections of the Province, it is evident that the insect prevails 
over an extended area, and that the sum total of the loss entailed on the 
agricultural community in Ontario from this cause would figure up to a 
large sum, probably hundreds of thousands of dollars. In 1876 and 1877 
this insect appeared in considerable force and seriously injured the wheat 
crop in many parts of our Province, but since that time we have enjoyed 
comparative immunity from it until now. 

The Hessian Fly belongs to the order of Diptera, or two-winged 
insects, and is about one tenth of an inch long, with dusky transparent 
wings fringed with fine hairs. There are two broods during the year. The 
flies which appear in the autumn deposit their eggs from one to twenty or 
more on a plant in the cavities between the ridges of the blades or between 
the stalk and sheathing base near the roots of the young fall wheat. 
These hatch in four or five days into tiny grubs, soft, smooth and shining, 
which work their way down the leaf to the base of the sheath, about the 
crown of the root. Here they fasten themselves head downwards to the 
tender stalk, live upon the sap and gradually become imbedded more or 
less in the substance of the stalk. When once located the larva moves no 
more, but growing rapidly, soon becomes plump, and when mature is 
about one sixth of an inch long, greenish, and semi-transparent ; before 
long it changes to the flax-seed state, in which condition it remains 
throughout the winter. [Early in spring the flies are produced, which 
deposit their eggs about the first or second joint of the stalk, where they 
pass through their several stages, assuming the flax-seed state a few weeks 
before the wheat ripens, from which the flies hatch in August and September. 

The effect of the presence of this insect in the young fall wheat is to 
weaken the plants, which become unhealthy, turn yellow and sometimes 
die. Often there is a gall-like swelling or enlargement of the stalk near 
the base, in and about which the insects will be found. The unhealthy 
plants contrast strongly with the rich green of the vigorous uninjured 
grain. The late brood may be easily found by separating the leaf from 
the stalk of the young wheat in October or November ; the early brood, as 
already stated, in the reclining stalks, which, when very numerous, makes 
the wheat appear as if *‘ lodged” in patches. 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Various measures have been recommended for the destruction of this 
insect. Some have advised the immediate threshing of the wheat and the 
burning of the straw, but since most of the insects are left in the stubble 
this would be labor lost. Tearing up the stubble with a cultivator imme- 
diately after harvest, and raking it into heaps and burning it, is another 
suggestion, but this involves much labor at a time when the farmer is 
extremely busy, and during the process many of the insects would neces- 
sarily be shaken out of the stalks and escape. Burning the stubble in the 
field where practicable is a much wiser course, but it must be borne in 
mind that this process involves the destruction of the friendly parasites 
which feed upon the enemy, as well as the enemy itself. In my address 
to you two years ago, I expressed the opinion that we were almost wholly 
indebted for such immunity as we enjoy from destructive insects to the 
insect parasites which destroy them ; subsequent experience has confirmed 
this view, and any measure which involves the destruction of these useful 
friends should be adopted with caution. I am happy to state that from 
specimens reared within the past few days, I find that a large proportion 
of the Hessian Fly is being destroyed by parasites this season. Late 
sowing has been much recommended, and the results seem to prove that 
on the whole this is the most practicable remedy—to defer sowing until 
about the 20th of September, by which time most of the flies will have 
disappeared ; late sowing, however, has the disadvantage that the plants 
not being so well established, are not as well fitted to withstand the severe 
weather of the winter. High culture is advantageous, as the luxuriant 
growth which the young wheat makes under such circumstances will enable 
it better to withstand the weakening effects of the grubs. Among the 
other measures recommended are pasturing the wheat fields with sheep, 
and the application of lime to the young wheat to kill the larve. 

During the past few weeks I have examined the roots of a number of 
sickly-looking grape vines about London, Ontario, and have found the 
root-inhabiting form of the Phyl/oxera vastatrix, the dreaded scourge of 
the vine in Europe, in considerable numbers on the young rootlets, and 
have been able to clearly trace the diseased condition of those vines to 
that cause. I am convinced that this insect prevails to a greater extent 
than may at first be suspected throughout our Province, and that it is 
inflicting material injury, for besides having found it common about 
London, | have satisfactory evidence of its presence in the neighborhood 
of Grimsby, where many vines are reported as diseased, and have also 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 


found it recently injuring the vines at Paris. There are no symptoms 
which indicate the first onset of this insect ; it is only after the Phylloxera 
has destroyed a large portion of the roots, that the vine assumes a sickly 
aspect, becoming stunted in its growth and yellow in the foliage. On 
examining the roots of a vine so affected, most of the small rootlets— 
through which the vine draws the chief part of its nourishment—are 
found dead and with many small knots and swellings on them. If a few 
freshly formed, living rootlets can be found, which may in such cases be 
looked for about the crown of the vine, these minute lice will usually be 
seen clustering upon them, often surrounded by groups of their eggs, and 
causing little swellings thereon ; but it frequently happens that when the 
vines have reached this depleted condition, no insects can be found ; they 
have entirely left them, and traversing the interlacing roots of other vines, 
found their way to richer pastures. 

This insect occurs in two very different forms ; in one, known as the 
gall-inhabiting type, it is found upon the vine leaves, producing in June, 
July and August globular or cup-shaped galls of varying sizes, of a green- 
ish red or yellowish color, with their outer surface uneven and somewhat 
woolly. The enlargement is on the under side of, the leaf, and if one is 
cut into, it will be found to contain from one to four orange colored, wing- 
less lice, and a large number of very minute, oval, pale yellow eggs, with 
some newly hatched lice. Soon the gall becomes too thickly populated, 
when the surplus lice wander off through its partly opened mouth on the 
upper side of the leaf, and establish themselves on the same leaf or on 
adjoining younger leaves, where the irritation occasioned by their punc- 
tures causes the formation of new galls, within which the lice mature and 
increase. These galls are quite common, especially on leaves of the 
Clinton and other thin-leaved varieties, also on the wild grape; they 
sometimes occur in such abundance as to cause the leaves to turn brown 
and fall prematurely from the vine, and instances are recorded of defoli- 
ation from this cause. Late in the season, as the leaves become less 
succulent, the lice either perish or seek other quarters, and some of them 
find their way to the roots of the vines and establish themselves as already 
described, where, with their change of habit, there follows a slight differ- 
ence in their appearance. During the winter they remain torpid, renewing ° 
their activity in spring. As the summer advances, a portion of the root 
lice acquire wings, when they issue from the ground, and rising in the air, 
they fly or are carried with the wind to neighboring vineyards, where they 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


deposit eggs on the under side of the leaves, among their downy hairs, ~ 
beneath the loosened bark of the branches and trunk, or in crevices of the 
ground about the base of the vine. The complete life history of this 
insect, which is extremely interesting and curious, may be found in the 
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Reports on the Insects of Missouri, by Prof. C. V. 
Riley. 

The gall-inhabiting type of this insect may be subdued by picking off 
the infested leaves and destroying them, but the root-inhabiting type is a 
much more difficult form to deal with. Various applications to the soil 
have been recommended, such as bisulphide of carbon, and carbolic acid 
diluted with water and poured into holes made in the soil about the roots; 
soot, lime and ashes have also been suggested, strewed around the vines. 

Several species of predaceous insects prey on this louse. The larva 
of a small fly, an undetermined species of Dzf/osis, deposits its eggs within 
the gall, in which the larval and pupal stages are also passed. The larva 
of this friendly species, although destitute of legs, is very active, .and 
groping about within the hollow of the gall, seizes on the young lice as 
hatched and sucks them dry. I have found no evidence of its attacking 
the parent lice, the newly born and tender progeny being more to its 
taste, and in sufficient abundance to furnish it with a constant supply of 
fresh food. In some instances one larva, in others two are found in a 
single gall, but in no instance have I found living lice with the chrysalids, 
an evidence that its beneficial work is completed before this change takes 
place. An active mite, Zyroglyphus phylloxera, the larva of a Syrphus 
fly, Pipiza radicans, also the larva of a small dull-colored Lady-bird, a 
species of Scymnus, all aid in keeping in subjection the root-inhabiting 
form. 

Most of our American vines are much more vigorous than the Euro- 
pean sorts, and hence are likely to endure the inroads of this insect much 
better. As the insect is native to our country, our vines must have always 
been subject more or less to its attacks, and hence probably have devel- 
oped a hardier constitution, with greater capacity for endurance or resist- 
ance. Last year I observed on some Concord vines evidences of 
unhealthiness, which I now believe arose from the presence of Phylloxera ; 
this season most of them seem to have recovered their natural vigor. This 
inspires the hope that our vines may be able to endure the presence of this 
pest without very serious injury or loss. 

During the month of July I received from Prof. J. A. Lintner, State 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 


. Entomologist of New York, specimens of parasitized eggs of the Goose- 
berry Sawfly, Mematus ventricosus, which he kindly sent me for the purpose 
of enabling me to introduce the parasite into Canada. ‘This parasite is a 
very minute four-winged fly, probably Z7zchogamma pretiosa, with very 
delicate fringed wings. Some of these I placed while still unhatched near 
to eggs of the Sawfly recently laid on currant leaves. It is sincerely hoped 
that the effort for their introduction into Ontario will be successful, as they 
seem to do their work very thoroughly, every egg in the examples sent me 
being parasitized. The presence of the parasite may be detected by the 
discoloration of the egg, which becomes brown. 


Recently I have received from a correspondent in Oakville, Mr. M. 
Felan, some examples of the destructive work of Systena frontalis on 
grape vine leaves. This beetle, although very generally distributed, has 
not, as far as I know, ever been recorded before as destructive or noxious. 
In this instance it seems to be quite local in its abundance, as my corre- 
spondent informs me that they are not found on his neighbor’s vines, 
although very abundant and destructive on his own, eating the green 
tissues of the leaf on the upper side and causing it to wither. 


Examples of what appears to be a new disease on the pea have lately 
been brought to my notice from several localities, under the impression 
that it was caused by an insect. The disease manifests itself in a series 
of white fleshy swellings at short intervals along the fibrous roots, varying 
in size from one-sixteenth of an inch to one-eighth of an inch or more in 
diameter, irregular in form, and of a solid fleshy structure. Microscopical 
examination has convinced me that it is a fungus growth in the production 
of which insects play no part. It appears to have the effect of stunting 
the growth of the plants and iessening the crop. 


The short fruit crop this year, after the abundant promise of the 
spring, has been by many attributed to the work of insects, but this I am 
satisfied is an error, for while in many instances a small amount of injury 
has been done by insects, the main causes of the failure must be looked 
for elsewhere. Insects are important agents in the fertilization of fruit 
blossoms, and at the time of the abundant blossoming of the past season 
wet weather prevailed with an unusually low temperature, which prevented 
the insects then on the wing from visiting the flowers ; the low prevailing 
temperature may have also interfered with the proper maturing of the fer- 
tilizing agent, while the frequent rains washed away from the opening 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


flowers much of the pollen as formed. ‘To these causes combined may 
probably be attributed thé lack of fertilization of the blossoms. Follow- 
ing this unfavorable weather, and doubtless induced and fostered by it, a 
species of minute fungus attacked the leaves, extending over a large por- 
tion of their surface, and often down the leaf-stalk to their base, causing a 
dark brown discoloration. This same fungus attacked the young fruit 
also, deforming a considerable proportion of the few specimens which 
were to be found, and these attacks resulted in a withering and curling of 
the leaves; the young fruit became stunted and deformed, and in many 
instances much of the foliage dropped to the ground. ‘The effect of this 
injury, even at this advanced period in the season, is still to be seen in 
the sparseness of the foliage on many of the trees, in the discoloration of 
the leaves and the stunted growth of the branches. 


It is difficult to anticipate with any certainty the effect of this disease 
on the fruit crop of next year, but since as a rule any interruption to the 
healthy growth of a tree leads to the more abundant production of fruit 
buds, it is probable that with a favorable season, we may have a very 
abundant yield in 1883. 


California has for some years past been shipping fruits from her abun- 
dant surplus to all parts of the continent, and her favored climate furnished 
conditions under which pears, apples, plums and grapes prospered to an 
extent unknown elsewhere, and for many years almost free from the insect 
pests which in other fruit-growing regions levy so heavy a tax on the 
growers. But this exemption could not be expected to be permanent. 
The Codlin Moth made its appearance there in 1874, and ever since then 
has been increasing to an alarming extent, the climate favoring its propa- 
gation with a rapidity unknown in less favored districts, so that there are 
three, and in some instances four broods in a season. ‘They attack the 
pears and quinces, as well as the apples, and destroy and disfigure a large 
quantity of fruit. California fruit growers are also suffering from the 
Phylloxera, Pear-tree Slug, Red Spider, Tussock Moth Caterpillar, the 
Currant Borer, a native Tent Caterpillar, C/zszocampa constricta, and a 
number of species of bark lice or scale insects, which attack apple, pear, 
peach, plum, orange, lemon, fig-and olive trees, being found alike on the 
bark, foliage and fruit, and which multiply with amazing rapidity. Recog- 
nizing the vast importance of the fruit crop to the State, the most stringent 
measures are being enacted for the purpose of subduing these pests. An 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 


Act was passed by the State Legislature in March, 1881, in the interests 
of horticulture and viticulture, providing for the appointment of a State 
Board of Commissioners, one from each of the large fruit-growing dis- 
tricts, with almost unlimited powers to restrain, seize, or prohibit the 
importation of anything and everything likely to aid in distributing these 
insect pests—any suspected vines, vine cuttings, trees, empty fruit boxes 
or other material likely to spread insects or contagion, and any willful 
violation of the quarantine regulations of this Board is considered a mis- 
demeanor and punishable with a fine of from $25 to $100. These Com- 
missioners are also charged with the duty of preparing rules to be observed 
by fruit growers for the extermination of insects, and suitable powers are 
given them to enforce the carrying out of these rules. In reference to 
the Codlin Moth, every apple grower is compelled to scrape the rough 
bark off his apple trees every spring, to collect and burn the scrapings, and 
apply, after scraping, an alkaline wash—the constituent parts of which are 
specified—to the tree. All boxes in which apples, pears or quinces have 
been stored or shipped are required to be dipped in boiling water con- 
taining a pound of commercial potash to each 25 gallons, for at least two 
minutes. These measures look to the destruction of the pupa. But, 
further, bands of cloth or paper of a specified width must be fastened 
around each apple, pear and quince tree, before the fifteenth day of May 
in each year, and examined every seventh day afterwards throughout the 
season, and all larvee or pupz destroyed. Precautionary and remedial 
measures are being enforced in reference to many other destructive insects, 
and any laxity or omission on the part of fruit growers in carrying out the 
instructions of the Commissioners is punishable by fine. The chief officer 
of the Commission is required to visit, examine and report upon the fruit 
growing interests in the various sections of the State, appoint resident 
inspectors for each county to enforce the regulations adopted by the Com- 
mission, and to experiment on the best methods of subduing insects and 
diseases destructive to fruits, and disseminate the information so obtained. 
For the carrying out of these objects an appropriation is made by the State 
of ten thousand dollars a year. 

Those interested in Economic Entomology will, | am sure, watch with 
much interest the effect of such vigorous legislation, and if measures of 
this character can be successfully enforced there, why not elsewhere ? 
There seems to be a necessity for the general adoption of some stringent 
measures which would prevent the careless and lazy from making their 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


grounds the breeding places of noxious insects which prey upon and 
destroy the crops of their more thrifty neighbors. 
I have the honor to be, 
Yours very sincerely, 
Wm. SAUNDERS. 


There being no further business, the meeting of the Entomological 
Society of Ontario was then adjourned. 


The meeting then resolved itself into an informal gathering of the 
Entomological members of the American Association for the Advancement 
of Science, then in session in the city of Montreal. 

On motion, Mr. W. Saunders and Mr. E. B. Reed were requested to 
act as Chairman and Secretary respectively of the meeting. 

Some discussion took place respecting the Entomological Club of the 
A. A. A. S., when it was moved by Dr. Hagen and seconded and duly 
carried : 

Resolved,—That Prof. J. A. Lintner be requested to take the necessary 
steps to call further meetings of the Entomologists present at this session 
of the Association, at such times and places as might be determined on, 
and also to provide for similar meetings for Entomological discussions at 
the future annual gatherings of the Association. 


PEA FUNGUS. 

Mr. Geo. McCloskie, of Princeton, N. J., asked for some information | 
about a peculiar fungus-like growth on pea roots, referred to in Mr. Saunders’ 
address. The Chairman gave it as his opinion that it was a fungus. 

Samples were shown exhibiting the pea as affected by this disease. 


COTTON WORMS. 


Mr. Jas. Fletcher asked if there was any further information respecting 
the habits of the Cotton Worm Moth, A/etia argillacea, he believing that 
from its frequent occurrence in Ontario in such a perfect condition, it must 
breed in Canada ; he was aware that the larva had never been found here 
and that Prof. Riley had in his able paper on this moth, expressed his 
conviction that the moth did not breed in Canada. 

Prof. Riley stated that so far as he knew from repeated observations 
and experiments, the cotton plant, Gossypium, was the only food plant of 
this insect; he thought that the peculiar formation of close-fitting scales 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151 


of the wings would account for the apparently fresh condition of the 
moths found in Ontario, and he believed that the insect possessed ample 
powers to fly such a distance as that from the Southern States to Canada. 
There might be a probability that the insect bred in the Northern States, 
but he was still of the opinion that the moth was a purely Southern 
species. 

Dr. Hoy stated that he had found in Wisconsin a specimen of the 
moth at the end of August, with the fore and hind wing on one side of 
the body in a deformed and crippled state, evidently showing that it must 
have very recently emerged from the chrysalis. He also stated that a 
female moth had been captured near his residence about the middle of 
June. He thought the insect must breed in the North sometimes. 

Prof. Comstock confirmed Dr. Hoy’s statement as to the finding of the 
crippled moth, but thought, however, that the moth generally bred in the 
South. 

Prof. Fernald said he had seen fresh specimens taken in Sept., in Maine. 

The Chairman said that occasionally fresh moths and butterflies might 
be captured in entirely new localities, but that generally some probable 
reason could be given for their appearance ; as, for instance, he remem- 
bered that many years ago two fresh specimens of Avgynnis columbia had 
been found at St. Catharines, Ont., a place where they had never before or 
since been observed, but that they had probably found their way there among 
the large number of fruit and other trees imported from the States ; still, 
however, no such probable reason had been suggested for the appearance of 
the Cotton Worm Moth in Ontario, in such frequent numbers and at so 
many different localities. ‘The matter was one of great interest. 

Mr. Fletcher said he hoped the members would continue their obser- 
vations of this insect, the larya of which, if found in Canada, would 


probably feed on some MMa/vaceous plant. 
(To be Continued.) 


RE-PUBLICATION OF VOLUMES I. anD II.—In consequence of the 
demand from various European scientific societies and others for complete 
sets of the CanaDIAN ENtTomoLocist, the Editing Committee have found 
it necessary to reprint the first and second volumes, which had been long 
out of print. The Society can now supply at the usual price copies of all 
the volumes, on application to the Sec.-Treas., Mr. E. Baynes Reed, 
London, Ont. 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF COPAODES. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


CopmopEs WRIGHTII. 
Male.—Expands .9 inch. 


Upper side yellow-ochre color ; costal margin of primaries black on 
the edge, and hind margins of both wings edged black, scarcely more than 
a line ; costal margin of secondaries broadly bordered black ; the ends 
of the nervules on primaries edged black for a little distance ; on the disk 
a black sexual narrow bar, broken into three parts, and crossing obliquely 
the lower median and submedian interspaces ; fringes pale black shading 
into whitish. 

Under side pale yellow-ochre of one shade; a little dusky near base 
of primaries, otherwise immaculate. 


Female.—Expands 1.2 inch. 
Color of male, the nervules not edged black ; immaculate. 
Under side as in the male. 


From 4 ¢,2 $, part of 18 examples taken in the Mohave Desert, 
So. California, July, 1882, by Mr. W. G. Wright. 

Mr, Wright says: ‘I have made a four days’ trip to reach the Mohave 
Desert. We went over a pass 6,000 feet high, in the higher portions of 
which I saw a few Chionobas? but took only three, as they were very 
skillful in getting into the thorn bushes. Next on the high dry plain, I 
took a ? Anthocharis, perhaps ZLazceolata. Then it was pertectly dry 
and barren for 20 miles to Mohave River. About 60 rods from the river 
came a change in the vegetation, the whole ground being covered with a 
salt weed somewhat resembling eastern ‘‘ hog weed,” but more branched, 
and upon the flowers of that I saw these bright little yellow Copzeodes. 
I instantly jumped out and told my companion to go on to the river, and 
then and there I collected 18 of them. More could have been got, but 
they were rather lively, and I thought I had enough, especially as I saw 
other things, one of which was a black species (Amblyscirtes Zzbya). 
Here also I took a few Pamphila Sadulet¢ and P. Campestris. In 
the desert I saw an orange butterfly” (probably Zérzas), ‘‘ but could not 
take it. The flight of this was exceedingly rapid and erratic, and over 
bushes which rendered pursuit difficult or impossible. These orange 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 153 


butterflies were always several miles from water. When I went out I 
thought I should find a good many insects at the watering places, water 
being so scarce there, but on the contrary, I found few or none there. 
The springs or wells are 15 to 25 miles apart, and the intervening desert 
is absolutely dry and parched, yet in good part is covered with bushes of 
_ several kinds, cactus, etc., and also sometimes with a monstrous tree, the 
“ Joshua,” Yucca brevifolia, which looks as if it belonged to another 
world. No gnats, no mosquitoes, but few birds, no squirrels, very few 
snakes and those all rattlers, but plenty of sand and so hot! The sun 
beats duwn with vertical rays and the air is like that from a furnace. I 
saw no other butterfly at the river than I have mentioned, except one 
Danais, small, pale-colored, and it seemed to me differently marked from 
any I have seen at San Bernardino.” 


NOTES ON THE LARVA OF BUCCULATRIX 
AMBROSLAFOLIELLA. 


BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


This species was described by me in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal 
of Science, v. 2, p. 119, and it was said to feed upon the leaves of 
Ambrosia trifida, in the larval stage. Afterwards, in a note in the Ameri- 
can Entomologist, I suggested that as it had only been bred from a 
collection of leaves of that plant, and had not actually been seen feeding, 
and as some species of Aucculatrix sometimes crawl away from their food 
plants to pupate, it was possible that it might turn out that this larva did 
not feed upon Ambrosia. This summer, however, I have been fortunate 
enough to find the larva mining the leaves of A. ¢rifida, and also of 
several varieties of Hedianthus ; indeed it is much more numerous on 
Helianthus than on Ambrosia. Lithocolletis ambrosieella and L. heliantht- 
vorella feeding on the same plants, many would consider only varieties of 
one species ; as also many would consider Zischeria ambrosieella and T. 
heliopsisella, which feed on the same plants, and on /eléopsis, varieties of 
one species. It is a little singular that so many of these minute leaf- 
mining species should feed on so many varieties and species of Helianthus 
and /Heliopsis, and all on the single species of Amérosia, and on no other 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


species of that genus, except that Z7scheria ambrosiefoliella feeds also on 
Ambrosia artemisifolia. Butalis matutella feeds on A. trifida and on 
Asters ; but not, so far as is known, on any other species of Ambrosia, nor 
on Helianthus or Heliopsis. A. trifida seems to be a point from which 
they radiate, so to speak, to other Composite. 

In the published description of Bucculatrix ambrosiefoliellal find that 
I have omitted to mention the minute tuft of brown scales on the dorsal 
margin of the fore wings, and that in the sentence which reads, “the 
scales between the black internal edging of the arc, and the costal margin, 
are ochreous,” the word ‘ dorsal” should be substituted for “ costal.” 

The larvee of several species of Bucculatrix are known in Europe; 
but in this country, until now, Dr. Clemens’ “ mere mention” of the larva 
of B. pomifoliella Clem., is all that has been published. Briefly the larval 
habits of the genus may be thus summarized: The larva while very young 
mines in leaves, and leaving the mine, it feeds externally, moulting once 
in a little cocoonet, and again in a singular ribbed cocoon, where it passes 
the pupa stage. Dr. Clemens says truly that the larva of B. pom#foliella 
feeds on apple leaves, and pupates “in an elongate, dirty white, ribbed 
cocoon,” but this, with a brief description of the larva in one of its 
stages, is about all of the information that he gives us about it. 2B. pomi- 
foliella is not uncommon in this region (Kentucky), but I have never met 
with the larva, and until I met with the larva of B. ambrosiefoliella, larvee 
of this genus have been unknown to me. 

I have elsewhere suggested that, owing to certain structural resem- 
blances of the pups of Bucculatrix and Lithocolletis, it would be found, 
when the larva of Bucculatrix was dissected, that it belonged to the same 
larval group with Lethocolletis, Gracillaria, etc. In this group of larve 
the mouth parts are in the first stages very imperfect, the maxillz, and 
both maxillary and labial palpi, are either entirely wanting or very rudi- 
mentary, and the other mouth organs are of very different form and struc- 
ture from that of ordinary caterpillars. At some subsequent moult (first, 
third or fifth, as the case may be—varying in different genera and species 
of the group) this “ ordinary” form is assumed, and I have therefore 
usually mentioned the imperfect form as the “first” form, and the other 
as the ‘‘second” or ‘‘ordinary” form. My suggestion as to Bucculatrix 
was that, where the mouth parts of the larva in its first stage were 
examined, it would be found to have mouth parts of the “ first” form, 
because in its pupa state certain structures of the head and 2nd segment 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155 


are similar to structures possessed by Lithocolletis, Gracilaria, and other 
genera, the larva of which in their early stages have mouth parts of the 
“first” form. A peculiarity of this “first” form is that, owing to the 
structure of the mouth parts, the larva possessing them can not feed down 
into the parenchyma like a larva having trophi of the “ ordinary” form, 
but can only eat in the plane in which the larva lies, consuming a few of 
the cells of the parenchyma lying next to the cuticle, and leaving all 
beneath it uneaten ; while a larva with the ‘‘ordinary” form eats out the 
whole parenchyma, or at least eats down into it. A glance at the mine 
of B. ambrosiafoliella was therefore sufficient to show me that my sugges- 
tion as to the group to which Auculatrix belongs was unfounded ; the 
entire parenchyma was eaten out, and therefore the trophi were of the 
“second ” form, and different from those of Zzthocolletis, etc. On closer 
inspection, however, the earliest part of the mine did not appear to have 
all of the parenchyma eaten out. Still it did not have the appearance of 
amine of a larva having the “first” form of trophi; the eaten portion 
did not all lie close to the cuticle, but the parenchyma was irregularly 
eaten into—sometimes eaten almost through—in a way that could not be 
done by a larva with the “first” form of trophi, but which might have 
been done by a very young and small larva with trophi of the “second” 
form, and dissection showed that this was the truth of the matter. The 
larva never has trophi of the “ first” form in any stage. 

But among larve having trophi of the “second” form, there are sub- 
groups, each of which presents important differences from the others in 
the structure of the different organs. Thus, so far as I have examined, all 
the larvee of Rhopalocera have trophi differing in some respects from those 
of Heterocera, except that the larva of the Tineid, Plutella cruciferarum, 
has larval trophi resembling those of the Skippers. The Attacidz again 
form a sub-group. All of the other Heferocera again, except some of the 
Tineids to be presently mentioned, form another sub-group. These 
“other Tineids” comprise Cemzostoma, which stands alone; TZischeria, 
which also stands alone in some respects, whilst in others it resembles 
Bedellia, Antispila, Aspidisca and some others which are more or less 
similar to them, though differing from them in some respects, and among 
these is JVepticula. All of these I class in a single sub-group of larvee. 
The larval trophi of Buccu/atrix more nearly resemble those of Vepticula 
than any of the others. Mr. Stainton (not mentioning the larval trophi) 
has already written of Bucculatrix: ‘‘This genus offers several points of 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


resemblance with the next family” (WVepticulide), ‘but the larve have 
six well-developed true legs.”—Ins. Bnit., v. 3, p. 290. The six legs seem 
to have been Mr. Stainton’s chief, if not only reason, for excluding Buccu- 
latrix from LVepticulide, in which the six true legs “are wanting, and they 
are replaced by membranous processes or prolegs, yet neither on these 
segments nor on the remaining segments, each of which is furnished with 
a pair of prolegs (making eighteen in all), have the prolegs the usual 
coronet of little hooks” (Ibid, p. 296). Dr. Clemens says of B. pomg#- 
Joliella that the legs are “ very small,” and though this can not be said of 
B. ambrosiefoliella, yet its anal prolegs are destitute of the coronet of little 
hooks, having only a single little spine ; while the abdominal prolegs have 
each only these little claws, rather than the usual tubercles ; so that I do 
not hesitate to place Bucculatrix in the same larval group with WVepticula. 
The thoracic feet have each a single claw which is set around with numer- 
ous, rather stiff, bristles, and, as hereafter shown, are used to guide the 
thread in spinning the cocoon. Each segment of the body is clothed with 
numerous hairs, especially the pro-thoracic segment, where the hairs are 
stiff and project forward over the head; this segment in the adult larva 
has twelve microscopic red-brown spots, ten of which are on the back— 
four of them in the angles of a square, three others obliquely on each side 
of the square, and one other, larger but more indistinct, on each side ; 
these spots I think are hypodermal. 

The egg, a minute colorless globule, is deposited on the upper surface 
of the leaf, and the larva, leaving it, makes at first a short, tortuous, linear 
mine, which ends in a small blotch with the frass in compact lines. The 
first stage lasts probably between three and four days (the youngest larva 
I have seen was a little more than one-fortieth of an inch long). The 
larva at this stage is sordid white. Having ceased to feed, it doubles 
itself in what Mr. Stainton calls horse-shoe shape, the ventral surface of the 
anterior half being applied to that of the posterior half of the body, and 
thus it undergoes its first moult in the mine. The larva, when it has cast 
its old skin, is no longer sordid white, but is striped longitudinally ; there 
is a dorsal green stripe, margined on each side by a white line, beneath 
which is another green stripe on each side, containing on each segment 
two white spots placed obliquely, the lower spot being the largest, and 
the under surface is pale greenish ; the larva frequently has a faint pink 
tinge, and the longitudinal stripes, which are very faint at first, become 
darker with age. It remains in the mine and feeds for about one day 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 


after its first moult ; then leaves it, and feeds externally for about two 
days, usually on the under side of the leaf, but occasionally also on the 
upper side. There it spins beside a rib a thin sheet of white silk, beneath 
which it spins a cocoonet, in which it again assumes the horse-shoe shape, 
and passes in about a day to second moult. Emerging from its cocoonet, 
it continues to feed externally for three days, when either on the plant or 
near to it, it spins its ribbed cocoon, in which it passes the pupa state. I 
have not observed accurately the length of this stage; in August it is 
about a week. The mature larva is about three lines long. 

I have trequently been puzzled to understand how the larva could spin 
this singular cocoon, but I have now fortunately been enabled to watch it 
at work under the microscope. The cocoon shows six longitudinal ribs or 
ridges, with depressions like valleys between them. Each rib consists of 
four threads, and is four times as thick as the depressions ; the threads of 
the ribs are longitudinal and rigid, those of the valleys run obliquely 
transverse, and each is permitted to droop or sag down, and they are spun 
first from right to left, then from left 
to right, crossing each other at a some- 
what acute angle, the one set being 
kept always about four threads in 
advance of the other, the finished por- 
tion of the cocoon showing the two 
threads crossing each other, while the 
unfinished shows only two threads 
without any thread crossing them, as 
shown in fig. 1 at a@ finished, at 0 
unfinished, portion of the cocoon. 
But properly speaking, this is no part of the cocoon, but only a reticulated 
frame or net-work, within and attached to which the true cocoon is spun. 
The whole net-work is a continuous thread, with no break ; each trans- 
verse thread continues entirely across the cocoon, but the ribs are not 
continuous threads the length of the cocoon ; each rib is made by a mul- 
titudinous succession of movements forward and back again, each move- 
ment only the length of the space between two transverse threads. 
Whenever in the transverse movement of the head, the apex of the 
spinneret touches a rib, it is moved forward and back again. Thus, the 
larva (having laid the floor or foundation of its reticulated frame-work by 
spinning its web somewhat densely over the portion of the leaf that is to 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


be covered by it, and for some little distance around it) reaches at length, 
we will say, the point a, fig. 1, when it is ready to begin the reticulated 
work. Working backwards, the head is now drawn back and a little out 
to a3; the claw of the fore foot is here applied to the thread (which has 
no elasticity, or very little, and which hardens the instant it is fairly out of 
the spinneret) ; the head is drawn back along the line towards a, as far as 
a 2, where it leaves the hardened thread, using the claw again, and passes 
obliquely down and forwards again to the foot of the second rib at ¢, where 
it is attached to the floor, and the thread again bent on the claw, is 
retracted a little upwards nearly parallel to the line a and a 3, to the point 
d in the figure, when, again bent on the claw, it is carried forward (adjoin- 
ing the newly spun thread) to the point e, where it leaves the thread (just 
as it did at a2), and passes obliquely forwards again to the foot of the 
third rib at f#, and this is repeated until the spinneret arrives at the point 
g at the base of the other side of the cocoon. It is then carried along 
the floor of the cocoon back to the point a 2, then it is again retracted to 
the point @ 4, where it is bent on the claw and advanced again to @3. In 
retracting the head from a to a 3, a single thread is left; returning it to a2 
adds another thread along that part ; from @ 2 to ¢ there is only a single 
thread ; retracting it to @ leaves a single thread of course, while advancing 
it to e leaves another that far, and the thread leaves the rib, being carried 
to f, as above stated. Thus the base or beginning of each rib (at a and 
¢, etc.) would consist only of a single thread, but while the spinneret is 
there it is passed several times up and down that part, and the thread is 
thus strengthened, and sometimes while at work on the reticulated net, the 
larva, on reaching the floor, would pass its spinneret over it in various 
directions, advancing under it up to its very beginning, thickening the 
floor, and fastening the attachments of the ribs to it, and sometimes 
retiring and entirely leaving the net-work so far that I thought it had left 
it finally ; but it always returned, and continued its work on the reticulated 
frame which, as before stated, forms at first only the outer covering of the 
true cocoon. Hitherto the larva has been building in front of, around and 
over its head, gradually retiring as the work advanced towards it; there- 
fore to make a line in one of the ribs it would retract its head, while to 
double the line it would advance its head or spinneret. Each of the 
obliquely transverse lines was permitted to sag down between the ribs and 
was long enough to do so by its own weight. To make each line in a rib 
the head was retracted the distance between three transverse lines, and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


then, bending the thread, it was advanced over the space between two of 
these (that is, about one-hundredth of an inch) to the point where it 
leaves one rib to proceed to the next one. 

_ But thus far we have each rib composed of only two threads and the 
transverse lines running in only one direction. How is it as to the other 
set of obliquely transverse lines which cross the first set? and how are 
the two additional threads added to each rib? All of this is done pre- 
cisely as the first set was made. Returning from the side g 4 of the 
frame, the work is only a repetition in the opposite direction of the work 
first done as above related. Having finished about three-fourths of the 
frame, retreating from it and working towards itself, as above stated, the 
larva now passes up into it, adding to the floor and the foundations as it 
goes, till having reached the upper end, it doubles upon itself, and reverses 
its position, protruding about one-fourth of its body through the open end 
of the frame, which it now begins anew from the other end and repeats 
here the work already done, until the two portions almost touch. Then 
it ceases to follow the regular pattern of the reticulation, and by a series 
of longitudinal threads passed rapidly to and fro, connects the two pieces 
of the frame much as a tailor darns a rent in a garment, and this darn 
may be detected even in an old cocoon. ‘The larva is now completely 
enclosed in the frame work, and immediately begins to spin its cocoon 
proper within it. This occupies only the central position, not extending 
into either end of the frame. It works very rapidly, and in three hours 
from the time that it begins to spin is entirely concealed from sight. 

It is very interesting to watch the little architect at work upon its 
reticulated frame. It evidently understands its trade, whether we call it 
a house-builder or weaver. It knows exactly what it has to do, and how 
to do it, and “goes straight along” with its work with an air of as much 
conscious intelligence and understanding as any other builder of homes 
either with or without hands. It is difficult to watch its operations with- 
out feeling that here is a conscious intelligence at work. All other known 
species of the genus, save one, make these ribbed cocoons, and to do so 
they must work much as this one does. How the instinct to make a 
cocoon, and especially one like this, ever originated—what advantage in 
“the struggle for existence” the reticulated pattern possesses over a 
common one in which the threads are carried hither and thither appar- 
ently without order or plan—and why this instinct should be lacking in a 
single species, are questions as unanswerable as why some spiders are 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


geometricians. _I will only add that if the larva ceased to spin when the 
reticulated frame work is finished, the cocoon would belong to the same 
class with those of Plutella cruciferarum and a few others which pupate 
simply in an open network. ‘ 

Fig. 1 is very imperfect. It should represent the transverse lines not 
only as oblique, but as sagging down more than they do, and should show 
more clearly that each, on reaching a rib, passes along it, over the space 
between these lines, and is bent back over the space between two. It is 
proper, perhaps, to state that the threads harden so quickly, or lose their 
viscidity so quickly, that two threads in contact seldom adhere except 
immediately at the point of the spinneret. 

I will add that so far as I have examined bred specimens of the imago, 
those from Ambrosia have the markings more sharply defined and the 
brown scales darker than those from felianthus. 


GoniLopa (Zudamus) Tiryrus, Fab.—I have within the last few 
days of the end of August made a capture of numerous specimens of the 
larvee of two skippers—hitherto, it has been considered, rather rare in this 
locality, only an occasional specimen of either larva or butterfly being seen. 

On a few locust trees and young second-growth of Robinia pseudacia, 
adjoining my office, I took in about an hour some eighty specimens, and 
I am satisfied a very little exertion would have procured another hundred ; 
on a subsequent search I also found them in another locality some dis- 
tance off. The larve were nearly all three parts grown, and some just 
beginning to enter the pupal stage ; in only one or two instances did I 
discover very young specimens. It is worthy of note that I only saw 
three specimens of the butterfly this summer, so that it could not have 
been very common. Dr. Harris says “ that the viscid locust tree is some- 
times almost completely stripped of its leaves by these insects, or presents 
only here and there the brown and withered remains of foliage which has 
served asa temporary shelter to the caterpillars.” I could not see, how- 
ever, that the larvae had done any appreciable harm to the trees on which 
I found them, although their numbers would have led me to look for very 
material injury. I would state also that in some seven or eight instances 
in examining the empty leafy cases formed by the larve, I found single 
specimens of Clytus pictus, who seemed to enjoy the cool retreat thus 
provided for them from the heat of the sun. 

E. Baynes REED, London, Ont 


Che Canadian Entomolonist. 


————— 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1882. No. 9 


IS PAEDISCA SCUDDERIANA A GALL-MAKER? 
BY D, S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


A gall from a Golden-rod, out of which a moth of this species has 
escaped, is figured in Second Report Insects of Missouri, page 134. In 
the accompanying description the author says: ‘‘ There are some doubts 
in my mind as to whether it is a real gall-maker, or an inquiline, or an 
intruder on my true Solidago gall-maker ( Gelechia gallesolidaginis ).” ‘‘My 
reasons for thinking this insect an intruder are, first, because if it were a 
true gall-maker, we should naturally expect to find its gall more common ; 
second, because on several occasions I have found within the Gelechia 
galls a pale worm very different ‘from the true gray gall-making larva.” In 
the Can. ENT., x., 202, I asserted, perhaps too abruptly, that this moth is 
not an intruder, but the cause of the gall in which it resides during the 
larval and pupal states. In the paper cited I gave my reasons for this 
conclusion, reasons which I considered sufficient, namely: that it was 
very abundant about Buffalo, that I had followed the larve in the galls 
from soon after hatching and soon after they had pierced the stem until 
final transformation, and that their gall habits were somewhat character- 
istic. In Bulletin No. 6 of the United States Entomological Commission, 
page 57, referring to this species (under the name Luryptychia saligneana 
Clem.), Mr. Riley says: ‘ From comparison of female specimens I am 
led to believe that this is the same species that is commonly known in 
Europe as Spzlonota roborana Schiff. . . . The insect in Europe is 
known to feed on the leaf-buds of the rose. I have abundant proof that 
in this country it is not a gall-maker, but as was inferred in the Report, an 
inquiline. I have found its larva feeding upon the flowers as well as amid 
the terminal leaves of the Golden-rod, and I have also found it in other 
galls.” The above statements have led me to again examine the matter, 
and inasmuch as I cannot find evidence in support of the writer’s views, 
but rather to confirm my own, I desire to record my observations. 


This year I noted that the Gelechia galls were of full size before P. 
Scudderiana escaped from the pupa, and G. gadlesolidaginis escaped from 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


its gall before those of the other were completely formed. ‘These were 
observed as slight swellings or rings about the middle of July, and to grow 
quite slowly, attaining full size by the beginning of September ; besides, 
the Paedisca galls, as a rule, are in entirely different situations, as pointed 
out in the previous paper referred to. The Gelechia galls are ordinarily 
on the stem below the branches, and usually only one occurs on the same 
plant ; the other forms them higher among the branches, or, as often hap- 
pens, on the branches themselves. As many as eleven galls have been 
counted on one plant. Likewise the differences of form, structure, 
position and date of appearance between this gall and that of Zrypeta 
solidaginis, render it quite improbable that the one has any relation to the 
other. There is no other known gall that could be suspected. 


I have again this summer observed larvee of this species of all sizes in 
galls of corresponding sizes, from mere protuberances on the tender stems 
up to the well formed characteristic galls. This, it seems to me, is direct 
evidence of its gall-making habits. 


The following experiments have a tendency to confirm such belief. 
Some Golden-rods, late in June, were planted in a bottomless pail sunk in 
the earth of my garden and closely covered by a net of tarlatan ; some 
days later several old galls containing living pupze were placed under the 
net. Early in July moths were observed within. August 8th the net was 
removed and several small yet unmistakable Paedisca galls were found on 
the Golden-rods. September 11th, the same are nearly of the usual size 
at maturity ; no larvae have appeared among the leaves at any date since 
the cover was removed. August roth, I removed about a dozen of 
different sizes from their galls to the leaves and flowers of the above men- 
tioned isolated plants ; in a day or two all had disappeared except one 
which was boring into the stem at the axil of a branch, and at the end of 
a week it had caused a slight gall-like enlargement of the same. At 
another time a number of larve of different sizes were taken from their 
galls and placed on leaves and flowers of their food-plant in a feeding 
box ; they refused to feed, and after days of ceaseless effort to escape 
died of starvation. Perhaps this result should have been expected, rather 
than submission to so material a change of food and residence. 


After diligent search I have not found what I take for this larva feed- 
ing on the leaves or flowers, and in but one instance have I found it in 
any but its own gall, then in what was apparently an abandoned one of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163 


the Ge/echia, in which, as it seems to me, it had taken refuge after an ac- 
cident to its own home. 

I do not deny, however, that it may feed elsewhere upon leaves and 
flowers of the Golden-rod, or that it may occupy other galls ; but I feel 
sure that, at least in this vicinity, it habitually makes the abundant gall 
in which it resides. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
NEONYMPHA AREOLATUS, SmirH—Aspsot. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc—Nearly globular ; the surface smooth under a low power, but 
under a high one, thickly covered with shallow depressions, which are 
irregular in size and also in form, being pentagonal, rounded or oval ; 
color pale green. Duration of this stage about 6 days. 


Younc Larva.—Length .12 inch; cylindrical, nearly even, tapering a 
little posteriorly, the last segment bluntly forked; color delicate green ; 
over the surface many white hairs, and among these are black clubbed 
hairs disposed in longitudinal rows, four on the dorsum of each segment, 
two in front, two in rear ; feet and legs green ; head large, about twice as 
broad as any body segment, sub-globose, a little depressed at top; on 
each vertex a short semi-ovoid appendage, at the top giving out two 
divergent black hairs ; just below vertex, on the front, is a similar smaller 
appendage with single hair, and on the side half way down is a second ; 
color black. Towards the end of this stage the color of body changes to 
decided green, and several longitudinal stripes appear; on either side of a 
dark green medio-dorsal stripe is a whitish one, a similar one on middle 
of side and another along base. Duration of this stage about 8 days, but 
depending on the weather. 

After rst moult—Length .22 inch ; slender, the dorsum slightly arched 
and sloping posteriorly ; the tails longer, tapering ; color of body green, 
the tails faintly red; surface quite thickly covered with fine yellowish 
tubercular points, partly arranged in longitudinal rows, ten in all, on either 
side one next the medio-dorsal green stripe, one sub-dorsal, two on mid- 
side and one along base ; under side, feet and legs green; head ovoidal, 
truncated, depressed at top ; on each vertex a low conical process ; surface 
rough with sharp tubercles, of varying size, each with very short bristle . 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


color of back of head and of the triangle over mandibles deep green, the 
rest of the front and the processes on vertices red-brown, with two green 
patches on front, one on either side the suture ; ocelli emerald-green. 
But some larve have the head wholly green, the vertex process reddish ; 
one had a brown band across the forehead, the rest green; one had the 
front face except the triangle brown, the cheeks green. To next moult 
about 9 days. 

After 2nd moult.—Length .3 inch; shape as before ; color yellow- 
green; stripes as before; head as at second stage, sometimes wholly 
green, sometimes partly brown; one example had the left cheek brown, 
the other green. To next moult about 7 Gays. 

After 3rd moult.— Length .7 inch ; very slender, yellow-green. In all 
examples bred by myself this was the closing larval stage. 

Mature Larva.—Length 1.1 to 1.3 inch; slender, thickest in middle 
segments, the dorsum well arched, and the slope equal either way to 2 and 
12; segments 3 and 4 are creased, and divided into five rounded and 
nearly equal ridges ; after this, there are six ridges, the front one broader 
than any other and flattened, the rest being somewhat rounded ; 13 ends 
in two small tapering divergent tails ; color of body yellow-green ; surface 
thickly covered with small sharp tubercles placed irregularly, but most 
dense in certain longitudinal lines, one such on either side of the medio- 
dorsal dark stripe ; one sub-dorsal from head to end of tail; two on the 
side, and one, more conspicuous, along base, ten lines in all ; tails red- 
dish ; under side, feet and legs, green; spiracles buff; head obovoid, 
truncated, the top depressed ; on each vertex a little conical process, red- 
dish ; surface rough with fine green tuberculations, among which are a few 
whitish ones, each with short white bristle ; ocelli emerald-green in brown 
rings. Duration of this stage about 13 days. 

CurysaLis.—Length, gf .48 inch; greatest breadth at mesonotum 
and also at abdomen, .18 inch; 2 (probably) .54 inch, breadth .20; 
cylindrical, the abdomen stout, conical ; the wing cases a little raised on 
dorsal side ; head case very short, scarcely projecting beyond mesonotum, 
bevelled transversely to a sharp edge, roundly excavated on either side, the 
top very little incurved ; mesonotum rounded, carinated, the sides nearly 
flat or a little excavated ; color green, the edges of carina, wing cases and 
top of head case cream-color; surface much covered with points and 
small patches of whitish, not distinct enough to detract from the general 
green hue. Duration of this stage about 10 days. 


» 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


In 1882, I carried three larvee to chrysalis, and all passed but three 
moults. I received these larve from Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, Indian River, 
Fla., 17th July. He mailed the eggs r1th July, and had obtained them 
by confining a female over grass. When the larve reached me they were 
in their first stage, and the 

1st moult was passed 2oth July. 


ane: “ 29th “ 
ard. < % 5th Aug. 
2 larvee suspended 16th ‘“ 
They pupated ned oe 
Peele: 74° 26th Ne 


Imago from last chr. (f) 30th Aug. 
(The other chrysalids I put in alcohol.)" 
But Mrs. Peart carried one larva to chrysalis, and it passed 4 moults. 
This came from 
Egg laid 7th May, 1882. 
Egg hatched 12th “ 


Ist moult 2nd June. 
ana“ BS tinge 
ard “ 3rd July. 
ath js Bath pe 

In chr. 28th,» f° 


I have the casts of the face of this larva, which so passed 4 moults, 
and can compare them with casts from the larvee raised by myself, calling 
the former A, the latter B: 

A.—Diameter of head at 2nd moult, .o23 in.; B, same stage, .023. 


6s “ee 3rd “ .O4 “ec ce .057. 
“ce (a3 4th ce .065 
ce * chry. | “* at chry. .08. 


So that A and B were alike at 2nd moult ; B at 3rd was between 3rd and 
4th of A, and at pupation was smaller than A. In fact the larva which 
passed 4 moults was larger than either of mine, and the chrysalis from it 
measured .54 inch in length, against .48 in the other case. This chrysalis 
failed to give an imago, but probably it was a female, and it is possible - 
that the difference in number of moults may be sexual. 

I have had great difficulty in bringing larvee of Aveolatus to maturity, 
and I may say the same of N. Can¢hus, and in repeated instances have 
failed when feeding them on lawn grass. The eggs of both species are 


166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


naturally laid on coarse grasses, and I found, this season, that by selecting 
Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum the larve fed more readily than before and 
were healthy. 

Areolatus is common in Florida and Georgia, and has been taken tay 
Mr. E. M. Aaron on the summit of one of the high mountains of East 
Tennessee. 


CLOTHES MOTHS. 
BY PROF. C. H. FERNALD, STATE COLLEGE, ORONO, MAINE. 


Nearly a year ago my attention was especially called to the insects 
which prey upon woolen fabrics, and which are generally known as 
“clothes moths.” In going over the literature of the subject at that time 
and comparing it with the notes which I had made from time to time, I 
became convinced that what we have in our books pertaining to these in- 
sects is very imperfect and faulty, and that there was need of a thorough 
revision. This held true, not only of the species which destroy clothing, 
but also of many other species in the family Zineide. 

I therefore obtained, by purchase and otherwise, as large a collection 
as possible from all parts of the United States—over twelve hundred 
specimens—and sent them to Lord Walsingham, in England, for com- 
parison with the European species. This collection has just been re- 
turned to me, and the notes and descrivtions which his lordship has made 
on it will soon appear in the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 

From the studies thus far made it appears that such of the European 
species as attack clothing have already been introduced into this country, 
and the probabilities are that we have no native eae possessed of 
similar habits. 

In 1841, Harris’s Insects of Massachusetts appeared, in which a gen- 
eral account of clothes moths was given, taken from Duponchel and other 
European works, and including a brief description of a moth attacking 
white flannel in the cases of the Boston Society of Natural History, which, 
as he stated, agreed with the description of Tinea flavifrontella of the 
older naturalists. Harris omitted to mention whether or not the larva of 
this species made a case of the flannel in which it lived. Later editions 
of Harris’s work merely repeat the same thing. 

Dr. Packard, in his Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 346, described 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 


the clothes moth under the name Tinea flavifrontella, Linn.; but Linneus 
never described a species under this name. Packard has confounded 
two species in his account in the Guide, and also in his Common Insects, 
p. 64, as shown by Lord Walsingham. His larva is that of a case- 
making species—-77nea pellionelia, Linn., while his imago is that of 77neola 
btselliella, Hum., the larva of which does not make any case. See also 
Am. Nat. Vol. I., p. 423, and the Report of the Ent. Soc. of Ontario, 
1873, p. 27. 

Clemens and also Chambers have redescribed the introduced Euro- 
pean species as shown in the synonomy below. Tinea pellionella, Linn., Sys- 
tema Nature, toth edition, p. 536, 1758, is our only case-making clothes 
moth, so far as I can ascertain, and although redescribed under other 
names in this country, it has been easily recognized by European en- 
tomologists, from the description of Linneus and the earlier accounts of 
Reaumur. This species has an expanse of wing from 10-14 m.m. The 
head is of a dull ochreous color, the fore-wings grayish ochreous, with 
three fuscous spots, one at the end of the cell, another on the fold, a little 
before the middle of the wing, and the third on the cell above the last- 
named spot. These spots are scarcely visible, except in fresh specimens. 
Hind wings silky gray, lighter than the forewings. The case which this 
species constructs is well described in Packard’s writings mentioned above. 
This is, in this region, our most common and destructive species, attack- 
ing all kinds of woolen clothing, carpets, furs, feathers, etc. I have bred 
this insect repeatedly, and find that it feeds during the summer but not in 
the winter, even when kept in a room warmed by a furnace where the 
heat was uniform day and night. The moths emerge in June and July, 
and some even as late as August, yet there is but a single generation an 
nually, so far as I have observed. 

Tineola biseliella, Hum. Ess. Ent., 3, 13, p. p. 6-13; 1823. This 
species was separated from the genus 77zmea by Herrich Scheffer, because 
of the absence of the maxillary palpi. It has an alar expanse of about 14 
m.m. ‘The head is dull ochreous, differing but slightly from that of 
pellionella. Fore-wings pale ochreous, without spots. Hind wings some- 
what lighter. This insect does not construct any larval case, but accord- 
ing to Stainton, webs together portions of the substance upon which it 
feeds into a cocoon before changing to a pupa. It feeds on woolen stuffs, 
furs, feathers, horse-hair, linings of furniture, dried plants, etc. Packard 
describes the imago of this species under his Zinea flavifrontella. 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Tinea tapetzella, Linn. Systema Nature, toth ed., vol. 1, p. 536, 
1758. The alar expanse of this insect is about 18m. m. Head and face 
white. The wings black from the base to the middle and white beyond, 
the black color extending out a little further on the costa than on the 
hinder margin. The white of the outer portion of the wing is more or less 
clouded with dark gray, and there isa small black spot at the anal angle, 
and two or three at the apex of the wing. Hind wings pale gray. This 
species is apparently quite rare in this country. The larva in Europe feeds 
on animal matters, pelts, felts, carpets and also on dried plant substances, 
forming a gallery of the substance on which it occurs, thus destroying 
much more than it eats. 


In 1776 Denis and Schiffermiller published a catalogue of the insects 
in the Royal Museum in Vienna, giving very brief descriptions of the 
species, one of whieh they called Zimea jiavifronte/la, and their deserip- 
tion was as follows: ‘‘Shining gray moth with yellowish head. Larva 
unknown.” ‘The type in the Vienna collection was long ago destroyed, 
and from this meagre description it is now impossible to tell what the in- 
sectis. Fabricius next used the name in his L£xtomologia Systematica, 
Vol. 3, part 2, p. 305, (1794), for an insect in the collection of Bosc, and 
states that the larva feeds on insects and feathers, but it is not certain that 
he ever saw the type in the Vienna collection, if, indeed, it was even then 
in existence. 


In 1801, Illiger issued a second edition of the Vienna catalogue, and 
gives not only what is in the original edition, but adds the description by 
Fabricius, which may not pertain to the Vienna moth at all. In 1821 
Charpentier published the notes which he made on an examination of the 

. insects in the Vienna collection, and states that the type of Ztnea flavi- 
Jrontella was not in the collection, but at what time it was destroyed I am 
not able to learn. In 1833 Treitschke published the description of a 
moth under the same name, giving the credit to the Vienna catalogue, but 
it is quite certain that he did not know the original type of Zimea flavt- 
Jrontella for it had disappeared long before he made his studies on the 
microlepidoptera. 


In 1823, Hummel described a clothes-destroying moth, under the name 
of Tinea biselliella, which was, without much doubt, identical with the 
species described by Fabricius, Hubner and Treitschke, but as they had 
used the name given in the Vienna catalogue for an unknown and _ per- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


haps different moth, the name J4zse/iel/a is now universally accepted, and 
flavifrontella is dropped from the lists. 
The synonomy of the above species is as follows : 
TINEA PELLIONELLA, Linn. Systema Mature, Vol. I., X., Ed. 
1758. 
Tinea carnariella, Clem. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., pp. 257, 258. 1859 
Tinea griseella, Cham. Can. Ent. V., p. 88. 1873. 
Tinea flavifrontella. Pack. Guide, p. 346 (larva only). 1872. 
This is our case-making species, and should be known by the name of 
Tinea pellionella, Linn. 


TINEA TAPETZELLA, Linn., Systema ature Ed. X., Vol.,1.,p. 536. 1758. 
This is a gallery-making species. 
TINEA BISSELLIELLA, Hum. Ess. Ent. 3, 13, p. 6-13. 1823. 
Tinea Crinella, Treits Schm. von Eur., B. (X., p. 21. 1832. 
Tinea Destructor, Steph. Il., Vol. IV., p. 346. 1834. 
Tinea Biselliella, Zell. Isis. 1846. 
Tineola Biselliella, H.-S. Schm. von Europa, Vol. V., p. 81. 1853. 
Tinea lanariella, Clem. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 258. 1859. 
Tinea flavifrontella, Pack. Guide, p. 346 (imago only). 1872. 
This is not a case-making species. It should be known by the name 
of Zineola biselliella, Hum. 


NEW MOTHS. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


Copablepharon Longipenne, n. s. 

Eyes naked ; tibiz spinose. Fore wings clear light buff yellow with 
an outer line merely a succession of minute dots, at usual place of s. t. 
line. Hind wings fuscous with pale fringes. Head and thorax yellow ; 
pectus and palpi whitish. Beneath the whitish wings are clouded with 
pale fuscous. A little slighter than Adsidum (= Aedophron grandis ot 
Strecker). Montana Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


Copablepharon Subflavidens, n. s. 
Eyes naked ; tibize armed ; fore tibiz with a very slight claw in addi- 
tion. Primaries pure light yellow, immaculate, Hind wings pure white, 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


immaculate. Abdomen white; white beneath. Montana, Coll. B. Neu- 
moegen, Esq. Size of the other species. C. Album is also in the 
collection before me. 


Arsilonche Flenrici Gr. 

After examining specimens of the European A/bovenosa, not one was 
the same as Henrici, which is not so strongly marked. I conclude that 
Mr. Morrison has been hasty in pronouncing them the same. 


Mamestra Gnata, n. s. 

g. Allied to vicina ( =teligera) but differing by larger size, darker 
color and the rounded not kidney-shaped reniform. Hind: wings white, 
iridescent, with dark veins. Primaries with straight costa and determinate 
apices. Dark fuscous gray, with a brownish tint on median space. A 
pale patch before internal angle, prominent. Reniform with incomplete 
inner annulus, pale shaded, contrasting, rounded. Orbicular darker, 
smaller, a little oblique, with a fine pale ring. Head and thorax dark 
gray. Beneath hind wings white, no marks, costa gray. Primaries gray 
superiorly with discal point indicated and commencement of a mesial line 
shaded with white. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen. 


Mamestra Glaciata, n. s. 

gf. Eyes hairy. Allied to Lewcogramma. Primaries dusky olive with 
the lines black, vividly edged with white. Reniform and orbicular white- 
shaded. A white spot beyond the concolorous claviform, attached to the 
dark rivulous median shade line. Fringes interrupted markedly with 
pale. Hind wings blackish fuscous, with white-tipped fringes and faint 
mesial line, paler at base. Thorax and head mixed with white and fuscous 
scales, agreeing in appearance with fore wings. Beneath fore wings 
fuscous, with distinctly checkered fringes ; hind wings whitish at base, 
with a distinct oval discal spot and double exterior shaded lines. A fine 
basal ray. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen. Belongs to Dzanthoecta. 

This is close to the European AZagnoliz. The orbicular is larger, the 
olive ground color less apparent, the white more plentiful. Though 
closely allied, it is unlikely the two insects are the same. 


Helotropha Sera G. & R. 
This is allied to the European Helotropha Leucosigma. 


Apamea [nguaesita G & R. 
This species is incorrectly cited in my ‘‘New Check List” as 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LFA 


“Gortyna quaesita.” How the error occurred I cannot now tell. The 
species of these two genera should read as follows, synonyms omitted : 


Helotropha Led. 
Sera G. & R&R. 
Reniformis Gr. 
Var. Atra Gr. 


Apamea Tr. 


Purpuripennis Grote. 


Juvenilis Grote. Immanis Guen. 
Nictitans Zs. Obliqua Harv. 
Inquaesita G. & R. .  Stramentosa Guen. 
Erepta Gv. 


Thalpochares Fortunata, n. s. 

Size small. Front embossed. Vestiture of flattened scales. Aspect 
of Patula. Fore wings deep yellow, shading to whitish over head and 
thorax, and with a pale terminal even shade line. Primaries with no 
markings except a prominent broad, leaden-hued, bent median band, 
edged with pale, resting on inner margin and expiring on cell at about the 
place of the reniform. Hind wings translucent, stained with yellow ; 
fringes whitish. Beneath the body is white and the immaculate wings 
suffused with deep yellow. Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen. 


Thalpochares Perita, n. s. 

Allied to Fortunata; wings a little narrower. Eyes naked; clypeus 
full. Fore wings pale yellow to a leaden band situate outside of the pale 
t. p. line, which is illegible ; terminally the wing is clear buff yellow. Hind 
wings translucent, stained with yellow. Body white beneath. Wings 
stained with deep yellow. The band on primaries is oblique, rather 
narrow and expires before costal region. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen. 


Melicleptria Celeris Grote. 

A true Melicleptria, as I find from a fresh example in Mr. Neumoegen’s 
collection. Hind wings brilliant orange red, concolorous. Fore wings 
with the usual pale blotches confined to a couple of pale spots at middle, 
vinous purple, slightly overlaid with sericeous. Thorax with the usual 
silky, olive or yellowish, hair. Abdomen blackish above. It may head 
the series as arranged in my ‘“‘ New Check List.” 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Oxylos citrinellus G. & R. 

Eyes a little narrower than Heliothis, naked, unlashed ; tibiz spinose ; 
fore legs with a claw and three outer curved spines, besides the spinules. 
Only slightly by the armature of the front legs and the narrower eyes and 
smoother frent does this differ from e/othis,and I should prefer not to 
separate itin future. Lacens and Spinosae are doubtfully in their right 
place, and I should prefer to restrict Heliothis to armiger, phlogophagus 
and Zuteitinctus, lupatus, citrinellus, cupes and nuchalts. 


Tripudia Gr. 

In 7: Versuta, the lashless eyes are naked ; ocelli; tibiz slender, un- 
armed ; front smooth; a ridge of scales behind the head. Sub-basal 
space ochery ; basal dark fuscous ; median again darker, narrow ; a rivu- 
lous black median shade ; t. p. line black, roundedly exserted opposite 
reniform which is defined by a lilac shade; s. t. line irregular, much 
shaded before with black, partly followed by a lilac shade; s. t. space an- 
teriorly ochery ; squamation lustrous; beneath discolorous with a pale 
streak along internal margin and some yellow specks along costa ; hind 
wings broken up with whitish and a dark discal lunule. Zyfe Coll. Neu- 
moegen. Whether distinct from //avofasciata, 1 am not now certain. 
The species is minute, pyralidiform. 


Spragueia Grote. 

This genus is so distinct from the European £roty/a, with its one 
species, by the neuration, as I have shown, that to unite it would oblige 
every genus in the sub-order dependant on neuration, to be subverted. 
Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer expressed his opinion to me that the two were 
distinct. The fore wings are narrower, the clypeus differs, the ornamen- 
tation is peculiar in Spragueca. We have many species ; the genus comes 
to our fauna from the South. 


Matigramma Rubrosuffusa, n. s. 

This species is fuscous, the underlying tint is a pale reddish, appearing 
in the pale red subterminal line. Male antenne ciliate. A little larger 
than Zaena, which is wholly griseous and fuscous. Fuscous lines double, 
marked on costa of primaires; s. t. line continuous, more broken into 
dots on primaries. Fringes indisdinctly checkered. Upper surface of 
wings similar; the hind wings show a pale streak on submedian space ; 
fringes on internal margin whitish. Body concolorous. Beneath ashen ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 


a fine common angulate dark mesial line. Very indistinct discal dots ; an 
inner line on fore wings ; outwardly the wings are darker. Arizona ; larva 
on scrub-oak, chrysalis pruinose (I. Doll, Esq.) 

Tripudia Lixiva, n. s. 

Size small. Eyes naked. Scales of the body flattened. Palpi in- 
curved ; third article exceeding the front. Base of fore wings gray. A 
very broad median olive brown band, bordering t. a. line outwardly, in- 
terrupted at costal region. T. a. line a little waved, pale, emanating from 
a small black costal spot. A large black costal spot at middle, inaugur- 
ating the pale narrow, sinuate median shade line, forming the outer margin 
of the olive brown band ; terminal portion of wing reddish brown, on 
which the vague reniform is apparent. S. t. line irregular, dark shaded 
superiorly, waved ; terminal space slightly grayish ; fringe yellowish, in- 
terrupted by a blackish spot opposite cell. Body and hind wings gray. 
Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen. 

Allied to Ofiparus, but smaller, the median fascia broader, the outer 
half of the wing redder and more like Aasicinerea in this respect. 


Eugonia Vidularia, n. s. 

$ Apices of primaries pointed ; ‘outer margin strongly angulate 
opposite cell; hind wings ‘‘ tailed.” Very pale yellowish. An outer dark 
narrow line, fainter inferiorly, continued across hind wings. On fore wings 
the surface is a little darker about the inception of this line and on 
secondaries without it. At apical excavation the fringe is dark. Beneath 
still paler, irrorate ; a narrow common line and slight discal marks. Disc 
of thorax buff or darker; body pale. Size of a/niaria, but slighter. 
Arizona. Type Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


Cymatophora (Boamira) Dataria, n. s. 

g. 9. Allied to Pampinaria. In the male the median lines are 
shaded with black, in both sexes propinquitous, very oblique, angulate, 
followed by an indistinct (2) or distinct (2) brown shade occupying the 
anterior half of subterminal space. S. t. line scolloped, distinctly marked 
with white in male. Hind wings gray at base (f), or concolorous (@). 
The color of female is more obscure fuscous. Mesial line bent opposite 
cell. A faint annulus. The outer field beyond the line copies the 
markings of primaries. Size of allies. Beneath gray, discolorous with 
discal marks diffuse, blackish, wanting on hind wings in male. Types. 
Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq., Arizona, 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. 


Lythria Fultaria, n. 3. 

gf. Aspect and color of FAidonia. Front wide, even; eyes naked ; 
g antennez strongly setose; labial palpi, exceeding the front, loosely 
haired. Wings entire, roundedly bent at middle. Body slender. Fore 
wings with alternate fuscous and pale reddish bands ; veins a little marked ; 
fringes black, except at apices where they are white. Hind wings dark 
yellow with black marginal band and a sub-basal line ending the darker 
basal field ; a mesial band enclosing a yellow streak. Beneath fore wings 
dark yellow with a mesial black line, angulate and touching the black 
discal spot. A pale apical patch; an outer bent subterminal line beyond 
which the wing is blackish. Hind wings dull like primaries above, pale 
reddish brown with two brown bands. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, 
Esq. This may belong to a different genus ; the colors are those of 
Botis subsequalis. Again here I note the singular way in which the upper 
wings beneath are like the lower above and vice versa. I allude to this 
in my essay ; it must be dependent on the exposure of the surfaces. 


Cyclica, n. g. 

I refer to the ZLaventinae, a singular large-winged Geometrid with the 
primaries unusually long and wide and produced apically. Hind wings 
much elongated ; cell closed; veins 2, 3, 4, 5 nearly equi-distant ; sub- 
median space wide. Labial palpi prominent. Clypeus uneven; eyes 
naked ; no ocelli; # antennae serrate, ciliate. 


oO 


Cyclica Frondaria, n. s. 

g. The form is an exaggeration of Zornos, but much wider winged. 
Fore wings blackish, thinly scaled ; paler below median vein, outwardly. 
Some black and white marks along submedian fold and two or three 
oblique black apical marks. Indications of transverse bands but all 
obscure. Hind wings pale fuscous with dark marginal line. Beneath 
immaculate, very pale fuscous, whitish over hind wings. Size large. 
Type Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona. 


ota, n. gen. 

Eyes naked; fore tibiae slender, closely scaled, with a short claw. 
Clypeus with an exceedingly prominent wedge-shaped protuberance, sur- 
mounting the greatly exserted infra-clypeal plate. Body slender, short, 
untufted. Fore wings amygdaliform, narrow ; hind wings wide, full; fringe 
long. : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 


Fota Armata, n. Ss. 

?. Tortriciform. Fore wings gray, with a black shade along the cell, 
connecting the median stigmata and preceding the orbicular. Stigmata 
concolorous ; orbicular round, reniform upright. A long black shade on 
median space over submedian fold. Lines obsolete. Fine black inter- 
spaceal terminal streak. Hind wings pale, with white fringes ; abdomen 
pale, yellow beneath attip. Beneath pale without marks. Size of Hadena 
Cyfindrica. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen. 

This singular genus seems to me an aberrant Hadenoid form. 


Tamila Lucens Morr. 

On account of the flattened scales on head and thorax I would refer 
this species and AZead? to Tamila. 1 am aware that the character is 
slight but by separating the species into the genera Zamzla, Heliothis, 
Melicleptria, Lygranthoecia and Anthoecia, we get consonant assemblages 
of species, agreeing in their different characters. In the Bulletin of the 
Buffalo Society Natural Sciences I threw them all in Aefzothzs, but there 
seemed nothing gained by this and the identification of material was 
thereby rendered much more difficult. 


Luxurtosa, n. var. 

A form of Zucens from Montana wanting the white admixture of 
scales over fore wings: subterminal space dark lilac—purple; lines very 
fine, white, contrasting ; yellow of hind wings deeper than type. 


Cucullia Montane, n. s. 

2. Allied to Asteroides, but with the collar wholly pale, whitish, edged 
with dusky. Tegulae also pale, ochrey white; thoracic tuft dusky. Or- 
namentation like Asferoides, but with the ground color pale ochrey ; the 
black costal shades show the three pale ante-apical dots distinctly and 
they are larger. The stigmata much more distinct, pale, broken by ocher 
spots The anal brown streak, distinct against the pale, ochery white 
ground ; no gray, Montana; coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 

There is no fine black longtitudinal hair line at base of fore wings and 
the teeth of t. a. line seem blunter. As the species are very close in this 
genus I have little doubt the present is entitled to a designation as such. 
It is quite distinct in appearance and can be at once detected. Much 
more distinct from Asterordes, than is the European Asveris. 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Synedoida Insperata Gr. 

f Antenne serrate, ciliate ; eyes naked ; tibie apparently unarmed , 
thorax thickly hirsute. Palpi exceeding the front, pale gray; pectus 
blackish. Hoary gray ; median field of primaries olive-ocher, defined by 
the median lines of the usual shape, cut by the shaded brownish median 
shade, uneven and obscuring the illy defined concolorous reniform. T. p. 
line shaded outwardly with black below costa. Costal edge carneous. 
S. t. line nearly lost, indicated at costa. Hind wings fuscous with whitish 
fringes. Size of related species. Thorax gray ; head darker. Beneath 
unlined, pale gray, irrorate ; discal marks present. Arizona; coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. 


(LEER SEES TRANSAT RFR 
OBITUARY. 


Charles G. Siewers died at his residence, Newport, Ky., Sept. 6th, in 
the 68th year of his age. For many years he has been a devoted and en- 
thusiastic student of entomology. He spent much time in rearing the 
larvae of Lepidoptera, making colored drawings of them through their 
stages of growth. He collected largely in Coleoptera and was a very 
accurate observer of habits. It is due to his skill as a collector that some 
of the rarest species have been recorded as occurring in this locality. 

CHARLES Dury. 
Avondale, Oct. 4th, 1882. 


ON THE MOUTH OF THE LARVA OF CHRYSOPA. 
(By William Saunders, London, Ont., read before the A. A. A. S., at Montreal.) 


Recently I had the opportunity of watching in a live box, under a low 
power of the microscope, the seizing aud devouring of some plant-lice by 
the larva of an undetermined species of Chrysopa, and was interested in 
the manner in which it emptied the body of its victims. The jaws are 
large, hooked, pointed and tubular, with a small opening at or near the 
points. Approaching its prey the body of the Aphis is grasped by the 
hooked mandibles which at the same time pierce it. The Chrysopa larva 
remains stationary, and proceeds to pump its victim dry. At the base of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177 


each of the mandibles the integuments are dilated into a sac-like form 
capable of expansion and compression at will, a portion of the thorax is 
similarly constructed, and it is by the repeated dilating and compressing 
of these sacs that the fluid contents of the body of the Aphis are trans- 
ferred through the tubular mandibles to the stomach of the Chrysopa 
larva. ; 

When the abdomen of the Aphis has been emptied, the points of the 
mandibles of the Chrysopa larva are thrust in the thorax, and forward into 
the head in every direction, and in a few moments nothing remains of the 
once plump plant louse but a shrivelled skin. In the author’s accessible, 
I an find no reference to these elastic bulb-like sacs at the base of the 
mandibles, nor to the peculiar structure of the thorax, which admits of 
its expansion and contraction as referred to. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 
(Continued from page 151.) 

Prof. J. A. Cook stated that from the European iarch he had taken 
about 250 cocoons of Samia Columbia, and found among them one pecu- 
liar cocoon, very similar to that of Colwmia, which eventually produced a 
cecropia. 

Dr. Jewett thought it was probably a case of hybridism, as he himself 
had taken hybrids of Gloveri and cecropia. 

Dr. Hagen had seen cocoons of cecrofia so similar to those of Columbia 
that it would be very hard to discriminate between them. 

Dr. Hagen also gave a very interesting account of an expedition to the 
Northwestern Territories from which, in company with Prof. Henshaw, he 
had just returned. 

In the north of Washington Territory he found the forests and country 
generally in splendid condition, and comparatively free from any insect 
pests. 

In other parts he had found the Yellow Pines most seriously affected 
by the attacks of Pzerts marsupia (?), large tracts of forests being entirely 
devastated—and large trees being attacked as well as the younger ones. 
The Butterfly appeared there last year for the first time—eggs were found 
on July 24th. The larva has the habit of dropping from the trees by a 
thread, a peculiarity only noticeable in a very few of the Rhopalocere. 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A tree once attacked never. seems to recover, and the only way to 
check the ravages of the insect is to cut down those trees affected. 

In Montana the cattle feed out all the year round on the ‘‘ bunch” 
grass, which is of inestimable value to that country. A curious fact to be 
noticed is that wherever timothy and blue grass is introduced it seems to 
kill out the bunch grass, so that the advance of civilization may in fact 
entirely alter the economy of the country. 

The grasses do not seem troubled as yet with any pests. 

The Colorado potato bug is merely known in certain localities. 

The fruit trees are troubled only by flies and ants, so. that the territory 
is nearly free from noxious pests. 

Prof. Henshaw said the expedition was one of great interest. 

A curious feature was the late hours at which insects appeared to feed, 
many of them after sundown. 

Papilio machaon was found in great numbers. 

Carabide were found in dry places, whereas in the East they, usually 
preferred moist situations. 

The genus Cal/opteryx was also found. ‘This was especially noticeable 
as it had never been known to occur west of the Rocky Mountains. 

After this a considerable time was spent in informal discussion and ex- 
amination of interesting specimens brought by members from various parts 
of the continent, and the meeting then adjourned. 


THE GRAPE BERRY MOTH—Lobesia botrana. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


This insect is an imported species and has long been injurious to 
grape culture in the South of Europe. The exact period of its introduc- 
tion to America is not known, and it is only within the past few years 
that attention has been called to its ravages. When abundant it is very 
destructive, in some instances it is said to have destroyed nearly fifty per 
cent. of the crop. 

During the past season it has been very abundant in the neighborhood 
of London, there being very few vines the fruit of which has not been 
more or less injured. The young larve have usually been first observed 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1T2 


early in July, when the infested grapes show a discolored spot where the 
worm has entered. [See fig. 21, «.] When the grape is opened and the 
= contents carefully ex- 
amined there will usually 
be found in the pulp a 
small larva rather long 
and thin, and ofa whitish 
green color. Besides 
feeding on the pulp it 
sometimes eats portions 
of the seeds, and if the 
Fie. 21. contents of a single 
berry are not sufficient, two, three, or more are drawn together as shown 
in the figure and fastened with a patch of silk mixed with castings, when 
the larva travels from one to the other, eating into them and devouring 
their juicy contents. At this period its length is about an eighth of an 
inch or more ; the head is black and the next segment has a blackish 
shield covering most of its upper portion; the body is dull whitish or 
yellowish green. As it approaches maturity it becomes darker in colour . 
and when about one third of an inch long is full grown, see 4, figure 21. 
The body is then dull green with a reddish tinge and a few short hairs, 
head yellowish green, shield on next segment dark brown, feet blackish, 
pro-legs green. 


When the larva is full grown it is said to form its cocoon on the leaves 
of the vine, cutting out for this purpose an oval flap, which is turned back 
on the leaf forming a snug euclosure which it lines with silk ; frequently 
it contents itself with rolling over a piece of the edge of the leaf, and 
within such retreats the change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis 
is about one fifth of an inch long and of a yellowish or yellowish brown 
color, from which the moth finally escapes. 


The perfect insect which is shown magnified, a, figure 21, measures 
when its wings are spread nearly four-tenths of an inch across. The fore 
wings are of a pale, dull, bluish shade with a slight metallic lustre, be- 
coming lighter on the interior and posterior portions and ornamented 
with dark brown bands and spots. The hind wings are dull brown, 
deeper in color towards the margin, body greenish brown. It is said 
that there are two broods of this insect during the year. We have never 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


seen them at any other time than in the autumn when the grapes are ap- 
proaching maturity. 

RemepDIEs.—As it is possible that most of the late brood pass the 
winter in the chrysalis state attached to the leaves, if these were gathered 
and burned a large number of the insects would perish. The infested 
grapes might also be gathered and destroyed. This insect is attacked by 
a small parasite which doubtless does its part towards keeping the enemy 
in subjection. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Dear Sir: Please insert the following correction of line 12, page 
156, August number: For ‘‘only these little claws rather than the usual 
tubercles,” read “only three little claws instead of the usual circlet of 
tentacles.” V. T. CHAMBERS. 


Dear Sir: In preparing my article on Homoptera lunata in recent 
number of the Canap1an EntTomotocist I overlooked the article by Prof. 
J. A. Lintner in his 4th Entomological contributions, where he gives good 
reasons for thinking /w#ata and edusa, and perhaps Saundersii but sexes of 
one species. I had seen his article but at the time of writing it did not 
occur to me. G. H. Frencu, Carbondale, Ill. 


Dear Sir: Mr. A, R. Grote, p. 128, July, states in favor of his 
opinion that Staudinger’s Catalogue did not hesitate to introduce for Pap. 
Podalirius the name P. Simon. But Dr. Staudinger has in the same 
volume, Errata, p. 422, corrected this statement : ‘‘ Podalirius nomen est 
vetustius.” H. A. Hacen, Cambridge, Mass. 


NOTES AND CAPTURES, 


PAPILIO CRESPHONTES, Cram.—I saw on the street very recently a 
magnificent specimen of this beautiful butterfly ; it was flying slowly and 
could easily have been captured with a net. E. B. REED, London. 


The Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1882. No. 10 


NEW MOTHS. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


(Continued from page 167.) 

Fota armata Grote. 

This has somewhat the form of S#ca: the fringes are long on 
secondaries. A second female like type in size has the black submedian 
dash wanting, and the filling on cell, but hind wings are like type in being 
pale fuscous. Base of forewings above pale ochrey shaded. Another has 
the primary all gray ; Avmata may be known by its larger size, fuscous 
secondary and different sculpture of clypeal armature. 


Whether the following are really different I do not know ; they appear 
to be so most certainly. 


Fota minorata, n. s. 

2 §,2 2. Head above and collar pale ochre, paler than armata, 
and this form is % smaller. Markings very like; a pale ochrey shade 
over submedian space. The grey primaries have all the markings of 
armata, without the broad black longitudinal shades ; the median shade 
is, however, noticeable and the lines indicated. But the hind wings are 
pellucid white with soiled costa in both sexes. Armature of clypeus 
agreeing, except that the central arm has a cup-shaped depression 
at top ; this I have again gone over and seems to me a good character. 
Wings a little silky. 

Fotella, n. g. 

This in form is like Acosmetia ; fringes to hind wings long. Eyes 
naked. Clypeus with a navel-like expansion. Like Fo/a in the silky hind 
wings which are full, but the primaries are normally shaped, entire, widen- 
ing outwardly. Body untufted, eyes unlashed, palpi with small third joint 
exceeding front a little ; tibia unarmed. Body slender. Wings full. -A 
Caradrina-like form which seems allied to v/a ; I think both genera may 
be related to St/bca and Caradrina. Size of Hota armata. 

Fotella notalis, n. s. 


%. Fore wings olivaceous blackish, something like Pyrophila glabella 


182 | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in color, with a narrow irregular paler terminal space. Lines lost. Reni- 
form marked in white, constricted, the white scales touching median vein. 
Hind wings fuscous, with paler fringes and paler at base. No markings 
beneath. Abdomen pale yellowish gray. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, 
Esq. 


Plagiomimicus Grote. 


I called attention some years ago in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society 
to the resembiance between this genus and /o/entfa, in the spreading 
thoracic tuftings, the modification of the clypeus, the shape of the wing 
and the peculiar pattern of marking, which is so much alike that the two 
species would be considered congeneric by most observers. I since con- 
tradict Mr. Morrison’s observation that the fore tibiz are unarmed in 
Polenta ; this was the best distinction. The discovery of new forms 
confirms me that the genera I have grouped under S#rvizn@ are all 
valid, the modifications of structure being apparent and going closely with 
the pattern.  Stibadium approaches Te/esi//a, in frosting and sheen 
(aureolum), and leads to this genus as before suggested. With the new 
species the group (without absolute value) may fall in between Cade and 
Plusia. 


Oxycnemis, 1. g. 

Vestiture flattened hairs ; a tuft behind thorax of broad curved shining 
scales widening to their tips ; abdomen short, untufted. Size small, body 
slender. Hadeni-form ornamentation. Eyes naked, unlashed. Fore 
tibiz with the whole short broad joint corneous, terminating in a stout 
central claw or spine ; the legs slender, otherwise unarmed. Notwith- 
standing its Hadeni-form look, the insect appears nearest to Z7zocnemts. 


Oxycnemis advena, n. Ss. 

9. Gray, neatly lined, with the bright color and ornamentation 
recalling Charadra palata. TT. a. line black, distinct, upright, attached to 
the large open claviform. Discal stigmata light gray, subequal, with 
included dots. ‘T. p. line faint. S. t. line black with a following white 
shade, marked with black on costa, far from margin and easily taken for 
t. p. line, curved in inferiorly ; veins terminally finely marked in black. 
Hind wings pale fuscous, whitish at base. A white costal shade on pri- 
maries above from inception of s. t. line over the disk. Size small. 
Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 


Ripogenus pulcherrimus Grote. 

This insect is so rare that I have never owned a specimen. Since 
describing it, twenty years ago, or nearly, I took a figure of it with me to 
England, and, comparing it there with Zwfe/za, I believed it belonged to 
an allied but different genus. At the time I described it I did not know 
the European species even by figure. -Mr. Tepper has a specimen taken 
on Long Island which he showed me in his beautiful collection. I left it 
catalogued under Zufte/ia in my Check List till I could verify my belief and 
print this note for those who may be fortunate enough to have material to 
examine.* 


Chariclea Kirby. 

The European species catalogued by Lederer under this genus are not 
congeneric. I have separated Pyrrhia,which has one or two European and 
three American species, all closely allied and agreeing also in style of mark- 
ings and color quite closely. Our only true Charic/ea seems to me to be 
Pernana. Cirrhophamus triangulifer, again examined since my return 
home, differs by the want of tibial armature, as to which I was uncertain, 
and in the clypeal structure, as observed by me. The ornamentation is, 
however, similar, and the untufted abdomen proportionately slender. 
Figured in my Essay—plate 3. 


Trama Griseipennts, 1. s. 

Larger than arrosa, of a pearly gray. The male shaded with fuscous 
before the curved, flexuous, pale s. t. line. T. a. line broken, dark. Reni- 
form small, indicated. ‘T. p. line followed by a pale shade. Both outer 
lines continuous on hind wings, divergent. Fore wings pointed at tips. 
Color and appearance of both wings similar. In male the dark shading 
continued within the outer line on secondaries. A festooned dark com- 
mon terminal line , fringes pale gray. Beneath darker, somewhat brown- 
ish ; faint traces of double outer common lines. Arizona; Coll. B. Neu- 
moegen, Esq. 


Anytus Sculptus var. Planus. 
This is a form of Scu/ptus of which I have now seen two or three ex- 
amples, one in Mr. Hill’s extensive collection, in which the median lines 


* Since writing this I have Mr. Smith’s valuable observations on the genera of 
Noctuidz, and note his remarks on this genus. I do not see or receive the Bulletin in 
which it appeared, but am indebted to Mr, Smith’s kindness for the copy. 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


are lost and the wing is longitudinally shaded with whitish on median 
space along internal margin, and diffusely beyond the reniform. New 
York. 


Agrotis Hlospitalts, n. s. 

Allied to éa7a by the black mark, inaugurating s. t. line. Yellow-brown. 
Half-line black, single ; t. a. line black, single, broken, irregularly trembled 
or denticulate ; a dot between these lines on median vein. T. a. line 
marked on costa: t. p. line appearing as a pale even shade, preceded by 
broken black scallops not evident, the line itself. Orbicular large, round, 
paler than the wing, ringed with black, the costa above it pale like the 
spot itself. Median field shaded with darker brown behind. Reniform 
ringed with black, kidney-shape, paler than wing, dark or black inferiorly. 
An interrupted dark terminal line. Fringe concolorous. Hind wings 
rather pale, silky,*concolorous. Palpi dark brown at the sides, tipped 
with pale brown like front in color. Mr. Hill’s collection, N. Y., July at 
sugar. 


Gortyna Impecuniosa Grote. 

This is a dark species, almost recalling zedris. Dark purple brown 
with the median field rusty. Stigmata darker-ringed, concolorous, all 
indicated. A faint apical yellowish patch, inaugurating s. t. line, which is 
lost or fragmentary. Hind wings dark fuscous. A sharp tuft behind the 
collar. Mr. Hill’s collection, Centre, Sept. 25. 

This is allied to Harrisii, etc., but, I think, distinct. It,is the most 
obscurely marked of any of the purple-brown species. One male. Size 
of Harrisit. 


Rheumaptera Immediata, n. s. 

Pale gray with all the transverse markings indistinct except the two 
black shaded median lines distinct, enclosing the reddish brown median 
space, Inner line curved. The lines are rather neat. The outer with a 
strong submedian curve, projected somewhat narrowly at median vein. 
Costal dots distinct. Basal line fine, not very noticeable. Beneath with 
an evident angulate common outer line, sub-punctate, terminal space 
shaded outwardly and especially over apices with brown. Discal dots 
and, on fore wings, a costal dot, marking inner line. Hind wings above 
pale, with a mesial sinuous line. Under surface darker than upper. Ex- 
panse 26 mil. Two specimens, Mr. Hill, New York. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 


Thamnonoma Quadraria, n. s. 

¢. Body slight, wings ample, entire, apices pointed, external margin 
very moderately rounded. Gray. Median lines sub-parallel, straight, 
blackish ; inner line broken, a little curved, outer straight; the lines 
tolerably near together ; subterminal line most prominent, diffuse, black, 
edged inwardly by a brownish red shade, its outer edge jagged, denticu- 
late ; the line itself runs inwardly opposite cell and approaches outer 
median line at median vein, thence running parallel with it and approxi- 
mate to internal margin. A black apical mark ; fringes gray. Hind wings 
light gray. Discal dots distinct on both wings, both above and below, 
black. Under surface gray, lines obsolete. Expanse 31 mil. Colorado, 
Dr. Bailey. 

This species may be known by the well pectinate male antenne, the 
non-falcate primaries and the singular course of the distinct subterminal 
line and its form and color. It approaches the genus Lozogramma, but I 
think is correctly referred here. 


Thamnonoma Perpallidaria, n. s. 

g. Antennae pectinate. Pale fady ochrey. Two parallel, even, dark 
ochre median lines, starting from brown costal dots. Subterminal line 
broken, diffuse, dark. Hind wings very pale, with mesial line indicated at 
internal margin. Beneath pale ochrey, without marks. Body pale ochrey. 
Expanse 27 mil. New Mexico. No. 993, Prof. Snow. Smaller and dif- 
ferently colored, but allied to 7. Quadraria. 


Homopyralis Miserulata, n. s. 

Small and slight bodied. Dull brown. Median shade black, distinct, 
waved, upright, touching the small black reniform. Wing paler over 
median space beyond the shade. T. p. line rounded opposite cell. Before 
the s. t. line the space is shaded with blackish. Fringes pale dotted. 
Hind wings concolorous with two divergent mesial lines. | Beneath paler, 
with the discal dot contiguous to the inner of the two divergent lines on 
hind wings. Body brown. L£xpanse 20 to 22 mil. Three specimens. 
New Mexico, Prof. Snow. 

Tornos Interruptaria, n. s. 

@. Light gray, a little larger than Rudbiginosus. The fine black 
median lines make an oblique loop open to internal margin. Above they 
make another larger, less distinct loop, its pointed apex curving up to 
median vein. Hind wings light gray ; indication of lines on internal mar- 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


gin. Body gray. Beneath without dots, light gray or whitish, with dark 
powderings. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


Tornos Escaria, 1. s. 


f 2. Fore wings fuscous gray, with a blackish discal lunule. Median 
lines hardly visible, apparently sub-parallel, oblique, accented on sub- 
median fold by dots. Hind wings whitish on disc. A mesial dot ; a fus- 
cous outer band; internal margin grayish, showing commencement of 
mesial lines» Head and thorax dark gray ; abdomen centrally somewhat 
ochreous ; terminally gray. The male is smaller and darker, grayish 
fuscous ; the dots on disk evident. Arizona, Coll. B, Neumoegen, Esq. 


Tornos Ochrofuscarta. 

2. Allied to Znterruptaria, without discal dots. Wholly sordid 
ochrey fuscous. The lines fine, sub-obsolete. Beneath the hind wings 
are somewhat whitish, powdery with dark. The entire insect is of this 
obscure ochrey color, above and below, and should be known by this and 
the apparent absence of determinate markings. Of /wterruptaria 1 have 
two specimens ; when the curious median lines are effaced, the species 
is known by its gray color and want of discal dots. Of Lscaria I have 
two females, one the smaller ; the smaller and darker male agrees in the 
accented median lines on submedian fold and discal dots. Of ochrofus- 
caria | have only one female. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona. 


Glaucopteryx Aurata. 

Forewings like Cwmatz/is, with transverse lines and olive shading, but 
hind wings pure orange. Both wings reddish beneath. It is of the same 
size as Cumatilis, and the markings of primaries, while darker, are so 
alike that a detailed description is quite unnecessary. 

Tamila Tumida Grote. 

Notwithstanding its aberrant color, this species belongs more iy ca 
here, as I find from a specimen in Mr. Neumoegen’s colleetion. 

Fteliothis nuchalis Grote. 

I can find no difference that seems to me important between this and 
the European Scutosus. 

Fydriomene Refiata, n. s. 

2 9. Male antenne ciliate; palpi prominent. Size of .Spectosata. 
Fore wings sordid gray with distinct black lines. Extreme base black ; a 
slightly waved and outwardly oblique black sub-basal line. A wide black 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 


band, fainter above, broken and angulate at cell, broader and blacker 
below median vein, the most prominent marking of the wing. Near to 
this the inner median line, subsinuate, projected and broken just before 
internal margin. Outer line roundedly projected over median nervules ; 
the sub-terminal line runs parallel with this, and is joined by a black apical 
line. Fringes black dotted ; a more prominent black mark at end of veins 
2 and 3. Hind wings pale fuscous, with whitish, fuscous-dotted fringe, and 
two faint extra-mesial lines. Beneath pale. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoe- 
gen. This species exceeds 30 mil. in expanse, and cannot be confounded 
with any other. Very different from any of the forms of Sorddatas 
which I unite in the “ New Check List,” and cannot distinguish. 


Hydriomene Refiata is a stout species, which can be known by its 
whitish ground color of primaries showing a slight sprinkling of brown 
scales, by the presence of an inconspicuous white spot outside subtermi- 
nal line opposite the disk and by the wide black band before the inner 
median line, interrupted or angulated on the cell and less prominent above 
it on the costa. All the examples agree perfectly. 


Lustrotia Flaviguttata, 1. s. 


A small species comparable with Secfa. Uniformly mouse gray sprink- 
led with brown dots which, under the glass, take the course of angulated 
transverse lines running first outwardly from the brown costal dots, The 
only marking of prominence is the brown mesial shade which encloses a 
small yellowish spot on the cell and another less noticeable on submedian 
fold. A brown costo-apical shade patch enclosing a pale costal dot. A 
terminal dotted line. In the place of the reniform is a dark dot. Hind 
wings fuscous. Zxfanse 16 mil. ‘Texas, in my collection. 


Eupseudosoma floridum, n. s. 
? 


Allied to the Cuban 4. niveum Gr. Head dark yellow above ; clypeus 
white ; a dark line dividing the yellow vertex from the white front. Collar 
and thorax immaculate white. Fore wings white, slightly iridescent ; 
costal edge dark fuscous. Abdomen scarlet above with dorsal white line ; 
anal segments white. Hind wings reduced, white, a few basal scarlet 
hairs. Beneath white, fore legs dark outwardly. Florida, A. Conradi, Esq. 


This may be same as the Cuban form, but there are no black spots on 
head or wings. The costal edge is smoky. 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Eupethecia Gypsata, n. s. 


Clay white. A large brownish-black patch on costa over the cell en- 
closing discal mark. A costo-apical dark divided patch. External mar- 
gin marked with brownish twice: opposite cell, and above internal angle. 
Fringe dotted. Costal edge at base marked with dark brown. Beneath 
as. t. pale band, edged with brown bands marked on costa, A discal dot. 
Fringe of fore wings pale, dark-dotted. Hind wings whitish, with the 
terminal border broken into lines ; mesial lines incomplete ; a discal dot ; 
beneath with the mesial lines more continuous. ‘Thorax pale ; collar a 
little darker. Two specimens. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 
This distinct species 1s of the size of (Vevadata. 


Pleonectyptera Flistorialis, n. s. 

Allied to Phalaenalis. Fore wings varying from olivaceous to ochrey 
reddish. Hind wings reddish outwardly, pale at base. Beneath washed 
with red with costa of primaries yellow. Above the fore wings have a 
large, black, irregularly rounded reniform ; two large black dots on costa 
inaugurate the pale median lines, which are very faint. S. t. line faint. 
Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


This finishes, for the present, the notes and descriptions I have drawn 
up for the past year, and part of which I had intended using in my “ New 
Check List.” With the latter I tried to make as few changes as possible 
from existing references at the time (May, 1882) of its being given to the 
printer. As stated in the Preface, there will be many necessary changes 
in the future, but the nomenclature is becoming more settled and I issued 
it in response to many enquiries and requests, and I am glad it has been 
well spoken of here and abroad. In the /Voctuide there will be here and 
‘ there species to be degraded to varieties, some genera probably drawn in 
or their characters more clearly limited, and the position of certain genera 
changed. In a linear arrangement the sequence must be always not 
entirely satisfactory. Any improvements based on structural studies must 
be always welcome. Asa whole I think the arrangement in the “ New 
Check List” is more satisfactory than that in previous ones from first to 
last. As soon as warranted, a new edition will be prepared. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 


\ 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GPAPTA 
COMMA, Harris. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


; Ecc.—Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded; marked by 10 
vertical ribs which near the base are low, but on upper third are con- 
siderably elevated, increase gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly 
around a small flat space at summit ; these ribs are thin and their sides are 
cut by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg ; the spaces between 
them crossed by many fine strize ; color green. Duration of this stage 5 
days in April, 4 in July. 

Younc Larva.—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, even from 2 to 7, then 
tapering slightly to extremity ; on 2 is a dorsal chitinous patch on which 
are six tubercles, three on either side the medio-dorsal line, each with 
black hair ; below the patch two tubercles, one above, the other below 
spiracle ; on segments 3 to 13 are two dorsal rows of large tubercles, one 
to the segment, on the anterior part of same, each with long curved hair, 
from 3 to 7 turned forwards, the rest recurved ; next, a row of small 
tubercles from 3 to 13 ; on 3 and 4 these stand in vertical line with the 
dorsals, but on the other segments they are back of the line of dorsals ; a 
third row from 5 to 13 of small tubercles, in vertical line with the dorsals, 
and on 2 to 4 these are continued a little below the line of the other seg- 
ments ; on 3 and 4 is a short row, in line with the spiracles, and a corre- 
sponding tubercle appears in 13; and below spiracles, from 5 to 13, on 
the posterior part of each segment, is a minute tubercle; finally, along 
base of body is a row of minute tubercles from 2 to 13, on 2, 3, 4 one to 
each segment, also on 13, but on the other segments two to each ; from 
all these tubercles proceed hairs, those of basal row turned down, but of 
the others, from 2 to 7 turned forward, the rest recurved ; color whitish- 
green ; feet and legs green; head rounded, bilobed, the vertices rounded; 
color dark brown ; many black hairs scattered over the surface, curving 
down. Duration of this stage 4 days in April, 2 days in July. 

After 1st moult.—Length .13 inch; color either brown-black, or black 
with whitish lines at the junctions of the segments; armed with seven 
rows of branching spines (disposed as described under mature larva) ; 
these spines are short, stout, black, and beset with short divergent 
bristles ; in the examples which have white lines, on segments 4, 6, 8, 10, 
the spines spring from whitish tubercles, on the other segments from black; 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in the black examples all tubercles are black ; on 2 is a chitinous band 
with four. small spines in cross row; besides the seven principal rows, 
there is a row of minute spines over legs and feet ; feet black ; legs oliva- 
ceous ; head round, depressed at top, the vertices a little produced, each 
bearing a short, thick process, with short spines at top; color of head and 
processes dark brown ; many black hairs over surface springing from fine 
tubercles. Duration of this stage 3 days in April, 2 in August. 


After 2nd Moult.—Length .3 to .33 inch; same shape; color dark 
olive-brown or black-brown or reddish-brown, individuals varying ; the 
spines longer, and at one-third from the top give off branches; the posterior 
end of each segment after 2 crossed by two or three fine white lines ; in 
front of the medio-dorsal row of spines are two oblique divergent whitish 
bars, one such bar from base of each spine in 1st lateral row on outer 
side ; the spines vary largely, some larve having all the spines black, some 
have the dorsal and rst latéral rows on 5th, 7th, 9th segments white, the 
rest black ; some have white from 4 to 11; some have white on g only ; 
on 2 a collar of black simple spines ; head broader than high, the top 
rather square, not much depressed, the processes larger, but similar to 
preceding stage, crowned with six points, one in middle, the rest about it; 
surface glossy black, with many simple spines, of different sizes, usually 
all black, but some examples show a few white among the black ; each 
with long hair. To next moult, in May 3 days, in August 2 days or some- 
what less. 


After 3rd Moult.—Length .38 to .4 inch; color black, crossed on 
the posterior end of each segment with two or three lines or stripes of 
white, sometimes more or less macular ; according to the breadth of these 
bands the larva is quite white or otherwise ; the oblique marks on dorsum 
as before, more conspicuous ; a yellow band runs along base in line with 
lower lateral spines, and the posterior part of each segment above this 
band shows an oblique bar, and some white spots and points ; spiracles 
black in broad white rings ; the spines long, and branching as before ; the 
medio-dorsal row are always white ; those of rst lateral row are usually 
white, but sometimes on 3 are black, or partly black ; some examples 
have the 2nd lateral row wholly black, others white, or some of the last 
spines are parti-colored ; on 2 is a collar of simple white spines ; head as 
before, the white spines predominating largely. To next moult in May 3 
days, in August 2 days or somewhat less, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 


After 4th Moult.—Length .8 inch ; in three days reaches maturity. 


Mature Larva.—Length 1 inch; cylindrical, stout; armed with 
seven rows of long, tapering spines, one medio-dorsal, and three on either 
side ; the dorsals beginning at 5 and ending at 12, the upper laterals run 
from 3 to 12; the second laterals from 3 to 13, but on 4 the spine is below 
the row, and in line with the spiracles ; the lower laterals from 5 to 12 ; 
from a little below the summit of each spine rise from three to five slender 
branches, about a central one which is a prolongation of the spine itself ; 
the spines of the dorsal and upper lateral rows are largest and longest, and 
each has five branches, besides one or two lower down, of medium length, 
and some small spines, each branch and spine ending ina bristle; the 
spines of second lateral row are of medium length, with four branches ; 
and those of the lower row are shortest and have three and four branches ; 
in the green and white varieties of the larvee all the spines are whitish or 
yellow, as well as the branches ; in the black, the spines are yellow, mostly 
black-tipped, the branches as well, but the spines of the first lateral row 
are sometimes black to their bases ; so those of second row are sometimes 
wholly, sometimes but partly black ; 2 has a collar of six simple spines 
and two others are upon each side, in vertical line; the color of body 
varies much ; some examples are cream-white, some greenish-white, with 
almost no markings, or the markings are obsolescent ; others are velvet- 
black, the dorsum crossed by white stripes upon the posterior edges of the 
segments ; with two white divergent bars coming to an angle at the front 
of each dorsal spine, and running to the anterior edge of the segment ; 
and with a similar oblique bar from each spine of the first lateral row on 
the lower side ; along the base is a raised yellow stripe, and from this up 
to the second laterals the ground is crossed by abbreviated white stripes or 
patches, particularly on the last half of the segments ; above this the side 
is black ; but individuals vary in the extent of this black area ; sometimes 
the ground color is vinous-red ; under side greenish, or honey-yellow, 
according to the color of upper side ; the spiracles black in broad white 
rings ; at the base of the second laterals from g to 11, or from 7 to 11, is 
usually a fulvous or orange patch, varying in extent; feet greenish or 
black ; legs greenish or brown ; head rather square, higher than broad, 
with high vertices ; in the light examples the color of head is dull pink, in 
the dark ones it is black, shining, sometimes with a forked whitish stripe 
down the front ; on each vertex a short, stout process, cylindrical, com- 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


pressed in the middle, broad at the top, crowned by five equal, blunt-tipped 
spines around a sixth in the middle ; each with hair ; these processes are 
black in the black larvee, and in the light ones either red or red with black 
tops ; face and whole head thickly covered with simple white spines of 
variable length, all white, except that sometimes there are one or two 
of the longer ones on side face below the vertex which are black, or black 
and white ; along back of head and down the sides is a row of these 
spines close set. From 4th moult to pupation 5 days. 


CHRYSALIS.—Length .8 to .g inch; greatest breadth .24 to .26 inch; 
cylindrical ; head case high, compressed transversely ; at each vertex a 
long, conical process ; the mesonotum elevated, the carina very prominent, 
thin, nose-like, followed by a deep excavation ; wing cases raised, flaring 
at base, compressed in middle, with a point on the margin ; on the abdo- 
men three rows of tubercles, those corresponding to the dorsal row of the 
larva small, to the first laterals large and conical, the pair in middle of the 
series particularly prominent, and those in the excavation silvered, gilded 
or bronzed, varying ; color variable, many examples being dark brown, 
with lighter or with yellow-brown, and much reticulated with dark lines ; 
others are dead-leaf brown ; others are light, up to dead-white shaded 
slightly with yellow-brown, with a bronze lustre over the wing cases and 
anterior dorsal parts. Duration of this stage about 7 days. 


Grapta Comma is found abundantly in New England and thence 
through the Northern States to Nebraska ; also through Canada and in 
Nova Scotia ; and to the South, at least as far as the Kanawha district of 
West Virginia. In the Northern States the species is two-brooded, in 
Kanawha three-brooded. It is seasonally dimorphic, the winter form 
being Harrisii (i. e., the form described by Dr. Harris), the summer form 
Dryas, Edw. Both these are figured in Butterflies of N. A., Vol. I. Where 
there are three broods, the middle one is made up of the two forms. 
Eggs laid by the hybernating females (form AHarriséz) in April or May, 
give Dryas in May or June, and this is the first brood of the year. Eggs 
laid in July by Dryas give both forms in August—the second brood ; and 
eggs Jaid in September by either form give /avr/sz7 in October. The first 
eggs are laid in April or May, according to the forwardness of the season. 
In 1882, I obtained eggs from Harrisiz, tied in bag over a hop spray, 14th 
April, and from 22nd to 25th May, had therefrom 35 Dryas, 17 $,18 2. 
In 1874, the first eggs were obtained roth May, and the result up to 27th 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


June, was 34 Dryas. In 1875, the first eggs were 14th May, and up to 
18th June these gave 19 Dryas ; no Harrisiz in either case. In 1869, on 
18th June, one & Harristi came from chrysalis, the only instance known 
to me in which that form has appeared in the first brood. So that in 
different years, at Coalburgh, there is a variation cf at least a month in the 
laying of eggs by the hybernators, and consequently a month’s difference 
in the appearance of the first brood. In Can. Ent., X., p. 69, I gave 
the results of rearing the several broods up to end of 1877. 


The larvee, as described, are quite variable, when mature, the color of 
body being white, green or black ; and the black examples vary much in 
the extent of the white or yellow markings. But neither color belongs 
especially to one form of the butterfly. Thus, of 50 larve, from eggs laid 
by Harrisii, in 1882, but one was white, the rest being black. Of 34 
larve from eggs‘of Harrisit, in 1874, but 6 had black ground, and the 
rest were all light, several being cream-white. Of'23 larvae from eggs of 
Harrisit, in 1875, 10 were white or greenish, 13 more or less black. Of 
60 larve from eggs of Dryas, 1873, only one was white, the rest black. 
So that there is no apparent connection between the color of the cater- 
pillar and the form of the butterfly. ~ * 


The caterpillars feed on Hop, Nettle, false Nettle, (Boehmeria cylin- 
drica,) and Elm. I have found them at Coaiburgh almost always on Hop 
and Boehmeria. The eggs are laid either singly or in small clusters upon 
the under side of the tenderer leaves, and the young larva eats a hole for 
itself in the substance of the leaf, and during the first stage feeds about 
this. For the first two stages it is exposed on the leaf just as the larva 
of G. Jnterrogationis is, but at the second moult behaves differently from 
that species, which makes no shelter for itself at any time. I watched 
three larve of Comma in Aug., 1882, to learn exactly at what stage they 
began to protect themselves, placing them as soon as hatched upon a plant 
of Boehmeria set in flower-pot in my room. Very shortly after the second 
moult they had gotten to the bases of the third pair of leaves from top, 
two on one leaf, one on the other, and were engaged in drawing the edges 
of the leaves next base down with silk spun. To effect this they had 
bitten off the principal rib on either side the mid-rib, very near the edge 
of the leaf, and had cut quite to the edge. ‘This leaf naturally curves the 
other way, so that the caterpillars were working at a disadvantage on the 
convex side. But notwithstanding this, they had, in course of an hour, 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bent down the edges and bound them together for one half inch. Next 
morning they all rested under their awnings, two under one, as at the first, 
and had fed off the tip end of the leaf. ‘Twenty-four hours later the two 
larvee had left what remained of their leaf, now scarcely longer than them- 
selves, and each had betaken itself to another leaf. I had to transfer 
them toa larger plant, and next day found two under one leaf, again 
brought together as before. The other was upon the uffer side of its 
leaf, and had closed that at the top. Still later this larva had drawn down 
the top of the plant and was concealed very nearly as much as the larva 
of Vanessa A/Za/anta is, which uses this same plant. Here it passed 4th 
moult. So that these larvae can adapt themselves to circumstances, and 
cover themselves on the upper as well as the lower side of the leaf, if 
expedient. I noticed that at the older stages the ribs were not bitten, nor 
were the edges of the leaf slit, the larvee being able to draw down the 
edges without that aid. When lying under the shelter the larvae are at 
the inmost part, and are coiled up much like figure 6. In nature I do not 
remember to have found more than one caterpillar under one leaf. 

The nearest ally of G. Comma is G. Satyrus Edw., a species common 
in the Pacific States to Rocky Mts., and taken even in Ontario. Mr. T. 
L. Mead captured two examples some years ago, north of London, Ont. 
Satyrus is dimorphic, its other form being A/arsyas Edw., and the larvae 
remarkably resemble those of Comma in color and markings. So they 
protect themselves in precisely same manner as do Comma larvae, and 
these are the only two American species of Grapta which have that habit, 
so far as known. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LYCAENA, FROM 
NEWFOUNDLAND. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


LYCAENA ASTER. 

Mae.—Expands 1 inch. 

Upper side purplish-blue, the costal margin of primaries silvery ; both 
hind margins narrowly edged black ; secondaries have a marginal series 
of black points or minute spots ; fringes white. 

Under side white ; primaries have the hind margin edged by a fuscous 
line thickened at each nervule ; a submarginal row of rounded black 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 


spots entirely across the wing, and parallel to the margin ; a discal row 
of smaller spots in a curve from costa to lower median interspace, the 
next spot below out of and behind the line; on the arc a thick bar. 
Secondaries have an oblong, rounded, fuscous spot at the end of each 
nervule, but otherwise the edge is white ; a submarginal series of metallic 
points, each of which is overlaid by orange, and above this a black 
crescent ; a discal series of black points, following the costal margin from 
base, and running parallel with hind margin to lower median interspace, 
after which there are two spots back of the line ; on arc a streak, a dot 
nearer base, and another below cell. 

Body above blue, beneath white ; legs white ; palpi white with many 
black hairs in front ; antennz annulated black and white. 


FEMALE.—Expands 1.1 inch. 

Upper side fuscous, bluish over basal areas of each wing, and on 
secondaries, over the inner half the wing ; secondaries have a marginal 
series of large rounded blackish spots, faint towards outer angle, each 
with a little fulvous on upper side. Under side pale fawn-color ; marked 
as in the male, but all spots more conspicuous ; and in addition, on pri- 
maries, the spots which in the male form the submarginal row, and stand 
alone, here are the crescents which overlie orange spots, and between 
these last and the margin is a series of black points Fromri g,1 
(part of a considerable number) taken by Mr. T. L. Mead, in Southern 
Newfoundland. ‘The species is near to the Californian species, L. Azana, 
Edw. 


LIST OF THE SPECIES OF TRIPUDIA AND GYROS. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


I have described the genus Zrifudia in the Can. Ent., but the char- 
acters are not obvious until we know the neuration, which I am satisfied 
will give us distinguishing features from Zustrotia and Thalpochares. Com- 
pared with these the front is narrow and a little bulging; the vestiture is 
scaly, and there is a ridge of scales on the occiput. The lashless naked 
eyes, the slender unarmed tibiae agree with its allies. The wings are 
entire and there is a velvety band on the primaries, not legible, however, 
in two minute, pyralidiform species which may not be different, my 


‘ 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Jlavofasciata and Mr. Edward’s versuta. The species are only known to 
me as yet from single examples, and are from the South. Zimbata has 
the hind wings orange ; the rest fuscous or blackish, silky. 
Tripudia Grote. 
Type: Evrastria Quadrifera Zell. 


Quadrifera Zeller asicinerea Grote. 
Limbata Hy. Edw. favofasciata Grote. 
Opipara Hy. Edw. Versuta Hy. Edw. 


Lixiva Grote. 
Gyros Hy. Edw. 
Type: Oribates Muirit Hy. Edw. 
Muri Hy. Edw. 


TABLE OF SPECIES OF EUCHAETES. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 


The number of described species of this Arctian genus is increasing, 
and from my own collections in New York, I da not believe that our 
Eastern forms are at all well known. Among the most interesting recent 
discoveries in Arizona is &. zonalis, Grote, a form in which the abdomen 
is banded with crimson and black and unlike the other species in this 
respect. The following table may assist the identification of the species : 
a. Wings with costa and internal margin of primaries striped. 

1. Stripes crimson; wings dark. Spraguet Gr. 
2. Stripes dark yellow ; wings dark. Addominalis Gr. 
3. Stripes faint, yellow; wings pale. Vivida Gr. 
b. Wings with costa only striped. 
4. Stripe dark yellow; wings dark ; abdomen banded. Zonalis Gr. 
5. Stripe “pale luteous”; wings dark; abdomen spotted. 
Eglenensis Clem. 
6. Costa yellow to apex ; wings pale. Col/aris Fitch. 
7. Costa yellow one-third its length ; wings pale. Pudens Hy. Ed 


c. Wings unstriped. 
8. Wings dark ; abdomen yellow. Z£¢e Drury. 
9g. Wings white ; abdomen crimson. £/egans Stretch. 
ro. Wings dark; hind wings with crimson patch on hind margin. 
Perlevis Gr. 


“THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 


Two species, /nopinatus Hy. Edw., and Ovegonensis Stretch, I have not 
examined ; the latter species I have been shown, without making any 
notes upon it, in different collections made in New York State. 

The most unusual species is Per/evis, with its partly red secondaries, 
and which is smaller than the rest and somewhat narrow-winged. Pudens 
is a thinly scaled, whitish form, looking like, but slenderer than Co//artse 
A female specimen of Spraguez which I saw in Mr. Von Meske’s collec- 
tion, from Texas, had the stripes tinged with yellowish, not so purely 
crimson as in my male type from Kansas. Zonalis, Spraguet, Elegans and 
Vivida are, perhaps, the handsomest species in the genus and are not 
inferior in beauty, from the contrast offered by their colors, to the species 
of Arctia. The brilliantly tinted stripes and bodies are set off by the 
neutral tints of the wings. I have elsewhere drawn a parallel between 
this genus and Cfenucha in form and color, which is interesting ; the 
metallic sheen of Ctenucha is wanting in these soft colored species of true 
Arctide. 


ARSILONCHE AND LEUCANIA. 
BY JOHN B. SMITH, BROOKLYN, N, Y. 


During the past two years I have found on the exchange lists of most 
northern, and ail Canadian collectors with whom I have done any ex- 
changing, Arsilonche albovenosa Goetze under its synonym Adlepharon 
_Henrici Grt., and on their list of “ wants” as uniformly appeared Zeucania 
phragmitidicola Guen. I always sent for ArszJonche, and always received 
Leucania phragmitidicola. The latter is acommon insect, but the former 
is more rare, and it may be interesting to know how the two can be dis- 
tinguished. Superficially they are very much alike; generically they 
differ as follows: Arstlonche has lashed eyes, Leucania has them hairy ; 
the tongue in Arst/onche is weak and short, in Zewcania long and corneous; 
the legs in the former are shorter and more compact than in the latter, and 
the spurs of middle and posterior tibiz are much shorter. The vestiture 
of Arsilonche on thorax and body is entirely hairy, fine and long; in 
Leucania the hair is somewhat flattened, more scale-like and shorter 
Arsilonche has also the head more retracted, the abdomen longer and the 
primaries rather more lanceolate. The secondaries in a/bovenosa are pure 
white, in phragmitidicola they are more smoky and have a darker border. 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The primaries in a/bovenosa are whitish with smoky lines ; in phragmitids- 
cola the ground color is a straw yellow, darker on costa, through the centre 
of the wing and just below the apex; the median vein is white, and in 
fact all the veins can be distinctly traced as fine white lines. At the end 
of the discal cell, almost on the median vein, there is a distinct black 
gpot, and there is an oblique row of dark spots—often not very distinct— 
from the apex to the hinder margin. __I have in one instance received a 
specimen of Z. Harveyi Grt. as albovenosa, and several times Harveyt have 
reached me ticketed phragmitidicola. L. Harveyi is smaller, has the 
ground color of primaries paler, and while the pattern of markings is 
almost identical with phragmitidicola, it is readily distinguished from it by 
the much heavier, clearly defined dark markings, by having several distinct 
black dots in the discal cell, and by the want of white scales on the veins; 
the median vein is the only white one, and this is much more distinct than 
in phragmitidicola ; the secondaries seem also much darker in Harveyt. 

As to relative position in the family, Avsz/onche stands near the head, 
before Acronycta, while Lewcania (or Heliophila according to Mr. Grote) 
comes after the typical JVoctwa and nearer to Orthosia and its allies. 

Mr. Grote, in his Catalogue, places Arszlonche just before Leucania, 
but it seems much nearer to Acronycta, and I consider the place Lederer 
gave the genus when he described it as more appropriate. 


NOTES ON A GALL MITE OF THE NETTLE TREE 
( Celtis occidentalis. ) 


BY REV, T. W. FYLES, COWANSVILLE,: P. Q.: 


GALL, formed on the under side of the leaf, pear-shaped, half an inch 
long, forms a cup-like indentation on the upper surface. I have counted 
eighteen galls on one leaf. One mite in a gall. 


Mite, one-tenth of an inch long. Eyes large and protuberant, light 
red. Antennz moniliform, ten-jointed—the basal joint and that next it 
being much larger than the rest. Proboscis for suction. Four undeveloped 
wings—mere protuberances in the case of some (probably younger) speci- 
mens—generally translucent, but in some instances smoky brown. Legs, 
six in number, hairy, semi-transparent. Abdomen much enlarged; top- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 


shaped, the three last segments reddish brown. ‘Tuft of terminal spines 
of the same color. The creature has a gelatinous appearance ; and this, 
together with its agitation when disturbed, reminds one of Young Blight’s 
description of Old Dolls: ‘All a-shaking like glue monge.” It attains 
its growth in August and becomes quiescent. 

Tue Perrecr INsEcT makes its appearance in September. To allow 
its egress the pupa-skin is ruptured from the head to a point beyond the 
base of the wing-covers. Its appearance is that of a very minute Cicada. 
Colors light at first, but darkening with exposure. Eyes large, madder- 
brown in a lighter setting. The facets very distinct, giving the eye a 
granulated appearance. Three ocelli, like small rubies, one above each 
compound eye, and one between the plates of the face just above the 
palpi. Antennz moniliform, two large and eight smaller joints, as in the 
mite. Thorax, dark brown above with longitudinal bands of lighter color, 
amber-colored beneath, mottled with dark brown. Six powerful legs 
covered with short bristly hairs ; femur much stouter than tibia, and more 
darkly colored ; tarsus two-jointed. Upper wings large and. full, pearl- 
grey, thickly peppered with black—the peppering leaving a band, towards 
the lower end, clear. The nervures are brownish amber. Under wings 
of finer texture, and with no black spots, but in some lights beautifully 
iridescent ; have three nervures, the inmost indented. The insect is quick 
in its motions, making a sudden spring like the Frog-hopper. 


EARLY STAGES OF FIDONIA NOTATARIA, Wa kx. 
BY L. W. GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS. 


Eccs.—Oblong, covered with hexagonal depressions and bright green 
in color. Length 0.6 mil.; width 0.3 mil. Duration of egg stage 12 days. 

Younc Larva.—Length 2 mil.; head twice as wide as the body, round 
and deep ochre yellow; body dull yellowish green with a faint paler stig- 
matal stripe. 

Mature Larva.—Body of uniform thickness, deep green with a nar- 
row sub-dorsal and stigmatal white stripe, and a dorsal greenish-white hair 
line ; dorsal space pale green; ventral space yellowish green. Head 
brownish green with a lateral white stripe which is a continuation of the 
sub-dorsal stripe of the body. Length at rest 25 to 26 mil.; when crawl- 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing, 26 to 27 mil. Food plant, Pius strobus. Duration of larva stage, 
35 to 4o days. Described from 57 specimens. 

Pupa.—Length 9 to 11 mil.; color brown, the spaces between the 
segments and a dorsal line darker ; wings dark green ; subterranean. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Dear Sir: Ina recent number of the Can. Ent., Mr. Reed speaks 
of Zztyrus Skipper as scarce about London. Here it is one of our most 
abundant species, and its larva can be found on the locust trees at almost 
any time throughout the summer. But this fall I found great numbers. 
of them feeding on a wild trailing vine, in all stages of their growth; this 
vine may have been their native food plant before they had the locust to 
feed upon.* Mr. Reed also mentions having found Clytus pictus. It is no 
doubt Clytus or Cyllene robinia that he refers to, pictus being the Hickory 
Clytus, and only found in the spring of the year. There is a good deal 
of confusion existing about these species, some even questioning if there 
are two. It is undoubtedly 7odznéa that Harris describes under the name 
of pictus. Whether both species were discovered at that time I know 
not, but Walsh is reported by Packard to have said that the male of vobinia 
differs from gzcfus in having much larger and stouter antennz, and in 
having its body tapered behind to a blunt point, while the female is not 
distinguishable at all. With 18 specimens of pécfus before me, captured 
between the 17th and 21st of May, 1879, on hickory cord-wood cut the 
previous winter, and a large number of 7zodinia, I note the following 
differences: In gictus the body is uniformly more slender and tapers more 
behind than vodznia. In pictus the antenne is decidedly longer, that of 
the females reaching to the end of the body, and that of the males 
beyond. The third or W-band on the wing covers is noticeably more 
delicate than in vodinza, and quite white in contrast to the yellow of the 
other’s markings, a characteristic I have never seen in any vodinza I ever 
met with (and I see them here in hundreds every fall feeding on the 
Golden-rod), and one which would of itself make it quite easy to pick out 
my pictus, male or female, from amongst any quantity of vobinia they 


might be mixed with. , 
J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont. 


*This vine, a sample of which was sent by Mr. Moffat, is Lathyrus paluster L., 
known under the common name of ‘‘ The Marsh Vetchling.”—[Ed. C. E. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. ‘XIV. LONDON, ONT.; NOVEMBER, 1882. Norn 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GRAPTA 
INTERROGATIONIS, Fas. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc.—Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded ; marked by 8 or 9 
‘vertical ribs, which near the base are low, but on upper third are consider- 
ably elevated, increase gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly 
around a small flat space at summit; these ribs are thin and their sides 
are grooved perpendicular to the surface of the egg; color pale green. 
Duration of this stage from 3 to 4 days in summer, in April and early May 
ro days. 


Younc Larva.—Length 24 hours from egg .1 inch; precisely like 
Comma at same stage ; cylindrical, even from 2 to 7, then tapering slightly 
to extremity ; on 2 is a chitinous dorsal patch on which are six tubercles, 
three on either side the medio-dorsal line, each with black hair; below are 
two tubercles on either side; on 3 to 13 are two dorsal rows of large 
tubercles, one to each segment, on the anterior part of same, each with 
long curved hair, from 3 to 7 turned forwards, the rest back ; next, a row 
of small tubercles from 3 to 13; on 3 and 4, these stand under the dor- 
sals, but on the other segments they are behind the line; a third row of 
small tubercles from 5 to 13, under the dorsals, and on 2 to 4 is an exten- 
sion of this row below the line of the other segments; on 3 and 4 is a 
short row, in line with the spiracles, and a corresponding tubercle appears 
on 13; below spiracles, on the posterior part of each segment from 5 to 
13, is a minute tubercle ; and finally, along base of body is a row of 
minute ones from 2 to 13, on 2 to 4 one to each segment, also on 13, but 
on the other segments, two to each ; from all these proceed hairs, those 
of the basal row depressed, but of the other rows, from 2 to 7 they are 
turned forward, the rest back ; color at first whitish-yellow, semi-translu- 
cent, and some examples have the dorsum crossed by brownish patches 
alternating with the yellow ; as the stage proceeds the body becomes red- 
brown, with white on dorsum of segments 4, 6, 8, t0, with variation in 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


this respect ; head rounded ; color shining black ; many black hairs scat- 
tered over the face curving downward. Duration of this stage 3 days in 
May, 2 in summer. 


’ After rst Moult.—Lenegth .14 inch soon after the moult, in 24 hours 
.20 inch ; slender, even; color red-brown, with indistinct whitish lines ; 
of these, a wavy line runs with second laterals ; from base of each first 
lateral is an oblique line outward to the front of the segment, and from 
each dorsal are two such lines, one on either side ; armed with seven rows 
of spines, one dorsal, and three on either side, disposed as in Comma ; 
these are short, stout, black, beset at top with short branches, with some 
shorter spines on the sides, each ending in a black bristle ; as the larva 
approaches second moult, the bases of the dorsal and 1st lateral spines 
become white or yellow, or reddish-yellow, while the color becomes more 
red, and the lines become more distinct ; on 2 is a dorsal transverse row 
of 4 short, simple spines; legs and feet dark brown; head rounded, 
depressed at top, the vertices a little produced, each bearing a stout, thick, 
black process, with conical spine at top, and shorter ones around the base 
of this; color black, with many black hairs. Duration of this stage from 
2 to 3 days. 


After 2nd Moult.—Length .24 inch ; color black, the lines as before, 
with the addition of one running with lower laterals, more distinct, often 
macular ; spines as before, but variable in color ; in some examples, all 
are black except the dorsals and 1st laterals on 4, 6, 8, 10, where they are 
reddish-yellow ; some have the spines on these rows light. except on 9, 11 
and 12; usually the second laterals are black and the lower row is pale 
yellow ; in all cases the tips are black ; as the stage proceeds the color of 
body changes to olive-brown, and the lines become more conspicuous ; 
head as before, much covered with white simple spines. Duration of this 
stage from 2 to 3 days. 


After 3rd Moult.—Length .5 inch; color black, with cream-white 
lines, quite macular; spines very variable; some examples have every 
spine of the upper five rows reddish to reddish-yellow, the lower laterals 
pale yellow ; some have the dorsals and rst laterals from 3 to 11 red, the 
rest and all of second laterals black ; some have the body color vinous 
instead of black, with no black spines, the upper rows very red anteriorly, 
the lower laterals yellow; the lines yellow; head either deep brown-red, 
or decided red in the vinous larvae, the processes red, With spines both 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 


red and black ; the spines on face yellow or white. Duration of this stage 
2 to 3 days. 

After 4th Moult.—-Length .9 inch ; color deep black, the spines often 
very red, from deep red bases ; the surface much covered with tubercles, 
from small to minute, which are partly white, partly yellow, with many 
red ; the lines red, or red and yellow. In 2 to 3 days becomes full-grown. 

Mature Larva.—Length 1.3 to 1.5 inch; cylindrical, stout; color 
dull black, with white and yellow and red tubercles on the cross ridges ; 
and longitudinal lines and bands of red and yellow, varying greatly in dis- 
tinctness ; when most distinct, there is a band along the basal ridge; a 
stripe running with second laterals, an oblique line from base of each first 
lateral outwards to the front of the segment, and one from front on either 
side of dorsals also to front of the segment ; when the lines are obso- 
lescent, the yellow and red tubercles quite cover the surface ; under side 
black-brown ; spines in seven rows, one dorsal, three on either side, dis- 
posed as in Comma ,; long, slender, tapering, with several branches at top, 
one being a continuation of the spine, the others arranged about its base 
somewhat irregularly ; these are of about équal length in the several rows, 
and others, which are shorter, are found on the sides of the spines, and 
are particularly numerous on the upper rows of the anterior segments ; the 
dorsals have 5 main branches, the rst laterals 6, the 2nd and lower laterals 
4 and 5; in most examples the dorsals and 1st laterals are red, except on 
3, where they are red with black bases, and on 11 and 12, where they are 
usually black, the red being deepest on anterior segments; the second 
laterals are sometimes all red, and the lower row is always yellow; over 
the feet from 2 to 10 is a simple red spine ; on 2 is a dorsal row of six 
simple black spines ; spiracles conspicuous, black in white rings; head 
obovoid, rather flattened, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and each bearing 
a stout and short black process, ending in a long spur, with five others 
about its base, each hair-tipped ; the face covered with simple spines and 
tubercles, some minute; on each side below vertex are four long spines, 
black, the rest are mostly white, each with hair; color either deep red- 
brown, or red, about the ocelli a large black patch. From 4th moult to 
pupation, 5 to 6 days. 

Chrysalis. —Length 1 inch, greatest breadth .3 to.32 inch ; cylindrical ; 
head case high, compressed transversely, at each vertex a long, conical 
process ; mesonotum elevated, the carina very prominent, thin, nose-like, 
more rounded on the anterior side than in Comma, followed by a deep 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


excavation ; wing cases raised, flaring at base, compressed in middle, with 
a prominent point on the margin on dorsal side ; on the abdomen three 
rews of tubercles, those corresponding to the dorsal row of the larva 
minute, to the first laterals large and conical, the pair on middle of the 
series particularly prominent ; those in the excavation gilded ; color vari- 
able, in shades of brown from light yellow to dark, often clouded with 
olivaceous or lilac ; sometimes a dark green stripe on the side of abdomen 
below wing cases. Duration of this stage from 7 to 11 days, according to 
the weather. © 

Grapta /uterrogationis is found over the entire United States, except 
on the Pacific slope, flying from Arizona to Montana and through Canada 
to Nova Scotia. In the northern States, and probably in Canada, it is 
two-brooded, but in West Virginia there are three broods, and a more or 
less successful effort for a fourth, depending on the weather late in the 
fall. In Florida there are at least four broods, and probably five. At 
Coalburgh, eggs laid by hybernating females give butterflies last of May. 
This is the first brood of the season. Eggs laid early in June give butter- 
flies early in July—the second brood. Eggs laid last of July give butter- 
flies in September—the third brood. Eggs laid through September give 
butterflies in October. Individuals of each brood are emerging for some 
weeks, say for a month, so that the earlier females may be laying eggs 
while the later members of the same brood are coming from chrysalis. 
But in case of the fourth brood, it often can be only the earliest hatched 
larvae which produce butterflies, because by 1st October we are apt to 
have frost and cold weather, and the food is thereby destroyed., But in 
some seasons frost holds off till late in the fall, and then the greater part 
of the larvae might reach chrysalis. As stated in Can. Ent. x, p. 72,1 
think it probable that the butterflies of the third brood do not hybernate, 
but that the continuance of the species depends on the individuals of the 
fourth brocd, usually but few in number. This would account for the 
species being so rare in this district late in the fall and early in spring as 
compared with Comma, which has no fourth brood. The Comma butter- 
flies of the third brood are the hybernators, and are to be seen in multi- 
tudes before winter, or in November. Whereas /nferrogationis then is 
rarely seen. And yetin midsummer it is as common as is the other species. 

Interrogationis is a seasonally dimorphic species, the two forms being 
also very distinct in both shape and coloration. They are figured in 
Butterflies of N. A., Vol. 1. The hybernating form is /adriciz, but in one 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


instance, and one only, I have seen an Umbrosa early in the year, which 
must have hybernated. The only hybernating female I have been able to 
breed from was Faéricit, from which I got eggs, 28th April, 1877. The 
result on and just before ath June was 21 butterflies, all Umbrosa, the first 
brood of the year. Eggs laid by the females of Umbrosa of the first 
brood have repeatedly produced a mixed brood—the 2nd of the year— 
but with a majority of individuals Umbrosa, as : 
11 Umbrosa to 6 Fabricit 


26 (74 ce no “ec 
19 “ v4 no “ 

I 6é “ce 2 ac 
14 it3 ce no “cc 
38 “ 6c“ 16 ce 
12 ce “no ie 


- Total, 121 Umbrosa, 24 Fabricit. 


Eggs laid by the females Umbrosa of the 2nd brood have produced a 
mixed brood, the 3rd of the year, with a larger proportion of Fadricti, as : 
63 Umbrosa to 34 Fabricit 


2 cc ce 9 te 

I ce 6c 20 “ 

I oe ce 5 6c 

46 te “ce 6 “e 

21 “ec “e no «se 

Larvae found—65 gett i A 
6 “ec ce 16 “cc 


Total, 205 Umbrosa to 94 Fabricit. 
So that while in the 2nd brood Umbrosa has had 8o per cent. of the 
whole product, in the 3rd brood the same form has had but 60 per cent. 
Eggs laid by Umbrosa of the 3rd brood have produced Fabric only, 
the 4th brood, as: 
No Umbrosa, 25 Fabricit. 


Larvae found—No ie) “ 
No 79 4 79 
No ce 2 “ce 
No a4 25 oe 


Also I have recorded in October that no form has been seen by me but 
Fabricii, that many were about, coming to apples in the orchard. 


Fi 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The last brood in Florida, if I may judge by 25 Fabric? which 
emerged from chrysalis, at Coalburgh, in November, 1880, the larvae 


-teceived from Indian River, as before related, would be all Fadvicii. It 


. 


would seem therefore that the species is strictly seasonally dimorphic, the 
last brood producing Fadriciz, the hybernating females producing Umbrosa, 
but the intervening broods, like the second brood of Comma, producing 
both forms, but with a majority of individuals Umbrosa, or the summer 
form. This is what might have been expected, when the species became 
polygoneutic, as the interpolated broods are summer broods. The winter 
brood holds its own, the summer broods after the first, or original one, are 
made up of both forms. 

In the case of the single Umérosa seen in early spring, of which I 
have spoken, this may have been an exceptional member of the 4th 
brood, or a hybernating member of the 3rd. 

The larvae, as before described, are very variable. That is, they also 
are polymorphic, and they may readily be separated into 3 or 4 distinct 
types, as thus: 

t. Body black, finely specked with yellow ; no longitudinal lines on dor- 
sum or upper part of side. 

2. Body black, with small spots in place of the specks or dots, the longi- 
tudinal lines more or less BYES UE IRUSS and either yellow or red, or 
mixed. 

3. Body russet, much covered with yellow spots, giving a pepper and salt 
appearance, the lines often obsolete. 

There are intermediate variations, and there is a great variety in the 
color of the spines, from deep red and red bases, to yellow, or mixed. 

The larvae from Florida were of one of these types only, No. 2, and 
especially were there none of the russet variety. 

The food plants of Jnterrogationis are Hop, Nettle, False Nettle, 
(Boehmeria cylindrica,) Elm, Celtis, and in W. Va. they may be found on 
all these plants at the same season of the year. But the preference is for 
Hop and Elm, the first early in the season, the other in August and Sep- 
tember. I have near my house many Elm sprouts which are cut down 
every year, to be replaced in a few weeks by a fresh growth. It is on the 
tender terminal leaves of these that the female chooses to lay her eggs, 
either singly or in strings of from 2 to 5 or 6, on the under side of the 
leaf usually. The egg is not correctly represented in But. N. A., although 
copied from a drawing made by so good an artist as Mr. Konopicky. It 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 


is too round, and perhaps the example sent for drawing was altered by the 
alcohol in which it was immersed. The egg really is like that of Comma 
figured on Plate of Dryas. The number of ribs varies from 8 to Io. 
Where a string of eggs is laid, the number of ribs is same in all. It is 
almost needless to say that the young larvae do not consume their egg 
shells. A lady correspondent says: ‘The Graptas scramble through their 
scuttles in headlong haste, totally regardless as to who may take possession 
of their late tenements, leaving whole hamlets to prove their presence in 
the vicinity.” The larva attacks the leaf, eating a hole through it, each 
for itself, and during the first stages feeds about the margin of this hole. 
During all stages it lives unprotected, except as it lies under the leaf, in 
contrast with the habit of Comma, which after znd moult draws the edges 


of a leaf together at base and finds concealment beneath the awning thus 
made. 


PREPARATORY STAGES OF AGROTIS ANNEXA, Tr. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Egg.—Diameter .o3 inch. Shape globular, the base rather broad, the 
sides ribbed longitudinally, 12 of these ridges which reach the apex alter- 
nating with twice as many more of different lengths. The ridges are 
connected by slender cross bars, the transverse sides of the included 
spaces being longer than the longitudinal. The small apical space is 
punctured. Color white. Duration of this period, 4 days. 

Young Larva.—Length .07 of an inch. Color pale grayish-white, a 
little pinkish on the anterior part. Head and top of joint 1 black. Pili- 
ferous spots small, black, the gray hairs arising from each a little longer 
than the diameter of the body. Legs 16, but the first and second pairs 
of abdominal, short so that the middle of the body is arched a little in 
walking. After eating the color of the body is pale grayish green. The 
piliferous spots, or at least the thoracic, in a single transverse row to each 
joint. Duration of this period, 8 days. 

After rst Moult.—Length .17 inch. Head brown, the clypeus paler. 
Color of the body about the same as before, with slight traces of dorsal, 
sub-dorsal and stigmatal lines, all pale. The piliferous spots regularly 
arranged, except on the first three joints, where they are in a single trans- 
verse row to each joint. Top of joint 1 a little brownish. Legs about 
as before. Duration of this period, 5 days. 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


After 2nd Moult.—Length .35 inch. Color pale green with a slight 
brownish tinge, the dorsal, ‘sub-dorsal and stigmatal lines without this 
tinge.  Piliferous spots as before in position and color, a black hair from 
each. There is a dark oblique shade on the dorsum through the piliferous 
spots a little above the sub-dorsal line. Head brown, pale above the 
mouth ; joint 1 a little yellowish above with four spots and hairs in front 
of the regular row. Duration of this period, 3 to 4 days. 

After 3rd Moult.—Length .55 inch. Color of the dorsum drab with 
a narrow dorsal line a little more distinct than the rest, the dorsal space 
finely mottled with dull green, the dark shade along the piliferous spots 
about the same as in the last period. Sides dull green mottled with drab 
or pale ochre. Sub-dorsal line moderately distinct, the sub-stigmatal line 
a series of elongate, somewhat lunate spots. The lower half of the sub- 
dorsal space paler than the upper half. Piliferous spots as before. Head 
very pale brownish except the upper half of the cheeks, which are brown- 
ish black ; jaws and ocelli dark brown. Duration of this period, 3 days. 


After 4th Moult.--Length .75 inch. Color of dorsum yellowish drab, 
a whitish dorsal line bordered each side with a blackish line not very dis- 
tinct. The oblique blackish shade along the course of the piliferous spots 
is prominent, reaching the border to the dorsal line. Sides grayish green 
the merest trace of a sub-dorsal line on some of the anterior joints, The 
region of the sub-stigmatal line yellowish green instead of grayish. Stig-s 
mata black, the space in the immediate vicinity of each a little yellowish. 
Venter and sub-stigmatal space green. Piliferous spots as in the last 
period. Head of nearly a nankeen color, the frontof the cheeks dark 
brown, the sides mottled. Top of joint 1 brownish. Duration of this 
period, 5 days. 

After 5th Moult.—Length from .go to 1.00 inch. Color above to near 
the stigmata greasy blackish gray, with a yellowish drab oblique mark on 
each joint outside the dorsal piliferous spots, each mark broadest pos- 
teriorly and mottled a little with the ground color. On some there is no 
trace of dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, except on the cervical shield. Sub- 
stigmatal line pale gray, faintly yellowish. Venter pale greenish gray. 
Head pale greenish gray, slightly brownish on some, more or less dark 
brown on the cheeks, this mottled outside. 

Mature Larva.—Length 1.35 inches, width of head .1o inch, of middle 
of body .20 inch. As the time of pupating approaches the colors are 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


more blended and of a dark greasy gray, though the general marks are the 
same as at the first of the period. Duration of this period, 12 days. 


Chrysalis.—Length .65 inch, length of wing cases from anterior end 
-39 inch, of leg and antennae cases .40 inch, the latter reaching a little 
beyond the hind margin of joint 5 of the abdomen. Depth of thorax .18 
inch, of abdominal joint 1, 18 inch, of joint 3, .19 inch, showing the 
chrysalis to be about cylindrical. Anterior part rounded down to the 
front of the head. ‘The tip of anal joint ending in two short conical 
points. General surface smooth and shining, but the anterior edge of the 
dorsal part of joints 5 to 8 very much roughened. Color rather pale 
brown, the following parts dark brown: eyes, humeri, stigmata, tip of anal 
joint and the dorsal anterior part of joints 5 to 8. Duration of this 
period from 25 to 46 days. 


About the first of August, 1882, the moth from which the eggs upon 
which my observations were taken, was captured, and the eggs were 
deposited August 3rd. ‘The egg and larval history covered a period of 40 
days, and the pupal was from 25 to 46 days more, making in round num- 
bers from 2 to 3 months from the egg to moth. I do not know the num- 
ber of eggs that were obtained, or larvee resulting, but 39 completed all 
their transformations, having pupal periods as follows : 


- 6 a period of 25 days. 


10 Oe se 
9 isa 27 ee 
3 ee 2 ‘ 
2 ee 29 ‘ 
3 13 30 “ 
3 74 32 

“ce ‘ 
2 44 
I 46 


The last were probably prolonged by the days and nights becoming 
for a time colder. ‘This will give us two broods at least ina season. I 
am not sure of.the way they pass the winter, though from the moths com- 
ing out in October, it is probable that they hibernate here as part grown 
larvee, though it may be different further north. Their habits are truly 
‘“‘cut-worm,” eating almost anything offered them, and hiding in the dirt 
during the day time. They were fed for the most part on Knot-grass 
(Polygonum aviculare). A few were kept in a glass dish partly filled with 


?10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


moist dirt, and as they went down in the dirt by the side of the dish to 
pupate, I could see that the dirt of which the cocoon was made was mixed 
with web. 


NEW TABANID/®. 
BY JOHN MARTEN, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Sub-genus Therisplectes.— Eyes pubescent ; ocelligerous tubercle more 
or less distinct ; eyes (female) with three or four bright green or bluish 
cross-bands.” 

T. Californicus, n. sp. Uength 17 mm, Eyes pubescent, with thin 
purplish bands. Front yellowish-gray ; callosity nearly square, brownish, — 
shining, prolonged above ; ocelligerous tubercles brownish-black on a black 
spot. Face and cheeks grayish with white hairs. Palpi yellowish-white 
with small black hairs, Antennze reddish ; annulate portion of third joint 
black ; upper angle prominent. Thorax grayish-brown with the usual 
gray stripes and golden yellow pubescence ; humerus reddish ; pleura and 
pectus grayish with long white hairs. Abdomen brownish-black, sides of 
first four segments brownish-yellow, which color leaves a row of black 
irregular spots in the middle, largest on the second segment and smallest 
on the third ; also dark oblique spots on lateral margins. Venter yellow- 
ish with yellow pubescence ; darker on the last three segments. Femora 
black, brownish at the tip ; front tibiz dark brown, proximal end lighter ; 
second and third tibiz darker toward the tip; tarsi dark brown. Wings 
hyaline ; costal cell light brown ; faint clouds in cross-veins and bifurcation 
of third vein. 

Described from one female from California. 


T. hemaphorus, n. sp. Length 16 to 18 mm. Front brownish-gray ; 
callosity black, shining, prolonged in a spindle-shaped line above; ocel- 
ligerous tubercle black on a brownish-black spot. Face and cheeks yel- 
lowish-gray with gray hairs. Palpi yellowish-white with minute black hairs. 
Antenne black, faintly reddish on second joint and base of third joint ; 
third joint but little excised. Thorax grayish-black with distinct gray 
lines and whitish hairs; humerus reddish; pleura and pectus gray with 
long dirty gray hairs. Abdomen with broad median band and last three 
segments brownish-black, sides of other segments fulvous with faint black- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211 


ish spots on lateral margins ; a row of grayish triangles on the median 
band, most distinct on the second segment. Venter fulvous with light 
hairs, darker towards the tip, and first and second segments more or less 
dark. Femora black, brownish at the tips ; anterior pair entirely black. 
Tibiz dark brownish, the anterior pair black at the tip. ‘Tarsi blackish- 
brown, anterior ones black. Wings sub-hyaline; costal vein slightly 
brownish, faint clouds on cross-veins and bifurcation of third vein. 
Described from two females from California. 


T captonts, n. sp. Length 14 mm. Eyes pubescent, with three pur- 
plish cross-bands. Front narrowed anteriorly, yellowish-gray, with black 
hairs ; callosity large, chestnut-brown, shining, prolonged above ; sub- 
callus denuded, shining ; ocelligerous tubercle dark brown, almost black, 
and surrounded with black. Face and cheeks gray with white hairs. Palpi 
yellowish with minute black hairs. Antenne reddish, annulate portion of 
third joint black, angle not projecting much. Thorax brownish-black 
with whitish and yellowish pubescence ; humerus reddish-brown ; pleura 
and pectus grayish with white hairs. Abdomen yellow on the sides of 
segments one to four; a dorsal band and last three segments black ; hind 
margins of segments yellow fringed with golden yellow hairs ; venter yel- 
lowish with middle of segment one and the tips blackish. Femora black, 
brownish at tip ; first pair of tibie black with proximate end brownish ; 
middle and posterior tibiae brownish with black hairs, darker toward tip ; 
tarsi dark brown. Wings hyaline, costal cell yellowish. Female from 
California. 


T. centron, n. sp.— Length 16 mm. 
Female. Habitat Colorado. 


Eyes pubescent. Front narrow gray ; callosity black shining, a de- 
tached, spindle-shaped line above ; sub-callus denuded, shining ; ocelliger- 
ous tubercle blackish Antennae black, slightly red at base of third joint. 
Face and cheeks gray with gray hairs. Palpi yellowish. Thorax black 
with dingy black hairs and five gray lines. Pleura and pectus black with 
gray pollen and hairs. Abdomen brownish-black ; a row of equilateral 
triangles on the middle and oblique triangles on each side of the first four 
segments ; hind margins fringed with whitish hairs. Venter fulvous with 
black on first segment, jateral margins and last four segments. Wings 
hyaline ; costal cell yellowish-brown, and very faint clouds on cross-veins 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and bifurcation of third vein. Femurs grayish-black ; tibiae brown, darker 
on distal ends ; a fringe of black hairs on outer margins of the second and 
third pairs ; tarsi brownish-black. 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 


BY AZ R. GROTH, VAL MM: 


The veins of the wings in the moths are usually considered to fall into 
four main branches. I would, however, consider them to afford only two 
series; vein 1 of the German Entomologists belonging to the median 
series, and vein 12 to the sub-costal series of venules. In describing the 
neuration of Luherrichia (= Herrichia Grote non Staudinger) I have 
accidentally written “sub-median” for “median.” Generic characters 
in the WVoctucde are offered by the disposition of veins 6 to 9 on the fore 
wings and of the median series on the hind wings, from which vein 5 is 
sometimes (.Sfragucia) absent. In addition there is the presence of an 
accessory cell to be noted on primaries, which is caused by the peculiar 
position and course of the subcostal series of venules. 


Genus CoNSERVULA Grote. 

It is surely not necessary to go over the entire structure in the diagnoses 
of related genera; the record of a single distinguishing structural feature 
should suffice. I have, however, usually recapitulated the characters ; in 
the present case the entire primaries and even external or hind margin 
distinguishes Conservila from Brotolomia Led. and Trigonophora Led., ex. 
Hubn. In Lederer’s monographic work several genera are partially but 
sufficiently characterized. I have followed so excellent an authority in 
considering secondary sexual characters (e. g. as in Thecophora) of generic 
value. In Conservila the body vestiture is less hairy and shorter than in 
Euplexia, which the species approaches in size. While Walker and 
Gueneé do not usually give the structure of eyes and feet, Ochsenheimer, 
whose genera are all accepted, gives, as I have shown, no characters at 
all. Hubner’s phrases are usually unsatisfactory, though his genera are 
sometimes good and always remarkable considering his times. Ina mono- 
graph all the characters should be gone over, but in descriptional work 
the main object is to make the insect recognizable and to spare words, I 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 


am not aware of any test by which it shall be decided that a genus is 
sufficiently characterized. When the species is already known, less words 
are, I should think, needed. It is better to supplement missing characters 
in a diagnosis, than to needlessly criticize its author, especially in the case 
where a good number of genera have been fully and clearly made out by 
him and his work is largely of a pioneer kind, and often has to be accom- 
plished with borrowed specimens or single examples. ‘The difficulty of 
being always right is shown by Mr. Smith in putting Po/en/a among genera 
with unarmed tibia, while, fer contra, 1 wrongly stated as it appears 
(though hesitatingly) that Aeva/za had no ocelli. ‘There is room for care- 
ful work in the Woctuide, but the species must be fully examined as I have 
tried to do in the genera allied to Z7otyla._ A good lens, a good or per- 
fect male specimen and a duplicate for dissection, a quick eye and 
experience are needed. If, with all these, patience and courtesy are 
possessed by the author, who must also know the literature well, satis- 
factory work cannot fail to be accomplished. Even with all these the 
student will be disappointed if he expects to produce a ‘“‘ Synopsis” that 
shall be correct and complete, in a short time. | We probably shall have 
to classify nearly 2,000 kinds of Moctuide ; I have examined or described 
about 1,200. 


Genus PLATYSAMIA Grote. 


Hubner’s genus Sava, erected in the Verzeichniss for species incor- 
rectly associated, and with a diagnosis devoid of characters of value, is 
used by anti-Hubnerists instead of P/atysamia, a term fully explained and 
correctly limited by me to the three or four species, Cecropia, Gloveri, Col- 
umbia and Ceanotht. Upon what ground this is excused does not appear. 
It is not consistent ; and can only be done by those who give to Hubner’s 
genera the same value as those of scientific writers. Even in this case 
the procedure is doubtfully defensible. In using Hubner’s genera I have 
been often guided by the prior use of the rejected term, ¢ e. in preferring 
Lithophane to Xylina, Eustrotia for Erastria, etc., both Xy/ina and 
Lrastria being previously proposed by Hubner for different genera from 
those to which Treitschke and Ochsenheimer gave the terms. The entire 
question of Hubner’s genera has been treated in a personal way, and 
every attempt I have made to compromise the matter has been met by 
unnecessary insistence on unimportant points. As it stands now, and 
taking the ‘Brooklyn List” as an example, Hubner seems only to be 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


used where his names overthrow a genus proposed or adopted by myself. 
Mis-statements are made to sustain this view, as, for instance, when Cres- 
sonta is made synonymous with Polyptichus, whereas we originally showed 
that /uglandis was cited by Hubner with a number of species not pro- 
perly associated with it, and no name had yet been used for one species 
_ which is unique as to structure and has no congener; Mr. Strecker’s 
Pallens being based on the pale female variety, and Mr. Butler’s Rodinsonit 
being only large specimens of our somewhat variable and most interesting 
insect, first described by Abbot and Smith. 


Genus PsruponHazis G. & R. 

Mr. Henry Edwards, who has made many interesting observations of 
the larvae of Californian moths, informs me that he knows the Jarvae of 
both Eglanterina and Hera (= Pica), and that they are unquestionably 
different. The synonymy adopted in my “ New Check List ” is taken 
from an article of mine published some years ago in the CANADIAN 
ENromo.ocist. Doubleday’s specimen, described by Harris, is presum- 
ably the same as that deposited by him in the British Museum and made 
afterwards the type of Pca. Audubon’s figures have no real bearing on 
the synonymy of the two forms. 


Genus EULEUCOPHAEUS Pack. 

Eyes naked ; clypeus moderately broad, with coarse dependant vesti- 
ture. Male antennae pectinate to the tips, median vein three branched. 
Wings entire. Forewings pointed at tips ; outer margin even. I cannot 
separate Zricolor generically from Yavapai and Maia. We may follow 
Dr. Packard and regard the insect as a faded species, owing its color to 
its peculiar environment, but it is a faded Hemileuca. The type of JJaza 
and evadensis departs too little to consider it different ; the head is im- 
perceptibly more sunken, the naked eyes almost lost under the dependant 
vestiture. The pattern of 77zcolor essentially agrees with that of Yazvapaz. 
I should therefore consider Zrzcolor, Yavapai, Juno, Diana, Grotet, Neva- 
densis and Maia congeneric and refer them all to Hemileuca. After care- 
fully examining the satiny white Zeucophaeus Neumoezgent Hy. Edw., one of 
our most beautiful Bombyces, I find that the head is freer, more promt- 
nent than in Hemdleuca, the front a little narrower, the vestiture shorter 
and not so overhanging. The male antennae are provided with shorter 
pectinations. They are in both sexes testaceous, while in 77zcolor they are 
brown-black as in the other Hemé/eucae, The pattern of ornamentation 


{HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


is different. We have here a common extra-mesial black line, and the 
appearance is more Saturnia-like. There are two spots on the cell of fore- 
wings, while in Hemdleuca we have only one. These characters are suffi- 
cient for at least a subgeneric division, and I propose to call it 
ARGYRAUGES, from the sheeny white wings. While in Aemzleuca the 
colors are dull, in Avgyrauges the fore wings especially are glossy and the 
colors bright. In Azgyrauges the wings seem a little broader and fuller, 
but they hardly differ from Zaza in this respect. The squamation of the 
wings is of a different character. ‘The neuration, so far as I can observe 
it without denuding the wings, seems essentially the same in all these 
forms. ‘There is a tendency in Maza and Nevadensis to vary in a different 
direction from the other forms. So far as I recollect, Dr. Hopffer’s male 
and female types from ‘Texas, in the Imperial Museum at Berlin, his 1. 
Grotei, is more like Maia, though opaque, than the type of Yavapaz. It 
was the first of the species, allied to J/aia, to be described. While Weva- 
densis seems to be hardly more than a variety of AZaza, I have never seen 
either /uzo or Diana, but, from information, it seems likely that they are 
the same. Is Diana not the same as Grote? ? 


HYPERCHIRIA ZEPHYRIA Grote. 

2. Fore wings blackish fuscous, very dark, with an even white stripe 
from apex to middle of inner margin. Hind wings bright yellow in the 
disk with a large ocellus like /o ; the yellow field is confined by an outer 
black line ; terminal field pale fuscous shaded. Size of H. Pamina or a 
little larger, allied to it by the pale fawn abdomen shaded broadly above 
with red. ‘The male differs by the abdomen all red above. The base of 
secondaries show longer pink red hairs. Beneath discolorous fuscous, with 
white discal dots surrounded by biack on primaries. Thorax fuscous ; 
marked where the wing touches the sides with white. New Mexico. Prof. 
F. H. Snow. 

This is a notable addition to North American Bombyces. 


MARMOPTERYX SPONSATA, DN. S. 

Above very pale ochrey, silky, immaculate except that the white bands 
of the under surface are reflected ; fringes white checkered with brown. 
Beneath primaries as above ; costa and apices yellow, strigate with red ; a 
whitish band interrupted before vein 4 at extremity of all very vaguely 
indicated. Hind wings yellow strigate with red except for a space on 
internal margin before the band, where they are blackish. A broad white 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


sis 8 


band broken superiorly and interrupted at the binding; it appears as a 
spot again above the white discal spot. Body light ochrey above, white 
beneath. Expanse 30 mil. New Mexico, Las Vegas. Prof. Snow. - — 
This must be allied to Avormosata and Dryadata ; it differs from the 
latter description in the color not being “ russet” and in the interrupted 
mesial band beneath. Smaller and paler than Se¢fertz. No. 1015s. 


AGROTIS DOLLII, n. s. 

g §. Male antenne pectinate, ciliate. Eyes naked, unlashed. 
Tibize all armed. Labial palpi with spreading hairs. Base of legs and 
thorax beneath pilose. In appearance allied to the Lagena—Vernilis 
group, but not unlikely best placed near Ri/eyana. Gray washed with 
rusty ochreous. The @ shows the pale claviform spot. There are rusty 
cuneiform marks before the s. t. line; the terminal space is darker ; 
median space grayer than the rest. ‘The rusty ochrey paler tint obtains 
over subterminal space. Orbicular small, sagittate, pointed outwardly. 
Reniform small, upright, scroll-shaped, flecked with white on median vein. 
T. a. line with large teeth ; t. p. line denticulate ; both lines single, faint 
dark gray, rather approximate. ‘Thorax rusty gray. Hind wings white in 
both sexes ; veins incompletely marked; fringe white. Arizona. Coll. 
Mr. B. Neumoegen. I name this fine species for Mr. J. Doll, who col- 
lected it in the San Francisco Mountains. Its colors are not distinct, but 
they are harmoniously blended, the markings easy to recognize the species 
by, and it is a well-sized and notable addition to our fauna. 


AGROTIS NIVEILINEA, N. S. 

2 2. More robust than Ridingsiana, with white secondaries like 
g-dentata, stouter than this or Crcatricosa. A white line crosses the tegule, 
parallel with the white streak on subcostal vein. Thorax fuscous. Color 
varying to rusty fuscous, the female and most of the males tend to be pale. 
Median vein narrowly striped with white. A rusty stain on the subequal 
stigmata. White dentate shades accompany more prominently the black 
veins 3 and 4, and less so veins 6 and 7. Median lines black, lunate, 
relieved by rusty shades. Hind wings white with terminal line and white 
fringes. Lxpanse 35 mil. Arizona, Mr. Doll. Nearly a dozen examples. 


HELIOPHILA RIMosa, nN. s. 

q. Fore wings hoary gray, something like Zzgaf¢a in color ; irrorate 
with dark speckles, and with a faint warm shade reminding one little of 
Unipuncta in these respects. Allied to Commoides ; no lines or spots 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. QizZ 


visible except that there is a continuous series of excessively minute sub- 
terminal dots, and the median vein is faintly marked with white and edged 
with black, the white color accentuated at base of 3rd and 4th m. ner- 
vules. Hind wings pale gray, whitish ; veins soiled. Beneath a blackish 
shade marks the inception of s. t. line on costa, and the median vein is 
shaded at base of nervules. Hind wings with costa darker ; no lines or 
spots. Face and pectus a little smoky ; fore tibize pale outwardly. ‘Thorax 
gray ; abdomen paler. Eyes hairy. Zxpanse 34 mil. Kittery Point, 
Mr. Thaxter. 


HADENA HAuUSTA, nN. s. 

gf. A-small species related to the European 7 S¢rigz/is, but with 
the dark shade not extending over the reniform, which with the s. t. space 
is grayish. Deep brown from base tot. p. line except over reniform, 
beyond which the geminate t. p. line is exserted roundedly. Terminal 
space narrow, ferruginous. A costo-apical light-brown spot on s. t. space. 
Fringes dark, finely cut with pale.. A black mark in place of claviform 
spot, crossing median space. Median lines double, indistinct. Hind 
wings pale fuscous, with mesial line ; beneath with distinct dot and a fine 
dark line. Anal hairs somewhat yellowish, Head and thorax dusky 
brownish. Smaller and darker than H Modica. LExpanse 21 mil 
Kittery Point, Me. Mr. Thaxter. 


ZOTHECA VIRIDIFERA Grote. 

Allied to var. Viridula of Tranguil/a in color and size. The median 
lines are nearer together on internal margin. An olive-green patch on 
cell between the concolorous obsolete stigmata ; another larger and paler 
fills the median space below s. m. fold to internal margin. Transverse 
lines single, olivaceous ; t. p. exserted over median veins ; s. t. marked 
only on costa. General color a faded pale olivaceous ; hind wings paler 
with exterior line. Arizona ; coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


SPRAGUEIA SORDIDA, N. s. 

An obscurely colored species, with the fore wings rather narrower than 
usual. Primaries dark colored, fuscous brown, broken by pale scales, the 
most prominent mark a pale yellowish costo-apical spot, set in a deep 
brown pre-apical shade. The base is olive fuscous to a deeper brownish 
transverse anterior band ; the disc is broken with pale scales to costa 
enclosing a brown mark. The whole very indistinct. Hind wings silky 
fuscous, deeper shaded terminally. Beneath silky fuscous; costa of pri- 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


maries narrowly pale yellow and the light yellow costo-apical spot 
repeated ; internal margin pale. Texas. xpfanse 15 mil. In my col- 
lection. 

No one who has carefully examined our dozen species of Spragueia, 
and carefully dissected, as I have done, all but two or three, observing the’ 
neuration and the narrow wings, can fail to consider the genus valid and 
essentially different from Zvotyla sulphuralis of Europe. 

(To be Continued.) 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Dear Sir: The unusually mild and balmy weather that we have been 
enjoying for the last week has made it an easy task for the Entomologist 
to neglect his cabinet and correspondence, even now, in the very heart of 
the exchanging season, and go out into the woods in search of treasures. 
Thus many a luckless Vanessa or Grapta, beguiled by the warm, seductive 
sun from her winter quarters, to have a last aerial promenade before her 
long cold nap, has found her way into our collections. The morning of 
Thanksgiving Day here (gth Nov.) seemed to outdo all its fellows in its 
efforts to charm grumbling mankind, and seemed to insist on every one 
being thankful and happy. To the lover of flowers the woods provided 
several autumn blossoms of such flowers as Viola blanda and V. Canadensis, 
late blooms of Solidagos, Achi/ea millefolium, and stunted Asters whose 
heads had been broken or eaten off by cattle, but who were yet determined 
to have their look at the world. Among the damp trees the gauzy-winged 
male moth of the canker worm could frequently be seen hyrriedly flying 
from tree to tree in search of his wingless wife. On the walls of a house 
several specimens of the curious little Hammer-headed Fly, Sphyracephala 
brevicornis, were taken. A fine specimen of Vanessa Milberti, which came 
to peer at me by settling within a couple of feet of my head, reminded 
me of the following, which formerly appeared in the Dublin Penny 
Journal, and which, as such literature is not at all common, I thought 
might be entertaining to some of the readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST : 

‘“‘ At the last meeting of the Entomological Society, Feb’y 5, 1844, a 
beautiful specimen of Pontia rape, evidently just disclosed from the chry- 
salis, was exhibited by I. Bond, Esq., which he had captured during the 
preceding month.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 


Child of the Summer, what doest thou here, 

In the sorrow and gloom of the weeping year? 

When the roses have withered that bloomed on thy birth, 
And the sunbeam that nurs’d thee has passed from the earth ; 
The flowers that fed thee are frozen and gone— 

Thy kindred are perished, and thou art alone— 

No one to welcome—no one to cheer— 

Child of the Summer, what dost thou here ? 

Yet ’tis sweet thy gossamer wing to view, 

Revelling wild in the troubled blue— 

Heeding nor rain, nor snow, nor storm— 

Buffeting all with thy tiny form. 

Even thus the hope of our summer days, 

In the heart’s lone winter gaily plays— 

Thou art the type of that hope so dear— 

Child of the Summer ! thou’rt welcome here ! 


Welcome ‘mid sorrow, and gloom, ana showers, 
Emblem of gladness that once was ours— 
Emblem of gladness that yet will come, 

When the sun-bright ether will be thy home ; 
And myriads of others as bright as thou, 

Will revel around us—all absent now : 

Emblem of hope to the mourner dear, 

Child of Summer! thou’rt welcome here ! 


Ottawa, Nov. 13th, 1882. James FLETCHER. 


Dear Str: On the 16th of August last I captured in our orchard a 
beautiful female specimen of Papilio cresphontes Cram., in perfect con- 
‘dition and evidently not long emerged from chrysalis. Some days later 
(Aug. 22) a specimen was seen and pursued without success, and ‘on the 
29th another very large female was taken. As one of the food plants of 
the larva, Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum Will.) is abundant here, 
I think they must have bred in this locality, which is about fifteen miles 
south of Montreal. I think this is the first record of this butterfly being 
taken in the Province of Quebec. Luftoteta claudia Cram., another but- 
terfly rare in this latitude, was taken by me August 15, 1874, near a hop- 
field, and is now in the collection of the Montreal Nat. Hist. Society. | 
mention this as Mr. Edwards gives Canada no credit for this species in 
his useful Catalogue. Joun G. Jack. 


Chateauguay Basin, P. Q., Oct. 29, 1882. 


. 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


An illustrated Essay on the Noctuidez of North America, with “A 
Colony of Butterflies,” by A. R. Grote, A. M. Lge. 8vo., pp. 85. Pub- 
lished by John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row, London, Eng. 


This little volume is beautifully got up, printed in bold type on fine 
paper, and illustrated by four excellent colored plates on which forty-five 
species of Noctuids are figured. These mothshave been previously described 
in various works, but have not been figured before, and appear to have 
been selected to adorn this handsome little book on account of their 
striking beauty ; they are the gems of the genera to which they belong 
and well deserve to be thus made better known. Each specimen is num- 
bered and accompanied by a brief reference or description. 


In a preface of 23 pages the author gives a “ brief xéswmé” of the 
sources from whence he has drawn his information; an account is also 
given here of the life history of the Cotton Worm from the egg to the 
perfect insect. It is to be regretted that the author should have marred 
this section of the work by a personal attack on Prof. Riley, an Entomolo- 
gist who has done so much good work in Economic Entomology. It seems 
to us most unfair, whatever the provocation may be, to introduce personal 
reflections of this sort in a book where the party referred to has no oppor- 
tunity of defending himself or of an explanation which will reach the 
same readers. Notwithstanding this defect, the little volume will com- 
mend itself for its excellencies otherwise, to all those who are interested 
in the study of the Noctuide, as a valuable and beautiful contribution to: 
this department of Entomology. 


Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club. No. 3, 1881- 
1882 ; 8vo., pp. 66, with two plates. 


We commend this record of the work of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ 
Club to all those who are interested in Canadian Natural History. In 
addition to the excellent address of the President, James Fletcher, Esq., 
it contains reports of the work accomplished by the Geological, Botanical 
and Entomological branches of the Club ; a list of the birds found in the 
vicinity of Ottawa, and addresses which have been delivered on various. 
natural subjects at the soirees held by the Club. 


Che Canadtan Entomolonst. 


VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1882. No. 12 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE POPLAR DAGGER-MOTH—Acronycta lepusculina, Gueneé. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


The caterpillar of this moth is often very destructive to poplar trees, 
- and more especially to the foliage of the cottonwood tree in the west. It 
is, when full grown, an inch and a half or more in length, with a black 


Fig. 22, after Riley. 


head, and its body clothed 
with long, soft yellow hairs, 
from amongst which arise 
along the back five long 
pencils of black hairs, 
When at rest it curls itself 
up on the leaf as shown in 
figure 22. 

When full grown the 
caterpillar spins a pale yel- 
low cocoon of silk inter- 
woven with its own hairs, 
hidden in some sheltered 
spot, and there changes to 


a dark brown chrysalis, from which in due time the moth appears. 
The perfect insect measures when its wings are expanded about an 


inch and three-quarters across, see 
figure 23. Its wings are gray varied 
with dark brown dots and spots and 
shadings. Near the hinder angle of 
the front wings is a rather conspicuous 
spot not very distinctly shown in the 
figure, resembling the Greek letter ps7 
placed sidewise. There are two broods 


Fig. 23, after Riley. 


of this insect during the year; the moths of the first appear in June, 
deposit eggs which produce larvee that reach their full growth, pass through 


yp pd THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the chrysalis stage, and from which moths emerge about the end of July. 
The second brood of larve are found about the last of August and 
throughout September; they become chrysalids late in the season, and 
pass the winter in the chrysalis state. 


THE LIME-TREE MEASURING WORM—Aybernia tiltaria Far. 


The larva of this insect is a yellowish looper or measuring worm with 
a reddish head and ten{wavy black lines along the back. It is shown in 


Fig. 24, after Comstock. 


figure 24, in different positions. It is hatched early in the spring and 
completes its growth about the middle of June, about which time it is 
often very destructive to basswood, elm, hickory and apple trees. When 
ready for its next change the larva lets itself down from the tree by a 
silken thread and buries itself five or six inches below the surface of the 
ground, and there changes to a_chrysalis from which the moth usually 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223 


escapes the following spring. Occasionally some of the moths appear in 
October or November, but this rarely occurs with us. 

The male moths have large and delicate wings and feathered antenne, 
as seen in the figure. The fore wings, which measure when spread about 
an inch and a half across, are of a rusty buff color, sprinkled with brown- 
ish dots, with two transverse wavy brown lines and a central brown dot. 
The hind wings are pale with a brown dot about their middle. 

The female, also shown in the figure, is a wingless, spider like creature, 
with slender thread-like antennz, yellowish white body, sprinkled on the 
sides with black dots, and with two black spots on the top of each seg- 
ment excepting the last, which has only one. The eggs are oval, of a 
pale color, and covered with a net-work of raised lines. 


_LONG STINGS. 


BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 


In the May number of the CanaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST there is a very 
interesting paper under this caption, contributed by Mr. Harrington, 
giving an account of the habits of the Rhyssa atrata and lunator. These 
Long Stings the past summer were very abundant at Oak Hill, the resi- 
dence of Mr. Herman T. Livingston, in the township of Livingston, 
Columbia Co., New York, and furnished me with a good opportunity of 
studying their habits. While I agree with all that has been so well 
observed and so cleverly presented by your correspondent, I am somewhat 
disposed to differ from the commonly accepted opinion that these insects 
deposit their ova on the larvae of wood-borers. My experience has 
demonstrated that while it may be a fact that these insects deposit their 
ova on the larvae of the Uroceridae or other borers, they do not com- 
monly do so. In every case that came under my observation, the long 
Ovipositor, instead of penetrating through the burrow of a TZremex or 
other wood-borer, entered through wood that had not been previously 
attacked, and though I failed to discover the egg deposited, I am very 
much of the opinion that the deposition is oftentimes, if not generally 
made regardless of the contact with a larva. My observations were 
necessarily confined to such visitations from these insects as were made to 
a somewhat decayed stump of a beech tree, for though there were a 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


number of oaks and other trees close by, their choice was for the beech, 
to which both species were constantly arriving and inserting their long 
Ovipositors. At the close of each day I cut off, to the depth of six inches, 
such portions of the stump as had been attacked, but failed to detect in 
any of the cuttings either the burrow cr larva of Zremex or other larva. 
I also noticed that the wood as exposed by such clippings as I had made, 
attracted the greatest number of these insects. I regard it therefore a 
matter of considerable doubt if either the a¢vata or /unator commonly 
deposit their ova in the body of wood-boring larvae, and it seems to me 
that if these ichneumon larvae are carnivorous, they must possess the 
power of boring in search for their food. I do not suppose that these 
insects perform the great labor of inserting their long ovipositors upon the 
merest chance of meeting with a larva, but rather that they deposit their 
eggs at every insertion, my observations abundantly proving that they are 
not governed by any instinct in the selection of particular spots, so far as 
regards the presence of larvae. 


NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SOME SPECIES OF 
UROCERID. 


BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT. 


Although my collections hitherto have been chiefly of Coleoptera, I 
have, as opportunity offered, captured specimens in other orders, and 
among those thus taken during the past season are representatives of a 
few species of the Uroceridz. I wish now to record a few brief notes on 
these—the more readily because so little regarding this group has been 
published in the Enromo.ocist. 


1. On the 25th of June last I captured upon a recently dead maple 
tree, near my house, two rather small insects, of which the larger had its 
ovipositor inserted in the bark. They proved to be two female specimens 
of Xiphydria albicornis Harris. One was half an inch long, the other 
five-eighths. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


2. About the same date I also found .upon a maple another female, 
which may be only a variety of those just mentioned, or, possibly, a dis- 
tinct species. The antennze are dark ; the head has two scarcely per- 
ceptible white dots ; the legs are much yellower, and only four of the 
abdominal segments are marked with white, the dots being very small. It 
may be medlifes of Harris, which he describes as differing chiefly from 
albicornis in having ‘only four white spots on each side of the abdomen.” 


Length as given by Dr. Harris, four-tenths of an inch; of my specimen 
' five-eighths of an inch. 


3. In looking over my summer collections a few days ago, I dis- 
covered an insect which is evidently a male of one of the preceding 
insects. Unfortunately it had been hastily pinned without labelling, so 
that I cannot give the place of capture or the precise date, which, how- 
ever, must have been in June or July. It is small, being barely three- 
eighths of an inch long ; head of a clouded yellowish-white color, with a 
dark brownish stripe on the vertex; antennz dark; thorax chiefly white 
beneath, and with two V-shaped whitish marks above; wings small ; 
abdomen long and very thin. 


4. Tremex columbia Say is very destructive here to old beech and 
maple trees, especially such as are isolated and growing along road sides, 
or have received gashes or injuries of the bark. The Rev. V. Clementi 
has recorded (vol. 1, page 29) the issue of specimens from oak firewood 
which had been placed near a warm stove. The date of the occurrence 
is not given, but as the number containing the account was published on 
16th Nov., it probably occurred a month earlier. Dr. Packard (Bulletin 
No. 7, ‘Insects Injurious to Shade and Forest Trees”) infers from this 
that the insects mature in the autumn and hibernate as imagines. I can 
find no mention of them emerging (under natural conditions) late in the 
season, although they must often do so, as shown by the following 
instances. On the gth of Oct., 1880, I found one ovipositing in an old 
beech. Knowing that the tree had for some time been much infested by 
these borers, I made a careful examination of it, and soon saw the man- 
dibles and a portion of the head of some insect which was gnawing its 
way through the bark. This operation I hastened with the aid of a 
pocket-knife, and found that it was another large female. Last month 
(Oct.) I kept a careful watch for these insects, to ascertain, if possible, 
whether their‘appearance at such a late date had been an exceptional 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


event. On the rst I found one upon the plank-walk of one of our streets, 
and on the gth a second under some maples bordering another street. 
The following day I went specially to visit some old maples which are a 
favorite resort of these insects, and captured upon one of them a female 
in the act of ovipositing, while upon the same tree were the bodies of 
three or four which had evidently very recently perished in the perform- 
ance of such act. In another tree were a number of holes from which 
specimens had apparently but lately emerged. Although this species is 
so common, I have not yet captured a male (nor even seen one except in 
a collection), yet Dr. Harris, if I remember correctly, describes them as 
swarming around the ovipositing females. I may here add that on the 
30th Sept. I saw one of their chief enemies, viz., a fine female Rhyssa 
lunator Fab., flying actively about. 


s. Urocerus nitidus Harris. The abdomen of this species terminates 
in a triangular point like that of the preceding one, and very unlike the 
long spear-shaped horns of the two following. The females agree in nearly 
all respects with that described by Kirby (see vol. ix., page 148) as Szvex 
juvencus Linn., but the antennz are longer than the head and thorax, 
instead of “‘shorter than the thorax.” Harris describes it, however, as 
differing ‘from the European UW. juvencus in the much greater brilliancy 
of its color and in having shorter antennz.” The female is a handsome 
insect of a deep greenish-blue color; the head and thorax rough and 
hairy, but the abdomen smooth and glossy ; the antenne are black and 
the legs yellow. Harris states that the males are unknown, but I have 
been so fortunate as to secure several. The head, antenne, thorax and 
four anterior legs resemble those of the female. The posterior pair of 
legs are much swollen, and are black, with the exception of the thighs, 
The abdomen is flattened ; the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh segments 
are of a deep orange, or reddish-yellow color, and the last segment is less 
sharply pointed than that of the female. This species appears to be most 
abundant in the latter part of Sept. and the beginning of Oct., during 
which period I captured ten females and three males, as follows: Sept. 
21st, female ; 23rd, male and female ; 24th, female ; 26th, female; 29th, 
2 female; 30th, female; Oct. rst, male; 2nd, male and female; 8th, 
female ; 18th, female. I have also two males of which the date of cap- 
ture is not recorded. They were taken about the beginning of Sept. The 
females measure from three-fourths of an inch to one and one-eighth 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 


inches in length ; the wings expand from one and one-eighth to one and 
three-fourth inches. The males are from nine-sixteenths of an inch to 
one and one-eighth inches long, with about the same expanse of wing. All 
the above specimens were taken in the city, generally in the morning upon 
the sidewalks or fences. The majority of them were under or near 
maples, and one was taken upon a tree box, which has led me to think 
that they may perhaps attack these trees, although I could find no evi- 
dence of their having done so. Probably they may have issued from the 
pine timber or lumber of which there is so much about the city. 


6. Urocerus albicornis Fab. I captured a female of this species on 
_the 22nd of Aug., and another on the 26th. Both specimens were taken 
in the centre of the city, and about the same time other specimens were 
observed flying up and down the street. One was seen to hover for some 
time about a telegraph pole, and all the specimens seen were within fifty 
yards of this pole. The insect was at some distance above the ground, so 
that the pole at that point could not be inspected. The presence of the 
insect on it may have been accidental, and all the specimens may have 
flown from the lumber yards. 


7.  UOrocerus bizonatus Stephens is a handsome species, larger and 
stouter than the preceding one and readily distinguished by its yellow legs 
and antenne, the yellow Jumps behind the eyes, and the two yellow bands 
across the abdomen, from which it derives its name. I cannot yet record 
it as occurring here, although one day about the end of Aug. I saw upon 
a house a Uvocerus which appeared to be this species. It flew away, how- 
ever, before I could closely observe or capture it. There is a specimen in 
the collection of the late Mr. Billings, but it may not have been taken 
here. Kirby (vol. 7, page 159) records it as taken in Lat. 65° and on the 
journey from New York. I have received from British Columbia two fine 
specimens taken by Mr. A. J. Hill, C. E., Can. Pac. Ry. Kirby gives the 
length of his specimens as eighteen lines and their expanse of wing as 
twenty-five lines. These are the measurements of my larger specimen ; 
the length including the ovipositor, without which it is only an inch long. 
Has the male been described? I imagine it must be very similar in 
appearance to the specimen described by Harris as U. abdominalis. 


The males of all the species seem to be rare, even those of our com- 
monest species being seldom seen, 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Not having a monograph, or even a catalogue of the Uroceridae, nor 
access to a good entomological library, I do not know how these insects 
are at present classified. 


TAO ONeNi St BY 


After twenty years work on North American Moths, and being more 
or less constantly employed in determining material, I find my time so 
taken up with it that it excludes other occupation. From this fact, and 
the expense and time demanded by the necessary correspondence, I am 
obliged to make a charge for my labor. All specimens will be returned 
in future, and a charge of ten dollars per hundred or ten cents a speci- 
men will be made for labelling them, exclusive of transport and postage. 


A. R. Grote, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y. 
October 1, 1882. 


ALYPIA OCTOMACULATA. 


BY H. H. LYMAN, MONTREAL, P. Q. 


Last June I was in Boston, from the r4th to the 3oth, and during this 
time Alypia octomaculata was in season and very abundant. Had I chosen 
to carry a net in the public gardens and uptown streets, I suppose I could 
have taken a couple of hundred specimens, always provided that I wasn’t 
“run in” ‘asa lunatic. As it was, I contented myself with carrying a 
supply of pill boxes, and succeeded in taking about thirty-five specimens. 
During two days I was visiting a friend about seven miles from the city, 
but did not see a single specimen of this species ; but in those streets in 
which there were small plots of grass in front of the houses, they were 
very common. ‘The spot where I took the most of those I captured was 
a plot of grass about ten feet by seven, in which there was a Syringa 
between two Deutzias, both species of shrubs being in blossom, The 
Alypias constantly frequented the latter, and were then easily taken with 
a pill box, but though they occasionally alighted on the leaves of the 
Syringa, I never saw them visit the flowers. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
PYRAMEIS ATALANTA, Linv. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc.—Barrel-shaped, the ends narrowing equally and rounded; the 
base flattened over a little space ; from the edge of this start nine vertical 
and straight ribs, at first low, but gradually rising in elevation and after the 
middle rapidly, till at the top they are very prominent, and terminate 
abruptly about the rim of the depressed summit ; these ribs are thin and 
grooved on both sides perpendicularly to the surface of the egg ; between 
them the surface is a little excavated, and smooth ; color green. Duration 
of this stage 5 days in May, 3 to 4 in July. 

Younc Larva.—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, tapering posteriorly 
from 4th segment ; each segment rounded ; color greenish-brown, semi- 
translucent ; furnished with ten rows of black curved hairs, of which two 
are close together on middle of dorsum, two are lateral above spiracles, 
one is partly in line with, partly below spiracles, and one below this ; on 
2 is a sub-oval black chitinous patch, with four hairs on either side the 
medio-dorsal line, three others in vertical line below the patch; 3 and 4 
have five hairs on each side in vertical line, but from 5 to 12, while there 
are five hairs, they form two lines, the rst, 3rd and 5th being in front part 
of the segment; the anal segment shows two hairs on the side, and a 
black dorsal patch, on either half of which are about five hairs ; two 
small hairs over each foot and proleg; on 2 to 4 the hairs are curved for- 
ward, on the other segments back, but on all the lowest row is turned 
down ; so on 2 to q the next row is turned down; head rounded, black, 
with a few black hairs. Duration of this stage in May 4 days, in August 3. 

After rst Moult.—Length .12 inch ; wholly black-brown ; armed with 
7 rows of short, slender, branching black spines , head rounded, bi-lobed, 
the vertices rounded, black, thickly covered with simple, irregular-sized 
black branching spines, each ending in black hair; on 2 is a chitinous 
dorsal bar with simple spines. Duration of this stage in May and August 
2 days. 

After 2nd Moult.—Length .3 inch; very nearly as at preceding stage 
To next moult 2 to 4 days. 


After 3rd Moult.—Length 4 inch ; color more black ; each segment 
several times creased and on the ridges so caused are many minute whitish 


230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tubercles ; in line with spiracles a macular greenish-yellow band, more or 
less pronounced, the spots or patches lying on either side the junctions of 
the segments ; the spines longer in proportion than before, but slender, 
and black; head brown. To next moult 3 days. 

After 4th Moult.—Length .6 inch; in from 3 to 4 days the larva 
reaches maturity. 

Mature Larva.—Length 1.3 inch; cylindrical, obese, the middle 
segments much thickened, all well rounded ; color usually velvet-black, 
thickly sprinkled with fine yellow points, caused by little tubercles ; in line 
with spiracles a series of greenish-yellow patches lying on either side the 
junctions of the segments, and forming a macular band ; but this is vari- 
able, sometimes being obsolete, or nearly, at others nearly, and even 
quite, continuous ; under side smoky-brown ; armed with 7 rows of mod- 
erately long, slender, branching spines, which are usually black; but in 
some examples are pale yellow-white, and more or less reddish at base, 
especially on anterior segments ; one of these rows is dorsal, three lateral; 
the dorsal spines run from 5 to 12; the 1st lateral from 3 to 13; the 2nd 
lateral from 3 to 13; the 3rd from 5 to 12; besides these are smaller spines 
along base and over feet ; on 2 is a collar of 12 small spines, 6 on dor- 
sum, 3 on either side ; feet black, pro-legs smoky-brown ; head rounded, 
bilobed, the vertices rounded, thickly covered with sharp conical black 
simple spines, of varying size, each tipped with black hair; color dull 
black. From 4th moult to pupation 5 to 6 days. 

Chrysalis.—Length .85 to .g5 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen stout ; 

_head case moderately produced, bevelled transversely and equally on both 
sides, the ocellar projections not prominent ; mesonotum high, rounded, 
and bears on summit a small nose-like ridge; the dorsal tubercles rather 
large, more or less gilded, the lateral, in two rows, minute, black ; color 
varies ; usually reddish-gray, more or less densely reticulated with black ; 
the lighter colored caterpillars make light colored chrysalids—greenish- 
gray with usually a bronze sheen over dorsal area ; this is sometimes seen 
in the darker examples ; the whole surface covered with a delicate bloom. 
Duration of this stage about 7 days. 

There is much variation in the color of the caterpillars after 3rd 
moult. What I describe above I have found to be the usual color at 
Coalburgh. But some examples have the whole upper side spotted with 
yellow, covering fully half the surface; others are yellow-green, more or 
less specked brown, and sometimes there are patches of brown on the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 


sides. Usually these last have a confluent, instead of macular, yellow band, 
along the side, and the spines are always light, whitish, or yellow-white, 
with or without red at base. So the head is brown instead of black in 
these green examples, and many of the spines on head are white. 

But English authors describe the larva of Atalanta as considerably 
unlike the foregoing. 

Mr. Stainton, Manual Brit. But., 1857, gives it as ‘‘yellowish-gray, with 
a pale yellow lateral line,” and says nothing of any other color. 

Westwood & Humphreys, in Brit. But., p. 55, say: “The caterpillar 
is of a dusky green color with a yellowish dorsal line and also a pale line 
on each side above the feet.” 

Mr. Edwin Birchall, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 13, p. 210, 1877, writing 
from the Isle of Man, says that the butterfly is very common there and 
almost everywhere in the British Islands, and that in the Isle of Man the 
larve had swarmed in every lane, in 1876 ; and goes on to say: “The 
larva varies in color remarkably, but may generally (perhaps always) be 
classed under one or other of the following descriptions, and yet the color 
of some of them is so far intermediate that the variation can scarcely be 
called simply dimorphic. 

“ry. Ground color gray-green, varying to dingy white, the lateral stripe 
not very distinctly marked. TZhzs zs, 7 think, the typical form, and the only 
one that I have seen in England. 

“2, Ground color intensely black, the lateral stripe white or yellow.” 

Now it is a noticeable fact that my larve at Coalburgh were nearly all 
black in last stage, the lateral stripe usually macular, and greenish-yellow. 
A few examples were yellow-green instead of black, about 5 per cent. of 
the whole, and in these the lateral stripe was more continuous than in the 
black ones, and about 5 per cent. were mottled black and yellow. Here 
were three distinct types of larva. I have noticed the same thing in larvee 
of previous years here, but how it is in other parts of the United States 
I do not personally know. Dr. Harris says: ‘The full grown ones are 
generally of a brown color more or less dotted with white.” Mr. Birchall 
says the British type is gray-green varying to dingy white. This last color 
I have never met with, and the other authors quoted lead me to believe 
that the usual color is gray-green, or yellow-gray, or dusky green, but not 
black. Whereas so far as I know, the American type is black, and the 
gray-green or yellow are the exceptions. 

Mr. Newman also says that the females of A¢a/anta have a small round 


282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


white spot in the scarlet band on fore wings. Mr. Birchall, however, says : 
“The white spot sometimes found on the upper surface of the scarlet 
band is not indicative of the female sex; it was present in about one 
tenth of the specimens (he raised upwards of 100 butterflies), was pro- 
duced from both forms of larvee, and in about equal numbers of both 
sexes. It varies greatly in size, in some specimens being a barely dis- 
cernible speck.” None of my butterflies, at Coalburgh, showed this white 
spot, nor have I any example from any locality which shows it. I asked 
Mr. Lintner to examine his specimens and report on this spot. He 
writes : ‘I have but five, and one of the females has an extra white spot 
in the band in the second median interspace.” 

Atalanta is one of the few species of butterfly which are found the 
world over. In West Virginia, there are three broods of the larva, the 
first in May and early June, the second in July and early August, the third 
late in September, and the butterflies from the last larvee hibernate, hiding 
probably in hollow trees, crevices of outhouses and barns, perhaps among 
rocks, ready to come forth in warm days of winter or early in the spring. 
I always see them about the wild plum blossoms, which are almost the 
earliest of the year. In two or three years of the last fifteen, it has been 
an easy matter to find the caterpillars in considerable numbers, but the 
present season, 1882, has been remarkable over all for their great abund- 
ance. I brought in, one day with another, in June, at least 150, and 
could have had a thousand. We have here Nettles, urticee, which the 
books mention as the food plant of this species, but the False Nettle, 
Boehmeria cylindrica, is almost invariably selected by A¢alanta 2 for 
depositing her eggs. Grapta Comma feeds on the same plant in preference 
to nettles, and sometimes G. /nterrogationts larvee are found on it also. 
The winter of 1881-82 was exceedingly mild, and apparently the mildness 
was the cause of great destruction of hibernating butterfly larvae and 
chrysalids, in this section. Experiments show that larvae of Argynnis 
and Satyrus kept at a low artificial temperature through the winter months 
are healthy, and it is to be presumed that mild weather, which allows but 
semi-torpidity, and more ,or less activity, must be disastrous in many 
cases. Besides, a mild winter encourages predaceous insects, spiders, 
birds, etc., which destroy larvae and chrysalids. Certainly butterflies were 
never so scarce since I have collected, as in the season just past, and many 
species usually very common here were altogether wanting. In the case 
of hibernating imagos, a mild winter may not be unfavorable for their 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Zaye 


preservation. They are supposed to be well out of reach of many sorts 
of enemies in their hiding places. Some years ago, the late Dr. L. K. 
Hayhurst, in charge of a construction force on one of the railroads run- 
ning south from Sedalia, Mo., wrote me that his men had cut down a 
hollow tree, which broke with the fall and disclosed quite a number of 
butterflies, of different species, in hibernation. For myself, I have never 
seen a butterfly in that condition. 

The larvae of Afa/anta are remarkable for the construction of cases or 
pouches in which from the first stage to last they live concealed, and find- 
ing them so plenty, I set myself to watch their operations. But first I 
read up the history so far as books at my disposal gave it. The accounts 
in these books are very meagre, and but half correct. The fullest is given 
in Newman’s Nat. Hist. of Br. But., pp. 62-3, where we read: ‘“‘ The egg 
is solitary, laid here and there on the leaves of the stinging-nettle ; almost 
immediately after emerging from the egg, the little caterpillar draws 
together the leaves of the nettle and feeds in concealment ; as it increases 
in size, it requires more space, and continues to increase the size of its 
domicile wp to the period of pupation ; I have never met with it feeding 
exposed. . . . When full-fed, it constructs a somewhat more elaborate 
retreat ; it gnaws through the petiole of a leaf, or eats the main stalk of the 
nettle within a few inches of the top, not quite separating it ; the part thus 
almost separated falls over and completely withers, and ¢hzs withered por- 
tion ts formed into a compact retreat, secured from casualties of weather 
and from the inspection of birds ; from the roof of this the caterpillar 
suspends itself . . and in two days becomes . . a chrysalis,” &c. 
(The italics in all the quotations given are mine.) 

Dr. Harris, Ins. 1862, p. 294, says: ‘It deposits its eggs in May upon 
the youngest and smallest leaves of this plant (Nettle), not “here and 
there,” as Newman has it, “‘deing cautious to drop only one upon a single leaf, 
As soon as the caterpillar is hatched, 7 spins a little web to cover itself, 
securing the threads all around to the edges of the leaf, so as to bend upward 
the sides and form a kind of trough in which it remains concealed. One end 
of the cavity ts open, and through this the caterpillar thrusts its head while 
eating. It begins with the extremity of the folded leaf, and eats downwards, 
and as it gradualty consumes its habitation, it retreats backwards, till at 
last, having, as it were, eaten itself out of house and home, tt ts found to 
abandon tts imperfect shelter, and construct a new one. This ts better than 
the first ; for the insect has become larger and stronger, and withal, more 


234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


skilful from experience. ‘The sides of the larger leaf . . . are drawn 
together by silken threads, so that the edges of the leaf meet closely and 
form a light and commodious cavity, which securely shelters and com- 
pletely conceals the included caterpillar. This in time is eaten like the 
first, and another is formed in like manner. At length the caterpillar, 
having eaten up and constructed several dwellings in succession, and 
changed its skin three or four times, comes to its full size, leaves off eat- 
ing, and seeks a suitable place in which to undergo its transformations,” &c. 
“ The butterflies from the first brood appear in July, and from the second 
in September” (in Mass.) 

Mr. Scudder’s account is very brief, Butterflies, p. 110: ‘“ The cater- 
pillar constructs a somewhat similar though more perfect nest (i. e., than 
what is called a Tiger Swallow-tail,—whatever that may be, some Asiatic 
species we may suppose), by fastening together the opposite edges of a 
nettle-leaf, the tip of which it eats when too lazy to go from home, until 
there is barely enough lef: for shelter ; c/s weight causes the leaf to droop, so 
that the nest is easily discovered.” 

The only information contained in Westwood & Humphrey’s British 
Butterflies, 1848, on the habits of the larva of A¢a/anta is this: According 
to Sepp., the caterpillar, after it is hatched, selects a Nettle-leaf, which 
it draws together with threads into a roundish, hollow form, leaving for the 
most part az opening into the interior both before and behind, thus serving 
both for shelter and food until almost devoured, when it selects a fresh 
leaf, and proceeds with it in the same manner, one caterpillar only being 
found on a single leaf, thus indicating a peculiar liking for a solitary life.” 

Boisduval and Leconte, 1833, say: “ It lives isolated on Nettle, and 
is almost constantly concealed between many leaves drawn together by 


some threads.” 
(To be Continued.) 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


(Continued from Page 218.) 
CAMPOMETRA AMELLA Guen., 3, 25, pl. 18, fig. 8. 
This genus and species I have accidentally omitted from the “ New 
Check List.” I have never identified the species with certainty. For 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 985 


some time I have conjectured it was the same as Ludolina Stylobata 
Harvey. With regard to the genera separated from Homoptera by Gueneé, 
I have merely insisted on the validity of Za/e in former papers. But I am 
averse to throwing them together until we know the early stages upon 
which Gueneé seems to have relied, using Abbot’s drawings. Another 
reason with me has been (as I have pointed out) that ,Zomopftera is a 
term used in another Sub-order of Insecta. Probably Pheocyma will have 
to be adopted, as the insect I have identified as Lunifera (figured by 
Gueneé) does not seem to me to differ generically from our other species 
arranged under Homoptera. 

The type of Lubolina Impartialis recalled to me the Homoptera 
Stylobata and Mima of Harvey, by the less completely lined secondaries, 
and I have grouped the species near Homoptera, where I am satisfied they 
are better placed, though probably higher than Homoptera and leading -to 
it. Unfortunately I made no study of the genus and cannot be certain 
that the forms are correctly associated. /mpartial’s will probably occur in 
Texan collections ; when I receive a specimen I shall examine it with a 
view to settle its relationship with Campometra and the species referred to 
Eubolina in the “New Check List.” Among the genera I have never 
seen and which I cannot form any opinion upon from the descriptions are 
T haumatopsis and Homophoberia. Although Mr. Smith does not mention 
Cilla Distema,1 de not think this can be the former. Mr. Smith seems 
to have published his “Synopsis ” without knowing a large number of my 
generic types. But he seems to have all of Mr. Morrison’s, and, while 
following my reference of Eutricopis to Melicleptra, he rehabilitates 
Eucalyptera as distinct from Scolecocampa on the position of the labial 
palpi; this did not seem to me essentially different, and the two insects 
have as close a general resemblance as Plagiomimicus and Polenta and 
agree in other characters almost exactly ; I cannot now re-examine them, 
but as the claw on the front tibiae of Z¢sferi is overlooked by Mr. Smith, 
and the exposed cup-like clypeal structure of Plagiomimicus, I feel certain 
that the “‘ Synopsis ” is both unreliable and partizan, and the determined 
use of Boisduval’s and Treitschke’s genera when they have not the sanc- 
tion of priority, confirms my belief that it is written with a bias. Every 
omission to make a complete and faultless diagnosis on my part is made 
much of, while the generic descriptions of other writers, wanting in every 
‘point: such as accuracy of statement, circumstantiality, completeness, 
comprehension of the real affinity of the type (e. q. Polenta, etc.,) are 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


passed upon as if already well described. So that it seems to me that 
Mr. Smith’s refusal to recognise certain proposed genera is not the result 
of their want of given characters but of their authorship. Genera such as 
Rhododipsa (not ‘‘ Rhododispa,” and of the few names, “ Hypsoropta,” 
“‘ Autoplaga,” ‘‘ Pangrapha,” ‘“‘ Pseudoglossa,” “ Lepidomis,” ‘‘ Nolophana,” 
“‘Panapoda,” ‘‘ Melicliptria,’ ‘‘ Macrohypena,” ‘‘Shinia,” etc., are by Mr. 
Smith wrongly written) Bull. U. S. G. Surv., vol. 3, 797, are sufficiently 
described when the eyes, tibiae, clypeus and palpi are noticed comparatively. 
But an author who considers the color of Sanguinea and Florida, and their 
pattern, the same, must be manufacturing his case or be possessed of an 
honest disregard of’ differences. Here, also, Mr. Smith unites Porrvima 
and Rhodophora, although, joined to other differences of armature and 
vestiture, the palpi are ‘‘ horizontal” in one case and slightly “ drooping ” 
in the other. The palpal difference is a//, so far as I can see, to separate 
Eucalyptera from Scolecocampa, and yet Mr. Smith considers them beyond 
question distinct, while Porvima and Rhodophora are united. I do not 
verify even this palpal difference of Eucalyptera and cannot consider the 
genera distinct. As to Metahadena it appears now that it has a claw, and 
the distinction between it and Oxcocnemis is in order; the character is not 
given by its author, whose diagnosis gives no single distinctional character 
from Homohadena. 


YRIAS CLIENTIS, Nn. s. 


Size moderate, a little larger than Guenee’s figure of Progentes. Rather 
light brown with both wings crossed by a number of dark brown, nearly 
equally distinct, transverse lines, a little uneven and oblique, bent superi- 
orily ; the median lines most distinct. On costa the dark costal dots are 
relieved by a pale yellowish shade, obtaining especially centrally. An 
apical black V-shaped mark, enclosed by pale streaks, giving the effect of 
an ocellus. Body untufted, cylindrical. Beneath paler, with three faint 
shade bands on hind wings and two, the inner faint, on fore wings. Fringes 
brown. Arizona. Lxpanse 28 mil. 


Yrias REPENTIS Grote. 


I referred this species originally to Homopyratvis, but it rather belongs 
to this genus, not previously described from North America. This species 
is known by the running inwards of the t. p. line. Zxpamse 26 mil. 
Arizona. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237 


YRIAS CRUDELIS, n. Ss. 

ft 2. Smaller than the preceding ; of a more blackish brown color. 
The subterminal line is inaugurated by a black shade picked out by a fol- 
lowing clay-colored edging. The t. p. line is edged on both sides by a 
similar clay-colored costal shade, and there is a light spot on cell in place 
of reniform. The median shade is diffuse inferiorly. ‘The lines are dark 
and tolerably distinct, relieved at the middle of inner margin of second- 
aries by a pale shade. Beneath glistening, not much paler than above. 
Expanse 20 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


A number of specimens, varying but little in size or appearance. 


(To be Continued.) 


A NEW STATE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR: ILLINOIS. 


Prof. Cyrus Thomas, to whom we are indebted for six out of the eleven 
valuable reports which have been issued by the State of Illinois on noxious 
and beneficial insects, has removed to Washington, and Prof, S. A. Forbes, 
of Normai, Illinois, has been appointed State Entomologst in his place. 
We heartily congratulate Prof. Forbes on his well-deserved promotion, and 
also congratulate the authorities of the State in that they have secured the 
services of one so competent, thorough and painstaking as Prof. Forbes 
has shown himself to be in his published papers on natural science. 


DESCRIPTION OF A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF PHYLLOXERA 
VASTATRIX. 


*DIPLOSIS ? GRASSATOR, DN. S. 
BY REV. T. W. FYLES, COWANSVILLE, P. Q. 


Larva, one-tenth of an inch in length—pointed at the head—rounded 
and blunt at the hinder extremity. First three segments the color of 
amber, and semi-transparent: the rest of the body salmon-colored. 
Nine sets of hooks, or tentacles, in place of feet, the two first in pairs, the 
remainder in threes. The larva has the habit of holding itself erect, by 
means of peculiar anal protuberances which seem to cling by suction. The 


*This insect is referred to the genus Diplosis in deference to an opinion expressed 
by Prof. C. V. Riley, when in Montreal in August last. 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


body has minute hairs thinly scattered over it. On the sides of the head, 
which is small and black, there are bristle-like palpi, pointing forwards 
The larva is full fed by the end of August. 


In the accompanying figure, drawn by 
myself from nature, the larva is shown 
at a, the purpa at 4, and the imago at ¢, 
all highly magnified. The natural size 
of the perfect insect is given at d. 

Pupa, dark brown, about g-100 
of an inch long. The antenne 
cases form a striking feature, project- 
ing on either side about one-sixth the 

length of the pupa, and giving a flat- 
tened appearance to the head. A pair 
of sete mark the position of each 
spiracle, and there is a rounded pro- 
tuberance at the hinder extremity. 


Imaco.— Wings, semi-transparent—beautifully opaline—three-ribbed 
—having the form of the blades of a propeller—fringed with long hairs. 
Balancers conspicuous. <Avzéfenne, setaceous, 24 jointed, having a circlet 
of hairs around each joint. yes, large and black. Thorax, reddish 
brown, with a peculiar hump on the back, behind the wings. Legs, long 
and hairy. Addomen, salmon-colored—has two lines of hairs extending 
lenthwise on the under side. The perfect insect appears early in 
September. 

[This insect was reared by us about the same time as those by Mr. 
Fyles. It was very common in the neighborhood of London this year, 
infesting the gall-inhabiting type of the Phylloxera. The following notes 
in reference to it may be of interest, omitting the description already 
so well given by Mr. Fyles : 

About the middle of August my attention was directed to the foliage 
of some grape-vines, Clinton and other varieties, which were suffering from 
an attack of the gall-inhabiting type of Phylloxera. On opening some of 
the older galls they were found to be free from living lice and occupied by 
one, or in some instances two, small, brown chrysalids, and a number of the 
empty skins of the young lice. On further examination many of the galls 
were found to contain the larve of this same insect. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 


The egg is deposited by the parent fly in the gall, or at its entrance. 
Each gall is usually occupied by several full grown lice, and from 50 to 500 
minute yellow eggs, which are gradually deposited and as gradually 
hatched. The young larva of our new found friend is very active, and 
groping about within the hollow of the gall, seizes on the young lice as 
hatched and sucks them dry. We could find no evidence of its attacking 
the parent lice, as long as the newly-born and tender progeny were 
in sufficient abundance to furnish it with a constant supply of fresh 
food. In some instances one larva, in others two were found in a single 
gall ; but in no instance have we found living lice with the chrysalids, an 
evidence that this insect does its work throroughly. A_ sufficient number 
of galls have not yet been examined to determine with any accuracy the 
proportion occupied, but they appear to be sufficiently numerous to ma- 
terially check the increase of this destructive pest.—|Eb. C. E. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Dear Sir: In the last number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, at p. 
219, by the omission of quotation marks at the beginning and end of the 
piece of poetry, I am credited with the authorship of these lines. This 
is a mistake; my signature should have come after the word ENTOMOLOGIST 
_on the previous page, and the whole of the subsequent part is a quotation 
from the Dublin Penny Journal. By making this correction as soon as 
possible, you will greatly oblige yours truly, J. FLETCHER. 


Dear Sir: In reply to Dr. Hagen’s note I would say that Staudinger’s 
errata does not alter my position (which can be proved by Staudinger’s 
preferring Scabriuscula to Pinastri—l took the Papilio as better known), 
but merely shows that he would have still preferred Sinon, if Podalirius 
had not really been “ Vetustius.” A reference to Staudinger’s “ Preface” 
proves his position and my own. If this note of Dr. Hagen’s is intended 
as a guid pro quo by the good Doctor for my finding himself and Mr. W. 
H. Edwards insufficiently citing Ochsenheimer, I don’t think it a success. 
Habet ? A. R. GROTE. 


Rev. W. J. Holland, of Pittsburg, Pa., wishes to correspond with any 
one in Canada desiring to exchange Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dear Sir: Ina recent number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST is 
a short note by Mr. J. Alston Moffat, part of which concerns two species 
of Cyllene, pictus and robinig. As there appears to be some difficulty in 
properly distinguishing these species, it is probable that a note in the 
ENTOMOLOGIST would assist in making more generally known the char- 
acters published by me a short time since (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1880, 
p. 134, pl. 1, fig. 8). 

If we examine the under side of the two species, noting the form of 
the prosternal process, it will be observed that this in vodznz@ is nearly 
square, so that the front coxz are moderately widely separated. The 
second joint of the hind tarsi is densely pubescent over its entire surface. 
The male antenne are rarely longer than three fourths the length of the 
body, and but little if any stouter than those of the female. Generally 
the W-band nearly always joins the transverse band at the suture. 

C. pictus, however, has a narrow prosternum, nearly twice as long as 
wide. The male antenne are much stouter and at least a fourth longer 
than the body. The W-band rarely joins the transverse band. On the 
hind tarsi the second joint is nearly glabrous along its middle. 

The two species differ also in habitat and time of appearance, fzctus 
living in the hickory and appearing in early spring, while 7edznz@ bores the 
locust and appears in the autumn. Hoping these few notes will prove 
acceptable to your readers, I remain, vours truly, 

Philadelphia, Dec., 1882. Gro. H. Horn. 


A CORRECTION. 


In the October (1879) number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ap- 
peared a short note by the writer on the larve of Lachnosterna fusca. 
These larvee have, by subsequent rearing to the perfect state, proven to 
belong to Allorhina ( Gymnetis) nitida. L. O. Howarp. 


Dear Sirk: Iam satisfied from a recent examination of the imago 
reared from it, that the larval description on page 14, vol. 12 of CaN. 
Ent., should apply to Agzvotis /ncivis Guen., instead of to A. Lubricans 
Guen. G. H. FRENCH, Carbondale, Ills. 

{Printed January 10, 1883.] 


INDEX TO VOLUME XIV. 


Ablepharon Henrici, 107. 
A card, 228. 
A correction, 239, 240. 
Acronycta lepusculina, 221. 
Actias luna, development of, 98. 
Aeshna heros, 56. 
Agonoderus comma, 104. 
" pallipes, TO4. 
" rugicollis, 105. 
Agrotis annexa, preparatory stages of, 207. 

" Dollti, 1. s., 2166 

« hospitalis, 1. s., 184. 

"  incivis, 240. 

" lubricans, 240. 

" niveilinea, 216. 
Aletia argillacea, 9, 99, 150. 
Alypia octomaculata, 228. 
Amara interstitialis, 7. 
Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., meeting of, 136. 
Ancyloxypha dena, 7. s., 5+ 


_ 


Annual Meeting Ent. Soc. Ont ; 137, 140, 177. 


Antaplaga, 74. 
Anthomyia betae, 96. 
Anthomyidae leaf mining, 96. 
Antigaster mirabilis, 35. 
Anytus sculptus var planus, 183. 
Apamea inquaesita, 170. 

"list of species of, 170. 
Apatura celtis, 53. 

" flora, 25. 

" herse, 53. 

" lycaon, 53. 
Aphididae, notes on, 13. 

" of Florida, 88. 
Aphis lonicerae, 13. 
Apple-tree pest, a new, 30. 
Argynnis alcestis, 51. 


"W columbina, 151. 
" cybele, 23, 51. 
" diana, 22, 51. 


" idalia, 20, 51. 
gaa albovenosa, 197. 
Henrici, 170. 
Rohiiead: Wm. H., articles by, 35, 85. 


Bessula, 74. 
Birds, revised check list of, r4o. 
Book’ notices, 118, 139, 220. 
Bowles, G J, articles by, ror, 138. 
Brachyimyla, 2. &+, 77. 

" Lupita, Mt. S.5 77 

" nigripes, N.S, 78. 
Brachypalpus pudcher, n_s., 79. 
Bucculatrix ambrosiae-foliella, larva of, 153. 
Buprestis striata, 7. 


Butterflies, list of, taken in Dacotah and Montana,6. 


Byssodes obrussata, 111, 


Cabbage butterfly, English, 1, 7, 18, 39, 99, 218. 


Southern, 1, 18. 


Callipterus, American species of, 14. 

" hyperici, 13. 

" trifolii, 14. 

" ulmifolii, 13. 
Callopteryx, 178. 
Campometra amella, 234. 
Capis, n. g., 20. 

" curvvata, i. S., 20, 100, 119, 139. 
Catocala polygama var. amida, 120. 
" Walshii, 47- 


Catocalae, list of, taken at Frankford, Pa.. 59. 


" of Illinois, 11g. 
Chalcididae of Florida, 35 

" on some, 48. 
Chalcophora hberta, 7. 

" virginiensis, 7. 
Chambers, V. T., articles by. 
Chariclea, 183. 

Chermes alni, 61. 
Chionobas tarpeia, 120. 

" Uhleri, 4. 

" VAYUNHA, HU. S., 2, 28. 
Choraspilates Arizonaria, 109. 
Chortophila floccosa, 97. 
Chrysomela elegans, 7. 

" labyrinthica, 57. 
Chrysopa, mouth of, 176 
Cicindela limbalis, 8. 


53, 180. 


" longilabris, 8. 

" 12 guttata, 8. 

" purpurea, 7. 

" sex-guttata, 7, 8. 
" vulgaris, 7. 


Clytus pictus, 200. 
Clarkson, F., article by, 223. 
Claypole, E. W , article by, 17. 
Clothes moths, 166. 
Coccophagus aniulipes, i. s., 37. 
Cold applied to larvae, effects of, 22 
Colias christina, 55. 

"  eurytheme, 50. 

» _ philodice, so. 
Colopha compressa, 15. 
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 17. 
Conservula, 212. 
Copaeodes Wrightii, wm s., 152. 
Copablepharon longipenne, i. s., 169. 

" subjlavidens, n. &., 160. 

Coguillett, D. W., article by, 60. 


Correspondence, 38, 60, g8, 119, 137, 180, 200, 


239. 
Cucullia Montanae, 1. s., 175+ 
Cyclica, n. g-, 174. 

" frondaria, 1. s., 174. 
Cyllene pictus, 200, 240. 

"  robiniae, 200, 240. 

Cymataphora datarvia, 4. 8., 173+ 


Debis Portlandia, preparatory stages of, 84. 
Diplosis, parasitic species of, 146, 237. 
" gvassator, N. Sey 237: 


Dodge, Charles R, articles by, 30, 93. 


218, 


242 INDEX TO 


VOLUME XIV. 


Dodge, G M, article by, 39. 
Dozation, 40. 

Dragon flies, migration of, 56. 
Drepanodes puber, 107. 


" sesquilinea, 107. 

" varus, 108. 
Drosophila aceti, 102. 

" ampelophila, roz, 137. 

" cellaris, to2. 

" flava, 102 


" funebris, 102. 


Dury Charles, article by, 176. 


Ecpantheria scribonia, 113. 
Edwards, W H, articles by, 2, 21, 28, 29, 
120, 152, 163, 189, 194. 201, 229 
Ellopia bibularia, 108. 
y endropiaria, 100. 
pellucidaria, 108. 
Endropia arefactaria, 108. 
f vinosaria, 108. 
Entomological notes for 1881, 17. 
z Society of Ontario, annual meeting 
of, 137, 140, 177- 
Entomology, elementary work on, 118. 
eS for beginners, 41, 81, 113, 221. 


49, 84, 


“cc 


Epinyctis, 75. 
Errata, 180, 239, 240. 
Eucaterva variaria, 10g. 
Euchaetes, list of species of, 196 
Eudaemonia Streckerl, 128. 
Lugeniamyla, n 80. 
te ae nM. S., 80. 

Eugonia subsignaria, 30. 

SS wid6ularia, 2. S$.» 173. 
Euleucophaeus, 214. 
Eupelmus, 35- 
VOS@, I. S.. 30+ 
cyntpidis, 1. S., 30. 
Eupethecia gy/sata, 1, so, 188 
Eupseudosoma /Joridui, 2 S., 187. 
Euptoieta claudia, 210 
Eustrotia flaviguttata, 1. s., 187. 


“ 


Fager, LD. B., articles by, 120, 130. 
Fernald, G H., article by, 166. 
Fidonia notataria, early stages of, 199. 
Field notes, 1881, 7+ 
Fletcher James, article by. 218. 
Fota, 2. g , 174. 
“*  armata, i. S.. 175, 181 
minorata, 181. 
Motella, n. g , 181. 
2 notalis, n. 
French, G. H.. articles by, 9, 33, 48, 97, 180, 207, 
240. 


Fyles, Rev. T. 


“c 


Sin ow. 


W., articles by, 198, 237 


Gall mite on nettle tree, 198. 
Gaurotes cyanipennis, 58 
Gehring, Geo. J., article by, 72 
Gelechia gallaesolidaginis, 161. 
Geometride, North American, 106, 
Glaucopteryx aurata, 186. 
Goniloba tityrus, 160, 200. 
Goodell, L. W , article by, 199. 
Goodhue, Chas. F., article by, 73. 
Gortyna impecuniosa, 184. 
Grape berry moth. 178. 

““ phylloxera, r21, 144. 


Grapta comma, preparatory stages of, 189. 
‘«_ interrogationis, preparatory stages of, 201. 
Grote, A, R., articles by, 18, 29, 32, 46, 47, 74, 106, 
115, 116, 119, 128, 134, 169, 181, 195, 196, 212, 
234, 240. 
Gyros, list of species of, 195. 


Hadena aurea, nH. S., 19« 

= hausta, 2. Ss, 217- 
idonea, MS Saye LOs 
Mads OYTO, He Quy 78- 

grandis, N.S, 79+ 
Hagen, Dr. H A,, articles by, 11, 39, 180. 
Hamilton John, article by, 104. 
Harrington, W, H., articles by, 7, 81, 224, 
Heliomata, 110 
Heliophila +/0sa, 2 s, 216. 
Heliothis nuchalis, 186. 
Helotropha, list of species of, 171. 
sera, 170. 

Hessian fly, 139, 142 
Holophora arctata, 127. 
Homoptera edusa, 133, 180. 
lunata, preparatory stages of, 130, 180. 
nigricans, 134. 
Saundersii, 133, 180. 
Homopyralis a/ser ulata, n. Se) 185. 
Hop-vine borer, 93. 
Horn, Dr. Geo. H., article by, 240. 
Hoy, Dr P. R., article by, 100. 
Hybernia tiliaria, 222. 
Hydriomene vefata, nm s., 186. 
Hylobius pales, 8. 
Hyperchiria zephyria, 215. 


“a 


ce 


a 


Icthyura paella, nm s., 33. 
Insects, fossil, bibliography of, 119. 
injurious to forest trees, 118. 
WY injurious to fruit trees in California, 130, 
148, 
noxious and beneficial, r19- 
physiological arrangement of, 111, 134. 
Isosoma Allynii, 2. s., 9, 48. 
elymi, 1. 8., 10, 48, 97- 
hordei, 98. 
triticl, 97. 
[thycerus curculionides, 8. 


ec 


“ 


Jack, John G., article by, 219. 


Kellicott, D. S., article by, 161 


Lachnosterna fusca, 17. 
Last year’s collecting, 57 
Leopard moth, 113. 
Lemonias nais. 25, 50. 

uy Palmeri, 25, 5° 
Leucania phragmitidicola, 197 
Libythea Bachmanii, 49. 
Limenitis ursula, 29. 
Lime-tree measuring worm, 222 
Lintner, J. A., article by, 96 
Lobesia botrana, 178 
Long-stings, 81, 223. 
Luxuriosa, 175. 
Lycaena aster, 7. 


sy 194 
pseudargiolus, 50. 
Lyman, H. H., article by, 228. 
Ly thria_/ultaria, I. Sey 17 4e 


INDEX 


Mamestra elaciata, 2 s., 170. 

“ gnata, N. S., 170. 
Marmopteryx sforsata, #1. s., 215. 
Marten John, article by, 210. 
Mategramma rubrosuffusa, 172. 
Melicleptria celeris, 171. 
Merapioidus villosus, 77. 

Moffat, J. Alston, articles by, 57, 98, 200. 
Monell Joseph, article by, 13. 
Moths, North American, 46. 
Mundt, A. H., article by, 56. 


Nematocampa expunctaria, 110. 
Nematus ventricosus, 147. 


Neonympha areolatus, preparatory stages of, 163. 


" canthus, 165. 
Noctuida, certain forms of, 74. 
" general characters of, 6s. 
" of North America, essay on, 220. 


Nomenclature Zoologus, 116. 
North American insects, oldest figures of, rr. 


Obituary, 176. 

Oncocnemis gviseicollis, n s., 19. 
Ophion macrurum, 43. 

Osborn, Herbert, article by, 6r. 


Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, transactions of. 


220. 
Oxycnemis, 2. &., 182 
" advena, i. s., 182. 


Oxylos citrinellus, 172. 


Paedisea Scudderiana, a gall maker, 161. 
Papilio ajax, 24, 26, 50. 
" cresphontes, 138, 180, 219. 
 machaon, 21, 178. 
" marcellus, 27. 
" marsupia? 177. 
 philenor, 21. 
 podalirius, 180. 
" polydamus, 120. 
"  sinon, 180. 
"  telamonides, 27. 
1 Walshii, 27. 
Pea fungus, 150. 
Pemphigus acris, 7. s., 16. 
" tesselata, 61. 
Pheosia rimosa, early stages of, 73. 
Phorodon mahalek, 13. 
Photinus angulatus, 8. 
Phycidz, on two genera of, 29. 
Phylloxera vastatrix, 121. 144. 
Pieris protodice, 1, 18, go. 
“rape, 1, 7, 18, 39, 99, 218. 
virginiensis, 57. 
Pipiza radicum, 127, 146. 
Pippona, 75. 
Plagiomimicus, 75, 182. 
Plagodes, tog 

" floscularia, roo. 

" rosaria, 110. 
Platycerus quercus, 7. 
Platysamia, 213. 

Pleonectyptera /istovialis, n. S., 188. 
Plusia precationis, 60. 
"simplex, 60. 
Plum cureulio, 17. 
Polenta, 75. 
Polestes annulatus, 7. 
Polyphemus moth, 41. 


“ec 


TO VOLUME XIV. 243 


Poplar dagger-moth, 221. 

Psephenus Lecontei, 72. 

Pseudohazis, 214. 

Pyrameis atalanta, preparatory stages of, 
Pygarctia abdominalis, 20. 


nN 
nN 
Ne} 


Reed, E. B., articles by, 160, 180. 
Republication of vols. 1 and 2, Can. Ent., 151. 
Rheumaptera ##mediata, m. s., 184. 
Rhyssa atrata, 82, 223. 

Me lunator, 82, 223. 
Ripogenus pulcherrimus, 183. 


Samia cecropia, 177. 
columbia, 177. 
Saperda discoidea, 58. 
Satyrus alope, 5r. 
Saunders, W., articles by, 1, 41, 113, 118, 121, 136, 
140, 176, 177, 178, 220, 221, 237. 

Saunders, W. E., article by, 140. 
Segments, number of larval, 52. 
Serica sericea, 7. 
Siewers, Chas. G,, death of, 176. 
Siphonophora asclepiadis, 89. 

" citrifolii, gr. 

" rose, 88. 
var. florid, 88. 

" rubi, 89. 

" solantfoliz, it. S., 92. 

" viticola, 89. 

" dimorphism among the, oo. 
Skinner, Harry, article by, 20. 
Smith, John B., articles by, 65, 100, 139, 197. 
Southern cabbage butterfly, r. 
Sphyracephala brevicornis, 218. 
Spragueia, 172. 


" " 


" on the species of, 32. 
" funeralis, 33. 

" pardalis, 33. 

" sordida, N. S., 217. 


State Entomologist for Illinois, a new 237. 
Stenosphenus notatus, 58. 

Stibadium, 76. 

Stiria, 76. 

Swinton, A. H., article by, 111. 
Synedoida insperata, 176. 

Syrphide, North American, 77. 

Systena frontalis. 147. 


Tabanida, new, 210. 
Tachycellus atrimedius, roq. 
‘Tamila lucens, 175, 
"  tumida, 186, 
Telea polyphemus, 41. 
Tetracis Coloradaria, 107. 
" lorata, 107. 
Tetraneura graminis, 2. s , 16. 
" ulmi, 16. 
Thalpochares fer7ta, 2 s., 1716 
Vhamnonoma /erpallidaria, n. s., 185. 
" quaadraria, n. 8., 185. 
Thecla calanus, on eggs of, 52. 
Therisplectes Cadt/ornicus, n. 8 , 210. 
" CAPtONIS, He S., 201. 
" CEntYON, H. S., 211. 
" haemaphorus, ity Sey 2116 
‘Tinea biselliella, 167, 169. 
" flavifrontella, 166 
"  pellionella, 167, 160. 
"  tapetzella, 168, 160. 


244 


‘Tineola biselliella, 160. 
Tornos escavia, #2 S., 186. 

n tuterruptaria, n. s, 185. 

" ochrofuscaria, 186. 
‘Lortricidae, Fernald’s catalogue of, 115. 
‘Tortricodes bifidalis, 66. 
‘Trama g7tseipennis, 1. s., 183. 
Transportation of eggs aud young larvae, 24. 
Tremex columba, 225. 
‘Trichogramma pretiosa, 147. 
Tripudia, notes on the genus of, 32, 172. 


” lixtua, I. S$. 173+ 
” versuta, 172. 
" list of species of, 195. 


‘Tyroglyphus phylloxera, 121, 127, 146. 


Uroceridae, on the occurrence of some species 
of, 224. 

Urocerus albicornis, 227. 
" bizonatus, 227. 


ee rest 


INDEX TO VOLUME } 


- > ¥: 
Sw. ns Lee 
Ue ate oe - 
iv = 
ea 
Coa i 
pe a “yr 
Urocerus mitidus;/226:..5. eee 
- A ge ft cota 
‘ sf As ae 
Vanessa antiopa, 7. “prt athe) 


1 Milberti, 218. : 
Van Wagenen G H., article by, 138 


+, 
> 


Williston, Dr. S. W., articles by, 77 


Xiphydnia albicornis, 224. 
" mellipes, 225. 


Yeast as an insect destroyer, 38. 
Vrias clientis, 1. s., 236. 

u crudelis, n. S., 237+ 

" repentis, 236. 


Zotheca viridifera, 217. 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 


ASHMEAD, WM, H....... ................JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 
IBOWWAGEISS Ge Jac 22. ee soe oh ae foes) oe ON TRmATS PG): 

OL LANIN TTBS OU ASRS ONG D0 eer CovINGTON, KENTUCKY, 
CLARKSON, FREDERICK..............<....NEwW Yor« Crry. 
CHAM POLES BEWia.ctsase cece. fees an .. YELLOW SPRINGS, OHO. 
OOOWMUBIIM Ds Wie». . .......... ...-...Woopsrock, ILntNols. 
DODGE H: CHARIEBS UR... no.6 202 oc ese _. WASHINGTON, D. C. 
DIQUOCG De Che I | oe _...., GLENCOE, NEBRASKA. 
IDIOSIR NS (GS DANI S31 0] OS a a . AVONDALE, OHIO, 

IBID CANT DIS), WAY] So -_CoALBURGH, West VA. 
PACHTER OEE E D6 a. cote vicina agraeate v's _....CARBONDALE, ILL. 

PIB AL Ds “(OR S1 8 Ue ee ee Orono, MAINE. 
PREECHER, JAMES............ va eses s+ OTTAWA, ONT. 

LAL (CHR ES 1 CLS (ea CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS. 
Ve RB Seow Vie I Wo cs csv arclns eee bee CoWANSVILLE, P. Q. 
GHEIRING, GHORGE J .......... ..+-.-.-. ~CLEVELAND, OnTO. 
GOODELL, L. W......... yee nae fee ae ADLER ST MASS 
COODEHWE. CHARLES F.. ......+.s0- -o-. WEBSTER, N.. H. 
(CHRIOWIB, AIR cs. 2. Je NEw Bricuron, LONG Isnannp, Na Y 
EEAGHN, (DR: Bi Aw:..... Se oo eee ee. CAMBRIDGE. MASS: 
ICAU EOIN: OHIN = 22. .c.ccec--. ose. » MELEGHANY, PA. 
EVARRINGPON, W. H.........- te Orrawa, ONT. 

HORN, DR. GEORGE H.s............. _.. PHILADELPHIA, Pa. 
ERO EDR RS Reo ee scce cs. Pe a ee Pe RACINE: VWuIS: 

1) ANC CQIE WSK Coe a .,.CHATEAUGUAY Bastin, P. Q 
RGB IE ROOMS DS. cee cc cele we cnt ae .... BurFALO, New York. 
TSUN Rei Abee ees. SD. oo. don, wb ete Me aABaNy, NEw ork. 
LAT OCS ERIS ene | ae a ne er Monrreat, P. Q. 
PATE IUEING ORUN( 2. sn. Genesee cs ae ove. / CARBONDALE, IDL: 
MOREA. Je ALSTON. . 2.26. ...050+--.- MAMILUON, ONTARIO. 
SYCOI ST ble OSB 2d 6 Ia ae ree a Str. Louts, Mo. 

IYO DIN FSS ieee .. FATRBURY, ILLINOIS. 
OSBORN, HERBERT........ x See ....AmEs, Iowa. 

REED, fE. Bees o cic EE on Ee eae ee eer aoe Lonpon, ONTARIO. 
SAUNDERS. Wis (he Hditor)........00..54 6% LonbDon, ONTARIO. 

SY AMDINOUEIIRSEVVSIRI okt e ok. SG slsncds atts assed 5 aes Lonpon, On’. 
SSUACTONPIN GL OD 15 Le DAN S01 8 CR PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
SVE SOEING Bs etait, oa Sr ae ec NW) ORK Cir: 

RAV VEMINCLOING LAM arbor Aen rattle i ie gid ora a GUILDFORD, ENGLAND. 
VAN WAGENEN,G.H...... BAL Sie, eae NG Rye, New York. 
VMAS COUN: WOR SG WW ave see vere trees New Haven, Conn, 


ean SM oe waa eel, 
a Aa a o) Laut ey, 
GT HVICrea es , e0Trerive} 


— rut tD Week WAZ, 


Onny -44 is pein me 
erin a were ee 

) A vin pevniay if 

; we seit me IBD: 2) 
ARTE We 

Af ree wine) 


abhl 4@JéAaR oa 


netAW, AGT). 2, 


SPATE AWA 
HHO4 LIT Wied noes) 
i + aa 


ort) xavier 


travel 


weit stone 

Hw ohereae VI 

Cote 4 Ace) fel urna we 
seed Jowrrn wn) 

ed We direaaaé 

THe) AWA EeD 

es Me aA? ee tT | 


wi Mv wil UAE 
OGM ema Sadremren, 


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aor wa oeraaa,. 
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atdh Leurvoasal 


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eM artoul .tA.. 


eIOMLLE cwreMAaY 
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a. 2 


THE CANADIAN 


mNPOMOLOGIST. 


VO TM. Be Ox Ne 


EDITED BY WILLIAM SAUNDERS, 


LONDON, ONTARIO. 


ASSISTED BY 


Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, D.C L., Port Hope, Ont., J. M. Denton, London, 
Ont., and E. Baynes Reed, London, Ont. 


sS 
London : 
PREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY 


22 
1883. 


ne ‘ Wwiths f. el af ts! r~y4] : ? 3 ert. | ¥ fas 
=a A. 
- k EY tear) soasT eco a ee ue 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 


BOWLES, G. J 
BUNKER, ROBERT........ 


CLARKSON, FREDERICK. . 
CGAP OIE SEW idence wos -1° 


COQUILLETT, D. W 
DEVEREAUX, W. L......... 
EDWARDS, W. H 
EVANS, JOHN D 
FERNALD, C. H 
FISCHER, PH........ 
BLETCHER, J... 
FRENCH, G. H.. 

FYLES, REV. T. W 
GEDDES, GAMBLE 
GILBERT, W. W 


GROTE, A. R 
HAGEN, DR. H. A 
HAMILTON, JOHN 
HARRINGTON, W. H 
HEUSTIS, CAROLINE 
HOLLAND, W. J.. 


KEEN, EUGENE L..........- 


KELLICOTT, D. S 
KEYES, HARRIETT H 
DUNTNER, J. A...... 

MARTEN, JOHN 


MOAVRB ATT Te As ic fo7 «es sen 


MUNDT, A. H 
MURTFELDT, MARY E 


OSBORN, HERBERT........ 


REED, E. B 


SCHWARZ, & A......... 
SMITH, JOHN B 


SEE VERS Re Asien temic a ocleiels oie 
BONING Es INI AG as dealer tere Actas wre aves exe 


VAN WAGENEN, G. H 
WALSINGHAM, LORD 


see etece ees ooo se 


Syela.w slieveis ee  ‘ege'< ae) Ww 


IROCB) ISS 1M ee aaa 
SAUNDERS, W. (The Editor)...... .. 
SAUNDERS We Ee 05... oo... 


Ce ee 


SPs ee 6 


WRIGHT, WAG. c5c5 ev icesks 


SIAM MUS OARS DN. (Cn aS Sapo moo pno nanion 


..ORONO, MAINE. 


BELLEVILLE, ONT. 


.PortT Hopsx, ONT. 


MONTREAL, QUEBEC. 
RocHésTER, NEW YORK. 


..NEW YorK CITY. 


AKRON, OHIO.. 
Woopstock, ILLINOIS. 
CLYDE, NEW YORK. 


.. COALBURGH, WEST Va. 


TRENTON, ONT. 


BUFFALO, NEW YORK. 


. OTTAWA, ONT. 


CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS. 
LEVI, QUEBEC. 
TORONTO, ONT. 
ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 
ENGLAND. 


.. NEW BRIGHTON, NEW YORK. 


.. ALBANY, NEw YORK. 


. LONDON, ONT. 


. . LONDON, ONT. 


CAMBRIDGE, MaAss. 
ALLEGHENY, DA. 
OrTawa, ONT. 
PARRSBORO, NOVA SCOTIA. 
PITTSBURGH, PA. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
BUFFALO, NEW YORK. 
WATERTOWN. NEW YorK. 


CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS. 
HAMILTON, ONT. 
FAIRBURY, ILLINOIs. 
KIRKWOOD, MIssourI 
AMEs, Iowa. 

LONDON, ONT. 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 
KINGSTON, ONT. 


LONDON, ONT. 


.. WASHINGTON, D. C. 


. GERMANY. 
.CONSTANTINE, MICHIGAN. 


Co WORT LY Wace Bt 


BROOKLYN, NEW YorRK. 


RYE WESTCHESTER Co., N. Y. 
ENGLAND. 
SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA, 


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Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1883. Wort 


TO OUR READERS. 

With the present issue THE CANADIAN ENroMOLOGISY enters upon the 
fifteenth year of its existence. During that long period it has had many 
friends, but these were never more numerous than at present, for the good 
work it has done and is still doing is recognized by all. While thanking 
those who have so kindly aided us in the past, we solicit a continuance of 
their support, and at the same time would request any of our younger 
Entomologists who may have observed any facts worth recording in refer- 
ence to the habits or life history of any of our insects, to send them for 
publication, and thus aid us in our endeavors to make the fifteenth volume 
at least equal to any of its predecessors in usefulness. 

We also take this opportunity of reminding our subscribers that sub- 
scriptions for the current year are now due. | Remittances should be sent 
to the Secretary, E. Baynes Reed, London, Ontario. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


THE APPLE LEAF-CRUMPLER—FPhyecita nebulo. 


During the winter there will often be found on apple trees clusters of 
curious little cases, partly and some- 
times wholly hidden by portions of 
crumpled and withered leaves, as 
shown in figure 1. The withered 
leaves are firmly fastened to the 
cases by silken threads, and the 
cases to the bark of the twig on 
which they are placed. Each case 
resembles a long miniature horn, 


wide at one end, tapering almost to 
- fe oe “jor : 
a point at the other, and twisted in-~= cas joy ge gh Be 


ee % : iN 
a very odd manner, as shown at @ and 4, ‘figure 2. — It is curiously con- 


Z THRE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


structed of silk interwoven with the castings of the artificer, is lined 
internally with smooth, whitish silk, externally it is rougher and of a yellow- 
ish brown color. 

Within this curious structure there dwells a small caterpillar, which 
during the winter months remains torpid, awakening to activity with the 
warmth of spring. As the leaves 
of the apple tree begin to expand, 
the larva draws those that are near- 
est to it towards the case, and feeds 
on them, retreating quickly within 
its case when danger threatens. 
When full grown it is about six- 
tenths of an inch long, its body 
tapering slightly towards the hinder 
extremity. The head is dark red- 
dish brown and the body dull green- 
ish brown; the next segment to the 
head has a dark horny plate above 
and a flattened blackish prominence 
on each side. The head and an- 
terior segments are shown at ¢ in 
the figure. On each of the other 
segments there are several small 


black dots, from each of which arises a single pale brown hair. When 
mature, which is usually during the early part of June, it closes the end of 
its case, and changes to a chrysalis within, about four-tenths of an inch 
long and of a reddish brown color, and in about a fortnight the moth 
appears. 


When its wings are spread, the moth (d, figure 2) measures about 
seven-tenths of an inch across. Its fore wings are pale brown, with streaks 
and patches of silvery white, the hind wings plain brownish white ; the 
under side of both wings paler. There is only one brood in a year. ~The 
ss in the summer, and the larvae construct their 
cases and attain about one-third of their growth before winter sets in. 


moths deposit their egs 

Where these insects are abundant they become very injurious, consuming 
the young growth as it expands and materially affecting the vigor of the 
tree. To subdue them, pick the crumpled leaves with the cases from the 
trees and destroy them. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a) 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A.M: 
(Continued from Vol. xiv., Page 237.) 


Yrias VOLUCRIS, 0. Ss. 

f. Allied to Repentis, the lines having the same general course, but 
they are brown, not black, and the ground color is darker. ‘The space 
included by the discal rounding of the t. p. line is not so large. The 
reniform shows a black included streak and the black costal dots on 
median space are as in its ally. The angles of the t. a. line are less 
sharp. ‘There is a minute apical black mark on the margin, before which 
a paler shade, an approximation to the ocellate mark of C/en¢is. Onhind 
wings the distinct black mesial line is wanting. Beneath the wings are 
paler at base and the lines very faint. HZxfanse 26 mil. Arizona. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. 

This species has a slight bluish cast above; the underlying color is 
more yellowish and brown. Several fresh specimens, undoubtedly distinct 
from Repentis. 

The species may be arranged in the following order: C/zentis, Volucris, 
Repentis, Crudelis. 


PHEOCYMA UMBRINA, DN. Ss. 

f @. Soft brown, the male broken up by paler whitish linings to 
the subterminal line, the reniform, following the t. a. line and on second- 
aries across the middle of the wing. T. a. line oblique; t. p. line uneven, 
widely exserted ; s. t. line upright, a little indented on vein 2, and just 
below costa. In the female these light shades are wanting and replaced 
by soft brown ; the reniform being a little pale. Fringes dotted, especially 
noticeable beneath, where the under surface is blackish, discolorous, with 
the common extra-mesial line distinct. On hind wings above, the outer 
line is thick and black, expiring before costa, followed by pale lining in 
the male. Fxpanse, male, 32, female 35 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neu- 
moegen, Esq. This species differs by its soft brown color. A fine variety 
of the female has the s. t. line preceded by a dark brown shade, covering 
much of the wing. 


PERIGEA Epoprea, Cram. 
Since publishing the “ New Check List,” I have inyestigated the syn- 
onymy of this species. It has received many names, not only owing to 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


its variability, the bluish-gray shining fore wings being variously deep in 
color and intruded on by the brown shadings, but on account of its wide 
habitat. It is migratory, ascending the coast to Maine. I have taken it 
on Staten Island in October. Mr. Thaxter took it in Jamaica, W. I. It 
is found along the Gulf Coast. It is No. 478 of the “ New Check List.” 

Its natural history will probably be found to run parallel with other 
immigrants from the South. 


CARNEADES, n. gen. 

Like Agvotzs, but with a navel-shaped tubercle on the clypeus. Tibiz 
armed. Eyes naked. Body untufted. Vestiture hairy. Male antenne 
sub-simple, ciliate. Size moderate, like Agrotis campestris. 


CARNEADES MOERENS, 0, S. 
f. Of a faded rusty yellowish fuscous. Lines fuscous, double, rather 
indistinct, scalloped. Stigmata concolorous, the orbicular round, with 
central dark dot. ‘The reniform indistinct, with an inferior stain. Ter- 
minal space a little darker than the wing. Collar with a faint line. Thorax 
like fore wings. ‘The untufted abdomen yellowish. Hind wings pale, with 
diffuse pale fuscous subterminal shading; a mesial line. Beneath pale, 
with common faint line and rather long discal streaks. Arizona. Coll. 
B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


ANARTA SUBMARINA, 0. S. 

Body untufted. Eyes hairy. Apices of primaries sharp. Tibi 
unarmed. Fore wings pale olivaceous gray. Lines marked doubly in 
black on costa, but else single, approaching inferiorly ; t. a. forming three 
curves ; t. p. dentate. Median shade visible. Stigmata lost. S. t. line 
obsolete. A very indistinct terminal series of dots. Fringes somewhat 
fuscous, cut with pale. Hind wings dark, fuscous or blackish, a little 
paler at base ; a mesial line. Head and thorax like fore wings. Beneath 
whitish with a distinct, extra discal, common line. outside of which is a 
diffuse subterminal shading continued on both wings. A discal lunule on 
primaries, wanting, or with hardly a trace of it, on hind wings. Montana. 
Four specimens. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 

The cut of the wings is different from the other species, costa straight ; 
but it may be placed here for the present. 


RHODOSEA, 0. g. 
Looks like He/sophila, allied to Rhodophora. Wings entire, wide, costa 
straight, internal margin parallel, outer margin oblique. Eyes naked, un- 


Or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


lashed. Front very globose and full between the eyes. Fore tibiz with 
two terminal claws ; the other tibiz sparsely spinose. Body untufted, 
abdomen exceeding hind wings. Antenne simple. Fore wings vinous 
pink without marks of any kind, longitudinally shaded. 


RHODOSEA JULIA, 0. s. 

Fore wings pink, the thorax behind and a patch on internal margin at 
base of primaries pale yellow. A pale yellow streak along the cell. The 
color appears as if longitudinally laid on in diffuse streaks. Head and 
thorax in front rosy. Fringes pale. Hind wings whitish, shaded with 
blackish, beneath white. Fore wings beneath shaded with fuscous, except 
at apices and terminally, where they are pinkish or pale; the pale streak 
appears running to margin. LExfanse 34 mil. No. 975. New Mexico. 
Prof. Snow. 

PHAEGARISTA SEVORSA Grote. 

I find that my Fenartia Sevorsa is a member of this tropical genus, 
hitherto undetected in our territory. Our species may be known by the 
yellow undotted hind wings with their even black border, and the details 
of the markings of primaries, when compared with the East Indian 7. 
Transtens, in which the sexes differ in markings. The single specimen 
which I had to describe from has the body somewhat flattened by acci- 
dental pressure, which assisted my mistake in the location of the insect. 
It is otherwise bright and fresh. The genus was not known to me in 
nature previously, and the mistake was an easy one under the circum- 
stances, the species looking much like Lederer’s Chrysaugide. 


SYNEDA Hupsonica G. & R. 

$ $¢. Four specimens of this distinct species, the males witha bright 
brown mesial band on primaries above, are in Mr. Neumoegen’s collec- 
tion from Montana, taken by Mr. Morrison. 

ME.ipotis NIGRESCENS G. & R. 

The male of this species is unquestionably A/avipennis Harv. The 
species is perfectly distinct from Hubner’s Fasciolaris. 


MELIPOTIS STYGIALIS Gr. 

Two specimens in Mr. Neumogen’s collection vary in size. This 
species and JZ. Stnwalis Harvey may be found to fall in with previously 
described West Indian forms. 

MELIPoTIS VERSABILIS Harvey. 

Two specimens in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection make me think that 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


this is distinct and not a variety of /wcunda. Both have been accidentally 
omitted from the ** New Check List.” 


‘TRICHOCOSMIA, Nn. gen. 

Allied to Cosma, but with hairy eyes. Vestiture flattened hair, 
mixed with broader scales on thorax, close and short. Wings entire. 
Abdomen untufted, a little exceeding secondaries. ‘Tibia unarmed. 
Surface of the unlashed eyes covered with short hairs. Clypeus smooth. 
Palpi rather short. The type is a smaller insect than Cosmia Orina, with 
similarly shaped wings. 


'TRICHOCOSMIA INORNATA, N. S. 


f 2. Fore wings faded reddish ochery, markings obliterate. In 
the freshest specimens the pale s. t. line may be made out, a rounded t. p. 
line, somewhat broadly shaded with darker ochery; a stain on median 
vein. Hind wings pure white above and below, immaculate. Thorax 
like fore wings. Abdomen white. Arizona. Six examples. In coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. ; 


Capis Curvata, Grote. 

Mrs. C. A. Fernald has kindly sent me a male which I have examined 
and given all the structural characters possible, but those previously given — 
would allow of the genus being placed next to Szsy7iypena in a synopsis. 


ByssobEs Osprussata, Grote. 

A well marked male in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection from Indian River 
has the fasciz bright yellow ; on hind wings the red spots reduced and an 
orange border to the wing, running also outside the metallic band. The 
color of the common band varies in depth. Veins on secondaries some- 
times marked with yellow. 


URAPTERYX POLiriA, var. FLORIDATA, Nn. Var. 

f %. Belongs to Guenee’s Group 2, but differs in detail from all the 
species he describes. Primaries and secondaries dark yellow, the former 
with a small purple costal v-shaped spot, the wings are sparsely speckled 
with purple, which is gathered into larger patches subterminally and about 
anal angle. A discal dot. Hind wings with a purple straight line bordered 
by a small dark spot before anal angle. Beneath the line is repeated more 
diffusely and above the wing is washed with purplish before line, the color 
widening to internal margin. Zxfanse 44 mil. Indian River. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. 


~t 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The colony of tropical insects at the southern extremity of the Floridian 
Peninsula is one of exceeding interest. The more muscular insects such 
as Sphingide and Noctuidze seem to be often the same species as the 
West Indian. ‘There is probably a constant accession of fresh blood. I 
do not separate the Florida Hdwardsii of Butler from Cuban A/ope. But 
the feebler winged Bombyces and Geometrids seem to differ slightly and 
seem to have undergone a local modification. My notes on the fauna of 
the Peninsula are not yet ready for publication, but they show some re- 
markable results parallel with my already published studies of the distribu- 
tion of the Lepidoptera. 


SCOLECOCAMPA OBSCURA, DN. S. 

Fore wings ochrey fuscous with an interrupted black terminal line, two 
dots on the cell and indications of a rounded, bent, single outer median 
line. Thorax like primaries. Hind wings dark fuscous. Beneath paler, 
without markings on either wing. Palpi obliquely ascending, fuscous. 
Antenne pale. One specimen, Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona. 
Allied to Bipuncta, but darker and stouter. 


PHASIANE [RRORATA Pack. 

A large specimen of this species, which may be known by the broad 
pale yellowish median bands, is contained in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection 
from Arizona. 


SEMIOTHISA S-SIGNATA Pack. 

Arizona specimens vary by the wings being pale ochrey without marks 
except the black, curved inferior portion of the outer line. Again all 
marked with dark blotches. ‘he S-shaped black line is more even than in 
Packard’s figure, but I do not think there is room to suspect a different 
species. 


SEMIOTHISA COLORATA, D. S. 


This is smaller but in form lke Oce//inata. No discal mark on fore 
wings, which show three dark costal spots, the lines obsolete. ‘The wing 
is washed with faint reddish ochrey. Subterminal line cloudy, blackish 
continuous, upright, followed by a paler shade. Hind wings light gray, 
with but little of the warmer -tint of primaries; a discal point. Beneath 
with discal marks on both wings, and with a well marked subterminal band 
on the whitish secondaries. On fore wings above the terminal space shows 
an irregular blackish shading. External margin even. Wings sparsely 


1o 4) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


irrorate. Fxpanse 22 mil. Arizona. Six or eight specimens in coll. 
B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


SEMIOTHISA CALIFORNIATA, Pack. 


9. Mouse gray. Fore wings crossed by three fine brown lines, the 
outer somewhat flexed and dotted on the veins, deeply marked on costa. 
Discal dot an annulus on the bent median shade or second line. Hind 
wings crossed by three lines, the outer broadest and bent, the inner illegible ; 
a solid discal dot above and below. The discal mark on primaries be- 
neath is an annulus. . Under surface evenly and somewhat closely mottled 
with dark. On fore wings above a slight cloud outside of the third line 
between veins 3 and 4. Body gray. Beneath somewhat ochreous and 
pale ; a common narrow and faint dark outer line angulate below costa 
and corresponding to the third line of upper surface of primaries. Hxpanse 
27 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


I re-describe this fresh specimen to show that, while it varies a little 
from Dr. Packard’s description, and this more in the way of looking at the 
markings than in anything real, the Californian species really occurs in 
Arizona. Z 


SEMIOTHISA DrIsLOCARIA, Pack. 

A fine pair of this very distinct and remarkable species is contamed in 
Mr. Neumoegen’s collection from Texas. The pectinated ¢ antenne and 
the discolorous veins and robust form are distinguishing characters. 


PHASTANE NEPTATA, Pack. 

This species occurs in Arizona and resembles dZe//istrigata in the 
color of the lines. ‘The course of the outer line is different. Mr. Neumoe- 
gen’s collection. 


APATELA VULPINA, 0. 5. 

This is allied to Zeporina and. Lepusculina (Populi Riley). The wings 
are not “d’un blanc grisatre saupoudré de fins atomes noirs,” but of a 
creamy, yellowish white, not irrorate. The secondaries are not ofa “* blanc 
sale,” but pure immaculate white. The markings are as in Leporina ;a 
black basal dash; the t. a. line consisting of three black spots; a small 
ringed orbicular sometimes wanting; a small lunate black reniform. T. p. 
line fragmentary but without the dash at internal angle “en T” of Lepus- 
culina, or at most the smallest remnant of it. The markings of these 
three are alike, but V/pina is slight, like Zeporina and would have been 


Je) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


placed in a group with it by Gueneé. The larva has been discovered and 
will be described by Mr. Thaxter. N. Y. (Dr. Bailey.) 


HADENA PLUTONIA, N. S. 

f. Allied to Vu/tuosa; very deep almost black brown. A black 
streak at base on internal margin and black irregular dashes before s. t. 
line. Lines double, marked on costa, else difficult to make out. Orbicular 
oblique, concolorous, a little paler, incompletely black-ringed. The wing 
is of a burnt brown that makes all description difficult by obscuring the 
markings. Anal hairs ochery. Hind wings fuscous with pale fringes, 
Beneath the hind wings are paler, ochery towards inner margin ; a dot and 
two extra mesial lines. On fore wings terminal space a little paler. Palpi 
brown, paler in front. Fxfanse 36 mil. Kelley Point, Maine. Mr. 
Thaxter. 


SpiLosoMA ConGRuaA Walker. 

This species has at length been discovered. Mr. Thaxter has reared 
it from the larva. On my first visit to the British Museum I examined 
Walker’s types and made the following description of his specimens : 

“ ._ Primaries white with a very few sparsely arranged brown dots 
and an S-shaped subterminal brown line, incompletely drawn across the 
wing. Abdomen entirely white. Q. Anterior wings with but one or two 
exterior dots, almost immaculate white. Secondaries immaculate in either 
sex. Inwardly the fore coxz and femora are dark yellow without the 
black spot sometimes in S. Virgénica, than which this species seems a 
little shghter. Beneath the male has faint discal marks wanting in the 
female. Palpi and antenne much as in C. Virginica. All the tarsi and 
tibiz are brown inwardly.” 

The species may be distinguished from Latzpennis by the yellow front 
legs, and from Virginica by the unspotted abdomen. At the time I made 
these notes I had never seen the species, nor have I seen it until now. | 
was doubtful about its being North American ; But very likely it is a form 
that Mr. Strecker calls Antigone, which must join that author's long list of 
synonyms. 


CARIPETA SUBOCHREARIA, N. S. 

Larger than Divisaria and deeper in color. Thorax, head and costa 
of fore wings bright ochraceous. Rest of the wing deep brownish ochrey. 
Outer mesial band followed by a broad, uneven yellowish white shade. S. t. 
line dentate, edged with scattered pale scales, Discal spot yellowish white, 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


rounded. Inner line preceded by yellowish white shading, bent on disk. 
Fringe checkered. Hind wings brown with lead colored powdering. Fringe 
marked with dark at end of veins. Beneath pale brown, reflecting mark- 
ings. ‘Two specimens. Mr. Neumoegen’s collection. North Carolina. 
Expanse 35 mil. 


ONCOCNEMIS CURVICOLLIS, 0. S. 


& 2. Eyes naked. Tibiz with a claw on front pair. Body rather 
slender. Light gray. Collar a little cut out behind, and projected in 
front. (This latter character is sometimes accidentally caused; in C, 
Occata I was misled by it to refer the species to C/eophana.) No lines. 
Transverse lines marked on costa. Orbicular with dark gray centre, finely 
annulate within with pale. The wings show longitudinal light and dark 
marks. Hind wings whitish in male, with improminent smoky borders in 
the female, not as dark as J/ajor, to which this is allied. | Hind wings 
dark in the female. Thorax dark gray. Stigmata much as in AZajor; in 
one specimen the claviform contrasts by its pallor. The orbicular seems 
less sharp. ‘This species seems to differ by the collar beimg more cut out, 
the slenderer body, want of any determinate subterminal markings. 0. 
Curvicollis is before me in three specimens from Arizona expanding 34 mil. 
Neither Atr7co//aris nor its ally, Grisezcol/is, have the collar excavate ; 
Copihadena has no character that I can see. Neither has W/etahadena, 
which, if the front tibiz are really armed, as now stated by Mr. Smith, 
must be referred to Oncocnemis. While Crdalzs and Gracillima 
are allied in marking, Cwurzzco//is belongs to the series of Chandlert, 
Riparia, Major and Aqualis:  Pernotala Gr. shows a faint resemblance 
to the European Campico/a. ‘The genus is fairly numerous in species; I 
should be glad to divide it, but I cannot see on what grounds either of Mr. 
Morrison’s genera are to stand. I relied on Mr. Morrison’s diagnosis that 
the tibia were unarmed in referring Atréfasciata to Homohadena. There 


is no Jonger any doubt that Aiparia is not a variety of Chand- 


fert, as which Mr. Morrison described it. We have now three Eastern 
Oncocnemis: Riparia, Saundersiana and Atrofasciata, besides the Texan 
Occata. In all we have 24 species so far described. Most of the types 
are in the collections of Messrs. Neumoegen, Tepper and Graef. _ I feel 
some doubt about the distinctness of JZajor and Curvicoll?s, the latter is 
slighter and paler, even less distinctly marked subterminally, and the collar 
is more excavate. Agua/is, from California, is also near to these. J/eadi- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. iB 


ana I do not know except from a view of the type. ‘The rest seem very 
distinct. 


PLAGIOMIMICUS Grote (1873). 

The three species which I now refer to this genus agree in the peculiar 
frontal excavation, the smaller of them ( 72Aferz) showing it less promin- 
ently. ‘There is a perfect resemblance in the markings; the position of 
the lines and the dark triangular spot crowning the subterminal field of 
primaries above, especially in the form of the thorax and in the peculi- 
arity of the tegula, which spread away from the thorax and are furnished 
at tips with elevated scales. In the two larger species (Prtyochromus and 
Lxpallidus) the cup-like frontal excavation is completely exposed. 

1. Pityochromus Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., 1, 1827, 1873. Schinta 

media Morr., Proc. Bost. S. N. H., 123, 1875. 
Southern, Western and Middle States. 


2. Expallidus Grote. Montana. 
ge. 2enper? Morr:, Proc. Ac, N.S. Phil., 68/1875 ; Grote, Bull. BLS: 


Neil 75. £576. 
Texas. 

P. Tepperi is a lovely species of a dusky green tinge, and the neat 
markings show very distinctly against the ground color. Mr. Morrison 
gives the unarmed fore tibize as a distinguishing character of Polenta as 
compared with Schinza. But the genus is not allied to Schinza, but to 
fala and Stibadium and Stiria. ‘The characters of the “front” and the 
tegule are not noticed by Mr. Morrison, who based his genus on a single 
erroneous character. ‘The fore tibize are armed in all the species, not un- 
armed in Zepfper7, as stated by Mr. Smith. 


CavrocaLaA SEMIRELICTA Grote. 


In Mr. Neumoegen’s collection is a specimen exactly like my type and 
figure and description : the white patches on the primaries, the pinkish red 
seeondaries, the abbreviate black band, are all represented. ‘There is, 
then, an intermediate specimen in which the fore wings are a little grayer 
all over, and then the type form described as Pura. ‘There is not a 
shadow of a doubt on my mind, after seeing these, that they all belong to 
one species. Documentary evidence exists that before its description Mr. 
Strecker also regarded Pura as the same as Semirelicta, or very near it. 
Finally it seems to have been agreed to refer Semérelicta as a variety of 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


#riseis, and then to re-describe its probably more usual form as a new 
species. 


CATOCALA ARIZON#. 

This has the fore wings more purely brown, a reddish or rusty brown, 
no yellow admixture. ‘The whole wing is tinted with a brownish shade 
and there is not the division of colors as in /umctura. The hind wings 
are pinkish red and the abbreviate band é7vader than in Junctura. ‘Thus 
there is a certain resemblance to Amatrix, which I alluded to in my 
original description. Although without figures these differences cannot be 
brought out in words as they should be, a study of Mr. Neumoegen’s fine 
material will convince any student of the correctness of my separation. 


CatocaLa WALSHII. 

This species as found in Kansas and Illinois, also in New Mexico, 
seems to me identical with dspasia. Arizone isa larger, rich brown 
species reared in Arizona by Mr. Doll and probably identical with the 
Texan form which has been distributed by Belfrage as ‘“ Wadshit.” This 
Texan form is zof the true Wad/shii,and while it has not received a special 
name, I regard it as a variety of Arizone. Walker’s Junctura, according 
to Mr. Butler, is = Wadshii as taken by Prof. Snow. The statement that 
Arizone was = Wadlshii is based on an erroneous identification of the 
latter species, which appears to have been named three times. 


CaTocaLa JUNCTURA Walk. 

Fore wings dusky gray, shaded with yellowish brown over the reniform 
and subterminal space. Base yellowish brown shaded, though often this 
latter tint is confined to the double t. a. line. ‘The two colors are blended 
so that there is no distinctness in the shading. ‘The dentate s. t. line in- 
cludes a paler gray shade. Hind wings pinkish red with the median band 
rather narrow, abbreviate. xfanse 80 mil. Illinois; Ky. ; Missouri; 
Kansas ; New Mexico. 

With this, Wadshiz W. H. Edwards, and Asfasva Strecker, are in my 
opinion absolutely identical. Types in coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. ‘Taken 
by. Prof. F. H. Snow. 

A form collected by Belfrage in Texas, in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection 
and labelled “ Wadshi?,” may be a var, of that species. It is larger. 

I do not wish to name any more varieties in this genus, but in Mr. 
Neumoegen’s grand collection there are two specimens which seem to me 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 


Junctura, but have gray primaries without darker shades. ‘There is also 
an unnamed variety of Verr7//iana with yellow secondaries, from Arizona. 
The synonymy of the species here discussed should be as follows : 

1173 Junctura Wak. 
Walshii Edw. 
Aspasia Streck. 

1174 Arizone Grote. 

1186 Semirelicta Gore. 
Var. Pura Hulst. 

I have Catocala Violenta also from New Mexico, collected by Prof. 
Snow. 
(To be Continued.) 


THE FOOD RELATIONS OF THE CARABIDA AND COCCIN- 
ELLID. By S. A. Forses. From Bulletin No. 6, Ill. State Lab. 
of Nat. Hist., Normal, Ill., Jan., 1883, 8vo., pp. 31. 


Through the kindness of the author, we have been favored with a copy 
of the above paper, which embodies the results of a very laborious series 
of microscopic examinations of the contents of the alimentary canal of insects 
belonging to the Carabidee and Coccinellide. In the Carabide the results of 
the dissection and study of 175 specimens are given, representing 38 species 
and 20 genera. Of the Coccinellidz, the results of the dissection of 39 
specimens are given, accompanied by carefully compiled tables presenting 
the evidence in the most convenient and accessible forms. — Prof. Forbes’ 
experiments show clearly that the opinions hitherto held by Entomologists 
as to the food of these insects are in many respects incorrect. While it is 
shown that the insects belonging to the genus Calosoma live almost 
exclusively on animal food, those of Chlicenius and Galerita to the extent 
of nine-tenths, and those of Pterostichus three-fourths; the species of 
Harpalus take only about 12 per cent. of animal food, Anisodactylus 21 
per cent., Amara and Amphasia 23 per cent., and Agonoderus about 33 
per cent.; the whole series of Carabidz examined averaging 57 per cent. 
of animal food, the remainder being vegetable and consisting mainly of the 
pollen of flowers and the spores of fungi. 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Of the Coccinellidze examined, animal food constitutes but little more 
than one-third of the whole, the other two-thirds consisting of 45 per cent. 
of the spores of fungi, 4 per cent. of those of lichens, and 14 per cent. of 
pollen. Prof. Forbes has laid all who are interested in this subject under 
grateful obligations to him for his valuable contributions to our knowledge 
in this department. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
PYRAMEIS ATALANTA,. Linn. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


(Continued from Vol. 14, p. 234-) 


ON THE LARVAL HABITS. 

The habits of these larvae in Europe may not improbably differ in some 
respects from the habits in America. Our hot summers, as compared with 
England, at least, may compel more or less change. With us, speaking of 
my own district, and of the False Nettle, Boehmeria, as the food plant, the 
eggs I believe to be always laid on the young terminal leaves, as Dr. Har- 
ris states is the case with the Nettle, Urtica. I come to this conclusion, 
not because I have found eggs on the terminal leaves, for I do not remem- 
ber that I have ever found an egg of Atalanta laid by a free female ; but 
because the larvae, in first stage, have always been observed on these 
leaves. | have repeatedly obtained eggs from females tied in bags over 
the food.plant. On ist Aug., 1881, upwards of 100 were so obtained. 
They were laid everywhere, on leaves, stem and bag. When the larvee 
hatched, those on the lower leaves niade an effort to reach the upper ones, 
and finding these occupied, accepted any position they could get, turning 
up the side of a leaf, when necessary. Several lived on the same leaf, 
each in its own case however. But in a free state, the young larva has 
always been found by me on the very small terminal leaf, which it has 
closed up from the base. Dr. Harris says: ‘ /¢ spins a little web to 
cover itself, securing the threads all around to the edges of the leaf, so as 
to bend upwards the sides, and form a kind of trough, in which it remains 
concealed. One end of the cavity ts left open, and through this the cater- 
pillar thrusts its head while feeding.” Vhis does not properly describe 
the proceeding on Boehmeria. On this the newly hatched larva begins at 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1h 


the base of the leaf, and spins threads across it. It is not difficult to 
bring the edges together, as the leaf is but partially opened, the edges 
being somewhat curled in. Within a few hours, the whole leaf will be 
found to be stitched in the manner which I will describe at one larval 
stage later. But an opening is not left at the tip for the larva to thrust 
out its head; nor does it begin at the tip and eat downward. ‘That would 
apply to the larva from second moult onward. The young one eats the 
substance of the leaf within its case, at some distance from the tip, leaving 
the framework untouched. It makes its resting place quite close to the 
base, and there it will remain till after it has passed the first moult. The 
case at this stage is never so eaten that it does not afford protection to the 
larva, and protection at the youngest stage is most important, as it is then, 
if ever, that the little ichneumon-fly deposits its egg. ‘The net-work of the 
frame of the leaf would seem sufficient to keep out many sorts of 
enemies. Most of the feeding is done at night. At last, some morning, 
the tenant will be found to have deserted its case, and to have shut itself 
up in one of the second pair of leaves, and it is now past the first moult. 
I experimented on several larvee just past this moult. One was placed on 
the terminal leaf of a plant set in a flower-pot in my room. A few mmutes 
later, it had descended to the secovd pair, and taken possession of one of 
them. Its first movement was to gnaw nearly through the mid-rib quite at 
the base of the leaf, and also to cut a hole on either side the rib at the 
break. The leaf was thus made to droop several degrees, and at the same 
time the sides moved closer together. ‘Then spinning began. ‘Threads 
were laid obliquely across the open space, one end fastened to the base of 
the leaf on one side, the other a little above the base. After the edges 
had been bound for a short distance in this way, a change was made and 
threads were spun directly across, and over the first ones, begin- 
ning at the base. One set of threads drew the edges, the other held them. 
Then the oblique threads were laid again, and the cross threads, and so 
on, alternating, till at 90 minutes from the start, sometimes working, some- 
times resting, the little creature—.2 inch only—had closed half the 
length of the leaf. It had also spun some cross threads within, which 
would help hold the sides in place. Next morning the leaf was com- 
pletely closed, and to get a view of the larva I had to slit the case with 
scissors. ‘This was the usual mode at the younger larval stages, only that 
at the first, on the terminal leaf, the rib was not bitten nor were holes 
made at the base. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


My larve displayed much ingenuity, overcoming obstacles, and by no 
means proceeded always in the same way. Another just past first moult, 
descended as before to second pair, but instead of breaking the rib to let 
the leaf fall, set itself to attach threads to the upper leaves to hold its leaf 
up, and then closed the edges. Doubtless it had its sufficient reasons for 
so building. In this instance, the leaf stood at about 30° above horizontal, 
in the first, the leaf had been a little below horizontal. 

A third larva at same stage proceeded in quite another way. It re- 
mained on the terminal leaf, and stitched one edge of it to the near edge 
of one of second pair; (in this plant the pairs of leaves alternate on the 
stem, one being at right angles to the other). An hour later, it was 
stitching the other edge of the other leaf of the second pair. After another 
hour, it had begun to draw up the tip of its own leaf and at length got 
this turned over and bound down, shutting itself in a sub-triangular case, 
very different from the usual one. During the next few days I could 
discover no trace of this larva having fed, and on the fourth day, it had 
left its case and closed up a leaf by the edges, after biting off the stem, as 
related in larva No. 1. At the lower, or tip end as it hung, this case 
touched the next leaf below perpendicularly, and was stitched to it, and 
that day and the next the larva fed off the tip of its case, and as fast as 
eaten this was drawn down to the lower leaf, so that the open end was 
pretty well closed against the ingress of any enemy. The following day, 
seeing no change in the eaten parts, I cut the case and found the larva 
dead, and a cocoon of an ichneumon-fly by its side. 

Finally, a fourth larva overcame many troubles in this wise. It was 
placed on one of the second pairs of leaves, andit closed the edges without 
biting the mid-rib, until it had gone one-third the length of the leaf, when 
it returned and broke the mid-rib and also eat the two holes at its base. 
We may suppose that the larval mind at first decided that the leaf would 
come together without the rib being broken ; and second, discovered that 
this was a mistake, whereupon rectification was made. At all events, 
that is what a human architect would have done. After which the larva 
proceeded to close the rest of the leaf;—all this occupying three hours. 
Next day I accidentally broke off this case, and pinned it to another leaf. 
The following morning the wilted case had been deserted, and a fresh leaf 
was being closed up. A day later this last case fell of itself, but struck a 
lower leaf, and presently was bound to it by a few threads. ‘Three or four 
hours later my larva had climbed another stem of the plant, making a 


THE CANADIAN EN'TOMOLOGIST. 17 


journey of some twelve inches in length, and there it found and closed 
another leaf. This made three cases by this one small larva. The day 
after it took possession of the third case, I found it dead, with a cocoon 
by its side. It would seem as if a premonition of what was to happen 
impelled these parasitized larvee to make extraordinary preparations for 
their final resting places, and I have constantly observed that an unusual 
amount of spinning had been done, coating the inside of the case thickly, 
where dead larve were found. ‘These cases are closed more carefully 
than others, so that on inspection it is difficult to find an aperture which 
would admit anything. I have seen no other parasite about Atalanta 
larvee than the fly, Apateles gelechie, and a single cocoon of this, when 
found, has always rested by the side of a larva of second stage, and no 
other. 

The question may be asked, when does the fly deposit the egg which 
leads to the destruction of the larva? It is not laid in the egg, for if it 
was no larva would emerge therefrom. Butterfly eggs are often stung by 
parasite flies so minute as to be scarcely discernible, and from the egg, a 
few days later, will issue several similar flies, each about .o2 inch long. I 
apprehend that our larva is stung by this fly just after it has come from the 
egg, and before it has made for itself a case, for except at this little interval 
of time, the leaf is closed. And when a hole is eaten in the side, the 
netting spoken of would apparently suffice to keep out this particular 
enemy. In the next stage there is no such close protection, and probably 
not much need of it, for I have not found an Az¢a/anta larva infested at any 
stage after the second. Accordingly, after the first stage there is nothing 
to screen the holes made in the case, the nerves being eaten as well as 
the substance of the leaf, and I have never been able to find a web, or 
threads extended across the opening. When the whole outer end of the 
case is devoured, as sometimes happens in second and third stages, there 
is nothing to prevent any enemy entering. — 

The fly then stings the larva, most likely at the very beginning of the 
existence of the latter, deposits in the body a single egg, and from that 
there is hatched a grub which feeds on the fatty portion of the larval 
interior, avoiding any vital organ, till at the close of the second larval stage 
it has devoured nearly all but the mere shell, and is itself then full-grown, 
and eats its way out of the side of the dying larva. Presently this grub 
has encased itself in a cocoon of its own spinning, a white cylinder, .15 
inch long, and there it lies by the remains of the caterpillar, in the tomb 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


she had spent so much labor upon, and which now serves to protect the 
cocoon, until, a few days later, a pretty, gauze-winged fly, not much over 
.t inch long, comes forth, ready to begin its career of destructiveness. 

This is one of Nature’s ways of keeping down butterfly caterpillars. 
But the parasites that aid in this work are themselves kept in check by a 
similar process. On one occasion I found quite a number of minute flies 
issuing from one of the Atalanta parasite cocoons. ‘They would: have 
been unnoticed but that the cocoon was lying in a closed glass tube. A 
hole was discovered, as if made by a pin, and through this the flies had 
come. In this case the secondary parasite must have found its way into 
the apparently tight case of the caterpillar, and stung the grub of the 
Apateles just as the latter broke its way out, and while it was yet 
naked.* [| found also a minute red spider inside one of the cases witha 
grub of the fly, and spiders do their part in keeping down parasites. 

But to return to our larve. One in 3rd stage ; that is, after 2nd moult, 
very soon closed the large leaf it had been placed on, first biting the mid- 
rib. ‘This habit of severing the rib obtains quite to the last stage, as is 
evident from inspection of the deserted cases met with in my searches. 
Another in same (or 3rd) stage rested for two days under the bit of leaf it 
was attached to when I pinned it to the plant, making no attempt at a 
case, but went outside the bit of leaf to feed. The third day it moved up 
the stem and took possession of a leaf of the second pair, but instead of 
bringing the edges fully together in the usual way, did so but partially, 
and twisted the end of the leaf up and over till the case was completely 
closed. 

A larva in 4th stage, 7. ¢., after 3rd moult, began at once to draw the 
edges together, not having bitten the mid-rib. ‘The case was closed at 11 
a.m. By 3 p.m., same day, this larva had constructed a new case, quite 
capacious and made of three leaves. Before deserting the first one, it had 
eaten fully half, from the outer end. Next day, it had bitten off the main 
stem of the plant, just above its case, and had eaten the top leaves. This 
larva finally, after its 4th moult, left the plant and pupated in the top of 
the guaze bag, which covered the plant and flower-pot. 

| brought in another larva, which had just passed its 3rd moult. After 
moving about and examining several leaves, at 30 minutes from arriyal, it 
had established itself between two of the second and third pair, which 


_ * Mr. Howard, of the Agricultural Dept., Washington, informs me that this little 
fly is of the genus Tetrasti¢hus, the species probably undescribed. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 149 


happened to come near together, the upper one drooping. When I first 
noticed what was doing, the larva was busy in bringing the edges of the 
two leaves on one side together. An hour later it had brought both sides 
together, and soon after eat a large piece out of the lower leaf. Two days 
later, it had made another case, in this instance also finding and making 
use of two horizontal leaves. To reach these leaves it had gone down one 
stem twelve inches and up the other as much. In this last case this larva 
passed 4th moult. Soon after, I took it out and laid it near the top of the 
stem, turning up three leaves and pinning the edges of the middle one to 
the other two, so leaving the upper side open. An hour later, the gap had 
been closed by bringing the edges of the two outer leaves in, and all the 
tips were drawn together. A fourth leaf had furnished a meal. Next 
day the case was spoiled, half eaten up, and the larva had escaped, there 
being no bag over the plant. But it was recovered and placed in a fresh 
plant, and soon made a*commodious case by bringing three or four of the 
topmost leaves together. _ Two days later, it had suspended for pupation 
from the apex of this case. ‘This is the only instance in which I have 
known one of these larvae to pupate on the food-plant. 


Another day I brought in one which had passed its 4th (and last) 
moult. At night it was resting quietly on the stem of the plant, but in the 
morning was found shut in a roomy case, made by biting the stem near 
the top, so that it fell over, though it was not separated, and this, with two 
large leaves, were made into the case. Late that day the case had shriv- 
elled, and the occupant being forced to leave had got on the outside of it. 
But presently it had brought down another leaf and bound it lengthwise 
to the case and concealed itself thereunder. One day later pupation was 
found to have taken place at the top of the bag. The behaviour of this 
larva partly agrees with what Newman relates, so far as to the biting off 
the stem and making a large case, and had not this shrivelled, perhaps the 
pupa would have been formed within it. In my searches, | came on one 
full-grown larva concealed in exactly such a case as I have just descnbed, 
and had to regret afterwards that I had not tied a bag over it, in order to 
see whether pupation occurred in the case or not. But, except in this one 
instance, I have never seen that sort of a case, nor have I ever found a 
chrysalis suspended to the food plant, in or out of a case. Surely | would 
have found chrysalids on the food plant if it was usual for the larvee to 
pupate where they fed! Dr. Harris must be right when he says that the 
larva ‘searches for a place in which to transform.” Very probably Mr. 


20 5 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Newman is right also when he says that in England pupation occurs in the 
cases, on the food-plant ; and the difference is caused by climate. 


[ constantly came upon empty cases one-half and two-thirds eaten, and 
it is plain that the larva in its later stages may occupy and devour two or 
three per: day. 

The summing up of these observations is this: the young larva, when 
on Boehmeria, conceals itself very soon after it has left the egg, by bring- 
ing the edges of its leaf together. It does not now go outside to feed, but 
eats of the substance of the leaf, rejecting the framework. Here it remains 
till after the first moult, and then migrates to a larger leaf and closes the 
edges of it, after biting nearly in two the midrib and cutting two holes at 
base, to cause the leaf to droop and the sides to come together more 
easily. It feeds inside the case, at some distance from the tip end, and its 
resting place is near the base. Here the second moult passes, and that 
over, another move is made, rendered necessary by the case having been 
much eaten. After the third moult, and usually not before, the end of the 
case is devoured, beginning at the tip, and thenceforward there is no 
special protection to the larva against parasites or enemies. Finally, after 
having built, occupied, and half devoured several cases, the larva goes 
away from the food plant to pupate. 

The one occupation of the larval life is to secure privacy, in the early 
stages, with a prevision of nasty flies and spiders, and in all stages, with 
a detestation of sunshine, daylight and bad weather; and to effect this 
they labor long and industriously. ‘Their cases once made, they may 
enjoy a rest, and lie curled up and asleep probably, except when impelled 
by hunger to arouse themselves. And they do not have to forage for a 
meal as most animals do, but may devour of the walls of the houses they 
live in. When there comes an end to this supply, they set forth to find 
suitable leaves, out of which they shall construct other houses, to be eaten 
in like manner. Even though they occupy these but an hour or two, and 
they serve for but one hearty meal, they must be closed up as if a month’s 
residence was anticipated. 

We have no other butterfly in our fauna whose caterpillar has a habit 
quite like that of Ata/anta; Paphia Troglodyta Fab. (Glycerium Edw. 
But.) would seem to come nearest to it. Some of the Graptas make shel- 
ters in the nature of sun-screens or umbrellas, as G. Comma and G 
Satyrus, not intended probably as a protection against enemies. 


(Printed February 14th, 1883.) 


Che Canada Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1883. No! 2 


DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW LEAF-EATING COLEOPTEROUS 
LARVA. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


The following larve (with the exception of the one first described) 
have the usual Chrysomelid form of which the well-known Colorado 
Potato Beetle may be taken as a type. In Chrysomela pallida, Say, the 
body is more elongate, approaching the Cocc?ne//ide somewhat in form. 
With the exception of Zema co//aris, Say, which forms a sort of cocoon 
among the leaves, they all enter the earth to pupate. A few of the fol- 
lowing larve have been described by various authors, and are introduced 
here merely for comparison. 


CHRYSOMELA PALLIDA, Say. Body black, elongated, much wrinkled 
and roughened ; the sutures of the segments and the venter some- 
times tinged with brown; head and cervical shield polished black ; 
length 8 mm. Lives in communities on poplar. Several of these larve 
entered the earth to pupate June rst, and the beetles issued about June 
tgth. (Determination of Dr. Horn.) 


CHRYSOMELA CLIVICOLLIs, Kirby. Body pale, flesh-colored, on 
each side of the body is one row of 8 black dots; cervical 
shield dark brown ; head a little lighter than the body, marked on each 
side with two black dots ; length rr mm. Lives on Asclepzas. Several 
which I found on Asclepias Sullivantii July 19th, entered the earth July 
23, and the beetles appeared about August 9 ; another specimen issued 
from the pupa July 25. Two were taken /~ co’tw June 19 ; the male was 
the smallest and darkest, and had only one black spot at the tip of each 
elytron, while in the female this was divided into two spots. 


DORYPHORA I0-LINEATA, Say. Body dark pinkish or yellowish flesh ; 
on each side of the body are three rows of black dots, the upper row not 
extending upon segments two and three ; the dots in the lowest row are 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


much smaller than those in the other rows ; cervical shield color of body, 
bordered behind with black ; head black ; length 10 mm. 


DoRYPHORA JUNCTA, Germar. Body pale, yellowish flesh color; on each 
side of the body is one row of eleven black dots ; cervical shield dusky, 
broadly edged all around with black ; head pale; length 10 mm. 
Feeds on Solanum Carolinense. (From Riley in Amer. Ent. vol 1, p. 43-) 


CHRYSOMELA MULTIGULTIS, Stal. Body dull white ; a dark colored 
dorsal line on which is a row of brown spots ; on each side of the body 
are two rows of brown spots ; head yellowish brown, marked with a 
black spot on each side ; length 10 mm. Feeds on Hazel. Found 
several July 4th ; these were bred to the perfect state, but I neglected to 
note the date when the beetles issued. I have taken the beetles 7” coitu 
June 13th. (Determination of Mr. E. P. Austin.) 


CHRYSOMELA BiGspyaNa, Kirby. Body white, tinged with yellow ; 
spiracles black with a white dot in the centre of each ; on each side of 
segments 2 and 3 is a curved black dash, the curve downwards ; cervical 
shield concolorous, marked with a blackish spot in the ‘middle of each 
outer edge ; head yellowish brown, occelli black, in two clusters ; length 
to mm. Feeds on Willow. Found two August 13 ; these pupated 
shortly afterward, and the beetles issued Sept. 5th. (Determination of 
Dr. Horn.) 


CHRYSOMELA SIMILIS, Rogers. Body whitish, mottled with green and 
yellow ; spiracles brown or black ; head pale yellowish brown, ocelli 
black ; length 7 mm. Lives on Ambrosia artemisiaefolia and Bidens 
Srondosa. Found June 12, July 21, and August 22 ; those taken July 
21 pupated July 31, and the beetles issued August 5. I have seen the 
beetles zz covtu July 22nd and August 2. (Determination of Mr. E. P. 
Austin.) 


LEMA COLLARIS, Say. Body pale yellowish white ; spiracles brown ; 
cervical shield brownish black, or marked with blackish ; head black, 
clypeus sometimes tinged with yellow ; length 5 mm. Lives on Thistle 
(Cirsium lanceolatum), and feeds mostly on the under side of the 
leaf, sometimes burrowing between the upper and lower cuticle, always 
leaving the former untouched. When fully grown they spin an_ irregular 
cocoon which somewhat resembles the frothy mass of a spittle-insect, the 
outside being in small, irregular, oblong pieces, somewhat resembling 


_ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ao 


small Microgaster cocoons. Several which I found on the 8th of July 
constructed their cocoons July 12th and the perfect insects issued about 
July 25. (Determination of Dr. Horn.) 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 
BY Al oR? GROTH, “Ay M: 
(Continued from Vol. xv., Page 13.) 


CaTocaLa CoELEBs Gr. 

The fore wings are 4/ack with a grayish white subterminal shade. A 
strongly marked variety of Badia with the fore wings drown, was mistaken 
for Coelebs by Mr. Strecker, and was the occasion of its reference to 
Badia. Buta sight of many specimens leads me to believe that the true 
C. Coelebs, with black fore wings, grades into Badia, and is only to be 
regarded as a variety of it. But this could not have been predicated of 
the type. The two extremes are exceedingly distinct and different 
looking. 


EXENTERELLA Grote. 


I propose this generic term for Awentera Gr., preoccupied in Insecta. 
Now that we have Mr. Scudder’s work on genera, there will be more cer- 
tainty about generic names. _I notice that Rhododipsa is not included in 
Mr. Scudder’s list. In speaking of the omissions in my review of it, I.did 
not intend that any idea of purposed favoritism should be conveyed by my 
words. I merely regretted that some authors should have been so fully 
and others so sparingly represented. Had the proof of my paper been 
sent to me, I[ think I should have changed the wording to a simple expres- 
sion of this regret. 


HeEMILEucA Walk. 
. 
Since examining the species carefully, as far as they are accessible, the 
following modification of my arrangement in the ‘* New Check List,” p. 
20, is proposed : 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Genus Hrmiteuca Walk. 
Type: Bombyx Mara Drury. 
S$ Eucronia Pack. 
Maia Drury. 
Var. Nevadensis Stretch. 
Grote Hopffer. 
Juno Pack. 
Diana Pack.—— 
§ Euleucophaeus Pack. 


Yavapai /Veum. 
Tricolor Pack. 
Sororius Ay. dw. 


Genus ARGYRAUGES Gr. 


Vype: Euleuc. Neumoegent Hy. Edw. 
Neumoegeni Hy. Adw. 


In the foregoing list the sign indicates that I have not examined 


the species. 

ToRNos EUPETHECIARIA, NL s. 

Male and female. Very small, light, whitish gray. Male antenne 
pectinate ; female simple. — Faint discal mark on primaries, which have a 
subterminal shade line and traces of others, very faint. Secondaries whit- 
ish, marked on internal margin, with fine black terminal line and white 
fringe. Beneath whitish with faint discal mark on primaries. wxpanse, 
male, 17 mil.; female, 16 mil. The female’ is more gray and _ fainter 
marked. Arizona. 


ToRNOoS PYGMEOLARIA. 


Male and female. Blackish gray ; lines and dots almost imperceptible. 
Hind wings fuscous with white fringes. Beneath pale with faint discal 
dots on both wings. |The female has the disk of secondaries paler and 
the discal dots on both wings more evident. Arizona. Axpanse, male 
18 mil., female 19 mil. 


These small Geometrids may be known from their inconspicuous mark- 
ings, and by the pectinate male antenne may be separated from small 
Eupethecue, which they resemble. I have taken Zornos in Alabama; the 
abdomen is curled up over the thorax’ in repose. TZ: Escaria, female, 
expands 30 mil., and another female 28 mil.; the male 26 mil. — Several 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


specimens of 7! /nterruptarva, temale, expand from 26 to 30 mil. 7! 
Ochrofuscaria, female, expands 25 mil. Besides these, a number of speci- 
mens in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection seem intermediate between 7. Hscarva 
and 7: Pyymeolaria, but | hesitate at present to describe them. 


TETRACIS VIDULARIA, Grote. 

Two female specimens in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection are more brown 
speckled about apical region and smaller than the two typical female indi- 
viduals. The male has not yet appeared in collections. ‘This is congen- 
eric with Coloradaria. 


‘THAMNONOMA PERPALLIDARIA Grote. 


A second male from Arizona is of a more reddish, deeper color than 
my type from New Mexico. ‘The species may be known by the feathered 
antenne and the two ochre brown straight lines on primaries arising from 
blackish costal dots and the fragmentary s. t. line, inclining inwards. 


AZENIA EDENTATA, DN. S. 


Male. ‘The infra-clypeal plate prominent. | Above it a broad, frontal, 
projected plate, the outer edge of which is roundedly scalloped instead of 
forming three sharp teeth as in 4. /mplora. As my type of Splora is a 
female, | thought at first | had to do with a secondary sexual character 
which on other grounds seems improbable. The thick labial palpi lie 
obliquely along the face. hardly exceeding the clypeal projection. — Fore 
wings dark yellow. ‘There seems to be no marks but a small costal dot ; 
fringe concolorous. Hind wings fuscous. Beneath yellowish ; fore wings 
shaded and with a fuscous subterminal band. ‘Thorax and head dark 
yellow ; abdomen pale. Size small like its congener. Arizona. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. 

ONCOCNEMIS PERNOTATA, N. Ss. 

Allied to Saundersiana; base of primaries washed with light gray : 
t. a. line double, even, dark brown, slightly curved. Orbicular and reni- 
form subequal, completely defined, gray. with central mark ; claviform 
solid, black. ‘I. p. line double, a little uneven, running inwardly and 
nearing t. a. line on internal margin. S. t. line wanting. Veins marked 
with black terminally. Median and subterminal fields washed with light 
gray ; terminally the wing is brownish. Collar light yellowish gray ; head 
darker. Fore tibia armed with a claw. Eyes naked. Hind wings with 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


broad diffuse blackish border and white interlined fringe. Beneath slightly 
yellowish with broad borders to both wings. A dot and fragmentary inner 
mesial line on hind wings. ‘Thorax gray; abdomen yellowish gray. 
Anzona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Distantly resembles the European 
Campicola,; very distinct from any species described by me. 

AGROTIS CITRICOLOR, Grote. 

Agrees with types of Cztrzco/or, but the markings are distin t; the 
colors are pale yellow, somewhat ochrey on the thorax, and the terminal 
space is fuscous, the fringes a little reddish or brownish. Median lines 
faint, pale fuscous, the t. a. single, very faint, the t. p. apparently single, 
denticulate. Orbicular hardly noticeable ; reniform moderate, pale black- 
ish or fuscous ; s. t. line pale ; terminal space narrow, blackish or fuscous ; 
fringes whitish or tinged with brownish. Hind wings pure white. Beneath 
white ; costes yellowish; faint traces of spots and lines. Oak Creek 
Canon, Colorado ; Coll. J. Doll. In Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 

Is apparently not different from Cvtvzco/or, but the terminal space is 
not “brownish,” but fuscous, without any warm tint, and the lines are dis- 
tinct. The species is somewhat variable, I take it, in the amount of mark- 
ings expressed, and there is no room for the erection of a second yellow 
Agrotis at the expense of Crtricolor. It has a frontal tubercle and I 
refer the moth to Carneades, it being congeneric with C. moerens. 

AGROTIS MUSCOSA, 0. s. 

Female. Form rather stout. Fore wings of an even smooth gray with 
an ochre tinge. Markings obsolete. Median shade distinct ochre brown-’ 
ish. Stigmata concolorous ; reniform with a blackish inferior stain. Lines 
double, marked on costa by small black dots. Abdomen whitish, marked 
with ochre-brown at tip. Collar and thorax tinged with ochre-brown. 
This species must not be confounded with any of the forms of Auxcliaris, 
which it approaches somewhat ;‘it is not so large, and appears stouter, with 
a resemblance to the Zudricans group. Oak Creek Canon, Colorado, J. 
Doll legit. In Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 

Piusta EcGena Guen. 

This species must be added to our fauna. Mr. Neumoegen and Mr. 
Hy. Edwards have received it from Indian River, Florida. Gueneé 
describes it from Brazil. Our specimens are hardly “ d’un carné rosé,” so 
far as the ground color is concerned, but pale rosy brown. Some of our 
Plusias are widely distributed ; according to Berg P. A7/oba is found also 
In Chili. 


bo 
~T 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


TETRACIS SIMPLICIARIA, 0. S. 


Size rather small for this genus. Fore wings pale reddish ochrey, 
entirely evenly colored, crossed by two median pale yellow lines, inner a 
little curved, outer slightly bent. Costal edge yellow with faint speckles. 
No darker marginal line. A minute discal dot. Hind wings whitish with 
a broad vague outer yellowish shading, fringes paler; no marginal line or 
any marks on internal margin. Male antenne slightly pectinate. Thorax 
like fore wings; these latter beneath reflect markings of upper surface. 
Apices pointed, below them the margin is incurved to vein 4, where the 
external angle is well produced. xfanse 30-31 mil. Arizona, J. Doll. 
New Mexico, Prof. Snow. 


CHESIAS FRONDARIA Grote. 


Too late to make the correction in print, I found that this was our first 
discovered species belonging to this genus; our species is larger and its 
resemblance to the European did not strike me. The genus is not found 
either in California or the East. The fauna of Arizona and New Mexico 
contains representatives of European genera not found elsewhere. Dr. 
Packark’s Chesias Occidentaliata was wrongly determined generically, 
and the moth proves to be Zupethecia Subapicata of Gueneé. 


FIDONIA ALTERNARIA, 0. S. 


f. Orange brown above; the primaries crossed by three fuscous 
bands ; the inner continuous over the cell at about middle of wing ; the 
two outer broader, brought into relief on costa by the whitish yellow 
ground color which there obtains between them. Hind wings with a very 
indistinct basal line continuous with inner line of primaries ; a narrow line 
continuous with second line ; a broad band continuous with third line and 
a marginal series of brown marks. _ Beneath fore wings orange with the 
three bands distinctly repeated ; margin brown ; ante-marginal space and 
costal region at apex white. Hind wings white with three broad brown 
bands and terminal brown marks ; the ground color distinctly and almost 
equally broadly obtains between the bands. #xfanse 22 mil. New 
Mexico. No. 1,024. 


This is allied to Stadachtaria, but differs by the equal alternating white 
and brown bands of under surface of secondaries, the continuous line of 
fore wings above over middle of wing and the less deeply marked and 
more separate outer bands, 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOL GIST. 


FERALIA Jocosa Guen. 


2. Notuntil now have I seen the female. The narrowed, naked, 
lashed, compound eyes distinguish this from J/omophana Comstocki. It 
is not possible to consider Womophana and Fera/ia identical. The larger 
eyes, smoother vestiture, less retracted head and broader clypeus suffici- 
ently distinguish AZomophana. As to Comstock?, | was wrong to suggest 
that Gueneeé’s var. of /Jocosa was probably Comstock?. 1 did not know 
then the variability of Jocosa. I have sufficiently explained that Dip/thera 
is a Hubnerian name proposed originally in the same sense as JZoma has 
been used. I have restricted Moma to AZ. Astur Hubn. Verz., and 
restored its original signifieance to Diphthera, where it embraces D. 
Fallax H.-S. 

Antenne simple. “Beneath tinted with green. Hind wings with 
mesial black lines including a black lunate discal spot; a subterminal 
blackish shade on costal region. The rough vestiture, sunken head, short 
palpi distinguish Fera/ia. 

A specimen from Mrs. Fernald, defective and faded, leads me to sus- 
pect a second species. 47. Comstocki seems very rare, and I cannot again 


go over the characters from fresh specimens ; but the genus is valid unless 
we consider it as a group of Diphthera (in sensu mihi), which I am not 
as yet prepared to do. 


MAMESTRA SPICULOSA, N. S. 

Allied to Ciunabarina and Herbimacula. Fore wings light brown, 
with the median vein, the t. p. line and stigmata finely marked in white. 
Cell shaded with black ; a black spot below median vein on median space. 
A pale greenish shade on internal margin subterminally ; outer edge dark, 
cut by the fine pale irregular s. t. line. ‘T. p. line angulate opposite cell. 
Orbicular oblique, small, a white ring with dark centre ; reniform very nar- 
row, upright. Hind wings white. Body brown. Two specimens. Zx- 


‘ 


panse 25 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


HOMOHADENA INCONSTANS, 0. Ss. 

f @. An obscure fuscous gray species with naked, lashed eyes ; third 
palpal joint small; female ovipositor visible. Size and appearance of 
/nduta, but with the look of an Agroftis belonging to the Sz/ews or Lagena 
group. ‘Transverse lines all lost; stigmata wanting. In the female the 
veins are marked with black, the median vein most decidedly so. In the 
male there are no marks. The head is smoky and the collar paler. Hind 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


wings fuscous, paler at base and paler in the male; the veins soiled. 
Beneath pale and without markings ; there is a faint indication of a com- 
mon line which appears dotted on hind wings of male. Arizona. Three 
specimens. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


HOMOHADENA VULNEREA, D. S. 

9%. Eyes naked, lashed. Tibize unarmed. Fore wings light brown. 
T. a. line obsolete ; t. p. line black, single, well removed outwardly ; three 
black median costal dots. A black dash at base below median vein. 
Stigmata very small, inconspicuous, pale; a black dash on cell on each 
side of the orbicular. Veins finely black at extremity, else tending to be 
pale. Fringes checkered. Thorax like fore wings. Hind wings pure 
white. Beneath with only a common dotted exterior line. Arizona. Coll. 
B. Neumoegen, Esq. Two specimens. 

This species is very simply marked. ‘The eyes are plainly lashed, but 
in the type of the genus, HZ dadistriga, after renewed examination, I am 
not certain that they are, though I incline to regard them lashed. 


MAMESTRA FERREALIS, N. Ss. 

Allied to MWamestra Cinnabarina, var. Ferrea, but larger. Bright 
brown. Orbicular circular, bright brown, with central dot. Reniform* 
upright, very slightly medially constricted, with a central line hooked into 
two dots. TT. p. line double, black, with white included shade. Subter 
minal space washed with whitish, leaving a brown patch at costa. Terminal 
space narrow, brown at apex, afterwards blackish. Subterminal line whit- 
ish, preceded by a narrow brown shading. A blackish shade between the 
stigmata on cell. A blackish shade on costa over sub-basal space. Basal 
half-line white. A broad shade submedially across median space, deepen- 
ing before t. p. line, where it is cut by the brown median shade. Hind 
wings fuscous, with extra-mesial line. , Beneath primaries purply brown 
with a black costal shade outside of the common extra-mesial line. Thorax 
rather pale, collar and tegule with black lines. Abdomen tufted, reddish 
fuscous, somewhat brighter beneath. Montana. Mr. H. K. Morrison. 


Expanse of Noctuide. 
The following measurements have been omitted in my late descriptions: 
Fota armata, 32 mil. 
‘“  minorata, 24 mil. 
Fotella notalis, 28 mil. 
Oxycnemts advena, 21% mil, 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


HEPIALUS FURCATUS. 

Dark sable brown. A broad submarginal band furcate below apices 
and continued irregularly along internal margin, paler than the rest of the 
wing, variable in width, edged with dark, almost black scales, and with a 
blackish marginal submedian shade spot. Two or three pale marks on 
costa within the short inner branch of the band, which is not interrupted, 
and, the fringes of secondaries being checkered, divides this form from 
Dr. Packard’s Zabradoriensis, unknown to me. Fringe of both wings 
checkered with pale. Hind wings uniform pale sable brown with two 
marks on costa, which may indicate transverse bands. Body dark sable 
brown. Size of 4 Graci/is, but much darker. Four specimens agree 
very nearly. On primaries, the external margin and the middle of the 
wing are more distinctly warm brown, and on the disc are traces of an 
incomplete inner transverse band. One specimen (a @ ?) is a little larger 
with the subterminal band very wide. Beneath the subterminal band is 
partly reflected. Mr. Hill. Adirondacks. 


MEGACHYTA INCONSPICUALIS, 0. s. 

A little smaller than Deceptrica/7s and darker. Fuscous gray shaded 
outwardly with blackish. Inner line single, uneven, arising from a hardly 
accentuated black costal mark.- Outer line denticulate, merely rather 
gradually widening to costa. S. t. line upright, pale, very fine; a discal 
dot. Hind wings like primaries with two extra mesial pale-shaded lines, 
the inner indistinct, the outer with the following pale shade more apparent 
at anal angle, as in its ally. This species is smaller and darker than 
Deceptricalis, with the median lines hardly accentuated on costa, especially 
is this latter character true of the inner line, which is more irregular. Two 
specimens. Mr. Hill. Adirondacks. 


ARSILONCHE HENRICI. 

I have again examined four specimens of A/bovenosa. We have the 
species united by Mr. Morrison solely on Dr. Staudinger’s authority, and 
that Dr. Staudinger is not difficult in such matters is shown by his refer- 
ence of our Grapte as varieties of the European species. The dark 
shades are darker and look quite different in A/bovenosa. I never saw any 
Henrici (and I have seen I should think a hundred) look like them. 
Henrici 1 took three or four of on Staten Island in 1881, and again two 
this year at light. Also one Aésidum, which seems to me cannot be a 
mere variety. It differs less than many varieties, but it has more char- 


Pa EE a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31 


acters. It is not unlikely then that Mr. Smith’s Canadian correspondents, 
whose mistakes he has drawn attention to in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 
are really more correct in calling the species Henr7c7, but the genus Abde- 
okorna must be withdrawn. I have found that my Canadian correspond- 
ents were always careful and well-informed, and I must say that, so far as 
the JVoctuide are concerned, that there is more accurate knowledge gener 
ally distributed than in any of the other of the larger groups of moths. 


SaLtia RUFA, n. s. 

Primaries brownish gray crossed by three oblique, yellowish, narrow 
lines. Inner line with a costal projection. The first discal dot is close to 
it. The middle line is a little waved and followed by a diffuse black shad- 
ing, which obscures the outer discal dot. The outer line is a little bent at 
the middle and loses itself to apex. The subterminal field which follows 
is suffused with reddish brown and limited by a very fine irregular line ; 
terminally the wing is again brownish gray and shows a faint festooned 
line ; fringes paler, a little brownish. Hind wings fuscous gray with brown- 
ish fringes, beneath with black discal dot and outer line, the surface paler, 
irrorate. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. xfanse 22 mil. 

Differs in color from our Eastern .S. Zxterpuncta Grote, but of about 
the same size. /adopa, signifying “ bald face,” and not appropriate, is - 
younger than Hiibner’s names, as stated by Zeller; and Saéza is the oldest. 

Twenty-five years ago, in my sixteenth year, | commenced the serious 
study of our nocturnal Lepidoptera. At that time probably not more than 
fifty kinds were named in any of our public or private collections. Now, 
of the one family Woctuéde, alone, we have over sixteen hundred species 
recorded in our books. ‘To my early letters requesting information for 
myself, I received no satisfactory replies; instead, boxes of specimens 
were sent to me to name. Iam happy that some of my first correspond- 
ents still consult me, and that friendly relations exist between myself and 
almost all the students who have asked for my services. 


NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF XYLOTRECHUS 
ANNOSUS, Say. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETY. 
In the month of April, 1880, I cut down a willow tree and cut it up 
into “ sled-lengths,” when no traces of borers could be seen. Early in 
March of the following year, while cutting this wood for the stove, | 


32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


found it to be infested with the larvee of some species of longicorn beetle ; 
I placed some of the sticks in one of my breeding cages where it remained 
undisturbed until the 7th of May following, when I found that nearly all 
the larvae had assumed the pupa form. The next examination was made 
two weeks later, when nothing but perfect beetles were found. From this 
it would seem that this species requires only one year to complete its 
transformations. 


1 am indebted to Dr. Horn for determining the above species. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF DIURNAL LEPIDOP- 
TERA, FOUND IN BRITISH AMERICA AND THE 
UNITED STATES. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


ARGYNNIS BUTLERI. 

Alhed to 4. Chariclea. 

Male.—Expands 1.4 inch. 

Upper side dark fulvous, the base of primaries largely black, of second- 
aries still more, the black area extending to middle of disk, effacing all 
markings ; the spots of both wings outside the basal area as in Chariclea, 
but the narrow spots on primaries are unusually large, with ragged edges, 
and the mesial band is heavy and diffused; on secondaries this band is 
lost in the black ground. 

Under side of primaries nearly as in Chariclea, but there is scarcely any 
yellow at apex or along hind margin, all this area being deep red; a few 
yellow scales only at apex and in middle of the marginal interspaces, to 
represent the spots and patches of Chariclea; the submarginal lunules 
almost lost in the red ground. 

Secondaries deep red, there being no yellow on the extra-discal area ; 
-the-submarginal lunules and the rounded spots lost in the red ground or 
very obscurely indicated ; the light band which limits the basal area is of 
same shape as in CHariclea, but is nearly covered with red, the long tri- 
angle at end of cell, and the rhomboid on costa, alone being white ; from 
this band to base the color is intense red, with a few white scales in the 
interspaces at base; the macular silvery line around hind margin as in 
Charicled. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Jo 


Female.—Expands 1.5 inch. 


Similar to the male, the basal areas black, but the spots still more 
diffused. 

Under side as in the male, but there is a little more yellow at apex, and 
in the interspaces along hind margin are streaks of yellow. Secondaries 
intense red from base nearly to the rounded spois, and the edge there is 
fringed with clear white scales next costa, and white mixed with bluish or 
slate-colored on posterior half; these dark scales edge the nervules nearly 
to margin ; the extra-discal area is same red, but over a yellow ground, the 
yellow no where distinctly appearing ; the round spots and the submar- 
ginal lunules same red as the base ; the silvery line as in male. 

From 1 f taken at Cape Thompson, North-west America, July 19, 
1881, and 1 § taken at Kotzebue Sound, July 14th, 1881, by Mr. E. W. 
Nelson, of the U. S. Signal Service. 

These examples differing markedly from any Argynnis in my collec- 
tion, I sent the male to Mr. A. G. Butler ‘for determination. Mr. Butler 
replied: ‘It differs from Chariclea in the redder coloration, and much 
heavier markings on the upper surface ; the basal area is blacker, the spots 
and stripes much thicker. Below, the markings are altogether darker than 
in Chariclea of Europe. Your example agrees perfectly with a specimen 
(in Br. Mus. Col.), labelled Nova Zembla, and with two of the Grinnell 
Land series, included under Mr. McLachlan’s varieties of Chariclea. It 
is in my opinion worthy of a distinct name.” 

I take pleasure in naming the species after Mr. Butler. 


ARGYNNIS EURYNOME Edw. 

Var. ERINNA. 

Upper side in both sexes like the type form; on under side secondaries 
much covered with dark ferruginous, and sometimes even the belt between 
the outer rows of silver spots is more or less densely covered with same. 
In one 2, except for a paler shade in the interspaces (but still ferrugin- 
ous) on the area of this belt, the entire wing would be solid ferruginous, 
very little mottled with yellow buff on basal part of the disk. | One male 
is nearly as dark. Others, of both sexes, are more or less mottled with 
yellow buff, and the belt is of that color, clear. ‘There is an absence of 
green (olive) in all examples under view. If it were not that among 
these are some exactly like examples from Colorado, without green, I 
should consider the present as a distinct species. I have 12 ~,4 2 from 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Spokane Falls, W. T., sent me by Rey. W. J. Holland, Pittsburgh, Pa.; 
and 1 2 taken in Colorado by Mr. Mead in 1871. Also I have a female 
nearer the Colorado type of Hurynome, by Mr. Morrison, at Mt. Hood, 
Oregon. ‘This is very small, dull fulvous above ; the belt spoken of dark 
yellow buff, the disk to base pale ferruginous, mottled with dull green. 
Two females from Big Horn, Mont., agree with this, but are large as the 
usual Colorado form. 


PAMPHILA CARUS. 

Male.—Expands 1.1 inch. 

Upper side light brown, with a shght tint of yellow; primaries have 
two minute yellow white sub-apical spots on costa, two others directly 
below these in the two upper median interspaces, and an obscure spot at 
outer end of cell; the stigma a straight, slender black bar, extending from 
upper median nervule to sub-median. Secondaries have, on the disk, in 
line parallel to hind margin, a curved row of obscure and minute yellow- 
white spots on the upper half the wing ; fringes dull white. 

Under side of both wings brown ; the costal margin of primaries and 
inner margins of both wings, dusted with yellow-white ; so also the hind 
margins for a narrow space ; all nervures and branches yellowish ; pri- 
maries have the spots of upper side repeated, enlarged; there are now 
three costal spots, two at end of cell, two in median interspaces, and one 
in cell; on secondaries the row is distinct, all the spots enlarged, the line 
curving round outer angle ; a large spot in cell. 

Female.—Expands from 1.1 to 1.25 inch. 

The upper side marked by an oblique row of white spots extending 
from upper discoidal nervule to inner margin; three costo sub-apical 
spots ; one at end of cell; the spots on secondaries distinct. 

From 1 male and 2 females received some years ago from the late 
Jacob Boll, and taken by him in West Texas. The species stands near 
Rhesus Edw., resembling it in size, general color of upper side and white 
fringes. But the male AZesws has no stigma, the fringes are purer white, 
and there is considerable difference beneath, ‘The presence of a stigma 
however is enough to enable one to distinguish Carus at sight. 


PAMPHILA MiLo. 

Male.—Expands 1.2 inch. 

Upper side bright red-fulvous, the hind margins of primaries pale 
brown nearly to cell; the stigma a black narrow ridge, nearly straight, bent 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 


down a little towards outer end, edged on both sides by black scales ; on 
costal margin three small translucent spots, and two next stigma on the 
two median interspaces ; no black spot or patch beyond stigma towards 
apex. Secondaries have a narrow and darker brown margin, and all the 
disk and basal region is bright fulvous. 

Under side of primaries pale ferruginous; the translucent spots 
repeated, not enlarged; a black mark indicating the outer end of stigma, 
and black next base. Secondaries paler ferruginous, the disk a shade 
lighter than the margin. 

From 1 male, from Mt. Hood, Oregon. Near Agrico/a Bd.; same 
size ; the fore wing less produced; stigma same shape, but there is no 
dark patch beyond it; the translucent spots are not found in Agricola; 
below paler colored, and no black at inner margin of primaries. 


PaPHIA MOorRRISONIL. 

Male.—Expands 2.7 inches. 

Primaries scarcely at all produced, the hind margin but little concave. 

Upper side bright red, with no spots or marks, except that the arc of 
cell on primaries is narrowly edged on both sides by brown scales ; apex 
and the edge only of hind margin dusted lightly with black. Secondaries 
have the costal margin whitish or hoary; the hind margin dusted with 
black and very scantily for about two tenths inch inward, scarcely obscur- 
ing the red ground; mixed with the black on the marginal edge, especially 
between the tail and inner angle, are dull gray scales; near the margin, a 
complete series of yellow points, one on each interspace; tail short, 
spatulate. 

Under side gray-white, dusted thickly and quite evenly with pale black, 
though rather less on the marginal areas ; the inner half of primaries red- 
tinted ; primaries have no bands or spots; secondaries have a narrow 
nebulous stripe across the disk limiting the slightly darker area to base. 

Body reddish above, thorax light gray-brown beneath, abdomen yellow- 
white ; legs yellowish ; palpi yellowish, with brown hairs at and near tip ; 
antenne brown, imperfectly annulated with gray; club black, tip ferru- 
ginous. 

Female.—Expands 2.3 to 2.75 inches. 

Primaries more produced, the apex ending in a sharp point. 

Upper side dark red; costal margin of primaries narrowly edged with 
brown ; apex of same wing and hind margins of both wings bordered with 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


pale black, more narrowly than in 7. 7roglodyta,; preceding this is a 
band, sometimes of a paler red than the ground, sometimes of same shade, 
and only imperfectly indicated by the brown indistinctly defined line which 
limits its basal side ; this bandis shaped much as in 7roglodyta, but comes 
considerably nearer to hind margin, thereby restricting the width of the 
dark border, and also of the dark apical area, and is less incurved on the 
median interspaces; on the arc of cell a narrow black crescent; on 
the outer half of secondaries is an obscure continuation of this band, 
which passes imperceptibly into the ground color; the yellow points are 
continued across both wings. Under side same shade as in the male, the 
basal and discal areas on primaries darker than the marginal. 


From one male, from Western Texas, in the collection of Mr. B. Neu- 
moegen, and 3 females, taken by Mr. Morrison, on Mt. Graham, Arizona. 
The male is brighter red than 7Zrog/odyta Fab. (Glycerium Edw., not 
Doubleday, Andria Scud.); the wings of purer color, with scarcely any 
black margins. In the example under view, the discal spot is brown and 
obscure, instead of black. ‘The female has a marginal border not half the 
width of that of Zrogdodyta, and the obscure band, not always paler than 
or differing from the ground, follows more closely the margin. 
Both sexes have yellow dgts in the interspaces near the margins on hind 
wings, and the female on fore wings also. The under side is gray-white, 
instead of a greasy gray-brown, and there is almost an entire absence 
of markings. I sent one of these females to Mr. A. G. Butler, together 
with one of the Illinois and Western species. Mr. Butler replied that there 
was nothing in the Museum collection like this Arizona example, nor did 
he know of anything of the kind having been described. I name it for 
Mr. Morrison, whose arduous labors have so greatly enriched the 
American collections. 


With regard to the Illinois species, Mr. Butler pronounces it Z7ogdo- 
dyta Fab., a conclusion to which I had myself come, after an examination 
of Cramer’s figure of Astinax, last fall in Philadelphia, at the Academy. 
It-seemed to me that the figures of Cramer were unmistakable. The 
synovymy of the species then is: 


P. TrocLopyta Fab., Syst. Ent., 502, 1775. 
Astinax Cramer, iv., 337, f. A. B., 1782. 
Glycerium Edw. (not Doubl.), But. N. A., Vol. 1. 
Andria Scud., Bull. Buff. Soc., 11, 248, 1875. 


_— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1882. 


‘ 


BY PROF. E. W. CLAYPOLE. 


My removal from Yellow Springs, Ohio, to New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, 
has had the effect of breaking off the line of my entomological work, or at 
least throwing it into a rather different channel. Among the first results is 
a notice of the striking difference between the two places in regard to 
insect depredations. In my experience last year a great part of the time 
was occupied with fighting insects. The cherry weevil, the potato worm 
and beetle and the apple worm were the ringleaders ; but after them came 
the blister beetles, the turnip flea, the corn worm, the squash bug, e¢ muta 
a/ea. Here, at least during the present. or rather past season, the ravages 
of all these have been quite insignificant. Foremost stands the potato 
beetle. As soon as the young plants came up I followed my usual plan 
of picking them off and dropping them into a tin having a few spoonfuls 
of coal oil at the bottom. By this means they cause no trouble in crawl- 
ing out again. Though the season was rainy, and therefore the opposite 
of the last, yet I found two applications of the poison dust (1 part of 
London purple and 60 parts of wood ashes) quite sufficient to keep the 
plants free from the young grubs. [I am inclined, however, to recommend 
the use of plaster instead of ashes in a wet season. It seems to adhere 
better to the leaves when rain falls on them. 

To my surprise there was here no second brood of the beetles this 
year. A few belated individuals appeared, but nothing that deserved the 
name of a brood. Of course the earliest potatoes were ripe before the 
usual second emergence, but the late ones grew and were green almost till 
frost came, but were perfectly uninjured after the beginning of July. I 
cannot learn if this is usual, for I can find no one who has been sufficiently 
observant, or. who is sufficiently acquainted with the habits of insects in 
general, and with those of Doryphora ro-cineata in particular, to tell me. 
They come, they are here, they go, but when, why and how they come 
and go is a matter which no one here seems to have considered. Another 
year I shall try and make more general observations on this point. 

Not only is the potato beetle less mischievous here than it was in Ohio, 
but all the others named follow suit. The. apples are much less infested 
with worms ; blister beetles I have scarcely noticed ; corn worms are quite 
innocuous, and as for the cherry weevil, though the crop this year was not 
heavy for all kinds of cherries, and the fruit should, therefore, be at its 


38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


worst, I have not seen a score of them all throughthe summer. I noticed 
one or two on my own trees showing the crescent cut, but no more. It 
was almost as safe to eat the fruit unexamined, as it is in England. 

By the way, I never hear any apprehension expressed concerning the 
migration of Conotrachelus nenuphar across the Atlantic. Though fruit 
is less abundant there than here, yet the introduction of this pest would be 
a very serious drawback to the enjoyment of plums, peaches and cherries, 
not to mention the loss caused by its attacks on the apple. 

On the other hand, if these insects are less injurious in Pennsylvania 
than in Ohio, the imported currant worm is more so, and the growth of 
currants is greatly limited by its ravages. Very few persons seem to 
know what can be done by the use of poison to rescue the bushes and the 
currants. Great, but totally unfounded prejudice also exists against the 
use of poison, even on potatoes ;: many people seeming to fear lest the 
potato should absorb sufficient arsenic to render its use as a table vege- 
table dangerous. It is needless to say that all such ground of alarm has 
long been set at rest in the minds of those who have followed the progress of 
economic entomology. But prejudice is blind to reason and slow to die away. 

In addition to this the various web-worms on the forest trees are vastly 
more numerous here than they were at Yellow Springs. In earliest spring 
and before the leaves are generally out, the American Lackey Moth (C. 
Americana) takes possession of the cherry trees and covers the young 
foliage with its net. Soon afterwards the Forest Lackey (C. sylvatica) 
follows on the same tree, but more frequently on the apple, and later still the 
walnuts are attacked by the Fall web worm (4. texto7), whose nests remain- 
ing on the trees after the fall of the leaf, dishgure them through the winter. 

This year, also, the oak caterpillar (D. senatorvia) has wrought great 
ravages in the forest. I have seen hillsides that looked as if fire had 
passed over them in consequence of the destruction of the foliage by 
millions of this species. In the woods they could be found crawling over 


almost every square foot of ground and lying dead by dozens in every 
pool of water. The sound of their falling frass, too, was lke a slight 


shower of rain. Farmers tell me they have never known them so abun- 
dant before within their recollection. Harris says this species lives on the 
White and Red Oaks (Q. a/ag and rubra) in Massachusetts. Here the 
White Oaks were untouched, and the Red Oak is not abundant. The 
food of the caterpillars was almost exclusively the foliage of the Black Oak 
(Q. tinctoria), the Scarlet Oak (Q. coccinea), and the Bear or Scrub Oak 


(Q. ticifolia.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ay 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


DIPTEROUS ENEMIES OF THE PHYLLOXERA VASTATRIX. 
To the Editor : Will you permit me to refer briefly to the Rey. T. W. 
Fyles’s description of Déplosis grassator, on p. 238, vol. xiv. I am 
credited with the reference of the insect to the genus 2f/os7s, though in 
reality I have never seen Mr. Fyles’s insect, whether in the larva, pupa or 
imago state. | I simply expressed the opinion at Montreal, both to your- 
self, Mr. Editor, and to Mr. Fyles, that the insect would prove to be a 
Diplosis, from the general account of the larva then and there given to 
me. It is rather unjust to quote another’s mere opinion given in this 
manner, when, by submitting specimens for examination, a definite and 
more authoritative decision could have been obtained.* In this case the 
reference seems to be correct, a fact which, under the circumstances, is a 
mere accident. 

I need hardly say that there is nothing in the description that is not of 
so general a nature as to be at most generic, so that we have no evidence 
whatever as to whether the species is new or by what characters it is to be 
distinguished from the hitherto described species of the genus. 

But my object in writing is to point out the fact that there are two 
different orange-colored Dipterous larve that attack the gallinhabiting 
form of Phylloxera vastatrix in all its stages of growth, and particularly 
in the egg state. Neither of them is parasitic, strictly speaking, but 
merely predaceous, not only on Phyl/oxera vastatrix, but on other gall- 
making Phylloxerians and Pemphigians. First, we have the pale-orange 
or salmon-colored Diplosis larva referred to by Mr. Fyles, with the usual 
breast-bone of the Cecidomyide, and with the pupa showing the antennal 
processes at the anterior end. Second, a deeper orange larva contracting 
to a brown, pupa with two oblique processes from the anal end, and _ pro- 
ducing a fly of a totally different family (Agromyzidez) belonging to the 
genus Leucopis. his is by far the most efficient of the two enemies, and 
the larvee have undoubtedly been at times confounded, as witness the dif- 
ferences between Walsh and Shimer (Practical Entomologist, ii., p. 19). 
The Leucopis, so far as I have investigated the matter, is undescribed and 
is referred to in my manuscript notes as Z. phylloxere. 

C. V. Ritey, Washington, D. C. 
"_* The Editor is solely responsible for this reference to Prof. Riley ; Mr, Fyles knew nothing of it 
until he saw it in print. The opinion given in Montreal as to the generic position of this insect was so 


unhesitating and positive in its character that we thought it not only safe but due to Prof, Riley to credit 
him with the determination. 


40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISP. 


Ottawa, Dec. 14, 1882. 

My Dear Sir: In the last ENnroMoLoGisr, at page 198, Mr. Fyles 
contributed a note on a gall mite of the Nettle tree. | The insect referred 
to is undoubtedly Prof. Riley’s Psyé/a ce/tidis-mamima, of which | exhibited 
the galls and pupz at the last Annual Meeting of the Society, and of 
which I have already sent you an account in a paper on “The Cicade 
and their Allies,” for the Annual Report. I notice that Mr. Fyles found 
his galls to be monothalamous, and this agrees with Prof. Riley’s deserip- 
tion. Jf have found, however, in examining a large number of specimens, 
that many contained 2, 3, and in one case even 4 pup. ‘The occurrence 
of Celtis occidenta/is at Cowansville is very interesting from a botanical 
point of view. In this locality it is very uncommon, although from its 
resemblance to the Elm, it has probably been frequently overlooked. It 
grows to the size of a small tree from 30 to 4o feet in height, with a 
diameter of from 12 to 18 inches. In Western Canada I believe it is a 
common tree, and I should be glad to learn whether it is there attacked 
by this Psylla to the same extent it is here. In some of the galls I 
examined I found the larvee of apparently two different species of parasitic 
Hymenoptera. J. FLETCHER, Ottawa, Ont. 

Editor Can. Ent.—Dear Sir: J am sure-your readers were pleased 
at your printing the pretty lines on a winter butterfly, which Mr. Fletcher 
took the trouble to send. (See p. 21g. vol. xiv.) | | remember very many 
years ago, in January, finding a hibernating Vanessa Antiopa in the 
garret of our Staten Island farm house. It hung from a rafter and seemed 
almost dead. I placed it on a brick flue, which was hardly warm, but it 
did not revive at the time. Some few days after, the weather having 
become milder, I searched for it and found it where I had laid it, still on 
its side, with the legs drawn in. But on touching it, the wings suddenly 
unclosed, the insect took to flight. and, the window being open, it escaped 
into the winter sunshine. Some years after I found three or four speci- 
mens of /Pyramets Atalanta under the same circumstances, all close 
together, hanging to a rough rafter and perfectly torpid. On being placed 
in a warm room they revived in a short time and I allowed them to 
escape. As early as warm February days I have met the Camberwell 
Beauty and Admiral, in solitary ‘state, on the wing. The south side of 
Staten Island soon gets warmed by the Spring sun, and is a good collect- 


mg field for the entomologist. A. R. Grove. 
(Printed March goth, 1883.) 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1883. No. 3 


A MYSTERY AND ITS SOLUTION. 
BY REV. W. J. HOLLAND, PITTSBURGH, PA. 


Seated at my desk this evening, with a copy of Vol. I. of Edwards’ 
Butterflies of North America before me, I am forcibly reminded, as I turn 
to the magnificent plate designated as “ Argynnis I.,” of an experience of 
my boyhood. My home, from 1858 to the fall of 1863, was in the village 
of Salem, N. C., famous as one of the most successful of the settlements 
made by the Moravian Brethren under the lead of the good Count Zinzen- 
dorf, and well known throughout the South as the seat of an excellent 
seminary for young ladies. The war broke out and the hopes cherished 
of sending me to the North to be educated were in consequence disap- 
pointed. I was left to pursue my studies under a tutor, and to roam the 
neighborhood of afternoons in quest of insects, of which I gathered a 
large collection. Unfortunately my stock of books upon entomology was 
limited, and aside from an original copy of Say’s work, of no especial 
value. My determination of species was therefore very imperfect. 


One day I spied upon a bed of verbenas a magnificent butterfly with 
broad expanse of wing, and large blue spots upon the secondaries. In 
breathless haste I rushed into the house and got my net. ‘To the joy of 
my heart, when I returned to the spot, the beauty was still hovering over 
the crimson blossoms. But, as I drew near with fell intent, it rose and 
lazily sailed away. Across the garden—over the fence—across the church- 
yard—out into the street—with leisurely flight the coveted prize sped its 
way, while I quickly followed, net in hand. Once upon the dusty street, 
its flight was accelerated; my rapid walking was converted ito a run. 
Down past the church, and,—/orribile dictu /—past the boarding school 
that pesky butterfly flew. I would rather have faced a cannonade in those 


42 -THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


days than a bevy of boarding-school misses, but there was no alternative. 
There were the dreaded females at the windows, (for it was Saturday, and 
vacation hour,) and there was my butterfly. Sweating, blushing, inwardly 
anathematizing my luck, I rushed past the school, only to be overwhelmed 
with mortification by the rascally porter of the institution, who was sweep- 
ing the pavements, and who bawled out after me: ‘‘ Oh! it’s no use—you 
can’t catch it! It’s frightened, you’re so ugly!” And now it began to 
rise in its flight. It was plainly my last chance, for it would in a moment 
be lost over the house tops. I made an upward leap, and by a fortunate 
sweep of the net, succeeded finally in capturing my prize. I decided that 
it was an Argynnis, and noted the similarity of the silvery spots to those 
of A. Diana, of which I had several male specimens agreeing with the 
plate in Say. But I was sorely puzzled. In 1863 I went North. My 
collection followed me in 1865, after the war. I sought in vain, however, 
for some one to name my butterfly forme. I asked the Professor of 
Zoology in the College where I was pursuing my studies, to help me, but 
with characteristic frankness, he answered my request by saying: “I don’t 
know anything about bugs and butterflies, and nobody else in the Faculty 
does.” Some time later, being in London, at the British Museum, I asked 
to see the cases containing Argyznzs, but my black beauty was not there 
represented. I described it as well as I could to the gentlemanly Curator, 
and made a rough drawing for him from memory, and received the reply : 
“You must be mistaken, sir, in your identification of the genus. We have 
no such Argyznis here, at all events.” 


Meanwhile my collecting ceased for the time, and my collection was 
deposited in the keeping of an Eastern institution of learning. There it 
went the way of such things when carelessly attended to. Eighteen 
months ago the collection was restored to me. Alas! for the most partin . 
the form of dust and fragments. My black beauty was an unsightly wreck 
—a wingless, worm-eaten body on a pin. 


The mystery remained unsolved for me until I opened this magnificent 
work of Mr. Edwards’, and I now at last have the satisfaction of knowing 
the name of the beautiful insect I chased down the streets of Salem more 
than twenty years ago; and of having the assurance that in all proba- 
bility the specimen I impaled that July morning was the first specimen of 
the female of Argynnis Diana ever put upon an insect pin. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 


NEWFOUNDLAND BUTTERFLIES, COLLECTED BY 
Po EG (GOSSE: 
Editor Can. Env. : 

Dear Sir,—I send you herewith certain notes of observations made 
50 years ago, by the eminent naturalist, Philip H. Gosse, F. R.S., &c., on 
Butterflies of Newfoundland. 

I received a letter from Mr. Gosse, in the spring of 1882, from which 
I extract as follows : 

“1 began the study of Insects in 1832, when I was a clerk in a mer- 
cantile house at Carbonear, Newfoundland. For more than three years I 
pursued the study with great ardor and industry, making careful drawings 
of nearly every species I found, of all orders, often magnified. These 
drawings, in a small 4to book, I still possess, and for minute care I think 
they are in nowise inferior to any that I have executed in later years. 
They have never been used for publication, save a few slight allusions in 
my ‘Canadian Naturalist,’ and I have of late thought some of you Ameri- 
can entomologists might be interested in looking over so early a record, 
sce you are including Newfoundland in your Fauna. If it would give 
you the least pleasure, I will at once post it to you.” At my reply to this, 
the book was sent, with the following note: ‘I do not know what is 
known to the U.S. entomologists about the economy and natural history 
of the insects of Newfoundland. | am pretty sure English entomologists 
know nothing at all about them, for my own drawings and observations 
have never been published. ‘Therefore I have thought it just possible that 
these early notes of mine may embody facts sufficiently graphic and inter- 
esting to be published in one of your magazines. If you think so, you are 
perfectly at liberty to use them. I-only stipulate that my ¢Asésséma verba 
be not changed.” 

This book contains excellent colored figures of many Coleoptera, 
Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Heterocerous Lepi- 
doptera, with all which I myself have no concern, but by Mr. Gosse’s 
permission | am free to submit it to any specialists who care to make use 
of it for these orders. But in the Diurnal Lepidoptera are many species 
of interest, and some which have only been described of recent years. In 
most cases there are drawings of the mature caterpillar and chrysalis also. 
The species given are 

t. Papilio Brevicauda Saunders, Y both surfaces, 2 figs. of mature cater- 
pillar, and 2 of chrysalis, the green and the brown vars. 


44. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


2. P. Turnus g , both sides—the pale variety ; caterpillar and chrysalis. 


ce 


3. Pieris Vafz, summer form Acadica Edw., 2 figs. “ 

4. Vanessa Antiopa Ke as és 
if 3 Milbertii + + z 
6. Pyrameis Atalanta # & ef 
7 a Cardui kf a us 
8. Coenonympha /nornata, Edw. 


g. Chionobas Ca/ais, Scud., 2. Under side only. 
ro. Chrysophanus Afzxanthe, Bois. 2 figs. 

t1. Lycaena Agui/o, Bois. $f 

12: "i Couperi, Grote. ‘ 

£3: z Aster, Edw. 2 

The figures of C. Zuornata agree with the type specimen of the butter- 
fly from Lake Winnipeg. | have also four examples taken at St. John’s, 
Newfoundland, in 1880, by Mr. T. L. Mead. I have seen this species 
from no locality between Winnipeg and the island. 

Chion. Ca/azs was described from a single female from Rupert House, 
Hudson’s Bay, and to this day I have not seen another example. _ I for- 
merly thought it was the same as Ch. Chryxus, Doubl., but am satisfied 
of its distinctness. ‘This admirable figure by Mr. Gosse is unmistakably 
the likeness of Ca/azs, which like /nornata, is thus found in localities 
thousands of miles apart. 

Lyc. Aster was taken by Mr. Mead at St. John’s, and I have not seen 
it from localities outside Newfoundland. 

Lyc. Couperi was taken by Mr. Wm. Couper on Anticosti, and is also 


found in South Labrador. 
W. H. EDWARDS. 
Coalburgh, W. Va., 18th Dec., 1882. 


NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES OBTAINED AT CARBONEAR 
ISLAND, NEWFOUNDLAND, 1832-1835. 


BY Pi Ha GOSSH; ahs oR, Ss, BC: 


PAPILO BREVICAUDA, SAUND. ; AND ITS ‘TRANSFORMATIONS. 


[Extracts from journals, kept by P. H. Gosse, at Carbonear, New- 
foundland, in 1834 and 1835. | 
1834, July 25.—A friend, A. E., caught for me an example of the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


Black Swallowtail,* in torn condition, on Carbonear Island, a high rocky 
islet, about a mile in length, lying off the mouth of the harbor, uninhabited, 
uncultivated, partly covered with bushes—visited occasionally for summer 
picnics. ‘This is my first cabinet specimen ; but I had possessed an old 
rubbed and patched specimen which had been captured in the same 
locality several years before I began to collect. 


July 31.—I made a visit with A. E., to Carbonear Island. We saw 
immense numbers of the little Orange-brown Butterfly (the Canonympha 
figured on page 22 of my Entom. of Newfoundland, 4to), and many of the 
Polyommatus (Argus of Ibid, p. 23).+ After searching the Island, in vain, 
for a Swallowtail, we were just going down to our boat, when I caught 
sight of a great black fellow fluttering over a bed of tansy. Iran towards 
him, but I had to look about some time before I could find my beauty, 
for he had now alighted, and was so fearless that he did not attempt to fly, 
but continued sucking the aromatic flowers. I threw my net over him, 
and found I had secured a specimen much more perfect than my former 
acquisition. 

Aug. 8.—My neighbor, Mr. Peters, gave me a beautiful caterpillar, 
which had been feeding on parsnip in his garden, and a few hours later 
he sent me another (No. 2), younger. ‘They are of a clear apple-green 
hue, each segment marked by a black transverse band of velvet-black, car- 
rying five spots of bright yellow. Each segment is also separated from 
its fellows by a narrower line of black. I feel confident they are the larvee 
of one of the Swallowtails. ‘The No. 2 protruded, and instantly retracted, 
a soft red organ from its neck. 


Aug. 9.—I observed the orange-colored organ of the neck much farther 
projected ; it was then forked, in form of a Y; it left a wetness on my 
finger, and diffused a strong odor of parsnip. 


Aug. 11.—I am convinced that the Y-organ of the neck is used as a 
defence ; for, on my touching the side of the caterpillar—the left side, for 
instance—it would jerk its head round to the place, and protrude the /e/¢ 
branch of the forked horn : if I touched the right side, the 7zg#t branch 
would be protruded ; te other branch, on each occasion, being kept un- 
displayed, while a strong fetor was. manifest. ‘The caterpillar No. 1 has 
moulted to-day. 


* Papilio brevicauda, Saund. 
t Lyc. Aster, Edw. 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Aug. 16.—The younger (No. 2.) moulted. There is a marked differ- 
in the coloring of the two examples. This one has the yellow spots cir- 
cular in outline, and quite insulated, centrally, on the black bands ; but 
No. 1 has the spots of oblong shape, and placed upon the front edge of 
the black bands, interrupting it. 

Aug. 21.—In Peters’ garden I found, on the parsnip leaves, two more 
Swallowtail caterpillars, larger than my largest (Nos. 3 and 4). 


Aug. 22.—My No. 1 is hanging, back downward, from the roof of its 
cage, a silken band round its body, and its tail fastened to a knob of 
white silk. In the evening No. 3 suspends itself in like manner. 


Aug. 23.—This morning I was so fortunate as to see the process of 
No. 4 putting the already spun silken girth over his head, and adjusting 
it around his shoulders. 

Aug. 24.—No. 1 went into chrysalis during the forenoon. It is large 
and rough of surface, of a yellowish pink hue, green in some parts, marked 
‘with a broad streak of sooty brown down the back, and one down each 
side of the abdomen. 

Aug. 25.—This morning I saw that No. 3 had already become a chry- 
salis. About 5 p. m., I witnessed, with great pleasure, the whole process 
of the evolution of another chrysalis, my No. 4—the one whom I had seen 
put on his necktie. This caterpillar appearing uneasy and restless, I 
watched it at intervals for about half an hour ; when, by strong and ap- 
parently painful distension of the part, a slit was made in the skin, down 
the back of the third ring. ‘Through this the soft chrysalis forced itself, 
gradually extending the slit upwards, till the head was divided and 
separated ; and also downwards, for several rings’ length. The skin was 
now gradually pushed down. I had been curious to see how the creature 
would get through this part of the business, for its weight pressed the 
silken girth very tight around the body. ‘There seemed, however, no real 
difficulty ; I thought it kept itself, by muscular effort, from pressing its 
whole weight on the girth until the skin had passed the part. As soon as 
it was pushed down to the extremity, the tail of the chrysalis was thrust 
out beneath, very cleverly, and pushed upward to take hold of the little 
knob of silk. When this was done, the old wrinkled skin was jerked off, 
and cast away, by the writhing of the pupa» ‘The silken girth was now 
encircling the body, between the sixth and seventh rings ; but the chrysalis 
twisted and turned, till it got the girth three rings nearer the head, namely, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. A7 


across the middle of the wing-covers. ‘The skin was as yet so soft, and 
the silk so slender, that it cut into the wing-covers, so far as to be in- 
visible ; but, as all my specimens are alike in this respect, I presume it is 
no other than natural. The shape of each was different, immediately on 
expulsion, from what it became after some hours ; the fore parts being 
awkwardly shortened and shrivelled, and the hind wings stretched out. 

Aug. 27.—Caterpillar No. 2 finished his girth; and put it over his 
head, about 8 a. m., and so is suspended. 

Aug. 30.—This No. 2 went into pupa in the early morning. In this 
case when the skin was stripped down, the tail was not put out to take 
hold of the silken knob ; and, by and by, the old skin loosed its hold of 
the silk, and the chrysalis was swinging about, suspended only by the girth. 
I proceeded carefully to assist nature by removing the old skin, and put- 
ting the tail to the silk, of which its projecting points now took firm hold. 
The girth, however, remains between the sixth and seventh rings, so as to 
cause the fore parts to hang down considerably. In shape it resmbles the 
other three ; but in color it is widely different, being wholly of a bright 
yellowish green, except a wide band of pale yellow down the back. This 
individual is the one which, as a larva, had the peculiarity of the yellow 
spots, which I noticed on the 16th inst., and from both circumstances, I 
fully expect the imago to be of a different species from the others. 

1835. June 25.—To-day I sailed from Carbonear for Canada, carrying 
with me the four Swallowtail chrysalids of last summer, all alive and 
apparently healthy. 

July 4. At sea, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.—From the yellow and 
green chrysalis, No. 2 (see note on Aug. 30, 1834), was evolved before 
day, a specimen of the Black Swallowtail—Papilo Asterias (brevicauda of 
Saunders.) It is identical with the examples taken on the Island last 
summer, but in great beauty of perfection ; the wings are not in the least 
injured from the cutting of the pupa-skin by the girth (see Aug. 25, 1834), 
nor by the accident that the girth has been, for some weeks past, broken ; 
one side first giving way, then the other, so that the chrysalis has been 
hanging perpendicularly. 

July r4th.—One of the drab-hued, brown-striped chrysalids produced 
the butterfly this afternoon. 

July 18 and 20. At Quebec.—The other two were evolved. Those 
of the 4th and r4th had been kept in glasses, exposed to the sunlight, all 


48 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the winter ; these last two had been shut up ina dark box. Thus all my 
four examples have produced perfect imagines. [I can discern no specific 
difference among these last three, ¢ter se. ; nor—what is much more re- 
markable—between them and the one from the yellow and green chrysalis, 
evolved on the 4th instant. The variation in color, which distinguished 
this individual, both in the larva and pupa (as I have described under 
dates Aug. 16 and 30, 1834), seems, therefore, a very noteworthy circum- 
stance. 

The liquid discharged by these butterflies, immediately after their evolu- 
tion, is whitish, orecream-colored. The duration of the period of pupa- 
repose is not quite uniform. It does not fall much short of eleven 
months, from about the middle of August to about the middle of July. 
And the evolution of my individuals kept in unnatural confinement through 
the winter, does not sensibly vary, in seasonal period, from that of the 
examples taught on Carbonear Island, last July. 


One of my evolved specimens, before it was killed for the cabinet, laid 
five globular yellow eggs. So that I have seen this beautiful insect in all 
its stages. 


P. Turnus, Linn. Dwarfed in size, and paled in hue, from the normal 
American condition. It is very uncertain in its appearance ; in some 
seasons I have seen 15 or 20 examples ; in others not one ; it must always 
be considered scarce. In my “Canadian Naturalist” I have given a few 
notes of these species. 


Pieris Oleracea, Harr. .Always abundant ; a nuisance in the cabbage- 
gardens. The rst brood appears early in June; the 2nd late in August 
and early in September, at which times we find oleraceous plants studded 
with the oblong, whitish eggs. I once saw a 2 lay an egg; she alighted 
on the under side of a leaf of horse-radish, and immediately, bending her 
abdomen down, touched the leaf for an instant, and flew away. Looking 
at the spot I found the white egg adhering by its end. I have had females 
lay several eggs, when pinned on the setting board. I once found a pupa 
which was all over of a light pellucid green hue ; this is always the color 
when newly evolved, but in this instance the green hue remained without 
any change till the imago appeared, some ten days after I had found it.. 
Another unusual circumstance was that this chrysalis, instead of being 
horizontal, was bound in a perpendicular position, head downward to an 
upright post. ‘The June brood have remained in pupa through the winter, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


the August brood only about a fortnight. What becomes of butterflies at 
night ? I had often asked. One evening after dark, I saw a P. Oleracea 
resting with closed wings on a stalk of grass. I threw it into the air re- 
peatedly, but it would not fly ; it merely fluttered to the ground, and made 
no resistance to my taking it up again. 


Vanessa Milberti, Godart. ‘The first butterfly that gladdens our eyes 
in spring, appearing on sunny days in the middle of April, but in no con- 
siderable number in May. ‘Then it becomes by far the most abundant of 
all our butterflies, more common than even the Garden White, and that in 
every season. It seems to survive the long and severe winter. I once 
found one, half-torpid, on the 15th October, resting, with closed wings, on 
a stone zz the midst of a loose heap ; and a gentleman presented me with 
another, living, but torpid, which had fallen from a loft on the sth of April. 
This last was certainly a survivor of the winter. 


About the middle of June we see the tops of the growing nettles covered 
with unsightly webs, which are inhabited by families of the little black 
caterpillars of A7z/bert?. They live in society some time after they are 
hatched ; but as they grow up they separate into groups of four or five on 
each plant. As they are not long eating the choice leaves of one nettle, 
they colonize to others, leaving their deserted habitations mere leafless 
stalks, covered with the dense and cloth-like web, and with the excrement 
and sloughed skins of the caterpillars. 


When full grown they have a rather repulsive appearance, being black 
above, dingy green below, with toothed spines. But the beauty of the 
chrysalis atones for the ugliness of the caterpillar ; for the numerous sharp 
points on the brown segments are of a most brilliant gold, like polished 
metal. Occasionally we see examples of more than usual splendour ; the 
abdominal rings of a dull red, and the whole fore parts of polished gold, ~ 
tinged with green. Alas! it is a fatal beauty! for all such specimens are 
punctured by parasitic flies, the terrible ‘‘ Long Stings ;’ and from every 
one there are sure to emerge one or more of these rascally ichneumons. 


V. Antiopa, Linn. Rather rare, flying round the tops of willows. 
Fine specimens measure 3% inches in expanse ; the border of the wings, 
which in European examples is buff, is in Newfoundland examples pure 
white, speckled with blackish ; at least in the female. 


Pyramets Atalanta, Linn. The Red Admiral is sufficiently abundant 
with us. As soon as summer is fully set in our gardens are gay with this 


50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


very fine insect, itself looking like a briliant flower. Like other members 
of the group, it often alternately expands and closes its beautiful black and 
scarlet wings in the sun when resting from flight. There seem to be two 
broods in the season ; one appearing in June, one in Sept. and Oct. The 
transformations of this wide-spread species are sufficiently known. <A day 
or two before the evolution of the butterfly the brilliant marking of the fore 
wings becomes distinctly visible through the transparent skin of the pupa ; 
but allin miniature. I have taken a chrysalis in this condition between 
my fingers, and gently pressing it till the skin of the back cracked, the 
butterfly crawled out. Though it was quite lively, the wings did not begin 
to expand for more than an hour; then they rapidly attained their full 
size and perfect form, without any injury from the premature birth. Though 
the Red Admiral is so abundant in Newfoundland, I cannot recollect that 
I ever met with it in Lower Canada, and very rarely in Alabama. 

Pyr. Cardui, Linn. The last remark is true of this universally distri- 
buted species also. In Newfoundland, however, it is more abundant as 
larva than as imago; the caterpillars, in great societies, crowding the 
web-clothed thistles by the wayside, which I have found very easy to rear, 
while if we search the same plants a few weeks later no trace of one and 
not even an empty pupa-skin appears, and the butterflies are far from 
numerous. The chrysalis is even more beautiful than that of A7Z7Zbertz, 
the gilded spots being often orange-colored. 

Chionobas Calais, Scudd. Of this species I am sorry to say I can 
give no account, except the colored figure in my book of drawings, which 
was certainly made from a specimen taken near Carbonear. 

Cenonympha inornata, Edw. If my little Orange-brown is indeed 
this species, it must be wide-spread, since this reaches to the Pacific. In 
Newfoundland it is not uncommon, though local. In Aug. 1833, I found 
a few specimens on Carbonear Island, and in July of the following year, 
immense numbers were swarming there, though only one or two straggling 
individuals were to be seen elsewhere. I know nothing of the immature 
stages. 

Chrysophanus Epixanthe, Lec. This tiny butterfly, which I called 
the Purple-disk, was the smallest species that I had ever seen, expanding 
less than an inch. It appears to be rare. I met with it only in 1834, at 
the end of July and the beginning of August, chiefly on some low shrubs, 
unknown to me, whose leaves have an aromatic odor somewhat like that 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 


of the orange tree growing in some abundance on the banks of a brook 
behind the town of Carbonear. A few examples only occurred, but from 
its minuteness and dull hue it may be easily overlooked. Yet the area of 
the upper surface, though dull, has a rich purple flush in some lghts. 

Lycena Aster, W. H. Edw. This species, which I had supposed to 
be our English Argus, is far more common than the preceding. In the 
summer of 1834 it was nearly as abundant as the little Orange-brown on 
Carbonear Island, where every step aroused numbers of these bright little 
creatures from the grass to sport in the sunshine. It was surprising to see 
how much the beams of the sun, reflected in every direction from their 
lustrous wings, added to the life and gaiety of the scene. I have found 
the species not rare also on Bake-apple Marsh, during July and August, 
the hottest and brightest part of our short summer. 


Lyc. Couperi, Grote. On the other hand I am acquainted with but a 
single specimen of this species, which I distinguished as the Silver Blue. 
This was caught on Carbonear Island, on the roth of July. 

Lyc. Aguilo, Boisd. The Lead-grey Blue. This too is found on Car- 
bonear Island in July, but by no means commonly. 


The above-named are all the butterflies that I have actually taken in 
Newfoundland. But there are doubtless some that escaped me. In May, 
1835, as I was on Flagstaff Hill, about a mile from the town of Carbonear, 
I saw a small butterfly, strange to me, red, with black spots. It may have 
been AZelitea or Chrysophanus. . [ observed it five or six times during an 
hour that I remained there, but, though it flew near me, I could not 
catch it. 


ON THE GENUS AGROTIS. 
BY! AL. Re GROTH. AS Ms 


In the Reports of Dr. Harris and Prof. Riley and some other State 
Entomologists, the structural characters of the genus Agrof¢zs are not given, 
and the term is evidently loosely applied to cover certain Noctuide known 
as ‘“‘cut-worms.” In Dr. Harris’s Report, as I have shown, the moth 
Hadena devastatrix (the Agrotis devastator of Brace) is considered to be 
an Agrotis, while Agrotis Clandestina, which has the structural characters 
of Agrotis, is referred to the old Linnean genus /Voctua, now without 


52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


standing in our lists. The three genera to which the “ cut-worms” are 
referable, Agvotis, Hadena and Mamestra, are separated in the Preface to 
my list of the Noctuide, p. 3, April, 1874, by their characters. 

The genus Agvofis is recognized, in a more or less extended sense, by 
all modern writers upon the JVoctuide. It is very numerous in species, 
over two hundred and twenty-five being described from our territory. 
The perfect insects may be known by their rather narrow and pointed 
fore wings, which are even along the short external margin, and the rather 
full and rounded hind wings. They are usually of a brown or gray color, 
and the primaries above show the stigmatal marks plainly ; the two ordi- 
nary spots on the cell are often relieved by a black or dark shade spread- 
ing between them and on either side of them, setting them off. The 
median lines are usually not very distinct ; they are often double, darker 
than the wing, and form little scallops, as curves between the veins. The 
structure of the genus must be made out with the help of a lens, under 
which the compound eyes will be found to have the surface naked ; the 
ocelli are present ; the middle and hind tibiz are always, and usually the 
front tibize as well, spinose, or covered with prickles, similar to those 
usually present on the tarsi of all Noctuids. Besides these characters, 
the body is deprived of tufts along the dorsal line which signalize the 
allied genera of “ cut-worms,” Hadena and Mamestra. The labial palpi 
are not very prominent ; the tongue is well sized in almost all the species ; 
the front is smooth ; the vestiture or clothing of the body is of a hairy 
character, rather smooth than rough. The antennz of the males are of 
varied structure ; sometimes they are simple, merely provided with little 
hairs or ciliz ; again they are brush-like, serrated, or again quite lengthily 
pectinated or feathered. ‘The type of Agrotis is Segetum, and we owe the 
generic name to Hubner. 

Subdivisions of the genus can be undertaken when the form of the 
genitalia is studied. This character, taken in connection with the antennal 
structure, will give us sub-genera and assist in the identification of our 
numerous species. I cite 206 species in my late Check List, one (r#f- 
pectus) has been forgotten ; I have described nearly twenty since, not all 
at this writing published (in a paper in the Annals and Magazine for 
Natural History, Jan., 1883, will be found several new forms found by 
Prof. Snow in New Mexico). I have separated from Agvotzs the genus 
Agrotiphila, founded on the constricted eyes, a good character which, 
indeed, allies the moth (J/oentana) to Anarta and the Heliothid genera ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 


it is said by Mr. Morrison to have a European analogue not known to me. 
Lately I have described the genus Carneades. ‘This is based on a species 
I should otherwise have referred to Agrotis (moerens), but the clypeus is 
roughened with a navel-shaped protuberance, around which’ the frontal 
hairs converge, while the infra-clypeal plate is prominent. To this genus, 
Carneades,\ also refer Agrotis citricolor, Grote, which shares the embossed 
clypeus. On examination the pattern of ornamentation is the same ; 
Citricolor is light yellow, MZoerens is ochrey fuscous, varying in the depth 
of shade; both have the terminal space darker, the reniform with an 
inferior dark spot; the two are western, Cvtricolor from Colorado 
and California, AZoerens from Arizona; the size is moderate (30 to 26 mil.) 
Anytus differs in the shape of the thorax, which is more square in front and 
approaches that of Lithophane (capax), which led me to place the moth 
( Sculptus) in that group at one time ; the moth hibernates, but so do some 
other Agrotis, as now appears. In addition the eyes are lashed. 
As to this last character I am not certain but that it is shared 
by other species. My notes on this character were made in 
1875, and the species must be again examined. Adita has a claw 
on the front tibiz, and the species (chionanthi), rediscovered by my- 
self in New York since its illustration in the last century from Georgia by 
Abbot & Smith, is otherwise a striking and peculiar form. While these 
four genera rest upon decided characters, three others: Azicla, and 
Matuta, and Pleonectopoda are of doubtful value and are not considered 
valid in my late Check List. The type of Anécla is éncivis, and the other 
forms agree with this(deata, /ubricans) in the close short vestiture, the 
simple antennz, the black velvety band in front, the pale, sub-diaphanous 
secondaries, the long abdomen. Comparative as these characters are and 
shared by other species singly, | yet believe when the genitalia are studied 
that we shall be able to use this term in a sub-generic sense. The type of 
Matuta is Catherina (manifestolabes). This is a red species with pecti- 
nate antenne and looking like the European Zaeniocampa rubricosa. 
Probably this also may be used in a sub-generic sense and include such 
forms as Manifesta, Orthogonia, etc. | have not been able to examine 
any of these carefully; the species seem to be rare, and with the exception 
of the type, a female Catherina (mistaken by me for a male), have never 
been in my possession. The type of Catherina 1 photographed for the 
CanapIAN Envromo.ocistr and returned it to Mr. Norman too quickly ; I 
saw it lately in Coll. British Museum. Finally with regard to /7/eonectopoda, 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the type (Lew7szz) is an ordinary Agrof7s with the fore tibize very lengthily 
spinose and, apparently, a slight tuft on thorax, which latter character may 
be accidental. In perfectly fresh specimens of saucza, there is, however, 
a species of ‘cresting which is very curious. With regard to other genera 
proposed by European authorities at the expense of Agvotis, we have in 
our fauna representatives of Ammoconia, which has a distinct longitudinal 
thoracic ridge of scales, and is apparently valid. The same character 
separates EHpiglaeca from Glaea. It is less strong, however, than any of 
the four genera above discussed and established by me. Our forms are 
much slighter than the European type of Ammoconia. ‘The sub-generic 
term Lurois (occulta) may be retained for large, wide-winged forms. I 
should think that Clandestina and Cupida would afford sub-generic types. 
The genus Agrotis should first be divided by the separation of the 
forms with non-spinose fore tibiae, then the other characters here discussed 
should be used. In this way the monographist will do a good work, now 
much needed. ; 
With regard to the species, there may be too many separated from 
Cupida, although Prof. Lintner seems hardly to be agreed with this. The 
western forms are very confusing, and the range which I admit under 
“ Cupida” is very great, though in all probability it will have to be 
extended to admit both A/ternata and Srunneipennis. Variata | regard 
as decidedly distinct. ecuda may be an extreme form of Cicatricosa, 
The forms allied to Campestris (i. ¢., Decolor, Albipennis, Nigripennis ) 
may have to be all united under the name Dec/arata of Walker, which, 
applied to western specimens under an erroneous generic appellation, is 
probably the oldest term for any of them. ‘The western specimens (coll. 
Neumoegen) which I have labelled Dec/arata can hardly be distinguished 
from eastern Campestris. As to the species erected at the expense of 
Subgothica, we certainly ought to be able to decide the matter by breeding 
them. While there is no difficulty in separating Zerz/zs, from the orna- 
mentation of the primaries, ¢vicosa is considered hard to recognize 
always with certainty, by some correspondents who have probably had a 
larger material to look over than myself. As for the great bulk of the 
species cited in the New Check List, they are undoubtedly valid. As 
compared with the European fauna, our species of Agrotis are far more 
numerous. Staudinger gives 170 species, but he includes Labrador forms. 
In my opinion he is not justified in this procedure ; the resemblance is 
owing to the presence of Arctic forms (Anarta, etc.) The Labrador 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55 


fauna is a true extension of that of New England, and is copied in minia- 
ture on the slopes of the White Mountains. 


ON THE GENUS LEUCOBREPHOS. 


BY A. R. GROTE. 

In my Check List (1876) I proposed three new generic names, Con- 
servula, Oxylos and Leucobrephos. 1 have since discarded Oxy/os and 
given the character which separates Comservula from Trigonophora Led. 
There remains Leucobrephos, which, owing to the kindness of Mr. Butler, 
who has examined Walker’s types for me, I now describe as follows : 


LEUCOBREPHOS Grote; Type: Anarta Brephoides Walk. 


Male antennz with longer pectinations than Arephos, and broader. 
Palpi concealed by the beard-like hair, more thickly hirsute than in Brephos. 
Eyes narrower, smooth, naked. The neuration differs by veins 3 and 4 
of primaries arising from a common foot-stalk. On secondaries veins 3 
and 4 arise from a long stem, diverging near the margin. 

Leucobrephos Brephoides has been twice redescribed, by Prof. Zeller as 
Archiearis Resoluta and from a mutilated specimen by myself as JZe/z- 
cleptria Hoyt. Its occurrence in the United States, Wisconsin, is remark- 
able. Although I originally, nearly twenty years ago, determined the 
species from the Yukon River, in the Proceedings of the Entomological 
Society of Philadelphia, I failed to recognize the species from the speci- 
men (wanting antennz and legs) sent by Dr. Hoy. The genus seems to 
be sub-arctic and probably embraces Amphidasys Middendorfiz, from 
Siberia, besides the North American type. 


Family BREPHID. 


Leucobrephos Grote (1876). 


Brephoides Wa/h. Middendorfii AZen. 
Resoluta Zeller. 
floyi Grote. 
Brephos Hibn. (Tentamen). 
Infans Moschd. Nothum Abn. 


Hamadryas Harr. Puella Esp. 
Parthenias Zinn. Spuria Hiibn. 


56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The species described by Boisduval from California are probably 


Arctians and do not belong here. 


The two genera are regarded as comprising a distinct family by Dr. 
Herrich-Scheeffer, and probably correctly. The earliest name for it seems 
to be Woctuo-Phalenidi of Boisduval. Following a corrected terminology, 


I should call it Brephide in future. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE MELON MOTH—Eudioptis hyalinata, Linn. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


A specimen of this beautiful little moth, known also under the name 
of Phakellura hyalinatalis. has been taken by Mr. J. Alston Moffat, in 


the neighborhood of Hamilton, 
the first capture, as far as we 
know, of this insect in Canada. 
It’ is shown im ‘figure 3) aaa 
wings are of a pearly white color 
with a peculiar iridescence, bor- 
dered with black, and_ they 
measure when expanded nearly 


an inch across. The body and 


legs are of the same glistening 
white, and the abdomen termi- 
ates in a movable brush-lke tuft 
of a pretty buff color, tipped with 
white and black. It is very 
widely disseminated, being found 
throughout the greater part of 
North and South America ; and 
is very common in some sections 
in the Southern States. 

The larva, shown also in the 
figure, is, when mature, about an 
inch and a quarter long, translu- 


cent and of a yellowishj green color, with a few hairs scattered over its 


pk 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. o/ 


body. They are frequently found feeding on melon and cucumber vines, 
and do not confine their attacks to the leaves, but eat also into the fruit, 
either excavating shallow cavities on the surface, or penetrating directly 
into its substance. They spin their cocoons on a fold of the leaf, as seen 
in the figure, within which they change to slender brown chrysalids about 
three quarters of an inch long, from which in a short time the perfect 
insect emerges. 

The beautiful figure illustrating this subject was drawn from nature by 
Mr. Marx, of Washington, and published in Prof. Comstock’s Report, as 
Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, for 1879. | Through the 
kindness of Dr. Loring, U.S. Commissioner of Agriculture, we have been 
supplied with an electrotype of it. 


OBSERVATIONS ON LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS. 
BY MRS. C. E. HEUSTIS, PARRSBORO, N. S. 


I was much interested in an article in Vol. xii. of the CANADIAN 
Enromotocist, by Mr. W. H. Edwards, entitled, ‘“‘ Is Lzmenitzs arthemis 
double-brooded ?” My own observations previous to the time of reading 
the article were confirmatory of Mr. Edwards’ theory ; but I wished to 
learn more of this interesting species before hazarding any remarks con- 
cerning its habits. : 

I have never reared or attempted to rear arthemis from the egg, but 
have one specimen obtained from a full-fed larva found on the 2nd July, 
1877. It went into chrysalis on the 3rd, and the imago appeared on the 
16th. I have seen fresh looking specimens on rst July, when enjoying, 
with other citizens, ‘‘ Dominion Day ” in the country. Later than this I 
have not seen a fresh specimen, excepting the example before recorded. 

I find in an old note book the following entry: ‘ Parrsboro, N. s., 
July 25, 1877, captured to-day a worn and battered specimen of Limenitis 
arthemis, the only example seen, although the species is usually abund- 
ant in this wood.” A few days later I saw another specimen less worn, 
but did not succeed in capturing it. 

The bustie consequent upon a change of residence prevented me in 
the early part of last summer (1882) from doing much collecting, so that 
I had no opportunity to observe at how early a date arthemis appears 
here ; but later in the season I spent a few days with some friends in a 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


collecting tour along the south shore of Cumberland Co., N.5., a distance 
of 45 miles. . We were in search of plants and minerals, as well as insects. 
We started on the 15th of August ; on that day I observed two examples 
of arthemis, one of which I took. — It was sitting on a low shrub, and 
seemed to be perfectly stupid, making no attempt to escape when I put 
my hand on it. It was a good deal worn and damaged. On the three 
following days I observed quite a number, all in the same condition. At 
several points they were quite abundant, especially where our road lay 
through damp woods. Thus, so far as my observation extends, both in 
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, avtiem/s may be taken occasionally. in 
good condition, as late as the middle of July, after which date I think few, 
if any, fresh specimens will be met with. 

I have no doubt that worn and faded specimens might have been 
found in this county throughout August. or even in September last year. 
The extreme backwardness of the spring probably retarded the develop- 
ment of the larva, and thus caused the imagoes to be seen later than 
usual 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


I have used the Pyrethrum powder, ** Buhach” mixed with ten parts of 
flour, as the easiest and most effectual remedy for the cabbage worm. It 
was mixed in 1881 and remained in the * insutflator” till the past summer 
without apparently losing any of its virtue. Its effect was in no wise 
diminished. I gave some of the mixture to a friend here whose sheep 
were infested with ticks, requesting him to try it and report to me. He 
did so, saying that the ticks seemed to enjoy it and he rolled them about 
in it without mconvenience or injury so far as he could see. 


I have both kinds, Pyrethrum roseum and P. cinerartifolium™ growing 
from seed sent me by Prof. Riley. 


There are marked distinctions between the plants from the very first. - 


The seed leaves of P. rosewm are spatulate, those of P. c7nerartifolium 
are oval. The former throws out a single leaf from between them; the 
latter throws out two together. The foliage of the former has a tendency 


* The usual spelling of this word cannot be defended, and is against the analogy 
of almost every other similar term or classic origin. 


— aw | 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5Y 


to lie flat on the ground, and looks comparatively feeble; that of the 
latter is ranker and stands much more upright. The plants now (January 
1st) look healthy and strong. P. rvoseum lived out of doors m Ohio 
through last winter without the slightest care or protection in a box above 
ground. Some of the plants began to grow in February, but a heavy rain, 
followed immediately by a hard frost, unfortunately killed their roots late 
in the spring. Had they been in the ground this accident would hardly 
have happened. So far as I can now see P. cinerariifolium is the more 
hardy of the two. I will report later on my success, if I have any, during 


the coming season of 1883. 
E. W. CLaypoLre, New Bloomfield, Pa. 


Dear Sir: An office-mate made a capture last summer in a novel 
manner. but such as would not meet with the favor of entomologists as a 
method of collecting. He had occasion one hot midsummer day (29th 
June) to go out for a short time, and on returning complained that a fly 
had flown into his ear, and, having crawled in as far as possible, was 
causing great annoyance by a disagreeable buzzing and scratching. I 
advised him to pour a few drops of oil into the infested organ, or, better 
still, perhaps, to seek a doctor and have the occupant extracted by skilled 
labor. ~ On reaching his doctor's office he found that he was absent at a 
medical convention, but after telephoning all over the city he found a 
stay-at-home doctor to whom he went and stated the case. An examina- 
tion of the ear was made, but the doctor could discover nothing in it, and 
as the buzzing and scraping had then ceased, it was decided that the 
insect had taken his departure. However, he said it would do no harm 
to pour a little oil into the ear to allay the irritation which the fly had 
caused. My friend had not gone far from the office when the insect, 
which had only been taking a rest or * playing possum,” commenced a 
more violent commotion than ever, causing his unwilling host to hurry 
home and try the anointing process. _ Hastily pouring in a few drops of 
oil, he lay down with his ear on a pillow, and almost immediately felt the 
intruder withdrawing from his hiding-place and beating a retreat. Lifting 
his head he was astonished to see, not a fy, as he expected, but a long- 
legged, active deet/e, scampering away. ‘This he imprisoned and bore back 
triumphantly to me to identify. It proved to be a full-sized and lively 
specimen of Acmeops pratensis. The doctor, on being afterward confronted 
with the prisoner, was greatly surprised that it had so well secreted itself 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from him, and assured my friend that it might easily have caused serious 
trouble. Small insects cause frequent annoyance and occasional slight 
pain by flying into eyes and ears, but it is fortunate that such formidable 
hard-shelled beetles as the species just mentioned do not make a habit of 
exploring our ears. Had the case been that of some ‘ blockhead,” one 
might have supposed that the beetle had visited him under the guidance of 
instinct, but in the present instance the intrusion must have been merely 
the result of accident. 

Much as beetles injure man’s property, they seldom attack his body, 
but there is one Canadian species which most decidedly indulges in that 
unpleasant habit, and to an extent that is perhaps unknown to many 
entomologists. I refer to J/e/anophila longipes, which occurs here from 
r2th May to 12th Oct., and is usually abundant during the hot season, 
basking upon stone walls, etc. It has a fashion of lighting on one’s collar 
and inflicting a sharp nip on the nape of the neck, and then disappearing 
with great swiftness. I have often been thus bitten, and have sometimes, 
by making a sudden grab, taken the beetle in the act and proved his 
identity. Last summer several instances of persons being bitten fell under 
my observation. While at dinner one day in a hotel, three or four sitting 
at the same table complained that some -‘‘ confounded fly” had nipped 
them viciously. The gentleman sitting next to me was one of the victims 
and caught the offender, but it escaped almost immediately, only allowing 
him to see that it was black and harder than a fly. I was just going to say 
that it was probably a specimen of 17. /ongipes, when I got a nip that set- 
tled the question and the insect. 

A few weeks ago I was trying to convince two ladies that beetles 
might be handled fearlessly, as they had no biting propensities, when one 
of them at once exclaimed, ‘“ don’t tell us that, for there is a nasty, little, 
flat, black beetle that bites me on the neck in the summer.” 

Ottawa, 25th January, 1883. W. Hacue HARRINGTON. 


Lists OF NAMES OF CANADIAN INsECTs.—The Council of the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario having recently decided to issue additional 
sheets of the names of insects of all orders found within the Dominion of 
Canada ; we should be glad to receive from any of our Canadian mem- 
bers lists of such insects as they may have which are not included in the 
sheets already published by the Society, so as to make the sets as complete 


as possible. 
(Printed April 3rd, 1883.) 


vies 


ee ee a a 


single 
y 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1883. No. 4 


PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. 


“ MOSS-HUNTING.” 


BY PROFESSOR J. T. BELL, BELLEVILLE, ONT. 


Having had several enquiries addressed to me as to how I captured 
the Pselaphidz, etc., a list of which appeared in the ENTomMoLoGistT of 
March, 1881, it has occurred to me that it might be acceptable to some 
of my entomological brethren to have a detailed account of my method 
of moss-hunting published in our organ. 

First, then, as to gathering the moss. For pedestrian excursions, a 
game bag, or haversack, to sling over the shoulder, will be most con- 
venient ; where a vehicle is employed, a pillow case or grain bag may be 
used, and in either case a small hand rake about a foot long will be found 
very useful. As soon as the snow leaves the ground, the collector may 
seek some’ open swampy woods, where the ground is varied with little 
mounds by the decay of fallen trees or the upturned roots of wind-falls, 
which are overgrown with mixed mosses,—or the banks of a pond or 
creek, strewn with rotting logs and branches. The moss should be taken 
up in large flakes, with as little disturbance as possible, and packed tightly 
in the bag. It is of little use taking the moss which grows in thin sheets 
on the stumps and trunks of trees, as few insects will be found in it, and 
there is one sort which grows in compact oval bunches of a bright green, 
which I uniformly reject as barren. The most productive is that which 
grows on the ground, and is not less than an inch in length of stem. So 
long as the ground is clean of snow, a little frost is not objectionable, but 
rather the reverse, as some of my most successful collecting was done 
when the moss was pretty well frozen, and the pools were covered with 
ice strong enough to walk over; but» whatever may be the weather, the 
moss must be damp,—ainsects will not live in dry moss. 

Having brought a carga home, the next step is to get out its living 
treasures, for which the following implements will be needed: 1. A sieve, 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


which can be easily and cheaply made as follows: A light wooden box 
about 9 in. by 7 in. may be had at any drug store ; the bottom is knocked 
off and replaced with a piece of wire-web of four meshes to the linear 
inch ; the sides must be cut down with a fine saw to a depth of three 
inches, and strips about !4 in. wide nailed along the sides beneath the 
wire to keep it from touching the table. 2. A sable or camel hair pencil 
of the size known as duck quill, on a wooden handle. 3. A pair of 
flexible tweezers with fine points. 4. A small palette knife, the use of 
which is when a small insect is covered up among the dust and debris of 
the moss, to take up a portion and scatter it on a bare place on the paper, 
when the beetle will become accessible. 5. A hand or pocket magni- 
fer. 6. Two cyanide bottles, without saw dust. 7. A basket or box to 
receive the spent moss. 

The operator will place the sieve upon a sheet of strong white paper, 
—cartridge paper is best,—and taking up a moderate handful of moss, 
tease and shake it well over the wire ; he will then lift the sieve, giving a 
couple of smart taps on the end to dislodge any clinging insect—and look 
out for the “bugs.” The Carabidee and Staphylinidz will first run at 
racing pace over the paper; the Pselaphidz and Scydmeenide will pro- 
gress more deliberately, though still pretty rapidly, in a steady, straight- 
forward march, with their prominent antenne stretched out before them, 
while the Trichopterygidze will circle about, like the Gyrini upon the sur- 
face of a still pool, at an astonishing speed for such molecules of beetles. 
The larger insects may be captured with the fingers or the forceps ; the 
smaller ones by moistening the brush between the lips and touching them 
with the point, to which they will adhere; the brush with the insect 
attached is introduced through the neck of the bottle, when a slight fillip 
with the fingers will dislodge the captive. In the meantime the Curcultos, 
Chrysomelas, Tenebrios, etc., will recover from the shock, and betray their 
presence in their own slow, deliberate manner, when they too can be 
secured. Along with the beetles there will be seen numerous spiders, 
ants, mites, poduras, etc., and now and then a few small Diptera and 


Hymenoptera. 

To display the smaller captured beetles to the best advantage, they 
should be suffered to remain twenty-four hours in the bottle, when the 
cyanogen vapor will have caused their limbs to be limber and relaxed. 
They may then be attached to a strip of card-board by a small portion of 
mucilage, previously thickened by evaporation till it will not spread out 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS?. 63 


or sink into the card. A sufficient number of spots of this are placed 
about a quarter of an inch apart, and on each spot is laid a beetle, back 
down, care being taken that the head; legs and antennz are kept from 
contact with the cement. When the latter has hardened sufficiently to hold 
the insect in its place, its antenne, palpi, legs, etc., may be adjusted with 
a very small, short-haired, red sable pencil, just moistened enough to 
make the hairs adhere together and form a single point. — For the larger 
and more refractory ones, a fine sewing needle, set in a wooden handle, 
and bent at an obtuse angle at the point, may be used. 


When the limbs have been properly adjusted, the insects may be laid away 
to dry, which will require three or four days for the smaller, and twice that 
time for the larger ones. When dry they may be removed from the card 
by inserting the point of a fine needle under the shoulder ; if this is care- 
fully done the insect will generally come clear off without damage to the 
most delicate pubescence or the longest bristles. | Any portions of the 
mucilage which may adhere to the elytra, may be removed with the needle 
point or the sable pencil moistened as before. Each specimen may then 
be mounted on a strip of card-board, or fastened in the cell of a micro- 
scope slide with a minute touch of Canada balsam, and a thin glass cover 
cemented over it, when it will form an interesting object for examination 
either by direct or transmitted light. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 


. Prof. Bell has kindly sent with the above paper a series of specimens 
illustrating the families of insects he has referred to, all neatly mounted 
on microscopic slides, comprising twenty in all. Many of these are 
extremely interesting, and the mounting is such as would do credit to an 
expert. We are greatly indebted to our friend for this liberal donation to 
our Society’s collection. ‘They are valuable not only as beautiful slides 
for the microscope, but have also been carefully determined and are num- 
bered to correspond with the numbers under which their names are found 
in Crotch’s Check List, and hence will be very useful for reference. ‘This 
is the second time we have had the pleasure of calling attention to Prof. 
Bell’s liberality in this direction.—Ep. C. E. 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
NEONYMPHA CANTHUS, Linn. (EXCEPT 
THE CHRYSALIS.) 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Egg.—Sub-rotund, broadest at base, and there flattened; surface 
slightly rough, but without definite markings under a pretty high power ; 
color greenish-white. Duration of this stage about 7 days. 


Younc Larva.—Length just from egg, .og inch; color yellow-white ; 
but in a few hours changes to pale green ; shape cylindrical, long, slender ; 
the last segment bluntly bifurcated ; on each segment a few tubercles, each 
of which gives out a clubbed white hair; head, at first, nearly twice as 
broad as 2, obovoid, truncated and depressed; on each vertex a small 
rounded prominence, indented at top, and from the middle of the hollow 
rises a little tubercle, with a bristle ; color light brown ; the surface shal- 
lowly pitted, and sparsely pilose ; ocelli reddish brown. 


At three days from the egg, length .r8 inch; color pale green; on 
either side now appear three whitish longitudinal lines, one near middle 
of dorsum, one on the verge of the dorsal area, and one on middle of the 
side. As the first moult approaches, the body becomes broad as the 
head, and vitreous-green, with the white lines as before described. To 
first moult about 8 days. 


After First Moult.— Length .26 inch ; slender, slightly thickest in mid- 
dle segments ; the tails longer in proportion than at first stage, slender, 
sub-conical, pink-tipped, rough with white pointed tubercles and short 
bristles ; each segment several times creased transversely, and on the 
ridges so caused are fine white tubercles, with short hair to each ; color at 
first greenish-yellow, afterwards changing to pale green ; on middle of 
dorsum a dark green stripe, free from tubercles ; on either edge of this a 
line of white tubercles, another sub-dorsal, a third along base ; between 
the last two are two other fine white lines, and one such between the dor- 
sal and sub-dorsal; feet and legs green; head broader than next seg- 
ment, obovoid, the sides more sloping, less rounded, than in first stage ; 
on each vertex a long, tapering process or horn, tuberculated, brown- 
tipped, and marked in front by a reddish stripe which is extended down 


; 


Or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 6 


side face to the ocelli; color of face and head yellow-green, the surface 
finely tuberculated. To next moult 6 to 9 days. 


After Second Moult.—Length from .34 to .4 inch; same shape ; color 
yellow-green; same tuberculated lines; head shaped as before, but narrower 


and higher, the horns longer, and nearer together ; striped as before, but 


the upper part pink; color of face pale green. ‘To next moult 14 to 18 
days. 


After Third Moult.—Length .55 inch; shape and color as at preceding 
stage; but a few hours after the moult, in nearly all the examples, the 
colors changed to brown and buff; at 24 hours from the moult, length .57 
inch ; on middle of dorsum a broad brown stripe, on either side of which 
is a band of reddish-buff, which changes to greenish on the outer side ; on 
the side another buff band, through the middle of which runs a brown 
line ; the basal ridge buff ; head and horns as at preceding stage. A few 
days later the buff larvae became lethargic. 


But one of the green larve proceeded to fourth moult without change 
of color. From third to fourth moult in the fall, 26 days. 


After Fourth Moult in Fall.—Length .6 inch; color green; but 24 
hours after the moult had changed ; color now yellow-buff and red-brown ; 
the medio-dorsal stripe pale brown ; the bands on either side of it green- 
ish-yellow ; the side brown with a dull green line running through it; head 
shaped as before ; face green, the stripes reddish-brown. ‘This larva went 
into lethargy a few days later, but died during the winter. 


One only of three larvee which hybernated after third moult survived 
the winter, and being placed in a warm room 15th Feb’y, soon waked up 
and began to feed. he color gradually changed from buff to green 
without a moult; color wholly dull green, with a darker medio-dorsal 
stripe ; a yellow sub-dorsal line running from horn to tip of tail; two yel- 
low side lines, obscure ; yellow along base; tails gteen, no pink at tips ; 
head pale yellow, the stripes brown. ‘Iwenty-two days after the end of 
hybernation, passed fourth moult. 


After Fourth Moult in Spring.—Length .62 inch ; color pale green, the 
medio-dorsal stripe dark ; the sub-dorsal stripe yellow-white, the two lines 
on side, and the basal stripe same hue; tails green ; head emerald-green, 
the horns reddish, the stripe down face dark brown. Duration of this 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stage 30 days. After fifth moult, length 1 inch ; color green, striped with 
whitish. Twelve days later reached maturity. 

Mature Larva.—Length 1.2 inch; long, slender, the dorsum arched ; 
the last segment ending in two long, slender, conical tails, which are rough 
with tubercles ; each segment creased transversely so as to make six 
ridges ; the front ridge, from 3 back, is twice as broad as any other, and 
flattened, the rest nearly equal, rounded ; the surface finely tuberculated, 
each tubercle giving out a fine and short hair; color of body green ; a 
darker medio-dorsal stripe, and on either side of this a pale green band on 
the outer edge of which is a yellow-green stripe ; these stripes and bands 
occupy the whole dorsal area; on the side a pale green band through 
which runs a yellow line; along base a yellow stripe ; feet and legs pale 
green ; head obovoid, the top narrow, and on each vertex a long, tapering, 
conical process or horn, the two meeting at base ; whole surface rough 
with fine tubercles, each with short hair; color of head yellow-green, the 
horns red ; down the front of the latter from near the tip a brown stripe, 
which passes down the side of face to the ocelli. 


The only larva I have been able to raise to maturity died before chry- 
salis, so that I am not at present able to describe that stage. 


Canthus does not fly in W. Va., and I was indebted to Mr. Chas. E. 
Worthington, of Chicago, for the first eggs and larve I obtained. The 
eggs were laid by females tied in a bag over grass, r1th to 13th July, 1879. 
When they reached me, 20th, by mail, some eggs were still unhatched. In 
all there had been about 50. ‘They were laid ona species of coarse grass 
growing near the border of Lake Michigan, but the larve eat lawn grass 
readily. The first moult was passed 27th July; the second 2nd Aug., the 
third 16th Aug.; but at each stage some larvee lagged behind, so that the 
third moult came on at various dates up to 2nd Sept. ‘The color of all 
the larve was green till after third moult, when the first which had passed 
that moult, within 24 hours after it, changed to buff and brown, and 31st 
Aug., these were evidently fixed for hybernation. But two which passed 
the moult latest went on to fourth moult, one of them having changed to 
buff like those first mentioned, and passed fourth on 19th Sept., the other 
retaining its original color. ‘This last passed fourth on 17th Sept., and 
about 24 hours after, it also had changed to buff. One of these escaped, 
and the other went into hybernation, but died during the winter. — I lost 
indeed all the larve of the brood. 


THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST. 61 


On 25th July, 1881, I again received eggs from Mr. Wm. E. Gallagher, 
of Whitings, Lake Co., Ind. When I opened the box there were about 
35 newly hatched larvze. Another smaller lot came from same ssource Ist 
Aug. From one cause or other, the most efficient being minute spiders in 
the sod, and which I discovered only when too late, I had but 3 of these 
larve on zoth Aug., all past third moult. They retained their green color 
until a few hours after that moult, then- turned buff. I sent one of these 
to Mrs. Peart, in Philadelphia. By roth Sept., both my larve were in 
lethargy. I recorded on roth Sept., that one of them had shifted its 
position. The same thing occurred 29th Sept.; and on 1st of Oct., the 
same uneasy larva left the grass and climbed four inches up the glass 
cylinder which covered it. On 12th Nov., this larva had moved again, and 
next on 4th Dec. Meanwhile the one which had been sent to Phila- 
delphia behaved differently, and went on to fourth moult, passing it 27th 
Oct. One of my two died, but the other I brought into a warm room on 
13th Feb. (temp. outside 65°), and placed in the sun. In about fifteen 
minutes it moved and soon after had eaten. When brought in, it 
was much shorter and smaller than when it went into lethargy. It had 
been .6 inch then in length, now it was less than .4 inch. By 25th Feb., 
it had reached .5 inch, and 2nd March had fully recovered its former 
length, .6 inch. Early in March, it began to change color, and by the 6th 
had become green. It reached .66 inch before it passed fourth moult, which 
occurred 24th March. The larva which had passed the winter in Phila- 
delphia had escaped, and I sent this last survivor of the brood to Mrs. 
Peart. It passed fifth moult 25th April, and continued to feed, by the 
7th May becoming full grown. After which ‘it did not increase in size, 
seemed to be at rest all the time, and finally died 2nd July, before pupa- 
tion. So that the egg which had been laid in the middle of July pro- 
duced a larva which had not pupated 2nd July the next year. So pro- 
tracted are the stages in several of the Neonymphe larve that rearing 
them becomes excessively tedious, the more so as during the months when 
they are feeding they require daily looking after. 

When at rest, the Canthus larve, as do those of all this genus, have 
their heads turned down and under, so that the horns are nearly in same 
plane as the dorsum, after the fashion of Apatura larve. When feeding, 
Canthus has the tails elevated at about 45°, and separated. They rested 
much on the glass cylinder at times, especially just before and during the 
moults, and spun for these occasions quite a web on which to support 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


themselves. When weaving, the larva made a circular motion with its 
head, all the time advancing slowly, and the result was a succession of 
loops like figs. 8. 

I have now bred from the egg every species of Neonympha found east 
of the Mississippi River and north of Texas to the Rocky Mountains, in 
all cases but Canthus obtaining chrysalids. These species are Lurytris, 
Sosybius, Areolatus, Gemma and Canthus.* Of Henshaw7i | received, in 
summer of 1881, eggs from Mr. Doll, in Arizona. They were dead, and 
no larve had been hatched. The shape of the egg was like that of Can- 
thus, but there was a fine net work of lines over the surface, as in Gemma. 
In fact, the eggs of the six species spoken of are alike in shape, almost 
globular, flattened at the bottom, and all but Canthus show distinct 
reticulations over the surface. The larvie fall into groups, Cawthus and 
Gemma forming one, then Arco/atus one, Eurytris one, Sosybius one, this 
last coming nearest the true Satyrids (A/opfe, Xc.). ‘The heads of the 
young larvee, from egg, are round, or truncated ovoid, and except Sosybzus, 
all have processes on vertices at this stage. Gemma begins with a pair of 
high, divergent, conical horns. At first moult, these are of same descrip- 
tion, but higher in proportion, and the horns are retained to last stage. 
Canthus, at first, has on each vertex a depression, and out of the middle 
of this rises a low cone. But at first moult, the larva takes on a pair of 
long, conical horns, and carries them through all stages. Avco/atus begins 
with an ovid knob on vertex, and two others smaller down each side of 
face. At first moult, there is a low cone on vertex and those on face are 
suppressed. And essentially the same sort of process runs through all 
subsequent stages. In the last, it is small, short and pointed. Azrytris, 
at first, has a round head, shaped like a Satyrus, but on vertex is a 
rounded knob. After first moult the shape of head changes to the Neo- 
nympha type, sub-ovoid, truncated, and the knob is continued. Same in 
next two stages, but at fourth moult (and last) these processes are a little 
longer, pointed and compressed. Sosyézus begins with a round head, no 
processes on vertex, and goes through all stages in same manner. Canthus 
and Gemma are long and very slender, and both change from green to 
brown when about to hybernate, and back to green again after the hyber- 
nation, and before a moult. Arco/atus also is long and slender. But 
Eurytris and Sosybtus are stout, and more in shape like S. AZofe. ‘The 


* All these have been described, as to their preparatory stages, in this magazine, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69 


chrysalids of Areolatus, Eurytris and Sosybius have the same general shape 
of .S. A/ope,; stout and short, with the anterior end truncated, almost cut 
squarely off beyond mesonotum. But Gemma is long, slender, with the 
head case produced, and ending in two long conical processes like the 
horns ofthe larvee. Probably Canthus will be found to have a chrysalis 
of this description. Debis Port/andia, in all its stages, Comes very near 
Neonympha. In the first two stages it most resembles Canthus ; after 
that, Canthus and Gemma. Its chrysalis is of the Satyrid type, very like 
that of AZope. The egg differs from all the species somewhat. It is of 
the same general shape, however, but has a rounded protuberance on the 
under side, and a smooth surface. Judging by the preparatory stages of 
Portlandia, Debis ought te stand next Neonympha in the catalogues, 
instead of being separated from it by several genera, as Coenonympha and 
Erebia. ‘The preparatory stages of these two genera I only know from 
European authors, but species of both have barrel-shaped, ribbed eggs, 
and caterpillars with round heads, and no processes on vertices. These 
agree, therefore, with Satyrus, and the genera should stand near Satyrus. 

The more I see of the preparatory stages of butterflies, the more I am 
impressed that no system of arrangement is a true one which does not 
consider these. Each unquestionably natural genus in the American 
diurnals is as distinct in its several stages as in the imago, so far as these 
are known. Between such genera fall some others less clearly defined, 
with the stages spoken of lying midway between also ; as Euptoieta, which 
has the egg of an Argynnis, but the chrysalis of a Melitaea, while the larva 
is neither one or the other, though resembling Argynnis somewhat. 


THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEMISTRINID. 
BY S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 


The family of Nemistrinide comprises throughout the world one hun- 
dred and ten described species, six or seven of which are from Southern 
Europe and three from North America; the remainder nearly equally 
distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and South America. In their habits, 
so far as known, the species approach the Bombylid most closely, as also 
do many in their general appearance. Structurally they are of interest to 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the Dipterologist, on account of their intricate and diverse neuration, which 
in some species is almost Neuropter-like in the reticulation. 

Doubtless the number of our species will be augmented by future dis- 
coveries, but yet we can never expect a very material increase. 

Our three described species, to which I here add a fourth, may be 
diagnosed as follows. I have never seen Macquart’s species, but it may 
be distinguished without difficulty. 


A. Proboscis short, protruding but little from the opening of the 
mouth. Antenne small, short, broadly separated ; wings not reticulate, 
three submarginal cells, the outer posterior one closed before the border 
of the wing, first posterior cell open, fourth (the one just behind the 
discal cell) closed, anal cell narrowly open. 

a. Eyes pilose, second posterior cell open.—Hirmoneura brevirostris. 

aa. Kyes bare, second posterior cell closed before the border of the 
wing. FT, (Parasymmictus) clausa O.S. 

B. Proboscis long, directed backwards. Face without protuberance ; 
antenne small, short, very broadly separated, third joint nearly orbicular, 
style of three joints. Eyes bare, contiguous in the male ; ovipositor of 
female with two slender diverging lamelle. Wings not reticulate, three 
submarginal cells, the outer ones open, first posterior cell open, fourth 
closed, the anal cell open. 

6. Third joint of antenne nearly orbicular, or slightly pear-shaped, 
third joint of style not much longer than first two together; second 
posterior cell closed and petiolate. Abdomen indistinctly fasciate. Length 
9 m. Rhynchocephalus Sackent, W\stn. 

6b. Third joint of antennze obtusely oval, third joint of style three 
times as long as first two together. Wings more slender, second posterior 
cell open. Abdomen distinctly fasciate. Length 12m. 2. volaticus, 

sp. Nov. 


Firmoneura brevirostris, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, 108, 8 ; Tab. 
20, fig. 1. Yucatan. ‘This species differs from the type of Hirmoneura 
(HZ. obscura (W.) Meig.) in the pilosity of the eyes, and closed second 
submarginal cell. Baron Osten Sacken mentions (Cat. Dipt. note 142) 
that he had seen a specimen of Airmoneura from Colorado with the 
second posterior cell open. It is possibly this, but I suppose a new species, 
HZ. clausa, O. Sacken, Western Dipt. 225, Texas, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71 


Syn. Parasymmictus clausus, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1879, No. 8; 
Annales 1881, p. 15. 

The genus Afirmoneurva has been used in a wide sense, but if such 
characters are made use of as serve to distinguish genera in allied families, 
most of the species would become generic types. The closed sub- 
marginal and second posterior cells in this species have induced Bigot to 
make it the type of a new genus, but the same reasons would require new 
generic names for H. brevirostris and the species of Rhynchocephalus 
described below. For the present, therefore, I believe it will be better to 
hold Parasymmictus im abeyance. 

Rhynchocephalus Sackeni, W\stn., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. iv. p. 243, 
1880. 

Belongs in the division with closed second posterior cell, to which 2. 
Tauscheri Fischer, the type, pertains. A male specimen from Washington 
Territory, since received, has the proboscis considerably shorter, the eyes 
nearly contiguous near the ocelli, ocelli with a conspicuous tuft of black 
pile and the style of the antennz very indistinctly jointed, even under a 
compound lens. 


Fic. 4.—Wing of Rhynchocephalus volaticus, W\stn.—a, third submarginal cell ; 
b, ¢, a, e, f, first-fifth posterior cells. 


Rhynchocephalus volaticus, sp. nov. 


@-. Black with light yellowish pile. Head brownish black, thickly 
clothed with pile. Front thinly blackish pilose on the upper part ; on the 
lower part, the face, cheeks and occiput with abundant sulphur yellow pile ; 
antennze short, reddish yellow, first joint concealed by the pile, second 
joint sub-quadrate, third joint obtusely oval; first joint of style very 
short, second about twice as long, third joint three or four times as long 
as first two together. Proboscis reaching about to hind coxe. ‘Thorax 
brownish black, clothed with the same sulphur yellow pile, abundant and 
bushy on the pleurae and pectus, on the dorsum thinner, the ground color 


72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


showing through. Abdomen short and broad, brownish black ; second 
segment above thickly yellow pilose in the front part, behind more or less 
black, its hind border and the hind borders of the remaining segments 
conspicuously fringed with white tomentum ; second, third and fourth with 
black somewhat intermixed with yellowish tomentum ; remaining segments 
more or less clothed with yellowish pile, third and fourth segments on the 
sides with conspicuous tufts of black pile. Lamellae of the ovipositor 
slender, black, about as long as intermediate femora. Legs brown, femora 
concealed by abundant yellow pile, especially in the proximal parts, tips 
yellowish, hind tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wings hyaline, more slender 
than those of 2. Sackenz, first and second submarginal, and first and second 
posterior cells open, third and fifth lying along the posterior margin, separ- 
ated by the vein running into the posterior border. Length 12 m., of 
wings 11 m. ‘Two specimens, Florida, Prof. Riley. 

When denuded, the second and third segments of the abdomen may 
show a large reddish spot on each side ; they are probably not, however, 
a constant mark. ‘This species agrees with &. caucasicus, Fischer, in 
having the second posterior cell open. 

The three other species of this genus now known are 2. Zauschert, 
Fischer, and 2. caucasicus, Fischer, from Southern Russia and Asia Minor, 
and &. albofasciatus, Wied., whose habitat is unknown. That volaticus 
is not the same as a/bofasciatus seems evident from the description of the 
abdomen. ‘The white fasciae are on the extreme hind borders, with the 
remainder of each segment black, while in Wiedemann’s species the 
white fasciae are in front. : 


ON THE NORTH AMERICAN ,CALPINA® TO. HELIOTHINAl 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


Since the groups are very difficult of scientific definition in the /Voc- 
tuide, the present must not be considered as standing on more than a 
comparative basis. In my New Check List the genera are arranged 
between the Calpine and Ffeliothine. ‘Vhe arrangement I would only 
modify by restricting the Ca/p/n@ to the North American genera—Cadpe, 
with one species, perhaps the same as the European, and PAzprosopus, 
with the species cal/itrichoides, called a Geometrid by Zeller, and which 
in outline has a resemblance to the aberrant Noctuid genus Doryodes, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73 


which I have placed among the Vowagriine, or Nonagriade of Dr. Harris, 
The group which I have called S¢/r/‘nw is in some measure intermediate 
between the Ca/pine and Plusiing. The fact that the tibiae are often 
armed with a claw (Stra, Basi/odes) may be taken as an approximation 
to the He/iothine, where the tibiae are usually armed and have the tibiae 
spinose. 

The typical genus of the P/usiine, Plusia, has a wide distribution and 
is numerous in species. The type is the European /. chrysitis, and we 
owe the generic name to Fabricius. I would refer the student to my Cata- 
logue of May, 1874, where I have been at pains to give the date and the types 
of the genera then described. This labor will, I think, be found to have been 
well expended, and to afford a good and reliable basis for the generic 
synonymy. However we may extend or alter the contents of the genera, 
it is well to keep the real meaning of the generic names before us by a 
reference to the type. We can thus judge how far we are willing to 
depart from the typical structure for the purpose of getting good working 
genera. I add here the generic types since 1874 and arrange the genera 
as follows. I do not think the labial palpi of //ws/odonta are really inter- 
mediate in form between Ca/fe and Plusia, but it is not unreasonable to 
follow with that genus. 

The two groups or sub-groups differ as follows : Front often prominent, 
rough, with a roughened projection, sometimes circular, cup-like, or hardly 
depressed, or with a central elevation ; again with a superior ridge or a 
tubercle ; labial palpi weak, with the terminal joint conical or concealed ; 
abdomen smooth, untufted, often with exserted ovipositor. The infra- 
clypeal plate is pronounced. St7r7ine. 

Front smooth, tibiae unarmed ; palpi moderately long, with pointed 
third joint; vestiture more hairy: body often tufted on dorsal line. 
Plustine. 

a. Stiriine. 
BasiLopes Guen. (1852). 

Zype: Basilodes Pepita Gwen. 

Eyes naked, unlashed. Thorax quadrate; patagia deflected at tips. 
Vestiture consisting of hair-like scales, mixed with broader scales and with 
short, broad, underlying scales on thorax. Tore tibiae not truncated, with 
a single terminal claw ; middle and hind tibiae unarmed. | Body untufted ; 
2 abdomen terminating in a somewhat sudden slope to the extruded ovi- 
positor. Palpi hairy, projecting beyond the front, with conical third joint. 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Clypeus full, rising to a black wrinkled protuberance, circular, a little 
depressed on top with the rim hardly raised. Wings of the usual P/usia 
shape, pointed at tips, and the primaries are rather broad, outer margin 
full. 

1. Pepita Guen. West Virginia; Kansas. 

2. Chrysopis Gr. Arizona. 

The first species is larger, fore wings metallic, golden, with fine 
ordinary lines; the latter paler, smaller, with a golden lustre over sub- 
terminal space. ‘he relationship between this and the following genera 
is expressed by the fine oblique lines crossing primaries. 

STIRIA Grote (1874). 

Type: Stiria Rugifrons G7. 

Eyes naked, unlashed. Front with infra-clypeal plate noticeable and 
with a cordate impression having a raised tubercle, in the type near the 
lower edge, and in Sw/phurca more central. Labial palpi with third joint 
concealed, less prominent than in as/odes, from which this differs by the 
character of the frontal excavation. Legs unarmed, fore tibiae with a 
terminal claw. Wings wide with a P/wsa-like tooth at internal angle of 
primaries. ‘Thorax somewhat short and quadrate, like Aasz/odes, the 
tegulae a little more deflected at tips. The characters are fully given 
Bull. B.S. N. S., 73, 1874, where I failed to note its resemblance to 
Basilodes for the simple reason that I did not then know that genus. Both 
species are yellow with frosted purple patches and terminal space, the type 
larger and paler.  Sw/phurea intense yellow, somewhat more lustrous, 
smaller, and the purply patches hardly frosted. 

1. Rugifrons Gr. Kansas ; Colorado. 

2. Sulphurea Meum. Arizona. 

STIBADIUM Gr. (1874). i 

Differs by the infra-clypeal plate being more prominent, the labial palpi 
shorter. The clypeus is elevated and furnished with a moderate impres- 
sion, more like that of Basz/odes than Stiria. Like Stivia, the primaries 
are produced at internal angle, but the wing is a little narrower, with 
straighter costal edge than either of the other genera. The fore tibiae 
have a terminal claw; the eyes are naked and full. The characters 
separating these three genera are mainly comparative, and they may be 
optionally held to indicate groups in a single genus, which must then take 
the name of the first genus. The type is uniformly pearly fuscous and 


~I 


eb) | 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


looks a good deal like the common Gortyna nebris; in Aureolum, a much 
prettier species, the subterminal field is pale golden yellow and thus 
approaches S¢/77a; the 2 ovipositor is exserted. 

1. Spumosum G7. Kansas ; Illinois. 

2. Aureolum Hy. Hdw. Arizona. 


Faia Gr. (1875). 
Type: ¥. Ptycophora Gr. ~ Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 425. 
I have figured the single species in my Illustrated Essay. and the 
diagnosis is given as above. 
1. Ptycophora Gr. California. 


PLAGIOMIMICUS Gr. (1873). 


Type: P. Pityochromus Gr. 

Front with an empty and exposed cup-shaped protuberance, the frontal 
scales being short and mossy. A slender terminal claw on front tibie. 
In Zepperi the frontal excavation is less prominent, but otherwise this 
species agrees. As compared with the preceding genera, the three species 
are slenderer-and have a casual resemblance to the’ Heliothid genera 
Schinia and Lygranthoecia. As in Stibadium the labial palpi are short, 
here they hardly reach the top of the more prominent infra-clypeal plate 
in the more typical forms. ‘The species are olivaceous fuscous (Pityo- 
chromus, Expallidus), or of a delicate olivaceous green ( Z¢pperz). Both 
Mr. Morrison and Mr. Smith wrongly give the fore tibiz of Zepper7 as 
unarmed. 

1. Pityochromus Gy. Mass. to Kansas and the South. 

Schinia media Morr. 

2. Expallidus Gry. Montana. 

3. Tepperi ory. Southern States, Arizona. 

This genus may be considered as a division of Basé/odes with the 
others which I have associated with it. The primaries do not show the 
tooth of Str7a. The course of uniting these genera seems to me not 
unadvisable, but the fate of one must be that of them all. Although the 
characters are principally the same and only offer comparative differences, 
allowing no value to the tooth or the modifications in shape of primaries, it 
is not a little singular that each has two or more species united by struc- 
tural detail, general appearance, color and pattern, all, properly speaking, 
rather sub-generic than generic characters. ‘The best marked seems to me 
Plagiomimicus, where the cup-like clypeus is rather narrower, much 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


exposed, and the infra-clypeal plate is prominent, not exceeded by the 
short labial palpi, and /@/a, where the cup has a strong tubercle. Basz/- 
odes has the terminal palpal article conical and prominent, and apparently 
differs from the rest in this respect. 


CHAMAECLEA Gr. (1883). . 

Type: C. Pernana Gr. 

Allied to the genera typical of the St/r7ine by the bulging clypeus 
and Plusia-shaped wings. Front with a slight depression, rising in the 
middle. Vestiture scaly. ‘Tibize unarmed; in all the examples I have 
seen the fore legs are broken off. | Fore wings wide, produced at internal 
angle. The tegule are not deflected; the thorax short. ¢g antenne 
simple. 

Pernana Gr. Arizona. This genus is curious for the way in which 
Chamaecla Pernana mimics Chariclea Delphinit, 


CIRRHOPHANUS G7. (1872). 


Tgp pe Triangulifer Gr. 

The eyes are full, naked, unlashed. The clypeus has a central 
rounded tubercle. The vestiture consists of hair-like scales with broader 
ones, arranged like shingles, rising from the thorax, which is short and in 
shape allies the moth to this group. ‘The fore tibiz are also not truncate, 
but as long as in the preceding genera and unarmed. ‘The parts of the 
thorax resemble the preceding genera, but there is a divided posterior 
tuft. The patagia are not as deflected as in Plagiomimicus, but do not 
lie close to the thorax. The female ovipositor is not exserted.. . The 
abdomen is untufted. The labial palpi have the terminal joint concealed 
and are not unlike though longer, the palpi of the genera separated here 
from Basilodes, but unlike that genus. The antennz have the basal joint 
scaled. The palpi are rather thickly haired. ‘The tibia are unarmed. 
Wings ample, without tooth, rounded exteriorly, with blunt apices, and 
running in a little and forming a prominent angle at internal margin. The 
genus seems to be somewhat intermediate between the preceding and 
Plusia. The species is golden-yellow with orange-brown lines disposed 
somewhat like the European Chariclea Delphinit. 

Triangulifer G7. Ohio, Missouri, , 
Pretiosa Morr. (Chariclea). 


Ji 


“I 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Figured in my Illustrated Essay under Chariclea. 1 believe that 
Pyrrhia of Speyer, Hubner and myself, of which the type is the European 
Umbra, and of which we have three congeneric American forms, x- 
primens, Angulata and Stil/a, is a different genus from Chariclea Kirby, 
of which the type I take to be the European De/phiniz. I originally 
referred the moth as allied to Gortyna, and it may yet be better placed 
there when its early stages are known. 

Acopa Harvey (1875). 

Type: Acopa Carina Harvey. 

In this genus the body is linear and slight, the tibiae unarmed, ocelli 
small, male antenne brush-like with distinct joints, thorax with a tuft 
behind (in which it resembles the Heliothid genera Oxycnemis and 
Triocnemis), abdomen untufted, linear. The neuration is somewhat dis- 
tinctive. Fore wings 12-veined with accessory cell, from the outer apex 
of which spring veins 7 and 8, g out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind 
wings 7-veined ; median 3-branched ; 8 out of 7 not far from the base. 
The legs are slender, tibiae unarmed. Dr. Harvey gives the characters in 
the Buffalo Bulletin, and figures the type from a Texan example. The 
species are white, hoary or pallid. I have seen the type of /zcana, which 
is sufficiently distinct in appearance, but from its vague markings looks 
like some suffused varieties, as for instance, var. /Vanus of Anytus 
Sculptus. Carina is the smaller species ; the type had the secondaries 
dark fuscous, but another specimen was paler. /erpallida is much 
stouter, the lines different, and it differs structurally in the smaller acces- 
sory cell on fore wings. It is chalky white, shaded with ochrey, and with 
narrow fuscous lines, the median farther apart than in Carina. 

1. Carina Harvey. Texas. 

. Perpallida Gr. Kansas. 


3. Incana Hy. Edw. Arizona. 
(To be Continued.) 


iS) 


MEETING OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. 

A meeting of the above Society is to be held in Ottawa on the 22nd 
inst.. When it is expected that many valuable papers will be presented. 
The Royal Society having honored the Entomological Society of Ontario 
by placing its name on the list of Societies who may send a delegate to 
take part in the proceedings, the Council have chosen Mr. James Fletcher, 


78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of Ottawa, as the representative of our Society. We would call attention 
to the following letter from Mr. Fletcher :— 


My Dear Sir,—Having been honored by the Council of the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario by being nominated as the delegate to 
represent that Society at the approaching meeting of the Royal Society of 
Canada, I shall feel obliged if any members who are desirous of availing 
themselves of the privilege extended by the Royal Society of having 
papers read before that learned body, will correspond with me without 
delay, so that I may make the necessary arrangements. 

I am, my dear sir, yours truly, 
J. FLercHEm 


SISTER REE EE BE TE PY BS SEE EER 
OBITUARY. 


It becomes our painful duty to announce the death of one of the 
founders of our Society and its first President, Prof. Henry Croft. He 
died at Hermanitas, Texas, on the 28th of April, of dropsy, aged 63 
years. Ever since the organization of our Soeiety he has taken the 
deepest interest in its welfare. Early in life while in Europe he was an 
ardent collector, devoting most of his attention to Hymenoptera ; but 
after accepting the position of Professor of Chemistry in the University of 
Toronto, which he filled with much credit for many years, his time was so 
fully occupied with his professional duties as to leave him but little 
opportunity for entomological pursuits. Yet he never lost his interest in 
this, his favorite department of natural history. For many years past his 
eyesight had failed to such an extent as to prevent his collecting, and his 
health also was too poor to permit of it. Several years ago he resigned 
his position in the University and removed to Texas with his family, with 
the hope of benefiting his health. “His death was quite unexpected. 
One of his much esteemed colleagues thus writes of him: ‘ His last letter 
to me, written about ten days before his death, showed much of his old 
interest in natural history, some of his familiar humor, and a_ kindly 
interest in his friends here. I look back with pleasure on many years of 
work with him as a colleague. I ever found him genuinely straight- 
forward, guileless and upright.” His memory will ever be cherished by 
those of us who knew him well as a kind and disinterested friend. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Te 


CORRESPONDENCE. 

Although the snow still heavily shrouds the earth, and the air is frosty, 
the stern, cold sway of winter must soon be ended, and naturalists will 
again go forth into the fields and forests. | Before entering, however, on 
the coming campaign, I would like to record for my fellow collectors a few 
facts culled from my copious notes of the past one. ‘The spring of 1882 
was very backward, so that insects were unusually scarce during Apriland 
May. On the other hand, the autumn was prolonged and fine, and many 
species could be collected up to the end of October. On April 25th, I 
carefully searched the pines for Buprestidz (which at the same date in 
188r were abundant), but could not find a single specimen. On May 
r1th, a second investigation resulted in the finding of only two specimens 
of Chalcophora liberta, Germ. On June 6th, this species was abundant, 
and several specimens of C. a/rg?nzensis, Dr., and Chrysobothris Harrisiz, 
Hentz, were also taken. C. wirginiensis, Dr., C. diberta, Germ., and C. 
Jortis, Lec., were taken again on several days between September 24th 
and October 16th. On April 3oth, Tiger Beetles were making their ap- 
pearance, and some specimens of C. vulgaris, Say, were taken just 
emerging from their winter quarters in the sand, under stones and chips. 
C. sex-guttata, Fab., as is well known, frequents paths and clearings in 
woods. On wet or dull days it may often be found sheltered under the 
loose bark of fallen trees, or in the deserted burrows of borers, down 
which it retreats when disturbed. While stripping the bark from a large 
prostrate maple on May 22nd, to obtain larve, I captured three of these 
beautiful beetles, which had thus been driven to shelter by a shower. The 
tree yielded numerous specimens of Aupsalis minuta, Drury, and some 
pupe of Saperda tridentata, Oliv., from which imagos emerged on June 
r5th. On June 16th, while beating the branches of a butternut, I found 
upon my net a Curculio (blackish with.an oblique white dash on each 
elytron), which was new to me, but could find no more upon the tree. As 
I was leaving the field in which it stood to enter an adjoining wood, I saw 
upon the gate-post a similar weevil, and a glance around showed me a 
large butternut growing but a short distance away, and having a large dead 
limb resting on the fence. | at once concluded that the weevils had come 
from this, and, on examining the decaying limb, hundreds of the beetles 
were found upon it. On a length of only five or six feet I took fifty, 
nearly all of which were paired and copulating. ‘The beetle proves to be 
Pseudomus truncatus, Lec. On the 21st I took two specimens of Cepha- 


SO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


loon lepturoides, Newm., as well as several of Dendroides concolor, Newm.., 
and other fine species. Among the beetles mentioned by Dr. Le Conte 
as bred from hickory twigs, is Charzessa pilosa, Forst. During the latter 
part of June and the following month numerous specimens of this hand- 
some beetle were observed upon felled and old hickories. They were very 
active,—coursing about in search of prey, and doubtless destroying many 
insect enemies of this tree. One was seen devouring an Agri/us egenus. 
Gory, and a second feasting on JZagda/is barbita, Say, both injurious and 
abundant species. The delicate and rare Buprestis, Paci/onota cyanipes, 
Say, was captured on June 22nd, upon a dead willow, which I hope may 
yield me more during the coming season. On the same day a very fine 
female Bellamira scalaris, Say, was taken ovipositing on an old maple 
stump. Beating low bushes on the margins of a small lake yielded 
numerous species, including Cupes concolor, Westw., the only specimen of 
this family which I have yet taken. -During September the Locust-borer, 
Cyllene robinie, Forst., was very abundant in all parts of the city. Al- 
though I had never previously captured the beetle, I knew from the 
decayed condition of our locust trees (which are not numerous), that it 
must infest them. In the latter part of the month, @canthus niveus 
was, as is usual, in large numbers on raspberries, and in full song, 1f we 
can so designate its musical performance. An interesting feature of its 
concerts is one of which I have not been able to find any mention in 
books accessible. While the male is energetically shuffling together its 
wings, raised almost vertically, the female may be seen standing just 
behind it, and with her head applied to the base of the wings, evidently 
eager to get the full benefit of every note produced. On October 7th, I 
discovered in the seeds of the basswood some lepidopterous larvee of 
which I would be glad to hear from members studying lepidoptera, as I 
can find no mention of any moth attacking the fruit of this tree. Do the 
larve leave the seeds, and, as they have the power to do, lower them- 
selves to the ground, or do they remain until the seeds fall from the tree? 
The seeds are completely eaten out, and I noticed in a double-seeded fruit 
that after finishing one seed, the larva proceeded to the other. 


Ottawa, 30th March, 1883. W. Hacurt HARRINGTON. 


P. S.—I would like to, obtain, by exchange or purchase, a copy of the 
First Report of the Society, to complete my set of its publications. 
(Printed May 11th, 1883.) 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1883. No. 5 


INSECTS INJURIOUS TO DRUGS. 
BY WILLIAM EDWIN SAUNDERS, PH. G. 
[From an Inaugural Essay presented to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.] 


In this paper is given simply what has been noted by the writer during 
a study of these insects extending over more than a year. 

Stvodrepa panicea.—This is the elliptical, reddish-brown beetle, about 
one-eighth of an inch long, which is found in almost every edible drug, 
and in some, such as aconite root and capsicum, that would be pro- 
nounced far from edible. In addition to these two drugs, I have found it 
in bitter almonds, sweet almonds, angelica, boneset, calumba, chamomile, 
chocolate, coriander, dandelion, elm bark, ergot, extract of licorice, 
German chamomile, orris root, prince’s pine, rhubarb, squill, and sweet 
flag. : 

The larva is white, with a brown head, is about twice as long as the 
beetle when full grown, although it is seldom or never seen stretched out 
at full length, always remaining curled up in a ball. It will in time fairly 
honeycomb a piece of root with small holes about one-twenty-fifth of an 
inch in diameter, at the end of which it is generally to be seen at home. 
Under the influence of camphor, these larvae become uneasy, but being 
apparently unable to crawl away, resign themselves to their fate, and seem 
to thrive just as well with camphor as without it. 

Calandra remotopunctata.—This is a small, black beetle, about the 
size of the last, with what is popularly termed a * snout,” projecting from 
the front of the head downwards. Under the microscope the back, thorax, 
and head are seen to be finely pitted, giving the insect a rough appearance. 
It was found in large numbers, the larva feeding on pearl barley, inside of 
which it lives, the egg being probably laid in the grain by the parent, and 
on hatching, the little insect makes its home there, eating all but the shell, 
and sometimes attacking the grain from the outside. 

Tenebrioides mauritanica, a species of ** meal-worm,” was found in 
pearl barley, and one specimen in calumba. It is a dark brown beetle, 


82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


five-sixteenths of an inch long, the head and thorax forming nearly half the 
total length, and the mouth being fringed with hair. The back, which at 
first sight appears perfectly smooth, proves to be, when exarnined under 
the microscope, longitudinally corrugated. ‘The larva is nearly half an 
inch long, white, with a brown head, and between the jaws is a row of hair 
as in the perfect insect. The posterior end is furnished with a pair of 
claspers. 


Trebolium ferrugineum is a flat, reddish-brown beetle, about one- 
eighth of an inch long, appearing smooth to the naked eye, though the 
microscope shows the back numerously pitted. These insects affect 
patent foods and similar substances, and the beetles are possessed of 
remarkable longevity, as proved by the fact that I have kept a few alive 
for two months in a small box with a little ceralina, which seems to be 
their favorite food. Whether the beetles themselves eat it or not I do not 
know, but they certainly have a liking for the dead bodies of other beetles. 


Silvanus surinamensis is a narrow, brown beetle, almost one-eighth of 
an inch long, with a pitted and longitudinally corrugated back. One 
specimen only was found, on anthemis. 


Anthrenus varius.—This insect has been found only in cantharides, 
but I believe, also attacks other animal drugs, such as castoreum. During 
the month of July there emerges from the egg a very active larva, densely 
covered on the tops of the segments with stiff brown hairs, which, at the 
posterior end, point towards the centre of the back, forming a ridge, and when 
the insect is annoyed, it has the power of dividing the ridge in the centre 
and throwing it down on each side in a fan-like position, the object of 
which movement could not be determined. When the insect has been 
feeding on the whole cantharides, all these hairs on the back become 
rubbed off, those forming the ridge being generally last to go, because, 
being on the downward slope of the body, they are not exposed to the 
same amount of friction. Underneath, however, the hairs are shorter, 
and do not become rubbed off as on the back. 

The larva consists of eleven segments, those at the ends being of a 
much deeper brown than those towards the middle, and the six legs being 
inserted on the three anterior segments, each furnished with a short, 
straight claw. The skins are shed quite often during the larval state, and 
are discarded by a slit nearly the length of the back, terminating indif- 
ferently at either end, and through which the insect emerges. ‘The shed 


oS 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 


skins present a beautiful iridescent appearance under the microscope when 
viewed by reflected light. 

These larvae feed on the cantharides all winter, and if in quantity, 
commit great havoc, leaving only the hard exterior portions untouched, 
such as the upper portion of the thorax, the green wing cases, and trans- 
parent wings. When their legitimate food gives out they have no com- 
punction about first eating their dead parents, and then each other, but on 
this diet they do not seem to thrive so well. 

The beetle emerges in May or June, and is about one-eighth of an inch 
long, oval and black, the upper parts being marbled and streaked with 
whitish and rufous, which are rubbed off after death if the insect is sub- 
jected to any rough usage. 

Camphor does not kill these larvee, and after keeping some for a day 
in a small box about a quarter full of camphor, the only thing worthy of 
remark in their actions was that they did not seem quite so lively as those 
kept without it. That they have a distaste for it, however, is proved by 
the fact that some which were put in a box with holes in it, left the box 
during the night. The Pharmacopceia direction to keep camphor with the 
cantharides is, therefore, not a remedy, merely a preventive measure, and 
not a very good one either. The vapor of chloroform rapidly kills them, 
so that by putting a small quantity of chloroform in a gallipot on the top 
of the infested cantharides, the heavy vapor will sink through it and 
destroy them. 


Nore.—The essay was accompanied with specimens of the larvee, 


skins and beetles, mounted for examination by means of the micro- 
scope. 


THE PARASITE OF PHYLLOXERA VASTATRIX, AND THE 
GALL INSECT OF THE NETTLE TREE. 


BY REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, COWANSVILLE, P. Q. 


Upon request, I sent to Dr. H. A. Hagen specimens of the para- 
site of the Phylloxera, Dzp/osis (7?) grassator. At the same time I sent 
him specimens of the Psy//a described on page 198 of vol. xiv. Dr. 
Hagen favored me with information as follows :— 

“The fly isa Cectdomyia; 1 think it is not sure that it belongs to 
Diplosis, At least the reticulation of the wing differs in having the 


84 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


median vein straight, and the fork at the hind margin wanting. You will 
see in Osten Sacken’s Catalogue that the museums do not possess this type 
for Cecidomyia. 1 have gone through the literature, and find till now your 
species is not described. ‘The larva is shrivelled up, therefore the trophi 
are not visible. 

‘Your other insect is sya venusta, O. Sacken, raised by him, and 
described with its galls on Ce/tis occidentalis—Fettiner Entom. Zeit., 1861, 
Pp. 4225” ; 


With regard to the Psy//a, Mr. Fletcher's note in the February num- 
ber reminds me that I ought to have mentioned that I found Ceé¢zs occi- 
dentalis at Como, in Vaudreuil Co., in the grounds of Mr. I. J. Gibb, with 
whom I spent some time last year. I have not met with the tree at 
Cowansville. 

In Mr. Ashmead’s list of described Psyllidz, on page 222, vol. xiiL., 
there is no Ce/tidés-mamma. And the doubt remains whether the Ceétzdzs- 
mamma of Prof. Riley is not the insect previously described by Osten 
Sacken under the name zevusta. Professor Riley seems satisfied that they 
are distinct species ; and it would be pleasing if we could regard him as 
infallible. 

Where does the Professor obtain the word Ce/tédis? The generic 
term Ce/t/s is obtained from the name of the African lote-tree, mentioned 
by Pliny, H. N. xi., 17 in § 32: “ Africa arborem loton gignit quam 
vocant celtin et ipsam Italiz familiarem.” Ce/¢in indicates Ce/fis as the 
genitive, and not Ce/tid’s. 


MR. JOHN B. SMITH’S PAPER ON N. AM. HELIOTHINA:. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A, M. 


For my part, 1 am very glad that a plate of tibial structure has at last 
been published, and by Mr. Smith. — It illustrates characters upon which I 
have long insisted, and is a Valuable addition to the present ‘‘ Synopsis.” 
The second plate might well have been omitted; it hardly assists the 
student, and is badly drawn. The “Synopsis” itself is a gratification to 
me; it is scientifically written so far as the characters it discusses 
are concerned. Its difference from my own work in its conclusions 
are “more apparent than real. Mr. Smith writes with a critical 
eye to my shortcomings, and really finds very little to say. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 


He quotes at some length a former statement of mine as to 
the spinose tibie (made ten years ago), which I at once cor- 
rected on examining again the small insect under a larger lens. But he 
excuses other modern writers with worse mistakes to father. — In stating 
the case fairly, he should have said that although Mr. Grote has been the 
first American to insist on the natural characters of spinose tibiae, yet once 
he called the tibia unarmed, where they were really- spmose, but he 
promptly corrected the mistake. Mr. Smith calls my citing A/ododipsa 
volupia hardly “honest,” while he suppresses the fact that I twice described 
the moth as probably Fitch’s species, but Fitch’s description, as I ex- 
plained, will not fit my insect (figured in Hlustrated Essay). In my list I 
only did to this eve what LeConte did throughout, viz., cite the authority 
for the combined terms. I differ from Mr. Smith as to the generic char- 
acters, and I desired to show that no new specific name was necessary, 
even if my species was not Fitch’s. With regard to the species, there is 
little variance with regard to their validity. ‘The synonymy is mainly that 
of my Lists. I do not believe that ferszmezl7s is the same as villosa; at 
the same time | readily admit that da/a and acuti/inea may be color forms 
of separata. Speyer considers, as I do, that avgu/ata is distinct from 
umbra (= exprimeus). Mr. Hy. Edwards informed me long ago that 
sueta and Californiensis were varieties. ‘Lhe statement made by Mr. 
Smith that I resurrected Z7rigonophora from Hubner, is incorrect. 1 took 
the genus from Lederer and Staudinger. I cannot understand why it is 
that Schinza Hubn, which I did ‘ resurrect,” is made to supercede my 
genera ; but | scarcely think that any one will callall the species “Schznza” 
that Mr. Smith puts under that genus. I can assure Mr. Smith that my 
little 72mba/is is not related to Mr. Edwards’ constricta. From a small 
unset specimen I established the genus “fczyctzs, without knowing of Mr. 
Hulst’s description of the moth as magdalena. ‘The two, as Mr. Hy. 
Edwards has told me, are the same. My specimen was very poor, and I 
have it no longer to again go over its characters, which are, [ believe, 
correctly given by me. ‘The collections I have determined will allow of 
every certainty as to my species, but I hope that my labels will be 
_respected and not changed, as it is probable that Mr. Smith’s work will 
be modified. It is interesting as the first attempt to review from a 
scientific standpoint the material brought together by myself, and which 
there was frequently no opportunity to compare at the time of the 
original description of the species and genera. 


86 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ScHINIA Hubn. (1818). 
7ype: S. Trifascia Habu. 

The fore tibia are short and stout, on the inside with a longer terminal 
claw followed by two unequal spinules ; on the outside and shorter edge 
with two smaller sub-equal claws, the second the shorter, and a third, 
farther removed, between a spinule and a claw, a short broadish spinule. 
Front bulging, narrowly scaled, with infra-clypeal plate, no frontal tuber- 
cle. Eyes naked, unlashed; ocelli. Labial palpi slender. Vestiture 
mingled scales and hair. Middle and hind tibiz spinose. Abdomen 
untufted. 

Neither Rectifascia nor Gulnare, which resemble each other m mark- 
ings, probably belong here ; the latter I have never seen; the only speci- 
men of the former which I found in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection has the 
legs defective, the tibiz not being spinose as far as I can see. The student 
is referred to my List (1874) for the types of the North American genera 
of Noctuidee. 

LyGRANTHOECIA G. & R. (1873). 
Zype: Anthoecia Rivulosa Gwen. 

Fore tibiae with fine spinules on the inside, which is furnished with two 
sub-equal claws ; on the outside with a succession of four in diminishing 
series from the end of joint. Tibia spinose. Vestiture mixed scales and 
hair. Eyes naked, unlashed. ‘This genus differs by the armature from 
Schinia, but the frontal structure is the same. I may be wrong in con- 
sidering the variations of tibial armature to be of generic value. I was 
at work on Mr. Neumoegen’s collection, and had reached in part similar 
conclusions with Mr. Smith, who uses exactly the characters I do, _ It is 
a mistake to suppose I had reviewed all the genera in my List. I merely 
gradually added the new forms. I shall again refer more fully to Mr. 
Smith’s interesting paper. 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 
(Continued froin Vol. xv., Page 31.) 
VANESSODES FUSCIPES, N. S. 
ft. Allied to C/arus, but the body entirely griseous, concolorous with 
the fuscous gray wings, which are sub-diaphanous and differ only from 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 


those of C/arus by being a little wider, more irrorate and dusted by dark 
scales. Same size as C/arus, but easily separated by the abdomen not 
being yellow. One specimen. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona. 
The antennz are not so heavily pectinated. There are no perceptible 
marks on the wings, which are not exactly of the same shade as those of 
Clarus, being more grayish. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) DEPROMARIA, N. S. 


ft. While C. Dataria resembles our Eastern C. Zarvaria in the 
course of the outer median black line, Depromaria has it more oblique 
and straighter, more like Pampinaria, and this new species is much 
smaller, but of the same form as Dataria. Pale gray with the discal 
ringlets small. Lines narrow, black; outer line followed by a brown 
band, diffuse and even inferiorly, opposite cell, waved. S. t. line whitish, 
scalloped. Inner median line.and median shade and outer median line 
running close together, a little confused and sub-parallel inferiorly at the 
middle of the wing, owing to the obliquity of the lines and the projection 
of the inner line. Hind wings like primaries, the mesial lines divergent 
superiorly, the outer followed by a brown shade. Body gray ; a mark on 
collar. Beneath the wings are paler, mottled, without lines and the four 
dark discal dots perceivable. xfanse 26 mil. Arizona. 

In f C. Dataria the body is stouter, the mark on collar plainer, the 
disk of thorax somewhat blackish or smoky. “The t. p. line is thicker, 
everywhere distinct, running obliquely outwards and downwards opposite 
the cell, below which it is sinuous, projected about veins 2 to 3; the brown 
shade is also uneven ; the discal spot is larger on primaries, white, narrow 
and long ; the scalloped s. t. line is more distinctly white on both wings. 
Beneath pale gray with a thick mark on fore wings and a very slight one 
on secondaries ; there are traces of darker transverse lines. C. Dataria 
expands 30 mil. In this latter the fine -median shade is sharply angulated 
beyond the discal ringlet. [I do not think it will be difficult to separate 
these two Western species from their congeners. 


PAPILIO WALSHII AND ABBOTII, Epw. 
BY A. H. MUNDT, FAIRBURY, ILLS. 


There seems to be a great lack of historical knowledge about the above 
insects in this State, at least as far as my observations are concerned, In 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


several collections, even in that of the State Normal, have [ found Papz/zo 
telamonides labeled IW a/shii ; this, however, was in the year 1878 and 79. 

Subsequent observations will show that it is no wonder that this insect 
has escaped the notice of many of our best collectors. 

Late in March, 1878, while walking through a_ thirty-five to forty-acre 
Pawpaw grove, near Pontiac, Ills., one bright and sunny morning, the 
ground being thinly covered with snow, which was rapidly disappearing 
under the influence of the sun’s genial warmth, Mr. W. H. Story and my- 
self were surprised to see a MVa/shii flying up; but the air being cool, it 
soon alighted and was taken by us, a perfectly fresh example. In the 
afternoon two more were taken, and on every bright day up to near the 
middle of May we could have taken fresh examples of Wadshii and Abbotii ; 
after that ¢e/amonides made its appearance and IVa/shii became scarce, 
but I might mention here that in every five examples I have ever taken, at 
least two were Addotzz. 

In 1879, the river had flooded this entire ground, and not one of the 
latter insects were found by us there; but, on a high piece of ground 
some three miles from Fairbury, I found Pawpaw timber in patches scat- 
tered here and there for over a mile, where I took a few specimens of the 
latter two varieties, but they were very scarce, and most of those taken 
later on were ¢e/amoniides. 

In 1880, Mr. Story saw and took several of these Papz/ios at Pontiac, 
and I took quite a number, but they did not appear then until early in 
April. A remarkable connection between Wadshiz and telamonides was 
observed that year, more than before or since ; at least half of the first 
that appeared were in size and wings real ¢e/amonides, but the tails were 
decidedly Wadshii, and in some of these the tails were in length and shape 
like te/amonides, ut had the end only tipped with white, as in Wadshiz. 
Abbotii too were as much mixed, and the greatest variations in the extent 
of the red stripe on the upper secondaries existed in them, On writing 
these observations to Mr. Edwards, he decided that all of those with the 
least red on secondaries, forming a stripe, must be 4é4éo0¢77, and suggested 
that I should publish my observations. “ 

It will be remembered that during the winter of 1879 and 1880, the 
snow fell heavily and lay all winter until the warm spring rains melted it ; 
and though it was bitterly cold that winter, the ground where the snow 
had laid had not been frozen. ‘This might have had some influence on the 
above variations, 


= 


—~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 


The spring was very late that season when most of these Papz/ios 
appeared ; the buds were just beginning to show signs of forthcoming 
leaves, but on these and the branches were deposited numbers of eggs, 
chiefly on the latter. It is rare to find any on the branches when the 
leaves are well out. 


In 1881, the Vermillion River again overflowed the grounds at Pontiac, 
but the closest observations here at Fairbury, and at Pontiac, failed to 
show us a sign of Wadshiz or Abbotii ; even telamonides was very scarce 
that season, but marce//us was quite plentiful from late in May throughout 
the season, but were much smaller at first than those of previous seasons 
or those coming later. 


In 1882, the weather was very unfavorable for these insects, and but 
few Walshii were seen. Mr. Story took a few at Pontiac, and I secured 
several about the same time ; even the most common form, marce/lus, 
was very scarce. I visited quite a number of Pawpaw groves, including 
the extensive bottoms near the Illinois River, but I could see no signs 
anywhere of larve until the latter part of the season, when I found eggs 
on the young leaves of their food plant. and after that the leaves showed 
here and there where the larve had been at work, which in previous seasons 
could be seen throughout the warm weather. 


Mr.'W. H. Edwards had written me two years before this, saying 
that “the late Benj. D. Walsh had told him, before his decease, that the 
butterfly named in honor of him was not found in this State,” and Mr. E. - 
expressed the opinion that it was because no one had discovered how or 
when to look for it. 


It is therefore no wonder that this insect should have escaped the 
notice of other collectors, when such an enthusiast as our honored and 
lamented Prof. B. D. Walsh failed to find it. 


The parasites I have found infesting ?. ajax are a black ichneumon 
fly, rather large, belonging to the genus Anvoma/on, and another, perhaps a 
little smaller than the above, with a yellowish brown body and black shiny 
wings, Zrogus exesorius, Brull., species kindly identified for me by Prof. 
C. V. Riley. 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


OBSERVATIONS ON ANTHRENUS VARIUS Fas., ANTHRENUS 
MUSASORUM Lin., TROGODERMA ORNATA Say, 
AND SITODREPA PANICEA Lin. 


BY JOHN HAMILTON, ALLEGHENY, PA. 


ANTHRENUS VaRius /aé.—Entomologists generally are well enough 
acquainted with the appearance of this insect, and but too well with the 
work of its larvae ; but as to the time required for its development there is 
not the same unanimity of knowledge,—some stating that it requires a 
year for its various transformations ; others, that only a few weeks are 
necessary. The following is my experience: May, 1879, I placed a 
female in a paper collar box with some refuse Coleoptera and Lepi- 
doptera. -This box stood on the mantel-piece in my office, and conse- 
quently the temperature was nearly uniform summer and winter. An 
examination two months afterwards revealed several small larvee. These 
were inspected monthly, and appeared to have attained their growth by 
the rst of December, though they remained active during the winter. 
The first pupze were observed March 5th, and the first beetle on the 26th, 
From that time to May rst thirty-five developed in all,—the product of 
this one beetle. Three females and two males were left in the box, and 
six weeks afterwards young larvee were observed. They were inspected 
monthly, and followed the same course as observed the previous year. 
From April to May, (1881), seventy-five beetles were taken from the box. 
How many were left is unknown. The box was closed, and several 
months afterwards was found to be inhabited by countless multitudes of 
half-grown larve. These disclosed, as before, during the following April, 
(1882). The beetles and cast-off larvee skins nearly filled the box, and 
the original food was reduced to a powder. They were numerous enough 
to have supplied all the cabinets on the globe. Box and all were con- 
signed to the flames. This experiment shows that this insect is moder- 
ately prolific ; that it is annual, at least in this instance ; that it does not 
require water ; that it can be propagated indefinitely without the male and 
female resorting to the open air, or tasting the sweets of flowers ; and 
that the larve do not seek to escape from confinement by gnawing out. 
Experimenters should use two close fitting telescopic boxes of different 
sizes, one within the other, so as to prevent any possible escape of the 
larve, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9] 


ANTHRENUS Musmorum Lin. (Castanee Mels.)—This beetle is 
abundant in May and June on many flowering shrubs, especially Spireeas. 
In May, 1881, also in May, 1882, a number of these beetles were placed 
in a box containing refuse insects, as had been done with Varius; but in 
neither year did larvee appear. In Europe this beetle has a bad record 
as amuseum pest, (hence its name); but in this country I have seen no 
notice of such a habit. If Wusworum and Castanee are identical, it is 
strange how its taste has changed so completely ; and it would be 
interesting to know whether it has been imported, or is a native of both 
continents. In the latter case its European taste for natural history has 
probably been acquired. However, may they not really be different 
species having forms so nearly identical that the anatomical differences of 
structure have not yet been observed, as was the case formerly with 
several much larger beetles, notably several species of Lachnosterna, 
Cyllene pictus and robinie, &c.? 


Further experiments are contemplated with this species. 


TROGODERMA ORNATA Say.—Apmil, 1879, found a full grown Der- 
mestoid larva in a large insect-proof show case in my office. Length, 
6 mm.; shape, elongate, fusiform ; color, pale, except last three dorsal 
segments, blackish. Placed it in an empty wooden box that had ‘con- 
tained petroleum ointment, giving it a couple of insects for food. Monthly 
inspection showed that it ate nothing; that it moulted frequently and 
became smaller. It died July, 1880, having shrunk to one-fourth its 
original size. Fifteen skins, some of them exceedingly thin, were taken 
from the box, showing that it had moulted once a month. In May, 1881, 
five full grown larvee, corresponding to the above, were found in the same 
case, having evidently lived on flies that had entered at such times as it 
had been opened. ‘These were placed in a new ointment box, turned 
from poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera ), the sides of which were one-eighth 
inch thick. Inspecting them two weeks afterwards, two were found to 
have escaped by gnawing oval holes through the sides of the box close to 
the top. The third had almost completed another hole, while the remain- 
ing two had not commenced operating. ‘These three were placed in the 
petroleum ointment box above mentioned, and made no attempt to gnaw 
‘out,—the petroleum probably rendering the wood unpleasant to their 
taste. Seeing that they moulted as the former had done and that they 
were not likely to develop, they were placed in a wide mouth bottle 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


containing some fresh clay, and corked up. ‘They at once entered the 
earth, and in sixteen days, (June 2oth), appeared as beetles, proving to be 
Trogoderma Ornata—all females. From these experiments it appears 
that this insect is annual ; that the larvae enter the earth to develop, and 
that to escape from confinement for this purpose they have power to gnaw 
through a considerable thickness of wood. And further, that in case they 
are prevented from entering the earth, unlike the larvae of many Lepidop- 
tera, they do not pupate, but continue to moult monthly for an indefinite 
period, perhaps a year, before dying. 


SIrODREPA (Avnobium) PaNnicra Linn.—This insect appears to be 
omnivorous. Rey. Wm. Kirby states that its larva has been found in 
Cantharis vesicatoria; Dr. Geo. H. Horn, that it will breed in and 
destroy the cork in insect boxes. ‘That it is likely to become more than 
an accidental museum pest is scarcely probable. But where so circum- 
stanced as to be compelled to choose between cork and insects, the latter 
are most decidedly preferred. 


My boxes are double, and lined with halfinch cork, which before 
papering is saturated with an alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate. 
One box having escaped this treatment, on opening it last spring (1882), 
several of these beetles were found, having been bred in the cork. They 
were removed, and on.one side of the box were pinned against the bottom 
several cards with duplicate beetles attached ; the other was occupied by 
larger specimens mounted on pins. 


During the summer, whenever opened, a number of the insects in 
question were picked out. About a month ago, on removing the dupli- 
cates, so as to treat the cork with the poisoned alcohol, the discovery was 
made that they were infested with the larvee of Panicea, and completely 
destroyed. ‘The larger beetles sometimes contained five or six grubs, each. 
They were in all stages of growth, from pupz to larve apparently just 
hatched. ‘The time required for development is unknown, but there seems 
to be at least two broods in the year in confinement. It may not, like 
Anthrenus, enter a collection from an appetite for insect food ; but if im- 
prisoned without way of escape, my experience shows the result will be 
the same. 


American Natural History literature is somewhat barren in regard to 
such a common and obtrusive pest. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


Say describes it by the name Anobium tenuestriatum, Say’s Ent. Lec. 
Ed. ii. p. 281. He says it is common, frequently occurs in museums, 1s 
destructive to Iris root of the shops, and to various farinaceous substances, 
Melsheimer describes one of its forms by the name Av. obseum |obesum], 
without remarks. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. ii., p. 309. LeConte says, ‘‘It 
has been introduced from Europe in flour, bread and other articles of 
commerce, to all parts of the globe,” ib. 1865, p. 229. Packard mentions 
it as parasitic on Humble Bees. Guide to the Stud. Ins. p. 131; and at p. 
471 figures the pupa and describes the larva. Mr. Townend Glover, 
(Agricultural Rep. 1854, p. 72), represents it as occurring in all its stages 
and in great abundance in soft wheat from Algeria, ‘‘ several larvae some- 
times found inhabiting the same grain.” And on plate (5) figures the 
larva, pupa and perfect insect. I know of no other notices, except that 
of Dr. Geo. H. Horn, referred to above. 


NOTES ON THE TINEIDA OF NORTH AMERICA, 
BY LORD WALSINGHAM. 


(From the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia.) 


BY MARY E. MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, MO. 


Through his Lordship’s kindness, I have received, with much pleasure, 
a copy of the above named évochure. From such examination as I have 
been able to give it, it seems to me by far the most valuable of recent 
contributions to the literature of American 7?ne/de, and places all students 
of this beautiful group of the ‘‘ Micros” under special obligations to its 
distinguished author. : 

. The material examined in the preparation of these ‘‘ Notes” consisted 
mainly of the loaned collections of Profs. Fernald and Riley, that of the 
Peabody Academy of Sciences of Salem, Mass., of Mr. Goodell, of Am- 
herst, Mass., and a small contribution by the present writer. Each of 
these lots contained some of Mr. Chambers’ types. ‘The only American | 
collections of any note which were not represented were those of the 
Harvard Museum at Cambridge, Mass., and the Clemens’ types at Phila- 
delphia. Of the latter, however, Lord Walsingham had full notes made 
during his visit to this country in 1872. 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The result of the author’s critical study of the specimens thus accu- 
mulated, has been the rectification of the synonymy of a large number of 
species, the characterization of one new genus, Hz/episte, and the descrip- 
tion of twenty-four new species, some of which had been confounded with 
others previously described. 

Clemens’ genus 4vaphora is required to give place to the earlier gen- 
eric name Aerolophus of Poey, to which Walker’s genera Zaruma, Ubara 
and Maharra, and Hubner’s Prvarzs are all nearly allied forms. One 
new species, A. sémulatus, Wism., is described. Lord Walsingham 
acknowledges special indebtedness to Mr. Chambers’ “ Index” and 
descriptive work, but in his study of the species before him thinks it 
advisable to discard one or two of the latter’s genera, such as Harpatlyce, 
Dryope, etc., and identifies a considerable number of his species with 
those of Dr. Clemens and various European authors whose descripticns 
antedated his. 

Concerning some of these eliminations, I am permitted to quote from 
a letter recently received from Mr. Chambers. With the prefatory remark 
that “ Entomologists, like doctors,” will differ “sometimes, and while in 
the main concurring in his Lordship’s opinions, as expressed in the 
pamphlet under consideration, I feel bound to dissent from a few of his 
conclusions—a few only—though his more recent familiarity with the 
species entitles his opinion to much greater weight than mine,” Mr, Cham- 
bers refers to the species as follows :— 


“Tf my Zinea cemetarieedla is Clemens’ Eudarcia simulatricella, 1 
see no raison de etre for the genus Eudarcia. I find no greater differences 
between the neuration of cemetarivella and other undoubted Z7zea, than 
there are among the latter themselves. ‘ 

“‘ Lord Walsingham remarks that the specimen of Depressaria applana, 
Fabr., in Prof. Fernald’s collection, is labelled Gelechia Clemensella, Cham., 
salicifungiella, Cl., but I don’t think it was so labelled by me. Lord W. 
is mistaken in saying that it is omitted in my ‘Index’ (though the refer- 
ence is incorrectly to vol. 9, Can. Ent.,-instead of to vol. 8), and I say 
that it appears in some respects to resemble sa/icifungiella. 

_ “T still think my genus Harpadyce distinct from Cryptolechia, and in 
a letter to Lord Walsingham I have stated some of my reasons for this 
opinion.” 

Mr. Chambers is not prepared to agree with Lord Walsingham that his 
Gelechia prunifoliella is identical with his Phetusa plutedla, nor that 


oO 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 


G. crescentifasciella, Cham., and G. grissefascie/la are different forms of 
the same species, although he does not question that the former may be 
equal to Walker’s G. conclusella. Mr. Chambers further says that he 
‘‘was never able to reconcile his G. rwbensel/a with Clemens’ G. rudbid- 
ella,” from which Lord Walsingham remarks that /e is unable to separate 
it. These two (?) species belong to a group in which there is considerable 
variation in coloring, and in which the specific distinctions are evidently 
slight in the imagines, though sufficiently well marked in the larve, as I 
judge from the three or four forms that I have succeeded in rearing. 

As to Helice gleditschieella, Cham. (= to pallidochrella, Cham., 
according to Lord Walsingham), Mr. Chambers says: ‘ The defect in the 
description of the hind wings, to which Lord Walsingham calls attention, 
may exist and may have been caused (as I have known similar mistakes 
in other cases) by a slight fold or wrinkle under the tip. I have an indis- 
tinct recollection that I observed something of this in this species. I 
placed this species in Ge/echia in the ‘ Index’ for the reason stated on 
page 124 of that publication, and it may be that I never gave any other 
descnption of it as a Gelechia. * * * * ‘The reference. in the 
‘Index’ noted by Lord Walsingham, and occurring in various places, to 
Can. Ent., vol. x., p. —, was intended to apply to a paper which I thought 
I had sent to the Can. Ent. for publication in that volume. But I suppose 
it was never sent, or it was lost in the mail. * * * * 

“From my bred and captured specimens of Gracilaria superbifront- 
ella, Clem., oak-feeding, and G. Packardella, Cham., maple-feeding ” 
(according .to Lord Walsingham, identical, and equal to G. swederedla, 
Thnb., whose name has precedence), “‘I think the species are distinct 
(though I have had doubts about it), and that both are distinct from 
swederella as described and figured in Nat. Hist. Tin.” 

In regard to Coleophora leucochrysella, Clem.—to which species Lord 
Walsingham relegates Mr. Chambers’ C. argente//a and C. argentialbella 
—Mr. Chambers says: ‘In a flying trip through Philadelphia, a year or 
two ago, I glanced at a part of the Clemens’ collection, and the one thing 
that I recollect (for I made no notes) is that C. /eucochrysella, Clem., is 
the proper name for C. a/bel/a, Cham.  C. argentialbella is a different 
insect and smaller.” 

These quotations embody the most important of Mr. Chambers’ differ- 
ences from Lord Walsingham’s opinions, and I have taken the liberty of 
transcribing them because I think they will be of interest to others beside 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


myself, and because Mr. Chambers informed me that he should not him- 
self publish them. In all other points Mr. Chambers agrees to the value 
and unquestionable authority of Lord Walsingham’s determinations. 

In the choice of specific names, it will be observed that his Lordship 
does not restrict himself to the termination ¢//a, as witness his Cressonzi, 
simulatus, inornata, inscripta, etc. While it is a great convenience, to 
the tyro especially, to have a conventional termination for the specific 
names of all species constituting a certain family, such as e//a for the 
Tineids, ava for Tortricids, and a/is for Pyralids, there is no doubt that 
strict adherence to such a rule sometimes puts the author to inconveni- 
ence, and often necessitates more than a ‘ poet’s license” with grammati- 
cal rules. 

In a future paper I shall have occasion to refer to a few of Lord 
Walsingham’s new species in connection with their life histories. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


THE APPLE-TREE APHIS—Aphis mali? Fabr. 


This species of Aphis is very common throughout the Northern United 
States and Canada, and has of late appeared in such numbers in some 
localities as to excite much alarm among fruit growers. The eggs are 
deposited by the parent lice in the autumn, about the base of the buds of 
the apple tree, and in crevices of the bark on the twigs. When first laid 
they are light yellow or green, but gradually become darker in color and 
finally black. During the winter these tiny, oval, shining black eggs may 
be found with the aid of a magnifying glass on almost every apple tree. 

As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring, small lice are 
hatched from these eggs, which locate themselves on the swelling buds 
and young tender leaves, and inserting their sharp beaks into the tissues, 
feed on the sap they contain. ‘The lice vary in color from green to dark 
greenish-brown, the darker color prevailing at first, the hghter color in a 
few days afterwards. When they are abundant, the buds—especially the 
blossom buds—are sometimes thickly covered with them, yet it is seldom 
that any serious injury results from their attack. ‘The growth at this 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 97 


period of the year is so rapid, and the sap circulates through the branches 
in such abundance, that the comparatively small quantity consumed by 
these plant lice seems scarcely to be missed. In a few days the young 
leaves expand, when the insects are distributed over the foliage, and 
usually attract no further notice. 

All the lice hatched in the spring are females, and they reach maturity 
in ten or twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living young, 
producing about two each every day for two or three weeks, after which 
the older ones die. The young locate about their parents and mature in 
ten or twelve days, when they also 
become mothers as prolific as 
their predecessors. As the sea- 
son advances some of the females 
acquire wings, by means of which 
they fly to other trees, where they 
found new colonies. In figure 5 
both winged and wingless speci- 
mens are shown much magnified. 
Late in the autumn males, as 
well as females, are produced, 
and the work of the year closes with the deposit of eggs as already 
described. Were it not for the activity of Lady-birds and other useful 
predaceous insects, which appear early upon the scene and devour multi- 
tudes of these lice, they would soon swarm on every leaf of our apple 
trees and become a source of serious trouble. 


NOTES ON: THE EARLY STAGES OF CALOPTERON 
RETICULATUM, Farr. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


On the roth of July I found a pupa of this species suspended by the 
hind end of its body beneath a log. The larval skin was rent and worked 
backward, but still retained nearly its original shape and color, and by 
comparing it with certain larvae which I have frequently met with in 
similar situations, there is no doubt in my mind but that these latter belong 
to the above species. 

These larvee very closely resemble that figured by Packard on page 
465 of his “ Guide” (fig. 432), which in the text on the succeeding page 
is referred to Photuris. The dried specimens now before me measure 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


about 12 mm., and are of a dull purplish-brown color; venter pale 
yellow, tinged with pink and marked with a brownish stripe on each outer 
edge, and with two rows of brown spots, these not extending upon the 
first three segments ; head retractile, dull blackish, the region of the jaws 
polished brown, and furnished with four black prickles, the upper two of 
which are placed transversely, the lower two longitudinally. 

The pupa mentioned above tapered quite regularly from the head to 
the tail, and was of a blackish color, shaded in places with whitish ; seg- 
ment one flattened above, and on each outer edge, near the anterior end 
of the segment, are two white, fleshy horns, the posterior ones the longest ; 
on each posterior angle of this segment is a long, white horn, curved 
backward ; on the anterior part of each abdominal segment is a sharp 
transverse ridge, which unites at right angles with a subdorsal ridge that 
extends lengthwise across the segment ; near the places where these ridges 
meet is a low whitish tubercle ; a stigmatal row of whitish horns, two to 
each segment, curved forward, those on the first abdominal segment the 
longest, those on each succeeding segment shorter than those on the seg- 
ment preceding it ; antennee-cases curved, longer than the leg-cases, white, 
marked with black; length, 13 mm. 

The beetle issued from the above pupa on the 21st of July, and was of 
the variety ¢evminale of Say. 


THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERCEFORMIS, Haworrts. 
BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 

By the kindness of Mr. Donnelly, the very efficient head gardener of 
the Central Park, of this city, I am put in possession of sixty cocoons of 
the ‘ Basket-worm.” They were taken from the terminal twigs of a sap- 
ling Sycamore Maple and Horse Chestnut growing on the low land in the 
immediate vicinity of the zoological garden. The cocoons hung in clus- 
ters on every twig, and as they had excited considerable curiosity, the 
gardener permitted them to remain until about the period of egg-hatching. 
I have supposed it might be of interest to the subscribers of the CANADIAN 
EntromoLocist to have the result of my examination of these cocoons. 
Ten of them had been occupied by the male, as attested by the puparium 

‘within. In about an equal number I found the broken shell-case of the 
female, all else having been devoured by parasites, some of which, in pupa 
condition, were found within the cocoons. ‘The remainder of the cocoons 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 99 


contained the long larva-like puparium of the female, fastened at either 
end with stout silken bands to the side of the cocoon. The thoracic por- 
tion of the puparium, upon being slightly pressed, separated in atoms, and 
the downy substance with which it had been filled floated away in the air 
like dust ; the abdominal pertion of the puparium contained from fifty to 
eighty soft yellowish eggs. It has been thought by some of our Entomo- 
logists that the eggs are deposited among the silken threads in the upper 
part of the cocoon, and by others that they are not extruded from the 
body of the parent, but that the moth dies retaining them. Later investi- 
gation, however, has shown that they are deposited within the puparium, 
a fact clearly demonstrated by the observations that I have made. The 
very unusual method as displayed by this moth: for the protection of its 
ova, is probably attributable to the fact that the shells are singularly ten- 
der, and as the slightest touch would make a jelly of the whole deposit, 
this extraordinary provision is made necessary. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


LAST YEAR’S COLLECTING. 

The connection between the weather and insect life is an interesting 
subject, but one that requires a vast amount of observation before any 
conclusions of much value can be reached. We are all familiar with the 
relation of the weather to the crops, but insects seem more dependent on 
favorable weather than vegetation is. The first part of a season may be 
very injurious to vegetation, whilst later on a favorable change may 
occur and it will recover all it lost and even exceed an average ; but with 
insects, if they have been seriously interfered with in the early part of 
their career the result is generally fatal to the bulk of them for that season, 
This is undoubtedly one. of nature’s methods for preventing excess. 
Ontario alone has a varied range of climate, and what is said of one 
section will not apply to others. Vennor considers Hamilton and 
neighborhood endowed with a climate peculiarly its own, and the verdict 
of concurrent opinion is favorable. But whether it was the open winter 
or the long continued cold of spring, certain it is the summer of 1882 was 
rendered remarkable by the absence of Diurnals: even those least 
observant remarked it. Pieris rape appeared early, and then dis- 
appeared almost entirely until quite late in the season. I did not see 
half-a-dozen Archippus the whole summer. The milk weeds stood in 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


unbroken leaf until late in the fall, when they were taken possession of 
by extensive broods of Euchates egle larve. Even Skippers were scarce, 
and it was quite a treat to see a Phi/odice. On the 23rd of June I took 
for the first time here a Zerzas /isa, and there was not another yellow 
butterfly to be seen in the field. If P#z/odice had been plentiful I might 
not have noticed it. The Noctuids generally were scarce, and there was 
a noticeable absence of cut worms in both field and garden. There were 
but few species of Catoca/a abroad, and these not plentiful, except Hadzlis, 
which was so abundant as to be offensive. To our delight the highly 
attractive Ae/icta appeared in goodly numbers, which it was never known 
to do here before, and three dozen of them were secured. In fall moths 
a few good things were taken, but not in any quantity. In beetles, 
Carabide were scarce; wood borers were moderately plenty, but they 
were very late and straggling in appearing. Taking the season all 
through, it was not one of much success for collectors. 
J. Atston Morrat. 


GREAT ABUNDANCE OF PAPILIO (THOAS) CRESPHONTES. 

This large species of Swallow-tail swarmed here last summer. My 
friend, Mr. Gilbert, Mr. Allis, and myself, took about 300 larvae. 
There are two broods. Its chosen food here seems to be the prickly 
ash. The young larvee have the slimy, slug-like appearance character- 
istic of young ¢rozdus; indeed the two species resemble each 
other somewhat before the first moult. Why this fine species, 
which in times past has been very rare, should appear in such 
large numbers, is one of the events in the life of insects not well understood. 

LARVA OF CATOCALA MESKEI. 

Color light drab or cream. Head bi-lobed, ringed in front by a nar- 
row, dark brown line ; extremity divaricate. - Between the fifth and sixth 
segments is a light brown band. An elevated band of obscure brown 
occurs on the seventh segment. Under side blackish brown. Length 
2% inches. 

This larva is much more uniform in color than any other Catocala 
larva I have met with. Its chosen food is the poplar, and I may add by 
way of a hint to those who are desirous of getting C. ve/icta, that the 
poplar is the favorite food of this dainty moth. Last season four perfect 
specimens were taken, all on the poplar; one male was very dark and 
beautiful. This season five were taken from the same source, among them 


a dark female. ROBERT BUNKER. 
(Printed May roth, 1883.) 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1883. No. 6 


DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW ELATERID AND ALLIED LARV. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


The following larve have the usual elongate, sub-cylindrical form and 
hard integument of the notorious wzre-zworm,; they all live in decayed 
wood, and pupate in cells in the wood. 

For the determination of the perfect insects I am indebted to Mr. E. P. 
Austin. 


ELATER NIGRICOLLIS, Herbst.—Body polished, yellowish brown, palest 
underneath and at the sutures of the segments ; a narrow dark brown band 
at either end of each segment except the first and posterior end of the last 
segment; these bands pass entirely around the body; the last segment 
tapers posteriorly to a fine, dark brown point; head dark brown, the jaws 
black ; a prop-leg beneath segment 12; length about ore inch. I found 
several April 25, and enclosed them in my breeding cage, in which was 
placed some decayed oak-wood and damp sand ; the first pupa was noticed 
August 19, and the beetle issued from it on the 3oth of the same month. 


ANDROCHIRUS FUscIPES, Mels.—Body polished white ; a brownish 
band on the posterior end of each segment, and also one on the anterior 
part of segment one; these bands pass entirely around the body ; the last 
segment tapers slightly posteriorly, rounded at the end, and usually tinged 
with brown ; ventral part of first three segments pale brownish ; head 
brownish above, whitish beneath ; no prop-leg beneath segment 12 ; length 
about one inch. Several larve were collected April 25, and one beetle 
issued from these on the 29th of May following. As the larvae which 
remained in August were all of one size, | concluded that this species 
requires two years to complete its transformations. 


ATHOUS CUCULLATUS, Say.—Body brownish black, the sutures whitish ; 
venter from a little above the spiracles whitish, marked with five rows of 
brownish spots, those in the outer rows elongate, forming a broken line ; 
those in the next row smaller and placed behind the middle of the segment ; 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


those in the middle row much larger than the others, taper slightly poster- 
iorly and do not extend upon the first three segments ; last segment 
flattened above, with three small tubercles on each outer edge, the hind 
angles are produced into a two-pronged projection, the inner prongs of 
which are bent inward, nearly meeting; head dark brown; a prop-leg 
beneath the last segment; length nearly one inch. I found several of 
these in some decayed oak-wood April 5, and the beetles which issued 
from them were first observed July 8. One of these larvae devoured a 
Capricorn larva, which I put in the same collecting box. I have also found 
these larvee in decayed apple-wood. 


CENTRONOPUS CALCARATUS, Fabr.—Body polished light brown; last 
segment terminates in two, short, thick points; head light brown; no 
prop-leg beneath the last segment ; length slightly over one inch. From 
larve found in early spring, one pupa was observed May 2r, and the perfect 
beetle issued from this on the 29th of the same month. 


ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CALPINA TO HELIOTHINZ:. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 
(Concluded from page 77.) 


NEUMOEGENIA Gr, (1882). 

Form slender ; vestiture scaly ; clypeus rough, with a superior arched 
ridge, infra-clypeal plate prominent ; wings very wide, entire ; apex deter- 
minate ; external margin regularly rounded. Labial palpi short. _ Legs 
slender and apparently unarmed. Eyes naked, unlashed. Abdomen 
hardly exceeding secondaries. Body untufted on the dorsal line. The 
type and only species is snow white, with a large, golden, metallic, trigon- 
ate, median patch on primaries above, leaving the external margin and 
costal white, and with a white patch at extremity of median vein and a 
reddish stain near the base of the wing. 

1. Poetica Gr. Arizona. 

This is one of the prettiest moths allied to /7ws7a in our fauna. 

This paper is the result of my studies upon Mr. Neumoegen’s collec- 


tion, commenced last autumn, but interrupted and delayed by my bad 
health, ‘The first part, already published, was put into shape from my 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


notes, before I saw a paper of Mr. Smith’s on the We/iothine, in which 
the characters used being those previously employed by myself in separating 
the genera, similar results could not fail to be reached. I had in fact 
corrected my arrangement in the New Check List, on examining for 
the first time Zamzla Nundina. 1 found, as pointed out by Mr. 
Smith, that this insect, the type of Zam/a, is a Lygranthoecia (= Schinia 
Smith). I had then to arrange my species of Zami/a differently, and also 
create a new genus for Zucens. Already in the Check List I had taken 
Lucens out of Heliothis, and I associated it with Weadii and Tumida in 
Mr. Neumoegen’s collection under a new genus. So far I had gone inde- 
pendent of Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith’s paper is an excellent one, and goes 
much farther than I was able to extend my study. He originally shows 
that we have two European genera, Sympistis and Heliaca, in our fauna, 
and he unites several species, partly unexamined by me, with the genus he 
calls Schinia, but the majority of the species of which I had arranged 
under Lygranthoecia in 1875; and I had, while describing the type, given 
in my “ List” a wide value to the genus. In some single cases I thought 
the tibial armature would give generic characters, and for that reason 
among others retained some of my own and Gueneé’s genera as distinct 
from Lygranthoecia. 

I shall, therefore, bring this paper to a conclusion by pointing out the 
characters of certain genera. The arrangement of the He/iothine which 
I make differs from Mr. Smith’s by my commencing with Anarta, Sym- 
pistis, Melicleptria, Heliothis, etc., and concluding with Lygranthoecia as 
in my New Check List; bringing the genera with bulging clypeus and often 
white colors before Zarache, which may be called the typical genus of the 
succeeding group. Although I have used natural characters to support 
my genera, I think comparative characters and the subordinate ones of 
color and marking should have some weight. As much as possible we 
should avoid associating species violently dissimilar in general look, on 
account of their agreement in armature or the structure of the eyes. 

As stated in the first part of this paper, the group I have called 
Stiriine presents some resemblances to the He/zothinw by reason of the 
often armed tibiz. It is more nearly related to the 7/usiin@ by the shape 
of the wing and the often metallic colors. It has characters which are 
peculiar, the short thorax and the patagia deflected at the tips. The 
bulging clypeus allies some of the genera to Zygranthoccia. 1 would dis- 
tinguish Lasi/odes by the conical third palpal joint, while [ have explained 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the characters of the principal genera in the first part of this paper, so far 
as I have material before me to examine. ‘The present paper is intended 
to supply material for the future monographist of the Moctu7de, with my 
other studies already published, and I need not weigh critically the value 
of certain points of structure at the present time. <A recent paper of 
mine in ‘‘ Papilio,” upon classification, gives briefly the general con- 
clusions to which my experience has led me. — I»wish only here to show 
that a study of natural characters leads to a correspondence between the 
results of different observers which is not attained in any other way. 
Important discrepancies may be laid to a failure to study enough material 
or to examine it thoroughly. By the system of Gueneé the limitation of 
the genera was made more uncertain ; by that of Lederer the confines 
were more clearly exposed. But no finality can be reached until, all the 
Noctuidz being known, a final arrangement will be arrived at from the 
mere futility and unimportance of changes dependent to a considerable 
extent on the mere temper of the writer. Just as Zhalpochares obtains 
as against Zrothisa, so I should retain Lygranthoecia as against Schinia 
or my term Huleucyptera. It is clearly of less importance what name we 
give the genus when its limits are agreed upon generally speaking. Even 
after the minute researches of Lederer and Von Heineman, some species 
are difficult to place and will oscillate for some time. Many differ in com- 
parative characters only, and about the value of these there will not be 
easily found an agreement between writers. Gueneé’s genera in both 
Noctuide and Geometride are not based on scientific or natural charac- 
ters, but he arrives at results sometimes identical with those of Lederer. 
Lederer is decided in his criticism of Gueneé, but not personally hostile 
or illiberal, hence his remarks have a certain value which they would not 
otherwise bear. Now quite recently in a monograph which is certainly 
exhaustive in appearance and the result of a wonderful industry, Dr. 
Packard very strongly endorses Gueneé and considers his work as superior 
in value to Lederer’s by distinct implication. I myself do not share this 
opinion, and since my return from Europe in 1867, I have used the 
natural characters laid down by Lederer and discarded the' comparative 
ones of Gueneé. In fact I could not understand genera comprising 
“groups ” entirely arbitrarily composed, without definition, embracing 
species with hairy and naked eyes (e. g. Ap/ecta) or with no reference to 
the structure of the feet. The exceptions to his diagnoses are often more 
numerous than the typical forms. ‘Souvent,” etc., is a term which seems 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


to acquire an absolute character with Gueneé. But his descriptions are 
very good, and he tells you very little in a very entertaining and lengthy 
way. Lederer is very exact and thoroughly grasps the subject of struc- 
ture,—perhaps a little too strict in his definitions, but of a far more 
genuine temper which is everywhere scientific. This brief resumé of the 
qualities of the two writers who have attained celebrity in Europe, and 
who are now no longer with us in the flesh, suggested to me the idea that 
we should be more conservative and less violent in the expression of our 
opinions. Each new writer seems to offer himself as the measure of that 
part of creation which he dabbles in, and lays down the law with an abso- 
lute assertion which I know from my own experience will be modified as 
he comes to know more, if he is ever, indeed, to know much. I do not 
intend either to speak unkindly, or to arrogate to myself the right to speak 
at all. I almost feel that I am laid under an obligation in being permitted 
to express my opinions, although I have been writing these twenty-two, 
and studying for now more than the twenty-five years which have passed 
away. I hope after I am silent that it will be remembered that I fought 
against my naturally positive opinions as much as | could. In my first 
paper I know I expressed myself with diffidence and the likelihood I 
should make mistakes. It was pretty dark in those days. The Synopsis 
of Dr. Morris was not published, and I could not get a name for a moth 
in the length and breadth of the land, except for the few species discussed 
by Dr. Harris in his Insects Injurious to Vegetation. Those half a dozen 
Noctuids have now grown to nearly 1,700 names, about four fifths of 
which most of us know all about, or fancy we do. It must be admitted 
that much of my work was necessarily very difficult, and early mistakes 
more readily excusable than they are to-day. 
LYGRANTHOECIA G. & R. 

Type: Crambus Marginatus “aw. 

Eyes naked, unlashed, full. Front moderately bulging, shortly scaled. 
Infra-clypeal plate not exposed. Fore tibize heavily armed ; middle and 
hind tibiz spinose. Vestiture of mingled scales and hair. The armature 
of the shortened fore tibiae consists in two long, sub-equal claws, which 
slightly overlap on the inside, and a series of four, diminishing in size 
on the outside of the joint. Mr. Smith’s figure (3) does not agree with 


my specimens, in which the outer series is equidistant and the final claw 
proportionately shorter ; they are distributed further along the joint, which 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


is differently shaped from the figure, the last claw of the outer series being 
placed much further towards its upper end. ‘The drawing of these parts 
is a matter of much nicety, and while Mr. Smith may be complimented 
upon his plate, I am not able4o recognise the figure of this species. It is 
certain that the claws do break off, or are not developed, for in one speci- 
men the outer series is plainly reduced to three. 

This generic term might be retained for the following reasons: TI use 
it in 1874-5 in the sense of Anthoecta Guen., which cannot be kept, the 
type, Carduz, being also the type of AZelicleptria. In my list I include 
18 species, Ce/erzs erroneously, as I show this to bea AZelicleptria. I 
retained the genera Zamila, Euleucyptera, Schinia, Oria, based on but 
few species, as distinct. J did this for the reason that I was under the 
impression that the modifications of the armature of the fore tibiae would 
give generic characters when all the species were compared, which I never 
pretended to do, or had the means of doing until very recently. I was 
also interested in keeping the generic synonymy plain, so that the types 
might be understood, and, unless I have come to a positive conclusion, I 
have preferred to keep the old genera alive until the family is mono- 
graphed. The term “ Schznza” is “resurrected” by me out of the 
Verzeichniss, where it is used for the three species, gvact/enta, trifascia, 
bifascia; the other species, taberculum, is referred by Hubner to another 
genus. No other author uses this term before me, and I consider 77z- 
fascia as typical.  Zamila is used by Gueneé for a single species, Vun- 
dina, respecting which I have beenin error until last fall, when I examined 
it carefully for the first time, and found it to be a Lygranthoecia. ness 
prevented my continuing and finishing my paper (which is now completed 
with this instalment) until after the appearance of Mr. Smith’s paper, in 
which this fact is first publicly established. Mr. Smith interestingly shows 
that Luleucyptera does not sufficiently differ, so that this genus with its 
single species must also be retired. As to Porrima, I had associated 
sanguinea and regia, but now accept the conclusion that the modifications 
of armature they show are not generic. In my New Check List I kept 
Anthoecia temporarily for the yellow-winged forms, of which Anthoecia 
juguarina Guen. may be considered typical, the number of species of the 
marginata type having grown ; it is manifestly only a ‘color genus,” and, 
as L had previously shown that Guenee’s term was inapplicable, my action 
was injudicious. I am not satisfied, however, that all of Mr. Smith’s 
Schinia belong to Lygranthoecia. Except my Tricopis chrysellus, 1 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 


assume that they do for the present, in order to complete the matter. My 
Tamila tertia 1 am sure will come to be separated, and my /fe/othis 
cupes. ‘The case of this genus is analogous to that of Zhalpochares, in 
which the name is preferred under which the most of the species were 
placed together, although Hubner had genera which were older for certain 
single species. Mr. Smith uses Zygvanthoecta evidently in this sense in 
the “Synopsis.” The species of Lygranthoecia are :— 


t. Rivulosa Guen. Can. southward. 
Marginatus Haw. 

. Thoreaui G. & R. Middle and South. 

3. Constricta Hy. Edw. Georgia. 

4. Saturata Gr. Southern States to Mass. 
Rubiginosa Str. 


tN 


5. Separata Gr. West; the vars. are geographical. 
Var. Acutilinea Gr. 
Var. Walsinghamiu Hy. Edw. 
Var.? Coercita Gr. 
Var. Balba Gr. 

6. Parmeliana Hy. Edw. West. 

7. Regia Streck. Texas. 

8. Sanguinea Geyer. West and South. 

g. Nundina Drury. West and South. 

to. Bifascia Hubn. South. 

11. Trifascia Hubn. East to South. 

12. Gracilenta Hubn. South. 
Oleagina Morr. 

13. Obliqua Sm. 

14. Velaris Gr. West. 

Le. .Lettia Gr» «lexas. 

16. Albofascia Sm. ‘Texas. 

17. Roseitincta Harvey. Texas. 

18. Bina Guen. Georgia. 

1g. Tuberculum Hubn. Georgia. 

20. Siren Streck.. Texas. 

21. Lynx Guen. South and Middle. 

22, Brevis Gr. South and West. 
Var. Atrites Gr, 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


e3. Meskeana ‘Gry Pex Miat 
Var. Rufimedia Gr. 
Fastidiosa Str. 
24. Scissa Gr. 
25. Limbalis Gr. 
26. Arcifera Guen. New York. 
? Var. Arcigera Guen. 
S 2 forma typ. Spraguei Gr. 
27. Spinosae Guen. Eastern States. 
28. Packardi Gr. Colorado. 
29. Mortua Gr. Colorado. 
30. Nubila Streck. Texas. 
31. Nobilis Gr. Colorado. 
32. Errans Sm. 
33. Jaguarina Guen. Colorado. 
24 inclarastreckys Wexas: 
aso CupesiGm eaiexasi;"Calitt 
36. Lupatus Gr. Texas. 
37. Gloriosa Streck. Texas. 
38. Lanul Streck. 
§ Luleucyptera Gr. 
39. Cumatilis Gr. Colorado. 
Sulmatla Streck. 
40. Tenuescens Gr. 
TRIcopis Gr, 

aype 2 at. Chrysellus Gu: 

The infra-clypeal plate is prominent. The armature of the fore tibiae 
approaches that of 77zfascia; I have described it Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sei., 
in my table of a part of the Heliothid genera, which, now ten years old, is 
all I have published towards a close examination of the Heliothid genera. 
The species are silvery white and easily recognized; the honey brown thorax 
and bands on the primaries agreeably contrast. The genus is not very 
distinct from Zygranthoecia, but I will not draw it in from the structure 
of the front. Other characters are given in some notes of mine, which at 
the moment I cannot verify. Our species apparently are three :— 

1. Chrysellus Gr. Texas. 


to 


. Hulstia Fepper. Texas. 
3. Aleucis Harvey: Texas, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


TRIOCNEMIS Gr. 

Type: T. Saporis Gr. 

The essential characters are originally given by me in the posterior 
thoracic tuft and the tridentate anterior tibiae. Our species resembles the 
European Calophasia in appearance. It is a remarkably handsome insect, 

1. Saporis Gr, Arizona. 


RuwoposEa Gr. 

‘hype R. julia: Gr, 

This genus contains our handsomest of the pink species, and is allied 
to Rhodophora Florida. It differs strongly by the two-clawed anterior 
tibiae, the unarmed tibiae, the structure of the front and the narrow wings. 
The lovely species has the fore wings of a delicate pink, with a pale yellow 
dash on the cell, the edges and fringe pale yellowish. Fore tibiae abbre- 
viate, with a shorter outer and longer inner terminal claw. Front very 
bulging, with the infra-clypeal plate centrally exposed. Eyes full, naked, 
unlashed. ‘Tibiae not spinose. Labial palpi relatively short; tongue 
moderate. Vestiture hairy, In the shape of the wings there is a resem- 
blance to Heliophila. The feet, face and thorax in front are flushed with 
pink. ‘The species was collected by Prof. Snow, and is probably flower- 

haunting, as is A/or¢da. I named it for my little daughter, who takes an 
intelligent interest in natural objects, and who came to me when her 
mother was taken away, now more than ten years ago. 

1. Julia Gr. New Mexico. 


ANARTA Ochs. 


I have referred to this genus three species, Promu/sa, Nivaria and 
Submarina, which differ from Mamestra and Dianthoecia by the untufted 
abdomen and hairy and longer vestiture. The hairy eyes are full, but the 
general form is more like Avarta; the habitat of the first two is that of 
elevated regions in the Rocky Mountains or Colorado. I have examined 
the types of Orthosia perpura and Mamestra curta of Mr. Morrison, 
The eyes appeared hairy (under a pocket lens) and the species the same. 
In my own mind no doubt exists that they are both referable to my Anarta . 
nivaria. ‘This could not be inferred from the way in which they were 
described. The specimens are too poor to be perhaps certain that they 
belong to Mivaria. I cannot regard ‘Promulsa as a Dianthoecia, and 
Mr, Morrison himself says: “ We refer this interesting species to 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mamestra provisionally,” and again, “we think that it will probably 
become the type of a new genus” (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 97). 

To conclude, the genera as arranged in my ‘‘ New Check List,” must 
be modified so far as the Ae/iothine are concerned, from Mr. Smith’s 
observations, but I would refer the student to my paper in Am. Ent. Soc. 
for what seems to.me the most natural arrangement of the genera. The 
genera of the S¢i7/ne, here fully discussed, may be placed between the 
Calpine and Plusiine, but their arrangement is somewhat optional so far 
as our present knowledge extends. They have the body shortly scaled, 
the thorax short, collar and tegule deflected or not closely applied, the 
abdomen weak, untufted, the shape clumsy. ‘The object of the present 
paper is attained in showing that the S¢ériing have certain structural 
features taken from the already indicated sub-family groups with which 
they have hitherto been associated, but united in a different way, and are 
thus equally entitled to recognition as a sub-family of Noctuide. 


NEW TABANIDA:. 
BY JOHN MARTEN, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Tapanus ALLYNU. Length 15 mm. 


Female.—Eyes naked, no ocelligerous tubercle. Front yellowish- 
gray ; callosity chestnut, nearly square, with an unconnected, spindle- 
shaped line above. Face and cheeks yellowish-gray. Antenne reddish- 
yellow, annulate portion black. Palpi yellowish with white hairs. Thorax 
and scutellum grayish-black with minute golden-yellow pubescence ; 
humerus reddish-brown when denuded ; pleurae and pectus grayish with 
white or yellow hairs. Abdomen yellow, segments 4-7 black with yellow 
hind margins, which are expanded into triangles on the middle of segments 
4 and 5; first segment black under the scutellum ; second segment with a 
black triangle on the middle, and the third segment with a dark spot on 
each side of the middle. Venter yellow with a black line through the 
middle and tip dark. Legs—femora black, yellow at the tips ; tibiae yel- 
low, darker at the tips; outer half of front tibia black; tarsi brownish, 
front ones black. Wings hyaline ; stigma yellowish. 


Male.—Differs principally in having the colors brighter; the abdomen 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111 


has less black, but there are two rows of black spots on all but the last 
segment, and is slightly darker on the lateral margins. ‘Tibize darker. 
From North Carolina. 


THERIOPLECTES TETRICUS.—Length 17 mm. 

Female.—Eyes pubescent, ocelligerous tubercle present. Front black ; 
callosity black, shining, with an unconnected black spot above; sub-callous 
black, denuded. Face and cheeks black with white hairs. Antennae 
red, third joint black, upper angle projecting but little. Palpi white with 
white hairs. Thorax grayish-black with the usual gray lines and gray 
pubescence ; humerus reddish-brown ; pleurae and pectus gray with long 
white hairs. Abdomen black, with three rows of white triangles, the 
middle row indistinct ; the sides of segments two and three reddish ; hind 
margins with a fringe of white hairs, which is wanting between the middle 
and outer triangles. Venter yellowish-red with gray pollen, darker towards 
the tip. Femora black, yellowish-brown at the tips; tibiae brown, darker 
on the distal half; tarsi black. Wings hyaline. 

From Montana. 


THERIOPLECTES FRENCHII.—Length 14 mm. 

Female.—Front black ; callous dark brown with a line extending 
above ; sub-callous black. Face and cheeks black with white hairs ; palpi 
yellowish with minute black hairs. Antennae red, annulate portion of 
third joint black, angle not prominent. Thorax black with the usual lines ; 
humerus reddish-brown ; pleurae and pectus with white hairs. Abdomen 
black with three rows of triangles, the lateral rows from segments one to 
four prominent, middle row largest on second segment, on the other seg- 
ments only an expansion of the hind margins ; lateral margins of segments 
4-7 yellow with white hairs. Venter reddish-yellow, darker towards the 
tip, covered with gray pollen. Femurs black, with whitish hairs, brown 
at the tips; tibiae brown, with white hairs, darker at the tips ; tarsi black. 
Wings hyaline with faint clouds on the cross veins and bifurcation of third 
vein. 

From Montana. 


THERIOPLECTES SUSURRUS.—Length 14 mm. 

Female.—Front gray ; callosity brownish-black with black line above ; 
ocelligerous tubercle brown. | Face and cheeks white with white hairs ; 
palpi yellow with minute white hairs, and a few black hairs. Antennae 


. 


112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


red, distal half of third joint black, angle prominent. Thorax black with 
four gray lines; humerus reddish-brown ; pleurae and pectus gray with 
white hairs. Abdomen black with two rows of triangles on segments one 
to five, a faint dorsal brownish stripe and a little expansion of the white 
hind margins on four and five. Venter brownish-yellow. Femurs black 
with white hairs, brown at the tips ; tibiae brown, darker towards the tips ; 
tarsi black. Wings hyaline, faint clouds on the bifurcation of third vein 
and middle cross vein. 
From Montana. 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF THE DIPTEROUS FEY 
CHRYSOPILA FOLDA, Loew. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


Larva.—Body polished, yellowish white, nearly cylindrical, anterior 
part tapers to the head; eleven visible segments; footless ; posterior 
end of last segment deeply notched hofizontally and less deeply so verti- 
cally ; on each side a small notch above sinus of horizontal notch; on 
under side of each of the two lobes, formed by the horizontal and vertical 
notches, is an elliptical, reddish-brown raised spot; on under side of last 
segment, near the anterior end, is a somewhat conical impressed spot, the 
base of the cone being at the anterior end of the segment; in the middle 
of this cone is a longitudinal impressed line ; length from 20 to 25 mm. 

Pupa.—Cylindrical, of about the same width throughout ; dark brown ; 
on each of the six segments, anterior to the last one, is a transverse ridge, 
armed with minute points; last segment somewhat truncated behind, and 
armed with a few small points, two of which are placed side by side on 
the ventral side, and these points diverge from each other; on the front 
of the head are four very small warts, and at the junction of the head and 
thorax is a transverse row of six small warts, the second from each end 
being larger than any of the others ; spiracles in the form of rough warts, 
one pair to each of the last eight segments, except the last one ; leg-cases 
reach to the anterior third of the seventh segment, counting from the hind 
end of the body ; wing-cases reach to the anterior end of the above seg- 
ment; length about 16 mm. 

The larve from which the above description was drawn were found 


b | . 
A THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 
’ May 4 in a plot of ground where onions had been grown the preceding 
; season. I placed several of them in one of my breeding cages, and by 


the roth day of May all but one had pupated. The first flies issued May 
22. One pupa worked itself about half way out of the dirt in the morning, 
and while in this position the fly issued during the day. 

The first pupz found out of doors were taken May og, and the earliest 
date of capturing the flies was May 21 ; three days later several pairs were 
observed united 77 coztu. 

For the determination of the above species, I am indebted to Dr. 
Hagen, who writes me that he has compared my specimens with Loew’s 


types. Let 
NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF LIXUS MACER, LEConrtz. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT. 


On the 13th of July, 1881, I saw a female Z. macer busily engaged in 
gnawing holes in the stem of a green. Helianthus grosse-serratus (Wild 
Sunflower). There were several holes in the stem of this plant, and 
in each I found one or two eggs, of an elliptic-ovoid form, polished pale 
yellow, and measuring about two and one-fourth mm. in length. In the 
stems of other similar weeds, which grew near to this one, I found several 
recently hatched larve. I examined the stems of this same kind of weed 
at intervals throughout the summer season, and’ found the larve in differ- 
ent stages of their growth, sometimes two or three in the same plant. 
Late in October I noticed that many of these weeds had been broken off, 
and the pieces—from one and a half to three feet in length—were lying 
4 about upon the ground. These pieces centained a larva—evidently of 
j the above species—and at one end, and occasionally at each end, the pith 

and woody part had been gnawed away, leaving nothing but the bark, 
: and this had evidently been broken off by the wind. I examined a few of 
: these pieces on the 25th of the following April, and found nothing but 
larve ; another examination was made on the rath of the following month, 

when nothing but larve were found, but all were dead. 
From these observations it would seem that the eggs are deposited 
about mid-summer, the larva hatch out in a few days, reach their full 
4 growth in three or four months, and hibernate in their burrows as detailed 
. above, assume the pupa form early in the following summer, and are 
changed to beetles shortly afterward, thus completing their transformations 
: inside of a year, 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CIRCULAR OF INQUIRY CONCERNING CANKER-WORMS. 


The U.S. Dept. of Agr. in November last issued the following circular: 


In preparing a bulletin upon the subject of Canker-worms, to be issued 
from this Department, I find that much of our present information is of 
little service, for the reason that until the year 1873 two entirely distinct 
species of Canker-worms were confounded in description, seasons, habits, 
and geographical distribution. In many of the publications, of late date 
even, the distinction is made either not at all or insufficiently. 

The most widespread and best known species is the Spring Canker- 
worm (faleacrita yernata, Peck). The female rises from the ground 
chiefly in spring, and secretes her ovoid and delicate eggs. The second 
species 1s Anzsopteryx pometaria, Harris, and the female rises chiefly in 
the fall, and lays her eggs in serried and exposed masses. 

Will you please give such information as you possess, especially upon 
the following points, in regard to the occurrence of Canker-worms in your 
own locality : 

1. Which species, if either, is now found in your own locality, or ‘has 
ever been found ? 

2. When was it first observed there ? 

During what years has it been especially injurious ? 
During what years has it been entirely unnoticed ? 
Has the appearance of the perfect or parent insect been confined 
to either season, the fall or the spring, or has it covered both ? 

Wherever any doubt can or does arise in regard to the species observed, 
it is particularly requested that specimens may be sent to the Department. 
All expenses for packing and postage will be reimbursed to the contribu- 
tors if a request to that effect is made; or boxes and stamps for the return 
of specimens will be sent to any who will notify the Department of inten- 
tion to contribute information and specimens. 5; 

Observations may be made during all mild weather from the present 
month (November) until the middle of June. The more frequent and _ 
detailed the observations the greater will be their value. If you have not 
the time or inclination to make these observations personally, you will 
confer a favor by handing this circular to some person who will be 
interested. 

Sould this circular come to the hands of any entomologist familiar with 


Crem atse GAG 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 


the two species, I would respectfully ask of such any information they 
may possess that will throw light on the range and preferred food-plants 
of either. 

Respectfully, 


C. V. RILEY, Zutomologist. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


Catalogue of British Coleoptera, by Rev. W. W. Fowler, M. A., and 
Rey. A. Matthews, M. A., London ; West, Newman & Co. 


This Catalogue differs m some respects from all preceding lists of 
British Coleoptera. It is, namely, a partial adaptation of the American 
views by completely separating the Rhynchophora and Heteromera from 
the remaining series of the order, and the placing of them after the other 
series. The changes suggested in the relations of the families of normal 
Coleoptera, in the system of Drs. Horn and LeConte, are not yet in full 
favor with the conservative students of Great Britain, but may in future 
win approval as they become better known. 

The American system, as it may be briefly termed, is fully set forth in 
the revised “ Classification of the Coleoptera of North America,” just pub- 
lished by the Smithsonian Institution. A notice of this work appears 
below. 

The innovations of the system consist in a re-arrangement of the bulk 
of the families into four.sets: Adephaga, with the most perfected exo- 
‘skeleton and powers of locomotion; Lamellicornia, with the greatest 
visceral ard nervous concentration, and highest development of sense 
organs ; pseudo-tetramera ; the remainder constitutes a vast complex of 
Clavicorn and Serricorn families, which may be divided into several ill- 
defined sub-series. 


Classification of the Coleoptera of North America; by John L. Le- 
Conte and George H. Horn. 

Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1883. Crown, 
8vo., 605 pages. 

The Entomologists of America are placed under renewed and deep 
obligations to Drs. LeConte and Horn for this new edition of the classi- 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


fication of the Coleoptera. More than twenty years have passed since 
the last edition was issued, and during that time no branch of natural 
science has made more substantial and rapid progress than this department 
of Entomology.. The number of zealous workers in the field has greatly 
increased, and the accumulated stores of collectors have been subjected to 
close examination and critical study, chiefly by the distinguished authors 
of this work, and the results have added to our list of genera and largely 
to our list of species, which now includes more than 11,000 in all. 

In the introduction the external organization of the Coleoptera is fully 
treated of, aided by illustrations and followed by a useful series of tables 
of the various orders. The whole of the classification has been revised 
and brought into harmony with the present advanced condition of know- 
ledge on this subject. The work is very complete and bears evidence of 
the vast amount of labor and erudition bestowed on it. Collectors every- 
where will find it a most valuable guide in their studies and in the arrange- 
ment of their collections. 


The Pine Moth of Nantucket, Retinza frustrana; by Samuel H. 
Scudder. Crown 8vo., 24 pages, with one colored plate. Published by 
the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, 1883. 

We tender the author our sincere thanks for this excellent paper, con- 
taining the life history of this new enemy to pine trees, to which is 
appended a brief account of other native species of Aetiznia. The 
pamphlet is well gotten up, and the colored plate a chromo-lithograph 
beautifully executed. It represents the imsect in its various stages along 
with the tips of the injured branches. 


Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, of Washington, for 1881 
and 1882; 8vo. . 

We have been favored with a copy of the full report by the Commis- 
sioner, and have also received separate reports from the Entomologists, 
Prof. C. V. Riley and Prof. J. H. Comstock. The full report forms a large” 
octavo volume of 703 pages, and is illustrated with a number of plates 
and diagrams. The report of the Botanist on grasses suitable for Texas, 
has 25 plates; that of the Veterinary division on Swine Plague, Fowl 
Cholera, and Southern Cattle Fever, 12 plates. The report of the Chemist 
contains the results of an extended series of experiments on varieties of 


ar 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LED 


sorghum and maize, with results of the analysis of the constituents of these 
plants at different periods of their growth, particularly in reference to the 
available sugar contained in them. This valuable section of the work is 
illustrated by 21 plates, and contains also much other useful matter in 
reference to analysis of soils, fertilizers, etc. There is also a report from 
the Superintendent of Grounds, in which he gives the good results of 
mulching the ground with refuse tobacco stems, as a remedy for thrips on 
foreign grape vines grown under glass, and submits notes on a number of 
tropical and sub-tropical plants, some of which might probably be culti- 
vated with success in Southern California or Southern Florida. 

That part of the report devoted to Entomology is extremely interest- 
ing, and contains much that is valuable; it occupies 154 pages and is 
illustrated by 20 plates. The chief subjects treated of in Prof. Riley’s 
portion are Silk-culture in the United States ; Pyrethrum—its history and 
cultivation ; the Army Worm, Scale Insects of the Orange, including the 
results of experiments with emulsion of kerosene oil for their destruction ; 
Insects affecting the Rice Plant; Corn Insects, the Cotton Worm, Clover 
Insects. In that part contributed by Prof. Comstock we find a very com- 
plete history of the Apple Maggot ; also of some allied species of Droso- 
phila ; a chapter on Lady-birds, and another on Lac Insects, all illustrated 
by excellent plates drawn by Mrs. Comstock. Some valuable information 
is also given on methods for destroying Scale Insects with alkaline 
solutions. 


Insects Injurious to Fruits; by William Saunders. Philadelphia : 
Lippincott & Co., 1 vol., 8vo., pp. 436. 


It is with very great pleasure that we announce to our readers the pub- 
lication of Mr. Saunders’ admirable work on the Insects Injurious to the 
Fruits of North America,—as the volume includes those affecting the 
orange, the olive and the fig, we think that we may fairly apply this ex- 
tended title to it. As the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST are 
aware, there is no one in Canada, and very few indeed in the whole of 
America, so competent as our esteemed Editor to produce a work of this 
character. It is needless for us, then, to say more in praise of the work 
than that it is the crowning achievement of one who has devoted a large 
portion of his time and labor during the last’ twenty years to the practical 
study of insects, and whose intimate acquaintance with fruit culture in all 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


its aspects is only surpassed by his complete knowledge of the insects, 
both injurious and beneficial, that affect the labors of the horticulturist. 
The book is written clearly and concisely throughout in our author’s well- 
known terse and vigorous style, and is so free from scientific and technical 
terms that any fruit-grower, no matter how ignorant of Entomology, can 
readily obtain from its pages all the information that he can possibly 
require in reference to most of the insect friends and foes of his trees and 
bushes. The copious illustrations, moreover, are so beautifully executed 
and so true to nature that any insect referred to can be at once identified, 
and the proper mode of dealing with it learnt from the accompanying 
descriptions. But while the work is so practically valuable to those who 
are specially interested in fruits, we can assure our Entomological readers 
that they will find the volume to be an admirable scientific compendium, 
containing an epitome of the collective knowledge of the day, and bring- 
ing together into one convenient manual the results of the researches of 
all the leading Entomologists of America. We do not, indeed, think that 
we are speaking too highly in praise of the work—though we admit that 
it is saying a very great deal—when we express our opinion that Mr. 
Saunders’ volume will take rank with that standard of excellence, Harris’ 
Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, and that he has done for insects 
affecting fruits at the present day what his justly famed predecessor accom- 
plished long ago for those injurious to vegetation in general. 

The plan of the work, inasmuch as it is intended especially for the use 
of fruit-growers, is the most satisfactory that could be adopted. The 
insects treated of are grouped together under the name of the particular 
fruit that they affect, and are arranged in order according as they attack 
the root, the trunk, the branches, the leaves, the fruit itself. If, therefore, 
a gardener finds an insect of whose habits he is ignorant, and whose name 
he has never heard, doing some damage to one of his fruit-bearing trees, 
or bushes, or vines, he has only to observe to what part of the plant the 
attack is directed, and then he can at once turn to an illustrated account 
of the pest, and learn from it all its life-history and what remedies he may 
most effectively employ for its extermination. On the other hand, if an 
Entomologist wishes to know in a condensed form what information is 
available respecting an insect that comes within the scope of the work, he 
can at once find what he requires by means of the carefully prepared 
synonymical list and complete index at the end of the book. 

The volume is beautifully printed on fine paper, and neatly bound in 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 


cloth; the illustrations—440 in number—are thoroughly well done by 
competent artists and engravers. The fruits under which the various 
insects are grouped are twenty in number, viz., the apple, pear, plum, 
peach, apricot and nectarine, cherry, quince, grape, raspberry, blackberry, 
strawberry, red and white currant, black currant, gooseberry, melon, cran- 
berry, orange, olive, and fig. As an example of the completeness of the 
work, we may mention that no less than sixty-four different species of 
insects are treated of as injurious to the apple alone, besides a number of 
beneficial parasites, and that these are made clear to the ordinary reader 
by one hundred and forty-five wood cuts. 

We trust that the work will soon find its way into the hands of every 
intelligent fruit-grower, and that fresh editions of it may continue to be 
called for during many years to come. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 

Insects Injurious to Fruits; by W. Saunders. Philadelphia: Lippin- 
cott, 1883, 8vo. Illustrated with 440 wood cuts, pp. 436. Dedicated to 
the Fruit-Growers of America. 

No one will deny that this book supplies a long felt want, and supplies 
it well, The author’s long and well-known experience as a fruit-grower 
and entomologist, gives just the qualifications necessary for such work. 
He knows exactly what fruit-growers want, and in which way and manner 
the needed information should be given to be useful and at the same time 
pleasing. Therefore the plan of this book is simple and to the point; the 
treatment of the enemies plain and sufficient, without tedious length ; the 
remedies recommended backed by experience, and such as can be used by 
every one. All this seems very simple and easy, just as if everybody 
could do it. Often, I suppose, will it be said, Why was this book not 
published long ago ?—It is so eminently practical! But it is much easier 
to give long detailed descriptions than short ones, specially adapted to 
certain purposes. It is much easier to enumerate a number of proposed 
remedies than to select just the right one. After all, we should not forget 
that during late years the busy and prominent students of economic ento- 
mology have advanced this department of the science in a manner never 
equalled before this time. 

The plan of the book is as follows: Twenty different fruits—all eatable 
without preparation (except quince and olive)—are treated in so many 
chapters. The insects injurious to them are arranged as attacking root, 
trunk, branches, leaves, fruit, always followed by the enemies of those 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


enemies—the beneficial insects. The species are profusely illustrated with 
excellent, often superior wood cuts; the well-known cuts of Mr. C. V. 
Riley are largely represented, and rather dangerous for all others. 

The plain and judicious manner in which remedies are recommended 
is a decided and prominent feature of the book. There are no ambiguous, 
no large-mouthed sentences, no humbug about millions lost by such an 
enemy, or millions saved by such a remedy. ‘There is nothing but plain 
truth, said in the most unpretentious words. I think every scientific 
‘student is deeply obliged to the author for his happy innovation. 

Of course the author has, besides his own large experience, used all 
the rich and splendid discoveries and observations published by other 
scientists. The absence of quotation marks is entirely justified, as they belong 
to the history of the natural history, but not to a practical book intended 
for fruit-growers. Scientific students know where such facts are published, 
and the author has in the preface fully satisfied all economic entomolo- 
gists with his acknowledgments. It is obvious that in a book treating of 
the history of so many species, omissions and sometimes errors cannot be 
entirely avoided. Since the book is issued and the errors are insignificant, 
we may safely leave them to be corrected by the author himself. Bene 
meruit ! Dr. H. A. HAGEN. 


IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


In accordance with a resolution passed at a meeting of the Entomolo- 
gists in attendance at the Montreal Meeting of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1882, authorizing me to call 
and ‘to provide for similar meetings for Entomological discussions at the 
future annual gatherings of the Association,” I herewith name Wednesday, 
August 15th, 3 o’clock p. m., as the time for the first of the series of the 
Minneapolis (Minn.) meetings, the place of meeting to be named hereafter. 

All interested in Entomology are respectfully invited to attend the 
meetings, and participate in the discussions. J. A. LINTNER. 

Albany, June 1, 1883. 


I have gathered, since the leaves fell, twenty-one cocoons of 4. una, 
and each one bears evidence that it was spun after the larva left the tree 
on which it fed. WARNER W. GILBERT, Rochester, N. Y. 


(Printed June 16th, 1883.) 


, 
Ce ee eee ae 


Che Canadwn Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1883. NGa7 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


(Continued from Page 87.) 


SYNEDOIDA MUCRONATA, 0. Ss. 

Eyes naked, lashed. Labial palpi with long cylindrical narrow third 
joint ; second joint heavily scaled. Abdomen untufted. Of an incon- 
spicuous fuscous or brownish gray, sprinkled with pale points, markings 
all concolorous with the wing. ‘Thet. p. line is brown and distinct at 
costa, forming a strong tooth opposite cell, below this it is rounded over 
median nervules and fainter. Sub-terminal line straight, distinct, even, 
brown, and well marked. Reniform concolorous, constricted, with pale 
edging. T. a. line even, slightly arched. A terminal dentate line ; 
fringes brownish. Hind wings sub-pellucid, irridescent whitish, with 
soiled veins, with vague brownish borders, beneath with dark dots on 
primaries, which become a clouded spot. Body brownish gray. ‘This 
species has the form of Mr. Morrison’s Zeniocampa vegeta, but is of an 
ochrey fuscous gray, not at all reddish, or brown with a red tinge. 
Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 33 mil. Tibiz apparently 
unarmed. 


LITOGNATHA LINEARIS, 0. Ss. 


2. Asmall species, powdery fuscous, with the fore wings shaded 
with gray. Inner line single, a little curved ; outer median line distinct, 
dark brown, a little flexed, even, followed by a pale edging. S. t. linea 
faint pale shade. Outer portion of the wing darker shaded. Hind wings 
concolorous dark fuscous. Beneath paler with a faint dark common 
median shade. Head and collar somewhat ochrey. Arizona. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 18 mil. 

I refer this species here doubtfully. It has something the look of 
a Thalpochares, but the neuration seems to differ decidedly. 


122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SPARGALOMA PUNCTIPENNIS, 0. S. 


2. Ihave only one specimen, which may not belong here. The 
wings are somewhat narrower than usual, the apices very pointed. The 
long terminal joint of the palpi is somewhat flattened. The color is a 
saturated ochre, somewhat pale. The fore wings are crossed by two 
thread-like, dark median lines, the outer produced opposite cell, the inner 
with a prominent indentation at middle, on cell. Median shade indicated. 
Reniform large, concolorous, outlined. A minute black dot before internal 
angle on the subterminal line. Hind wings darker, with a mesial line and 
following blackish subterminal shade. Beneath ochrey. Head and collar 
darker. Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 24 mil. The 
colors are those of Zanclognatha, but the structure, so far as I can judge 
of the single female I have before me, is more like Sfarga/oma than any 
genus known to me. 


In this paper I have described a number of Woctuzd@ which have been 
of great scientific interest. They have added to the number of strong 
genera, defined by natural characters, such as /ofa and Rhodosea, and in 
addition we have forms which are remarkable from the fresh combination 
of characters which are found in other genera, such as Carneades and 
Trichorthosia. Undoubtedly this gradual work towards a comprehension 
of our Noctuid fauna has the disadvantage of being fragmentary, but it is 
inseparable from the conditions under which the new material is received. 
It is, I hope, all put into such shape that it can be used by the future 
monographer of the Family, which latter is probably the most extensive 
among the larger moths. 


HADENELLA, Gr. 


This genus is founded on a small species which at first sight looks like 
a small Oxcocnemis; but there is a minute basal tuft on the abdomen, the 
thorax is thickly scaled behind, the vestiture is distinctly scaly. The lash- 
less eyes are naked. The front is remarkable for a prolonged tubercle 
having a subcordate terminal face slightly impressed. Antenne simple, 
ciliate. The fore wings are entire, sub-triangulate, with well produced 
apices. The labial palpi are short, with small terminal article, just ex- 
ceeding the infra-clypeal plate. The type, 4% Pergentilis Gr., has gray 
wings shaded with light ochrey or fawn. ‘The orbicular oblique, pale- 
ringed with blackish centre ; below it the longer claviform is similarly 
indicated. The reniform is transverse, black. There is a black, pre- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123 


apical, inwardly oblique shade, edged with pale. The fawn color spreads 
over apical region and obtains at base and over middle of wing. The 
interlined fringes are dotted black and white. The lines are obsolete ; 
costal marks distinct; veins dotted. A subterminal brownish shade fol- 
lowed by blackish, especially at anal angle. Hind wings pale fuscous. 
Washington Territory (coll. by Mr. Morrison). 


Yrsta UNDULARIS. 
I have been unable to find any spinules on the tibize of this species. 


Ypsia UMBRINA. 

In this species (Pheocyma umbrina) the tibiz are also unarmed. 
HomorTrera UNILINEATA. 

In this species the middle and hind tibiz are spinose. 
MATIGRAMMA RUBROSUFFUSA. 

In this species the middle tibiz alone are spinose, and strongly so. 
HomopyraLis MISERULATA. 

In this species the slender tibiz are unarmed. 


PETROPHORA EXCURVATA, 1. Ss. 

This species may be known by the markings being more distinct 
beneath, where the wings are crossed at the middle by a deep brown band 
filling in the outer median space between the median shade and the outer 
median line, the latter darker, pointed opposite the cell on fore wings and 
roundedly exserted in the same place on secondaries. A subterminal 
series of scalloped brown shades edged with pale outwardly. Fringes 
checkered. Fore wings with pointed apices; hind wings produced 
medially ; the fringe has a dark even line at base. Above, these markings 
are more faintly reproduced ; the s. t. line pale; the outer median line 
notched below costa, followed by a pale line. Beneath there are small 
linear discal marks on both wings. One specimen. Colorado, Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 27 mil. 


PETROPHORA MIRABILATA, ND. S. 

Allied to Herst/iata. Thorax and base of fore wings carneous gray ; 
abdomen whitish. A sub-basal bright fleshy-brown band angulated on its 
outer edge on submedian fold. Median space blackish gray, straightly 
limited outwardly, narrowed on submedian fold by the tooth of the inner 
line, widest at costa, crossed by indistinct dark lines, followed by a broad 
clear fleshy-brown band edged with white outside of the outer median 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


line, extending to apices on costa, leaving the terminal space narrowly 
blackish gray, cut superiorly by the faint, white subterminal line ; fringes 
checkered. Hind wings ochrey whitish, with a faint dot and transverse 
lines. Beneath, four discal dots ; the wings are whitish gray, irrorate to 
the subterminal pale, fleshy-brown band; lines on hind wings more dis- 
tinct; markings of primaries reflected from above. Arizona. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen. Exp. 25 mil. The nearly perpendicular outer median line 
of primaries, edged with white, and the bright submedian and subterminal 
fields, distinguish it. 


CymMaToPHORA (BOARMIA) GRISEARIA, 0. S. 

@. This species may be known by its large size, its clear black and 
white, pepper and salt color, in which the white largely predominates ; its 
resemblance to Amphidasys. White irrorate with black. Lines very dis- 
tinct, black ; the outer continuous, scalloped and produced on the veins ; 
continued equally distinctly across the concolorous hind wings. Median 
and sub-basal lines near together, originating from costal spots. Sub- 
terminal line obsolete ; a black cloud on terminal field opposite cell; a 
slighter one before anal angle. On hind wings there are also some vague 
black terminal cloudings. A faint festooned terminal line marked by 
black points. Beneath vague, pale, discolorous ; discal marks faintly 
marked. Body like wings. This cannot be the female of Pudmonaria. 
Body like wings. Arizona. Exp. 36 mil. Coll. Neumoegen. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) SEPARATARIA, 0. S. 

g. Allied to Humaria; the color is of an even mixed dove gray, the 
lines are accented and unequally distinct. Inner line roundedly oblique, 
marked on vein 1 and thence to margin; median shade line indistinct, 
near outer line, which is placed as in Humaria, uneven, produced on the 
veins. Discal mark indistinct. The black inner line is preceded by a 
faint shade line, and the outer line is followed by an indistinct shade line. 
Subterminal line whitish, toothed, upright, equally legible, followed by a 
black indistinct dentate line. The concolorous secondaries have the 
markings continuous, the median line distinct, discal mark indistinct. 
Beneath discolorous, very pale smoky, utterly immaculate. This species 
is intermediate between Humaria and Crepuscularia. Expanse 35 mil. 
Arizona. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) OBLIQUARIA, 0. S. 
ft. Allied to 5-dénearia. Pale whitish gray. Inner median line 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 


black, roundedly oblique, continued as a black spot on extreme base of 
secondaries. Outer median line very oblique, runnihg close to inner line 
below median vein, followed by a faint brownish shade. Subterminal 
field wide. S. t. line white, deeply scalloped, crossed by am oblique apical 
blackish shade ; terminal border darker gray on both wings; a distinct 
scalloped black terminal line; hind wings toothed, copying primaries ; 
faint discal ringlets on both wings ; the median lines black on hind wings, 
the inner less complete. Beneath pale, the lines feebly reflected ; four 
discal points. Female entirely dark gray, obscuring the lines, which can 
be made out to run as in the male, but are here finer, the white subter- 
minal waved line evident on both wings. Beneath of a freckled dark 
gray ; the four discal dots plain. Expanse, male, 24-26 mil.; female, 31 
mil. Arizona. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) RUFARIA, 0. Ss. 

2. This species is allied to Separataria 2 in form and markings, 
but the hind wings are more cut off and straighter along external margin. 
The color is a pale reddish brown and is unusual. The subterminal line 
is whitish and distinct. Beneath, of a freckled brown with the four discal 
points marked. Above, the brown lines have the same course as in its 
ally ; the outer median line somewhat sinuous, oblique. Expanse 34 mil. 
Arizona. Coll. Neumoegen. - 


TETRACIS GROTEARIA Pack. 

Three males and two females from Arizona vary much in color and 
distinctness of markings. This is smaller than V7du/arvia, which has the 
disc of thorax discolorous, but otherwise is very near to Packard’s species. 


ENDROPIA SESQUILINEARIA, 0. S. 

g. Very large and with the look of a Caderodes. Fore wings 
pointed, very shallowly excavate and roundedly projected at middle of 
exterior margin. Pale fawn ochrey, with two ochre brown lines on fore 
wings, and one (the outer) continuous over secondaries. Surface sparsely 
speckled. Four black discal points above and below. At place of sub- 
terminal line two pale flecks between veins 5 and 7, more distinct beneath, 
where they are edged inwardly by a line. Secondaries rounded. Allied 
to Vinulentaria. Expanse 42 mil. Arizona. Easily recognized and 
quite distinct from any other species. 

APLODES ARIZONARIA, 0. S. 

Allied to Packardaria (Rubrofrontaria Pack., 386) as 1 understand the 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


remarks as to venation. Wings green, curiously mottled with pale, some- 
what strigose, Inner line on fore wings obsolete. Outer line white, 
straight, bent on secondaries, which have no inner line. Costa of fore 
wings red, more distinctly so beneath. Fringes all pale. Vertex white, 
collar red at base; tegule green; palpi red tipped; legs white, fore legs 
shaded with red. Exp. 30 mil. Arizona. Type Coll. Neumoegen. 

This seems allied to the Californian Avaplodes Pistacearia of Packard, 
but the costa is wholly reddish above and below, beneath the wings are 
iridescent, pale greenish, without discal marks and only showing reflected 
the outer line. Above there are no discal marks. The two are evidently 
related ; the legs are defective in my type, otherwise fresh. 


CHLOROSEA ALBARIA. 

%. Head white on vertex ; whitish on front, mixed with a few green 
scales. Palpi white, with a few dark scales at tips, rather short. Thorax 
greenish. Fore wings delicate green with two straight, parallel white 
median bands, rather near together, fringe white ; the costal edge does not 
seem discolorous, it is somewhat whitish above. Beneath, the bands are 
reflected. | Hind wings white, thinly scaled, translucent, without marks 
above and below, except a faint white discal mark. This moth should be 
known by its white secondaries, the pale green, somewhat mottled pri- 
maries, the median bands being straighter, and equidistant as compared 
with Aistriarza. One specimen (abdomen wanting). Arizona. Expanse 
23 mil. 

The hind wings are slightly greenish and iridescent, and very frail, but 
contrast by their white color with primaries. They do not look faded. 


LITHOSTEGE ARIZONATA, 0. S. 

2. Smaller than the described species. Fore wings fuscous, shaded 
over with white. Median vein white; the inner oblique dark line appears 
below it. The outer line is marked by black spots on the veins. Sub- 
terminal line white, straight, a little rounded, the apical veins marked with 
white before it. Fringes distinctly white and gray, checkered. Hind 
wings elongate, rather pale fuscous, immaculate. Expanse 20 mil. 
Arizona. ‘There are but two dark lines on the wing ; the inner very oblique 
and only marked inferiorly in the type. 


TETRACIS OBLENTARIA, 0. S. 
f. Two specimens with simple antennze and the hind margin of 
secondaries poimted in the middle, I would refer to Packard’s Paradled- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 127 


aria, but the secondaries are lined above, the discal dots obsolete beneath 
and the lines are further apart; the general shape of the outer line and 
position is as given in his figure 43. Colorof Caderodes Metrocamparia, 
a fawn ochre, varying in pallor. Two brown diffuse lines, edged with pale 
on fore wings ; the inner upright, but more or less uneven, in one example 
toothed on costa. Surface slightly irrorate ; a dark discal dot. Second- 
aries paler, with an incomplete mesial line, beneath more continuous and 
bent. A single outer common line beneath ; in one specimen the discal 
points on primaries indicated. The inner line on primaries is obsolete 
beneath. Exp. 30 to 32 mil. Arizona. Two examples. Coll. Neumoegen. 


TETRACIS SIMPLICIARIA Gr. 

Two examples from Montana are smaller and paler than my Arizona 
type. In this species the wings are deep ochrey, the hind wings pale and 
unlined. The lines are pale on primaries, but one Montana male has them 
dark. 


THERINA FERVIDARIA Hubn. 
Two specimens from Arizona do not differ from the normal form. 


SEMIOTHISA S-SIGNATA Pack. 

In every variety. Sometimes the inner line is as distinct and broad as 
the outer. Sometimes the wing is ochrey, free from irrorations, again so 
blotched as to be nearly fuscous or blackish. I can find no grounds for 
naming the varieties, much less for finding different species. Arizona. 


LussA, n. g. 

A Hadenoid genus allied to PEeRiGEa, but of a singularly elongate 
form, recalling Chz/o. Abdomen slender, twlce as long as secondaries. 
Vestiture hair-like, mixed with rounded broader scales. Labial palpi 
curved up over the flattened front, the long hairs from the terminal joint 
reaching to base of antenne. Eyes naked; ocelli présent, but small. 
Legs unarmed. A tropical looking insect, at first sight seeming to be a 
Pyralid. 


LUSSA NIGROGUTTATA, N. S. 

g. Antenne simple. The insect has the look of a Pyralid, but the 
maxillary palpi are not present, and as far as I can see, the neuration is 
Noctuidous. Body long, linear, slender, squamation apprgssed ; color a 
faded grayish clay, fore wings narrow at base, no marks but a few black 
dots, of which the subterminal series is continuous with a larger one at 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


internal angle. Costal black points mark the inception of the lines, which 
are partially expressed, fine and dentate or uneven. ~ Hind wings irides- 
cent with smoky borders. Collar edged with black. Expanse 26 mil. 
Indian River. 


LYGRANTHOECIA TENUESCENS, N. Ss. 

g. Ishould refer this species to Huleucyptera had I described it 
before Mr. Smith’s valuable paper appeared. ‘The fore tibie are abbrevi- 
ate, on the inside with a long terminal claw, followed or preceded by two 
thin spinules ; on the inside there is a much shorter claw opposite the 
long one at the extremity of the joint on the outside, followed by a still 
shorter claw. The primaries are like Czmati/is, but the white band is 
very narrow, shaped like A/z/stia; here the colors are pale olive and sil- 
very white. Base olive, then the white median band, broadest on costa ; 
the outer portion pale olive cut by the rather broad white subterminal 
shade. ‘Tibiz spinose ; clypeus bulging. Differs structurally from Anfa- 
plaga Dimidiata. Exp. 22 mil. Arizona. 

PYRRHIA ILLITERATA Gr. 

This is described by myself before Mr. Morrison or Prof. French 
named it. Unfortunately I have not my type ; if I recollect rightly, Mr. 
Thaxter has the species. It may be known at once by its brilliant orange 
red color, both wings alike, the markings of primaries black. it seemed 
to me to be Gueneé’s awrantiago, though the figure in the Species General 
hardly resembles it except in color (pl. 7, fig. 1). My Heliothis Lupatus 
is founded on a specimen given me by Meske from Bastrop Co., Texas. 
The types of both are now in B. Mus. Zzfatus is very different in color 
(even from faded ///cterata) and apparently in markings, reminding one 
of Heliothis dipsaceus. The color is a saturated ochre, somewhat intense, 
and the insect was concolorous. To the best of my recollection, I deter- 
mined this species in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection correctly. I have no 
recollection of naming it for Prof. Riley ; if so, I did it in Washington, 
away from my collection. I regret I have no notes on tibial structure of 
either of these species ; I recollect examining the tibie of Zupatus and 
finding them armed, hence my reference. Of the tibiz of J7/terata, I 
have no recollection. It was described many years ago, but I should 
quickly identify the species, which I had no doubt was Prof. French’s (as 
I compared them). .Mr. Smith’s remarks reveal an unexpected similarity 
between these insectsgwhich can readily be cleared up the moment I get 
a specimen of {Witerata again in my hands. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


TRICHOLITA INCONSPICUA, 0. S. 

g. Antenne bi-pectinate ; front smooth; eyes hairy; tibiae un- 
armed. Fore wings fuscous with obliterate markings. | Reniform white, 
moderate, orbicular a small white fleck. Fringes cut with pale. Hind 
wings whitish with vague border; minute discal dot visible beneath. This 
species is smaller than the other two, the reniform obtuse, with a central 
line, not L-shaped. Beneath the fore wings are pale, the discal dot set in 
a pale ring and unusual in appearance. Expanse 25 mil. Arizona. Coll. 
Neumoegen. 


METALEPSIS Gr. 

Male antennae bipectinate. Collar discolorous, slightly hollowed out. 
Eyes naked, lashed. Labial palpi not exceeding front, with small and 
_ conical third articke. Tibiae armed. Abdomen untufted. Vestiture 
hairy. Wings entire. Body rather hairy. The type is: 

1. Cornuta Gr. California. 

This genus differs in the structure of thorax from Pachnodia, the type 
of which is Carnea from Europe, Labrador and White Mts. 


PHEOCYMA TERMINA, 0. Ss. 

Q. Allied to Hdusina. Basal field of primaries dark brown, darker 
than the wings, which are obscure brown. ‘The t. p. line indented opposite 
the cell, following the shape of the inconspicuous reniform. A paler shade 
outside of the basal field ; all the lines and shades inconspicuous. An 
oblique apical shade. ‘The external margins in both wings denticulate, 
as are the fringes. Hind wings a little more yellowish brown with 
indistinct, transverse, somewhat undulate lines, the middle one distinct, 
dark brown. Beneath obscurely colored, white costal dots ; extra-mesial 
line tolerably distinct, crossing both wings ; secondaries crossed by several 
indistinct lines ; a terminal series of illegible white points. ‘Two or three 
specimens. Arizona. Expanse 30 mil. Types of Hdusina are in Cam- 
bridge. I use this genus instead of Homoptera. 

SEMIOTHISA PATRICIATA, 0. S. 

g. Antennz with very short teeth. Allied to I/u/te/ineata, but dif- 
fering by the median line being single. Primaries falcate, crossed by 
three sub-parallel, deep brown lines; the inner with a costal tooth, the 
median arising from a costal spot, the outer almost imperceptibly bent at 
costa, all even, hardly oblique ; the outer followed by a faint line margin- 
ing inwardly the pale brown subterminal band, which reaches across both 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


wings and widens on secondaries. ‘The outer line crosses a spot on 
median vein. ‘The subterminal line is broader, paler brown, and is broad- 
ly marked on costa. Secondaries like primaries in color and distinct 
markings, dentate, tailed ; a discal spot between the two vividly marked 
median lines. The color is a dove gray, except the brown subterminal 
band. Beneath diffusely shaded with blackish and yellowish, more 
coarsely irrorate, markings repeated. Head and antenne yellowish. 
Very distinctly marked and peculiar. Expanse 26 mil.. North Carolina. 
Coll. Neumoegen. 


PROSOPARIA PERFUSCARIA, ll. g. et S. 


g¢. Antenne bipectinate. Above wholly dark fuscous, the primaries 
with two dark, tolerably propinquitous median lines, the outer continued 
over hind wings. Beneath paler, somewhat ochrey, with a common ex- 
terior dark shaded band. ‘The insect has the appearance of /idonia; 
the under surface differs by its uniform appearance. Expanse 18 mil. 
Arizona. Coll. Neumoegen. 

This genus differs from /7donza by the unusually long labial palpi, 
which are projected nearly straightly forwards, and extend for half their 
length beyond the clypeus. Front scaled with a median ridge, formed by 
the flattened scales meeting from both sides. Hind tibiz with two pair 


of spurs. Legs slender, closely scaled. The insect has the appearance 
of Fidonia ( Perconia ). 


FIDONIA PARTITARIA, DN. 5. 


f£Q. Allied to #7metaria, but distinguished by the females being of 
a light ochrey. The male is fuscous, allowing two common lines to be 
faintly made out ; the costa near apex shows two pale abbreviate bands, 
and a subterminal series of spots is inaugurated to be discontinued. 
Fringes checkered. The female is pale ochrey above, allowing two dusky 
lines to be seen, and with the costa still paler; a subterminal series of 
pale spots. Beneath the hind wings show three bands of nearly coalesced 
white spots, the basal band often broken; the base shows a white spot, the 
ground color, an olive ochrey, appears narrowly between the bands. In 
the male the ovate spots are reduced, silverywhite, separate. Fore wings 
with the disk fuscous, darker in male, the costal region ochrey, allowing 
the lines to be seen. Arizona. Several specimens coll. Neumoegen, 
Expanse, f 16, 2 18 mil, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 18 


TELESILLA NaAviA Harvey. 


No doubt exists in my mind that this is very different from C7nereola 
by its pallid, ochrey color, its darker median field narrowing inferiorly, 
bulging out opposite cell and better defined on both sides from the rest of 
the wing. The shape of the t. p. line is thus different from C7wereo/a, 
running in more below median vein. Mr. Morrison’s species of Ze/esz/la 
is Gueneé’s Galgu/a, and does not belong here at all. 


SCOLECOCAMPIN®. 
Under this sub-family name I arrange Dov-yodes, Eucalyptera, Scoleco- 
campa, Phiprosopus, Cilla and Amolita. 


In my opinion, the genera of our N. Am. Noctuidz are well enough 
defined in my writings, and in part in Gueneé’s, to arrange our species. 
What is needed is a nearer study of our fauna with the European. <A 
merely arbitrary change in the location of the genera gives a color to a 
wide divergence in appreciation of character, which can no longer exist, 
since all the natural characters have been exposed by me. I have gradu- 
ally changed the basis in literature of Gueneé’s genera and worked out 
their association in groups, which shed a light over the mass of forms in 
discussing them, but are sub-families without strong exclusive characters. 
Wider or more pointed wings, longer legs, or an exaggeration of character 
mark, for instance, ScoZecocampa as compared with Doryodes, but the linear 
body, oblique palpi, (often smoky at the sides in this group) the dots on 
reniform, the pointed apices and slender feet, mark the group as a whole. 
In Senta the body is flat, the wings are Crambiform. It is a different 
type, and I leave it with Wonagria for the present ‘The body is nowhere 
so long and linear ( Chi/oform) as in Doryodes and allies. 


I refer the student to my paper on C7//a distema (Am. Ent. 1, 100), 
where I show the affinity of Scolecocampa, Eucalyptera, Cilla, Amolita 
and Doryodes, all of which were known to me in nature. For this group, 
which I remove out of the Monagriine M., | propose the term Scodeco- 
camping. ‘The structural differences between Liburna and Bipuncta are 
very slight, although there is so much difference in size ; Obscura seems 
intermediate in this respect. I do not know, as I have elsewhere said, 
Thaumatopsis longipalpus. At cannot, I think, be C7//a distema, which 
is a pallid bipunctate form, without the median longitudinal shade which 
is characteristic of Doryodes, is marked in Amodita, and faint in Lueca- 


132 | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


lyptera. The dotted discal stigmata (ringed alsoin Zzburna) and smoky 
pallid colors, are characteristic. ; 

The species have rostrate palpi, stretching forwards or but slightly in- 
clined ; variable in length, reminding one of Crvamodbus, and as the insects 
are internal feeders in the larva state, as far as we know, the group is best 
placed between the Gortynas and Nonagrians. They seem to me a dis- 
tinct sub-family group, the body being slender, even in Scolecocampa 
Ziburna, and long compared with wings, which are narrowest and most 
pointed in Doryodes. The legs are slender and long, comparatively, and 
unarmed. The structural features remind us of Cfo and the lower 
Crambide. The sub-family Scolecocampine is one of the most curious in 
the Woctuide, and hardly yields to the Vonagriine in general interest. 

The species of this sub-family may be arranged as follows : 


SCOLECOCAMPINE M. 
SCOLECOCAMPA Guen. 
t. Liburna Geyer. 
Ligni Guen., 
EUCALYPTERA Morr. 
2. Obscura G~r. 
3. Bipuncta Morr. 
DorvyobeEs Guen., 
a Acutania 7S. 
? Bistriaris Geyer. 
5. spadaria Given. 
AMOLITA Gr. 
o. BessaeG7 
CYEa IGE: 
7. Distema Gr. 


ADIPSOPHANES ‘TERMINELLUS, 0. S. 

In this genus the collar is roundedly bulged in front, and there is a 
small tuft behind it. The wings are finely lined, Cucu//ia-like, and the 
slender gray species have white sub-pellucid secondaries, which in J/7s- 
cellus have diffuse smoky borders, but in Zerméne//us have the apical edge 
marked with blackish fuscous while the wing itself is pure translucent 
white ; while in the type species it is slightly smoky. The new form, from 
Texas, is a little more robust than J/¢sce//us,; it differs by the terminal 
space on fore wings being shaded with blackish, the lines on interspaces 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. , 135 


distinct, black ; the median lines marked in black on costa ; the outer line 
continued outwardly some distance and then broken into dots ; the inner 
line apparent again at internal margin. ‘The smoky median shade appar- 
ent near the t. p. line. Otherwise Zermzne//us much resembles the less 
distinct Wesce//us, from which a quick distinguishing mark is further a 
black band across the pallid front. Palpi gray at tip and beneath. Un- 
der surface white and very distinct by the dark contrasting terminal field, 
the outer median line again appearing and vividly black on costa. Fringe 
checkered. Hind wings beautifully iridescent, no discal marks. In my 
collection. 


CLEORA VENATA, DN. S. 

Male and female. ‘This differs by the male antennze being simple, not 
plumose ; from Wigrovenaria by the outer black median line arising near 
the apex, accentuated on the veins. The veins are more or less black. 
Coarsely speckled with brownish black and very pale ground. Inner 
median line with a long, large tooth on cell reaching to discal mark. A 
dotted mesial line on the paler irrorate secondaries, which show a faint 
discal dot. One male variety has the median space suffused with blackish 
brown. Body pale. Size large. Outer median line less oblique than in 
C. Umbrosaria; it is indented opposite cell and runs again inwardly below 
vein 3. Beneath paler with reflected coarse speckling and outer dotted 
line. Fringe checkered. Expanse 4o mil. ‘Three examples from Mon- 
tana in Mr. Neumoegen’s, one in Mr. Hill’s collection. 


SEMIOTHISA DENTICULATA, DN. S. 

?. The outer margins are dentate, not “tailed” on secondaries, 
with a distinct brown line and tinge. | Wings of a clear white above, the 
primaries crossed by four faint brown lines marked on costa, the subter- 
minal faint. Opposite the cell the outer line and the subterminal beyond 
it are slightly accented with blackish. |The outer median line is accented 
and the strongest marked ‘The hind wings somewhat speckled. ‘This 
species may be known by its china-white tint of both wings above, the 
surface being very slightly powdered with gray, and the brown terminal 
line and dentate margins of the wings. The body is grayish-white and 
beneath the bands and costal edges are ochrey ; a fuscous shade, cut by 
the ochrey veins, following the third or outer median line. The legs are 
ochrey or yellowish. California. Exp. 25 mil. 


134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO 
TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA, MAY, 1883. 


The Royal Society of Canada having invited the Entomological Society 
of Ontario to send a delegate to their recent meeting in Ottawa, the 
Council recognizing the importance of the work undertaken by the Royal 
Society and anxious to do all in their power to further the advancement of 
Science, especially in the department of Natural History, appointed Mr. 
James Fletcher, of Ottawa, to represent the Entomological Society on that 
occasion. Mr. Fletcher was present, took part in the proceedings and 
submitted the following report: 

To the President and Members of the Royal Society of Canada: 

GENTLEMEN,—In response to the invitation received by the Entomo- 
logical Society of Ontario to send a delegate to the meetings of the Royal 
Society of Canada, the Council of Management gladly avail themselves 
of the privilege so accorded them of being represented on this occasion. 

As their delegate I shall endeavor to submit for your information, in as 
brief a manner as possible, some of the main features relating to the 
origin and progress of the Society, now so well known as the Entomologi- 
cal Society of Ontario. It was organized in 1863 under the name of the 
Entomological Society of Canada, by a few naturalists living in different 
parts of the Provinces, who met together at Toronto for this special pur- 
pose. Its membership, at first, was only 16, and this number included all 
those then known to be interested in the study of insect life in Canada. 
From this small beginning the Society has steadily increased until its mem- 
bership now reaches upwards of 500. 

The benefits of organization and united effort were soon manifested by 
the rapid accumulation of valuable facts relating to scientific and economic 
entomology. Formerly this material was, from time to time, published in 
the pages of the Canadian Journal ; but the increased interest in the work 
of the Society, and its larger membership, rendered it necessary in a few 
years to establish a periodical of its own, entirely in the interests of Ento- 
mology. On August rst, 1868, appeared the first number of the CANADIAN 
ENroMOLOGISt, a monthly periodical which has from that time forward 
been regularly issued, and which was for some years the only publication 
on the continent of America devoted solely to this important branch of 
natural science. It has now reached its fifteenth volume. From the out- 
set its pages have, been almost entirely filled with the records of origina! 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 


work ; and during its existence it has been the means of disseminating a 
vast amount of scientific knowledge, which has been of benefit not only 
to Canada, but to the world at large. In this connection it may not be 
out of place to quote the opinion of one of the leading American ento- 
mologists. Prof. Grote, of New York, in his late work on the Noctuide, 
when enumerating the sources of intormation of value to entomological 
students, speaks of the organ of our Society in the following comphi- 
mentary terms : 

“ The treatise of Dr. Harris, which has become classical on its subject, 
“did much towards creating a general interest in entomology. But the 
“‘ publication of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, a journal aided pecuni- 
“arily by the Ontario Government, and owing its success chiefly to the 
*‘ unselfish labors of Mr. William Saunders, has assisted the progress of 
“entomology in America probably more than any one other similar 
“ undertaking.” 

The work of our Society has also been favorably commented upon 
abroad, and a regular system of exchange of publications has been estab- 
lished with many of the important learned Societies of Europe. In 
addition to the good work done by the issue of the CANADIAN ENTOMO- 
LoGIsT, collectors have been materially aided in their studies by the classi- 
fied lists of the different orders of Canadian insects which have been 
published as the material for the purpose was gathered together. The 
extensive collection exhibited by the Society at the Centennial Exhibition 
at Philadelphia, attracted much notice, and was admitted by all who saw 
it to be most creditable to Canada. At the request of the Dominion 
Government a similar collection has been sent to England as part of 
_ Canada’s contribution to the International Fisheries Exhibition. 

Beyond this purely scientific work, the Society has, in a series of 13 
Annual Reports on Insects Injurious and Beneficial to Agriculture, given 
to the farming community a large amount of useful information. 

The Government of Ontario recognising the good work thus accom- 
plished, incorporated the Society as the Entomological Society of Ontario 
under the “Agriculture and Arts Act” in 1870; and at the same time 
gave material aid by allowing a liberal annual grant from the public funds. 

In view of the necessity for the constant interchange of specimens 
between students in every department of natural history, in order that, by 
comparison of other forms, their studies may be thorough, the Entomo- 
logical Society of Ontario respectfully suggest that the Royal Society of 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Canada should use its influence to secure a more liberal interpretation of 
the postal regulations, with reference to the exchange of specimens between 
students in Canada and those in the United States and Europe, particu- 
larly in the closely allied sciences of Entomology and Botany. . 

And it would also further suggest that a representation be made to the 
Government to the end that arrangements be made whereby scientific 
bodies may be permitted to import, free of. duty, any engravings, wood- 
cuts, lithographs, electrotypes, or other illustrations which they may 
require for their publications. . 

The members of the Entomological Society of Ontario have learned 
with much pleasure that the Royal Society has already taken some steps 
towards the establishment of a National Museum, and believing that such 
an institution would very appreciably assist the whole cause of science in 
Canada, they take this opportunity of assuring the Royal Society that they 
will be pleased to help in every way in their power towards this end by 
collecting specimens or otherwise. 

Signed on behalf of the Council, 

Ottawa, May 22, 1883. J. FLETCHER, Delegate. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THECLA 
FROM FLORIDA. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


THECLA WITTFELDII. 


MaLe—Expands 1.5 inch. 

Upper side black-brown ; primaries have a large oval stigma; second- 
aries have the edge of hind margin on posterior half pale metallic blue ; a 
large fulvous spot in second median interspace over a black spot on the 
margin ; two tails, the posterior one very long, measuring .24 inch on 
anterior side, the other .1 inch ; black, tipped with white ; fringes of pri- 
maries fuscous, of secondaries same to upper median nervule, then white, 
and next anal angle, long, brown, witha whitish line running through them.. 

Under side dark brown, the hind margins narrowly edged by white ; 
the costal edge of primaries next base red; both wings crossed by two 
macular white lines, the outer one sub-marginal, nearly parallel to the 
margins, and quite regular, broken at the nervules, crenated on posterior 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137 


half of secondaries and ending in an oblique streak up the inner margin ; 
each spot edged black on outer side, and on primaries, in the median 
interspaces, there is more or less fulvous outside the black ; on secondaries 
is a large spot on the margin behind lower median nervule, made by blue- 


white scales on the brown ground ; and in the next interspaces are three 


deep red fulvous spots, diminishing gradually in size, the outer one some- 
times obsolete, the largest with a black patch on its marginal side ; anal 
angle black, overlaid on inner margin by white and a red streak ; the inner 
of the two lines is extra-discal, somewhat irregular, especially on second- 
aries, and joins the other at the lower median nervule of secondaries, then 
makes an angle in sub-median interspace, and ends in a streak up inner 
margin ; in cell of each wing two parallel abbreviated white streaks or bars. 


Female—Expands 1.7 inch. 

Upper side as in the male, except the stigma; the tails measure .26 
and .12 inch respectively ; under side as in the male. 

From 3 7 1 @ taken by Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, at Indian River, Florida, 


d 
1883. This observer, in the past three years, has done more to elucidate 
the biological history of the Lepidoptera of Florida, than any one who 
has preceded him in that section, and he has discovered a remarkable 
number of new species of butterflies especially, and has introduced to the 
N. Am. fauna many other species both of butterflies and sphinges, which 
though previously described, had not been seen in the U. States. I take 


pleasure in naming this fine Thecla for Dr. Wittfeld. 

The examples were sent me labelled Favonius, a species quite distinct 
from the present, which in several respects is near to Ca/anus. It differs 
from Ca/anus by the greater size, the very long tails, and in the inner of 
the two transverse lines beneath, which is single, whereas in Ca/anus this 
line is double, or chain-shaped ; the parallel bars in the cells are like those 
of Calanus; also like Crysa/us, and such bars are found in no other of 
the American species. 


IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


In =ccordance with a resolution passed at a meeting of the Entomolo- 


gists in attendance at the Montreal Meeting of the American Association 


for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1882, authorizing me to call 
and ‘to provide for similar meetings for Entomological discussions at the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


’ 


future annual gatherings of the Association,” I herewith name Wednesday 
August 15th, 3 o’clock p. m., as the time for the first of the series of the 
Minneapolis (Minn.) meetings, the place of meeting to be named hereafter. 

All interested in Entomology are respectfully invited to attend the 
meetings, and participate in the discussions. 


Albany, June 1, 1883. 


J. A. LINTNER. 


RECORD OF ACTUAL DATES OF ISSUE OF CANADIAN 
ENTOMOLOGIST. 

NorteE.—It is intended hereafter to give in each number of the Can, 
Env. the date of actual issue of the previous number. 


We give the dates from Jan. 1, 1882. 


Vol. XIV., No. 1, January — issued February 2, 1882. 

" n 2, February " " 28. oh tail 

" 3, March " March 31, 

" "Ay April " May 18, " 

" n. 5, May " June 14, u 

" is 960-9 EOE " July 26, » 

" i oon ALY: " AUSUSE 21,5 a 

" 1 8, August " October 18, 1 

" 1 .9,.meptember 1.) Neévember 13ja.00 

" 1» ro, October " December 14,1 

" 1 11, November 1 January 5, 1883. 

" Wy £2, December i January 29, 11 
Vol. XV. » 1, January " February 21, 1 

" u 2, February " March 18, 0 

" 1 3, March " April eee 

" it, 4s eee " May 18, 

" 1 5, May " May 26, 1 

" 1 6, June " June 26,.\.a) 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


ZELLER’S COLLECTIONS, ERRATA, ETC. 
Editor Can. Ent.: In a recent letter from Lord Walsingham I am 
informed that he has ‘just bought all the collections of the late Prof. 
Zeller.” This will be good news for American Micro-lepidopterists, as 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 


Prof. Zeller has described a great number of American species, and the 
types, in Lord Walsingham’s possession, will be far more available for 
assistance in the determination of our indigenous species than they would 
be if placed in some continental museum. His Lordship has kindly given 
so much aid to those of us who are interested in his specialty, in this 
country, that we have sufficient reason to rejoice over the increased facili- 
ties for the study of our Micros which he will have in the possession of 
this far-famed collection. 

Referring to his recent ‘‘ Notes on American Tineide,’ Lord Wal- 
singham wishes me to * point out with his concurrence and apologise for 
the error” that his genus /dzostoma—first characterized under the name 
Sdioglossa in’ the Proc. Ent. Soc. of London, 1881, p. 273—is but a syn- 
onym of Frey and Boll’s Wetamorpha, Stet. Ent. Zeit., 1878, p. 277—the 
species described in the ‘* Notes” as americe//a W\sm., being the same as 
M. miraculosa Frey and Boll. 

In this connection it may be well for me to change the names of two 
species of Ge/echia described by me in the December number of the 
Can. Env. for 1881, the names there published being, as I am informed 
by Lord Walsingham, pre-occupied by European species in the same genus. 
The name /ormose//a for the species rolling leaves of laurel oak, is hereby 
changed to verne//a, in reference to its occurrence in spring-time only, so 
far as I have been able to observe. G.. cimere//a, the species mining and 
crumpling the edges of the leaves of So/anum Carolinense, may hereafter 
be known as G. tnconspicuella. 

The pretty little Zzthoco//etis described in the same paper under the 
name of L. gregariel/a, is, in Lord Walsingham’s opinion, ~ identical with 
Clemens’ L. desmodiella (see *‘ Notes,” p. 202). Mr. Chambers, on the 
contrary, wrote me this spring that he was quite convinced that it was 
distinct from Clemens’ species. Since specimens bred from the same 
plant and even from the same mine, vary in shade and in intensity of the 
ornamentation, it 1s not surprising that some quite marked differences 
should exist between examples mining Desmodium and those mining 
Phaseolus, and yet these differences may not be of specific value. Never 
having seen an undoubted specimen of desmodie//a, | am not competent 
to express an opinion on this subject, and am quite willing to accept the 
determination of Lord Walsingham. 

Mary E. Mur?rre cpr. 

Kirkwood, Mo., June 12, 1883. 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


INSECTS AFFECTING DRUGS. 


Editor Can. Ent.—Dear Sir: To the list of drug insects observed 
in this country, as given by Mr. Wm. Edwin Saunders in the May number 
of the CanaDIAN Enromo.ocistT, I have two additions to make. One is 
the Tobacco-beetle, Zastoderma serricorne Fabr., a well known pest in 
many cigar factories in the U.S. I found this. in a drug store at Detroit, 
Mich., where -the larve had completely honeycombed a lot of rhubarb. 
The same habit of the species has been recorded by European writers. 
The second addition is Cryphalus jalappe Letzner, a small, inconspicuous 
Scolytid beetle, probably originating from Mexico, which has been carried 
by commerce all over the world. It was first found by Mr. H. G, Hub- 
bard and myself in 1874, in the Medical Laboratory of the U.S. Navy 
Yard at Brooklyn, N. Y., and later observed by myself in drug stores at 
Detroit, Mich, and Washington, D. C. It occurs only in Radix jalappe. 
The species has to my knowledge never before been recorded from North 
America, but will no doubt be found wherever the drug mentioned above 
is kept. Yours truly, 

Washington, D. C., June 8, 1883. E. A. SCHWARZ. 


DAMAGE CAUSED BY ANTS. 


Early in the month of June I discovered that certain portions of the 
flooring and supports of my verandah were giving way, and I accordingly 
sent for a carpenter to do the necessary repairs. On taking up the flooring 
I found two nests of large black ants, and examination showed that nearly 
the whoie damage was caused by these insects. Large joists were very 
much excavated, and in some cases eaten completely through; two pillars 
or posts eight inches square were eaten out to a distance of some two feet 
from the floor, and unless prompt measures had been taken the corner of 
the verandah would in all probability havé given way. I had noticed 
these ants for a couple of years back, but never dreamt that they were so 
numerous or were doing so much injury. I sent specimens to my friend, 
Dr. Hagen, and asked his opinion as to remedy. He writes me that the 
ant is Formica ligniperda Latr. (Camponotus ligniperdus Mayr). He 
recommends an application of boiling water in which soft soap has been 
largely dissolved. E. B. REED. 


Che Canadwn Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1883. No. 8 


To the Editor of the Can. Ent. : 


DEAR StR,—I send you some remarks by Dr. A. Speyer upon certain 
forms and species of Pamphila which I recently submitted to him. I had 
especially called Dr. Speyer’s attention to the Comma group, and as will 
be seen, he has very kindly compared them with Comma and its varieties, 
and gives his views at length. I have italicised certain portions of the 
paper, to which I desire to call particular attention; and have appended 
some notes of my own, written after carefully considering the views of 
Dr. Speyer, and a re-study of the forms spoken of. The excellent trans- 
lation of Dr. Speyer’s paper was made by Chas. E. Aaron, A. M., of Phila- 
delphia, at the instance of his son, Mr. E. M. Aaron, Curator of the Am. 
Ent. Soc. Yours truly, 


Coalburgh, W. Va., rst July, 1883. W. H. Epwarps. 


REMARKS ON. THE. HESPERIDA SENT TO ME BY MR. W. 
H. EDWARDS, OF COALBURGH, W. VA., IN JAN., 1883: 


In order to be able to decide with some degree of certainty the 
question whether Pamphila evada, Manitoba, Colorado, Juba and 
Sylvanoides ( Columbia), proposed by Mr. Scudder as distinct species, 
are, together or separately, specifically different from the European P. 
Comma 1.., there would be need of a much larger suite of well preserved 
specimens of these forms than have been placed at my command; and 
perhaps even such a suite would not have sufficed to establish a conclu- 
sion, but observation in the field alone would justify a final decision. 
What I have to say upon the subject, on the basis of the inadequate 
material on hand, is as follows: 


It was my especial wish, in addition to the large number of specimens 
at my command of the typical P. Comma of Middle Europe, and of its 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Arctic variety Catena, to be able also to compare specimens from the 
Asiatic part of its boreal faunal range with the American representatives 
of this widely diffused species. 

Dr. Staudinger had the kindness to send at my request from his rich 
collections a supply of these from widely separated regions of Northern, 
Middle and Eastern Asia (from Amasia, Lebanon and other provinces, 
and from the Amoor country). There are among them interesting forms, 
differing more or less, and in some instances very materially, from the 
Middle European type. Zhe expectation that perhaps one or another of 
these might be identical with an American form, has not been realized. 
Occasionally, it is true, an approach occurs, but for the most part their 
variations from the type lic in a different direction than toward the 
American forms. They afford, however, ample evidence of the great 
variability of the species under the pressure of various climatic and other 
external conditions. 

In the structure of the body, and in the form of the antenne, palpi 
and legs, I have been able to find no difference between Scudder’s species 
and Comma. Iwas unable to examine the male abdominal appendages. 
The coloration of the under side varies considerably, but offers no ayail- 
able characteristics for the separation of individual forms. Sometimes the 
secondaries are distinctly veined. Also as to the bright or dull colors of 
the square spots, their extraordinary variation of size, the presence or 
absence of their black border, no exact forms can be defined, as all these 
pass into each other by imperceptible gradations. 

Juba differs from Comma, as also from its American congeners, in 
several particulars. 1 compare four specimens of this form (one pair 
from Utah and another from California), all unfortunately more or less 
worn and mutilated. They answer well to Scudder’s description and illus- 
tration (Mem. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. 11., p. 349, pl. x., figs. rg, 
20), except that the primaries of the female are more pointed than shown 
in fig. 20. (1). Juba is larger than Comma. (2). It has a somewhat dif- 
ferent outline of wings, a long, slightly concave costal margin and a more 
oblique border of the primaries, which causes the apex of the wings to 
project more prominently. (3). The ground color of the primaries is a 
bright orange, especially in the female; the brown marginal band very 
dark, and toward the lower end much more sharply defined than in 
Comma. It presents on the inner side strong rounded or toothed projec- 
tions, while the bright ground-color on the branches of the median vein 


— — - 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 


and of the dorsal vein extends far into it. On the upper side of the 
secondaries the orange forms on the dark ground very broad macular 
bands. (4). The discal stigma of the male is longer than in Comma, pro- 
portionately narrow, its upper end pointed and distinctly bent, not so 
straight as in Comma and in the other American species. (5). In the 
female, two dark-brown spots, separated by the second nervule, stand out 
very prominently on the bright ground in the disk of the primaries, and 
between them and the dark margin is a broad space of clear orange. In 
Comma @ the two spots are also present, but mostly united, and cohering 
with the dark spot below the apex of the wings ; but the two spots are not 
so dark nor so sharply defined and prominent as in /wba, and they are 
separated from the dark margin, not by a broad bright space, but usually 
only by a narrow macular band. The under side of the secondaries is in 
Juba as strongly sprinkled with fuscous as the variety Cafeza, and has 
also equally large, bright, white checkered spots. In one female (from 
California), the arrangement of these spots corresponds with Comma 
(Catena); in the other three, the row of spots is more irregular and 
broken, while the spot between the 4th and 6th nervules is quite separated 
from the 6th cell, and is placed nearer to the margin. In two specimens 
(male and female) the spots are united. Evidence is thus afforded that 
the form and order of these spots, even in specimens undoubtedly closely 
related, are subject to great variation. 

Juba is in any éase a very well-marked local form of Comma. Lf a 
comparison of a sufficiently large number of specimens should prove the 
above mentioned differences, or even a part of them, to be constant, then 
Juba might even claim to rank as a species. It is probable however that 
transitions will yet be found. 

The few specimens of Mevada, Colorado and Manitoba which I am 
able to compare (2 of Mevada, 7 of Colorado and 2 of Manitoba) of 
course justify no positive decision as to Mr. Scudder’s assumption that 
they are true species. / can only say that their differences are not clear 
to me, and that the examples sent to me, as well as Mr. Scudder’s figures, 
give me the impression rather of varieties than of specifically distinct 
forms. “Henceforth I will class them together in order to compare them, 
as a whole, with Comma. 

In the size, shape, color and markings of the upper side of the wings, 
as well as in the form of the discal stigma, I find no variation from 
Comma; but in one particular none of the compared American insects 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


entirely agree with European and Asiatic Comma, namely, in the shape 
and arrangement of the white spots on the under side of secondaries. ‘The 
interrupted row of spots beyond the middle of the secondaries in typical 
Comma consists, as is well known, of six more or less quadrangular spots 
separated by the nervules, two of which, often somewhat larger and oblong 
in shape, stand below the costal margin in cellules 7 and 6, one (a double 
spot) between nervules 4 and 6 opposite the middle cell, and also one in 
cellules 3, 2 and 1, which last usually has an appendage turned toward 
the inner angle. ‘These spots form two rows which meet at an angle of 
from 65° to 90, in the vertex of which stands the spot between nervules 
4 and 6. ‘The three upper spots always, and the three lower ones usually, 
form a straight row with the spot standing in the vertex of the angle ; 
sometimes these lower spots stand somewhat out of line and farther from 
the spot in the vertex. The size of the spots varies in individual speci- 
mens very considerably ; sometimes they become so small that they stand 
widely separated from each other, sometimes so large that they entirely 
meet. Rarely one of the spots is wanting (that in cellule 1 or in cellule 
7). In the American specimens, on the other hand, the greatest variation 
in the form, size, number and arrangement of these spots is presented, 
even insuch as Mr. Scudder includes in the same species (e. g. Colorado); 
and not one of them shows the form and arrangement of the spots as 
described in typical Comma. ven the two sexes in these forms seem to 
differ much more strongly than in Comma, which shows scarcely any 
recognizable difference between the male and female, except that in the 
latter the spots are usually larger than in the male. A second noteworthy 
difference between European Comma and its American congeners ts that in 
the former the fringes on the under side are always spotted with fuscous, 
at least (in secondaries) on their lower half, while in the American forms 
the fringes are as a rule unspotied. Yet this distinction is not invariable, 
for two of the specimens submitted to me (a male of Co/orado and one 
of Manitoba) have spotted fringes. There exists then, so far as [ can 
discover, only the difference drawn from the under side of secondaries, 
which, if it were constant, would suffice to separate the American forms 
from Comma. But that it is constant appears to me somewhat improba- 
ble, on account of the very great variability which is shown in the shape, 
number and arrangement of the square spots in the American specimens 
of these forms ; and /uda (as above remarked) gives a direct proof that 
we can not rely upon this feature. A second proof is furnished by Mr. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 


Seudder’s figures of Manitoba, one of which, fig. ro, does not differ in 
any respect from many forms of European Comma in the character of the 
rows of spots, while the remaining figures (and still more decidedly my 
two natural specimens) deviate therefrom. We also conclude from Scud- 
der’s descriptions that in this point JZan7toba can scarcely, if at all, be 
separated from Comma by any constant difference. 

Finally, concerning the two specimens numbered 18 and 19, and 
labeled Sy/vanoides,* 1 have first to remark that they, especially the 
female, do not agree well with Scudder’s figures and descriptions. Accord- 
ing to the latter, “‘ two transparent spots” are said to be present in the 
female on the primaries, to which Scudder gives especial prominence as a 
characteristic feature (p. 352, plate x., fig. 21). In my female specimen 
(which is quite perfect) no transparent spots are to be seen, but the spots 
have exactly the color and form of those in Comma. Ln fact this female 
entirely resembles an average ‘small Comma female, with this difference, 
that the fringes are unspotted, and that the spot in cellule 7 on the under 
side of secondaries is wanting. The latter difference is probably only an 
accidental one, as Scudder’s figure shows this spot. Jf / had taken this 
specimen here, [ would have regarded it as without doubt an unimportant 
variety of Comma, and I am inclined to believe that specimens may be 
found on Vancouver Island which do not differ from the female of typical 
Comma. Lven the differences of the male do not appear to me of suffi- 
crent importance to make it possible to regard this Sylvanoides as anything 
more than a local form of Comma. 

I know Boisduval’s description of his Hesperia Sy/zanoides only from 
Morris’s translation (Synop. Lepidop. N. Am. 1862, p. 107). Judging 
from this I should be much inclined to doubt that Sy/zvano/des Bdv. and 
the earlier Co/wmbia of Scudder are the same species. Had Boisduval 
himself had such specimens as those now under discussion, he would 
probably not have regarded them as specifically different from Comma, 
but if he had done so, he would certainly have likened them, not to 
Sylvanus, which they resemble very slightly, but to Comma. Not one 
feature in the description of the male butterfly can be applied to Scudder’s 
species. : 

The result of my comparisons may be thus summed up, namely: ¢hat 
among the examples of Scudder’s four species transmitted to me, not one 


* i. e. Sylvanoides Sc., but not of Bois. The latter = Sonora Sc.—W. H. E. 


146 | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ts found which agrees perfectly with European Comma; and, on the 
other hand, that the existing differences appear to me of too little import- 
ance, and above all not sufficiently constant to make it possible on the 
strength of these to declare the American forms specifically different from 
Comma. Comma is in a high degree under the influence of various 
external life-conditions, and, as both the American and the Asiatic forms 
prove, a species varying in different directions. Whether any one of these 
local forms has already sufficiently established itself to be able to rank as 
a distinct spectes, others, who are equipped with more abundant materials, 
will be able to decide with more certainty than myself. 


2. The insect No. 37, sent to me as Amblyscirtes Zidya Scud., does 
not belong to Amblyscirtes, and in general not to the group Pamphiline, 
but to Pyrginz. (On this point you will please compare my paper in the 
Stettin Entomol. Zeitung for 1879, p. 484). It appears tc me that it 
would be best to include it in the genus Pholisora. 


3. No. 38 (labeled Pholisora Vessus Edw. = Spilothyrus sotadz/is 
Strecker) certainly stands most nearly related to the European species of 
Spilothyrus Dup. (whose older name, Carcharodus, Mr. Edwards will 
doubtless reject on principle as one of Hibner’s), but it deviates from 
these in a few very essential points. The club of the antennz is not oval, 
but much more slender than in the former, quite crescent-shaped ‘as in 
Nisoniades ; the outline of the wings is another point; the primaries are 
slightly rounded on the inner margin, somewhat incurved at cellule 16, and 
projecting bluntly with their posterior angle, which has long indentations, 

‘none of which is the case in Spilothyrus. The sharply indented second- 
aries are distinctly incurved between nervules 4 and 6. The covering of 
the body is close and smooth, not so hairy as in Spilothyrus, etc. If 
several similar species should be discovered, these differences would 
justify the erection of a separate genus; until then Vessws may stand with 
Spilothyrus. The male will probably be furnishéd with a costal fold. 


As Spilothyrus differs from Pyrgus in nothing but the small transparent 
spots on the wings and the strongly indented secondaries, I have not 
separated the seven European species generically from Pyrgus (compare 
Stettin Entomol. Zeitung, 1878, pp. 179 and 188), but have only char- 
acterized them as its first group. Acquaintance with this American repre- 
sentative would incline me to concede their erection into a genus. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 


4. All the remaining species (Nos. 20-36)* properly belong to Pam- 
phila. Only Viatorx (20, 21) differs from the type of the genus somewhat 
in the outline of the wings ; the secondaries are broader and their border 
seems to be somewhat wavy. Also the last joint of the palpi is longer 
than usual. This species will necessarily stand at the beginning or at the 
end. As for the rest, I can pronounce no decision as to the most judicious 
order of succession of the species, as I possess no American Pamphilas, 
having handed my earlier collection over to Dr. Staudinger. 


NOTES ON DR. SPEYER’S PAPER. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS. 


1. Contrary to my expectation, the Asiatic forms of the Comma group 
are not so near the American as are the European. Dr. Speyer tells us that 
the former vary from typical Comma in a different direction from the 
latter. If the American are derived from the European, or the reverse, the 
Asiatic ought to lie between the two, apparently. 


2. I am satisfied that /wba should rank as a species. Dr. Speyer 
gives sufficient reasons for this, and examination of many examples con- | 
firm this view. I have a beautiful variety of /wba (male) sent me by 
Prof. Snow, and taken by him at Los Vegas, N. M., in 1882. The upper 
side is darker—more fuscous and less fulvous—than any other example I 
have seen, and secondaries beneath and the apical area of primaries are 
densely dusted with golden-green ; the spots white and somewhat smaller 
than in the type. I call this var. Viridts. 


3. As to Manitoba, Colorado and Nevada, Dr. Speyer points out that 
in these three forms the shape and arrangement of the spots on hind wings 
are not the same as in the typical Comma of. Europe. So far as I can 
discover, on examining a considerable series of each of these forms, from 
divers localities, the differences are constant. In the matter of the spotted 
fringes spoken of, Dr. Speyer says these are a/ways found in Comma. In 
the American forms they are sometimes present, but do not appear in all 


* Viator, Byssus, Pittacus, Deva, Ocola, Eufala, Panoguin, Fusca, Nerea, Phylace, 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the forms of which examples are under view ; and where they do appear 
seem rather to be exceptional, the rule being against the spots ; thus, 


Of Colorado, 1 male, t female have spotted fringes, 3 males, 5 females, not. 


ul Nevada, none " " " 6 " 6 " " 
" Manitoba, 2 females " " " 5 " " 
" Columbia, none " " " 6 " I " " 
" Ldaho, u " " " 3 " 3 " " 


This last, 7¢aho, I describe as follows: Upper side of both sexes like 
the palest, or most yellow-fulvous, examples of Co/orado. Under side 
yellow, or gray-yellow (Colorado is described by Mr. Scudder as from 
olivaceous to griseous-green) ; the spots white, and as in Colorado. ‘This 
form comes from Oregon, Washington Terr. and California. I consider 
that it may properly be called a variety of Colorado. 


The occasional presence of the fringe spots in the American forms 
of this group may be sufficiently accounted for on the theory that the 
European, Asiatic and American forms are of co-ordinate value, and 
inherited these spots from their common ancestor. In the American they 
have disappeared, but occasionally the character is recovered by reversion. 
Mr. Scudder’s types are distinct enough, in case of A/anitoba, Colorado 
and Nevada, and I think we shall have to consider them as so many 
species. As they are not varieties of Comma they can stand alone. Dr. 
Speyer notices that in all these forms the two sexes seem to differ much 
more strongly than in Comma, ‘which shows scarcely any recognizable 
difference between the sexes, except that in the female the spots are usually 
larger than in the male.” Certainly that is a strong point also ; and I find 
the differences spoken of to be constant. 


4. As to Columbia, etc., later called by the same author Sy/vanotdes 
Bd. (It was, however, Sovora Sc. which Boisduval had named Sy/vanoides.) 


Of this form, I have 7 males, 1 female, and one male and the female 
bear Mr. Scudder’s own label, and this female was the one-submitted to 
Dr. Speyer. Mr. Scudder points out two characters by which Columbia 
may be identified. 1. The patch of brown on lower side the stigma in 
male. 2. A quadrate transparent spot in the lower median interspace of 
fore wing of female, and a partially transparent triangular patch next 
above this. And adds: ‘These are not given with sufficient distinctness 
on the plate.” On the plate is a white space in each of these patches, 


which so far represents the transparency, I suppose. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 


As to the first character, the brown patch behind the stigma ; it is 
present in my type male, but in the other males it is wanting; in 3 there 
is a slight duskiness behind the stigma ; in 3 there is nothing even of this. 
Yet on the under side these males all agree with the type in color and in 
the peculiarities of the band of spots on secondaries. 

2nd. The female has nothing whatever of the transparency mentioned. 
These two patches or spots are precisely like the two above them and 
against the cell, so far as color is concerned, all being simply fulvous. 
Mr. Scudder continues : ‘“‘ Beneath, a silvery white (male) or pale (female) 
slender belt of small quadrate spots, similar to that of P. Comma, bent at 
a little less than a right angle, the portion at right angle to the inner bor- 
der straight and continuous, the other portion sometimes broken, some- 
times continuous and straight. This species has only been taken, and 
rarely, in California.” My type male was from Vancouver’s Island, the 
female from California. ‘The other males are from Wash. Terr., Brit. Col. 
Arizona. 

It is of the female mentioned that Dr. Speyer says it ‘entirely 
resembles an average small Comma female, with this difference, that ¢/e 
Sringes are unspotted, and that the spot in cellule 7 is wanting.” But as 
Mr. Scudder’s figure shows the spot, this difference Dr. Speyer regards as 
accidental, and continues: “If I had taken this specimen here, I would 
have regarded it as without doubt an unimportant variety of Comma. 
Even the differences of the male do not appear to me of sufficient im- 
portance to regard this Sy/vanotdes (Columbia) as anything more than a 
local form of Comma.” 

Dr. Speyer sent me a typical male and female Comma. Of the male, 
the color of under side of hind wings and apex of fore wings is greenish- 
yellow. Every one of my Codwmbia males and the female (which Dr. 
Speyer notices) lacks the spot in cellule 7, which is present in both these 
Comma. ‘This spot is present in Mr. Scudder’s figure of the female (fig. 
22), but not of the male (fig. 23), and I apprehend that it is in the female 
figure by a mistake on the part of the lithographic artist, and was over- 
looked by Mr. Scudder. None of my males are of the color of Comma 
on under side, all being brown, not green, and on all, the spots at the 
angle of the band are suddenly reduced, and are small; whereas in the 
Comma they are large. The band in each of these forms has a distinct 
character of its own. The under side of the female Co/wmbia is nearer 
to the female Comma, but more yellow, less green ; the spots are conflu- 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ent, as in the male, and not separated, as in the Comma, the spots. are 
clear and silvery white, not yellowish, as in the Comma. As before said, 
the spot in cellule 7 is wanting, and there are no fringe spots to either sex. 
Examining the other American forms as to the presence or absence of the 
spot in cellule 7, I find that in /wéa all examples have it ; in Colorado, 
Manitoba, Nevada and /daho, most do not have it, but some of each sex 
in each form do. It is often reduced to a mere point which is confluent 
with the spot in cellule 6. It scarcely does more in this case than cross 
the nervule, and does not merit being called a spot. 

Considering the lack of this spot in Columbia, the peculiar shape of 
the band of spots, the color of under surface, and the unspotted fringe, 
and the differences in color and marking between the sexes, I must regard 
this as a distinct species from Comma, as in fact, at a considerable dis- 
tance from Comma, and it has differences from the other American forms 
to entitle it to stand alone. — Its peculiarities are important, and, so far as 
appears, permanent. 

5. Besides the three forms of P. Co/orado is another as distinct as any 
of them, which comes from California and Nevada. I have 2 males and 
2 females taken by Mr. Baron in north California, and 3 females by Mr. 
Morrison in Nevada. Same size and shape as Colorado, bright yellow- 
fulvous on upper side, the sub-apical spots of primaries placed as in the 
allied forms, but not so distinct, not well defined. On the under side, the 
color is grayish-yellow ; the spots of both wings scarcely lighter than the 
ground (not white, therefore, or even light) ; the band on secondariés 
slight, and often macular ; in one of the Nevada examples it is altogether 
wanting, except for a dot near outer angle. This form cannot be ranked 
with any of Mr. Scudder’s, and is apparently constant. I call it species 
Oregonia. 

7. Dr. Boisduval described a species as Rzuricola, which has hitherto 
been unrecognized by American collectors, so far as Iam aware. He 
says: “Size of Zineola, the wings a_ little more sinuous, almost 
the same yellow, with a narrow brown border; the fore wings 
having the stigma as pronounced as in Sy/vanus, marked length- 
wise by a fine whitish line. Under side of the wings yellow, 
with all the surface of secondaries and the apical area of primaries 
a little more green than in Sy/vanus. Described after the male 
only. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr., 2 Ser. x. 316, 1852. I have found among 
Mr. Baron’s collections a single male of this species, agreeing in all respects 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151 


with Dr. Boisduval’s description. The spots of secondaries are pale yel- 
low, very large, making a confluent band. I should place. Oregonia 
between this species and the Comma group. 

I tabulate these species as follows: 1. RURICOLA; 2. ORE- 
GONIA; 3. CoLumBiA; 4. COLORADO; 5. CoLoRApo var. [pAHO; 6. 
NEvapDa ; 7. MaAniropaA; 8. JUBA; 9. JUBA var. VIRIDIS. 

There is a recent description of what is called PAMPHILA CALIFORNICA 
n. sp. Mabille, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Belg. v. 27, p. 68, taken from one 
male only, and which lacks definiteness. 1 can find nothing to which it 
applies. Of the under side, it reads: ‘the secondaries are ochraceous, 
and one or two points of a pale yellow color can with difficulty be dis- 
tinguished among the nervules.” So that it cannot be one of this group we 
have been considering. 


NOTES ON THRIPIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW 
SPECIES.* 


BY HERBERT OSBORN, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMES, IOWA. 


The family Thripide, though possessing many characters of peculiar 
interest, and being of no little importance economically, has received but 
very little attention from American Entomologists, either systematic or 
economic. With the exception of a few notes upon their habits, and 
descriptions of some four or five species by Dr. Fitch, and also a few 
notes by Mr. Walsh and Prof. Riley, concerning their food habits, scarcely 
anything has been written of our native species. 

Without going into a discussion of the classification of the group, or 
the peculiar characters which seem to ally it to different orders, it will be 
sufficient here to state that the wings are entirely membranous and folded 
flat upon the back, which, with the general conformation of the body, 
would seem to place it with the Homofpterous division of the Hemiptera. 
The mouth parts, however, are free, composed of both mandibles and 
maxille, and the maxille and labium are palpigerous—characters very 


* Read before the Iowa Academy of Sciences, Sept. 5, 1882. Since this paper 
was read, Mr. Theo. Pergande, of Washington, has kindly examined my specimens 
and corrected some errors which had crept in, on account of my scanty literature on the 
subject and lack of types. 


a2 THE CANADIAN : ENTOMOLOGIST. 


diverse from those of the group just mentioned. These differences have 
led some authors to separate the group into a distinct order, the Zhysan- 
optera, While others have considered them an aberrant family of Hemip- 
tera, others of Orthoptera, and still others of Pseudo-Neuroptera. 

The most obvious characters are the minute size, the species nearly all 
ranging between one and two millimetres in length, and being very slen- 
der ; the long narrow wings with broad fringes, folded flat on the back ; 
the 2-joited tarsi without ungues and terminating in a vesicle, and the 
beak-like mouth parts pointing backward, but composed of free mandibles 
and maxillee, the mandibles being styliform. 

The European species have been carefully worked by Mr. Haliday, to 
whom we are also indebted for the only systematic arrangement of the 
genera. His synopsis enumerates over forty species, and doubtless our 
American species are quite as numerous, for without there having been 
any apparent effort to collect them, a fair beginning has been made upon 
this number. 

Dr. Fitch described four species in his reports on N. Y. Insects, and I 
understand that his notes contain MS. descriptions of two other species. 
The former are P2/wothrips mali, P. carye, Thrips tritici and Coleothrips 
trifasciata. Prof. Riley mentions a species (6th Rept. Mo. Insects, p. 
50) as Zhrips phylloxera of his MSS. Dr. Packard has described a 
species infesting onions (New and Inj. Ins. Little Known, 1870), and 
Prof. Comstock Limothrips poaphagus infesting heads of grass. Other 
descriptions may have been published of which I am not at present 
aware, and I have collected three species in this State which seem to be 
undescribed, beside two species which are known. 

The Zhripide frequent the blossoms of various plants, but their 
presence has been variously interpreted by different authors. In West- 
wood’s ‘“ Classification” they are spoken of as feeding upon the plant 
tissues, and numerous instances are cited of their injuries to vegetation. 

Dr. Fitch found his Pr/ethrips mali gouging into young apples, and 
his P. cary in galls on hickory leaves, but doubted their agency in form- 
ing the galls. On wheat he states that 7: ¢v7féci injures both blossoms 
and the growing kernels of wheat. Mr. Walsh held the opinion that 
Thrips are carnivorous and very beneficial in their attacks upon plant lice 
and other insects, and argues that they are found in blossoms and on other 
parts of plants simply in search of their prey. Prof. Riley describes the 
habits of his Zzrips phylloxere as attacking the Grape Phylloxera. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 


If these observers have been correct in interpreting what they saw, we 
must admit that different species of the group possess different food habits, 
a point which should be admitted only on the strictest testimony, for while 
instances do occur where certain species in a distinct group differ in habits 
from the others, it is of rare occurrence—a fact more fully appreciated 
when we consider the intimate relations between structure, whereby groups 
are defined, and habit, these having naturally a mutual correspondence, 
whether we consider the habit necessitated by the structure or the struc- 
ture a result of progenitary habit. 

So far as the anatomy is concerned, it seems to me much in favor of a 
vegetable diet. Carnivorous insects as a rule are furnished with strong 
mouth parts, and are able to thrust them forward from the head, even if 
their normal position is otherwise. In Z/ripide the mandibles are 
slender, styliform, and apparently weak and poorly adapted to the capture 
of prey, and the mouth parts pass backward under the prothorax. Owing 
to the minuteness of the insects positive observations upon their methods 
of feeding are difficult. I have watched them with a lens, and noticed 
that they thrust the mouth parts down upon the surface of a petal or other 
portion of the blossom, much as a fly does in sucking up sweets, but have 
never been able to see them actually puncture the tissue. I have noticed 
them in apple blossoms, however, where the petals were unopened and no 
other insects were present, and in these blossoms 80 per cent. were injured 
by punctures upon the styles and other parts, but particularly the styles, 
and all the evidence pointed to the Thrips as the cause of injury. Should 
the observations of other entomologists prove this to be a general habit, it 
has great economic importance, and shows that insects may have a far 
different influence than assisting in fertilization of plants, which we have 
come to consider as one of their benefactions, for whereas much has been 
written concerning the fertilization of plants by insects, comparatively 
little has been written upon the prevention of fertilization which they may 
cause. 

Although I have observed Thrips in many situations beside the blos- 
soms of apple, cherry and plum, as well as in blossoms of catalpa, aspar- 
agus, clover, potato, timothy grass, and a number of ornamental plants, I 
have never found evidence of their attacking insects. Atone time I found 
a single individual near a colony of Aphis maids, but nothing to indicate 
that it was attacking the lice. 

The observations of Walsh and Riley must certainly be considered 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


conclusive for the species they noticed, but I cannot think they will hold 
for the group, but rather that they are departures from a normal habit, the 
Thrips in those cases finding the soft-bodied, sluggish plant lice preferable 
to the plant tissues lying beneath them,—the habits of the plant lice mak- 
ing it less necessary for the predaceous insect to be specially adapted to 
seizing and retaining them. Indeed, may it not be that they seek rather 
the juicy exudation from the bodies of these insects than to destroy them ? 


PHLO@OTHRIPS NIGRA, N. sp. 

Length 1.75-1.80 m.m. Width .37 m.m. 

Black, distal portion of anterior tibiz, proximal joint of all tarsi and 
joints 3 with base of 4, sometimes 3-5, of antenne, yellowish. Head 
from above quadrangular, longer than broad, front convex with lateral 
angles obtusely rounded. Antennz sub-approximate, third joint yellowish 
and the two following ones more or less pale, especially at base ; joints 
nearly equal, 8th short and small, sparsely set with hairs. Prothorax 
short, broad, lateral borders converging toward the head ; meso and meta- 
thorax together as long as broad, converging slightly toward the abdomen ; 
abdomen tapering, caudal segments sparsely fringed with hairs; tube 
fringed at end. Anterior legs larger than the others, with tibiz and tarsi 
yellowish, set with a few very minute hairs ; posterior tibiz with spines at 
the distal extremity. 

Wings without veins, perfectly membranous, no minute hairs on the 
surfaces ; anterior pair with a row of three spines near the costal border 
at the base ; fringe at base wanting; very long on both borders and at 
apical portion of posterior border composed of two rows, the additional 
one of finer ciliz. 

Differs but slightly from P. madi Fitch, that species being purple-black, 
joint three of antennze white and the tibize and tarsi not yellow. Possibly 
this may prove only a variable form. Collected from heads of red clover. 
Ames, lowa. 

CHIROTHRIPS ANTENNATUS, 0. sp. 

Length 1.10 mm. Width .25 m.m. 

Black, except joint 3 of antennze, which is paler. 

Head small, narrowed in front, and here entirely occupied by the 
bases of the large peculiar 8-jointed antenne, the basal joints of which 
are very broad, short and inserted in large concavities of the front ; joint 
2 is large, irregularly trapezoidal, with the acute angle outward ; joints 3 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155 


and 4 irregular, ovate, with an elongated papilla extending from the outer 
anterior portion ; joints 5 and 6 slightly smaller, 7 and 8 minute ; in some 
cases traces of a ninth joint can be seen; joints 5-8 are more hairy than 
the others ; 3-6 dilated ; ocelli placed far back on the vertex ; prothorax 
converging rapidly to the anterior border, where it is equal in width to the 
occiput, broader at posterior border than long ; a few spines at posterior 
angles. In front of mesothorax, forming a girdle, is a narrow thickened 
portion, which at the sides, with an amplification of 150 diameters, is seen 
to be thickly set with very short pointed spurs ; mesothorax short and 
broad ; metathorax slightly narrower ; legs nearly equal, anterior ones a 
little more robust and with few scattered hairs, intermediate and posterior 
ones more hairy and with tibize on distal portion, and the tarsi, spiny. 
Wings slender, sword-shaped, anterior pair smoky, with two longitudinal 
veins, costal fringe not more than half as long as inner, beginning near 
the base with strong spines, a few spines situated on the veins ; posterior 
wings hyaline, a thickened line (vein?) along the middle. Both wings 
with minute short hairs scattered over the membrane; abdomen tapers 
suddenly after seventh segment, a few hairs on anterior segments, becom- 
ing longer and more numerous caudad. 

Collected at Manchester, Delaware Co., Iowa, where it was very abun- 
dant in heads of timothy grass. July roth, r2th, 1882. 


‘THRIPS STRIATA, N. Sp. 


Female. Length 1.15 mm. Width .25 mm. Whitish with yellow 
and blackish markings. 

Head rounded in front, appears marked with transverse strize and dusky 
border posteriorly; antennz approximate, whitish at base, gradually 
becoming more dusky toward the apex, where they are nearly black. Eyes 
large ; ocelli near together and well up on vertex. ‘Thorax with elongated 
dusky patches forming a broken subdorsal stripe each side ; on the pro- 
thorax these extend latero-cephalad and are broken into spots ; abdominal 
segments 1-6 are dusky on tergum, except at the sides, seventh has dusky 
spot in centre, apex slightly dusky and surrounded with black spines ; 
thorax and abdomen tinged with yellow at the sides. Hairs scarce and 
fine, except at end of abdomen. Legs concolorous with body, with dusky 
patches on dorsal aspect of femora and tibiz, sparsely set with fine hairs. 
Wings unmarked, fringe and spines wanting at base of costal border, no 
discal spines ; both wings covered with very minute hairs, 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I do not know what is the food plant of this species, the only speci- 
men I have being caught on the leaf of a book I was reading in the Zoo- 
logical Laboratory (fourth floor of building). It probably flew in at an 
open window. Taken Aug. 11, 1882. 


THRIPS TRITICI Fitch. Trans. N. Y. Ag. Soc. for 1855, page 540. 


Male, length .75-.80 m.m.; width .zom.m. Female, length 1.10-1.20 
m.m.; width .25 m.m. 


Color yellow, thorax tinted with orange; antennz with dusky annu- 
lations. 


Head from above nearly square, eyes occupying anterior angles. 
Antenne approximate at base, joint 2, apical half of 4, and 6, dusky ; 
joints 3 and 5 dusky at apex, the antennz appearing annulated under low 
power of microscope. Head, thorax and abdomen with few stiff hairs. 
Legs concolorous with body, all the tibiz with two spines at distal end, 
distal joint of tarsi a little dusky, proximal joint of hind tarsi with two 
spines. Wings narrow, hyaline, fringes whitish ; anterior wings have costal 
fringe of shorter ciliz than posterior ones, and the ciliz are intermixed 
with shorter, stiffer, spiny hairs, which at base replace the fringe ; two rows 
of blackish spines on upper surface of wing corresponding to subcostal 
and median veins. Posterior wings with no discal spines ; ciliz of 
anterior edge shorter and more spiny than those of posterior. Both wings 
have numerous rows of very minute hairs on the surface. ‘The males are 
shorter and smaller than females, with wings reaching beyond the tip of the 
abdomen instead of nearly to it, and there are some strong spines near the 
tip of the abdomen. 


This species is the one most abundant in this locality, and the one 
upon which most of my observations have been made. Dr. Fitch speaks 
of the antennz as widely separated at base, and his figure (a very poor 
one) makes them particularly so, which led me to think I had a distinct 
species ; but Mr. Pergande has kindly compared my specimens with the 
type and pronounces them identical. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Lf 


HACKBERRY PSYLLID GALLS. 
BY PROF. C. V. RILEY. 


In reply to the questions raised by the Rev. Thomas W. Fyles on p. 84 
of the May number, permit me to say : 

1. That to speak of “ rHE parasite of Phyl/oxera vastatrix and THE 
gall insect of the nettle tree,” as he does in the heading to his communi- 
cation, Is inaccurate, since there are many of each. 

2. Besides a number of Cecidomyid galls on Celtis, | am acquainted 
with more than a dozen Psyllid galls upon the plant. The insects prom 
ducing these galls mostly 
belong to a new genus 
which, ina paper that | have 
prepared on the Psyllidz 
of the U.S., is called Pachy- 
psylla. - It belongs near 
Diaphorina Loew and Ca/- 
ophya Loew, and is char- 
acterized by the — short, 
stout antenhz, short, eb- 
‘tuse frontal cones, convex 
back, vertical rugoso-punc- 
tate head and pronotum, 
and by the wings being 
parchment-like, twice as 
long as wide, and having 
the marginal cells very long 
and sub-equal. Only two 
of these have been referred 
to by name in print (not 
properly described) so as Fig. 6. 

Bale recagnizable, chiefly _, St'z or, Pacpizavies cvaiverss--n, gall fale 
through their galls, viz. : 

Psylla venusta O. S. (Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 1861, p. 422) and P. ce/tidis- 
mamma Riley (Johnson's Un. Cyclopedia, 1876, article Gall-insects), 7. 
celtidis-grandis Riley of the same article being synonymous with verxwusta. 
The first-mentioned is a very large insect producing a large swelling of the 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


petiole, or of the base of the leaf, open on one side and so well described 
by Osten Sacken, in the article -above cited, that Dr. Hagen should have 
seen that it could not apply to Mr. Fyles’s description of his gall (p. 198, 
vol. xiv) which applies very well to camma, though one-half inch is 
rather more than its average 
— length. ‘That said description 
~ does not apply to venusta, 
there can be, however, no 
doubt whatever. From a 
single specimen of the insect 
sent me by Mr. Fyles, my de- 
termination was confirmed. 
P. cmamma so closely re- 
sembles another species (7. 
c-cucurbita M.S. mihi), how- 
ever, that without the galls it 
would be difficult, if not im- 
possible, to separate them 
not uncommon occurrence 
among gall-making species. 
It was because of this fact 
that I expressed, in a letter to 
Mr. Fyles (Feb. 24th), a 
Gai or PacHYPSYLLA C-MAMMA.—z, leaf with galls from qualified opinion, urging him 
under ae: seston of gall showing cop Tis deuresen #0 to. send. specimens Jonge 
galls, which he failed to do. 

His description of said gall can apply only to c-mamma, which is, more- 
over, the most common of the many galls upon the leaf; and, hke all the 
other species on the leaf, is closed and not open as in c-venusta. ‘The 
accompanying figures, which I have had on hand for many years, will at 
once show the difference between the galls ce/tid?s-venusta and celtidis- 


a 


Fig. 7. 


WAMM. 

In reference to the genitive of Celtis, the best botanical works cite the 
term as of Greek origin—Gveca obscura, as Linnzus puts it. Hence the 
genitive ce/tides which, Latinized, becomes ce/t7dis. See also Celtidee 
Endlicher ; ce/tédifolium DeCandolle. Iam not surprised at Mr. Fyles’s 
question, however, as some fifteen years since I was inclined to use the 
genitive ce/tis, which would, also, be justifiable. Prof. G. L. Goodale has 


THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


been kind enough to send me, through Dr. Hagen, the following from 
Wittstein: ‘Celtis I. Celtis nach Plinius (eine der Lotus arten) von 
Greek “ Ae//ein” (antreiben), Greek “ Keltis” (Peitsche). Die zweige 
dienen zu Peitschen stielen.” The reference to my “ infallibilty ” is 
beside the question. 


GENERAL INDEX OF THE, THIRTEEN ANNUAL: REPORTS 
OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


This useful work, covering the period from 1870 to 1882 inclusive, has 
recently been issued. ‘The compiler, E. Baynes Reed, Esq., Secretary- 
‘Treasurer of the Society, has spared no pains or labor in making the 
index complete in every particular. It is uniform in size with the Reports, 
and covers 35 pages. Beginning with a summary of the illustrations used 
and of the orders illustrated, there follows a detailed list of all the figures 
used in each of the thirteen Reports. The second part consists of a classi- 
fied list of the insects illustrated, while the third part is a general index 
which is very full and complete, and will be of much value to all who may 
have occasion to consult its pages. A copy will be mailed to each mem- 
ber of the Society. 

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The Annual Meeting will be held at the rooms of the Society, Victoria 
Hall, Clarence St., London, on the evening of Wednesday, October 3rd, 
at § o'clock. It is hoped that a large number of members will be present. 
Any one having papers to present will please communicate with the Secre- 


tary. who will arrange for the reading of communications sent by absent 
members. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


TRYPETA CERASI, L. 

A black cherry tree imported from Gilgenau, Eastern Prussia, in 1873, 
had first fruitin 1881. I did not find larve in the cherries in the last two 
years. In 1883 the fruit was smaller than usual, perhaps because they 
were very abundant : larvae and pupae are very common im the fruit. I 
do not find this species in Loew’s Monograph, nor in O. Sacken’s Cata- 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


logue. In Loew’s 7ryfetine (in fol.) p. 45, it is Rhagoletis cerasé; im 
Schiner, Herina frondescentia, \.. 

The larva and pupa are not different from those of 7rypeta (.Spilo- 
grapha) cerasi, received by Prof. Rosenhauer from Europe. Of course 
this can not be an evidence in a family, where all larvae and pupae are so 
similar one to the other. — [I will try to raise them, but as Rosen. states 
in his Monograph that the imago appears eleven months later, we have to 
wait till June, 1884, for the fly. Nevertheless I like to draw attention to 
the fact. Loew states that the larva lives in cherries, in Lowicera xylos- 
teum and other Lonicere, and in Berberis vulgaris, after Frauenfeld. 
Rosenhauer found it in Lonécera tartarica, and this shrub is also present 
in my garden for 13 years, always much eaten by a Tenthrid larva, but 
not as far as I know, by a Z7vfeta. I do not find mentioned any larva in 
the fruit of the cherry in the American literature. 

Cambridge, Mass., July 29. 1883. Dr. H. A. HAGEN: 


Dear Six: enclose some beetles sent me from a house at Cold 
Spring, on the Hudson River, New York. [am unable to answer the 
question put to me as to what they are. My friend says: “The house 
here is full of them: we kill them by thousands with insect powder. They 
are found behind the paper on engravings and everywhere, thousands 
being under the carpets, but the carpets are not cut.” | My only excuse 
for troubling you is as a subscriber of some years to your excellent ENTo- 
MOLOGIST. G. H. VAN WAGENEN. 

Rye, Westchester Co., New York. 

[The insects have been submitted to Dr. G. H. Horn, of Philadelphia, 
for determtnation, who says they are specimens of Gadleruca xantho- 
Ep. C.'E.] 


melacne. 


PLANOSA LARICIS. 


Last season I found four cocoons of this interesting species on the 
white pine, and this season twelve more were found. ‘The females agree 
well in color with that figured by Dr. Fitch, but the males are much darker, 
Some of them are wholly black, except a few long, white hairs on the sides 
of the thorax. {[ am not aware that this species has been found on pine 
before. ROBERT BUNKER. 


(Printed Sept. rst, 1883.) 


Che Canadian Entomologist. —- 


VOR: SY. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1883. No. g 


THE COCOONS OF PARASITES. 
BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, WALL STREET, NEW YORK CITY. 


Here I am again imprisoned within the walls of the town, after enjoy- 
ing all the liberty of the field. _ How unphilosophical and dissatisfying to 
a devotee at the shrine of Nature are the labors that attach to a locality 
like this! One must turn over a new leaf occasionally. To balance the 
ledger, even though it have golden results, is comparably but as the dust 
of the balance. The City is stupid, hot, and odoriferous—empty, and yet 
full. Wealth, with its polished exterior, has long since departed, and 
“poverty, a wrinkle of itself,” remains. The intensity of the heat brings 
the hidden life without, and the town is seemingly the more full. What a 
wretched place in midsummer is a great City! Ho! for the country, where 
the God of Day is awaked by 


‘* The breezy call of incense breathing morn, 
* * * * 


The cock’s shrill clarion and the echoing horn.” 

And when he sinks to rest behind the everlasting hills, mark 
. 3 ‘* How still the evening is, 

As hushed on purpose to grace harmony.” 
While from every thicket, from tree top, and from meadow—Nature’s 
most glorious cathedral—comes forth the vesper sacrifice of song. The 
trees, like columns, reach up to the heavens, and canopied over all, the 
gorgeous beauty of a passing summer day. These are some of the 
inspirations that overtake a fellow who is ready to pack up and start. 

Meanwhile, as a pleasing abstraction from my surroundings, I write 

for your journal a brief account of the cocoons of parasites. | Much has 
been written concerning the transformation and habits of the parasitic 
Hymenoptera. Supposing it may be of interest, I give a few notes 
relating to the cocoons, and such other methods as these parasites adopt 
for a covering while in the pupa condition. The circumstance that a por- 
tion of my labor during the past season did not result as expected—many 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the caterpillars which I had fed up from the third and last moults 
developing into these parasites—gave me the opportunity of examining 
the mechanical skill of these insects and of noting some peculiarities of 
habit. From the cocoon of 7: FPolyphemus I have obtained O. AZacru- 
rum Linn. ‘This parasite forms a very tough oval-shaped cocoon, occu- 
pying the larger portion of the cocoon of the moth. It is composed of 
very fine silk agglutinated by a dark secretion. The exterior is of a dark 
brown color, with a faint yellowish or golden band around the centre; the 
interior is lined with a thin transparent substance, possessing a brilliant 
metallic polish. Distinguished Entomologists have asserted that this 
parasite commonly deposits from eight to ten eggs on the Polyphemus 
caterpillar. I cannot reconcile this statement with the observations that I 
have made. Out of three cocoons of the fo/yphemus caterpillar, I have 
in each case obtained but one of the parasite; indeed there is not suffi- 
cient space within the cocoon of the moth for more than two cocoons of 
the parasite. It is possible that some of the parasitic larva may escape 
from the cocoon of the moth, and undergo transformation without, yet in 
such cases as came under my observation no such evidence existed. From 
the chrysalid of P. Zro:lus I have obtained Z: Zxesorius Brullé, which 
transforms without other covering to-serve as a cocoon beyond that sup- 
plied by the chrysalid. I note that the point of exit of this parasite from 
the chrysalid was the same in every case, viz., on the right or left side, 
about midway of the thorax, at the widest part. From a cocoon of P. 
Cecropia 1am furnished with eight cocoons of 4. Hlavator Fabr. They 
are three quarters of an inch long, and very narrow. The outer covering 
is of loose silk; within it is rendered more dense, the threads being drawn 
together by a gummy secretion. They are grouped, side by side, length- 
wise within the cocoon of the moth. I would state in this connection that 
one of my Cecropia cocoons contained a number of parasitic larve, 
apparently half fed, starved out, dry and hard. I make this note in view 
of the remarkable instinct that governs this family in commonly providing 
the necessary food for its progeny. The insufficiency in this case is pos- 
sibly accounted for in that the caterpillar may not have been full fed at the 
time of spinning its cocoon, and that the parasite, with an instinct as to 
quality, but not quantity of food, and following the habit of many gen- 
erations, makes a deposit of ova in correspondence with the ordinary size 
or common growth of the caterpillar. The pupa of P. Achemon gives me 
twelve cocoons of Feri/ampus; they are of a dark brown color, about a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163° 


quarter of an inch long, oval in shape, and were found in the earth close 
by the nearly consumed pupa of the Sphinx. From a cocoon of S. Vir- 
ginica I have obtained those of a parasite, probably a Cha/cis, the insects 
having escaped through an aperture in the jar in which I had placed the 
cocoons. ‘They are about a quarter of an inch long, of a bright red color, 
and are attached to the outer surface of the cocoon of the moth. Judging 
from what has transpired among my collection of larvee made at Oak Hill, 
New York, the past summer, I am led to believe that the parasitic visita- 
tion to that locality must have been numerous, promising to the agricul- 
turist rather than to the entomologist a better reward for the industry of 
the present season. 


A NEW CATOCALA. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


CATOCALA SARA, 0. sp. 

Expanse 3.10 inches. A form in size and general appearance resem- 
bling C. Aspasia, Streck., but having much darker colored fore wings, 
besides other points of difference. Primaries blackish gray from the base 
to the t. a. line, along the posterior margin to the subterminal line, and 
from this in a broad band to the costa, the inner part of this band running 
along the inner side of the reniform. This color is formed of a black or 
brownish black ground, sprinkled with white scales. This leaves a pale 
space between the stigmata from the median vein to the costa, and the 
whole end of the wing beyond the dark space spoken of. T. a. line indis- 
tinct, of the ground color, but with less white scales ; t. p. line distinct 
anteriorly, one large and one small tooth opposite the reniform. Subter- 
minal space scarcely tinged with brown, the subterminal] line white with a 
sprinkling of black scales. Orbicular indistinct, black with a few white 
scales, reniform with a few white scales and an annulus of gray. Terminal 
space gray. Secondaries rosy red, the median band very much as in the 
form Wadshiz, not reaching the inner margin, a little constricted opposite 
the disc, beyond this a little enlarged, after which it narrows to less than 
half the costal width. Terminal line like Wa/shz7,. with an internal exca- 
vation before the anal angle that reaches half through the band. In 
Aspasia this excavation extends almost or quite through the band. Ter 
minal fringe white, internal gray with a few blackish hairs at the base of 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the wing. On the under side, the basal and medial band of the primaries 
are connected by a broad posterior band of black. Described from two 
specimens from Jamestown, Colorado, one in my own cabinet and one in 
the cabinet of Herman Strecker, Reading, Pa., the latter being a little 
lighter than the one in my cabinet. 


LIST OF GEOMETRIDA TAKEN AT QUEBC AND MONTREAL. 
BY G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL. 


In order to make the following list as complete as possible, I have 
included the species in the cabinets of Messrs. H. H. Lyman and F. B. 
Caulfield, of Montreal, with those in my own collection, taken at Quebec, 
and also those credited to Mr. Belanger, of Quebec, in Packard’s ‘‘ Mono- 
graph.” When a species is found both at Quebec and Montreal, no locality 
is given; when found only at either place, Quebec is indicated by a 
““Q,” Montreal by an ‘“‘ M.” The list comprises 115 species and 3 varie- 
ties. The names and arrangement are those of Packard’s ‘‘ Monograph.” 


Eupithecia. Petrophora (Cidaria). 
albicapitata, (. diversilineata. 
absynthiata. hersiliata, M. 
miserulata, M. Ochyria. 

Glaucopteryx. ferrugata. 
caesiata, Q. also var. unidentaria, black 
magnoliata. northern variety. 

Plemyria. designata. 
multiferata. ! : 

Epirrita. Rheumaptera (Melanippe, &c.). 
cambricaria. Fe | 
perlineata, Q. lacustrata, M. 
dilutata, Q. unangulata, OQ: 

Pipatiomet intermediata, M. 
trifasciata. PESTER 


hastata, very common and 


californiata, Q. ae 
variable. 


Petrophora (Cidaria). 
truncata, Q. Anticlea. 
albolineata, Q. vasiliata. 


THE CANADIAN 


Hydria. 
undulata. 
Phibalapteryx. 
latirupta, Q. 
intestinata, M. 
‘Triphosa. 
dubitata. 
Lobophora. 
montanata. 
viridata, M. 
vernata. 
geminata. 
Odezia. 
albovittata. 
Heterophelps. 
triguttata, M. 
Zerene. 
catenaria, M. 
Haematopis. 


grataria, M. [Is not this the 
Pellonia successaria of Walk., 
described in Can. Nat. vol. 5, 


1860, page 262?] 

Eufidonia. 

notataria. 
Fidonia. 

truncataria, Q. 
Ematurga. 

Faxoni, Q. 
Caripeta. 

divisaria. 
Lozogramma. 

disconventa. 

detersata. 

defluata. Common 
Eufitchia. 


ribearia. Common. 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Thamnonoma. 
subcessaria, Q. 
brunnearia, Q. 

Marmopteryx. 
strigularia, M. 

Phasiane. 
mellistrigata, M. 

Semiothisa. 
granitata, M. 
bisignata, M. 
enotata, Q. 


(Some not identified.) 


Corycia. 
vestaliata. 
semiclarata. 

Eudeilinia. 
herminiata, Q. 

Deilinia. 
variolaria. 
erythemaria. 

Gueneria. 
basiata, M. 

Stegania. 
pustularia. 

Callizzia. 
amorata. 

Acidalia. 


rotundopennata, Q. 


nivosata. 

enucleata, M. 

insulsaria, Q. 
Ephyra. 

pendulinaria. 
Dyspteris. 

abortivaria, M. 
Eucrostis. 

chloroleucaria, M, 


165 


166, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Nemoria. 

subcroceata, Q. 

var. incertata, Q. 

gratata, Q. 
Aplodes. 

rubromarginaria, M. 
Anisopteryx. 

vernata. 

autumnata, M. 


Hybernia. 
tiliaria. 
Amphidasys. 
cognataria. 
Biston. 
ursaria. 


Tephrosia. 
cognataria, Q. 
anticaria, Q. 
canadaria. 
cribrataria, Q. 


Cymataphora. 
crepuscularia. 
pampinaria, Q. 
humaria. 
larvaria. 
divisaria, Q. Walker. List. 


Lep.stiet.. Br. ‘Mus, 2 Xf. 
489, 1860. [Not figured by 
Packard, but stated by him 
to be “apparently a valid 
species,” and placed among 
his ‘‘ Desiderata.” Compared 
by me with Walker’s type in 
Coll. Ent. Soc. of Ontario, 
and found to be identical. | 
Hemerophila. 
unitaria, M. 


Cleora. 
pulchraria. 
Hyperetis. 
nyssaria. 
Plagodis. 
phlogosaria, M. 
Keutzingaria, Q. ; 
alcoolaria, M. 
Nematocampa. 
filamentaria. 
Angerona. 
crocataria. 
Sicya. 
macularia. 
Metrocampa. 
perlata. 
Therina. 
fervidaria, M. 
endropiaria, M. 
seminudaria, M. 
Epirranthis. 
obfirmaria, Q. 
Endropia. 
duaria, M. 
hypochraria. 
marginata, Q. 
armataria. 
bilinearia. 
effectaria, Q. 
obtusaria. 
serrataria, M. 
Azelina. 
Hubnerata. 
Eugonia. 
alniaria. 


Common. 


subsignaria, Hub. M. 
Caberodes. 
confusaria. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 


Metanema. Tetracis. 
carnaria. Coloradaria? Q. 
inatomaria. Eutrapela. 

Tetracis. transversata, M. 
lorata. Also, var. goniata, Q. 
crocallata. clematata. 


MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 

The tenth annual meeting of this Branch was held at the residence of 
the President, H. H. Lyman, Esq., M. A., Montreal, on Tuesday, 8th 
May, 1883, at 8 o’clock, p. m. 

President read the following report of the operations of the Society 
for the year :— 

REPORT. 

Your Council beg to submit the tenth annual report of the Branch. 

Five regular meetings have been held during the year, and in addition 
to these, the members have had the pleasure of attending the annual 
meeting of the parent Society, which was held in the rooms of the Natural 
History Society, on the 24th August last, during the session of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opportunity 
.of meeting with many of the entomologists of the United States, and the 
President and other officers of our Canadian Society, was highly appre- 
ciated by our members. 

The following original papers have contributed to the interest of our 
Ala during the year :— 

. Description of a Dipterous ee eg: on Phylloxera vastatrix, by 
the cae Ta W> Eyles: 

2. Sir John Lubbock on Ants, by G. J. Bowles. 

3. Notes on the Genus Callimorpha, by H. H. Lyman. 

4. Preliminary list of the Geometridae of Quebec and Montreal, by 
G. J. Bowles. 

5. Notes on some Diurnal Lepidoptera occurring in Canada, by F. 
B. Caulfield. 

6. Causes of Rarity in some Species of Insects, by G. J. Bowles: 

The whole respectfully submitted. 


H. H. Lyman, President... 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The report having been adopted, the election of officers took place, 
with the following result :— 

G. J. Bowles, President ; W. Couper, Vice-President ; F. B. Caulfield, 
Secretary-Treasurer; J. G. Jack, H. H. Lyman, W. Shaw, H. Graves, 
Council. 

A very pleasant hour was then spent in examining the President’s col- 
lection of Lepidoptera, and the scarce and valuable illustrated entomo- 
logical works in his library. 


Gro. JNo. BowLes, Secretary. 


ORGYIA LEUCOSTIGMA, Smiru. 
BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 


The foliage of the trees in this city is undergoing spoliation by the 
larve of this moth. Many of the trees are entirely denuded of their 
leaves, particularly the Silver-leaf Poplar, the Ailanthus alone escaping 
attack. The writer suggested to the authorities last spring that hand- 
picking of such cocoons as contained the deposit of ova was the only sure 
way of exterminating these insects. Had such service been rendered the 
trees at that time, this damaging visitation would have been prevented. 
There is good reason to believe, however, that what the authorities have 
failed to do, a young army of parasites, ‘‘ Pimpla,” which have put in an 
appearance during the last fortnight, are now actively attempting, and we 
shall probably-be rid of this moth another year. The ova commenced to 
hatch out about the 25th of May, and the larve began to assume the pupa 
form about the 21st of June ; ten days thereafter the imago was discovered 
depositing ova. Out of twelve cocoons gathered on the 15th of July, four 
yielded the parasite already referred to. I would note here in connection 
with this parasite a circumstance very commonly observed among the 
Lepidoptera. I discovered two % parasites upon a cocoon containing the 
pupa of this moth. I drove them away several times, but they as fre- 
quently returned. I finally captured them, and placed them together with 
the cocoon in my collecting bottle. Before I had returned to my residence 
a @ Pimpla had emerged from the cocoon and was busily employed in 
expanding her wings. I also noticed that this parasite deposits its ova 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


through the cocoon on to the pupa, and that in every case that came under 
my observation the pupa selected was the 2, doubtless from the fact that 
its plump condition provides the necessary food for the development of the 
parasite, which the J pupa of the moth could not furnish. 


MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


A meeting of entomologists was held, according to announcement, on 
the 15th of August, 1883, at Minneapolis, Minn., in the University 
Buildings. There were present during the meetings the following: Prof. 
S. A. Forbes, Normal, Illinois; Prof. C. V. Riley, Washington; D. S. 
Kellicott, Buffalo; Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa; O. S. Westcott,. 
Chicago ; Wm. Saunders, London, Ontario; Dr. and Jenny Hoy, Racine, 
Wisconsin; C. L. Herrick, E. W. Claypole, Prof. E. S. Morse, C. E. 
Bessey, E. H. Canfield; Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo. ; Mrs. 
M. B. Moody, Buffalo, N. Y.; Thomas S. Roberts, Minneapolis, Minn., 
and others. 

S. A. Forbes read a letter from J. A. Lintner, regretting his inability 
to be present, and after some remarks by Mr. C. V. Riley as to the pre- 
vailing sentiment at the meeting of entomologists last year at Montreal, it 
was decided to reorganize the Entomological Club of the A. A. A.S., 
under the rules as hereinbefore recorded. 

On motion, the following officers for the ensuing year were then 


elected :-— 
President, D. S. KELLICOTT. 


Vice-President, HERBERT OSBORN. 
Secretary, O. S. WEsSTCOTT. 

A communication was read from Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coalburgh, 
W. Va., giving interesting recent experience in the rearing of butterflies 
of the following species: Papilio rutulus, P. zolicaon, Colias barbara, 
C. amorphe, Melitaea chalcedon, M. phaeton, Lycena melissa, Parnas- 
sius smintheus? and Argynnis coronis? The author stated that he had 
bred rutulus and zolicaon from the egg, that rwtu/us is constantly dis- 
tinguishable from f‘urnus, at least after the first larval stage ; and that 
zolicaon is closer to asterias than to machaon. He had also reared from . 
the egg Colias amorphae, and was inclined to the opinion that it was 


\ 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


distinct from C. eurydice. Opportunities had been afforded of studying 
all stages of MZ. chalcedon, with WM. phaeton colonizing on the same plant, 
so that the habits of the two species could be compared. 

Mr. Edwards has also raised Lycaena melissa from egg to chrysalis, 
and finds that the larva in the last stages has similar organs to those of 
Pseudargiolus on the 1oth and 11th segments, and that ants are attracted 
in the same way by the sweet fluid they exude. Over 100 eggs of Par- 
nassius, either smintheus or something close to it, have been obtained from 
West Montana. As to butterflies, the author stated that he had never 
seen them scarcer than during the past year. An interesting discussion 
followed this paper, in which several members took part. 

Prof. Riley offered some ‘Notes on Ledisca Scudderiana,’ and 
exhibited plants of Solidago containing the larve of this species, and 
made some remarks on its habits which went to reconcile the published 
conclusions and differences between himself and Dr. Kellicott, and to 
show that while the insect is commonly a gall maker, it was also, excep- 
tionally, an inquiline. The specimens showed that the habits of the 
insect were variable, and that the larva was either a leaf-crumpler, living 
in a bunch of curled terminal leaves held together by a silken gallery, a 
stem-borer, without causing any swelling, or the maker of a more or less 
perfect gall. He had also found it as an inquiline in the gall of Gelechia 
_ gallesolidaginis, the gall of which was always distinguishable from that of 
the Pedisca ; among other things by the burrow of the larva always being 
traceable from the blighted tip of the plant, whereas the Pedisca larva 
lived at first in the tip, and when making a gall always left the tip and 
bored in at the side. Mr. Kellicott’s observations were accurate so far as 
they went, but did not take into account the variation in habit. Mr. 
Riley had watched these larval habits during the present year from the 
time of hatching, and had concluded that the insect combined, in varying 
degree, the four characteristics of gall-maker, leaf-crumpler, stem-borer 
and inquiline. The larva living in the crumpled leaves later in the season 
had not been reared to the imago, but he had made comparisons of the 
young larve and found that they were exactly alike, but they showed con- 
siderable modification as they developed, especially after the last moult. 
Several other micro-lepidopterous larvee bored in the stems and lived 
among the leaves of Solidago ; while another species, yet unbred, made 
a gall similar to that of Padisca; but all the other larve known to him — 
were easily distinguished from Pzdisca. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171 


ee -- Ce 


Mr. D. S. Kellicott sail he felt sure that his observations as reported 
in the paper referred to were correct, and he was glad to know that both 
his own conclusions and those of Mr. Riley could be thus harmonized. 
It would seem he had not carried his observations far enough to discover 
that all the larvee of Scwdderiana fed at first in the terminal leaves. Late 
in the fall he had often taken from the terminal leaves the mature larve 
referred to by Mr. Riley, but had so far failed to obtain the imago from 
them. He hadsome doubt still of its being identical with P. Scudderiana. 

Prof. Riley also called attention to the life habits of Hedéa americalis, 
which he finds in the larval state to feed in the nests of Formica rufa. So 
far as he knows, this is the first Lepidopterous insect known to develop in 
ants’ nests. He also gave his experience in rearing Arsame obliguata 
during the past two years, and exhibited specimens in different stages of 
development. The eggs are laid in curious broadly conical or plano- 
convex masses enveloped in hair, and a cream colored mucous secretion, 
which combined look much like spun silk on the inside, and on the out- 
side like the glazed exudation of Orgyia leucostigma. The larva, which is 
pale at first, but dark in its later stages, bores into the stems of Saggit- 
taria and Nelumbium, and is semi-aquatic, the last pair of spiracles being 
exceptionally large and dorsal. There are two annual broods, the second 
hybernating as larve in moss and decaying stumps near the water. The 
moth shows great variation and the summer brood is on the average not 
much more than half as large as the spring or hibernated generation, and 
generally much paler. 

Mr. D. S. Kellicott said that he had bred this moth at Buffalo, N. Y., 
where it was very abundant, and he had found it associated with another 
species, an account of which he promised to give at some future session. 

The meeting then adjourned to meet at 2 p. m. the following day. 


Wednesday, August 15th, 1883. 

The members of the Club met at 2 p. m., the President in the chair. 

A paper was presented by Prof. S. A. Forbes entitled ‘‘ Memoranda 
with regard to the contagious diseases of caterpillars and the possibility 
of using the virus of the same for economic purposes.” The writer had 
adopted the results of Pasteur’s discoveries in relation to the disease 
affecting silk-worms as the foundation for his researches. M. Pasteur 
some time since demonstrated the constant presence of a parasite in the 
intestines of silk-worms affected by this disease, which has at times 
threatened the silk industry in Europe. This parasite was not only the 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


indispensable accompaniment of the disease, but is its originating cause 
and the means by which it can be and is conveyed to other individuals of 
the species. 

By placing healthy silk-worms in contact with those suffering from the 
disease, by sprinkling them with the dust of excreta derived from the 
latter, or by moistening their food with an infusion of the fermented mul- 
berry leaves upon which these had fed, he proved the possibility of con- 
veying the disease from one subject to another. 

In pursuance of this, Prof. Forbes has witnessed instances of epidemic 
disease in different species of insects, as for instance in the Chinch Bug 
and the Yellow-necked Caterpillar, which disease was invariably dependent 
upon some form of bacteria or micrococcus, possible of cultivation and 
reproduction, and by means of which the disease can be indefinitely con- 
veyed. These facts give rise tothe suggestion that the specific micro- 
coccus or bacteria causative of these fatal diseases may be used for the 
infection and destruction of insect pests. 

Prof. Osborn called attention to the fact that he had noticed Bombus 
pensylvanicus inhabiting a deserted wren’s nest, situated under the roof of 
a porch, and at least twelve feet from the ground, it being the first instance 
he was aware of where they nested away from the surface of the ground. 

Mr. D. S. Kellicott had noticed the same or some allied species of 
Lombus inhabiting a mouse’s nest in the brace of a barn. 

Miss Murtfeldt had also seen them domiciled in a martin’s nest. 

Dr. Hoy presented for inspection the larvae, pupz and imagines of 
Plusiodonta compressipalpis. He had watched the insect through its 
transformations and had noted that during its early larval stages its pre- 
vailing color was a pea green varied with uniformly placed black spots, 
which increased in number with each successive moult. Only during the 
last stage of its larval life was the insect usually noticeable by other than 
professional eyes; since then its color was reddish brown ornamented 
with creamy white. JZenispermum Canadense was its usual food plant. 
The cocoon was formed by first building two nearly parallel walls and 
then uniting them at the top. Some larva which had been displaced after 
beginning to pupate, had apparently become exhausted, or their teeth had 
become loosened in anticipation of their approaching new condition, and 
they were willing to accept bits of paper held to them on a pin, with 
which they finished the cocoons already begun. The species in Racine 
cannot be more than two-brooded. ‘The larvz are not distinguishable 


“a"o 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173 


from those of Geometrid moths, as they are true loopers. Their trans- 
formations in some particulars were exceedingly prompt. 

_ Prof. Riley stated that he had known certain moths, notably Leucania 
unipuncta, to go through their entire transformations in fourteen days, and 
in some instances in only ten days. 

Prof. Herrick made enquiry as to what are sometimes known as frost- 
flies. 

Mr. Kellicott called attention tc a monograph by T. Rymer Jones and 
one by E. Ray Lankester, to be found in the Quarterly Journal of Micro- 
scopical Science, and stated that the species common at Buffalo was 
Corethra plumicornis. 

Prof. Forbes had noticed the larve of Corethra abundant in the 
stomachs of fishes. 

Adjourned to meet at the call of the President. 


Friday, August 17th, 1883. 
The Club met at the call of the President at 2 p. m., in the room in 
the University assigned to the use of Section F. 


Prof. Osborn presented a paper on the Phytoptera, a group of insects 
formerly regarded as the larve of mites, the individuals of which are so 
small as to be invisible to the unaided eye. Reference was made to one 
form found on the soft maple, which occurs as a small swelling on the 
upper surface of the leaves, containing sometimes a number of these 
insects, at other times only two or three. One species affects the ash, 
occurring on both the upper and lower sides of the leaves, one on elm 
and one on box elder, that on the last named tree having a woolly struc- 
ture beneath the surface. This paper was illustrated by a very interesting 
series of carefully mounted microscopic specimens. 


Prof. Riley remarked that the species which occur in Europe had been 
well worked up there, and that in studying our species the work already 
done on this group should be carefully examined so as to avoid the mak- 
ing of synonyms. He considered that the hybernating habits of these 
mites was one of the most interesting discoveries which had been made 
in reference to them, and he hoped that the attention of investigators 
would be especially turned to this point. He referred also to additional 
species which occur on the plum, cherry and linden. 


Mr. Osborn said that the Phytoptis on plum was not common in the 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


neighborhood of Ames, although he had found it occasionally ; that on the 
maple is particularly abundant. 

Mr. Saunders referred to the unusual amount of black knot seen in 
Ontario this year, especially on the common red cherry trees, and stated 
that he had scarcely seen a specimen of this fungus on the cherry which 
had not one or more specimens of the plum curculio feeding on the 
interior. 

Mr. Riley remarked that the black knot had been very common of late 
all through the northern portions of New England. 

Mr. Kellicott had observed it as very common in Western New York, 
and had also noticed that a large proportion contained larve. 

_ Mr. Osborn stated that he had observed the larve of Gortyna nitela 
boring in young twigs of ash, and had noticed many dead twigs from this 
cause. He had failed to rear the imago from them on account of para- 
sites ; had also observed the same species feeding externally upon the 
leaves of the common plantain. 

Miss Murtfeldt had coioe the same insect in twigs of the maple, Acer 
dasycarpum. 

Prof. Riley stated that it occurred also in peach twigs and in the stalks 
of wheat; also in Ambrosia artemisifolia, where it enters from the sides. 

Prof. D. S. Kellicott offered the following notes on three lepidopterous 
stem-borers. 

1st, Arzame obliquata—Prof. Riley has referred to the habits of this 
species at a previous session of the Club, and I shall refer only to a few 
points. As I said yesterday, I feel sure that in Buffalo, N. Y., it is single- 
brooded. The eggs I have not found, but the recently hatched larve I 
have found feeding upon the flowers about the 12th of June. It occurs 
in Zypha latifolia, rarely in Sparganum. I have not found it in Sagit- 
taria or Nuphar. Mr. Riley has referred to the large posterior pair of 
spiracles placed dorsally. On account of this structure it may remain a 
long time swimming at the surface. I have had these larvee confined ina 
pail of water for five or six hours without apparent injury. When removed 
from their galleries and dropped into the water, they sink to the bottom 
and remain there for a considerable time ; then rising to the surface, they 
swim about with a snake-like motion. In the autumn they leave their 
food plants and bury themselves in the earth, or crawl into old wood, &c. 
They pupate in May. 

2nd—The second larva is that of a Monagria, which I have called 


a. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. L773 


Nonagria subcarnea. This species is also single-brooded ; the larve are 
found boring the stems of Zyf/a early in the summer, forming galleries in 
the stems ; it may be readily distinguished from those of 4. ob/iguata by 
the lighter color, often carneous, and by the fact that the last pair of 
spiracles is not sub-dorsal. I have found it rarely in Scirpus. It appears 
not to be so nearly aquatic, and probably does not pass from one plant to 
another through the water, or mud. When the time comes for pupation 
it prepares a pupa-cell above the water line and changes in the bottom of 
the same, with the head upwards. It leaves the epidermis closing the 
place of exit, and the freed moth breaks through this with its clypeal spine 
when it escapes, leaving the pupa skin in the cell. The elongate pupa 
has a very stout, blunt clypeal spine. The moth appears in August. It 
is known to abound throughout Western New York, Central Michigan and 
Eastern Wisconsin. 

3rd—The larva of a Chilo (?) bores the stems of Scirpus. -Its habits 
are similar to those of a Vonagrian. It passes the winter in the old stems, 
and after the new ones appear it bores into them, passes below the water 
line, and lives low down in the stem. It is mature late in June, when it 
forms a pupa cell with its place of exit above the water. The pupa 
breaks up the epidermis left by the larva, covering the place of escape, 
but does not force its way out before disclosing the moth, in a manner 
similar to that of the A®gerians and others. It is enabled to do this by 
means of clasps on the abdominal rings, and the sharp or pointed clypeus. 

Mr. Riley, in commenting on Dr. Kellicott’s communication, said that 
he had been greatly interested in the facts presented, and especially as to 
the pupation of the Vonagria. As to the difference in the clypeal pro- 
jection in the two pupz exhibited, he thought it might be sexual, as in all 
cases where the clypeus was produced sexual difference occurred, the 
greatest development being, so far as he had observed, not in the male 
but in the female. He had recently called attention in the Watura/list to 
the correllation between the produced clypeus and the horny, exsertile 
ovipositor, and the fact that they indicated exdophytous larval habit. The 
various methods of imaginal exit in stem-boring Lepidoptera, and the 
structural modifications that resulted were most interesting to the philo- 
sophical entomologist. In some species, as in the JVonagrian here men- 
tioned, the clypeal point on the pupa seemed merely a consequence of the 
necessary point in the imago, the pupa remaining in its burrow and the 
imago boring out. In others, as in Prodoxus decipiens, the similar 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


clypeal point on the pupa permitted it to partly bore out of the stem and 
thus release the imago, which had no homologous point, but an unarmed 
head. In some borers the larva prepared a little door which the imago 
easily pushed open, the pupa remaining inactive within its prison ; while 
in others, closely related, the pupa did the work by forcing itself partly 
out. There could be no question of the digoneutic nature of Arsame 
obliguata at Washington, and none as to its variability as illustrated by 
his specimens, va/nzfica and melanopyga, being doubtless but forms of it. 


Some specimens of Cantharis Nuttali were exhibited by Prof. Riley, 
it being stated that in Dakota they were accused of devouring the growing 
wheat. 


The meeting then adjourned, when the members spent some time in 
informal conversation and in examining the microscopic specimens illus- 
trating Prof. Osborn’s paper. 


LOST LS LP EL 
OBITUARY NOTICES. 
PROF. P. C. ZELLER. 


The death of this veteran lepidopterist has .occurred, long expected 
and deeply regretted. Seven years younger than the century itself, Prof. 
Zeller was born on the oth of April, 1808. Professor in the Prussian Real 
Schule at Meseritz, he was finally retired on a Government pension, and 
has lived since 1870 near Stettin, continuing his entomological labors in 
connection with the Entomological Society of Stettin. Commencing to 
write at an early age, Prof. Zeller has grown up with the modern science 
of lepidopterology. His earliest studies were upon the collections of Frau 
Lienig and the material brought by himself from a southern trip, which 
extended as far as Sicily. Zeller discovered the curious diurnal Rhodocera 
Farinosa, besides describing certain Lycenide, but his principal attention 
was given to the small moths of the families Pyralide to Tineide, the 
modern classification of which he may be said to have founded. He first 
cleared up the confusion as to the genera of Phycide, and by using natural 
characters, chiefly secondary sexual ones, he succeeded in disentangling 
our minds with regard to the order of nature in this obscure and neglected 
field of inquiry. His species and genera are very numerous and almost 
always valid. It is a misfortune that his valuable monograph on the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177 


Crambide was issued so nearly simultaneously with the worthless writings 
of Francis Walker on the same subject, so that some of our North 
American material has been twice named. ‘The evidence seems to be 
that Zeller’s paper may have been earlier. As amatter of justice it should 
have priority. In a series of articles, published since retirement from 
official duties, Prof. Zeller described a number of moths from North 
America. Rather more than the, unfortunately not to be avoided, pro- 
portion of synonyms mark the papers, which are otherwise models of what 
descriptional work ought to be. Still later, Prof. Zeller has published a 
- beautifully illustrated volume on microlepidoptera, and has given a 
classification of CrzZo. As I remember him, in 1867, Prof. Zeller was a 
white-haired gentleman of very kind manners and enthusiastic for his 
favorite science. He .was moderately thin and tall, wearing a slight 
whisker, but otherwise with clean shaven mouth and face. His nose was 
large and well-shapen, his eyes bright and the whole expression of his face 
pleasing. He had high cheek bones, and his countenance was unmis- 
takably German in its salient features. Loew, the celebrated dipterist, 
was then living in Meseritz, and an entomological excursion which I made 
with these two celebrities is among the most pleasant of my European 
reminiscences. Prof. Zeller’s home relations were of the happiest, and 
the sympathy of an amiable and considerate wife was his through life. 
And it was a life devoted to science and learning. His accomplishments 
as a linguist and teacher were well known and appreciated in Germany. 
We know him chiefly as a biologist, the describer of the exterior structure 
of lepidoptera. He was fortunate enough to avoid much of the contro- 
versial spirit which accompanies descriptive entomology. Although he 
felt deeply the uselessness of the British Museum Lists and his own 
studies were impeded thereby, he has, on the whole, little to say in 
criticism of others. He was not only charitable, but had schooled all 
natural irritability. His assistance was freely given to others, and Mr. 
Stainton’s work on the Zine/na acknowledges its value. He was a type 
of a kindly German pedagogue and naturalist which hardly exists else- 
where. A. R. G. in Papilio. 


CHARLES ARNOLD, 


of Paris, Ontario, died after a short illness on the 15th day of April, 1883. 
Although not an active worker in the Entomological field, he was a close 
observer of the habits of insects, especially such as are injurious to agri- 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


culture and horticulture, and in this way a most useful member of our 
Society. He was quiet and unobtrusive, but his work, especially as a 
hybridist, made him widely known. He originated many good varieties 
of fruits, cereals and other useful plants, some of which are much appre- 
ciated. Few men have done so much good in so quiet a way. 


PROF. TOWNEND GLOVER, 


long so well known as Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture in 
Washington, died on the 8th of September from an attack of appoplexy, 
at the house of his adopted daughter in Baltimore, in his 71st year. He 
was a most careful and painstaking observer, a good draughtsman and an 
excellent engraver, and employed his every spare moment in producing 
figures of American insects. In the preparation of these plates his 
industry was incessant, and the wonder is how, in one short life, he could 
have accomplished so much. ‘The plates, with the accompanying notes, 
have been purchased by the United States Government, and it is hoped 
that they will be published in sufficient number to admit of their being 
available to educational institutions and students of Entomology through- 
out the country. A complete set of his beautiful works, of which only 
fifteen copies are extant, have been secured for the library of our Society. 
He was an honorary member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and 
ever felt a deep interest in our work. 


Vv. T. CHAMBERS, 


A valued contributor to the pages of the CANADIAN ENrTomoLocist, died 
on the 7th of August, his fifty-second birthday, at his home in Covington, 
Kentucky. He labored long and ardently on the Micro-Lepidoptera, and 
in his numerous descriptions of species and careful notes on their habits, 
has left behind him an enduring monument. He began a series of papers 
on Micros in the third volume of our journal, published in 1871, pub- 
lishing ten papers before the end of that year. These were followed by 
twelve papers in volume 4, nine in vol. 5, ten in vol. 6, nine in vol. 7, 
seven in vol. 8, ten in vol. 9, four in vol. 10, four in vol. 11, one in vol. 
12, two in vol. 13, and one in vol. 14, seventy-eight papers in all, besides a 
few communications on other Entomological subjects. His writings have 
added much to the interest and value of our journal, and we shall miss 
him much. 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 


DR. JAMES S. BAILEY, 


Of Albany, N. Y., died at his residence, No. 95 Eagle St., on July rst, 
after a protracted illness. He was an enthusiastic student of insects, who 
devoted most of his attention to the Lepidoptera, of which he possessed 
a fine collection. He has contributed a number of papers to the Enro- 
MOLOGIST, among others an illustrated one on the natural history of Cossus 
Centerensis, mn No. 1., vol. 11, and at the time of his death was engaged 
in preparing a paper on the tree-boring species of this genus for the 
Department of Agriculture. 


CLP GS EE PE LA BR aE Py TP RE PR ROR EE IEE EE 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Dear Sir,—While on a visit to the neighborhood of Brantford for a 
couple of weeks in the latter part of July, 1 came upon an elm stump with 
the bark curled loosely round it. On pulling back the bark I sawa 
Calopteron reticulatum fresh and bright. The form, with the front part 
of the wing covers, all yellow ; the hind part, blue black. There was also 
one just emerged. It was a chalky white all over; ihe front part with a 
yellowish tinge, the hind part with a bluish tinge. On examining the 
stump and inside the bark I found clusters of pupz, remarkable in the 
regular formation of the cluster. The pupz were in straight rows, close, 
side by side, the row above half lapped over the row below it, each pupa 
of the upper row placed exactly between the two below it. One cluster 
was formed thus :—The lower row four; the second row four, one pro- 
jecting to the left ; the third row three ; the fourth row two ; the fifth row 
two, one projecting to the right. Another cluster had four in the lower 
row ; five in the second, two projecting to the left ; four in the third ; 
three in the fourth, and finished there. ‘Then there were twos and threes 
in different places, with one by itself. I visited them often to watch their 
appearance.. Sluggishness seemed to be their principal characteristic. 
Slow in withdrawing from the pupa case; slow in obtaining color and 
consistency, and slow to go off on the wing. ‘True, the weather was cool 
and showery, which would tend to increase their slowness. They did not 
come out in order of time according to the rows, but came from the upper 
and lower ones indiscriminately ; but every one of them was the same 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


form, not a banded one amongst them—that form was abundant on the 
bushes at the time. There were still about half a dozen to mature when I 
left, but some of them were sufficiently advanced to give indications 
through the pupa skin what they were to be. On re-reading Mr. 
Coquillett’s article in the May number of the CanapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 
I was quite startled on finding that he says his pupa was suspended by 
the hind end of its body ; for the result of my observation was to leave 
the impression strong on my mind that they were suspended by the head, 
and I did not think it strange that they were, or that anyone had thought 
differently. My impression of the tinge of color through the pupa skin 1s 
that the yellow was up, and on one visit there was one that seemed as if 
the pupa skin had just burst on the back and left the insect exposed in 
exactly the position it was before it burst, and I was struck with the 
exact resemblance in form and size, even to the pupa on either side of it. 
But is not this the usual position for Coleopterous larve to suspend ? 
Hamilton, Sept., 1883. J. Atston Morrat. 


[We think that when our valued correspondent has an opportunity of 
examining pupe of this insect more carefully, that he will find that they are 


suspended by the head downwards, as in the case of the Coccinellide.— 
ps C: E-] 
4 


Having occasion lately to refer to some back numbers of the Proceed- 
ings of the Boston Natural History Society, my eye accidentally fell on a 
paper by Professor Alexander Winchell, read before the Michigan Scientific 
Association. on June 24th, 1863, and entitled, “Notes on Se/andria 
cerast, Harris, as it occurs at Ann Arbor, Michigan.” (p. 325.) 

Glancing over the paper, I saw the following passage: ‘As to the 
remedy for this horticultural pest, it may be added to what has been 
already published that the odor of coal-tar effectually drives away the fly. 
This can be smeared over a board and suspended in the tree, a resort 
which L have found effectual against the plum-weevil.” 

Can you or any of your readers tell me if this alleged means of driving 


off Cenotrachelus nenuphar has really any virtue? I never recollect see- 


ing the plan suggested before this. Yours faithfully, 
E. W. CLAYPOLE, 
(August No., issued Sept. 5, 1883.) 


——. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., “OCTOBER, 1883. ee: fe) 


ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ENTO- 
MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


GENTLEMEN,— Twenty years ago, on the afternoon of the 16th of 
April, 1863, there met at the rooms of the Canadian Institute in Toronto, 
nine gentlemen interested in Entomology, for the purpose of organizing a 
Society having for its object the advancement of Entomology in Canada. 
These gentlemen had been called by special invitation of the Rev. C. J. 
S. Bethune and myself, and in addition to the nine who responded by 
their presence, letters of apology were received from five others, express- 
ing regret at their being unable to attend; these fourteen comprised all 
who at that time took an active interest in Entomology in Canada. 

A Society was duly organized under the name of The Entomological 
Society of Canada, with the late Professor Croft, of Toronto, as its first 
President. Two scientific papers on insects were presented and read, and 
a number of interesting insects exhibited. Application was made to the 
Council of the Canadian Institute for the use of a room in their building, 
which was kindly granted free of expense, and it was resolved to hold 
monthly meetings for the discussion of Entomological subjects. 

In December of the same year a committee was appointed to prepare 
and publish catalogues of the names of insects in the orders of Coleoptera 
and Lepidoptera, and in May the following year the committee reported 
that the list of Lepidoptera had been completed and published, and that 
considerable progress had been made in determining the species of Cole- 
optera, but not sufficient to warrant the publication of the catalogue. This 
catalogue was completed and published shortly after. Before the close of 
this meeting committees were appointed charged with the special duty of 
paying particular attention to the study of insects injurious to vegetation. 

Previous to this nothing had been done in Canada in the important 
department of Economic Entomology ; no information was available to 
the farmer or fruit grower in reference to most of the insect pests which 
destroyed his field crops or fruit, unless he happened to be the fortunate 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


possessor of a volume published in New England by Dr. Harris, under 
the title of ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Vegetation in Massachusetts,” and this, 
although a very useful work, only partially met the wants of the practical 
farmer. Dr. Fitch, State Entomologist for New York, had published his 
first nine reports, and was almost the only active laborer in this important 
department of insects injurious to agriculture, but his works were not 
accessible to many in this country. 

In scientific Entomology but little had been done in Canada up to 
this period. Several catalogues of the names of insects captured in this 
country had appeared in the ‘Canadian Naturalist,” the organ of the 
Natural History Society of Montreal, and the occurrence of several rare 
species of butterflies had been noted. Messrs. Wm. Couper and E. Bil- 
lings, of Montreal, had also communicated some papers to the same 
journal urging the importance of the study of Entomology and referring 
to the habits of some of the pine borers and other prominent insects ; but 
the circulation of the ‘‘ Naturalist” was so limited that the information 
given reached but few in the community. 

The Entomological Society of Canada at first had no funds to enable 
them to publish reports of their proceedings beyond the small sum derived 
from the annual fees of the members, but among these were a number of 
active workers, who, by careful and systematic observation and study, 
were rapidly accumulating stores of knowledge which were destined to be 
of much value in the future to the great community of farmers and horti- 
culturists. At first the proceedings of the infant Society were published 
in the Canadian Journal, but soon it was felt to be most desirable, in order 
to give them the prominence they deserved, that the records of facts 
observed by the members should be published in a separate form, and 
early in 1867 an effort was made to obtain some assistance from the 
Canadian Government to aid the Society in carrying out this object ; but 
at a meeting held on the rst of June, 1867, a communication was pre- 
sented from the Finance Minister of the United Provinces to the effect 
that he could not recommend any fresh grants for scientific objects, as the 
country was on the eve of confederation. The annual report of the 
Secretary presented at this meeting showed that the membership had been 
increased to 48. The meeting was to have been followed by a field day, 
but the Fenian Raid, which just then occurred, called some of the mem- 
bers away to their duty as volunteers, and others to the defence of their 
homes. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183° 


In August, 1868, the first number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 
appeared under the editorship of our esteemed coadjutor, Rev. C. J. S. 
Bethune, of Port Hope. It was a humble looking sheet of eight pages 
only, and this was not promised to be issued at any regular intervals, but 
from time to time, as material accumulated which was thought to be 
worthy of publication. To meet the expenses of publication, voluntary 
contributions were made by many of the members, and it was thus sus- 
tained and issued monthly for fifteen months, during which time it was 
found to be so useful that it met with encouragement everywhere ; it had 
also acquired a reputation abroad, and many Entomologists in Great 
Britain and the United States had become regular subscribers. Early in 
1870, the Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario, 
recognizing the important bearing of Entomology on Agriculture, liberally 
- appropriated the sum of four hundred dollars in aid of the Entomological 
Society for the year ensuing, on the following conditions: That the 
Society continued to publish the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, that it furnish 
a report to the Council on insects injurious or beneficial to Agriculture, 
and that a small cabinet of insects illustrating the various orders be made. 
and placed at the disposai of the Council. These conditions were gladly 
complied with and faithfully carried out, and the report, consisting of 64 
pages illustrated with 61 cuts, was printed in the report of the Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture for that year. During the latter part of 1870 an 
amendment to the Agricultural and Arts Act was introduced by the Hon . 
John Carling, then Commissioner of Agriculture for Ontario, which pro- 
vided for the incorporation of the Society under the name of ‘‘ The Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario,” with a yearly grant of five hundred dollars 
from:the public funds of the Province, on condition that the Society pre- 
pare annually for the Commissioner of Agriculture a report on the subject - 
of insects injurious or beneficial to the farm and garden, with the under- 
standing also that the CanapiAN Envomotocist should be continued. 
During the period which has since elapsed, the Ontario Government have 
recognized the value of the service rendered by the Society to the agricul- 
tural interests of Ontario by increasing the grant several times, until it now 
amounts to one thousand dollars a year. The liberality of the Govern- 
ment has greatly stimulated the work of the Society. 

The practical or economic aspect of this work has been presented to 
the public mainly in the series of thirteen annual reports, which have been 
submitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture by members of the Society, 


184. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and published in the Comimissioner’s report. In these publications the 
insects injurious to the various field crops and fruits have from time to 
time been discussed, together with the remedies which have been suggested 
for their destruction. ‘The value of these reports is indicated by the de- 
mand which has arisen for them, owing to which it has been found neces- 
sary to greatly increase the number of copies issued ; some of those belong- 
ing to the earlier years are now quite scarce and difficult to obtain. They 
have been most favorably noticed by the press in all parts of America and 
Great Britain, and thus the good work has been brought prominently 
into notice. If we contrast the amount of information now available to 
our farmers and fruit growers on the nature and life history of destructive 
insects, and the best methods of subduing them, with our knowledge on 
this subject fifteen years ago, the vast progress made will at once be recog- 
nized, and it is to the unselfish labors of the members of our Society that 
much of the credit for this is legitimately due. I have no hesitation in 
asserting that the value of the information thus distributed has returned to 
the country by the losses which have been lessened or prevented many 
times the amount which has been granted to the Society during the past 
twelve years from the public moneys of this Province. 

The Canapian Enromo.ocist has been regularly issued, and is now 
in its fifteenth volume. The volumes published have contained a vast 
amount of useful scientific information, which, by its wide dissemination, 
has been one of the chief factors in the progress of entomology in this 
country. ‘The work of our Society in this department has attracted much 
attention abroad, and our journal has been sought after by many of the 
learned Societies in Great Britain, the United States, France, Germany, 
Russia and Sweden, and regular exchanges of our publications with theirs 
on equal terms effected. Thus from small beginnings the Entomological 
Society of Ontario has come to be recognized as one of the important aids 
to scientific progress. It is much to the credit of Ontario that for some 
years the CaNaDIAN EnToMoLocIsT was the only regularly issued periodi- 
cal specially devoted to the interests of Entomology on the American con- 
tinent, and that it still commands the contributions of many of the most 
distinguished entomologists in all parts of the country. 

During the period of the existence of the Society a large collection of 
insects has been made, a good library accumulated, and an excellent 
working microscope and other facilities for the study of insects provided, 
all of which are readily accessible here to any of our members who may 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ 185 


reside in London, or who may visit us from a distance. The collection 
shown, at the request of the Government, at the Centennial Exposition in 
Philadelphia in 1876, attracted much attention, and was admitted by all 
to be the most complete exhibit of North American insects ever brought 
together ; the Society was awarded a gold medal on that occasion. Last 
year a request was made by the Minister of Fisheries for the Dominion of 
Canada that our Society would prepare and exhibit a collection of such | 
insects as were injurious to fishes as well as those which served as food 
for fishes, to be sent with the Canadian exhibit to the Great International 
Fisheries Exhibition, now being held in London, England. The arrange- 
ment of this collection was undertaken by our worthy Secretary, Mr. E. 
Baynes Reed, who completed the work, and sent forward in due season 
forty cases of Ganadian insects. 


The large collection of carefully determined specimens in the cabinets 
in the Society’s rooms in London, has also served a valuable purpose as a 
collection of reference, where collectors from all parts of our country can 
name their collections, and where all the books and appliances which can 
aid this work are ready at hand. As our knowledge of the insect forms 
found in our country increases, classified lists of their names are published 
by the Society for the purpose of aiding students in arranging their collec- 
tions, and also indicating the work which has been accomplished. 


During the past year a most complete and systematic index has been 
_ prepared by our Secretary, Mr. E. Baynes Reed, to the full series of our 
thirteen annual reports, by means of which the information they contain, 
in reference to any insect or subject, may be referred to with little trouble 
or delay. This has greatly enhanced the value of these reports, and 
opened the eyes of all to the vast fund of information they contain ; the 
results amply repay the attendant labor and outlay of this compilation, 
and nothing would do more to add to the value of the CANADIAN ENTO- 
MOLOGIsT than the publication of a similar general index to the fifteen 
volumes of our monthly, now nearly completed. I trust our esteemed 
Secretary may be induced to continue the good work in this direction. 


We have not been afflicted with any very formidable invasion of insect 
enemies during the past year. At the opening of the season the apple-tree 
aphis, which is generally common, was, in some districts, unusually 
abundant, and attracted some attention. ‘The injury inflicted by them on 
the apple buds was not serious, and in a few days the buds expanded, 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


when the lice became scattered over the opening foliage and caused no 
further apprehension. 

Later on, the tufted caterpillar of the white-marked tussock moth, 
Orgyia /eucostigma, appeared in force, having hatched in multitudes from 
the numerous masses of eggs attached to the twigs and limbs of various 
trees. These eggs are usually partly sheltered by a dead leaf, or leaves 
firmly adherent. The mass contains from 300 to 500 white eggs, imbedded 
in a frothy, gelatinous substance ; is of a grayish white color, with a nearly 
smooth convex surface, while there is usually attached to the mass the 
empty grey cocoon, from which the parent moth escaped. The eggs 
hatch about the middle of May, when the young larvee at once begin to 
devour the leaves of the tree on which they are placed, rapidly increase in 
size, and when full grown present a handsome appearance. ‘Their bodies 
are more than an inch long, of a bright yellow color, witha red head, three 
or four cream-colored tufts set in a black stripe along the back, two long 
black spreading plumes, extending forward on the anterior part of the 
body, and one at the opposite extremity. By gathering the clusters of 
eggs during the winter when they are easily seen, the depredations of this 
insect may be prevented ; but should this simple measure from any cause 
be omitted, the larvae may be destroyed on the trees by syringing the foli- 
age on which they are feeding with Paris green and water, in the propor- 
tion of a teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water. This caterpillar 
is a very general feeder, and occurred this year on almost every species 
of deciduous tree, especially on street trees, and in lawns and parks, as 
well as in orchards. 

The clover seed midge, to which the attention of the farmers of this 
Province was first called in the annual report of our Society for 1881, con- 
tinues to extend its sphere of operations, and many complaints are being 
made of the failure of the crop of clover seed from this cause. The per- 
fect insect is a two-winged fly, about the size and having much of the 
general appearance of the wheat midge. By the aid of a long ovipositor 
the insect pushes her minute eggs down the flower tubes in the young 
clover heads, and when hatched the tiny red larve devour the seed. In 
districts where this insect has fairly established itself, there seems to be 
but one method of subduing it, and that is to starve it out by ceasing to 
grow clover for a year or two. A large proportion of the larva may be 
destroyed by cutting the clover earlier than usual, just as it is coming into 
bloom, when, being only partially developed, most of them would perish. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 


The greatest danger arises from the possibility of their being distributed 
by the use of infested clover seed. The insect passes the winter either in 
the larval or pupal state, and in both of these conditions is often found 
amongst clover seed, and if sown with the seed the insect is placed amid 
conditions most favorable for its development. Seedsmen should carefully 
examine their seed before offering it for sale, and farmers should exercise 
similar caution before purchasing. ‘The insects are very small, but are 
much larger than the individual seeds, and if a small quantity of the clover 
seed is passed through a fine sieve, these insects, if present, will be found 
along with the coarser weed seeds, with which clover seed is so often 
contaminated. 

The maple Egerian, known also as the legged maple borer, &gerza 
acerni, has prevailed during the past year in the neighborhood of London 
to an alarming extent, to the serious injury of some of our shade trees. 
These insects, which pass the winter in the larval state under the bark of 
the maple trees, change to chrysalids early in June, and about the middle 
of that month they protrude themselves from the bark to the extent of 
about half an inch, when in a very short time the mature insect escapes, 
leaving the empty chrysalis behind it. This is a very pretty, clear-winged 
moth, resembling a wasp, which, when its wings are spread, will measure 
about three quarters of an inch across. ‘The transparent wings are 
adorned with bluish-black markings, the head is orange, the thorax yellow, 
and the abdomen bluish-black, banded with golden yellow. The female 
lays hér eggs on the bark of the trees, preferring the red maple, Acer 
rubrum, although the other varieties of maple are also more or less 
affected. In a few days small larve hatch from the eggs, which penetrate 
through the bark, and feed upon the inner portion and sap-wood of the 
tree, making an irregular cavity, which is packed with the castings of the 
larva, mixed with minute fragments of wood. When full grown, it is 
about three quarters of an inch long, with a small yellow head and a white 
or-yellowish white body, which is darker on the hinder segments. Where 
the larvee are safely lodged under the bark, no remedy but the knife will ; 
reach them, but the moths may be prevented from laying their eggs by 
coating the bark with a mixture of soap and strong solution of washing 
soda, the mixture being made about the consistence of ordinary paint, and 
applied to the trees in the middle of June. 

Within the past two or three years Paris green, mixed with water in 
the proportion of a teaspoonful to a pailful of water, has been recom- 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


mended as a remedy for the codling moth, the mixture being freely applied 
to the apple trees with a syringe or force pump soon after the fruit has 
set. The results of experiments conducted during the past season, go far 
towards establishing the value of this remedy, the number of wormy apples 
having been materially lessened on the trees so treated. In my own ex- 
periments, where the mixture was applied to alternate trees, the proportion 
of wormy fruit in some instances on the trees syringed seemed to be nearly 
the same as on the adjoining trees, which were not treated, the fruit on 
both being less wormy than usual, while in other instances there was a 
very unusual freedom from the apple worm. Other experimenters claim 
far more decided results. So promising a measure, where so much is at 
stake, well deserves a most extensive trial. The mixture should be applied 
while the fruit is quite small, and before the stem is bent with its weight ; 

then as the eye or calyx of the fruit, on which the codling moth usually 
- deposits her eggs, points upwards, it will more readily catch some portion 
of the spray. A very minute quantity lodged in the little cavity and dry- 
ing there would leave a trace of Paris green sufficient to destroy the newly 
hatched larva as it begins to eat its way into the fruit. 

The meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science was held this year at Minneapolis, where I had the honor to repre- 
sent our Society. The attendance of Entomologists, although good, was 
scarcely so large as last year. Since the adoption of the new constitution, 
whereby the sub-section of Entomology has been merged into the section 
of Biology, the Entomologists have greatly felt the need of. opportunities of 
bringing up for informal discussion many questions suggested by the 
experience of those present, matters which could not well be brought 
before the general session. ‘To meet this need the Entomological Club of 
the Association has been re-organized, several interesting meetings were 
held, the proceedings of which have been reported for the ENTOMOLOGIST. 

We ‘have had occasion to mourn the loss by death, during the past 
year, of several well known Entomologists, some of whom were active 
members and valued contributors to our journal. The names of Zeller, - 
Glover and Chambers are familiar to you all; these have passed away. 
Our list also includes the names of Dr. Bailey, of Albany, N. Y., Prof. 
Croft, late of Toronto, and Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ontario. Prof. P..- 
C. Zeller, the eminent German Lepidopterist, whose labors in the Micro- 
lepidoptera have given him a world-wide reputation, died at his home near 
Stettin at the ripe age of 77 years. Dr. Jas. S. Bailey, of Albany, N. Y., 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 


’ 


a zealous worker among the lepidoptera, and an occasional contributor to 
the ENTOMOLOGIST, passed away on the 1st of July. Prof. Townend 
Glover, who for so many years held the position of Entomologist to the 
Department of Agriculture in Washington, died on the 8th of September. 
Probably no man ever worked more persistently and continuously than 
he. A good draughtsman and an excellent engraver, it was his delight 
to make figures of every native insect brought under his notice. Our 
library has been enriched by his beautiful works, and the wonder is how 
any man in one short life could have done so much. His health having. 
failed, he retired several years ago from his official position and active 
work, and spent his last days in a quiet home in Baltimore. V. T. 
Chambers, of Covington, Kentucky, one of our most regular and valued 
contributors, died on the 7th of August in his fifty-second birthday. To 
him we are largely indebted for the knowledge we possess of our Micro- 
lepidoptera, a field in which he ardently labored, and in which he was a 
worthy successor to the late Dr. Clemens. His loss will be much felt and 
deplored. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ont., although not an active worker 
in the entomological field, was a close observer of the habits of insects, 
especially such as are injurious to agriculture or horticulture. He has 
long been a member of our Society ; was with us at our annual meeting 
held here two years ago, and took part in our discussions. He died on 
the 15th of August in his 66th year: Prof. Croft was well known throughout 
Canada as an eminent chemist, and always took an active interest in ento- 
mology. He had a prominent part in the formation of our Society ; was 
its first President, and always manifested the greatest interest in its pros- 
perity. He died at the residence of his son, San Diego, Texas, after a 
brief illness, aged 64 years. Who will press forward and fill the vacant 
places in our ranks? One by one we pass away, but our” favorite 
branch of natural science still lives, and will continue to assert its increas- 
ing importance, and confer its benefits on all succeeding generations. 
Wm. SAUNDERS. 


PREPARATORY STAGES OF EPILACHNA BOREALIS, Fas. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Egg.—Length .o6 inch by .o2 in width. In shape elliptical, rather 
narrow. Color dingy yellow, somewhat pulverulent. There were 56 of 
these found on the under side of a leaf, set on one end and about .o5 inch 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


apart. They were found September 9, 1883, at which time they were 
hatching, hence the length of the egg period is not known. 

Young Larve.—Length .06 inch. Color dull yellow, more or less 
brownish at the ends, the sides of the head distinctly brownish. Each 
joint bears six branching spines concolorous with the body. In outline 
somewhat elliptical, the head being nearly as broad as the middle of the 
body, but the anal joint is not. Length of this period 5 days. 

After First Moult.—Length .10 inch. Shaped much as before, oblong 
elliptical. Color pale dull yellow, clearer than before the moult.  Num- 
ber of spines the same, about 3 branches to each. Head blackish on the 
sides. Length of this period 6 days. 

After Second Moult.—Length .20 inch. Shape and branching spines 
as during the last period, except there are more points to each spine than 
before, seven counted on one. Ground color yellow, clearer than before 
moult, eyes blackish yellow, a black spot in the lower part of each, and a 
spot below the eyes blackish yellow. Legs, except the articulations, 
smoky yellow. Tips of spines brown. More narrowly elongate than 
during last period. The length of this period not known, as the food 
plant died, mostly from attacks of these insects. Before finding the eggs, 
however, I had taken a description of a mature larva and pupa, as well 
as pupal period. From what I observed then on the food plant earlier in 
the season, I know that the principal differences that would have been 
noted on the stages between the second moult and the mature larva were 
those of size. 


Mature Larva.—Length from .35 to .40 inch. Elliptical in outline, 
the width and height through the middle of the body .15 inch. Color 
yellow, each joint with 6 branching spines which are yellow on their basal 
half, the rest black, there being about 9 branches to each spine. Eyes 
and ends of tarsi brownish black. 


Chrysalis.— Length .35 inch, of an outline similar to the mature larva ; 
yellow, moderately covered with short hairs, black and white mixed. 
Length of this period 8 days. 


Dr. Packard says of this: “The larve, according to Osten Sacken, 
are common on the leaves of the pumpkin. It is yellow, with long, brown, 
branched spines, arranged in rows of six on each segment, except the 
first thoracic segment, which has only four.” I found them feeding on 
Echinocystis Lobata, or the common prickly cucumber, and found not 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 


only the larve, but the beetles, feeding freely on the leaves, showing no 
disposition to feed on plant lice, the generally acknowledged food of the 
Coccinellide. To test this, one of the beetles was placed in a jelly dish 
with a leaf, upon which it at once went to feeding, and I saw them doing 
the same thing on the vines. ‘The larve in feeding eat the whole of the 
tissue on the under side of the leaf, except the veins, leaving the upper 
epidermis. The beetles usually eat this, leaving only the veins. 

Assuming the egg period to be 5 days, and the third and fourth larval 
periods the same as the first and second respectively, we would have a 
period from the egg to the imago of 35 days, which can not be far from 
correct. They probably pass the winter in the imago state, as do others 
of the family. 


PSEPHENUS LECONTEI—ON THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY 
OF THE LARVA. 


BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


This singularly interesting larva occurs in abundance in the rapids of 
the Niagara above the Falls. The writer has taken it in other rapid 
streams in Western New York, also at different places in Michigan ; 
besides, its occurrence in widely separated localities has been recorded by 
observers, hence we are led to believe that it is distributed throughout 
Eastern North America. Dr. Leconte has described another species, Ps. 
haldemanni, from the peninsula of California ; its larva, it seems, has not 
been described. 

The first notice of our larva is that by Dr. Kay in Part VI. (Crus- 
tacea), page 53, Zoology of New York, 1844. It is described in that 
work as a new genus and species of Crustacea, under the name Fluvicola 
flerricki; a poor figure is given. Dr. John L. Leconte, in Agassiz’s Lake 
Superior, page 241, 1850, describes it more exactly ; he gives an account 
of the parts of the mouth ; no figures are given. In the proceedings of 
the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Vol. VI., page 41, 1852, the same 
author has a brief account of the larva, but adds no additional facts. In 
Dr. Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects, page 450, 1870, the charac- 
teristics of the larva are briefly stated, and a figure is given which shows 
well enough the outline of the insect. 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The present paper is intended for a supplement to those already pub- 
lished, while it is believed that in a few instances inaccuracies in them are 
corrected, and some omissions are supplied; yet it is acknowledged 
that it is far less complete than it might have been, had full advantage 
been taken of the material at hand. ‘The dissected parts, particularly 
those of the mouth organs, which served for the drawings of the figures, 
have been mounted in balsam for preservation. — 


The larva of Psephenus has been compared with those of He/ichus and 
Lilmis ; from the latter it is said to differ in no important particular. 
Figure 2 of the plate represents a larva supposed to be that of He/ichus 
lithophilus, Germ., and is introduced for the purpose of comparison with | 
Ps. Lecontei (Fig. 1). The general resemblance is close, some essential 
differences appear, but no full description of the larva of He/ichus is at 
hand for comparison. 

The young larva of Psephenus is found clinging to stones, the shells of 
Unio, old wood and the like, usually where the flow of water is considerable, 
often in the wild rapids, yet they have been taken in quiet water along the 
shore, or even in ponds entirely cut off from flowing water ; their flat, 
disc-like form, concave below, marginal cilia and powerful legs enabling 
them to resist the swiftest current. 

Excluding the head the larva is made up of twelve rings; the body 
proper is but little broader, relatively, than that of many other Coleopter- 
ous larvee ; the shield form is due to an uncommon extension of the tergal 
folds, Alewrites of the first ten body rings. The prothoracic segment is 
broad, and extends over the head like a buckler ; it is divided by sutures 
into six parts ; those on either side of the median suture are each divided 
into two by a suture from near the anterior edge obliquely backwards to 
near the middle of the posterior border; the external pieces correspond 
with the pleurites of the following rings (Fig. 1, a). The second and third 
thoracic rings are broad, nearly equal, the expanded plate of the meso- 
thorax is, however, more wedge-shaped than that of the post-thorax, in 
order that its outer margin may complete the outline curve with the pro- 
thorax. ‘The first three rings occupy one half of the expanded surface of 
the larva. 

The seven succeeding abdominal rings have nearly equal length, but 
gradually diminish in width from the first, the widest part of the body, to 
the eighth and ninth. These two have nearly equal width. They are, 
however, considerably longer than the abdominal joints above them. The 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


terminal joint is thick anteriorly, but posteriorly it becomes membranous, 
thus agreeing with the pleurites of the anterior rings ; the anal opening is 
situated in the thickened part (Fig. 1, 4). The abdominal segments from 
one to seven, like those of the thorax, have each a wide, more or less 
wedge-shaped lateral expansion ; that of the first extends at nght angles 
to the body, but those of the following rings are, more and more, directed 
backward, that of the seventh being parallel to the line of the body, so 
that the oval outline of the larva is preserved, although the eighth segment 
lacks the prolongations. ‘There is a plain suture in the median or dorsal 
line (Fig. 1, c) ; there is also one dividing each ring at the base of the 
pleurite (Fig. 1, 2). These lateral sutures or fissures are more pronounced 
on the terminal segments. The anterior, free edges of the pleurites bear 
a few stiff hairs, while the outer edges are furnished with a close-set ample 
fringe of sub-equal hairs. 

The general color is grayish brown ; under a lens there are blotches of a 
darker hue spread over a lighter field ; moreover, the whole upper surface 
is marked with irregular lines of black dots, which appear to be elevations. 

“The articulation itself is prolonged each side for a short distance 
between the laminz of the expanded epidermis, so that the outline of the 
proper fleshy portion is serrate.” The epidermis of the upper surface is 
somewhat corneous and thick. Figure 4 shows a cross-section of the 
second abdominal segment. It exhibits the almost uniform arch above 
and the thin tegument of the ventral surface extending out to form the 
under surface of the pleurites. 

The ead is not retractile, except in the sense that the upper surface 
of the prothorax is permanently prolonged over and beyond it. The head 
is flattened above ; the epicranial suture is short, the clypeo-cranial sutures 
extending well up on the top of the head ; they terminate at the place of 
insertion of the antenne. The suture separating the clypeus from the 
labrum extends from antennez to antenne (Fig. 5, 2). There are six ocelli 
in each group. When mounted as transparent objects, each shows an 
oval outline, with a clear border surrounding a dark, more or less, oval 
center. The resemblance to the reptilian blood corpuscle is very close. 
Five of the ocelli are in a slightly curved line with their longer axes 
nearly parallel ; the sixth is placed at the upper outer angle of the group, 
with its axis at right angles to those of the others. It is also the largest 
one of the group (Fig. 9). ‘There is a little patch of hairs between the 
ocellus and the adjacent suture. 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The antennz are as long as the head, and four-jointed ; the first or 
basal joint is short and stout ; the second is cylindrical, or but slightly 
narrowed at the upper end, nearly straight, and as long as the width of 
the labium, or a little more than half the length of the whole antenne ; 
there are a number of long hairs or bristles on the outer side of the distal 
half of this joint; the third is more slender, slightly more than half the 
length of the second (Fig. 5, @) ; the fourth joint is represented by two 
very short articles inserted in the third, so that they resemble a pair. of 
minute forceps ; the larger of the two has a cuspidate apex (Fig. 6). 

The Zabrum is broad, the anterior margin straight, or slightly rounded, 
the outer corners convex ; the outer third bears a row of rather coarse 
spines, the two extreme ones being much stouter. The labrum extends 
beyond and bends down over the mandibles. Its concave under surface 
is beset with many stiff hairs, some of which extend beyond the margin, 
forming a fringe. In the front, near the middle of this concave surface, 
there are eight protuberances > four smaller ones in a group ; outside of 
these, two on either side, are situated the remaining larger ones. These 
are tooth-like (Fig. 12, a and 4). Beginning back as far as the middle of 
the mandibles is a corneous strip, which soon divides, the branches extend- 
ing to the outer angles of the labrum (Fig. 12). 

The mandibles are large, brown or black towards the tips. Seen 
from above the outline is triangular ; in the younger larve these organs 
are relatively shorter, making the outline more nearly that of an equilateral 
triangle. The basal edge is slightly convex, and bears just beyond the 
middle the ball for the articulation of the organ with the elbowed corneous 
support of the cheeks. (In some examples the ball appears to be situated 
nearer the outer angle than in others). At the inner angle there is a pro- 
cess and a chitinous piece, apparently articulated with it, to which the 
tendon of the flexor muscle is attached; the outer angle is somewhat re- 
entrant ; the termination of the extensor muscle appears to be quite similar 
to that of the flexor ; the outer edge is nearly straight, bending inwards a 
little towards the apex ; the inner line is straight to near the middle where 
it bends in the blade, becoming spoon shaped ; the biting edge is evenly 
rounded. When the organ lies with the inner face uppermost, it is seen 
that in the basal part there are two lamin not united with each other on 
their front and posterior edges; at the lower part of the concave part of 
the blade arise two tufts of hair, the outer one is short and bristle like, 
the other is long, reaching back and nearly across the throat (Fig. 8). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 


The maxil/e are complex ; the stout cardinal piece is chitinous, bear- 
ing on its surface two sharp hooked teeth ; the superior part is divided 
into two lobes, the outer one is soft and fleshy, rounded at the apex, 
having its surface beset with long, stiff hairs ; the inner one is concave 
above, and bears at its apex four stout teeth, which have rounded extremi- 
ties and the inner face concave ; along the inner surface of the lobe there 
are several strong pointed curved spines. The maxillary palpi are four- 
jointed ; the basal joint is short and broad ; the remaining articles dimin- 
ish regularly in diameter; the second and third are about the same length, 
equal to twice that of the first ; the third is rounded at the end, and more 
than half the length of the fourth. There are apparently several minute 
tubercles on the rounded surface of the extremity. The same appear on 
the corresponding joint of the labial palpi (Figs. 5 and ro). 

The Zabium extends over the under surface of the jaws nearly to their 
tips ; its texture is membranous ; its surface is densely clothed with hairs; 
the somewhat quadrate mentum is situated between the stout maxilla. On 
its outer sides there are two elevated corneous pieces ; they each have a 
pointed, tooth-like upper extremity. A long hair arises from its outer sur- 
face. A faint suture divides the anterior or palpi bearing part from the 
mentum. ‘This piece is as wide as the distance between the maxille ; the 
front edge is bisinuate ; the labial palpi are situated at the posterior outer 
angle of this palpigerous piece. They are three-jointed ; the first and 
second are stout, and the terminal one narrower and bent inwards. These 
organs project a little beyond the anterior edge of the labium (Fig. 11). 

The legs are rather long and muscular. The tarsus ends in one strong 
claw ; there are many stiff hairs over the surface. Above the claw there 
is one long, straight bristle ; just above it, on the inside, there is a little 
tuft of bristles. 

The dvanchie are situated on the posterior border of the ventral surface 
of the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal rings—five pairs in 
all. The stout branchial trunk, a short distance’ above its origin, bends 
outwards, and bears along its lower surface eleven long filaments, the 
middle ones are longest. These long white organs are seen waving to and 
fro continually while the animal is alive. This motion appears to be due 
to the up and down strokes of the last segment, which repeatedly strikes 
the water as the tail of a cray fish does when swimming. A large tracheal 
tube may be traced, on either side, from the posterior border of the 
eleventh ring forward, over the insertion of the branchiz, connecting with 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


them into the thorax (Figs. 4 and 7). No tuft of branchiz thrust out and 
withdrawn at will, as in e/ichus, cquid be seen, after watching living 
specimens for hours, and after dissecting many examples. The writer is 
inclined to think it does not exist, and that respiration is wholly accom- 
plished by the ventral branchiz. 

It may be interesting to note the different sorts of hairs found upon 
the body and organs. ‘These are, of course, those of the usual pattern 
common to all parts of the body surface. Found on the antenne there 
are long, blade-like hairs, with their edges spined ; they occur elsewhere 
(Fig. 13, a.) A modification of this sort is common on the legs, etc. 
They are short, with the spines finger-like (4) ; another variety is long and 
irregularly branched, found upon the labium and palpi (c); still another 
form fringes the posterior border of the p/eurites ; they have a short stalk, 
from the top of which radiate numerous fibres, fan-like (7). The hairs 
of the border fringe are invested in a sheath slightly colored brown. 
Immersion in potassa removes them from their sockets, leaving the edge 
of the segment serrate. 


EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. 


Fig. 1.—Larva of Psephenus Leconte, dorsal view, magnified eight 
times ; a, suture ; c, dorsal suture (dotted line should extend further) : d, 
suture base of pleurite; 4, anus. 

Fig. 2.—Larva of Helichus lithophilus, enlarged eight times ; a, dorsal 
stripe ; c, one of four light spots ; 4, anal tuft of branchiz, protruded or 
withrawn at will. 

Fig. 3.—Leg of Ps. Leconte: (enlarged). 

Fig. 4.—Cross section of second abdominal segment (enlarged) ; ¢, ¢, 
pleurites ; 4, 6, branchie. 

Fig. 5.—Head (enlarged); a, antennz ; 4, maxillary palpus ; ¢c, chitinous 
band on under surface of labrum ; @, ocellus. 

Fig. 6.—Tip of antenna, showing forceps-like terminal joint (enlarged). 

Fig. 7.—Branchia. 

Fig. 8.—Mandible (enlarged one hundred times) ; 4, chitinous support, 
the cheek articulating with the mandible; 4, flexor muscle of the jaw ;— 
c, ball article ; ¢, tufts of hairs. 

Fig. 9.—Ocelli. 

Fig. 10.—Maxilla; a, palpus; 4, inner lobe; c, outer fleshy lobe; 
d, cardia ; e, pointed papilla. Magnified one hundred times, 


DS Kellicott.clel. 


— 


_— 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Fig. 11.—Labium ; a, palpus ; 4, mentum ; «¢, 

Fig. 12.—Labrum; a, four small papille; 4, four strong teeth ; 
c, chitinous support. Enlarged one hundred times. 5 

Fig. 13.—Hairs of different types; a, from antennz and elsewhere ; 
b, legs, etc. ; c, palpi; @, posterior border of the pleurites. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE PSYLLIDA. 


If I might judge of the feelings of the readers of the CANADIAN 
Entomotocist by my own, I should say that they were much obliged to 
Prof. Riley for his note on the Psyllidee, and for the accompanying illus- 
tration. Figure 7 of that illustration is, however, imperfect, in that (1) it 
fails to show the feet of the insect—an important consideration as regards 
Westwood’s classification ; (2) it gives the appearance of the dried galls 
on an apparently fresh leaf: the fresh galls are much more pear-shaped 
—in many instances they are nearly globular; (3) the section of the gall 
does not show the hardened inner roof of the cavity or cell. 

I hope Mr. Riley will pardon me if I say that he indulges a tendency 
to be needlessly exact. When I wrote my description (and it proves to 
be the first description published) of the Psylla under our notice, I used 
the indefinite article a. In my subsequent note, when the insect had been 
distinguished by Prof. Riley’s remarks—at any rate, when it was the 
insect under our consideration, I wrote ¢#e. The Professor seems to 
think that the readers of the ENTomoLocist will mistake my meaning. I 
feel sure that they will not. ; 

With regard to the term Ce/tedis, Endlichter and De Candolle (and 
the latter is undoubtedly a great name amongst Botanists) could scarcely 
have known Latin better than Pliny ; and one cannot help feeling that, as 
regards Ce/tidis, they went—well, to use Mr. Mantalini’s gentle euphe- 
mism, “to the Bow-wows” for their Latinity. The nettle-tree, perhaps, 
was useful to the Celtic females, as the fig-tree was to Mother Eve; but 
the tracing of Ce/tis, gen. Celtis, to Keltidos, genitive of Ke/fos, is indeed 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 


“ Greca obscura, as Linneus puts it.” The foreign authors referred to 
have evidently fallen into error in this matter. 


Let us now see what we have before us concerning the Psylla. Mr. 
Fletcher, in his interesting paper on the Homoptera, in the Society’s last 
report, gives us Prof. Riley’s notice of the Flea-lice of the Nettle-tree “in 
full.” That notice is a mere allusion, a reference to a gall, not a proper 
description of the insect, as Prof. Riley assures us. The Professor tells 
us also that P. venusta has not been properly described. Osten Sacken’s 
account, supplied to me by a friend, is this: ‘I raised out of the gall a 
beautiful large Psylla—Ps. venusta n. sp.—with the wings variated with 
black. The peculiar shape of the.apex of the metasternum and the 
venation of the wings will, perhaps, necessitate to make a new genus for 
this species.” Mr. Fletcher has shown that the tree, Ce/tis occidentalis, is 
rare in Lower Canada. When, then, I met with this rare tree, and found 
the undescribed Psylla upon it, I felt justified in sending a description of 
the insect to the ENromotocist. But, really, the tone of Prof. Riley’s 
remarks gives rise, within me, to an uneasy feeling that, somehow, I have 
been trespassing on the Professor’s private preserve of Pachypsyllids. I 
can only offer as my excuse that, as Entomologists, we want information. 
What information have we concerning the Psylla we are considering, 
apart from my own description, and Mr. Fletcher’s admirable account 
published subsequently ? What, beside the illustrations, has Prof. Riley 
added to our stock? He tells us that he called an insect, already named 
P. venusta, “ P. celtidis-grandis” ; that this insect is very large (Osten 
Sacken had told us it was large); that there are differences, as regards 
position and size, between the gall it produces and that produced by P, 
celtidis-mamma,; that P. celtidis-mamma so closely resembles another 
species, however, that “without the galls, it would be difficult, if not 
impossible, to separate them—a not uncommon occurrence among gall- 
producing species.” 

Now, an accidental puncture, by the mother Psylla, of the leaf-stalk, 
through which the nourishment of the leaf flows, would naturally produce 
a larger excrescence than a puncture of a vein; and a larger supply of 
food would as naturally produce a larger insect. We know, to our sorrow 
and perplexity, that the rage for re-classification, and for raising varieties 
into species, is becoming a vice on this side the Atlantic. And we really 
have nothing before us to show that the P. venusta of Osten Sacken, and 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the P. ce/tidis-mamma of Riley, are not-one and the same insect—the 
Peppered Flea-louse of my own description. They may be very distinct 
species, but Prof. Riley has not yet made it clear that they are. 

TuHos. W. FYLEs. 


Dear Siv,—I write to you in reference to Sphyracephala brevicornis, 
Say; the only representative of the family Dzopzde and the genus 
Sphyracephala in the United States. This curious and seemingly rare 
Dipteron was taken by me on the 18th of August last; on that occasion I 
took three specimens in about five minutes, but had to leave the place as 
quickly as possible on account of an approaching storm ; but, however, I 
visited the same place two weeks later and succeeded in taking about a 
dozen specimens in about half an hour. The specimens were taken in 
Fairmount Park, near the same locality where Say first took his specimens. 
Although I have been seeking this insect for two seasons, this was the first 
time I ever saw it; its small size is very apt to make it escape the notice 
of any general collector. My specimens were caught on some plants 
growing near a small brook. ‘They seem to be very local indeed, for I 
have hunted in similar situations over the Park and in the county, but 
have never seen any except in that one particular spot. Ochthera mantis 
DeG. is also taken in damp situations, but this fly is quite common and 
can be taken nearly all the summer, for, comparing my notes, I took it on 
May 7, June 17, during July, August 5 and 12. Hoping my observations 
may be of some avail to collectors in hunting it, I remain, 

Philadelphia, Oct. 8, 1883. EUGENE L. KEEN. 


EGGS OF NEMATUS VENTRICOSUS. 


Nematus ventricosus was seen to deposit thirty eggs, June 7, upon a single 
currant leaf within one hour. In the act of ovipositing, it curved the tip 
of its abdomen downward and forward, directing its ovipositor toward its 
head, in which position the end of the egg is seen to protrude and attach 
itself to the leaf-nervure, when the ovipositor is withdrawn, and the egg 
left in position. Moving backward a very little, another egg is similarly 
deposited, and in like manner the operation is continued, until the leaf 
has its assigned quota, or the supply of eggs is exhausted. The eggs 
produced their larvee on June 14th. Psyche, May-June, 1883. 


(No. 9, vol. 15, issued November 5, 1883.) 


Che Canadvan Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1883. NOs rit 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The annual meeting of the Society was held at London, in the Society’s 
Rooms, Victoria Hall, on Wednesday, October 3rd, 1883, at 7:30 
o’clock p. m. 

The President, Mr. William Saunders, of London, Ont., in the chair. 

Present—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope; Rev. T. W. Fyles, 
Levis, P. Q.; James Fletcher, Ottawa; R. A. Hanham, Paris; W. H. 
Harrington, Ottawa; J. M. Denton, London; B. Gott, Arkona; A. Pud- 
dicombe, London ; F. C. Lowe, Dunnville ; H. P. Bock, London; W. E. 
Saunders, London; J. Magnus Johnston, London; the Sec.-Treas., E. 
Baynes Reed, and others. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed, the reading 
being dispensed with, as they had already been printed and sent to the 
members. 

The President addressed a few words of welcome to the members, 
expressing the pleasure which the London brethren. felt at meeting their 
fellow workers from the various parts of the Province. 

The report of the Council and the financial statement of the Sec’y- 
Treasurer for the past year were then read, and on motion duly received, 
discussed and adopted. 

The report of the Montreal Branch was next submitted and adopted. 

The President then read his annual address, for which he was unani- 
mously awarded a vote of thanks, and requested to publish it in. the 
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa, then presented the report of the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario to the Royal Society of Canada, which was 
received and adopted, after which Mr. Fletcher was unanimously re-elected 
the representative from the Entomological Society to the Royal Society 
for the coming year. | 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 


The election of officers then took place, when the following gentlemen 
were duly elected :— 

President, Wm. Saunders, London. 

Vice-President, James Fletcher, Ottawa. 

Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian, E. Baynes Reed, London. 

Council—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope; Rev. T. W. 
Fyles, Levis, P. Q.; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa ; John M. Denton, Lon- 
don; J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton. 

Editor CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Wm. Saunders. 

Editing Committee—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, J. M. Denton, E. Baynes 
Reed. 

Auditors—H. P. Bock and W. E. Saunders, London. 


REVISION OF THE SOCIETY’S PRINTED LISTS OF INSECTS. 


On the motion of Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, duly carried, it was resolved 
that the Society should, as soon as possible, publish a Revised List of the 
Canadian Diurnals, adopting as a basis the list and classification of Mr. 
W. H. Edwards, of West Virginia ; and that the Society should also pub- 
lish additional lists of such moths as have been found to be Canadian, and 
are not contained in the Society’s existing lists. 

In view of the desirability of the publication of the descriptions of 
hitherto undescribed larve, and with a view to aid therein, the President, 
Vice-President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune and W. H. Harrington were 
appointed a committee to prepare blank forms for the use of members in 
describing larve: the Society being of the opinion that following the 
practice of Westwood and Stainton, the body should be considered as 
consisting of thirteen segments, the head being the first. 

The Rev. T. W. Fyles then read an interesting paper on ‘ Observa- 
tions on Form and Color as Exhibited in Insect Life.” 


A. ‘A. A. S. 


The President submitted a report of the proceedings of the Entomo- 
logical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
held at Minneapolis in August last, which he attended as the representa- 
tive of the Entomological Society of Ontario. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 


DISCUSSION ON MISCELLANEOUS ENTOMOLOGICAL SUBJECTS. 


Mr. Fletcher exhibited a borer found by him injuring maple, the inscct 
being a small moth belonging to Hepza/us, or some closely allied genus. 
This insect was new to the members. 


Rev. Mr. Bethune stated that he had found, in a large burrow in an 
oak tree, the empty pupa case of a species of Cossus. 


Mr. Harrington had also found this insect quite common in the oak, 
and had frequently seen the empty pupa cases protruding from the bark. 


Mr. Fletcher reported that he had found Cossus centerensis common 
about Ottawa on the Balm of Gilead tree, Populus balsamifera. The 
pupa is usually extruded from the bark about 4 o’clock in the afternoon. 
He had frequently seen them at this time of day working gradually out. 
The imago generally escapes within an hour after the appearance of the 
pupa. He also reported finding Auprestis fasciata common on poplars, 
and had found a larva in poplar wood which he thought, from its appear- 
ance, might belong to that species. 

Mr. Harrington said he had lately found the larva of a very small fly, 
Cecidomyia robinie, on locust trees about Ottawa. ‘These larve turn 
down the margins of the leaves, and live within the enclosure thus formed. 

Mr. Fletcher had found the stems of sunflowers much bored into by 
some insect, and exhibited a larva which he had taken boring into the 
stem of a lily, Zz/zum Canadense. 

Mr. Reed exhibited a larva which he had taken recently feeding on 
oak. It evidently was a species of Syerinthus, but did not seem to cor- 
respond to any hitherto described larva of this genus to which he had 
been able to refer. 

Mr. Saunders made some reference to the manner in which the eggs 
of the round-headed apple-tree borer, Saperda candida, are placed. He 
had, until lately, held the opinion, in common with other Entomologists, 
that the eggs are laid on the surface of the bark of apple trees near their 
base, but he had recently received from a correspondent, Mr. C. G. Atkins, 
of Manchester, Maine, specimens of the eggs deposited in young apple 
trees, with pieces of the bark in which they had been placed, from which 
it was quite evident that the beetle bores into the bark and deposits her 
eggs in the channel thus formed. 

Mr. Fletcher said he had raised a brood of the larvae of Smerinthus 
execatus, and found them to feed readily on Populus balsamifera, and also 


204 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


on Populus alba, the latter known as the Silver Abele tree; the larve varied 
very much in coloration. Hitherto this insect has been supposed to feed 
only on apple, plum, and wild cherry. 

Mr. Saunders stated that he had found the larvee of Papilio turnus this 
season on a new food plant, Waguolia accuminata. As many as forty or 
fifty specimens were found on a single tree ; they varied in size from the 
newly hatched to the full grown larva, all feeding together ; eggs were also 
found at the same time and place. 

Mr. Fletcher reported finding the larva of Darapsa versicolor feeding 
on swamp loosestrife, Veswa verticillata. He had bred a single specimen 
two years in succession. It is curious to note that this plant grows in the 
water, and being herbaceous, decays and becomes submerged during the 
autumn and winter months. In these instances there was no favorable 
pupating place nearer than the shore, so that the larva would have to swim 
ashore, unless it formed its cocoon among the leaves and these drifted to 
land. 

Mr. Reed exhibited and reported the larvee of /Votodonta albifrons, 
Sm. and Abb., as common in London on the maple ; he had also observed 
them recently on the elms in Toronto and Montreal. Other members had 
found them generally common this season on the oak. 

Mr. Saunders had found the larve of Papzlio cresphontes on the wafer 
ash, Ptelea trifoliata ; also on the prickly ash, Zanthoxylum Americanum. 
At this late period of the year (September) the larva may be found quite 
small. Query.—Do these perish from early frost? If not, how do they 
pass the winter ? 

The meeting then adjourned, to meet next morning at 9.30 a. m. 


Thursday Morning, October 4. 

The meeting opened at the Society’s rooms at 9.30. 

The question of the use of Paris green for the codling worm of the 
apple, Carpocapsa pomonella, was discussed, and while the members con- 
curred in the desirability of testing this remedy very fully, they recom- 
mended that due caution should be used in preparing the mixture, not to 
make it too strong, one teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water 
being sufficient ; if used much stronger than this it is apt to injure the 
foliage. 

An interesting communication was read from Mr. J. Alston Moffat, of 
Hamilton, on the pupa of Ca/opteron reticulatum. He has found speci-= 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


mens under the bark of an elm stump, curiously arranged in regular rows ; 
Mr. Harrington had also observed the same species, and remarked that 
Drs. Leconte and Horn, in their new Classification of Coleoptera, 
referred to these curious groups of pupe. 

Mr. Fletcher had found JZamestra picta very abundant at Ottawa on 
cabbage, carrots, and many wild plants. 

Mr. Harrington remarked that Lycomorpha pholus had been very 
common in the vicinity of Ottawa this season; he had seen hundreds of 
them ; had also found Gdipoda corallina, Harris, quite common in oat 
fields. 

Rev. Mr. Fyles reported the currant worm, Wematus ventricosus, as 
being very abundant at Levis, P. Q., where the bushes had been almost 
destroyed by them. He also stated that much injury had been caused to 
the tamarack trees, Larix Americana, in Bury and the neighboring town- 
ships, by a species of Saw fly, probably Vematus Erichsonii, the insect 
which has caused so much injury to this tree in Maine and other Eastern 
States. . 

Mr. Harrington informed the members he had found Xyphidria albi- 
cornis boring on maples, chiefly on young trees where the bark was thin. 
He had observed them ovipositing from the middle of June to the end of 
July. The ovipositor is short. He found in one instance a tree thoroughly 
riddled by the borers, they having penetrated directly into the wood. 

The members having spent some time in examining interesting insects 
in the Society’s collection, as well as those brought to the meeting ; and 
also having availed themselves of the opportunity of reference to many of 
the valuable books in the Society’s library, brought to a close a most 
interesting and profitable session. 


ON THE VARIATION OF THE ELYTRAL MARKINGS IN 
CICINDELA SEX-GUTTATA. 


BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH. 


In this species of the genus Cvcinde/a there are several very marked 
varieties, differing in the number, size and manner of disposing of the 
markings on the elytra ; while other less marked, yet distinct forms, com- 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing between the more marked ones, constantly occur. Being struck with 
the considerable differences between the specimens I have collected of 
this species, it occurred to me that my observations on the subject might 
be of interest to some others; and with that view I give them. In 
speaking of the spots the following nomenclature will be adopted in this 
article :— 


1—Anterior; 2—intermediate ; 3—posterior ; 4—fourth ; 5—basal ; 


In reference to those of either elytron, they may be further desig- 
nated as right or left. 


The typical variety (1) is, of course, the one having three of the 
beautiful creamy dots on the outer margin toward the end of each elytron ; 
or, the anterior, intermediate, and posterior spots. | Where not otherwise 
stated, all the varieties will be understood to have these three typical spots. 
Others (2) have the rudiment of a fourth spot, which I have so called, near 
the inside margin ; being what is in vw/garzs the prolongation inward of 
the anterior spot in sex-guttata. A variety (3) just in advance of this is 
one having the fourth spot as well developed as the others. The one (4) 
next in order has the anterior spot connected with the fourth by an almost 
imperceptible thread ; but with no extra markings on the elytra. 


We come now to the forms in which the extra markings, not so fre- 
quently met with, occur. ‘The first of these forms (5), in addition to the 
fourth spot, has the rudiment of the antero-basal. The next (6) has, 
beside the fourth, instead of the rudimentary antero-basal, the rudiment of 
the basal spot. The other (7) is an amalgamation of the two, having, as 
well as the fourth spot, the rudiments of not only the basal, but also the 
antero-basal, thus being really twelve-spotted—twice the number indicated 
by its name! ‘Then the final (8), and one departing most widely from the 
typical variety, 1s distinguished by having the anterior and fourth spots 
united by a wide line into one, as in vudgars, forming the irregular, band- 
like marking, and of nearly the same pattern, with which that species is 
ornamented. And further it is distinguished by having also the basal and 
the antero-basal spots well developed, but not connected; these corre- 
sponding to the curved band of vw/gar/s, in the same position. Although 
the markings are here much more developed than in the preceding, still, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 


on account of the connection of the anterior and fourth spots, resulting 
from this very development, the present variety can only be said to have 
ten spots instead of twelve. Another variety of which, not having met 
with it, I have not before spoken, is recorded by Mr. W. H. Harrington in 
a previous number of this periodical (Can. Env. xiv., 8). It is one 
“having only two spots (the anterior one on each elytron).” This must 
certainly be an interesting and widely deviating form. 


As might be supposed, there are many gradations between these varie- 
ties, undoubtedly the result of promiscuous: unions. In some the fourth 
spot, in others the connecting line, and in others still the basal and antero- 
basal spots are so decidedly defective that the varieties can not be deter- 
mined by merely observing the outside of the elytra. In all such cases 
the difficulty can be easily overcome by opening the elytra and holding 
the insect up to the light, the under side toward you, when it will instantly 
be apparent what parts are not green on the outside, and the merest mark- 
ing of a lighter color be detected with certainty. The two elytra are 
almost always alike in this respect, though sometimes one will have a 
faint, broken trace of a thread, while the other has none. We may notice 
that the spots in sex-guttata are arranged after nearly the same pattern as 
in vu/garis ; and that where in the latter a marking becomes slight and 
very narrowed, it is often entirely erased in the former, the tendency of the 
markings in sex-guttata being to become more rounded and not lengthened 
out. Thus the curved marking at the extremity of the elytron in va/garis 
becomes two in this species, as is likewise the case with the curved basal 
marking. 


The appended table shows the relative number of individuals of each 
variety out of 49 specimens taken this summer. It will be noticed that 
the greater number belong to the second variety, the one with the rudi- 
mental fourth spot. Of the eighth variety I have met-vith none this year, 
but have taken several within a few years past. As the season 1s too 
far advanced now for taking the species, further observations on this 
interesting relation in number between the varieties must be deferred until 
next summer. Were it not for this, I should have endeavored to make 
these observations more exact by examining a much larger number of 
specimens before publishing the present article. However, this may serve 
the purpose of a foundation for further investigations on the subject. 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE OCCURRENCE OF THE VARIETIES OF 
C. SEX-GUTTATA. 


Dateof | No. No. of | No. of | No. of | No. of No. of | No. of | No. of | No. of 
Capture. Taken. || 1st var. |2nd var.|3rd var. 4th var.|5th var.|6th var.|7th var.|Sth var. 
| 
| H | 
Julyix | 19 2) Wena c 2 I 
July 13 26 4 II 3 I I 4 2 
August 6 3 I 2 
August 23 I Z 
| | 
Summary. 49 6 2a) 5 I 9 3 
| ioe A | tas han 
2:9 |, Gare Pe sash). Sgr S 2 % 
3 es | 82. 8681) 28 | g4 | 393 ee 
a ie Am | 4 oo = roy an —°o° wo 
2 EE [ese | 2s | 22 eee 
= ee Se 2 Ls 
ps En Se eae Ze 3 go} es 
we | S5 aa ! & 


AN EXTRAORDINARY HABITATION FOR A MOTH. 


BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 


Among a number of cocoons of the family of Bombycide collected 
on Long Island this autumn, I have one of P. cecropia of light weight. 
As the examination of this cocoon revealed conditions unknown to me, I 
have thought it desirable to make a record for your invaluable journal. 
The absence of the loose silk of a reddish hue which characterizes the 
appearance of the new made cocoon, indicated that it was a manufacture 
of the previous year. On opening it I found within a cocoon of O. mac- 
rurum, the parasite that commonly attacks the Polyphemus caterpillar. 
The parasite had emerged from its cocoon, as evidenced by the usual lid 
opening at one end, and had escaped into the outer air through the open 
passage that exists in the cocoon of the moth. Within the cocoon of the 
parasite I found a silken cocoon occupying the entire area and protruding 
somewhat through the opening made by the former occupant. Within it 
were the unrecognizable remains of a Lepidopterous larva, largely con- 
sumed by what I believe to be the parasitic Diptera of the genus Tachina. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN 
BUTTERFLIES. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


ARGYNNIS LaIs. 

Male.—Expands 2 inches. 

Upper side uniform bright red fulvous, slightly brown about bases of 
wings ; the black markings all delicate ; both wings bordered by a double 
line. 

Under side of primaries pale cinnamon-red, buff in upper outer part 
of cell and from costa to first median nervule ; a brown patch at apex 
and another before apex, on which are two silver spots ; the upper sub- 
marginal spots silvered. Secondaries have the area from base to outside 
second row of spots yellow, mottled with dark brown; the belt beyond 
same spots clear yellow, the margin dark brown ; all the spots well sil- 
vered, rather small, those of the discal and second rows slightly edged on 
upper side by black. . 

Female.—Expands 2.2 inch. 

Upper side dull fulvous, the bases much obscured ; the hind margins 
bordered by heavy lines, which are confluent on apical half of primaries ; 
all the markings heavier than in the male. Under side of primaries cin- 
namon-red, the apical area yellow-buff, quite to hind margin, to the exclu- 
sion of the brown patches : the silver spots reduced. Secondaries yellow- 
buff less mottled brown, the marginal border nearly same buff, very 
little obscured ; the spots of both rows bordering on the belt without dark 
edging, so the belt is unusually wide. 

From several examples, male and female, taken at Red Deer River, by 
Captain Gamble Geddes. 

; This species is size of At/antis and would stand between that and 
Aphrodite. 


MELIT#&A CHARA. 

Male.—Expands 1.15 inch. 

Shape of JZ. Perse, and belongs to same group. Upper side yellow- 
fulvous, reticulated with black, as in Perse; the hind margins and apical 
area of primaries black ; the fulvous extra-discal band on same wing yel- 
low-white next costal margin ; fringes black, white at the tips of the ner- 
vules, of secondaries with a few black hairs only at the tips of the nervules. 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Under side of primaries shows the black markings repeated ; costal 
edge white ; along hind margin a narrow dull orange belt, before which is 
a series of white crescents ; secondaries have the marginal belt dull black, 
next the white crescents, then a series of dull orange quadrangular spots on 
black ground ; across the disk a white band cut by a black line a little 
within its posterior edge ; beyond, orange heavily edged with black ; a 
white spot in cell on median nervure ; a white band across the wing near 
base ; at base orange, the shoulder white. 


Female.—Expands 1.4 inch. 


Less black than the male, the fulvous more red ; under side as in the 
male. 

This species may be distinguished from Perse by the color and mark- 
ings of outer half of secondaries beneath ; Perse has the margin buff or 
orange-ochraceous, the second row of spots rounded or crescent. Taken 
by Mr. Morrison in South Arizona and said to be common. 


CHRYSOPHANUS FLORUS. 

Male.—Expands 1.3 inch. 

Upper side brown with a purple reflection ; the hind margins broadly 
bordered black, especially on secondaries, the border almost reaching the 
discal row of spots ; this row is common to both wings, zigzag; a bar on 
the arc of each cell; primaries have two spots in cell and one below; 
secondaries have a spot in cell, concealed by the long hairs which cover 
the basal area ; at anal angle a small fulvous patch ; fringes cinereous. 


Under side of primaries yellow-brown, the apex light brown; the 
black spots repeated, enlarged, and in addition, an imperfect row corre- 
sponding in position to the inner edge of the black border of upper side. 
Secondaries light brown, the spots repeated in dots and minute marks ; a 
submarginal series of red serrations from inner angle to middle of wing. 


Female.—Expands 1.35 inch. 

Upper side dark brown, a little mottled with obscure yellow on disk 
of primaries at end of cell, and outside the black spots in median inter- 
spaces only ; the fulvous anal patch as in male, and an indistinct fulvous 
crescent in the next interspace. Under side as in male. 

This species in male resembles Heé/oides 2, but the latter has much 
fulvous on hind margin of secondaries, and to both margins a narrow 
black border, whereas in /Vorus the borders are remarkably wide. The 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21 


female on upper side resembles not He//oides, but 2 Sirius. But on 
under side both sexes in color and markings are near He//oides. 
Taken on Red Deer River, B. Am., by Captain Geddes. 


LYCAaENA AFRA. 

Male.—Expands .g9 inch. 

Upper side deep blue, the hind margins with fuscous borders, which 
on primaries are very broad ; on each wing a black discal streak ; fringes 
cinereous. 

Under side drab ; a common mesial row of minute rounded black 
spots, each edged white ; on secondaries a spot on costa near base ; the 
discal streaks repeated, slight, with white edging. 

This species was taken by Captain Geddes in the Deer River country. 
It belongs to the Antzacis group, and is the smallest member of it. Has 
wide black borders and a discal mark on each wing, on upper side, which 
is not found in other members of this group. The arrangement of the 
spots as in Lygdamus. 


Eupamus DRvusIvs. 

Male.—Expands 1.7 inch. 

Upper side glossy dark brown, with eight minute semi-transparent 
spots on primaries ; four of them sub-apical on costal margin, three in 
discoidal and median interspaces, one at right angles to the lowest of the 
_three, in submedian interspace towards hind margin, one in cell; fringes 
of primaries fuscous, at inner angle cinereous ; of secondaries white, cin- 
ereous at outer angle. 

Under side dark brown, the hind margins lightly dusted with whitish 
scales ; the spots on primaries repeated, a little enlarged ; secondaries 
crossed by two obscure bands, with black outlines. Body above dark 
brown, beneath dark gray-brown; legs gray brown; palpi either dark 
gray, or with so many brown hairs as to nearly conceal the whitish ones ; 
antenne black above, beneath finely annulated with luteous ; club black 
above, luteous below. 

Female.—Expands 1.7 inch. Similar to the male. 

This species is near Woschus Edw. Has the spots fewer in number, 
smaller, and differently disposed ; beneath is darker, and the bands on 
secondaries are indistinct ; abdomen below without ventral line ; legs and 
palpi different color, the latter in AZoschus yellowish. 

Taken in So. Arizona, by Mr. Morrison in 1883. 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


TRIALS OF ANSECES, 


BY’ R. V. ROGERS., KINGSTON, ONT. 


We do not intend in this article to allude to the troubles that the 
members of the insect world endure in their ordinary every day life,—to 
their difficulties in getting out of their old clothes when nature bids them 
change their dress ; nor to the risks they run from countless enemies, 
many-legged, four-legged, two-legged and no-legged,—nor yet to the 
labors some have to sustain in laying up their bread for a rainy season. 
Nor is our title intended as the text on which to found a disquisition 
on the sufferings that the gevws homo has had to endure (not at the hands, 
but at the mouths and tails of the insect hosts) ever since that sad day 
when old Noah, at the advice of Archangel Gabriel (who ought to have 
known better) broke his word to the serpent. All of course know the 
legend, yet as Lord Macaulay often did for his erudite school-boy, so will 
we do, and repeat and give the story of the origin of all venomous anthro- 
pophagus insects. We have it from the veracious Turk, so none but a 
Russophile or an anti-Jingoist will doubt it, and entomologists know 
neither country nor politics (whatever else they may know). 

Ages agone, when the righteous Noah was safely floating over the 
troubled waters of the angry flood in his “ allotted ocean-tent,” the ark 
drifting before the gale struck a rock and sprang a leak. In vain Noah 
toiled to repair the damage done and thus avoid what seemed to be the 
fate of all of Adam’s line. At last, the old Serpent, who after having 
caused the destruction of the world had carefully ensconced himself in 
the ark, came to him and promised to help him out of his mishap if he 
would undertake to supply him with human flesh for his daily food when 
the waters should abate. The patriarch, urged by dire necessity and fear, 
made the promise, and the Serpent coiling himself up in the hole stopped 
the leak. . When at length the ark rested on dry land once again and all 
were going out of the dark ship into the pleasant sunshine, the snake, 
wearied and worn, crawled out of the hole and demanded a fulfilment of 
the promise. The antediluvian, however, following Gabriel’s advice, 
refused to fulfil his pledge, and seizing his benefactor, burnt him in the 
flames on his altar and scattered his ashes to the winds. But heaven, 
unwilling that the Serpent should thus be deprived of his promised 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 


reward, immediately caused to arise from these ashes flies, fleas, lice, bugs _ 
and all such vermin as feed upon the flesh of living man. 

Our article, however, is to be a legal one, and the trials to which we 
will allude herein will be only those in which insects have figured as prin- 
cipals in courts of justice. Some may imagine that the well known maxim 
of law, “ De minimis non curat lex,” would exclude these small fry from 
Dame Justice’s consideration ; but judges and jurisconsults have, in days 
gone by, paid considerable attention to the insects when their actions have 
been particularly obnoxious to humanity. 

The delvers into antiquarian lore have brought to light nearly one 
hundred instances in which noxious animals were arraigned and tried for 
their misdeeds. The records extend from A. D. 1120 to A. D. 1741, 
beginning with caterpillars and ending with a cow. Some counsel learned 
in the law was always assigned to defend the accused. When in the 
Swiss diocese of Constance, grubs and Spanish flies were cited before a 
magistrate, he (as Felix Hemmerlin, of Zurich, tells us), taking into con- 
sideration their youth and diminutive size, appointed an advocate to 
defend them. 

In 1545 a species of beetle infested the vineyards of St. Julien, near 
St. Julien de Maurienne ; legal proceedings were begun against them. A 
lawyer appeared on behalf of the inhabitants, and another was appointed 
to answer for and defend the little coleopterans. But, as is often the way 
with criminals, these defendants were not ready for their trial, and so, 
having not been bound over to appear, they all suddenly left the country ; 
all proceedings consequently dropped. In 1557 the beetles re-appeared, 
and did much damage. Again the aid of justice was invoked, her arm 
uplifted, and the wheels of the law set in motion. Domestic animals, 
when they sinned against man, were tried in the ordinary criminal courts, 
and their punishment, on conviction, was death ; but wild animals who 
offended seem to have been within the special jurisdiction of Mother 
Church and tried in the ecclesiastical courts, the thunderbolt of the 
anathema being the judgment usually used against these dumb creatures. 
Said the learned canonists, ‘‘ As God cursed the serpent, David the moun- 
tains of Gilboa, and our Saviour the barren fig-tree, so, in like manner, the 
Church has full power to exorcise, anathematise and excommunicate all 
creatures, animate and inanimate.” Well, in this case, the Vicar-General 
of the Diocese appointed a judge to try the beetles and named a lawyer 
‘to defend them; for it was held that they should be treated with the 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


greatest clemency that justice would allow, the lower animals being the 
elder-born and first heirs of the earth and blessed of God, who gave them 
every green herb for meat. Judge and counsel being named legal dis- 
cussions followed, and at last it was decided that the inhabitants should 
provide a piece of land outside the vineyards of the parish for the beetles, 
sufficient in quantity and quality for their use. This was done ; a fortnight 
later the counsel for the prosecution moved the Court for an order, that in 
default of the accused accepting the land offered they should be prevented 
meddling with the vineyards, under certain penalties. The advocate for 
the coleopterans asked time to consider, and the case coming on again 
after two months, he declared that he could not, on behalf of his clients, 
accept the land offered, as it was barren and produced nothing suitable 
for their food and sustenance. Issue was joined on this point, and arbi- 
trators appointed, and then Here, unfortunately, the report stops, 
and we know not what was the result. We are not informed who paid for 
the defence of these beetles, but we are told that such legal processes could 
never be begun until all arrears of tithes were paid to the Church. 

In 1690 legal proceedings were taken against some caterpillars, who, 
in the way of business, were laying waste the cultivated parts of the little 
town of Pont-du-Chateau, in Auvergne. The Vicar excommunicated them 
and the Judge of the district laid an interdict upon them, and solemnly 
relegated them to an uncultivated spot which was duly designated. 

A lawyer of France, in writing on the important subject of trials of 
animals, speaks (with that accuracy and truthfulness for which the mem- 
bers of that profession are noted) of locusts, in India, no less than three 
feet long, with legs armed with teeth so powerful that saws were made 
of them. 

In 1120 some Other naughty caterpillars were tried at Laon; the next 
year flies came before the Court at Forgny. In the fourteenth century 
Spanish flies were tried at Mayence ; and in 1479 cockchafers at Lausanne. 
By the way, the ecclesiastial court was rather sharp on these poor chafers. 
After three religious processions had gone the rounds, the insects were 
cited to appear in the Bishop’s court ; for counsel they had assigned to 
them one Perrodet, who had been dead six months. In consequence of 
his absence in the Spirit-world, the advocate did not appear in court 
when the case was called on, and as the chafers did not appear personally, 
judgment was given against them by default. They were excommunicated 
in the name of the Holy Trinity and the Blessed Virgin, and they and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


their descendants were ordered to quit forever the Diocese of Lausanne. 

We presume that in this case some of the chafers were brought into 
Court to hear the sentence. That step was taken some years previously 
in the same town, when judgment was given on non-appearance against 
some leeches, and a number of them were brougbt into court to hear the 
sentence that they were to leave the district in three days. By the way, 
the leeches proved contumaceous and did not leave, whereupon they 
were exorcised ; that process had the effect of a capital punishment, for 
they at once began to die off, and so went on day by day until they were 
utterly exterminated. 


Weevils were prosecuted at Beaume in 1488, at Macon in 1501, at 
Cotentin in 1504, and at Troyes in 1576; these poor coleopterous long- 
noses seem to have been especially obnoxious to the Church. Caterpillars 
were tried at Cotentin in 1585, and at Auvergne in 1690. Locusts were 
frequently sat upon by the Judges. And as late as the eighteenth century 
ants were proceeded against in Brazil. These little black busybodies had 
so undermined a monastery of St. Anthony that it was in danger of falling 
about the ears of the monks ; they also worked so indefatigably by night 
and by day at stealing the grain of the friars, that these holy men were like 
to starve. The lawyer for the insects on this occasion was no dweller in 
the Spirit-world, but a shrewd and learned servant of Justice. He argued 
that as his clients had received from the Creator the gift of life they had 
a right to preserve it as best they could ; that they set an example to men 
in the practice of many virtues; prudence, in storing food for future use ; 
diligence, in gathering corn (and here he quoted St. Jerome) ; charity, in 
aiding one another with heavy burdens ; and religion and piety, in burying 
their dead. While admitting that the friars were more noble and more 
worthy, this bold advocate alleged that before God they were only like 
ants ; that the advantage of reason scarcely compensated for their sin in 
breaking the laws of nature and of reason ; that their crime in offending 
against God was greater than the ants’ in taking their flour. That the 
ants had prior possession, and that if expelled they would appeal to the 
tribunal of their Divine Creator, who made the smallest as well as the 
greatest and had assigned to every one his guardian angel ; and in con- 
clusion, he asserted that the defendants would continue their mode of 
being, as the earth and all it contained belonged to God, and not to the 
monks. After a careful perusal of the evidence and consideration of the 
arguments, the Judge ordered the monks to select a field in the neighbor- 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hood where the ants might live peaceably, and that they should remove 
thither at once under pain of excommunication. The sentence was read 
in a loud voice at the mouth of the ant-hills, when, m7zradzle dictu, immedi- 
ately millions of ants came out, forming themselves into long and dense 
columns, and proceeded at once to the field assigned them abandoning 
their former dwellings. So saith the Rev. Father Mancel Bernardes, in 
his ** Nova Floresta ;” and he saw the records of the pleadings and pro- 
ceedings himself. 

The tribunals were generally very loath to proceed to extremities and 
exorcise these little sinners. This was due partly to the milk of human 
kindness that flowed beneath the towered heads of the priestly judges ; 
and partly because it was noticed that, upon some occasions, after having 
been anathematised, the noxious animals, instead of ‘“ withering off the face 
of the earth” (as they were expected to do and ought to have done), 
actually increased and multiplied, and became more destructive than 
before. This terrible obstinacy and depravity was deemed due to the 
malevolent hatred of Satan, who is, at certain times and periods, permitted 
to annoy and torment the sons of men. 

Sometimes the opponents of the poor insects took an unfair advantage 
of them, and would not give them a chance of making themselves heard 
in Court. St. Bernard was preaching one day, when a number of flies 
entered the church, and disturbed the auditors by their buzzing. The 
saint excommunicated them, and the next day all the flies were found 
dead, covering the pavement with their bodies. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Captures.—Dear Siv,—It may be a matter of interest to record the 
abundance of large silk worms this season in the neighborhood of London, 
Ont. Since the fall of the leaves the cocoons have easily been detected, 
and my friend, Mr. B. Bayly, and I have made the following captures 
with very little trouble, and in a very circumscribed district: Telea 
Polyphemus, 44; Attacus Cecropia, 51 ; Hyperchiria Io., 20. 


LAWRENCE BayNES REED, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pai 


FORMICA SANGUINEA!.—Latr. 
BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 


In a piece of uncultivated land, bordering a wood in proximity to 
Oak Hill, Columbia Co., New York, there are two large nests of these 
ants. They are in size about 4 x 2 feet, and during the eight summers of 
my residence at this place they have not outwardly increased much in 
size. The gardener has observed them for thirty-five years, and it is not 
improbable that they have existed for a half a century or more. I hada 
longing desire to open them and explore their deep caverns and winding 
galleries, but the gardener regarded such action as an ill-omen to the 
place, and an infringement upon the rights of communities that he had 
long protected and cared for. On one occasion I captured a dozen 
workers from one of these nests and carried them away about a thousand 
feet. I then threw them out of the glass jar in which I had captured 
them upon a carriage way, and, standing the jar down, watched to see 
what course they might take to the nest. To my astonishment every 
individual, after much wandering, entered the jar. I repeated the experi- 
ment; several re-entered the jar, the others travelled away in different 
directions and became lost in the grass bordering the road. ‘The ants are 
social and live in communities, and I take it that they returned to the 
jar as being the last place in which they were in company. 


aE IL ESE RTE AI OS NGL SGD SR EAE ERE ETT 
DEATH OF DR. JOHN L. LECONTE. 


It is with feelings of the deepest regret that we announce the death of 
Dr. J. L. Leconte, the eminent coleopterist, who died on the rs5th of 
November, in the 59th year of his age. His valuable and voluminous 
writings have given him a world-wide reputation, while his uniform kind- 
ness and self-denying labors, in aiding students in his department, have 
won him the esteem of all who have had the pleasure either of meeting him 
personally, or of corresponding with him. ‘The writer well remembers the 
kind encouragement which our departed friend gave him some twenty years 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ago by the prompt manner in which he responded to a number of enquiries, 
and his readiness in undertaking the work of naming a large number of 
species of Coleoptera. Dr. Leconte ever manifested a warm interest in 
the Entomological Society of Ontario, and in the earlier volumes of our 
Journal are many valuable articles from his pen. His Classification of the 
Coleoptera of North America, published by the Smithsonian Institute in 
1861, was a great boon to those interested in the study of American 
beetles, and greatly stimulated progress in this department, while the 
many excellent monographs he has written of special families have been 
invaluable to students. 


During the period of the war his scientific labors were interrupted by 
pressing official duties. He was first appointed Surgeon of Volunteers, 
and shortly afterwards Medical Inspector, with the rank of Lieutenant- 
Colonel, which position he occupied for some years. Subsequently he 
spent three years in Europe, where he visited all the public museums and 
as many private ones as were accessible to him, which enabled him, with 
the aid of a wonderful memory, to settle many doubtful points in reference 
to species in his own cabinet. On his return he resumed his entomologi- 
cal work, which was carried on with but slight interruption until within a 
week or two of his death. His labors on the Rhyncophora resulted in 
the publication of a volume of 455 pages, entitled, “‘Species of Rhynco- 
phora,” in which he was assisted by Dr. Horn. ‘This was published as a 
separate volume by the American Philosophical Society in 1876. Subse- 
quently, in association with Dr. Geo. H. Horn, he prepared an entirely 
new work to replace his early volume on the Classification of Coleoptera 
of North America, in which the bulk of the families are re-arranged and a 
vast amount of material, which has accumulated during the past twenty 
years, utilized, and the whole brought into harmony with the present 
advanced condition of knowledge on this subject. This work, which was 
issued during the early part of the present year by the Smithsonian Insti- 
tute, will prove a most valuable guide to students’ of Coleoptera every- 
where, and will, perhaps, be the most enduring monument of his life work. 
No man who has ever lived has done as much as Dr. Leconte to advance 
the study of Coleoptera in America; and it has been well said that to 
follow the papers he has written during his busy life would be to give a 
history of the progress of scientific Coleopterology in America. His 
death will be a very great loss to American science, and an almost irre- 
parable one to the special department in which he labored. 


THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 


BOOK NOTICES. 
First Annual Report of the Injurious and other Insects of the State of 

New York ; by J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist ; large 8vo. 

This very complete and methodical report, by Prof. Lintner, occupies 
382 pages, and is illustrated with 84 cuts. The volume opens with a 
copious table of contents, followed by a chapter on the importance of the 
study of Entomology, in view of the extent of insect depredations, and 
the immense losses insects occasion. The progress which has been made 
in Economic Entomology is then reviewed, and the writings of the chief 
workers in this field referred to, following which the various insect 

‘remedies and the best methods of using them are fully detailed. Preven- 
tives of insect depredations are next noticed, including the use of odorous 
substances to deter insects from depositing their eggs on plants and trees, 
as well as various mechanical contrivances employed for the same purpose. 

Among injurious insects, those belonging to the order Lepidoptera are 
first taken up. They are:—The bag or basket worm, Zhyridopteryx 
ephemereformis; the larch lappet, Zolype laricis; the bronze-colored 
cut worm, Wephelodes violans ; the stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela; he corm- 
worm, Ae/iothis armiger ; the vagabond crambus, Crambus vulgivagellus ; 
the dried crambus, Crambus exsiccatus; the peach-twig moth, Anarsia 
lineatella; the apple-leaf Bucculatrix, Buccu/atrix pomifoliella; and the 
apple-tree case-bearer, Coleophora malivorella. The insects belonging to 
the Dipterous order are next noticed, beginning with some species of 
Anthomyiidz, next the Syrphidz, Drosophilide, concluding with the 
wheat-stem maggot, Weromyza Americana. Those coleopterous insects 
which are injurious are then treated of in the following order: The rose- 
beetle, Macrodactylus subspinosus ; the Indian Cetonia, Luphoria [nda ; 
the sparagus beetle, Crzocerts asparagi ; the punctured clover-leaf weevil, 
Phytonomus punctatus; and the sculptured corn-curculio, Sphenphorus 
sculptilis. 

Injurious insects belonging to the order Hemiptera next claim atten- 
tion, when the life histories of the harlequin cabbage-bug, M/urantia his- 
trionica ; the four-lined leaf-bug, Pectlocapsus lineatus, and the two- 
marked tree-hopper, Exchenopa binotata, are given. Throughout the 
whole of this valuable report the species referred to are freely illustrated 
with excellent figures, and the text conveniently arranged in separate 
paragraphs with suitable headings. 

The report closes with an Appendix, which contains a full account of 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the entomological writings of the late Dr. Asa Fitch, a list of the insect 
enemies of the apple-tree, descriptions and notes of Lepidoptera, on the 
life duration of the moths, followed by a very complete general index 
covering 33 pages, with an additional index to food plants. We have had 
many excellent reports from State Entomologists in the past, but we doubt 
if ever there was a report published containing so much useful information 
and so well arranged in every respect as this first report of Prof. Lintner’s. 
The State of New York may well be congratulated in having secured the 
services of an officer so efficient and painstaking. 


Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial 
Insects of the State of Illinois. 


This twelfth Illinois report is the first of the recently appointed State 
Entomologist, Prof. S. A. Forbes. It is a large octavo pamphlet of 162 
pages, illustrated with 30 cuts. An exhaustive account is given of the 
corn-root worm, Diabrotica longicornis, Say, with magnified figures of the 
insect in all its stages, together with details of the injury it has inflicted. 
This is followed with an account of the remedies, both natural and arti- 
ficial, which have been found useful in subduing this pest. The Chinch 
bug, Béissus leucopterus, 1s next noticed, its life history given, and natural 
enemies enumerated, including a species of bacterium, J/7crococcus insec- 
torum, which has been found destructive to the Chinch bug in the west. 

The strawberry crown borer, Zy/oderma fragaria, is described very 
fully, and its work illustrated ; also the crown miner, Avarsia /ineatella. 
Following these are descriptions of the melon plant louse, Aphzs cucum- 
eris, 0. sp., Which has been found injuring cucumbers and melons ; the 
European cabbage worm, Pieris rape, with details of experiments with 
various remedies. ‘The cherry or pear slug, Se/andria cerast,; the white- 
marked tussock caterpillar, Orgyia leucostigma, the bag-worm, Thyrv- 
dopteryx ephemeraformis; the army worm, Leucania unipuncta; the 
stalk-borer, Gortyna niteda; and the zebra caterpillar, Wamestra picta, 
are also described, following which is an interesting article on the food 
relations of predaceous bectles, a subject to which Prof. Forbes has de- 
voted much attention. Next in order is a paper on the Phytopti and 
other injurious plant mites, by H. Garman, and observations on the 
angoumois grain moth and its parasites, by F. M. Webster ; the whole 
forming an excelient report, one which weil sustains the character to which 
the Illinois reports have attained. ; 


oN Canadran Entomal lonist 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1883. No. 12 


LIST OF DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA: COLLECTED IN THE 
NORTH-WEST TERRITORY AND THE 
ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 


BY CAPTAIN GAMBLE GEDDES, 


A, D. C. to the Lieut.-Governor of Ontario, during Season of 1883, with Localities. 


. Papilio Asterias, F. Edmonton. 
‘“ Troilus, L. Fort Macleod. 
Se aPurngsy 1; “ 
«  Glaneus;: Is. 
‘¢ Eurymedon, Bd. Seen but not taken. 
. Parnassius Smintheus, Doubd. Crow’s Nest Pass. 
Dark var. Hermodur, H. Edw. Summit Pass. 
. Pieris Oleracea, Boisd. Koutanai. 
9. ‘ Occidentalis, Reak. Pincher Creek. 
10. ‘ Protodice, Boisd. Belly River. 
queen. Om inapa, Li. oN. W. 'T: 
12. Anthocaris Olympia, Edw. (v. rare). Summit. 
be ES: ef Ausonides, Boisd. Calgarry. 
14. Colias Christina, Edw. Red Deer River. 
15.  ‘  Occidentalis; Scud. (rare). Edmonton. 
16. ‘ Edwards, Behr. (rare). Edmonton. 
17. “ Astrea, Edw. (2 new). RedDeer River. 
18. ‘ Alexandra, Edw. (rare). 5,000 ft. elevation Rocky Mountains. 
19. ‘“* Eurytheme, Boisd. (rare). None taken W. of Moose Jaw. 
20. ‘“ Hagenti, Edw. Fort Macleod. 
ee a ‘“« (diminutive form). Fort Macleod. 


on (>to y ee Sa as Te = a 


22.  ‘* Scudderii, Reak. Koutanai, 


23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27 
28. 
29. 
30: 
1: 
Se. 
33: 
34- 
35: 
36. 
37: 
38. 
39: 
40. 
4I. 
42. 
43: 
44. 
45; 
46. 
47- 
48. 
49: 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53: 
54 
55: 
56. 
57: 
58. 


59- 
60. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Argynnis Lais, N. S., Edw. Fort Edmonton. 
rs Cybele, -F: e 
Fs Baucis, Edw. (not proved new yet). Fort Edmonton. 
€ Coronis, Behr. Belly River. 
se «« (dark varieties). Crow’s Nest. 
“2 Chariclea, Schneid. Crow’s Nest. 
=“ Boisduvalii. < 
as Atlantis, Edw. se 
vs Eurynome, Edw. Belly River. 
de V. Erinna. Red Deer River. 
e V. Arge (?), Streck. Calgarry. 
% Clio, Edw. (v. rare). Crow’s Nest. 
a Monticola, Behr. (v. rare). Summit. 
as Edwardsii, Reak. (v. rare). Blackfoot Reserve. 
es Artonis, Edw. (v. rare). Koutanai. 
« Myrina, Cram. Edmonton. 
© Aphrodite, F. ‘ 

Meliteea Nubigena, Behr. Crow’s Nest. 
ce Palla (?), Boisd. os 
pe Chalcedon (?), Boisd. Garnett Ranche. 


Leanira. z - 
Limenitis Disippus, Godt. Crow’s Nest. 
4 Lorquini, Boisd. ¢ 


Es Arthemis, Drury. N. W. T. 
Vanessa Muilberti, Godt. N. W. T. 
« Antiopa, L. N:. W. T. 
Pyrameis Atalanta, L. N. W. T. 
Grapta Satyrus, Edw. Crow’s Nest. 
“ Progne, Cram. Fort Macleod. 
Danais Archippus, F. Common. 
Chionobas Chryxus, West (v. rare). Summit. 
ss Varuna, Edw. Calgarry. 
A Uhileri(?);Reaks .% 
Erebia Epipsodea, Butl. Fort Ellis. 
Satyrus Charon, Edw. Garnett Ranche. 
«« Silvestris, Edw. s 
‘¢ Nephele, Kirby. Rocky Mountains. 
“* V. Boopis, Behr. % 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223 


61. “« VY. Ariana, Boisd. Rocky Mountains. 


62. «« V. Olympus, Edw. i 

63. Coenonympha Inornata, Edw. » Calgarry and Edmonton. 
64. aK Ochracea, Edw. & & 

65. Phyciodes Carlota, Reak. Brandon. 

66. rs Tharos, Drury. Edmonton. 


67-68. Several varieties from North of Edmonton. Not determined. 
69. Thecla Titus, F. Old Man’s River. 


70. “  Edwardsi, Saund. (rare). Summit. 

71. Chrysophanus Mariposa, Reak. (v. rare). Summit. 

OB: ne Florus, Edw., Nov. Spec.(v. rare). Garnett’s Ranche. 
73. = Helloides, Boisd. Oxley Ranche. 

74. = Americana, D’Urban. oF 

75. a Sirius, Edw. (v. rare). Fort Macleod. 


76. Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud. Medicine Hat. 

77- Amblyscirtes Vialis, Edw. (v. rare). Fort Ellis. 
78. Thymelicus Garita, Reak. Fort Ellis. 

79. Thanaos Brizo, Boisd. Fort Ellis. 

80. Eudamus Pylades, Scud. “ 

81. Lycena Anna, Edw. Belly River. 

82. «  Amyntula, Boisd. Calgarry. 

og. **  Sepiolus, Boisd. Crow’s Nest. 

84. “* Rustica. Fort Qu’Appelle. 


85. «¢ Pembina, Edw. Crow’s Nest. 
86. “« Afra, Edw. Nov. Spec. Saskatchewan. 
87. ‘** — Unknown Spec. sent for identification. Garnett Ranche. 


88. Pamphila Zabulon, Bd. Lec. Calgarry. 

89. of Manataaqua, Scud. (v. rare). Fort Macleod. 
go. = Manitoba. Belly River. 

gi. rs Uncas, Edw. “ 

92. = Cernes, Bd. Lec. Crow’s Nest. 


Insects AS Foop ror Man.—In the interior of Australia the natives are 
very fond of a large Coleopterous larva found in the bark of certain 
species of Eucalyptus. They eat them generally raw, holding them by 
the head and biting the body off as we would a cherry. They also cook 
them in the hot ashes and eat them.—American Naturalist. 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


HISTORY OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF COLIAS 
EURYDICE, Boisp., WITH REMARKS UPON THE 
GENUS MEGONOSTOMA, REAKIRT. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc.—Shape of Lurytheme, fusiform, tapering evenly from the middle 
to either extremity; the base broad, the summit pointed, mbbed longi- 
tudinally, and crossed by numerous striz ; color, pale green when first 
laid; later, changing to crimson ; duration of this stage about four days. 

YOUNG Larva.—Length, .1 inch ; cylindrical, thickest on two and three, 
tapering slightly to thirteen ; each segment from two to thirteen several times 
creased, and on the ridges thus caused are many fine black points, each with 
minute black hair; scattered among these are larger black points, or 
tubercles, some with long, tapering, black hairs, but most with long, white, 
clubbed appendages ; on two there is a cross row.of these in front of the 
segment, five on either side, running from dorsum to base ; on three and 
four are four each, also in front, but after four, there are three to the seg- 
ment, disposed in triangle, two being in front, one on the last ridge ; these 
form longitudinal rows ; thirteen has three black hairs on either side in 
triangle, and from four to twelve are two black hairs at base of each ; 
color, dull yellow-green ; feet and legs same ; head rounded, but little de- 
pressed at top ; a few tubercles scattered over the face, each with long, 
tapering, depressed, black hair; color, pale yellow-brown. Duration of 
this stage about four days. 

After first moult :—Length, .14 inch; color, yellow.green ; the ndges 
thickly beset with black points, from which black hairs ; on two, three and 
four these points are larger than elsewhere ; head shaped as before, the 
depression being decided ; the tubercles and hairs more frequent ; color, 
yellow-green, paler than body. As the stage proceeds, a yellow stripe 
begins to show itself the length of body, below spiracles. To next moult 
four to five days. : 

After second moult :—Length, .22 inch; color, green, with black 
points and hairs as in previous stage ; the band along base distinct, white ; 
just over it, on three and four each, on the middle of the segment, is a 
black bead-like process; under side, blue-green; head, yellow-green ; 
thickly covered with fine black tubercles, each with a short, black hair, and 
among them are about twelve of considerably larger size, with long hairs. 
To next moult three days. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


After third moult :—Length, .4 inch; color, same ; in addition to the 
black processes on three and four is often a minute similar one on the 
succeeding segments in same line, but there is much variation as to these 
in number; the band white, with a yellow discoloration, which shows 
more decidedly as the stage progresses. ‘To next moult three days. 

After fourth moult :—Length, .6 inch; the red begins to show in the 
band for the first time, and there is quite constantly a black process on 
the segments after four, as described in previous stage. To maturity 
three days. 

Mature Larva.—Length, t.1 inch ; cylindrical; color, dull green ; 
the segments thickly covered with fine black tubercles, each of which gives 
out a short, black hair; along base, lying in line with the spiracles, from 
two to twelve inclusive, is a narrow, white band, and along the lower edge 
of this is a macular vermillion streak, broken at the junctions of the seg- 
ments; on three and four each, over the band, in middle of the seg- 
‘ments, is a black, vitreous, rounded process, and sometimes minute ones of 
same character are found on the succeeding segments, or part of them; 
under side blue-green ; legs and feet same ; head, color of body, rounded, 
slightly depressed at top, thickly beset with fine, black points, each with 
short, black hairs ; ocelli, black. From fourth moult to pupation six days. 
One larva at the last stage differed from all the rest; in addition to the 
complete row of vitreous spots, it had others on certain segments, viz. :— 
on two, one at verge of dorsum on either side ; on three, three high up on 
either side ; on four, two high up; on five and six, one sub-dorsal each ; 
on eight and ten, each, an abbreviated jet-black bar, instead of round pro- 
cesses ; and below the white band were small, black marks, such as are 
seen in many Philodice and Eurytheme. 

Another had on each segment, from two to thirteen inclusive, on the 
second ridge from the point, a black band from the white band on one 
side to that on the other; these had the sides more or less crossed, but 
were pretty regular ; on thirteen was a short black bar along each side, 
and the shield was black. This was a remarkable variation. 

[Nore.—All the larval measurements and descriptions above given 
were taken at or near twelve hours from the moult. | 


CurysaLis.—Length, .8 inch ; greatest breadth across mesonotum, .19; 
across abdomen, .2 inch ; greatest depth, .28 inch; compressed laterally, 
the abdomen conical, the head case produced to a point; the thorax on 
ventral side prominent and compressed to a narrow ridge ; the mesono- 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tum low, rounded, with a slight carina, and followed by a slight excava- 
tion; color, apple-green; a white stripe along side of abdomen to 
extremity. Duration of this stage nine to ten days. 


Boisduval’s type male is described as having the yellow replaced by 
vivid orange, and the fore wings as having a violet reflection. This is the 
form figured in But., N. A., Vol. I. But many are utterly without any 
sort of reflection, and the dog’s head is ochre-yellow. 


Mr. Henry Edwards, in Proc. Cal. Acad., Dec. 18, (876, called atten- 
tion to the var. Amorphe of Hurydice, and speaks of it as the autumn 
brood of EZurydice, distinguished by a decided black marginal border to 
hind wings of the male, and by brown patches upon the marginal border 
of the female. It is a seasonally dimorphic form rather than a variety. 
Mr. Edwards discovered that Amorpha Californica was the food plant of 
Eurydice, and described some part of the transformations in Proc. before 
cited, June 5, 1876. He notices that the caterpillar refused all other — 
plants offered by him. The mature larva and chrysalis are described. 
I see that Mr. Edwards gives the length of the larva as 1.45 inch, and of 
the chrysalis .95 inch. The largest larva which I have seen had a length 
of only 1.1 inch, and the chrysalis of .8 inch. It may be that the larva of 
spring brood is smaller than the fall brood. All my larve were of 
the spring. Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, sent me several 
eggs by mail, which hatched on the road, and the larve reached 
Coalburgh 2nd April, 1883. On 23rd April, I received quite a num- 
ber of larvee of all stages from first to last ; 24th April, came another 
lot of larvee. With each lot came a supply of the food plant, and boxes 
of this were sent me repeatedly, and till I announced that I wanted no 
more ; also plants with roots were sent, and these I succeeded in saving, 
and before fall had three large bushes four feet high. I tried, in vain, to 
make the larve eat clover. Their habits are similar to those of Phzlodice. 
When first hatched, they eat furrows in the surface of the leaf; by first 
moult eat the leaf itself; always lie extended on the upper side along the 
mid rib. There is not the slightest difficulty in raising them to chrysalis, 
if one has the plant. 


The several stages of this butterfly—egg, larva from egg to pupa, and the 
pupa, are closely like those of other Coliads, as Philodice, Eurytheme, &c. 
There is no generic difference whatever observable in any of these stages 
between Lurydice and Philodice, and so far as my observations with Diurnal 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 227 


Lepidoptera go, there is no case where a natural genus does not show its 
distinctive characters in the preparatory stages, either in all of them, or 
part. There is no more natural genus than Colias, and it seems to me 
enough that the differences in the imagos should be indicated by groups 
merely. A group may stand for a sub-genus, but the differences in Colias 
are hardly enough to make sub-genus of. Therefore, I do not approve 
of the genus Megonostoma, created by Reakirt in 1863 to accommodate 
Eurydice and Cesonia, and a supposed species called by Mr. Reakirt 
Helena, but which is a variety of one of the others. Mr. Reakirt was, at 
that date, a zealous collector, but, like myself, was but a beginner, and 
undertook to generalize in this case on very slight grounds. His most im- 
portant character for the new genus consisted “in peculiar appendages, 
found on the middle and posterior legs of the female,” to which he gives 


the name Eupronychia. “To be found on the under side of the tarsi, 
respectively, at two-thirds and three-fourths of their length, as two small 
membraneous appendages, each being tri-jointed.” And nearly a whole 


page of the Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. II., is devoted to a description and 
elaborate measurements of those appendages, running into the hundred 
thousandths of a millimeter. Now, I never was able to find in any 
example of Casonia or Eurydice any such appendages, and I recollect 
very well that at the time this genus was made known, another lepidop- 
terist said the appendages were merely spicule from some flower, pro- 
bably of Asclepias. Recently I made a fresh examination and have 
found nothing, though I have a great many females of these species to 
make examination of. Desiring the observations of some one besides 
myself, I wrote Mr. E. M. Aaron, at Phil., asking him to subject 
examples to the action of a powerful microscope. He replied: “ After a 
careful examination of a number of specimens, I fail to find anything that 
will answer to Reakirt’s Eupronychia. It would seem that this charac- 
teristic is worthless, at least. The microscope used is a most powerful 
one.” In the other characters cited by Mr. Reakirt—as eyes, oval, pro- 
jecting, &c., &c.—there is nowhere a generic distinction. . urydice and 
Cesonia have falcate fore wings, but that is not a generic difference, else 
Papilio Rutulus would have to be separated from P. Zurnus. Between 
the imagos of these two species and Eurytheme and Philodice are 
resemblances which bind them closely together, and which can have come 
only from a common ancestor: as the discal spots, the sub-marginal points 
on under side, the spots at base of hind wings, and the patches at outer 


228 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


angles. So the noted ‘“dog’s head” breaks out now and then in both 
the species named. 

I think, therefore, that the genus Megonostoma should be dropped 
from circulation, for there certainly is no more to justify a separate genus 
for these two species than there is for Edusa or for Behriz. 


NOTES ON SOLPUGID:. 
AY W. G. WRIGHT, SAN BERNARDINO, CAL. 


My first So/puga was found under a clod of hard earth, which I over- 
turned in search of spiders. Upon being uncovered, it reared its palpi 
aloft with a menacing motion, and backing down as closely as possible 
into a little depression, stood motionless till captured. This was in 
August, 1882. The specimen is apparently a 2, Datrines constricta, of 
medium size. The head and mandibles conform closely to the figure of 
that species, but it differs materially from the letter-press description of 
Constricta; as to the other parts. 

The second individual was taken in the evening, after a favorable op- 
portunity for observing its motions. It was in May, 1883, at 9 or 10 
o’clock, as I was sitting at my work-table writing a letter. A shaded lamp 
threw a strong light down upon pen and paper. For a few moments I 
had sat still, elaborating a sentence in my mind, when a magnificent 
Datrines came up from under my left arm as the elbow was extended 
after usual fashion, and ran with rapidity across the paper upon which I 
was writing, to the cover of some loose papers two feet to the right. As 
it ran I distinctly saw its motions. The body was nearly or quite drag- 
ging, and its palpi were raised up and curved forwards, and were in rapid 
motion, evidently as antenne or feelers, and not from fear or as a menace. 
Immediately recognizing my visitor, I hastily got the alcohol bottle and 
soon dislodged the animal from the papers, when it ran, with the same 
motions as previously, to regain its old hiding-place under the table, almost 
re-passing over its previous track ; and as it dropped over the edge of the 
table, by good fortune it fell into the bottle. 

This, larger one, is evidently a Datrines, but is unlike any plate or 
description seen by me. It is much larger than D. constricta, but, like it, 
is also a &. . rte 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 


From what I saw of these two individuals, I do not think them belli- 
gerent, nor that they would willingly bite or attack anything except their 
natural prey. Rather, I regard them as extremely timid things, and think 
that their so-called belligerent attitudes are in defence, or from the same 
feeling, whatever it may be called, that prompts a hare or a sheep to stamp 
upon the ground when it sees something that it does not understand. 


- 


POLENTA, SCOLECOCAMPA AND EUCALYPTERA. 


BY JOHN B. SMITH, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


In my synopsis of the genera of the octudie I placed Polenta, Morr., 
in a section with the anterior tibia unarmed at tip, and Zucalyptera, Morr., 
I retained as distinct from Scolecocampa, Gn., the genera coming into 
different sections by the form of the palpi, and no particular comparisons 
being made, because I considered the genera so widely distinct that there 
was no possible chance of confounding them. On this account I have 
been criticised by Mr. Grote, and attention has been called in the case of 
Polenta to the fact that a specimen in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection had a 
claw terminating the anterior tibia, and that, therefore, I had inexcusably 
overlooked an important and obvious structural character. With all due 
deference to Mr. Grote, I think the mistake is not on my side ; of Polenta 
I saw Mr. Morrison’s type and three other specimens ; these I carefully 
re-examined, after reading Mr. Grote’s strictures, and wot a single one of 
the specimens has any trace of armature at the tip of the anterior tibia. 
That Mr. Grote has seen a claw terminating the anterior tibia of an insect 
labelled Polenta Tepperi, Morr., it would be folly for me to dispute. That 
the insect is correctly determined I may be permitted to doubt, for it is 
scarcely possible that on all of the specimens I have examined the claw 
was so broken off as to leave no trace. I believe, therefore, that I was 
right, and that Mr. Morrison’s generic diagnosis in this particular was 
correct. 

As to Eucalyptera Mr. Grote fails to see any reason whatever for 
“‘re-habilitating” this genus. I have the type of Auca/ypftera and three 
other specimens, agreeing in all respects with it; and Scolecocampa is 


230 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


so well known that it will scarcely be contended that I have mistaken the 


insect. 


SCOLECOCAMPA, 


Form robust, strong ; eyes naked; 
tibia unarmed; legs modcrate, 
strong, densely clothed with long 
hair, forming tufts in the 7. 

Tongue moderate, spiral ; front 
not globose, with a pointed tuft di- 
rected downward; palpi straight, 
projecting far beyond the head, 
rather roughly clothed, the second 
joint longest, much enlarged and 
more heavily clothed at tip, the ter- 
minal joint drooping; the whole, 
with the frontal tuft, forming a 
pointed snout. 


I give in parallel columns the generic diagnosis of each : 


EUCALYPTERA. 


Form slender, slight ; eyes naked ; 
tibiz unarmed ; legs long, slender, 
closely scaled, anterior coxze unus- 
ually large. 

Tongue rudimentary, obsolete ; 
front globose, with a pointed tuft 
directed upward; palpi oblique, 
moderately exceeding the head, 
closely scaled except at tip of 
second joint, where a tuft of scales 
creates an apparent enlargement ;- 
terminal joint, straight, the whole 
forming a pointed snout, but pro- 
jecting upward as well as forward. 


The species dipuncta has a very close resemblance, structurally and 
superficially, with Doryodes acutaria, and, like it, is found in salt marshes. 
I certainly cannot be accused of an overfondness for numerous genera, but 
I do most firmly believe that Lucalyptera and Scolecocampa can not be 
properly united. 


TO ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


Dr. H. A. Hagen, of Cambridge, Mass., is working on a monograph of 
the Odonata, with special regard to their early stages. He will be thankful 
to receive material from any collector who may have such, and will duly 
acknowledge the same. Larvze or pupz (dry or in alcohol) will be valuable 
to him, but he especially desires reared specimens of the insects, with such 
notes as can be furnished of the earlier stages. We trust that all who can 
will assist this distinguished author, who has done so much to aid others 
in their entomological studies, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE PROMETHEA EMPEROR-MOTH. 
Callosamia Promethea, DRuRY. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


In Fig. 10 we have a faithful representation of the male of this beautiful 
insect, and in Fig. 11 the female is shown. Both of these were drawn from 


Fic. 10.—MALE. 


nature, and engraved by H..H. Nichol, of Washington, and are of the 


Fic. 11.—FEMALE. 


natural size. This species is found throughout most of the Northern 
States and in Ontario, appearing on the wing late in June or early 


232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in July. The wings of the male are of a brownish-black color, those 
of the female light reddish-brown. In both sexes the wings are crossed” 
by a wavy. whitish line near the middle, and a yellowish border along the 
hinder edges. They both also have an eye-like black spot with a pale 
bluish crescent within, near the tip of the fore wings. Near the middle 
of each of tbe wings of the female there is an angular reddish-white spot, 
margined with black ; these are also visible on the under side of the wings 
of the male, but are seldom seen on the upper side. The wings of the 
male are narrower than those of the female, and the antennz much broader. - 

The female lays her eggs in clusters 
of five or six or more together. They 
are of a creamy-white color, with an 
ochreous spot on the upper side, and are 
about one-sixteenth of an inch in diame- 
ter. They hatch towards the end of July. 

The young larva is pale green with yel- 
low bands and faint rows of black tuber- 
cles. After passing the second moult it 
appears as at @ in Fig. 12. During the 
subsequent moults the larva changes very 
much, and when full grown it measures 
two inches or more in length, and presents 
the appearance shown at 4 in the figure. 
It is then of a bluish-green, or sometimes 
of a greenish-yellow color, with a whitish 
bloom, and has the head, feet, and hinder 
segments yellow. On each segment there 
> are about eight small warts or short 
a 2 horns of a deep blue color, except the 

acs +5) AfeAeiey. two uppermost on the top of the third 
and fourth rings, which are of a rich coral 
red, and a long yellow one on the top of the twelfth segment. 

When full grown it selects a suitable spot from which to suspend its 
cocoon, usually a twig of cherry, sassafras, or some other tree, on which 
the larva feeds. The twig is first wound round with silk for about half an 
inch on each side of the base of a leaf; tl¥e silk is then spun down around 
the leaf stalk, so that the leaf is firmly fastened to the twig, and cannot be 
detached without using much force. ‘The expanded leaf is then drawn 


= 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. nome 


together with silken threads in the form shown in Fig. 13, and within this 
enclosure the cocoon is spun. These cocoons 
may often be seen during the winter hanging 
from the twigs of trees and shrubs. 


In addition to the cherry and sassafras, the 
larva feeds on ash, poplar, azalea, button bush, 
and other shrubs and trees; aithough the ash 
is a very common food plant the cocoons are 
rarely, if ever, found upon it. The leafstalks 
being very long, it is perhaps too laborious a 
task for the caterpillar to fasten them to the 
twigs, and hence it leaves them in search of 3% 
leaves with shorter stalks. 


Birds frequently devour the contents of 
these cocoons during the winter, perforating 
them with their beaks ; the insect is also liable 
to be attacked by Ichneumon flies, which live 
in the larval state within the bodies of their 
victims and consume them. 


Fic. 13.—After Riley. 


A DISTINGUISHED HONOR. 


We are much gratified to learn that at the annual convocation of 
Trinity College, Toronto, held on the 15th of November, the distin- 
guished title of D. C. L. (Doctor of Civil Laws) was conferred upon the 
Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., head master of Trinity College School, 
Port Hope, Ontario. This is the highest title Trinity College can confer, 
and it is the first time it has been bestowed upon one of its own Batchelors. 
Mr. Bethune’s career as an entomologist is so well known that it is per- 
haps scarcely necessary to remark that he is one of the most prominent 
of Canadian Entomologists ; was formerly editor of this Journal, has been 
from the outset one of the pillars of our society, and has done much to 
advance Entomology in this country. Many we know will rejoice with 
us that Mr. Bethune has been made the recipient of this well-merited 
honor. e 


234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BURNING OF THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL 
UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE, ILL. 


On the afternoon of November 26, a fire was discovered in the south- 
east portion of this structure, directly above the museum, which spread 
rapidly, and in a short time consumed the entire frame-work of the build- 
ing, leaving onlythe bare and blackened walls standing. The loss is esti- 
mated at $150,000. ‘The greater portion of the library, apparatus, and 
furniture was saved, but the valuable museum, with all its contents, was 
destroyed, including large collections of insects, birds, plants and shells. 
By this fire there have been lost the type specimens of a number of species 
of Orthoptera and Hymenoptera, besides a large number of fine examples 
of insects of all orders. Fortunately there were 22 drawers of the 72 in 
the insect cabinet down stairs in Prof. French’s room ; these were saved, 
together with about fifty smaller boxes partly filled. The types also of 
the new species of Diptera, recently described by Mr. Marten in the Can. 
ENT., were saved. ‘The earnest workers in this institution have our sincere 
sympathy in the disaster which has befallen them. We trust that the — 
enterprise so characteristic of Western people will be equal to the occasion, 
and that the University will be promptly rebuilt. 


EGG AND YOUNG LARVA OF PAPILIO CRESPHONTES. 
BY THE EDITOR. 


On the 2nd of September I observed a number of young larve of P. 
cresphontes on the leaves of a small bush of prickly ash, Xanthoxylum 
Sraxineum, and among them some eggs, unhatched. ‘The eggs were laid 
singly and usually on the upper side of the leaf, to which they were firmly 
attached. They were about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, nearly 
round, slightly flattened, and concave at the base at the point of attach- 
ment to the leaf; color pale yellow ; not reticulated ; almost smooth, 
with a few irregular yellow dots and patches, as if yellow mucus had been 
dropped on the surface and dried. The eggs were semi-transparent por- 
tions of the young larva, with the black" hairs which adorn it showing 
through. The young larve varied from a quarter to half an inch in 
length. They were black, with an irregular pale patch almost covering 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 


the seventh and eighth segments, and another on the two hindermost 
segments. Each segment was adorned with semi-transparent tubercles, 
which were pale on the pale patches and dark on the other portions of 
the body ; each tubercle was armed with a few short black spines. On 
each side of second segment is a prominent tubercle with two smaller ones 
between them ; the third, fourth and fifth segments have six tubercles on 
each, arranged in irregular transverse rows ; the remaining segments have 
only two tubercles. Body thickest towards the front, tapering behind. 


MOTHS INJURIOUS TO VEGETATION. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


Under this head one might arrange nearly the whole of our moths, 
except, perhaps, a little species, the Luzephora eoccidivora, which Profes- 
sor Comstock has discovered to be predaceous, and to live upon plant-lice 
in the larval state, and one or two others, which, perhaps, have similar 
habits. A good many species become unusually numerous, however, in 
certain years and localities. Almost always this seems to be owing to the 
temporary cessation of action of the checks which keep down species from 
excessive multiplication, and disturbing the order of things. When we 
cultivate a large quantity of any cereal or plant of economic value, we in 
effect afford abundant food for the insects which habitually infest it. 
Many will recollect that the maple and other shade trees in Brooklyn and 
New York used to be completely defoliated by the middle of summer by 
the common Brown Drop or Measuring Worm, Ludalimia subsignaria. 
The English sparrow rid us of this nuisance ; it eat every one of them. 
This Measuring Worm sought refuge in the cities from the birds which 
attacked it, and kept it down in the country. In the cities the birds were 
less plentiful and, this check being removed, they throve exceedingly. 
When the Measuring Worms were gone their place was taken by a differ- 
ent moth, the Gray Vaporer, Orgyia /eucostigma, whose caterpillars, 
being hairy, were unpalatable to the sparrows. In Philadelphia this sub- 
stitution merely exchanged one nuisance for another, so plentiful have the 
Vaporer caterpillars become. In Buffalo, where the Vaporer was 
always the prevailing pest, no change has been made upon the entry of 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the English sparrow into that city. Other species occasionally increase 
largely in certain seasons for some unknown cause. On Mount Desert 
one season I saw myriads of the Pretty Pine Spanner, Cl/eora pulchraria, 
which is not usually so plentiful. Some of the principal species which 
injure our cultivated plants are the Army Worm, He/iophila unipuncta ; 
the Cotton Worm, A/etia argillacea; the Cabbage Cut-worm, Hadena 
devastatrix, and other Cut-worms belonging to the genera Agrotis and 
fadena. ‘The pine trees are bored by the larvee of several moths, and so 
with the hickories, as well as the fruit trees in our orchards. Some excel- 
ent scientific work towards working out the natural history of all these 
species has been done by the Department of Agriculture at Washington 
and the various State Governments. Taking into consideration the 
damage inflicted by these insects, it may be said that money is well spent 
towards understanding all about these pests, and the way to abate them 
is to understand their histories and modes of attack first. The fact re- 
mains that in many instances we can do comparatively little to check the 
ravages of insect pest; we have them chiefly removed by the multiplica- 
tion of their natural enemies. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


COAL TAR FOR THE PLUM WEEVIL. 

Dear Sir,—Respecting the use of coal-tar in the matter of driving 
away the plum-weevil about which Prof. Claypole inquires (p. 180), I 
have seen it recommended several times, and perhaps the source of the 
different commendations of it was Prof. Alex. Winchell’s paper. I have 
tried the coal-tar and found it of no avail. Some have followed advice 
published at one time, and applied the tar directly to the bark of the 
trunk and branches and thereby destroying the life of the tree, as has 
also been done with carbolic acid. All similar ways of fighting the plum- 
weevil must be classed as parvrying methods. Systems aiming at whole- 
sale slaughter, permit me to say, I deem are more judicious. There are 
at least two very reliable exterminating methods in use against the pest, 
both of which are explained by Mr. B. Gott in his article on the “ Plum 
Curculio,” in Annual Report of Entomological Society of Ontario, 1879. 

Very respectfully yours, . 

Clyde, N. Y, W, L. DEVEREAUX, 


THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Jat 


PIERIS RAPA VAR. NOVANGLI. 


Dear Sir,—In the CanapiaN Entomotocist, Vol. iv., p. 79, Mr. 
Scudder describes a variety of Prer’s rape under the name of /Vovanglie, 
and indicates that it is a new variety, developed since the introduction of 
this species into America. He gives Mr. Stainton as authority that noth- 
ing of the kind occurs in Europe. Curtis, in his ‘‘ Farm Insects of Great 
Britain,” page 1o1, after describing Rape, says: “ But I possess a male, 
taken near Oldham, in Lancashire, which has all the wings of a bright 
yellow color.” Is not this Mr. Scudder’s variety Vovanglie ? If so, the 
origin of it must be placed further off than since the introduction of the 
species into this country, and the cause of its development, something 
operating in England as well as in New England. Yours truly, 

State College, Orono, Me., Dec. 20, 1883. C. H. FERNALD. 


PARASITE ON VANESSA ANTIOPA. 


Dear Sir,—In the Enromotocistr for September, your correspondent, 
Frederick Clarkson, speaks of obtaining so few parasitic insects from vari- 
ous cocoons. Perhaps it may interest some of your readers if I mention 
some cases of an opposite character that have come under my own ob- 
servation. From a chrysalis of V. Antiopa I counted 145 little green 
flies, and from the cocoon of a curious green and white worm, of which I 
have not been able to find the name, I carefud/y counted 1,257 very 
small black flies. This cocoon was not as large as V. Antiopa chrysalis. 
You see I am not scientific enough to know the names of these parasites, 
but I send the facts for what they are worth. Yours truly, 

Watertown, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1883. HarrizEt H. KEYES. 


REMARKABLE GATHERING OF BEETLES. 


Dear Sir,—On the roth of October last, while walking along the new 
dock, now in course of construction at Weller’s Bay, I noticed what seems 
to me a remarkable occurrence, and one which I should like to know if others 
have observed. Along the outer edge of the crib-work were thousands of 
beetles, which were so thickly collected together in some places that a 
spot the size of one’s hand would have on it from 30 to 40 insects ; they 
were chiefly Coccinellide, but among them were Caradbide, Chrysomelide, 
Staphylinide, and other families. In the course of a few minutes I picked 
up, besides specimens of many other species, no less than 55 Donacias. 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


At the time there was a strong southerly breeze blowing off the water, to 
which they were fully exposed. They were clinging to lumps of moist sandy 
mud, which had been recently dredged for filling the crib, and to moistened 
wood-work. No attempt was made at flight while being picked up. On 
the inner edge, or land side of the crib, not one was to be seen. 

Joun D. Evans, Trenton, Ont. 


NOTES ON THE LARVA ON SOME SPHINGID&. 

Dear Sir,—\n looking over your Entomological Report for 1881, I 
find, among the descriptions of the larva, pupze and imagos, the follow- 
ing about the larva of Hemaris tenuis, Gr.: ‘‘ The larva is, we believe, at 
present unknown.” [ have collected and reared this same larva for the 
last four or five years, and found it plentiful, feeding on the snowberry, 
Symphoricarpus, of which I have noticed, I believe, two varieties or 
species: one with small, almost round leaves, the other, which seems very 
rare, with larger leaves and more pointed. Having believed this larva to 
be fully described, I took no pains to make notes of its color or character- 
istics, and could not now furnish a description of it. I have a number of 
pupee of this species. I also found two sphinx larve this season, of which 
I have not yet seen a published description. Being much occupied at 
the time I was feeding these, I put off making notes until one day when I 
was at leisure, then I found it was too late, as they had entered the 
ground. One I took feeding on Privet Zzgustrum ; it had the general ap- 
pearance of Sphinx drupiferarum in size and color, only that the oblique 
lines were light yellow, almost white, with a broad band nearly an eighth 
of an inch wide of a beautiful dark ultramarine blue; caudal horn light 
bluish-green, ending in a horny brown point, heavily granulated with 
black. The other larva I found on black ash and on the fringe tree, of 
which we have several fine specimens in the city park; on these latter I 
also found feeding \S. chersés, which much resembled this one. Cherszs 
differs in that it tapers slightly towards the head; the stigmata are white 
in the centre, surrounded with bright red, and the caudal horn is but 
lightly granulated with black. Pupz without tongue case; of a coffee- 
brown color, whilst in the former it is almost black. Both larve fed 
readily on biack ash in my garden. A. tenuds I have never found feeding 
on any other than the above mentioned shrubs. I also found a third 
larva feeding in company with 4 ¢hysbe, much resembling JD. myron, on 
Viburnum dentatum, the pupz of which is a light grayish tan color, with 
the markings of a Darafsa. Pu. FISCHER, 528 High St., Buffalo, N. Y. 


THE CANADIAN’ ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 


VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF CICINDELA SEX-QUTTATA. 


Dear Sir,—1 have just read with much interest Mr. Townsend’s 
article (Vol. xv. p. 205-8) “‘On the variation of the elytral markings of 
Cicindela sex-quttata,” and as he quotes from my field notes for 1881, I 
feel called upon to modify the record therein made casually of a two- 
spotted variety of this bettle. A more careful examination shows that, in 
addition to the anterior spots of normal size, rudimentary posterior ones 
may be discerned with a good glass, or more plainly, as Mr. Townsend 
points out, by examining the under surface. I can discover no trace, 
however, of the intermediate spots. The specimen is apparently a variation 
in the direction of the immaculate southern variety known as Vio/acea, Fab., 
towards which it also tends in coloration. I may add that of eighteen other 
specimens at present all in my collection (and taken promiscuously), five 
belong to the first variety and five to the third ; one of the latter showing 
an interrupted line from the anterior to the inner spot, and having the 
posterior ones rudimentary. Three belong to the fifth variety ; one of 
these has also an interrupted line from anterior to inner. The remaining 
specimen belongs to the the seventh variety. Other interesting varieties 
probably ogcur ; and as the beetles are very common here, I will en- 
deavor next season to obtain a more extended series. The color of many 
specimens also departs very much from the typical green toward a decided 
blue. W. Hacut HARRINGTON, Ottawa, Ont. 


ON THE GENUS IDIOSTOMA. 


Dear Sir,—\ have seen in the July number of your valued periodical 
(Vol. xv., p. 139) in a letter from my esteemed correspondent, Miss 
Murtfeldt, the confession which she has kindly made public on my behalf 
of my oversight in characterizing the genus Idiostoma as new to science, 
whereas it had been already described by Messrs. Grey and _ Boll 
under the name ‘“‘ Metamorpha.” When I first received an example of 
this genus from South Africa, I had not seen the original description, nor 
should I have expected to find it among North American genera. I make 
no excuses for the mistake ; but as the name Metamorpha is pre-occupied, 
having been used by Hubner for another genus of Lepidoptera, I venture 
to point out that, according to the accepted rules of Zoological nomen- 
clature, the name “‘ Idiostoma” should now be retained. 

I am, yours faithfully, WALSINGHAM. 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


Bulletin No. 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology ; 


8VO., Pp. 75. 

We are indebted to Prof. Riley for this. useful report of observations 
and experiments in the practical work of the division. It contains further 
notes on the Army Worm, details of an interesting series of experiments 
with Pyrethrum powder on larve, notes on forest-tree insects by Dr. A. 
S. Packard ; on the Cotton Worm and the machinery which has been de- 
vised for destroying it, and on the tree borers of the family Cosszd@, by 
the late Dr. J. S. Bailey, of Albany, N. Y. The closing paper is by W. 
McMuttrie, on tests of silk fibre from cocoons raised at the Department. 
This report contains much valuable matter. The paper on the Cosszd@ 
is illustrated by two plates beautifully executed ; there is also a plate 
illustrating the chapter on silk fibre. 


A Bibliography of Fossil Insects; by Samuel H. Scudder; republished 
from the bulletin of Harvard University ; 8vo., pp. 47. 
A valuable compilation, which will greatly aid the student in this de- 
partment of natural science. 


On the Color and the Pattern of Insects; by Dr. H. A. Hagen; from 
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 


In this paper the author discusses the various theories which have 
been propounded to account for the diversity of pattern and color in in- 
sects, reviewing the facts which have been cited for their support. It isa 
most interesting and instructive article, at the conclusion of which the 
writer expresses his conviction that color and pattern in insects are pro- 
duced by physiological processes in the interior of their bodies. 


Bulletin of the Buffalo Naturalists’ Field Club. 


The fifth number of the first volume of the records of work done by 
this enterprising body of naturalists is before us. It includes notes on 
Protozoa, by Prof. Kellicott ; also papers on the Butternut, Indian Relics 
and other interesting subjects, followed by botanical and ornithological 
notes. This serial is handsomely gotten up, well printed on excellent 
paper, and is in every way a credit to its promoters. 


(October No., issued Nov. 27, 1883.) 
(November No., issued Jan. 17, 1884.) 


INDEX TO 


Actias luna, 120. 
Acknowledgment, 63. 
Acmzops proteus, 59. 
Acopa carina, 77. 

n  incana, 77. 

 _ perpallida, 77. 
Adipsophanes ¢erminellus, n. 5.5 132. 
Adita, 53. 

Aegeria acerni, 187. 

Agrilus egenus, 80. 
Agrotiphila, 52. 

Agrotis, on the genus of, 51. 

" citricolor, 26, 53. 

" mcerens, 53. 

" muscOsa, N. 8., 26. 
Amblyscirtes libya, 146. 

A mystery and its solution, 41. 
Anaphora simulatus, 94. 
Anarta brephoides, 55. 

" Nivaria, 109. 

 promulsa, 109. 

u submarina, n. s., 4, 109. 
Androchirus fuscipes, 101. 
Anicla, 53. 

Annual address of President, 181. 

n report State Ent., N. Y., 219. 

' " a u Tll., 220. 
Anobium tenuestriatum, 93. 
Anthoecia rivulosa, 86. 
Anthrenus castanez, 9I. 

" museorum, 91. 

" varius, 82, 90. 
Ants, damage caused by, 140. 
Anytus, 53. 

Apatela gelechiz, 17, 18. 

u wulpina, n.s., 8. 
Aphis maidis, 153. 

n mali ?, 96. 
Aplodes Arizonaria, n. s., 125. 
Apple-leaf crumpler, 1. 
Apple-tree aphis, 96, 185. 
Archiearis resoluta, 55. 
Argynnis Bztlert, 1. s., 32. 

" diana, 42. 

" eurynome var. evi77a, 1. V., 33: 

" lais, 2. S., 209. 
Argyrauges, 24. 

Arnold, Chas., death of, 177. 
Arsame obliquata, 171, 174. 
Arsilonche Henrici, 30. 
Athous cucullatus, 101. 
Azenia edentata, n. 5., 25. 


VOLUME XV. 


Bailey, Dr. James S., death of, 179. 
Basilodes pepita, 73. 

Basket worm, 98. 

Beetles, remarkable gathering of, 237. 
Bell, J. T., article by, 61. 

Bellamira scalaris, 80. 

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., article by, 117. 
Bibliography of fossil insects, 240. 

Black knot, 174. 

Bombus pensylvanicus, 172. 

Book notices, 13, 115, 219, 240. 

Bowles, G. J., articles by, 164, 167. 
Buffalo Field Naturalists’ Club, 240. 
Bulletin U. S. Dept. Agr. Div, of Ent., 240 
Bunker, Robert, article by, 160. 
Buprestis fasciata, 203. 

Burning of Ill. Normal University, 234. 
Butterflies collected in the North-west, 221 

" Newfoundland, 43. 

" new species of, 209. 
Byssodes obrussata, 6. 

Calandra remotopunctata, 81. 

Callosamia promethea, 231. 

Calopteron reticulatum, early stages of, 97, 
179, 204. 

Calpine, North American, 72, 102. 

Canadian Ent., dates of issue of, 138. 

«© Insects, lists of names of, 60. 
Canker worms, circular concerning, 114. 
Cantharis Nuttalli, 176. 

Capis curvata, 6. 

Carabidee, food relations of, 13. 
Caripeta subochrearia, n. s., 9. 
Carneades, n. £., 4, 53- 

" MOAYeENS, N. S.y 4. 
Carpocapsa pomonella, 204. 

Catherina, 53. 
Catocala Arizonz, 12. 

" coelebs, 23: 

" habilis, 100. 

" junctura, 12. 

" Meskei larva of, 100. 

" relicta, 100. 

" Sara, N. S., 163. 

" semirelicta, II. 

" Verrilliana, 13. 

" violenta, 15. 

" Walshii, 12, 163. 
Cecidomyia robiniz, 203. 
Centronopus calcaratus, 102. 
Cephaloon lepturides, 80, 
Chalcophora liberta, 79. 


242 


INDEX TO 


Chalcophora virginiensis, 79. 
Chameclea pernana, 76. 
Chambers, V. T., death of, 178. 
Chariessa pilosa, $0. 
Chesias frondaria, 27. 
Chionobas calais, 44, 50. 
Chirothrips azdennatus, 2. 5., 154. 
Chlorosea albaria, n. s., 126. 
Chrysobothris Harrisii, 79. 
Chrysomela Bigsbyana, 22. 
" clivicollis, 21. 
" multiguttis, 22, | 
" pallida, 21. 
" similis, 22. 
Gaon ee epixanthe, 44, 50. 
florus, 2. S., 210. 
Cheseorils folda, early stages of, 112. 
Cicindela sex-guttata, 79, 205, 239. 
" vulgaris, 79. 
Cirrhophanus triangulifer, 76. 
Clarkson, Frederick, articles by, 98, 161, 
168, 208, 217. 
Claypole, E. W., articles by, 37, 58, 180. 
Cleora pulchraria, 236. 
nu venata, N. S., 133. 
Clisiocampa americana, 38. 
" sylvatica, 38. 
Clover-seed midge, 186. 
Coal tar for plum weevil, 236. 
Coccinellidz, food relations of, 13 
Codling moth, 204. 

” » Paris green a remedy for, 188. 
Ccenonympha inornata, 44, 50. 
Coleophora argentella, 95. 

" argentialbella, 95. 
" leucochrysella, 95. 
Coleoptera, British, catalogue of, 115. 
" classification of, 115. 
Coleopterous larvz, descriptions of, 21, 
IOI. 
Coleothrips trifasciata, 152. 
Colias czesonia, 227. 
1 . eurydice, preparatory stages of, 224. 
170. 
var. amorphee, 
philodice, 100. 
Collecting, novel method of, 59. 
Colorado potato beetle, 21, 37. 
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 38, 180, 236. 
Coquillett, D. W. articles by, 21, 31, 97, 
TET: 
Corethra plumicornis, 173. 
Correspondence, 39, 58, 79, 99, 138, 159; 
179, 198, 216, 236. 
Cossus, 203. 
1 Centerensis, 203. 
Crambus marginatus, 105. 
Croft, Prof. Henry, death of, 78. 


169, 226. 


" "W 


" " 


VOLUME XV. 


Cryphalus jalappze, 140. 
Cupes concolor, 80. 
Cyllene robiniz, 80, 
Cymatophora dataria, 87. 
" depromaria, n. S., 87 
" erisearia, nN. s., 124. 
" obliquaria, N. S., 124. 
" riufaria, N. S., 125. 
" Separataria, N. S., 124. 
Danais archippus, 99. 
Darapsa versicolor, 204. 
Datrines constricta, 228. 
Debis Portlandia, 69. 
Dendroides concolor, 80. 
Depressaria applana, 94. 
Devereaux, W. L, article by, oa 
Diplosis grassator, 39, 83. 
Doryphora decem-lineata, 21, 37. 
" juncta, 22. 
Drugs, insects injurious to, 81. 
Dryocampa senatoria, 38. 
Edwards, W. H., articles by, 14, 32, 43, 
64, 136, 141, 147, 209, 224, 
Elater nigricollis, 101. 
Endropia sesguzlinearia, n. s., 125. 
Entomological club, A, A. A. S., meeting 
of, 169. 
Entomological notes for 1882, 37. 
" Soc, Ontario, annual meet- 
ing of 159, 201. 
Entomological Soc. Ontario, annual ad- 
dress of President of, 181. 
Entomological Soc. Ontario. report to 
Royal Society of Canada, 134. + 
Entomologists, meeting of, 120. 
Entomology for beginners, 1, 56, 96, 212. 
" practical, 61. 
pga borealis, preparatory stages of, 
109 
Eucalyptera, 229. 
Euchetes egle, 100. 
Fudalimia subsignaria, 235. 
Eudamus druszus, 2. s., 211.. 
Eudarcia simulatricella, 94. 
Eudioptis hyalinata, 56. 
Eupsalis minuta, 79. 
Euzephora coccidivora, 235. 
Evans, John D., article by, 237. 
Exenterella, 23. 
Expanse of Noctuide, 29. 
Fala ptycophora, 75. 
Fall web-worm, 38. 
Fenaria sevorsa, 5. 
Feralia jocosa, 28. 
Fernald, C. H., articles by, 237. 
Fidonia alternaria, n. s., 27. 
1‘ partitaria, n. s., 130. 
Fischer, Ph., article by, 238. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XV. 243 


Fletcher, J., articles by, 40, 78, 134. 
Formica rufa, 171. 

" sanguinea, 217. 
French, G. H., articles by, 163, 189. 
Frost-flies, 173. 
Fyles, Rev. T. W., articles by, 83, 198 
Galeruca xanthomelaenz, 160. 
Geddes, G., article by, 221. 
Gelechia cinerella, 139. 

" Clemensella, 94. 

n conclusella, 95. 

" crescentifasciella, 95. 

" formosella, 139. 

" galleesolidaginis, 170. 

n . grissefasciella, 95. 

" inconspicuella, 139 

" prunifoliella, 94. 

" rubensella, 95. 

" rubidella, 95. 

" vernella, 139. 
Geometride, list of, taken at Quebec and 

Montreal, 164. 
Gilbert, W. W., article by, 120 
Glover, Townend, death of, 178. 
Gortyna nitela, 174. 
Gosse, P. H , article by, 44 
Gracilaria Packardella, 95. 

" superbifrontella, 95. 
" swederella, 95. 

Grapta comma, 20. 

n satyrus, 20. 


Grote, A. R., articles by, 3, 23, 40, 51, 


55, 72, 84, 86, 102, 121, 235. 
Hackberry galls, 157. 
Hadena, 52. 
" plutonia, 2. S., 9. 
Hadenella, 122. 

" pergentilis, 122. 
Hagen, Dr. H. A., articles by, 119, 159. 
Hamilton, John, article by, 90 
Harrington, W. H., articles by, 59, 79, 

239 
Helia americalis, 171. 
Helice gleditschizella, 95. 
1 pallidochrella, 95. 
Heliothinz, 72, 84, 102. 
Hemaris tenuis, 
Hemileuca, 23. 
Hepialus, 203. 

" furcatus, 30. 

Hesperidz, remarks on, 141. 
Heustis, Mrs. C. E., article by, 57. 
Hirmoneura brevirostris, 70. 

" clausa, 70. 

obscura, 70: 
Paliand: W. G., article by, 41. 
Homohadena inconstans, Wp, Sey 2. 
" _ vulnerea, n. S., 29. 


Homoptera unilineata, 123. 
Homopyralis miserulata, 123. 
Honor, a distinguished, 233. 
Hybernating butterflies, 4o. 
Hyperchiria Io, 216. 
Hyphantria textor, 38. 
Idiostoma, on the genus, 139, 239. 
Index to Entomological reports, 159. 
Insects as food for man, 223. 
. bibliography of fossil, 240. 
» Canadian, lists of names of, 60, 
1 color and pattern in, 240. 
1 injurious to drugs, 81, 140. 
fruits, 117. 
Keen, Eugene L., article by, 200. 
Kellicott, D. S., article by, 191. 
Keyes, Harriet H., article by, 237. 
Lackey moth, American, 38. 
forest, 38 
Larve, coleopterous, descriptions of, 21, 
Iol. 
Larva of Smerinthus, 203. 
Lasioderma serricorne, 140. 
Last year’s collecting, 99. 
Leconte, Dr. John L., death of, 217. 
Lema collaris, 21, 22. 
Lepidoptera, diurnal, 
North-west, 221. 
Lepidoptera, diurnal, new species of, 32. 
Leucania unipuncta, 173. 
Leucobrephos, 55. 
Limenitis arthemis, observations on, 57. 
Limothrips poaphagus, 152. 
Lintner, J. A., article by, 120. 
Lists of Insects, revision of, 202. 
Lithocolletis desmodiella, 139. 

" gregariella, 139. 
Lithostege Arzzonata, n. s,, 126. 
Litognatha Znearis, n. s., 121. 

Lixus macer, early stages of, 113 
Lussa, n. g. 

nu mtgroguttata, n. S., 127. 
Lyceena afra, n. s., 211. 

" aster, 44, 45, 51. 

» Couperi, 44, 51. 

" aquilo, 44, 51. 

" melissa, 170. 
Lycomorpha pholus, 205. 
Lygranthcecia, 86, 105. 

" species of, 107. 

tenwuescens, N. S., 128. 

Bie talns barbata, 8o. 
Mamestra, 52. 

" ferrealis, n. s., 29. 

" picta, 205. 

" Spiculosa, n. s., 28. 
Maple egerian, 187. 
Marten, John, article by, 110. 


collected in the 


INDEX TO VOLUME Xy. 


Matigramma rubrosuffusa, 123. 
Matuta, 53. 

Megachyta znconspicualis, 2. s., 30. 
Melanophila longipes, 60. 
Melicleptria Hoyi, 55. 

Melipotis nigrescens, 5. 

" stygialis, 5. 

" versabilis, 5. 
Melitzea chalcedon, 170. 

" chara, n. s., 209. 

" phaeton, 170. 
Melon moth, 56. 
Metalepsis, 129. 

" cornuta, 129. 

Moffatt, J. A., articles by, 99, 180. 
Momophana Comstocki, 28. 
Montreal branch, meeting of, 167. 
Moss hunting, 61. 
Moth, extraordinary habitation for, 208. 
Moths injurious to vegetation, 235. 
Moths, new species of and notes on struc- 
ture of, 3, 23, 86, 121. 
Mundt, A. H., article by, 87. 
Murtfeldt, Mary E., article by, 93, 138, 
Nematus Erichsonii, 205. 
" ventricosus, 205. 
" " eggs of, 200. 
Nemistrinidze, North American, species of, 
69. 
Neonympha areolatus, 68. 

"  canthus, preparatory stages of, 64. 

"  eurytris, 68. 

" gemma, 68, 

1 Henshawii, 68. 

1 Sosybius, 68. 
Neumoegenia, 102. 

" poetica, 102. 
Newfoundland butterflies, 43. 
Noctuidz, expanse of, 29. 
Nonagria subcarnea, 175. 
Notodonta albifrons, 204. 

Oak caterpillar, 38. 

Obituary notices, 78, 176, 217. 

Octhera mantis. 

(Ecanthus niveus, 80. 

CEdipoda corallina, 205. 

Oncocnemis curvicollis, n. s., 10. 
" pernotata, n. s., 25. 

Ophion macrurum, 162. 

Orgyia leucostigma, 168, 186, 235: 

Osborn, Herbert, article by, 151. 

Pachypsylla, 157. 

Peedisca Scudderiana, 170. 

Pamphila agricola, 35. 

" Californica, 151. 

" CATUS, N. S., 34. 

" Colorado, 141, 147. 

' comma, I4I, 147. 


Pamphila juba, 141, 147. 
" Manitoba, 141, 147. 
" milo, N. S.5 34. 
" Nevada, 141, 147. 
" rhesus, 34. 
" sylvanoides, 141, 148. 
" ruricola, 150. 
" viator, 147. 


Paphia Morrisoni, 35. 
1 troglodyta, 20, 36. 
Papilio Abbotii, 87. 
" ajax, 89. 
»  brevicauda, 43, 45, 47. 
cresphontes, 100. 
larva of, 204, 234, 
egg of, 234. 
4“ rutulus, 169. 
1 telamonides, 87, 
un troilus, 162. 
n  turnus, 44, 48, 204. 
1 Walshii, 87. 
1 zolicaon, 169. 


Paris green, a remedy for codling moths, 
288. 


Parasymmictus clausa, 70. 
Perigea epopea, 3. 
Petrophora excurvata, n. s., 123. 

" mirabilata, n. $., 123. 
Pheegarista sevorsa, 5. 

Pheetusa plutella, 94. 
Phakellura hyalinata, 56. 
Phasiane irrorata, 7. 

" neptata, 8. 
Pheocyma ¢ermina, n. s., 129. 

" UMbYINA, N. S.y 3. 
Philampela achemon, 162. 
Phlzothrips carya, 152. 

" mali, 152. 
" NULYA, N. Si, 154. 
Pholisora nessus, 146. 
Phycita nebulo, 1. 
Phylloxera vastatrix, parasites on, 39, 83. 
Phytoptera, 173. 
Pine moth. 116, 
Pieris napi, 44. 
1 Oleracea, 48. 
nm Tape, 99. 
" "var. novanglize, 237. 
Plagiomimicus, 11. 
" expallidus, 11, 75. 
" pitychromus, 11, 75, 
" Tepperi, 11, 75. 
Planosa laricis, 160. 
Plum weevil, 38, 180, 236. 
Plusia egena, 26. 
paejoconts compressipalpis, 172. 
Po&ilonota cyanipes, 80. 


" " 


" ” 


INDEX TO VOLUME XV. 


Polenta, 229. 

Pretiosa, 76. 

Prodoxus decipiens, 175. 

Promethea, emperor-moth, aa 

Prosoparia "per fuscart ta, N. £. el. 5.5 130. 

Psephenus Lecontei, external, anatomy of 
larva. I9I. 

Pseudomus truncatus, 79. 

Psylla celtidis:mamma, 40, 84, 157, 199 
nu c-cucurbita, 158. 

n celtidis-grandis, 199. 
" venusta, 84, 157, 199. 

Psyllidse, further notes on, 198. 

Pyrameis atalanta, 40, 44, 49. 

preparatory stages of, 14. 

" cardui, 44, 50. 

Pyrethrum cinerrariifolium, 58. 

" roseum, 58. 

Pyrrhia illiterata, 128. 

Reed, E. B., articles by, 138, 140, 204. 

Reed, L. B., article by, 216. 

Reports of Entom. Soc., index to, 159. 

Report of U. S. Comm. of Agric., 116. 

Retinia frustrana, 116. 

Rhodophora Florida, 109. 

Rhodosea, n. g., 4. 

u GRUAS MS, 550K 

Rhyncocephalus Bee ie, 72. 

" Sackeni, 70, 71. 
volaticus, m. S., 70, 71. 

Riley, C. V.. articles by, 39, 114, 157. 

Rogers, R. V., article by, 212. 

Royal Society ‘of Canada, meeting of, 77. 

Salia rufa, n. s., 31. 

Samia cecropia, 162, 216. 

Saperda candida,®203. 

" tridentata, 79. 

Satyrus alope, 69. 

Saunders, Wm., articles by, 1, 13, 56, 60, 
78, 96, 115, 116, 159, 169, 181, 201, 
219, 231, 234, 240. 

Saunders, W. E., article by, 81. 

Schwarz, E. A., article by, 140. 

Schinia trifascia, 86. - 

Scolecocampa, 229. ° 

" obscura, 7. 

Scolecocampine, 141. 

Selandria cerasi, 180. 

Semiothisa Californiata, 8. 

" colorata, m. 5. 7. 

" denticulata, n. S., 133. 
" dislocaria, 8. 

" patriciata, n. s., 129. 
" s-signata, 7, 127. 

Silvanus surinamensis, 82. 

Sivodrepa panicea, 81, 92. 

Smerinthus exzcatus, 203. 

Smith, John B., article by, 229. 


245 


Solpugidze, notes on, 228. 
Spargaloma puzctipennis, n. s., 122. 
Speyer, Dr. A., article by, 140. 
Sphingidze, larvze of, 238. 
Sphinx chersis, 238. 
Sphyracephala brevicornis, 200. 
Spilosoma congrua, 9. 

" virginica, 163. 
Stibadium aureolum, 75. 
Stirine, 73, 103. 
Stiria rugifrons, 74. 
Synedoida mucronata, n. s., 121. 
Tabanidz, new, IIo. 
Tabanus Allynii, 110. 
Tamila mundina, 102. 
Telea polyphemus, 162, 216. 
Telesilla navia, 131. 
Tenebrioides mauritanica, 81. 
Terias lisa, 100. 
Tetracis Grotearia, 125. 

" oblentaria, n. s., 126. 

" stmpliciarta, N. S., 27, 127. 

" vidularia, 25. 
Thamnonoma perpallidaria, 25. 
Thecla Wittfeldiz, n. s., 136. 
Therina fervidaria, 127. 
Therioplectes Frenchtz, n. s., 111. 

" SUSUYTUS, N. Soy III. 

" tetricus, m. S., IIL. 
Thripidz, notes on, 151. 

Thrips phylloxerz, 152. 

u  Striata, n. s., 155. 

n tritici, 152, 156. 
Thyridopteryx ephemerzeformis, 98. 
Tinea ccemetariella, 94. 

Tineidze of North America, 93. 

To Entomologists, 230. 

To our readers, I 

Townsend, C. H. T.. article by, 205. 
Tornos escaria, 24. 

un eupethectarta, n. s., 24. 

1 Interruptaria, 25. 

»  ochrofuscaria, 25. 

1  pygmeolaria, 24. 
Trebolium ferrugineum, $2. 

Trials of insects, 212. 
Tricholita zzconspicua, n. 5 , 129, 
Trichocosmia, n. g., 6. 

" tnornata, n. s., 6, 
Tricopis chrysellus, 108. 
Triocenemis saporis, 109. 

Trogus exesorius, 89, 162. 

Trogoderma ornata, 91. 

Trypeta cerasi, 159. 

Urapteryx politia, var. Floridata, x, v., 6, 
Vanessa antiopa, 40, 44, 49. 

parasite on, 237. 

un Milberti, 44, 49. 


" Lh 


246 INDEX TO 


VOLUME XV. 


Vanessodes fuscipes, x. 5, 86. 

Van Wagenen, G. H., article by, 160, 
Walsingham, Lord, article by, 239. 
Williston, S. W., article by, 69. 
Wright, W. G., article by, 228. 
Xylotrechus annosus, early stages of, 31. 


Xyphidria albicornis, 205. 
Ypsia umbrina, 123. 
un undularis, 123. 
Yrias volucris, 2. 5., 3. 
Zeller’s collections. 138. 
Zeller, Prof. P. C., death of, 176. 


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