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Canadian Entomologist

VOLUME LIV 5 72
1922

EDITED BY

J. McDUNNOUGH,

Entomological Branch
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OTTAWA, ONTARIO. _

EprrortaAL COMMITTEE:

A. W. Baker W. H. Brittain L. Caesar N. Criddle
A. Gibson F. J. A. Morris F. C. Trelherne A. F. Winn

Editor Emeritus: REV. C.J. S. BETHUNE.

ORILLIA, ONTARIO.
CURRAN BROS.
1923

QL
46!

C2H
Vlaams

628980
23.756

List of Contributors to Volume LIV.

BES PIS eee WV) oho iiicar a ccreusceaursoncdacscss=see U. §S. Entomological Laboratory ............ San Antonio, Texas.
JEAN TSS bs eeesvo te te eres Museum of Comparative Zoology ............ Cambridge Mass.
EST TOOT EIN hp ET. | cc uccacercesancyessesvee Apricnitural COUGEHi...c--c-csescsnuewersecanenetarsouse Mississippi.

RSE Gs IETD Wo NCES | =~ osccss qeceanoens~uce Gmiversity Of. Toronto) o:..c<s-c-ce-roe sereneaconteee Toronto, Ont.

PEST eee Es Pin CREEL cece ce ee ececena st avducarsyers>neseeebactussaedecaertay er ces cakmeseaaceaseneeaceaemreee Indianapolis, Ind.
PEER PENS er EO Senco Goce nuusoescecuac choke wcanite enciisepecenustucacnieusbeegtesercesessheueseeszeaemecmmeceereet Cincinnati, Ohio.
are P RN iy Ny rennet encectnceeseessce-ulwntereavctwucactcaaeccesceace Fon boestatiee sean ungee ceo nap reeeenaees Longmeadow, R. I.
Seer P NG Hee NV IGP paccoade nu seas ecctcuaescave-csse Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Lethbridge, Alta.
CRP WaRtGi Wie OB. -iccsccceccsice U. S. Entomological Laboratory ...............- West Lafayette, Ind.
CHAMIBEREEN, RR. Ve -scccecccocscccssee Museum of Comparative Zoology ............ Cambridge, Mass.

Ree See WE PERE AS ES, | ou odessaca-cusc0eres Bureau of Plant Industty” .cccc.tescsreseces-e Harrisburg, Pa.
REE UREN, 2 Bo ED. ccs cocssccsccweoes=< U. S. Bureau of Entomology ................-.+- Washington, D. C.
TINGS aN Ee Wie cos saccenasctcaccsansccse-s Cornell’ (University) :28. 2:5. 2s Ithaca, N. Y-

POLAE SON STD WW oA. . ia stsscccscrepsteeeteecs University, Of WOrante <.:-cesccscoscceccreee-t acer Toronto, Ont.

UO CHE REN Tr CA. 5. .ccccessnocees University of \Oolorad ojacc-cr-<c-scooeeoev-oreee Boulder, Coto.
MER TSR ON ES! AIOE TS OAS 3 oe docs Siecen sastee cctaswene Seu euaus Svalecsnve cecum cu nceenedee ek ce ecco MRCaC Ee Fort Collins. Colo.
CA MUPTOON, Gio G.Z.n3. vccccedsonedecseve Massachusetts Agricultural College ........ Amherst, Mass...
LLL DLS Cit Se hes: Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Treesbank, Man.
TS ce Ds io 2 Be Bete Bee ee Entomological Branch Ottawa, Ont.

OL UA /Le AO gs 0 Saat ee ee Western University <cc<:<<222.-cseccacceconcecnseeunse London, Ont.
PEREIRA A? DPS 8 Feces tea cccuteucnerwe Stantord. Universutyy scccc..-ceeer ease ee California.

Ep Waren, Go 1 en 2. ccsaeaevaavnceuue U,, -S:. National Museom <:.-:.:..--.c0:scccecseseu Washington, D. C.
RI ERG Gre EN oy BGS Pers owt ouideacczeeentoe eee U. S. Bureau of Entomology Washington, D. C.
tS UTS UL <I A ae om Sec nee Cm ee er Oe a ens pa Oe Tyngsboro, Mass.

MS EDRs Gay BX Aas Ste oe ee Stanford University, ..:-2...:<..<:csccsareaaccesecenkens California.

OEE ACCT... No. eee eee U. S. Bureau of Entomology ..................... West Lafayette, Ind.
HO ORSD GaN os a ee sce University ‘of "Loronto’ <5. ..00-3.coss-seo-e eee Toronto, Ont. }
EOS Dr, MNS EA ae Be eee eae cock eset coaster aE nd Framingham, Mass. \
Se ST TN OBA O21 Bed ek ts nn U. §S. Entomological Laboratory .... San Antonio, Texas. %
MEATS E TONS Naan Ges bo seccceccsescegadinccssteve Vineland. i Station’ ...c-.-ac.<cees-c-deceaetneene Ontario.

Ee EN WS AS noes as cccs cocédaectacice University of Minnesota ...............cc:sesseeeees St. Paul, Minn. SS
MURS AWW ar P= tisoe case dacves iecdsetvadecntcess State Agricultural College ........................ Manhattan, Kan.
SERIE. WEALW: CMTS: ic 22 vackiciccsnsdecen Ree naunncenndors Terrace, B C.

LETT TELA 1E el IS = SA SE a Dominion Entomological Laboratory ......... Vernon, B. C.
BIUNGERFORD, H.-B: .....:.....cccces-: Kansas’. Umiversity o..c-ccncc-veccessenseatexcascteastene Lawrence, Kan.
LOCUSTS 122 OG 2 a Rea eg ple a University of ‘Minnesota. ......<.2c-t5.-s:ccg-neaee St. Paul, Minn.
eeametT etal < PINS aso. Uaioroncataccetiettee Bureau of Plant Industry ................. ..... Harrisburg, Pa.
MATSISEMOIGR, Wao. sscccseveosceevase U. S. Bureau of Entomology ................... West Lafayette, Ind.
RUNGE MIESELAT) | OF. sa csnvysoqeosadconc ges nvolbay corr Ncae ete Urea ESTILO ee Sn ee Chicago, Il.
FERRER EEA), © 525, csunzsccseiseveecs cto ee Te ee Arnprior, Ont.
CPU INO GEE ye Sis ovicexsecesedacuteoreecs Entomologionl Brancht si..2cc0.c.c.-cissstvesan-one Ottawa, Ont.

Re SRN Reg Ps 0 cece, casscsavesveceer ng N. Carolina State College ............ccscenes Raleigh, N. C.

Rs MEME HE wet gst cups csnihccacsisioscavacevanncs Sugar Planters’ Exp. Station ............... Honolulu, T. H.

PE RSERER AUN 0 GS cas ssscccssaccdvanateces Cornel], Wnivernity, wos. nccwes crus ccciasccnedvaksneter Ithaca, N. Y.

PRR RONN EES, AEGIS! oo sasisvosusesseastvsaseye apes fcsceceu el Sauces CE ae aD ce eae ee sesseeeeee BOZEMAN, Mont.
MONEE 5 AS oa cso ccovecsecesssvonavseject U. S. Bureau of Entomology ..................0 Washington D. C.
SS MARACERS SMe Lp ssopnieveassxsascecncacaiearseonkissensoeeosceeersbeeticore tent Lae Aesk IL Tee Sherborn, Mass.

ERP ERPS UAE END, JyWavvcas seen: énivcaveesdsees Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Fredericton, N. B.
PASRRRR ER RLU I EE. 1, lesvancpaceccervscnsccevs Entomological Branch .....ccssscceseseccovesessseeses Ottawa, Ont.
AVANT EE Laie Heys ABM WS, bsg Uevoyeesvoncosndnuh puedcoenloncacdcocee cesteterdbactacten eeeCte corm eee ROR en Buffalo, N. Y.
Pe 5 PS Dit = RE Rs Radtydergeazaxciuunse U. S. Bureau of Entomology ..................+ Washington D.C.

NV REP SE TORI CRIES 5 os sync ceabysosieisedencerec cs State Entomological Laboratory ............00 New Brunswick, N. J.

AVY See it aN acenssaanech voeshccis Das addcdxtnancadvad stun sce sceb alse xyhudvasseiMieaiia cence kmanee ecevepeccevacseetavecacs NOW: DEUDAWAUiL Rtetes

Che Canadian Cntomolanist

Voi. LIV. ORILLIA, JANUARY, 1922. No. I.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY

NOTES ON THE MIGRATION OF MELANOPLUS ATLANIS RILEY IN NORTHERN
NortH DAakoTA IN 1920.
OBSERVATIONS IN *BOTTINEAU AND RENVILLE COUNTIES.

BY C. L. CORKINS, B.S.
Fort Collins, Colo,
Introduction.

During the summer of 1920, an intensive, as well as extensive, grass-
hopper campaign was carried on in all of the twenty-four townships of Ren-
ville County, North Dakota. Altogether, over 400 tons of bran were mixed
into poison mash and systematically spread. This work was carried om according
to the Grasshopper Law of 1918 of North Dakota and ample supervision was
provided. Each township had either one or two grasshopper supervisors in
charge of the mixing and distribution of the mash while the writer was in charge
of all operations. Likewise Canada, immediately to the north of Renville
County, waged a well organized campaign against the ’hoppers. Some other
counties in North Dakota, because of lack of funds, were unable to meet the
emergency. The following data will show what an unexpected, extensive mi-
gration from these did to upset the work where grasshopper control was
effected.

The species concerned has been identified as the Lesser Migratory
Locust, Melanoplus atlanis Riley. Its habits of flight, as observed in this migra-
tion, were very unlike those of M. atlanis. They could better be attributed
to the presumably extinct Rocky Mountain migratory locust, Melanoplus
spretus Uhl.

Migratory Habits.
The migratory habits of M. atlanis have previously been thought to be

as follows:

I. Flight caused by food becoming tough and unpalatable, or the lack
of any food at all.

2. Flight may be either crosswise to, or with the prevailing wind.

3. Flight is low, usually within a few feet of the ground.

= The observations in Bottineau County were made by Mr. A. C. Burrill, at that time
Special Field Agent of the Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dep. Agr. The writer is greatly
indebted to Mr. Burrill for his co-operation in obtaining corroborative data and other
courtesies.

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

4. Flight is not extensive. “Hoppers fly irom field to field or may migrate
a few miles.

The first migration noted at Mohall, N.D., was on July gth, within ten
days after the first adults appeared. It was observed, both in Renville and
Bottineau Counties, that the “hoppers would rise up out of such green crops as
wheat and barley which were yet succulent, and fly off. This occurred re-
peatedly during the season. Often times a swarm would settle down in a wheat
field one afternoon and leave the next day, even though the food at hand was
abundant and palatable. In this manner, a field of excellent wheat near Mohall

was infested and abandoned four times with but slight damage done.

The “hoppers would take off for flight in a stiff breeze. Through the hot
part of the day, the wind would often alternate between calms and stiff breezes.
During the calms, no *hoppers could be seen coming out of a field. When the
wind would come up and wave the grain, a buzzing could be heard as they
swarmed out. They would mill for a short time, then, when an altitude of 15
to 30 feet was gained, take off with the wind. As is shown in the tabulated
chart, the direction of flight was always with the wind, though milling would
occur during calms.

Until August 12th, the height of flight was estimated with the aid of
a yellow glass which enabled the observer to look directly against the sun. The
thickest portion of the swarm appeared to be 500 feet above ground. On
August 12th, data on the altitude of flight was taken by the writer in an air-
plane. The swarm was found to be densest at 500 to 800 feet. A few scattering
individuals were found when the altometer registered 1650 feet above ground.

That the migrations were extensive, is shown by our data often taken
50 miles apart. No definite information as to the distance each individual would
fly can be given. Yet, we determined the speed of flight of individuals near
the ground by means of an automobile, to be 20 miles per hour. Just how long
each individual was in the air cannot be stated. Flight normally begins at 11.00
A.M. and lasted until 4.00 P.M. This information, together with the data on
the altitude of flight and the known fact that ’hoppers alighting in a field one
afternoon would fly on the next day, seems to indicate that many miles were
covered.

The Bearing on Control Measures.

In the case of this species, the length of flight coupled with the fact that
‘hoppers often leave succulent fields, has an important bearing on control
measures. It means that when the residents of some one territory have been
delinquent in control measures, and those of some other territory have waged a
successful campaign, the parties of the first instance may cause the reinfestation
of the fields of the parties of the second instance and upset some of their good
work. Also farmers in infested areas do not well understand the outcome of
such an extensive migration and either grasp at the hope that all their “hoppers
will leave or believe that poisoning is useless. Thus a control campaign may be
demoralized at just the time operations should be continued with intensity.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. £4

Observations on Flight and Relation of Weather Conditions to Such.

'
|
|

3a le Ses
5 | = So Les ak Bas | e
Blea le 258) ,° [888] Bae, ==
Bjctigé |,Fs| 8 |SE8a v*33 ca
1/83 / =z S22 = oBae| eas Remarks sZ
flee | ee | 288 | Pee | go.” b8
me fo} R= ee see 5
A spams | me |
9| 2PM | NW NW | Very | Hot& | 500 ft. | Milling some, due to air | M.
| | | Slight | Clear | being quiet at times.
913 1%,PM| NNW NNW | ditto | ditto | 300 ft. ditto. ‘Ar
a0 1PM | NNW NNW | -Very | 25 | 200 ft. | f | B
| | Slight | | |
a NNW NNW | Slight | Cool& | 200 ft. | Slight, local migration. B:
| _| Cloudy | | |
3PM | S FS Strong | Clear | 500 ft. | Slight migration. WwW.
144|/3PM | E y | Slight | 50-200 ft. Hugh swarms making
| | | | | sun grey, Lower swarms
| | going crosswise to upper. | A.
apie | N- | N | Stiff | Hot& ! 1000 ft. | Huge swarms. | M.
| | | Clear
io) g2Mm | NE& | NE& | Siiff&| “ | Low Observed in Auto trip all
| NW | NW | Calms | the way, Bottineau to
| | | | | Mohall. |
is) | | | Cool & | No migration. [M.
| Cloudy | |
17| 1PM | SE SE | Stiff | Hot & | 50-500 ft. | Swarms secant lasting
| Clear | | several ‘hours. M.
17 |1-2PM SSE SSE |Mod’ate | és | 400 ft. | Inch wide slot 12” from
| | | | face gave estimation of |
| | | | 100 per ‘sec, | B.
18| 2PM | NW NW Slight | | 50-500 ft. | All swarms very high
| | | | lasting several hours. | M.
19 | | | | Cool & | | No migration. M.
| | | Cloudy |
19| 1PM | N ees | Slight | Cool& | 200 ft. | Very heavy flight, B.
| | | | Clear | __ ~. , ain.
20|11AM | WNW | WNW Stiff | Hot & | 500 ft. | Light swarms. | M.
| Clear |
20} 2PM | WNW | WNW Stiff | | 500 ft. | Huge swarms saa
es | | | | 2.30 P.M. | M.
21| 1PM | NW NW Strong | Sultry | 590 ft. | Largest swarms to date |
ir | are | | &dry: } ‘| going over until 4.30 P.M. | M.
22 | | | Rainy | | No migration. | M.
| lPxe ! Cloudy | |”
23 | ] | ieee | “s | M.
|| | | 20 a a aa ES
25!10AM | NW NW | Strong! Heé & «| 500 ft. | Slight flight locally in
| 2PM | | Clear | | the afternoon. | M.
26| 2PM {| ESE | ESE £ = IF 7500 *-ft- Large swarms at rate of |
| : a tes | .- | speed estimated 20mii. hr. | M.
26|3PM | E ey a | 500 ft. | Slight swarms. Mb.
27| 12M | NNE “| NNE ([ Slight’ | | | Only small swarms. M.
27| 72M 1|°;NE |} +NE [- “ + Gool | 300 ¢t.- + ditto. L.
28|1PM.1 SSE |. SSE. | Sirong| Hot&! 500 ft. | Fair sized swarms. M.
| |. Clear | |
eee os eRe fl OP ey B00 ft. | ditto. |B
—eirm | SE | SE 7 | | 500 ft | oa M.
29/123 | SE | NW | Very | cs |! 100 ft. | First time hoppers have |
| | Slight’ | | | gone against the wind. | A.
30 | | | Cool & | | | No migration. M.
|

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
= x= ap | 2 ak ss =
JSS 1E@ |S88| , Wee pace 28
= ee S Ss . oe ‘ = —
Bioe£| ss |oFe| & lSBRel utes E
Sige o& Se. ee SES = gas Remarks a3
= & SF creas og as 5
Lje2| SE | 33° | PSE REE gs
F AR |e | | SEE
30! 1PM |N&NW | N&NW | Slight | Hot& | 200 ft. | A few going desultorily |
| | | ‘Clear | | 10 mi, south of Antler, | A.
31| 1PM | Nw | NW | Very | a | 2000 ft. | Largest swarm yet ob-|
| | Slight | | | served, hazing the sun. |
| | | | Milling during calms and |
| | | | | drifting Northward. | M.
91/1PM_ | ? | NW - = | 200 ft. | Few flying. } B.
Aug. | | |
1| 1PM NW | NW | Stiff | - | 500 ft. |Only scattered individuals] M.
1] 2PM | N&NW | N&NW as - | 300 ft. | Lower hoppers iailling. | B.
2] 2PM | NNE | NNBS | ] | 500 ft. | Small flight all at high |
| | altitudes. | M.
3 |12-2PM| “4 | | Rain | | Raimat 11A.M. No flight. | M.
4/1PM | SSW | SSW ! Very | Hot& | 2000 ft. | Huge swarms drifting |
! | Slight | Clear | | slowly and milling dur- |
| | calms. | M.
77) oe a | Rain | | No flight. | M.
6] | Cloudy | | No flight. | M.
7)/11AM | NE NE | Shight | Warm &) 500 ft. | Small flight. | M.
| | Clear | | |
8|/ 12M | E E Strong | Warm &| 300 ft. | Fair sized swarms. | M.
| | Clear } | |
91130PM NE | NE | Stiff | Hot&! 500 ft. | Fair sized swarms. | M.
| Clear | . |
(liam | “ + ae aie |} 500 ft. | Fair sized swarms. | M.
11] 11AM SE SE Slight | | 1000 ft. | Large swarms, | M.
12 |10AM- | | |
3PM SE ‘| SE ai + } xs | 2000 ft. |Large swarms Jasting all |
| day. |M.

NOTE: Abbreviations are as follows: Antler—A; Bottineau—B; Lansford—L;
Mohalli—M ; Maxbass—Mb; and Westhope—W. The altitude observations are only
approximate.

AUSTRALIAN SARCOPHAGIDAE; NEW SPECIES AND DATA CON-
CERNING OTHERS! (DIPTERA).

BY R. R. PARKER,

Bozeman, Mont.

This paper is the first of several which the writer expects to prepare describ-
ing new species of Sarcophagidae from Australia and presenting data concerning
other species found on that continent. ‘That early writers have described some
of the species concerned is very probable but since it is impossible to recognize
their species and the types are inaccessible, the only course open is to neglect
them, leaving to the future questions of priority. In this peculiar group of
insects this course seems fully justified.

1. Contribution from the entomological laboratory of the Montana State College,
Bozeman, Mont,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5

Sarcophaga queenslandae, n. sp.

Holotype, & : collection of R. R. Parker.
Allotype, 2 : collection of R. R. Parker.
Male—Length 12 to 13 mm.; one row of black cilia behind eyes; cheek
_ vestiture white; gena with a few small black hairs above transverse impression
and dorsal to these some minute golden hairs; bristles bordering lateral mouth
_ margin not extending backward along lower edge of cheek: vestiture of sides
of thorax mosily white (includes lower portion of mesopleura); spiracular
hairs light colored; anterior and middle coxae with some white hairs, short and
inconspicuous on third; hind tibia with posterior beard only; ventral surface
= of first three abdominal nota and first four ventral plates (except posterior
margin of fourth and sometimes of third) with white hair; viewed from rear
___ each forceps prong shows a small group of short, close-set bristles just anterior
a to forward bend.
i=, Head — Viewed from front parafrontals, genae and anterior portions of
_ cheek vary from grayish with light golden tinge to light gold. Breadth of front
at narrowest part less than half eye width; cheek height greater than one-third
that of eye. Front prominent; at its narrowest part frontal vitta about same
width as each parafrontal, its sides not parallel. Third antennal segment more
than twice that of second. One row of black cilia behind eyes. Cheek vestiture
white. Gena with a few small black hairs near eye orbit above transverse im-
pression and dorsal to these some minute golden hairs. Palpi dark.

: Chaetotaxy—Lateral verticals absent; vibrissae inserted very slightly

__ above line of oral margin; each row of twelve or thirteen frontals extending
____below base of vitta, lower portion divergent; bristles bordering lateral mouth
'_ margin not extending back beyond transverse impression.

Thorax—Mesonotum clothed with medium long, reclinate, bristle-like
hairs. Vestiture of side of thorax largely of white hair; scutellar bridge with
white hairs. Spiracular hairs light.

Wings—tThird vein with bristles; costal spine vestigial; section III of
costa longer than section V; alulae fringed with dark hair. Epaulets black.

S. Legs—Anterior and middle coxae with some white hair, short and in-
conspicuous on third. Posterior coxa with prominent “brush”: anterior face
_ of femur with three rows of bristles; tibia with posterior beard only. Anterior
and posterior ventral rows of bristles of middle femur present, former of
short bristles and complete, latter present on about distal third: anterior face of
tibia with a single bristle; submesotibial bristle vestigial.

: Chaetotaxy—Anterior dorsocentrals (one or more) but little differen-
ated from vestiture of praescutum; acrostichals and inner presuturals absent:
mly last two pair of posterior dorsocentrals at all well developed, anterior to
fiese two or more very weak pairs; prescutellar acrostichals absent: scutellar
apicals present: three sternopleurals; lower stenopleura with bristles and white

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Chaetotaxy.—Third segment with two dorsal marginals and usually with
two or three pairs of laterals.

Genital Segments (figs. 1, 2).—Basal portion of fifth ventral plate keeled,
lamellae long and narrow with very long fine hairs on distal portion. First seg-
ment; about twice length of second, gray pollinose, ground color brownish or
blackish, vestiture partly longer and much coarser than that of first. Forceps; at
about three-fourths way to tip bent forward, then narrowing rapidly to tip which
ends in a very small tooth, basal portion clothed with a very long, fine hair tend-
ing to be tufted, posterior surface clothed with hairs nearly to bend (see profile
view), viewed from behind prongs approximately nearly to bend and just be-
yond bend each with a small group of short, close set bristles.

Genitalia —(See figure.) Anterior clasper very broad basally narrowing
to bluntly rounded tip.

Female—Differs from male in following essential characters: breadth
of front at its narrowest part about three-fourths eye width; frontal vitta at
:ts narrowest point not as wide as each parafrontal; black hairs on gena fewer
(usually one or two) or absent: mesonotum clothed with very short reclinate
bristles; abdominal nota clothed with short reclinate bristles throughout except
that part of ventral portion of first notum; first ventral plate has white hairs;
dorsal marginal, usually short and decumbent, occasionally absent: sixth ventral
plate orange brown, bipartite, with shallow lobes posteriorly; fifth notum same
color as preceding nota, edge fringed with bristles, opening triangular (posterior
edge of sixth ventral plate as base).

Described from six male and eight female specimens.

Range —AvuSstTRALIA; North Queensland ;—Gordonvale, Cairus, 1917
(J. W. Illingworth) ; Townsville, (F. H. Taylor, H. Priestley) ;—North Terri-
tory; (G. FF Fimhy:

The holotype and allotype are from the Gordonvale material.

The Gordonvale specimens were reared from carrion by Dr. J. F. Iling-
worth.

In general appearance this species resembles S. illingworthi, n. sp., but
both sexes are easily distinguished by the absence of prescutellar acrostichals
and the presence of white hair on the mesopleura and first coxae. In females of
S. illingworthi the fifth notum (first genital) is puckered dorsally, while in
S. queenslandae it is not. S. frogatti Taylor is separated from this species by
its smaller size, character of vestiture of ventral plates, and genital characters
in the male. In the female the character of the fifth notum is distinctive. The
female of S. frogatti has white hairs behind the mesopleural bristles.

Sarcophaga illingworthi, n. sp.

Holotype, 2 ; collection of R. R. Parker.

Allotype, @ ; collection of R. R. Parker.

This species is so similar to S. queenslandae that it seems unnecessary to
give more than a summary of the essential characters.

Male.—Length, 11-15 mm. Usually ten to twelve pairs frontal bristles:
side of thorax with considerable white hair but mesopleura clothed with black
hair; white hairs on scutellar bridge; spiracular hairs dark; middle coxa with

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. aT.

some white hairs dorsally, few and inconspicuous on first and third; posterior
coxa with “brush”; posterior tibia with posterior beard, anterior beard much
weaker but present; praesutural acrostichals weakly differentiated, the prescutel-
lar pair present; ventral surface of first and second, and sometimes of third
abdominal notum, and the first three ventral plates (sometimes only anterior
portion of first) except ior marginal hairs, clothed with white hairs: base of
fifth ventral plate (fig. 5.) with keel, lamellae narrow, distally with medium long
hair, proximally each with a small angular “flap” margined with bristles: for-
ceps basally with very long hair (not tufted); basal portion of prongs joined
by the light colored connecting chitinized (?) band, prongs long and gently curved
forward, approximated to near tips, latter somewhat divergent, viewed from behind
each prong just behind tip with a short lateral row of short bristles and above
these a fringe of long hairs resembling a beard: genitalia specific (see figs. 3
and 5). ;

Female.—KEssential characters similar except as follows :—white hairs on
abdomen confined to the first ventral plate and ventral surface of first notum:
fifth notum (first genital) same color as those preceding, puckered and with
slight emargination dorsally, ventrally overlapping ventral plates.

Fig. 1. Sarcophaga queenslandae, n. sp., profile view of genital segments. Fig. 2.
Same, fifth ventral plate. Fig. 3. S. illingworthi, n. sp., profile view of genital’
segments. Fig. 4. S. froggatti Taylor;—a, posterior view of a forceps prong;
b, profile view of a forceps prong showing accessory plate; c, penis and claspers.
Fig. 5. S. illingworthi, fifth ventral plate.

g.s.,, Second genital segment. . a.c., Anterior Clasper. p.c., Posterior clasper. a-p.,
Accessory plate. f., Forceps.

Described from four male and four female specimens.
Range.—austratia:, North Queensland; Gordonvale, 1917 (J. F. Tling-
worth), Townsville (F. H. Taylor); North Territory; Darwin (G. F. Hill).

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The holotype is from Gordonvale, and the allotype from Townsville,
North Queensland.

See discussion following S. queenslandae for remarks on separation from
». ilingworthi and that following S. froggatti for separation from that species.

Sarcophaga froggatti Taylor.

1917. Sarcophaga froggatti Taylor, Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 7, pt. 3, Jan., p. 265.
Original description and notes on habits.

Types—Collection of Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Towns-
ville, North Queensland, Australia.

Male.—Length, 7 to 11mm. Viewed from front parafrontals, genae and
anterior portions of cheeks light golden pollinose ; one row of black cilia behind
eyes; cheek vestiture white; gena with minute golden or whitish hairs near eye
orbit, sometimes a few black hairs near transverse impression; bristles below
vibrissae not extending backward along lower cheek border (perhaps inconstant) :
side of thorax with considerable white hair, that on mesopleura only on lower
anterior portion; anterior and middle coxae with some white hairs, small and
indistinct on third coxa; posterior tibia not bearded; leg vestiture short: anterior
dorsocentrals present but weak; presutural pair of acrostichals weakly developed ;
at least four pairs dorsocentrals, only last two at all strong; prescutellar acro-
stichals, absent or if present very weak; ventral surfaces of first three abdominal
nota with white hair: posterior half of fourth and posterior margin of third
ventral plate with black hair, other first four plates with white hair: fifth ventral
plate without bristles; genital segments brownish, first sometimes grayish pol-
linose: seen from rear forceps prongs approximately about two-thirds length,
then narrowing and divergent, bending slightly forward, then the slender ends
convergent but not meeting, and the tips again turned outward; on outer side
at convergent bend each prong with a very few short bristles (not easily seen,
see fig. 4a): genitalia specific ( fig. 4c).

Female.— Essential characters similar except as follows :—white hairs on
mesopleura present on lower half and posterior to mesopleura bristles; vestiture
of abdominal nota of short black decumbent bristles throughout, except for
white hairs on ventral surfaces of first notum and a few on second; first ventral
plate with white hairs,'a few anteriorly on second; fifth notum (first genital)
same color as those preceding, puckered and slightly emarginate dorsally.

Range.—AUSTRALIA; Queensland ;—Winton (E. V. Hines) (cited by
Taylor), Roma, (F. H. Taylor) ; North Territory ;—Darwin, Aug. 2, 1913 (G. F.
Hill). One specimen of uncertain locality, record by W. W. Froggatt.

Taylor, 1917, records the maggots of this species attacking sheep. The
specimen taken by Froggatt bears the following label, “Horse, Black Tank, Bred
Feb. 21, 1914, W.W.F.”

The female is very close to that of S. illingworthi, but is smaller and
lacks prescutellar acrostichals. The first genital notum is practically alike in
both species. S$. illingworthi lacks white hair on the mesopleura while it is
present in S. froggatti.

For separation from S. queenslandae see discussion following that species.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9

In the female a few bristles are sometimes found bordering the cheek
along the lateral mouth margin. In the male the lack of the bristles was con-
stant in all specimens examined.

This species has been identified by me from a single female paratype sent
me by F. H. Taylor. This specimen was a reared form and undersized but I
feel reasonably confident that the species here concerned is S. froggatti.

SOME NEW AND RARE COLEOPTERA FROM SOUTHWESTERN
FLORIDA.

BY W. S. BLATCHLEY,
Indianapolis, Ind.

I reached Dunedin,! Florida, where I have my winter home, on November
18, 1920, and, with the exception of three weeks, collected about there until April
18, 1921. During the nine winters I have been in Dunedin I have taken the
great majority of beetles which can be found in that vicinity at that season, yet
each winter I manage to secure a number of interesting forms.

On March 1 I started on a three weeks’ trip to the most southern available
points on the west coast. My first stop was at Lakeland, a junction point on the
A.C.L. railway, where I spent two days. I had collected about there on two
previous occasions at the same season and therefore took little of especial in-
terest. A number of the large tortoise beetle, Chelymorpha geniculata Boh., were
beaten from bunches of Spanish moss in which they were hibernating. The
usual food plant of this species is the creeping goat’s-foot morning glory, Ipomoea
pes-caprae Sweet, but as that plant grows only along the sea-shore, the bettle
evidently uses an allied one for food in the interior, Lakeland being 30 miles
from the coast. Another capture was a fine specimen of the handsome Cerambycid,
Ancylocera bicolor Oliv., which was swept from an oak shrub.

At Lakeland I was joined by J. H. Williamson of Bluffton, Ind., who was
collecting dragonflies, and on March 3rd we took the train for Ft. Myers, the
most southern railway station on or near the west coast. Ft. Myers has a popu-
lation of about 10,000 and is located on the Caloosahatchie River, 14 miles from
the Gulf Coast. The river is a tide water stream to above the town, the black
mangrove and other maritime shrubs lining its banks in the uncleared areas. The
winter had been very dry and the first day and a half’s collection yielded little
but what I had taken on previous visits at the same season. However on the
third morning I began sifting about an extinct or wet-weather pond which, dur-
ing the rainy season, covers shallowly an area of 15 to 20 acres, south of the
railway and just outside of the city limits. With the exception of one or two
small pools which were full of dead or dying fish the pond was wholly dry, and its
mucky bed filled with the decaying stems of pickerel weed. Pontededia cordata L,.,
and several species of arrow-head, Sagittaria, smart weed, Polygonum, and other
semi-aquatic vegetation. For several hours I sifted with good success the debris.
from about the roots of these plants in the dryer portions of the old pond area.
Happening to pull up some of the Pontederia roots from a damp mucky place
near one of the pools I noted several species of water beetles in the muck. That

1See Can. Ent., xlix, 1917, 137.

IO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

aiternoon I returned with a trowel and a soap box, and using the latter as a
seat, as near the edge of the pools as I could get without miring down, I began
pulling and digging up the decaying pickerel weed roots and stems and shaking
them over a newspaper spread out on a thin board which I held on my knees.
{ soon found I had struck “pay dirt,” as aquatic and semi-aquatic beetles by
scores were unearthed. | worked thus about this pond for the greater part of three
days, sifting at intervals but digging in the muck most of the time, and secured
109 species of beetles besides a number of subaquatic Hemiptera and Orthoptera.
A number of the beetles are mentioned on the pages which follow. Others of
special interest were Tachys albipes Lec., Chlaenius perplexus Dej., Colpius in-
flatus Lec., Bidessus subsericeus Bl., Laccophilus gentilis Lec., Celina angustata
Aube, Cercyon variegatum Shp., Oosternum costatum Shp., etc. Among the
Rhynchophora taken, which will be treated elsewhere, were Smicronyx quadrifer
Casey, not before known from Florida, and a new species of Hyperodes. The
three most abundant beetles about the pond were Tachistodes (Agonoderus)
testaceus (Dej.) taken mostly by sifting, Hydrovatus compressus Shp. from the
muck, and Disonycha pennsylvanica conjugata (Fab.), which occurred by hun-
dreds on Polygonum.

On the afternoon of March 8 we started with the mail carrier in a Ford
machine for Caxambus, a fishing station on Marco Island, go miles distant. We
were due there at 7 P.M. but after various mishaps and the enforced use of
three different flivvers, we arrived at 11.30. Here, on account of the dry season
and consequent lack of fresh water on the island, the collecting was poor.
Mosquitoes, a brackish or salt-water species, and therefore not disheartened by
the drouth, were present in hordes. Two days were spent in taking what we
could find and early in the morning of the third day my companion, discouraged
by the drought and the mosquitoes, started back overland to Ft. Myers, while I
took passage in the “mail boat,” an 18-foot open gasoline launch, for Chokoloskee,
my original objective, 35 miles farther south, where I arrived at noon on March
x

Chokoloskee, a fishing village on a key or island of the same name—one
of the “Ten Thousand Islands” off the southwest coast of Florida—is the most
southern postoffice and settlement on the west coast. Most of the neighboring
islands are covered with mangrove and overflow at high tide. Chokoloskee was
originally somewhat higher and was therefore used by the Seminole Indians and
their predecessors as a village site. It must have been so used for centuries, as
almost the entire area of 107 acres is covered with shell heaps, “kitchen-middens,”
to a thickness of three to eight feet, and in one place is a look-out mound, a
fourth of an acre in area and 27 feet in height, of the same materials. There
is no stream and only one or two small brackish water ponds on the island
Rain or cistern water is used exclusively by the inhabitants. The vegetation
is sparse, the shrubs and trees for the most part stunted, though fairly abundant
in species and number. I spent five days on the island, and one day at Ever-
glade, another settlement five miles to the northeast. My collecting was done
mostly by beating into an umbrella and by sweeping, and except in Rhyncho-
phora, the results were poor. The fauna is very nearly the same as at Cape
Sable and Key West. not more than 20 species being found which had not been

le Ae te net E08 >

er em DONT

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. II

taken by me at those stations. In the rainy season, May to August, there
is probably good collecting to be had here, at least 1 was so told by my landlady,
Mrs. C. G. McKinney, who for years has collected butterflies and Orthoptera
for northern supply houses. At that season, however, mosquitoes are at their
best, and they were bad enough for me in March.

I left Chokoloskee for Ft. Myers on March 18, by a little freight steamer
which plies between the two ports. Had one afternoon’s collecting at Marco,
where we passed the night, and part of the next one at the extinct pond at Ft.
Myers. It was on this last afternoon at the pond that | took the second known
specimen of my Pachydrus princeps. 1 did not recognize it at the time, else |
might have been there yet, searching for others. The next morning I took the
irain for Tampa and from there to Dunedin by automobile bus, arriving at
4 P.M.

Dicaelus quadratus Lec.2—A single female, 25 mm. in length was taken March
6 beneath an old boat on the margin of the extinct pond at Ft. Myers. It 1s the
same as a species from St. Petersburgh, identified for me by Frederic Blanchard
as D. carinatus Dej. and recorded by me under that name.? I did not at that
time have a copy of LeConte’s description of quadratus available, but with it
now in hand there is no doubt that the two specimens are his species, which he
states is .g6 of an inch in length. Horn, in his synoptical table,* separates
quadratus from carinatus only by the humeral carina being “moderately elevated
and acute near the base only” in quadratus and “very long and more elevated,
acute in the entire length” for carinatus. In his bibliography he gives the length
of quadratus as 25 mm., and of carinatus as 20 mm. ‘The question arises, may
not these two nominal species represent the different sexes of one? If so, it
would have to bear Dejean’s name.

Dicaelus subtropicus Casey —The types of this species? were from Palm
Beach, Fla. A single specimen was taken on February 9 beneath a chunk on Hog
Island, opposite Dunedin.

The species of Badister with unspotted elytra form a difficult group to
separate satisfactorily with words. The original descriptions of Leconte are
conflicting in a number of instances with his later keys® and as a consequence the
species are badly confused in most collections. Three species of this group have
been taken by me in Florida, one of which appears to be undescribed.

Badister flavipes Lec—One specimen March 18 from the extinct pond at Ft.
Myers. In the original description the intervals are said to be convex, whereas
in the keys of LeConte it is included under division with intervals flat. In the
specimens at hand, from Little River and Ft. Myers, the three innermost intervals
are subconvex, the outer ones flat.

2In the notes and descriptions which follow, the sequence and nomenclature is that of
Leng’s new “Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico.” Where’
the generic name used by him is different from that heretofore in common use
the old name in parenthesis follows the new, e. g. Pseudamphasia (Anisodactylus )
sericea Harris.

3Can. Ent., xlvi, 1914, 63.

4Bull. Brook, Ent. Soc.. iii, 1880, 51.

oMemoirs iv, 1913, 151.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., viii, 1880, 165: Bw'l, Bresk. Ent. Soc.. v, 1882, 7.

12 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Badister seclusus sp. nov.

Elongate-oval. Black, shining, the elytra and under surface strongly
iridescent; narrow margins of thorax and elytra brownish-piceous; antennae
piceous, the two basal joints paler; palpi and legs dull brownish-yellow, head
as wide as base of thorax, finely alutaceous, impunctate, its front portion dis-
tinctly declivent and concave with prominent raised margins; eyes very large
and prominent; antennae nearly half as long as body, the third joint more than
twice as long as second, slightly shorter than fourth, joints 4 to Ii very stender,
more than four times as long as broad. Thorax short, widest at apical third,
the sides thence oblique and distinctly converging to base, which is but two-thirds
as wide as apex; side margins narrow to behind the middle, then gradually widen-
ing and reflexed to base; hind angles obtuse, not rounded; median line deep,
entire; basal impressions narrow, deep. Elytra at base one-third wider than
base of thorax; humeri broadly rounded, sides straight and parallel from basal
fourth to apical fifth, then broadly rounded into the obtuse apex; striae deep,
intervals subconvex, the second with two large dorsal punctures on its inner
margin, the first at middle, the other at apical fourth. Length 4.8 mm.

Dunedin, Fla.. March to—April 19. ‘T'wo specimens taken by sweeping
ferns in a dense damp hammock. Evidently allied to flavicornis Casey, de-
scribed? from Iowa but much smaller and with dark antennae. The basal side
margins of thorax are much more strongly widened and reflexed than in reflexus,
the hind angles more distinct. It is possible that this is the species listed as
B. micans Lec. by Schwarz, and by Leng, but it is a much smaller species with
very different form of thorax from what I have as micans from Indiana, which
was compared with LeConte’s labelled type. As pointed out by Casey, loc. cit.,
the original description of micans calls for a species 4% lines (g mm.).

Badister reflexus Lec—Four specimens from the pond at Ft. Myers;
one from Tallahasse. Leng records it® only from Suwanee. The Florida
specimens agree with those from Indiana in having the hind angles “very obtuse
and rounded,” as stated by LeConte in his original description, whereas in his
key they are mentioned as “obtuse, not rounded.”

Pseudamphasia (Anisodactylus) sericea (Harris)—This common northern
Carabid has not heretofore been reported from Florida, though it is known
irom Louisiana. ‘Two specimens were taken from beneath debris on the shore
of Lake Okeechobee near Moore Haven on March 2, 1918. Casey® has re-
cently erected for it the genus Pseudamphasia.

Pronoterus semipunctatus ‘(Lec.)—From the muck about the Pontederia
roots in the pond at Ft. Myers I took three specimens of a small Dytiscid which
I was unable to identify, even as to genus, with the literature available. Think-
ing that it perhaps might be a West Indian form, I sent a specimen to A. J.
Mutchler of the American Museum of Natural History. He replied that it was
not represented in the Museum collection either from the United States or West
Indies, and suggested that I refer it to H. C. Fall, who has been making a recent

7TMemoirs, ix, 1920, 20S.
8Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxiv, 1915, 581.
9Memoirs v, 1914, 195.

THI CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13

study of the smaller Dytiscidae. This I did, and Mr. Fall reported that: “It
seems almost surely to be the rare Canthydrus semipunctatus (Lec.) described
from Michigan!®. It is also-probably Pronoterus punctipennis Sharp, described
from Brazil! On comparing your specimen with LeConte’s unique type in the
Cambridge Museum I find that it differs only in being a little smaller, with some-
what darker elytra and with the posterior angles of the hind coxae a little more
blunt. I cannot feel so sure that Sharp’s species is the same, but the short de-
scription is perfectly characteristic so far as it goes. It is not a Canthydrus, but
must be referred to Sharp’s genus Pronoterus and, LeConte’s name being the
elder, must be known as Pronoterus semipunctatus (Lec.). I do not know that
LeConte’s specimen has ever been duplicated in this country, so your find is one
of great interest. Truly a remarkable distribution if the Michigan, Florida and
Brazilian specimens are all one thing!”

Pachydrus (Coelambus) princeps (Blatch.)—The second known specimen
was taken March 19 from amidst the decaying stems of pickerel weed in
the extinct pond at Ft. Myers. The unique type was from the east shore of Lake
Okeechobee. It was described!! as a Coclambus, but Fall states!* that it belongs
to Pachydrus, a tropical genus, hitherto unrepresented in this country.

Celina slossoni Mutch—One specimen, April 1, from a mass of water
weeds in a small pond near Dunedin, known heretofore only from Sanford,
Enterprise and Lake Worth, on or near the east coast.

Derallus altus (Lec.)—Three specimens were taken from the debris of
the extinct pond at Fort Myers. The only other Florida record is that of mine
from Dunedin?*.

Helobata (Helopeltis) larvalis (Horn.)—Two specimens were secured from
the under side of the decaying leaves of pickerel weed at the Ft. Myers
pond. They clung to their cover much as did a small mollusk of the genus An-
cylus which was frequent on the leaves. | While the beetle has been taken at
several stations in Florida, the only definite one hitherto recorded is Sarasota,
where I found a single individual in 1911.

Bacanius subdepressus sp. nov.

Broadly oval, subdepressed. Black, shining; femora piceous, antennae,
tibiae and tarsi dark reddish brown; the globular antennal club much paler.
Head two-thirds as wide as thorax. minutely and sparsely punctate. Thorax
twice as wide as long, sides feebly curved, strongly margined, this margin con-
tinuous and uninterrupted to tips of elytra; disk, finely, evenly and rather sparsely
punctate, base with a single transverse row of smaller punctures. Elytra as wide
at base as, and about two-thirds longer than, thorax, without marginal carine
or discal striae; sparsely, rather coarsely punctate, the punctures on basal half in

_ part aciculate or substrigose. Pygidium, very minutely punctate. Prosternal

process broad, one-half longer than wide, striate each side, minutely punctate,
truncate at tip. Metasternum very broad, both it and abdomen very minutely
and sparsely punctate. Length .8—1 mm.

10Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc.. xvii, 1878, 595,

11Can. Ent., xlvi, 1914, 64.

12The N. Amer. species cf Coelambus, 1919, p. 1.
13Bull. Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist. xli, 520.

I4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Frequent and gregarious, November to April, about Dunedin, beneath the
bark of dead water oak and dead white bay; also taken beneath cow dung and
by sifting in damp mucky places. Much less convex than any of our other de-
scribed species.

(To be Continued.)

NEW SPECIES OF CANADIAN SYRPHIDAHE, (DIPTERA) Pt. EF.
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ont.

Cynorhina robusta, new species

Thorax and scutellum moderately long, pale yellow pilose; abdomen
black pilose except the immediate basal corners which bear yellow pile; head
brown and black pilose; face chiefly piceous, but yellow above.

Length 11 mm. @. Face piceous, immediately below the antennae, more
so at the sides, yellow, the cheeks black; face thinly silvery pollinose, the side
inargins sparsely whitish pilose; in profile the sub-keel-shaped face is slightly
produced below the middle indicating a long tubercle. Antennae black, third
joint circular and reddish brown in color, the base below reddish; arista black.
Front shining black, somewhat narrowed above; antennal process narrowly
reddish apically. Pile of the front black; under the eyes yellowish, on the
lower half of the occiput brown, black on the upper half, moderately long below.
Posterior orbits narrowly grayish white pollinose.

Thorax shining deep blue-black; mesopleurae margined with reddish
except below. Dorsum brassy, and clothed with rather long pate yellow pile;
pleurae bare except on the meso and sternopleurae; scutellum similar in color
and pile to dorsum.

Abdomen wholly shining black, with a strong purplish reflection, wholly
short black pilose except the basal angles which bear longer yellowish pile.
First two ventral segments yellow apically at the sides.

Legs blackish, short black pilose, longer on the femora; femora tipped
with yellow; bases and ends of the tibiae yellow or yellowish; first three joints
of the anterior four and second and third of the hind tarsi, yellow.

Wings moderately brownish, less so outwardly, their bases very con-
spicuously yellow; stigma brownish, but not readily discerned. Squamae whit-
ish yellow, with similar colored fringe. Halteres yellow.

Holotype, 2, British Columbia, in the Canadian National Collection, Ot-
tawa.

A robust, conspicuous species resembling Criorhina, best characterized by
the color of the face and the pile, which is longer and denser than usual.

Cynorhinella, new genus
Face considerably produced downwards, tuberculate; side margins
distinct; eyes contiguous; antennae short, third joint roundish; thorax longer
than broad, without bristles; abdomen slender, twice as long as the thorax,
tapering in the male; femora all somewhat swollen, the hind ones considerably
so and arcuate, at the end below with an angular projection exteriorly, as in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 15

Tropidea, a smaller one anteriorly; hind tibiae a little arcuate, not ending in a
spur. Wings as in Cynorhina.

Genotype, C. canadensis, new species.

I am unable to place the following specimen in any genus known to me,
and it traces out to Cynorhina in Williston’s manual, and apparently comes
closest to this genus but the thickened, arcuate hind femora with the projection
apically, and the more distinct facial side margins separate it. It is related to
Chilosia and Chrysochlamys by the last mentioned character, but there is no
semblance of bristles and the shape of the abdomen is distinctive. Superficially
it moderately resembles a Brachypalpus but the facial shape and tubercle at
once preclude it from that genus. ;

Cynorhinella canadensis, new species

Length 10mm. Male. Face chestnut brown, concave below the antennae
with a prominent rounded tubercle about the middle, below which it is slightly
produced to the not prominent oral margin; side margins well defined, as in
Chilosia, the facial slopes with fine whitish pollen, the side margins with sparse
whitish pile; cheeks and frontal triangle shining, concolorous with the face;
vertical triangle brown, the sides of the triangle about equal, with brown pile;
occiput shining chestnut, with whitish pile below and brownish above. Thorax
shining blueblack, the dorsum with yellow pile, which is intermixed with black
on the middle, and black pile on the borders; pleurae yellowish brown, with yel-
lowish pile, the pile black above. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum, with
slightly longer black pile. Abdomen narrow, and gradually narrowing after
the second segment, in color shining blue-black, the posterior margins of the
second and third segments a little more blackish on the median two-thirds;
hypopygium black. Pile of abdomen yellowish on basal angles, becoming white
en the hypopygium, and black on the ends of the second and third segments.
Legs chestnut brown. Wings distinctly luteous; stigma yellowish. Squamae
and halteres white.

Holotype, 6, Inverness, B.C., July, 1910, (J. H. Keen), in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa.

Mallota columbiae, new species

Eyes bare; abdomen wholly black pilose; wings with a brown spot;
thorax densely yellowish pilose. Distinguished from cimbiciformis by the shape
of the angulation of the third vein, from sackeni by the open marginal cell.

Length 14 mm. Female. Face shining black, the sides covered with
grayish yellow pollen, forming a complete band below the antennae. Front
shining black, the sides with yellow pollen; pile of the head black, except a
few whitish. hairs on the cheeks; below the eyes there is a very distinct, triangu-
far rust-colored spot. Antennae brown, third joint more reddish, large, broader
than long; arista reddish. Thorax shining greenish black; anteriorly, except two
narrow sub-median stripes, yellowish pollinose, in some lights a broader inter-
rupted more shining stripe laterally. Scutellum light yellow. Pile of thorax
and scutellum light yellow, the humeri and pleurae below with blackish hairs.
Abdomen shining black, black pilose, but the sides of the second segment nar-
rowly, with yellow hairs. Femora black, with black pile, tibiae more brownish,

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tarsi reddish; tips of the femora, narrow base of the hind and broad bases of
the anterior four tibiae, yellowish red; pile of the tibiae very short, brownish.
Wings almost hyaline, with a brown cloud at the middle. Third vein with the
angulation more V-shaped than U-shaped.

Holotype, 2, Penticton, B.C., June 5, 1919, (R. C. Treherne), in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

This species comes close to cimbiciformis, but is at once distinguished by
the clouded wings, wing venation and facial profile. M. sackeni has the mar-
ginal cell closed. No other species with the abdomen practically entirely black
pilose have been described; there are very few yey hairs on the sides of the
second abdominal segment.

Mallota diversipennis, new species

Eyes bare; antennae luteous-reddish; third longitudinal vein with the
loop V-shaped; wings clouded; marginal cell open; pile of abdomen rather
sparse, mixed black and fulvous.

Length, 15 mm. 9. Face black, shining, covered, except a broad median
stripe and the cheeks, with yellowish gray pollen, and sparse, long reddish yel-
low pile; front broad, the sides, more widely at the middle, with golden pollen,
the pile rather sparse, reddish yellow, up the middle with black hairs, and
chiefly black hairs across the ocellar triangle. Antennae luteous-reddish, shin-
ing, (third joint missing). Posterior orbits with brownish pile, but more ful-
vous below and at the vertex.

Thorax black, a little shining, with reddish pile; humeri reddish, sec-
tions of pleurae bordered with reddish and very slightly whitish pollinose; dor-
sum with slight indications of pollen before the suture. Scutellum yellow with
moderately long, fairly abundant pale yellow pile.

Abdomen shining bluish black, with a purplish tint in some reflections;
pile on first and second segments rather long, whitish, on the triangular median
posterior half of second segment short, stiff, brown, elsewhere on tne abdomen
shorter, fulvous, sparsely intermixed with brown, on the third segment with
a broad posterior band of short brown pile.

Femora brownish, hind ones more reddish; tibiae and tarsi yellowish
red, the tibiae darker apically; pile of the anterior femora entirely black, rather
leng posteriorly, on the middle ones brown, but longer reddish yellow poster-
iorly, on the hind ones wholly reddish yellow; tibiae and tarsi with yellow pile;
hind femora much thickened, the tibiae a little arcuate.

Wings with a distinct brownish cloud across the middle beyond which
the color is somewhat luteous, the base hyaline. Angulation of third longitudinal
very acute and V-shaped.

Holotype, 2, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, bearing no
label. It is probably a Canadian specimen.

I cannot associate this species with any described. It comes nearest
palmerae Jones but is distinct in the reddish antennae and color of the pile,
that on the legs being especially distinctive. There is a short stump of vein into
the first posterior cell from the tip of the V-shaped angulation.

———
———

pace

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

Chilosia hunteri, new species

Eyes pilose; antennae reddish yellow; arista bare; facial slopes without
pile; thorax whitish or yellow. pilose, without spines, except a weak one on the
mesopleura ; abdomen light pilose.

Length 8 tog mm. Male. Face shining black, a little pubescent oppo-
site the tubercle; side margins and below the antennae thinly silvery pollinose ;
face almost straight from base of antennal prominence to the oral margin
which is on a plane with the antennal base, the tubercle fairly prominent, on a
plane with the tip of antennal prominence, a little concave between the an-
tennal prominence and tubercle, and shortly, deeply concave below the tubercle;
the lower edge of the short nose-shaped tubercle is on a plane with the lower
eye margins; side margins and cheeks short yellowish pilose. Frontal triangle
shining black; finely moderately punctured, usually with a narrow suica in
the middle ; the polished broad W on the antennal prominence reddish or obscurely
so; pile of the frontal triangle black, rarely mixed with yellow; posterior
orbits narrowly silvery pollinose, with white pile; remainder of occiput thinly
grayish pollinose. Antennae with the first two joints polished brownish red,
the third bright reddish yellow, not large, sub-quadrate, a little rounded apically.
Eyes short brownish yellow pilose.

Thorax and scutellum shining metallic greenish black, with moderately
short pale yellowish to yellow pile, a little deeper colored at the corners and
usually with some black hairs intermixed here; there may be one to three
weak bristles on the top of the mesopleura.

Abdomen of the same metallic greenish black color, but not quite so
shining, and a little more sparsely finely punctured; second segment with a
goblet-shaped opaque spot widest posteriorly and poorly outlined; an abbre-
viated, interrupted, basal opaque fascia on the third segment. Pile usually

- all pale yellowish or yellow but there may be some black hairs towards the

end of the second segment.

Legs shining black, the trochanters obscurely reddish apically; femora
tipped with reddish; tibiae with the basal quarter and a little less than the
apical quarter reddish, the anterior ones a little more extensively reddish;
tarsi all black, except that the base of the anterior four basitarsi may be
reddish. The long hairs on the legs are yellow. the short ones black, except

on the anterior of the front tibiae and the tarsal pads. Wings a little luteous,

less so postero-apically; stigma and base of the wings brownish; 8 to Io
short bristles on R,,;; tip of first posterior cell almost truncate, the last sec-
tion of the fourth vein sinuous. Squamae slightly tinged with yellow, with
white fringe of pile. Halteres reddish yellow, the end of the knob brown.

Holotype, ¢, Teulon, Manitoba, May 17, 1920 (A. J. Hunter) in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes, 6, Teulon, Man., May 14, 1920, (A. J. Hunter) in the col-
lector’s collection; ¢, Teulon, May 17; ¢, Winnipeg, Man., May 7, 1910, (J.
B. Wallis); in the writer’s collection; ¢, Winnipeg, May 7, 1910, (J. B.
Wallis) in the collector’s collection.

This species is evidently close to petulca Will. but may be known by the
bare arista, absence of scutellar bristles and the color of the vestiture. From

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

baroni it is distinguished by its reddish antennae, absence of spines and the
color of the vestiture.

I take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of Dr. A. J.
Hunter, who has sent me many fine specimens of Syrphidae, and whose ef-
forts have added largely to our knowledge of the Syrphid fauna of Manitoba.

I place a female collected by Dr. Hunter at Teulon on May 14, 1920,
here with some doubt as it appears rather darker.

Female. Face shining black, a little more prominent than in the male,
as the oral tip is as prominent as the antennal base, the tubercle more promin-
ent; third antennal joint larger, twice as broad as the second joint. Front
brassy in the middle, the sides smoother, black; a slender longitudinal median
shining darker stripe which is more or less impressed, and a transverse depres-
sion above the antennae; pile blackish above the antennae and at the ocelli,
elsewhere fulvous; occiput dull, thinly grayish yellow pollinose, the pile
whitish below, cinereous above. Eyes short fulvous pilose.

Thorax shining slightly brassy black, with a median rather broad vitta
and a broad one sub-medianly on each side, less shining and darker. The pile
on the thorax and scutellum is very short fulvous, but appears to be darker on
the darker vittae, and on the immediate sides of the dorsum there are a few
longer bristle-like black hairs and the pile on the end of the scutellum is
partly black and subappressed.

Abdomen shining black with a brassy reflection, the disc of the second
segment deep black. The pile is very short subappressed fulvous, appearing
darker on the third and base of the fourth segment on the disc in some lights;
on the base of the abdomen and anterior angles of the segments it is longer,
on the fifth segment with some black hairs apically.

Legs as in the male but the tarsi brownish, the first joint of the anterior
four tarsi reddish. Squamae white with a yellow fringe and pale yellow
pile. Halteres yellowish red.

Myiolepta lunulata Bigot.

Bigot, (Ann Soc. Ent. France, 1884, page 537) described a specimen of
Myiolepta from Oregon, giving it the specific name lunulata. As is the case
with most of Bigot’s descriptions the insect is not recognizable, and as a re-
sult Williston, (Syn. N. Am. Syrph., 1886) placed lunulatus as a synonym of
varipes Loew. In the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences is a
specimen of Myiolepta which is moderately like varipes, but there are certain
differences which I can only regard as specific, and hence give a description of
the specimen using Bigot’s name lunulatus rather than a new one.

The specimen was collected at Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., California,
at an altitude of 7,000 ft. by Mrs. F. P. Van Duzee and is a male.

Abdominal coloration in the male very much like the female of M.
varipes; pile of abdomen depressed, mostly black; antennae dirty brownish
yellow ; wings clouded only across the middle; arista blackish.

Male. Length 7 mm. Swollen antennal base, cheeks and face from just
above the tubercle to the mouth edge scarcely wider than the tubercle, deep
shining black, the face elsewhere obscured by grayish yellow pollen. In pro-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

file the face is very deeply concave; from the antennal prominence to the

deepest part of the cavity it is almost straight, thence it is straight to the an-
terior oral margin, which does not project quite as much as the antennal prom-
inence; the tubercle, situated in the middle of the lower straight portion, is mod-
erately large, more rounded above, sub-pointed on its lower portion and almost
at a right angle to the lower facial plane. Frontal triangle shining black, the
sides narrowly grayish yellow pollinose. Vertical triangle black. Pile sparse,
whitish, on the face restricted to the side margins.

Thorax and scutellum shining deep black; in front with an arch of
grayish pollen extending between the humeri; pile short, yellow, subappressed ;
on the pleurae more erect, lighter. Scutellum margined with sparsely placed
short black hairs.

Abdomen shining black; second segment except the sides and the base
of the third segment medially, more opaque. First segment grayish pollinose.
Second segment with a half-crescent-shaped yellow spot, extending along the
latero-irontal margin a short distance, then curving back; behind and laterally
to lunule the ground color is inclined to be lighter fading to black. Abdominal
pile short, subappressed, on the abdominal basal angles, on the lighter areas
and the basal triangles of the third segment, longer, whitish, more erect.

Legs black; bases of the tibiae piceous; hind tarsi and middle tarsi
yellowish basally. All the femora thickened and bearing spines below. Hind
tibiae without a triangular protuberance below. Wings subhyaline, darkened

on the middle anteriorly. Stigma luteous, occupying the basal two-thirds of

the cell.

Differs from varipes in that the wings are not clouded beyond the middle ;
pile mostly black on the abdomen; in the male of varipes the sides of the
second abdominal segment are yellow; the face in /unulata is more produced

and below the tubercle it is not receding to the oral margin as in varipes, but

is continued forward.

NEW SPECIES OF THE SYRPHID GENUS CHILOSIA FROM
CANADA (DIPTERA)
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ont.
Chilosia sensua, new species.

Eyes bare; arista bare; wings strongly tinged with brownish yellow;
scutellum without bristles; abdomen partly opaque.

Male. Length 7 mm. Face and front shining black, the former thinly
grayish pollinose across below the antennae, pile of the side margins short, sparse,
whitish, of the frontal and vertical triangles, black, of the posterior orbits,
whitish below, yellow above. Eyes bare. Vertical triangle short, eyes touching
for about the length of the vertical triangle. Frontal triangle large, a little
prominent, with a metallic blue reflection in the middle, densely finely punctured ;
in the middle, when viewed from in front with an elongate triangular depression,
its narrow base resting upon the antennal arch, its upper point almost reaching
the juncture of the eyes. First antennal joint shining black, second piceous or
brownish, third reddish, its end and upper portion more or less blackish, but

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the ground color considerably obscured by whitish pubescence, in shape broader
than long, flattened above, its upper apex more acutely rounded than the lower;
arista black, bare, considerably thickened basally for about one-third its length
(not as much as in C. crassiseta of Europe), then suddenly thinned.

Thorax and scutellum shining greenish black, the dorsum with a slight
brassy reflection, covered with moderately short fulvous pile, but a stripe of
black pile from the humeri to the base of the wings, and some black hairs about
the postalar callosities.

Abdomen metallic greenish black; first segment with an opaque area on
each side; second segment opaque black, the sides shining, the lateral ends of the
opaque only very slightly concave and a little broader posteriorly; the opaque
on the third segment is a little narrower than that on the second, does not quite
reach the posterior margin and is not at all concave laterally. Pile of abdomen
wholly fulvous.

Legs black, tips of the femora, bases of the tibiae and the apices of the
front four tibiae reddish; basal tarsal joints brownish. Wings distinctly luteous,
more clouded across the middle; stigma luteous; the first posterior cell ends in
an acute angle. Squamae whitish yellow fringed with pale yellow pile. Halteres
reddish.

Holotype, ¢, Orillia, Ontario, May 5, 1921 (Curran), in the writer’s
collection.

This species is related to crassiseta Becker of Europe, but the arista is
not so much enlarged; differs from capillata in black pile of head, truncate shape
of opaque of the abdomen and lighter colored legs, the face almost similar in
profile; from comosa in the shape of the opaque markings and brownish wings;
from nigripennis and versipellis in having yellow pile on thorax, etc.; from parva
in the dark legs; from ontario in smaller size, different shaped antennae, arista, etc.

THE FAMILY POSITION OF PLATYPREPIA AND OTHER
NOTES. (LEPID.)
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, A.M., PH.D.,
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Some remarks by Dr. McDunnough seem to call for a little elucidation
(Can. Ent., LIII, 167, 1921). I am quoted as claiming that Platyprepia be-
longs to the Hypsidae. This claim was not intended as original, as Dr. Mc-
Dunnough’s remarks seem to imply, but in following the established literature
of the group it is well known that in Sir George Hampson’s classic work,
Platyprepia is omitted from the Arctiidae, together with Callimorpha (in the

Ed. Note.—The above article serves to elucidate Dr. Dyar’s rather negative
views in regard to the family position of Platyprepia but still leaves the correct posi-
tion of this genus in doubt. ‘The fact remains that the anastomosis of veins 7 and
8 of secondaries in P. guttata, a so-called Hypsid, is as long as, or even longer than
that found in Arctia caia, the typical Arctiid.

Author's Note.—In estimating the length of the anastomosis, I do not count from
the base of the wing to the point where veins 7 and 8 separate, which appears to be Dr.
McDunnough’s standard, but from the point where veins 7 and 8 fuse to where they
separate again, In Platyprepia, these veins are free at the base, anastomose for about —
5 mm., then separate. In Arctid. they are united to the base, making the length of the
anastomosis about 7mm, On this basis a more positive distinction can be made, and the
reference of Platyprepia the Hypsidae retained,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21

European sense) and the groups which we used to call Pericopidae, Nyctemer-
idae and Hypsidae. These we expect him to treat under the family Hypsi-
dae (Callimorphidae), except that his labors unfortunately terminated with
the Noctuidae. I do not recall any statement by Hampson that Platyprepia be-
longs to the Hypsidac; but this seemed the only possible inference from his
work that had appeared. After 1902 I regarded it as negatively established,
and hence my remark which Dr. McDunnough refers to was briefly made.

It is also true that Sir George defines the family Hypsidae by having
vein 8 of the hind wings connected with the cell by a bar. This can be verified
by any of the Hypsa proper, and the definition remains unchanged in his
latest publication (Nov. Zool., xxv, 389, 1918). However, in Callimorpha,
the Nyctemeridae and Pericopidae the bar becomes a short anastomosis, as
tacitly admitted by Hampson in his Moths of India (1894) where he places
Nyctemera in the Arctiidae. The definition of the family thus becomes con-
fused; but I have followed Sir George in his classification. Therefore Dr.
McDunnough’s remark that he would retain Platyprepia in “its present position
in the Arctiidae’ seems somewhat inappropriate, since Platyprepia has been
omitted from the Arctiidae for the last twenty years by the most authoritative
student of the world fauna, and not again restored by him in his latest reference
(Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., Suppl. vol. ii, 1920). If Dr. McDunnough wishes to
differ from Hampson, which of course he has the right to do, the question of
Platyprepia widens to include: all of the Pericopidae and Nyctemeridae, for
there is no difference that I can perceive in the venation. The anastomosis
is shorter in these forms than in the Arctiidae in general, and if a more or less
short anastomosis can be called a bar, it is possible to follow Hampson’s classi-
fication, and this I suppose it is better to do if possible. Uniformity in no-
menclature is so desirable that we should stretch a point to conform, if it can be
-done. For these reasons I would let Platyprepia remain in the Hypsidae instead
of transferring it to the Arctiidae as Dr. McDunnough proposes.

Dr. McDunnough further refers to a similarity of larvae and male geni-
talia; but this similarity probably runs through all the groups mentioned.

In the same article Dr. McDunnough refers the species alpina Quensel
to Arctia after showing the generic separation from Hyphoraia. In this he
agrees with Hampson, who made the same reference and separation pre-
viously (Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., Suppl. ii, 500, 1920). Hampson does not
record A. alpina from America; but the European Arctic Fauna is the same
ay the American Arctic, apparently entirely, as far as these forms are con-
cerned.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO—ANNUAL
MEETING

The fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario
was held at the University of Toronto during the week of December the twenty-
eighth. The meeting was held at this time in order to afford our members an
opportunity of meeting with the members of the Entomological Society of Amer-
ica and of the American Association of Economic Entomologists.

22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Among the members present were Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, Toronto, Ontario;
Mr. J. D. Evans, ‘Trenton, Ontario; Prof. J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, NY.; Dr.
I,--O. Heward, Washington, D.C.; Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany, N.¥:; Prot. Me
Walker, Dr. W. A. Clemens, Dr. Craigie, Mr. Bigelow and Miss Norma Ford,
Toronto University; Messrs. A. Gibson, Dr. Swaine, L. S. McLaine, R. C.
Treherne, H. G. Crawford and F. C. Craighead, Dominion Entomological Branch,

Ottawa; Profs. L. Caesar and A. W. Baker and Messrs. G. J. Spencer and W.:

G. Garlick, O. A. College, Guelph, Ont.; Miss Edna Mosher, Albuquerque, N. M.;
Father Leopold, La Trappe, Ont.; Prof. W. H. Brittain; Truro, N.S.;.Mr. F. J.
A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.; Dr. J..D. Detwiler, Western University, Lon-
don, Ont.; Mr. C. H. Curran, Orillia, Ont.; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton, Ont. ;
Prof. A. V. Mitchener, M.A. College, W edges Man.; Dr. Matheson and Mr.
H. C. Huckett, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; Drs..S. Hadwin and A. C.
Baker, Washington, D.C.; and the following officers of the Dominion Entomo-
logical Branch :—Messrs. G. E. Sanders, Annapolis Royal, N.S.; J. D. Tothill,
Frederickton, N.B.; C. E. Petch, Hemmingford, Ont.; W. A. Ross, Vineland
Station, Ont.; H. F. Hudson, Strathroy,-Ont.; Norman ‘Criddle, Treesbank,
Man.; E. H. Strickland, Lethbridge, Alta. ;-and W. Downes, Victoria, B.C.

The meetings were also well attended by members of the Entomological So-
ciety of America, the American Association of Economic Entomologists and
others.

On Wednesday afternoon a meeting was held with the Entomological
Society of America in Room 10, Medical building. The following papers were
contributed by members of the two societies.

Algonquin Days,—F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.

Hatching in Three Species of Neuroptera——Roger C. Smith, Kansas State
Agricultural Society.

Ecdysis in Tmetocera Ocellana.—S. W. Frost, Arendtsville, Pa.

Cocoon Spinning by Species of Bucculatrix—O. A. Johannsen, Cornell
University.

The Ventral Pro-Thoracic Gland of the Red-Humped Apple Caterpillar
(Schizura concinna)—J. D. Detwiler, Western University.

Observations on a New Species of Chrysops ‘rom Central New York.—’

Raymond C. Shannon, Cornell University.

Are There Two Species of the Oyster-Shell Scale?—Grace H. Griswold,
Cornell University.

A Classification of the Larvae of Tenthredinoidea——H. Yuasa, University
of Illinois.

The Phylogeny of the Gall Mites and a New Classification of the Suborder
United States National

Prostigmata of the Order /
Museum.
The Syrphid Genera Haminensahannena and picige in ge ki Cc
Howard Curran, Orillia, Ontario. Ai,
Taxonomic Results from a Study of the Genitalia of Male S jrphldel
C. L. Metcalf, University of Illinois.

omit

(Ol we

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

Report of the Lepidoptera of the Cornell Expedition of 1919-1920.—Wm.
‘'T. M. Forbes, Cornell University.

An Extreme Case of Delayed Fall Emergence of Hessian Fly (Phytophaga
destructor )—W. H. Larrimer, United States Bureau of Entomology.

Importance of Insects in the Food of the Brook Trout.—W. A. Clemens,
University of Toronto.

The Effect of Vitamines on the Growth of Ephestia Kuehniella in Wheat
Flour.—Charles H. Richardson. United States Bureau of Entomology.

On Friday afternoon the Society met with the American Association of
Economic Entomologists when the following programme was delivered.

One Year of the Crop Protection Institute—W. C. O’Kane, Durham, N.H.

Poisoned Molasses for the Destruction of Noctuid Moths.—E. H. Strick-
Jand, Ottawa, Canada.

The Western Wheat Stem Sawfly in Canada.—Norman Criddle, Trees-
bank, Manitoba.

Progress in Hessian Fly Control—H. A. Gossard, Wooster, Ohio, and
‘'T. H. Parks, Columbus, Ohio.

European Corn Borer: Life History in Ontario.—H. G. Crawford, Ottawa,
Canada.

European Corn Borer: Present Distribution in Ontario.—L. $. McLaine,
. Ottawa, Canada.

European Corn Borer: Control Under Ontario Conditions.—G. J. Spencer,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

The Corn Borer Problem in New York State.—E. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y.

Chemotropism of Chinch Bug.—H. Yuasa, Urbana, II.

Observations on Insects Attacking Sorghum.—Wm. P. Hayes, Manhattan,
Kansas.

The Onion Maggot in British Columbia Under Irrigated Conditions.—
R. C. Treherne, Ottawa, Canada.

The Cabbage Root Maggot.—L,. Caesar, Guelph, Canada.

A Forest Insect Survey from the Air.—J. M. Swaine, Ottawa, Canada.

Forest Sample Plot Studies in a Spruce Budworm Outbreak.—F. C. Craig-
head, Ottawa, Canada.

The Life History, Habits and Injuries of the Maple Case-Bearer—Glenn
W. Herrick, Ithaca, N.Y.

On Friday evening an entomologists’ dinner was held at the Prince George
Hotel under the auspices of the American Association of Economic Entomolo-
gists. Many members of our society accepted the kind invitation of this society
to be present.

The business meeting was held on Saturday morning. Considerable dis-
cussion in regard to the financial condition of the society took place. The fol-
lowing officers were elected for the ensuing year:

President—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough.

Vice-President—Dr. J. M. Swaine, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

Secretary-Treasurer—Prof. A. W. Baker, O.A. College, Guelph.

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Curator and Librarian—Mr. G. J. Spencer, O.A. College, Guelph.
Editor—Dr. J. McDunnough, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
Auditors—Prof. L. Caesar and Mr. J. A. Flock.

The directors were re-elected save that Dr. J. D. Detwiler was appointed.
director in division No. 5.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

At the very successful annual meeting of the above society, held in Toronto
during the week of December 28th, the following officers for 1922 were elected.
PrESIDENT—Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.

First VicE-PrEsSIDENT—Dr. W. A. Riley, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
SEeconp VicE-PREsmDENT—Professor R. A. Cooley, University of Montana,

Bozeman, Mont.

SECRETARY-TREASURER—Dr. C. L. Metcalf, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

Dr. J. M. Aldrich, United States National Museum, Washington.

Mr. Wm. T. Davis, New Brighton, N.Y.

Dr. E. M. Walker, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

Dr. O. A. Johannsen, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

MANAGING EDITOR OF THE ANNALS—Dr. Herbert Osborn, Ohio State University,

Columbus.

EprtortAL BoarD:

Dr. W. S. Marshall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

Dr. Vernon L. Kellogg, National Research Council, Washington.

Dr. F. E. Lutz, American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Dr. Wm. M. Wheeler, Bussey Institution, Boston 30, Mass.

Dr. E. M. Walker, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

‘Dr. S. A. Forbes, University of Illinois, Urbana, II].

Dr. A. D. Hopkins, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C.

Prof. A. L. Lovett, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore.

Dr. Frederick C. Muir, H.S.P.A. Experimental Station, Hawaii.
Assistant Manacine Eprror—Dr. C. H. Kennedy, Ohio State University,

Columbus.

A.W.B.

JOHN MACOUN MEMORIAL VOLUME.

The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club have issued a prospectus of the pro-
posed autobiography of the late Professor J. Macoun, Canadian Explorer and
Naturalist, who occupied the position of Director and Naturalist to the Geological
Survey of Canada. It is expected that a sufficient number of subscriptions for
this Memorial Volume will be received and that the same will be published and
ready for mailing in the autumn of 1922. It is expected that the manuscript
will make a volume of between 300 and 400 pages. The Treasurer of the
Committee, Mr. Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomologist, Birks Building, Ottawa,
is receiving subscriptions for the price of the Volume, namely $3.00.

Che Canadian Cutomolonist

Vor. LIV. ORILLIA, FEBRUARY, 1922. No. 2.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
NotEes ON SoME INsEcts AFFECTING NATIVE CoTroNnwoops
BY WALTER CARTER,

Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Lethbridge, Alta.

The cottonwood grows to a considerable size in the river bottoms in
Alberta. It has a rapid growth, and this, together with the shade it affords
renders it very valuable as an ornamental tree on the prairies. Trees planted
ten and eleven years ago on the Experimental Farm at Lethbridge are now Io
to 15 inches in diameter. A feature of the trees’ growth, which led to the fol-
lowing observations, is the cracking of the old bark, especially around the bases
of the branches, and a constant exudation of sap. This is seasonal and ap-
parently of not much consequence to the tree, though it should be mentioned
in this connection that all the trees referred to are growing under irrigated
conditions.

On June 28th, 1921. attention was drawn to large unsightly masses of
faecal matter in the cracks of the bark, and on examining these, colonies of a
noctuid larva were disclosed, apparently feeding on the bark. Examination of
all the cottonwoods in the vicinity showed these colonies to be present in the
cracks or in pruning wounds where the sap was exuding.

The larvae were closely packed together, were entirely concealed, and neg-
atively phototropic. They were unable to craw! on the smoother surface of the
tree, and once removed from the moist strands of old bark were unable to
return.

Much of the fresh faecal matter was light green, which suggested that
living tissues were being fed upon. Fresh intestinal contents showed cortical
and xylem elements present which had all the usual appearances of living plant
cells. It is apparent therefore,.that the larvae do not confine their attentions to
old bark, but feed on living tissues—apparently the scoring noticed on the new
bark is a result of their activities. Specimens reared in the laboratory were fed
on pieces of bark taken from the neighborhood of the colonies. | About
fourteen pupated, and several other pupae were obtained from the cottonwoods.

While looking for these latter, we found that numerous other forms of
life inhabited these cracks in the bark. Mites, weevils, spiders, and many forms
of dipterous larvae were abundant, as well as the pupe of more than one species
of noctuid moth. Some of these latter proved to be Rhynchagrotis placida Grt.

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and two larger pupz were obtained from which later a Catocala species emerged.
The larvae of the last mentioned were also found on the tree and two individuals
were found pupating under the bark.

The pupe of the principal species mentioned in this article were found
in the trees on July Ist, in cocoons made of old strands of bark intermingled
with silk. Specimens reared indoors pupated July roth and 11th. These speci-.
mens emerged from the 30th of July to the 5th of August and were determined
by Dr. McDunnough as probably Ufeus plicatus Grt.

Control:—The question of the control of the Ufeus species was given attention
during the summer. Of all the colonies examined, over 80 per cent. failed to
mature through natural causes. Apantcles sp. emerged on July toth, from a
mass of cocoons attached to a dead larva. Such masses were present on most
of the colonies. Tachinid larvae were taken from a diseased specimen during the
examination of intestinal contents, and a tachinid puparium was obtained from
one of the reared specimens. A disease, with symptoms very much like flacherie,
accounted for many of the colonies, wiping them out completely. Where the sap
ceased to exude before the colony was mature, the bark dried out and the colony
died.

Mention might also be made of the fact that of five R. placida pupz ob-
tained, three produced very beautiful green-bodied hymenoptera, and an Apanteles
sp. emerged from one of the Catocala larva after it had spun its cocoon. Arti-
ficial control experiments were not very satisfactory owing to the difficulty in
maintaining controls. An ordinary hand sprayer was used and mixtures con-
taining Paris green sprayed into the cracks where colonies existed, but without
any effect whatever. Pieces of sodium cyanide placed in the cracks destroyed
the colonies completely in twenty-four hours.

The best control, however, was the simple one of carefully pruning away
the splitting bark from around pruning wounds and other places in the tree

where the bark naturally breaks away. The adult of the larvae is evidently an
opportunist, laying its eggs in these cracks as it finds them. Cleaning up such

places improves the appearance of the tree, involves the destruction of all
the season’s hatch, and reduces future breeding places. As cottonwoods are
usually grown in small numbers as shade trees and windbreaks, such a plan is
practical.

The tree survives the presence of the colonies, but the larvae spoil its
appearance, with masses of faecal matter, and keep wounds open, causing decay.
Several trees were noticed in which such places were full of water, and har-
bored numberless dipterous larvae which fed on the decaying matter.

PTA . . a Rls . . .

"he tree, once it attains a fair size is apparently immune, as none of
the mature trees in the river bottom at Lethbridge showed any sign of the
presence of larvae.

The habits of Ufeus in thus using cottonwoods as a breeding ground is
apparently of wide occurrence, since in Montana Ufeus on cottonwoods is re-
ported in several of the yearly reports of that state.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27

SOME NEW AND RARE COLEOPTERA FROM SOUTHWESTERN
FLORIDA

BY W. S. BLATCHLEY,
Indianapealis, Ind.
(Continued from Page 14)
Eros trilineatus Melsh.—An individual of this species was taken at Dunedin

having the left elytron only two-thirds the length of the right one.
Chauliognathus marginatus Fab.

Examples of this common species are at
hand from Miami and Everglade having the thorax entirely yellow and the black
spots on head very small.

Belotus (Lobeius) abdominalis (ec.)—Taken at Dunedin in some numbers,
April 10—15, by sweeping the new low vegetation on lots which had been re-
cently burned over. Schwarz records it as “common on swampy meadows in
June.”

Attalus australis sp. nov.

Oblong-oval, wider behind. | Black, strongly shining, elytra faintly tinged
with blue; femora shining black; labrum, palpi, antennae, tibiae and tarsi, pale
reddish-yellow ; upper surface thinly clothed with sub-erect grayish pubescence.
Head wider than long, narrower than thorax, almost impunctate; eyes large,
prominent; antennae reaching middle of body, male, base of thorax, female ;
rather stout, not serrate, the joints one-half longer than wide. Thorax sub-
orbicular, two-thirds wider than long, front margin truncate, disc very minutely
and sparsely punctate. Elytra not wider at base than thorax, gradually ex-
panding and widest about apical third, finely but more distinctly punctate than
thorax, each puncture, as there, bearing a sub-erect grayish hair. Length
-1.3-1.8 mm.

Swept in some numbers, Feb. 21-27, 1919, from low vegetation along the
inner margin of the beach at Cape Sable. The pale tibiae and tarsi contrast
strongly with the black femora. ‘The blue-black upper surface and posteriorly
widened elytra give it the appearance of a Pseudobaeus, but the male and female
elytra are similar in form.

Melyrodes (Melyris) basalis (Lec.)—One specimen taken at Dunedin, Apri!
I1, by sweeping ferns in Skinner’s Hammock. ‘The only other definite Florida
record is that of Dozier! who has taken it at Gainesville.

Cymatodera undulata (Say)—One specimen at Dunedin, February 23, by
beating bunches of Spanish moss. No previous Florida record except that of
Leng in his Catalogue.

Thanasimus dubius (Fab.)—One, February 17, beneath a stick of corded pine
wood near Dunedin. ‘The first record for the State, though the general range
is given by Leng as Canada and New England to Mexico.

Hydnocera humeralis Say.—One, April 12, at Dunedin by sweeping low
vegetation in dry, sandy soil. No previous definite station record for the State.

14Ent. News, XXIX, 332,

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Zonitis schefferi sp. nov.

Elongate, subcylindrical. | Head yellow, with a large subquadrate piceous

spot between the eyes; antennae piceous, the basal joints black; thorax yellow
with a rosaceous tinge; elytra piceous, with narrow sutural, median and marginal
stripes yellow; under surface and legs black, shining, the trochanters wholly,
and coxae in part, yellowish. Head subquadrate, coarsely and densely punctate ;
eyes transverse, widely separated above and beneath; antennae stout, slightly less
than half the length of body. ‘Thorax slightly wider than long, sides almost
straight from base to apical third, hind angles rounded, disc densely and coarsely
punctate, a median impressed line on basal half. Elytra densely and coarsely
rugose-punctate. | Under surface rather finely, not densely punctate ; last ventral
with a very broad U-shaped emargination. _ Length 9 mm.
Described from a single male beaten, February 9, from dead vines by the
side of a roadway running through Skinner’s hammock near Dunedin. In form
and sculpture it resembles Z. longicornis Horn, but the antennae are stouter and
much shorter and they and the legs are almost wholly blackish. The median
discal stripe of elytra narrows gradually from the base and does not reach the
apex. Named in honor of Chas. Scheffer of Brooklyn, New York, who, by
his careful and discriminating studies has done much to advance our knowledge
of the Coleoptera of North America.

Phomalus (Xylophilus) brunnipennis (Lec.)—A single specimen was beaten
from a bunch of Spanish moss near Dunedin, on March 23. ‘This is the first
Florida record, though it is said to range from the District of Columbia and
Indiana to Southern California. It is placed in the family EKuglenidae by Leng.

Drapetes geminatus Say.—

Drapetes quadripustulatus Bony.—While these two species have been men-
tioned as occurring in Florida by a number of persons, definite recorded stations
from the State are very few. One specimen of each has been taken at Dunedin,
geminatus on April 14 by sweeping ferns in a dense wet hammock, and
quadripustulatus on April 12 froma low huckleberry on dry sandy soil. Schwarz
records both as “very rare,” geminatus from Enterprise and quadripustulatus
from Tampa.

Buprestis striata impedita Say—One example of this handsome Buprestid
was taken March 7, from a window of my residence in Dunedin. Not before
known from Florida, and perhaps an adventive.

Cyphon americanus Pie—This is the C. impressus Lec. described!® in 1878
from specimens taken by Schwarz on swampy meadows at ‘Tampa and Enterprise,
and not since recorded from the State. It occurs in small numbers about Dunedin
in April, in company with C. variabilis Horn, on the flowers and foliage of
huckleberry. LeConte’s name was preoccupied. Scheffer (Ms.) states that,
“as far as known, the elytral impressions are present only in the females.”

Trogoderma flabellata sp. nov.

Oblong-oval. Black, shining, rather densely clothed with fine pubescence
which is blackish and suberect on head and thorax, yellowish and subprostrate

15Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 405,

ee ee

oe ae ee ee meen Te eee

Tar,

oT SO ee re,

1G Sa 4 PR! Ue Nae

SO is Loar h: See eri

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

on elytra; each elytron with a narrow irregular orange-red band just in front of
middle, this concave behind and widest near the suture; femora and antennae
fuscous ; tibiae and tarsi reddish-brown. | Head densely and finely punctate ; eyes
entire, separated by three times their own diameter. Antennae flabellate, the
branches of joints 4 to 10 three or four times the length of the segments, those
of two and three shorter. Thorax about twice as wide as long, sides broadly
rounded, base as wide as elytra, strongly bisinuate, disk densely and finely
punctate. lytra conjointly scarcely twice as long as wide, finely and rather
closely aciculate punctate. | Prosternum very coarsely and closely punctate, the
process feebly carinate. Length 2.1-2.3 mm.

Described from two males, one taken at Dunedin, February 14, the other
at Caxambus, March 9; both by sweeping low shrubs along tidewater lagoons.
In general appearance this is a miniature of my 7, fascifera, but the flabelate
antennae, narrower cross band of elytra, more coarsely punctate prosternum and
much deeper antennal fossae are, in addition to its small size, distinctive
characters.

Trogoderma fascifera Blatch.—A second male of this species was beaten,
March 22, from dead leaves of a cabbage palmetto on Hog Island. The unique type
was from the shore of Lake Istokpoga.

Tenebroides obtusus (Horn.)—One specimen, January 21, from beneath bark
of a pine block at Dunedin. Described!® from Pennsylvania and District of
Columbia, and not heretofore known from Florida.

Lophocateres pusillus (IKtug.)—One specimen, February 6, from beneath a
board tying on the ground in a barnyard near Dunedin. An introduced species
originally described from Siam, and known in this country from South Carolina,
Louisiana and Texas.

Cybocephalus nigritulus Lec—Examples of this minute Nitidulid have been
. taken on Hog Island opposite Dunedin, in February and March, by beating the
Florida button-bush, Conocarpa. erecta L.

~ Lathropus vernalis Lec—One specimen swept, March 29, from huckleberry
blossoms near Dunedin. Hitherto known from the State only from Crescent
City.

Aulonium tuberculatum Lec—Several specimens were taken near Dunedin in
January, in company with Lasconotus pusillus Lec., and Hypophloeus thoracicus
Melsh., beneath the bark of freshly cut pine blocks. It is noted in the Schwarz
Manuscript as found at Jacksonville by Ashmead.

Monocdus guttatus Lec—A number of examples were taken at Chokoloskee

by beating its host plant, the slender twining milkweed, Metastelma scoparium
~ Nutt. In normal specimens the body is covered with a whitish waxy secretion. In
some of those from Chokoloskee this was lacking and the usual small scattered
dark spots of elytra were very faint or wholly wanting.

Alphitobius piceus (Oliv.)—Nearly a hundred specimens of this cosmopolitan
species were taken March g in company with scores of Dryotribus mimeticus
Horn from beneath two pieces of decaying lumber near an old sugar furnace at
Caxambus. Single specimens have also been found on two occasions at Dunedin.

16Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 87.

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Ptinus constrictus sp. nov.

Elongate, subparallel. | Dark reddish-brown, the antennae, legs and under
surface slightly paler. Head coarsely and densely punctate, clothed with sub-
erect yellowish bristle-like hairs; occiput with a deep median groove; eyes quite
prominent, coarsely facetted; antennae three-fifths the length of body, joints 2
and 3 each two-thirds the length of 4, 4 to 11 subequal, densely pilose. Thorax
subcylindrical, strongly constricted near base, both disc and constriction densely
and coarsely punctate, the former bearing each side near the middle a triangular
tuft of stiff yellowish hairs. Ejlytra three times as long as broad, sides parallel ;
striae feebly impressed, marked with rows of fine, close-set punctures; intervals
about twice the width of the striae, each with a row of minute punctures, the
punctures of both striae and intervals each bearing an inclined yellowish hair.
Sterna smooth, glabrous; abdomen thickly clothed with fine yellowish pubescence.
Length 2.6 mm.

A single male was beaten, March 15, from dead branches in a partially
cleared mangrove swamp on Chokoloskee Island. Mr. Fall, to whom it was
submitted, stated that in his table!’ it should probably be placed between
strangulatus and fall.

Onthophagus alutaceus Blatch.—This species was described!* from a unique.
taken on the wing at Dunedin. A second specimen was obtained January 21,
by beating the foliage of a water oak near the bay front, one mile north of the
town. ‘The representatives of the genus usually occur on the ground about
carrion, horse dung and other refuse.

Ligyrus subtropicus sp. nov.

Oblong, suboval, very robust, convex. | Above piceous-black or very dark
chocolate-brown, strongly shining; under surface and appendages dark reddish-
brown. Head at widest part two-fifths the greatest width of thorax, finely and
shallowly rugulose; clypeus subtriangular, its sides rapidly converging from the
very broad base, its apex bifid, the teeth upturned and well separated, extreme
base with two blunt tubercles behind which the interocular space is visibly con-
cave. Thorax one-third wider than long, sides broadly curved, hind angles
rounded, dise finely, sparsely, irregularly aciculate-punctate and very minutely
alutaceous; front margin with a short blunt median tubercle behind which is a
shallow oval pit or impression, this punctate like the disc. Elytra as wide at
base and just twice as long as thorax, their tips broadly rounded and exposing
both the last dorsal segment and the very large pygidium; dise with sutural
striae well marked, the others feeble and irregular, all with coarse punctures
extending throughout the length; first, third and fifth intervals much wider than
the others, and with numerous confused punctures as coarse as those of the
striae. Pygidium minutely scabrous at base, elsewhere very finely and sparsely
punctate. Ventral abdominal segments very finely and remotely punctate, each
with a single interrupted transverse row of much coarser punctures. Middle
of prosternum and median tubercle behind the front coxae each with a tuft of

17Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXI, 1905, 113.
18Can. Ent., LI, 1919, 31.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31

long reddish bristles. Front tibiae with three large anterior teeth and a very
small posterior one. Length 27 mm., width 13 mm.

A single female of this large Scarab was taken at light at Dunedin, June
4, 1913, and has since been in my collection without a name. _ I finally sent it
to Mr. Fall, who returned it as a “Ligyrus near to bryanti Rivers, which it is
not.” Col. Casey then passed judgment upon it as follows: “Your specimen
_ belongs to my subgenus Grylius and represents a species near to the Florida
_ individual described by me?® as laevicollis Bates, but is a different species. It
is larger and much stoiter, has coarser elytral punctures and a different form of
pronotal apical impression.”

Euphoria sepulcl.rclis floridana Casey —The types of this sub-species?° were
from the “East Coast of Florida, Jacksonville to Palm Beach.” A specimen
at hand was taken at Ocala on April 14.

Euryptera lateralis (Oliv.)—A dozen examples of this handsome Lepturid
were taken February 21 from the blossoms of a Cherokee rose, in my lot at
Dunedin. It is listed by Schwarz as “very rare’ at Tampa and Enterprise, and
has been taken also at St. Augustine and Crescent City.

Euryptera flavatra Blatch—A second example of this bicolored species was
taken from a blossom of the same rose on April 9. Only the unique type,

_ described?! from Dunedin, was previously known.

Leiopus maculipennis sp. nov.

Oblong, moderately robust. Above dull reddish-brown, thickly and
evenly clothed with short. prostrate grayish-yellow hairs, with small patches of
white and black ones intermixed; the white patches alternating with the black
along each sutural carina, forming a narrow, much interrupted bar across elytra
at apical third, and sometimes another half way between it and apex, the black
-patches arranged in four rows as suberect tufts along the disc of each elytron;
antennae and legs indistinctly but perceptibly annulate, the apical third of middle
and hind tibiae fuscous; under surface piceous, thickly clothed with long grayish

irs. Antennae surpassing tips of elytra 3-5 mm., the basal joint thick, sub-
clavate; second one-fourth longer than any which follow, these being subequal.
Thorax more than one-third wider than long, sides almost straight from apex to
summit of lateral tubercle, which is short, subacute and placed at basal fourth;
disk very finely and densely punctate. Elytra one-third wider at base than
thorax, sides straight to apical third, tips subtruncate, the sutural angle slightly
prolonged ; disk finely and rather sparsely punctate. First joint of hind tarsi
as long as the next two. Length 5.5-6.5 mm.

as Described from ten specimens taken at Dunedin; one December 5, the
_ others between March 12 and April 19. Occurs on dead vines and twigs in
dense hammocks. This species has been in my collection unnamed since 1916,
and specimens have been compared with those of all other species in the Horn
and LeConte collections at Philadelphia and Cambridge, and also by Mutchler

Memoirs VI, 1915, 190.
20Memoirs VI, 1915, 321.
21Can. Ent. XLVI, 1914, 92.

32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

with those in the American Museum. It belongs in the group with crassulus
and centralis Lec., but differs from all our described species in lacking all trace
of dark bands on the apical half of elytra, in the very distinct and handsome
maculation of the sutural carinae, etc.

Oberea flavocephala sp. nov.

Elongate, subcylindrical. | Black, strongly shining, thinly clothed with
minute grayish pubescence and scattered erect black hairs. Head and thorax
bright yellow, the former with two spots on occiput, one behind each eye and
labrum and mandibles black; thorax with two large callosities, a small sub-
quadrate spot in front of scutellum and a triangular one each side on lower
posterior flank, shining black; tibiae and tarsi piceous. Head coarsely and
densely punctate; antennae a little shorter than body, the outer joints slightly
stouter than the third and fourth. Thorax coarsely and closely punctate, the
two black callosities twice or more as large as in dimaculata, each circumscribed
near the edge by a series of very coarse punctures. Elytra with rows of coarse,
dense punctures, the intervals very narrow, the third slightly raised nearly
throughout its length; tips truncate, their inner and outer angles distinctly pro-
duced or dentiform. | Abdomen finely and very sparsely punctate. Length
8.5-9.5 mm.

Two swept from low herbage along the margin of a dense hammock near
Dunedin, April 9-24; one from Ormond, April 14. | The Ormond specimen,
taken in 1913, was labelled bimaculata Oliv., but on taking the two Dunedin
examples I saw that they differed widely from that species in the yellow head,
large coarsely punctate thoracic callosities and armed elytral tips. __ It is evidently
allied to insignis Casey22 from North Carolina, but that is a larger species with
rounded spot in front of scutellum and elytral tips unarmed.

Cryptocephalus calidus Suffr—This species occurs in dry localities about
Dunedin during December and January, on the foliage of huckleberry and other
low shrubs. _ I first recorded it from there in 1917, but Leng does not definitely
include Florida in its distribution.

Cryptocephalus aulicus Hald—Three specimens were swept on April 8, from
low vegetation along the edge of a hammock.

Disonycha caroliniana (Fab.)—In the Schwarz Manuscript this species is
mentioned as occurring at Enterprise and Ft. Capron. A single specimen was
taken December 16 by sweeping near Dunedin.

Colaspidea insularis sp. nov.

Oblong-oval, convex. srown with a shining brassy tinge, antennae,
tibiae and tarsi paler; surface sparsely but evenly clothed with white scale-like
hairs. Head with front finely and sparsely punctate, and with a broad, shallow
median impression; antennae slender, reaching middle of elytra, joint two equal
in length but more slender than one, curved, 3-6 subequal to two, 7-10 stouter,
subequal in length. Thorax one-half wider than long, its front margin curved
and somewhat projecting to cover occiput; sidés broadly rounded, disk finely

“2Memoirs IV, 370.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33

not closely punctate. Elytra conjointly oval, one-fourth wider at base than
thorax, umbone prominent; disk evenly, closely and rather finely punctate, the
umbone and three or four elongate calloused spaces near middle of each elytron
smooth. Under surface very finely and sparsely punctate; prosternum forming
a large flat quadrate plate between the front coxae. Length 2.7-3 mm.

Described from three specimens from the Isle of Pines received, among
other material for naming, from Prof. J. R. Watson, of the Florida Agricultural
Experiment Station. They were labelled ‘“‘on citrus,” and Prof. Watson writes
that he has considerable correspondence with citrus growers on the Isle of Pines,
who are unable to get satisfaction from the Cuban,station. Four species of
Colaspidea have hitherto been described from North America, all from Southern
California or adjacent islands. According to Horn,?* others are known “from
Southern Europe and the circum-Mediterranean region generally.” Since Leng
and Mutchler mention no species of the genus in their list of West India
Coleoptera, insularis is apparently the first one to be known from the Atlantic
region of North America.

Haltica schwarzi Blatch.—Described?* from the east shore of Lake Okeecho-
bee. [wo specimens were secured on March 4 while sweeping low huckleberry
near the edge of a brackish water marsh just east of Ft. Myers.

TWO FAMILIES OF INSECTS NEW TO BRITISH TERTIARY STRATA
BY T. D. A. COCKERELLs
University of Colorado.

When recently examining some hitherto overlooked fossil insects in the
British Museum, I found two specimens collected by Mr. a’Court Smith in the
Isle of Wight, representing families not yet recorded from the British Tertiary
rocks. They come from the Bembridge series, at the famous Gurnet Bay

locality.

La
a

eee

Fig. 1, wing of Vectevania vetula; Fig. 2, wing of Nemoura priscula.
EVANIIDAE.

Vectevania n. gen.

Related to Protofoenus Ckll., from Burmese amber, but differing especially
in the complete third discoidal cell and the deep triangular stigma. The second
transverse-cubital nervure is so faint as to be practically obsolete, and there is
perhaps a slight indication of the third, too vague to be positively recognized.

23Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XIX, 1892, 204,
24Can. Ent., XLVI, 1914, 141.

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The position of the second is as in the living Neuraulacinus braunsi Wieffer.
The small cuneiform first discoidal cell is characteristic, and the comparatively
distinct venation of the hind wings is a primitive feature, lost in the modern
Aulacinus, but preserved in Neuraulacinus.

Vectevania vetula n. sp.

claviform, nearly 3 mm. long, obtuse at apex; anterior wing about 4.5 mm. long,

clear hyaline, with ferruginous nervures; stigma margined with brown, apparently
originally all brown.

British Museum, In. 20535.

Head narrower than thorax; thorax elongate-oval, 2 mm. long; abdomen

PERLIDAE.
Nemoura (sens. lat.) priscula n. sp

Anterior wing, length about 5.4 mm., width nearly 2 mm_; colorless.
About 1.7 mm. of the base is lost. The venation is very simple, but similar in
principle to that of Nemoura. From the fork of the radial sector to the apex
is nearly 3 mm. Comparing the venation with recent species, I found nothing
very close, and it is probable that a distinct genus is indicated. Some of the
species from Prussian amber are interesting for comparison. Thus Taentopteryx
elongata Berendt has the cross-nervure at the end of the subcosta, but it is
oblique. Leuctra gracilis Berendt and Leuctra linearis Berendt have this
cross-nervure well before the end of the subcosta, in gracilis producing an
angulation of the subcosta, but not in linearis. On the other hand, L. gracilis
agrees with the English fossil in having the cross-vein connecting R with R,
beyond the fork of R,; in the other two amber species it is at the fork. Our
fossil nearly agrees with L. gracilis in the position of the cross-vein between
R, and M.

British Museum, In. 17408.

Thirteen species of Perlide have been found in Baltic amber, and one
in the Oligocene of Rott, but strangely enough none in the American Tertiaries.

UNDESCRIBED LEPIDOPTERA IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL
COLLECTION.

BY J. MCDUNNOUGH;

Entomological Branch, Ottawa.*

For some time there has been a strong feeling among Canadian
entomologists that the types of as many as possible of our Canadian insects
should be deposited in the National Collection at Ottawa. During the past
half century, owing to the lack of taxonomists in Canada, a large proportion
of Canadian insect material has been sent to the United States or Europe for
identification and as a result the types of numerous undescribed species have
been retained in these countries. | With the growth of taxonomy and the dis-
covery of numerous closely allied forms which heretofore had been grouped

*Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agr., Ottawa

7
y
‘
i
;

-*~

ere’

Be ber bees gE Dew ~

aati ype WARE re >

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS'T. 35

Can. Env. Vot. LIv. PLATE 1.

UNDESCRIBED LEPIDOPTERA.

Male clasper of 1. Exrartema permundanum Clem.; 2. E. troglodanum n. sp.;
3. E. furfuranum n. sp.; 4. HE. rusticanum n. sp.; 5. E. bolanderanum n. sp.;
6. E. terminanum n. sp.; 7. Argyroploce youngana n. sp.; 8. A. deceptana n. SDp.;
9. A. tertiana n. sp.; 10. A. buckellana n. sp.; 1. A. polluzana n. sp.; 12. A.
castorana n. sp.; 13. A. aspasiana n. sp.; 14. A. carolana n. sp.; 15. A. vulgana n. sp.

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

under a single specific name, the necessity for a study of type material becomes —
greater and greater; the disadvantages under which a Canadian entomologist _
labors, where such study involves numerous expensive journeys, become yearly
more obvious, and it is with the sole end in view of adding to the type material
in the National Collection that the following paper has been prepared. It is
possible that in a few instances a named species has been redescribed, as certain
identifications. have been based on descriptions alone and a study of type
material has been impracticable; if such cases should occur, the error may be
ascribed to my anxiety to secure as many types as possible for the Ottawa
Collection.
SCOPARIINAE.

Scoparia truncatalis sp. n.

Allied to basalis Wlk. but with broader and shorter wings and with no
olivaceous scaling around the reniform; the genitalia are also distinct. Primaries
gray, shaded with smoky; a very short black basal dash; a dark t. a. line,
rounded outwards below costa and starting from a small dark costal spot, shaded
slightly inwardly with white; included basal space smoky; orbicular occasion-
ally represented by a dark dot close to t. a. line; claviform a dark streak
attached to t. a. line; reniform formed by two blackish cusps, making an
x-shaped mark; above this some smoky shading but remainder of median space
rather pale gray; t. p. line rounded outwardly below costa, then inwardly
oblique and minutely dentate. white, shaded on both sides with smoky; terminal
space whitish with smoky blotch at centre of outer margin and prominent
terminal row of dark spots just inside margin of wing, which appears as a white
line. Fringes pale smoky cut by a darker line. Secondaries whitish, slightly
smoky outwardly. Expanse 15 mm.

Holotype,—1 8, Norway Point, Lake of Bays, Ont. (July 12) (J. Mc-
Dunnough), in Canadian National Collection.

Paratypes—6 6’s, 1 9, same locality and date; 1 3, 3 9’s, Ottawa,
Ont... “(july5, 9, 11) (Ce Younes,

As compared with basalis the male claspers are much broader and the
aedoeagus contains a bundle of two or three long spines.

PHYCITINAE.

Acrobasis alnella sp. n.

Primaries dark purplish gray with slight ruddy reflections and paler gray
shading; t. a. line arising from a triangular dark shade on costa, well outcurved
to cell, then straight to inner margin, pale gray, bordered by a dark line; the
space between it and the dark basal scale-ridge dull clay color, median space
with paler gray shading below costa and two superimposed black discal dots;
t. p. line straight below costa, bulging gently opposite cell and finely dentate,
whitish, bordered inwardly by a dark line. A dark terminal line. Secondaries

dull smoky. © On the underside the male is without black markings. | Expanse
17-22 mm. .

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a7,

Holotype,—1 ¢, Ottawa, Ont. (July 9) (J. McDunnough), bred from
Alder, in Canadian National Collection.

Paratypes,—4 é’s, 3 2’s from the Ottawa region, bred from Alder on
various dates in July.

The species is closely allied to betulella but smaller and shows genitalic
differences, notably in the much smaller gnathos; the cocoon is oval, much like
a miniature betulella cocoon. From rubrifasciella, also an Alnus feeder, it is at
once distinguished by the lack of the bright red antemedian band. It may
possibly be normella Dyar, the food plant of which was not given in the des-
cription and the type of which I have not studied.

EUCOSMIDAE.

Exartema Clem.

In working over the material in the Canadian National Collection be-
longing to this genus (i.e. species with a cylindrical appendage at base of
secondaries’'in the male sex) an examination of the genitalia soon made it
apparent that on the one hand there was a group of species very similar in
general superficial appearance but differing markedly from each other in
genitalia, whilst on the other hand species which could be readily distinguished
from each other by maculation and color possessed genitalia so similar that no
definite points of distinction could be found in these organs.

The first group centers around permundanum Clem.; our determination
of this species is based on a study of the descriptions of Clemens and Zeller and
agrees with specimens in the collection determined as this species by Kearfott
and Busck; a figure of the clasper is given (c. f. fig. 1). As at the present
time it is impossible to examine Walker’s type specimens the synonymy as given
in Dyar’s List is accepted. Several apparently unnamed species are herewith

described.
Exartema troglodanum sp. n. (Fig. 2).

Maculation very similar to that of permundanum but the general im-
pression given is that of a much darker insect due to the dark bands being
thickly covered with rather bright brown scales; the pale lines defining these
dark areas are also much less evident in this new species than in permundanum.
Basal dark area slightly sprinkled with light scales, its outer border is outwardly
oblique from costa at 1% to center of wing, then almost perpendicular to inner
margin with a slight concavity in the fold. The median band shows very dark
shading at costa and the same: two projections of the outer border found in
permundanum, below these the band is completely cut by a narrow line of paler
ground color. The anal spot is large and triangular and the oblique subapical
dark band is broadly joined to the first dark costal spot. Pale areas with
considerable purplish silvery iridescence and cut by a central dark line; fringes
pale yellowish, cut at apex and above anal angle with dark scales. | Secondaries
dark smoky with pale fringes. Expanse 16-18 mm.

Holotype—1 ¢, Meach Lake, Que. (C. H. Young) (June 17), in
Canadian National Collection.

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Paratypes,—1I 8,2 9’s, Ottawa, Ont. (C. H. Young) (June 27, 28), 1m
same Collection.

Exartema furfuranum sp. n. (Fig. 3).

Color and maculation of permundanum but slightly more greenish
olivaceous and with the pale areas much more strigate with darker lines and
dashes; all dark bands very distinctly outlined with pale ochreous. ‘The two
outer projections of the median band are very long, the upper one almost
touching the oblique subapical band which ends at a point opposite this tooth and
does not connect with the dark costal spots. Fringes dusky. Secondaries
deep smoky with paler fringes. Hxpanse 16 mm.

Holotype,—1 8, Ottawa, Ont. (C. H. Young) (June 20), in Canadian
National Collection.

Paratypes——1 8,1 9, Meach Lake, Que. (C. H. Young) (June 20, 21),
in same Collection.

Exartema rusticanum sp. n. (Fig. 4).

Usual type of maculation; pale areas very decidedly silvery-purplish;
dark bands suffused with ruddy scales, especially prominent in outer areas
(in worn specimens not so noticeable). The two outer projections of median
band are short and the lower one quite thick, the space between the two contain-
ing a pale ochreous spot; there 1s also a bluish spot at base of lower tooth
enclosed in dark area; the triangular anal spot is generally connected with the
oblique subapical band by a fine network of lines, as is also this band with the
first costal spot. A thick dark line at base of fringes which are pale, checkered
irregularly with black. Secondaries dark smoky. Expanse 15-16 mm.

Holotype-——1 8, Onah, Man. (N. Criddle) (July 17), in Canadian
National Collection.

Paratypes,—2 $’s, 2 9’s, Onah, Man. (N. Criddle) (July 17-19), in
same Collection.

The genitalia are similar to those of the preceding species but the two
species can be readily separated by color and maculation. A @ specimen from
Trenton, Ont., appears to belong here; it had been identified by Kearfott as
zellerianum Fern. but Zeller’s figure represents quite a different type of macula-
tion and I cannot agree with this determination.

Exartema fraternanum sp. n.
Very similar to preceding species in maculation and genitalia but lacking

the ruddy tinges and with pale areas distinctly less silvery, resembling in this
respect a small dark form of permundanum. The teeth of the median band
are less blunt and wider apart than in rusticanum and there is no pale area below
the inner tooth with the exception of a couple of hair-lines joining the costal
and inner portions, this latter being goblet-shaped with short stem resting on.
inner margin. Oblique subapical band dark, much thickened in upper portion,
joined by a fine line to costal spot and also to anal triangular spot. Secondaries
dark smoky with pale fringes.

Holotype—t1 @, Ottawa, Ont. (July 3) (C. H. Young), in Canadian
National Collection.

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

Exartema bolandanum sj. n. (Mig. 5).

Very similar to olivaceanum Fern. and of the same type of genitalia;
the general appearance of primaries is more mottled than in olivaceanum; the
best point of distinction is found in the subterminal area, the oblique band being
broader and closer to apex of wing in bolandanum with a narrow line of dark
scales extending down to anal angle; the apex of the triangular dark spot on
inner margin is joined to the center of the oblique band by a narrow dark line
and the included pale space above tornus is bisected by another dark line
running from the first line to anal angle. Fringes pale at apex and anal angle,
dark centrally. Expanse 13 mm.

Holotype—t1 4, Ottawa, Ont. (June 10) (C. H. Young).

Exartema versicoloranum (lem.

Exartema versicoloranum Clem. 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 357.

Sericoris versicoloranum Clem. 1865, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 136.

The original description of this species is very vague and might apply
to several species; in his second paper however Clemens states that the species
is ordinarily distinguished by the white or yellowish-white costa at the base of
wing and the white space toward the hinder margin. There is a single 4
specimen in the Canadian National Collection from Trenton, Ont. (Aug. 1)
which agrees with the above diagnosis, but differs markedly in genitalia from an
Ottawa series, captured in June, under the same specific name. As however
this latter series fits in excellently with Zeller’s description of appendiceum, at
present listed as a synonym of versicoloranum Clem., I propose to use
versicoloranum Clem. for the species with white costa at base and resurrect
appendiceum Zell. from the synonymy for the very similar species with dark
basal area.

Exartema valdanum sp. n.

Basal and median areas dark olivaceous black-brown, separated by a band
of whitish color containing a few dark dots in form of a broken central line;
this pale band is upright with margins slightly waved. Median band outwardly
with two blunt teeth and an indentation of pale color below inner tooth. The
usual dark triangular spot near anal angle and an oblique band running inward
from center of outer margin and joined to first costal spot by fine line; a narrow
dark area below apex sending hair-lines to costal spots and separated from
subapical band by a narrow band of whitish. Remainder of outer area pale,
same color as inner band, slightly clouded with smoky. Fringes irregularly
checkered black and white. “ Secondaries dark smoky with pale fringes.
Expanse 17 mm.

Holotype—1 2, Ft. Coulonge. Que, (July 7) (S. A. Graham), in
Canadian National Collection.

Allotype,—1 ?. Aylmer, Que. (May 29) (J. McDunnough).

The type of genitalia is that of permundanum but the pale bands of
primaries rather recall fasciatanum Clem.

Exartema nananum sp. n.
Thorax light brown; primaries with usual type of maculation, the dark

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

areas cinnamon-brown, the pale bands and spots bluish-silvery. Basal area
with outer margin bulging outwardly, sprinkled with a few bluish scales in costal —
half of wing. Antimedian pale band cut by a central brown line. Median
brown band with inner margin slightly concave, composed of an upper boot-—
shaped spot and a lower subquadrate spot joined together narrowly at heel of
boot and also near the toe, enclosing a pale bluish spot; there is also a projection ©
on outer margin of the band below costa. The subapical oblique band is —
thickened in its middle and joined to the first costal spot, the toe of the boot and
the anal triangular spot by fine lines, the enclosed areas being of the bluish- —
silvery color of the antemedian band. Terminal area narrowly brown with a
fine bluish line bordering the oblique band outwardly. A dark terminal line.
Fringes slightly bluish with dusky apical and median areas. | Secondaries smoky
with lighter fringes. Expanse 12 mm.

Holotype—t1 8, Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Ont. (July 20) (C. H. Young), in
Canadian National Collection.

The type of genitalia is that of permundanum.

Exartema bicoloranum sp. n.

Primaries cinnamon-brown beneath which towards the base an underlying
area of black scaling may be seen with a lens; all maculation very indistinct,
consisting of the usual bands and spots in a slightly deeper brown than the
general ground color, rather better defined in outer area, where the outer edge
of the median band, the anal triangular spot and the oblique subapical band are
visible, the latter defined by narrow lines of purplish; a dark terminal line;
fringes pale ochreous tinged with smoky. Secondaries pure white, with a
smoky terminal border, broadest at costa; fringes pale. Expanse 13 mm.

Holotype-—t é, Barrington Passage, N.S. (July 10) (C. H. Young), -
in Canadian National Collection.

The type of genitalia is similar to that of furfuranum and rusticanum;
the white secondaries readily distinguish the species from others of the genus.

Exartema submissanum sp. n.

Primaries dull cinnamon-brown with a purplish tinge due to a strong
>triation of brown scales on a purple ground color; maculation very indistinct,
best defined in terminal area, brighter brown than ground-color without purple
tinge. Median band with a sharp outward angle below costa, then more or
less perpendicular to inner margin, rather narrow; anal triangular spot small,
more or less joined to median band; oblique subapical band most distinct of all
the maculation, narrow, of even width throughout, joined by a fine line to first
costal spot; apex streaked with brown. Dark terminal line; fringes pale
ochreous, shaded with smoky. Secondaries whitish hyaline at base shaded
with smoky outwardly, forming a more or less diffuse outer dark border. Ex-
panse 16 mm. |

Holotype—1 @, Ottawa, Ont. (July 23) (C. H. Young), in Canadian
National Collection.

- Paratypes—3 6’s, 1 9, Ottawa, Ont. (July 17, 23) (C. H. Young), in
same collection.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 4!

The species resembles somewhat the preceding but is larger with less
distinctly white secondaries and the genitalia are of the permundanum type.
According to Zeller’s figure and description it would appear to be fairly close to
gelleranum Fern. lacking however the prominent tooth of the median band.

Exartema terminanum sj. n. (Fig. 6).

Basal 4/5 of primaries deep purplish-black with a few purple shining
striae arising from pale costal spots antemedially indicating the usual pale band.
The outer 1/5 of wing is pale ochreous crossed by the blackish subapical band
which loses itself in the dark area, is of even width throughout and slightly
bent; a few dark streaks at apex and tornus of wing. The usual dark median
band is slightly indicated by curved purple striae on its outer edge. Fringes
pale ochreous tinged with smoky. | Secondaries light smoky. paler in basal area.
Expanse 14 mm.

Holotype—1 ¢, Ottawa, Ont. (July 1), (J. Fletcher), in Canadian
National Collection.

Paratypes,—1 6,2 2’s, Ottawa, Ont. (July 10, 14, 28) (C. H. Young),
in same collection.

This may be merely a form of concinnanum Clem. as it has the same type
of genitalia. In any case, on account of the striking coloration, it would seem
worthy of a name.

Argyroploce capreana Hbn.

There are before me four species belonging to this group and all closely
allied. Capreana may be best distinguished by a small comma-like white mark
jutting in from the white apical area to the outer margin of the dark basal area
about the center of the wing. It is represented in the National Collection by
specimens from Ottawa, Trenton and Sudbury in Ontario, one male from
-Nordegg, Alta., and one male from Vancouver, B.C. If identifications made
by Mr. Kearfott are correct, frigidana Pack. would appear to be a synonym of
this species.

The other species appear to be undescribed. I have carefully compared
them with existing descriptions of North America species and also figures and
descriptions of the allied European species and cannot match them. I therefore
offer the following descriptions.

Argyroploce youngana sp. n. (Fig. 7).

Rather larger than capreana but very similar in general appearance. Basal
2/3 of primaries dark purplish-brown, blotched with still darker markings; the
costal area, however, for about half the length of wing, is shaded with white,
enclosing a quadrate dark patch near base of wing. The outer margin of the
dark area is sharply and evenly defined, being perpendicular to below cell, then
forming a distinct angle and outwardly oblique to inner margin just before
tornus. Apical 1/3 white, clouded with purple-gray at apex, with two dots of
similar color on costa from which proceed faint wavy subparallel gray shades
crossing obliquely to outer margin. Fringes smoky slightly checkered. Second-
aries dull smoky with paler fringes. Expanse 19-20 mm.

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Holotype,—1 &, Meach Lake, Que. (July 20) (C. H. Young), in Cana-
dian National Coilection.

Paratypes,—t 6, Chelsea, Que. (July 6); 6 9’s, Meach Lake (Aug. 5),
Ottawa, Ont. (July 4, 6, 11, 25, 28) (C. H. Young).

The male genitalia have the arm of the clasper narrowed for a consider-
ably greater length than is found in capreana; there are also differences in tue
gnathos and the spining of the aedoeagus.

Argyroploce deceptana sp. n. (Fig. 8).

Much smaller than preceding species; evidently allied to the European
sauciana. Basal 2/3 of primaries brown, slightly sprinkled with white scales
forming a more or less evident dash from base through center of wing; a small
dark quadrate patch on costa near base and a larger one near outer edge of dark
area; several irregular dark blotches in central portion of wing. Outer 1/3
of wing white, the dividing line not very sharply demarcated; a white hook
projects into the dark area below cell, leaving a distinct blackish ocellus-like
mark, much as in separatana Kft., standing out on the margin of the white area;
a triangular anal spot is partially separated by pale scaling from the basal dark
area. ‘The apex of wing is shaded with brown and directly below this a short
blackish oblique subapical band is present, not attaining however to costa.
Fringes dusky whitish at anal angle. Secondaries pale smoky, darker out-
wardly. Expanse 15 mm.

Holotype—1 38, Ottawa, Ont. (June 5) (C. H. Young), in Canadian
National Collection.

Paratypes,—2 2’s, Meach Lake, Que. (June 17), Ottawa, Ont. (June 24),
taken by same collector.

Argyroploce tertiana sp. n. (Fig. 9).

Primaries with basal 2/3 purplish-brown, sprinkled with bright brown and
with several darker blotches centrally; the beginning of an antemedial pale band
is visible in a patch of whitish scaling on costa, partially obscured by brown
dots; outer margin of dark area oblique and rather irregular; outer 1/3 of wing
white, considerably obscured by dark shading, much more so than in preceding
species; three dark dashes along costa; apex of wing dark, shaded with bright
brown which continues downward along outer margin; a dark oblique subapical
band, not attaining costa and shaded with light brown scales; the space between
this band and the dark basal area is almost completely occupied by a broad grayish
shade sprinkled with brown, extending upwards from anal angle to a point

opposite cell and broadest at its apex which is truncate; a dark terminal line;

fringes dusky. Secondaries smoky, paler basally. Expanse 16 mm,
Holotype,—1t 8, Ottawa, Ont. (June 25) (C. H. Young), in Canadian
National Collection.
Allotype-—1 @, Ottawa, Ont. (June 5) (A. Gibson), in same collection.
The @ shows more ruddy scaling below apex of wing and the dark basal
area 1s continued along costa to include the first costal dash; the secondaries are
also darker. I believe these differences are merely sexual.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43

Argyroploce buckellana sp. n. (Fig. 10).

Allied to the preceding species, especially the @, in type of maculation
but distinct in genitalia. Primaries dark brown, shaded with blackish, with
inconspicuous whitish antemedian band and outer 4 of wing dark brown with
blackish shading and with a few orange scales on inner margin at base; the outer
edge of this area outwardly oblique to beyond cell, then perpendicular to inner
margin; white antemedian band heavily sprinkled with brown scaling and not
well defined; median broad oblique dark band of even width throughout, outer
edge rather irregular in outline and attaining inner margin just before tornus,
beyond this band the ground color is white but so heavily shaded with purplish-
gray as to leave the white area only distinct as a fine border line to the median
band and a paler area at tornus; this pale edging forms a slight white comma-
mark on the dark margin of median band opposite cell; three whitish geminate
dashes on costa before apex, a dark apical spot and a short curved dark sub-
apical band; a ruddy-brown terminal line; fringes smoky, mixed slightly with
brown and white. Secondaries deep smoky with paler fringes cut by a dark
basal line. Expanse 15 mm.

Holotype—1 38, Salmon Arm, B.C. (May 28) (W. R. Buckell), in
Canadian National Collection.

I take much pleasure in naming the species after the collector, Mr. W. R.
Buckell, who has through his careful and painstaking collecting added consider-
ably to our knowledge of British Columbian Lepidoptera.

Argyroploce sordidana sp. n.

Size and general maculation of glitranana Kft. but of a much darker
appearance, due to the fact that the pale areas between the dark bands are only
slightly lighter in color than the bands themselves. Basal area of primaries
black, overlaid heavily with brown and ochreous scaling and interrupted by
- several bluish-silvery dots; median band similar in color to basal area, in shape
much as in glitranana; the paler space between basal area and median band is
cefined by two subparallel bands of bluish-silvery spots the included area being
scaled with brown, without the underlying blackish color. A triangular anal
spot and broad subapical band similar in color to median band, all their edges
defined by silvery scaling; remaining areas similar to antemedian band in color.
A row of dark spots along costa bordered with pale ochreous and a dark terminal
line. Fringes deep smoky, slightly paler below apex. | Secondaries deep smoky.
almost black, with pale fringes. Expanse 16 mm.

Holotype—1 4, Coliseum Mt., Nordegg, Alta., 6500 feet. (July 12)
(J. McDunnough), in Canadian National Collection.

Paratyvpes—3 %’s from same locality (July 7, 12, 18).

Argyroploce thallasana sp. n.

Allied in size and structure to duplex Wlshm. Primaries with basal two
thirds dull purplish washed with olivaceous-brown which color forms a faint
basal patch and is most prominent as a large irregular patch on inner half of
wing, covering the area between anal angle and middle of inner margin. Outer
half of wing olivaceous with small brown apical spot and slight brown shading
along outer margin. Costa beyond middle with four pairs of pale ochreous

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

dashes separated by black and giving rise to irregular silvery-purple lines; from
the first pair arise two lines very oblique outwardly below costa then broadening

and irregularly perpendicular to inner margin, cutting through the dark patch |

and attaining margin near anal angle; oblique streaks from the second and third
pairs of dashes coalesce to form a purple stripe which curves and runs sub-
parallel to outer margin, bifurcating above anal angle; from outer of the last
pair of dashes a short purple streak extends to outer margin below apex defining
the brown apical spot. Some pale terminal dots, most evident above anal angle.
Fringes mixed pale and smoky with dark basal line. Secondaries smoky with
paler fringes. Expanse 22 mm.

Holotype—t ¢, Aweme, Man. (June 17) (N. Criddle), in Canadian
National Collection. .

Paratypes,—2 9’s, Aweme, Man. (June 25); Lauder, Man. (Aug. 1),
by same collector.

Argyroploce aspasiana sp. n. (Fig. 15).

Allied to instrutana Clem. in color and maculation but much smaller.
Base of primaries dark olivaceous-brown with considerable white scaling at
extreme base; a whitish transverse antemedian band cut by a brown central
hair-line; the band is slightly excurved below costa and the edges are rather
irregular; median dark band composed of ruddy-brown scaling on a dark ground-
color giving a decided olivaceous-brown tinge; the outer edge is strongly out-
wardly oblique from costa to centre of wing where it forms a prominent pro-
jection and then bends inward to inner margin, the width of band in centre of
wing being twice the width of same at costa and inner margin; the apex of the
projection is scaled with black; a long narrow triangular brown spot before anal
angle and a broad similarly colored oblique subapical band extending from costa
to below middle of outer margin and containing a dull leaden patch opposite
the cell; intervening pale areas are silvery with scattered white scaling; apex of
wing brown, cut by a silvery streak, and with three geminate white streaks at
apical portion of costa and a pale line below apex on outer margin. Fringes
dusky, slightly cut by brown. Secondaries smoky with paler fringes. | Expanse
It mm.

Holotvpe,—t &, Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Ont. (July 3) (C. H. Young), in
Canadian National Collection.

Paratypes,—1t 8, 2 92’s, same locality and collector, (July 2-3).

The male genitalia are so different as to almost suggest another generic
reference but I can see no other structural differences to warrant this at present.
The uncus and tegumen are strongly chitinized and the former is long and
pointed; the gnathos is well developed but the socii are lacking.

A study of genitalia of series before me from Ottawa, Ont., and Nordegg,
Alta.. shows that there are several quite distinct species in the difficult
campestrana group which as yet are unnamed. One of these may possibly
prove to be glaciana Moesch. but as none of them fits very closely the description
and figure of this species (1860, Wien. ent. Monatsschr. IV, 380) and as it is
impossible at the present time to get information concerning the genitalia of the
type specimen, I venture to propose names for all of these species as follows ;—

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

Argyroploce castorana n. sp. (Fig. 12)-

Thorax, palpi, head and abdomen black-brown; primaries black-brown
crossed by a white antemedian band and with the apical % more or less of the
same color. Basal area deep black-brown, the outer edge rather evenly convex
with a slight outward projection below cell; white antemedian band with outer
‘edge only slightly irregular and with faint dark central hair-line; median band
broad, dark black-brown, slightly suffused with purplish scaling, broadest on
inner margin where it is extended to include the triangular anal patch, the outer
edge being irregularly concave from costa to above vein 2 and then perpendicular
to inner margin just before tornus; on this outer edge in the central area of wing
a round blackish spot is more or less distinctly visible, defined on its upper inner
edge by a white dot; subterminal area white with a few dark striations and with
two black costal spots, separated by white areas through which a fine black hair-
line runs; opposite cell is an irregular dark shade which at times connects with
the terminal dark area and also with the median band above tornus; apex and
outer margin of wing rather broadly black-brown, narrowing to just above anal
angle. Fringes smoky, paler at anal angle, with a darker basal line. Secondaries
pale smoky with paler fringes which show a dark basal line. Expanse 17 mm.

Holotype—t1 8, Nordegg, Alta. (July 7) (J. McDunnough), in Cana-
dian National Collection.

Paratypes——9 é’s. Nordegg, Alta. (June 24, 30, July 4, 5, 7) (J. Me-
Dunnough), in same collection.

There is also a series before me from Ottawa, Ont., slightly smaller in
size than the Nordegg specimen but with same type of genitalia. The species
is best separated from campestrana by the fact that two instead of three
postmedian costal spots are present; in this feature it approaches fuscalbana
Zell., which, however, besides differing in genitalia, has a brighter and more

- contrasted type of coloration.

Argyroploce polluxana n. sp. (Fig. 11).

Very similar to preceding species but with white areas more silvery-white,
giving a more contrasted tone to the coloration. The antemedian white band
sends a short rounded projection in the cell into the dark median area, and
opposite this is a similar projection from the pale subterminal area ; the triangular
spot before tornus is not so entirely merged into the median area but is slightly
defined inwardly by pale purplish shading; the subapical oblique streak is also
partially separated from the dark apical area by paler purplish shading and at
times bends backward towards apex of triangular patch; there are three dark
costal spots, and the white subterminal area is more striated and blotched with
dark color than in castorana. Expanse 18-19 mm.

Holotype—1 é, Nordegg, Alta. (July 5) (J. McDunnough), in Canadian
National Collection.

Paratypes,—5 4’s, same locality and collector (July 7, 14, 20).

The species were taken along with the preceding in a mixed spruce and
tamarack swamp. ‘There are a number of specimens from Ottawa, Ont., in the
Canadian National Collection which show the same type of maculation and
genitalia as the type specimens.

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Argyroploce carolana n. sp. (Fig. 14).

Very similar in maculation to the two preceding species but smaller and
with a decided olivaceous tinge to the dark areas. In contradistinction to the
allied forms the patagia are white with the exception of a dark patch at base,
the thorax is also crossed by white bands; on the primaries the outer edge of the
basal dark area tends to become irregular, showing (in two specimens) slight
rounded excavations in cell and on submedian fold; the outer edge of the dark
median band shows a downward indentation of white color at the apex of the
triangular patch, which patch is joined to the median area; the subterminal white
band is narrow, the whole terminal area being broadly (except at costa and anal
angle) suffused with olivaceous brown; there are two olive-brown costal spots
which may or may not be connected by hair-lines with the dark terminal area.
Expanse 14 mm.

Holotype——1 ¢, Ottawa, Ont. (June 21) (C. H. Young), in Canadian
National Collection.

Paratypes,—1 é, same locality and collector (June 24); 1 2, Trenton,
Ont. (June 11) (J. D. Evans) in same collection.

The type of genitalia is remarkably distinct.

Argyroploce vulgana n. sp. (Fig. 15).

Similar in type of maculation to the three preceding species but in the
male sex with the pale areas much duller and largely suffused with dark stria-
tions. Basal area and median band dull olivaceous-brown, the latter in shape
similar to that of castorana and with a fairly evident blackish dot at end of cell:
antemedian pale band often very indistinct and at times not attaining inner
margin; subterminal pale area reticulate with olive-brown and with two dark
costal spots; the dark color of apex and terminal area forms roughly a triangular
Slotch of which the outer margin is the base; at times this area can be differen-
tiated into an apical blotch and a subapical oblique streak, due to slightly paler
scaling between the two component parts; fringes dark at apex, mixed pale and
smoky in other areas. Secondaries dull smoky.

In the female the white areas are quite prominent and sharply defined.
Expanse, 6,15 mm., 2, 14 mm.

Holotype. ¢, Nordegg, Alta. (July 9) (J. McDunnough), in Canadian
National Collection.

Allotype—1 2, Nordegg, Alta. (July 11) (J. McDunnough), in same
collection.

Paratypes——12 4’s, 1 9, same locality and collector, taken on various
dates from June 27 to July 14.

The species was quite common in the muskeg around bushes of dwarf
birch on which it probably feeds. The type of genitalia is remarkably distinct.

Argyroploce nordeggana n. sp.

Primaries olivaceous-brown, banded with silvery-white. Basal area dark,
the outer edge forming a strong truncate projection in the cell; antemedian band
broad, silvery-white with three dark costal dots from central of which a wavy
olivaceous line arises, bisecting the band and tending to connect by fine lines with
the dark areas on both sides, thus dividing the white area into numerous small

¢
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

quadrate patches. Median band dark, upright, rather narrower than usual,
almost bisected by projections of the surrounding pale area just above submedian
fold, the upper portion with two blunt tooth-like projections on its outer margin ;
this dark area is followed by a subterminal silvery band with central dark line
arising from costal spot and with same tendency to divide up into small
rectangular patchés as in the antemedian band; the pale band bifurcates above
anal angle and encloses a large ovate dark spot; the remainder of the wing is
occupied by a net-work of olive-brown lines and bands enclosing small patches of
leaden-colored scales and containing two geminate white dashes on costa; fringes
mixed smoky and white with dark basal line. Secondaries dull smoky. Ex-
panse 20 mm.

Holotype-——1 6, Nordegg, Alta. (July 14) (J. McDunnough), in Cana-
dian National Collection.

Paratype,—1 4, same locality and collector (July 18).

A female specimen which we are inclined to associate with this species
is whiter, especially in the apical area; where the dark bands are reduced and the
leaden-colored scales replaced by white ones.

A NEW LITHOBIID OF THE GENUS PAOBIUS.
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN,
Cambridge, Mass.

Through Dr. J. McDunnough I have received for identification a speci-
men of a diplopod and two specimens of a chilopod collected in Alberta, Canada,
by Mr. N. B. Sanson of Banff. The diplopod is apparently a not fully mature
male Parajulus hewitti Chamberlin, a species described originally from speci-
mens taken by Dr. Hewitt at Agassiz, B.C. The present specimen is much
darker in color than the type, with the legs nearly chestnut. The cauda is very
similar though somewhat shorter and the lateral striae are more pronounced.
It was taken nearing Bryant Creek Cabin, Sept. 22, 1921.

The chilopods represent a new species in the genus Paobius of the family
Lithobiidae. In the key to species given by the writer in his review of the
genus* the present species runs out to P. orophilus Chamberlin, a British
Columbian species from which, however, it is clearly distinct. The key may be
modified to take in the new form as follows:

a. Dorsal spines of anal legs I, 0,3,0,0 or I, 0, 2,0, 0.

b. None of the posterior coxae laterally armed; ventral spines of thirteenth
legs 0, I, 3, 3,1; third joint of first ten or more pairs of legs with but
two dorsal spines..... SE git i re Me ee P. vagrans Chamb.

b.1 Last two pairs of coxae laterally armed. Ventral spines of thirteenth
legs 0, I, 2,3, 2 or 0,0, 2,3, 2; third joint of all legs with three dorsal
SR Narn scot sat are etre Sheree a hc x ark A Hace eee ws ™ 5 P. boreus Chamb.

a.t Dorsal spines of anal legs I, 0, 3,1, 0.
b. Dorsal spines of penult legs 1,0, 3,1,1 ........-- P. albertanus, sp. nov.
b.t Dorsal spines of penult legs 1, 0, 3, 1, 0.

*Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., 1916, 57, p. 162.

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

c. Fifth joint of sixth to ninth pairs of legs with but one ventral spine;
head equal in length and breadth; claw of genital forceps of female
ripagitie .. oo} oes ce et oe ee eee P. columbiensis Chamb.

c.! Fifth joint of sixth to thirteenth pairs of legs with two ventral spines; _

head wider than long; claw of genital forceps of female bipartite
a ee ee ey ee Sele in P. orophilus Chamb.

Paobius albertanus sp. nov.

Dorsum brown oi a slightly chestnut cast, the head similar, typically
with a darker spot on posterior half. Head slightly wider than long. Ocelli
in three series, nine to twelve in number. Antennae rather long; articles all
relatively long. the last one equal in length to the two preceding ones taken
together.

_Prosternum and its teeth much as in P. orophilus; the distance between
chitinous spots similarly four times as long as the dental line.

Ventral spines of penult legs 0, I, 3, 3,2; dorsal spines, I, 0, 3, 1, 1; claws
three of which the anterior is straight and spine-like. Ventral spines of anal!
-legs 0,1, 3,3,1; dorsal spines 1,0,3.1,0; claw single. Last four pairs of
coxde laterally armed.

Claw of female genital forceps distinctly tripartite; basal spines pro-
portionately broad as in P. vagrans, the inner on each side smaller than the outer.
Length of male, 9 mm.; of female, 11 mm.

Locality —Canada: Alberta. One male and one female taken by N. B. Sanson
“the Spring Le trip” April 25 and 26, 1918.
Differs from all the previcusly known species in the spining e the penult

legs.

NOTE ON TYPES OF ERNESTIA R. D- (DIPTERA)
BY J. D. TOTHILL,
Entomological Branch, Ottawa, Ont.

The type of Ernestia nigrocornea Tothill is in the California Academy of
Sciences and not in the Canadian National Collection as stated by the author in
Canadian Entomoligist, 1921, p. 228.

Great Falls, Va., is the type locality of E. platycarina Tothill (1. c¢. p. 271)
and the number of the type is 24357 and not 24359.

Lillooet, B. C., is the type locality of E. sulcocarina Tothill (1c. p. 272).
Bear Lake, B. C., is the type locality of E. bicarina Tothill (1. c. p. 272).

Che Canadian Cntomolanist

Vow. LIV. ORILLIA, MARCH, 1922. No. 3.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY

Insect Foop oF THE BLAcK BEAR (Ursus AMERICANUS).
BY N. K. BIGELOW,
_Dept. of Biolegy, University of Toronto

During the summer of 1921 the writer of this article was studying the
Plankton of Lake Nipigon, Ont., and collecting insects during his spare time. °
While searching for insects in the bush many opportunities were presented for
observing the habits of wild life under natural conditions. Not the least interest-
ing of these observations were those concerning the Black Bear (Ursus
americanus ).

On the afternoon of August 22 Duncan Bell, a missionary to the Ojibway
Indians of that vicinity, and myself saw a black bear in the bush about one
- mile south of Grand Bay. The animal was a small one, only one-third grown,

and was walking along a moose trail at a leisurely pace. We walked along the
trail in the direction opposite to that taken by the bear and found that the
creature had been making a meal off a nest of yellow-jackets only a few minutes
previously. Within a very few feet of the spot where we saw the bear we

- found the evidences of his repast. |The animal had eaten paper, larvae and
adults as well. All that was left was a hole in the ground beside the trail with
about half a dozen very angry hornets flying around it. Within fifty feet of
this we found where another nest of these insects had been destroyed. In both
instances a few of the hornets were still flying about. They proved upon
capture to be Vespula diabolica De Saussure.

In this same vicinity we found the dung of this or a similar sized bear.
This material was apparently a day or two old and was composed of the remains
of hundreds of adult hornets some of which were in a good enough state of
preservation to be readily identified. Both Vespula diabolica De Saussure and
Vespula consobrina De Saussure were present.

At this point it may be well to notice what others have to say concerning
the bears’ fondness for hornets, Lockwood! tells us in the Riverside Natural
‘History that “Bears like the larvae of wasps’ nests. Such a nest in the ground
they will scratch up, digging with much rapidity, but often having to stop from
the stings of the enraged insects. They will snarl and roll on the ground and
go at it again. Although the punishment is severe Bruin keeps at it until he
has secured his hard earned prize.”

Ernest Thompson Seton? says that “A pleasing variation of late summer
foods is found in the nests of several species of wasps as well as of wild bees.”

Wamuel Lockwood, The Riverside Natural History, Vol. V, p. 378.
2Ernest Thompson Seton, Life Histories of Northern Animals, Vol. II, p. 1082, 1083,

50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

He also states that ‘““According to Merriam the bear digs out the nests of the
yellow-jackets devouring both the wasps themselves and the comb containing
their honey and grubs.”

Bears are very fond of tearing decayed stumps and logs to pieces in
search of beetle larvae and ants’ nests. | Remains of their handiwork were found
almost every day in the bush. The thoroughness of their search is attested by
the minute fragments into which the wood is clawed. The bears’ fondness for
ants is well known to the Indians, trappers and fishermen of Lake Nipigon.

Professor B. A. Bensley of the University of Toronto has made an
interesting observation concerning the bears’ fondness for ants. He opened the
stomach of a small bear which he had killed near Go. Home Rivér, Georgian
Bay, about the middle of July, 1911, and found it to contain at least a quart of
ant pupae. He says that the pupae alone constituted by far the greater part
of the material although a few adult ants and small bits of wood were present.
This was at a time when the animal could have secured plenty of blueberries if
it had chosen to do so.

Ernest Thompson Seton? gives us the following interesting information
as to the black bears’ fondness for ants. ‘Throughout the summer all kinds of
insects and especially ants are important bear food.” y

“In the sand hills about Carbury, in the woods about Lake Winnipegosis,
throughout the Bitter root mountains of Idaho and in the ranges of the upper
Yellowstone as well as in the Rockies of the Colorado and the Low Laurentians
of the Ottawa I have found that ants’ nests furnished the bear with an important
article of food.”

“Following the trail of one I have found that it invariably turned over
every log and flat stone that it came to and ripped open every rotten log and
stump in its search for insects, the greater part of which must have been ants.
Among the Bitter root mountains I have in a single day passed hundreds of these
demolished logs and stumps.”

“In the Adirondacks according to Merriam the black bear delights in

tearing up old logs and stumps in search of the ants that make their homes in
such situations.”

“While fishing in the North Bay of Big Moose Lake during the summer
1881 Mr. Harry Burel Miller of New York City heard a bear tearing down an
old stump that stood on a point in the bay. His guide, Richard Crego, noise-
lessly paddled him to the spot and he killed the bear with one ball from his rifle.
Its stomach contained about a quart of ants and their eggs.”

Stone and Cram,? after telling of the bears’ fondness for berries of many
kinds, particularly blueberries, says that “They also dig for roots and bugs and
catch grasshopers and crickets in the grass. | When there is plenty of such to be
had they will, it is said, pass the newly killed carcass of a deer or sheep without
noticing it.”

3Stone and Cram, Amerécan Animals, p. 258,

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51

A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MORDELLA
2 RELATED TO M. MELAENA. (COLEOPTERA).
BY EMIL LILJEBLAD,
Chicago, Illinois.

In the course of the writer’s detailed study of the American Mordellidae,
in which he has had the opportunity of examining many hundreds of specimens
of the genus Mordella, it has become apparent that the species comprising the
melaena group are insufficiently distinguished by the brief diagnoses heretofore
published. This is notably true of MW. melaena and M. atrata (“‘scutellaris’),
which the writer has found more or less confused in nearly every collection
examined.

Five species of this group are recognized from eastern North America,
namely guadripunctata, melaena, atrata, lecontei, and a new species, M. knulli,
from Florida. Of the five characteristically western species here discussed,
four are described as new, and the fifth, M. signata, is recorded for the first
time from the United States.

1. Mordella signata Champion.?

The two specimens at hand, identified as of this species, are the first to
be recorded north of Middle America. Both were taken in New Mexico, one
in Socorro County, by Mr. W. J. Gerhard (deposited in the Field Museum of
Natural History), the other at Del Labo (in the writer’s collection). These
two differ slightly from the types as originally described, but as Champion cites
two “variations,’ one from Mexico, it seems probable that these slight variations
in coloration are not of specific significance.

This is a large and well-marked species.

Form cuneate. Head black, with cinereous pubescence; prothorax black,
with yellowish cinereous pubescence becoming denser on the sides; elytra with
the ground color ferruginous, darker toward the apex, marked with a rather
broad oblique line from the humeral angle downward one-third length of elytra
to near the suture, then forward along the suture to base, and also with an
equally broad transversely lunate mark on the disc beyond the middle elytra,
with yellowish-cinereous pubescence. Anal style short, bluntly rounded at apex.
Length, 8 mm. to end of elytra, 10 mm. to end of anal style.

2. Mordella quadripunctata Say.

This, one of our largest species, is rather rarely found in collections.
The writer, however, has been able to examine specimens from many localities—
Maine, Canada, Virginia, West Virginia, Iowa, Kansas and Colorado. In
some specimens, particularly miales, the subsutural spots are but faintly indicated.
The presence of the two pair of spots, however, best distinguishes this form
from melaena and atrata; it is, furthermore, more robust and usually longer.

Body cuneiform, robust. Color black, entirely covered with sericeous-
brownish-cinereous pubescence, more coarsely on the head and thorax than on
the elytra; scutellum with silvery-white pubescence; elytra each with two
cinereous-argenteous spots, rather beyond the middle, the larger exterior and
somewhat linear, the smaller one obsolescent, subsutural, near the base; lower

1Biol. Cent. Am., IV, 2, 1891, p. 276.

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

parts with argenteous pubescence at the sides of the abdominal segments. Head ~

minutely punctured. Last joint of the maxillary palpi scalene-triangular, the

inner side a little longer than the apical. Antennae short, reaching middle of

thorax; the four first joints small; the fifth to eleventh clavate; third and fourth -
joints about equal in length; fifth a little longer than the sixth and nearly twice

as wide at apex; sixth to tenth about equal in length, clavate, forming an —
elongated club; eleventh one-third longer than the tenth, tapering to apex.

Eyes moderately large, finely granulated. Prothorax one-third wider than long,

very little broader than the elytra at base, evenly rounded and converging to

apex, the hind angles obtuse; its surface finely punctured; base of prothorax

broadly rounded in front of the triangular scutellum. Elytra more coarsely

punctured, with two faintly indicated costae extending from base to slightly

beyond the middle. Anal style short, stout, truncate at tip. The inner edges

of the femora of the anterior legs bear long setae in the male, only fine pubes-

cence in the female. Length to end of the elytra, 6-7 mm.; to tip of the anal

style, 7-8 mm.

ff,

3. Mordella melaena Germar.?

Mordella melaena is also one of our rarer species, being usually found
singly. Specimens have been seen by the writer from Canada, Maine,
Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, Michigan, Illinois and Iowa; it has been
recorded further from Pennsylvania, Georgia, Tennessee, Ohio and Colorado.
This species appears most closely allied to M. quadripunctata, but may readily be
distinguished from it, as indicated above in the account of that form. Care
must be taken to avoid confusion of this species with M. grandis, which it closely
resembles; in that species however, the antennae are much longer, more serrate,
and less clavate, and the suture has more or less silvery pubescence. The same
characters also differentiate melaena from two smaller western species,
albosuturalis and hubbsi. The best character by which melaena may be separated
from atrata is the form of the antennae, which are more clavate, the outer joints
being more dilated and compact, rather than serrate; further, the scutellum is
more sharply triangular, and the anal style is always short and blunt at the tip,
not long and slender.

Form robust cuneiform. Color black, the upper surface entirely covered —

with fine sericeous-brownish-cinereous pubescence (nearly black in some speci-
mens); base of the anal style with cinereous pubescence; lower parts black.
with cinereous-argenteous pubescence at the sides of the abdominal segments.
Head comparatively large, minutely punctured. Last joint of the maxillary
palpi scalene-triangular, more rounded on the inner angle in the female than in
the male. Eyes moderately large, finely granulated, rounded in male, more oval
in the female. Antennae with first to fourth joints slender; fifth to eleventh
strongly serrate, or nearly clavate, forming an elongated club; third joint a ~
little longer than the fourth, which is a little the broader at apex; fifth one-
fourth longer than the sixth; sixth to tenth equal in length; eleventh longer than
the tenth, triangular, rounded on the inner and apical angles. | Prothorax one-
third wider than long, rather finely punctate, widest little before the base, evenly

2Ins. Spec. Novae, Halle, X XIV, 1824, p. 169.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53

rounded and converging to apex; its base at middle, in front of the triangular
scutellum, broadly rounded. _Elytra a little narrower at base than thorax, the
sides at middle slightly sinuate, and tapering to apex. Anal style short, and
rounded at tip. Length to end of the elytra 5-6.5 mm., to tip of the anal style
6-7.5 mm.

_ 4. Mordella atrata Melsheimer.

This is the species which has ordinarily been named Mordella scutellaris.
But since Fabricius® states in the original description of scutellaris that the head
and thorax are ferruginous, or rusty-red (Caput et thorax ferrugineo paullo
nitidula) and the elytra black, and gives as the type-locality South America,
whereas in the present North American species the color is wholly black, with
gray or brownish pubescence, the writer can not agree in regarding as available
the name scutellaris. The oldest tenable ne‘ne for the North American species
here discussed appears to be Mordella atrata* for it best agrees with Melsheimer’s
original account of atrata. | Numerous specimens have been examined from
Canada, Maine, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York,
New Jersey, Maryland, North Carolina, Colorado, Florida, Tennessee, Michigan,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa.

Body cuneiform, more robust in female than male. Color black; the
pubescence of the upper surfaces brownish or very slightly cinereous; of the
scutellum cinereous; of the lower parts brownish, sometimes nearly black : sides
and anterior margin of the abdominal segments and base of the anal style with
sericeous-cinereous hairs. Last joint of the maxillary palpi scalene-triangular
in the male, the inner angle rounded in the female. Antennae with joints one to
four slender; fifth to tenth serrate; third joint a little longer than the fourth;
the fifth, triangular, one-third longer than the third and twice as broad at apex;
sixth, one-third shorter than the fifth; seventh to tenth of uniform width, serrate,
about as broad as long; eleventh constantly very little longer than the tenth and
rounded on inner side. Eyes moderately large, and rounded (particularly in
males). Prothorax a little broader than the elytra at base, widest little before
the base, then evenly rounded to apex. Scutellum broadly rounded at tip.
Anal style rather long, gradually pointed and about one-third longer than thorax.
In some specimens from Maine and Massachusetts the anal style is a little shorter
and broader at base, tapering abruptly to the middle, then maintaining its width
to the apex. Length to end of the elytra 3.5-4.5 mm., to end of the anal style

5.5-6.5 mm.

5. Mordella lecontei Sciki.

This apparently valid species has passed currently, under the preoccupied
name of M. irrorata LeConte®, as a synonym of Mordella “scutellaris” (=atrata).
It differs markedly from that species, to which it is doubtless closely related,
in color. The head and thorax are rather closely covered with black and
brownish or grayish brown pubescence, the elytra with black pubescence, sparing-

8Syst. Eleuth. II, 1801, p. 123.

4Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. II, 1846, p. 313.

Junk, Col. Cat. pars 63, 1915, p. 23.

®Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XIV, 1862, p. 46, Trost, Kleine Beytr. 1801, p. 27.
Sturm, Cat. 1843, p. 170.

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ly but conspicuously sprinkled with single shining cinereous, or sometimes —

brown, hairs. This species appears to be particularly abundant in Pennsylvania
and Maryland. Other specimens have been examined from Massachusetts,
Maine, Georgia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, North
Carolina and Texas.

Body cuneate. Head and thorax rather closely covered with black and
brownish or grayish-brown pubescence. Elytra with black pubescence, sparingly
sprinkled with single shining-cinereous, or sometimes brown, hairs. | Otherwise
the species resembles Mordella atrata.

6. Mordella albosuturalis, sp. nov.

This species somewhat resembles Mordella atrata, from which it differs
in having silvery pubescence along the base and suture of the elytra, and the

outer joints of the antennae slightly tapering to apex. It seems only to occur

in the western States. It has been taken on flowers of Heteromela arbutifolia
and several composites.

Body cuneiform, the male usually narrower than the female. Color black,
with fine reddish brown pubescence; basal margin of thorax and elytra, the
scutellum and elytral suture with argenteous pubescence; under-parts with
cinereous pubescence, most dense on the sides and anterior margins of the ventral
segments. Last joint of the maxillary palpi scalene triangular in the male, the
inner angle more rounded in the female. Antennae with joints one to four
slender ; the fifth to tenth joints serrate ; the third and fourth equal in length, the
fourth the widest; fifth about equal in length to the fourth, but one-third broader
at apex, with sides straight; sixth to tenth serrate, with inner sides rounded, the
sixth broadest; those following diminishing slightly in width to the tenth;
eleventh joint one-third longer than the tenth, more oval in shape. Eyes
elongate-rounded or egg-shaped, sinuate on the upper side near the antennal
cavity in the male (this sinuation nearly obsolete in the female). | Prothorax
very little wider than the elytra, broadest near the base, then evenly rounded to
apex, its base in front of scutellum broadly rounded. Scutellum triangular,
rounded at apex, in the male usually a little narrower than in the female; anal
style long, gradually tapering in the male, wider and more abruptly tapering to
middle in the female. Length to end of elytra 4-5 mm., to tip of anal style
5-5-6 mm.

Several hundred specimens have been examined from California, and
some from Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, Montana and North Dakota. The male
holotype and female allotype is from Callistoga, near Mt. St. Helena, California,
collected on July 14, by C. L. Hubbs. | Paratypes were collected by Mr. Hubbs
at the type locality, and at the following other localities, all in California; Mt.
Diablo, fuly 18; Blue Lakes, July 12; Carmel, June 18; Jamul, San Diego County,
June 10, and Healdsburg, July 10. | Other paratypes from California are as
follows: Tule River, July 30 (F. S. Daggett) ; Mariposa Co., June 2-17 -(F. W.
Nunenmacher) ; Paradise Valley, August 15 (J. C. Bradley) ; Paradise Valley,
Kings River, July 15 (R. L. Beardsley) ; Sugar Pine, Madera Co., August 24-31
(J. ©. Bradley); Hockett Meadow to Sequoia National Park, July 25; Los

<a de® 0 ter ered ee et ee

‘

a
> (Pet Nee 408

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

Gatos Canyon, Fresno Co., June 6-8 (J. C. Bradley) ; Felton, September 6 (J.
C. Bradley) ; Switzers Trail, St. Gabriel Mt., July 1ro-11 (Fordyce Grinnell, jr.) ;
Camp Baldy, Los Angeles Co., July 28 (L. L. Muckmore); Mt. Lowe, June;
- Tulare Co., July 30; Raymond, May; Palmas Spring, May 29 (C. A. Frost,
collection) ; Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, July 21-26 (J. C. Bradley) ;
Sherwood, Mendocino Co., July 1 (Cornell University Collection). Still other
paratypes are from Josephine Co., Oregon (June 11, F. W. Nunenmacher) ;
Esmaralda Co., Nevada (June 29, F. W. Nunenmacher) ; Troy, Idaho, (August
16, Wm. Mann) ; Glen, Montana, (C. C. Adams) ; and Bottineau, North Dakota,
(August 1, T. H. Hubbell).

7. Mordella hubbsi, sp. nov.

This species differs from the other black forms of the genus in the
ferruginous color of the femora of the posterior and middle legs, and can easily
be distinguished by this character. All of the known specimens have come from
California.

Cuneiform, especially in the male. Color iridescent black; head and
thorax with sericeous-cinereous pubescence; elytra with fine reddish-brown
pubescence ; basal margin of thorax, scutellum and elytral suture with argenteous
pubescence ; under-parts with cinereous pubescence, becoming more silvery at the
sides of mesosternum and abdominal segments; mouth-parts and femora of the
anterior and middle legs ferruginous to near the knee; antennae dull red at
base; last joint of the maxillary palpi scalene-triangular in male, more rounded~
on the inner angle in the female. Antennae with joints one to four narrow;
the fifth to tenth serrate; third joint one-third longer than the fourth; fifth to
tenth, as wide as long, the fifth broadest, the sixth to tenth slightly decreasing
in width; eleventh little longer than the tenth, oval. Eyes rather large, rounded
and sinuate in front in the male, more oval or egg-shaped, with scarcely any
sinuation in the female. Prothorax much wider than the elytra at base, widest
basally and evenly rounded, converging to apex; its base in front of scutellum
broadly rounded. Scutellum triangular, rounded at tip. Anal style long,
blunt at tip, about one half as long as the elytra. Length to end of the elytra,
3.5-4.5 mm.; to tip of the anal style 5-6 mm.

Forty-five specimens examined. ‘The male holotype and female allotype,
from Carmel, California, were collected on June 18, by C. L. Hubbs. — Para-
types are from same place, and from Switzer’s Trail, St. Gabriel Mt., California
(June 10-July 14, Fordyce Grinnell, jr.) ; Tulare Co., California (July 30, C.
A. Frost) ; Long Canyon, California, June 3; Mariposa Co., California (June
5-17, F. W. Nunenmacher); Paradise Valley, Kings River, California (July
15-18, R. L. Beardsley) ; Kenworthy, California (June 8, C. A. Frost); Sher-
wood, Mendocino Co., California (July 1, Cornell University collection) ; Three
Rivers, Giant Forest, Tulare Co., California (July 16, J. C. Bradley) ; Coalinga,
Fresno Co., California (June 1-3, J. C. Bradley) ; Camp Baldy, Los Angeles Co.,
California (July 28, L. L. Muckmore) ; Los Gatos Canyon, Fresno Co., Cali-
fornia (June 6-8, J. C. Bradley) ; Raymond, California (May), and St. Gabriel
Mt., California (June 5, C. A. Frost, collection).

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This species I dedicate to my friend, Carl L. Hubbs, from whom I have
received many rare specimens and other assistance, and I hope may be considered

a valid species for all time.
8. Mordella grandis, sp. nov.

This species might readily be confused with Mordella melaena, on account
of its size and general appearance. It can best be separated from that species
by the form of the antenna, which is longer, more narrow (not clavate), and
slightly tapering to apex from the sixth joint, and by the silvery sutural line,
and the longer and more narrow anal style. It is also closely allied to
albosuturalis, but is more robust, the antennae are longer, and the scutellum is
more triangular.

A rather large species, of cuneate form. Color black; pubescence of
the upper surfaces very fine, sericeous black, with cinereous or brownish hairs
intermixed; scutellum and elytral suture with argenteous pubescence; lower
parts cinereous, the sides of breast and abdominal segments more strongly
argenteous pubescent. Last joint of the maxillary palpi scalene-triangular in
male, more rounded on inner angle in the female. Antennae with joints one
to four narrow, the fifth to tenth serrate; the third slightly longer than the

fourth, which is a little wider at apex; fifth to tenth, each a little longer than —
broad, the sixth widest; the following joints slightly diminishing in width to the —

tenth; eleventh longer than the tenth, oval in shape in the male (in the female

the fifth joint is a little longer than the sixth, the sixth to tenth are about as.

wide as long). Eyes in male large, rounded, sinuate in front; in the female,
more oval in shape, and less sinuate. Prothorax wider than long, considerably
wider than the elytra at base, widest near the base, and evenly rounded to apex,
hind angles subacute, the base in front of scutellum broadly rounded. Scutellum
large and triangular, more pointed in female than the male. Anal style as long
as the thorax, truncate at tip. Length to end of the elytra 4-5.5 mm.; to tip
of the anal style 6-7 mm.

Eighteen specimens examined from California and Oregon. The male
holotype and female allotype are from Mariposa County, collected on June 5, by
F. W. Nunenmacher. The paratypes are from same place, and from Tulare
Co., California (July 30, C. A. Frost); Long Canyon (June 3); Los Gatos
Canyon, Fresno Co., California (June 6-8, J. C. Bradley) ; Sherwood, Mendocino
Co., California (July 1, Cornell University collection) ; Camp Baldy, Los
Angeles Co., California (July 28, L. L. Muckmore) ; Paradise Pk., Kings ‘River,

California (July 18, R. L. Beardley); Sonoma Co., California (Cornell Uni- —

versity) ; Kaweah, California (R. Hopping) ; and Pendleton, Oregon.

9. Mordella brevistylis, sp. nov.

This species somewhat resembles Mordella atrata, but is readily dis-
tinguishable by its more elongate form and the shorter, blunt anal style.

Form subcuneiform. Color black; both upper and lower surface with

black or dark reddish-brown pubescence; sides of breast, and first and second
abdominal segments at sides with cinereous pubescence. Last joint of

maxillary palpi scalene-triangular. | Antennae short, reaching to about middle

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of thorax. Antennal joints one to four narrow, the fifth to tenth segments
serrate ; the third and fourth equal in length, the fourth widest; sixth to tenth
about as wide as long, nearly alike in shape; the fifth with the sides straighter ;
_ the eleventh oval, a little longer than the tenth. Eyes large, rounded, very
_ little or not at all sinuate in front. Prothorax very little wider than the elytra
. at base, one-fourth wider than long, widest a little before the base, then evenly
rounded to apex; base of thorax in front of scutellum nearly truncate or very
slightly emarginate. Scutellum triangular, broadly rounded at apex. Anal
style short, shorter than the thorax, and blunt at tip. Length to end of the
elytra, 4.25 mm.; to end of the anal style, 5.25 mm.

a Four specimens examined, presumably females, from New Mexico,
labelled Cornell University, Crew Collection. |The type is deposited in the
Cornell University collection; paratypes are in the possession of the writer.

10. Mordella knulli, sp. nov.

This large and very interesting new species of Mordella is known from

only one specimen, presumably a female, collected on June 20, at La Belle,

> Florida, by Mr. J. N. Knull, to whom it is dedicated. It is entirely different

in markings from any other North American form of the genus, differing

particularly in the distinct silvery pubescent markings on the whole upper sur-

face. On account of its size, it is suggested that this species be placed in
taxonomic sequence after Mordella quadripunctata.

Cuneiform. Ground-color black. Head densely covered with fine argent-
eous pubescence, except on a large median triangular spot, where the pubesence
is less dense, showing through the black ground color; antennae and palpi black;
eyes dull yellowish, transparent, with ocelli and margin black; prothorax with

_all the margin, except the median third of the apical margin, an angulated band,
one third from apex, reaching the side margins, a streak in the middle from
apex downward to the middle band, and a streak each side the middle, fronr the
“middle band downward not quite reaching the base, with argenteous pubescence
(leaving five large spots with black pubescence); scutellum with argenteous
pubescence ; elytra each with a curved band, from the scutellum outward and
downward to about one-third from the base, and then extended outward to the
side margin, (leaving a somewhat cordate back spot in the middle of the two
elytrons, and a somewhat elongated black spot at the humeral angle) a round
spot on each elytron in the middle, very close to the suture, a sutural streak from
near the base, slightly widened’ to one fourth from apex, where it is connected
with an oblique triangular band, which reaches the margin, with argenteous
pubescence, for the rest covered with black pubescence; under parts black,
densely covered with argenteous pubescence, except for a black spot on the
posterior margin on the sides of meso and metasternum; a similar denuded spot
near the hind coxal plate, and the posterior side margin of the abdominal seg-
ments; legs with argenteous pubescence on femora and outer margin of tibiae
and tarsi; anal style black, with a little argenteous pubescence near the base.
Head rather large, somewhat triangular in shape, finely punctured; antennae

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8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

not reaching the base of thorax; joints one to four narrow; fifth to tenth
serrate; third and fourth joints equal in length; fifth one-fourth longer than the
fourth, and much wider at apex; sixth one-fourth shorter than the fifth; seventh
to tenth about equal in length, slightly decreasing in width; eleventh a little
longer than the tenth, rounded on the inner angle. Eyes large, obovate, finely
granulated; maxillary palpi scalene-triangular. Prothorax one-thir}l wider
than long, finely punctured; basal lobe in front of scutellum broadly rounded ;
sides feebly rounded and converging to apex, the anterior and posterior angles
acute; scutellum triangular. Elytra more than twice as long as wide, finely
punctured. Tibia of the middle leg longer than all the tarsal joints of the same
leg. Anal style long, pointed. Length to end of the elytra, 7.5 mm.; to tip
of the anal style, 10 mm.; breadth, 3.5 mm.

The single type specimen is placed in the writer’s collection as a gift
from Mr. Knull.

SOUTH AMERICAN GLENURUS AND SOME OTHER
MYRMELEONIDAE.
BY NATHAN BANKS,
Cambnidge, Mass.

A striking new species of Glenurus from Bolivia has induced me to
review the other species from South America, and I give below a synoptic table
to all the forms except one recently described by Navas. Recently Mr. Peter-
sen has furnished me with some photographs of certain types of Gerstaecker,
and from these I learn that a species I had considered the G. psilocerus is not
that but new.

1. - Front wings without the large dark apical mark.............. heteropteryx.
Both wings:-with large dark apical marks. 5.<..... ©. ..4. . (yee a

2. In the front wings the space before the apical mark contains many dark
SPOS oy. Foe ae tte 6 cP aA) Sh ck os ee ie aa er croesus.

In front wing this space largely clear... 2. .... 5. 2... 3.on- oe 3.

3. Dark mark of hind wings with two pale spots..................- peculiaris.
Dark mark of hind wings with but one pale spot...............e2ce--+% 4.

4. In hind wing the apical pale spot is indented by the dark; the dark mark of
fore wings has the inner edge lobed, and notched behind.......... incalis.

In hind wings the apical pale spot is not indented by the dark; the dark mark

of fore wing is not lobed on the inner edge, and not notched be-

Bind, 6 oc |. . Tigers ate b cies aeitans See tlre cory he pe eee luniger.

The Glenurus discors Navas agrees with heteroptery.x, but is said to lack

the white in hind wing at tip, and to have shorter hind wing; but this latter
character is variable.

Glenurus incalis sp. nov.

In appearance and markings very near to G. peculiaris. ‘The wings are
rather more slender. The fore wings have the apical mark shaped like that of
G. peculiaris, except that it is notched behind; the pale area beyond is more
uniformly pale, with but two or three dark spots, of a milky and even faintly

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59

pink appearance as in our G. gratus. The apical mark of the hind wing is fully
as long as in G. peculiaris, but with only one pale spot behind, and the apical
pale spot is indented by the dark from near tip. Body and legs marked as in
G. peculiaris.

Expanse, 84 mm.

From Chachamayo, Peru, Nov.

Type, M. C. L., 12030.

Glenurus croesus sp. nov.

In general resembling G. peculiaris. The body is deep black, with a
pale median line on the pronotum; the legs are yellowish, not dotted nor marked
with dark, except that the tarsi are darker. The fore wings have the apical
mark much as in G. peculiaris, lobed internally but less oblique; the pale band
is not as much broken as in G. peculiaris. The space before the apical mark
contains many dark spots, somewhat in rows, that near the end of the anal is
very large and enlarged above.

The hind wings have the apical mark hardly as long as in G. peculiaris,
with but one pale spot on the hind border, and that much narrowed behind.
Wings rather shorter and broader than in G. peculiaris.

Expanse, 72 mm.
From the Province of Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.
Type, M.C.L., 12031.

Glenopsis petersensi sp. nov.

Pale yellowish; a black band below and one above the antennae; vertex
with two dark submedian spots; antennae dark, annulate with pale, tip darker.
Pronotum faintly marked with dark streaks each side, more or less connected

-with two submedian lines; thorax with pale and dark patches, not very clear;

the scutelli with a pale median stripe; pleura with a few dark spots; abdomen
with dark spot at base and tip of each segment, behind the dark more
extensive. Femora with dark dots and apical bands, tibia with sub-basal
and apical dark bands, tarsal joints dark at tips. | Wings hyaline;
venation mostly white, with some brown streaks and cross-veins; two
small brown clouds near end of cubitus, and an oblique mark above end of the

-anal vein, the upper end the larger; some of the marginal forks brown, or with

brown spots. In the hind wings some of the veins partly or wholly dark, no
clouds; stigma of both pairs white. In structure very similar to G. anomala,
but the hind wing is scarcely, if at all, longer than the fore wing.

Expanse, 83 mm.
From Chachamayo, Peru, Nov.
eype, M,C. L., 12044.

I had identified this as probably the G. psilocerus of Gerstaecker, but Mr.
Petersen, to whom I sent a specimen, said that it is different, and kindly sent
me a photograph of Gerstaecker’s species, which is hardly more than a variety
of G. anomalus.

60 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Austroleon latipennis sp. nov.

Face pale, a dark indented mark below the antennae; vertex mostly
brown, a faint pale transverse line in front, and about three pale spots behind;
antennae brown, annulate with pale; pronutum with two broad brown sub-
median stripes; rest of thorax pale, with four rows of spots, or interrupted -
stripes; pleura with many dark marks; abdomen dark below, above pale, with
a median dark line; legs pale, front femora above and tips of tarsal joints dark.
Wings hyaline; veins pale, with dark spots at joinings of veins, gradates and
marginal forkings brown; median vein plainly marked; hind wings much less

marked, except subcosta and radius. The wings are very broad, especially :
toward the tip, as in A. stictogaster, and the tips acute and almost sinuate behind.
Expanse, 43 mm. :
From Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith).
i ype, Me Co 1,5 12032. Z
Differs from A. stictogaster in markings; related by marks to 4.
argentinus, but differs by very broad wings. ‘

Hesperoleon tripunctatus sp. nov.

In general appearance very similar to H. sackeni; the abdomen has the
same pale spots, but those on the posterior half are plainly longer and broken
by dots and streaks, and there is white hair on the pale spots of all the segments.
The face, instead of the two oblique spots of sackeni, has a large black
interantennal mark, reaching below the antennae and there nearly straight
across. The vertex is fully as high as in sackeni, and has a band in front and
behind two submedian, and farther back a median dark mark. The pronotum
has three dark stripes, not reaching in front of the transverse furrow, the
median one broader behind, and there including a pale spear-mark; neat the
front margin are four faint, dark spots. The thorax is spotted with pale and
dark much as in sackeni, but on the mesoscutellum are three very prominent
shining black spots along its hind border, each on an elevated area; on the

metascutellum the apical median spot is also shining black and elevated. The
pleura are pale, spotted with dark. The legs are marked much as in sackeni,
with long white and some black bristles; the fine hair is mostly black. The 2

wings are marked very much as in sackeni, and the venation is generally similar,
with a wide apical area, but the radial sector arises more basally, and there is
but one series of cells between the cubitus and the anal in the fore wings.

lhe male genitalia are extremely short, and not at all extended, less than

one-half as long as the last segment, but there is a lobe below at base as in
sackent.

Ixpanse, 48 mm.
From Palmerlee, Arizona, June, July, (Biederman).
ivpe, MOC. L.; 12048

Readily separated from H. sackeni by the three shining black spots on
the Mesocutellum.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. O1

ON THE GENUS ELIDIPTERA SPIN. (HOMOPTERA)
BY F. MUIR,
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T. H.
Elidiptera Spino-a 1839, Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr. viii, p. 304. Logotype, callosa Spin.

Among some Homoptera forwarded to me by Mr. C. B. Williams from
Trinidad is a specimen that I at first considered to be a new genus near to
Achilus but later identified as Elidiptera callosa Spin. or a very closely allied
species. I was acquainted with this genus by species from North America and
the West Indies and so failed to recognize callosa as belonging to it.

The genus was erected for callosa and some other species and was
illustrated on plate 15, figures 2, 3 and 4 of the same work. ‘The figures
indicate that callosa differed from the other two species, advena and marginicollis.

Fig. 1—-Elidiptera callosa Spin., right tegmen: fig. 2—Elidiptera (2?) woodworthi Van
D., right tegmen.

Text figures 1 and 2 illustrate the tegmina of &. callosa and E. woodworthi
and show the difference between them. In the former Sc and R fork near the

base and R is simple. M. forks about the apex of clavus, and there are five

apical Ms. In the middle of the apical third of the tegmen there is a round
callus which causes the apical third of the tegmen to curve, the upper surface
convex and the lower concave. ‘This throws all the apical veins out of the
straight, especially the Cu, and M,,,. The effect of this is to give the tegmen
a twisted appearance indicated by its generic name.

In E. woodworthi Van D. the tegmen and venation is of the normal
Achilid type, the tegmina overlapping when at rest and the veins are but slightly
curved or bent but not twisted. The fork of Sc and R is further from the base
and R has three apical veins. * The first fork of M is well beyond the apex of
clavus and has three apical veins. 3

In £. callosa there is one pronotal carina on the shoulder, in E. wood-
worthi there are two.

For these reasons | do not think that they can remain in the same genus.
Some of the species at present under Elidiptera Spin. will fit into
Angeleusa Kirk. and have a distinct median carina on the clypeus. Other

Species, such as EH. woodworthi, have no median carina on clypeus and I am
uncertain of their correct position.

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW CICINDELAS OF THE FULGIDA GROUP. (COLEOP.).
BY EDWIN E. CALDER,
Longmeadow, R.I.
Cicindela azurea, new species.

General form of fulgida but somewhat larger and a little more elongate.
Above deep bluish green with strong metallic lustre. Beneath bluish green;
surface of the abdomen, legs and thighs very thickly clothed with white hairs;
legs deep blue. Maculation; humeral lunule wider than in filgida, unbroken
‘at the shoulder, longer, almost reaching the middle band. The middle band
uniform in width, reaching the margin, not dilated thereon and-only very
slightly prolonged backward. The descending portion of the band longer and
more drooping than in fulgida, closely approaching the apical lunule. — Length,
13mm. Width, 5 mm.

This form resembles C. parowana as to color and general appearance
but differs very markedly in the character of the middle band.
Two specimens from Penticton, B.C., J. B. Wallis, August 13, 1909.
Type in J. B. Wallis collection, Winnipeg, Man. :
Cotype in EK. EF. Calder collection, Longmeadow, R. I.

Cicindela fulgida elegans, new var.

Form, size and general maculation similar to fulgida. | Above deep
chestnut brown with distinct metallic purple lustre. - Beneath, lower part of the
abdomen deep greenish black; upper part, extending from sternum to the head,
copper bronze, more pronounced on the sides of the thorax. Markings very
similar in character to C. parowana. The humeral lunule uniform in width,
unbroken at the shoulder, less oblique than in fulgida, longer and more drooping
extending almost to the middle band. The middle band shorter and less
angular than in fulgida, extending to the margin, largely dilated thereon and
prolonged backward but not to the marked degree as in parowana; the descend-
ing portion of the band elongate and drooping, closely approaching, but not
quite reaching the apical lunule.

Length, 12 mm. Width, 5 mm.
Westbourne, Man. J. B. Wallis, August 14.
Type in E. E. Calder collection, Longmeadow, R. I.

Cicindela fulgida subnitens, new var.

Similar in size, form and maculation to fulgida. | Above, dull black,
much less metallic than fulgida. Beneath wholly black, without any tendency
to greenish.

This form may possibly be only a color variety of fulgida but the decided
departure from the type as noted in the black color of the under surface de-
serves recognition.

Lincoln, Nebr., F. N. Schoemacker.

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63

NOTES ON NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIAN COLEOPTERA.
BY “MES: W. W. HIPPISLEY,
- Terrace, BG:

Terrace is a small town situated on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in
the fertile valleys known as Lakelse and Kitsumgalum, ninety-five miles east of
the terminal at Prince Kupert and 500 miles northeast of Vancouver. The two
valleys are separated by the Skeena River, that called Lakelse lying to the south
and Kitsumgalum to the north; taken together they number some 200,000 acres,
Lakelse being the larger of the two. The soil is varied, a stiff clay on the flats,
sandy by the river and gravelly on two large plateaus. The district is heavily
timbered with spruce, hemlock, cedar and cottonwood, some yellow pine and
yellow birch, and a sprinkling of balsam fir; some of the older clearings are
overgrown with poplar and birch saplings, alder, elder, and willow.

Most of the insects collected during the past two years have been taken on
or near our ranch “West Lodge,’ some three and one-half miles southwest of
Terrace as the crow flies, or six miles by the road. Most of this material has
been forwarded to Mr. C. A. Frost of Framingham, Mass., to whom I am
indebted for the identification of the species mentioned in the following notes.
It is hoped that they may prove to be of some slight interest and value, coming
as they do from a country so far north and one almost entomologically unknown.

Elaphrus riparius Linn. In two years collecting on the south side of the
Skeena River, this handsome insect has only been taken in two places; the first
time on the margin of a small pool on a flat some 50 yards distant from a spring
ereek, where they were driven from cover by treading about on clumps of a
fine sedge while searching for water beetles, about the first week in June, 1920.
Ten days or so later they were found in some numbers on a part of the garden,

- behind the house, that had been flooded throughout the spring by the water from

a small swamp. ‘This stagnent water supported a thick growth of algae and
when the water failed this algae with myriads of tadpoles formed an evil-
smelling scum that dried in flakes, beneath which were found the Elaphrus.
Both garden and pool were in the full glare of the sun.

From comparison with the types in the LeConte collection, I am informed
that many specimens of this series agree with punctatissimus Lec. while others
are more like similis Lec. in shape. Among these taken near the garden were
a few that were of a red-bronze tint, instead of the usual green; these specimens
are also slimmer with narrower thorax and of a shining brassy color beneath,
less green on the femora, metasternum smooth and shining, ventral segments
less hairy, punctation beneath less deeply impressed and more scattered,
especially toward the apex. As this insect somewhat resembles pallipes Horn,
it may be the form described from B.C. as purpurans by J. F. Hausen (Can.
Record of Sci. IV, 1891, p. 251) and listed as a variety of pallipes, but the
Terrace specimens do not have the legs paler than in riparius, while the elytral
apices are not narrowed, nor is the punctation of the propleura and sides of
abdomen as sparse as in pallipes.

Elaphrus clairvillei Kirby. Two specimens of this species were taken

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

about the same time, and they are identical with the eastern specimens of this
species.
Elaphrus clairvillei frosti new var.

This very pretty insect differs from Kirby’s clairvillei in its narrower
thorax with median and sub-apical impressions more deeply indented, and with
the discal elevations more sparsely and finely punctate, while the under surface
is less coarsely punctate and the side sutures less sinuate; the front of the head
is narrower and the eyes proportionately larger; elytra not so shining, with the
punctation very fine, scattered, and not in wide rows between the discal foveae
as in clairvillei; the color of the entire upper surface is deep, rather dull,
olivaceous green (almost exactly as in olivaceus Lec.) with smaller purplish
foveae ; under surface a lighter shade of green; tibiae and femora colored much
as in clairvillei, with the tarsal joints slightly darker. The specimen at hand
measures 8 mm. while a specimen of clairvillei is slightly over 9 mm., and is
of a much more robust form.

This strikingly distinct form, which seems almost to merit a higher

standing than a mere variety, is dedicated to Mr. C. A. Frost in recognition of

his great assistance to the writer. The type is in his collection.

Pterostichus herculaneus Mann. This species is one of the first beetles
found in the spring, when it is present in small numbers, perhaps two or three
at a time, beneath the loose bark of cottonwood logs and stumps, and under the
bark of partially decayed hemlock and yellow birch. In autumn their habits
are slightly different, as they then seek shelter for the winter in powdery dry
stumps, dry rotten logs (hemlock or poplar preferred), at the bases of moss-
covered cottonwood stumps, or under a sunken mossy log. They occur at
times with /phthimus opacus in decaying logs or beneath loose bark. | The
species is not very plentiful and one could perhaps take a dozen in a day by
diligent search.

Hydrobius scabrosus Horn. A few specimens of this beetle were taken
in May, 1920, from beneath moss growing at the edges of a rapidly -flowing
creek. The temperature of the water is about 45 degrees Fahr. both in summer
and winter. The moss is partially submerged and grows on sunken logs,
branches and twigs that have fallen into the water. The beetles are not seen
until the moss is pulled off and laid on the bank upside down, when they com-
mence to crawl about. On March 29, 1921 (since writing the above note)
while there was still two feet of snow on the ground, four more specimens were
taken from this moss after being gathered in the creek and carried to the house.

Eros simplicipes Mann. About half a dozen of this pretty Lycid were
taken on the wing, the last of May, 1920. The flight is weak and wavering,
about six feet off the ground, and they are easily captured by hand. They often
light on the dress or hand of the would-be captor as they dance about in sunny
glades among the green timber on still warm days. The red of the elytra has
a distinct orange tint quite noticeable when compared with examples of hamata
or aurora. The quadrate impressions of the elytral intervals are very even,
the costae fine; the tibiae and femora are red, the tarsi black as are the antennae,
though the head and first joint of the antennae have a reddish tinge. Length

g THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 65

of malei2mm. My correspondent writes me that these specimens are identical
_ ‘with those so named in the LeConte collection.

Eros nigripes Scheffer. With the preceding species were taken five
specimens having the legs, antennae, head and under parts black throughout;
antennae broader and heavier; color of elytra deep scarlet, with the quadrate
impressions of the intervals irregular and uneven in size, costae much coarser
and the form broader than in simplicipes. Length 9 to 10 mm. There is one
specimen of this species in the LeConte collection at Cambridge, Mass., without

) name. A specimen of this has recently been sent to Mr. Charles Scheffer of
the Brooklyn Museum who states that he cannot see that it differs from his
nigripes which was described from Minn. (Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XIX,
IQII.) except in the slightly weaker thoracic costae.

: Eros hamata Mann. Four specimens of this handsome species were
taken in 1920, usually while resting on the trunk of a green spruce. The
quadrate impressions in this species are thickly covered with short appressed
hairs of the same color as the elytra and thorax; the legs are red and the tarsi
piceous; the head, first antennal joint and metasternum dull red; ventral seg-
ments black except the last which is brownish yellow. Length 15 mm. The
specimens correspond with those named as above in the LeConte collection.

Lucidota (Ellyschnia) corrusca Linn. ‘This is extremely common here
all the season, being one of the first insects to appear after the snow melts,
and one of the last to go in the autumn. It is very partial to the flowers of
the pearly everlasting.

Silis spinigera variety munita Lec. One specimen was taken in June,
1920, on the flowers of the red osier willow or dogwood.

Silis pallida Mann. ‘Three specimens taken; two flying about fire-weed
blossoms and one resting on a thimbleberry leaf, June to July, 1920.

Calopus angustus Lec. Seven specimens of this rare Oedemerid were
taken in the early part of the spring of 1920, five being taken before all the
snow had melted. These were all found beneath the loosened bark on decaying
pine stumps from which they seemed to have recently emerged as fresh holes
were noticed in each case close to the sweil of the roots. A week or so later
one was found drowned in a tub of rain water by the door early in the morning.
It seems probable that its early appearance in spring together with the indica-
tions that it flies at night, may account for its rarity in collections. | The
seventh specimen was taken from the water tank of a gasoline engine.

Omosita discoidea Fab. Two fragments of the knuckle-end of a beef
shank yielded upwards of one hundred of these little insects during a space of
about three weeks at the end of May and beginning of June, 1920. They
crawl into the fine bony net-work and can scarcely be seen until breathed upon.
When the bone is sharpely tapped on a board or table they fall out. Only
bones having this net-work of fibre seem to attract them. In this species the
yellow markings of the elytra are sub-basal to median instead of apical as in
O. colon. Discoidea also has scattered flecks of yellow toward the elytral apices.

66 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Leptura aspera parkeri new var.

Form longer and slimmer, elytra reddish-testaceous (of a shade similar
to that of some of the redder forms of Brachyleptura rubrica Say) with the —
punctation much finer and the asperities not so pronounced, tips rounded and
margined; the head is more sulcate with finer punctation, with the first four
joints of the antennae more shining, not so coarsely punctate or hairy as in the
black form, fourth joint two-thirds the length of the third and the two together —
but slightly longer than the fifth. Two of the abdominal segments have the
apical margins glabrous with a cross band of yellow-brown, last segment brown
with a fringe of yellow hairs. Length 14 mm. Width 3 mm.

This form has been given the varietal name parkeri in honor of the
author’s father whose keen interest in the insect fauna of this region has been —

a great encouragement to the writer. The type has been placed in the —

collection of Mr. C. A. Frost of Framingham, Mass.

A FURTHER NOTE ON THE GENUS PLATYPREPIA (LEPIDOPTERA)
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,

Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

It had been my intention to consider the matter of the family position of
the genus Platyprepia closed with the publication of Dr. Dyar’s reply (Can. Ent.
LIV, 20) to my previous statements (Can. Ent. LIII, 167). Unfortunately
however an ‘Author’s note,’ inserted by Dr. Dyar in the page proofs of his
article and set up by the printer without consultation of the editor, calls for a
reply as the statement contained therein is erroneous. Dr. Dyar claims in this
note that, whereas in Platyprepia veins 7 and 8 of secondaries are separated at
the base, in Arctia they are united, and he would use this apparently as a
character to differentiate the two families Arctiidae and Hypsidae. It might
be pointed out in passing that if this character should be used, then A pantesis
and numerous other Arctiid genera would fall into the latter family. However,
as a matter of fact, vein 7 in Arctia does not coalesce with 8 to the extreme base
of the wing; it branches off from 8 about 2 mm. from the base in exactly the
same manner as is found in Platyprepia; in both genera it is much reduced in
size as compared with 8, which is greatly swollen at the base, and this reduction
of size has been carried almost to obsolescence in some specimens of Arctia caia;
an €xamination of a series of this species, especially large females, clearly shows
however the basal separation of the two veins and I have specimens before me
as well marked in this respect as any of Platyprepia guttata.

While I have no objection to the transference of Platyprepia to the
Hypsidae if sufficient proof of the soundness of this transfer can be given, I do
claim that up to the present neither Sir Geo. Hampson nor Dr. Dyar has given
us satisfactory reasons for making such a change.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 67

NEW SPECIES OF THE SYRPHID GENUS CHILOSIA FROM
CANADA (DIPTERA)
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ontario.
(Continued from Page 20)
Chilosia orilliaensis, new species.

Eyes pilose; arista black, bare; thorax deep blackish green, its dorsum
cupreous bronze; abdomen shining blackish green, first two segments chiefly
opaque ; wings clouded or infuscated with dark luteous; scutellum with bristles
which are scarcely distinguishable in the male owing to long pile; third antennal
joint small, reddish, black above; abdomen of female almost wholly shining.

Male. Length 8 to 10 mm. Face and front shining greenish black,
thinly covered, except the tubercle, an area on its lateral slopes and the cheeks,
with fine whitish pubescence which is condensed as a band below the antennae ;

‘side margins with whitish pile, face elsewhere without pile; in profile very

slightly concave or almost straight to the tip of the large, rather prominent nose
shaped tubercle, thence shortly concave to the oral margin, which is convex, not
quite as prominent as the antennal base and much less prominent than the
tubercle. Frontal triangle a little prominent, in the middle with a more or less
distinct brassy tinge; in the middle with a rather broad longitudinal depression
which is narrower above; margins very narrowly white pollinose; pile of frontal
triangle rather stout, long, black. Antennae luteous or brownish luteous, first
joint always darker, third joint about equal in length to the first two, small,
little longer than broad, its lower end usually more sharply rounded. Arista
long, slender, bare, black, the sub-basal quarter a little swollen. Vertical triangle
dull black, black pilose in front,-yellow behind, sometimes nearly all black or
with chiefly yellow pile. Eyes brown or yellowish brown pilose on the upper
half with yellowish or grayish yellow pile below. Posterior orbits narrowly

white pollinose on lower two-thirds, with opaque black pollen on the upper

half except against the eyes at the upper three-quarter area; the pile is white on
the lower half, more brown or blackish above and the hairs ovrhanging the eyes
are black.

Thorax and scutellum shining blackish green, the dorsum, except the
sides, with a cupreous bronze reflection. Pile variable, but usually chiefly black on
the dorsum, intermixed with some yellow or fulvous hairs on the disc, some-
times almost wholly black pilose, but often the pile is chiefly yellowish or ful-
vous with the borders black pilose; there is always black pile at the humeri,
base of the wings and on the postalar calli; pile on the upper half of the
pleura almost always wholly black, but sometimes a few pale hairs intermixed,
the lower half always whitish pilose. Scutellum usually with almost all long
black pile, with a few paler hairs at the base but these sometimes wanting,
at other times chiefly yellow pilose with black pile apically. In these latter speci-
mens the scutellar bristles are usually quite distinct. The other bristles on the
thorax are not conspicuous in the males.

First abdominal segment more or less brownish, scarcely or moderately
shining, the angles below the scutellum reddish brown, and often the anterior
margin more or less yellow pollinose ; if shining, with a greenish reflection. Sec-

68 i THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ond segment opaque black, the anterior margin very narrowly shining, the
side margins, more broadly in front, shining greenish; third segment opaque, the
apex very narrowly shining, and apparently inclined to be reddish in some speci- —
inens, lateral margins shining greenish, expanded in front to occupy about one- —
third the width of the segment on each side, but the shining area indistinctly
defined. Fourth segment wholly shining, and usually with a metallic bluish
reflection, but sometimes metallic blackish green. Hypopygium shining black-
ish green, finely, sparsely whitish pubescent and with mixed yellowish and black
pile. Pile of the abdomen moderately long, on the basal angles long pale yellow-
ish, yellow or fulvous, the sides of the abdomen with similar colored pile to
that on the basal corners, except the apical quarter to half of each segment, the
light colored pile extending as triangles on the basal corners of each segment; pile
elsewhere black or brown.
Legs shining greenish black ;'tips of the femora, anterior four tibiae except
a broad band mostly beyond the middle, yellow; apex of hind tibiae and first
two joints of middle tarsi reddish, brownish yellow or brown; anterior tarsi
brown basally in most specimens. Wings strongly tinged with brownish or
brownish yellow, more so anteriorly; veins brown; stigma yellow. Squamae yel-
low, tinged with brown, with brown margin and brown fringe. Halteres luteous,
the tip of the knob brown. .
Female. Antennae reddish, basal joint usually brownish, third joint
larger than in male, brownish above and apically its end truncately rounded but
frequently more pointed below. Face moderately concave between the antennal
base and the small but prominent tubercle, only slightly concave below the tu-
bercle. Front shining black, with a brassy reflection in the middle; a shallow
longitudinal median groove usually indistinct just after its inception a little
above the antennae, running to the ocellar triangle; lower quarter of front
silvery white pollinose contiguous to the eyes, above which the sides of the front
are black. Pile of the front usually nearly all yellowish with black pile across
the ocelli, some black hairs intermixed above the antennae, the -vertex with
yellowish pile. Posterior orbits thinly grayish pollinose above, white below.
Thorax and scutellum shining blackish green, the dorsum with a~more
or less distinct brassy or bronze reflection. The pile of the dorsum is short
reddish yellow, on the pleura long, white; postalar callosities with two black
bristles, two to four short ones above the base of the wings, and rarely a long
slender one on the posterior part of the mesopleura ; scutellum with short white or
pale yellow pile and from four (usually six) to eight long slender black bristles
on the apical margin. ;
Abdomen shining blackish green or blackish; first segment-with the corners —
below the scutellum reddish luteous ; second segment with an obscure opaque area
on the anterior three-fourths occupying about one quarter the width of the
segment, or less, on each side of the middle and often interrupted longitudinally
by a shining median line; third segment with a similar but smaller subopaque —
marking, but sometimes there is scarcely a trace. Pile on the abdomen yellow, —
4
+

ee tial arte 10a pg he

a ae

han

enti ti

on the base and the lateral segmental triangles usually whitish; the antero-lat-
eral more smooth triangles are limited by a condensation of subappressed yel-
lowish pile; on the apical half of the disc of the third and fourth segments _
the pile chiefly appressed black, but the yellow hairs which are intermixed are
most prominent,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 69

Legs as in the male but the bands on the anterior four tibiae are narrower
and brownish, the basal three joints of the anterior four tarsi are reddish.
Squamae white, with white fringe. MHalteres yellow. Wings as in the male,
but frequently more clouded beyond the middle anteriorly.

Holotype, 8, Orillia, May 8, 1921. Allotype, @, Orillia, May 22, 1921,
collected by the author, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

The descriptions are drawn from 57¢ and 8192 specimens, taken at
Orillia between May 5th and June 18th, 1920 and 1921 and one male, Ottawa,
Ont., May 22, 1921 (J. McDunnough).

The species shows considerable variation in the color of pile, antennae and
legs, and also the facial tubercle is more or less variable. Occasional females
have the oral margin more prominent than described, but this varies and inter-
mediate specimens occur. The shape of the third joint of the antennae varies
especially in the females. In many specimens the end of the third joint is more

produced below, while in others it is rounded rectangular and narrower, being

not twice the width of the second joint at its broadest.
This species is very close to hoodiensis Bigot, but is at once distinguished
by the lighter pile of the face and the paler pile generally. In hoodiensis the

_ thorax is black pilose. From borealis Coq. it is distinguished by the lighter an-

tennae, bare arista and opaque abdomen. From occidentalis and petulca by the

_ paler antennae, darker pile on thorax and abdomen as a rule and abscence of

hairs on facial slopes. In Hunter’s key (Can. Ent., vol xxviii, p. 229) the fe-
male traces out to laevis Bigot but is readily distinguished by its larger size, etc.
A very abundant fly on Cowslips, fairly abundant on Wild Cherry in the
vicinity of deep woods and on flowers of Osmorrhiza claytoni in sub-swampy
woods. The most common species of the genus in Ontario. Other species are
frequently taken in company with it. Males are most abundant towards evening.

Chilosia columbiae, new species.

Antennae small, arista bare, black; eyes yellow pilose; thorax wholly
light yellow pilose; second and third abdominal segments more or less opaque;
legs black, only the knees obscurely reddish.

Male. Length 11 mm. Face shining black, thinly covered, except the
tubercle, with yellow pollen which forms a broad band across below the antennae
and extends narrowly down along the eye margins to the cheeks; side margins
short yellowish pilose. Front not prominent; a deep sulca rising just above the
polished antennal arch and reaching quite to the juncture of the eyes; in color

metallic blue, with wholly yellow pile; front densely punctulate in vicinity of

sulea, the sides obscurely golden yellow pollinose. Antennae brown, shining;

_ third joint about twice as broad as second, a little longer than broad, its end

rounded, in color opaque yellowish red, its upper and apical border brown,
dusted with whitish. Arista black, bare, longer than antennae, slender, the
basal quarter a little thickened. Vertical triangle shining greenish black its pile
yellow, but most of the hairs blackish on the anterior half. Posterior orbits
yellow pollinose and with yellow pile, including the occipital ciliae. Eyes moder-
ately densely yellowish cinereous pilose, whitish below.

7O THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Thorax and scutellum shining blackish green, the dorsum with a strong
brassy reflection, pile luteous yellow, not long but rather dense; pleura and ~
scutellum with similar pile, no trace of bristles.

Abdomen metallic blackish green, slightly brassy; first segment moderately —
shining, the corners under the scutellum brown; second segment opaque black, ’
except the very narrow posterior margin and the sides broadly, the opaque area
cut off nearly squarely at the sides; third segment with a rather broad abbreviated —
cpaque band near the hind margin in the middle, but with a very slender shining
median stripe interrupting the opaque longitudinally; the opaque outline is
vague; anteriorly and contiguous to the opaque markings and extending across ©
the anterior margin there is a metallic deep blue reflection. Pile on opaque -
areas short, black, elsewhere longer, yellowish. =a

Legs black, the knees obscurely reddish. Pile of the i= similar to that
of thorax; decidedly short reddish beneath the femora and tibiae apically and
beneath the tarsi; a patch of golden pubescence at the bases of. the anterior
four femora. Wings distinctly fuscous, more marked basally and anteriorly,
almost hyaline posteriorly ; veins brown; the tip of the fourth vein joins the third
longitudinal at almost a right angle. Stigma yellow. Squamae pallidly yellow
with yellow border and pale yellow fringe. Halteres brownish luteous, the knob ~
brown. .

Holotype, 8, Cranbrook, B.C., May 8, 1920, (C. B. D. Garrett), in the
writer’s collection. ~+

This species is very like C. lasiophthalma but the pile is lighter, the
face is less produced downwards, and the abdomen is more elongate. It must
closely resemble the male of punctulata, but the thorax is not densely punctulate,
the arista is wholly black and the thorax is very shining. It must also be very —
similar to sororia from Mexico, but the brassy thorax will distinguish it from”
that species. It differs from petulca in the abscence of bristles on the scutellum. —

Chilosia rita, new species.

Arista bare; eyes bare; thorax and scutellum yellow pilose, the latter
with black bristles; wings with yellowish brown cloud.

Male. Length 10 mm. Face and front shining blue black, a grayish pol-
linose band below the antennal prominence; side margins with short whitish
pile; tubercle large, Roman nose shaped; face sub-triangularly concave from
tip of antennal prominence to tip of the tubercle but the lower half of the con-
cavity formed is convex; below the tubercle perpendicular to the oral margin,
the anterior tip of which is on a plane with the posterior oral cavity. Frontal
triangle with strong metallic blue reflection, with a broad sulea rising at the
antennal arch and reaching the eyes at their juncture, the pile moderately long,
black, not longest above. Antennae brownish red, first joint black, third joint as
long as the first two together, oval, a little flattened above; arista Iong, slender,
a little thickened near the base. Posterior orbits grayish yellow pollinose below,
opaque black above, below with sparse whitish pile, above with black, but at —
the vertex with short yellow pile, the orbital ciliae black. Vertical triangle
black pilose, the hairs at the back yellowish basally. Eyes contiguous for long
distance, the vertical triangle small and narrow.

Thorax and scutellum shining blackish green, the dorsum with a brassy ~

Bhs G3

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 71

lustre, the pile luteous, on the sides of the dorsum and on the mesopletra
black, moderate in length, longer on the scutellum which bears apical slender

: black bristles.

Abdomen shining greenish with a brassy reflection; first segment with
about six transverse impressions; second segment opaque, the side margins, ex-
panding in the middle and extending obscurely (subopaque) entirely across,
shining ; third segment similar, but the middle of the segment less opaque and
the shining band less broadly subopaquely interrupted. Pile of the abdomen
reddish yellow, paler on the sides. Hypopygium with some black hairs intermixed.

Legs black; tips of the femora and all the tibiae reddish yellow, the latter
with a rather broad blackish band, tarsi yellow, the last joint and hind basitarsi
except the tip, brownish. Legs with long pale yellow pile, the anterior four
femora with black pile apically and fulvous pile antero-ventrally, hind femora
with short bristle-like black pile beneath.

Wings clouded with luteous, veins mostly piceous, but brown postero-
apically; stigma yellow. Base of 2-3 longitudinal vein with about 12 short,
fine bristles. Squamae whitish yellow, fringed with luteous and with luteous
fringe of pile. Halteres yellow, the knob darker.

Holotype, é, Orillia, Ontario, May 5, 1921, (C. H. Curran) in the auth-
or’s collection.

Differs from the aoe of the fristis group in having bare arista, and
in addition may be distinguished from the species in that group as follows: from
pallipes in having no pale markings on thorax ; from tristis, similis and leucoparea
in its more extensively yellow legs, etc; from skinneri in its larger size and largely
black legs.

Chilosia rita, new species.

Antennae luteous, arista brown, bare; face with fine pile on slopes; front
as long as face, not sulcate.

Length, 7.5 to 8 mm. al. 7.5 mm. @ Face and front shining black, the
sides of the face and across below the antennae silvery pollinose, extending

_ very narrowly up the sides of the front on the lower fifth; face considerably

concave between antennae and prominent tubercle, and thence perpendicular
to the oral margin which is only slightly below the eyes at its anterior point;
face with very fine whitish pile on lower central slopes and short silvery pile
on side margins; front with short whitish pile below, with longer black or
brown pile on upper two-thirds and immediately above the antennae and a few
scattered black hairs among the pale ones; posterior orbits white pilose below
and with whitish gray pollen, black opaque above with black pile. Eyes bare

antennae reddish yellow or luteous, the basal joints infuscated, third joint a little

darker dorsoapically.
Thorax, scutellum and abdomen blackish blue, wholly shining; thorax
chiefly short black pilose, but when viewed from in front appearing whitish ;

there is a triangular area of yellowish pile on the front of the dorsum, the
pleura entirely whitish pilose. Scutellum with brownish yellow or brownish

pile, appearing pale in most lights, its margin with three or four pairs of black
bristles, and some stout black hairs laterally; postalar calli and the sides of

the dorsum before and behind the suture with two to four black bristles, and

72 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ -

one to three bristles on the mesopleura. Abdomen wholly sparsely whitish —
pilose, pile a little longer basally, sub-appressed except on the anterior angles “i
of the second, third and fourth segments. Femora black, their tips luteous;
front coxae obscurely luteous, as well as a spot on’ the thorax above them
extending to the partly obscurely luteous humeri. Anterior four tibiae luteous :
or yellowish with broad, ill-defined median blackish bands, hind tibiae paler —
at ends only; tarsi obscurely luteous, the apical joints darker; hind tarsi more-
brownish.
Wings almost hyaline, stigma pallidly yellowish; veins brown, yellow at
base of wing; first posterior cell acute, last section of fourth vein a little bent
at its basal fifth: ‘There are five minute bristles on R,.,; before the furcation: Be.
Squamae white, with whitish fringe; halteres yellow. .
Holotype, ¢, Macdiarmid, Ont., June 7, 1921, (N. K. Bigelow), in the
Ontario Museum, Toronto.
Paratypes, 9, same data, in the Ontario Museum; ?, same data, in the
writer’s collection. ~
This species is distinct from any so far described from North America
in having the eyes bare and the facial slopes pilose. It belongs to a distinct
group, although its general structure places it close to the tristis group.

AN APPEAL FOR AID.

The following letter which has been received by the Secretary of the
[Entomological Society of Ontario speaks for itself. :

Dear Strs:—The ‘Mikrographische Gesellschaft” has been in existence
in Vienna for ten years and has at present about 50 members.

Its object is to popularize microscopy or rather those branches of the
natural sciences which rely upon the study of the universe in the smallest space.
At the same time it extends and affords opportunities to non-members to whom
the use of our laboratory, consisting of five rooms, is offered gratuitously.

Through the extreme decline in the value of Austrian currency its finances
have come into a most critical state. Before the war the society was able to
cover its expenses and the upkeep of the laboratory out of its modest income. But
our means are now exhausted and we are unable to procure even the most urgent
expedients, such as instruments, reagents, colours, glass articles, photographic

supplies, etc.. the prices of which have arisen enormously, not to mention the —

increased cost for gas and electric current.

Without prompt assistance the society will soon be obliged to dissolve and
to deprive the intellectual people of our unhappy city of a place of scientific study
and research.

The unfortunate, poorly nourished intellectual classes of Vienna are facing —
a winter of hardship and privation which acts as a spur to seek education and —
enlightenment with a view of paving the way for a better future for themselves,
and, let us hope. for the benefit of all mankind. We therefore beg leave to appeal
to you, Gentlemen, who are pursuing similar noble objects, to make it possible for
us, through an accommodation in your own sound money, that our society may
be saved and continue with its work.

Please accept our heartiest thanks in advance.

We are, Gentlemen, gratefully and sincerely yours,
MIKROGRAPHISCHE GESELLSCHAFT WITEN,
Treasurer; Paul Frenzel, Vienna vi, Theobaldgasse ii.

Mailed May 26th, 1922

«Che Canadian Entomologist

' Vou. LIV. ORILLIA, APRIL, 1922. No. 4.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
METHOD OF PROCEDURE IN INSECT LIFE History INVESTIGATIONS.
BY WM. P. HAYES,

Assistant Pntemologi:t, Kansas Agriculturat Experiment Station*,

It is hardly necessary to emphasize the importance of life history
investigations as an aid to the control of injurious insects. To the economic
entomologist is allotted the development of methods of suppression, and without
some knowledge of the life history of the insect in question, his efforts to control
may be futile. It is, therefore, clearly obvious that the first effort in attacking
the problem of insect control must be the acquisition of an understanding of the
imsect’s life history.

The writer as a novice in entomology, about seven years ago, was
assigned to Southern Kansas and placed in charge of a field laboratory
established for the purpose of working out the life histories of two serious insect
pests of that part of the state. At the time a prepared schedule was furnished
for the methodic study of insect life histories. Since then the value of such a
schedule has been more fully realized. Investigators are far too frequently
found who do not realize how much they know about a given subject or animal
until they have subjected themselves to the processes of orderly arrangement.
when the results obtained are found to be surprising and satisfactory. Often
there has been no attempt to classify data which are obtained by a poor method
of approach. Their knowledge is merely a mass of scrambled observations,
which, if untangled, may lead to many unconsidered possibilities, and in recording
their facts they are apt to omit many important matters which are overlooked
in a forest of tangled ideas. They do justice neither to themselves nor their
readers. They may have many times the number of facts which they record
and the reason they are not recorded is the lack of systematic arrangement.
Far too many life history papers exhibit this defect. | Undoubtedly a partial
solution of, or at least an improvement in the character of life history investiga-
tions, lies in the possession and use of an orderly plan, as is here suggested.

The first and most important starting point is an accurate determination,
by a specialist, if necessary, of the species under consideration. Its correct
scientific and all common names should be known, and a complete bibliography
should be made up. Special literature should be secured and copies of state
and national laws affecting entomology should be available, especially those
pertaining to quarantine regulations if the species may in any way be involved
in legal entanglements.

After the bibliography has been prepared, the investigator has learned

*Contribution No. 73 from the Entomological Laboratory of the Kansas Agricultural
Experiment Station. aeiet a ea

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ‘

what is-khown ‘about the insect. Adequate laboratory facilities should then be

available and a system of record keeping established. This should include
besides observations on the animal, statistical, climatological, geological, and | R

miscellaneous data that may have a bearing on the species in question.

The first steps in such a study will depend to a large extent on the time
of year in which the work is begun and the corresponding stage of the insect’s
development. ‘hat is, if work is begun in the spring and the insect is in the
adult stage, the first observations will be on the mature form. However, a
logical treatment should begin with the egg and the study develop as the insect
proceeds through its various stages of metamorphosis. In the egg stage there
are at least four important points to be noted; first, an adequate description of

the egg which will permit of it being recognized by others; second, the

embryology or development of the egg. This point is important and a great
amount of data can be amassed on the one subject. Nelson’s “Embryology of

the Honey Bee” is an example of the vast amount of material that can be

assembled on the development of an insect egg. The third point is the duration
of the egg stage which should be known under different climatological conditions —
which affect the length of time required for development. Large series should
be studied in order to obtain averages with a minimal probable error. Lastly,

the method of hatching should be carefully investigated. This 1s often a weak
and critical stage in the insect’s life and important control measures might

suggest themselves at this time. More will be said concerning oviposition habits

of the adult insect.

The next stage is either the larval or nymphal, depending on the kind of
metamorphosis, and here a good description is desired and the anatomy both
external and internal should be worked out. The rate of growth and number
of moults are important. It is surprising how little is known of the method of
moulting and the frequency of its occurrence in many of our common species.

The process of moulting may be variable and the food supply may have a

decided influence on the time of moulting. “The size of the insect in each instar

may have an important significance. Davis, of Indiana, is now working on the
size of the various instars of white grubs and can identify species by their size,
and Dyar has devised a system of proportions whereby the various sizes of
caterpillars can be computed if the size of one instar is known. The duration
of the complete stage varies and in many larvae a prepupal condition is assumed.
This again is a critical stage where effective control measures may be applicable
if the species is destructive. Before pupation, pupal cells are often con-
structed, a knowledge of the method and the locality where they are built being
desirable. Habits of feeding and methods of securing protection are important,
and the character and degree of injury are vital points. The rearing of large
numbers over a series of years. is desired to obtain the foregoing points under
various conditions.

The pupal notes likewise involve a description that is complete and a
knowledge of the anatomy is necessary. Important post-embryonic changes
are occurring within the pupa and much work has been done on this subject
which is known as histogenesis. ‘The length of the pupal stage varies from a

HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75

few days to many months, or even years. ‘The Hessian fly has recently been
-noted-as living over four years in the papurium, which fact has an important
_ influence on the control of the species: The transformation from the pupa to
the imago is an important phase in the insect’s life economy.
| Now the adult must be considered. Again a description should be given
and thorough morphological and physiological studies made. The period from
transformation to complete maturity differs in some forms. In ants there is an
_ interpolated stage known as the callow, and in May flies a sub-imago stage.
_ Color changes and other points can here be noted. The size of the insect may
_ have a relation to the amount of food supply and this in turn may influence the
duration of adult life. Weights and especially dimensions are useful in making
taxonomic determinations. An average length of life should be computed
under both natural and artificial conditions. Various foods may influence the
- duration and tests can be made with food and without water, also without food
and with water.
a Ability to distinguish the sexes is necessary and with some species this
is hard to do superficially. The secondary sexual characters are used in this
connection, and when lacking one must resort to the primary characters. The
x relation of size and color to sex is a point to note and the proportion of sexes
has an important bearing. In Lachnosterna, the males predominate at lights
3 during the spring flight, while a larger number of females are found on the food
plants. With different insects, the proportion may vary at different seasons,
so they should be observed for these data in the spring, summer, and fall, as
well as during hibernation. Likewise, the sexes may vary during flights and
under the influence of temperature conditions.

The number of generations may vary in a season, and the maximum,
minimum, and average number of broods are important considerations. These
again are determined by environmental conditions. The duration of the com-
plete life cycle with its minimum, maximum, and average broods-can then be
summed up. With a tentative knowledge of the life cycle now at hand, the

_ investigator is in a position to make a more thorough study of the life economy
_ of the insect which involves consideration of the ecological features. . To
» enumerate these would require too much time. However, a few of the following
_- points should not go amiss. Habits of the species are ecologically important
_and require a knowledge of food plants, of what part, such as leaf, fruit, bud
_ or root, is attacked, the susceptibility of different varieties of food plants, tests
_ with other food plants and the occurrence on other than food plants; or, if

_ either nocturnal or diurnal feeding periods. Cannibalism as practised by some
e insects has a bearing on the method of rearing some species which must be kept
_ separate in laboratory cages. The same is true of those with predaceous habits
in either the larval or adult stage. The food plant investigations may suggest
trap crops or other measures of control, such as clean culture. oe

Reproduction in insects is tremendous at times, and a knowledge of the
processes of fertilization, polygamy, polyandry, and parthenogenesis are highly

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

important. The places of oviposition, the formation of the egg cavity, time
required to deposit the egg, number of eggs deposited, dependence of oviposition
on food supply, and the effect of oviposition on the plant, require careful
observations and well-kept notes. These activities should be observed in the
laboratory and field and differences noted. Other factors involved and perhaps
influenced by the environment are the periods of first, last and maximum ovi-

position, as well as the rate or number of eggs laid daily.

Protection by mimicry is an ecological factor about which much can be
written. Other methods of protection are found at all stages of various insects.
The eggs may be protected by being deposited internally, by isolation, external
structure, or protective secretions; larve and adults by places in which they
develop, by external structures, such as spines, repellent odors, protective con-
structions (caddis flies) and protective excretions. | Habit sometimes offers
protection, and we find strong fliers, swift runners and active swimmers. — Color-
ation involves mimicry and warning coloration, both of which. afford protection.
The pupa, to shield itself, may hide, construct cocoons and earthen cells, roll
leaves, form galls, or be protectively colored. All these are important in life
history investigations. )

Theoretically, the annual progeny of a single pair should be computed and
the number of individuals per acre should be estimated on a basis of field counts.
The rate of multiplication is directly influenced by the available food supply
which places restrictions on the numbers present.

Seasonal history is important and such factors as hibernation and zstiva-
tion must be considered. The time of entrance into hibernation is affected by
temperature which in some species determines whether entrance shall be gradual
or sudden. Different species have different stages passing the winter. The
individuals may be congregated or found singly and this may be a factor affecting
mortality at the time of entering hibernation. There is also mortality during
and at the time of emergence from hibernation. The time of emergence from

hibernation, like the period of entrance, is influenced by climate conditions and -

it may be abrupt or gradual. Sometimes re-hibernation occurs. The number
and percentages of individuals entering and surviving hibernation ought to be
observed. The finding of food in the spring is an important problem for the
individual and one can determine the nature of the first food supply, the pre-
ferred food, how far they will go for it, and the duration of life of hibernating
individuals. All these factors influence the relative abundance of the species
and the amount of damage they are capable of doing in the spring. The
abundance of pests that did so much damage in Kansas during the spring of
1921 can be traced to the mildness of the preceding winter which caused little
mortality in hibernation.

The progress of infestation during the season should be followed and
such points as the time and effect of the maximum infestation and percentage
of the crop destroyed should be noted. | Nothing has so far been said of para-
sites, predaceous enemies, and fungous diseases. These should all be studied.

Corr a ee ee ee ee ee

nei

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 77

The following list will serve to show the number of points of attack that
may be studied to work out control measures; under natural control we have
cannibalism, adverse climatic conditions, fungous and bacterial diseases, -para-
sites, and predatory enemies; and, under artificial control, traps (trap crops,
lights, shelters, and trap rows), insecticides, repellents, certain types of farm
machinery, restriction of spreading by quarantine, disinfection and fumigation,
and cultural methods of control.

Another desired feature is experimental farm work involving a sufficient
knowledge of farming methods to conduct time of planting tests, variety,

fertilization, cultivation, soil and isolation tests as applied to insect control.

Obviously, the investigator should have a broad fundamental training and his
time and available funds should be guarded against wasted energy.

A PARTHENOGENETIC MAYFLY (AMELETUS LUDENS
NEEDHAM).
BY WILBERT A. CLEMENS,
Department of Biology, University of Toronto.

The female subimago and nymph of Ameletus ludens was described by
Needham (1905) from material taken at Newport, N.Y. The nymph of this

-mayfly is a small brook-inhabiting form which occurs very abundantly in the

many small brooks in the vicinity of Ithaca, N.Y. At the season of emergence
the female subimagoes and imagoes are not uncommon along the banks of these
brooks. A suggestion that reproduction in Ameletus ludens might be a case of
parthenogenesis was made by Morgan (1911) who recorded unsuccessful efforts
to find the male of the species in spite of extended and diligent search. In

order to test out this suggestion the writer had this species under more or less

constant observation from June 14, 1913, to July 30, 1915.

From June 14 to June 30, 1913, only a few mature nymphs were found
in the brooks and no adults were observed. Apparently the period of emergence
was practically over since in early July no nymphs could be located. By. the
middle of August the brooks had ceased to flow, there being only an occasional
stagnant pool or some slight dampness and stretches where no trace of moisture
was evident.

On April 18, 1914, almost mature nymphs were abundant and on April 27
a male subimago was discovered resting on the surface of the water having just

emerged. A short distance away a female subimago was also located. These were

both taken to the laboratory and placed in wire cages but unfortunately the male
failed to transform. No other male has been found although much time has
been spent along the streams in search, hundreds of nymphs have been examined
and many subimagoes reared. Females were fairly abundant during this year
up to the middle of June and mature nymphs could be found up to about June 30
as in the preceding year. Again the streams were practically dry during mid-

summer.

78 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

On May 6, and again on May 8, 1914, eggs were dissected from reared
females, placed in water in petrie dishes and kept in the laboratory. The water
in the dishes was changed usually every other day. Fertilization could not
have occured by any chance since all the nymphs were examined before being
placed in the rearing cages. (The sexes can be distinguished in mature mayfly —
nymphs by the size of the eyes and by the rudimentary genitalia). All the sub-
imagoes which emerged were females and these were transferred to wire cages.
The adults used in this experiment were dissected about 24 hours after the sub-
imaginal moult. On October 5 a newly hatched nymph was found in one of
the petrie dishes and examination of the eggs showed moving embryos.
Hatching continued for over a week. The period of incubation was thus almost
exactly 5 months. No record of the temperature changes in the laboratory
was kept during this time except that on September 1 and 2 the air temperature
was 28.3 C. and again on September 11 it was 15.5 C.

Fertilized eggs of other species of mayflies were kept during this summer
at the fish hatchery in Cascadilla gorge where the air temperature was con- ~
siderably lower and these hatched as follows: Hexagenia bilineata 29-40 days;
Hexagenia recurvata 14 days; Ephemera varia 15 days; Heptagema tripunctata
11-23 days; Ecdyurus maculipennis 12 days.

The long period of incubation in the case-of Ameletus ludens may be a
characteristic which has made possible the existence of this species in brooks
which are subject to mid-summer droughts. The presence of a_ thickened
roughened coat on the egg would appear to support this belief. The egg is
figured by Morgan (1913). :

The seasonal history for 1915 was much the same as in the two previous
years. Nymphs 4 to 7 mm. were abundant in January. Mature nymphs were
present in large numbers toward the end of April. On April 27 many emerg- -
ings took place and one female was observed ovipositing at 8.30 a.m. By June 7
only a few nymphs remained in the brooks and no adults were observed.

These results show conclusively that Ameletus Iudens reproduces
parthenogenetically. The finding of the single male indicates that the evolution
toward complete parthenogenesis is not yet complete and that sexual reproduc-
tion probably occurs in very rare instances. | Whether or not this partheno-
genetic condition of Ameletus ludens is of local or general occurrence cannot
be said at the present time.

LITERATURE CITED.

Needham, James J., 1905 Mayflies and Midges. N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 86,
pp. 36-38. é
Morgan, Anna H., 1911 Mayflies of Fall Creek. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. IV,
pp. 117-118. .
1913 A Contribution to the Biology of Mayflies. Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. VI, p. 371.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BUPRESTIDAE OF PENNSYLVANIA
(COLEOPTERA).
BY JOSEF N. KNULL,

3ureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pa.

In the preparation of this list of Buprestidae, which is arranged according

to Leng’s Catalogue*, a number of original rearing and collecting records and

- observations have been utilized, to which have been added records from several

private and museum collections, and likewise those in the Pennsylvania State
Collection. | Various records in literature on this group, pertaining to Pennsyl-
vania and adjacent states, have been included, since there is a strong possibility
that several species recorded from nearby states occur here.

The work was carried on under the direction of Prof. J. G. Sanders,
Director of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The author is also indebted to Dr.
Henry Skinner and E. T. Cresson Jr. for the privilege of studying the Horn
Collection in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and to the
following persons for valuable records and suggestions: Messrs. H. E. Burke,
A. B. Champlain, E. M. Craighead, C. A. Frost, H. B. Kirk, H. G. Klages, F. R.
Mason, A. S$. Nicolay, H. B. Weiss and H. W. Wenzel.

Polycesta Sol.
P. angulosa Duv. (obtusa Lec.) Near Philadelphia (LeConte). A

southern species which was probably imported in southern lumber.

Recorded as breeding on Coccolobis laurifelia in Florida.
Acmaeodera Esch.
A. ornata Fab. Mount Holly, June 22 (V. A. E. Daecke); Carlisle
Junction, April 27 (A. B. Champlain) ; Darby (H. W. Wenzel).
A. pulchella Hbst. S: W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton); Erie, July (H. G.

- Klages).

A. tubulus Fab. Common on flowers throughout the state in May and

‘June. Recorded as breeding in hickory and white oak (Quercus alba). A. B.

Champlain reared an adult from dead redbud (Cercis canadensis) collected at
Rockville.
Ptosima. Sol.

P. gibbicollis Say. Common where redbud (Cercis canadensis) occurs,
in which tree the species breeds. The adults mature in the fall and pass the
winter in their pupal cells.

Chalcophora Sol.

C. virginiensis Drury.- Common throughout the pine section of the
state, breeding in partly decayed stumps and trunks of both hard and soft pines.

C. fortis Lec. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton); Morris, June 20 (I. H.

White) ; Endeavor, July 30 (Kirk and Knull) ; Charter Oak, June 18 (Author).

Reared from dead white pine (Pinus strobus). Collected at Charter Oak.

C. liberta Germ. A common species which breeds in dead pine.
Chalcophorella Kerr.
C. campestris Say. A common species which has been recorded as

*Catalogue of the Coleoptera of North America, 1920,

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

breeding in dead sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), beech (Fagus americana),

and willow (Salix nigra). The adults overwinter in their pupal cells.
Dicerca Esch. .
D. divaricata Say. A common species, which breeds in the heartwood |

of a great variety of dead trees.

D. caudata Lec. North East, Aug. 8, Charter Oak, June 5 (E. M.”
Craighead) ; Harrisburg, Aug. 11 (H. B. Kirk); Cresco, June g (Author). —
Recorded in the literature as breeding in birch (Betula nigra). .

D. prolongata Lec. $. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; North East, June 9 —
(E. M. Craighead); Charter Oak, July (Author). Recorded as breeding in
dead aspen (Populus grandidentata).

D. punctulata Sch. | Breeds in dead pine and occurs throughout the pine
sections of the state. |

_ D. pugionata Germ. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Hummelstown,
June 12 (Author); Charter Oak, July (Kirk and Knull). Recorded in the
literature as breeding ,in living witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), alder
(Alnus) and Spiraea opulifolia.

D. obscura Fab. Breeds in the dead wood of persimmon (Diospyros
virginiana), and can be found throughout the state where the host-plant occurs
It is also recorded as breeding in dead staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina). ;

D. lurida Fab. A common species which has been recorded as breeding
in hickory, blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana) and alder (Alnus rugosa).

D. lepida Lec. §. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Rockville, June 1 (A. B.
Champlain) ; Hummelstown, July 11 to 29 (Author).

Recorded as breeding in dead ironwood (Ostrya virginiana). It was
found breeding in the dead wood of hawthorn (Crataegus coccinea) at Charter
Oak. Recorded by C. W. Stromberg as hibernating around the bases of haw- —
thorn trees.

D. scobina Chev. Found in the fall, on the foliage of sour gum (Nyssa
sylvatica) in the dead wood of which the insect breeds. The adults hibernate,
and can often be found through the winter months.

D. americana Hbst. Pittsburgh (H. G. Klages) ; Rockville, Dec., under
loose bark (A. S. Koser); Delaware Co., July 12 (H. W. Wenzel); Dec. 13, ~
Jan. 9, State College (Author).

D. tenebrosa Kirby. Recorded from New York State, and probably
will occur in Penna.

D. tuberculata C. & G. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton); North East,
Sept. 2 (E. M. Craighead) ; Hummelstown, July -9 (Author) ; ovipositing in a
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) log at Charter Oak, on June 22. Adults
emerged from injuries on living hemlocks at Montebello in July and August.
The insect breeds in the dry wood around the injuries on living trees.

Poecilonota Esch.

P. cyanipes Say. §S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; North East, Aug. 22
(BE. M. Craighead); Milford, June 6 (H. B. Kirk); Charter, Oak, July 8
(Author). Recorded as breeding in large-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata).

P. thureura Say*. This species was found breeding in living willow

HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 81

at Harrisburg by A. B. Champlain and the author.

The egg is laid on the trunk of the living tree, and the larva, working
between the inner bark and outer sapwood, does not travel through the infested
tree, but remains at the point where the egg was laid. The rapid growth of

the tree furnishes sufficient nourishment. Upon reaching maturity a pupal

cell is formed between these two layers, which is surrounded by frass, and very
much resembles the pupal cell of Rhagium lineatum. The life history extends
over at least two years, since very small larvae, together with mature larvae,
were found in the infested trees during the winter months. Adults were reared
from May 26 to May 30.

Cinyra C. & G. ;

C. gracilipes Melsh. SS. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Harrisburg, June

(Kirk and Champlain) ; Hummelstown, May and June (Author). Recorded
as breeding in white oak (Quercus alba) ; swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) ;
and ironwood (Ostrya virginiana).

Buprestis Linn.

_ B. sulcicollis Lec. ‘This species has been recorded from New York State.
and probably will occur in Pennsylvania.

B. striata Fab. Found throughout the pine sections of the state. The
adults which appear in the spring, having matured the previous fall, pass the
winter in their pupal cells. ‘The species breeds in hard and soft pines, although
it was found working in a scar on a living hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) at
Hummelstown, and an adult was reared April 1.

B. striata var. impedita Say. This color variety occurs with the pre-
ceding. ;

B. apricans Hbsi. Frankford, July 18 (P. Nell); Tidioute (F. L.

- Holdridge). | A secuthern pine species which probably has been imported in

p..

lumber.

_B. decora Fab. Philadelphia, May to (H. W. Wenzel). <A southern
species which probably has been brought into the state in lumber.

B. salisburyensis Hbst. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Carlisle Junction,
July 4, (A. B. Champlain); Hazleton, July (Dr. Dietz). | Recorded in the

literature as breeding in pine. .
| B. lineata Fab. Lehigh Gap, July 3 (G. M. Greene) ; Inglenook, April
18 (H. B. Kirk); Harrisburg, July 31 (Author). Recorded as breeding in
dead pine. A.B. Champlain-reared adults from the thick bark of dead pitch

pine (Pinus rigida) collected at Hunters’ Run.

B. maculipennis Gory. Charter Oak, July 9 (Kirk and Champlain) ;
Rockville, July 8 (A. B. Champlain) ; Mt. Alto, Aug. 4 (Author).

The species usually breeds in dead limbs and branches of pine. although
adults were reared July 21, from dead hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) collected
at Montebello.

B. maculativentris Say. “Penna.” (LeConte); Bethlehem (G. W.
Caffrey) ; Milford, July. Recorded in the literature as breeding in pine.

*Determined by W. J. Ohamberlain. (Page 80-)

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

B. nuttali var. consularis Gory. Hunters’ Run, July 11 (V. A. E.
Daecke); Charter Oak, Aug. 12; Harrisburg, Sept. 30; Montebello, Aug. —
(Author). Recorded as breeding in dead pine.

B. rufipes Oliv. Found throughout the state, and recorded in the
literature as breeding in dead American elm (Ulmus americana) ; sour gum
(Nyssa sylvatica), beech (Fagus americana) ; chestnut (Castanea dentata), and
hickory. A.B. Champlain found this species breeding in dead oak at Rockville.

_ B. fasciata Fab. S$. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Endeavor, July 30
(Kirk and Knull) ; Harrisburg, July 22 (A. B. Champlain). Probably breeds
in dead pine.

Xenorhipis Lec.

X. brendeli Lec. Crafton (FE. A. and H. G. Klages); Philadelphia.

Recorded in the literature as breeding in hickory.
Melanophila Esch.

M. aencola Melsh. SS. W. Penna. (H. G. Klages); Linglestown, June
and July (Dr. D. M. Castle) ; Drumgold, June 1 (Author). Breeds in pine.

M. fulvoguttata Harris. _Common throughout the state. It has been
recorded in the literature as breeding in red spruce (Picea rubens), American
larch (Larix americana) and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).

M. drummondi Kirby. Recorded from New York State, and probably
will occur in the state.

M. acuminata DeGeer. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Philadelphia
(H. W. Wenzel). Recorded in the literature as breeding in pine, spruce and —
fir.

Anthaxia Esch.

A. viridifrons Gory. A common species recorded as breeding in hickory
and elm,

A. aenogaster C. and G. Bethlehem (G. W. Caffrey).

A. viridicornis Say. - S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Havamaee May
(Author). This species breeds in dead_and dying willow in the vicinity of
Harrisburg.

A. quercata Fab. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Charter Oak, July 9,
Hummelstown, June (Author). Recorded in the literature as breeding in
redbud (Cersis canadensis), Crataegus coccinea, white pine (Pinus strobus),
grape, American larch (Larix americana) and chestnut.

; Agrilaxia Kerr.

A. flavimana Gory. Philadelphia Neck, July (H. W. Wenzel) ;_
Hummelstown, June 6 (Author). Recorded in the literature as breeding in
white oak and plum.

Chrysobothris Esch.

C. sexsignata Say. Common throughout the state and recorded in the
literature as breeding in dead hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), black ash (Fraxinus
nigra), white ash (Fraxinus americana), red maple (Acer rubrum), swamp
white oak (Quercus bicolor), walnut (Juglans nigra), hickory, beech, birch,
American larch (Larix americana), and the outer bark of living butternut
(Juglans cinerea).

SO AeA ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

C. scitula Gory. Philadelphia Neck (H. W. Wenzel) ; Harrisburg, July
4 (Author). Probably breeds in oak.

C. lecontei Leng. Spring Mill, June 21 (F. M. Trimble) ; Harrisburg,
July 4 (J. G. Sanders) ; Chestnut Hill, June 24 (J. K. Primm) ; Hummelstown,
June and July (Author). Recorded in the literature as breeding in dead alder
(Alnus rugosa) and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor). Reared from dead
sumac by A. B. Champlain and the author.

C. blanchardi Horn. Rockville, July 21 (A. B. Champlain) ; Endeavor,
July 30, Charter Oak (Kirk and Knull). Recorded as breeding in dead pitch
pine (Pinus rigida) bark. Adults were chopped from the sapwood of dead
white pine (Pinus strobus) at Charter Oak.

C. pusilla C. & G. A common species which is recorded in the literature
as breeding in spruce and pine. Adults were reared from hemlock (Tsuga
canadensis) collected at Hummelstown.

C. trinervia Kirby. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton). Recorded in the
literature as breeding in pine.

C. verdigripennis Frost. Montebello, July 7 to July 17 (Guyton and
Knull). This species works in scars and injuries on living hemlock (Tsuga
canadensis) trees in the vicinity of Montebello. An adult was observed ovi-

positing in an injury on July 7. The larvae work beneath the bark of the

injured tree, and pupate in the sapwood.

C. dentipes Germ. The bettle breeds in dead pine, and is common
throughout the state on pine slash. It has also been recorded in the literature
as breeding in American larch (Larix americana).

C. floricola Gory. Breeds in dead pine and is common throughout the
state.

C. femorata Oliv. One of our most common Buprestids and breeds in

_a large variety of dead and dying fruit and forest trees.

C. scabripennis C. & G. Rockville, June (Kirk and Champlain) ;
Endeavor, July 30; Charter Oak, June 20 (Kirk and Knull). Breeds in dead
white pine (Pinus strobus) and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). i

_ C. harrisi Hentz. Rockville, June 14 (A. B. Champlain) ; Charter Oak,
June and July (Kirk, Champlain and Knull). Recorded as breeding in dead
pine.

' Actenodes Lec.

A. acornis Say. | Jeannette, July (H. G. Klages) ; Chestnut Hill, June 24
(J. K. Primm) ; Charter Oak, July to (Champlain and Knull) ; Hummelstown,
June and July (Author). Recorded as breeding in the dead wood of red maple
(Acer rubrum), black birch (Betula lenta), beech (Fagus americana), black oak
(Quercus velutina) and hickory.

Eupristocerus Deyr.

E. cogitans Web. Common throughout the state, and forms galls on the

living stems of alder (Alnus rugosa) and (A. incana).
_ Agrilus Steph.
A. bilineatus Web. Common throughout the state, and breeds in dead

_and dying oak and chestnut.

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A. bilineatus var. azureus n. var. ‘This variety resembles A. bilineatus to
such an extent that it is deemed necessary to merely give the differences. Elytra
bright blue, void of the pubescent vittae on the elytra of A. bilineatus. On
some specimens there is a faint trace of this strip near the humeral angle, and
again near the apical angle of each elytron. Length 8 mm.

Adults of this variety, which may prove to be a distinct species, were
collected on the foliage of blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana) at Philadelphia in
June, by Messrs. F. M. Trimble and J. K. Primm. Later Mr. Primm sent
several infested branches of living blue beech to the office of the Bureau of Plant
Industry at Harrisburg. Adults emerged from June 1 to June 4.

The author has also reared it from blue beech collected at Hummelstown.

The work of this variety was observed in living beech (Fagus americana) at
Harrisburg by A. B. Champlain and the author, and a dead adult taken from the
sapwood. ‘The larvae mine underneath the bark in the living stick, and cause an
abnormal swelling around the gallery. The pupal cells are formed in the
sapwood.

Type in collection of author.

A. acutipennis Mann. Common throughout the state in June and July
on oak foliage.

A. anxius Gory. A common species which has been recorded in the
literature as breeding in birch, poplar and willow.

A. pensus Horn. Charter Oak, June 5 (Author).

A. ruficollis Fab. One of our most common Agrilus and breeds in the
living stems of blackberry and raspberry, forming galls on the stems of infested
plants.

A. lateralis Say. Adults of this species were collected on the foliage of
sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina) at Bear Meadows, Huntingdon Co., on July
5, and a Cedar Run on July 12. The number of adults taken indicated that this
plant was the host of the species. An examination showed that Agrilus
larvae were working in the stems of the living plants.

A.. B. Champlain informs me that he had reared a number of adults
from the stems of bayberry (Myrica carolinensis) at Lyme, Conn. The larvae
work in the living stems of the bayberry, causing abnormal swellings. It has
been recorded by M. P. Somes as breeding in apple twigs.

A. masculinus Horn. Harrisburg, May 31 to June 3; Charter Oak,
June (Author). Adults were reared from the sapwood of dead box elder
(Acer negundo) and red maple (Acer rubrum).

A. pusillus Say. S$. W. Penna. (H. G. Klages) ; Hummelstown, June 12
(Author).

A. frosti Knull. Charter Oak, June 21 (Kirk and Knull) ; Harrisburg,
May 24; Chambersburg, June 6; Hummelstown, June 2 (Author); Berks Co.,
June 1.

A. defectus Lec. May, June, Hummelstown (Author). Recorded as
breeding in white oak (Quercus alba).

A. crinicornis Horn. Jeannette (H. G. Klages); Duncannon, June 24
(J. G. Sanders); Charter Oak, June 21; Hummelstown, May and June
(Author).

Tee

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

A. egenus Gory. Common throughout the state, and recorded as breed-
ing in locust (Itobinia pseudacacia).

A. celtt Knull. Hummelstown, May and June (Kirk and Knull).

A. cephalicus Lec. York, Reading, Harrisburg, Hummelstown. Reared
from sapwood of dead dogwood (Cornus florida) (Author).

A. arcuatus Say. Found throughout the state and recorded as breeding
in hickory, oak and beech (Fagus americana). ‘The larvae prune branches

~~ from infested trees.

A. coryli Horn. Found throughout the state where Hazelnut (Corylus)
occurs. ‘This species has been classed as a variety of A. arcuatus, but the work
of the two insects differs to such an extent that I have listed it as a distinct
species. <A. arcuatus girdles branches of various forest trees, and A. coryli
breeds in living hazelnut (Corylus) forming galls on the infested stems.

A. B. Champlain informs me that the work of A. coryli is common on
hazelnut in the vicinity of Lyme, Conn., and that the infested stems are not
pruned, but galls are fortned due to the circular borings of the larvae. ‘The
author has also observed the work in various parts of the state.

A. champlaini Frost. Drumgold (Sanders and Champlain) ; Charter
Oak (A. B. Champlain); York Co., Cedar Run (Author). This species has
been recorded as forming galls on living ironwood (Osirya virginiana). ‘The
larva pupates head down in the center of the gall, and emerges from the lower

. part of the swelling.

A. imbellis Cr. Recorded from New Jersey, and probably will occur
in the state.

A, fallax Say. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton); New Cumberland (H.
B. Kirk); Rockville (Champlain and Knull). Recorded in the literature as
breeding in honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) and hackberry (Celtis
occidentalis ). |

A. subcinctus Gory. $. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Pittsburg, June 19
(H. G. Klages) ; Hummelstown, June 2 (Author). Probably breeds in poison
ivy (khus toxicodendron).

A. putillus Say. Jeannette, June (H. G. Klages) ; Hummelstown, June
17; Charter Oak, June 22.

A. otiosus Say. Common throughout the state, and breeds in dead
hickory.

A. juglandis Knull. Found throughout the state, and breeds in the outer
bark of living butternut (Juglans cinerea).

A. sinuatus Oliv. An imported species which has been recorded from
New York and New Jersey, and is sure to occur in Pennsylvania.

A. crataegi Frost. Harrisburg, June 7 and June 12 (Champlain and
Knull); Charter Oak, June 22 (Author). Recorded in the literature as
breeding in Crataegus.

A. politus Say. Common throughout the state, and recorded as breeding

in striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum) and willow.

A. viridis var. fagi Ratz. This is a European species which has been
introduced into the state. ~ Adults were reared from June 6 to 11 from living

rose (Rosa rugosa) stems, collected at West Chester by F. M. Trimble. The

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

larvae form galls, or abnormal swellings on the infested stems, often killing ;
them. Mr. Trimble found the insect doing damage to nursery stock at Erie —
and Girard. E. M. Craighead collected adults on wild rose (Jtosa carolina) in —
July on Presque Isle. Later Mr. Craighead and the author found numerous ~
rose plants on the island which had been killed.

A. obsoletoguttatus Gory. Common throughout the state, and recorded —
as breeding in blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana), ironwood (Ostrya virginiana),
red oak (Quercus rubra), beech (Fagus americana) and hickory. At Harris-—
burg beech branches were observed which had been pulverized by the larvae of —
this insect. Also reared from dead birch (Betula lenta) collected at Mechanics- —
burg. ;

A. vittaticollis Rand. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Endeavor, July —
_ 30 (Kirk and Knull); Charter Oak, June 20 (Kirk, Champlain and Knull) ;
Hummelstown (Author). Recerded as breeding in Crataegus, shad bush
(Amelanchier canadensis), apple, pear and wild crab.

A. granulatus Say. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Marysville, June 30 —
(V. A. E. Daecke). Reared from May 22 to 28 from the sapwood of dead —
willow collected at Harrisburg by A. B. Champlain and the author. Recorded
as breeding in Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica) and cottonwood
(Populus deltoides). .

A. lecontei Saund. A common species, and breeds in the dead branches .
of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis).

Rhaeboscelis Chev.

R. tenuis Lec. Angora, June 15 (G. M. Greene); Philadelphia, July; —
Lester, June 5 (H. W. Wenzel). Recorded as breeding in the swamp rose-—
mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos). .

Pachyschelus Sol.

P. purpureus Say. Wawa, May 25 (V. A. E. Daecke).

P. laevigatus- Say. Common throughout the state, and recorded: as
breeding in the leaves of Lespedeza virginica, Meibomia obtusa and M.—
virdiflora. *

Brachys Sol.
B. tesselatus Fab. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton).
‘B. terminans C. & G. Common throughout the state.
B. aeruginosus Gory. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; North East,
June 9 (D. M. DeLong); Philadelphia, July 14 (H. W. Wenzel) ; Hummels- —
town, June 9 (Author).
B. ovatus Web. Common throughout the state.
B. lugubris Lec. Hunters’ Run, July 11.
Taphrocerus Sol. .
T. gracilis Say. Common throughout the state on grass and vegetation —
in swampy places. . .
Mastogenius Sol.
M. subcyaneus Lec. S. W. Penna. (Dr. Hamilton) ; Philadelphia, June —
and July (H. W. Wenzel). Recorded in the literature as breeding in dead
oak branches. ‘. 3

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87

THE REDISCOVERY OF ODYNERUS (ANCISTROCERUS)
WALDENII VIERECK (HYMENOPTERA)
BY E. J. SMITH,
€ Sherborn, Mass.

: In Vol. XVII, Oct., 1906, p. 304 of Entomological News Mr. H. L. Viereck
_ describes a new species of Odynerus under the name of O. waldont. In the
~ next issue, Nov., 1906, p. 350, this spelling is corrected to read waldeni, the
iormer spelling being a typographical error.
of As I have been for some years interested in the Vespoidea I have got
together quite a good series of most of our wasps of that family, and in looking
them over I found that I evidently had two species mixed under the name of
albophaleratus, and in trying to identify them from the keys in Bulletin 22,
_ Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, I found that one was albophaleratus, while
the other one ran directly to waldeni (as spelt there) ; but as the key stated that
only one specimen was known | naturally felt some doubt as to whether my
wasps could really be that species.
At that time I was corresponding with Dr. Joseph Bequaert at the
American Museum of Natural History at New York and I sent him a specimen
and asked his opinion. He replied that although he had several similar
specimens in his collection he had never definitely identified them, but would
look the matter up and let me know later. Some time afterwards he wrote,
-“T have now been able to examine the type specimen of waldenti Vier. and find
it agrees perfectly with the specimen sent by you as being doubtfully that species.
The white dot at apex of abdomen is present, though not mentioned in the
description.”
The species may be briefly described as follows: color, markings and
general appearance very similar to albophaleratus, but stouter bodied, and in this
respect more like birenimaculatus. Scutellum with variable spots. On two of
my specimens the spots are large and square, and confluent, as is often the case
in birenimaculatus, and in others the spots are smaller and well separated.
Most of the specimens have a small dot on each side of postscutellum, one has a
continuous band, and in two instances the postscutellum is wholly black. But
the most conspicuous mark of distinction between this species and albophaleratus
is a white blotch on dorsum of last abdominal segment. This I have never
found in albophaleratus, but is present in the 9 of birenimaculatus. One
specimen has a white dot on each side of second segment. The clypeus is very
variable, in some specimens it is largely white, while in others the black pre-
dominates. One specimen, which was dug out of a decaying stump by Mr. C. A.
Frost while searching for coleoptera on May 15th, 1921, differs from the rest
in having only the merest trace of spots on each side of scutellum, and none on
__ the postscutellum. My specimens are all females, and dated as follows: June
_ 17, 1917, June 5, 8, 15, 1918, Aug. 7, 15, 1919. Locality, Sherborn, Mass. One
sp. Framingham, Mass. V. 15, 21, C. A. Frost. The date of the one sent to
_ Dr. Bequaert was not noted. Eight specimens in all. Most of mine were
taken on flowers of syringa. There are also several other specimens in the
collections of Mr. A. P. Morse, of Wellesley, and in the Boston Society of
_ Natural History. From the wide difference in dates of capture it would seem

4
a
v

_ that this species (like, most of the Odynerri) is double brooded. I have no

authentic male.
$

att

8s THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

THREE NEW SPECIES OF PARASYNTORMON WITH A TABLE OF
SPECIES. (DOLICHOPODIDAE, DIPTERA). *
BY M. C. VANDUZEE, :

Buffalo, N. Y.

TABLE .OF MALES.
1. : Arista: apical or. neatly so. .2..4.08 20) oR re

Arista distinctly dorsal, although sometimes placed at apical fourth of third
antennal joint * J30°.. 2 HS Aee eke SAR Fa a
2. Third antennal joint about twice as long as the height of the head.
(Meésaco).<2.. 30578 ie SE ee ee eaten wheeleri Aldrich.
Third antennal joint about as long as the height of the head, or shorter ....3.
3. First antennal joint more or less yellowish white below
(Califor) solic ose Teds: Se AO ees lagotis Wheeler.
Antenne wholly black: - 0220s es os hoe eee ts 4.
4. Arista distinctly subapical, fully half as long as third antennal joint,
COW Gtaing )ot 2 Ree, eet RSs See hinnulus Wheeler. —
Arista wholly apical, about one fifth as long as the third joint ............ 5.
5. Third antennal joint nearly evenly rounded below, (California;
Colamdo) ie 2 2 Ss PRLS. Se eee ot Se asellus Wheeler.
Third antennal joint but little narrowed before its middle, where there is a
small offset below, from which point it rapidly tapers to a point .......6.
6. Fore coxe and femora largely blackish (California) .fraterculus new species.
Fore coxe and femora pale yellow, (California) ..... mulinum new species. —
7. Arista inserted near apical fourth of third antennal joint ................ 8.
Arista inserted at or before the middle of the third antennal joint ........ 9.
8. Third antennal joint with a small offset at-insertion of arista both above and
below, (Caltioriia) 5 Ft Fi APS ere ee emarginatum Wheeler. —
Third antennal joint evenly rounded below, not notched above,
(Cahtioraia) $51.27 RS BA Se. a ee lepus VanDuzee.
g. Arista twice as long as the third antennal joint, which is subquadrate,
(Wyoming; Utah; Nevada) “05st eee eee occidentale Aldrich,
Arista not or but little longer than the antenna ....................5-% 10.
10. Third antennal joint large, obliquely truncate at tip, (Wyoming;
Califpriia), © 52). Spars Hee cece ae ED montivagum Wheeler. —
Third antennal joint gradually tapering from near its base to an acute point,
(California): gai ceca sy BO ae fee ee eee flavicoxa new species.

Parasyntormon fraterculus n. sp.

Male: Length 2 mm. Face narrow, brown with a little white pollen at

lower edge. Palpi brown. | Proboscis yellowish brown. Front a little green.
Antenne black; third joint about as long as the height of the head, basal half
of nearly equal width, at the middle of lower edge there is a slight offset, from
which point it tapers rapidly to a point; arista apical, about one fifth as long as
the third antennal joint; second joint lapping over the third about one fifth of
the length of the latter. a
Thorax and scutellum bronze green, dulled with gray pollen. Abdomen

more coppery, without yellow even on the venter. Hypopygium shining black

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

with a few short stiff bristles; outer lamella narrow, brownish, fringed with
long black hairs; inner appendages even more conspicuous, consisting of a pair
of black halter-like organs with the knob somewhat obcordate.

All coxe black with their tips narrowly yellowish; fore and middle
femora blackish on basal half or more; posterior pair blackish above, yellowish
on lower half. The anterior ones have the usual row of rather long delicate
black hairs below. Fore and middle tibia and basitarsi dark yellow; posterior
tibiz and tarsi almost wholly infuscated. Fore tarsi black from the tip of first
joint; first joint with the usual three bristles below on basal half; second joint
swollen as in all the species of the genus. | Middle tarsi almost wholly infuscated.
Hind tarsi with the second and third joints of nearly equal length, first shorter.
Calypters and halteres yellow, the cilia of the former black, at least in most lights.

Wings uniformly tinged with brown; fourth vein parallel with third,
ending in the apex of the wing; last section of fifth vein fully three times as
long as the cross-vein; anal angle prominent.

Described from one male which I took at Watts, Los Angles Co., Calif.,
April 1, 1915. Type in the authors collection.

Parasyntormon mulinum n. sp.

Male: This agrees with fraterculus in size, the color of head and thorax
and in the form of the antenne.

The abdomen is bronze green, the venter and sides of the second and
third segments yellow. Hypopygium small, black with a few short blunt bristles ;
the outer lamellz are yellowish brown, rather narrow, fringed all around with
black hairs; I cannot see any inner appendages.

Fore cox yellow, middle and hind ones mostly black, their tips yellow.
Femora and tibize yellow, tips of the posterior femora brownish. Fore tarsi
_black from the tip of the first joint, which has four bristles on the lower edge
of basal half ; second joint incrassated as usual in this genus. | Middle and hind
tarsi mostly brownish black, the latter with the first and third joints about equal
in length, second joint longer. Calypters yellow with black tips and cilia.
Halteres yellow. Wings about as in fraterculus.

Described from one male which I took at Carrizo Creek, San Diego Co.,
California, April 17, 1915. Type in the author’s collection.

Parasyntormon flavicoxa n. sp.

Male: Length 3 mm. Face white, very narrow, the eyes almost touching
below. Front blackish. Palpi white, small. | Proboscis yellow. Antenne
black; third joint about as long as the face, which is also long, they taper to an
acute point and are slightly notched where the arista is inserted at about its basal
third. Arista a little longer than the antenne.

Thorax green, dulled with brownish gray pollen. Abdomen dark green,
the venter on second to fourth segments yellow, this color extends on to the
dorsum on the second and third segments; the hairs-of the abdomen are yellow-
ish. Hypopygium rather large for the genus, blackish; its lamellz small, narrow,
fringed with hairs on the edges; the inner appendages are a pair of rather long
yellow organs, which are enlarged at tip where there are several stiff hairs, on
the side of their stem is a short blunt branch with two hairs at tip.

go THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

All coxe, femora, tibize and basitarsi pale yellow; tips of hind femora

brown above; the usual row of bristles on the lower edge of fore femora are

yellow, still they appear brown or black in certain lights. Fore basitarsus with —

four bristles below on basal half; second joint enlarged as usual in this genus.
Middle tibiz with row of delicate black hairs on apical half of lower surface.

which are as long as the diameter of the tibia. | Middle tarsi infuscated from —
the base of second joint, hind ones almost to the base of first joint; first and

third joints of hind tarsi of equal length, second joint longer. Calypters pale
yellow with black tips, their cilia yellow, appearing brown in certain lights.

Wings dark grayish; they seem to be formed about as usual in the genus :

but are folded so as to make it difficult to see details.

Described from one male, which I took at Berkeley, California, May 23,

1915. Type in the author’s collection.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA : NOTES AND NEW SPECIES.
BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN,
Cincinnati, Ohio,
Marmara fraxinicola n. sp.

Maxillary palpi white inwardly, black outwardly; labial palpi white,
outer side of second segment and a spot near tip of third segment black.
Antennae white, pecten black. Head, thorax and fore wings shining white.
At extreme base of costa, a small brown spot, outwardly margined with dark
brown scales; immediately following it, and connected with it by minute brown
dusting is a large spot reaching to the fold, with a few scattered brown scales
DXelow the fold, dark margined outwardly and on the costa inwardly. | Just be-
fore middle of wing a brown fascia, angulated on the fold, and narrowing
beneath it, sometimes only the dark brown margin reaching the dorsum. At
two-thirds an oblique fascia, forked below costa, the inner fork indistinct and

continued in a line to the dorsum, the outer fork convex and curving to dorsum —
at tornus; between here and the apex, an oblique slightly curved fascia. A ~

minute brown apical spot, lying in the angle between two oblique brown lines

running into the white cilia on either side of the apex; a brown line through |

base of apical cilia between these two oblique lines. Hind wings and cilia dark
brown, concolorous with dark brown margins of the fasciae. Legs white,
anterior and middle femora brown, hind legs with oblique brown streaks.
Expanse : 8.5 mm.

Type (2) in the writer’s collection; Cincinnati, Ohio, May 13.

The larva is a miner in twigs of white ash (Fraxinus americana). The —

larva begins its work in the new growth, and finishes mining in March and April

of the following year. The mine is extremely long and is rarely found except —
on saplings or in rapidly growing shoots. Pupation takes place about the last

of April, in an elevated fold of the bark at the end of the mine.
This species is distinguished from its nearest allies (fulgidella Clem. and —
elotella Busck) by the dark brown lustreless hind wings, and by details of the |

wing markings. +a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . g1

Marmara auratella Braun.

Braun, Can. Bnt., XLVIT, 195, 1915.
The two specimens from which this species was originally described were

reared from mines on the cultivated variety of Rudbeckia laciniata, and careful

search since has failed to disclose any more mines on this plant; however a
number of specimens have been reared from year to year from mines on the
stalks of Dahlias in cultivation. If Dahlia is the original food plant, as seems
probable, the species is of Mexican origin, and its survival in northern latitudes
due to the habit of a large proportion of the larvae of pupating very near to the
base of the stem. When several inches of stem are stored with the roots, these
pupae are preserved. Pupae in stems cut off and left out-of-doors during the
winter do not survive.

Parectopa occulta n. sp.

Maxillary palpi white inwardly, black outwardly ; labial palpi white, outer
side of second segment towards apex and extreme tip of third segment blackish.
Antennae black, anterior edge for about half the length white. Head and
middle of thorax white. Sides of thorax and fore wings dark brown; a faint
golden tinge in apical third of wings. Five white costal streaks and a broad

white stripe along the dorsal margin from base to tornus. Upper edge of

dorsal stripe just below fold somewhat undulating and beyond its middle sending
a short pointed oblique projection to the fold; at the end of the white stripe a
similar slightly longer projection nearly meets the end of the very oblique
narrow white first costal streak starting at the basal fourth. The second
costal streak just beyond the long oblique streak is very short and _ scarcely
defined, sometimes almost obliterated; the third, oblique, reaches to the middle
of the wing; the fourth, less oblique, passes entirely across the wing to the

termen, and is white on the margins, silvery in the middle; the fifth partially

encloses the apex, in which there is a velvety brown spot; a dark brown line in
apical cilia and a brown ciliary hook. Beyond the end of the dorsal white stripe
a small triangular white spot, and between it and the end of the long oblique
first costal a-short obliquely placed silvery bar. »Hind wings and cilia dark
fuscous. Legs white, obliquely barred with dark brown. Underside of body
silvery. Expanse : 9 mm.

Type (és), Paratype (8), in the writer’s collection; Powell County,
Kentucky ; imagines July 12.

The larvae collected June 26, mine leaves of vetch (Vicia caroliniana)
forming irregular somewhat digitate greenish mines starting over the midrib,
where the mine is whitish. _ Cocoon papery, in a fold of the leaf.

Closely allied to P. salicifoliella Clemens and P. thermopsella Chambers ;
it differs from the former by the longer more distinct white costal streaks, and
shorter more indented white dorsal stripe; from the latter chiefly by the different
lengths of the costal streaks and the nearly obsolete second costal streak.

Gracilaria murtfeldtella Busck.
Busck, Proc. U.S. N.M., XXVIII, 771, 1904; Ely, Proc, Ent. Soc. Walsh., XIX, 76, 1917.
The gall- producing habit of this species is unique in the genus Gracilaria ;
accompanying this feature are also some peculiarities in larval structure, cocoon

g2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
and imaginal habits. In imaginal structure, however, the species does not

differ from other members of its genus. E.

The oval elongate stem gall, which resembles that of Gnorimoschema —
gallaesolidaginis, but is somewhat more elongate, is found on the stem of —
Pentstemon laevigatus, rarely on Pentstemon hirsutus, and, judging from the wide —
distribution of the moth, on other species of Pentstemon elsewhere. It may be
situated at the extreme base of the stem, just above the surface of the ground, —
or several inches up the stem; in the latter case, the gall is more symmetrical. ;
The presence of the gall in some way aborts the development of the shoot, as no —
instance was observed in which gall-bearing stems produced blossoms, although
these stems were ones which normally would have bloomed. An examination
of stems bearing galls showed indications of a mine running down from the tip —
of the shoot through the center of the stem; this would seem to indicate that
the egg is deposited, presumably in the autumn or early spring, in the center of
the rosette and that the larva upon beginning to mine destroys the growing tip _
of the shoot. The gall has reached its full size in June, although the larva A
continues to feed during the greater part of the summer, pupation taking place
about September 1 in the vicinity of Cincinnati.

The larva has three pair of thoracic legs well developed, but prolegs,
except those of the last abdominal segment, are entirely lacking. On each 4
abdominal segment except the last three, there is a pair of dorsal tubercles;
faint indications of these are present on the thoracic segments.

At the time of pupation, the larva eats almost through the wall of the —
gall, leaving merely a semi-transparent circular window of whitish epidermis —
through which the pupa is thrust at emergence. The cocoon is of thin papery —
silk, attached to the wall of the gall below the exit hole. At its upper end it
bends rather abruptly continuing as a tube leading to the opening. In cross-
section, the cocoon is cylindrical, The imagines emerged from September 5 to 25.

The resting position of the imago is that characteristic of the genus; the —
antennae are folded backward along the middle of the wing. | When disturbed,
the moth does not twirl the antennae, as is usual in species of Gracilaria, but
moves them up and down with a scarcely noticeable rotary motion—much as a ~
long-horned locust ; after a few such movements, it folds the antennae back along .
the middle of the wing.

Most of the reared specimens have a greater amount of the deep orange
brown color than is indicated by the original description. | This color forms
longitudinal streaking, often leaving the yellow ground color below the fold only; —
the cilia below apex are orange brown.

About 80% of the larvae found in any given area are parasitized. In
addition, the galls, especially the parasitized ones, are inhabited by the larvae of
Hymenoptera (a saw fly in one instance) which were found at the ends of the ©
gall and in the unswollen stem beyond; dipterous larvae are also found, embedded
in the tissue of the outer walls of the gall.

Elachista radiantella n. sp.

Palpi silvery gray, dark brown outwardly ; antennae dark brown, shading —
to silvery at tip in the female; face silvery gray, head above brown, with a faint

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 93

reddish luster. Thorax brown, with a more pronounced purplish red _ tinge;

tip of mesothorax and a few scales at tips of patagia silvery. Fore wings deep

shining golden brown, with pearly iridescent markings; an oblique fascia cross-
ing almost at base of wing; a distinctly angulated fascia near middle of wing;
at tornus a silvery spot, and beyond it on costa almost at apex of wing, a larger
curved streak which extends nearly to termen below apex, and is somewhat
dilated below costa. Tips of scales around apex very slightly darker than the

- ground color; cilia brown. Hind wings and cilia gray, with a faint reddish

coppery luster, darker in the male. Legs dark brown, femora silvery gray;
tips of segments and a broad band around middle of hind tibiae silvery. — Ex-

_ panse : 5.5 mm.

Type (¢), U. S. National Museum; one Paratype (4), U.S.N.M.;

one Paratype (2) in the writer’s collection; all reared on Panicum at Washing-

ton, D.C. by Mr. August Busck. Mine “transparent, white, irregularly
elongate ;’ pupa “hanging head downward, attached at the anal end only;” no
cocoon. Larvae collected July 8 and 9; pupae July 10; imagines emerged July
18 to 20.

The pupa is in general of the ovate, shining type, but with the lateril
ridges more prominent than usual; the median ridge does not extend on to the
thorax. A raised ridge along each side of dorsum of mesothorax, followed
posteriorly by two pairs of tubercles, tubercles of the second pair small and close
together at tip of mesothorax; a group of five irregularly shaped tubercles
laterally; a short divided hood projecting over face; prominent tubercles on
front of head. (Above description made from pupal skin).

_ Of the described species it resembles in markings most nearly the species
described below; but is distinguished from it by the venation and details of

markings. Vein 4 of the fore wing is absent; vein 4 of the hind wing absent.
Elachista solitaria n. sp.

Palpi silvery gray, blackish outwardly; antennae dark brown, thickened

with scales; face dark silvery gray, shading to dark brown on the head

posteriorly. Thorax silvery gray, except anterior border, which is dark brown.
Fore wings very dark brown; a small silvery gray spot at base of costa not
reaching below fold; a brilliant silvery slightly curved fascia just beyond one-
third; at tornus, a narrow erect triangular spot; beyond it, almost at apex, a
curved costal streak, dilated in the middle of the wing and extending almost to
the tip. Cilia white opposite apex, dark brown elsewhere. Hind wings and
cilia dark brown. Legs dark brown, femora, tips of segments and a band
around middle of hind tibiae silvery: Expanse : 5 mm.

Type (2), in the writer’s collection; reared from a mine on Panicum sp.,

Powell County, Kentucky. Mine collected June 26; imago July ro.

The mine begins as a narrow thread running along the margin of the leaf
to the tip, then turning and abruptly enlarging into a blotch, 30 mm. long and
8 mm. broad at its lower end. Pupa enclosed in a very thin, whitish, almost
invisible cocoon.

The pupa resembles that of the preceding species, with which it agrees in
general form and arrangement of tubercles and ridges, but from which it differs

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

chiefly in the following respects: lateral ridges of abdomen more prominent,
lateral tubercles of mesothorax larger and more conspicuously projecting when
the pupa is viewed from the dorsal side.

In venation, this species agrees with the figure given in Meyrick’s Hand-
book. .

This species and E. radiantella differ from the other silver-marked species
by.the more posterior position of the costal streak before apex, it being farther
from the fascia than the fascia is from the base of the wing. From &. radiantella
this species is at once distinguished by the difference in venation; the thickened
antennae, color of thorax, absence of basal fascia and white cilia also characterize
it. %

Elachista praematurella Clemens.

Clemens, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiha., 172, 1860. F
Syn. cristatella Chambers, ‘Can. Ent., viii, 72, 1876; albipalpella ‘Chambers, Jn. Cinn.

Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 294, 1880.

A large series of reared and captured specimens establishes the synonomy
as given above. The form described as praematurella by Clemens is the usual
one occurring throughout the year. The form albapalpella is found commonly
in-early spring, but occurs also rarely in later generations; in it the ground color
of the basal half of the wing is grayish, the outer half nearly black, and the
white fascia and spots are distinct. In the form cristatella, the fascia is very
narrow, sometimes almost obsolete, and the ground color much paler, speckled
black and white; the black patch of raised scales, exterior to the fascia near the
dorsal margin, is most conspicuous in this form, while nearly concolorous with
the wing in other varieties.

The larvae mine in a variety of grasses, among them Kentucky blue erass
(Poa pratensis), Hystrix, Elymus, and Agrostis; pupa enclosed in an. open
meshwork cocoon. The lateral ridges of the abdomen in the pupa bear a
series: of sharp spine-like projections.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN CANADIAN SYRPHIDAE (DIPTERA)
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ontario.
_Asemosyrphus canadensis n. sp.

Face produced downwards and slightly forwards into a long cone;
whole fly black, mostly shining; ocelli very widely separated.

Length 9 to 10 mm. Male. Face and front shining black, the sides of-
the face obscured by whitish yellow pollen, leaving a median stripe and the
cheeks shining; front broadly covered with similar pollen on the lower half,
except an arch above the antennae. Lower half of the face produced as in
Helophilus conostomus Will., but produced only a little forward, with a long,
slender, not prominent tubercle below the middle, above which it is shallowly
concave, and below which it is almost straight to the tip of the oral margin;
antennal prominence narrowly reddish above the antennae. Antennae shining
black, tip of second joint and immediate base of third somewhat reddish;
third joint opaque, whitish pubescent, subquadrate, slightly broader than
long and slightly shorter than the second joint, but longer than the first; arista

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

bare, long, slender, tapering. Posterior orbits yellowish ‘gray pollinose. Pile:
on the face limited to the sides, fine and whitish, cheeks bare; front with pale
yellow pile, but with a black band across the anterior ocellus; posterior ‘orbits
with whitish pile below and yellowish above. Dorsum of thorax snining blackish

green; a moderately wide opaque black median stripe not quite. reaching: the

scutellum and which usually has a very slender shining stripe in its middle;
on each side of this a shining stripe; obsolete before the posterior quarter.
wider than the median opaque stripe; on the outer side of.this isa broad, opaque
black stripe, which is expanded on the posterior quarter to join the median
opaque stripe, is partly interrupted at the suture, and encloses a more’ or
less distinct narrow shining stripe; near the sides is a very narrow opaque
stripe on the posterior two-thirds, interrupted at the suture. The shining stripes
appear to have a grayish tint in some lights. Pleura and scutellum shining

_ blackish green, with pile of a paler yellowish color than that on the dorsum.

Abdomen shining greenish black with a metallic reflection in some lights, the

first segment slightly grayish; second segment with a large basal opaque’ black

“N. Willing).

triangle, broadly separated from the lateral margin and apex; third segment
with a small opaque roundish or oval spot before its middle, sometimes obsolete ;
abdomen elsewhere shining; no lighter markings. Pile of the abdomen pale
yellowish, but across the disc on the posterior half of each segment with shorter

black pile. Legs shining greenish black, tips of all the femora and narrow

bases of tibiae reddish (in one specimen the bases of the tibiae are more broadly
yellowish and there is also a yellowish band just before the middle); hind
femora considerably enlarged, the greatest swelling near the middle; hind
tibiae arcuate, not ending in a spur; all the tarsi golden pubescent beneath.
Wings a little infuscated ; veins reddish, but brownish apically, basal portion of
2-3 longitudinal vein with about seven bristles of a blackish or reddish brown
color. Squamae pure whitish with white pile; halteres brownish yellow.

Holotype, ¢, Raddison, Sask., July 29, 1907, (Jas. Fletcher), in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes, 16, same data, 14, Kinistino, Sask., July 25, 1907, (T.

~ This species is very distinct from the only other species in the genus
reported from Canada, A. mexicanus Macq., and is readily recognized by the
absence of light abdominal markings and the conically produced face.

Helophilus bilinearis Will.

Occurred in company with the above but was more abundant on April
28th, becoming scarce a week later. It is apparently a slightly earlier species.
About 30 specimens were taken, including five females.

It varies considerably. Specimens occur with only yellinw triangles on
the second segment, while others have, in addition, partial lunules on the third
Segment and the entire lateral margin yellow. The female very closely. re-
sembles H. lunulatus but may be distinguished as follows: The lunules on the
third and fourth segments are more grayish and seldom even touch the lateral
margins; the face is slightly shorter and less rounded on the via half. The
anterior legs are usually darker than in Junulatus,

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Syrphus grossulariae melanis, n. var.

Female. Length, 12 to 13 mm. Similar to typical S. grossulariae but
the abdominal bands are metallic greenish or greyish black, sometimes with an

obscure reddish metallic reflection in certain lights (old specimens). ‘The me-

tallic bands are covered with pallid pile, almost whitish, and the femora are a
little more extensively black at the bases.

Holotype, 9, Orillia, Ont., Sept. 18, 1921, (C. H. Curran), in the Can-
adian National Collection.

Paratypes, 4 9s, Orillia, Ont., Sept. 17, 18, 19, 1921, and Orillia, no
date. There is an additional specimen in the Canadian National Collection.

This variety shows a peculiarity I have not noticed in the typical species,
in that it keeps its wings in motion, as do some species of Villa (Bombyliidae)
while visiting flowers, and is easily mistaken for a species of that genus. Both
the typical form and the variety seem to be equally common on Wild Aster in
the vicinity of woods about Orillia. All the specimens taken this year were
females.

OCCURRENCE OF AGRILUS CdGiRULEUS ROSSI IN AMERICA
BY ‘¢, A, FROST,
Framingham, Mass.

Two specimens which do not seem to differ from my European material
of this species have been sent me by Mr. L. G. Gentner of the Michigan Agri-
cultural College. They were taken by Mr. Charles L. Fluke at Sturgeon Bay,
Wisconsin, July 26, 1920. He reported them very abundant flying about over
wild raspberry bushes. _

On May 28, 1921, while sweeping weeds and grass in a most.unpromising
pasture in Sherborn, Mass., | was much surprised to find a specimen of this
same beetle in my net. The occurrence in such widely separated localities is
interesting and it is probable that other captures of this species have been made
elsewhere without its recognition.

It might be mistaken for a bluish-green specimen of politus or the closely

allied burkei Fisher, but an examination would disclose the median concavity -

of the head with the deepest part just above the clypeus, the sharp and deep
emargination of the prosternal lobe which is limited at each side by an acute
angulation, and that indefinable sculpture above, characteristic of several
European species.

The identification is based on comparison with specimens labelled

“Carniolia” and “Austr. inf.,” ‘det. v. Krekich,” which were received from-

Europe some years ago.

Marseul in his Monograph of the |Buprestidae gives the habitat as France,
Germany, Spain, Portugal and Italy, being nowhere rare. He states that it
lives particularly on the oak and beech, but also on the birch and alder.

CORRECTION
On page 70, line 29, read Chilosia ontario for chilosia rita,

Mailed July roth, 1922.

.
—

’ “oe

Che Canadian Cutomologist
Vou. LIV. ORILLIA, MAY, 1922. No. 5.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
3EETLES INJURIOUS To SUNFLOWERS IN MANITOBA
BY NORMAN CRIDDLE,

Dominion Entomilologieal Laboratory, Treesbank, Man.

It is one of the misfortunes of farming in a new country that the breaking
up of the virgin sod has a detrimental effect upon the farmer’s friends such as
wild birds, while it encourages previously harmless insects to become farm pests.
The breaking up of the sod naturally forces ground-loving birds to seek nesting
sites elsewhere, while the planting of crops provides certain insects with an
abundance of new food thus enabling them to multiply far beyond the bounds
that were previously possible. We have examples of this in cutworms, grass-
hoppers and the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly which were brought into promin-
ence through the growing of cereals. Newly introduced crops are always
apt to encourage the spread of native insects that feed upon allied plants and
for that reason the entomologist finds it desirable to study the life-habits of most
native insects in order to be prepared should they spread to cultivated crops.

The recent adaption of sunflowers for fodder purposes has provided
another instance in which hitherto harmless insects may be turned into pests.
There are a number of wild sunflowers in Canada some of which are closely
allied to the cultivated kinds and since the wild species have their insect enemies
there is no reason why these should not spread to those under cultivation and

so become of economic importance. Notes relating to several of these insects

have been made from time to time some of which are now put together in order
that sunflower growers may recognize the commoner beetles found attacking
the plants involved.

The Sunflower-leaf Beetle (Calligrapha exclamationis).

This is a common and widespread beetle in Manitoba where it is found
feeding upon the leaves of various species of wild sunflower. It appears to be
exclusively a sunflower feeder and for that reason promises to become one of the
most important insects affecting these plants. The beetle has already spread
to cultivated sunflowers where it breeds as readily as it does upon wild kinds.
The life-history of this insect, as worked out at the laboratory under field condi-
tions, is given, with a description, below:

Eggs—The eggs are elongate-cylindrical about three times as long as
wide and slightly tapering towards one end. They are moderately densely
punctate so that spaces between the punctures form a net-like surface. Colour
dull white or greenish turning to orange before hatching.

The eggs are deposited singly but frequently in rows of irregular forma-
tion. ‘They are placed on the stems usually in natural grooves when such are

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ;

present, but they may also be found on the underside of leaves though im lesser
numbers. gg laying extends over a period of two or more weeks and it is
probable that at least 200 eggs are deposited by a single female. In captivity
one beetle laid 116 eggs but it is believed that she had deposited a number before
being captured.

Larvae—The larve are pear-shaped, ‘the head being the narrow end. —
They are smooth above with numerous transverse ridges terminating near the
sides close to the spiracles and bordered below by a prominent, wrinkled, lateral
fold and a less conspicuous one beneath it. | Underside flattish containing
numerous fine, short hairs; anal extremity prolonged forming a bifid process
which aids locomotion. Legs well developed black at tips. Colour of head —
light brown with white hairs, body pale yellowish. :

The larve are hump-backed when crawling. They are usually found
clustered around the crown of the plant where they feed upon the newly form-
ing leaves.

Pupae—Pupation takes place beneath the ground not far removed frome
the plants upon which the larve have fed.

Adult—Superficially resembling the Colorado Potato beetle but consider-
ably smaller. | Head reddish-brown; thorax in front and at sides pale cream,
basal portion with a brown area extending from the sides at base in the form
of a half circle; elytra pale cream with three narrow black stripes on each side
extending almost to apex and a fourth branching from the third at base extend-
ing almost a third of the elytral length, with a dot behind it thus forming the
exclamation mark from which the beetle gets its scientific name. Abdomen
beneath black, thorax, legs and antenne reddish.

Beetles appear from hibernation in June; eggs are laid late in the month _
the ovipositing period extending into July. Larve are present throughout
the last named month and pupation takes place at various periods towards the
end of it.

Both beetles and larve feed upon the leaves of sunflowers. In nature
they are most frequently met with on perennial species such as Helianthus
giganteus though they have been noted in numbers upon H. annua petiolaris
also and from these have spread to cultivated species. There is but one
generation of the insect in Manitoba. -

Sprays similar to those used for potato beetles are quite effective against 7
the Sunflower beetle. +

The Sunflower-pith Beetle (Jordellistina pustulata Melsh.) 4

The larvee of this beetle were first collected in the stems of Red-root —
Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus, which had prematurely died. Later my ©
brother, Evelyn, discovered them hibernating in sunflower stems some of which
they had severely riddled with their tunnels. The larve confine themselves ~
largely to the pith but also injure the more woody parts; they occur most ~
frequently near the base of the plant though any portion of the stem may be :

infested. Plants so injured present a stunted appearance and at times die
outright. 4
Larva—The larva is a yellowish object with black jaws. It is easily — =
recognized by the twelve prominent protuberances on the back of the middle %
2

: |

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 99

segments which look not unlike prolegs and which are used for locomotion.

Several larve may infest a single stem and these remain within the plant until
the following spring when they pupate and give rise to the beetles in June.

Adult—The adults are semi-wedge-shaped beetles, black with irregular
patches of pale silky hairs. | There are many species of Mordellestina all very
similar in general appearance and for that reason no effort is made to describe
the one referred to above. Most of the species are found upon flowers and
they skip flea-like when disturbed.

In addition to the beetles mentioned above, a weevil, Desmoris constrictus
Say, is found feeding upon the blossoms of sunflower in some numbers, but
whether it will become of economic importance remains to be seen.

IPS. PINI SAY AS A PRIMARY PEST OF JACK PINE
BY S. A. GRAHAM,
Division of Enitomology, University of Minnesota.

Although it has. been generally established that [ps pini Say 1s normally

a secondary insect and usually attacks only dead or dying trees, it 1s not un-

common to find statements in entomological literature to the effect that this
insect is occasionally able to attack and kill healthy living trees. | Such cases
are, however, so yery rare that an interesting occurrence of this sort which was
observed in Itasca Park, during the summer of 1921, seems worthy of record.
The trees killed were young, rapidly growing Jack pine, Pinus divaricata,

varying from two and one half to five inches in diameter on the stump, and
healthy Norway pine, Pinus-resinosa saplings, about fifteen years old. That
these trees were in excellent health up to the time of attack was indicated by the
fact that there was no slowing up of the growth previous to the attack of the
beetles. The trees killed totaled ten in number, seven jack pines and three
Norway pine saplings.

Fach tree was very heavily infested from the surface of the ground
almost to the top. The infestation was so heavy that there was not sufficient
bark area available for the development of all the young brood, there being from
ten to twenty nuptial chambers to the square foot of bark. surface.

These trees were all infested by the first brood beetles, and must have
been attacked simultaneously by a large swarm of the insects. Apparently the
attack was concentrated upon the few trees killed since a careful examination
of surrounding pines failed to show any signs that other trees had been attacked.
Why the swarm should have concentrated upon these few trees is hard to
understand as there was no apparent difference in situation, rate of growth,
or any other factor which might explain the preference shown for these particular
individuals.

Apparently the beetles were attracted to the place by the presence of two
freshly cut pines. These fallen trees were very heavily infested with [ps pini.
What probably happened was this. A large swarm of these beetles was

attracted to the fresh logs. More beetles collected at the spot than could find

* Published with the approval of ithe director as Paper No, 318 of ‘the Journal
Series of ttihe Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. eta eh is

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

room in the fallen trees and therefore chose to enter the neighboring standing
trees. Inasmuch as there was an abundance of fresh pine slash within a few

hundred yards of the place it is rather remarkable that the beetles did not make —

their way to, and infest, these piles.

Another interesting feature was the fact that this small group of heavily
infested standing trees was found by woodpeckers and a very large percentage
of the developing brood and adults of the insects was destroyed. It is estimated
that at least 90 per cent. of all the insects in the trees, both adult and larve, were
destroyed by these birds. The occurrence illustrates well the part that these
useful birds often play in the economy of the forest. It is not at all improbable
that this small infestation might have spread and served as the nucleus for a
considerable outbreak if it had not been for the timely arrival of the woodpeckers.

Although the cut trees, lying on the ground, which we have assumed were

the bait attracting the swarm of beetles to the infested trees, were just as |

heavily infested as the standing trees, it is interesting to observe that the wood-
peckers did not work at all on these trees. The birds apparently were not
interested in trees lying on the ground.

The preceding account illustrates well the fact that considerable care
must be exercised in the use of trap trees for the control of bark-beetles. The
trap tree method of control has often been recommended and applied in Europe
and, since American forest entomologists have had a tendency to adopt European
methods of insect control as far as possible, the practice has frequently been
recommended in this country. The theory is that the insects can be attracted
to freshly deadened trees called trap trees. After these traps have been
infested they can be destroyed thus materially reducing the number of insects
in the forest. The presence of newly killed trees about freshly cut logs
emphasizes the fact that, since trap trees apparently have a tendency to concen-
trate the beetles they must therefore be used only with the greatest caution.

LITERATURE
Felt, E. P. 1906—Insects affecting park and woodland trees. N. Y. State Museum
Mem. 8 pp. 351-352.
Clemens, W. A. 1916—The pine bark beetle. Cornell University Agric. Exp. Sta.
Bul. 383, pp. 287-208. figs. 4, pl. 2.

Swaine, J. M. 1918—Canadian bark-beetles Part II. Dom. of Can. Dept. of Agric.
Ent. Branch. Bul. 14 (Technical) pp. 115-116.

SYNONYMIC NOTES ON CATOCALA SPECIES.
BY J. H. MCDUNNOUGH,

Entomological Branidh, Dept, of Agriculture, Olttiawia.

In the Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 79 A (8), p. 64, 1914, Dr. E. Strand
has seen fit to apply names to all the unnamed aberrations mentioned by Hampson
in Volume XII of the Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the British
Museum, Fae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : IOI

As a certain proportion of these names relates to North American species
and as the synonymy was not dealt with in Illustrations of North American
species of the Genus Catocala, Barnes & McDunnough, 1917, the following notes
“may prove of interest.

C. insolabilis ab. insolabilella Strand. Based on Hampson’s ab. 1 “9
smaller, 66 mm.; the head, thorax and forewing much browner.” ‘The form in
“question cannot be satisfactorily determined without an examination of the

_ British Museum specimen.
¥
C. innubens ab. innubenta Strand. Based on the normal @ ; falls in any
case to hinda Fch.

C. subnata ab. subnatana Strand. Based on the normal @, with black
_ streak below cell. The name should be dropped.

C. neogama ab. arizonae Strand. Hampson’s ab. 3. “Hind wing with
the terminal band interrupted.—Arizona.” Probably referable to euphemia
Beut. which was not known to Hampson in nature.

C. electilis ab. electilella Strand. Ab. 1. “Fore wing without the black
medial shade.” Unknownto me. Probably based on a Mexican specimen.

C. briseis ab. briseana Strand. Ab. 1. “Fore wing with a patch before
the angle of postmedial line and the postmedial area except at costa and inner
margin nearly pure white.”

This form is in distinction, according to Hampson, to the typical form,
-in which the postmedial area is rufous except at costa and inner margin. The
greater or less amount of whitish scaling on this portion of the wing is very
variable and often depends on the condition of the specimen, worn specimens
being much whiter than fresh ones.

“a é

C. junctura ab. arizonensis Strand. Ab. 3. “Fore wing more variegated
with white especially on costal half of inner area and on postmedial and terminal
areas except towards inner margin.—Arizona.”

‘eg C. junctura ab. juncturana Strand. Ab. 4. “Fore wing with the basal
area and the inner area to subterminal line suffused with fuscous black—
Arizona.”

C. junctura ab. juncturella Strand. Ab. 5. “Fore wing wholly suffused
with black to the subterminal line —Arizona.”’

_ The status of the above three aberrations cannot be definitely determined
__without an examination of the British Museum specimens. ‘The first one is
‘probably a form of arizonae which Hampson incorrectly treats as Ab. 2 of

junctura; the last two may very readily prove to be forms of aspasia with black
__ Shading, such as is found in sara Fch.

C. ilia ab, iliana Strand. This name, based on specimens with white

ae reniform, falls to conspicua Worth.
st : C. gracilis ab. tela Strand. Based on specimens with dark shade along

_ inner margin. ‘This is in reality the typical form and Strand’s name falls,
a, : ; es

nv
ak

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON COLEOPTERA J
BY A. B. CHAMPLAIN AND J. N. KNULL,
Bureau of Plant Induwstiry, Hanrisburg, Pa.

The following miscellaneous notes on Coleoptera present facts and records
that have accumulated in our file from rearings and field observations, made by
the authors, or by others to whom due credit is given. Records without dates
refer to material caged and reared in the laboratory.

LYMEXYLIDAE

Hylecoetus lugubris Say. Infests dying Populus grandidentata at Lyme,
Connecticut. These tall poplars about seventy-five feet high with branches
and foliage near the top were in deep woods. The dying trees are infested
with Hylecoetus lugubris which overwinter in the larval stage in transverse
galleries or mines in the sapwood. The larvae were very plentiful at the base,
and up the main trunk twenty-five to thirty-five feet. The larvae are lemon
yellow in color, armed with a caudal spine, and range in size up to twenty
millimeters in length. The emergence hole is made leading from the main
gallery by the larvae in the fall. Larvae, pupae and first adults were found in
their cells in the sapwood on April 25. Adults taken flying on May 4. —

Melittomma sericeum Harris. ‘The adults of this interesting species are
nocturnal. During the hot summer nights they may be found on the outer bark
of dead oaks. Our specimens were taken at Harrisburg, Pa., June 26; July
6 and 23.

BUPRESTIDAE

Polycesta angulosa Duv. Found breeding in the heart-wood of dead
Coccolobis laurifolia at Miami, Fla. | Mature adults were chopped from their
pupal cells on April 12.

Actenodes bellula Mann. A mature adult was chopped from the sapwood
of a dead cypress (Taxvodium distichum) at Paradise Key, Fla., on April 15.
Adults were numerous on fire-killed Lysiloma latisiliqua, on the same date.

MELANDRYIDAE

Orchesia castanea Melsh. Hummelstown, Pa. Adults reared from dead
water-soaked, down, elm limb.

Rushia longula (Lec.) Hunter’s Run, Pa. Reared from Pinus rigida.
Larvae work in sapwood of dead standing tree.

Enchodes sericea Hald. Rockville, Pa. Reared from partly decayed
stump of Liriodendron tulipifera.

Serropalpus barbatus (Schall.) Throughout the Eastern United States
this species lives in dying hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) ; in the western area it
is found in other conifers, including Abies.

Dircaea quadrimaculata (Say). Hummelstown, Pa. Reared from dead
decayed wood of Liriodendron, Rhus, Salix,—H. B. Kirk.

Phloeotrya voudoucri Muls. Rockville, Pa. Reared from dead, decayed
Betula lenta,—H. B. Kirk.

ANOBIIDAE

Eucrada humeralis (Melsh.) Westbury, N.Y. Adults common on dying

white oak,

haces aialined nike etoeninametien ac eie Oe eee

ePehiambb +a 9

aes

“Fy

£
~

a PSE eae te aye 8

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103

Oligomerus obtusus Lec. Identified by H. C. Fall, Harrisburg, Pa., April,
May, June, July, reared from Fagus americana.
Trichodesma klagesi Fall. Lyme, Conn. Reared from dead, dry stems of

Benzoin aestivale.

Trichodesma gibbosa (Say). Harrisburg, Pa. Reared from Hicoria, and
sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) Marsh.

Trypopitys sericeus (Say). Identified by H. C. Fall, Inglenook, Pa.
Reared from dead, hard, dry Kalmia latifolia.

Xyletinus harrisi Fall. Harrisburg, Pa. Reared from dead oak, July 12.

Xyletinus sp. near X. fuscatus Lec. and X. lugubris Lec. Harrisburg,
Pa. Reared from dead, soft branches of Tilia americana.

Ptilinus ruficornis Say. Hummelstown, Pa. Reared from dead, dry
branches of Acer rubrum in May. Carroltown, Pa., June 20, specimens sub-
mitted from correspondent who stated that they work in the floor of his house,
eating the wood as they go.

BosTRICHIDAE

Lichenophanes truncaticollis (Lec.) Harrisburg, Pa. Reared from dead,
dry, hard limb of Fravrinus.
BRENTIDAE
Brentus anchorago (1,.) Found beneath the bark of gumbo limbo
(Simaruba glauca) at Miami, Fla—DeLong and Knull.
PLATYSTOMIDAE
Ormiscus saltator Lec. Hummelstown, Pa. Reared from dead, dry,

limb of Acer rubrum.
Eusphyrus walshi Lec. Identified by H. C. Fall, Harrisburg, Pa. Reared
from dead twigs of Rhus hirta, also dead twigs of Robinia pseudacacia and

Hicoria.

Allandrus bifasciatus Lec. Harrisburg, Pa. Reared from dead branches
of Tilia americana. The larvae occur in the outer bark of branches lying on
the ground.

CURCULIONIDAE

Hormorus undulatus (Uhler). In a previous article, entitled “Notes on
Coleoptera in Pennsylvania, New York and Connecticut,’! this species is
recorded as feeding in the adult stage on the leaves of Solomon’s seal. At New
Bloomfield, Pa., October 7, 1921, the work on the foliage of Solomon’s seal was
very evident, although no adults were present. The roots of the plant were then
investigated. Here the larvae were found, working externally on the tubers,
chewing out large sections in their feeding operations.

; The insect probably overwinters in the larval stage, and transforms and
emerges in May.

Otidocephalus myrmex (Hbst.) ‘The previous notes! on this species were
made during the winter months, and under artificial conditions. Since that
time observations have been made out of doors through June. The adults
appear in numbers at Harrisburg, Pa., about June 2. After this time adults

1Enittomologidal News, Vol. xxxii ((1921),

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

may be found in abundance on the branches of the sycamore, and on almost every.
leaf. In addition to eating the pustules of sycamore blight (Gnomonia veneta),
they attack the leaf tissue, especially the midrib, where they chew out holes and
sections which disfigure the leaves, and leave scars by which diseases may enter.
After feeding, the adults oviposit in the stems, which have been newly killed by
the blight. Leiopus alpha Say! mentioned in connection with O. myrme.x is

tound in the adult stage at the same time. It confines itself to the dead and :

dying stems where it feeds exclusively on the blight pustules.

Magdalis pandura Say. Linglestown, Pa., June 14. Lemoyne, Pa.
Reared May 3 from walnut—Kirk and Champlain.

Cylindrocopturus binotatus (Lec.) ‘This species is very common at Harris-
burg, Pa. It attacks weakened and possibly healthy staghorn sumac (Rhus
hirta). It seems to prefer trees that have reached maturity. and breeds in the
sapwood on the main stem and branches.

Apteromechus ferratus (Say). Inglenook, Pa. Breeds in outer corky
bark of sassafras, and does considerable damage; in fact, there was evidence
enough to show that many trees had been killed. Adults emerge during July.
Larvae in outer bark and sapwood.

STUDIES ON THE: TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF THe
TARSONEMID MITES, TOGETHER WITH A NOTE ON THE
TRANSFORMATIONS OF ACARAPIS (TARSONEMUS)
WOODI RENNIE. -(ACARINA)

BY H. E. EWING,
U.S. Department of Agriculture.

In the last few years frequent inquiries have been received from American
entomologists in regard to the identity and habits of the Tarsonemid Mites. In
response to these it has been found necessary to do some research upon these
interesting and economically important acarids. It was thought at one time

advisable to work out a synopsis of the American species or possibly even a
monograph of them. A more serious reflection, however, showed that such an

attempt at this time would be premature and ill-advised. | Hence, in response

largely to these inquiries I am here presenting certain additions to our knowledge
of the Tarsonemid mites.

The Classification of the Tarsonemid Mites.

For many years all the species of this group were included in a single
family, the Tarsonemidae. In my classification of the families and higher
groups of the Acarina! in 1913 two families were recognized. ‘To these should
be added the family Disparipedidae of Paoli; and the long recognized and
peculiarly degenerate genus Podapolipus of Rovelli and Grassi certainly should
be accredited with family rank. The most of the genera and these four sug-
gested families are arranged as follows, the more generalized groups being given
first :

1Pwing, H, BE. New Acarina, Part 1 ete. Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. xxxii, pp.
938—121, text figs. 1—9, Pls. vii—viii.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105

= THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF ‘T'ARSONEMOIDEA.

A. Both sexes provided with four pairs of funtional legs.
B. Females with elongate bodies; capitulum and first two pairs of legs not
covered by any projecting cephalothoracic shield.
C. Posterior legs of female each ending in a pair of claws and
caruncle. Species usually ovoviviparous............. Pediculoididae.

D. Female with a large capitulum, showing a rostrum and
rudimentary palpi; segments of abdomen distinct.
E. Larval stage represented by octopod deutovum stage;
gravid female with only the tip of abdominal wall swollen

Pe ee 2 OREN d Sgt thats HES Ae Pediculoides ar.-Tpz.

EE. Larval stage normal; most of the dorsal wall of abdomen
distended: in ‘erayid ‘temales = casey... Pediculopsis Reuter.
DD. Female with capitulum reduced to a cephalic papilla, and
abdomen indistinctly segmented.............. Pigmephorus Kram.

CC. Posterior legs of female devoid of claws and caruncle. Species
Coy Tag eS ee ee Tarsonemidae.

D. Female with pseudostigmatic organs and very slender posterior
pair of legs, which in the male are somewhat enlarged

2 OG eS Pe nee Tarsonemus C. & F.

DD. Female without pseudostigmatic organs and with short.
~ stumpy fourth pair of legs, which in the male are reduced.
on ER Ree oo eR © ny na 8 Acarapis Hirst.

BB. Females with subdiscoidal bodies; capitulum and first two pairs of legs

covered by the projecting cephalothoracic shield............ Disparipedidac.

C. Females with posterior legs each composed of five segments and
provided with a pair of claws and caruncle.

D. Anterior legs of female each provided with a claw.
E. Segments IV and V of leg IV of ‘female exceedingly
slender, cylindrical and subcapillary.......... Imparipes Berl.
EE. Segments IV and V of leg IV of female short, stout,
ang Vo aever cylindricats, 08242 )sei..... Pygmodispus Paoli.

DD. ~Anterior legs of female clawless........... Diversipes Berl.
CC. Females with leg IV composed of four segments and without
claws and caruncle.

D. Anterior legs of female each provided with a claw
wig pte aes x Ee ag Disparipes Mich.
DD. Anterior legs of female clawless.......... Variatipes Paoli.
AA. Males hexapod; females in their final stagetlesless. 2°. 2 oe Podapolipidae.
Contains the singular, degenerate genus........ Podapolipus Rov. & Gr.
The best known and probably the most important economically of all the
genera of the Tarsonemoidea is the genus Tarsonemus. ‘The females in this
genus are so nearly alike that no specific characters for their separation have yet
been found. ‘The males, however, can be easily distinguished. A key is here

given to the males of eleven species: ¥

oe Be
: :

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Key to Maes oF TARSONEMUS.
A. Posterior legs with hyaline leaf-like expansions.
B. Each hyaline expansion arising from inner central aspect of large second
sepment Gt leg: =. . .aeae £- meeenes kee cs eee T. spirifex. Mar.
BB. Each hyaline expansion arising from inner distal aspect of large second
segment of leg.
C. Second segment of leg [V swollen externally near its base.
D. Large latero-ventral spine of second segment of leg IV situated

pear the middlesof segment ick.) nte T. kirchnerii (Kr.).
DD. Large latero-ventral spine of second segment of leg IV
situated almost at distal end of segment.......... T. pallidus Bks. ;

CC. Second segment of leg IV not swollen near base. 7. spinipes Hirst.
AA. Posterior legs without hyaline expansions.
B. Each posterior leg ending in a conspicuous claw.
C. Claw toothed near its base.
D. Body much over one-half as.broad as long. T. floricolus C. & F.
DD. Body not over one-half as broad as long. .T. brevipes S. & L.
CC. Claws without tooth.
D. Large second segment of posterior leg with a spur, or tooth-
like expansion on inside toward base.............. T. anamas Tyr.
DD. Large second segment of posterior leg without spur-like
expansion on inside. .
K. Third segment of posterior leg broader than long.
F. Claw of leg IV about twice as long as distal segment
Ia bia Oa lene CREA eS T. chianaspivorus Ewing.
FF. Claw of leg IV not longer than distal segment .
T. approximatus Bks.

EE. ‘Third segment of leg IV twice as long as broad

«| otelie take Lele te. pee “Rw ote le) wae, Wem in) Olea a een olen) fe a

pilin oi lta apes nema a tae tat rete tinlialiaaien,

Sree eas Sa meee en, Mek See ee T. waitei Bks.
BB. Claw of posterior leg reduced to a small tubercle, legs themselves
very. lonmx. . Sea os on hs)... Seen eee T. latus Banks.

The Mouth-parts in the Tarsonemoidea.

The mouth-parts in the T'arsonemid mites have become consolidated to
a great extent and reduced in number of segments and sclerites, and are borne
by a clearly differentiated anterior region of the cephalothorax, that should be
designated as the capitulum. The degree of reduction in parts and of their
consolidation varies in the different species and genera.

In Tarsonemus pallidus Banks and in the genus Tarsonemus the capitulum
is large and conspicuous. In this species the palpi are reduced and fused to a
large extent with the capitulum yet segmentation is noted. The chelicerae are —
represented by a pair of needle-like structures. ;

In Pediculoides ventricosus Newport the mouth-parts are lodged in a
large capitulum. ‘The chelicerae are slender and needle-like, or setiform. The
palpi are much reduced, and only a single segment is evident, which is free. “

Fs ee Ines ere growths <5 rete te ERY:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 107

In Pedicilopsis graminum (Reuter) the capitulum of the female is large,
the chelicerae are serrate and adapted for piercing but are hardly needle-like.
In this species, according to Reuter, the palpi of the female are very minute
structures with two free segments. In the male the chelicerae are apparently
wanting, and the palpi are represented by a single free segment. Furthermore,
the capitulum in Pediculopsis is distinctly papilliform.

In the genus Pigmephorus and in all the Disparipedidae the capitulum is
reduced in size and is papilliform. The mouth-parts in these groups are not
necessarily equally reduced. In Pigmephorus americanus Banks the palpi, while
not entirely free, are seen to be segments. The palpi in the Disparipedidz

show various degrees of degeneration. In Imparipes hystricinus Berlese,
according to a figure by Paoli, the palpi have four free segments. I have
examined an American species of this genus, /. teranus (CkIl.). It has rather

long, free, laterally-situated palpi, but I can only make out three free segments

Food Plants of Tarsonemus Pallidus Banks.

The cyclamen mite, Tarsonemus pallidus Banks, is of late becoming of
more economic importance. Moznette? (1917) gave three food plants for this
species, which were in the rank of relative importance as follows: cyclamen,
chrysanthemum and snapdragon. Records are here given for the National
Museum specimens: Types from chrysanthemum, Jamaica, N. Y., by Serrine;
specimens from snapdragon, Bala, Pa.; from verbena, Bloomsburg, Pa.; from
cyclamen, Ithaca, N. Y., by Crosby; from cyclamen, New York City, by H. 5.
Adams; from cyclamen, Nahant, Mass., by T. Roland; on snapdragon, New
Haven, Conn., by S. T. Bradley; on cyclamen, Hartford, Conn., by Q. $. Lowry ;
on geranium, Whitmarsh, Md., by Sasscer; on cyclamen, Washington, D.C. ;
on (?), Washington, D.C. (Number on slide is 6751); on heliotrope, Ottawa.
_ Canada, by Fletcher.

The Feeding Habits of Pediculoides Ventricosus Newport.

Pediculoides ventricosus is well known to many entomologists because of
its attack on living insects. Dr. Howard has called attention particularly to its
attacks on Hymenopterous parasites. This species is the one supposed to have
had a disastrous effect upon the Chalcid, Scutellista cyanea, at a time when it
was hoped that this Hymenopteron would effectively parasitize the black scale.
During the past year the writer has had this species under observation, and has
noted especially its food habits.

The statement has been made that the adults upon emergence feed upon
the body of the female that gave them birth. These statements are undoubtedly
true for the adults were repeatedly observed under the binoculars to insert their
chelicerae and feed from the juices of the gravid and frequently dead females.
Males were observed to feed almost entirely upon the body of their pregnant
mother. ‘This type of parasitism might be called autophagous.

2Moznette, G. F. The Cyclamen Mite, Jour Agr. Research, Vol. x, No. 8, pp-
373—390, text figs. 1—6, Pls. litii.

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : an

entirely as scavengers was established by the following observation. Late in
October, 1921, Mr. Bridwell, of the Bureau of Entomology, gave to the writer'a
dead Hymenopterous larva inclosed in a small breeding cell that had attached —
to it engorging females. This larva was kept in its cell and observed daily until :
Nov. 25. The engorging females soon became replete and gave rise to scores —
of adult offspring. These second generation individuals attached to the same
larva and completely concealed the latter with their distending bodies. On Noy. |
25, after many adults had been removed in the meantime, the cell was found to
be swarming with the third generation. Thus it was shown that the female of _
the species may live entirely upon the dead corpses, or in other words as —

scavengers.
\

Fig. 1. Pediculoides ventricosus, femiale. (Original).

The Attacks on Man: Experimental observations made to ascertain the a
nature of attacks on man. Large numbers of the mites were placed; a., on the
upper side of the forearm, b., on the side of the body, c., on the tender skin inside
of the bend of the elbow. In each of these cases the application ot the mites to
the skin was followed by a burning sensation. There was but little itching at
this time and this burning sensation soon subsided. The appearance of reddened ~
_ spots, each with a small papule in the centre, was noted the day following applica- ~~
tion. ‘These spots usually did not develop into wheals but did itch considerably. —
Within three days the papules were greatly reduced in size and the itching had —
subsided. er

Do the Mites Enter Hair-follicles? On Nov. 5, females were placed on
the skin separately and observed continually under the binocular for many ;
minutes. | None of these individuals entered the follicles although they were
observed to occasionally investigate the mouths of the same. The width of the

Me ee ae eee Oot eS eee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 109

female, about 0.12 mm., is greater than that of the unfilled space of most of the
hair-follicles. In the case of empty follicles resulting from hair detachment,
the mites are small enough to enter. The only way the mites were observed to

“injure man was by pricking the skin with their chelicerae. The mites never

attached permanently or engorged as chiggers do.

Is Itching Due to Crushing of Mites? At 10.30 a.m. one morning many
specimens in all stages were crushed on the back of the forearm. Not the least
itching or injury developed. It appears, therefore, that the dermatitis that this
mite causes, does not come from the crushing of the mites themselves. Just
to what it is due cannot be stated at present, but the great delay in the appearance
of the papules would indicate that these were not caused by the injection of a
toxin.

The Transformations of Acarapis Woodi (Rennie).

Recently the writer has received from Mr. Hirst, of the British Museum,
a slide of specimens of Acarapis woodi (Rennie), and also has had an opportunity
of obtaining some live material through Mr. A. P. Sturtevant, of the Bee Culture
Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Entomology, which material came originally
from Scotland. While it is not at all the intention of the writer to make a
special study of this serious parasite of the honey bee, yet it is deemed advisable
to compare its different instars with those given for some of our other Tar-
sonemid species.

Rennie in his interesting and highly important article, “Isle of Wight
Disease in Hive Bees—Acarine Disease: The Organism associated with the
Disease—Tarsonemus woodi, n. sp.,” gives descriptions of the following stages
of the Tarsonemid of the honey bee: Ovum, larva, immature female, adult male,
adult female. The “so-called” immature female is referred to in one place in

-Rennie’s paper as the female nymph.

In the European material received the present writer does not find any such
immature female, but does find a nymphal stage,—a peculiar apodous nymphal
stage,— that precedes what Rennie calls the immature female. This nymph is
quiescent and never is found outside of the cast larval skin.

Description of Apodous Nymph of Acarapis woodi (Rennie).

One of these apodous nymphs was dissected until it was very largely free
from the containing cast larval skin, and another has been found in which the
old larval skin has been almost éntirely torn away in mounting. A description of
the nymphal instar follows:

Apodous Nymph (Fig. 2): When first formed, oval; dimensions and
general shape similar to that of engorged and quiescent larva. No legs, no

mouth-parts, or any other appendages. Integument well formed, as thick as

that of the larva; under low power appearing smooth but under high power seen
to be minutely and indistinctly striated. | Older nymphs showing, at first dis-

tinetly and later plainly, the formation of adult. Adult formed in a manner
similar to that of Pediculoides ventricosus, the legs and chelicerae appearing first

110 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ow

as minute buds, which later elongate, and finally become segmented. The apodous
stage is one of almost complete histolysis followed by the reformation into the —
adult state. Length of apodous nymph, 0.11 mm.; width, 0.06 mm. - 4

Fig. 2. Apodous nymph of Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Ventral view, x600. (Original).

This nymph is homologous with the apodous intrauterine nymph described

by Brucker for Pediculoides ventricosus and with the extrauterine nymph de-

scribed by Reuter for Pediculopsis graminum. The apodous nymph is very
- similar physiologically, ontogenetically and morphologically with the pupal stage —
of most diptereus insects. It represents undoubtedly the nymphal stage of other
mites and is in fact a degeneratively and highly specialized nymph. )

The Females of Acarapis Woodi (Rennie).

~ Rennie describes two stages for the female, the immature female and the
adult female. I have failed to observe any such stages. What he figures and
describes as the immature female the present writer would call the nongravid
female, and what he calls the adult female (his Fig. 1) I would call the gravid
female, or the ovigerous female,—the latter term having also been applied by
Rennie in his formal description. These differences in the female are not
fundamental, but are found in all mites, and do not represent differences due to’
the presence of different instars.

The Eggs of Acarapis woodi (Rennie).

The enormous size of the egg of A. woodi greatly impressed the writer in
regard to its possible significance. A part of this significance is explained by the
finding of a quiescent nymphal stage. Taking no nourishment itself this nymph
must have handed on to it an added supply of potential energy. Having to
supply this added energy, the larva profits greatly by receiving an added amount

at time of hatching, which it gets in the form of a great amount of egg substance, :

which transformed into a larva produces one already almost as big as it ever gets.
Rennie’s figures for the dimensions of the egg are: Length, 0.14 mm.; breadth, |
0.06 mm. ‘The averages for six eggs measured by the writer are: Length,
0.127 mm.; breadth, 0.067 mm. The figures compare favorably.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Iftl

The Transformations of Tarsonemid Mites.

In order to help clarify the whole matter of transformations in the
Tarsonemidae a comparative study has been made oi four species. The trans-

formations of two of these have been so well worked out by two European

workers, that in these two cases little will be done except to quote from their

results. I have checked up both of these workers by personal studies of the
species concerned.

Brucker? (1900) has worked out the development of P. ventricosus and
finds that all stages are passed inside of the uterus of the femaie, the new and

fully formed adult males and females hatching from the egg skin. The first

stage of the embryo, according to Brucker, is an octopod stage with segmented
appendages. Following the development of the octopod embryo, the segmental
appendages become reduced in size, particularly the fourth pair of leg buds; and
are curved against the ventral surface of the embryo. Brucker refers to this
stage as “'l’etat hexapode,” notwithstanding it has eight leg appendages. Following
the second embryonic stage, the substance of the appendages is absorbed and an
apodous stage is reached. This stage is called the apodous pupal stage by
Brucker. From this stage the adult emerges.

Reuter finds in Pediculopsis graminum Reuter that an octopod embryo
first develops and is followed by a hexapod stage in which the fourth pair of leg
buds disappear. This is the larva and is the first free-living stage. Later there
forms inside of the larval stage a new skin, but with it no appendages develop.

This skin Reuter calls the ““apoderma” stating that it is the rudimental nymphal

in
¥

as
io
Z
cm
om
-
ws

skin. The nymphal stage, therefore, is incomplete and is passed inside of the
larval skin. From this apodous nymphal instar the adults are formed.

In this country Moznette has worked on the life history of Tarsonemus

‘pallidus Banks. He made the important discovery that no free-living nymph

exists. He gives the following instars, or stages, for this species: egg, larva, ©
quiescent larva, adults. Speaking of the transformations of this species he
states: “No nymphal stage was found in this species and instead of a nymph
originating from a larva, as is the case in the life history of most mites, a larva

transforms to a quiescent stage, which later gives rise to the adult form.” The

present writer has received from Moznette a slide of T. pallidus in which is found
a quiescent larva, within which is a fully formed adult female. I have also
observed an abundance of other material of this species and find that the adult

mentioned by Moznette is contained, not in the old larva skin, but in an apodous

skin inside of the old larval integument. Ina specimen received by Moznette a

_ rupture of the old cast larval skin at one end of the body reveals very clearly this

latter apodous instar. Further it is noted that the new legs of the first three
pairs are formed, not inside of the skins of the larval legs as they are when a

~ legged nymphal stage follows the larval stage, but inside another apodous envelope.
__ This apodous envelope is no other than the skin of an apodous nymphal stage,

3Brucker, E .A.—Monographie de Pediculoides ventricosus Newport et Theorie
des Pieces buccales des Acarines.. Thess presentées a la Faculté des Sciences des

a Paris, pp. 355—442, text figs. 1—12, Pls. xviii—xwi.

1i2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a

and it is sadloakitedis the same stage as is represented by the apodous nymph of
Pediculoides ventricosus and P. graminum.

—
- -

When we compare the transformations of these other Tarsonemid mites —
with those of T. woodi, we can interpret those of the latter in a new light. It is —
observed that the transformations of T. woodi are similar to those of the other
species here considered, although the morphology of the instars is different, and
- undoubtedly its life history will be found also quite different. Here is given an
annotated chart illustrating by way of comparison the different instars of the four ; ;

EGGS LARVA | NYMPH ADULT |
Many produced;}| Represented by , Represented by | Not degenerate
never laid; octopod deu'to- apodous ‘initia- in any way. Fac- —
Pediculoides about the same|vum stage ofem-, uterine “pupe”’,| ultative preda-_
ventricosus size as newly|bryo; no true} which is really | tors, scavengers
emerged ©. larva existing. a Dymph. or parasites,
Many produced ; Represented by
Pediculopsis about two-thirds | Normal, freeliv-|apodous - nymph | Nob degenerate
graminum the size of newily | ing. found inside of | free, sucking
emerged ©. old larval skin. | juices of plants.
About one-third Represented by 4
Tarscnemus as large as newly | Normal, freeliv-|apodous mnymph| Normal, not de
pallidus emerged female; | ing. formed invide of | generate; sucks —
iis laid. larval skin. juices of plants: —

honey bee. stumps. | larvat skin.

species considered, the comparable, or homologous instars being placed in vertical
columns.

Degeneration and Adaptation in Parasitic Species. 4A

In Pediculoides ventricosus Newport there has been apparently no —
degeneration, but on the contrary, in regard to reproduction at least, there has —
been great specialization. This specialization has brought about a tremendous —
increase in the fecundity of the female and is doubtless correlated with the pre-_
carious conditions that exist in regard to transferance to new hosts. Of those ;
females that are compelled to leave their mother and search out a new host —
undoubtedly the vast majority must perish. It is seen that the successful female, 3
having once reached a proper host has an abundance of food, hence she can meet
the enormous drain placed upon her because of her great reproductive powers.
This reproductive power which brings about the swelling of her body during
pregnancy to many times its original size, incapacitates her for locomotion, but _
only, it is noted, after she has reached her host.

In Acarapis woodi degenerative changes have already been noted by Rennie j
in the shortening of the posterior legs. | This species also shows other evidences ~
of degeneration. ‘The second and third pairs of legs of the larva are not only —
reduced, but exist practically as vestiges. | These legs in the free-living species —
are usually equal to the front pair and are efficiently functional. The sense |

—_ Te

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 113

organs, called pseudostigmatic organs, which are so conspicuous and characteristic
of the females in the Tarsonemidae are lost in the honey bee Tarsonemid, as was
noticed by Rennie. In the male there is little evidence of degeneration. The
posterior legs are far from being as well developed as they are in many species,
yet are about as large relatively as they are in some free-living forms.

All of these degenerative changes observed in A. woodi are most easily
explained by attributing them to adaptation to a parasitic life. Other structures
also indicate a form of adaptation that the writer has found* to be general in
the parasitic Acarina. This is the development of extraordinarily large setae.
The female of A. woodi, not only has all the body setae well developed, but two
of these located on each of the stumpy, degenerate hind legs are enormous, and in
length are about equal to the total length of the body. In regard to the male of
A. woodi but little specialization is seen in this respect.

Fig. 3. Ventral view of adult female of Podapolipus reconditus R. & G. (After Rovelli

and Grassi).

In the parasitic family Disparipedidae both degeneration and adaptation

-are pronounced. Of the degenerative changes the most pronounced is the

shortening of the legs. These may be reduced to mere stumps. _ It is particular-
ly interesting to note that in this parasitic family the stumpy posterior legs of the
female almost invariably have enormous setae as has been observed in the female
of A. woodi.

“The limit of degeneration in the Tarsonemidae, and for that matter for all
the Acarina, is found in the genus Podapolipus Rovelli and Grassi. In this
genus the female (Fig. 3), which is at first hexapod, upon reaching maturity is
legless. The male is hexapod. These most degenerate Tarsonemids are found
under the elytra of certain Old World beetles.

4Pwing, H. E. (1911). The Origin and Significance of Paraisittism in 'the Acarinia.
Trans. Acad- Sci. St. Louis, Vol. xxi, pp. (1-70, Pls, i—vi (Particular referenice, ‘ip. 52).

2 z eh
{14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . an

VENATIONAL VARIATION IN RAPHIDIA : a
BY NATHAN BANKS,
Cambridge, Mass.

In r891 Albarda published a revision of this family and it has since been
the standard work on the group. In this he uses various venational characters
in his tables for distinguishing the species. A few years ago (1918) Navas
published a monograph of the family, and gave generic names to the sections of —
Albarda and to some he himself separated from the typical Faphidia. Recently
in identifying various Raphidians I went over the entire museum collection to see
if the venational characters of Albarda and Navas could be utilized to advantage
in our species. Having about seventy specimens of ten species of European
Raphidia I tested them for these venational characters.

As to the stigma. Several European species are separated by having two ~
veinlets in the stigma, and Navas makes a new genus, Lesna, for these forms. _
In several specimens of R. notata one or two wings have a stigma with but one
veinlet either forked or simple. In one specimen of R. major three wings have _
a stigma with one forked vein and the other stigma with a simple vein. Both of —
these species normally have two veinlets in each stigma. R. xanthostigma
normally has but one veinlet, yet in one wing of one specimen in a series of ten
there are two veinlets in the stigma.

In examining several hundred American specimens | find nine specimens~
in which one or more wings have a stigma with two veinlets; one specimen has
it in all four wings; two others have it in three wings; two others in both fore-
wings. The position of these cross veins (as in the European specimens) is not
constant. Except for these differences in the stigma, five of these specimens are
R. oblita, two are R. occulta, one R. adnixa, and one R. assimilis; six are from
California, one from Oregon, one from Washington, and one from New Mexico.
The five specimens of.R. oblita are not alike in minor venational characters. It
is evident that this character is of no generic value, of no specific value in
American specimens, and even in the European must be used with caution.

Albarda and later Navas makes much of the number of cells behind the —
stigma, called the discoidal cells. These are said to be either three, four or five.
Three is most common in the European and four or five in the American species.
The extra cells usually reach but part way back to the base of the other cells, in

fact I have seen no specimens with five complete cells. In the European
specimens before me three seem fairly constant for most of the species, but in.
FR. notata a fourth cell of varying size is usually present. a

In American specimens the number of cells is much more variable. Ina
series of eighty R. oblita about half have the second discoidal pedicellate in one
or both forewings, and of varying size; sometimes extremely minute, in other —
cases reaching to the base of the other cells. And when it is as far back as the
other cells its basal width varies from as wide as that of the other cells to a mere—
point. In seven specimens there is a fifth cell present in one-or both forewings,
of varying size; four of these are from British Columbia, three from California.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Ii5

In thirty-three specimens of FR. adnixa the extra discoidal is often
pedicellate, but frequently complete; in two specimens one wing has a small
4 fifth cell.

In sixteen FR. assimilis there are none with five complete cells, one or two
being pedicellate and sometimes very small, and in one specimen, otherwise
agreeing with assimilis, there are but three discodidal cells in each fore wing.

. : In fifteen R. astuta four cells are normal, but the second is often
es pedicellate, and one with a short fifth cell in one wing. .
, In six specimens of bicolor three cells are normal; a fourth is present in
__ varying size in three specimens. Two of the Navasian genera are for American
_ species having four (Glavia) and five (Agulla) cells, and both distinct from the
European Raphidia with three cells.

Since this character varies greatly within the various species it certainly
is not even of specific, much less generic value.

E ‘Navas separates from Raphidia typical those forms having one less apical
_) ~vein into a new genus Raphidilla, and Albarda uses a similar character, viz.,
whether there is a simple third apical vein. In ten specimens of ranthostigma
“this character holds, but in notata it varies. When however one tries to apply

For of R. oblita and R. occulta nearly one-half of the specimens are not alike in
_ the two front wings, in fact it is difficult to find a specimen in which the apical
_ venation is even approximately alike in the two fore wings. For example, of
the five specimens of oblita having two cross-veinlets in a stigma no two are alike
in apical venation.

This character is undoubtedly more constant in the European than in
merican species, but a character so variable in one part of a genus should
_ not be used to separate another part of that genus into a distinct genus.
_ Raphidilla is a synonym of Raphidia.

oe the A

Another genus of Navas, Subilla, is based on two species (schneideri and
3 _ sericea) with an extra ‘cubital cell. In the two species the extra cell does not

widely separated countries. Hagen has suggested that schneideri may be but a
_ form of R. cognata, and it is probable that both these species are but venational
, variations of some other species. On examining our material I have not found
any with the extra cubital cell, but in the allied genus, /nocellia, the number of
_ cubital cells varies. Two specimens of Raphidia (one Utah, one Idaho) have
4 but two cubital cells in one wing. The character is surely not of generic value.

= _ $till another genus, Puncha, Navas creates for R. ratzeburgi and R.
msularis of Europe, on the character of three radial cells in each fore wing.
This holds for the few European specimens of these species before me. In
DRaphidia there are three radial cells in the hind wing, and in Jnocellia in both

“these characters to American Raphidias the result is nothing less than ridiculous.

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

wings. None of the American specimens examined have more than two radial _

cells. In one specimen of R. ophiopsis there is but one radial cell in one fore ~
wing, and but two in each hind wing. Variation therefore occurs in this
character. The two species included in Puncha are very different from each

other; one has a simple third apical vein, the other not; one has a long dark ~

stigma, the other a short pale one. It is evident that the two do not form a
natural assemblage and that each is more allied to other species.

Another genus, Alena, Navas recognizes for two American species, which ~

I had already separated as a section on the number of bullae in the wings. <A
third species, australis, from Lower California also goes in this section. The

male genitalia of this section is very different from the other Raphidia and it.

may well be a distinct genus or subgenus.

In examining American Raphidias I have found other variations; not
infrequently the end of one of the discoidal cells is lacking, and the position of

all cross-veins is variable. Our species usually have the stigma beginning con-
siderably beyond the base of the first discoidal cell, and the dividing veinlet

usually arises before the middle of the stigma, but its exact position is not
constant in any species. I have four FR. oblita in which the stigma is long, and
the dividing veinlet arises beyond the middle, in two of these the stigma is much
darker than usual, otherwise they appear to be FR. oblita. In R. bicolor based
on the bicolored stigma the amount of contrast in color is variable. I have
‘seen but two specimens of American Raphidia in which the stigma arises near
' base of the first discoidal cell; one of these is oblita, the other one has peculiar
genital plates and appears to be a new species.

In R. oblita the stigma is rather pale, but in some specimens it is plainly
darker to considerably darker. In R. occulta the stigma is more uniformly dark,
and usually shorter than in R. oblita.

Navas has also divided /nocellia into four genera. For two of our
species, inflata and longicornis, he makes a new genus, Negha, since both are
figured as having two cells in the second cubital series, whilst hageni and several
European species have but one such cell. This holds for the two specimens of
longicornis before me, but in FR. inflata it is variable.

In a series of eleven specimens from Reno, Nevada, three have two cells
in the second series; while the other eight have but one cell. Most of them

have the stigma long as figured for inflata, while three, one with one cell, two

with two cells, have it short and over the ¢ross-vein as figured for hageni, others
have the stigma of intermediate length. Such a character is certainly not oi
generic importance.

His two other new genera are based on European species of which I
have no specimens, but the characters are similar venational variations.

In 1867 Hagen described very briefly five species of Raphidia from
Europe using genitalic characters. | Most of his specimens were lost in shipping
them to Albarda. There are however two still extant. Of R. corsica there

are two heads and thoraces; these agree closely with FR. insularis Albarda; of
R. cyprica there is one good specimen; in Albarda’s table it runs to pontica —

Albarda, and agrees with his description and figure.

>
=

eS Sa

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 117

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN CANADIAN SYRPHIDAE (DIPTERA)
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,

Orillia, Ontario.
Syrphus venustus Meigen.

This European species, evidently not heretofore recorded from North
America, is rather widely distributed, and I have seen specimens from Mass.,
Wis., McDiarmid, Ont., anda single specimen captured at Orillia on May 30th,
1921, on bloom of Osmorrhiza claytoni in Fitton’s woods, late in the afternoon.

In Williston’s table the species would trace out to S$. amalopis O.S., but
is readily distinguished. ‘The cheeks and a broad, almost complete, median facial
stripe are shining black; eyes short whitish pilose ; antennae wholly reddish, arista
black. Thorax and scutellum shining aeneous black with whitish or grayish
yellow pile; scutellum subtransluscent reddish-orange in some reflections, and
with some black pile apically. All the abdominal bands narrowly interrupted
and reaching the side margins; the first pair not arcuate, second and third pairs
concave in front; all the bands rather narrow. In the specimen before me the
first band does not quite reach the margin, or does so indistinctly, a common
variation in this species, according to Verrall. The legs are reddish except the
bases of the femora and a black ring on the hind tibiae; terminal tarsal joints
brown. Verrall reports the species common in England in wooded districts in
spring. I can see no differences between the American specimens and European
specimens, from France.

Syrphus genualis Will.

This species proved to be moderately common this year. Between April
28th and May 25th I took 14 specimens. ‘The earliest specimens were taken on

Cowslip in marshes, later on Wild Plum, Black Cherry and Choke Cherry, and

a single specimen on Osmorrhiza claytoni. While females predominated both
sexes are represented in the series before me. ‘The males have the abdominal
bands attenuated laterally.

Syrphus cinctus Meigen.

A European species which proved to be very abundant this spring on
the bloom of Wild Plum and Cherry, but not observed elsewhere. My identifica-
tion has been confirmed by Prof. M. \Bezzi, Turin, Italy, who compared specimens
with European ones. It traces out to S. diversipes in Williston’s table, but the
thorax and scutellum are wholly pallid grayish white pilose, and the abdomen
is somewhat shorter.

Brachyopa perplexa n. sp.

Most closely related to B. notata O. S., but arista not as pubescent and
epistoma more produced. Larger than B. media Will., and with black ab-
dominal markings, the median longitudinal black line practically complete.

Male. Length, 6.5 to8.5 mm. Face and front pale yellow, thickly covered
with white pollen, the cheeks and the frontal triangle, except narrowly next to
the eyes, shining; a brownish or ferruginous stripe from the eyes to the oral
Margin; occiput below shining ferruginous, but above and near the eyes grayish

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

pubescent. Vertical triangle and a narrow V behind the ocelli on the occiput |
grayish yellow (sub-golden) pollinose, the ocellar triangle shining brown. Pile
of head; a few pale hairs on the cheeks, posterior orbits with long pale pile be-
low, and short black pile arranged in rows, on the upper half. Thorax reddish —
brown, the sternum more blackish, but covered with grayish pubescence; disc
of the dorsum grayish pollinose, leaving four stripes of a shining dark reddish
brown, or sometimes blackish; the median stripes very narrowly separated
and expanded posteriorly to unite with the sub-median stripes, which are also
entire; the opaque area is strictly confined to the disc. A darker, thickly black
pilose stripe runs from the postalar callosities to the suture. Dorsum of thorax —
with short black pile, the pleura with longer white pile. Scutellum brownish ~
yellow with short black pile, but with a few slightly longer bristle-like hairs
apically. Abdomen pale yellow to luteous yellow, shining; first segment black,
its anterior border yellow; sccond segment with a narrow median longitudinal
black stripe, narrowly separated from the anterior margin, usually plainly
joined to the black of the posterior margin, but sometimes only faintly so, (the
median spot is ! shaped without the dot below) ; posterior border narrowly black,
sides of segment, except anteriorly, black; third segment similar, darker colored,
the longitudinal median stripe and black lateral margins entire; fourth segment
similar but usually with the lateral margins more brownish. Hypopygium yel-
lowish red. Pile of abdomen fine, whitish, except on apical half of segments
two and three, where it is black. Legs reddish brown; tarsi all brown or black-
ish, except that the first three joints are yellow apically. Wings slightly
yellowish tinged; stigma pale luteous. Squamae clear white, with white pile.
Halteres slightly yellowish. In immature specimens taken in early May the ab-
dominal markings are more brownish, and in fully mature specimens the abdo-
men may be slightly reddish yellow, and is always wholly shining. The thorax ;
may be slightly darker or paler than described. , |
f
”
3

Female. Averages .5 mm. smaller than the male (the smallest male is
7 mm.) ; face a little more deeply excavated; front shining ferruginous with a
very narrowly interrupted whitish pollinose band below the middle; stripe on
cheeks faint or absent; median abdominal stripe boarder, complete on segments |
2 to 4 inclusive; transverse bands broader and successively narrower distally;
fifth segment yellowish ferruginous with the narrow hind border blackish and the
lateral margins ferruginous or brownish. The general color is more ferruginous _
than in the male. “

Holotype, 8, Orillia, Ont., June 2, 1921; Allotype, 9, Orillia, June 2,
1921, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

‘

Paratypes, 43 specimens, the majority males, Orillia, May 8th to June i
14th, 1921, (Curran) on bloom of Choke Cherry, Black Cherry, Wild Plum, in
vicinity of woods, and on bloom of Osmorrhiza claytoni in open sub-swampy
woods.

B. perplexa differs from notata O.S., in the shorter pile on arista, darker —
thorax and abdominal markings and darker ground color of body, more pro- :
duced face, as well as in the unclouded wings. From media Will it differs in
the more reddish color, more produced face, darker abdominal markings; from

%
!
j
4

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 119

flavescens Shann. in the same respects and in the darker thorax; from gigas

- Lovett in its smaller size, less pilose arista, paler color, and in thoracal and
abdominal markings. It differs from the remaining species by lacking pollen on
the abdomen, except perhaps on the first segment.

Helophilus lunulatus Meigen.

: This species was abundant at Cowslip at Orillia during the first week in

May this year, (1921) and over 40 specimens were taken, including only
three females. My dates range from April 28th to May 22nd. Other bloom
on which taken were: Wild Plum, Choke and Black Cherry. It was abundant
only on Cowslip.

Brachypalpus apicaudus n. sp.

Male. Length, 13 mm. Head shining black, the face and front obscured
_ by yellowish pubescence, leaving onlv the cheeks shining. Face in profile retreat-
ing to below the middle, thence slightly produced to the tip of the oral margin;
first antennal joint piceous, second luteous, third black, its base yellow below,
arista yellow, its tip blackish. Eyes very slightly separated; frontal triangle
black, with black pile in front; posterior orbits and narrow facial side margins
with rather long yellowish pile. Thorax and scutellum aeneous greenish black,
moderately short fulvous pilose. Abdomen greenish black, its disc with short,
its margins with longer fulvous pile. Apex of fourth segment emarginate in
middle, its end reddish yellow. Legs black, tips of femora, bases and tips
of the tibiae and the basal three joints of the tarsi yellowish. Legs fulvous
pilose except the arcuate hind tibiae which are clothed with short blackish pile.
Wings slightly infuscated anteriorly; stigma pallidly yellow.

Holotype, ¢&, Cranbrook, B.C., (C. B. D. Garett), in the author’s
collection.

This species is very closely allied to B. inarmatus Hunter, but the thorax
is only slightly purplish, the second segment has a metallic bluish reflection
and no distinct opaque spot; the legs are more yellowish and the antennae
distinctly darker; the hind tibiae terminate in a stout spur.

Mailed August 4th, 1922.

“A

Che Canadian Entomologist

Vor. LIV. ORELELTA, RE, To22, No. 6.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Tir Conrror, oF INsEcts LIABLE TO BE IMPORTED IN RAILWAY Cars
BY R. C. TREHERNE,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

The desire to check the increase or to prevent the establishment of insect
pests in British Columbia has always been one of the main objects of economic
entomologists and horticultural field inspectors in pursuit of their official duties.
This object has been especially emphasized as regards fruit-infesting insects for
the reason that horticulture and the cultivation of fruit has been considered, in
the past, the “first arm’ of the agricultural industries of the Province. The
Codling Moth is particularly classed as an undesirable insect pest of apples
and pears, liable of importation into any given fruit-growing section, and it 1s
with this insect and its control that this article has special reference. As a matter
of general information, the Codling Moth, until the present day, has not become
generally distributed throughout the fruit-growing areas of the Province,
neither is it as yet regarded as an insect which requires attention as a regular
established orchard pest. There are between 30,000 and 40,000 acres of fruit
in the Province of British Columbia, three-quarters of which acreage is located
in that part of the Province known as the “dry Interior’ where irrigation is

commonly practised, and of this 20,000 acres close upon 850 acres were under

quarantine at the close of the year 1921, but it is probable that not much more
than 300 acres were actually infested with the Codling Moth. Where this insect
occurs the control operations are under Government surveillance, the burden of
control not having as yet been thrown upon the shoulders of individual growers.

This is an interesting point for the general information of entomologists,
but in as much as the Codling Moth does occur in the province to a somewhat
limited extent the problem of control may be and has been considered under two
distinct phases.

(1) The control of the-insect within the Province.

(2) The closing of the avenues of importation.

The first phase detailing the stringent regulations which govern an area
under quarantine by Government, has been dealt with on other occasions. It
will not be necessary to mention this information again at this time except to
state that the control operations are strictly based upon eradicative procedures
and that total eradication of the Codling Moth has been successful in eight
outbreaks out of twenty that have occurred until the present time. The following
table indicates the degree of success that has attended the operations on the
present infested areas as it affects the fruit growing areas of the Interior.

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

TABLE 1, Showing the number of larvae of the Codling Moth taken im British Colum-
bia in the fruit-growing areas of the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys and
points on the main line of ‘the Canadian Pacific Railway east from North Bend,

Acreage under Number of larvae
Year quarantine and pupae taken —
1915 335 10,000
1916 330 3,500
1917 330 600
1918S “37> 394
1919 FOO 873
1920 G45 174
1921 S50) approx, TS5

The second phase of the problem is as important as the first and in a
much as certain lines of study in this connection have been conducted, which
have now reached a certain stage of finality, this article has been written to illus-—
trate not only the stage of development of the fruit industry of British Columbia,
the centres of outbreak of the Codling Moth, but also the means and methods
of introduction of this pest with suggestions for preventing its further importa-

tion,
According to the Market Reports and the Agricultural Records of the

Department of Agriculture but particularly from a brief prepared under the
direction of the British Columbia Fruit Growers Association before a sitting of
a Federal ‘Tariff Commission in September, 1920, the following statistical data
are noted. ;

In 1891 the fruit industry of British Columbia boasted approximately
450,000 fruit bearing trees; in 1901, 649,091; in I91I, 2,677,486; in 1913,
2,978,903; while in 1920, 1,165,309 apple and pear trees alone were producing
fruit in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys and at points on the main line
of the Canadian Pacific Railway east of North Bend. The production of apples
far outdistances, in numbers, the quantity of other tree fruits grown, repre-
senting 77 per cent of all trees planted. The yield from these trees is recorded
as follows:

FHIO® ss Coke at ee 210,000 boxes of apples
IOTIS .nan ek ae 250,000

1OU 4s se phe eae 430,000

LOT Sac. Sato te 477,000

IOLA. cash pe col cz devant O85 ,000

165.0 tea ea 787,750

1Q1G 54 SRR 1,289,980

Aa) & Par ae eA 1,502,921

IOLG. wien ie ee 1,343,450

POI. a8 <a haere 2,524,132

(590% cNs5 2s ee 1,500,000

LOSES Sides sane 3,150,000 (estimate to date—October )

From these records it may be quite readily seen that the heavy plantings and the
greatest expansion in the tree-fruit industry occurred in British Columbia during
1909, 1910 and 1911, with a sudden rise in the apple output in 1916 and again
during the past few years when the trees became more mature. ‘Today between
$20,000,000 and $25,000,000 of capital is invested in the British Columbia apple
industry, out of a total of about $35,000,000 for all fruits raised in the Province.

This valuation approximates that of Noya Scotia, doubles that of Quebee an
is less than half that of Ontario,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 123
These figures, while known to horticulturists, are presented in this article
indicate to the minds of entomologists the stage of development of the fruit in-

yests present. The Codling Moth, without question, ranks first as the most serious

insect threatening the apple industry of the Province. Oregon (Wilson) esti-
mates the annual loss to the apple industry of that State due to the Coding Moth
as 25 per cent of the total crop. Washington (Melander) claims an annual loss
of $200,000 on the average yield of 1,500 cars. Wenatchee district (Darlington,

‘but as between 7 per cent and & per cent of infested fruit was used in by-
p! oduct factories an actual loss of $800,000 was sustained. Ontario (Caesar)
5 loses over $2,000,000 a year from this insect and these records, while appearing
high, do not take into consideration the cost of orchard spraying operations.
“The probable effect of the Codling Moth on the apple industry may thus be
easily computed.
.g The valleys suitable for growing fruit in the Province of British Colum-
bia run north and south, connecting with the fruit valleys of the State of
Washington and Idaho. Up to the present time there is not, neither has there
been, any direct connecting chain of planted orchards; a distance of twenty-five
miles and more has separated the fruit-growing sections of the two countries.
In other words there has been no infestation of the Codling Moth from infested
territory to the south of British Columbia by flight of the moths. ‘The fact re-
4 mains, however, that the Codling Moth has been taken in British Columbia at
_ various times, in varying degrees of intensity, during the past fifteen years,
These centres of infestation are referred to as outbreaks and these outbreaks have
been entirely caused by the actual importation of larvae, pupae and moths during
the fruit shipping season or through settlers’ effects during winter. ‘There is little
doubt that similar conditions occur in all fruit raising districts in North America
and that the Codling Moth is continually being imported into enterprising
fruit sections without the knowledge of the majority of the inhabitants. ‘The con-
ditions in British Columbia, with respect to the youth of the industry, presents
_ an example which is worth recording. Let us examine, therefore, the outbreaks
__ as they have occurred in the Province until the present time, and note how they
have been caused in the light of the best information on the means of introduction,

- TABLE 2. Showing the number of outbreaks of the Codling Moth in British Golaumbia
= and the probable means of introduction,

Year Locality found Probable cause and remarks
discovercd infested {
N05 Victoria 3 Californian pears
Kamloops Ontario apples,
Kaslo Ontario apples.
1912 ag Fonte grr! pots ee ce railway cans
By ntario fruit in settlers’ effects.
1918 Kelow nia Infested mailway cars,
. W115 ae iad Serta rg id ears, second onthroal,
anagan Landing nfested mailway cars,
Westbank Apple boxes firom Kelowna,
Pburne U. 8S. infested fruit,
— «1916 Walhachin Infested mailway cars,
1917 Vernon Pruit from Okanagan Landing,
1918 Okanagan Landing Infested railway ears, second outhbrentk,

«199 North Bend Infested railway cars,

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

1920 Swan Lake Infested railway cars.
Kelowna Reoccurrence from old centre.
New Westminster U. S. infected fruit.
Watlhachin Infested railway cars, second outbreak,
1921 Kamloops Infested railway cars, second outbreak,
Okanagan Landing Infested railway cars, third outbreak.

It may be seen from this table that the Codling Moth has been imported
into British Columbia through the following channels:

1. Infested railway cars, 55 per cent.

2. Infested imported fruit, 30 per cent.

10 per cent of the outbreaks have been caused by the local movement of
fruit and fruit boxes from infested territory and 5 per cent has been the reoccur-
rence of an outbreak that was believed to have been eradicated.

British Columbia may roughly be divided into three fruit-growing areas,
viz.: the Coast, including Vancouver Island and the Lower Fraser Valley; the
Interior, including the irrigated fruit areas of the Okanagan and Sim#ilkameen
Valleys and points on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway east of North
Bend ; the Kootenays or Eastern British Columbia. In the examining of the table
given above we find that from the standpoint of the Interior fruit-growing areas,
where the great majority of the apples are grown and where the Codling Moth
if it became a general orchard pest would be far more serious than at the Coast,’
that sixteen outbreaks have occurred, 69 per cent of which have been directly
attributed to infested railway cars, to which may be added 19 per cent caused
by the removal of fruit or boxes from an area infested through the medium of
railway cars and 12 per cent caused through the importation of infested fruits

either in the box or in settlers’ effects from Ontario or the United States.
It should be quite clear, therefore, that the infested railway car is by far

the most important medium through which the Codling Moth may be introduced
into new fruit districts. Our evidence on this point is quite clear, in as much as,
larvae, pupae and adult moths have been taken in empty refrigerator railway cars
rolled into the Okanagan Valley for the reception of local grown fruit. This
point may be extended somewhat for the benefit of those who are not conversant
with conditions.

Apples and pears are loaded into refrigerator cars in the fruit growing
areas in the States of California, Oregon, Idaho, Washington and Montana. |
Many of these cars find their way for sale on the Canadian Prairies, and as the
Codling Moth occurs in varying degrees of intensity in each of the States men-
tioned there is no doubt that the fruit is infested with Codling Moth larvae when
it is loaded into the cars. Some of this American fruit also finds its way to
Coast points in British Columbia and the records of the Provincial Fruit Inspec-
tion Department show that much of the fruit is infested with Codling Moth larvae. |
The fruit in the States to the south of British Columbia matures somewhat earlier
than the local grown product, thus when the time arrives to move the British
Columbia crop and requests are made for empty refrigerator cars or “reefers,”
many of these cars are found on the Prairies and in Vancouver ready for re-
loading. Hence they are rolled to any point requiring them for use particularly
in the sale of the British Columbia product in the American markets. We are not
concerned in this article as to where the local product finds its sale but we are

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 125
concerned with the empty railway car, which formerly held fruit in the same
season, destined for loading at British Columbia points for export trade.

These cars have been examined too often to leave any doubt that they a“:
the chief means of introducing the Codling Moth into British Columbia.
The following table shows the record of the number of cars inspected at
one point in the Province and the cegree of infestation.
4 TABLE 3. Showing the numb r of United States railway cars inspected at Okanagan

: Landing, B. C., with the number infested with live Codling Moth material.

eas Number of foreign Number of cars infestsd Number of live larvae,

= Year cars inspected with live Codling Moth pupae and adults found
1918S - 5S 10 21

~ 1919 378 . 47 203

et 20 181 14 47

1921 125 (to Sept. 7) 26 s9

a This does not take into consideration the number of cars found to con-

_ tain empty pupal cases from which the adult moths have emerged. The above
_. table proves definitely that healthy Codling Moth material is being imported into
‘the Province year by year and that the larvae unquestionably have emerged from
_ fruit shipped in the same year and probably within one month of the date of
discovery. A very long and extended table might be built up to show the actual
~ car numbers, the railway system to which the cars belong and to some extent
_ the most recent point of loading of United States fruit and the number of cars
found infested in some way or another, whether as live larvae or pupae or as
empty pupal cases. ‘There is no virtue in presenting such a table. We can con-
tent ourselves with the statement that fully 50 per cent of the United States
refrigerator cars received in British Columbia are or have been infested with
the season’s larvae of the Codling Moth. As many as 150 empty pupal cases
have been taken out of single cars at the point of inspection and 50 and 69 empty
cases are commonly found. Of the 50 per cent of cars found infested an aver-
age of 25 empty pupal cases have been taken in each car in a single season.
Infested fruit in transit from the United States allows time for the
Codling Moth larvae to mature, to vacate the fruit and to find some suitable
‘erack or crevice in the apple box or in the car lining to form its cocoon. Cars un-
loaded of fruit on the Prairies thus contain larvae and these cars when required
at some fruit loading station in British Columbia are rolled empty, often partly
iced and frequently uncleaned. It has been the custom to clean these cars out in
British Columbia just previcus to loading. The original sources of infestation
have undoubtedly been caused by this action. As this car movement usually
occurs in mid-summer and until autumn there is every opportunity for larvae
spun up in the car linings to mature, pupate and emerge. Temperatures inside
these cars have been taken and they frequently register 8o and go degrees Fahren-
heit. As frequently happens cars are held up on sidings for two or three weeks
at a time, especially at the time pending the movement of the crop and tie-ups
often occur with “empties” during the rush of the season to make way for loaded
trains. When this happens and with ventilators open the adult moths have no
_ difficulty in making their escape into the nearest orchard. The great majority of
the larvae. their pupae or pupal cases are found in the crevices of the wood lin-
ibe ings of the cars four feet from the floor to the ceiling. Nail holes, broken boards
~ and loose beadifig are commonly chosen and it is not an unusual sight in a car
_ in poor repair to see a dozen or more Codling Moth larval cocgoms clustered on,

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the insulation paper lining beneath a loosened board. The importance of this
method of introduction of a dangerous pest has been recognized in British
Columbia for many years. Steps have been taken to lessen the danger but
despite the willingness of railway operators to cooperate in every way possible,
mistakes occur, with the result that outbreaks have taken place. The closest
type of inspection system is unsatisfactory. The human element in the rush of
the season causes the failure and mistakes are costly.

It has been evident during the past two years that other steps must be
taken to bolster up the inspection system to better eliminate chances of failure.
With this in mind treating cars at some point cutside of the fruit-growing sec-
tions with gas, chemicals or heat has been considered. Icing cars to reduce the
temperatures and so to check larval or pupal development has been carried in
mind but after full consideration of the problem from all angles, including that
of the railwayman, the application of heat is considered the most satisfactory.

It was thought probable that if steam were injected into the cars for a
certain length of time, no damage would take place to the insulation, the Codling —
Moth larvae would be killed and the procedure would be rapid enough not to
cause delay in the movement of-freight. Consequently on May 1, 1920, a single
car was treated with steam to determine the temperatures that could be reached
in a certain length of time and its effect on insect life. Through the courtesy
‘of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company the refrigerator car No. 282546, Bohn
System, Dressed Meat Service, with a capacity of 1906 cubic feet with three ply
insulated walls, was treated with steam supplied from a locomotive. A three inch
rubber hose was inserted through the drainage vent at one end, under the pres- ©
sure of 60 degrees. ek ‘4

Previous to the application of steam the inside temperature of the car
registered 54 degrees Fahrenheit, with a relative humidity of 75 degrees. Out-—
side shade temperature registered 63 degrees Fahrenheit. Specially constructed —
clinical self-registering thermometers, capable of registering 300 degrees Fahren-
heit were tied to laths, which were let down on cords through one of the ven-
tilators on the roof of the car, furthest away from the intake of steam. At inter-
vals of 5, 10 and 15 minutes the steam was shut off on the engine for a sufficient
length of time to remove the ventilator plug and one of the thermometers. ‘The
temperature records were as follows:

In 5 minutes the temperature registered 148 Fahrenheit.

In 10 minutes the temperature registered 182 Fahrenheit.

In 15 minutes the temperature registered 195 Fahrenheit.
A sack half filled with rice meal placed on the floor of the car in the centre with a
self-registering thermometer in the centre of the sack registered 100 degrees
Fahrenheit in 15 minutes.

The following insects were used in the experiment :
1. Codling Moth larvae overwintering in larval cocoons in folds of corrugated
cardboard.

Cutworm larvae (Noctua c-nigrum) % to 34 inches in length, buried in~
slightly moistened sand, two inches deep in six inch tin boxes without lids, —
and full grown larvae in sleeved mica chimneys.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ia

3. Adults of Epicnaptera americana, moths and pupae of the same rolled in
cotton batting and absorbent cotton in three inch square cardboard boxes
with lids.

4. Eggs of the Oyster Shell Scale on apple twigs.

Two sets of this material were arranged, one set being suspended from the
ceiling of the car in the centre and the other set on the floor in the centre of the
car. Control or untreated material was also held for comparison.

It was not possible in this experiment to remove any of the material from
the car under the 15 minute exposure but in this length of time all the forms of
insect life were destroyed. No injury resulted to the car and in all respects the
experiment was a pronounced success.

Further information was desirable, however, on the effect of steam on the
insulation of cars, the cost of treatment, the time required to destroy Codling
Moth material in cars in poor repair or partly iced. Consequently in August,
1921, four cars were treated with locomotive steam in the same way as in the
previous year with the exception that a flattened iron pipe was inserted into
the car beneath the closed door on one side.

The following table illustrates the points noted:

TABLE 4. Showing temperatures obtained in standard vefrigemator cGars following the
application of steam and notes on the condition of ‘the cars.

Car Steam applied Temperature Reenarke

number in minutes registered parang

59533 10 minutes 164 Bahr. Car in good shape; no defects, varnished-
In:ulation not affected.

96229 15 minutes 160 Fahr. Car in fair condition; capacity 60,000; one
bad split but the insulation not affected.

95004 20 minutes 160 Fahr. Car in good shape; no defects, varnished,
capacity 70,000; insulation not affected.

5S441 20 minutes 175 Fahr. Carin fair shape; one bad crack, paper lin-
ing showing, moisture present on paper lin-

ing,

In supplementing these notes it is observed that moisture condensed on
the ceilings of the cars and drops continued to fall for at least half an hour after
opening up. The walls while they were wet and warm on opening up dried
rapidly and no ill effects were observed. In each of the cars mentioned above Cod-
ling Moth larvae and pupae were placed in paper cartons attached to the ceiling
and laid on the floor. The following table indicates the results obtained :

TABLE 5. Showing the results of treatment with steam on Codiling Moth larvae and

pupae.
Car Number of larvae Number left alive Remarks on state of the car
number and pupae after treatment
58533 10 2 pupae No ice in the bunkers.
96229 10 0 One foot of ice in bunkers.
95004 10 0 Two feet of ice in bunkers.
dS441 10 0 No ice in the bunkers.

The results of these experiments indicate that Codling Moth larvae and
pupae may readily be destroyed by steam heat in the ordinary refrigerator car
in 15 minutes with the final registration of 160 Fahrenheit with or without ice
in the bunkers. Through the kindness of the Canadian Pacific Railway officials
the wood lining of the cars was removed at one or two places in each car and
the insulation paper examined. ‘The weakest spot in the car was chosen for

(7)

128- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a
examination in each case and in every instance no damage resulted to the inca
sulation, except in one instance where a badly broken board allowed moisture tom
condense on the paper lining, but apparently without lasting deleterious effects.
In other words the experiments point clearly to the fact that no damage to the ~
insulation will take place if the car is in good repair. As to the cost of treatment
this point cannot be decided upon unless the exact number of cars requiring treat-
ment in a season is known and until proper equipment is installed to take care of —
the proceedings as a regular operation. ;
In closing this article | would like to draw attention to the statistical data _
given as regards areas under quarantine, acreage in fruit and the captures of
larvae and pupae in railway cars. Without the sincere cooperation of the Pre- |
vincial Horticultural officials, notably Mr. W. T. Hunter, District Horticulturist :
for the Interior sections, and his assistant, Mr. H. H. Evans, these tables could
not have been compiled or certified correct. Full -acknowledgement is hereby
given to the earnest support given by these officials not only in the preparation of
this paper but also for the cooperative spirit always in evidence between entomol-
ogists and horticulturists in the study of the Coding Moth in the Province.
CONIFEROUS HOSTS OF THE IPIDAE OF THE PACIFIC.COAST |
AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONS

BY RALPH HOPPING,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

During the past few years our knowledge of the breeding habits of many —
of the bark-beetles has been greatly increased. Some of these species are very
destructive, especially to the principal commercial trees such as sugar pine (Pinus
lambertiana), western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). and Jeffrey pine (Pinus
jeffreyi), Western White Pine (Pinus monticola) and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga
taxifolia). The most injurious Ipid beetles infesting each tree species will be
found in the host list marked with an asterisk.

Since many of these beetle species inhabit only one or a few species of
trees, an accurate knowledge of the hosts is important to the forester engaged in
the control of the insect depredations which become, or are liable to become
epidemic. For instance, if the destructive insect will attack and become epidemic |
in only one coniferous species, the control work is much simplified, since it need
deal only with the particular species of tree. If the insect attacks and breeds
in several species of trees on the same area the control work is obviously much
more complicated, as all species of trees infested by this beetle must be treated.

There has been considerable doubt expressed whether some species of —
beetles, as for instance Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., attacking the lodgepole —
(Pinus contorta Loudon) will, when the progeny emerges, attack another species
of tree such as a yellow pine, which it is also known to infest. If this assump-
tion could be verified, epidemics in any one species could be exterminated or —
practically controlled without considering other species of trees infested with ;
the same destructive beetle. It seems highly probable though that certain species —
of Ipids under endemic conditions will confine their attacks to one species of tree,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 129

oup of tree species. Certain genera of these bark borers are even confined
to certain generic groups of trees. Thus, in California, the genus Dendroctonus
(with one exception) and the genus /ps are found wholly in the genus Pinus.
he genus Pseudohylesinus is found (with one exception) in the fir group of
trees, and Phlocosinus in the cypress and redwood group. ‘There are notable
exceptions, for example, a Phlocosinus is found in pine; one species in Canada
and another in India.

The loose way in which entomologists refer to hosts under local names
should be discontinued. Unless the exact locality is known such words as bull
pine, tamarack, jack pine, spruce may mean any of a number of species. Spruce,
for instance, is not found in California except in the extreme northwestern part;
tamarack in California is a popular name for Pinus contorta, while in Washing-

_folia or it may mean a true Picea, while Jack Pine is either Pinus contorta or
inus divaricata. ‘The use of technical names is definite. Unfortunately many of
r entomologists are not good botanists and wrong identification of trees,

_ personally collected from the trees, except for a few well authenticated records.

Conirerous Host TREES AND THeErR Ipip FAUNA
Host—Pinus ponderosa Laws.

1. Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.* 12. Conophthorus ponderosae Hopk.
2. Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.* 13. Orthotomicus ornatus Swaine.
4 3. Ips confusus Lec.* 14. Hylurgops subcostulatus Mann.
4. Ips oregoni Eichh.* 15. Hylurgops rugipennis Mann.
_ 5. [ps emarginatus Lec.* 16. Carphoborus simplex Lec.
_ 6. Ips latidens Lec. 17. Pityophthorus confinus Lec.
7. Ips integer Mann. 18. Pityophthorus confertus Swaine.
8. Dendroctonus valens Lec. 19. Pityophthorus serratus Swaine.
9 Gnathotrichus retusus Lec. 20. Xyloborus xylographus Say.
10. Pityogenes carinulatus Lec. 21. Trypodendron ponderosae Swaine.

1. Pityogenes fossifrons Lec.
Host—Pinus lambertiana Dougl.
Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.* 8. Gnathotrichus retusus Lec.
Ips emarginatus Lec.* 9g. Hylurgops subcostulatus Mann.
Ips confusus Lec. 10. Hylurgops rugipennis Mann.
Ips latidens Lec. ; 11. Pityophthorus confinus Lec.
Dendroctonus valens Lec. 12. Pityophthorus tuberculatus Fjichh.

Conophthorus lambertianae Hopk. 13. Pityophthorus confertus Swaine,
Carphoborus simplex Lec.

130

; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

wost—Pinus jeffreyi “Oreg. Com.”
Dendroctonus jeffreyt Hopk.* 8. Pityogenes carinulatus Lec.
Ips emarginatus Lec.* 9. Hylurgops subcostulatus Mann.
Ips oregoni Fichh.* 10. Hylastes macer Lee.
Ips radiatae Hopk. 11. Orthotomicus ornatus Swaine.
Ips latidens Lec. 12. Pityophthorus confinus Lee.
Dendroctonus valens Lec. 13. Pityophthorus confertus Swaine.
Gnathotrichus retusus Lee.

most—Pinus contorta Loudon

Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. 12. Gnathotrichus retusus Lee.
Ips vancouverit Swaine. 13. Orthotomicus ornatus Swaine.
Ips oregont Kichh. 14. Dendroctonus valens Lee.
Ips plastographus Lec. 15. Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopk.
Ips radiatae Hopk. 16. Pseudohylesinus sericeus Mann.
. [ps interpunctus Fichh. 17. Pityophthorus confertus Swaine.
Ips latidens Lec. 18. Pitvophthorus atratulus Lee.
Pityogenes carinulatus Lec. 19. Hylurgops lecontet Swaine.
Pityogenes knechteli Swaine. 20. Hylurgops rugipennis Mann.
Pityvogenes fossifrons Lec. 21. Hylurgops subcostulatus Mann.
Hylurgops pinifex Fitch. 22. Scierus annectans Lee.

1ost—Pinus sabiniana Doug.

. Ips latidens Lec.* .

Host—Pinus monticola Dougl.

Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.* 8. Hylurgops rugipennis Swaine.
Ips vancouvert Swaine. 9. Hylurgops porosus Lec.

Tps latidens Lee. 10. Hylastes nigrinus Mann.

Ips integer Fichh. 11. Dendroctonus valens Lec.

Ips confusus Lec. 12. Pityvogenes fossifrons Lec.
Pityophthorus confertus Swaine. 13. Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lee.

Eccoptogaster monticolae Swaine.

nost—Pinus radiata Don.

Ips radiatae Hopk. 6. Pseudohylesinus sericeus Mann.
Ips plastographus Lec. 7. Carphoborus radiatie Swaine.
Dendroctonus valens Lec. 8. Pityophthorus carmeli Swaine.
Hvylastes nigrinus Mann. 9. Pityophthorus atratulus Lee.
Fylurgops rugipennts Mann. 10. Conophthorus radiatae H pik

Host—Pinus balfouriana Murr.
Dendroctonus monticolae Flopk. 4. Hylurgops rugipennis Mann.
Ips vancouveri Swaine. 5. Hylurgops pinifex Titch.
Dendroctonus valens Lec.
Host—Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fremont.
Ips confusus Lec.
Host—Pinus torreyana Torr.

Pityophthorus torreyanae Swaine.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST T31

HOsT—A bies concolor Parry

1. Pseudohylesinus granulatus Lec.* 4. Platypus wilsont Swaine.
. Eccoptogaster ventralis Lec.* 5. Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lec.
3. Eccoptogaster praeceps Lec.*

Host—Abies magnifica Murr.

. Pseudohylesinus granulatus Lec.* — 4. Platypus wilsoni Swaine.
2. Leperisinus tmperialis Eich. 5. Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lec.
: BR ehiodaster ventralis Lec.* 6. Pityokteines elegans Swaine.

HostT—<lbies grandis Lindl.

: 14 Eccoptogaster ventralis Lec. 4. Conophthorus monticolae Hopk.
2. Pseudohylesinus granulatus Lec. 5. Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lec.
3. Pseudohylesinus grandis Swaine. 6. Cryphalus subconcentralis Hopk.

-
a t

ox
i. Dryocoetes confusus Swaine.* 5. Pityokteines jasperi Swaine.*

= Ips borealis Swaine. 6. Orthotomicus lasiocarpi Swaine.

3. Cryphalus canadensis Chamb. 7. Pityophthorus pseudotsugae Swaine.
Trypodendron ponderosae Swaine. - 8. Platypus wilsoni Swaine

HOstT—aAl bies lasiocarpa Hook.

Host—Pseudotsuga taxifolia Britt.

eidroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.* 11. Pityophthorus confinus Lec.

S 2. Pseudohylesinus nebulosus Lec.* 12. Pityophthorus pseudotsugae Swaine*
3 Pseudohylesinus grandis Swaine. 13. Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lee.

4 Eccoptogaster ventralis Lec. 14. Gnathotrichus retusus Lec.

5. Eccoptogastcr unispinosus Lec. 15. Hylastes nigrinus Mann.

6. Eccoptogaster tsugae Swaine. 16. Hylastes ruber Swaine.

7. Eecoptogaster monticolae Swaine. 17. Dryococtes pseudotsugae Swaine.

8. Platypus wilsoni Swaine. 18. Cryphalus subconcentralis Hopk.

9. Trypodendron cavifrons Mannh. — 19. Trypodendron ponderosa Swaine.
Beetiyoktcines minutus Swaine.

4 Host—Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Torr.

1. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.
ae HOStT—Picea engelmannt Engelm.

1. Dendroc tonus borealis Hopk.* 7. Drvyocoetes affaber Mann.

2. Ips engelmanni Hopk. 8. Orthotomicus ricinus Lec.

3. Ips tridens Mann. : g. Scierus annectans Lec.

1. Ips dubius Swaine. 10. Trypodendron ponderosae Swaine.
:. . Ips yohoensis Swaine. 11. Pityophthorus intextus Swaine.

3. Dryocoetes septentrionis Mann.

i. . Host—Picea sitchensis Bong.

1. Dendroctonus obesus Mann * 6. Dolurgus pumilus Mann.

2. Ips vancouveri Swaine. 7. Dryocoetes septentrionts Mann.

3. pars concinnus Mann. 8. Dryocoetes affaber Mann.

4. Ips interruptus Ejichh. - Q. Pseudohylesinus sitchensis Swaine,
: 5 Crypturgus borealis Swaine, _* 10. Platypus wilsoni Swaine.

+«

* ny - _

132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Host—Picea canadensis Mill.

1. [ps interruptus Ejichh.
Carphoborus carri Swaine.

3. Pityophthorus intextus Swaine.

iS)

Host—Libocedrus decurrens ‘Torr.
1. Phloeosinus punctatus Lec.* 3. Phloeosinus hoppingi Swaine.

Phloeosinus vandykei Swaine.*

iN)

Host—Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.
1. Phloeosinus hoppingi Swaine.

HostT—Juniperus occidentalis Hook.
1. Phloeosinus junipert Swaine.* 2. Phloeosinus rugosus Swaine.
HOST—Sequoia sempervirens Endl.
1. Phloeosinus sequoiae Hopk. 2. Phloeosinus cupressi Hopk.
HOosT—Sequota gigantea Dec.
1. Phlocosinus punctatus Lec.
HOSTtT—Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw.
1. Phloeosinus cupressit Hopk.
HOsT—Cupressus sargentit Jepson.
1. Phlocosinus cupressi Hopk. 2. Phlocosinus minutus Swaine.
HOst—Thuja plicata Don.
1. Phlocosinus punctatus Lec. 2. Phloeosinus sequoiae Hopk.
HOsT—Tsuga mertensiana Bong.
1. Eccoptogaster tsugae Swaine. 2. Gnathotrichus retusus Lec.
HosT—Tsuga heterophylla Raf.
1. Pseudohylesinus tsugae Swaine. 3. Platypus wilsont Swaine.
2. Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lec.
HOst—Larix occidentalis Nutt.
1. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Swaine. 3. Pityophthorus intextus Swaine.
2. Orthotomicus vicinus Lec.
Ipmpak oF Paciric Coast AND Rocky Mountain REGION

Carphoborus Eich.
carri Sw. b.

Crypturgus Erichs,

borealis Sw. b. :

radiatae Sw. a. sags cer :
simplex Lec. a. Dendroctonus Erichs.
Conophthorus Hopk. borealis Hopk. b.
lambertianae Hopk. a. brevicomis Lec. a. b.
monticolae Hopk. a, b. jeffreyt Hopk. a. y

ponderosae Hopk. a.

radiatae Hopk. a.
Cryphalus Fr.

canadensis Chamb. b.

subconcentralis Hopk. b.

a. Records from California.
b. Records from British Columbia.

a.b. Records from California and British Columbia.

monticolae Hopk. a. b.
murrayanae Hopk. b.
obesus Mann. b.
pseudotsugae Hopk. a. b.
valens Lec. a. b.

Dolurgus Eichh.
—— pumilus Mannh. b.

Dryocoetes Eichh.

—— affaber Mannh. b.

=. — confusus Sw. b.
pseudotsugae Sw. a. b.
septentrionus Mannh. b.

Eccoptogaster Herbst.
monticolae Sw. b.
praeceps Lec. a.
tsugae Sw. b.
unispinosus Lec. a. b.
ventralis Lec. a. b.

Guathotrichus Eich.
retusus Lec. a. b.
A sulcatus Lec. a. b.

_ Hylurgops Lec.
2 lecontei Sw. b.
pinifex Fitch a.
sorosus Lec. b.
rugipennis Mannh. a. b.
~subcostulatus Mannh. a. b.

_ -Hylastes Ex.

macer Lec. a. b.
nigrinus Mannh. a. b.
ruber Sw. b.

Ips De Geer.
borealis Sw. b.
concinnus Mannh. b.
confusus Lec. a.
dubius Sw. b.
emarginatus Lec. a. b.
engelmanni Sw. b.
interpunctus Eich. a.
interruptus Eich. b.
integer Eich. a. b.
latidens Lec. a. b.
oregoni Eich. a. b.
plastographus Lec. a.
radiatae Hopk. a. b.
tridens Mannh. b.
vancouveri Sw. a. b.
yohoensis Sw. b.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 133

Orthotomicus Ferr.
lasiocarpi Sw. b.
ornatus Sw. a. b.
vicinus Lec. b.

Platypus Herbst.
wilsont Sw. a. b.

Phloecosinus Chap.
cupressi Hopk. a.
hoppingt Sw. a. Db.
junipert Sw. a.
minutus Sw. a.
punctatus Lec. a. b.
rugosus Sw. a.
sequoiae Hopk. a. b.
vandykei Sw. a.

Pityophthorus Eich.
atratulus Lec. a. b.
carmeli Sw. a.
confinis Lec. a.
confertus Sw. a. b.
intextus Sw. b.
pseudotsugae Sw. a. b.
serratus Sw. a.
torreyanae Sw. a.
tuberculatus Fjch. a.

PityoRteines Fuchs.

elegans Sw. a. b.
jasperi Sw. b.
minutus Sw. a.
Pityogenes Bede:.
carinulatus Lec. a. b.
fossifrons Lec. a. b.
knechteli Sw. b.
Pseudohylesinus Sw.
grandis Sw. b.
granulatus Lec. a. b.
nebulosus Lec. a. b.
sericeus Mannh. a. b.
sitchensis Sw. b.
tsugae Sw. b.
Scterus Lee:
annectans Lec. b.
Trypodendron Steph.
pondcrosae Sw. b.°
cavifrons Mannh. a. b.
Xyleborus Eich.
_wylographus Say a.

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Such species as Pinus jeffreyi, radiata, balfouriana, sabimiana, torreyana —

and others found in California and not in British Columbia are often hosts of
species not found further north and in British Columbia the spruces breed species
not found as far south as California, depending largely on the distribution of

their hosts. Of the ninety-two species listed thirty-five are common to British —

Columbia and California and probably to Oregon and Washington; twenty-
four are found in California and not as yet in British Columbia, and thirty-three

are found in British Columbia and not in California. The distribution of species —

listed only from British Columbia and California depends largely upon the dis-

tribution of the hosts upon which they breed. Some of the species such as—

Dendroctonus brevicomis (barberi), Dendroctonus monticolae (ponderosae) ex-

tend south through the Rockies to Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona; this is- —

probably also true of several Jps and Pityophthorus. Very little is known of the
smaller Ipids inhabiting the central Rockies south of Alberta and British
Columbia.

_In regard to the deciduous trees of this region, Anisandrus pyri Peck has
been found in apple at Vancouver and in Oregon and Leperisinus californicus

Sw. in olive in California. The latter species is a native of the chapparal, ap-

parently breeding in some of the numerous species of Ceanothus.

Alniphagus aspericollis Lec. breeds in Alnus oregona Nutt. and Try jai

dron retusus Lec. in Populus tremuloides Mich. both in British Columbia’ and

California, and they are probably found wherever the western alders and pop-

lars exist. Betula occidentalis Hook. 1s the host of Dryocoetes betulae Hopk. in
British Columbia. Several other species have been reported from the western
coast but have not been verified by the author.

Dr. Hopkins* reports Xyleborus arbuti Hopk. from Arbutus menziesii
Parsh. from Calif., Cryphalus pubescens Hopk. from Abies grandis Lindl. Port
Williams, Wash., and Cryphalus approximatus Hopk. from Abies grandis Lindl.
Several other Ipid species not in thé list are known from this region but the
hosts have not yet been determined.

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF ALBERTA
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Entomological Brinch. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

The months of June, July and part of August, 1921, were spent by me in
Nordegg, Alta., collecting insects for the Canadian National Collection. ‘This
locality has of late years become more or less famous through the entomological
activities of Messrs. K. Bowman of Edmonton and F. C. Whitehouse of Red

Deer, this latter gentleman having published an interesting account of the region

and its dragonfly fauna in the Canadian Entomologist, 1918, L. pp. 1, 95.
In spite of rather adverse weather conditions and a remarkable lack of
warm, clear days a very interesting collection of Lepidoptera was obtained ; most

of the species have already been recorded in Mr- Bowman’s Check List of —

Alberta Lepidoptera but several new records were secured; these are embodied

*Class, of the Cryphalinae,

4
¢

.--

YHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 145

in the present paper, together with notes on a few other obscure species which
‘ _ may help to clear up their specific status.
: Eurymus gigantea .Stkr.—The species has always been considerable of a
"puzzle to entomologists. Strecker described it as a form of pelidne and Staud-
epee under the name pelidneides placed it as a form of palaecno,; the material on
which both these names was based came from the West Coast of Hudson Bay,
arth of Ft. Churchill. After an examination of Strecker’s types it was re-
Pcie by me (1917, B. & McD., Contributions, III, (2), 68) to christina as a
yellow variety. Wolley-Dod in his notes on Albertan Lepidoptera (Can. Ent.
| XXXII, 19; l. c. XL, 187) places it doubtfully under the name occidentalis,
‘mentioning that he could only separate it from christina by color but hazarding
the opinion that two species were involved. I first met with this yellow species
at Nordegg about the middle of July and soon found that it was practically
entirely restricted to the muskegs. Christina was commonly found on the dry
re slopes and could be taken throughout July around the flowers growing in such
locations ; to obtain gigantea, however, it was necessary to visit the muskegs.
4 It was further noticed that the females of gigantea were yellow whereas those of
_ christina belonged to the whitish form. This gave rise to strong suspicions in my
4 mind that I was dealing with species rather than with forms and I resolved if
possible to secure data regarding the food-plants. It was comparatively easy to
"discover that the females of gigantea were depositing ova on the leaves of the
_ several varieties of dwarf willows so prevalent on the hillocks of the muskeg.
_ Several freshly deposited eggs were secured. These, I might mention, hatched
in about ten days, the young larvae resting on the mid-rib of the leaf and
eating small portions of the upper epidermis; they showed little signs of growth
and on leaving Nordegg I was forced to relinquish them; the larvae evidently
hibernates in a very early stage.
“a With christina I had more difficulty but was finally successful in surprising
one of the large white females depositing an egg (which I secured) on a small
species of lupine with greenish-white flower. The above differences in larval
Bi zo0d-plant and habits constitute a valid reason to my mind for considering
gigantea and christina to be distinct species. Wallow as a food-plant is most
unusual i in the Eurymus group and the only other record of a similar food-plant
Reacts I have been able to find is given by Edwards (Butt. N. Am. III, Suppl.
Notes) who mentions that Bruce saw females of scudderi in Colorado deposit-
ing ova on willow and that he himself reared larvae of this species to the third
“moult on weeping-willow. As scudderi is an inhabitant of the high peat moors of
. the Coloradan Rockies, a closé relationship between gigantea and scudderi is not
Bi _ improbable. As regards the points of distinction between gigantea and christina
1 must agree with: Wolley-Dod that the color is practically the only means of
Separation ; I have seen no gigantea males with even the faintest suspicion of
srange color whilst on the other hand christina, even in advanced astraea forms.
shows slight orange shades beyond the cell and along the veins. Generally
‘speaking the discal mark on under side of secondaries is single in christina
and more or less double in gigantea but this character is not entirely constant.
The color of the females is probably also not constant, although in the Nordegg
‘region and similar regions of Alberta it is a valuable aid to identification,

4
+.

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Oencis ta\gete Bdvy.—To my surprise I captured on the Coliseum Mt.
(6500 ft.) a series of this species flying over the dry grassy slopes along with
brucei Edw. Apart from the genitalia it is best distinguished from brucei by the
white veins on the underside of secondaries and the presence of a black median
line on underside of primaries. Taygetc has not previously been recorded from
Alberta although its occurrence in the Yukon Territory and extreme northern
British Columbia has long been known.

Heodes florus EKdw.—This species apparently bears the same relationship
to helloides Reak. that Eurymus gigantea does to christina Edw., i. e., it is a
typical inhabitant of the bogs and muskegs whereas helloides flies on dry hillsides
and on the open prairie.

At Nordegg the species was decidedly rare although widespread, and
during the last of July and the early part of August isolated individuals could
usually be taken by a careful search of the few flowering plants present at this
time in the muskeg.

The name florus was proposed by W. H. Edwards (Can. Ent. XV, 210)
for a species collected by Capt. Gamble Geddes in 1883 while on a trip from
Edmonton south to the Crow’s Nest Pass, in which the present line of the
C. P. R. railroad from Edmonton to MacLeod was roughly followed; in the
original description the locality is given as “Red Deer River” but Capt. Geddes
later (Can. Ent. XV, 223) changes this to “Garnett’s Ranch.” The Geddes
collection, now incorporated in the Canadian National Collection, contains six
males of this species, four labelled “Calgary, July 4, °83” and the other two
“Crow’s Nest Pass, Aug. 10, ’83.”’ It 1s probable therefore that the type speci-
mens were taken at various points along the above-mentioned route, as Geddes
was neither very precise nor accurate in his data regarding localities. In any
case, as the Nordegg specimens agree exactly with Geddes’ material, it seems
safe to assume that florus inhabits the bogs and swamp regions of the Rocky Mt.
foothills.

In our latest Check List florus has been listed as a variety of helloides
but in view of its habitus I believe that it should rather be associated with
dorcas Kby. which inhabits similar regions and the larva of which feeds on
cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) and potentilla (Newcomb, Can. Ent. XLI, 221).
In fact it would be a matter of small surprise to me if my Nordegg specimens
should prove to be more nearly typical of dorcas than the Michigan specimens
recorded by Newcomb under this name.

Dorcas was described by Kirby (1837, Fauna Bor. Am. IV, 299) from
a female specimen collected in “Lat. 54”, which I might note is only slightly
north of Edmonton, and the type specimen is probably lost. The figure given
(Pl. IV, fig. 1) shows distinct orange shading in the postmedian area of primaries
and the anal angle of secondaries contains two orange lunules. One of my Nor-
degg ¢@’s matches this figure quite closely, although the average @ from this
region appears to possess more orange on primaries and three orange lunules
on secondaries. On the other hand in a Michigan series before me from Dr.
Newcomb the females in general show decidedly less orange than in Kirby’s
figure, the anal lunules being either reduced to a single one or lacking entirely.
Judging from the series before me, however, the amount of orange shading on

8k gli SOP os coe Lee eae

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YHE CANADIAN» ENTOMOLOGIST 13”

variable and of little value as a specific character. In other respects I can see
no tangible differences between the Nordegg and the Michigan series.

Felloides does not apparently fly at Nordegg but Mr. K. Bowman records
it in his Alberta List from Edmonton, Red Deer, etc., and there is a single 4
in the Dod Collection from the Calgary region. ‘The Canadian National Collec-
tion contains a very typical series from various Manitoba prairie localities, the
female being of the large coppery form and the marginal lunules in both sexes
well developed. Dorcas is also present in certain Manitoba bogs; it was recorded
by . F. Heath (Can. Ent. XXXI, 95) as a variety of helloides and Mr.N.
Criddle takes it each year in a bog near Aweme, Man., where potentilla grows.
These Aweme specimens cannot be separated from the Nordegg ones.

While there is no doubt that we have two forms in the Canadian Prairie
_ Provinces, primarily distinguished by their markedly distinct habitus and on this
account doubtless entitled to specific rank, it seems hardly probable that a third
good species exists in this region. In view therefore of the essentially similar
_ nature of the faunal regions in which the type specimens of dorcas and florus
_ were captured, the most logical proceeding would seem to be to sink florus
as a synonym of dorcas.

Apantesis turbans Christ—The larvae of this species were quite common
in June on dry slopes and meadows. ‘They were very constant in maculation
and the following brief description is offered.

Head shiny black, with posterior portion of cheeks orange. Body jet
black with short black spiculate hairs from tubercles in dorsal and subdorsal area
_ and. red hairs laterally and as a fringe over the head. Pale broken dorsal line
consisting of two spots on each segment, a small circular one on the posterior
edge of the segment-and a linear dash on the anterior edge, closely approximate
to the circular one, which has much the size, shape and color of a Tachinid egg. A
few longer black hairs at posterior end of body.

_ The dotted dorsal line is quite characteristic and separates the larva at
once from that of wirguncula. I have grave doubts as to whether the species
can be considered to be a form of quenseli Payk.; a comparison of the larvae
_ of the two forms should decide this point; whether or not the name turbans is
correctly applied is also a point for systematists having access to Siberian material
to settle.

Mr. A. Gibson has given good figures of the species in the Canadian En-
_tomologist, 1903, Vol. XXXV, Plate V; he also figures a specimen which had
_ been identified by Dr. Dyar as obJiterata Stretch; this specimen is very obviously
a form of turbans but I am not certain that it actually represents obliterata as
figured by Stretch in Journal New York Entom. Society, 1906, Plate VI, fig. 14.
In this latter figure the veins of the fore wings, notably vein 2, are much more
continuously outlined in white than in any Albertan specimens of turbans in the

i primaries and the number of orange lunules on secondaries in both sexes is
;
)
j
:

ae eS SERIE

the specimens captured or bred at Nordegg show reddish tinges on secondaries
and one specimen in the National Collection fron Aweme, Man., is very decidedly
me red.

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

seven specimens at light about the middle of July which seem to belong to this
species. They agree excellently with Smith’s characterization in his Agrotid ~
revision and match fairly closely Aurivillius’ figure in ‘Greenland’s Insect-fauna.
Hampson’s figure under this name (Cat. Lep. Phal. IV, Pl. 69, fig. 20) is evi-
dently based on a misidentification and should be referred to Epipsilia wockei
Moesch.

Apharetra dentata Grt——A single ¢ taken by Mr. Bowman anda @ cap-
tured by myself at light during the third week of July I am inclined to refer to
- the above name. These two specimens differ from pyralis Sm. (of which part
of the type series from Calgary and a very fine ¢ from High River, Alta., are
before me) in the much paler color of the primaries, which are distinctly light-
gray shaded with black rather than black suffused with gray (pyralis). Ina note-
book of Mr. Wolley-Dod’s, conta'ning unpublished comments on the British
Museum types, I find under dentata the following, “Looks exactly like a pale
pyralis. Figure (Hampson. Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, Pl. LX XVIII, fig. 21)
much too contrasting.” This remark characterizes the Nordegg specimens excel-
lently and leads me to the above reference; | am not convinced that dentata and
pyralis represent two specific units but for the present they may stand separated.

Acronycta canadensis Sm.—The name canadensis was tentatively applied
in Smith and Dyar’s monograph of the genus (p. 57) to two specimens from
Murray Bay, Que., and Calgary, Alta. In his notes on Alberta Lepidoptera, Mr.
F. H. Wolley-Dod (Can. Ent. 1904, p. 353; op. cit. 1911, p. 148) offers some re-
marks on this species, stating that the Calgary 2 is marked type in the UV. 5S.
National Museum and that he has a @ in his collection from the same locality
marked by Smith as agreeing with type; this @ is now in the Canadian National
Collection. At Nordegg I captured three specimens at light which agree well
with the above mentioned @ ; I also was successful in securing several larvae
sitting in their characteristic manner on the upper side of aspen leaves and from
these bred two ¢s and one @. These larvae were covered with long yellowish
hairs with five dorsal black hair-pencils from tubercle I on joints 5,:7, 8, 9 and 12;
they appeared to me to be in no wise different from larvae of populi Riley with
which I was familiar from numerous specimens found on poplar in Decatur, Ill.
I also obtained similar larvae and a resulting series of bred specimens at Norway
Point, Lake of Bays, Ont., in 1920. Compared with my Alberta specimens
eastern specimens (Chicago, Ill.; New Brighton, Pa.; Ottawa, Ont.; Lake of
Bays, Ont.) are decidedly more suffused with white scaling in the central areas
of primaries, the Nordegg specimens being rather evenly blue-gray in coloration
of primaries, approaching in this respect the felina group. A tendency in this
direction is, however, distinctly noticeable in certain of my bred Lake of Bays
material, notably the @’s, and a pair before me from Larder Lake, Ont. ( Nipigon
region), is quite as suffused as the Albertan series. I can see no essential dif-
ference in the maculation of the various series; the length of the black basal
dash, so much emphasized by both Smith and Hampson, is obviously of no
specific value and depends on the amount of white hairs or scales in that partic-
ular region in the individual specimens. I have long been of the opinion that in
this particular group we have more names than species on our lists and this
view was shared by Mr. Wolley-Dod (Can. Ent. 1918, p. 49) in his criticism

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139

of the 1917 Check List. I have recently received a photograph of the type ¢
of lepusculina Gn. through the kindness of Mr. F. LeCerf of the Paris museum,
and in the light of the above remarks believe that both populi Riley and c/iior-
cchroa Hamp. will fall to lepusculina Gn.; canadensis Sm. may be retained jor
the darker western race and cinderella Sm. with transversata Sm. as a probable
synonym will apply to the Colorado form, concerning which at the present time
I have not sufficient fresh material before me to form an opinion. I might note
that in Manitoba (Winnipeg, Aweme) we meet with an extremely white form
which is liable to be confused with cretata Sm.; this may be worthy of a name
but for the present I include it under cinderella Sm.

Autographa diasema Bdy.—In a recent paper on Labrador Lepidoptera
(Can. Ent. 1921, p. 85) I associated diversigna Ottol. with this species as a west-
ern race of same. I believe now, in the light of specimens collected at Nordegg,
that this was a mistake and that we are dealing with good species. I took a
number of fresh specimens of diversigna at light during July and further a single
specimen in beautiful condition on July 13th, which at the time looked different,
due to the duller color of the secondaries. On returning to Ottawa I found that
this Nordegg specimen agreed excellently with the Labrador specimen mentioned
above and also with a specimen of diasema I had discovered in the Wolley-Dod
collection labelled “Lule, Lappmark;’ Mr. Bowman, at my request, looked
through his series of diversigna and sent me for examination two specimens from
~Nordegg which also proved to be diasema. Apart from the duller-colored sec-
ondavies diasema is most readily separated from diversigna by the fact that the
metathoracic tufting lacks the bright-brown tinges characteristic of diversigna,;
the gray areas of the primaries are also more decidedly gray and show less of the
purplish suffusion of diversigna and the area enclosed by the U mark has no
reddish filling as is often the case in the latter species. These differences are
. slight but in view of the fact that both forms occur in the same territory and
can be separated without much difficulty on the above characters, I thing that
Dr. Ottolengui’s contention that two species are involved should be accepted.

Cerura occidentalis gigans var. nov.

Several specimens of a puzzling Cerura species were captured at light:
from a female a number of eggs were obtained and the resulting larvae brought
successfully through to pupation; a few of the pupae emerged unexpectedly the
same fall and the adults were found later in a totally battered condition; one pupa
emerged early in 1922, but the remainder appear to be holding over for a second
year. A brief description of the various larval stages was made and from a com-
parison with existing descriptions, the larva appears to approach very closely to
that of occidentalis Lint. On comparing the Nordegg adults with the material in
the National Collection it was found that they were similar to a long series taken
by Mr. Wolley-Dod in the Calgary region and referred to by him in his notes on
Alberta Lepidoptera (Can. Ent. 1913. p. 299) under the name Harpyia scolopen-
drina Bdy. They can however be at once distinguished from this species by the
smokier nature of the white ground color and by the fact that the row of black
dots on the basal side of the median dark band is distinctly made up of five dots
and not of four. From typical occidentalis they differ in their much larger size
and the noticeably darker character of the median and subapical black bands; as

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

however they agree with occidentalis in other particulars of maculation and ap-
parently also in the early stages it would appear best to regard our Alberta speci-
mens as a western race of occidentalis for which 1 propose the above varietal -%
name. The Holotype male in the Canadian National Collection is labelled “Head
of Pine Creek, Calgary, Alta. (May 29, 1910) (F. H. Wolley-Dod),” the Allotype —
9° is from the same locality (29th April, 1915) and there is also a series of |
Paratypes from this locality before me; a single specimen from Kaslo, B. C., is in
our National Collection, labelled scolopendrina. 1 append the larval notes drawn
up from the Nordegg specimens. ”

Egg. Black; similar in shape to other members of the genus.

Larva, Stage I. Head red; body black, tinged with reddish laterally and |
turning later to deep red--brown. Prothorax with usual side protuberances.
Dorsally an oval yellow patch extending over metathorax and abdominal seg-
ment I; a similar but narrower yellow patch dorsally over abdominal a A
IV-VI. Filaments blackish-red crossed by two pale bands. 4

Stage II. Head and body deep red-black. The yellow patches much as_
in preceding stage; the one on metathorax and Ist abdominal almost square with —
the anterior corners generally jutting forward partly across the mesothorax and ~
not continued so far back across abdominal segment I. Prolegs and ventral sur- _
face dull greenish gray. Tubercles small, black, with short black hairs. Anal —
plate black. Filaments banded twice with yellow and with pale reddish tips. _

Stage III. The yellow thoracic patch has become divided into two lateral
triangles of yellow due to the meeting centro-dorsally of the apices of dark tri-
angles. Laterad of these yellow triangles the body-color is greenish, tinged with
brown, this color extending on to the 2nd abdominal segment on a line continuing
the lateral edge of the yellow triangle. The abdominal yellow triangle has either —
completely disappeared or is reduced to a diffuse yellowish shading cut by a
geminate dark centro-dorsal line. On abdominal segments III-VIII the dark
ground color extends below spiracle, on VI-VIII being slightly shaded with paler
marking. Legs, prolegs and venter greenish, on VII-last segments with brown
central shading. Filaments brown, cut twice by yellow.

Later in the stage the green lateral thoracic coloring merges with the ’
yellow leaving the characteristic dorsal brown triangle bordered with yellow with
posterior apex at rear of mesothorax, and a further triangular dorsal dark patch
with apex touching that of the thoracic triangle and with its lateral edges ex-—
tending backward and downward to below spiracle on abdominal segment TA
thence running below spiracles of segments IV and V and bent upward to a
point on anterior margin of VIII just behind tubercle II, then slightly down-
ward again to rear segment. ,

Stage IV. Larva of the typical Cerura form. Head purple-brown shaded —
with paler laterally and frontally. Body with the dorsal portion purple-brown,
roughly divided into 3 areas; a triangular thoracic section, a saddle-shaped ab-
dominal region and a small diamond shaped anal portion, all connected and bor-—
dered laterally by a yellow line. The triangular thoracic portion has its apex
at the dorsal rear of the mesothorax at which point there are two slight protub-
erances ; the lateral edges of the saddle meet almost at a point immediately behind
these tubercles, then slope rapidly and obliquely to a point on rear of 2nd abdom-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ; T41
inal segment in a line with the spiracle; on the 3rd abdominal segment a rec-
tangular downward projection is formed including the spiracle and on the 4th a
similar rectangular projection extends the dark color to the base of the prolegs
with generally the lowest point between the first two pairs of prolegs. From
here the edges slope rapidly upward to the subdorsal area of the 8th segment,
being at this point about 1-1% mm. apart, then broaden considerably across the
goth, narrowing again on 1oth, thus forming the above mentioned anal diamond
patch. At the deepest point of the saddle there is considerably ditfuse ochreous
shading forming a lateral patch on 3rd and 6th abdominal segments and in late
stages there is a marked tendency for the whole saddle area to become paler.
From the rear of the metathoracic legs a purple band, bordered on upper side
by yellow, extends ventrally backward across Ist and 2nd abdominal segments
and there is an oblique band of same color on prolegs which on 7th-roth abdom-
inal segments forms a broad band of dark color, often coalescing with a centro-
ventral dark line found on these same legs. Lateral area of body green with
sparse yellow sprinkling and orange spiracles.

THE DAILY MAXIMUM FEEDING PERIOD OF MELANOPLUS
FE. MUR-RUBRUM. *
BY W. H. LARRIMER AND A. L. FORD,

Scientific Assistants, U. S. Burenu of Entomology, West Lafayette, Indiana.

While making a study of the feeding habits of Melanoplus femur-rubrum
- at Lafayette, Indiana, during the late summer of 1919, it was possible to obtain
some data on the time of day the maximum feeding period of this species
occurred.

NUMBEF OF HOPPERS FEEDING

x CURVE SHOWING THE DAILY MAxi*lra FEEDING PERIOD OF GRASS HOPPERS

_* Published by psrmission of the Secretary of Agriculture.

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The observations by which these data were obtained were made in the
following manner: Card-board discs one foot in diameter were placed in an
infested field and equal amounts of similarly mixed bran mash put in the center
of each. By the use of a pair of field glasses counts were made of all grass-
hoppers either feeding or within the six inch radius of the baits (Fig. 1) at 15

minute intervals from daylight until dark. Fresh mash was supplied when needed -

to avoid possible error due to drying. Experiments were run on Aug. 8, 1919,
with six cards and again on Sept. 25 with 12 cards. The accompanying curve
shows the number of hoppers feeding at each 15 minute interval during these
two days. (The time used in these curves is that prescribed by the Daylight
Saving Law of 1918 and 1919.)

Fig, 1—Cardboard disk in position in the field showing bran bait and grasshoppers

attracted to it.

Although the grasshoppers were much more abundant on Aug. 8 than
on Sept. 24, there was but little difference in their maximum feeding periods.
The curve for Aug. 8 shows a marked fall at 10.15 A. M. and again at 12.45 P.
M., undoubtedly due to the changing of baits at 10.00 A. M. and 12.30 P. M. On
Aug..8 the greater part of the feeding occurred between 8.30 A. M. and 12.30
P. M., while on Sept. 24,9 A. M. and 12.15 P. M. marked the limits of this period.
On Aug. 8 there was considerable feeding activity in the afternoon until 4.15 when
it dropped suddenly until 7.15, at which time the last hopper was observed to have
fed. On Sept. 24 feeding activities gradually decreased after 2.30 P. M., the
iast being recorded at 6.30 P. M. These observations indicate that the maximum
feeding period for grasshoppers under these conditions occurs between 8.30 A. M.
and 12.36 P. M. (new time). ‘Therefore, to obtain the best results from the use
of poison bran mash it should be applied in the morning not later than 8.30 A. M.
thus having the mash in the field in a moist condition during the maximum feed-

ing period.

:
:
f
}

PENS ares

a Pky

rik CANADIAN EN’TOMOLOGIST 143
While performing these experiments a careful study was made on the
_ habits of grasshoppers with reference to the time of day. It was found that early
in the morning the hoppers were inactive and roosting on the tops of grasses and
weeds; they would not jump when disturbed, it being possible to pick them off
with the fingers. At about 7.30 A. M. some activity was noticed, the hoppers
jumping or flying in all directions when disturbed. This activity increased until
10.00 A. M. when it was perhaps at its maximum. ‘They remained in this active
condition until about 4 P. M. when they again began to show signs of sluggish-
ness. Between 5.30 and 6.00 P. M. many were found going to roost and by
6.30 P. M. practically all were settled for the night.

SOME CANADIAN BEES
BY T. D. A. CQOCKERELL,
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

In the Canadian Entomologist 1916, pp. 270, 271, 312, Mr. F. W. L.
Sladen published three supposed new species of Canadian bees, two of them
types of new genera. No detailed descriptions were given and the determination
of these forms has remained somewhat problematical. I am indebted to Dr.
J. H. McDunnough for the loan ef the specimens, in order that some further
particulars may be given.

Stelis (Stelidium) trypetina (Robertson).

S. ontariana Sladen was queried by its describer as trypetinum, and I am
unable to separate it from Robertson's species. There is only one difficulty,
concerning the apical ventral segment of the female. Robertson, in his original
description, says there is a subapical carina. In ontariana this is not easily ob-
‘served, but with a side light it can be seen that there is a slight longitudinal ridge
or elevation. But Robertson, in a later paper (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXIX,
170) says there is a transverse preapical carina. ‘This I cannot see at all, and
suspect a slip of the pen.! Everything else agrees perfectly.

' Many years ago, I described a bee from Sante Fe, New Mexico, as Stelis
lateralis var. permaculata. In tgot I separated it as a distinct species, finding

- that it had nothing to do with lateralis. It is, in fact, a Stelidium, very close to

irypetinum (ontariana). ‘The type (male), compared with the male type of
ontariana, is found to be smaller (length 4.5 mm.), with the basal nervure siightly
basad of the nervulus, more so on one side than the other (exactly meeting it in
ontariana), wings much clearer (strongly suffused with brown in ontariana),
white lateral face-marks well developed, especially the lower part (nearly obsolete
in ontariana). It seems quite possible that these differences are only subspecific,
in which case trypetinum or trypetina will rank as a subspecies of the earlier
published permaculata.
Chelostoma (Autochelostoma) canadense (Sladen)
é, Length about 8 mm.; black, the flagellum (except basally) obscurely

IPhe broad shining apical margin is rather abruptly separated from the dull basal
part of the segment and it is possible that this effect might suggest a carina, which is
certainly not present.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

brownish beneath, tarsi reddened mica tegulae dark brown; wings dilute
fuliginous, with darix stigma and nervures; hair of head and thorax long and
white. Process on second ventral segment of abdomen very large, broad, tri-
angular ; sixth dorsal segment broadly truncate, with no median tooth, but with —
small dentiform lateral angles; seventh segment long and acutely pointed. The —

sixth has faint indications of a subapical fovea, which is bare and shining.
The whole insect is glistening, the head and thorax with very fine close punc-
tures. This is a Chelostoma, apparently nearest to C. foveolatum (Morawitz)
of Europe. In the American fauna it comes closest to C. californicum (Cresson),
but is easily separated by the characters of the abdomen. Superficially, it has
much the appearance of C. nigricorne (Nyl)? and C. florisomne (1).

The venation resembles that of sigricorne, except that the marginal cell is
considerably shorter, and the second submarginal is less narrowed above.

The recurrent nervures join the second submarginal cell equally distant
from base and apex, and the second recurrent is much nearer the end of the cell
than in florisomne. The head and thorax are more finely and closely punctured
than in florisomne or nigricorne.

Chelostoma (Formicapis) neomexicanum CkIl.

This was described in Canadian Entomologist, 1904, p. 13. Sladen’s
Formicapis clypeata is the same species. The first recurrent nervure meets the ~
first intercubitus, or goes slightly before or behind it. The clypeus has a median
longitudinal groove. The basal nervure exactly meets the nervulus in a Colorado
(Florissant) specimen, and in Sladen’s Alberta specimen, but in the Manitoba
example the basal nervure falls a very little short of the nervulus. The head in
the Alberta specimen is larger than in the others. Autochelostoma and Formicapis
may stand as subgenera. j

Supplementary Note on Formicapis.

In Peaceful Valley, Colorado, June 18, at-flowers of strawberry, Miss
Dorothy Young took the hitherto unknown male of Chelostoma neomexicanum
Ckll. It is about.6.5 mm. long, with dense subapressed dull white hair on face,
and pale reddish hair on front vertex and dorsum of thorax. The flagellum is
slender, simple, faintly reddish beneath. The venter of the abdomen is simple,
the third segment with a median line of hair, the fourth with the margin slightly
and very broadly excavated in middle. ‘The apex presents a pair of rounded, very
obtuse lobes, close together, and a low dentiform structure on each side. The
first recurrent nervure meets the intercubitus or is even a little basad of it.
Sladen describes the maxillary palpi as 3-jointed; I have not made a microscopic
mount, but I can see three cylindrical joints, and think there is a fourth immov-
able one.

The male emphasizes the distinction from Chelostoma, and I now think we
must accept Formicapis as a genus, the species becoming Formicapis neomexicana
(CkIl). The venation and smaller stigma readily distinguish it from Robertson’s
Prochelostoma—T. D. A. Cockerell, ia 14.

2¢, nigricorne cannot be called by Panzcr’s name fuliginosa, as that was published
under Apis, and was ‘preoccupied. ti

Mailed Saturday, September 9th. 1922,

«Che Canadian Entomologist

Vou. LIV. CRIPETA, JULY, 1922. No. 7.

POR er AND PRACTICAL, ENTOMOLOGY

THE SCARAB: EMBLEM OF ETERNITY

BY J. S. WADE,

Scientific Assistant, U. 8. Bureau of Entomology.

While it is probable that most well informed people know in a vague,
“misty way that the emblem of the sacred beetle, held in high veneration by the
ancient Egyptians, is identifiable in some way with the religious beliefs of that
_ people, yet it is rather unusual to find any one who is able readily to give a clear
explanation of the significance of the device. Perhaps this is due in some degree
to the great variation of design and the consequent element of uncertainty which
has existed among some Egyptologists as to the most probable meaning of this
symbol. In view of this uncertainty, and of the perennial human interest attached
_ to this matter, it is proposed here to review very briefly some of the most readily
_ available data relating to the subject.

In Egypt the little objects of stone, pottery, emerald, green feldspar, ob-
sidian, or other material, carved into various forms representative of a beetle, and
_engraven around the circumference or upon the bases with various devices,
_ ornamental or hieroglyphic in character, may be considered as among the most
common objects of art which have come down to us from antiquity, and they
_ invariably excite the interest of the most casual traveler in that ancient land.
_ There is much variety displayed in the form of these, as some are button-shaped,
others are cylindrical, with or without a ring of gold or silver around the edge,
_ while one form considerably used in Egyptian religions, especially upon the
“mummies of the period of the New Kingdom, appears with outstretched wings or
- Dearing the head and horns of a ram.

The great majority of the emblems however are shaped to represent a beetle
‘of the Coleopterous family Scarabaeidae, and this form is universally known as
“the Scarab”. It has been named for the black beetle, Atewchus sacer, the metallic
colored Scarabaeus Aegyptiorum, or related species numerous in the Mediter-
“ranean countries, and especially common in Egypt. These are closely related to
‘the American Canthon laevis Drury, often seen along country roads and pathways,
rolling tiny balls of excrementitous matter from place to place, hence popularly
known in this country as “the tumble-bug”’. .

. The Egyptian name of the insect “kheperer,” “khepari,” or “khopi(r).”
"signified “become” or “create,” likewise the substantive “phenomenon” or “mar-
vel”. In the form of “kheperi’” the emblem was dedicated to the sun-god at
Heliopolis, and from the temple at that place came the colossal granite scarab
now in the British Museum. It was believed by the Egyptians that no female
of the species existed but that the male, contravening the laws of generation,
himself produced the egg and by his own act perpetuated the existence of the

*)
-
-

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

species, therefore the scarab became a type of self-begotten deities and in par-
ticular of the god Kheperi who typified the rising sun.

In Egypt some of these little emblems were used as amulets, others were
used as seals, while still others, like medals, were made to commemorate historical
events. We are informed by Egyptologists that the soil of that country literally
teems with them. They are often turned up while ploughing, and immense quan-
tities have been found by antiquaries, under a variety of conditions, in thousands
of tombs, especially those located along the banks of the Nile from Aswan to
FE] Ariah and Alexandria.

Curiously enough, the range in date of these little scarabs appears to be
greater than that of any other_class of inscribed monument; some of the older of
them appearing to go back to the very dawn of history. To the data gleaned
from inscriptions on such scarabs Egyptologists are indebted for the possession of
much information of great value regarding the earlier dynasties. Further, they
afford valuable clues to the student of ancient art in that they illustrate variations
in styles during the different reigns and the inscriptions furnish facts of great
value regarding customs and manners of the people in those far away times.
Probably the most interesting and valuable of all the scarabs are those bearing the
royal arms of the various dynasties. Various famous rulers were mentioned in—
these inscriptions upon scarabs of a date long subsequent to the periods of their
reign. These range from Cheops of the [Vth to the end of the XXVIth dynasty.
During the reign of Amenophis III about 1450 B. C., a large number comprising
in all five varieties of fine large scarabs were engraven and all were inscribed
with names of this king and his queen aia and those of her parentage—the latter
possibly possessing a whimsical interest as a side light from hoary antiquity upon
the mind of the eternal feminine.

It is to be expected that these Egyptian scarabs would be carried in trade
to most of the near by countries, hence, it is not remarkable that they are found
ii Occasional numbers on most of the islands and shores of the eastern Mediter-
ranean, of Mesopotamia, and of Greece. The scarabs and their meaning were wel!
known to the Jewish people and the reference in Hab. 2:11 translated as “beam”
in the 1611 Authorized Version of the Bible has been interpreted in the Sep-
tuagent and Vulgate as “Scarabaeus”. The forms of the Egyptian scarab have
inspired some of the finest Etruscan gems of the sixth and fifth centuries B. C.
and they have suggested some remarkable and interesting forgeries in more recent
years. ;
As there has been a great deal of discussion of the origin and meanings
of the devices of some of these scarabs, so there has been, as is usually the case,
the utmost variation of opinion. The limits of this paper forbid a detailed
discussion of the various interpretations which have been promulgated. It will
be sufficient to indicate that they are of very unequal value; some of them being
too trivial for serious consideration, while others of them being brought together
from the writings of remote antiquity and representing the results of prolonged
study may therefore be duly accredited. While there is no doubt that there has
been considerable variation in the significance of the scarab at different periods
and under different conditions of Egyptian history, its primary and enduring
significance undoubtedly was that of a religious emblem denoting the reincarna-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 147

s tion of the body or the immortality of the soul. There are abundant evidences of
_ the truth of this for there are to be found numerous instances in which the emblem
__ was used and worn by the Egyptians in a manner not unlike that of some Christian
_ people of today in wearing a crucifix or cross as an emblem of their religion and
of the God they worship. Plutarch has directed attention to the fact that the
_ Hermitybies Calasiries, the soldiery of Egypt, each carried a ring upon which this
_ beetle was inscribed. It is also known that these soldiers, just before going into
battle, placed scarabs around their necks. True to habit a variety of probable
_ explanations of this procedure also has been made, though it appears most
_ probable that the Egyptians may have used these emblems for markers as aids in
identifying bodies of the slain and as a preliminary to the rites of burial.

The use of scarabs as seals was very extensive, especially in the Middle
Siaedom (beginning Cir. 3000 B. C.) and New Kingdom (beginning Cir. 1700
_ B.C.) The seal type of scarab is not only extremely abundant, but the sculpture
represents an almost endless variety of design. In some instances apparently the
original design was executed with great care and exactness and afterwards was
— unskillfully copied by ignorant engravers until the original meaning was lost.

It is of interest to study the meaning of some of these mottoes, ranging as they
do from references to deities, magical devices and places, down to hints of good
cheer and friendly wishes, such as, “Memphis is mighty forever,’ “Mut give
thee long life”, or “Bubastis grant a good year’. Some scarabs made of
amethyst were shaped with bases flat and with desgins engraven, thereon in
: 4 intaglio and were pierced longitudinally for threading or for a swivel. While
_ these probably were intended principally for seals, they might also be used as
beads, necklaces, or other ornaments.
Bs Not only did the nobles and other military and higher classes wear the
sacred Scarab in a variety of forms about their persons, but there are abundant
- evidences to show that the lower classes of the population were equally devout.
~The emblems undoubtedly were adopted universally both in life and in death.
They are found in greatest profusion painted upon and as emblems within the
_ coffins of the dead both of the higher and of the lower classes. A large stone
scarab upon which was engraved chapter 54 of “The Book of the Dead’, often
_ was placed in the bandages of the mummy. This was in the form of a written
_ appeal that the heart of the dead person might not betray him when he came into
_ judgment before Osiris. By virtue of this amulet the deceased was enabled to
_ pass the ordeal of the “weighing of the heart” at the final judgment. A number
of scarabs as well as actual specimens of the various species of beetles were
placed here and there over the body, and a winged scarab frequently of
ey hard stone and skillful workmanship often was laid upon the breast. Not
infrequently the heart was removed during the process of embalmment and the
‘emblem substituted in the cavity. They may be seen sculptured on funeral tab-
lets buried with the bodies, or on the ornaments of the ring, the necklace, or in
pe dants attached to them, or in a veritable multiplicity of arrangements.
. It is obvious to an entomologist that the rather striking habits of this
beetle would be the source of many superstitions among ignorant and credulous
I ople such as were the fellahs of the Nile. One can picture something of the
‘s mple wonder with which they watched the actions of the beetle, working busily,

epi

Bra
£ 3

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

always in pairs, along the cattle path or upon the sandy slope of a hillside pasture
on a sunny afternoon, compacting, coating with dust, or transporting its pellet —
by pushing it backward with its hind legs, with great diligence and patience,
through all manner of difficulties until placed in the desired spot. Whatever —
the Egyptians may have understood concerning its habits and its life history,
which greatly resemble that of our common Canthon, it is known that they held
the little insect in highest veneration, compared its tiny globe to the sun, and
they builded up much fanciful superstition about it. Pliny has stated that it
relieved the eye of fatigue to gaze upon the golden green Ateuchus Aegyptiorum
of Latreille, a notable variety found widely in Egypt and Nubia. Several nearly
related species of the present genus Ateuchus also were objects of veneration,
‘and about thirty species have been déscribed thus far from Africa.

It is at once interesting, and pathetic, to study the thought underlying
the positions in which some of these Scarabaei most commonly were placed upon ;
the mummies: They may be found most often on the chest next to the flesh and —
underneath the eye lids, the scarab in this position probably being most signi-
ficant to them as representative of life and animation; symbolic that the heart
some time would resume its pulsations and that the eye some time would flash
again. The humble insect placed in these positions is overwhelmingly indicative
of some kind of belief by them that a time would come when the heart would —
indeed throb again, and the eye truly regain its sight, and when the body _—
would be reanimated and the soul having completed its term of transmigration
would again return to the body in resurrection or would take on a new being
in immortality. -

The anthropologist, trained to sensitiveness in apprehension of every clue —
pointing however faintly or dimly toward great principles, is swift to heed and
deduce the larger meaning of this overwhelming impulse manifested in the people
of that far away time who used the little scarab as an emblem of the deathless”
desire and hope in them, and in mankind, and which has had so many other
manifestations through the centuries, all pointing toward one interpretation. —

In studying the scarab, and something of what it has meant in times past —
to these people and to humanity, one may be reminded of a statement from the
pen of Ingalls in discussion of a lecture heard by him upon the evidences of
immortality. The speaker had held the rapt and breathless attention of an
immense audience comprising all that was cultured, brilliant, and renowned of
_a city while “he dwelt with remarkable effectiveness and power upon the fact
that nowhere in nature, from the highest to the lowest, was an instinct, an im-
pulse, a desire implanted, but that ultimately were found the conditions and
opportunities for its fullest realization.” He instanced the wild fowl which,
moved by some mysterious impulse, start on their prodigious migration from
the frozen fens of the north and reach at last the shining south and the summer
seas; the fish which, from the tropic gulfs, seek their spawning grounds in
the cool bright rivers of the north; the bees which find in the garniture of the
fields and forests the treasures with which they store their cells, and even the
wolf, the lion, and the tiger, that are provided with their prey. Turning to
humanity he alluded to the brevity of life; its incompleteness ; its aimless, random
and fragmentary careers; its tragedies, its injustices, its sorrows and separations.

oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 149

Then he referred to the unsatiable hunger for knowledge; the efforts of the
iconquerable mind to penetrate the mysteries of the future, its capacity to
prehend infinity and eternity, its desire for the companionship of the de-
ed, its unquenchable aspirations for immortality, and he eee “Why should

REFERENCES

S—Hope. On the notions entertained respecting the emblem Scarabaeus.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v. 2, pp. 172-174.

94—Myer. Scarabs. London.
3 7—Wiedman. Religions of the Ancient Egyptians. New York.

Petrie, Historical Scarabs. London.
ue i? o2—Ward. The Sacred Beetle. New York.
1906—Newbury. Scarabs. London.
9g16—Dow. The testimony of the tombs. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. v. 11, pp.

x 725-33. pl. 1, figs. 11.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ACHORUTES (COLLEMBOLA)
BY CHARLES MACNAMARA,
Arnprior, Ont.

When acquaintances, only pretending, I fear, to a polite interest in my
bby, ask me where I find snowfleas, my answer is: “Everywhere.” Any win-
day when the temperature is 25 degrees F. or higher, once you get away
m the precincts of the town these hardy minute insects are almost sure to be
found on the snow over large tracts of country, sometimes sparingly and some-
times in incredibly vast numbers. When they are relatively few, any one species
the half-dozen regular snow frequenters may be in the majority. But when
are many, it is invariably teeming hosts of Achorutes socialis Uzel that
le the snow over whole townships and perhaps counties. Although these
nendous outbreaks are very interesting for the collector they have a serious
wback. While they are in progress it is rarely possible to find any species
l the snow except socialis. Others are certainly there, but as to the unaided
e all snowfleas are little more than black specks on the white surface, the
ers are indistinguishable among the innumerable swarms of A. socialis. It
s worse than looking for a needle in a hay stack. It is like looking for one par-
Pa. r straw in a whole lot of straw stacks.

_ But it is only the logically impossible that never happens. (And since
ste in has made parallel lines meet, even this seemingly safe proposition may
Mt be incontrovertible.) The merely improbable, no matter how improbable,
tire to occur some time or another. And so it was in the midst of a vast
of Achorutes socialis that a hitherto unknown member of the Collembolan
ow fauna was discovered.

_ The date, 12th Dec., 1920, as far as + can remember, marked no very
cant event in human affairs. But for some reason or other it was a most
fant day for the snowfleas of my district, and some common instinct had

I50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Can. Ent. Vor. LIV. PLATE 2, ©.

NEW SPECIES OF ACHORUTES

= ts. Pe eee oe eee
< ¥

“er TT = ae Tee ee Te

=~ » ©

SON ee ee sic’ etal

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 15t

moved thousands of millions of them to come to the surface. My walk that
day was in the Nopiming Game Reserve, a small wild life sanctuary of some
2,000 acres established on the shores of the Ottawa near Arnprior. (And al-
though he is not usually classed as a wild animal, it is for the entomologist also
‘a blessed refuge, where he can go about his collecting unafraid that a rash
hunter will shoot him for a deer, or that the reckless small boy with the deadly
_ “22” may mistake him for a chipmunk.) The day was calm with light clouds
and the ground was covered with four inches of hard snow, making fine walk-
ing. ‘There were no signs of thawing anywhere, the temperature ranging from
25 degrees F. in the morning to not higher than 30 degrees F. in the afternoon.
Although this was a little lower than usual optimum temperature for snowfleas,
the insects were out in greater number than | had ever seen them before, and a
remarkable feature of the emergence was their wide and even distribution.

They were not, as I have often seen them, slowly oozing in blue black
masses from crevices of rotten logs, nor were they patching tree trunks in close
corporations that looked like plaques of dark blue powder, nor were they black-
ening the snow for yards around rotten stumps. Congregated at no particular
foci, they were evenly dispersed everywhere. And everywhere is the right word.
Averaging perhaps five or ten to the square foot, they were all through the woods
and swamps,—a little thicker in the open hardwoods than among the conifers, for
they always move towards the light—they were all over the ice of creeks and
beaver meadows, and had spread across fields and clearances. They had even
travelled to a considerable distance out on to the frozen surface of the Ottawa
River. I do not know how many thousands of acres they may have covered,
for I did not reach their southern or eastern boundaries, but they were distrib-
uted with very fair uniformity over the six or eight miles I walked through:
them, and I imagine they must have extended a long distance beyond the
limits of the Game Reserve.

Every few yards I would stop and look at the snow. It was always
sprinkled with the black specks moving with the stolid aimless deliberation char-
acteristic of Achorutes. The Isotoma species are much brisker and more nerv-
ous in their habit. After walking thus through several miles of snowfleas, I
got tired looking at them, but at last there came a slight break in the monotony.
As I crossed a field and approached the uplift of a low terrace edged by an out-
crop of rock that marked some ancient beach of the Ottawa, I paused once more
to look at the eternal Achorutes at my feet. And there I noticed among the
many, a few, blue black like the rest, but much smaller than any of the others.
A late generation of 4. socialis, 1 thought, or one that has not thriven like their
more portly brethren. However, as this is the only variation I have seen all
day, better pick up a few.

At night the half dozen or so specimens collected were duly preserved
and labelled, but were not studied until a month later. They were then seen
to be a new species, curiously combining some of the diagnostic features of both
Achorutes socialis and A. packardi. Of course, I immediately wanted more of
them, and at the first chance hurried off to the rocky ridge, where with unusual

152 > THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

good fortune, I found them again. Later, in February and March, I discovered —
them around the roots of beeches in a neighboring wood; and in April I sifted a
a few out of moss on the rocks where they first appeared. They were never in —
great numbers, and it usually took about an hour’s steady search to gather in a

dozen individuals. “|

Achorutes nothus n. sp.

Color dark blue; cuticle finely tuberculate. Eyes (fig. 1) eight on each
side. Postantennal organ (fig. 1) with four peripheral tubercules. Antennae —
three-quarters length of head; segments as 5: 15: 15: 22; at apex clavate pro-
trusible sense organ (fig. 2) and nine or ten “olfactory” hairs; on outer side of
third segment distally a small organ of two curving rods with two stout guard ~
hairs (fig. 2). Unguis (fig. 3) long, curving, unidentate on inner margin one a
third from tip. Unguiculus not quite half as long as unguis; broad lamella at ©
base, apex sharp rounded. One tenent hair feebly knobbed surpassing end of —
unguis. Distally on tibiotarsus several knobbed hairs bent apically. Dens —
(fig. 4) short and stout, swollen and rounded apically with four or five conical
teeth dorsally ; mucro inserted on inner side of apex of dens, one quarter lengta
of dens, apically slightly curved with one large tooth as fig. 4. Anal spines ~~
(fig. 5) one third length of hind unguis on low papillae. Tenaculum (fig. 6)
quadridenticulate. Clothing (fig. 7) stout curving serrate setae, and long capi-
tate setae with a few small serrations, those on posterior segments more strongly _
knobbed than those towards head. Maximum length 1 mm. Found on snow ~
November to March; and in moss on rocks in April, at Arnprior, Ontario, Canada.

Dr. J. W. Folsom, who kindly examined these insects for me, points out —
that the claws, anal spines, and furcula closely resemble the corresponding organs 7
of Achorutes socialis, but the teeth on the dentes are fewer and do not shade off —
into smaller teeth as in socialis. The clothing of serrate and capitate hairs how-
ever is very like that of Achorutes packardi, a species which rarely if ever —
comes out on the snow, although sometimes to be found in midwinter under bark _
or walking around on stumps. 4

In the field Achorutes nothus may be distinguished by its small size, but
this is no great distinction, as A. socialis of 1 mm. in length are also not in-
frequently seen on the snow.

The other new Achorutes here described was forwarded to me by the
Dominion Entomologist for identification, having been sent into the Entomo- ;
logical Branch by Mr. Ricker, of Monteith, Ont. They were collected by the —
Monteith station agent, Mr. J. D. Allen, from a space of a few square feet on his
lawn, where they appeared in such numbers that nearly half a cupfull was ~
gathered with the aid of a spoon. They had apparently come out of the soil, as
Mr. Allen tells me there was no rotten wood or debris in the vicinity that might
have sheltered them.

And alas! how often must the innocent suffer with the guilty. The harm-
less Achorutes was sacrificed for the evil deeds of the cutworm and the locust. —
Having in mind the destructiveness of insects in general, Mr. Allen was doubtless —
alarmed for his lawn when he saw this horde of Achorutes. He writes in 1921:

; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 153

be “The balance of the insects were destroyed with coal-oil, and to date have not
noticed any more.”

. ™
“mad

Achorutes pannosus n. sp.

a Color dark blue; as material was received in bad condition cannot say if
uniform or mottled. Cuticle finely tuberculate. Eyes (fig. 8) eight on each
side. Postantennal organ (fig. 8) w ith four peripheral tubercules. Antennae
four-fifths length of head; segments'as 5: 10: 10: 15; at apex protrusible clavate
De sérise organ (fig. 9); also five or six curved “olfactory” hairs; distally on outer
_ side of third segment, a small sense organ of two short curving “pegs” in little
: _ pits with two stout curved guard-hairs (fig. 9). Unguis (fig. 10) stout, curving,
: -unidentate i in apical third. Unguiculus acuminate, about half as long as unguis.
_ Tenent hair, one with small knob, not extending to end of unguis. Dentes two
; and one-half times as long as manubrium, with large dorsal tubercuies distally.
~ Mucro (fig. 11) one third length of dens, hooked apically with wide lamella
j or in a small percentage of specimens, not hooked apically with narrow lamella
asin fig. 15. Anal spines (fig. 12) one third length of hind unguis, on promin-
ent papillae about same length as spine. Tenaculum (fig. 13) quadridenticulate.
_ Clothing (fig. 16) a very few short simple setae. Maximum length 1 mm.
a -_ - Achorutes pannosus comes close A. maturus Fols. but differs in the pres-
4 ence of large dorsal tubercules on the dentes, broader base of unguiculus, longer
i; anal spines, and in the shape of the mucro, as well as some other minor differ-
ences. The species also approaches the European A. manubrialis Tullb. but is
separated from the latter principally by differences in mucrones, unguiculus and
_ postantennal organ.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2

1. Achorutes nothus, eyes and postantennal organ of left side, x 570.

2 . . olfactory hairs and sense organs of right antenna
x 400.

3. ae = right hind foot x 500.

4. - i lateral aspect of dens and mucro x 420.

AY Aa left anal spine x 500.

6. i; i tenaculum x 560.

a = clothing of first abdominal segment x 480.

8. Achorutes pannosus, eyes and postantennal organ of right side x 600.

9. 2 . olfactory hairs and sense organs of left antenna
x 600. ;

10. * right hind foot x 530.

15 re 2 lateral aspect mucro and dens, principal type, x
1,000.

1. t n anal spine x 600.

s Seated * tenaculum x 600.

T4. " 4 dorsal aspect, variant form of mucro, x 1,000.

15. = ae lateral aspect, variant form of mucro, x 1,000.

16, 4 7 clothing of first abdominal segment x 500.

154 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SEXUAL ATTRACTION OF THE FEMALE HESSIAN FLY* yi
(PHYTOPHAGA DESTRUCTOR SAY) ase /

BY W. B. CARTWRIGHT, . =

Scientific Assistant, U. S. Entomological Laboratory, West Lafayette, Ind.

An accidental observation on April 2, 1921, at Centralia, Illinois, prompted —
a short study of the field activity of the male Hessian fly. On this date a female 4
fly, emerging from a flaxseed partially covered by mud, became entangled and _
stuck, but was not so hidden as to evade the courtship of a number of male flies.
A miniature swarm attended the female. Three and four males made offers of
copulation at the same time while others stood facing thé female or walking and ss
flying impetuously about until an opportunity came to replace the ones in closer
touch with her. -
Following the clue given by the helpless female fly, several small cylin- —
drical cages one inch in diameter and three inches tall were stocked with newly
emerged females of known age, care being taken to obtain individuals which were —
still soft, uncolored, and unfertilized. Five females were imprisoned in each
cage and the cages placed on the surface of the ground in the field as desired.
OBSERVATION I.
Five cages containing females were placed in the field. Over aoe cage
was placed a larger wire cage three inches in diameter and ten inches tall painted
with tanglefoot. These cages were placed at 9 a. m., April 2, and the males —
excited by the presence of the females, were caught, counted and removed —
as shown in Table 1. The females were left undisturbed until the males failed
to be attracted. On April 4 only one female fly was alive in each cage and
the following day all were dead. .

TABLE I.
Date Hour Cage 1 Cage 2 Cage 3 Cage 4 Cage 5 Total —
Apr. 2 10 a. m. 43 159 43 99 86 430
11 a. m. 50 103 51 60 138 402
4 p.m. 42 91 SO 39 20 Pap ae
Apr. 3 9 a. m. 190 140 . (240 145 ST 802
liars: 142 S1 126 109 43 501
4 p.m. 11 15 12 32 10 SOs
Apr. 4 9 a.m. 57 “e126 118 169 SO 5503
11 a. m. 46 61 56 40 18 221
4 p. m. 9 8 29 6 3 55
Apr. 5 9 a. m. 93 32 17 AT 45 234
14sa- ae 0 0 0 0 0 On
4p. m. 0 0 0 0 0 ; 20
Apr. 6 9 a.m. 24 15 5 17 3 64 25
11 a. m. 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 p.m. 1 0 0 1 3 5
Apr. 7 9 a.m. 0 1 al, 1 8 i ke
11 a.m 0 0 0 0 0 0 z
4p.m 0 0 0 0 0 0" =
Total TOS 832 778 T65 do+ 3627.

The results show that an average of 145 males were attracted for each of
the 25 females confined. In thé case of the five females in Cage 2, a maximum
average of 166 males per female was obtained and in Cage 5 a minimum average |
*Published by permission of the U. S, Secretary of Agriculture.

ond : 4

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ; 15h.

of 109 males per female was obtained. It was noted during the observation that
the males advanced against the wind and the advance was made slowly from a
general assembly area a short distance from the females. The attraction to all
cages continued even after all females were dead. The greatest number of males
were caught on the cages just above the ground surface, thence upward for
three inches. The activity of the males was most manifest early in the morning.

aa OBSERVATION 2.

& .

_ To determine the area of attraction and the limits of the zone of advance
_ or assembly, three cages, numbered 1, 2, and 3, were placed in the field in separ-
ated places. Concentric circles were marked around all the cages with radii one
ies fifteen feet. The leeward arcs of ninety degrees were the observational limits
_ of cages 1 and 2. For cage 1 the arcs were set with screen wire painted with
_ tanglefoot and for cage 2 set with tanglefoot painted in one inch strips on the
_ ground. For cage 3 the concentric circles were used for points of position only,
the observations being centered on the side of the sector set with tanglefoot
sereens enclosing an arc of forty-five degrees on the leeward side of the cage.
_ The observation started at 10 a. m., April 3, and ended the same day at 3 p. m
The number of males caught in the tanglefoot at one foot intervals from one
to fifteen feet, is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2
li1/2)3 ~4)516]7|8 | 9 | 10] 4a | 12| 13 | 14 | 15 |Lotal
35| 15] 2 4| 18] 12] eae v/o 0/0 89
35| 25| 37] 26] 42] 40| 1019} 4/2171/51[3]1)]0]| 246
87/116) 18) 15) 10) 4 eee 270
Males caught-— Pty RE eS Se ee es
| 45).70] S617) 17)11|3)7)5)/3 1/4] 0] 605

Total [175|156| 57
5

Males within fifteen feet of the females were apparently attracted and
definitely so within ten feet. The zone oi assembly was particularly outlined
i “from one to six feet from the females.

Fs During the time the cages were run in both observations the wind was in.
fa constant south and south-west direction with a velocity of six to eight miles per
hour and a maximum not over twelve. Fly emergence in the field was at its
_ maximum intensity for the season and the weather clear and warm.

A NEW PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (HYM).
. BY S. A. ROHWER,
U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.

The following description of a new species of Phytodietus, reared by Mr.
Ex. B. Baird as a parasite of the spruce budworm, is presented at this time so the
name may be used in a forthcoming paper dealing with this moth.
; og Phytodietus fumiferanae new species

Allied to Pirytodietus annulatus (Provancher) from which it may be dis-
‘t guished by longer postocellar line, dark hind legs-and different colored coxae
of the male.

-~Female.—tLength, 8 mm. ; length of antenna, 8.5 mm.; length of ovipositor
beyond abdomen, 3.5 mm. Slender; clypeus depressed medianly along anterior

150 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ;
margin, which is slightly emarginate; area between eyes but little higher than —
broad; eyes nearly parallel within; face finely granular, frons more finely so;
postocellar line nearly twice as long as the ocellocular line; depressed areas of
scutellum and metanotum without sculpture; propodeum shining with a faint —
median depression ; anterior basitarsus about two-thirds the length of their tibia;
calcaria of hind tibia but little less than half as long as hind basitarsus; abdomen
shining, the second tergite but little longer than the third. Black; palpi, mandibles
(except apices), small spot on inner superior orbits, usual spots on scutum,
tegulae, small spot below hind wings, two small spots of anterior margin of
scutellum and a larger posterior spot, median spot of metanotum, interrupted
V-shaped line on posterior face of propodeum, and narrow apical margins of
tergites, whitish; legs rufous; trochanters whitish; basal part of hind trochanters,
hind femur, except rufous mark beneath, hind tibiae except extreme white base,
and hind tarsi black; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation dark brown, stigma
yellowish medianly. fe

Male—tLength, about 7 mm.; length of antenna, about 8 mm. Differs
in color from the female as follows: head below antennae, scape beneath, proepi-
sternum and lower lateral margin of pronotum, four anterior coxae, mesosternum
and lower part of mesepisternum, yellowish-white; hind coxae black above,
yellowish-white beneath.

Type locality—tLillooet, British Columbia. Described from two females
(one type) and one male (allotype) reared by A. B. Baird from cocoons collected
July 11, 1919. The male issued in the laboratory February 7, 1920, and the
females February 9, 1920.

Host.—Spruce budworm, Tortrix fumiferana Clemens.

Type and allotype—Cat. No. 23068 U. S. N. M.

Paratype.—Canadian National Collection.

Norges on Coccrpar. IX. (Hemiptera),
BY G. F. FERRIS,

Stanford University, Calif.

The present classification of the genera of the subfamily Coccinae (or
Lecaniinae) is based for the greater part upon the nature of the secretions and
only to a small extent upon the morphological characters of the insects them-. —
selves. Some justification for this is to be found in the fact that the secretions —
present a wide range of form while in the more conspicuous features of their
morphology the many species of the subfamily are, with but few exceptions, —
extraordinarily conservative. However, I can not believe that any really satis-
factory classification can be arrived at until an exhaustive study of the insects
themselves has been made and the facts thus obtained have been correlated as —
far as may be with the more easily observable facts of habit and character of the
secretions.

On the other hand, I am somewhat inclined to believe that a complete y
correlation of this sort can not be obtained for it seems probable that some of -
the differences in the nature of the secretions are in part due to differences

1Continued from Canadian Entomologist, 53: 95, (1921).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

_ in the physiology of the insects and not in their structure. In such cases it would
seem entirely proper to give due consideration to such factors in attempting to
arrive at a natural arrangement of the species.

Genus Takahashia Ckll.

The original description of this Soe (as a subgenus of Pulvinaria)
includes merely the following statement, “Similar to ordinary Pulvinaria in
Be eral structure but forming a very long, firm ovisac, which projects from the

twig in a curve about 17 mm. long, carrying on its end the shriveled body of the
_ female”.

=
= J

3 one E hf

Pig. i. Takahashia japonica Ckll.:A,—anal plates of adult ; B,—tubular duct ; C,—antenna
a of adult; D.,—anal plate: of first stage: E,—margin al setae of adult; F,—antennae

of first stage : ; G.—stigmatic setae of firs stage: H.—anterior tarsus of adult,

®
4

a I have at hand material of 7. japdnica Ckll. and 7. jaliscensis Ckll., the
~ former being the type of the genus. On the basis of the type species I would
- define the genus as follows. ° .
Coccidae referable to the subfamily Coccinae (of the Fernald Catalogue) ;

= and legs well developed, the former tending to be rather short; marginal
_ setae present ; stigmatic clefts practically obsolete, the stigmatic setae but little or
_ not at all differentiated ; anal plates of ordinary form, anal ring with eight setae;
; de m remaining membranous at maturity, beset dorsally with relatively few,
simple pores and a few small, tubular ducts, ventrally with great numbers of
circular, multilocular pores and tubular ducts. In life with the dorsum practically
re of secretion; at maturity secreting an ovisac.

; On the basis of this characterization T. jaliscensis Ckll. could not be
referred to this genus for the dorsum is beset with numerous small, 8-shaped
pores. However, until a better understanding of generic limits has been attained
- may well remain here. 7. citricola Kuwana, as far as I can see, is simply a

158 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ee.

Pulvinaria, having the stigmatic setae strongly developed as in the latter genus. __
5) > > oe a

Whether Takahashia can really be maintained as distinct from some of
the other genera of the same general type, such as Lichtensia and Philephedra,
is a matter that will require much further study to settle.

Takahashia japonica Ckll. (Fig. 1.)

Material Examined. From various hosts in Japan, being the material
recorded in Kuwana in 1902.

Notes. The antennae (Fig. 1C) are well developed but rather short
and stout. The legs are likewise well developed, although rather small, the ©
tarsal claw and digitules quite slender. According to Cockerell the anterior tarsi
are apparently two-segmented. While this condition appears to be quite constant,
it appears to be due merely to a fold and not to a genuine segmentation (Fig. 1H).
The marginal setae (Fig. 1E) are quite large, stout and sharply pointed and are
arranged in a definite single row. ‘The stigmatic setae, if differentiated at all
seem only to be slightly stouter, and at times slightly smaller than the marginal
setae. "The anal plates (Fig. 1A) are of quite ordinary form, but somewhat
variable. ‘The ventral side of the body in the abdominal region bears great
numbers of circular, multilocular pores and a sub-marginal zone of cronee’
tubular ducts of the type shown in Fig. 1B. 3

The first stage has the antennae (Fig. 1F) rather slender, five-segmented.
The marginal setae are very few, small and filiform and the stigmatic setae, three
in each group, are small, stout, conical and equal. The anal plates (Fig. 1D)
are somewhat reticulate.

Fig. 2. Takahashia jaliscensis Ckll.: A,—anal plates of adult; B,—S-shaped pore from > f
dorsum; C,—circular pore from dorsum; D,—stigmatic setae of first stage ; B—
anterior tarsus of adult; F,—antenna of adult; G,—tubular duct; H,—stigmatic. 4
setae of adult; I,—amntenna of first stage.

Takahashia jaliscensis Ckll. (Fig. 2).

Material Examined. A slide mount, labeled “type” received through the —
kindness of Professor Cockerell. : is

TIE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

Notes. ‘This species resembles 7. japonica in having the antennae (Fig.
_ 2F) rather short and stout, but they have six instead of seven segments. The
= legs are much larger and stouter than in japonica and the claw (Fig. 2E) i
out. The tarsus is but little more than half as long as the tibia. The seal
~ Be rinas are arranged in a definite single row, are rather stout, tapering and sharply
pointed ; the stigmatic depressions are very shallow, the stigmatic setae (Fig. 2H)
short, stout, but slightly tapering, with blunt tips, subequal. The depressions are
- connected with the corresponding spiracles by a rather broad zone of circular
“pores. The anal plates (Fig. 2A) present no peculiarities.

_. The dermis membranous, beset dorsally with numerous very small, 8-
_ shaped pores (Fig. 2B) and with larger, circular pores (Fig. 2C) which are
"concentrated in a median area, particularly in front of the anal plates. On the
ventral side there are great numbers of circular, multilocular pores in the
_ abdominal region, together with a zone of very small, tubular ducts (Fig. 2G).
The first stage larva has the antennae (Fig. 21) rather slender, five seg-
_ mented. The marginal setae appear to be lacking; the stigmatic depressions bear.
three setae of which the cephalic is quite large and long and the other two very
small (Fig. 2D). The anal plates have very much the same form and appear-
ace as in the adult but bear a very long apical seta.

Fig. 3. Pseudophillippia quaintancii Ckll.: A—anal plates of adult ; B,—1eg of adult; C—
§-shaped pore of dorsum of adult; D,—antenna of first stage: BH— anal plates of
first stage; F,—ant-nna of adult; G, —stigmatic setae of first stage.

Genus Pseudophillippia CkIl.
The original description of this genus is merely the following: “A
niine Coccid with, in the adult ¢, rudimentary legs and antennae ; secreting
a profusion of cottony matter, which completely covers and hides it. Skin not

I rewrite this description as follows:

Coccidae referable to the subfamily Coccinae (oi the Fernald Catalogue) ;
1 the antennae and legs very greatly reduced, but retaining their segmenta-
, the antennae apparently four-segmented; with tlie stigmatic depressions
flete and the stigmatic setae ee ng; without marginal setae; with the dorsum
kly beset with rather small, S-shaped pores borne at the i inner end of short
. In life with the dorsum ae covered with fluffy, white secretion; not
eting an ovisac.

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Pseudophillippia quaintancii Ckll. (Fig. 3).

Material Examined. From Pinus sp., Parksley, Virginia.

Notes. Antennae (Fig. 3F) very small, but with the segmentation
fairly distinct, the specimens examined showing them as four-segmented. Legs
(Fig. 3B) likewise very small but with the segmentation normal. Marginal setae
and stigmatic setae apparently entirely lacking. Dorsal pores extremely abun-
dant, upon careful examination showing as definitely 8-shaped and borne at the
inner end of a short duct (Fig. 3C). Venter apparently without circular multi-
locular pores and with tubular ducts, if present at all, very few. Anal plates
(Fig. 3A) roughly circular in outline, setae distributed as indicated in the figure.
Derm but slighlty chitinized.

First stage with the antennae (Fig. 3D) quite slender, five-segmented.
Derm beset with many small, 8-shaped, sessile pores, these arranged in transverse
rows on the abdomen. Marginal setae very few and small; stigmatic setae three
in each group, very small and slender, the median seta slightly longer than the
others. Anal plates (Fig. 3E,) of ordinary form.

Cryptostigma new genus.

Coccidae referable to the subfamily Coccinae( of the Fernald Catalogue) ;
with the antennae and legs vestigial; spiracular depressions very deep and with
the base surrounded by a conspicuous, heavily chitinized, crescentic dorsal plate
which is thickly beset with small pores; spiracles very large, lying directly
beneath these plates; stigmatic setae lacking, marginal setae present; derm for
the most part membranous, beset dorsally with many minute, simple pores and
ventrally with a relatively small number of multilocular pores; anal ring with ten
setae. In life, as far as observed, with slight dorsal secretion and without an
ovisac.

Type of the Genus. Cryptostigma ingae n sp.

Notes. ‘The combination of characters given above distinguishes this
genus very markedly from any other that has been described. The position of
the spiracles, directly beneath the end of the stigmatic clefts is especially peculiar.

Cryptostigma ingae n. sp. (Fig. 4)

Type Host and Locality. From Inga Laurina, “guama,” Lares, Porto Rico.

Habit. Occurring inside the hollow twigs, attended by an ant, Myrme-
lachista ambigua ramulorum Wheeler. In the specimens examined the dorsum
bore but a small amount of secretion and there was no evidence of an ovisac.
From each stigmatic cleft, however, there arises a thick pencil of white wax.

Morphological Characters. Length (on slide) 2.4 mm. Derm mem-
branous throughout except for a narrow area encircling the anal plates and
the plates at the base of the stigmatic clefts. Antennae (Fig. 4C) very
small, indistinctly aiinice Sete Legs reduced to unsegmented vestiges,
which, however, still retain the claw (Fig. 4). Plates at the base of the very
deep stigmatic depressions (Fig. 4G) heavily chitinized and thickly beset with
small pores. Spiracles very large. Marginal setae (Fig. 41) small, conical,
arranged in an irregular single row. Anal plates (Fig. 4B) relatively very large,
together forming an elongate oval, each with several small setae above. ‘The con-
dition of the specimens does not permit the determination of the ventral charac-

4
|
|
4
)
:

g
:
:
J

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161

_ters of the plates. Anal ring very small, lying beneath the anal plates and
apparently with ten setae. Dorsum with none but small, simple pores with
chitinized rim. Venter with a relatively small number of circular, multilocular
oe (Fig. 4D) in the genital region.

Fig. 4. Cryptostigma ingae n. sp.: A—adult; B.—anal plates and surrounding region of
adult; C—antenna of adult; D—circular pore of venter of adult; E,—marginal
seta; F,—anterior leg of adult; G,—plate at base of stigmatic depression; H.—
Stigmutic depression and spiracle of first stage; L—antenna of first “tage,

First stage with the antennae (Fig. 41) quite slender, six-segmented.
~ Marginal setae extremely small, filiform, quite numerous. Spiracles close to the
lateral margin, the stigmatic depressions well marked, with a single stout seta
on the anterior margin. Anal plates set in a deep cleft, in general form much
as in the adult but bearing a very long seta at the apex.

' Notes. For the material of this interesting species I am indebted to
‘Mr. G. N. Wolcott, Entomologist of the Insular Experiment Station at Rio
Piedras, Porto Rico.

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW SPECIES OF THE OLD GENUS LEPTURA
AND ALLIED GENERA (COLEOP.)
BY RALPH HOPPING,
Dominion Entomological Branch, Vernon, B. C.

The flora of California is unique, in that most species are found only
within the boundaries of the state and some are so localized as to occur only
within the boundaries of one county. ‘This is not confined to annuals and flower-
ing shrubs. Many of the conifers and oaks are extremely local in their distribu-
tion, and are undoubtedly remnants of a former flora, which owing to sheltering
circumstances or the adaptability of the individual has persisted and flourished
under new conditions. It is, therefore, small wonder that the insect fauna
presents many localized species, where so many different food plants exist with
limited distribution.

For the past year Dr. J. M. Swaine and the author have been making
an exhaustive study of the old genus Leptura as embraced by Henshaw’s “Check
List of the Coleoptera” and divided into 13 genera by Leng’s “Catalogue of the
Coleoptera of North America, North of Mexico.” Pending the publication of
this revision it seems advisable that the following new species be referred to
under the generic name Leptura. These species seem very local in their dis-
tribution, as is no doubt the case with Van Dyke’s Leptura scapularis and Fall’s
L,. subcostata and L,. kernii of all of which I have seen the types.

I wish to express my thanks. to Mr. C. A. Frost of Framingham,
Mass., for kindly comparing some of these specimens with the Le Conte types,
and for his examination of 1. rhodopus Lec. which, in Mr. Frost’s opinion, is
a distinct species with the legs reddish and not black as stated by Leng; although
the original description states “feet bright ferruginous” the tarsi are black.

Leptura isabellae n. sp.

A small, robust species, entirely black except the elytra which are maculate ;
dorsal and ventral surface subopaque and rather closely covered with pale,
coarse vestiture, longer on the head and prothorax.

The head coarsely, irregularly punctate, slightly narrower than the pro-
thorax and moderately depressed between the eyes; antennae filiform three-
fourths the entire length of the insect in the ¢, one-half that length in the @ and
somewhat stouter.

The prothorax as wide as long; margins evenly rounded in outline, nar-
rowing strongly at apex, anteriorly and posteriorly margined; anterior and
posterior transverse impression feeble; basal angles subacute, pronotum coarsely
punctate and strongly convex; intercoxal piece linear.

The elytra ferruginous, sparsely punctured, broader than the pronotum,
gradually narrowed from base to apex; with black maculations, each elytron
having a black, circular, noticeably concave spot at the posterior portion of the
basal third, aproaching but not quite meeting the sutural margin, a black spot in
the same relative position attaining the outer margin, a larger postmedian black
spot, distant from the suture but extending to the outer margin, the suture,

“ay OE ANY i 0 Mh

Me hE eae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

outer margins and apices black, vesture sparse and coarse, pale on the ferru-
ginous portions, black on the maculations; apices subtruncate.

The hind tibial spurs long; legs and antennae in ¢ longer than in @ ;
metasternum bidentate in 4°; metepisternum sides parallel, broad (width one-
third length) ; female stouter than male.

Length, 6,7 mm.; 2,8 mm.

Five males and two females examined, four (2¢ ¢ and 22 @ ) collected
at Isabella, Kern Co., Calif., in 1913, two (4 ¢) collected at Waltham Cr.,
Fresno Co., Calif., in 1907, and one ¢ given me by Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher,
collected in Esmeralda Co., Nevada. ‘The elytra of the Waltham Creek and
Nevada specimens are testaceous instead of ferruginous, the Nevada specimen
- having also testaceous femora.

Type, a male in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; Paratypes, 4
and ¢, in the collection of the author, all from Isabella, Calif.

This species should be placed probably just before L. sexpilota, from
which it may easily be distinguished by the position and concavity of the basal,
discoidal, black spot, the shorter form, and sparser vestiture. —

Leptura isabellae seems to be found only in the semi desert regions of
California and Nevada. j

Leptura swainei n. sp.

A small stout species, opaque, black, except the legs and antennae, which
are bicolored.

The head is coarsely punctate, slightly narrower than the prothorax with
vestiture sparse and pale; antennae filiform, brown except the scape which
is testaceous.

The prothorax is slightly longer than wide; vestiture long, sparse, pale
and moderately fine; pronotum coarsely and irregularly punctate, sides sub-
angulate just anterior to the middle, narrowing to the apex which is margined,
basal margin canaliculate with channel shining; basal angles acute; intercoxal
piece linear. :

The elytra are black, opaque, with short black vestiture ; the sides parallel ;
convexly rounding the apices, which are obliquely subtruncate.

The legs have the femora testaceous and tibia and tarsi brown; metepister-
num wedge-shaped, metasternum not dentate in ¢. Length, ¢ 7.5 mm.;
2 8 mm.

Type, a male, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; one Paratype,
a female, is in the author’s collection, both collected at Kaweah, Tulare Co.,
Calif., at an elevation of 1000 feet in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mts, by
the author in 1892.

This species should come immediately after L. sexpilota but may easily
be distinguished by its black elytra with short vestiture, shape of prothorax,
elytra with convexly rounded apices, and absence of teeth on the metasternum
of the male.

The female is larger and more robust than the male.

Leptura lucifera n. sp.

Of medium size, wholly black, except the elytra which are red; ventral

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

aspect shining; dorsal aspect feebly shining, with a peculiar dull sheen to the

elytra.

The head is black, as wide as the prothorax, coarsely punctate, abruptly
constricted behind the eyes, with transverse impression, front steep, strongly
impressed between the antennae. Antennae black, two-thirds as long as body,
scape enlarged at apex to twice the width of second segment, third and fourth
segments linear, 5th widened at apex to twice its basal diameter and flattened,
segments 6 to 11 wide and flattened.

The prothorax black, coarsely punctate, slightly and evenly narrowing to
apex which is margined, basal angles obtuse, base not margined, bisinuate, with
a short basal transverse impression, narrower than base of elytra; sides slightly
constricted immediately anterior to basal angles; intercoxal piece narrow.

The elytra red, with well defined widely separated punctures, sides par-
allel, vestiture very short and sparse, apices transversely truncate, slightly
dehiscent.

The metepisternum is broad, sides parallel, outer side margined. The
legs are black, hind tibial spurs of medium length. The abdominal segments
have sericeous vestiture on posterior margins. Length 13 mm.

Type, a male, in the Canadian National Collection; one Paratype in the
collection of Mr. Wenzell. The type was collected in Cochise Co., Ariz., August
12, 1908, the paratype from the Jemez Mts., N. M. The prothorax is of the
I. sanguinea type. The only near approach in color is L. ignita Sch., a very
distinct species.

While this description was in manuscript Mr. H. W. Wenzel of Philadel-
phia sent me for examination 2 specimens of this genus from Jemez Mountains
of New Mexico, one of which seems unquestionably to be a male of Col. Casey’s
Leptura haldemanni, and the other a smaller female (10 mm.) of the above
described L. lucifera. As both specimens were caught at the same time and place,
one a male and one a female there is a suggestion that 1. lucifera may be the
female of L.. haldemanni; but aside from the entirely different color which occurs
in other species like 1. laetifica the punctation of the elytra is so utterly diff-
ent that I have decided to let this species stand until we can prove it is or is not
the other sex. Mr. Wenzel’s specimen from New Mexico seems identical except
for size and I have made it a paratype.

Anthophilax liebecki n. sp.
Robust, entirely black except the rufous elytra with apices black.
The head has moderate shallow punctures, and is strongly constricted
immediately behind the eyes; the eyes large, distinctly, strongly emarginate, head

not sulcate as in some species, antennae filiform, segments I to 4 piceous, 5 to

LI griseous.

The thorax is strongly angulate, constricted and strongly margined anter-
iorly and posteriorly, punctures coarse, pronotum sulcate.

The elytra are rufous, sparsely, distinctly punctured with sparse golden
vestiture ; apices black, truncate. Male type.

Stouter, pronotum with lateral, median, obtuse tubercle, female,

dnd bits, I

<b,
ae 3

a ale i ae SR ee nt eS

Tate em

rheey vm

pian ect A att

iY Sea

6°

PEER RS Fs ee Sere

se Saas

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

The male, length, 12 m.m., width, 44% m.m.; the female, length, 14 mm. ;
width, 7 mm.

Habitat, Texas, two specimens ¢ and Q.

Type, a male in the National Collection at Ottawa, and amit: a female
in the collection of Mr. Chas. Liebeck of Philadelphia, through whose kindness |
was able to describe this species.

This is a very robust species, being shorter in proportion than any other
of our described species of Anthophilax. The brush-like sole.of the first tarsal
segment is darker than that of the second and third.

Anthophilax mirificus Bland.

Anthophilax venustus Bland, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila, 1V, 1865.
Pachyta costaricensis Bates, Bilo. Cent, Am, Vol. 5, 1885.

I was much surprised, in going over the Biologia Centrali Americana, to
find, under Fig. 1 on Plate XX of Vol. V, an exact reproduction of the male of
our Anthophilax mirificus Bland under the name Pachyta costaricensis, nor can I
find anything in the description to separate it from Bland’s species. The locality
is given as “Costa Rica, Volcan de Irazu, 6000 to 7000 feet (Rogers)”. It would
seem a far cry from the localities given by Nicolay', (Colo., Utah, Mont., Id.,
Ore., and Calif.) to Costa Rica.

However, the plate is such an exact reproduction and the size given by
Bates so exactly the size of the males before me, that I have not the least doubt

that they are the same species. This does not seem remarkable when it is

recalled that species found in the southern United States are known to extend
into Mexico and probably into Central America, as, for instance, Ptychodes
trilineatus I,., extending in its distribution from the southern United States
to South America and even to Tahiti. Also many of our species found at
comparatively low elevations in Alaska and British Columbia are also found
in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona at comparatively high elevations and may
well extend into Mexico and Central America.

In looking up Bland’s original descriptions I find that A. venustus was
the male and not the female, as cited by recent authors and Leng’s recent cata-
logue.

Bland says?, “Body black, coarsely punctured; elytra rufous with black
markings,’ and further on in the description, “Elytra rufous... . a circular
black mark on the base, extending half way between the scutel and humeri, a
small oblong black dot near the suture about one-sixth from the tip.” Under
A. mirificus he does not state the color of the elytra but his “anterior half
grossly and rugosely punctured” sufficiently designates the female.

Leconte? seems to have recognized that Bland’s A. mirificus was the
female, “and the elytra punctured and rugose before the middle,” in comparing
it with A. tenebrosus.

In Nicolay’s “Synopsis”, already referred to, not one species of
Anthophilax is given as occurring in Canada, nor do I find any mention of the

1Syn, of the Anth. of N. A. Jour. of N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXV Mch. 1917.

2Proc,. of Ent. Soc. of Phila. 1865, p. 383.

3Smith Milsc,. Coll, XT. No. 264, 1873, p. 208.

44 Preliminary List of the Invect of the Province of Quebec, Pt. III, Coleop, 1917, p. 233.

166 WHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

genus occurring in Canada in Leng’s “Catalogue.” Mr. Chagnon* lists three
species as occurring in Quebec, viz A. attenuatus, malachiticus and viridis. I
have also before me A. viridis from Halifax, N. S., A. malachiticus from Eastern
Ontario, A. venustus from Ontario, and three males and 11 females of A. mirificus
from the Midday Valley near Merritt, B. C., and one male from Vernon, B. C.,
in the head of the Okanagan Valley.

Although Bland mentions that both his specimens described as A. murificus
and A. venustus may be sexes of the same species and were taken from the same
tree he does not mention the tree species. In British Columbia they were found
by my son George Hopping breeding in the western yellow pine (Pinus pon-
derosa) and emerging from trees killed by Dendroctonus several years before.
Later Mr. Frank Sheriff of Melrose Highlands, Mass., and the writer, found
three pairs in copulation under the bark of trees killed by Dendroctonus the
previous summer. Several females were also found depositing their eggs in
trees one year dead.

Prof. H. F. Wickham in his “List of the Coleop. of Canada” published
in the Canadian Entomologist, lists three of the above species, and there are
a number of references to captures, but the record of A. murificus does not
seem to appear in literature.

Typocerus gloriosus n. sp.

Ventral surface with legs rufous, except the prothorax black; dorsal
surface with rufous antennae and pronotum; elytra yellow with black and
brown bands and spots.

The head is narrower than the base of pronotum, finely, densely punctured,
and sharply constricted rather far behind the eyes, gula black, vestiture golden,
especially dense behind the eyes; antennae serrate and very stout and short.

The pronotum is about as long as wide, anterior transverse impression
deep, posterior transverse impression not extending to basal angles, punctation
coarse and only moderately close, longitudinal median impression broadly im-
pressed, rufous.

The elytra are opaque with golden vestiture, darker on the black portions,
moderately dense; punctures fine but not very closely placed ; maculate, testaceous
with basal testaceous spot, humeri light brown, basal band dark brown, median
transverse oval spot black, subapical wide band black and apices black; the black
maculations with nebulous brown margins apices emarginate. The legs and
antennae are stout, even for this genus, and the unique specimen has the usual
characters of the genus including the poriferous areas on the distal articles of
the antennae.

The beautiful specimen was very kindly donated by Mr. Chas. Liebeck
of Philadelphia. It has a slight resemblance to 7. balteatus, but differs greatly
since the latter is not nearly so robust, has the antennae more slender and black
from the sixth segment distally, and the elytra are coarsely sparsely punctate,
shining, with narrow black bands.

Type, a male, in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa, from Ft.
Wingate, New Mexico. Length, 13 mm.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

% OBITUARY NOTICE
LACHLAN GIBBS.

The death occurred on March Ist, at his residence, Blackheath Park,
London, Eng., of an Entomologist, beloved by a host of friends on both sides of
the Atlantic. With his death the long line of Gibbs, who have been outstanding
figures in Montreal, comes to an end, his forefathers having been connected with
the Montreal firm of men’s outfitters, Gibbs & Company, since its establishment
in 1775, and represented for years in London under the firm name of Gibbs Bros.

Mr. Lachlan Gibbs was born in London in 1852 and was educated there.
His first visit to Montreal was in 1874 and he at once sought out the few ento-
mologists and became interested in the Montreal Branch of the Entomological
Society of Ontario. ‘The interest never slackened till the day of his passing
away. He resided in Montreal but a few years, returning to England, but after
several visits of a few months’ duration on business and pleasure he took up his
residence in Montreal in 1896, becoming manager of the firm, and making the
city his headquarters till 1911—after which he made yearly visits to the city from
London.

He was a member of the Church of England, and a keen churchman.
While his residence was on the other side, he invariably arranged that his annual
visits would synchronize with the meetings of the Synod here. He had an im-
mense number of interests—commercial, artistic, musical and philanthropic—but
in addition he had three hobbies—gardening, stamp collecting, and entomology.
It is hard to say of which of these his heart was fondest. His garden was al-
ways a delight to visit—he always wanted to have others enjoy it, and to give
roots, cuttings and seeds to everyone. His collection of stamps, particularly of
the British Empire, was very valuable, and he presented a number of rare
stamps to King Edward VII. for his collection. He made many collections of
Lepidoptera, not for himself but to give to others—individuals and societies.
The Blue Butterflies (Lycaenae) were always his favorites, and no trouble was
too great for him to secure rare species and varieties and through his kindness
a fine representation of variations of three of the British Blues was presented to
the writer, and by him placed in the Lyman Entomological Room of McGill
University, as well as a great many other interesting species. ‘To quote from
the “Entomologist”, Vol. LV., p.. 96: “When Lycaena arion turned up in Cornwall
he wrote from Montreal to a friend in England that he was coming across on a
certain steamer and to meet him at Exeter on a specified evening. He said, ‘I
must see that big blue alive.’ “They met, found the blue in numbers, and the
same evening posted the majority of them alive to friends at a distance who, as
he said, had not the opportunity of seeing the species for themselves. That was
the man! It was never any question of exchange, he simply wished to give his
friends a share of his own delights.”

On his last visit to Canada in 1921 his friends all noticed a great change
in his health and appearance, and he felt in bidding us good-bye that it would
be his last voyage across the Atlantic. He was never a very robust man, but
of wonderful energy and nervous activity, but latterly his strength failed-him and
he was doing too much for his bodily strength. ‘The writer spent two days

168 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. /

at his delightful country home at Como, Que., to help him in his efforts to get our
wood white butterfly, Pieris napi vars., across to the British Entomologists alive
for purposes of cross breeding. We See quantities of the eggs, which hatched
before Mr. Gibbs sailed, but by preparing pots of cress plants ahead, and taking
the menageries in his stateroom, he at last succeded in rearing many imagoes
on British soil.

We had such long chats among the beautiful trees and fields of his lovely
estate, about insects, flowers, and of entomologists of both sides of the Atlantic, ©
living and dead, that our memory of our dear friend seems to tell us that he
cannot really have passed out from our midst. To the members of the Montreal
Branch he has always been a true friend indeed, and what more can one say. To-
know him was to love him. is

He contributed little to the periodicals—perhaps the two articles in the» 3
Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXV., 88 and 177, were the only ones from his pen
—hbut his letters were full of valuable information and helpfulness. He became 3
a fellow of the Entom. Society of London in 1913, and since 1884 belonged to
the South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Society. When he sailed from Montreal,
he went home full of another purpose than that of the white butterflies or of his
own failing health. - It was to take his grandson on a trip to Scotland, to the
scenes of his early pleasures with the Burnet moths. In spite of his enfeebled — “ai

condition and at the age of 70 he accomplished his purpose. They went to
Braemar and found Zygaena exulans flying. They crossed into Argyleshire and
again found Z. achilleaec, and returned much elated with. their success. His
delight was in helping others to enjoy the wonders of nature—and particularly —
the vounger people of both sexes. When on his death bed and almost too
weak to speak he said to Mr. R. Adkin. P.E.S., who was called to him before he — a
passed away: “Do pn cOntae the youngsters to take up Entomology ; it has been —
such a aga to me.’ :

as he would have loved. aes F. W. ea

A CORRECTION. von

I find that the name Argyroploce deceptana McD. (Can. Ent. 1922, be
LIV, 42) is preoccupied by A. deceptana Kit. 1 propose therefore to replace
it by Argyroploce apateticana n.n.

Mailed Thursday, October 12th, a

ert

“pa
a
ve. ELV. ORILEIA, AUGUST, 1922: No. 8

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
sf bere OccuRRENCE ANnp Controy, Or THe Corn Ear Worm IN ALFALFA.*
BY WALTER H. LARRIMER,

Scientific Assistant, U. S. Buréau of Entomology, West Lafayette, Indiana.

a Occurrence —During the season of 1921, over the central states, the corn
ear worm (Heliothis obsoleta Fabr.) was generally more abundant than for many
years. Late in the season it had become a very serious pest indeed to the various

~ commonly attacked food plants but was especially destructive in young alfalfa
= fields. This latter habit, while commonly observed in the western country, es-
pecially the southwest, can be considered rare for the east central states, especially

the northern portion. It was with considerable surprise then that larvae of this

>
__ species were observed as many as thirty or forty to the square yard in young al-
~~ falfa fields and also in fall sown:rye.

gs ~ Such an infestation occurred in a young alfalfa field near St. Joseph, Michi-
4

- gan, and at the time observed, October 3, practically every leaf had been stripped
from the young plants. The bare stems remaining caused the field to look at

first glance like a clean stubble field. As the injured plants attempted to put
; out new leaves, half a dozen hungry worms were found waiting to devour each

new bud. At least 99 per cent. of these larvae were of this species, there being
an occasional fall army worm (Laphygma frugiperda Sm. & Abb.) and rarely a
__yelyety specimen of the cotton cut worm (Prodenia ornithogalli Guen.)
alle Control—One batch of poison bran mash made up of 25 lbs. of bran, 34 Ib.
_ Paris green, 2 quarts molasses and about 3 gallons of water was mixed and ap-
plied to 5 acres, the remainder of the field being used for a check. The mash
was scattered at noon of October 3 and the early afternoon was clear though
cool. At 5 o'clock it began to rain, rained all night and was raining at IT a.m.
on the 4th when the experiment was first examined. At this time on the treated
area, practically every worm, regardless of the rain, was lying either curled or ex-
as tended on the ground and 75 per cent. of them were dead. On the check plot
not a single worm was on the ground. All of them were crawling about on the
alfalfa stems either in search of food or most probably to keep out of the water
on the ground caused by the falling rain.
: This cool rainy period was followed by warm sunshiny weather and the
~ larvae which survived the first treatment, even though a small per cent. of the
extremely heavy original infestation, were able to threaten some damage to cer-
tain portions of the field. Therefore, a week after the first treatment, it was
~~ decided to treat some portions of the field a second time, including that portion

2
:
=

Bras
_

ES
=

¢* ——
Fi
>

RLS

- *Published by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture.

control of the corn ear worm in young alfalfa can be very likely secured by a

ne Se St MI ae eg
s See geo
~*~ a aoe ‘ a
72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 3:

met with the same fate as the first: a continuous rain having set in the eve
of the day the poison was applied. However, the results were very good in
and comparatively few worms survived the second treatment -

Conclusion—Immediately after the second treatment the young alfalfa pla
began putting out new buds and later growth enabled them to go into winter
fair shape. Larvae which were taken to be H. obsoleta and L. frugiperda ¥
reared and the adults thus obtained were later determined by Dr. Dyar as the
respective species to which they had been assigned. :

Considering the unexpected and extremely unfavorable conditions of
experiments, the success of the control obtained is rather remarkable. Good
sults were obtained under very adverse conditions and given a fair chas

single thorough application of poison bran mash. ae .

NEW COLEOPTERA, X.
BY H.C. FALL,

Tyngsboro, Mass.

Among a number of species of Coleoptera recently collected at Baldt
Manitoba, by Mr. Norman Criddle and sent me for identification, occurred the
following: Bembidion scudderi Hawyd, B henshawi Hawyd., B. salinarium SY +5
Tachys vittiger Lec., and Anthicus californicus Laf. The fact 1s mentior
to call attention to the very considerable extension of the known range of the
species. This is most notable in the case of 7. vittiger, which has hitherto been”
recorded only from the Pacific Coast line; I have however specimens from the
Salton Sea in the Colorado Desert of California. All the other species men-
tioned above are known to frequent the alkaline flats of the Salt Lake region i n
Utah, and their occurrence in Manitoba is at once a commentary on the physi-
cal character of the country where they were found. Mr. Criddle has since in-

formed me that they were taken on the shore of a large alkaline pond. Be

Two other species of Bembidion taken by Mr. Criddle on the shores of
this same pond will probably prove to be partial if not peculiar to such situat ne
ions. One of these considerably resembles, and is evidently allied to, B. con=
strictuim Say, so common along the Atlantic sea coast, and may be Casey’s socia le
or particeps, though not conforming entirely to the description of either. (
other appears to be an undescribed species belonging to the small tripunctate”
group, and allied rather closely to henshawi, with which it may be compa ed
as follows. 3 a
Bembidion obtusidens n. sp. a

Color precisely as in henshawi, viz., head and thorax black with distinet
green bronze lustre; elytra pale testaceous, each with a small dot or fuscous
spot in the position of the first and third dorsal punctures, and between thea mn
a larger transverse spot more or less lunate or semicircular in form; body be- fs
neath black, slightly greenish, legs rufotestaceous. The size is larger and the
form notably broader and less parallel than in henshawi; the thorax is ; Be a

ee eg: pete: j

| Sait mee

pte eSuaae ; :
eee se ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 171

oy e >

lar n reaping, AC a little more transverse; the elytra relatively broader,
more shining than is the rule in henshawi, though with a detectable aluta-
‘sculpture. In henshawi the mentum tooth is triangular, in the present
cies broadly arcuate or arcuato-truncate. Length 5 to 6 mm., width, 2.05
. “The ae is a male collected by Mr. Norman Criddle at Baldur, Mani-
I have also examples from Aweme, Manitoba; Laramie, Wyoming;
Lagoon, Utah.

It seems not to have been noticed that the name Bembidion grandiceps
_Haywd., covers two quite different forms. These are both present in the Le
Conte and Horn collections, and though not recognized as such by Hayward,
elieve them to be specifically distinct. In the true grandiceps the head and oe
ax are larger and relatively wider, and the posteriorly oblique sides of the
< almost attain the angles, the latter being scarcely right, with the sides
ore them subparallel for an extremely short distance. The type, as indicat-
by Hayward, is in the Horn collection, and Dr. Skinner writes me that it
rs the state label “Tex.,’ with the name label in Hayward’s hand. In the —
Conte collection there are two “Tex.” specimens, and a third, the one on i
label, bears a yellow locality disk, indicating that it was taken in the cen- :
1 Mississippi Valley (Illinois?). In my own collection are two examples
om eae Kansas. .
The other form may be described in a few words as follows. | 2

Bembidion rolandi n. sp.

_ Similar in nearly all respects to grandiceps, but distinguished at once aoe
the relatively smaller and more elongate head and thorax, the sides of the BS
ter straight, and parallel at the hind angles for a distance greater than one-

th | the entire basal width, the auigles ye rectangular or ae nearly
iF

Bembidion semiaureum n. sp.

on This name is proposed for a very large form of the fuscicrus type which —
stood for years in my collection awaiting in vain the possible advent of in-
te nediates which might connect it with the latter species. The color is nearly —
fuscicrus, viz—head and thorax greenish black, polished; elytra testa-
us with an oval fuscous discal spot which begins at the anterior dorsal punc- a
and extends somewhat to the rear of the posterior puncture; it is limited’
ly at the fifth stria, and continued to base by a rather broad parallel sut- — - :
| stripe, which involves the first two interspaces. There is no indication oft as ae
eral extension of the fuscous spot, as is frequently the case in fuscicrus. — a
body beneath is black, legs entirely rufotestaceous. The prothorax is ey :
less narrowed behind than in fuscicrus, the base being only just Dems Ces

bly narrower than the apex. Length 6.2 to 7 mm. 0
boldt Co., California Ea ae gysia he ws
tee a Peri teat se

= bee og oS ny RO ee ET nce cana
: eg OO ae
Sea ty ean:
. “¢ 2S se pote
“aly 7 — “y pO .
~~» s 1a
172 ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST -

Fuscicrus is a conspicuously smaller and somewhat narrower |
rarely much exceeding 5 mm. in length, the thorax smaller and more nar

ed laterally, even in some cases to the side margins; the hind femora 0
more or less piceous. Specimens in my collection from Ft. Yukon and ~
part, Alaska, are undoubtedly Mannerheim’s lucidum var. b.,” to which
schulsky gave the name fuscicrus, and are, moreover, quite inseparable ire
Wyoming and Colorado specimens at hand, to which the names caducum, al-
eae | and perhaps GEES of Casey’s recent Revision are applicable. Pe: Rae

toba by Mr. Criddle and Mr. Wallis, one of anes was taken at Baldur « Or
shores of the alkaline pond already referred to. ‘These may be described
follows.

Dyschirius interior n. sp.
se Closely allied to the Californian tridentatus Lec., with wien it: must st b
associated because of the wide elytra margined at base, and the clypeus trid
tate. The form is very distinctly narrower than in tridentatus, the legs” rufc
instead of nearly black, and the prothorax, elytral apex and body beneath sh
a more or less marked rufescence, the general color, however, being black y
green bronze lustre. The front is transversely sulcate, the frontal crest
wanting. The third elytral interspace is tripunctate, all three punctures ly
near the third stria. The apical protibial process is here a little longer than t
terminal spur, while in tridentatus the reverse condition seems to prev
Length 3.7 to 3.8 mm. :
Four examples have been seen, all taken at Baldur, Manitoba by Mes
Norman Criddle, J. B. Wallis, and L. W. Roberts.
Aside from tridentatus, the only other species in our fauna having
base of the elytra margined, the clypeus tridentate, and the third elytral inti
tripunctate, is the Californian varidens Fall, a considerably smaller speci
to 3 mm.) with more finely striate elytra. :

Dyschirius perversus n. sp.

Elongate, parallel, thorax nearly as long as wide, feebly narrowed |
front and scarcely perceptibly narrower than the elytra; color black with g
bronze lustre, legs rufous. Front transversely impressed; elytral striae enti
finely but distinctly impressed except at the extreme base; striae moderat
punctate; third interspace bipunctate, the first puncture near the base and °
ally on the third stria, the other near the third stria at about the apical fife
Front tibae subedentate externally. Length 4.8 mm; width 1.3 mm.
Described from a single exampie submitted = Mr. J: B. Wallis

cet label, Miami, Manitoba, 16—VI—17. %
y Le Conte’s table (Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc: 1879) this species falls 4
phidsericollis and edentulus. Sphaericollis is larger, with a more transverse t
ax and generally stouter form, and in it, as in its associates, it is the basal pu 1
ture of the third interspace that is lacking rather than the intermediate _
Edentulus is, 1 think, unknown to American students; at- any rate i
large size—7 mm.—is sufficient to exclude it. ee

~ nat: me SEL Sk ahs =r z 5 -
» aoe Secs i

re : _ Listrochelus longiclavus n. sp.

eee,

Rather stout, oblong oval, a little broader behind, entirely rufotesta-
_ the head and thorax with sparse erect hairs, elytra glabrous. Head
sely punctate, the clypeus less densely so; clypeal margin broadly reflexed,
jato-truncate, the angles rounded. Prothorax three-fifths as long as wide,
s nearly straight and parallel in basal two thirds, thence strongly converg-
t to apex, side margins barely perceptibly crenulate; surface uniformly punct-
e, the punctures distant on an average by their own diameters. Elytra
htly rugose and rather closely punctate. Length 11.3 to 12.3 mm.

~ Male— Antennal club very elongate, nearly twice as long as the stem;
ntral surface flattened, the sixth segment and the median parts oi the fifth
except at base, closely punctate; tarsi very slender, much longer than tie tibiae,
laws all similar, slender, with a small acute tooth at about the basal two-fifths.
ntire inner edge of the claws is at first sight apparently unmodified, but
inder sufficient power is seen to be uniformly minutely pectinato-serrulate.
fo Described from two males from Eagle Pass, Texas, submitted by Mr.
ren Knaus. Type in the writer’s collection, paratype in that of Mr. Knaus.

x: This species resembles in a general way L. flavipennis, but is of some-
-stouter form. The very long antennal club combined with the structure
¢ he claws will distinguish it from any hitherto described species. The free
angle e of the hind coxae is not at all produced.

2 ee _ Macrobasis subglabra n. sp.
Form slender; entirely black; subglabrous; head and thorax sparsely
punctate, elytra finely rugose, but not distinctly punctate. Head not
ened toward the vertex; prothorax subquadrate with oblique front angles,
im with fine, feebly impressed median line. Antenae nearly as in unicolor,
st joint not quite as long as the three following. Protibiae of male wn two
Sp ars. Length 7 to 10 mm.

Described from a series of ten specimens taken by Mr. F. S. Carr at
lt Secon. Alberta, and a single example from Redvers, Saskatchewan, sub-

ed by Mr. C. A. Frost. The type is an Edmonton male bearing date “q—

39
:

_ This species is closely allied to wnicolor, and with insufficient material
it be ee of being small, denuded ere of the latter. Mr. Carr

Fe tear the margins. In unicolor the head is a little widened tow aa the ver-

and therefore less quadrate than in the present species, the pubescence al-

distinct and dense enough to give a grayish aspect, the size averaging

1 ally larger. The Le Conte collection contains two examples of this species
from the Red River, placed with unicolor.

ee sk: ; ee
The an of all the above described peel are contained in the author's

: Were tee Mie ha ok Saat
S aeE oe a “
: Sepa ea oS," tant
174 - cess THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST =~ ae
. s pire
LIST OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CELERY LEAF-TYER
(PHLYCTAENIA RUBIGALIS GUEN).1 (oe

BY F. H. CHITTENDEN,

U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.

of these in one short paper, especially in view of the fact that at the time t
the author’s first paper on this leaf-tyer was published in Bulletin 27, Da
Entomology, in 1893, only a single enemy was known. All of the species Y
are here listed are parasites. os
Synetaeris sp.—This ichneumonid was identified with its host in
at Livonia, Pa. (Identification by Dr. Ashmead). :

Pimplidea sanguineipes Cress——This species was reared from the green-_ |
house leaf-tyer, February 15, 1916, by Mr. B. L. Boyden, Oxnard, Calif. (Det
mination by Mr. Cushman).

Rogas rufocoxalis Gahan—Reared in November 11, 1918, Alhambra, cal ne
by Mr. R. E. Campbell. (Identified by Mr. A. B. Gahan). ;

Campoplex (Omorgus) phthorimaeae Cush—Reared by Mr. Boydeds
a Calif., October 18, 1915. (Identified by Mr. A. B. Gahan).

Microgaster congregatiformis Vier—Reared by Mr. aa at Oxnard,
Calif., October 18, 1915. (Identified by Mr. A. B. Gahan).

Amorphota infesta Cress—This ichneumonid fly (Chttn. No. 140802)
was raised from its host February 10, 1909, from material collected by Mess rs.
McMillan and Marsh at Smeltzer, Cal. (Determination by Mr. Viereck).—

Meloborus sp—Reared from its host from material collected by Mes a
Marsh, September 18, 1908, at Oxnard, Calif. (Determination by Mr. Viereck )

Chalcidid—An imperfect specimen of a chalcidid, reared by Mr. Boyd en
at Oxnard, Calif., February 10, 1916, not determined.

Tetrastichine (?)—-A secondary parasite, bred on Microgaster congre-
gatiformis Vier. as host by Mr. Boyden, Oxnard, Calif., February 15, 1916.
(Identification by Mr. A. B. Gahan).

Trichogramma minutum Riley —Reared by Mr. Boyden at Oxnard, ‘ ut
March 14, 1916, as egg parasite. (Identified by Mr. A. A. Girault),

ws
oy seu

Syntomosphyrum modestus Houd.—An egg parasite raised: by Mr. Boyder
at Oxnard, Calif., March 14, 1916. (Identified by Mr. A. A. ae é .

Dibrachys boa hate Ratz.—Reared by Mr. Boyden at Oxnariss
February 10, 1916. (Identified by Mr. A. B. Gahan).

1—The American species, according to Mr. Carl Heinrich must be known by this ni
ferrugalis Hbn., not occurring on this continent. y

, les
i ae

Re
® ox)

reprrasscam waste foe
“THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 175

lant thrsp.

’
/ :
’ § ;

~~ abgngy
Pom int

w
=
Ss

ESS
SS

g — v/

‘ ‘

PROTHORACIC GLAND OF RED-HUMPED APPLE CATERPILLAR.

"es . TE eS, FE SMES av NEL? Cnr tpg Ot aR a ee
2. eee
3 x PP ES - : pnmtes 2 ¥
Ewe ES << ‘
- . < tS aes
f : ie eee
176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. =
. : is eee

THE VENTRAL PROTHORACIC GLAND OF THE RED-HUMPED
APPLE CATERPILLAR! (SCHIZURA CONCINNA SMITH & ABBOT). —

BY J. D. DETWILER,

Western einer London, Ont.

of ejecting a fluid no its foie A few experiments were Abate and the phe- Z
nomenon presented such interesting phases that a somewhat detailed study of
its general features was decided upon.

Nature and Source of Secretion.

The first experiment with the larva was a determination of the secretion’s
reaction towards litmus. A caterpillar was placed on strips of both red and
blue litmus paper and mechanically irritated. A sudden reddening ot the blue
paper then took place showing plainly that the secretion was acidic. The ejec- —
tion of the liquid was almost instantaneous, and being unacquainted with glands — 4
of this nature its source was not detected. An examination of the caterpillar’s a
body revealed many small drops of liquid on its surface, suggesting as the source :
numerous hypodermal glands. A small sheet of blue litmus paper, was then a
notched and fitted over the caterpillar’s-body in the form of a yoke, so as to a:
isolate or partition, one part of the body from the other. On irritating the cater- _—
pillar the paper was again reddened by the spray, but the body behind the paper —
partition remained dry. In this way the cephalic location of the gland was ae: 3 33
termined for, by close observation, after sufficiently disturbing the caterpillar, ~
a fine spray of a clear liquid could be seen issuing from the ventro-cephalic | ao
region of the thorax. The odour of this secretion is very similar to that of 5 “3
vinegar and sufficiently strong to irritate the nasal passages.

Historical Sketch of Earlier Observations.

Comparatively few entomologists have noticed the occurrence of the secretion
in this species, and only one localized its source.

The earliest record was made by Saunders of Canada, who in 1881 reported 2
that when the larvae were handled they discharged from their bodies a trans- —
parent fluid of a strong acid odour. Six years later Denham observed that older —
larvae “ had the power to emit quite a quantity of strong hydrochloric acid mee
strong enough to be decidedly corrosive to the skin and easily perceptible in a
the atmosphere.” In 1895 Packard stated that while examining the very gaily ae
colored and highly spined caterpillars, he observed that when a fully grown a né e .
was roughly seized with the forceps or fingers it sent out a shower of spray
from each side of the prothoracic segment exactly like that of Cerura (Harp i
vinula. In this article he also definitely credits himself with the discovery of #
gland in this species. Foster in 1902 also noticed the secretion and described

> <>

1—A preliminary paper was published in the Annals, Ent. Soc. Amer. (1919) in ‘con-
junction with Professor Herrick and entitled, “Notes on the Repugatorial- Gh nds_
of Certain Notodontid Caterpillars.” :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST L7F

as a transparent watery fluid with the odour of sulphuric acid, and further that
it exuded from the caterpillar’s body wherever it was touched. So far no records
have been found where the gland was actually observed.

Range and Ejection of Spray.

The result of the litmus paper test suggested a very promising method of.
detecting the extent to which the liquid could be ejected. Large sheets of blue
paper were fastened together covering in all a space of about eighteen by twenty-
two inches. A caterpillar was then placed in the centre and irritated. Directly
a graphic representation of the extent of the spray was registered for the strong
acid readily reddened the blue paper?. In this way it was found that the cater-
pillar could spray a considerable area at one operation, and that it appeared to
have some directing sense and power. The most normal action, however, seems
to be that of sending the spray backward over its body,—a natural direction
since it is here that it is most likely to be attacked. Some idea ot the area covered
may be formed from the fact that a caterpillar has been observed by the writer
to send the jet a distance of eight inches and also that the spray tends to spread
out very considerably. The act of ejecting the liquid is quite characteristic and
gives the caterpillar a somewhat formidable appearance. When strong mechani-
cal irritation is applied,, for example, the head is thrown up, jerked to one side
and a jet of clear liquid emitted through a small tongue-like organ momentarily
protruded from the mid-ventral region of the neck. The ejection of fluid is
almost instantaneous, resembling very much the emptying of a pipette when the
rubber bulb is suddenly and forcibly squeezed.

General Form and Location of Gland.

The gland consists essentially of two divisions arranged in tandem and con-
nected by a short tube. The anterior part is bulbous and relatively small, while
the posterior one is sack-like and large® (fig. 1). The anterior and apical part
of the bulb is connected by a short “false duct’ to the external opening which is
located in a ventro-medial position just behind the anterior margin of thé pro-
thoracic segment. The sack extends backward to the posterior border of the
metathorax and rests to a large extent on the flattened anterior portion of the
much enlarged mid-intestine. It will thus be seen that the whole organ passes.
somewhat diagonally through the entire length of the thorax and also that it
occupies the major part of the space in this region of the body. |

Position of Gland in Relation to Other Organs.
Normally, in insect anatomy, one finds that the oesophagus, after coming
up through the nerve collar, passes backward in a medial direction to the mid-
intestine. In this case, however, it is pushed to one side, usually to the left to
make room for the gland which also arises in the middle line. This displacement

2—The article referred to in the previous foot-note describes a series of experiments
subsequently carried out by this method and also a diagram of the actual range
of the spray.

3—For convenience these two divisions will be referred to as "bulb” jand “sack” res-
pectively, it being understood that the terms are not necessarily significant of
their functions.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST oa

iv,<}

may be so great as to radically change the symmetry of the intestinal tract
here, causing the fore-intestine to connect with the mid-intestine considerably to
one side (fig. 2.). In fact the junction has been observed to be so far to the
left that the fore-intestine was quite in line with the left half of the mid-in-
testine. ;

The silk glands also suffer considerable displacement. Normally, one would
expect to find them on their respective sides of the body since their ducts do
not connect until they have passed the gland in front. But in S. concinna this is
not their usual position, for both appear, as a rule, on the left side, their ducts
passing forward on the same side until the vicinity of the bulb has been reached.
This condition, however, may be reversed. When they are both on the same
side the duct of the displaced gland in passing over to its proper side, before
uniting with its fellow to form the single duct in front, usually keeps character-
istically clear of the bulb (figs. 2 and 3). In only two instances has this duct
been noticed passing across the front of the bulb. In one of these instances the
glands were both on their respective sides of the body but the duct of the right
gland on reaching the bulb passed to.the left of it and then back again to the right
side across the front of the bulb.

Even the nervous system may be forced to-deviate from its mid-ventral
course or even td modify its symmetry. In the first place the bulb, as it comes
up from beneath the suboesophageal ganglion, tends to push the connectives to
one side*, almost invariably to the left® (fig. 2), and secondly, the prothoracic
ganglion itself may be considerably distorted, its apex turned toward the left, due
to the medial position of the bulb (fig. 4).

One can readily understand why the oesophagus, and to some extent also
the nervous system, should give way to such a large organ tending to occupy
the same position. It is difficult, however, to understand the shifting of the
silk glands to the same side, thus necessitating a circuitous course of the duct in
order to return to its normal position. Possibly a study of the development of
the larva would explain this. From the varied positions that this gland may
occupy with respect to the other organs, it appears to have reached an abnormal
degree of development in this species.

Tracheation.

The whole gland receives its oxygen supply from the anterior pair of thor-
acic spiracles. Two rather prominent branches, one from each side, issue from
the mass of tracheae here and pass inward to the sack. On reaching it one
branch goes to the dorsal surface and subdivides there while the other passes to
the ventral half. On the principle of bilateral symmetry one would expect each
branch to supply its respective lateral half. Almost invariably, however, the
branch from the right side goes to the upper surface and the left one to the
lower (figs. 2 and 3). In only one instance has this condition been found to

be reversed. ‘These two main branches may also contribute to the tracheal sup-
ply of the upper part of the bulb (fig. 8).

4—Dimmock, A. K. 1882, noticed a similar displacement in thie cords of Harpyia vinula
(an European species) and stated that it is more pronounced in ithe earlier stages.
I have not investigated this phase of the problem in S. concinna. £
5.--As I recall, there was one instance where the cords passed the gland on the right. A

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 179

Boe VG. LTV; PLATE 4.

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The bulb receives its main supply from two pairs of branches, one pair
going to the dorsal® surface and the other to the ventral. The former pair is
somewhat interesting from the fact that it forms a continuous circuit across the
dorsal surface of the bulb, making a broad loop here from which it sends off
branches. In this way a continuous trachea passes from one side of the thorax —
to the other (fig. 2 d. bu. tr.). In some larvae the middle part of the loop is weak-
ened and the branches come off in two main groups, but this grouping may also
occur where there is no weakening of the loop (fig. 2). This condition is prob-
ably reminiscent of a time when each branch supplied its own side independently.
The pair going to the ventral surface does not make a medial connection but
each branch keeps to its own half, where it divides and subdivides normally
(fig. 8). .

From this it will be seen that each division of the gland is well supplied
with tracheae, a provision quite significant when the function of each is con-~
sidered. The tracheae also, very probably, perform a partial suspensorial func-
tion, there being no muscular attachment over the whole gland except at its
anterior extremity. This accessory function may, in fact, have given rise to the —
continuous loop over the dorsal wall of the bulb. As to the peculiar disposition —
of the tracheae going to the sack, in which one branch or trunk supplies the dor-
sal half and the other the ventral, it seems reasonable to suppose that each does
normally supply its own lateral half but that as a result of an extraordinary
development of the gland, the sack has turned or fallen over to one
side, the direction being almost invariably to the left. In fact this turning does
not appear to have been quite complete, for the plane dividing the tracheated
halves is not perfectly horizontal but inclines a little to one side, that is, to the mf
right (fig. 3), showing that the leftward orientation is imperfect; nor does the
direction of falling appear to be permanently established for, as noted above,
the usual disposition of the right and left tracheal branches over the sack may 3
be reversed. This theory of turning, due to extraordinary development, can, no a
doubt, be checked up by embryological studies, or perhaps even by examining pa
the early-stage larvae. In support of the theory it might be stated that the
writer has discovered homologous glands in a few species of the genus Datana,
also Notodontids, in which the structures were so small that the elasticity of
their own tissues would no doubt hold them in place. ‘Their tracheation has,
however, not been studied’.

6—Although the bulb naturally stands more or less erect it will ‘be considered, for de-
scriptive convenience, as lying on the ventral body-wall and the antero-dorsal
surface will be referred to as the dorsal surface. A similar consideration will —
apply to the other aspects of the bulb. as

7—In dissecting a number of Datanas (D. ministra, D. contracta, D. integerrima and
D. angusii) I found that they too possessed glands somewhat similar to that of
S. concinna, but evidently very much simpler in structure. In testing the con--
tents of the gland of D. integerrima it also was found to be acidic. I might
here add that I also experimented with Sciizura unicornis and found that it
secreted an acid fluid and that the operation of the gland is practically the same.
as that of 9S. concinna. I have found no other record of ventral prothoracic —
glands in these species. —

ea ae ee eee a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 181

Musculature.

The musculature of the gland is somewhat remarkable in that it is wholly
situated at its anterior end. As the individual muscles are small and close to-
gether, they can be studied best by pulling the gland backward so as to stretch
this area, thus separating the muscles more or less’. When this is done they
will be seen to be arranged in pairs (a muscle on one side having its correspond-
ing muscle on the other) along the lateral margin of the organ beginning at the
extreme cephalic end of the “false duct’ and extending back a short distance
beyond the apex of the bulb (fig. 6). At the extreme cephalic end of the “false
duct” and just inside of the ventral body wall, there will be seen three pairs of
muscles (fig. 6, a, b, c,) radiating from the ends of ‘the transverse slit which

constitutes the external opening. The anterior pair extends to the caudal mar-

gin of the head while the other two pairs pass laterad to the body-wall being at-
tached close to the first pair of thoracic spiracles (fig. 11), one in front and
the other below. Close to these muscles and appearing almost as lateral exten-
sions of the duct is another pair (fig. 6, d). These are short and have their
origin in the body-wall at a point about half way between the duct and the an-
terior spiracles. A short distance behind these and still in alignment with the
lateral margin of the duct the fifth pair is inserted (fig. 6. e); these also extend
to the body-wall, their origin being below and close to the spiracles just men-
tioned. From the point of insertion of each of these last mentioned muscles
there arises a very slender muscle (fig. 6, f), the pair passing upward and out-
ward to their origin on the caudal margin of the head. Accompanying this
pair of muscles are three other pairs inserted one behind the other along the
lateral margin of the apex of the bulb (fig. 6, g, h, i) and originating in the

‘same area as the slender ones just mentioned. One pair still remains to be de-

scribed (fig. 6, elb. mus.). They are characteristically elbowed and can be seen
to good advantage when the gland is thrown forward. They will then appear

as two miniature columns passing upward from the ventral body-wall, just be-

hind and a little to each side of the apex of the bulb, and attached directly be-
low the insertion of the most posterior of the three pairs of muscles just
described. A short-distance from their insertion they make a sharp bend (elbow)
and pass downward to their origin close to and behind the posterior margin of
the external opening. From this point they pass backward in their attachment
along the body-wall to the ridge separating the first and second thoracic seg-
ments. They also appear to be more or less continuous with other
ventral body-muscles. Froni the ventral position of these muscles it will be
seen that they must be capable of relatively great extension when the head is
thrown upward and the apex of bulb is forced forward, ‘heir elbowed con-
dition is then evidently nature’s most convenient way of accommodating their
length to the short space resulting when the caterpillar is undisturbed.

Morphology.

As mentioned before, the gland proper consists of two distinct divisions,
one bulbous and the other saccular. The former is more or less pear-shaped

8—It will be necessary to first dissect away the mass of body muscles and tracheae
that occupy this region of the thorax.

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
and distinctly bilobed at its larger end. This is due to two well defined lateral
furrows, one on each side, which externally divide this structure into dorsal
and ventral halves. ‘These furrows not only traverse the whole length of the
bulb, but also that of the short tube connecting the two divisions (fig. 7). The
narrow apical end of the bulb widens somewhat laterally, and its walls show
a dorsal and ventral pair of darkened areas, which are evidently heavily chit-
inized points for attachment of the muscles which were found inserted in this.
region (fig. 6, chi. pt.). The lumen of the bulb here also shows the lateral wid-
ening, the whole space ending rather abruptly, due to the truncated terminus.
of the bulb. In this somewhat abrupt terminal wall can be seen the true open-
ing of the glands which consists in a transverse slit with whitened lips. It is
called the “true” opening since it is this part of the gland that is protruded
through the body-wall opening:when the liquid is ejected. When thus protrud-
ed, two small, finger-like projections arise from the lateral angles of the an-
terior margin of the apex (figs. Io and 11). ‘These fold towards each other
when the apex is withdrawn. On the ventral side of the apex is a small, median
lump-like structure (figs. 8 and 18, s-ap. lmp.), which is white in color and by
transmitted light appears to be hollow. Its white color contrasts rather strong-
ly with the distinct yellow of the bulb. -

Connecting the end of the bulb with the external opening is a short tube, —
which has been referred to as a “false duct,” and which is really an infolding
of the body-wall. ‘This invagination of the body-wall evaginates when the apex
of the bulb is forced out through the external opening. It is thus seen that
the gland itself is not evaginable, but only the false duct. The anterior end
of the false duct terminates with the more or less chitinized lips of the external
opening. ‘The anterior lip of this opening appears as a rather loose fold while
the posterior one is thinner and discloses a small chamber when drawn back sO
as to separate the lips.

The form of the saccular division is best described by the name given,
for it looks indeed like a sack. It is somewhat oblong, evidently favouring an
ovoidal shape with the larger end nearer the bulb. Its shape, size and very
white color, contrast strongly with the bulb. ~ :

_ Dimensions.

- In order to form a more concrete idea of the size and relative proportions
of the gland, a few of the more important dimensions will be given. In the ~
dissections only final stage larvae were taken, and even here the measure-
ments vary much, for during the instar very considerable growth takes place.
In one dissection, the dimensions were as follows: total length of gland 6.5mm.,
length of sack 4.33 mm., width of sack 3.6 mn, and length of bulb 2.17 mm.®
This was the largest gland of which a measurement was taken. In another
dissection, the total gland in situ, occupied a space of 4.5 mm. in length. The ~
apical end of the bulb narrows decidedly. Some idea of its size may be torm-
ed from measurements made of the part when extruded. In two caterpillars

ee = = ~ ST

9—Computed from drawing made to scale. In this case tthe connecting tube was
concealed by the dorsal lobe of the bulb and hence no measurement is given for it,

s
ai

pee ane <a

Teen)

eet

hates

seek ha sili «deli ie ates MR acl

ets)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 183

these averaged approximately as follows: length 0.39 mm., width at tip 0.57 mm.,

width at base 0.82 mm.

From the size of the apex it will be apparent that the muscles concen-
trated there must be very small. The three pairs at the ends of the transverse,
body-wall slit average approximately 0.026 mm. in cross-section, and they are
relatively quite heavy. The slender ones mentioned in the discussion of the
musculature are about 0.008 mm. in diameter. They are the lightest of the

muscles connected with the gland.

Histology.

The hypodermal origin of the gland is very plainly shown in its histo-
logical structure. Lining the whole organ is the highly developed intima, which
is so strong that the layer of overlying cells may be quite readily stripped off.
leaving a well-formed skeleton of the whole organ.

In the bulb and connecting tube, this lining presents a strongly corru-
gated appearance, the corrugations running crosswise around these parts through-
out their entire length.. These, as in the case with the taenidia of the tracheae,
may be pulled off in spiral rings. At the lateral margins, where the longitudin-
al furrows occur, these rings bend inward and appear to be less highly develop-
ed. The whole structure, however, is so strong that it tends to hold these parts
of the gland open at all times. This rigidity is evidently due to the corrugations,
and not to any particular thickenings, for in cross-section no such thickenings
are seen (fig. 16). Close examination of the intima here reveals many fine
canals (canaliculi) extending through it which evidently are outlets for fluids
secreted by the overlying cells. ;

The intima of the sack is not reinforced by ring-like corrugations, but
is flabby, and collapses when the secretion is drained out. It has, however, a

very irregular surface, the inequalities having a wavy appearance. Besides the

small inequalities, a still closer examination of the intima shows the surface to

be covered with what appear to be very many closely-placed, minute pits.

These, too, are probably pores for the liberation of secretions into the lumen.
In cross section (fig. 17) or in a lateral view, which may be easily obtained,
due to the irregularities of the surface, these pits show as small crinkles or
even as fine chains.

The cells over-lying the bulb are distinctly. yellow in color, relatively
large, and polygonal in outline. In tangential section they show very large,
many-branched, single nuclei (fig. 12). The whole content is granular, the
granules of the cytoplasm being finer than those of the nucleus. In permanently
prepared slides, a clear border is seen to surround the nuclei which may be an
artifact. In a few measurements made, the average dimensions of the cells
were 0.082 mm. long by 0.043 mm. wide. When the bulb is sectioned longi-
tudinally so as to cut the corrugations cross-wise, it will be seen that the thick-
ness of the wall is mainly due to these secretory cells (fig. 16). The heavier
parts of the wall attain a depth of 0.06 mm., the corrugations dipping into the
cellular tissue for about one-third of the depth. It will also be seen that the
cells project up into the loops or corrugations of the intima. The canaliculi

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

mentioned before may be distinctly seen radiating through the intima surround-
ing these finger-like projections. In these sections there may be found cells.
appearing to have more than one nucleus. This, it will be understood, is due
to the branched nuclei cut in more than one place.

In the small, ventral white lump at the apical end of the bate the cells
appear long and club-shaped, and their contents rather coarsely granular. A
closer study will likely show that they are spindle-shaped, in this way forming
a wall of a bulb; no chitin, however, can be seen extending into this structure.

In the sack, the corresponding cells présent most interesting features.
From a surface view, they resemble very small white stars!°, or cog-wheels, the
cogs interlocking. ‘This is particularly evident when the tissue is stretched so
as to separate them somewhat. Thinking of them in three dimensions, one may
regard them as irregular, cup-like forms embedded in the intima, and rest-
ing with the larger base on the basement membrane,—the cup being irregularly
perforated along its longitudinal diameter. The difference in size between the
two ends of the cup may be experimentally determined by removing the intima
and focusing down on the cells as they rest against the basement membrane.
The cogs, so to speak, will then be seen to become longer and longer as their
distal ends come into view. In this way the diameter of a number of cells has
been found to have an average increase of about 0.0or2 mm. These cells are
shown in outline in fig. 13, and, as the intima was removed, the clear spaces be-
tween them and through them will give an idea of the pattern found on the in-
tima which was referred to above as being wavy. By staining with Mayer’s
haematoxylin the cell structure was found to be a mass of very fine reticula-
tions, and between the meshes small vacuoles were frequently observed (fig.
14). The nuclei are also many branched, the branches extending into the cogs
of the cells. As a matter of fact the nuclei appear to consist largely of heavier
reticulations which thus stain heavily. In cross-section it will be seen that these
reticulations sometimes take an arborescent form. The apparently continuous
nuclear structure in cross-section is due to interlocking cells having been sec-
tioned together. Here, too, it will be seen that the wall of the sack is largely
composed of cell tissue, the intima being thin and folding down into the cells.

The thickness of the gland-wall here is approximately 0.04 mm., and as
the stellate cells project up into the undulations, this is at the same time prac-
tically the depth of the cell. In a number of measurements made the longitudin-
al diameter of these cells averaged 0.09 mm.

Incidentally the tracheal supply to a few individual stellate cells was also
noticed (fig. 15). As each cell is evidently isolated by the intima passing around
and through it, it must have its separate oxygen supply. From the diagram it
appears that a few tracheae may go to the same cell. The problem of cell aera-_
tion, however, has not been studied.

The histology of the connecting tube favors that of the bulb, while that
of the false duct is similar to that of the body-wall.

From this discussion it will be seen that both parts of the gland are
evidently secretory in function. It is possible that most of the flushing mater-

10—On this account I have called them stellate cells.

Me Fo : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 185

jal is secreted by the sack, and ie stronger and more irritating ingredients by
the bulb. The very large nuclei would tend to indicate a high metabolism in
9 proportion to the volume of cell tissue.

Composition of the Secretion.

Through the kindness of Professor Chamot of the Department of Chemis-
try at Cornell an attempt was made to determine the composition of the gland
- contents. By the use of chloroform it was not very difficult to anaesthetize a
_ number of caterpillars without disturbing them sufficiently to cause ejection of.
_ the secretion. The glands were then removed in toto, the sacks opened and the
contents allowed to drain out. This liquid was then fractionally distilled in a
microchemical distilling bulb. |

A white crystaline solid condensed on the receiver immersed in a freezing
mixture. This was tested for formic acid by the usual methods, viz: the for-
mation of lead, silver and copper formate crystals. These were found to be
¥ morphologically the same as those obtained from pure formic acid and also to be-
have similarly under the polarizing microscope. In the liquid state this condensate
is very acrid and volatile, has the odour of formic acid with the characteristic be-
haviour in a wet test. There were some indications of traces of acetic acid but
these were so unsatisfactory that its presence is doubted. If it is present, it
_ is in traces only. In addition there is reason to believe that a very small amount
of a more volatile, acrid and irritating substance than formic acid is present,
_ but its nature has not yet been ascertained. ‘This-substance appears in the first
fractions, is exceedingly irritating and attacks the mucous membrane of the
eyes, nose and mouth.

There remains in the bulb of the distilling tube a non-volatile residue, more
or less viscous, in which certain components are precipitated as a flocculent de-
posit by heat. No examination has been made of these non-volatile components.

It might be mentioned that if a further analytical study of the secretion
- is carried out an attempt will be made to isolate the contents of the bulb and the
____ sack, for as seen by the histological study, these parts have very different se-
a _cretory cells. |

TSE Mechanism.
As there are no muscles connected with the gland proper except at the
___ apex of the bulb, it is quite evident that the force necessary to cause the pro-
__ trusion of the apex and the ejection of the fluid must be derived from outlying
us muscles. These have not been studied but no doubt the protrusion is brought —
about by a general thoracic pressure, while the ejection is caused by a partic-
ular dorso-ventral pressure on the bulb. That this particular force must come
= into play is quite evident from the structure of this part, for the lateral fur-
rows with their incurved corrugations act like springs and the whole organ
works like a bellows. ‘This may be easily demonstrated after the bulb has been
dissected out, for on pressing the dorsal and ventral halves together they spring
back when this pressure is relieved. It might be argued that the whole gland
_is under pressure and that this forces the liquid out. It probably is all under
’ sesetise, but it is not reasonable to believe that so gee a _receptacle as the

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

quick squirts. Besides the caterpillar may eject a number of sprays in suc- —
cession; hence there likely are small, more.or less definitely proportioned, quan-
tities sent out such as the bulb might hold. It might also be argued that the
pressure on the balb would force the liquid back into the sack. The backward
flow is evidently prevented by the lateral furrows being sufficiently wide to s
allow enough appression of the dorsal and ventral halves of the bulb and con-
necting tube to bring the internal margin of the two halves together (fig..1g),
cutting off the backward escape. In this will be seen the necessity of the ex-
tension of the furrows through the connecting tube (fig. 7). This pressure on : ?
the bulb may be partly effected when the caterpillar throws its head back at
the time it ejects the fluid. It is possible that the quantity of liquid ejected mays ee
be secondarily controlled by the action of the valves at the end of the bulb and at — ss 7
the end of the false duct. However, since the apex projects out through and is Bit
beyond the body-wall when the gland is in action it is not likely that the lateral
muscles described as arising here, function in closing this valve, for they would
then tend to draw the apex back into the body. The opening in the body-wall
may, however, function in shutting off the spray. When the apex is protruded,
the slit-like opening assumes the shape of a square, and, as relatively power--
‘ ful muscles radiate from the lateral ends when in a normal position, these may ia
in the distended form, act as strong lateral extensors tending to pinch the walls re ;
of the apex together. In addition the small median lump, referred to above, = 3
may be pushed like a plug into the lumen, assisting the cutoff. It might be
argued that this lump would normally tend to close the lumen even when these % we
lateral muscles were not particularly tightened. ‘To overcome this action a ea
median muscle extending from the posterior lip of the opening to the ventral
body-wall would become necessary. No such muscle was noticed in the dis- a
sections but in looking over sections of this part of the body a muscle has been
found (figs.1! 19 and 20, p. dil. mus.) which may possibly function as such,
although it is evidently not attached to the lip. By contraction of this muscle,
granted that the above conjectured function is correct, the lumen of the apex eS:
would at once be opened, due to the release of pressure both on the plug and on
the elastic, chitinized wall of the apex. By the action of this muscle, too, the
lateral muscles from the external opening could be used in helping to direct the
apex from side to side, without cutting off the escape of the liquid. Sa
The function of the other paired muscles can be quite readily deduced when 3 a
the conditions after extrusion of the apex are considered. ‘The lateral muscles 2
no doubt assist in drawing the apex from side to side. Those passing from the ’
apex to the dorsal margin of the head naturally function as retractors of the —
apex: As the apex must also be drawn backward by a horizontal force, the two I
“elbowed muscles” would naturally come into play and thus the combined up?
ward and backward forces would result in the passage of the bulb diagonally | y ‘
back into its normal position.
The finger-like projections mentioned as arising from the anterior ex-
tremity of the protuded apex may possibly aid in the backward direction of thes as
spray. ‘This function is, however, merely a supposition. me

rae A] a pee

11—As the longitudinal axis of the bulb was not in perfect alignment with the knife, ae
three of the series of the sections have, been included for the sake of ee _

2 BS a 2 REA. +5" ek ailen Bes Sea al ae “s
Tip! Saha OS Oe a
“a = as ‘ ' abs | Sie ioe ae os {
errmeotet ee Zon! .
Fi: eee, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 187
a eee 7
aes a rg Function of the Gland.

S There may be two functions, the one defensive and the other protective.
As to the former there can be little doubt, for it is not likely that a sparrow or
Ss any other small predaceous enemy would repeat an attack on the caterpillar
after receiving a quantity of the highly irritating secretion in its eyes or mouth.
a: Besides, if the gland were not defensive, it is not probable that the caterpillar ~
___ would have acquired such dexterity in its repugnatorial use. It might be men-
tioned, however, that the defence against parasite enemies is inadequate, judg-
a & ing from the high degree to which the larvae are parasitised. The problem of
__._ the possible second function has not been well worked out. If it obtains, it is
_ very important, for then it forms a necessary factor in the life of the species. It
_ will be recalled that this species hibernates as a caterpillar, descending from the
trees in the late summer and in the fall and spinning a cocoon near the sur-
face of the ground. It is thus considerably exposed to rains, frost, and all the
rigors of the seasons following. This exposure presupposes a well developed
_____‘ means of protection and one would naturally look to the cocoons for it. If one
Pes of them be examined it will be found to be parchment-like, simulating a piece
_ of clear mica. It evidently becomes waterproof, in fact, one has been observed
to hold a liquid for a longtime. The question of the second function then has
_ to do with the making of the cocoon and an investigation of the problem was
_=suggested by work done in Europe by Poulton and Latter on Dicranura vinula.
= Poulton (1886) found that a freshly made cocoon, while still damp gave an acidic
_ reaction-while Latter (1897) showed that the formic acid secreted by the larva
was utilized, not only for defensive purposes during larval life, but also for
' giving a special character to the silk of the cocoon, whereby it became extremely
tenacious to any foreign substance brought in contact with it and also extra-
ordinarily hard, waterproof and completely closed against all aggressors. It —
_ is doubtful if this takes place in the species under consideration. On examin-
__ ing a piece of the cocoon under the polarizing microscope there was found what
_ appeared to be strands of silk having much the same relative position and shape —
Bs as would be expected from the way in which a cocoon is spun. When examined _
- with a dark-field illuminator, a somewhat similar pattern was observed.
his evidence, then, would lead to the belief that if there is a secondary sub-
stance employed in making the walls of the cocoon homogeneous it must act as
__ a kind of gum or varnish, so to speak, to fill in the interstices. If this is the
case, then the index of refraction of the gum is so nearly that of the strands
; as to practically cause both to disappear together. If the acid has a solvent _
— effect, as Latter seems to show, both it and the silk would have to be sent out
at the same time??, for it is not at all likely that the caterpillar can secrete any
fluid strong enough to act chemically on the once exposed silk. In watching a
caterpillar spin on a glass plate nothing extraordinary seemed to occur in the
matter of spinning, but there was some coalescence of the fibres where they
came into contact. Possibly if the spinning had been continued until the meshes
had become sufficiently small total coalescence would have taken place, pro-

‘ aS
5 _ 12—Note in figure 10 and 11 how conveniently the extruded apex is situated with
ee regard to the spinneret.

Me ae re Py A a ee ae
Pah ea ae oeming Ee ab Dinka Ae
r ma ~% a :: «

= sah nate Se Sgt
. i = jae a 4.
188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NESS Wa

s ome
ducing a homogeneous wall. However, microscopic examination of the glass
does not show peculiar local running or spreading of the silk. ee

Working on the supposition that there is an interstital gum present, it
might be added that attempts to mount the parchment in a medium of such a re-_
fractive index as to eliminate the gum were not wholly successful, and further, —

that no attempts were made to dissolve out the gum. .

Summary.

E In conclusion it is evident that this structure must be included in the cate
gory of defensive glands among insects. More particularly, it belongs to a group —
of glands discussed by ,Berlese under the heading, “Ventral of the Prothorax or
Jugular Ventral.” For the want of a more specific name the former designation
has been retained for the gland under discussion,—a name not inappropriate since
the structure possibly arose from simple ventral thoracic invaginations in which
the prothoracic one has been rather generally retained in the Lepidoptera’. —
This ventral prothoracic gland, in fact, occurs as a rather simple structure in oH
Hyponomeuta malinella, an isolated and primitive genus of the Tineids (Berlese Ee
1909). In the study of the morphology, histology and mechanism of this gland
one must conclude that it is a very highly developed and specialized struéture. a g
Its efficiency in defence seems to be anticipated in the development of the larva, .
for the mature caterpillar assumes very marked warning attributes with its red —
head and prominent, red, spiny hump. In this highly developed and efficient =
form one might be influenced to believe that the complex gland phylogenet aS
ically antedates the simple ones, but when one recalls the irregularities of its ~
position with respect to the other organs of the thorax, the peculiar tracheation &
and the seeming obtrusiveness of its position, one must conclude that the evi-
dence rather supports the contrary view. As to its possessing a protective fluid |
little can as yet be said beyond the fact that the nature of the cocoon tends to~ = +
support the view. . me

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS : :

Special acknowledgments are due Dr. E. M. Chamot, Professor of Chemi-

cal Microscopy and Sanitary Chemistry at Cornell, who not only made chemical a

analyses of the secretion, but also rendered valuable further assistance by his — >.

interest in the problem as a whole. The writer also wishes to express his grati- .

tude for helpful suggestions given by members of the Entomological staff. a

LITERATURE CITED

Berlese, A. 1909. Gli Insetti Vol. I. pp. 529-531. ae
Denham, Chas. S. 1888. The acid secretion of Notodonta concinna, Insect aoa E: PS
Vol. 4, p. 143. :
Dimmock, Anna K. 1882. Asymmetry of the Nervous System in the Larva of
Harpyia, Psyche, Vol. 3, pp. 340-341.
Dimmock, Geo. 1882. On Some Glands which Open Externally in Insects,
Psyche, Vol. 3, p. 391. a

13—For a general discussion of these glands see Dimmock (1882), Piackared (1890) wae
Latter (1887). These authors also give references to literature while Packard
(1896) devotes a paper entirely to literature on eversible glands. A very ex- —
cellent study of the secretion of C. vinula is given by Poulton (1887), the £Be ¢ os
having been well described by Klemensiewicz (1882). See also Berlese (1909). - 35

=
ina

&,
‘a ae 13, p. 293.

Pp. 44-48.

Be * 32, pp. 408-474.

_ Latter, O. H. 1897. The Prothoracic Gland of Dicranura vinula, and other
es _ Notes, Trans. London Ent. Soc., pp 113-126.

Pe Packard, A. S. 1895. The Eversible Repugnatorial Scent Glands of Insects,
~~ Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol 3, pp. 110-129.

6: Gee 'ackard, A. §. 1890. Notes on Some Points in the External Structure and
¥. : _ Phylogeny of Lepidopterous Larvae, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.

eee. 25, pp. 94-97.

ei Ss >= sects, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 4, pp. 26-33.
we Poulton, E. B. 1886. Notes in 1885 upon Lepidopterous Larvae and Pupae,
~~ ete. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc., London, pp. 156-160.
Fs Patten, E. B. 1887. The Secretion of Pure Formic Acid by Lepidopterous —

"oh

* _ Larvae for the Purpose of Defense, Report Brit. Assoc. for the Advance of
Se., pp. 765-767. -

<
Ges

are
Rost

gion of)

> ahd oe * oo = t? Neer A
Gemma er a ke Oe
MR ect IN eS
yg ae Le: os oe > ;
‘ ‘ “You apo . NA SS . 3 2 ~ . 2
ae yh seg ee Bie i
ane wt le tn i - a
= =" Gus?” eat Be ~
eta et THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189

Ey HL 1902. Note on Larva of Schizura concinna, Ent. News, Vol. |

5. E Herrick, G-W. and Detwiler, J. D. 1919. Notes on the Repugnatorial Glands —
ee of Certain Notodontid Caterpillars, Ann. Ent. Soc. of Amer., Vol. 12.

Ie icccicice S$. 1882. Zur naheren Kenntniss der Hauptdrusen bei den Raupen 4
und bei Malachius. Verhandlungen d. Zool.-Bot. Gesells. Wien, bd. —

HE Packard, A. S. 1896. Literature on Defensive or eahikaactiat: Glands in In.

=
unders, W. 1881. The Red-humped Apple Tree Caterpillar (Notodonta con-_
cinna), Can. Entomologist Vol. 13, p. 139.
ABBREVIATIONS . ~ eae
a, b,c, d, e, f, g, h, i, .... see text under “Musculature” Aun e-
TE ale en ee ea first abdominal ganglior ie
GR nh a a eee apex ¥ ay
Sy CRY ee eens ore brain ets
Dees oe oe LE Ty bulb of gland <<
Sele AGRE we Loa hs So Lehn basement membrane me es <i
ES AE eae Ten Seine Seg canaliculi =f ears
RL 4 Pe Ene a chitinized point -
ge RT ae Sie Sane a chitinized area : “ee
MOR irr. ee iS connective try a
oy STE ee ieee a Soe connecting tube Sraeri
Pee Cet Se Scart. ike we cruri cerebri__ uae es
a EAE a eee oe cytoplasm ae
MC INE vet tee oe. btn che trachea to dorsum of bulb ea >
eerear-tne Se bate Oe, trachea to dorsum of sack ge
| 2 Et pe ee eyes mene
Mi SM Sent os 2. 2G ol elbowed muscle
ie SS Sey ener -.... fore-intestine
Perris ee aes P25 SL. false duct
eS SS soe Shs Be head .
OTE) Ah in Saree come intima ;
oe ES ee left anterior thoracic spiracle (re- .

is teres aos ca Se Seat ees
per
~ 190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST bece >
‘Ch aie 3 ital Bees serait err et te lateral furrow
WEP IEEE.* ¢ 3 Go eta. ie eh mid-intestine
HPPONE hace see eee mid-intestinal trachea SES
Peete oe ak ee eee nucleus ;
ICTS SY She ee ess hae a oe nervous system
pesdik sms: 4% be Sees posterior dilator muscle
Gants thr ssp: 2 cess . right anterior thoracic spiracle
(region of except in figure 10)
Semis Ling tea Soe Pn ag eee sack of gland
Ras ee nid RAs Migr et silk duct
Te, 2 Soe eee Pie ee Rar fete ats silk gland
Bar hed Se Pen, Ge oes stellate cell
Sipitip pene ons 5 ect sub-apical lump
SOG SON a fae raw tees suboesophageal ganglion
spin., Chae SL, Da See Spiess Pe spinneret
thr. ong. EAs te cs pepe enon tae prothoracic ganglion
thr. gng. 2, ........+... mesothoracic ganglion
PRAT Vos ek ee oie metathoracic ganglion
‘AR pee ia Seen are iy sie hatPay ea - trachea
PSA TER tA tae Ngee eae trachea to venter of bulb
Mecca ieee fees Os trachea to venter of sack
BR hk a oe aa ae vacuole

I{xPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate 3.

Fig. 1. Final stage caterpillar of S. concinna in a natural feeding posture;

internal organs somewhat diagrammatically illustrated; actual length about 1.25
in.

F ig. 2 Dissection of organs in anterior part of Bony: dorsal an

phagus Pied to left and other organs in normal Racibieass :
Fig. 4. Dorsal aspect of suboesophageal, and prothoracic ganglia, and —
postero-lateral view of bulb and connecting tube. ae
Fig. 5. Sack turned on its right side. ats
Fig. 6. Musculature, dorsal aspect, including corrugated apical end of
bulb; anterior part showing muscles “a”, “b” and “c”. somewhat ing
ically illustrated. :
Fig. 7. Lateral aspect of bulb and connecting tube showing only corr
gated lining (intima). :
Fig. 8. Latero-ventral aspect of bulb, connecting tube, Howes part of sack <
and sub-apical lump (gland thrown forward). :

Plate 4.
Fig. 9. Normal position of gland figured in number 8.
Fig. 10. Ventral view of anterior part of caterpillar. ee

Fig. 11. Lateral view of anterior part of caterpillar. ‘

Fig. 12. ‘Tangential section of bulb wall showing the over-lying secrete ot
cells. a

Fig. 13. Stellate cells, the intima removed, and the cells standing on
basement membrane when drawn. : =

¥. es ooye os 308 1 oat 7 ™
as Fog, oe : pe ae & <i
ee rads. ae 2. Sars ae eee WAS Y .
A - ¥ ae
Roe siemens x i) ig oN ee .
sie BA Rt bee A
et, We fay :
Din aad, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1gI

: Fig. 14. Tangential section of sack wall showing stellate cell.
_ Fig. 15. ‘Tracheal supply to stellate cells.
Fig. 16. Cross-section cells and corrugated intima of bulb.

Fig. 17. Cross-section cells and undulated intima of sack.

ee: Figs. 18, 19, and 20. Saggital sections of the bulb in the regions of the
con necting tube and false duct.

NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. (SYRPHIDAE, DIPTERA)
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Orillia, Ontario.

For Chilosia rita new species, Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, page 70, read Chilosia

3 ae For Chilosia columbiae new species, |. c., page 69, read Chilosia robusta
feo Eine.

ed Prof. Hine’s description of what is undoubtedly the same species was
“published i in the March number of the Ohio Journal of Science, page 144, based on
specimens from Alaska. I did not become aware of the description of this species
until too late to change the name. I have also seen specimens from Washington
The species is very close to aldrichi Hunter.

i Chilosia orilliaensis occurs also in New Brunswick and I have six speci-
‘mens from the vicinity of Fredericton. ~

Syrphus rectoides Curran may be very readily distinguished from S. gent
Wis \Villiston by the fact that the latter has complete transverse black fasciae on

burn by the narrower facial swide stich stops well before the antennae.
9 Melanostoma chilosia Curran: A pee epecioes from Mount Ranier,

“reddish, except the bases of the a. oe

~ Melanostoma lata; rol: LIII, p. 276, second paragraph, line 11, for “a |

oad crossband on the posterior half”; read “...... on the anterior half.”

CHANGE OF NAMES IN CICINDELA.

; abe Walter Horn of Berlin informs me that two of the names recently pro-
posed in the March number of this journal, viz: azurea and elegans, are pre-
pied. This necessitates a renaming as follows :—

©, asurea is changed to C. wallisi.
___-C.. elegans is changed to C. westbournei. ky, B. Calder.
SS as et ; =

_ Plant Board); Allotype ¢, Agricultural College, Mississippi, May Ist (G.

A NEW FORM OF SATURNIID FROM MISSISSIPPI AND FLOR
(LEPIDOPTERA)
BY F. H.. BENJAMIN,.

Agricultural College, Mississippi. ;

Tropaea luna race dictynna, spring form mariae, form nov. |

The exact status of dictynna being questionable the author prefers
temporarily consider it the Gulf Strip race of T. luna. It is, however, t
born in mind that the wing shape is entirely different from una, and that
cocoon is much larger. It is entirely possible that T. dictynna~may be a
species. The so-called northern examples of dictynna seen by the author \
possessing the stripe on the wings, always found in true dictynna to the
of his knowledge, have a wing shape similar to true luna. °

The spring form of dictynna, herein described, occupies the same relativ
position in relation to the normal form that rubromarginata Davis occupies int 5
relation to true Juna. The wing shape of mariae is similar to dictynna, but the |
tails are longer, in this respect approaching luna. ‘The dark stripes of dictynna
are present across both pair of wings. Outer borders a beautiful deep reddish-
_ lavender, with violaceous-blue bordering this internally. In this respect similar
to rubromarginata. Abdomen pure white with a lateral violaceous stripe. Sexe
~ similar. %

Type Locality and Number and Sexes of Types: Holotype ¢, :
Springs, Mississippi, March 20th, (Collector, R. P. Barnhart, Inspector, Sta

¥
a
:

Arnold, Assistant Entomologist in Charge of Quarantine Department, State
Plant Board); Paratype é¢, March gth, Agricultural College, Mississippi (ire f
student collections) ; Paratype @, St. Petersburg, Florida, April 21st Aes a
tion of Dr. William Bacuesy: ;
Types. Helene 2, deposited as loan material in the collection of

Mississippi; Paratype 2 (St. Petersburg specimen), collection of Dr. Wi
Barnes. a +

Named by the author in respect to his wife, in remembrance of the r i
inconveniences ‘suffered without complaint in frequent collecting trips”
Mississippi. : aa

ANNUAL MEETING
THe ENTOMOLOGICAL, SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario will be

for each. A successful meeting is expected and all members are urged to
a special effort to be present. ae
A. W. Baker, O. A. College, Guelph, Ont. — F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough,

Secretary President.

Mailed Thursday, November 23rd 1922,

eis oe

Che Canadian Cutomoelagist

Vor. LIV. ORILLIA, SEPTEMBER, 1922 No. 9.

‘POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
THE EVENING PRIMROSE IN RELATION To INSECTS*
BY HARRY B. WEISS,

New Brunswick, N. J.

There is a mutual interdependence of insects and plants in which both
may be benefited, or if one is ‘injured, the resulting benefit is so great in corh-
parison with the injury that it does not impair the value of the relation. There
is also a dependence in which the insect alone benefits and the plant suffers all
the injury. Many insects depend entirely upon plants for their very existence
and contribute nothing in return. The plant tissue furnishes them food and

_ possibly shelter. However, the amount and character of the injury may vary

considerably and be either a serious check to growth or a negligible happening
in the life of the plant.

The number of insect species supported by one kind of plant is often
very large. Folsom! states that the horse-chestnut and buckeye have perhaps a
dozen species, the elm eighty, the birches over one hundred, the pines over one
hundred and seventy, while the oaks sustain certainly five hundred and probably
twice as many more. The clover is affected by about two hundred species direct-
ly or indirectly, but grows vigorously and is able to withstand considerable in-
jury. Corn harbors about two hundred species, fifty of which do serious injury,
and apple supports some four hundred species. Some plants are almost free
from attack, such as poison ivy, which is supposed to support only four species.

In this paper, the term “evening primrose” should be taken to mean those
species commonly and incorrectly known as Oenothera biennis. The true O.
biennis has not been found in America but is widely distributed in Europe. The
Oenotheras are of American origin, but biennis has no known native American
habitat as yet. They are usually dry soil plants, mostly biennial, making only
a rosette during the first year. The following observations are the results of
a year’s study of primrose insects, mostly in New Jersey supplemented by the
results of students in other parts of the United States.

The number of species,of insects (excluding parasites) found to be assoc-
iated either directly or indirectly with the evening primrose was over one hun-
dred, a small number in comparison with the numbers affecting oaks but large in
comparison with: the numbers associated with many other plants and weeds.
From the time the primrose appears above the ground until its death, it is more
or less continuously infested, and even its dead dry stalks furnish shelter for
some species. Beginning with the rosette stage, the leaves forming the head

*A complete account of the various insects associated with evening primrose appeared
in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, under the title, The

Insects of the Evening Primroses in New Jersey by E. L. Dickerson and H.
B. Weiss, vol. 28. No. 1, 1920. ‘

1—Entomology with reference to its Biological and Economic Aspects, 1906.

194 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

serve as food for the larvae of a small, gaily colored moth Phalonia oenotherana
Riley and hibernation quarters for. the weevil Tyloderma aerea Say and un
doubtedly other species of Coleoptera.

During the second year of its growth and in late spring when it is scarcely
a foot high, the leaves are quite likely to harbor numerous plant lice. As it
continues to grow, such beetles as Haltica marevagans Horn, Haltita fuscoaenea
Mels., Graphops pubescens Mels., Anomala lucicola, Epitrix cucumeris, Phyllotreta
sinuata, Gymnetron teter are found feeding on the foliage. Sometimes it is
completely riddled by the first two species and their larvae which are flea beetles.
The tip moth Phalonia oenotherana also reappears and infests the growing tip —
of the stalk. The stalk is further infested all summer by large numbers of Tylo-—
derma foveolata larvae which are found for the most part in the lower portion
while the entire remainder even to the extreme tip is very often channeled by
the numerous larvae of another small moth known as Mompha cloisella Clem.
In addition to the Coleoptera or beetle feeders noted above, the foliage is quite
likely to support in addition, the larvae of the following Lepidoptera, Desmua
funeralis Hubn., commonly known as a pest of grape; Celerio lineata Fabr., the
White Lined Sphinx, which has a large list of food plants, Apantesis arge Dru.,
a corn feeder, Euthisanotia unio Hubn., Eupithecia interruptofasciata Pack.,
and Sparganothis sulfureana Clem.

When the flower buds appear they are eaten by the Lepidopterous larva
of Rhodophora florida, this species boring a round hole in the bud of sufficient
size to admit its head, which it sinks downward, feeding as it goes, on the fold-
ed floral parts. ‘Two other Lepidopterous larvae, those of Mompha stellella
Busck, and Mompha murtfeldtella Cham., feed within the bud on the immature —
floral parts, causing the bud to swell appreciably. In addition, the buds are
likely to be infested by the larvae of the weevil Acanthoscelis acephalus Say.

When the seed capsules appear, their contents are usually partly eaten by
such species as Mompha circumscriptella Zell, and Mompha brevivittella Clem.,
and late in the fall many are covered by pliant lice. In a few cases, aphids are
found on the roots. In addition to the species enumerated above. many other
miscellaneous ones were found on the foliage and stem and in the blossoms.
Some, such as lady-bird beetles and ants, were indirect associates being direct-
ly associated with the aphids. Others were possible feeders and accidental visit-
ors. The following tables summarize the distribution and activities of prim-
rose insects.

DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMROSE INSECT FEEDERS AND FLOWER VISITORS

| Number of species feeding on or in | Flower Totals

| visitors. |

| Wie mre | | flower] seed |

roots | stem | leaves buds | capsules|
PAGHINOP TCE A | sivicecs secsscesesss 1 § «| 9
TS IGTiags ites 9 ee | 1 | 1
CEQICODECLA vaccecsocessconssesvec 1 eae 1 [ieee
Lepidoptera ................. l | 7 | 3 / 2 1 { \ae
Hymenoptera .................. | 1 / L746 Fae
[Diy oh ick af: eer nto See eee | 1 | 1 2
At) ae ae [ 2 2 ol a ae 2 12.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195

ACTIVITIES OF ALL PRIMROSE INSECTS

Known Feeders on or __ Found on foliage or
vin during one or more Flower stems. Some are prob-| Totals
stages. visitors ably feeders.

BEELOMOPtera ..12........000 9 / 4 eis
BRERMDICTA ...0....:.:--... 1 15 | 16
oleoptena ................| 13 32 | 45
Lepidoptera ..u..0........ 13 1 ' | 14
Hymenoptera* ........ 1 | 9 | 20
NET os mca cscsnesncecee 1 1 2 {| 4
Male... 38 oe Yee 62 | 112

*Parasites not included

Thus of a total of 111 species, 38 or over one third utilize the plants for
food purposes, many of them being present at the same time and others succeed-
ing each other throughout the growing season. Yet in spite of almost constant
and in many cases severe infestations, the growth of the plant is hardly ever
visibly impaired and the insect visitations appear to be negligible happenings

- in the life of the plant. In spite of the injury to the rosette, the main stalk

shoots up the following season. In spite of being tunneled from base to tip,
it produces branches and leaves which are in turn riddled by leaf feeders.
Flowers are produced profusely in spite of the bud injury and while many seed
capsules are damaged, plenty escape. Hundreds of plants infested in all degrees
were examined and aside from a small amount of fasciation, a small amount
of distortion and a slight stunting which may have been due to other causes, no
apparent or serious setback in the growth was observed. Infested plants devel-
oped, flowered, produced seed and died more or less the same as uninfested
plants. Under such conditions, the results to many plants other than primrose
would probably be more or less fatal, but the primroses are evidently vigorous’
enough to outgrow the injuries of a host of insects.

NOTES ON NEW JERSEY HETEROCERA WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF ONE NEW SPECIES AND TWO NEW FORMS.
BY F. H. BENJAMIN,
Agricultural College, Mississippi.

During the summer of 1919 the writer spent almost every week end in
the New Jersey Pine Barrens, mainly at Brown’s Mills in the Pines. Besides
many rarities, the following new forms and one new species were taken. The
types of these were very carefully compared at the collection of Dr. William
Barnes by the author, and in order to eliminate any chance of error, checked
by Dr. A. W. Lindsey.

Eriopyga (Orthodes) lindseyi n. sp.

Head, thorax and ground color of the fore-wings concolorously reddish,
with a tendency toward ochreous and with a strong satiny luster. Antennae

simple, ciliated, cilia in block like pattern on basal segments, longer sezae visible

x
¥g a Ne

on apical segments. Prothorax with a small, spreading somewhat divided crest ;
_ metathorax with a very small divided crest, or at least a trace of one pro-

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

duced by hair tuftings. A few blackish scales tend to form a black line at the
base of the prothoracic crest, and another on collar. Fore-wings with all lines
double, and filled in with less reddish and more ochreous color than the
ground, as are the reinforms and orbiculars. Subbasal line waved; transverse
anterior waved; rather indistinct; orbicular small, round; reniform kidney shap-
ed; two small white spots, one on each side of the reniform at its base, tend-
ing to become semi-confluent by the presence of a few white scales between
them; transverse posterior line strongly outcurved from costa to vein 4, then
incurved toward inner margin, slightly drawn out on the inner margin, thus
forming a complete S; a suggestion of minute ochreous spots on some of the

veins in the subterminal space, subterminal line oblique inwardly at costa, out- —

wardly so in radial region, inwardly again in medial area, thus forming a rough
reversed Z, below which it is evenly outcurved, finally projected to the inner
margin as another outcurved scollop, a terminal row of minute black dots be-
tween the veins, which of themselves possess a scattering of black scales, fringe
concolorous with the ground. Secondaries whitish with considerable fuscous
shading ; the terminal border marked by a thin, blackish line composed of elon-
gated dots, fringe light at base and tips, a broad, dusky line through center;

discoidal spot visible, probably mainly showing through from under side; veins -

somewhat dusky. Beneath: both wings whitish-fuscous, with discoidal spot
and common line darker, dusky; a row of terminal spots between the veins on
both wings; cell of fore-wing sparsely clothed with long hair. Sexes identical.

Type Locality: Brown’s Mills in the Pines and 1 ¢ Overbrook, N. J.; also
Base, Barnes Coils Pittian, 7N.>].

No. and Sexes of Types: Holotype ¢, Allotype 2, 29 Paratypes ¢ 9.

Dates of Capture: V, VII, IX.

Types in: Collection of Author, and Barnes; also 1 Paratype, U. S. N. M.

This insect to some extent resembles vecors, irrorata, pucrilis and when
badly rubbed—furfurata, but seems abundantly distinct: The vestiture is far
more scaly than is typical for members of the group Orthodes, and the satiny
luster to the wings more pronounced. ‘The vestiture lis so scaly that the insect
might well be placed in the genus Mamestra (Polia) were it not for its general
appearance, resemblance, and apparent close relationship in all other characters
to described members of the group Orthodes.

Chytonix sensilis form macdonaldi form nov.

Sir George Hampson places Chytonix sensilis in that group of the genus
Chytonix having simple antennae in the male sex. However, the Cat. Lep.
Phal., B. M.,. seems to indicate that he did not know the male, which is similar
to the female in pattern and maculation, but the antennae are laminate, the
laminations almost forming short pectinations. ‘Two males of the typical form
were taken; and also one female without the white spot below the black streak con-
necting the transverse anterior and the transverse posterior lines in the sub-
median fold. This corresponds to ab. J. of Hampson. One male and two fe-
males lacked the black streak, and in these the white spot is completely diffused
by mixing with a suffusion of whitish scaling in the medial area. The result-
ing insect scarcely resembles the typical form, and may henceforth be known

a |

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 197

under the form name macdonaldi, in remembrance of the many nights in the
Pine Barrens during which Neil F. MacDonald, 5B. Chem., assisted untiringly
the work of the author.

The general condition of all the specimens of this form taken is none
the best. The females are in better condition than the male, and hence one of
these is designated the holotype. This specimen has the transverse anterior
and transverse posterior lines spaced a little further apart on the inner margin
than is typical of C. sensilis. The male allotype and female paratype are nor-
mal in this respect. .

Type Locality: Brown’s Mills in the Pines, N. J.

No. and sexes of Types: Holotype 2, Allotype ¢, 1 Paratype @.
Types in: Collection of Author.

Olene atomaria form aridensis form nov.

Size, lines and ordinary spots similar to O. atomaria. Female: fore-
wing; basal area filled in with chocolate-brown to the transverse anterior line ;
subterminal area similarly filled; the medial area pale, olivaceous, with tenden-
cies to blueish in some specimens and greenish in others, more suffused with
color basally and inwardly. This gives a general impression of O cinnamomea,
but the size is larger and it matches in no other details. The reniform spot is
strongly outlined with a fine chocolate-brown line. and 1s filled in paler than
the pale medial area. As usual with species of this genus the basal edge of this
spot is strongly marked. Hind wings an even medium brown with only the
discal spot showing in some specimens, while in others a trace of a shade line
is to be found. In this respect as well as in the peculiar coloration of the fore-
wings, the form differs considerably from typical O. atomaria. Under side with
discoidal spot, and shade line half way between spot and outer margin. Male:
fore-wing with the basal area strongly tinged with purple; the subterminal
area lighter brown than in the female, with a purplish and white patch on anal
region; otherwise similar to the female, except that there is a waved line of
the same color as the medial area through the basal brown area, thus cutting
this into two parts. On the underside, the spots and lines are similar to the
same ones in the female, but somewhat more suffused and broader, with the
line on the fore-wing somewhat nearer to the spot.

This form is described mainly at the suggestion of Dr. William Barnes.
At Brown’s Mills in the Pines, N. J., atomaria runs to two forms; one much
lighter than typical, more suffused, and with much less brown on the fore-wings.
Of this form I have two specimens: ¢ 9, the ¢ taken 31-VIII-19, the 9 5-VIII-
19. The other form is described above.

Type Locality: Brown’s Mills in the Pines, N. J.

No. and sexes of Types: Holotype ?, Allotype ¢, Paratypes 112 2, also
I egg from Holotype.

Dates of Capture: August.

Types in: Collection of Author ; 2 Paratypes and egg, Collection of Cornell
University, 2 Paratypes, Collection Wm. Barnes.

198 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NOTES ON FUNGOUS INSECTS.

BY HARRY B. WEISS and ERDMAN WEST, ‘
New Brunswick, N. J.

The following notes on fungous insects have accumulated since the publi-
cation of former papers along this line.* Records not specifically credited were
obtained by the writers.

In Entomological News Vol. XXX, No. 5, pp. 144—5, Mr. W. H. Well- _
nouse calls attention to Mycodiplosis cerasifolia (Dip.) feeding on the spores of
Crataegus rust (Gymnosporangium clavipes C. and P.). Mr. Wellhouse found .
the larvae of this itonid living among the aeciospores and feeding upon them.
Gravatt and Posey (Jour. Agric. Res. vol. 12, No. 7) state that “larvae of the
gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar) feed on the peridermium stage of Cronartium
ribicola and carry thousands of aeciospores on their bodies.” ‘They further state
that the larvae feed abundantly on the spores and injure the fruiting layer of
the postules so that further spore production is arrested.

In a letter Mr. Thos. E. Snyder informs us that the beetle Cupes concolor
is usually found in the southeastern states in oak stumps upon which are grow-
ing the fruiting bodies of Daedalia quercina; the larvae of this beetle boring in
the wood which has been penetrated by the mycelium of this fungus. Meyrick
in his “Handbook of British Lepidoptera,’ mentions some seventeen species of
Tineidae, the larvae of most of them being recorded as feeding on lichens.

Perris in “Larves de coléoptéres,” Paris, 1877 (Ann. Soc. Linn. XXII,
XXIII) mentions Tetratoma baudueri in Agaricus ostreatus (p. 154), Bolito-
phagus armatus in Boletus suberosus (p. 116-7) and Cis living on branches in-
fested by Telephora sp., (p. 65.) Ganglbauer in “Die Kafer von Mittel Europa,
Ill” records Liodes cinnamomea in truffles (p. 209), Agathidium seminulum
in Trichia cinnaberina (p. 241), Diphyllus lunatus Fab. in Sphaeria concentrica —
(p. 654), Cryptophagus lycoperdi in puftballs (p. 675), Lathridius rugosus on
slime mould (myxomycetes) (p. 786), Triphyllus bicolor Fab. in Fistulina hepa-
tica (p. 825) and Lycoperdinen on Lycoperdon and Bovista species (p. 912.)

The following records relate to species in this country which have been
found to be Bete iy more or less with polypores and gill fungi.

SLUGS

Limax maximus L. Sometimes eats ragged holes in caps of cultivated mush-
rooms. (Popenoe, U. $. D. A. Farmers’ Bull. 789.)

SOWBUGS
Armadillidium vulgare Lat. Greenhouse pillbug. Sometimes feeds on caps of
cultivated mushrooms (Popenoe, loc. cit.)
Porcellio laewis Koch. Dooryard sowbug. Sometimes feeds on caps of ln
mushrooms. (Popenoe, loc. cit.) 5

ORTHDPTERA.
Ceuthophilus pacificus Thom. Reported as eating into caps of cultivated mush-
rooms on Pacific Coast. (Popenoe, loc. cit.)

*Proc. Ag ee Wash., vol. 33, pp. 1-20; vol. 34, pp. 59-62; viol. 34, pp. 85-88; vol. 34a 4
pp. 167-72. a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 199

DIPTERA
Family Phoridae
Aphiochaeta albidihalteris Felt. Injurious to cultivated mushrooms. (Popenoe)
Sciara multiseta Felt. Injurious to cultivated mushrooms. (Popenoe)
Sciara agraria Felt. Injurious to cultivated mushrooms. (Popenoe)

COLEOPTERA
Family Staphylinidae
Philonthus cyanipennis Fab. Feeding on Russula sp. Lakehurst, N. J., June 30.
Tachinus fimbriatus Grav. Feeding on Russula sp. Lakehurst, N. J., June 30.
Boletobius cinctus Grav. Feeding on Russula and Collybia sp. Lakewood, N. J.,
June 30.
Family Scaphidtidae
Scaphisoma suturalis Lec. On Clavaria sp. Monmouth Jc., N. J., August 6.
Family Nitidulidae
Psilopyga nigripennis Lec. Occurs in the stink horn fungus. (Col. Ind. p. 646)
Psilopyga histrina Lec. Occurs in the stink horn fungus. (Col. Ind. p. 645)
Pocadius helvolus Erichs. Occurs in Lycoperdon giganteum. (Col. Ind. p. 644)
Carpophilus antiquus Mels. On the black fungus on ears of corn. Clementon,
Parnes 10,. Comith; dus.,- N» J., p: 271)
Family Erotylidae
Tritoa biguttata Say. Feeding on Russula and Collybia sp. Pabeiuieen Nisk;
June 30.
Family Tenebrionidae
Platydema ruficorne Sturm. Feeding on Russula and Collybia sp. Lakehurst,
Ne ., June 30.
Family Anobiidae
Dorcatoma setulosum Lec. Breeding in old Polyporus cuticularis. East Mill-
stone, N. J., April 7.
Eutylistus tristriatus Lec. Breeding in old Polyporus fuer East Millstone,
ay april 7.
Family Cisidae
Plesiocis cribrum Csy. Breeding in Polyporus volvatus on pine stump. Lake-
hurst, N. J., June 30.

AN UNDESCRIBED PLANIDIUM OF PERILAMPUS
FROM CONOCEPHALUS (HYM.)
BY NORMA FORD,
University of Toronto.

An interesting phase in the life history of parasitic Hymenoptera, of
comparatively recent discovery, is the occurrence of the “planidium” stage of
certain Chalcidoid genera, notably Perilampus, Psilogaster and Orasema. 'The
life histories in which this stage appears are suggestive of the oil beetles ( Meloid-

ae) which hatch from the egg as free-living larvae, seek their host, and then
become parasitic and helpless.

nize AK

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The first discovery in connection with this type of life history in the
Chalcidoidea was made by Prof. Wheeler (1907). While engaged in studying
the life history of Orasema viridis Ashmead, a parasite of the harvesting ant
(Pheidole instabilis Emery), he found proof of an early free-living stage.
This stage he termed the planidium, from the Greek meaning a diminutive wan-
derer. Orasema belongs to the Eucharidae, a family closely related to the Peri-
lampidae. The Eucharidae are parasitic upon ants. The planidium in this case
is less than 0.1 mm. in length. Prof. Wheeler found it difficult to determine the
number of body segments, because of the telescoping, but he stated that there
are probably thirteen. The head segment bears short mandibles and the termin-
al segment has a pair of caudal setae.

In 1912 H. S. Smith (712) found the planidium of Perilampus hyalinus
Say as a secondary parasite of the tachinid and ichneumonid parasites of the
fall webworm. The planidium was less than 0.3 mm. in length, oblong in shape,
and dark brown in color. It was highly organized with a distinct head, 12 body
segments, well-defined mouth parts, strong curved mandibles. The head was
armed with curved hooks; the most of the plates bore pairs of bristles and vent-
rally there were projecting spines, the latter evidently functioning in Iocomo-
tion. There were no legs.

In tracing out the life history, Smith found the planidia in the earliest
stages on the exterior of the fall webworm, later within their bodies whether
they were infested by primary parasites or not. Still later the planidia were en-
doparasitic within the larvae of the parasites, and finally ectoparasitic after the
larvae had left the fall webworms and pupated. How the planidia came to be
located upon the skin of the caterpillars, and where the eggs are laid, have not
been ascertained. It is thought that the eggs are laid on the leaves of plants in
the vicinity of a caterpillar colony.

In the course of his investigations, Smith found a second species of plani-
dium which he was unable to rear, and which he terms Perilampus “species A.”

In 1915 Thompson described a planidium which was attached to the in-
tegument of a Noctuid, feeding on witch-hazel. This species of planidium is
slightly larger, being 0.35 mm. by 0.13 mm. A most important difference is
that this form has fourteen segments. ‘The details of structure are also quite
different, and as follows: ‘The dorso-lateral plates which do not extend over the
ventral surface, terminate abruptly. ‘The setae arise dorsally from the inter-
segmental membrane, not from the plate, although there are unchitinized spots
on the plates, which, however, do not give rise to setae. The ventral setae and
spines show an arrangement quite different from Perilampus. In the head seg-
ment ‘Thompson was able to follow in some detail the mouth parts, figuring
and describing the epipharynx, superior and inferior lips, mandibles, maxillae
and palpi. Dorsally on the head he identified a pair of antennae.

In 1919 Prof. Brues briefly described from a cast skin the planidium of
Psilogaster fasciiventris Brues, a member of the Eucharidae and a parasite of
the Australian Buil-dog Ant, Myrmecia forficata Fabr. Prof. Brues does not
figure the planidium, but he states that it is similar to that of Perilampus. In
fact he says that this stage of Psilogaster is almost as close to that of Perilamp-

ee as. ee a oe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 201

us hyalinus as the latter is to Perilampus “species A,” figured by Smith. Prof.
Brues suggests that it may be possible that “species A” is not a true Perilampus,
as Smith did not succeed in rearing an adult.

While investigating a problem on the musculature of the Orthoptera,
as post-graduate work with Prof. E. M. Walker, specimens were found parasit--
ized by planidia. In this case the planidia were within the bodies of one of the
small green grasshoppers, Conocephalus fasciatus (De Geer) (Xiphidium fas-
ciatum). The Conocephali had been collected on September 14, 1921, in the
Muskoka district at Port Sydney, Ontario. Out of nine specimens, six were
parasitized. The planidia from Conocephalus are very similar to those of Peri-
lampus hyalinus, resembling this species more closely than the planidia of the
unknown “‘species A,” or of the Noctuid or of Orasema. A careful comparison
with the figures of Perilampus hyalinus, however, reveals distinct difference from
that species.

Fig. 1—Planidium of Perilampus from Conocephalus. From left to right, dorsal,
lateral and ventral views.

The planidia from Conocephalus average 0.21 mm. in length, and 0.07

in diameter. Measurements of eight specimens were as follows: 0.23 x 0.07, 0.21

X 0.06, 0.19 x 0.08, 0.20 x 0.07, 0.20 x 0.06, 0.22 X 0.07, 0.21 x 0.07, 0.16 x

0.04mm. ‘The body is composed of thirteen segments, dark brown in color. ‘The

head segment is emarginate posteriorly and bears two pairs of recurved hooks.

- The posterior pair correspond to the structures which Thompson identified as an-

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tennae, but in this species they are merely pointed hooks. Behind each hook of
the posterior pair is a semi-transparent spot, followed by two smaller spots and
then by a pair of large contiguous spots. There is also, on either side of the
head, a lateral spot and a ventral-lateral hook.

The mouth-parts are difficult to determine. It would seem that the large
curved mandibles are supported by a cross-bar of heavy chitin and that a dis-
tinct mouth-tube is present. Between the mouth-tube and the mandibles pro-
ject forked structures which are probably maxillae.

Each body segment consists of a heavily chitinized tergite with a toothed ven-
tral border and of an unchitinized sternal region provided with strong re-curved
hooks. On the tergites are semitransparent spots each bearing a seta. These
spots have a definite arangement in two rows—a dorsal and a ventral. The
spots of the dorsal row are dorso-lateral in position and situated on the odd
segments, I, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and also on segment 2. The pair of spots on seg-
ment 2 are again exceptional because of their more dorsal position. The ventral
row consists of spots ventro-lateral in position and situated on consecutive seg-
ments, I, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8 and g. An exception is found in segment 3 where the
spots lie in a more ventral position and there is a third pair of spots srruated on
the extreme ventral portions of the tergite.

The two spiracles open dorso-laterally in the membrane connecting seg-
ments I and 2.

In the sternal region are groups of hooks segmentally arranged. The hooks
of segment I are the largest and are arranged in two rows. Three hooks in
the posterior row are much larger than the others, are attached by broad bases
and taper into sharp re-curved points. Lateral and anterior to these are smaller
hooks, varying in number in the anterior row from 3 to 5. In segment 2 the
number varies from 8 to 9 in the anterior row and from II to 12 in the posterior
row. In the remaining segments the number of hooks gradually decreases. The
caudal setae are about six times the length of the last segment.

Comparing the planidium from Conocephalus with the planidtum of P.
hyalinus, the noteworthy points of difference are as follows: The planidium
of hyalinus is larger and more slender, averaging 0.3 mm. in length and 0.06 mm.
in diameter at the widest place, (as compared with 0.21 mm. in length and 0.07
mm. in diameter). The head segment lacks the lateral pair of semitransparent
spots and ventro-lateral hooks. The dorsal row of spots on the tergites is
similar in the two forms, but the spots of the ventral row on P. hyalinus
extend only to segment 8, and in addition segment 8 bears a third pair of ventral
spots, while on segment 3 the third pair is lacking. The spiracles are ventral
in hyalinus instead of dorso-lateral, and the caudal setae are only twice the length
of the last segment.

The planidium of “Species A” is quite different in structurural details from
those just considered. The head segment is not emarginate, the ventral borders
of the tergites are not toothed, the ambulatory spines are much less developed.
The spots of the dorsal row on the tergites have a different arrangement being
on segments I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10, while those in the ventral row have an ar-
rangement similar to that of the planidium from Conocephalus, being on con-

ian eS a ae "oe

Te eee ee Tees ea ee ae ee ae

a
2

fay ae) _ Syere

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 203,

secutive segments, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, with a third pair of spots on seg-
ment 3.

Of the six parasitized specimens only one has been fully dissected. Seven
planidia were found in the body, one lying in the connective tissue of the meso-
thorax, a second embedded in the sternal muscle of seg. 4, a third lying near
the nerve cord in seg. 6, a fourth in the connective tissue near the intestine in
seg. 6, while the fifth, sixth and seventh were in the sternal muscles of seg. 7.
Smith found the planidia in almost any position in the caterpillar’s anatomy,
although they generally floated out freely in the body cavity. If the planidia
also floated freely in the body of Conocephalus, many may have been lost since
the speciments had been opened and pinned ready for musculature dissections
and then preserved in alcohol.

It is quite improbable that the true host of Perilampus is Conocephalus. It
would seem rather that the planidium must require some parasite of Conocephalus
in which to complete its development. This view is supported first by the fact
of the life history of P. hyalinus and Orasema. The planidium of P. hyalinus
lives at first within the body of the dipterous or hymenopterous host, but does not
feed. When the host changes into the pupa, the planidium then emerges, lives
ectoparasitically and commences to feed, protected by the puparium or the co-
coon. The planidium of Orasema lives entirely ectoparasitically upon the pupae
of soldiers, males or females of the harvesting ant, where the young planidium
is usually found attached to the intersegmental membrane near the head.

Comparing the life history of Perilampus and Orasema, it is evident (as

_Thompson pointed out), that the stage spent by Perilampus in the body of the

fall web-worm and the host is merely a prolongation of the migratory period
in the life of the planidium, since the parasite neither grows nor feeds and can
not complete its development until it becomes ectoparasitic.

In view of these facts of life history it is quite improbable that Conocephalus
is the true host, for a development comparable to those just described would
be impossible. One would expect that the planidium is seeking in the body of

~Conocephalus the larva of some parasite of the latter. As evidence for this

theory we searched for records of the parasites of Orthoptera. In 1910 Swenk
(11) reared P. hyalinus from an undetermined sarcophagid which in turn was
reared from Melanoplus bivittatus. In 1914 an important paper was published
by Kelly (1914) based on his investigations of the sarcophagid parasites of grass-
hoppers. As hosts he found Schistocerca americana, Melanoplus atlanis, M.
femur-rubrum, M. bivittatus, M. differentialis and Dissosteira longipennis. As
an example of his records he states that in June 1913 there was quite a serious
outbreak of grasshoppers, the prevalent species being Melanoplus differentialis,
M. bivittatus and M. atlanis, with a few scattering individuals of other species.
“The ground was strewn with dead nymphs and adults of the three species men-
tioned, which had died from parasitism of sarcophagids, their bodies being alive
with maggots, while the fields were literally swarming with these flies engaged
in striking adults and nymphs of each instar, except the first. Deposition of
the larvae by the sarcophagid took place only while grasshoppers were flying
or hopping.” This last observation is important as evidence that it is not the

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

dead bodies that flies attack. Kelly demonstrated that the sarcophagid flies will
strike at any moving object—at moths, butterflies, cicada or a piece of crumpled
tissue paper. He threw into the wind such a paper and no less than six flies
struck it. When the paper was examined, two tiny maggots were found cling-
ing to it. From some 800 dead grasshoppers collected nearly 1,200 Sarcophaga
of several species issued.

Kelly also observed four species of Sarcophaga ovipositing on the adults
and nearly grown nymphs of Chortophaga viridifasciata, during late April and
early May. Adults of these species of parasites issued from the first week in
June till the first week in July. It was judged that there are probably five or
six generations for the season.

Kelly reared Perilampus hyalinus as a secondary parasite from the Sar-
cophagids.

Many records from numerous observers are brought together in Kelly’s
paper, and although there are no records of the Sarcophagids being reared from
the long-horned grasshoppers, yet is is probable that they too are parasitized.

Regarding the planidium from Conocephalus, we shall attempt this summer
to investigate its life history further and hope to rear the adults. In following
out this work I am much indebted to Prof. E. M. Walker for his advice and
help. I wish also to thank Dr. L. O. Howard and Mr. S. A. Rohwer for refer-
ences in the bibliography.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1907. W. M. Wheeler, “The Polymorphism of Ants.’’ Bull. of the Amer. Mus.
=~ -OL Nat. Histi, vol: 235 Ate «11007.
tgit. M. H. Swenk, “Notes on Some Insects Injurious in Nebraska in 1910.”
Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 4, p. 2860. :
1912. H.S. Smith, “Technical Results from the Gipsy Moth Laboratory. 1V. The

Chalcidoid Genus Perilampus and Its Relations to the Problem of Para-

site Introduction.” U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. No. 19.

1914. E. O: G. Kelly, “A New Sarcophagid Parasite of Grasshoppers.” Jour.
Agric. Research, U. S. Dept. Agric., Vol. IT. :

1915. W. R. Thompson, “Contribution a la Connaissance de la Larve Plani-
dium.” Bull. Sci. de la France et de la Belgique, tome 48.

1919. C. T. Brues, “A New Chalcid-fly Parasitic on the Australian Bull-dog
Ant.” Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Vol. 12, pp. 13-21, Pls. 2.

APPOINTMENT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA,

Canadian Entomologists will be pleased to learn of the appointment of.

Mr. C. H. Curran of Orillia, Ontario, to the position of Assistant Entomologist
in the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. Mr.
Curran, who has a well-earned reputation as a specialist in the Syrphidae, will
have immediate charge under Dr. McDunnough, of the Diptera in the Canadian
National Collection. 1 AG

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS INDICATED BY THE VENATION
OF THE WINGS OF INSECTS

BY G. C. CRAMPTON,

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.
Comstock and his students, and such investigators as Handlirsch, Tillyard,
and others, have made available for comparison practically all of the more im-

portant types of wing-venation occurring in the different orders of insects; and |

in the following discussion, I would make use of the interpretations of the veins
-by these investigators, to point out wherein the evidence of the wings figured

by them would support certain conclusions concerning the origin and interre- —

lationships of the insectan orders, which I have reached from study of the parts

of the body in general. While I feel that the interpretations of the veins, par-
ticularly the cubital and anal ones, (and more rarely the median veins also) are

not correct in some cases, I have, nevertheless, followed the interpretations giv-
en by these investigators in each case, since my sole purpose at this time is to

point out the similarity between the wings of certain insects, in support-of my

contentions as to the interrelationships of these forms, based upon the structures
of other parts of the body; and the interpretations here given will in most cases
serve the purpose sufficiently well.

The Palaeodictyoptera are considered by most of the recent students ofa
venation as the direct ancestors of all other Pterygotan insects, and Handlirsch
even considers them as ancestors of the Apterygota also. While the Palaeo-

dictyoptera have departed but little from the types ancestral to the rest of the

Pterygota, I do not think that they represent the actual ancestors of all other
winged insects, and I am more inclined to regard them as a primitive group
which branched off at or near the base of the common Pterygotan stem.

The Protodonata, (fig. 62) which are a primitive Odonatan type leading
to the modern Odonata, are regarded as a distinct order by recent investigators,

but I do not think that the character of the body in general of the Protodonata is _

sufficiently different from recent Odonata to justify placing them in a distinct
order. The Protephemerida (fig. 63) on the other hand, seem to be different
enough from their descendants, the Ephemerida, to be grouped in a distinct ord-
er. The Protephemerids and Protodonata are thought to be the descendants of

the Palaeodictyoptera, but many of them have retained characters as primi-

tive in some respects as the Palaeodictyoptera, and it is much more probable that

the Protephemerida, etc., are descended from ancestors like those of the Palaeo-_
dictyoptera, rather than that the Protephemerida etc., are the direct descendants of —
the Palaeodictyoptera themselves. Certain immature Ephemerids exhibit char-

acters extremely like those of Lepisma, Machilis, and other Apterygota which
have departed but little from the condition typical of the ancestors of the first

Pterygotan insects, and in many respects these immature Ephemerids are among

the most primitive known Pterygotan forms. The wings of both Protodonata

and Protephemerida are usually polyneurous, and the venation in the Protodon-—
ata in particular tends toward the unilateral type of branching. The venation
of the Protephemerida, however, is not as similar as one might expect, and the

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207

PLATE 6

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VENATION OF INSECT WINGS.

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

relationship between the two groups is not as close as is maintained by some in-
vestigators, nor does either type of venation approach that of the Plecoptera to
any marked degree, so that the grouping of the Plecoptera with the Odonata
and Ephemerida on the basis of their immature stages being aquatic, is a very
artificial one, and apparently has no real phylogenetic significance. The vena-
tion of the Protodonata (and to some extent that of the Protephemerida) is rather
suggestive of that of the Neuroptera in some respects, but the resernblance in
this case is probably due to their mutual relationship to the Palaeodictyoptera.
The lines of development of the Protodonata and Protephemerida apparently
branched off at a very early period in the evolution of the Pterygotan types,
and neither seems to be of any great value in the study of the evolution of the
other Pterygotan types. The Protodonatan-Odonatan line of descent in partic-
ular is a very isolated one, leading along a path of specialization which does not
approach very closely to that of any other group of insects, although the Prot-
ephemerid-Ephemerid line of development probably represents their nearest of
kin (other than the Palaeodictyoptera), and the slight resemblance of the vena-
tion of both groups to that of certain Neuroptera is doubtless the result of con-
vergent development.

The common ancestors of the Protoblattids and Protorthoptera are per-
haps the most important of all insects for a study of the evolution of winged
insects in general, since these two types exhibit many tendencies which were ap-
parently carried over in the lines of development of the higher forms (so far as
the wing venation is concerned) and a surprisingly large number of lower types
apparently parallel their lines of development. If the hypothetical common an-
cestral stock from which the slightly diverging lines of the Protoblattida and
Protorthoptera were descended be designated for convenience as the “Prodicty-
optera,”’ it would appear that the ancestors of these “Prodictyoptera” were re-
lated to the Protodonata and Protephemerida as well as to the Palaeodictyoptera,
but their closest affinities were apparently with the Palaeodictyoptera. The Pro-
toblattida are apparently somewhat nearer to the common ancestral stock than
the Protorthoptera are, and the polyneurous tendency is the strongest in the Pro-
toblattida, while many of the so-called Protorthoptera are markedly oligoneurous
(if all of the forms called “Protorthoptera” by Handlirsch are really Protorthop-
tera—which seems very doubtful), and are quite highly specialized in their vena-
tion for such ancient insects. The wings of both Protoblattida and Protorthop-
tera are usually markedly “heteronomous,” and in the hind wings of these forms
(figs. 23, 29, 24, etc.) the precursor of the huge anal fan of the Orthopteroid
insects makes its appearance.

Not only does the common ancestral stem of the Protorthoptera and Pro-
toblattida form the central point about which the ancestors of recent insects are
gathered, but many of the lines of descent of the earlier fossil orders are clust-
ered about these forms, and their lines of descent in many instances parallel that
of the Protorthoptera (and to a less degree that of the Protoblattida also) rath-
er closely. Thus, the Synarmogoida (fig. 3) approach the ancestors of the Prot-
orthoptera in many features, while they are clearly like the Palaeodictyoptera
in other features. ‘The character of the subcosta (Sc), radius one (R,), and the

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

radial sector (Rs) of Fig. 3 clearly suggests affinities with the Orthopteron
shown in Fig. 2, while media and cubitus of Fig. 3 are like these veins in cer-
tain Protorthoptera—although the latter veins are more like those of the Palaeo-
dictyoptera than those of the Protorthoptera. The character of the anai veins
in Fig. 3 are as much like those of the Protorthoptera (and Protoblattids) as

any insects, and taking their venation as a whole, the wings of the Synarmogoi- —

da would indicate that their line of descent arose near the base of the common
stem of the Protorthoptera and Protoblattida at the point where these forms.
diverged from the Palaeodictyoptera, in emerging from their common ancestry.
While the line of descent of the Synarmogoida parallels that of the Protor-
thoptera in certain respects, the Synarmogoida are a more or less isolated group.
of no great value for the study of the evolution of recent insects.

The venation of the Hapalopteroida as shown in Fig. g resembles that
- of the Protorthoptera and Orthoptera shown in Figs. 6 and 2 quite closely. It
likewise exhibits certain points of similarity to the Mixotermitoid shown in Fig.
13, and there is also a slight resemblance to the Plecopterous wing shown in Fig.
8, but the Hapalopteroid line of descent is apparently a rather isolated one hay-
ing no great value in tracing the lines of descent of recent insects. The Hapal-
opteroida possibly branched off from the base of the common Protorthopteron-
Protoblattid stem near the point where the latter began to diverge from the
Palaeodictyoptera, and the Hapalopteroid line of development parallels that of
the Protorthoptera rather closely, and also approaches that of the Mixotermi-
toida in some respects.

The Mixotermitoida (figs. 13 and 17) resemble the Protorthoptera (figs.
6, 19, and 2) quite closely, and they also exhibit certain features of resemblance
to the Hapalopteroida (fig. 9) and to the Reculoida (fig. 7) as well. There is a
slight resemblance to the MHadentomoida (fig. 21) also, but the re-
semblance is not marked. The closest resemblance is to the Protorthoptera,
and the line of descent of the Mixotermitoida probably sprang from a point
near the base of the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem, where the lat-
ter began to diverge from the Palaeodictyoptera, and the Mixotermitoid line of
development parallels that of the Protorthoptera and Hapalopteroida as close-
ly as any. The-group is of no particular interest for the study of the evolution
of recent insects.

Practically all of the features exhibited by the Sypharopteroida (fig. 4)
occur in the wings of some Protorthoptera (such, for example, as the short
subcosta, long radius, one unilaterally branching radial sector, single-““branched”
media, etc.) They also resemble the Mixotermitoida (fig. 13) and Megasecop-
tera (fig. 1) in some respects. The line of descent of the Sypharopteroida ap-
parently arose at the point of divergence of the common Protorthopteran-Pro-
toblattid group from the Palaeodictyoptera, and paralleled the line of develop-
ment of the Protorthoptera very closely. The fossil shown in Fig. 5, which
Tillyard regards as a Protorthopteron, exhibits points of resemblance to both
Protorthoptera and Sypharopteroida.

The wing of the Hadentomoid shown in Fig. 21 is somewhat like that
of the modified descendant of the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem,

ete net Se , a in eee poe ere ee

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212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

shown in Fig. 14, and it is also faintly suggestive of the Mixotermitoida (figs.
13 and 17) and Hapalopteroida (fig. 9) in some respects. It is somewhat more
like the Protorthopteron Lepium (not figured here) however, and the Hadento-
moida probably arose near the base of the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid
stem at the point where the latter diverged from the Palaeodictyoptera. The
Hadentomoida exhibit certain features suggestive of a relationship to the Plecop-
tera (figs. 22 and 8), and also to the Embidiina (fig. 18), so that their line of
development is of some interest for the study of the evolution of certain recent
forms.

The Reculoida (fig. 7) resemble the modified descendant of the common
Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem shown in Fig. to, and they also resemble the
Protorthoptera (fig. 6) quite closely. Their line of descent probably branched
off near the point of divergence of the common Protoblattid-Protorthopteran
stem from the Palaeodictyoptera, and their line of development parallels that
of the Protorthoptera fairly closely.

The wing of the Megasecopteron shown in Fig. 1 is perhaps as
much like that of a Palaeodictyopteron (fig. 30) as any other, but it clearly
approaches the Protorthopteran and Orthopteran types (fig. 2) in the tenden-
cy for media to unite with the radial sector, arid for cubitus to unite with
media. The Megasecoptera resembles the Sypharopteroida (fig. 4) in certain
respects, and they also bear a rather faint resemblance to the Protephemerids
and Synarmogoida (fig. 3) in certain features, but their closest affinities are
with the Palaeodictyoptera and Protorthoptera, and their line of develop-
ment apparently arose near the point where the Palaeodictyoptera began
to diverge from the common ancestors of the Protorthoptera and Protoblat-
tida, and paralleled the line of development of the Protorthoptera. rather close-
ly, while it approached the lines of development of the Sypharopteroida and
Synarmogoida only slightly. Since certain tendencies observable in the Me-
gasecoptera find opportunity for fuller expression in the Neuropteroid insects,
the study of the Megasecoptera is of considerable value in tracing the origin
of the higher insects. ;

In taking up the consideration of the evolution of recent insects, we find
that here also; the study of the venation of the Protoblattida and Protorthoptera
is of prime importance, as was likewise the case in studying the evolution of
the earlier fossil forms, since the lines of development of recent forms as well
as the earlier fossil types, tend to group themselves about the Protoblattida
and Protorthoptera, which, judging from their wings, were a variable group in
an active state of evolution. I have grouped the recent orders Blattida, Man-
tida and Isoptera into a single superorder (the “Panisoptera’’), and 1 would
point out the fact that the evidence of the venation of the wings is in full ac-
cord with that drawn from a study of other features of the body, which indi-
cate that the group mentioned above is a natural one. The wings of the Pro-
toblattida clearly indicate that the Protoblattids are the nearest representatives
of the precursors of the Blattida, and if one compares the hind wing of the
Mantid shown in Fig. 27, with that of the Protoblattid shown in Fig. 24, it is
quite evident that the Protoblattids are the nearest representatives of the pre-
cursors of the Mantids also; and both Blattids and Mantids apparently arose

213

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

PLATE 9.

NT. VoL. LIv.

Can. E

VENATION OF INSECT WINGS.

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOMOGIST

from the same source in the common Protoblattid-Protorthopteron stock. Simi-
larly, the hind wing of the Isopteron shown in Fig. 26 is very similar to that of
the Protorthopteron shown in Fig. 29, and also resembles extremely closely the
hind wings of the Protoblattid shown in Fig. 23. The Isoptera, therefore, in
all probability arose from the same source in the common Protoblattid-Protor-
thopteron stock which gave rise to the Blattids and the Mantids. Although the
alaflabellum, or anal fan, of the Isopteron shown in Fig. 26 is not typical of
all Isoptera, the termite there figured is a very primitive one, and its condition
clearly indicates that certain of the ancestral Isoptera had well developed alafla-
bellum, which they evidently inherited from ancestors of the common Protor-
thopteron-Protoblattid stock.

The precursor of the anal fan of the Protoblattids and Protorthoptera
is suggested by the broadening of the basal portion of the hind wings of such
Palaeodictyoptera as the one shown in Fig. 50, but it is not very probable that
this Palaeodictyopteron represents very closely the type which gave rise to the
common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stock. ‘The alflabellum is enormously deve-
loped in the Orthopteroid descendants of the Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stock
(figs. 48, 49 and 45) and it is also large in the Plecopteron shown in Fig. 46
(which was also derived from ancestors resembling the Protoblattids and Pro-
torthoptera in many respects. )

I have grouped the Plecoptera and Embiidina in a common superorder
(the ““Panplecoptera”), and the venation of the wings would clearly support
such a grouping, as may be seen by comparing the wing of the Plecopteron shown
in Fig. 22 with that of the Embiid shown in Fig. 18. Both of these wings
resemble that of the Hadentomoid shown in Fig. 21, rather closely, and
the wings of the Plecoptera (figs. 22 and 8) are rather suggestive of the Hap-
alopteroida (fig. 9) in some respects. The Plecoptera, however, in all probabil-
ity were derived from ancestors closely resembling the common Protorthopter-
on-Protoblattid stock (and also related to the Palaeodictyoptera) from which
the Isoptera were descended, since the wing of the Plecopteron shown in Fig. 8
is extremely similar to that of the Isopteron shown in Fig. 12, and both lead
back to the Protorthopteron-Protoblattid types shown in Figs. 19, II, 15, ete.
If the termite-like insect shown in Fig. 16 is really a Neuropteron, the venation
of some Neuroptera evidently approach the type of Isopteran and Plecopteran
venation shown in Figs. t2 and &, thus suggesting that the origin of the Plec-
optera was not far from the point of origin of the Neuroptera also. The huge
anal development in the hind wing of the Plecopteron shown in Fig. 46 would
indicate that the primitive Plecoptera sprang from the same stock which gave
rise to such Blattids as the one shown in Fig. 42 (and 43), thus lending further
weight to the view that the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stock repre-
sents quite closely the ancestors of the Plecoptera (and their allies the Embiidina),
and the lines of development of the Plecoptera and Embidiina parallel those of
the Protorthoptera and Protoblattida quite closely, while they approach the Had-
entomoida and Hapalopteroida only slightly. It should be borne in mind that
the Kmbiid type of wing approaches the Isopteron type almost as closely as the
Plecoptera mentioned above do, but it has not seemed necessary to include fur-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 215

ther figures to demonstrate this fact, since it is quite patent that the Embiidina
and Plecoptera are so closely related that what applied to one applies to the
other, as well.

The Dermaptera, Phasmids, Grylloblattids, and saltatorial Orthoptera are
here grouped in the superorder ‘“‘Panorthoptera.”” The Dermaptera were form-
erly grouped with the Embiidina and Plecoptera, but it is preferable to place
them nearer the Phasmids, saltatorial Orthoptera, etc., than was done in the
former grouping. In the enormous development of the anal area, and the ac-
companying reduction of the preanal region (i. e. the region in front of the anal
area) the Dermapteron wing shown in Fig. 48 approaches the Orthopteron
and Phasmid shown in Figs. 45 and 49, and the “floating” or intercalary veins,
which are not attached basally, and occur between the anal veins (of which
they are probably detached branches), are rather similar in the insects in ques-
tion. ‘The paramarginal line extending almost parallel to the margin of the
wing in the insect shown in Fig. 48, was possibly formed by the joining, end-to-
end, of certain of the cross veins, some of which are shown in Fig. 45. The
wings of the Dermaptera (Fig. 48) likewise approach the Blattid wings shown in
Figs. 43 and 44, and they are also suggestive of the wing of the Plecopteron
shown in Fig. 46. From these resemblances, we may conclude that the Dermap-
tera arose from the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem very near the
point at, whick the lines of development of the Phasmids and saltatorial Orthop-
tera branched off, but the general character of the body in general would pre-
clude the possibility of deriving the Dermaptera from saltatorial Orthoptera. It
is likewise very probable that the line of development of the Dermaptera arose
near the point of origin of that of the Blattids and of the Plecoptera (with the
Embtidina) as well, and this would account for the general resemblance cf the
Dermaptera to the Plecoptera and Embiida, as well as to the Blattids, Mantids
and Isoptera, since they all arose near the same point, though the line of develop-
ment of the Dermaptera follows that of the Phasmids and saltatorial Orthoptera
(with the Grylloblattids) more closely than any other forms. In this connection, it
may be mentioned that the Hemimeridae are merely modified Dermaptera, and the
Grylloblattids are probably very primitive Orthoptera closely related to the Protor-
thoptera and Protoblattids. The wings of the Phasmids (Fig. 49) would in-
dicate that their closest affinities are with the saltatorial Orthoptera (Fig. 45),
although in the general character of their external anatomy, they are extremely
closely related to the Grylloblattids and Dermaptera, and likewise exhibit cer-
tain points of resemblance to the Plecoptera and Embiids, as well as to the Man-
tids, Isoptera, and Blattids (compare also the wings shown in Figs. 43, 42, and
46 with Fig. 49.) The Phasmids apparently sprang from the common Protor-
thopteron-Protoblattid stock very close to the point where the true Orthoptera
(with the Grylloblattids) and Dermaptera arose, and also not far from the point
of origin of the Blattids (with the Mantids and Isoptera) and the Plecoptera
(with the Embiidina) also. The line of development of the Phasmids, however,
parallels that of the saltatorial Orthoptera (with the Grylloblattids) extremely
closely; and the wings would indicate that their closest allies are among the
saltatorial Orthoptera and Dermaptera, and also that the Blattids are their next
closest allies. ‘The body in general of the Phasmids is much more primitive

216 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

than that of the saltatorial Orthoptera, and it is infinitely more probable that
the Phasmids branched off near the base of the Orthopteran stem, than that
the Phasmids were derived from the saltatorial Orthoptera.

(To be continued.)

THE PERMANENT BUREAU OF ALL-RUSSIAN ENTOMO-PHYTO-

PATHOLOGICAL CONGRESSES IN PETROGRAD, RUSSIA. es

The Permanent Bureau of All-Russian Entomo-Phytopathological Con- as
gresses, Liteyny, 37-39, Room 59, Petrograd, Russia, desires:

1. To exchange printed matter (published since 1914) on entomology,
phytopathology, mycology and zoology, with American colleagues, Scientific So-
cieties, Agricultural ig SES Stations, Museums of Natural History, periodi-
cals, etc.

2. To receive from American publishers catalogues and specimen num-
bers of various publications on the above mentioned subjects.

3. To receive catalogues and price-lists from American firms dealing in
various apparatus and chemicals used in combating the plant injurers.

The above mentioned Permanent Bureau has supplied credentials to Mr. +.
D. N. Borodin (who also represents the Bureau of Applied Botany of the Rus- |
sian Agriculatural Scientific Committee, Petrograd) to collect literature in this
country and give all the necessary information to the American colleagues, con-
cerning entomological work conducted in Russia, and to organize an exchange
of literature. ;

Mr. Borodin will accept all packages with books, bulletins, etc. for Russia,
if they. will be addressed to him at No. 110 West 4oth Street, Room 1603, New
York City.

BOOK NOTICE

Volume X, No. 1 of the University of Iowa Studies contains three ento-

mological articles.
ie Report on the Scutelleroidea collected by the eae -Antigua Expe-
dition in 1918 by Dayton Stoner.

Seventeen species are recorded. The report is well illustrated and many
interesting observations on the habits, food plants and distribution of
the various species are given.

EL: ae on the Orthoptera and Dermaptera of the same Expedition by A.
. Caudell. ,

di Se species are treated of, distributed as follows :—Forficulidae, 2
Blattidae, 8; Mantidae, 2; Phasmidae, 2; Acrididae, 7; Tettigonidae, 3;
Gryllidae, 7.

One new species of Blattidae, Eurycotis similis, one new Acridian, Ambly-
tropidia stoneri, and two new Gryllids, Cycloptilum minimum and Het-
erecous? dubius are described.

Ill. ‘The Scutelleroidea of the Douglas Lake Region by Dayton Stoner. "

Twenty-seven species are listed as occurring in the vicinity of this north-
ern Michigan Lake and numerous valuable ecological notes are given —
under the various specific headings. ; J. McBS

Nailed Thursday, November 23rd 1922, ‘

a i

VOL. LIV. ORILLIA, OCTOBER, 1922. No. Io.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Tur CocKLEBUR BILLBuc*
BY F, H. CHITTENDEN,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The excessive price of commercial oils during war times led to more ex-
tensive cultivation of oil-producing plants, such as the castor bean and sunflower.
The seeds of the latter are cultivated in Kansas and neighboring States in the
Middle West and the oil therefrom utilized for the manufacture of oil-cake for
lighting purposes, for woollen dressing, candle and soap-making. The oil-cake
and seeds are useful foods for stock and poultry, and the seeds also for cer-

Fig. 1—Rhodobaenus 13- punctatus: a, common form of beetle; b, head and beak of
female; c, same of male—all enlarged.

tain cage birds. Complaints have been made during recent years in regard to
weevils which affect cultivated sunflower. For several years past the writer has
had under observation a rhynchophorous larva which inhabits the stems, known
as the cocklebur billbug (Rhodobaenus 13-punctatus Ill.). The following notes:
are submitted as of interest in connection with the growing of sunflower for

commercial use.
*Rhodobaenus tredecimpunctatus [l\l.; family Calandridae; order Coleoptera.

- » os se eee - esene” 2 =
yy ‘ > -_ ae
2 SO ee re ae :

* ee = ara
pS f aK
ons cy ra 2 OG —s
if

218 "DHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST See OSE :

ies was injurious to dahlia. All of his plants had Sey eter by the laid
described as boring upwards through the pith of the stem and then through 1
branches. This greatly injured the vitality of the plants, the stalks being wez
ened, and caused the plants to break down by their own weight. What few
blooms were borne were smail and inferior, and the plants were so badly infest-
ed as to be of no value that year. Pupae were seen as late as August 31. Soo [
thereafter, this species came to the attention of Dr. E. G. Titus in its occurrenee
on sugar beet, there being evidence that the larvae could breed in seed-s al I
August-6, 1921, Mr. W. V. Reed, Assistant Entomologist, State of Georgia,
this beetle from Atlanta, Ga., with statement that it was quite a pest on dah
in that State. A few plants were injured by this insect in previous years,
that year it had done pies considerable damage to dahlias. The weevil seemed gc

dahlia stocks were more or ins young and tender. In the older stalks it beste
them and lessens their vitality considerably. Larvae were about full grown at_
this time. %.

THE BEETLE

from the South chermnaaly occur in which these spots become tere into fiasidel
From our native corn billbugs (Sphenophorus) and their allies, to which this —
species is related, it may be distinguished at once by its color, its much mo: Ten
strongly curved beak, and differently shaped antennae. The beetle measures

usually less than half an inch in length, but specimens vary fron1 one-fourth :
~ fully one-half of an inch. :

DISTRIBUTION

regions, and is about equaliy common on the Pacific Coast. It does not appe
to inhabit territory north of the Transition life zone, and is common in Mexi
and Central America, as also in Columbia, S. A. “e

The beetles are somewhat free fliers, in which respect they differ tc m1
most known species of Sphenophorus. -

The first account of this species was by Riley in 1871.2 A short accow t
was given by the same writer ten years later. In the latter the larval characte:
are briefly indicated. :

ieee Pos, ‘These on the thorax, and in pote the ‘ete are whelis black | 2

the disk. It is an exceedingly variable species, no hess that 22 synonyms and

16 forms having been recognized (Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Colleop., Vol.

IV. pt. 7, pp. 149-150, 1910). “g
2—Riley, C. V. Third Missouri Report, p p. 60, 1871. .
3—Report Comm. Agr. for 1881-82, p. 142.

219

the ‘anal seebeat!. is protuberant, armed with two blunt terminal spines ;
di is broadly rounded, not vittate, mandibles bidentate, ligula emarginate,
iate ; the ocelli occupy the same relative positions upon the front margin
phenophorus, but are larger, convex, lenticular, with pigment spots plainly
- beneath.” In other respects the larvae of these two genera agree very
‘A even to the folds of the body-joints and the position of the occipital de-

‘hodobaenus 13-punctatus larva; a, lateral view; b, head and first thoracic
segment ; c, dorsal view of anal. segment, enlarged.

Foop AND OTHER Hapsrts
1880, F, M. Webster* noted the occurrence of the larva in the pith of

ae the writer published a ‘fate on this insect and its occurrence in

in ty of Washington, D. C.>
| This species breeds in the stems of various wild plants, chiefly Compositae,

i Life, Vol. 1, p. 382, 1889.

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ie £ gs

ornamental dahlia. Its occurrence on sugar beet is exceptional. It is frequent-
ly associated with other insects, notably with the clover stem-borer Languria
mozardi Latr.).
The hibernated imagos appear in the District of Columbia in early May, :
and although oviposition has not been observed, judging from analogy, the eggs
are deposited in holes which the female cuts in the stems while they are still
young and tender. he larvae bore through the pith, and when mature forma _
cell in which they transform to pupae and afterward to adults. Newly-bred —
imagos occur from the middle of August until the first week of September.

NATURAL ENEMIES. ie.

‘ Two parasites of this species have been observed, the chalcidid Habrocytus 7
rhodobaeni Ashm., reared by the writer from larvae from Rosslyn, Va., and des- se
cribed in 1896°, and an undescribed chalcidid. aoe

NOTES ON EXYRA SEMICROCEA GUEN. AND FORM -
HUBBARDIANA DYAR. (LEPIDOPTERA) : |
BY F. H. BENJAMIN,

Agricultural College, Mississippi.
While on an inspecting trip to southern Mississippi the author had the
opportunity to view these interesting little Noctuid moths in their natural habitat. be
Twenty miles north of Gulfport, on the Dixie Highway, Professor Lob- SA
dell, Mr. Langston and the author were examining low lands with the idea of =
attempting to ascertain the extent of damage to be anticipated to crops by pe |
fish. ee
Here, Sarracenia flava was present in vast numbers. This is the wel =
known Pitcher Plant of our southern wet lands, which annually destroys vast
numbers of insects. The normal insect, entering the funnel shaped leaf, is unable —
to find its way out, and is actually digested by the fluids in the bottoms of the

leaves. ‘This is a most remarkable instance of plant specialization, but still more
remarkable is the fact that this plant has a set of enemies belonging to the genus
of moths known as Exyra who are especially adapted throughout their entire life.
cycle to live within the “pitchers” of these plants. 3

Unfortunately the author was unable to view the egg laying of these

pupae to adults. Heretofore, these moths were not common in collections, a
they apparently are not very much attracted to light. A light burned in a localit at

infested with the insects failed to attract any specimens. Most of the specimens —
in collections have either been found accidentally, or carefully reared fromtary ae,

outside of the native wet acid soils in which it grows. ©
All stages of the larvae were found within the “pitchers,” eating as ee
usual thing only the protected inside tissue, and thus undoubtedly gaining a _

high degree of protection against natural enemies. Occasionally the leaf tissue i
— ee 4
6—Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Vol. XXIII, ip. 220, 1896.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 221

“was eaten through, but this appeared to be an accident, rather than the normal
‘mouth of the leaf in which it lives. There is only a single individual to a
leaf, although they do not appear to be carnivorous, and a number were success-
A; lly carried in a tin box for several days.
: When ready to pupate, the larva forms a cocoon of frass and silk, in the
"slender part of the “pitcher”; having spun, just above this cocoon, a stiff web of
sill which seems to be a very effective protection against disturbance from above.
These stiff webs appear to be a sure indication of a pupating larva or pupa
< _ below. Before pupating the larva eats the leaf so that merely a shell of very
Pihin tissue, in the form of a round spot, remains between it and the outside world.
vs it to be concluded that the adult pushes its way through this thin shell? Cer-
“tainly the pupa does not do so, for it remains snugly within its cocoon, and is
_ not found half way out of the plant, as is the case with the Cossidae. However,
ee ie front of the adult is in the shape of a sharp pointed cone, undoubtedly fitted
~ for pushing its way through something, and it seems almost certain that this is
- the means of emergence to the outside world.
’ After the adult has emerged, and left the old “pitcher”, it seeks a new
green “pitcher” for its hiding place. It never enters an old “pitcher” unless
seeking an immediate hiding place from threatened danger, and then never if
fresh green “pitcher” be close at hand. It is very peculiar that these moths
should always select the green leaves, from one to five adults being regularly
é found within each green “pitcher”. Almost every green “pitcher” had at least
one moth resting within it, whereas the only “ee a taken in old “pitchers”
were moths which were frightened out of the green “pitchers” and entered the
others to hide.
About forty specimens were caught in the green “pitchers” in less than half
an hour, surely an easy way to obtain a series which had heretofore been scarce in
collections.
a The specimens found represented both the typical form and Dr. Dyar’s
_ variety, hubbardiana. Not only were both forms found, together with all manner
os of intergrades, but also forms carrying the hubbardiana idea still further, until

only the merest trace of any dark maculation was visible on the ground color.
| au this aberration may be known asimmaculata, ab. nov.

ats Fe «
ba

Type Locality: 21 miles north of Gulfport, Mississippi.

“8 Dates of Capture: 26th of June, 1921.
by Z. Number and Sexes of Types: Holotype ¢, deposited as loan material
in the collection of Dr. William Barnes; I paratype, collection of author; 2 para-
_ types, collection of Agricultural and Mechanical College, Mississippi.

ind

Mr. Mortimer L. Higgins, Washington, D.C., reports the capture of ap-
proximately 100 specimens of the beetle Oxrynemus histrina (Nitidulidae) on a
_» single plant of the Stink Horn Fungus (Phallus impudicus). The capture of
_ more than one or two specimens on a single plant is very rare, according to
ie “Schwarz, Barber and Leng, and the record therefore should be of interest to

& oon

= me Sse ; Ee Ae at “ e-
\ wrt ¢ gh Rent race
: eee
222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST aie a .

NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS INDICATED BY ‘THE VEN NAT c
OF THE WINGS OF INSECTS.

BY G. C. CRAMPTON,
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.
(Continued from page 216)

I have pointed out the close resemblance between the Zoraptera and»
Psocids in several papers (Crampton, 1921 and 1922) and I would now defi
ly place the Zoraptera in the order Psocida, assigning to the Zorotypoidea
rank of suborder, or superfamily. ‘The discussion of the origin of the Zo
tera would therefore resolve itself into the question of the origin of the Pso id
in general, since what applies to one branch of the Psocids applies to all. A ce
parison of the wing of the es show n in Fig. 32 with that of the eS | bi:

pedicel off from the common stem ai the Protorthoptera and Prot
This view is in harmony with the fact that the wings of certain Psocids are
suggestive of the type occurring in some Blattids (compare Fig. 65 with Fig. an A
since the Blattids also arose from the common Protorthopteron-Protoblatti
stem, and much the same tendencies (i. e. the same genes, determinants, _or fac
tors) could enter both the Psocid and Blattid lines of descent, having been
herited from their common ancestry. The wings of the Zoraptera are quite —
suggestive of a relationship to the Isoptera (and the venation of other Psocids —
is rather faintly suggestive of Isopteron affinities) and this also would indie
that both Psocids and Isoptera were descended from ancestors very like the P
orthoptera (with the Protoblattida.) The resemblance between the wing
the Psocid shown in Fig. 32, and that of the Mixotermitoid shown in Fi
may be due to their mutual relationship to the Protorthoptera, but it is q
possible that the point of origin of the Psocid line of development may |
been quite close to the point at which the Mixotermitoid line of developr
branched off from their Protorthopteron-like ancestors, and the ree
would therefore be due to consanguinity, rather than to “convergence.”
marked resemblance between the wings of such Psocids as Zoroty pus and the
Embiids - (with the Plecoptera) has been discussed in several papers (Cram
ton, 1921 and 1922) and, although both Zorotypus and the Embiids are el
related to the Protorthoptera, the resemblance between them is not due solel
to their mutual relationship to the Protorthoptera, but is due to a more direc
relationship between the Psocids and Embiids (with the Plecoptera), and
extremely probable that the line of descent of the Psocids branched off
‘the base of the common Protoblattid-Protorthopteron stem very close to the poin
of origin of the common ancestors of the Embiids and Plecoptera ; ane the in
sects related to the Blattids (with the Isoptera) “took their origin”
this point also. J
The Psocids, Mallophaga, Pediculids, Thysanoptera, and Hemipt er rit
insects (i. e. Hemiptera and Homoptera) have been grouped in a single supet
order, the ‘‘Panhomoptera,” and a study of the venation of the groups in que
tion would lend weight to the correctness of this grouping. The Psocids

: = ‘4 ee ! ; a: x * :
Pas ga BASS a :
7 ney . A ~ ‘ i
ae HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 223

ly descended from ancestors very like the Protorthoptera, (with their
‘the Isoptera) and the Thysanoptera were apparently descended from an-
s resembling the modified descendant of the Protorthoptera shown in Fig.
ae as” may be seen by comparing Fig. 33 with Fig. 35. The mutual resemb-
lance between the wings of certain Psocids and the Thysanoptera has been dis-
he cussed elsewhere (Crampton, 1922) and need not be described here, so that it
aS not necessary to do more than call attention to the tact that the relationship

ediation of their mutual sSatiicchis to the Protorthoptera (and the Orthop- —
ee Tous descendants of the Protorthoptera.) The Pediculids are apparently quite
J closely related to the Mallophaga, (and Platypsyllid Coleoptera also) though
yoth are wingless groups, and nothing is known of their more direct w inged an-
tors, though both were doubtless derived from Psocid-like forms, as is in-
“ae ca cated by their general body characters. The Mallophaga in particular are ex-
ee emely like Psocids in the character of their head structures, thoracic plates,
cic. but they are also astonishingly like the members of the Coleopterous group —
=. - Platypsyllidae in certain respects (and they also have certain features in com-
Fs m on with the Hemimerid family of the Dermaptera.) If the Psocids, Dermap-
# oe and Coleoptera are all to be derived from Protorthopteroid ancestors, this
complicated interrelationship of the Mallophaga to all of these orders is readi-
comprehensible ; but if this view is inadmissible, the resemblance between
; -Mallophaga and the Hemimerid Dermaptera, for example, must be regard-
; ed as a result of convergent development due to the selective action of similar
= er aaa conditions (ectoparasitism. )
“us _ Judging from their general structure, the Thy sanoptera are more closely

“a sible. The remarkable parallelism in the venation of a long series of Psocids and.

Tomopterous Hemipteroid insects has been discussed in a previous paper (Cramp-
, 1922) and the Psocids parallel the Homoptera so closely that it would be very
ppropriate to designate the Psocids as ““Parahomoptera” rather than as “Psocop-
a,” as is done by certain recent entomologists—especially since all of the Psocop~

he Be. of Psocus) and the diegitiation “Psocoptera” is not at all appropriate for
ch Psocids as these, while even Embidopsocus parallels the venation of certain.
ieee as was pointed out in the article referred to above.

Since the wings of the Psocids parallel those of the Homoptera so re~
“ma eably closely (apparently due to the inheritance of many common genes, de-
. imants or factors from a common source) we would expect that if the Pso-
ids were derived from ancestors closely related to the common Protorthopteron-
Protoblattid stem, the Homoptera would also be derived from ancestors
extremely similar to these forms, and indeed, certain Homopterous wings are
p ay suggestive of those of certain Protorthoptera, while sucha Homopterous wing
as the one shown in Fig. 58 approaches quite closely that of the descendant of
2 common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem shown in Fig. 59, and a surpris-

are not Psocus-winged (e. g. the wings of Embidopsocus are nothing like —

3¥

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ingly large number of anatomical features of Hemiptera are “Blattoid.” In
fact, it would be quite impossible to derive such a type as the Homopterous
wing shown in Fig. 58 from that of Eugereon (Fig. 41) which is supposed to rep-
resent the type ancestral to the Homoptera and Hemiptera (Heteroptera), so
that it is much more probable that the ancestors of the Homoptera and Hemip-
tera were very like the common Protorthoptera-Protoblattid stem, and the com-
mon ancestors of the Homoptera and Hemiptera apparently arose at the point
where the common stock of the Protorthoptera and Protoblattida began to di-
verge from the Palaeodictyoptera, and Eugereon doubtless branched off from
the same point, or very near it. Hugereon, however, is more like the Palaeo-
dictyoptera (compare figs. 41 and 30), and it possibly may be regarded as_

a specialized Palaeodictyopteron. In stressing the close relationship of the primi-
tive Homoptera to the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stock, I would not
minimize the fact that the Homoptera have also taken over traits from the 7
Palaeodictyoptera into their line of development, but these are to be regarded xe

more as persistent features coming up from the common stock which gave rise

to both Palaeodictyoptera and the Protorthoptera-Protoblattida—and the Hom-
<optera apparently arose at the point where these two lines began to diverge from 4
their common ancestry. The line of development of the Megasecoptera also ap-
parently branched off near this point, so that the ancestors of the Homoptera were
doubtless related to the Protoblattid-Protorthopteron stock, and to the Megase-
coptera, Protohemiptera and Palaeodictyoptera as well. The line of development
of the Hemipteroids,.however, apparently parallels that of the Protoblattid-Prot-
orthopteron stem and the forms descended from it such as the Psocids, etc, z
and the Hemipteroids also approach the Neuropteroid types (which were deriv- 4
ed from a similar source) in many respects. .

baa i

The Psocids, and their allies the Hemipteroids, etc., parallel the Neurop-_
teroid insects quite closely in many respects, as was mentioned above, and I am ~ 3
convinced that this parallelism is due to the inheritance of the same genes, de- .
terminants or factors (albeit these are modified by differing factors in the differ- 3
ent orders) from a common source, rather than that the marked resemblance ~
between the forms in question is due to “convergence” (i. e. the similarity is the |
result of consanguinity rather than to the operation of similar environmental
influences). ‘The resemblance between the wings of the Homoptera and the ~
Lepidoptera is well known, and the similarity between the wing of the Psocid —
shown in Fig. 32 and that of the Lepidopteron shown in Fig. 54 is unmistakable
The resemblance between the Psocid shown in Fig. 32 and the Trichopteron a
shown in Fig. 25 is quite marked, and the resemblance between the Psocid,
Homopteron and Trichopteron wings shown in Figs. 40, 39 and 38 is very strik-
ing, as is also the resemblance between the wing of the Homopteron shown in .
Fig. 36 and the Trichopteron shown in Fig. 37 (or the Mecopteron shown in| “ .
Fig. 52). The most instructive and important resemblance, however, is that’: :
between the Psocid shown in Fig. 65 and the Hymenopteron shown in Fig. Gia
and when these two wings are compared together, and that of the Hymenopteron”
shown in Fig. 66 is compared with the Homopterous wing shown in Fig. 68, it —
would appear very probable that the veins interpreted as the fourth and fifth
branches of radius in the sawflies, are merely cross veins between the radial

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 225

sector and media. Similarly, a comparison of the median and cubital veins in
Figs. 66 and 65 would suggest a different interpretation of these veins in the
sawflies than the one usually accepted. The venation of certain Psocids (Fig.
40) is very suggestive of that of certain Neuroptera (compare Fig. 40 with Fig.
51; Fig. 31 with Fig. 28, etc.) and Coleoptera, as is also true of certain Homop-
tera. From the foregoing, it should be quite evident that the lines of descent of
the Psocids and their allies the Homoptera, parallel the lines of descent of the
insects descended from Neuroptera-like forbears, quite closely, and the forms
allied to the Psocids were probably derived from a common source with the
Neuropteroid insects (i. e. from Protorthoptera-like forbears. )

I have grouped the Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Hymenoptera,
Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera into a super-
order called the “Panneuroptera,” which corresponds to the Holometabola, or
to the Endopterygota of various investigators, and I have here retained the
term Panneuroptera merely for the sake of a uniform method of designating
the superorders in general. Although the body structures of the adult Coleoptera
and Hymenoptera are somewhat more primitive than those of the Neuroptera
in general, the Neuroptera have nevertheless retained the wings in a condition
more closely approximating the original state for the superorder as a whole,
and since the members of the superorder Panneuroptera were all evidently de-
rived from the same (or nearly the same) source, the venation of the Neurop-
tera may be used to illustrate the origin of the members of the superorder in-
dicated by a study of their wings—which are the only features sufficiently well
preserved to compare the structures of their fossil precursors with those of
their modern descendants. The wing of the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 53 is
strikingly like that of the Palaeodictyopteron shown in Fig. 56, and the ancestors
of the Neuroptera were undoubtedly like the Palaeodictyoptera in many re-
spects—but this is not the whole story, since the Neuropteron shown in Fig.
20, for example, exhibits many Protoblattid and Protorthopteran features (com-
pare it with Figs. 11, 15, 19, etc., or Fig. 53 with 55, etc.) which cannot be
passed over in silence. The only logical explanation for this dual resemblance
in fundamental details, is that the line of development of the Protorthoptera-
Protoblattida began to diverge from that of the Palaeodictyoptera, as both em-
erged from their common ancestral group, which in turn was derived from an-
cestors which combined in themselves the primitive characters of the Palaeo-
dictyoptera, Protodonata, etc. Not only did the Neuroptera arise at the point
where the Protoblattida-Protorthoptera began to diverge from the Palaeodicty-
optera, but the ancestors of the Isoptera doubtless also arose at or very near
this same point (as is also true of the origin of the lines of development of sev-
eral other forms, such as the Plecoptera, the Megasecoptera, and probably the
Synarmogoida, and even the common ancestors of the Hemiptera-like forms)
and this doubtless accounts for the fact that the neuration of such a Neuropteron
as the one shown in Fig. 16 resembles that of the Isopteron shown in Fig. 12
so closely (if the form in question is really a Neuropteron as Handlirsch and
others claim) since all of these have inherited many genes, determinants or fac-
tors from a common source, and this causes their lines of development to paral-
lel each other very closely. Whether this explanation is valid or not, the fact

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

remains that the lines of development of the Neuroptera and their immediate rela-
tives very closely parallel those of such insects as the Protorthoptera, which were
descended from the common Protoblattid-Protorthopteran stock, and the explana-
tion given above is as logical as any, since it takes all of the known facts of
comparative anatomy into consideration, and none of these facts would militate
against this view.

The Dermaptera were apparently descended from the common Protor-
thopteran-Protoblattid stem, and their line of development parallels that of the
Protorthoptera and the Orthoptera remarkably closely. Similarly, the wings of
certain Coleoptera are strongly suggestive of those of certain Protorthoptera
(e. g. Probnis speciosa). I do not find much support, however, in the study of
the known types of wings in the two groups for my contention that the Coleop-
tera and Dermaptera are very closely related (which is based upon a comparison
of the general structures of the body), although I feel certain that the relation-
ship between the Coleoptera and the Dermaptera is much more intimate and
direct than through the intermediation of their mutual relationship to the Or
thoptera and the Protorthoptera. The larvae of the Coleoptera are so like those
of the Neuroptera that I have been unable to find any character which will un-
failingly distinguish between the two in every case, and the venation of the
Coleoptera (fig. 72) is certainly in harmony with the view that the Coleoptera
_ are extremely closely related to the Neuroptera* (fig. 69) —and the usually
accepted view that the Holometabola are a natural assemblage is apparently cor-
rect. Since the Coleoptera are the next of kin to the Neuroptera and Hymen-
optera, the line of development of the Coleoptera (which branched off at the
base of the common Holometabolous stem), like that of the Neuroptera, should
arise at the point where the line of development of the Protorthoptera-Protoblat-
tida began to diverge from that of the Palaeodictyoptera, but I have not been
able to find any Palaeodictyoptera which approach the Coleoptera remarkably
closely in their wing venation, and the line of development of the Coleoptera
must apparently be regarded as paralleling that of the descendants of the origin-
al Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stock on the one side, and the Holometabola on
the other—with their closest affinities with the Holometabola in general and the
Neuroptera and Hymenoptera in particular. The relationship of the Coleoptera
to the Psocids and Homoptera, or to the Plecoptera and Embiids, is not readily
apparent from a comparison of the wings available for study (although such
Psocids as Sphaeropsocus kuenowi, for example, resemble the Coleoptera in some
respects) and the relationship of the Coleoptera to these forms (and to the Blat-
tids and Isoptera as well) can be more profitably discussed with other features
than the wing veins.

The resemblance between the wings of the Hymenoptera and the Psocids
and Homoptera (compare Figs. 66 and 65) has already been discussed (as has
also the resemblance between the wings of certain Neuroptera and Psocids),
but the closest affinities of the Hymenoptera as indicated by their wing venation

*Since the foregoing was written, Dr. Forbes has shown me some of his figures of
Coleopterous venation which very clearly indicate a close relationship between
the Coleoptera and the Neurcptera, and he also called my attention to the

fact that Fig. 72 which was based upon a figure by Handlirsch, does not

accurately represent the condition of the cross veins etc., in Omma.

Sept 5 oie Day dg Rd to & hs,

—_

re wen ae

ities atte Ae eh

fon Naifee Pou or =a:

me thed pawl

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 227

_ (Figs. 66 and 67) in addition to other features, lie with the Neuroptera (Figs.

69 and 51) and Coleoptera (fig. 72). ‘The evidence of the venation etc., might
therefore be taken to indicate that the Hymenoptera, with the Neuroptera and
Coleoptera, arose from ancestors whose lines of descent sprang from the point
where the common Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem began to diverge from
the Palaeodictyoptera (although no Palaeodictyopterous types which approach
the Hymenoptera very closely have yet been found—though the Palaeodicty-
optera approach the Hymenoptera’s near relatives, the Neuroptera, very closely),
and the line of descent of the Hymenoptera parallels that of the Psocids and
other forms descended from the common Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stock on
the one side, and the Holometabolous types on the other—with their closest affini-
ties with the Holometabola in general, and the Neuroptera and Coleoptera*. in
particular. The Coleoptera, Neuroptera and Hymenoptera appear to be the most
primitive representatives of the Holometabola, and of these, the Coleoptera are
a rather aberrant group not as closely related to the higher Holometabola as
the Neuroptera and Hymenoptera are, in certain respects. The ovipositor of
such Hymenoptera as X yela is astonishingly like those of the Neuropteron Raphi-
dia, but the genitalia of male sawflies are extremely like those of male Mecoptera
and Diptera (and somewhat less like those of male Trichoptera and Lepidop-
tera). The Hymenoptera are a cerci-bearing group, while the Neuroptera are
not, and the larvae of sawflies are rather more suggestive of those of the Trich-
optera and Mecoptera which are cerci-bearing groups, so that in these and cer-
tain other particulars, the Hymenoptera appear to lead to the Mecopteroid Holo-

~metabola (i. e. the Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera and Lepidop-
tera), but on the whole. I am somewhat more inclined to regard the Neuroptera

as slightly nearer the precursors of the Mecopteroid Holometabola than the
Hymenoptera are. The venation of the wings of certain Homoptera is extreme-
ly like that of certain Hymenoptera (as has been mentioned before) and the ovi-
positor and terminal segments of a Cicada are extremely like those of the Hym-
enopteron Sirex, for example; similarly, the wings of the Psocids are very like
those of certain sawflies (as was mentioned before) and the general characters.
of the Psocids are very suggestive of affinities with the sawflies (and their rela-.
tives the Neuroptera). There are also resemblances between the Hymenoptera.
and the Embiids (with their relatives the Plecoptera) ; and the Blattids, and
their relatives the Isoptera, are apparently extremely like the ancestors of the
Hymenoptera. How can we account for this complicated interrelationship in-
dicated by many features of the body, and supported by the evidence of the
wing-venation as well? ‘The only satisfactory answer so far as I can see, is to
admit that all of these forms arose from ancestors occupying a position at or
near the point where the common Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem began to
diverge from the Palaeodictyoptera. This view would be supported by the evi-
dence of the wing-venation, and would be in harmony with a great number of
facts which cannot be explained on any other grounds, so that in the absence of any

*The head capsule, neck plates, terga, ovipositor, etc., of certain Hymenoptera are
astonishingly like those of certain Neuroptera, while the mouthparts, male
genitalia, etc., of the Hymenoptera are more like those of the Coleoptera,
and the same is true to some extent, of the wings.

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

known facts which would tend to controvert it, I feel that we are sate in adopt.
ing this view.

As was mentioned above, the Mecopteroid Holometabola (i. e. the Mecop
tera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera) are slightly more
closely related to each other than they are to the Neuropteroid Holometabola
(1. e. the Hymenoptera, Neuroptera and Coleoptera), and their closest affinities are
possibly with the Hymenoptera and Neuroptera, while the Coleoptera are slight-
ly further removed from them in many anatomical features. Tillyard, 1919,
seems to be inclined to regard the Mecoptera as the nearest living representatives
of the types ancestral to the Holometabola in general, but from a study of the
general anatomy of the forms in question, I am more inclined to regard the
Coleoptera, Neuroptera and even the Hymenoptera, as more primitive (anatomi-
cally) than any Mecoptera I have studied, although everyone who has gone in-
to the matter at all deeply will readily admit that the Mecoptera have remained
as primitive as any of the higher Holometabola (1. e. the Diptera, Lepidoptera,
Trichoptera, etc.) in most of their external features at any rate.

Tillyard, 1919, would derive the primitive Lepidopterous venation shown in
Fig. 54 and the primitive Trichopterous venation shown in Fig. 37, from that of
the insect shown in Fig. 52, which he calls a ““Paramecopteron” ; and he would de-
rive the primitive Dipterous venation shown in Fig, 61, from that of the insect
shown in Fig. 60, which he calls a ““Paratrichopteron.” If the ‘“Paramecoptera”
and ‘‘Paratrichoptera” of Tillyard actually represent distinct orders (which I ser-
iously doubt) it would be preferable to call the insect shown in Fig. 60 a “Para-
mecopteron” (instead of a “Paratrichopteron’’) since its venation is so nearly
identical with that of other Mecoptera (such for example as the one shown in
Fig. 57) that it does not seem worth while to place it in a distinct order from the
Mecoptera, especially since the wings are the only anatomical features known.
Similarly, it would be preferable to call the insect shown in Fig. 52 a “Para-
trichopteron”’ (instead of a “Paramecopteron”’) if it is to be considered as rep-
resenting a distinct order, since its venation parallels that of the Trichopteron
shown in Fig. 37, for example. The insect shown in Fig. 52, however, is so
much like the insects which Tillyard calls “Protomecoptera” and the primitive
Mecopterous types, that I am inclined to regard it also as a primitive representa-
tive of the order Mecoptera. If the view that the so-called ‘‘Paramecoptera”
and “Paratrichoptera” are merely types of Mecoptera is correct, Tillyard’s deri-
vation of the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera is quite in accord with the
views of others who have also derived the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera
from Mecopterous, or Mecoptera-like forbears. I cannot help but feel, however,
that the ancestors of the Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, etc., were not pure
Mecoptera alone, but that the ancestors of some of these at least, were more
of the nature of the common ancestors of the Mecoptera and Neuroptera (with
the Hymenoptera.) Thus, for example, the primitive type of Lepidopterous
wing shown in Fig. 54 might very readily be derived from a type of wing essen-
tially like that of the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 51 (and many features of
the body in general would bear out this assumption), and certain features of
the Diptera, for example, point to a very close relationship between them and
the Neuroptera (with the Hymenoptera ) as well as the Mecoptera, and many

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 229

other facts would indicate that the ancestors of the higher Holometabola were
pre-Mecopterous forms combining in themselves Mecopterous, Hymenopterous,
and Neuropterous features, rather than that the ancestors of the higher Holo-
metabola were simple Mecoptera. Insects which have retained certain anatomical
features in a primitive condition are frequently fairly highly specialized in other
anatomical features, and until more is known of the general anatomy of Belmon-
tia, it would be unwise to attempt to derive all of the higher Holometabola from
the insect whose wing is shown in Fig. 52, especially since a study of the body
in general (e. g. head and mouthparts of Micropterygid Lepidoptera, etc.) would
point to an ancestry for many of the higher Holometabola in fornis which are
fundamentally more primitive than the Mecoptera (to which group I believe
that the insect shown in Fig. 52 belongs.) The line of development of the Dip-
tera parallels that of the Mecoptera remarkably closely, and the two apparently
merge as we trace them back to a common source, and in the same way, the
line of development of the Lepidoptera parallels that of the Trichoptera remark-
ably closely, and these two lines of descent also appear to merge as we trace
them back to their common ancestry. The lines of descent of the higher Holo-
metabola’ mentioned above, parallel each other extremely closely, and as we
trace them all back to their common source, they are joined by the lines of des-
cent of the Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, etc., and all of these apparently lead back
to ancestors occupying a position at or near the point where the common stem
of the Protorthoptera and Protoblattida began to diverge from the Palaeodicty-
optera. Since the lines of development of the Psocids and Homoptera arose
at the same point, both of these groups could readily exhibit characters in com-
mon with the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, having inherited the same tenden-
cies from their common ancestry—and the Protorthoptera have apparently re-
tained more of the characters of this common ancestry than any other group
of insects. It would be possible to group the higher Holometabola (i. e. the
- Mecoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, etc.) in a superorder (Panme-
coptera) distinct from the lower representatives of the Holometabola, but it is
preferable to group them all in a single Holometabolous group (Panneuroptera)
including the Neuroptera, Coleoptera, etc., as well.

The Strepsiptera are a type of Holometabolous insects whose affinities are
rather difficult to determine, although the usual view that they are closely re-
lated to the Coleoptera is doubtless correct. There are a few points of resem-
blance between the wings of the Strepsiptera and those of certain Trichoptera.
as may be seen by comparing Fig. 74 with Fig. 73, and in their general anatomy
they also exhibit some Hymenopteroid features. Many features of the body
(particularly of the abdominal region) of the Hemipteroid insects are extremely
suggestive of a relationship to the Strepsiptera, and the wing of the Hemipteroid
insects shown in Fig. 75 resembles that of the Strepsipteron shown in Fig. 74
in some respects, while the venation of the Hemipteroid insect shown in Fig.
71 is even more similar to the Strepsipteron shown in Fig. 74. The Psocids also
approach the Strepsiptera in certain features. The venation of the Coleopterous
wing shown in Fig. 70 is somewhat suggestive of the Strepsiptera (Fig. 74), but
the resemblance is not very striking, and the relationship between the Strepsiptera
and the Coleoptera is better illustrated by the character of the larvae, and cer-

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tain features of the adult anatomy. The wing of the modified descendant of
the Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem shown in Fig. 48 exhibits certain features
suggestive of a relationship to the Strepsiptera (Fig. 74), but it is quite possible
that any resemblance between the venation of the Strepsiptera and Dermaptera
is due to their mutual relationship to the Coleoptera—for I still believe that
the Coleoptera are closely related to the Dermaptera as well as to the Neuroptera,
since they are anatomically intermediate between the two in their general body
structures, although the wings available for comparison do not show this very
strikingly. It is very probable that the line of development of the Strepsiptera
branched off near the base of the Coleopteron stem, and took over in ‘its line
of development certain features inherited from the ancestors of the Coleoptera,
which occupied a position close to the common stem of the Protorthoptera and
Protoblattids, and were therefore related to the Dermaptera also, since these
branched off from the common Protorthopteran stock at the point where the
line of development of the Coleoptera arose. Any resemblance between the
Strepsiptera and the Hemipteroid insects, is possibly due to the inheritance of
common factors from their forbears in or near the common Protorthopteran-
Protorblattid stock from which they all arose, although the resemblance between
the Strepsiptera and Trichoptera is apparently due to a more direct connection
than through the intermediation of the Protorthopteroid forms.

The foregoing facts may be briefly summarized as follows. Of the
higher insects, the Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera and Lepidop-
tera are extremely closely related, as are the Neuroptera, Coleoptera (with the
Strepsiptera?), and Hymenoptera, and ali of these insects form a natural group
of Neuropteroid insects comprising the superorder Panneuroptera (also called
Sialomorpha or Sialoformia) corresponding to the Holometabola or Endoptery-
gota of entomologists in general.) Of the remaining higher insects, the Psocids
(Parahomoptera), which are here regarded as including the Zoraptera as a sub-
order or superfamily of the Psocids, the Mallophaga (Lipoptera), and Pedicu-’
lids (Ellipoptera), are quite closely related, and the Hemiptera, with the Homop-
tera, are quite closely related to the Thysanoptera, and all of these have been
grouped in a Hemipteroid or Psocid superorder called the Panhomoptera (also
called the Psocomorpha or Psociformia). The lines of development of these
Neuropteroid and Psocid superorders parallel one another so closely (due to the
inheritance of many factors in common from their forbears, which occupied
a position intermediate between the Protoblattid-Protorthopteran stock and the
Palaeodictyoptera) that it has seemed advisable to group them all in a larger
subdivision of winged insects called the “Neuropteradelphia,”’ which comprises
all of the so-called higher insects. In most of these “higher” insects, the fore
wings are larger than the hind ones, and most of them exhibit no marked tenden-
cy toward development of an anal fan. Wings held along abdomen when at rest.

The Blattids (Palaeoptera) and Mantids (Eudictyoptera) are so closely *
related that.they are placed in a single order called the “Dictyoptera” (a term
originally applied to the Neuroptera and Odonata) by some recent investigators,
and it is largely a matter of personal preference whether they are divided into
two orders, or are grouped into one, although if their immediate relatives, the
Isoptera, are regarded as a distinct order, they also may be regarded as represent-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 231

ing two distinct orders. The Blattids, Mantids, and Isoptera have been grouped
into a Blattoid superorder called the Panisoptera (Blattomorpha or Blattiformia),
and the Protoblattids (Propalaeoptera) are also placed-in this superorder provi-
sionally. ‘The saltatorial Orthoptera (with which the Grylloblattids may be in-
cluded) are extremely closely related to the Phasmids (Cheleutoptera), and,
with the Dermaptera, these three types have been grouped into an Orthopteroid
superorder called Panorthoptera (Gryllomorpha, or Grylliformia.) The Protor-
thoptera are so closely related to the Orthoptera, that they might also be includ-
ed in this superorder. If the Protorthoptera are grouped with the mem-
bers of the Orthopteroid superorder, and the Protoblattids are grouped
with the Blattoid superorder, it is evident that the lines of development of the
lowest representatives of the two superorders (1. e. the Protoblattids and Protor-
thoptera) quickly merge as we trace their lines of descent a little further back,
and this might be taken to indicate that it is preferable to combine the two super-
orders into a single Orthopteroid superorder (Panorthoptera.) The Plecoptera
and Embiids (Platyptera) are so closely related that they have been grouped
in a Plecopteroid superorder called the Panplecoptera (Perlomorpha or Perli-
formia), and the fossil Hadentomoids (Proplatyptera) might also be grouped in
this superorder, but it is preferable to wait until more is known of these fossil
forms before attempting to determine definitely where to place them. The Blat-
toid, Orthopteroid and Plecopteroid superorders are so closely related that it
is advisable to group them into a division of winged insects called “Orthoptera-
delphia.’ Inthe members of this group, the fore wings are usually smaller than
the hind wings. There is a tendency toward development of an anal fan, and
the wings are capable of being folded along the abdomen.

The Ephemerida (Archiptera or Plectoptera) have preserved in their “‘lar-
val” stages, certain features which indicate that they are among the most primi-
tive of living Pterygota, and with the Odonata (Pseudoneuroptera or Paraneur-
optera) they constitute a primitive group of insects which branched off from
the Pterygotan stem at an early period, to follow their own paths of spectaliz-
ation. Although the Ephemerids are not as closely related to the Odonata as
might be expected from certain resemblances to the Thysanoura, which both ex-
hibit, the Ephemerids and Odonata may be grouped in the Ephemeroid super-
order Panarchiptera (Ephemeromorpha or Ephemeriformia), for the sake of
convenience. ‘The Protodonata would also be included in this superorder, since
they appear to be merely primitive Odonata, hardly worthy of ordinal rank.
The Protephemerida (Protarchiptera) are so closely related to the Ephemerids
that they might possibly be.placed in the same superorder with them, but it is
preferable to wait until more is known of the fossil forms before attempting to
group them definitely. ‘The Palaeodictyoptera were formerly placed in the Eph-
emeroid superorder, but it is preferable to place them in a Palaeodictyopteroid
superorder (Panpalaeodictyoptera) which would probably also include the Syn-
armogoida etc., but so little is known of the fossil forms, that much more in-
vestigation is needed before we are able to group them definitely. The Ephemer-
oid superorder and the Palaeodictyopteroid superorder constitute the division
of winged insects called “Archipteradelphia.’ The wings of the members of
this division tend to remain subequal in size, and are usually incapable of being

232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

folded along the body (i. e. are held out from the body when at rest.) True
anal fan lacking in practically all of these insects.

If we were able to make a detailed study of the immediate precursors
(or even the earliest representatives) of the various orders of living insects,
they would doubtless exhibit so many features in-common, that it would be ex-
tremely difficult to separate them into well defined superorders, and even when
we are dealing with living insects alone, the persistence of “synthetic” types,
or forms annectant between several orders, makes it very difficult to determine
the group with which the forms in question have their closest affinities. The
wings of some of the fossil forms sufficiently well preserved for study, combine
in themselves so many features common to a large number of recent orders,
that when these fossils are “included in any grouping of insects into superorders
or larger divisions, these groupings are found to intergrade because of the fact
that some of these intermediate fossil forms might as readily be included in one
group as another, and it is only when we restrict our consideration to living
forms alone, that the superorders and divisions are at all clearly defined. In
fact. it would be entirely possible to use a different method of grouping insects
than the one proposed above, but the grouping of winged insects into the higher
orders ( Neuropteradelphia), lower orders (Orthopteradelphia) and archaic forms
(Archipteradelphia) emphasizes the fact that the lines of development of some
“hang together for a longer time ” than others do, in “travelling along the road
to specialization,’ and I have attempted to give expression to the same idea in
grouping the members of these divisions into superorders.

ra
=
aa <2}
eee ie s a = Ss a
z Be 2 2 oA Fe 3 = 2 =
2Q8484 58.582 alae es #8
€2Aenhee sos F ES Be os Be eae
Bases soa 9G 84855 gS BEeEses ©
yr AAR ODS SS = Resa es = A, eS & S
e 2 04 AS ene a & B&B sogssés’ SX
6 ES ERES SS RESHESS 8 B8E7SS S
eee\||asee SAnT/SS 8 RRB S
ES B/S EA\ YF f Sy
: Z : -
‘ARCHAIC PTERYGOTA LOWER PTERYGOTA HIGHER, PTERYGOTA

The appended diagrams will serve to illustrate graphically the lines of
descent of the principal orders of winged insects, which have been represented in
three groups for the sake of simplicity, since if all were given in one figure,
there would result a confusing crossing of lines, since the various lines of des-
cent converge from three different directions forming a “bush-like” figure repre-
sented as though drawn “in three dimensions,” and it is preferable to simplify such
a figure by giving its component parts in three sections, as represented in the dia-
grams. ‘The “Prodictyoptera” are the common ancestors (or common stem) of
the Protorthoptera and Protoblattids; the designation “Prodictyoptera” is used
for the sake of breyity in the diagrams.

SE Rad Si Raia lee ee ee a aS
ale Te ies PES eee

‘
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 233

, ABBREVIATIONS.

...Costal vein; Sc. ...Subcostal vein; Rs. ...Radial sector; R,, R., R,, Ry,
and R,..Branches of Radial Vein; M,, M.,, M, and M,..Branches of Median
vein; Cu. ...Cubital veins; A. ...Anal veins.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

_ Fig. 1. Forewing of fossil Megasecopteron Corydaloides scudderi, redrawn from

Handlirsch, 1908.

_ Fig.2. Forewing of fossil Orthopteron Locustopsis elegans, redrawn from

3 Handlirsch, 1908.

Fig. 3. Forewing of fossil Synarmogoidan Synarmoge ferrarii, redrawn from

__ _ Handlirsch, 1920.

Fig. 4. Forewing of fossil Sypharopteroidan Sypharoptera pneuma, redrawn
from Handlirsch, 1920.

Fig. 5. Forewing of fossil Protorthopteron (?) Elcanopsis sydenienis, redrawn

: from Tillyard, 1918.

Hig. 6. Forewing of Protorthopteron Limopterum ornatum, redrawn from

. Handlirsch, 1920.

_ Fig. 7. Forewing of fossil Reculoidan Recula parva, redrawn from Handlirsch,

a... 1920.

a ‘Fig. 8. Forewing of Plecopteron Jsogenus sp., redrawn from Comstock, 1918.

. Fig.9. Forewing of fossil Hapalopteroidan Hapaloptera gracilis, redrawn from

Handlirsch, 1920.

_ Fig. 10. Forewing of fossil Mantid Petromantis rossica, redrawn from Hand-

2 lirsch, 1908.

Fig. 11. Forewing of fossil Protorthopteron Gvrophlebia longicollis, redrawn

we from Handlirsch, 1920.

- _ Fig. 12. Forewing of Isopteron Hodotermes mossambicus redrawn from Hand-
lirsch, 1908. :

Fig. 13. Forewing of fossil Mixotermitoidan Geroneura wilsoni, redrawn from_
Handlirsch, 1908.

_ Fig. 14. Forewing of fossil Mantid Palaeomantis schmidti, redrawn from Hand-

= lirsch, 1920.

_ Fig. 15."Forewing of fossil Protoblattid Protophasma dumasi, redrawn from

a Handlirsch, 1920.

pabig: 16. Forewing of fossil Neuropteron (?) Gigantotermes excelsus, redrawn
from Handlirsch, 1908.

Fig. 17. Forewing of fossil Mixotermitoidan Mixvotermes ligauensis, redrawn
from Handlirsch, 1908.

‘Fig. 18. Forewing of Embiid Donaconethis abyssinica, redrawn from Comstock,
1918. .

- Fig. 19. Forewing of fossil Protorthopteron Spaniodera ambulans, redrawn from

: Handlirsch, 1920.

_ Fig. 20. Forewing of fossil Neuropteron Nymphites braueri, redrawn from

tee Handlirsch, 1920.

_ Fig. 21. Forewing of fossil Hadentomoidan Hadentomum americanum, redrawn

| from Handlirsch, 1920.

Fig. 22. Forewing of Plecopteron Zelandobius confusus, redrawn from Tillyard.

eee

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST yikes = es ee

isch. 1920. en
Vig. 24. Hindwing of fossil Protoblattid Protophasma dumast, redrawn fror

: ees ne
. Fi ‘ig. 25. Forewing of Trichopteron Beracodes minuta, redrawn from ieee 1907. x
Tig. 3. Hindwing of Isopteron Mastotermes darwinensis, redrawn from Con
stock, 1918. oy
Fig. 27. Hindwing of Mantid Wetalleuctra splendida, redrawn from Handles,
» 1908.

Fig. 28. Forewing of Neuropteron Coniocompsa vesiculigera, redrawn irom
Enderlein, 1908.

Fig. 29. Hindwing of fossil Protorthopteron Sthenaropoda hho ina fron n Sa.
Handlirsch, 1920. oh

Fig. 30. Forewing of fossil Palaeodictyopteron Homothetus fossilis, redial
from Handlirsch, 1908. -

- Fig. 31. Forewing of Psocid Archipsocus brazilianus, redrawn from Enderlein._

Fig. 32. Forewing of Psocid Amphientomum paradoxum, redrawn from Tillyard,

ia
Pr.

1918.
Fig. 33. Forewing of fossil Thysanopteron Palacothrips fossilis, redrawn irom
Scudder, 1890. i:

Fig. 34. Forewing of fossil Protorthopteron Lepium elongatum, redrawn from
eee 1920.

eS.
Fig. 36. Forewing of Homopteron Dictyophora europaea, redrawn from Hand- 2
lirsch, 1908.
Fig. 37. Forewing oi Trichopteron Ryacophila, redrawn from several sources.
Fig. 38. Forewing of Trichopteron Chaetopteryx villosa, redrawn from Tian
é 1919.
Fig. 39. Forewing of Homopteron Bothriocera prosignoretti, redrawn from Met S
calf, 1913. 5
Fig. 40. Forewing of Psocid Calopsocus infelix, redrawn from ‘Enderlein, 1903,
Fig. 41. Forewing of fossil Protohemipteron Eugereon boeckengi, redrawn rout
Handlirsch, 1920. an
Fig. 42. Hindwing of Blattid Periplaneta australasiae, redrawn from Handlirseh.

1908. 2
Fig. 43. Hindwing of Blattid Chorisneura nigrifrons, redrawn from Handlirseh,
1908. res

Vig. 44. Hindwing of Blattid Diaphana fieberi, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1908.
Fig. 45. Hindwing of OpanepteroG Tettix subulata, redrawn from Handlirsch,_ ‘3

1908. ~ 8
Fig. 46. Hindwing of Plecopteron Eusthenia spectabilis. redrawn.from Comstoc 4

1918. a —
Tig. 47. Hindwing of Homopteron Myndus, redrawn from Metcalf, 1913.
Fig. 48. Hindwing of “an earwig” (Dermapteron) redrawn from Comstock, 1918.
Tig. 49. Hindwing of Phasmid XNeroderus kirbyi, redrawn from Handlir

1908.

. a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2355) 0m

je 3 Fig. so. Rniaas of fossil Palaeodictyopteron | pi he ees grandeuryi, re-
asi. drawn from Handlirsch, 1908.

Fig, BY Forewing of Neuropteron Austrosialis ignicollis, redrawn from Tillyard,
Bary 2019. |

- Fig. 52. Forewing of fossil Mecopteron (?) Belmontia mitchelli, redrawn fronr Bi:
r Tillyard, 1919. a.
: Fig. 53. Forewing of Neuropteron Protohermes davidi, redrawn from ‘Tillyard, |

1919. = <i

Fig. 54. Forewing of Lepidopteron Eriocrania semipurpurella, redrawn from Py

eet eS Lallyaed, IQ19: . beth

Fig. 55. Forewing of fossil Blattid Polyetoblatta caloptery, redrawn from Hand-.

lirsch, 1908. ha re

Fig. 56. Forewing of fossil Palaeodictyopteron Fouquea sauvagei, redrawn from — ..

; Handlirsch, 1908. ae

Fig. 57. Hindwing of Mecopteron Panorpodes carolinensis, redrawn from Tile a

yard, 1918. ba

Fig. 58. Forewing of Homopteron Hotinus, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1908. oe
| «Fig. 59. Forewing of fossil Blattid Aisoblatta orenburgensis, redrawn from Hand-—
lirsch, 1go8.
_ Fig. 60. Forewing of fossil Mecopteron Austropsyche superba, redrawn from.
Tillyard, 1919.
Fig. 61. Forewing of Dipteron Protoplasa fitchi, redrawn from Tillyard, 1919.
ae Fig. 62. Forewing of* fossil Odonatan Protagrion audouini, redrawn from Flag
pak lirsch, 1908. Sere
ee 2 ae 63. Forewing of fossil Protephemerid, Triplosoba pulchella, redrawn from. ag
Handlirsch, 1920. :
is 64. Forewing of Blattid Diaphana fieberi, redrawn from Handlirsch, 1908.

< = i Fig. 65. Forewing of Psocid Caecilius, redrawn from Enderlein, 1903. NaS Y

sem Fig. 66. Forewing of Hymenopteron Xyela julii, redrawn from Macgillivray,

1900. aA:

3 - Fig. 67. Hindwing of Hymenopteron Neurotoma fasciata, redrawn from Mac~
Z 23 gillivray, 1908. A
Fig. 68. Forewing of fossil Homopteron Mesojassus ipsviciensis, redrawn from,
et Tillyard, 1920. res

_ ‘Fig. 69. Forewing of Neuropteron Stenosialis australiensis, redrawn from Till a
Pe. yard, 10109. ae
Be Fig. 70. Hindwing of Coleoptera Philonthus, redrawn from Handlirsch, ioe

- ‘Fig. 71. Forewing of Homopteron Toxoptera ae aminum, redrawn from Patch, _

Tay “ S ‘ 1909.

_ Fig. 72. Hindwing of Coleopteron Ommna stanleyi, redrawn from Handlirsch,
1908. |
_-*Fig. 73. Hindwing of male Trichopteron Lepocella punctata, redrawn from-
ae Ulmer, 1907.
te try 74. Hindwing of fossil Strepsipteron Paraxenos eberi, redrawn from Hand-
lirsch. ih

- ‘Fig. 75. Hindwing of Hemipteron Cyphostelhus tristriatus, redrawn from Hand-.
lirsch, 1908.

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST iS ae

SOME APPARENTLY UNDESCRIBED NOCTUIDAE (LEPID.)
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Oncocnemis lepipoloides sp. n.

Head, thorax and primaries gray, lightly sprinkled with black. Primaries
with the ordinary lines well-defined, black, single; basal half-line straight from
costa to cubitus; t. a. line outwardly oblique, dentate with inwardly directed teeth
below cell and in submedian fold; t. p. line, irregularly dentate, well excurved
around the cell with a decided inward angulation in the submedian fold; median
shade distinct, blackish, strongly oblique below costa, cutting across lower portion
of reniform, then parallel and close to t. p. line. Orbicular and reniform im-
prominent, former recumbently oval, outlimed only toward base of wing by a
dark crescent; reniform moderately large, outlined partially by a fine dark line,
open at top and bottom; claviform not present. S. t. line represented by a dark
irregular shade, slightly defined outwardly by a pale line. A broken dark termin-
al line. Fringes smoky brown, cut by paler. Secondaries smoky white, with a
broad black-brown terminal band; immediately basad of this band is a fine dark
line, forming an outward tooth just before inner margin; a dark lunule at end
of cell with traces of a dark line connecting it with inner margin. Beneath smoky
gray with well-defined postmedian, curved dark line and small discal dots; traces
of dark shade along outer margin. Expanse 32 m.m.

Holotype—t1 9°, Lethbridge, Alta. (Aug. 24) (H. L. Seamans), No. 512,
in Canadian National Collection.

This species is astonishingly like Lepipolys perscripta in maculation, but
after a careful study I believe it distinct from this species. Structurally the front
is smooth, whereas in perscripta there is often a well-defined frontal tubercle ; the
spines around the ovipositor seem also decidedly coarser than in perscripta. With
regard to the maculation, there is none of the light brown colouring found in per-
scripta adjacent to the t. a. and t. p. lines, these lines being single; the t. p. line
is more incurved in the fold and the teeth seem hardly as prominent, the claviform
is absent, and there is no trace of the arrow marks before the s. t. line, usually
visible to a certain extent in perscripta. ‘The maculation of the hind wings seems
also to differ in the clearness of the postmedian line inside the marginal band.
Finally perscripta, according to the specimens before me, flies in early spring 5
(Feb—April), whilst the present species was captured in August. a

‘

Oncocnemis youngi sp. n.

Head and palpi brown with black sprinkling ; tegulae light brown; thorax
purplish gray ; abdomen whitish. Primaries fawn colour washed with light brown
in median area and purplish gray along outer margin; lines black, single; basal
half-line straight; t. a. line thick, slightly outcurved; t. p. line oblique outwardly
from costa to vein 5, then incurved forming a sharp angle on this vein, straight
from vein 3 to just above inner margin, where it bends slightly inward ; orbicular
and reniform outlined in black, former small, oval, latter resting with its upper
and lower extremities on t. p. line; on costa a dark dash between spots indicates a
median shade; claviform faintly outlined, narrow; beyond t. p. line wing is even- - Ba
ly purple-gray with a slight pale shading on costa; faint dark broken terminal line; ;

= — —«
ee

~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 237

fringes purplish with ochreous basal line. Secondaries whitish, shaded with smoky
brown in outer third, preceded by traces of post-median line. Beneath, primar-
ies shiny fawn colour with a straight dark postmedian line crossing upper half of
wing ; lower half of wing hyaline white; secondaries hyaline white shaded with
fawn along costa and inner margin; a broken curved postmedian line accentuated
on the veins and small discal dot. Expanse 38 m.m.

Holotype—t 2 , Biological station, Departure Bay, B. C. (Aug. 7) (C. H.
Young), No. 513, in Canadian National Collection.

Belongs in the chorda-bakeri group; the angle in the t. p. line seems char-
acteristic.

; Oncocnemis columbia sp. n.

Thorax and primaries deep purple-gray with slight, paler shading on latter
beyond t. p. line. On primaries ordinary lines single, black, distinct ; basal half-
line slightly outcurved, t. a. line thick, especially at costa, well outcurved, with a
black loop representing the claviform attached to its centre; t. p. line sinuate, well
excurved opposite cell, where it shows very slight angulations on the veins. Or-
bicular and reniform concolorous, outlined by a black line, along the interior
edges of which is some slight, whitish shading ; orbicular large, almost round, reni-
form short and broad, touching the t. p. line with its lower edge; slight traces of
an irregular dark s. t. line; a broken black terminal line; fringes dusky. Second-
aries white in basal half, smoky outwardly with small dark discal dot and veins
outlined in smoky; fringes dark with pale basal line. Beneath, primaries smoky
with dark postmedian line on costal half of wing; whitish above inner margin;
secondaries white with grey shading along costa and inner margin; a curved, dot-
ted postmedian line and a small discal dot. Expanse 30 m.m.

Holotype—t 8, Salmon Arm, B. C., (July 17) (W. R. Buckell), No. 514,
in Canadian National Collection.

Belongs in same group as the preceding species.

Trachea pluraloides sp. n.

Head and thorax gray with dark sprinkling. Primaries light ochreous
shaded with gray, especially along costa and outer and inner margins. T. a. and
t. p. lines obsolete ; orbicular oblique, narrowly oval, white-ringed ; reniform small,
dark-filled, outlined on inner side by a black line followed outwardly by a white
line ; claviform a faint, narrow, long loop; some gray shading between veins 2-4
in subterminal area; s. t. line distinct, pale, angled below costa with an outward
bulge between veins 2-5; terminal area gray-shaded with broken terminal dark
line; fringes dusky with pale basal line. Secondaries whitish with veins and
some slight terminal shading smoky; fringes pale.

Beneath whitish with smoky sprinkling, small discal dots, broken dark
terminal line on both wings and checkered fringes on primaries. Expanse 32 m.m.

Holotype—1 9, Lethbridge, Alta. (July 7) (H. L. Seamans), No. 515,
in Canadian National Collection.

Paratype—t 2, Lethbridge, Alta. (July 15) (E. H. Strickland), in Cana-
dian National Collection.

The species bears an astonishing superficial resemblance to Euxoa pluralis
Grt. but differs structurally; its position in the genus would be next to characta

Grt.

Se ee a ee

Sa OP epee

el Za Se oe

238 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Euplexia benesimilis sp. n.

In the Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 1917, Vol. LIII, p. 157, Mr.

W.H. T. Tams calls attention to differences both in maculation and genitalic
structure between the European species, Euplexia lucipara Linn. and our North
American species which has been going under the same name. My own studies
on these species fully corroborate Mr. Tams’ remarks, and as I believe the male
genitalia to be sufficiently different to warrant the supposition that the North
American and the European forms are distinct, I propose the above name for
the North American species, designating a male specimen, No. 516, in the Canad-

jan National Collection from Ottawa, Ont., as holotype. The excellent plate given —

with Mr. Tams’ article shows clearly the differences between the two species and
obviates the necessity for any further description on my part.
Escaria homogena sp. n-
Maie antennae lengthily ciliate. Head and thorax pale creamy sprinkled
with darker scales; abdomen smooth, ochreous. Primaries an admixture of light

olivaceous brown, whitish and smoky shades, the latter predominating in the med-

jan area beyond the cell and in the terminal area; t. a. line indistinct, irregular,
whitish with a small brown loop representing the claviform attached below the
cell; orbicular a small but prominent white oval outlined with black; reniform
inconspicuous, partially hidden by dark shading, partly outlined in black; be-
tween the two spots on costa an oblique dark shade represents the median shade,
and below the orbicular is a quadrate whitish area occupying nearly the entire
width of the median area; t. p. line outlined in white, most distinct in lower por-
tion of wing, with two prominent teeth below costa and an irregular bulge out-
wards below cell, the space between reniform and this bulge being filled with
smoky black shading; s. t. line white, strongly angled below apex of wing, then
close to outer margin with a prominent “W” mark on veins 3 and 4; apex of
wing shaded with whitish, remainder of terminal area smoky; fringes well check-

ered. Secondaries dull smoky with traces of a paler postmedian band; fringes

whitish. Beneath, primaries dull smoky with paler terminal area and strongly

checkered fringes; secondaries whitish with large discal lunule and two smoky —

areas along terminal margin. Expanse 25 m.m.
Holotype—t 2 , Lethbridge, Alta. (June 28) (W. Carter), No. 517, in the
Canadian National Collection.

TWO NEW CANADIAN TABANIDAE (DIPTERA)
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
At the close of the description of T. illotus O. S. (1876, Mem. Bost. Soe.

Nat. Hist. 11, 469) the author mentions several specimens from various points |

in Canada which differ from typical ilotus principally in the yellower hair of the
face and cheeks, the presence of a denuded subcallus and a browner tinge along
the costa of the wings. In 1921 I captured a series of such specimens in very
fresh condition in a muskeg at Nordegg, Alberta; I also have before me a number
of similar specimens from various localities in Manitoba, Alberta and Northern
Ontario. As the above mentioned points of distinction from illotus seem to be

NEare

PEM ek Nes rE

- = » "ae oF
he LER Sapa :
"ak ied pie ea aes eae CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 239
win Oe \or %y e . ~
ost Saige :

ctly constant, it seems reasonable to suppose that we are dealing with a
od species which I describe as follows:
- Tabanus metabolus sp. n.
9. Palpi moderately long, slightly swollen at base of second joint, flesh-col-
RAs - oured, with scattered, short black hairs, most numerous toward apex of palpus;
face and cheeks gray with pale yellowish hair; front rather broad, gray, with short
black hairs, subcallus denuded ; antennae with two basal joints gray with numerous
4 ab “black hairs, the third joint moderately excised, basal half red, apical portion
bar) Diack. Thorax black with the usual indistinct pale stripes, sparsely clothed with
short yellowish hairs. Abdomen black, dorsally somewhat shiny, the posterior
Be edges of segments with a fringe of yellowish hairs ; a centrodorsal series of minute

side a row of oblique, triangular spots of pale orange color, those on segments
two and three being largest and most distinct; on these same two segments the
_ lateral area is more or less tinged with reddish orange (in old and worn specimens
; decidedly red) and the spots appear as pale streaks on a deeper ground. Venter
= whitish pollinose, tinged with reddish on basal segments and with last three seg-
| s a “ments more or less blackish. Legs with femora black, tibiae more or less tinged
with deep orange red and with black hairs. Wings hyaline with costa and basal
fe e area decidedly tinged with brown and with faint brown shading on the cross
_ veins. Length 12-14 mm.
= 6. Front and cheeks gray with short black hairs; palpi blackish, with
third joint oval and largely flesh-coloured, with numerous black hairs; other hairs
long, yellowish; antennae similar to those of @ except that they are much nar-
rower. Abdomen black, with segments two and three broadly orange-brown lat-
ie ee erally with paler oblique triangular spots on inner edge of this area; scarcely a
es trace of spots on other segments. Other features same asin 2. Length 13 mm.
sees Holotype—1 2, Nordegg, Alta. (June 15), No. 510, in Canadian Nationa!
3 es Collection. ,
_ __ —Allotype——t é. same locality and date, in Canadian National Collection.
_ Collection.
There is considerable variation in the size of the species and also in the
: depth of the orange-coloured spots on the abdomen; in several specimens before
me segments two and three show laterally almost as deep a colour as is found in
+ - phaenops O. S. Metabolus is one of the earliest species on the wing and at Nor-

_ male to the species seems fairly safe. The range is across the entire continent

Tabanus laniferus sp. n.
@. Palpi moderately long, narrow, not swollen at base, black outwardly,
_ reddish on inside, with numerous black hairs; antennae black, third joint only
- slightly excavated; face and cheeks grayish-black with black hairs and a fringe
2 of long yellowish hairs around lower margin; front wide, subcallus not denuded,
Res with grayish-black pile and longer black hairs. Thorax and abdomen black, shiny,
: - with black ay which are dpaeer and thicker than is usual in the group, giving

pale triangular patches, of which that on segment three is most distinct ; on each

~ Paratypes—t6 °’s, Nordegg, Alta. (June 12-19), in Canadian National

_ degg was the only one captured in June; for this reason the reference of the single

Lh er 5

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

faint trace of a grayish patch at times tinged with reddish; posterior margin of
abdominal segments with slight fringe of pale hairs which at times tend to form
minute triangular patches on centro-dorsal line. Legs and venter black. wa
hyaline, the costal cell slightly tinged with brown. Length 13-14 mm.

é. Similar to 9 with following exceptions :—The third joint of the palpaee
is oval, reddish; the fringe of yellowish hair below the face is almost’ entirely
replaced by black hair and the general vestiture is thicker and longer. Leng
13 m.m. .

Holotype—t 2 , Banff, Alta. (July 24) (N. Sanson), No. 511, in Canadian.
National Collection.

Allotype—t 6, Same locality and collector, in Canadian National Collec
tion.

Paratypes—6 9's, Banff, Alta. (July 30, Aug. 16) (C. B. Garrett) ; cad S
Jasper Park, Alta. (Sept 15) (F. Johansen) ; Hector, B. C. (Aug. 26) (R. H.
Chapman) ; Mt. Cheam, B.C. (Aug. 15) ; Lillooet, B. C. (Aug. 3) (A. W. Peels
Lillooet, B. C. (July 24) (R. C. Treherne).

The species is evidently a mountain inhabitant; it is somewhat similar to
osburni Hine but can be distinguished by the pilose subcallus, the more hairy -
vestiture and the lack of the lateral rows of triangular spots on the abdomen which —
are more or less clearly defined in osburni. From procyon O. S. it is at once —
separated by the lack of any dark spots on the wings.

CONCERNING THE FEEDING HABITS OF THE
PURSLANE SAWEFLY LARVA.
BY W. G. GARLICK,

Vineland Station, Ont. eee
In the larva of the purslane sawfly (Schizocerus sabriskiéi, Ashmead) t ee
we have an interesting example of an intermediate stage between larvae mining —
within the tissues of leaves and those feeding externally. A typical leaf mining — ,

larva (amongst the sawflies) is usually whitish in color—that is, with no dis- —
~tinctive coloration—and the head and often the thorax is dorso-ventrally flat-
tened in order to accommodate the creature to the mine and to bring the mouth- —
parts more or less in front of the head. .\ surface feeder on the other hand is |
typically of-some characteristic coloration and has the thorax and head round- —
ed, the latter bringing the mouth into a ventral position. The purslane sawfly. ak
is pale green in colour and the head and thorax are rounded—both character- eo
istics pertaining to a surface feeder—but in this case the larva is a miner: The a a

smallness of the purslane leaves a larva cannot obtain siecle food frome EK
single leaf to reach maturity. When a leaf has been completely mined of its” NG7 NY es
contents, the larva eats its way to the surface and crawls around on the plant ag es
till another leaf is found into which a new mine is made, the thickness of the
leaves making this possible. Larvae have been observed during their nese
and a great many came under observation while in the act of forming new |
mines. ‘They are, when their first mine is in a large leaf, about half srapee .
when the first move is made, but it would appear that a single larva may mine

from two to four leaves. , S 43a
Mailed December 30th, 1922. es.’

iy.

Che Canadian Entomologist

VOL. LIV. ORILLIA, NOVEMBER, 1922. No. II.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
TiceER BEETLE LARVAE.

BY CHARLES MACNAMARA,
Arnprior, Ont.

The Pilgrims in their Progress through the Interpreter’s House were
shown, among other excellent things in the Significant Rooms, “a man who could
look no way but downwards.” So busy was he with a muck-rake gathering to-
gether straws and sticks, that he never looked up to see an angel standing close
by and holding out a crown for him. In spite of the moral of this story, when
I want to find tiger beetle larvae I “look no way but downwards.” Crowns,
which have always been notoriously uneasy headgear, are much out of fashion
at present. And if I did look up, I don’t believe I would find that angel on the
job anyway. So on my summer walks I usually keep my eyes fixed on every
sandy path or bare, loamy place I come to, seeking the burrows of the tiger
beetle grubs.

Fig. 1--Burrows of Tiger beetle larvae.

The burrows look a good deal like ant-holes, but are without the flat cone
of excavated earth-particles which always surrounds the mouth of an ant’s nest,
So clean and smooth is the surface around the opening of a tiger beetle’s tun-
nel that it almost seems as if the insect had accomplished the impossibie in be-
ginning at the bottom and digging upwards. The holes may occur singly, or
five or six of them an inch or two distant from one another may form a group.
In favorable situations there is often a considerable colony of them. Last sum-

242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

mer I found a collection of over 200 burrows in an area of about 10 feet by 20
feet on a sandy farm road in the Township of Fitzroy, County of Carleton, On-
tario. This place I called “Tiger Beetle Town,” and it was here that | princi-
pally studied the habits of the larvae.

You always see the burrows first as empty holes. This is because the ex-
ceedingly sharp-eyed occupants saw you coming before you could catch sight
of them, and instantly dropped to the bottom of their tunnels, or rather shafts,
for the holes go straight downward. But if you sit down, and keeping perfect-
ly still, watch one of the holes, in from one to five minutes the black opening
suddenly vanishes. The grub, returning to its steady occupation of lying in wait
to seize passing insects, has accurately plugged the hole from within with its
flat-topped, sand-covered head, which blends so nicely with the surrounding
soil that the opening practically disappears. Raise but a finger and the creature
drops again like a shot to the bottom of the shaft, and there is the empty hole
once more. A wave of the hand and every tiger beetle larva within thirty feet
has disappeared. So incredibly sensitive are they to the slightest movement, that
more than once I have scared a larva to the depths merely by turning my eyes to
look at him, without any conscious motion of my head. On the other hand they
seem to be quite insensible to sound, and whistles and shouts have no effect
whatever even on those only a couple of feet away.

Fig. 2—Head of larva at mouth of burrow.

Probing the holes with a long straw, we find that most of them are 14 inches
deep, while an occasional one goes down to 2 feet. In the mild climate of England
the larvae burrow only 6 inches into the soil, but in frost-bound Manitoba, Mr.
Norman Criddle found the average tunnel to be 66 inches deep with a maximunhi
of 79 inches, a depth bespeaking great energy on the part of both larva and en-
tomologist. ‘The next thing is to secure one of the occupants for exammnation.
There are two ways of catching them. ‘The first, which is possible only in loose
soil, is to sit close by a hole with a sharp trowel ready presented, so that when
the insect comes to the top, the blade can be suddenly plunged into the earth be-
neath him, cutting off his retreat. ‘This is a very sporting method, as it calls
for long and patient waiting. And it is most exasperating, when, after you have

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 243

sat motionless in the hot sun for many minutes, the larva at last comes up, only
to drop again in a flash, terrified by the enormous new bulk he caught sight of
glowering in his familiar landscape.

The other method of capture is more laborious but more certain. A long
straw is inserted in the burrow to mark the course, and then about a foot away
a hole is dug with the trowel, going down a little deeper than the bottom of the
tunnel. From this a sap is excavated towards the straw, which is carefully un-
covered from the top downwards. Near the bottom will be found the squirm-
ing, flipping grub we are looking for.

¢ Fig. 3—Tiger beetle larva, enlarged head of same and adult beetle.

A well-grown specimen is about an inch long with a slim, yellowish-white
abdomen and dark-colored thorax and head. It has six thoracic legs, and on
its back at the fifth abdominal segment is a curious hump armed with two sharp,
curved spines directed forward. This organ is a good example of special devel-
opment to meet special conditions. When watching,at the mouth of its burrow,
the creature maintains its position by resting its tail—which is armed with a
number of stiff hairs—against one side of the shaft and its hump against the
other side with the sharp spines hooked into the wall. In this posture the upper
part of the body is crouched down, the flat top of the head coming just level
with the surface of the soil. On the approach of its prey, the insect suddenly
flings itself part way out of the hole, and seizes the victim with its large jaws.

244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The curved spines of the dorsal hump, being firmly caught in the earth, pre-
vent it from throwing itself entirely out of the burrow, and no doubt also enable
it to resist the pull of any extra large insect it may lay hold on.

When looked at more closely, it is seen that the disc that plugs the mouth
of the burrow is not all head. The rear portion of it is a semi-circular plate
covering the first dorsal segment of the thorax or pronotum. Situated at the
back part of the head, close to the joint between it and the pronotum plate are
the insect’s four large eyes, two on each side. They are set on the opposite slopes
of two little prominences so as to give vision over a complete hemisphere. There
are besides two small eyes on what might be called the creature’s “cheeks.” A
large pair of mandibles, sharp-pointed and toothed, are always ready to fasten
inexorably on any unwary wanderer.

Torn from their shelter, the grubs are dazed at first. Some of them lie
motionless on the sand for half an hour, feigning death. Others, reacting quicker
to outrageous fortune, crawl away at once, and soon begin to dig in again. It
is noteworthy that the evicted grub never tries to take possession of a ready-
made burrow. It seems to realize the kind of welcome it would receive in a
brother’s tunnel. Specimens brought home for observation purposes were plac-

ed in sand-filled jars. If two individuals were put in at the same time, a duel to.

the death engaged at once. The only way to avoid fatal conflict was to wait
until one grub had dug down three or four inches before introducing another.
The second arrival would soon begin an excavaction for himself, and when he
had disappeared in the sand, another grub could be safely started.

They dig first by loosening the soil with their jaws and scraping it up
with their legs. They then push their flat heads under the mass, and reversing
their position in the tunnel, raise the earth to the surface on the top of their
heads, and jerk the load out of the tunnel, throwing it to a distance of three
to six inches from the pit mouth. Although the shaft seems to be a close enough
fit for them, the insects are so limber that they can easily bend themselves
double and turn around in the closest quarters. Always after a shower of rain,
some of the citizens of Tiger Beetle Town found it necessary to dig out soil
that had been washed into their burrows, and every minute or so the observer
saw a head load of sand flung out. The insect’s semi-liquid excrement is also
cleaned out in the same manner and thrown well away from the mouth of the
burrow.

Nor is their work limited to simple excavating. Where the surface soil
is loose they cement the earth around the mouth of the tunnel so as to keep it
from crumbling in on them. When necessary they may even continue the shaft
above ground by building a wall. A thick, dead mullein leaf, partly embedded
in the soil, lay over three of the tunnels in Tiger Beetle Town, and where they
came up, the leaf did not quite touch the ground. Now, it is of first importance
to the larvae that the mouths of their burrows shall be free of any obstruction.
An overlying leaf like this, preventing the approach of prey, would mean deatla
by starvation. ‘They cannot afford to have their lights hidden under either a
bushel or a mullein leaf. So these three larvae had built around the mouths
of their tunnels little curbs a quarter of an inch high, reaching up to the leaf,
which was neatly perforated, thus bringing the tunnel up to the open, game-
frequented surface.

———————————— ee

9 pie ehh:

pa melts

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 245

It is amusing to drop a tiny white pebble down a shaft and watch results.
In a few minutes, up it comes on the tenant’s head, and is catapulted out of the
hole, and it is not hard to imagine some coarse insect curse. Everything is
thrown away as far as possible. It is all very well for that intolerant and churlish
nationalist, the ant, with her intense hatred of foreigners, to encumber the ap-
proach to her nest with a lot of loose-piled sand. But the tiger beetle is differ-
ent. He has an unaffected welcome for every visitor, and makes the path to
his door as smooth and pleasant as he can.

But with all their deadly preparation and equipment for the capture of
prey, it is a mystery to me how they get enough to eat. During a period of
six weeks, I watched the inhabitants of Tiger Beetle Town at different times
of the day for an aggregate of atleast ten solid hours, and in all that time I
saw only one very small ant snatched to her doom. On another occasion I no-
ticed on the sand a dragon-fly that seemed to have lost its abdomen. I picked
it up to see how the accident might have occurred, and was surprised to find
that the abdomen was attached to the insect as usual, but had been pulled down
into a tiger-beetle’s hole. ‘The dragon-fly’s stiff-opened wings had prevented it
‘from being drawn completely into the tunnel, but the larva had evidently held
on implacably, and all the dragon-fly’s efforts to escape, as shown by the marks
of its wings on the sand, had been without avail. However, its steel-blue armor-
plate had protected it from serious injury, and it did not seem much damaged
when I set it free. These were the only two captures I ever witnessed. The
little ant cannot have been more than a light lunch, and the dragon-fly was too
tough to eat. But perhaps the larvae have better luck at night. They certainly
stay up on the watch all night, as I have ascertained from the dozen individuals
I kept in pots of sand at home. No matter what time of the night the light
was turned on, there were the heads blocking the holes, and although too small
to be seen by the unaided eye, I could picture the steady stare of those immov-
able black eyes, watching in perpetual hope that something would come along
very soon now.

My captives always had excellent appetites for the tiny earth-worms I
fed to them. Of course they were instantly scared to the bottom when I came
with the food, but they did not stay there very long. Some sense told them that
there was a fat worm waiting at the door. The wretched little worm squirmed
around aimlessly, as if unable to make up its mind what to do next. But sud-
denly its mind was made up for it, once and for all, and it was jerked into the
hole so swiftly that sight could not follow the procedure. It simply instantan-
eously disappeared.

None of the larvae I kept at home reached maturity or even pupated. At
the end of October they plugged up their tunnels at about the same date that
Tiger Beetle Town closed for the season. Digging them up several times during
the season to see if there was any change in them—and there was none—caused
the death of all but two. Stimulated by the warmth of the house, these opened
their tunnels on the fifth day of March, though Tiger Beetle Town began busi-
ness only on the 7th of May. But they did not remain at the surface, and soon
died. The identity of my larvae is therefore in doubt, but as the only tiger
beetle imago I have ever found in the vicinity is Cicindela tranquebarica Hbst.

246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

(kindly named for me by Mr. Norman Criddle) it seems likely that the larvae
belonged to that species.

The life cycle of the tiger beetle lasts from one to three years, according
to climate. Prof. V. E. Shelford of the University of Illinois, who has pub-
lished the best account of the insect’s bionomics, says that in the spring the fe-
male lays about 50 eggs singly in the sand, and where he studied the insects, a
complete generation from egg to egg lasted one year, the adults hibernating in
holes in the soil. In Eastern Ontario the life cycle appears to occupy two years,
and in Manitoba, Criddle found the period to be three years.

NOTES ON COCCIDAE X. (HEMIPTERA).!
BY G. F. FERRIS,
Stanford University, California.
A REvIEW OF GREEN’S “THE CoccrpAE OF CEYLON.”

The appearance of the fifth and final part of ‘The Coccidae of Ceylon”
is a distinct event in the history of the study of the Coccidae, for this work is
immeasureably the most admirable treatise dealing with this group that has ever
appeared. ‘The first part was issued in 1896 and successive parts have appeared
in 1899, 1904, 1909, with the final part in 1922.

The volume composed of these five parts deals with the fauna of a relative-
ly limited area, but it is by no means proportionately limited in its interest to
the students of the Coccidae, for many of the included species are practically
cosmopolitan. Within its pages there are considered—according to my count—
201 species, and in an appendix there are listed 79 more that have been recorded
from Ceylon in other publications, a total of 280 for the island. When it is
remembered that Ceylon is scarcely 275 miles long and 150 miles wide, these
figures become impressive. ‘They are a striking indication of the richness of
the tropical scale insect fauna. There are present in this island considerably
more than one tenth of all the species of Coccidae that are known!

For the book in general there can be nothing but praise. It represents
a tremendous amount of labor, most faithfully performed. But there are a few
points concerning which there is some ground for a difference of opinion, and as
the volume is likely to stand for a long time as an authoritative source of in-
formation, it is perhaps worth while to discuss these. “This is also a favorable
opportunity for a critique of some of our prevalent methods in the study of
the Coccidae. In'the course of this discussion I shall consider merely the fifth
part of the volume for the long periods that have elapsed since the appearance
of the other parts have given ample time for the emendation of these, and in
an appendix to Part V, many of these points are considered by the author him-
self. Furthermore, it is only fairness to say that it is only the long time that
Part V has been in press that has prevented the author from making some changes
in its content.

The fifth part deals with the subfamilies EKriococcinae, Dactylopiinae, Tach-
ardiinae, Ortheziinae, Margarodinae and Monophlebinae.

The sub-family Eriococcinae is interpreted by Green to include Eriococcus,
Gossyparia, Fonscolombia, Kermes, Pseudopulvinaria and Rhigococcus. So far

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 247

we are in complete agreement, but with the definition of the subfamily and the
exclusion from it of certain other genera, I cannot agree. Green’s conception
of the subfamily seems to bé based chiefly upon the presence—usually—of pro-
nounced anal lobes and on the character of the antennae and of the first stage.
Such a conception is not adequate, for as Green points out, the anal lobes are
not present in certain forms that appear to belong to this group. They are not,
however, lacking in Kermes, as Green believes, for in several species that I have
examined there are well developed and heavily chitinized anal lobes.

The essential characters of the subfamily, as I conceive it, are in part
the negative ones of the absence of peculiar structures such as the abdominal
spiracles, dorsal ostioles, anal operculum and the like, combined with the posi-
tive ones of type of tubular ducts, character of antennae and of the first stage.
Interpreted in this fashion, the subfamily easily and naturally includes all the
above genera as well as Cryptococcus and Gymnococcus, which are included by
Green in the Dactylopiinae.

Green himself recognizes the difficulties with his subfamily Dactylopiinae,
saying that “This rather unwieldy group is at present made to include a large
_number of genera for which it is difficult to assign any single common character.”
The reason for this difficulty is simply that the subfamily constituted of these
genera is highly unnatural. The majority of the genera form a very compact
and easily recognizable group that is sharply limited by the presence of dorsal
ostioles. This group will stand as the subfamily Pseudococcinae. The genus
Dactylopius itself is of somewhat doubtful relationships, but would go better into
the Eriococcinae (or Dactylopiinae as it would then be called) and with it should
go Cryptococcus and Gymnococcus. Halimococcus, Capulinia and Kuwanina
are of doubtful affinities, but are at least not Pseudococcine. Apiococcus remains
to be elucidated.

The genus Geococcus is interpreted as intermediate between the Eriococcine:
and Pseudococcine groups. I am unable to see this, for, although it is in some
respects a peculiar form, it is in its essentials strictly Pseudococcine. It may
be noted that in the case of this and most of the other Pseudococcine genera
dealt with by Green the dorsal ostioles are not mentioned. Nevertheless, they:
are present in all of them, as I can testify from an examination of specimens:
that have been received through the kindness of Mr. Green.

The genus Erioides is structurally very close to the American genus Poro-
coccus. In fact, I see no very adequate morphological basis for the separation
of the two. The difference in the secretions, however, is quite striking, Poro-
coccus having a hard test while the test in Erioides is felted.

Some of the species referred by Green to the genus Phenacoccus seem
scarcely congeneric with the type. VP. insolitus approaches more nearly Syna-
canthococcus while iceryoides, ornatus and mangiferae come nearer to Puto.

Lachnodius humboldtiae is certainly not congeneric with the type of Lach-
nodius. ‘The latter has been re-described by Morrison and Morrison,? and there

2—Morrison and Morrison, A Redescription of the Type Species of the Genera of
Coccidac Based on Species Originally Described by Maskell. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 60: 44-8: f. 14. (1922)

248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

remains no doubt as to its character. I agree with these authors that it is not
Pseudococcine. L. humboldtiae on the other hand is certainly Pseudococcine, but
its proper disposition must wait upon a more complete study of the group.

Green accepts the three “subfamilies” Ortheziinae, Margarodinae and
Monophlebinae. I wish again to emphasize the viewpoint that these divisions
are not satisfactory and that these groups are more closely related than such an
arrangement indicates.

In his discussion of the Monophlebinae, Green lumps under Monophlebus
the genera Drosicha, Llaveia, Tessarobelus, Ortonia, Gueriniella, (Guerinia) and
Monophlebulus. In this I can not at all follow him. We do not know what the
genus Monophilebus really is, for the type species was described only from the
male and under such circumstances it would seem reasonable to restrict it simply
to this species, and to use such generic names as we do know the proper applica-
tion of for the other species. Furthermore, these genera are certainly not all
the same. Ortonia is a synonym of Llaveia but Llaveia is very readily and very
justifiably separable from the others named; nor is it at all difficult and certainly
it is not unjustifiable to separate Drosicha and Gueriniella. As to Monophlebulus
and Tessarobelus there may be more doubt, although they too are probably dis-
tinct. I shall discuss some of these genera further in another paper in these notes,
and shall point out the actual structural differences between them.

So much for these specific criticisms, which are intended not so much as
criticisms but as bases for discussion. ‘There remain a few other points that are
perhaps worthy of consideration and the criticisms of which are not directed
specifically at “The Coccidae of Ceylon” as much as at our work on the Coccidae
in general.

One of these has to do with the matter of keys. A key is, in the opinion
of the present writer, merely a means of arriving at an identification. On this
basis it should be as simple and as carefully constructed as possible. Yet it has
been a common practice among students of the Coccidae to base keys upon both
sexes and all stages of the species or genera. ‘Thus, Green’s keys to the Margaro-
dinae and Monophlebinae are based in part upon the males and first stage, which
are not always procurable. Such a practice defeats the purpose of a key, and is
especially unfortunate, as itis Certainly possible to construct keys that do not
use such characters.

Again, there is a need for more accurate stydy of the dermal structures
involved in the production of the secretionary covering—the ducts ana pores.
It is but recently that any special attention has been paid to these, but I venture
to assert that they will become more and more important. ‘The most careful
and accurate figures of these should be presented.

Another general criticism has to do with the matter of figures. It has
been a very common practice to represent the insect as it is actually seen on the
slide, that is, with the structures of both dorsal and ventral sides showing through
as if they are on the same side of the body. This is an entirely illogical prac-
tice that should be abandoned. The divided drawings that are now being very ex-
tensively used have the merit of being clear and logical, even if at first glance
they may not appear quite as pleasing to the eye.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 249

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ACRONEURIA
(ORDER PLECOPTERA).

BY J. G. NEEDHAM and P. W. CLAASSEN,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Having nearly completed a monograph of the North American species of
the Order Plecoptera, the publication of which will probably be delayed for
some time, we propose to publish the results of our studies that are of most 1m-
mediate importance to other workers on the group in a series of short papers,
the first of which is this one on the species of Acroneuria. We shall include in
these papers only diagnostic characters (mostly in keys to the species), notes on
synonymy, and descriptions of new forms, leaving detailed descriptions of known
species and illustrations to await the publication of the monograph.

The genus Acroneuria includes a number of large species in which the
prolonged and upturned oth ventral segment in the male bears a prominent mid-
ventral chitinized percussion disc or hammer, and the genital hooks are devel-
oped from upcurving angles of the subanal plates. The tergum of the 1oth ab-
dominal segment is undivided. The venation of the wings is copious; the sub-
costa is long; the fusion of radial sector and median vein in the disc of the hind
wing is moderate, the anal area of the hind wing is broad, the branches of the 2nd
and 5th anal veins being numerous. In A. abnormis Newman, there are numerous
crossveins in the wing apex beyond the cord, but in the series of species these
gradually disappear, and in some are quite lacking.

Under the genus Acroneuria we recognize the following three subgenera:
1. A. (Acroneuria) Pictet; 2. A. (Eccoptura) Klapalek; 3. A. (Doroneuria)
subgen. nov.

E. A. (Acroneuria) Pictet. 1841, Perlides, p. 144. Male, ninth ventral segment
prolonged and bearing a round or transversely oval hammer ; genital hooks
either flat or cylindrical; female, eighth ventral segment either unmodi-
fied or produced into subgenital plate.

Subgenotype. A. (Acroneuria) arenosa Pictet.

Bi A. (Eccoptura) Klapalek, 1921, Bull. de la Soc. Ent. de Belgique 61 :60
Color wholly yellow; no cross veins in the tip of wing beyond the cord;
ninth ventral segment of male prolonged and bearing a longitudinally oval
hammer ; genital hooks cylindrical, pointed and bearing at the base a bunch
of hairs; female, eighth ventral segment produced into a bilobed subgenital
plate.

Subgenotype. A. (Eccoptura) xanthenes Newman.

a A. (Doroneuria) subgen. nov. No cross veins in the tip of wing beyond
the cord; ninth ventral segment of male prolonged and bearing a longi-
tudinally rectangular hammer; female, eighth ventral segment not pro-
duced into a subgenital plate.

Subgenotype. A. (Doroneuria) theodora sp. nov.

Among the numerous species. described by the older authors, A. abnormis
appears to be the only one that has been correctly identified by all those who have
discussed the genus. The others we found in a confusion that seemed at first to
be inextricable. But a restudy of the types and topotypes in American collections,

250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

a comparison of notes made from types in European collections by helpfully
minded colleagues, and adequate collections from typical localities, have enabled
us to identify all the species of the older authors with some assurance.
The species we recognize as valid may be separated as follows:
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACRONEURIA.

1. Fore wings suddenly widened beyond origin of Rs. Color wholly yellow.
Female subgenital plate bilobed, the median notch rectangular. Male geni-
tal hooks cylindrical, bearing at the base a bunch of hairs; hammer small,
longitudinally oval; segments 9 and Io above with short spines. .xanthenes

Fore wings gradually widened to stigma. Color not wholly yellow........ 2

Second anal vein of hind wing many (about 12) branched, the branches vari-
ously anastomosing. Female subgenital plate produced over half of seg-
ment 9, the hind margin evenly rounded. Male genital hooks cylindrical,
sharp; hammer small, transversely oval; segments 8, 9 and 10 above with
ShOtt SpifieS: >on 2 Pt. «a Ue BO en oe arenosa

second anal vein of hind ‘wing 3-6:branched ...:.°— :....22.... =a 3

3. Cross veins numerous over the entire area in fore wing beyond the cord;

usually a pair of triangular dark spots on head behind the ocelli pointing

inward. Female subgenital plate slightly produced, hind margin even.

Male genital hooks flat, triangular, sharp; hammer transversely oval;

segments 9 and 10 above with short spines.................. abnormis
Area beyond the cord in fore wing not entirely filled in with cross veins; no
triangular spots: on head behind ocelli. 7-442... 22.5 ee 4

4. Head with a blackish spot covering the ocellar triangle; Eastern species. ..5
Head usually pale or concolorous above, including the ocellar triangle;
(pacifica sometimes with black over the ocellar triangle).............. 8

5. With very few (1-4) cross veins in the area beyond the cord; female sub-
genital plate evenly rounded or somewhat excavated. Male genital hooks
flattened, triangular, sharp; hammer small, transversely oval, segments 9

dnd ro above with short spimes........:.222.. ... +. < ope 6

With a larger number of cross veins in the area beyond the cord; female
subgenital plate not evenly rounded; male genital hooks long, cylindrical ;
segments 9 and Io above with short spines. .... ..<..:..:......—n 7

6. Black spot over ocellar triangle rounded behind; female subgenital plate
produced, hind margin either evenly rounded, truncate in the middle, or

somewhat excavated. 0 cx. co Sas eee swan sae = se lycorias
Black spot over ocellar triangle angulate behind ; female subgenital plate pro-
duced, hind margin angulately emarginate in the middle......carolinensis

7. Subgenital plate of female produced somewhat and bearing two flap-like
lobes. ‘These lobes are often found to be laid back over the plate so that
the plate appears to be more or less evenly rounded............ internata

Subgenital plate of female produced over about half the length of segment
9, and bearing in the middle a short, declivitous, narrowed portion ( ¢
WEUENOW!L) «. vifsis s cow ovis «eos baw oewat fad eieee tees awe trijuncta

8. Head and thorax wholly blackish; no extra crossveins beyond the cord. Fe-

male subgenital plate not produced, hind margin entire. Male genital hooks

“a

10.

EDs

13.

14.

15.

ce kw" ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 251

short cylindrical; hammer large, longitudinally rectangular, surface ridg-

Eageio- spines above on sesments QO atid IO... 2.22% oe ee theodora
Head and thorax pale or obscure, never wholly blackish................. 9
Usually with no crossveins beyond the cord; female subgenital plate not pro-

See eee WemretmSCcCiess vsti ro cau Geet oe ss nb eae Le oN eb ee ee ee meas 10
With crossveins beyond the cord; female subgenital plate produced and vari-

Reem ME NRL Sedat hae Ao gist ee hin yaa vis aitialp s wie te dyecete x Gaels PPR de

Vein Sc weak and indefinite at its tip. Female subgenital plate cut straight
across apex. Male genital hooks flat, triangular; hammer large, trans-
versely oval; segments 9 and 10 above with short spines. Expanse of
ROME ty. re ee ap ne w sag ee ek de eae TOM depressa

Vein Sc stronger and definite at its tips. Female subgenital plate not pro-
duced but somewhat emarginate in middle, 9th ventral segment of female
with a rounded spot each side. Male genital hooks cylindrical; hammer
longitudinally rectangular; no spines above on segments 9 and 10. Ex-
TLS ARTIS yeh SSS Tits Oh ge eR tte A aa californica

Median longitudinal depressed area between the rugosities of the pronotum

-wide (about one sixth of width of pronotum). Male genital hooks flat,
short and very broadly triangular, as wide as long; hammer transversely
oval; female subgenital plate produced, and evenly rounded. Western
CREE oe TU ae eis 2 aca oc a eR ER Iz

Median longitudinal area of pronotum narrow (about one tenth of width
of pronotum) ; male genital hooks not as wide as long; female subgenital
Peseavariousiymodihed: Eastern specis...0. 50.1 a...) . Sea otN ome 13

Size large. Expanse of wings 30-50 mm. Female subgenital plate produced
over half of segment 9, the hind margin slightly angulate and usually bear-
Mebicthe apex a squarish. shitty spot.co.. i: en ee dT pacifica

Size smaller. Expanse of wings 18-30 mm. Female subgenital plate pro-
duced over two thirds of segment 9, the hind margin evenly rounded and ~
Per di te ADCK a. SHAN SPOls oss Paves oes 2 Ss oe eee pumila

Female subgenital plate much produced, either bilobed or bearing a declivi-
tous projection. Male genital hooks cylindrical, segments g and 10 above

DMM MINIM INCU Cs elated a aie ee 2 Rope as oo eink oe a 14
Female subgenital plate not much produced, hind margin more or less even-
ly rounded. Male genital hooks flattened, triangular................ 15

Female subgenital plate narrow at base and at the apex two-lobed. Male
genital hooks cylindtical, slender and usually outcurved, hammer small,
Peer CtUCtNGPE he PRN el hoe De ees oe LE BWP eae iy aaoe arida

Female subgenital plate with a declivitous projection whose hind margin is
entire. Male genital hooks more broadly cylindrical and usually straight,
Ramner latter, tansyersely Gval:). ©...) jot. ahead, ons evoluta

Female subgenital plate somewhat produced, evenly rounded and bearing be-
fore the apex a transverse narrow tubercle. Male genital hooks flat, broad-
ly triangular, hammer transversely oval, segments 9 and 10 above without
sitort’ spities;.. 4 2. <>. gaa: eee oe Bae She id AM eee er eetisth ease <4 ruralis

Female subgenital plate somewhat produced, the hind margin slightly angu-
late, no tubercle before the apex. Male genital hooks flat, narrowly trian-

252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

gular, hammer transversely oval, segments 9 and 10 above with short
SPHHIES 0 soters's = ey. 's crc ee ee penceee Se Re eas nce Se ne pennsylvanica

The following is a list of the North American Species of Acroneuria which
are known to us, arranged in the order in which they were described, with synon-
yms.

1. Acroneuria xanthenes Newman, 1838. Ent. Mag. 5:178.

brevicauda Klapalek, 1909. Bull. Internat. Acad. Sci. Boheme, p. 12.
This is the only species of this genus which is wholly pale yellow. It

ranges over the Southeastern States. Klapalek’s description of brevicauda has
led us to believe that it is a synonym of rranthenes. He gives no figure, and does
not include the species in his key to the genus, immediately preceding.

Klapalek’s treatment of ranthenes both in the paper above cited and in Bull.
de la Soc. Ent. de Belgique 61:60, 1921, posthumously published by Lestage,
evidences too great haste to describe. In the latter paper he makes sranthenes
holotype of a new genus Eccoptura, based mainly on secondary sexual characters
of the male. These are for the most part stated incorrectly.

2. Acroneuria abnormis Newman, 1838. Ent. Mag. 5:177. |

This is about the only species of this genus described by older authors
that has been correctly identified by all later workers on this group. The manu-
script name sonans (Barnston) Newport is a synonym of abnormis. Generally
distributed east of the Rocky Mountains.

3. <Acroneuria lycorias Newman, 1839. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3:85.

A. navalis Provancher, 1883. Pet. Faun. Can. Neurop. p. 73.
A. riparia Provancher, 1883. Pet. Fawn. Can. Neurop. p. 74.
A. excavata Banks, 1908. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 34: 256.
Ranges over eastern North America and extends as far as Virginia. There

is considerable variation in the subgenital plate of the female. The hind mar-
gin is either evenly rounded, truncate at the apex or slightly emarginate. Through
the kindness of Canon Huard Provancher’s types in the Provincial Museum at
Quebec were studied in January 1922 by the senior author, and Banks’ and
Hagen’s types were studied in February, 1922 by the junior author.
4. Acroneuria arenosa Pictet, 1841. Perlides, p. 178.

This is the type species of the genus. It ranges over the Eastern States.

A comparison of a large series of topotypes from Pennsylvania with the
description and figures of Pictet has enabled us to identify this species beyond
doubt. The large number of branches of the second anal vein of the hind wing
sets off this species from all others in the genus. Pictet’s figure (fig. 2, plate X),
though none too well drawn, shows this character.

5. <Acroneuria pennsylvanica Rambur, 1842. Neurop. p. 456.

Klapalek (Bull. Internat. Acad. Sci. Boheme, p. 8, 1909) has seen the
type and- rescued this species from syonymy. His figure and description, to-
gether with a series of specimens from the type locality, shows that pennsylvanica
is distinct from abnormis. Eastern States.

6. <Acroneuria internata Walker, 1852. Brit. Mus. Cat. Neurop. p. 152.
7. Acroneuria trijuncta Walker, 1852. Brit. Mus. Cat. Neurop. p. 153.

Both these species have long reposed in our lists as synonyms of A. abnorm-
is; but Dr. Nathan Banks has studied the types, and the notes and the sketches
of them that he has kindly placed at our disposal show that both of them must

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 253

be restored. A careful reading of Walker’s description will show disagreement
with A. abnormis; and the secondary sexual characters which Walker did not
describe are very different. Though both are eastern species of more than local
distribution, neither has been redescribed, and no synonyms have resulted from
their long suppression.

8. Acroneuria arida Hagen, 1861. Syn. Neur, N. A. p. 18.

valida Banks, 1905. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 32: 4. _ :
A study of the type shows this to be a distinct species and not a synonym

of arenosa as Hagen suggested. Eastern and Southern States.

9g. Acroneuria ruralis Hagen, 1861. Syn. Neur. N. A. 18.

rupinsulensis Walsh, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil p. 3:63.

quebecensis Provancher, 1883. Pet. Faun. Can. Neurop, p. 72.

attenuata Banks, 1905. Psyche, 12: 55.

Topotypes of A rupinsulensis Walsh from Rock Island, Ill., agreeing ex-

actly with Walsh’s very detailed original description were identified by the senior
author as of this species, and so indicated in Bull. U. S. Bur. of Fisheries. 36:
274, 1920. Since then the types of Provancher and Banks and the cotypes? of
Walsh in the Hagen collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cam-
bridge, Mass., have been studied by us, as well as a large number of specimens
from many localities. The transverse narrow tubercle before the apex in the
female subgenital plate and the absence of spinules on the dorsal abdominal seg-
ments in the male are characters which distinguish this species. Of wide dis-
tribution East of the Rocky Mountains.

10. Acroneuria pacifica Banks, 1900. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 26:242.

nigrita Banks, 1904. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 30: 98. ; :
A comparison of the types of pacifica and nigrita proves these to be identi-

cal. Both female types have the subgenital plate evenly rounded, with a shiny
squarish spot at the apex. Western States.
tt Acroneuria californica Banks, 1905. Inverteb. Pacifica 1 :87.

? concolor Banks, 1908. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 34: 255.
The type of californica is a female and the type of concolor is a male.

They agree in general characteristics and apparently belong together. Cal-
ifornia.
{2. Acroneuria carolinensis Banks, 1905. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 30:215.

This species is very similar to lycorias and may be only a variety. The
black spot over the ocellar triangle is sharply angulate behind, while.in lycorias
it is evenly rounded. Southeastern States.
13. Acroneuria pumila Banks, 1906. Can. Ent. 38:335.

Very similar to pacifica but much smaller. Western States.
14. Acroneuria evoluta Klapalek, 1909. Bull. Internat. Acad. Sci. Boheme. p. 12.

There is considerable variation in the declivitous extension of the subgenital
plate of the female, but in general it may be said to have an evenly rounded or
slightly truncate hind margin. Central States and Eastward.

15. Acroneuria depressa sp. nov.

Length to tip of wings, male 29-32 mm.; female 32-40 mm. Expanse, male
48-50 mm.; female 56-70 mm.

General color light brown. Head wider than prothorax, reddish brown,
darker on clypeus and somewhat darker over the ocellar triangle. Ocelli large,
with black on the inside; hind ocelli a little closer to each other than to the eyes.

254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST -

Prothorax wider than long, not narrowed behind, angles rather sharp, rugosities
not very strong. Legs yellowish; femora with a black transverse band just be-
fore the tip. Wings uniformly subhyaline; veins light brown; no crossveins in
the outer field beyond the cord. ‘Tails light brown, thickly clothed with short
hairs. The male ninth ventral segment bears a large, transverse, oval smooth
hammer, genital hooks flattened, triangular, sharply pointed; segments 9 and 10
above each with many short spines. Female eighth ventral segment unmodified.

Holotype. Female: Yakima R., W. T. Lone Tree. June 30, ’82, 5. Henshaw.

Allotype. Male and 7 paratypes (5 females and 2 males) all from same
locality.

The holotype, allotype and some of the paratypes are in the Entomological
Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., and the
other paratypes are in the Entomological Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca,
N. Y.

16. Acroneuria theodora sp. nov.

Length to tip of wings, male 29-32 mm. ; female 32-40 mm. Expanse, male
48-50 mm.; female 56-70 mm.

General color blackish with smoky wings. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax; black over the ocellar triangle and extending laterally to the base of an-
tennae; occiput and area in front of the frontal M-ridge dark brown; frontal
ridge and lateral tubercles yellowish; ocelli form an equilateral triangle; hind
ocelli closer to each other than to the eyes. Antennae blackish at base, brown
towards the tip; prothorax uniformly blackish, wider than long, somewhat
narrowed behind; front angles sharp, hind angles rounded; rugosities rather
strong. Wings pale yellow at base, beyond uniformly smoky; veins black-
ish; no crossveins in the outer field beyond the cord. Basal half of abdomen yel-
lowish above, beyond blackish. ‘Tails brown, thickly clothed with short hairs.

Male brachypterous; ninth ventral segment bears a large longitudinally
rectangular hammer whose surface is covered with rearward curving ridges; geni-
tal hooks cylindrical, short and sharp. Female eighth ventral segment unmodified.

Holotype, female, Yellowstone National Park.

Allotype, male, and 3 females paratypes from the same locality, in the
Entomological Collection at Cornell University.

Another female paratype from Big. Hn. Mts., Wyoming, July 18, *96, R.
P. Currie, is in the National Museum, Washington, D. C.

VALID NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ACRONEURIA GROUPED ACCORDING
TO RELATIONSHIPS.

A. (Acroneuria) arenosa Pictet.

A. (Acroneuria) abnormis Newman.

A. (Acroneuria) ruralis Hagen.

A. (Acroneuria) pennsylvanica Rambur.

A. (Acroneuria) trijuncta Walker.

A. (Acroneuria) internata Walker.

A. (Acroneuria) arida Hagen.

A. (Acroneuria) evoluta Klapalek.

A. (Acroneuria) pacifica Banks.

et ee ee

ree GO Wy BM

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 255

10. A. (Acroneuria) pumila Banks.

11. A. (Acroneuria) lycorias Newman.
12. A. (Acroncuria) carolinensis Banks.
13. A. (Acroncuria) depressa sp. nov.
14. A. (Eccoptura) xanthenes Newman.
15. A. (Doroneuria)theodora sp. nov.
16. A. (Doroneuria) californica Banks.

NOTES ON CANADIAN DRAGONFLIES FOR THE SEASON 1922.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

In an effort to build up the Canadian National Collection of Odonata,
considerable attention was paid to this group by me and my assistants during the
collecting season of 1922. ‘The long spell of fine weather in May and the first
half of June was particularly favourable for our work in the vicinity of Ottawa,
and dragonflies were found to be much more abundant than usual. Weekly
excursions were made to the Mer Bleue, that famous peat bog twelve miles east
of Ottawa, the general character of which has already been the subject of an
article by Mr. Arthur Gibson (32nd Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. 1901, p. 110). Visits
were also made to some of the smaller lakes on both the Ontario and Quebec
sides of the Ottawa River, to suitable marshy spots on the Rideau river, and to
some of the numerous brooks in the Gatineau hills situated about nine to twelve
miles north of town.

The species mentioned in the following notes constitute in the main new
records for the Ottawa district, the majority not being listed in Dr. E, M. Walk-
ers paper (Ottawa ‘Naturalist XXII, 16); the total number of species of this
order occurring in the vicinity is now sixty-five.

ZYGOPTERA

Lestes vigilax Hagen. Found quite abundantly in a marshy inlet of the
Rideau river by F. P. Ide during the latter half of June and early July.

Lestes inaequalis Walsh. ‘Taken along with the preceding species but
apparently quite rare. Only two 4’s (June 19) and one 2 (July 21) were cap-
tured.

Enallagma antennatum Say. Three. g’s and one @ of this striking species
were taken by F. Ide (June 19) in the same spot on the Rideau river as the
Lestes species.

Engallagma signatum Hagen. Found in numbers flying well out from
shore over the lily pads on the Rideau river about 5 miles south of Ottawa by F.
Ide (Aug. 6).

ANISOPTERA

Gomphus spicatus Hagen. A long series of this species, including two
2’s, was taken at MacKay’s Lake, Rockcliffe (June 13, 15). It was first re-
corded by me from this region in 1920 (Can. Ent. LIII, 14).

Gomphus descriptus Banks. A single 2 was captured by my assistant,
Mr. A. Richardson, at Meach Brook, Gatineau Hills, Que., on June 27. We had

250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

hoped to secure a good series, but it was apparently too late in the month for the
species.

Gomphus brevis Hagen. Besides the localities given by Dr. Walker, I have
taken the species sparingly at McKay’s Lake, Rockcliffe.

Gomphus cornutus Tough. Walker records this from the Mer Bleue,
but as a matter of fact the species does not fly over the bog, but along the shores
of a small, clay-banked creek, called Castor River, that flows through the village
of Carlsbad (Eastman’s) Springs, about a quarter of a mile from the Mer Bleue.
Here we found it plentifully on June 7 and Mr. Richardson also took a single
specimen on June 27 at Fairy Lake, Hull, Que.

Ophiogomphus anomalus Harv. A single ¢ of this species was captured
by Mr. Richardson near Meach Brook, Que. (June 20) and one @ was taken
by myself at Wakefield on the Gatineau river (Aug. 7). The determination was
kindly made for me by Mr. FE. B. Williamson, Bluffton, Ind.; the species is new
to Canada.

Dromogomphus spinosus Selys. One specimen was taken, June 5, by F.
P. Ide, in the vicinity of the Rideau river, Ottawa South.

Cordulegaster diastatops Selys. One é was taken, June 27, by Mr. Rich-
ardson along Meach Brook, Que. It was recorded by Dr. Walker without men-
tion of locality.

Aeshna verticalis Hagen. A single ¢ was taken at the Mer Bleue by F.
P. Ide (July 24) ; the species is rare in the Ottawa district, the only other speci-
men in the collection from this region having been taken at Queen’s Park, Ayl-
mer, Que., by C. B. Hutchings.

Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. Mr. Richardson found this handsome species
quite common on Meach Brook, June 27.

Epicordulia princeps Hagen. Recorded by Walker from a fragmentary
specimen, no locality; it was not uncommon at Fairy Lake, Hull, Que. (June
29) and was taken on the Rideau river (Black Rapids) as late as August 12.

Tetragoneuria canis McLachlan. ‘This species was quite common both
at the Mer Bleue and along Castor River at Eastman’s Springs. It is one of
the first species on the wing (May 23), and although generally rare was this
year much commoner than either cynosura or spinigera, the latter of which also
is found at the Mer Bleue.

Williamsonia linteri Hagen.* The species has long been known to occur
in this region on the strength of two specimens taken by C. H. Young at the Mer
Bleue in 1908. Mr. A. Richardson and myself were fortunate enough to secure
eight specimens (44,42) on May 23; they were flying among the small spruce
trees situated close to a sphagnum bog, and as several were tenerals, it is prob-
able that the nymphs were breeding in the near-by pools. The mature adults are
difficult to see, as they have the habit of sitting with expanded wings on the
spruce trunks, darting out at intervals to capture a mosquito. By the end of
May the species had disappeared. :

Somatochlora franklini Selys. We first met with this species at the Mer

*—Simice writing the above (Mr. Williamson to whom our material was submitted in-
forms me that the species ‘is not the true lintneri (but a new species of William-
sonia which he purposes to describe shortly.

‘
Se ae a a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 257

Bleue on May 23 when several teneral specimens were taken flying along with
W. lintneri. ‘Two weeks later adults were fairly common about II a.m., flying
close to the ground over bare areas containing scattered dead dwarf larches,
on the branches of which they would occasionally alight.

Somatochlora kennedyi Walker. Two 8 specimens were taken (June 7)
along with the preceding species, from which they can with difficulty be disting-
uished on the wing.

- Somatochlora walshi Scudder. Two ¢’s and one 2 were captured on
July 24 by Messrs. Richardson and Ide at the Mer Bleue around the same sphag-
num bog where W. lintneri occurred earlier in the season.

Erythemis simplicicollis Say. ‘This species, recorded by Walker from
“Ottawa,” has been found sparingly at Fairy Lake, Hull, Que. I have not met
with it on the Ontario side of the Ottawa River.

From June 15th to June 24th I collected dragonflies in Algonquin Park,
Ont.; with headquarters at the Highland Inn on Cache Lake, the main collect-
ing was done in the marshy inlets of this lake, along the railway track west of
the Inn, where there is a considerable area of swampy ground, and at the head-
waters of the Madawaska river, which crosses the track about one and a half
miles west of the Inn and descends to a lower level by a series of rapids and
pools. Dragonflies were very plentiful on favourable days, although the black
flies at times made collecting almost impossible; besides most of the species
mentioned by Dr. Walker in his Algonquin Park list (36th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.
p. 64) the following species, which constitute new records for the region, were
captured.

Coenagrion resolutum Hagen. Not rare in reedy spots.

Chromagrion conditum Hagen. Very plentiful among the reeds on the
Madawaska River and marshy spots along the railroad tracks.

Cordulegaster diastatops Selys. Common along a small trickle of water
bordering the railroad track about a mile west of the hotel; the@’s were ob-
served depositing ova. It was also observed in a small upland bog in the woods
back of the Highland Inn.

Cordulegaster maculatus Selys. Found flying with Macromia illinoiensis
over the pools and rapids of the Madawaska river.

Gomphus spicatus Hagen. One ¢ and one 2 were captured on the Mada-
waska river.

Gomphus descriptus Banks. ‘The commonest Gomphus on the Madawaska
river. .
Dromogomphus spinosus Selys. One 8 and one @ wére taken in the
woods back of the Highland Inn.

Tetragoneuria canis McLachian. Moderately common along the railroad
track along with L. proxina.

Dorocordulia libera Selys. Five ¢’s were taken in a marshy corner of
Cache Lake, east of the hotel.

Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys. Common on roads through the woods in
the neighborhood of swamps.

Leucorrhinia proxima Calvert. In countless numbers in the swamp along
the track just west of the hotel.

258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF LABOPS
(HETEROPTERA—MIRIDAE).1

BY HARRY H. KNIGHT,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
Key TO THE SPECIES OF LABOPS

1. Hairs on hind tibiae shorter than the true spines; hind tibiae uniformly
Dla 2.2 abn. Bos See Cals be Os SC ee Cee ee zZ
Hairs on hind tibiae prominent, in length exceeding the true spines, length

of hairs also greater than diameter of tibia; tibiae largely pale or yellow-

(RS) We ee RG rE Or htm age RN aC ats Se Perey ote Ra Pa oer oe a hirtus n. sp.

2. Juga of male strongly inflated, thus concealing base of tylus when viewed
from lateral aspect, frons scarcely convex, median line pale; female with
frons more prominent but vertex sloping sharply downward in front, med-
ian line of frons pale; larger, length 3.5—6 mm. ........ hesperius Uhl.

Juga of male moderately prominent, base of tylus visible as seen from lateral
aspect ; both sexes with frons strongly convex, meeting the nearly horizon-
tal vertex well forward of the eyes; small, length 3—3.4 mm. ..........
A a eS Ee le ear TORT AW SM rey TES Nf 8 tumidifrons, N. sp.

Labops hesperius Uhiler.

Hayden’s Surv. Terr., Rept. for 1871, p. 416, (1872).

This species is best distinguished in the original description by the fol-
lowing: “Legs black; the apex of the femora and base and apex of the coxae
orange yellow. Scutellum and hemelytra with grayish, prostrate pubescence;....
....-Abdomen densely sericeous pubescent, ...... the posterior segments more
or less hairy.” A study of considerable material shows that the type of pubes-
cence, as well as coloration of the legs, are constant and distinctive characters.

Our eastern form of Labops has usually been determined as hesperius
Uhler, and although it occurs in Colorado and Montana, the original description
clearly indicates which one of the two species the author had before him when
drawing up the description.

Specimens examined: MONTANA— 9 June 30, 1900, Bozeman. ¢ June 26,
1903, Forsyth. @June 27, 1913, Monida. ¢ @June 19, 1921, Willow Creek,
Gallatin County (Wm. C. Cook). souTH DAKOTA— ¢ June I, 1921, Capa (H. C.
Severin). WYOMING—2 é 2 9 July 20—25, 1920, Yellowstone National Park (A.
A. Nichol). aLBERTaA—18 8 ¢ July 1—3, 1915, Maligne Lake (E. L. Diven).

Labops hirtus new species.

Male. Brachypterous form, length 4.3 mm., width 2 mm. Head: width
across eyes I.7 mm., vertex 1.03 mm.; clothed with prominent, erect, pale yellow-
ish hairs, and intermixed with a few silvery scale-like hairs on vertex and front;
juga moderately prominent but not obscuring the base of tylus when viewed
from lateral aspect; black, shining, with juga, genae, spot beneath eye, mark on
median line of front, spot each side of vertex and extending mesad along base,

J]-—Published, with the approval of the Director, as Paper No. 345 of the Journal series

of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

eee eee ee ee ee ee ee

= wT. —

a a

Ca) oe me PVRS

0 agg Soma 0.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 259

pale to yellowish. Rostrum, length 1.5 mm., extending upon middle of hind
coxae, black.

Antennae: segment I, length .63 mm.; II, 1.73 mm.; III, .76 mm.; IV .81
mm. ; black.

Pronotum: width at base 1.45 mm., anterior angles I.0g mm.; clothed
with prominent, erect, pale yellowish hairs and intermixed with closely appressed
scale-like pubescence; black, lower margins of pleura pale. Scutellum black,
triangular, mesoscutum moderately exposed ; clothed like the pronotum. Sternum
and pleura black, clothed with prominent erect pilose hairs; posterior half of
ostiolar peritreme and slender margin bordering intermediate coxae, pale.

Hemelytra: embolar margin arcuate; cuneal fracture present but cuneus
poorly developed; membrane absent in brachypterous form; black, embolium and
outer margin of corium, and extending beyond the cuneal fracture, pale yellow- .
ish; thickly clothed with erect, stiff yellowish hairs, and intermixed with close-
ly appressed, silvery, scale-like hairs.

Legs: coxae black, apices and a spot near base yellowish; femora black,
apices yellowish, more or less yellowish at middle but with black color continu-
ous on dorsal surface, the yellow on hind pair forming a line on anterior and
on the posterior aspect; tibae yellowish, with base and apex blackish, front pair
more nearly black; tarsi black.

Venter: black, shining, clothed with prominent, erect yellowish hairs, and
with a few scale-like hairs near base.

Macropterous form, length 5.7 mm., width 2.3 mm.; similar to the brachy-
pterous form but with membrane fully developed and fuscous to black in color.

Female. Brachypterous form, length 4.6 mm., width 2.3 mm.; more ro-
bust but very similar to the male in structure and coloration.

Macropterous form, length 5.7 mm., width 2.6 mm.; similar to the brachy-
pterous form but with membrane fully developed.

Holotype: 8 July 11, 1917, Cranberry Lake, New York (C. J. Drake) ;
author’s collection. Allotype: same data as the type. Paratypes: MAINE—I 6
12, July 4, 1915, Paris (C. A. Frost). mMoNnTANA— ¢, July 1, 1901, Bozeman,
alt. 4800 ft. (EF. J. Moore). NEW HAMPSHIRE—I 612, June, 1908, Claremont.
$, July 6, 1914, Mt. Washington (C. A. Frost). NEW vorK—2 ¢, July 2,4, July
eae july 6, ¢,july 11, 3% ,jily 22, Cranberry Lake (C. J. Drake): 29, June
21, 1915, Wilmington (Wm. TT. Davis). vERMONT— ¢ June 23, 1913, Stowe (G.
P. Englehardt). 9 July ro, 1913, Stratton (P. W. Whitney). wyominc—2é
72 (brachyp.), 56 42 (macropt.), July 20—25, 1920, Yellowstone National
Park (A. A. Nichol). CANADA: ALBERTA— 2? June 18, 1919, Edmonton (F. S.
Carr). BRITISH COLUMBIA—¢ 22, July 28, 1920, Chilcotin (EK. R. Buckell).
ONTARIO—14 6 2, June 23—July 15, 1915, Parry Sound (H. S. Parish). 292,
June I1—14, 1913, Guelph; ¢, June 12, 1915, Simcoe (H. Caesar). ¢ 49,
June 16, 1917, Strathroy (H. G. Crawford).

Labops tumidifrons new species.
Male. Length 3.4 mm., width ¥.3 mm. Head: width 1.17 mm., vertex

.66 mm.; frons strongly convex, meeting the nearly horizontal vertex at a point
just before: front margin of eyes; clothed with erect pale hairs, longest on tylus,

260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

front rather thickly covered with closely appressed, silvery, scale-like hairs; black,
moderately shining, a white mark each side of vertex and extending mesad along
base; juga white, much less prominent than in hesperius. Rostrum, length .97
mm., reaching to middle of hind coxae, black. ;

Antennae: black; segment I, length .36 mm.; II, Imm.; III, .53 mm.; IV,
61 mm.

Pronotum: length .60 mm., width at base 1.14 mm., anterior angles .74
mm.; black, lower margins of pleura pale; clothed with erect pale hairs, inter-
mixed with closely appressed, silvery scale-like hairs, the same extending to cover
sides of thorax and abdomen; ostiolar peritreme black, scarcely paler along pos-
terior margin; slenderly pale bordering base of intermediate coxae.

Hemelytra: fully developed, black, embolium and outer margin of cuneus
pale, membrane uniformly blackish; clothed with erect, pale yellowish hairs, and
intermixed with scale-like hairs, the latter thickest on clavus and corium. .

——s (es
~

54 ee

hesperi US

_._ Male genital claspers of species of Labops, a, left clasper, lateral aspect. b
right clasper, lateral aspect. x, y, left and right claspers, y, showing aberrant
form of right clasper in two specimens of Labops hesperius.

Legs: black, apices of femora, and tips of coxae, pale; femora beset with
prominent erect hairs, pubescence on tibiae short, not equal to length of true
spines.

Venter: black, clothed with erect pale yellowish hairs, the sides bearing
scale-like hairs; genital claspers distinctive although showing a close relation-
ship with hesperius.

Female. length 3.1 mm., width 1.4 mm.; brachypterous, hemelytra reach-
ing to near tip of abdomen, cuneal fracture present but membrane scarcely deve-
loped; shape of head, pubescence, and color, similar to that of male although
the body slightly more robust.

Antennae: segment I, length .34 mm.; II, .85 mm.; III, .50 mm.; IV, _
61 mm. Head: width 1.2 mm., vertex .7I mm.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 261

Holotype: 8, June 15, 1920, Chilcotin, British Columbia (R. C. Tre-
herne) ; Canadian National Collection. Allotype: taken with type; author’s
collection. Paratypes: 3 ¢, taken with the types.

Labops burmeisteri (Stal) has been recorded from this continent but the
writer has not seen specimens that have been collected in North America.
There is at hand for comparison and study, a specimen of burmeisteri determin-
ed by Reuter (2, Shigansk, Lena infer. Russia, B. Poppius), which comes
from a region near the type locality of the species. Burmeisteri comes nearest to
hirtus but differs somewhat in form as well as in pubescence and color of the
legs.

In the above figure, left and right genital claspers are illustrated, drawn
from two specimens which in all other respects should be referred to hesperius
Uhler. It seems worthy of remark that two specimens should be found, both
showing the right clasper modified to a form very similar to the left clasper.
The most logical explanation for these unusual specimens would seem to be that
they represent a reversion of the right clasper back toward the primitive, bi-
laterally symmetrical form of clasper. In Labops, Lopidea, Orthotylus, and sev-
eral other genera of Miridae, the left clasper is very little modified throughout
the species in each genus. In other words, the left clasper is generic in character
while the right clasper is indicative of the species. From this it would seem that
the left clasper has remained more primitive while the right clasper exhibits
great change in form with the development of new species. The above figured
specimens of Labops seem to show that sudden reversion of the right clasper
may take place, probably in a single generation, for among eighteen specimens
of hesperius taken at the same time, all other male specimens were normal for
the species. The writer has also found a single male of Lopidea, taken with a
large series of L. arizona, which exhibits a similar condition of claspers. The
right clasper is almost identical with the left clasper, or at least its bilaterally
symmetrical counterpart. This specimen differs from the typical L. arizona in
being much smaller, although quite similar in coloration. Thus we have two ex-
amples of species in different genera, each exhibiting reversion of the right geni-
tal clasper toward a more primitive form. The question naturally arises;—have
not new species of plant bugs been created with the same sudden change, but by
modification of the genital clasper in a different direction, or away from the bi-
laterally symmetrical type? The numerous species of the genus Lopidea would
seem to support this view, yet nearly every species has its own particular food
plant.

262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN PRESENT IN BACKSWIMMER BUENOA
MARGARITACEA BUENO (HEMIPTERA).
BY H. B. HUNGERFORD,
Kansas University, Lawrence, Kansas.

Some six years ago, while engaged in the study of the biology of the
above named Notonectid, I discovered the presence of some blood red masses
in the abdomen of these bugs. These masses are of such strikingly brilliant hue
and so unusual in color for insect tissue that they led to a superficial examination
at that time. ‘They are grouped about the several tracheal trunks which have
their connections with the abdominal spiracles opening in the ventral air groves.
Each of these red masses is made of many very red, more or less oval cells, that
appear bound together by the innumerable branchings of tracheae. These cells
haemolyze quickly in distilled water but retain their red pigment contents in normal
salt solution. The clusters of these cells about each tracheal trunk appear com-
pound, and are of considerable size, so that the entire red mass fills much of
the abdominal space. They lend their vivid color to the insect showing through
the somewhat transparent tissues of the sides and dorsum of the abdomen and
give the entire venter a very dark red color. I have noted? that the venter of the
abdomen is deep red in living specimens and that it darkens in museum material.
The fact that these bodies become very dark after death combined with my ob-
servations that Buenoa seldom comes to the surface of the water, but is content
to poise and swim submerged, where the insect seems to be in perfect equilibrium,
suggested to me the possibility that the red might indicate haemoglobin. These
large clumps of red cells are most intimately connected with the respiratory sys-
tem, and might well serve to fix and store the oxygen as a reserve supply. They
are conspicuously present from the second instar on, and, indeed, are found
“in the abdomen of the embryo not yet hatched. In spite of the exceedingly in- —
teresting possibilities to be revealed by a study of these scarlet organs, it was
only recently that a test was made for haemoglobin. The following tests were made
with the assistance of Dr. N. P. Sherwood, Professor of Bacteriology, whose ex- —
perience in blood tests was invaluable and whose interest in this problem has
been as great as my own.

SPECTROSCOPIC TEST.

These red cells when placed in distilled water haemolyze readily, and the
fluid thus obtained and examined with the Spectroscope shows very distinctly the
two absorption bands between D. and E. Controls were run with sheep’s blood
and human blood.

TEICHMANN’S TEST FOR HAEMIN CRYSTALS.

The technique suggested by Teichmann was used and definite brownish
crystals were consistently obtained. Proper controls were run to guard against
faulty technique.

In addition to the above Spectroscopic and Hemin crystal tests, chemical
tests such as Weber’s Guaiac test for blood gave positive reactions.

All of these tests were clearly positive, and we are thus able to report
that we have in this case an insect containing definite, bright red clusters of cells,

1—Hungericrd, H. B—Biology and Ecology of Aquatic and Semiaquatic Hemiptera—
Kansas University Science Bulletin Vol. XI, pg. 194, 1919.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 263

enmeshed and closely associated with the tracheal system of the abdomen, which
contain oxyhaemoglobin.

In the case of Chironomus (the blood worm), which has been cited fre-
quently as the only insect possessing hemoglobin, the red fluid is free in the body
cavity, and when the larva is punctured flows out at once. Rollet? in 1861 dis-
covered hemoglobin crystals in this pigmented material and Lankester? in 1867
noted that it gives the characteristic absorption-spectrum of hemoglobin—Cue-
not* 1891- who investigated the blood and lymphatic systems of many vertebrates
and invertebrates is often cited in connection with the above case. A case more
interesting and structurally more like the one I am reporting, is that of the larva
of Gastrophilus equi. Berlese® gives a discussion of the literature relating to the
discovery and study of certain pink cells related to the tracheal system in these
Bot fly larvae. He cites Vaney® as showing that the red color ot these “cellules
tracheales” is due to hemoglobin which he appears to have thought was secured
in some manner from the host. Vaney found further that the hemoglobin tended
to disappear following the larval period. Both the above mentioned records are
in the Diptera. We are pleased, therefore, to report the presence of oxyhaemo-
globin in definite cell clusters in the free swimming Aquatic Hemipteron Buenoa
and to suggest that it is, no doubt, present also in the closely allied genus, Ant-
sops. Since these insects are not parasitic, the hemoglobin is produced by them,
and has a normal physiological function to perform.”

ON THE GENUS ELIDIPTERA (HOMOP.)
BY Z. P. METCALF,
N. C. State College, Raleigh, N. C.
In a recent number of the Canadian Entomologist (Vol. LIV :61) Mr.
Muir calls attention to the fact that an examination of Elidiptera callosa Spin.
from Trinidad, the logotype of the genus Elidiptera Spin., shows that our North
American species assigned to Elidiptera by Van Duzee (Cat. N. A. Hemip. p.
726) do not belong to this genus. Muir says that certain species will “fit into
Angeleusa Kirk. (Argeleusa Kirk.) and have a distinct median carina on the
clypeus.” However, I cannot agree that our Eastern North American species
belong to Argeleusa which has the following characters that do not agree with
our species. ‘Vertex basally distinctly angulately emarginate; not impressed;
tibiae obscurely spined near the base,” etc.
I do not believe that the median carina on the clypeus is a reliabie charac-
ter in this genus as some of our species (opaca Say) have a very distinct median
carina, while other species (slossoni Van D. and variegata Van D.) have a faint-
er carina. In certain other species (pallida Say and septentrionalis Prov.) the |
median carina on the clypeus is almost wanting.
2—Reollett, A. Zur Kenntniss der Verbreitung des Haematin—Sitzungsb. When. Akad.
XLIV, pp. 615-630. 1845.

3—Lankester, E. R.A contribution to the knowledge of Haemoglobin—Proc. Roy.
Soc. XXI, pp. 70-81. 1873.

4—Cuenot. Etudes sur le sang et les glandes lymphiatiques dans le série animale—
Arch. Zool. exper. et gen. 1902.

5s—Berlese, A. Gli Insetti pp. 769 and 822. 1909.

6—Vaney, C. Contribution a l’étude des larves et des métamorphoses des Diptéres.
Thése de Lyon—Ann de I’Univ. de Lyon. Nowy. sér. 7.

7—A complete study of the histology and development of these interesting cells is
under way. ‘

264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In casting about for a name to take the place of Elidiptera we find that
Amyot and Serville (Nat. Hist. Ins. Hemip. p. 526) propose Helicoptera on the
basis that it expresses in more correct Greek the idea of the overlapping wings
which Spinola tried to express by his name Elidiptera. They describe Elidiptera
cincticeps Spin. only under Helicoptera and list E. marginicollis Spin., E. advena
Spin. and £. callosa Spin. E. cincticeps might therefore be considered the type
of the genus Helicoptera but according to Banks and Caudell, Entomological
Code rule 105; “the type of a new generic name which by sign or language is
clearly shown to be proposed to replace another valid generic name is the same
as that of the genus replaced,” and since, Entomological Code rule 86, emenda-
tions such as this are not permitted, Helicoptera becomes a straight synonym of
Elidiptera. It is doubtful if Helicoptera with genotype E. cincticeps would be
available anyhow, as Spinola states in the original description of cincticeps “En
differe (from the other species of Elidiptera) par l’absence totale d'une arete
mediane sur la face frontal.”

With these points in mind, therefore, I propose the name Epiptera for this
genus, which may be described as follows:

Epiptera new genus.
Orthotype, Falta opaca Say.

This genus may be recognized by the narrow head with projecting vertex,
by the rather long pronotum and overlapping wings.

Head narrow, not over half as wide as the pronotum; vertex projecting
in front of the eyes, with carinated margins, median line sulcate, posterior margin
broadly arched; frons and clypeus together about eliptical; frons narrowed above
between the eyes widened gradually to near the clypeal margin and then contract-
ed, laterally and medianly carinate ; clypeus more than half as long as the frons;
medianly and laterally carinate, the former sometimes faint ; second joint of anten-
nae terrete about three times as long as the first; basal knob of the flagellum rather
distinct ; flagellum short, about twice as long as the segments of the antennae;
compound eyes elongate; ventral sinus inconspicuous; ocelli conspicuous, placed
below the compound eyes anterior to the antennae; pronotum projecting triangu-
larly between the compound eyes; the margins of this triangle carinate with
these carinae extending almost to the posterior margins; posterior margin deeply
triangularly notched with the anterior and posterior margins about parallel; the
lateral lobe of the pronotum is quadrate nearly twice as long as broad; mesonotum
tricarinate, nearly three times as long as the pronotum; legs simple; anterior
femora and tibiae nearly equal; posterior tibiae approximately twice as long as
the femora; with a single strong lateral tooth beyond the middle; basal joint of
the posterior tarsi nearly twice as long as the second and third combined; claws
strong; fore wings opaque, overlapping apically, venation distinct, subcosta and
radius united basally; subcosta two with many accessory branches between it
and costal margin; radius with a few similar branches; medius typical, four
branched, some of which branch again before the apical margin; cubitus two
branched, with several accessory veins before the apical margin; the cross veins
connecting the branches of the various veins form a crenulate submarginal vein ;
second and third anals united about two-thirds of the distance from the base of

the clavus; the common stem running to the apex of the clavus.
Mailed December 30th, 1922.

Che Canadian Cutomalogist

Vou. LIV. ORILLIA, DECEMBER, 1922. No. 12.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Nores On A MicGrATION OF LIBYTHEA BACHMANNI Kirt.

BY CHARLES H. GABLE and w. A. BAKER,
Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The first individuals of a migration flight of the butterfly, Libythea bach-
manni Kirtl., were observed by W. A. Baker passing the Field Laboratory,Cereal
and Forage Insects, San Antonio, Texas, at two o’clock p.m., September 26,
1921. ‘The butterflies increased so rapidly in numbers that it was decided to
determine the extent of the migration and gather such other information as
might prove of interest.

Personal investigation aided by reports from every part of South Texas
indicated that the butterflies were advancing on a front extending from a point
fifty miles north of San Antonio due south to the Rio Grande River, a distance
of approximately two hundred and fifty miles. Careful tests indicated that the
average flight was four and one-half miles per hour, and, in the vicinity of San
Antonio, the estimated number of butterflies passing per minute over each rod
of front during the hours of flight was seventeen. Since the flight was véry uni-
form along the entire front, this would mean that approximately one and one-
quarter million butterflies were passing a line at right angles to their line of
flight each minute.

The direction of flight was slightly south of east at all times. The pre-
vailing wind was from the south or east of south, but usually was not strong
enough to affect the direction of flight. There was a stiff breeze from the north-
east in the forenoon of September 30. During this time the butterflies were
travelling very high in the air, some of them at an altitude of over a hundred
feet, and could barely be seen. It is possible that others were still higher. They
seemed to seek higher altitudes in an effort to overcome the obstruction of the
wind. This inclination was also noted where obstructions such as buildings and
trees were encountered. In each case the butterflies ascended to such height as
enabled them to go over the obstruction, and never around it. The direction of
the wind did not seem to materially alter the original direction of flight since it was
noted that, although the butterflies were advancing in a more southerly direction,
each individual was facing its original direction of south of east and was attempt-
ing to make headway in that direction.

The flight at San Antonio continued with uniform intensity for eighteen
days, after which the numbers gradually diminished, although some specimens
were noted in timbered sections until the first freeze, December 5.

The forward movement was continued until they arrived within about
thirty miles of the coast. There occurred a considerable banking up or accumu-

266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

lation of individuals for several days on a front parallel to the coast line after
which they seemed to turn back to the west. They, however, did not proceed
in this new direction except for a short distance, but seemed to lose their inclin-
ation for a definite line of flight and wandered aimlessly about the country.

The butterflies fed freely on many flowers such as Rock Brush (Eysen-
hardtia amorphoides H. B. K. ), Madeira vine, and a considerable number of
other plants in bloom at that time. Water, whether in a creek, stagnant pool or
merely moist ground, exerted a very strong attraction and caused the butterflies
to congregate in swarms. ‘They appeared in large numbers in cotton fields at-
tacked by the cotton worm (Alabama argillacea) where they seemed to be feed-
ing on the plant juices exuding from the edges of the leaves cut by the worms.

The females for the most part were gravid, but observations failed to
note oviposition on any plants in the vicinity of San Antonio with tne exception
of one observation by H. B. Parks, who stated that he noted a female ovipositing
on Hymenopappus artemisiacfolits D. C., which is rather a common weed
throughout Texas. Unfortunately, we were unable to relocate the eggs for hatch-
ing purposes, nor was it possible to find other eggs in the same locality, although
butterflies were present in abundance. One female oviposited in a cage and the
eggs hatched, but the proper food for the larvae was not found.

One of the butterflies was caught in a net and whirled rapidly about the
head twenty-five times in a horizontal plane, the object being to determine if
the sense of direction could be affected. When released, the butterfly immediately
took the original line of flight. The same experiment was made whirling the
net about in a vertical plane at right angles to the line of flight; also in a plane
in the same line as the line of flight, with the same results as in the first experi-
ment. The number of revolutions was then increased to fifty and the experi-
ments repeated with the same results. The experiment was then made of whirl-
ing the net fifty times in a horizontal plane and fifty in a vertical plane at right
angles to the line of flight, the same insect being used. When released, the
butterfly immediately resumed its original line of flight. Two of the specimens
had lost their palpi and were otherwise rubbed. One specimen alighted on a
plant after travelling about fifty feet, but when disturbed, it resumed its flight
and continued until lost from sight in the distance.

As previously noted, when first observed the butterflies had already start-
ed their migration. This reason and the fact that the source of the migration
was several hundred miles from San Antonio, where flight was first noted, of
necessity prevents any definite proof of the breeding place of these insects.
However, from data obtained from all parts of area covered and from obser-
vations as to direction of flight, it may be stated at this time that the probable
breeding place is somewhere in the so-called “Big Bend” country of North Mexi-
co directly west of South Texas.

The territory ultimately covered was that portion of Texas south of a
line starting fifty miles northwest of the mouth of the Pecos River; extending
almost due east to a point sixty miles north of San Antonio; thence southeast to
within thirty miles of the coast; and north to the Rio Grande River, paralleling
the coast line.

! +
wes | =

oe I ae

4
‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 267

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PHYLLOXERA INFESTING
OAK AND CHESTNUT. (HEMIPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE)
BY CARL D. DUNCAN,
Stanford University, California.

The present paper is based upon a study of five species of Phylloxera that
are certainly new, a sixth that is probably new and four described species.

The writer is indebted to Mr. W. M. Davidson of the United States Bureau
of Entomology for the collection of one of the new species, to Professor R. W.
Doane of Stanford University for one, and to Professor G. F. Ferris of Stanford
University for two. Dr. A. C. Baker of the Bureau of Entomology has very
kindly lent material of P. rileyi, P. querceti and P. castaneae from the National
Collection. ‘To each of the above gentlemen the author expresses his sincere
thanks. They are especially due to Professor G. F. Ferris because of his en-
thusiastic encouragement and helpful criticism and many suggestions during the
preparation of this paper. He also mounted most of the specimens except those
lent by Mr. Davidson and Dr. Baker.

The one thing above all that the present bit of work has made plain to
the writer is the extent to which the American species of Phylloxera, particularly
those infesting oaks, need study. Until 1919 but two American, oak-infesting
species were known. In that year Ferris described P. stanfordiana and until
the present these three species have been all that have been known from our
oaks. The species here described as new have been discovered almost purely
through accident and it appears probable that a thorough examination of our
various oaks will increase the list several fold. Several of the species, even if
not at present of economic importance, may in time become so, and it is hoped
that this paper may serve to stimulate observers to look for and collect these
interesting insects.

A word as to the preparation of specimens for study may not be amiss.
One should not hope to obtain satisfactory specimens by mounting them directly
in balsam, as such specimens shrink, the legs double up beneath them, and many
of the details of structure which are of specific importance are likely to be ob-
scured. The material upon which Pergande based his descriptions was prepared
in this manner, and from its condition it is surprising that he was able to accomp-
lish anything with it. As it is, his work leaves much to be desired.

Specimens should at least be passed through ninety-five per cent. alcohol
and cleared in carbol-xylene or some other clearing medium before being put into
the balsam. A still better method, however, is that of clearing the specimens in
caustic potash and staining with magenta in the manner that is now generally fol-
lowed in the preparation of Coccidae and similar small insects. . This method
gives excellent preparations which well repay the small amount of effort expend-
ed in securing them. All the structures are plainly visible, not being obscured
by the body contents. Specimens so treated straighten out much better also.

GENERAL MorpPHoLocy.

The alate forms of but three species, P. rileyi, P. castaneae, and P. david-
soni have been available to the author. These show but little variation and give

268 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

but little promise, except in the antennae, of furnishing characters for separating
the species. Further study of material including a larger number of species may
disclose usable characters, but this at present seems unlikely. A figure of the
alate form of P. castaneae is appended to this paper and will give an idea of the
general features of this form. The antenna of this species differs from that of
P. rileyi and P. davidsoni in that the third segment bears but one large sensorium
instead of two.

The best—if not only—reliable characters for separating the species are
to be found in the apterous agamic females. The descriptions and figures given
in this paper are based almost entirely on this form. The figures are from re-
constructed camera lucida drawings, except that of the ovipositor, which is free-
hand, and all were made by the author. The figures are not drawn to a uni-
form scale, but since the specific characters depend upon the relative proportions
of the different parts of the same insect, this condition does not interfere with
their usefulness. Figures of P. rileyi, P. querceti and P. castaneae are included to
supplement the rather unsatisfactory figures given by Pergande in his paper of
1904.

The apterous agamic females of the group, which may be called the P.
rileyi group, to which the species herein described belong, are characterized by
the development in greater or less degree of tubercles on the dorsum. ‘These are
arranged ina very definite and constant fundamental pattern, there being six rows,
one on each lateral margin extending the full length of the body, one of similar
extent on each side of the median line, and.a thoracic row of but three tubercles
interpolated between the submedian and lateral rows on each side. The tubercles
are longest on the posterior part of the thorax, shorter on the head and much
reduced or even obsolete on the posterior part of the abdomen. When they are
obsolete their positions are still marked by small setae. They vary in size in the
different species from very tiny elevations, which scarcely deserve to be called
tubercles in P. stanfordiana, to very conspicuous, elongated processes which in
P. rileyi nearly equal the antennae in length. Each tubercle is provided at the
apex with a stout, parallel-sided seta with a somewhat mushroom-shaped apex.
These setae are practically equal in length on all the tubercles of a single specimen.

In addition to this, the tubercles are provided with secondary roughenings

in the form of tiny chitinous points or spines which are usually larger toward
the base of the tubercles and which may be spirally arranged around the tubercle
or unevenly distributed. In most of the species there are four relatively stout
secondary spines surrounding the seta at the apex of the tubercle. There are no
pore areas such as are characteristic of the genus Phylloxerina.

The integument is generally roughened in some manner, usually by the
presence of slight wrinkles, which may give it a reticulated appearance, or by
innumerable chitinous points or by minute pits. These roughenings are of aid
in making specific determinations.

There are but two pairs of spiracles, the thoracic ones, those of the ab-
domen apparently being entirely absent.

The antennae are three-segmented, the third segment being irregularly
annulated and bearing just below the tip a large, oval sensorium and from two to

four very small secondary sensoria, which are frequently difficult to see, along

Ss. htt ew

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 269

the margin of the primary sensorium. Figures of the antennae are given, though
only in exceptional cases are they referred to in the descriptions, since they appear
only rarely to offer characters of specific value.

The beak varies considerably in length and in the number of apparent
segments. Whether these divisions represent true segments is not evident from
the material at hand, but they are definitely marked and are of some value in
making determinations.

The legs, though annulated in some species and not in others, show very
little variation and present no reliable specific characters.

The body is pyriform and shows but little segmentation, at least in mount-
ed specimens, except on the abdomen where there is occasionally an ae
of the posterior segments. -

The position of the eye is somewhat variable. It is shown in the accom-
panying figures as being on the dorsum in some species and the venter in others.
This difference is of significance and is due to the manner in which the
specimens are flattened out on the slide which again depends upon the degree
to which the living insect was distended.

The presence on the apex of the abdomen (Plate 10, fig. 2) of a pair of
small, chitinous structures resembling a pair of approximated rods and function-
ing probably as an ovipositor will distinguish the mature females, either apterous.
or alate, fromm immature forms.

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS.

The only characters given in the following descriptions are those which
are of value in making specific determinations. For all other characters the sec-
tion on general morphology may be consulted.

Phylloxera stellata new species.
Plate 11, figs. 2, 8, 15, 25.

Apterous female (Plate 11, fig. 8). Length of type (flattened on slide)
45 mm. Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 2) large, more or less globular, each supplied
with a number of knob-like secondary projections and small spines, giving a stel-
late appearance, whence the name. Derm with a minute reticulation formed by
tiny chitinized wrinkles and spines which is difficult to see except in well stained
specimens and is in any case best developed on the head and thorax. Beak three-
segmented, attaining the hind coxae. Legs (Plate 11, fig. 15) rather stout, the
tibia annulated, the annulations, however, appearing indistinct on lightly stained.
specimens.

Type Host and Locality. From an oak which appears to be either Quercus
margaretta or Q. alba, Dallas, Texas, Aug. 17, 1921, G. F. Ferris.

Holotype and Paratypes in the Stanford University collection and a para-
type slide in the National Collection.

Notes. ‘This is the most distinctive species of the group, as none other
has the stellate tvpe of tubercles. No alate specimens were secured. The apterae
occur thickly distributed over the under surfaces of the leaves and each produces
a small, brown, discolored area, so that the leaves have a speckled appearance.
No distortion of the leaves occurs. The illustrations, except figure 15 of Plate 11,
are from the holotype.

270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGisT

Can. En’. Vot. tiv. PLATE 10.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PHYLLOXERA,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 27%

Phylloxera reticulata new species.
ide LO. Oblate 11, figs. 11, 12, 24.

Apterous female (Plate to, fig. 9). Length of type (flattened on slide)
75mm. ‘Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 11) prominent, elongate conical, provided with
very many tiny, spine-like points which are arranged spirally from base to apex.
lrength of apical setae five or six times its diameter, much greater relatively
than the apical setae on any of the other species here described. Eighth tubercle
of each of the sub-median rows much shorter than either the seventh or the ninth.
Derm (Plate 11, fig. 11) minutely wrinkled, the wrinkles chitinized and forming
a finely reticulated pattern much as in P. stellata, these reticulations not evident
posteriorly on the abdomen. Posterior abdominal tergites slightly chitinized
Beak four-segmented, attaining or slightly exceeding the hind coxae. Legs with
the annulations faintly or not at all evident.

Type Host and Locality. From Quercus kelloggii, Jasper Ridge near Stan-
ford University, California, October 11, 1921. Collected by the author.

Holotype and Paratypes in the Stanford University collection and a para-
type slide in the National Collection.

Notes. Apterae only were found. These were present scatteringly along
the veins on the under surface of the leaves on a single tree. A search of other
trees in the immediate vicinity yielded no additional material. Eggs and develop-
ing young in all stages were present, all being bright orange yellow in color, the
adults having the eyes reddish. Eggs oval; shortly before hatching they present
a reticulated appearance and the eyes of the embryos show through.

The character of the secondary spines on the tubercles will distinguish
this from all other species except P. rileyi and P. castaneae, which, however,
are easily distinguishable by the exceedingly long tubercles in the case of the
former and the apparent lack of dorsal tubercles in the case of the latter.

Phylloxera davidsoni new species.
Plate-io;. hey 75, Plate Ti sies..6, 10% 20:

Apterous female (Plate to, fig. 7). Length of type (flattened on slide)
73mm. Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 6) prominent, elongate conical, the longest a-
bout two thirds as long as the hind femora, provided with secondary spines which
are prominent and stout at the base of the tubercle and become smaller toward
its apex, armed at the apex with four prominent spines which surround the apical
seta. Derm minutely roughened (Plate 11, fig. 6) with relatively broad, low,
more or less wart-like, minute-protuberances which may or may not be provided
with chitinous points. Dorsum with a number of internal, chitinous (?), round-
ed, oval or beaded structures which show a fairly close bilaterally symmetrical
arrangement. In Plate 11, fig. 7, these are indicated by stippled areas. Beak
five-segmented, attaining a point two thirds of the distance from the hind coxae
to the tip of the abdomen. Legs annulated, relatively longer and more .slender
than in stellata.

Type Host and Locality. From Quercus engelmanni, Alhambra, Los An-
geles County, California, November 7, 1919. Collected by Mr. W. M. Davidson.

Holotype. In the Stanford University collection; one slide of paratypes
in the National Collection; remainder returned to Mr. Davidson.

272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Notes. ‘The following are extracts from Mr. Davidson’s notes. “On the
lower surface of tomentous young foliage; alates, aptereae and eggs collected.
Eggs are short oval, pale yellow when deposited, becoming darker as incubation
proceeds. Shortly before the larva hatches the eye spots are visible and the
chorion assumes an appearance as though embossed with hexagonal elevations.
Larva is pyriform, light yellow, with blackish spines. Apterae from light orange
to yellowish brown, appendages dusky yellowish-gray. Beak of young larva
reaches beyond apex of abdomen. Alates orange with black thorax and meso-
sternum. Antennae of young larvae relatively long, the distal joint longer than
the hind tibia.”

The accompanying drawings were made from the holotype.

Phylloxera similans new species.
Plate 10, fig: G6; Plate 1x, higs: 3) 43. 23

Apterous female (Plate 10, fig. 6). Length of type (flattened on slide)
7mm. Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 3) moderately prominent, elongate conical, the
longest, however, not longer than the tarsus, ornamented with secondary spines
which are relatively stout and sharply pointed and are longest at the base of the
tubercles; apex of the tubercles armed with four relatively stout spines surround-
ing the apical seta. Derm (Plate 11, fig. 13) of head and thorax and basal half

of abdomen with exceedingly numerous, minute, heavily chitinized wrinkles and -

points. Beak four-segmented, not quite attaining the hind coxae. Abdominal
tergites slightly chitinized. Legs without annulations.

Type Host and Locality. From “Bur oak,” which is probably Q. macro-
carpa, Staten Island, New York, summer 1917. Professor R. W. Doane.

One slide bearing holotype and three paratypes alate nymphs in the Stan-
ford Collection.

Notes. This species is quite closely related to P. davidsoni of southern
California. The difference in the character of the integument, the shorter tub-
ercles with their relatively larger secondary spines and the shorter beak will
separate it from the latter, however.

Phylloxera tuberculifera new species.
Plate 10, fig. 3; Plate 11, figs.-7,; 10) 27:

Apterous female (Plate to, fig. 3). Length of type (flattened on slide)
-5 mm. Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 7) but little higher than broad, smaller than in
any other known oak-infesting species except P. stanfordiana, armed with sev-
eral small secondary spines and surmounted by the usual seta. Derm (Plate 11,
fig. 10) with minute wrinkles and points, these being so chitinized as to give an
appearance of short, disconnected, irregular lines. Beak four-segmented, slightly
exceeding the hind coxae.

Type Host and Locality. From what appears to be Quercus havardti, the

“shinnery oak,” on the edge of the Staked Plains near Quitaque, Texas, August ~

23, 1921. Collected by G. F. Ferris.
Holotype and Paratypes in the Stanford University collection.

Notes. Apterae only were collected. ‘They occur thickly scattered over —

the under surface of the leaves. The injury resulting from their feeding pro-
duces a multitude of tiny brownish spots.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 273

Phylloxera querceti Pergande.
Plate to, fig’ 1; Plate 11, figs. 4, 17, 21.
1904, Phyllorera querceti Pergande, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 9: 263-5; plate 20.

Apterous female (Plate to, fig. 1). Length flattened on slide) .45 mm.
Derm minutely roughened, the condition of the specimens on the slides at hand,
however not being such as to enable me to determine the nature of this roughening.
Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 4) prominent, elongate conical, the longest nearly if not
quite as long as the femora, provided with many relatively stout and sharp secon-
dary spines and terminating in four sharp spines surrounding the apical seta.
Beak four-segmented, relatively long, though not quite attaining the tip of the
abdomen. Legs stoutish, apparently without annulations.

Type Host and Locality. From Quercus alba, macrocarpa, panonia and
daimio, Washington, D. C., according to Pergande.

Notes. The specimen figured is from the National Museum material lent
by Dr. Baker. The slide bears the following notation, “47/22. Phylloxera on Q.
macrocarpa. D. C. Aug. 20, ’83” The slide bears three cover glasses, under the
middle one of which, indicated by a ring of ink, is the specimen figured. As
this specimen was undoubtedly in Pergande’s hands when his description of the
species was drawn up, it may be designated as the lectotype.

The material received from Dr. Baker contains also four other slides, label-
ed as P. rileyi and bearing the notations, 372 x 47|25; 372 x 47|18; 372 x 47|19;
372 x 65/18, which I believe likewise to represent P. quercett.

This species is closely related to P. davidsoni from which it may easily be
distinguished by the markedly longer tubercles and the stouter and non-annulated
legs.

Phylloxera rileyi Riley.
Plate 10, fig. 5; Plate 11, figs. 9, 14, 16.
1874 Phyllozera rileyi Lichtenstein, Riley, Missouri Report 6: 64-5; figs. 18, 19.
1875. Phyllozera rileyi Licht., Riley, Missouri Report 7: 118-121; fig. 22.
1875. Phyllorera rileyi Licht., Comptes Rendus de Séances de L’Academie des
Sciences, p. 1223. (without description).

1875. Phyllorera rileyi Licht., Stet. Ent. Zeit., p. 359. (:without description).
1904. Phylloxera rileyi Riley (Licht. mss.)., Pergande, Proc. Davenport Aicad. Sci.

9: 261-3; pl. 19.

Apterous female (Plate 10, fig. 5). So-called “black form.” Length (flat-

tened on slide) .6 mm. Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 14) very conspicuous, the long-
est as long as the third antennal segment, provided with exceedingly numerous
pomts arranged in a spiral, and terminating in four relatively stout and sharp
secondary spines which surround the apical seta. Derm (Plate 11, fig. 9) rough-
ened by the numerous pits which produce a tessellated appearance. Beak long,
_ attairiing the tip of the abdomen. Antennae (Plate 11, fig. 16) and legs unusually
long and slender, the latter without annulations.

Type Host and Locality. Riley records it merely from “white oak” and
“post oak” without any statement as to locality. According to Pergande (1904)
it was taken from Quercus alba and Q. obtusiloba near Kirkwood, Missouri.

Notes. In the material received from the National Collection there is a
single slide mount of three specimens of the so-called “black form,’ which ac-
cording to Pergande is the true adult, apterous agamic female of the species.

274 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Can. Ent. VoL. Liv. PLATE i

oo" ge
ap OO! ape GE xe
Ze i

@
vt ee

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PHYLLOXERA.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 275

The slide at hand is apparently that from which Pergande made his description
and figures and it is upon this that the description and figures given here are
based. It bears the notation, “372 x 47/2 1:1 1|42. Rileyi. Black female and
eggs from winged female.”

Of the twenty eight slides received from the National Collection and label-
led as P. rileyi on their envelopes, one bears the notation ““P. quercus? France?”
on the slide itself and is obviously not P. rileyi; four bear specimens that the auth-
or considers to be P. querceti; three bear specimens the identity of which is doubt-
ful, the tubercles being practically obsolete ; one, labeled “‘Phylloxera n. sp. ?” bears
a single larva which resembles the form with obsolete tubercles; six contain
specimens of what is apparently the so-called “light form” of P. rileyi. These
agree quite closely with the specimens of the “black form,” differing in but minor
details, so their identity does not seem to be open to question. Field observa-
tions, however, will be necessary before the actual relationship of the “black”
and “light” forms can be definitely determined.

Thirteen of the slides contain specimens the identity of which it is impos-
sible to determine because of the condition of the preparations.

P. rileyi may be distinguished from all the other species by the exceed-
ingly long tubercles ornamented with a spiral of minute secondary spines.

Phylloxera stanfordiana Ferris.
1919. Phylloxera stanfordiana Ferris, Ent. News 30: 103; fig.
Notes. Since this species was described it has not ‘been rediscovered and
there is nothing to add to the original description.

Phylloxera castaneae Haldeman.
Plate. 105: figs..4,°63) Plate ay) fies: a £m, 20. OE
1850 Chermes castaneae Haldeman, Am. Jn. Sci, fp Arte, (2). 925108:
1859. Phylloxera ? castaneae (Hald.). Fitch. Third, Rept. Noxious Ins. New York,
p. 472

1904. Phylloxera castaneae (Hald.) Pergande, Proc. Davenport Aicad, Sci. 9: 257-
61; pl. 18, figs. 143-50.

Apterous female. (Form with long tubercles, Plate 10, fig. 8). Length
(flattened on slide) .75 mm. ‘Tubercles (Plate 11, fig. 5) present only along the
margins of the body, well developed, the longest, however, only about three
fourths the length of the femora, with exceedingly minute secondary spines and
with the apical seta shorter than in any of the other species, it being but little
more than twice as long as its‘own diameter. Derm with a shagreened surface.
Beak four-segmented, nearly or quite attaining the hind coxae.

(Form with short tubercles, Plate 10, fig. 4). Differing from the above
only in the shortness of the lateral tubercles which are almost obsolete in some
specimens, though fairly well developed on the head, and in the shortness of the
beak which attains or but slightly exceeds the hind coxae.

Alate female. Differing from the alates of P. rileyi and P. davidsoni, the
only other species of which alates are available, in not having a constriction near
the base of the third antennal segment (Plate 11, fig. 22) and in having but one
large sensorium, the apical, on this segment.

Type Host and Locality. From Castanea in eastern United States.

276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Notes. ‘The material examined is all from the National Collection and
from the following hosts and localities: Castanea vesca and C. pumila, Washing-
ton, D. C.; C. dentata, Linglestown, Pennsylvania ; “chestnut.” Rockville and An-
napolis Junction, Maryland. . :

Pergande suggests that the form with the long tubercles may be specifical-
ly distinct from the form with short tubercles. It will take further field studies
to determine this point.

The nymphs of both forms have the dorsal tubercles developed but these
are small and inconspicuous, being but little higher than broad.

Phylloxera sp.

Two slides from the National Collection, bearing the notation “Phylloxera
castaneae Hald. No. Q. 13615 D. C. 8/31|17 Hst. chestnut, loc. Yarrow, Md.,
Coll. Dr. Galloway” contain alates of a species which is certainly not typical P.
castaneae as they are much smaller and have the third antennal segment constrict-
ed somewhat as in P. rileyi and bearing two sensoria instead of one. The con-
dition of the material and the absence of apterae, however, makes it inadvisable
to describe the species. .

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate Io.

Apterous agamic females of : 1-Phylloxera querceti Perg.; 3-Phylloxera
tuberculifera n. sp.; 4-Phylloxera castaneae (Hald.), form with short tubercles,
the small figure above showing a variation in the cephalic tubercles ; 5-Phylloxera
rileyi Riley; 6-Phylloxera similans n. sp.; 7-Phylloxera davidsoni n. sp.; 8-Phyl-
loxera castaneae (Hald.), form with long tubercles, small figure above shows
variation in cephalic tubercles; 9-Phylloxera reticulata n. sp. Fig. 2-ovipositor of
Phylloxera davidsoni n. sp.

Plate 11.

Phylloxera castaneae (Hald.) : 1-alate female of form with long tubercles;
5-tubercles of form with long tubercles; 18-antenna of apterous temale, form
with short tubercles; 20-antenna of apterous female, form with long tubercles;
22-antenna of alate female. Phylloxera stellata n. sp.; 2-details of tubercles
and integument; 8-apterous female; 15-leg of apterous female; 25-antenna
of apterous female. Phylloxera similans n. sp.: 3-tubercle; 13-details of
integument; 23-antenna of apterous female. Phylloxera querceti Pergande:
4-tubercle; 17-antenna of alate; 21I-antenna of apterous female. Phyllox-
era davidsoni n. sp.: 6-details of tubercle and integument; 19-antenna of alate
female ; 26-antenna of apterous female. Phylloxera rileyi Riley: 9-details of in-
tegument; 14-tubercle; 16-antenna of apterous female. Phylloxera tuberculifera
n. sp.; 7-details of tubercles; 1o-details of integument; 27-antenna of apterous
female. Phylloxera reticulata n. sp.: 11-tubercle; 12-details of integument; 24-
antenna of apterous female.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 277

NEW DIPTERA IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION*
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,

Ottawa, Ont.

Cyrtopogon willistoni new species.

Allied to praepes Williston but the first joint of the front tarsus is not sil-
very white pilose above.

Length, 11 to 16 mm. Male. Face strongly gibbose, convex-receding
from a little below the antennae; moderately whitish-yellow pollinose; middle
of face with tawny to yellow fine pile, bordered laterally with one or two rows
of strong black hairs, all the hairs just above the oral opening stout and black.
Front shining black in the middle, with a longitudinal groove, the sides yellow
pollinose, the pile wholly black. Occiput black; black pilose, the immediate or-
bits wholly with a row of black hairs, the lower half with fine whitish yellow
pile. Antennae wholly black, the basal segments with long black hairs; third
‘joint longer than the basal two combined, coarctate basally, but wholly rather
slender, its greatest width about the apical fourth or fifth; style one-fourth the
length of the third joint, with a short, terminal spine-like process. The length
of the antennae is about equal to the length of the face.

Thorax shining black, the 5 shaped brownish-yellow pollinose marking
seldom complete, as the dash and lower portion is usually missing (usually pre-
sent in large specimens, but not in the type) ; a slender or rather narrow median
line on the anterior half of the same color and the posterior portion, when viewed
from in front, with similar pollen. Pollen on the pleura similar in color to that on
the dorsum; the scutellum with a richer colored pollen in certain lights, but gener-
ally appearing shining black. Pile moderately abundant, rather long, black; on
the pleura chiefly yellowish, but almost all black on the meso- and sternopleura.
Scutellum convex.

Legs black; hind tibiae sometimes quite reddish except the broad apex
and very narrow base, at other times only slightly lighter in color on the basal
two-thirds. Femora with rather abundant, long pale yellow pile, but behind,
more or less, and apically, especially above, with black pile. Tubiae black pilose,
the hind ones and sometimes the anterior four also, with yellow hairs in front.
Anterior tibiae anteriorly and the hind ones on the apical fourth interiorly, gold-
en tawny pubescent. Anterior tarsi with a long, silvery white crest on the last
four joints, the hair parted’anteriorly near the base, but not usually distinctly
parted on the second joint; first joint black haired, rarely with just a few whitish
hairs above before the apex; the last joint of the fore tarsus is longer than either
the third or fourth, their ventral cushions tawny. Middle tarsi wholly black
haired, the last two joints with anterior and posterior tufts of rather long hairs,
the second and third with distinctly shorter tufts anteriorly, but the second may
often be without the conspicuous tuft, the third joint usually has a small tuft
behind; the fifth joint is nearly as long as the first. Hind tarsi simple; black
pilose.

* Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Department olf Agriculture, Ottawa.

278 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . |

Wings cinereous or luteous hyaline. Squamae brown or brownish, with
broad yellow border and sparse whitish fringe. Halteres yellow, the stem more
or less infuscated.

Abdomen shining black, without pollinose spots or bands. Pile black; on
the sides of the first two segments and the posterior angles of the two or three
following, with yellow pile; this gives the appearance of tufts laterally. Some-
times the first three segments are wholly yellow pilose on the sides.

Female. Mystax rarely as in the male, usually much more blackish as
the strong black hairs are scattered throughout the yellow ones; front more shin-
ing, beard paler. Thorax with the pollen yellowish on the middle of the dorsum,
greyish laterally, the median stripe broader, entire, the 5 complete, usually whol-
ly closed so that it resembles a 6; posterior portion of the thorax with greyish
white pollen. Legs wholly simple; similar in colour. First to fifth abdominal
segments with a roundedly triangular pollinose spot on the posterior angles, those
on the fifth segment very small; the light coloured pile is usually less bright
yellow. a haan’
Holotype, ¢, Chilcotin, British Columbia, June 16, 1920; (E. A. Buckell) ;
No. 500, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, 9, Aspen Grove, B. C., June 28, 1922, (P. N. Vroom).

Paratypes, over 100 specimens from British Columbia and one specimen
from Banff, Alberta.

Specimens were very kindly compared with the type specimens of praepes
Will., in the Francis Huntington Snow Collection, University of Kansas, by
Messrs. Wm. Brown and R. H. Beamer. Differences noted: In praepes the
silvery pile extends to the base of the anterior basitarsi; the pad on the middle
tarsi is limited to the last two segments. In willistoni there are seldom more |
than three or four short sitvery hairs on the anterior basitarsi; the pad on the ~
middle basitarsi always extends onto the third and possibly in good specimens on-
to the second tarsal joint.

- This is the species described by Williston, (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XI, 12)
immediately following praepes, but no name was applied. According to Brown
and Beamer the specimens in the Snow Collection have been included under
praepes as types, and there are altogether only four specimens. Including both
species Williston had nine specimens when he drew up his descriptions, five of
which were the present species, and it therefore seems probable that three of
these are in other collections under the name praepes. Williston does not men-
tion the pruinose spot on the sides of the fifth abdominal segment in praepes fe-
male, and says that the front tarsi in praepes are more slender than-in the pre-
sent species and the pollen on the thorax less extensive.

: Cyrtopogon albitarsis new species.

—

Abdomen with reddish yellow pile forming dense apical bands; third an-
tennal segment red; anterior tibiae and tarsi with a posterior fringe of short,
silvery hair.

Length 11 to 12 mm. Male. Face moderately gibbose, convex receding,
the pile golden yellow, below, and up the sides to the middle, stouter, black;
ground colour obscured by pale yellowish pollen. Front yellow pollinose ; wholly

a Te

a) el

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 279

black pilose. First two antennal joints black, with black hairs; third joint red-
dish yellow, constricted slightly just beyond the base; longer than the two basal
segments combined, broadest about its middle; style usually black, but the base
may be yellow. Occiput greyish yellow pollinose, black pilose; beard white, well
separated from the eyes.

Thorax with a very conspicuous greyish yellow pollinose 5 on either side,
the enclosed portion deep shining black, the margin behind the suture and a trian- |
gular projection inside the post-alar callus, also shining, elsewhere with greyish
yellow or yellow pollen, the median line narrowly greyish in front on either side
of which is a broader grey stripe; or the anterior curve of the five and the median
geminate stripes may be ashy. Pleura yellowish grey pollinose. Pile black; on
the propleura white, or the epipleura mixed black and golden. Scutellum convex
with a golden brownish pubescence in some lights; pile black.

Femora all black, the apices narrowly yellow; pile black above, not very
abundant, pale yellow below and behind. ‘Tibiae reddish, the anterior ones paler,
immediate base and apice black or blackish, anterior ones with moderately long
silvery white pile posteriorly, short yellow pile anteriorly; a few black bristles
exteriorly, several slender ones below anteriorly near the base and three below
posteriorly, some of which may be reddish. Middle tibiae with silvery white pile
in front and exteriorly, yellow pile elsewhere; with numerous black bristles.
Hind tibiae wholly black pilose, the end below golden pubescent. Anterior tarsi
yellow, with silvery pile which forms a dense fringe posteriorly; on the
basal two segments the pile is bright yellow anteriorly. Pile all white on middle
tarsi, which are darker than the anterior ones but paler than their tibiae. Hind
tarsi with black hairs, in colour, similar to the middle tibiae.

. Wings sometimes slightly tinged with luteous apically. Squamae fuscous
with whitish border and fringe.

Abdomen black; second, third and fourth segments each with a posterior
silvery greyish pollinose band, which appears yellow beneath the pile. First four
segments reddish or tawny pilose, sparser and shorter anteriorly so that the pile
appears in broad bands. Fifth, sixth and seventh segments triangular when view-
ed from behind, black pilose: with a narrow transverse band of short black pile
about their middle dorsally, the last one or two segments with a steel blue reflec-
tion on the “keel.” Hypopygium black; with a conspicuous fringe of black hairs
sub-basally.

Holotype, 3, Banff, Alta., July 17, 1916, (C. G. Hewitt) ; No. 501, in the
Canadian National Collection,-Ottawa.

Paratype. ¢, Banff, Alta., July 23, 1909, (N. B. Sanson).

Odontomyia alberta new species.

Allied to cincta, but the branch of the third vein is at the apical fourth
and not just beyond the middle; the frontal triangle is larger and black; abdomin-
al crossbands shorter and scutellum broadly black basally in the middle; femora
black apically ; female with similar abdominal markings; front black, yellow just
above the antennae; with a yellow oval spot on either side about the middle and

- sometimes two smaller spots between them; immediate vertex usually yellow, at

least with two small spots.

280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Length 11 to 14 mm. Male. Face and cheeks pallidly green or yellow;
above with four short forks of black extending from the black about the base
of the antennae; the lateral forks along the orbits the median at either side of
the rounded carina; sometimes more or less diffuse shining brownish in the
middle of the upper half. Carina broader above, rather flat, face receding, only
a little more prominent above than at the antennae. Frontal triangle shining
black with a bluish cast, with a yellow, narrow longitudinal groove. Pile of
face and front moderately abundant, fine, whitish. Vertical triangle shining
black, dull in front; ocelli whitish; with short rather tawny pile, pile of vertex
longer, yellowish or whitish. Occiput black above, not visible from above on
either side of the vertex as the eyes extend back and down; below concolorous
with the face; below with rather silvery pubescence directed towards the eyes.
Antennae black, second and third segments opaque brownish with numerous
round black areas; sometimes the apices of the first two joints and base of the
second and third obscure luteous; first joint longer than the second; first anutus
about as long as the first joint; third joint pointed apically. Facets of the eyes
enlarged from a line about the length of the first antennal joint below the base
of the antennae.

Dorsum of thorax shining blue black, the sides more bronze black in some
lights; pile rather tawny but appearing whitish in most lights; postalar calli,
usually extending almost to the roots of the wings, yellow or green; pleura
greenish or yellow, with pallidly yellowish pile; pectus black, the black extending
as a lobe onto the lower part of the mesopleura; scutellum concolorous with the
thorax; the margin not reaching the basal angles, yellow or green, this colour
somewhat expanded sub-basally; spines long, their bases yellow, apical half
brown. Pile on the sides of the scutellum, bright yellow ; elsewhere whitish.

Femora yellow or greenish; the apical half of the anterior four black;
their apices reddish; apical third of the hind ones reddish brown; coxae green;
tibiae black, the basal fourth yellow; tarsi brown.

Wings hyaline; veins brownish yellow; thin veins almost hyaline; cross-
vein in the apical! portion of the submarginal cell, situated at the apical fourth.
Squamae white, with white fringe; upper lobe a little infuscated. Halteres with
apple green knob, the basal half of the stem fuscous.

Abdomen subopaque steel blue; or often almost opaque black, with the
fifth segment largely shining; sides of the first segment rather broadly, broad,
rounded triangles on the second segment, resting on the hind margin, their inner
ends narrowly separated from the margin, and in front separated from the lateral
margin by the same distance as the green on first segment; slightly less broad
markings on the third segment, their anterior margin not quite, or quite, reaching
the margin inside the anterior angles; small rather truncate, longitudinal spots
inside the posterior angles of the fourth segment and the conspicuous margin of
the fifth, green or yellow; the margin of the fourth segment on the posterior two-
thirds is green and is connected posteriorly with the green spot; the third seg-
ment may be said to be green laterally, more broadly so behind, with a blackish
spot inside or almost upon the anterior angles, which stretches inwards, often
to meet the black ground colour. When visible the sixth segment is green with
a black arch in the middle, its curve caudad. Pile short on the disc, rather tawny ;

PA ge

7
? *

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 281

a conspicuous patch of pile on the fifth segment, laterally; basal pile of abdomen
longer, and paler; venter wholly green or yellow, with short rather silvery pile.

Female. Very similar to the male. Face yellowish; about the antennae
with a roundish blackish area which emits a blackish stripe towards the orbits
on either side; above the antennae narrowly yellowish; above which the ground
colour is shining black; an oval spot on the orbits about the middle, a smaller
spot inside these and a pair of spots on the vertex, never reaching the yellow or-
bits but often contiguous at the middle, yellow; sometimes all these spots small
and the inner ones on the front wanting. The ocellar triangle is situated in a
distinct depression and the median groove is deep. Occiput yellow to the upper
angles of the eyes.

Thorax with the sides yellow or green, always a projection just behind the
humeri and an elongate one along the lateral suture in front of the dorsal suture.
The black of the pectus does not extend onto the mesopleura, but there may be
an irregular brownish patch below. Scutellum usually all green or yellow except
the base, which emits a rounded projection cauded at the middle; spines wholly
greenish or yellow but the tips may be fuscous.

Abdominal spots all smaller; those on the first segment wider posteriorly ;
on the second narrower anteriorly, the posterior projection quite angular and
occupying about one-fourth the width of the segment; spots on the third segment
occupying a little over the posterior half at the widest portion; about one-half
at the margin, the inner end angular; spots on fourth segment smaller, occupy-
ing about one-third the length of the segment. On the third and fourth seg-
ments the lateral margin is black on the anterior half; the spots on the third and
fourth segments are widest at their middle.

Holotype, 8, Banff, Alta., August 25, 1922, (C. B. Garrett) ; No. 502, in
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, 2, same data.

Paratypes,9 8,12, same data, 4 2, Banff, Sept. 15, 1922; I @, Banff.
Sept 15, 1922; all collected by C. B. D. Garrett. ¢ Banff, ? Banff, Aug. 1,
1906; and @ Banff, Aug. 8, 1911, collected by N. B. Sanson.

Stratiomyia discaloides new species.

Allied to discalis Loew but the second ventral segment is black with a nar-
row basal and an interrupted apical fascia broadened at the sides to occupy prac-
tically the whole length of the segment, the legs are black pilose, the scutellum
with decidedly less dense pile than the thorax, the face more receding, etc.

Length, 14 to 15 mm.; width of abdomen 7 to 8 mm. Male. Head en-
tirely shining black. Pile pallid, more yellow on the face above, golden between
the eyes, black on the ocellar triangle. Face receding, with a concavity at the
upper fourth, the carina rather broad, rounded; slopes transversely rugulose,

the sides, upper portion and cheeks more shining. Front with a deep, narrow

longitudinal foevea. Eyes not quite touching, bare. Antennae black, last two
joints opaque; third joint one-third longer than the first, second short; pile of
first two joints black. Mouth parts brownish black, with yellow hairs.

Thorax and scutellum shining blue black, the latter with its margin inside
the spines yellowish, but the apex in the middle black; spines moderately long,

282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

sharp, yellow. Pile on the thorax yellowish greyish, dense on the dorsum, thin
on its apex and on the scutellum.

Legs black; narrow apices of the femora, basal fourth of the tibiae and
all the tarsi reddish yellow; tarsi brownish on the last two joints. Pile of fem-
ora black, elsewhere yellow.

Wings slightly infuscated; veins mostly olive luteous, a few brownish.
Stigmal cell clearly defined, pallidly yellowish. Squamae brown with dense,
long, whitish fringe. Halteres greenish, the base yellowish.

Abdomen shining blue black, with rather conspicuous black pile; on the
sides of the second segment except anteriorly and on the lateral margin of the
fourth and fifth and broad apex of the latter, whitish. First segment wholly
black ; second on the sides with a subquadrate yellow spot, distinctly broader be-
hind, its longitudinal length distinctly greater than its width; side margins of
the third segment on the basal half and a sub-oval or orbicular spot not quite
touching the base except laterally, yellow; the narrow apex of the third and lat-
eral margin of the fourth on the basal fourth, and similar but smaller markings
on the incissures of the fourth and fifth, whitish yellow; a small roundish spot
at the apex of the fifth segment. Venter black; narrow base of the second seg-
ment and a pair of transverse, narrowly interrupted, subtriangular spots occupy-
ing the entire length of the segment laterally, longitudinal subrectangular spots
on the sides of the third, their inner ends rounded, and the narrow apices of the
third and following segments, yellowish. Pile of the venter black, except on the
yellow markings.

Female. Face more shining, as it is punctured rather than rugose on the
slopes, the depression on the upper fourth absent; carina more rounded; front
black, with a sub-cordate yellow spot below the ocelli; ground roughened by four
or six broad, rather longitudinally placed, densely punctate depressions, polished
across just above the antennae; ocellar triangle not prominent; occiput narrowly
yellow along the eyes on the lower half. Pile wholly pale.

Abdomen with the sides of the third segment, expanding a little anterior-
ly and posteriorly, and the narrow sides of the fourth, extending narrowly in-
wards along its posterior margin, reddish yellow; fifth segment with a narrow
median yellow line on its apical three-fourths and the narrow apex of the same
colour,

Holotype, 8, Chilcotin, British Columbia, June 4, 1920, (E. R. Buckell) ;
No. 503, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, @,Chilcotin, June 10, 1920, (E. R. Buckell).

Paratype, 2, Kelowna, B. C., July 2, 1914, (M. H. Ruhman).

This species is very distinct from discalis and quaternaria and is most
readily distinguished from both by the colour of the venter, pale markings, ete.
The fringe on the squamze of the latter is less dense and there are patches of
black hair on the thorax, the antennae are speckled with brownish and it is more
compact and thicker. S. discalis is also more compact, the second ventral seg-
ment is wholly yellow, the margin-of the scutellum usually all yellow and the first
antennal segment longer, especially in the female. ‘The arrangement of the veins
about the stigmatal area is also quite different.

a” Cae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 283

Stratiomyia velutina new species.
Allied to discaloides but the pile is shorter, paler and much more dense
on the dorsum of the thorax, the ventral yellow bands complete and slightly
broader and the pile on the squamae not so abundant.

Length, 13 mm.; width of abdomen 6 to 6.5 mm. Male. Head shining
black, with pallid greyish white pile, that between the eyes and on the occipital
triangle black. Face receding, roundedly carinate. Antennae black, pile on the
second segment golden brown and black.

Thorax and scutellum shining blue-black, the ground color almost ob-
scured by the very dense, moderately short dirty whitish pile. Spines of the
scutellum and a very short dash along the margin apically from their base, yel-
lowish; spines moderately long and sharp. Wings as in discqloides. Squamae
with the lower lobe more pale.

Abdomen almost as in discaloides but decidedly narrower and more con-
vex, still less convex than in discalis. Yellow spot on the second segment, sub-
triangular, its inner side somewhat rounded, especially in front, the spots as wide
posteriorly as long; spot on the third segment broadest sub-basally, one-third or
less as wide as the preceding, gradually tapering, and extending narrowly in-
wards along the posterior margin for a short distance. There may be a linear
angle on the posterior angle of the fourth and anterior lateral margin of the
fifth segments. The narrow apex of the fifth emits a linear projection forward
in the middle to about one-half the length of the segment, but in the paratype
this is represented by an apical triangle which is very small. Pile black; basally
and on the sides of the second and third segments, except the base of the former,
sometimes on the whole side margin beyond the base of the second segment,
and the moderately narrow or wide apex of the fifth segment, yellowish. Venter
black, all the segments with conspicuous yellow apical bands, successively narrow-
er towards the apical segment; sides of the second and third segments of the
same colour, the third segment more broadly yellowish behind.

Holotype, &, Aspen Grove, British Columbia, June 15, 1922, (P. N.
Vroom) ; No. 504, in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratype, 3, Lillooet, B. C., May 24, 1917, (A. W. A. Phair).

Pipiza atrata new species.

Entirely black pilose except the eyes and a few hairs on the femora basally.

Length 8mm. Male. Face receding; shining metallic bluish black, thinly
covered with whitish dust; with rather stout, abundant black pile; bluish black
in ground colour. Vertical triangle and occiput shining black, with black pile.
Eyes with brownish pile. Antennae black, third joint brownish, subcordate,
longer below. Arista black.

Thorax and scutellum shining bluish black, with black pile. Squamae
with white fringe.

-Legs black; tips of all the femora, basal third of the anterior four and
fifth of the hind tibiae and the extreme tips of the anterior four yellow. Tarsi
brown, the tips and bases of the basitarsi very narrowly yellowish. Hind femora
slightly thickened, without angular projection.

Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish in front; last section of fourth vein para-
lel to wing margin, straight.

2&4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST or

Abdomen SHOE blue black ; black aos Venter with — a “—

in the Roehl National Caletinte ‘Otmwa:. ;

This species is very distinct from all others known to me. It traces out”
to nigripilosa in my key (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. XI, 374) but is readily separated ~
by the entire absence of brownish pile, broader, steel blue abdomen, and much 3
shorter third antennal joint.

Cnemodon nigricornis new species.

é. Hind trochanters and middle coxae with processes; antennae wholly —
black; legs black, bases of tibiae narrowly and first two or three joints of front ~
four tarsi yellow. @. Third antennal joint very large, oval, reddish below on ©
basal half; pile of venter short, erect. =
Length 5mm. Male. Face evenly receding; black pilose on the sides and

below, white pilose in the middle ; frontal triangle rather large, moderately swol-
len, greenish black, with a greyish sheen, not opaque above; black pilose. Ver-
tical triangle and occiput shining black; the former in front and the latter on
the upper half black pilose, elsewhere yellowish or white pilose. Antennae whol-
ly black; third joint a little longer than broad, longer below, the apex sub-trun-
cate. Arista black. Eyes with short yellow or fulvous pile. Zi
Thorax shining black, whitish pilose; pleura above and apical hali of ~
scutellum with brown or black pile. ;
Legs black; very narrow tips of the femora, narrow bases of the tibiae

and the first three joints of the front four tarsi yellow; the front tarsi a little
infuscated on the basal three joints. Middle tibiae gradually increasing in width ~
to apical third, where it is suddenly narrowed; processes on hind trochanters —
rather short, of usual shape, pale on apical hali. p
; Wings cinereous hyaline, last section of the fourth vein curved before ~
basal third; last section of fifth vein almost straight. .
: Abdomen with the usual opaque and shining areas, and the usual arrange- —
ment of black and white pile. ;
Female. Face moderately wide, wholly white pilose, the orbits narrowly ;
whitish pollinose, not expanding below the antennae, but continued to the lower —
third of the front where they expand slightly; front wide, black pilose on lower —
third and across the ocelli, elsewhere white with a yellow tinge. Posterior orbits —
with whitish pile and black ciliae. Antennae black; second joint on the inside ~
and the third below on basal half, reddish yellow; third joint large, oval, the —
apex obtuse; arista black. ; ¥
Thorax shining black; wholly white pilose. Squamae and halteres whitish. _

Wings hyaline, venation as in the male. Stigma pallidly yellowish.
Legs black; apices of the femora, broad bases and apices of the anterior —

four tibiae, narrow base of the hind ones, and first two joints of the anterior —
four tarsi, yellow. Pile wholly white. Middle tibiae broadened anteriorly.
Abdomen shining black; white pilose ; narrow apical margins of the second —

and third segments with short black pile. Venter with sparse, short, erect white
pile. ‘a
Holotype, é, Banff, Alberta, June 15, 1922 (C. B. Garrett) ; No. 506, in —
‘the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. -

4 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 285

Allotype, 2, same data.
This species is related to calcarata and elongata to which it traces in my
_key, although it might possibly trace to cevelata. It differs from the two former
_ by its wholly black antennae and wholly shining, slightly larger front, shorter
_ processes on the hind femora, and pile on the upper portion of pleura and scutel-
lum. From cevelata it is distinguished by the differently shaped trochantral pro-
cesses, colour of pile on pleura, more slender form, etc. The large, broadly oval
__ third antennal joint and wing venation are characteristic for the female, but ident-
* ification of this sex is almost impossible. The female traces out to placida but
_ is readily distinguished by the small frontal pollinose spots, larger antennae, etc.

Dolichopus vanduzeei new species.

Length 3-5 to 4 mm.; of wings, the same. Male. Face moderately nar-
row ; a little wider above; brownish yellow: Front green or green blue. the
_ sides bronze. Antennae wholly black; third joint twice as long as broad, the
apex rather acute; arista situated well before the apex. Orbital ciliae wholly
black.

Thorax green, not much shining, the dorsum with a longitudinal darker
_ geminate stripe; in front thinly greyish pruinose. Pleura greyish pruinose. Ab-
_domen green with bronze reflections, the sides noticeably greyish pruinose.
Hypopygium black; lamellae brownish grey, the border black; triangular, as
broad as long, the apex with about six teeth, the lower ones larger, with fine
black hairs above and below. Coxae black, the front ones with yellowish grey
pollen and black hairs on their anterior surface. All the femora black, their
apices yellow; hind ones not ciliate below; middle and hind femora each with
two preapical bristles in front. All the tibiae yellowish, the apical sixth of the
hind ones brown or black, middle ones with one bristle below, near the apical
third. Tarsi black, the front four basitarsi more than half yellow; middle basi-
tarsi without a bristle above. Ciliae of colypteres black.

Wings greyish hyaline; last section of the fourth vein with a slight curve
y beyond the basal third; costa with an elongate tapering swelling at the tip of
_ the first vein. Hind margin scarcely notched at tip of fifth vein, almost rounded.
Female. Face wide; greyish on the lower half, yellow above; sometimes
4 wholly ochreous. Third antennal segment only a little longer than broad, the
_ arista almost apical ; abdomen more inclined to be cupreous bronzed.

; Holotype, &, Banff, Alberta, May 5, 1922 (C. B. D. Garrett) ; No. 507,

in the Canadian National Colfection, Ottawa.

Allotype, 2, same data.

. Paratypes, 8 3, 2 2, same data; 1 2, Aug. I, 1922, same locality and

collector. /

The male of this species traces out between intentus and gratus in the

_ Van Duzee, Cole and Aldrich key. It is distinguished from intentus by its ochre-
ous face and from gratus by the long third antennal joint. The female traces

‘out to nubifer in the same key, but that species has a white face as has also

the female of gratus. Legs wholly simple.

= I take pleasure in naming this species in honour of Mr. M. C. Van Duzee.

286 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Dolichopus albertensis new species.

Length almost 5 mm., wing 4.5 mm. Male. Face rather narrow, a little
wider above, white. Front bluish green to blue not strongly shining, the sides
narrowly opaque. Antennae wholly black, third joint short oval, its apex nar-
rower, more pointed above, the arista inserted beyond the middle, bare. Proboscis
and palpi brown, the edge of the former usually narrowly yellowish. Orbital
ciliae wholly black.

Thorax deep green, not very shining, with four more or less distinct,
narrow eupreous lines, sometimes with a slight bronze reflection. Pleura
brighter green, more brassy, the metapleura blackish, thinly covered with grey-
ish white pollen. Abdomen greenish with a brassy reflection, incisures darker,
first two segments sometimes bluish, their bases laterally darker, purplish brown.
Hair all black. Hypopygium black; lamellae black, excluding the stem, rather
square, its apex jagged; with four short teeth, wholly fringed with sparse, rather
long stout hairs.

Legs simple; wholly black, the knees very narrowly yellowish, the ex-
treme apex of the front tibiae sometimes yellowish. Front coxae on their an-
terior surface with whitish luteous pollen and black hairs which are rather long.
Middle and hind femora each with two preapical bristles, the latter not ciliate
but with a row of conspicuous black hairs on the lower inner edge on the basal
half or more and with slightly longer hairs on the lower outer edge. Hind tibiae
a little stout; on the under side with a row of short, rather stout black hairs
ending at the long bristle; hair on all the tibiae wholly black. Fore tarsi a little
longer than their tibiae, the first joint about equal in length to the three follow-
ing, the last segment slightly longer than the fourth. Middle basitarsi without
a bristle above. Calypters and halteres yellow, the ciliae of the former black,
abundant.

Wings greyish hyaline, the costa a little swollen before the tip of the first
vein, hind margin conspicuously indented at the tip of the fifth vein; a shallow
sinus between the fifth and sixth veins, the anal angle a little prominent.

Female. Face broader, silvery white; third antennal joint slightly short-
er. Front darker, sometimes bluish. Abdomen usually with bronze reflections.

Holotype, &, Banff, Alta., June 18, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett); No. 508,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, 2, same data.

Paratypes, 68, 592, same data; 1 9, Banff, Alta., July 8, 1922, (C_ B.D:
Garrett).

This species is related to D. barbaricus, but is readily distinguished by the
bright coloured pleura, absence of long hairs on the lower, inner side of the hind
femora, bluish green front, and absence of brownish colour just below the an-
tennae. ‘The male hypopygium appears to differ in shape. Differs from D. picipes
of Europe in that the venter is not grayish and in the presence of a costal swell-
ing.

Dolichopus diversipennis new species.

Length almost 6 mm.; of wing the same. Male. Face wide, slightly nar-
rower below; dull golden brownish. Front deep shining blue, the middle vio-
let. Antennae wholly black, the first joint shining, second and third sub-shining ;

, =—w—s.

- ee ee ee

a ak

DMS irra 5 rr eet Reet nt oe

; Pim aes ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 287

third joint orbicular, its upper apex pointed, apparently a little broader than long;
arista inserted a little before the apex of the third joint, the basal portion over
one-third as long as the apical joint. Orbital ciliae black, those on the lower
half pale yellow.

Thorax deep green with a brownish cast; a geminate median longitudinal
brownish stripe. Pleura and anterior of the dorsum with greyish pollen, the
pleura brighter green than the dorsum, with more or less bronze reflection. Ab-
domen green, with bronze reflections, the sides thinly whitish pollinose. Hypopy-
gium black, with thin whitish dust; lamellae large, elongate oval, the lower apex
angular, the upper broadly rounded, in colour dirty yellowish, the border black,
the apex jagged,with six rather long projections. Legs simple. All the coxae
black, with grey pruinosity, the anterior surface of the front pair with short
black hairs. Front femora black, about the apical sixth yellow; middle and hind
temora reddish yellow, the former with a ventral black streak on the basal half,
the latter with a similar streak on the basal third and the apical fifth, not meeting
below, black; with a greyish pruinosity. Tibiae yellow, the middle ones a little
swollen apically, the hind ones rather stout, their apical fifth black. Fore tarsi
plain. All the tarsi black, the front four metatarsi reddish yellow except their
apices. First joint almost as long as the remainder combined, the fourth and
fifth joints of equal length. Middle and hind femora each with three preapical
bristles in front; the latter with long black ciliae which are longer than the great-
est width of the femora. Middle tibiae with one bristle below. Middle basi-
tarsi without a bristle above. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with

abundant, long black ciliae.

Wings hyaline, with a diffuse brown spot beyond the crossvein between
the fourth vein and the costa and narrowly on the crossvein, the spot darkest be-
tween the costa and third vein. Costa with a conspicuous elongate enlargement
before the tip of the first vein, gradually narrowing beyond the vein. Last sec-
tion of fourth vein moderately bent at its basal third, the third vein curving notice-
ably towards it apically. Hind margin a little indented at tip of fifth vein, scarce-
ly, broadly so at tip of sixth.

Holotype, &, Nordegg, Alberta, July 5, 1921, (J. H. McDunnough) ; No.
509. in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

This species must be very close to D. partitus, but may be distinguished
by the more extensively yellow legs, the broader, more pointed antennae, the
broader lamellae, which are more squarish basally and the costal swelling which
seems to be a little larger. “In Van Duzee, Cole and Aldrich’s Key it traces out
to bryanti, but is readily distinguished by the maculated wings.

288 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

A NEW WESTERN CATOCALA (LEPID.)* A
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Ottawa, Ont.

For the past few years we have been receiving considerable material in
this group of moths from our Lethbridge laboratory; besides verecunda Hlst.,
occasional specimens of the Albertan form of pura (which incidentally is inter-
mediate between Eastern semirelicta and typical pura) and an odd unijuga, the
sendings were largely made up of specimens which I fail to place under any
known name; they approach closest to meskei Grt. and may eventually prove to
be a race of this species. Until, however, we know the life histories of both
species more fully, I propose to treat it as a new species with description as tol-
lows :—

Catocala orion n. sp.

Thorax and primaries a pale bluish gray, shaded considerably with black-
ish; the latter rather narrow and with the dark shading most evident at the base
of the wing in the submedian area, around the reniform, between the t.p. and s.t.
lines and as an oblique dash below apex of wing. Basal half line black, forming
small patch on costa; t.a. line geminate, white filled, very irregularly dentate, with
deep inward angulations on cubitus and vein 1; beyond it on costal portion of
wing an oblique whitish shade including the subreniform ; reniform of usual shape,
lunate, with outer margin somewhat dentate; t.p. line black, bordered outwardly
with white, very strongly dentate with a prominent reentrant angle on vein 1 ; sub-
terminal space slightly tinged with brown but mostly obscured by dark shading;
s.t. line white, strongly dentate, bordered outwardly by blackish, subparallel to
t.p. line, the black ends of the teeth at times almost touch the broken black ter-
minal line ; fringes pale, marked at ends of veins by black. Secondaries pale pink-
ish-red, much as in meskei, with the usual dark median and terminal bands, the
former not attaining anal margin of wing, latter enclosing a flesh colored apical
spot and slight pale spots along termen of wing, which give the outer margin of
band a crenulate appearance; fringes whitish. Expanse 65—70 mm.

Holotype— 6, Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 31, (H. L. Seamans) ; No. 550 in
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—@, same locality, Aug. 25, in the Canadian National Collection,
Ottawa. .

Paratypes—2 é, 22, same locality, in Canadian National Collection, Otta-
Wa. ‘

As is so often the case in this group the species occurs in two forms; the
typical form, as above described, has rather contrasted maculation of primaries
with a more or less evident dark shade through the submedian fold; in the sec-
ond form the dark shading is obsolescent and the primaries are rather even blue-
gray with less contrasted maculation. For this form the name concolorata may
be used; the types, No. 551, in the Canadian National Collection, are six speci-
mens (34,32) from Lethbridge, bred or captured on various dates in August.

Mr. Seamans informs us that the larva feeds on cottonwood and is deep
gray in color with well-marked subdorsal and lateral dark bands.

* Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agric., Ottawa.

a i a el aaa

Index to Volume LIV.

Acarapis- Woodi (Rennie), The transfor-
mations of, 109.
Achorutes, Two new species of, 149.
Achorutes nothus n. sp., 152.
sf pannosus DD. sp., 153.
Acmaeodera ornata Fab., 79.
Acmaeodera pulchella Hbst., 79.
tubulus Fab., 79.
Acrobasis alnella n, sp., 36.
Acroneuria abnormis Newman, 252.
arenosa Pictet, 252.
aridia Hagen, 2538.
ealifornica Banks, 253.
carolinensis Banks, 253.
depressa n. sp., 2538.
4 evoluta Klapalek, 253.
vs internata Walker, 252.
lycorias Newm., 252.
Acroneuria, The North American species
of, 2/49.
; pacifica Banks, 253.
-pennsylvanica Rampbur, 252.
= pumila Banks, 258.
ruralis Hagen, 254.
theodora n. sp., 254.
. trijuncta Walker, 252.
xanthenes Newman, 252.
Aicronycta canadensis, Sm., 138.
Actenodes acornis Say, 83.
oe bellula Mann., 102.
Aeshna verticalis Hagen, 256.
Agrilaxia flavimana Gory, 82.
Agrilus acutipennis Mann., 84.
“ anxius Gory, 84.
arcuatus Say, 85.
_ bilineatus Web., 83.
4 SS var. agureus QO.
var., 84.
hy celti Knull, 85.
a eephalicus Lec., 85.
3 champlaini Frost, 85.
Agrilus coeruleus Rossi in America, Oc-
currence of, 916.
coryli Horn, 85.

f erataegi Frost, 85.

S erinicornis Horn, 84.
sf defectus Lec., 84.

. egenus Gory, 85.

“* fallax Say, 85.

Se frosti Knull, 84.

= granulatis Say, 86,

. juglandis Knull, 85.
ve imbellis Cr., 85.

x lecontei Saund., 86.

lateralis Say, 84.
masculinus Horn, 84.
Agrilus obsoletoguttatus Gory, 86.

4: otiosus Say, 85.

pensus Horn, 84.

WN politus Say, 85

= pusillus Say, 84.

cs putillus Say, 85.

7 ruficollis Fab., 84.

. sinuatus Oliv., 85.

¥ subeinectus Gory, 85.

by viridis var. fagi Ratz., 85.

- vittaticollis Rand, 86.

Allandrus bifasciatus Lec., 103.
Alphitobius piceus Oliv., 29.
Amorphota infesta Cress, 174.
Anthaxia aenogaster C. & G., 82.

aa quercata Fab., 82.
viridicornis Say, 82.
viridifrons Gory, 82.
Anthophilax liebecki n. sp., 164.

a mirificus Bland., 165.
Apantesis turbans Christ., 137.
Apharetra dentaita Grt., 138.

Aphiochaeta albidihalteris Felt, 199.
Appeal for Aid, An, 72.
Apple Caterpillar, The ventral prothoracic

gland of the Red+Humped, 176.
Appointment to Entomological Branch,

‘Ottawa, 204.
Aipteromechus ferratus Say, 104.
Argyr oploce apateticana n.n., 168
aspasiana n, sip., 44.
buckellana n. sp., 43.
capreana Hibn., 41.
carolana n. sp., 46.
castorana n. sp., 45.
deceptana n. sp., 42.

“ec

3, A=, COrs
rection, 168.
nordeggana n. sp., 46.
polluxana n. sp., 45.
sordiddana n. sp., 43.
tertiana n. gp., 42.
thallasana n. sp., 43.
vulgana n. sp., 46.
youngana mn. sp., 41.
Armadillidium vulgare Lat., 198.
Asemosyrphus canadensis n. sp., 94.
Attalus australis n. sp., 27.
Aulonium tuberculatum Lec., 29.
Austroleon latipennis n. sp., 60.
Autographla diasema Bdv., 139.

Bacanius subdepressus n. sp., 13.
Badister flavipes Lec., 11.

ig reflexus Lec., 12.

x seclusus n- sp., 12.
BAKER, W. A., article iby, 265.
BANKS, NATHAN, articles by, 58, 114.
Bees, Some Canadian 143.

Beetles injurious to Sunflowers in Mani-

toba, 97.

Belotus abdominalis Lec., 27.
Bembidion obtusidens n. sp., 170.

“4 rolandi, nm. sp., 171.
semiaureum n. sp., 171.
BENJAMIN, F. H., articles by, 192, 195,

¥ 220.

BIcELow, N. K., article by, 49.

Billbug, The Cocklebur, 217.

IBLATCHLEY, W.- S., articles by, 9, 27.
Boletobius cinctus Grav., 199.

Book Notice: University of Iowa Studies,

Vol. X, No. 1, 216.

Brachyopa perplera n. sp., 117.
Brachypalpus apicaudus n. sp., 119.

290 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

eee SSS

Brachys aeruginosus Gory., 86.
“ lugubris Lec., 86.
a ovatus Web., 86.
s terminans C. & G., 86.
“« ttesselatus Fab., 86.
BRAUN, ANNETTE F., article by, 90.
Brentis anchorago L., 103.
Buprestidae of Pennsylvania, Annoted list
of the, 79.
Buprestis apricans Hbst., 81.
decora Fab., 81.
es fasciata Fab., 82.
ss lineata Flab., ‘81.
maculativentris Say., 81.
ey maculipennis Gory, 81.
H nuttali var. consularis Gory., 82.
+ rufipes \Oliv., 82.
% salisburyensis Hbst., 81.
- striata impedita Say, 28, $1.
as suilicicollis Lec., 81.

Carpophilus antiquus Mels., 199.
CARTER, WALTER, article by, 25.
CARTWRIGHT, W. B., article by, 154.
Caitocala, A new Western, 288.
briseis ab. briseana Strand, 101.
= electilis ab. electilella Strand,
101.

$s gracilis ab. tela Strand, 101.

+ ilia ab. iliana Strand, 101.

“ innubens ab. innubenta Strand,

101.

a insolabilis ap. insolabilella
Strand, 101.

. junctura ab. arizonensis Strand,
101.

s “s ab. juncturana Strand,
101.

es junctura ab- juncturella Strand,
101.

sf neogama ab. arizonae Strand,
101.

Ss orion n, sp., 288.
species, Synonymicnotes on, 100.
subnata ab. subnatana Strand,
101.
Celery Leaf-tyer, List of natural enemies
of the, 174.
Celina slossoni Mutch., 13.
Cerura occidentalis gigans n. var., 139.
Ceuthophilus pacificus Thom., 198.
Chalcophora fortis Lec., 79.
sf liberta Germ., 79.
of virginiensis Drury, 79.
campestris Say, 79.
CHAMBERLIN, RALPH V., article ‘by, 47.
CHAMPLAIN, A. B., article by, 102.
Chauliognathus marginatus Fab., 27.
Chelostoma canadense Sladen, 143.
neomexicanum Ckll., 144.
CALDER, EpwIn E., articles by, 62, 191.
Calligrapha excllamationis Fahb., 97.
Calopus angustus Lec., 65.
Campoplex phthorimaeae Cush., 174.

“ee

Chilosia columbiae, n. sp-, 69, 191.
hunteri n gp., 17.
ontario n. sp-, 70, 191.
orilliaensis n. sp., 67, 191.
+ PiUgN SD. (le Vole
- robusta Hine, 191.
sensua n. sp., 19.
(CHITTENDEN, F.. H., article by, 117.
Chromagrion conditum Hagen, 257.
Chrysobothris blanchardi Horn, 83.
dentipes Germ., 83.

“ femorata Oliv., 83.
floricola Gory., 83.
harrisi Hentz, 83.
lecontei Leng, 83.
eS pusilla C. & G., 83.
scabripennis C. & G., 83.
scitula Gory, 83.
sexsignata, Say, 82.
trinervia Kirby, 83.
verdigripennis Frost, 83.
Chytoniz sensilis form macdonaldi n.

form, 196.

Cicindela, Change of names in, 191.

Cicindelas of the Fulgida Group, New, 62.

Cicindela azurea n. sp., 62, 191.
# fulgida elegans Nn. var.,

ce “ec

62, 191.
subnitens n. var., 62.
wallisi n. n., 191.
westbournei n. n., 191.
Cinyra gracilipes Melsh., 81.
CLAASSEN, P. 'W., article by, 249.
CLEMENS, WILBmERT A., article \by, 77.
Cnemodon nigricornis n. sp., 284.
‘Coecidae, IX, Notes on, 156, 246.
(\COCKERELL, T. D. A., articles by, 33, 148.
Coenagrion resolutum Hagen, 257.
Colaspidea insuldris n. sip., 32.
Coleoptera of Northern British Columbia,
(Notes on, 63.

Coleoptera, Miscellaneous notes on, 102.

Coleoptera, X, New, 170.

Coleoptera. from Southwestern Florida,
Some new amid rare, 9, 27.

Cordulegaster diasitatops Selys, 256, 257.
maculatus ite 257.

(CORKINS, ‘C. L., article by, 1
Corn (Har Worm in Alfalfa, Occurrence

and control of the, 169.
Crampton, G. \C., article by, 206, 222.
CRIDDLE, NorMAN, article by, 97.
‘Cryptocephalus aulicus Hald., 32.

ealidus Suffr., "39.

Cryptostigma n. gen., 160.

f ingae n. sp., 160.
Curran, C. H., articles by, 14, 19, 67, 94,

(17, 191, 277.
Cybosicephalus nigritulus Lec., 29.
Cylindrocopturus binotatus Lec., 103.
Cymatodera undulata Say, 27.
Cynorhina robusta n. sp., 14.
Cynorhinella n. gen., 14.

canadensis n. sp., 15.
Gyphon americanus Pic., 28.
Cyrtopogon albitarsis n. sp., 278.

€ willistoni n. sp., 277.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

291

SS — — — — SSSSSSSSSSSSS—S—SsSsSsSsSsSsSsSSSSSSSsSSSSS—

Derallus altus Lec. 13.
DETWILER, J. D., article by, 176.
Dibrachys bowcheanus Ratz., 174.
Dicaelus quadratus Lec., 11.

oe subtropicus Casey, 11.
Dicerca americana Hbst., 80.

“ eaudata Lec., 80.

Ge divaricaitta Say, 80.

+ lepida Lec., 80.

fs lurida Fab., 80.

ce obscura Fab., 80.

se prolongata Lec., 80.

a pugionata Germ., 80.

mee punctulata Sch., 80.

on secobina Chev., 80.

ve tenebrosa Kirby, 80.

- tuberculata C. & G., 80.
Diptera in the Canadian National Collec-

tion, New, 277.

Dircaea quadrimaculata Say, 102.
Disonycha caroliniana Fab., 32.
Dolichopus albertensis n. sp., 286.

is diversipennis n. sp., 286.

a vanduzeei n. sp., 285.
Dorcatoma setulosum Lec., 199.
Dorocordulia libera Selys, 257.
Dragonflies for the Season 1922, Notes on

Canadian, 255.

Drapetes geminatus Say, 28.

“i quadrinustulatus Bonv., 28.
Dromogomphus spiniosus Selys, 256, 257.
DuncAN, CARL D.. article by, 267.
Dyar, Harrison G., article by, 20.
Dyschirius interior n. sp., 172.

ss perversus n. sp., 172.

Elachista pracmaturella Clemens, 94.
4 radiantella n. sp., 92.

i solitaria n. sp., 93.
Elaphrus clairvillei Kirby, 63.

a ee frosti n. var., 64.

4 riparius Linn., 63.

Elidiptera Spin., On the Genus. 61, 263
Enallagma antennatum Say, 255.
es signatum Hagen, 255.
Enchodes sericea Hald., 102.
Entomological Branch, Ottawa, Appoint-
ment to, 204. ,
Entomological Society of America, An-
nual Meeting, 24.
Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual
Meeting, 21, 192.
Epicordulia princeps Hagen, 256.
Epiptera n. gen., 264.
Eriopyga lindseyi n. sp., 195.
Ernestia R. D., Notes on types of, 48.
Eros hamata Mann., 65.
“ nigripes Schaeffer, 65.
“ simplicipes Mann., 64.
“ trilineatus Melsh., 27.-
Erythemis simplicicollis Sav. 257.
Escaria homogena n. sp., 238.
Bucrada humeralis Melsh., 102.
Euphoria sepulchralis floridana Casey, 31.
ELupleria benesimilis n. sp.. 238.
Eupristocerus cogitans Web., 83.

BKurymus gigantea Stkr., 135.
Euryptera flavatra Blatch, 31.

Es lateralis Oliv., 31.
BKusphyrus walshi Lec., 103.
Eutylistus tristriatus Lec., 199.
Euxoa westermanni 'Staud., 137.
Evening Primrose in Relation to Insects,

193.

Exartema Clem., 37.
Exartema bicoloranum n. gsp., 40.

a bolandanum n. sp., 39.
fraternanum n. sp., 38.
furfuranum n. sp., 38.
es nananum n. sp., 39.
ce rusticanum n. sp., 38.
submissanum Nn. sp., 40
terminanum Nn. sp., 37.
troglodanum Nn. sp., 37.
valdanum n. sp. ,39.
versicoloranum Clem., 39.
Exyra semicrocea Guen. and form hub-

bardiana Dyar, Notes on, 220.

Exyra semicrocea immaculata n. ab., 221.
Ewine, H. F., article by, 104.

Fart, H. C., article by, 170.
Ferris, G. F., articles by, 156, 246.
orp, A. ‘L., article by, 141.

Forp, Norma, article by, 199.
Frost, C. A., article by, 96.
Fungous Insects, Notes on, 198.

GABLE, CHARLES H., article by, 265.
GARLICK, W. G., article by, 240
Glenopsis petersensi n. ep., 59.
Glenurus and some other South American
Myrmeleomidae, 58.
Glenurus croesus n. sp., 59.
we incalis n. sp., 58.
Gomphus brevis Hagen, 256.
cornutus Tough, 256.
% descriptus Banks, 255, 257.
. spicatus Hagen, 255, 257.
Gracilaria murdtfeltella busck, 91.
GRAHAM, S. A., article by, 99.

Haltica schwarzi Blatch., 33.
HAYES, Wo. P., article by, 73.
Helobata larvalis Horn, 13.
Helophilus bilinearis Will., 95.
sf lunulatus Meigen, 119.
Heodes florus Edw., 136.
Hesperoleon trinunctatus n. sp., 60.
Hessian Fly, Sexual attraction of the
female; 154.
Heterocera, Notes on New Jersey, 195.
Hiccins, Mortimer L., note by, 221.
HippIsLtey, W. W. (Mrs.), article by, 63.
Hoppinc, Rarpn, articles by, 128, 162.
Hormorus undulatus Uhler, 103.
HUNGERFORD, H. B., article by, 262.
Hydnocera humeralis Say, 27.
Hydrobius scabrosus Horn, 64.
Hylecoetus lugubris Say, 102.

292

Insect food of the Black Bear, 49.

Insect Life History Investigations, Meth-.

od of procedure, 73

Insects affecting native cottonwoods,
Notes on some, 25.

Insects liable to be imported in railway
cars, the control of, 121

Insects new to British Tertiary Strata,
Two families of, 33

Ipidae of the Pacific Coast and Rocky
Mountain Regions, Coniferous hosts
of, 128

Ips Pini Say as a Primary pest of Jack
Pine, 99

Kynicut, H. H., article by, 258.
KNULL, JGSEPH N., articles by, 79, 102.

Labops, The North American species of,
258.
Labops hesperius Uhler, 258.
oe hirtus n. sp., 258.
4 tumidifrons 1. sp., 259.
LARRIMER, W. H., articles by, 141, 169.
Lathropus vernaliis Lec., 29.
Leiopus maculipennis n. sp., 31.
Lepidoptera of Alberta, Notes on the, 134.
Lepidoptera in the Canadian National
Collection, Undescribed, 34.
Leptura and Allied Genera, New species
of, 162.
Leptura aspera parkeri n. var., 66.
#2 isabellae n. sp., 162.
a lucifera n. sp., 163.
“ swainei n -sp., 163 .
Lestes inaequalis Walsh, 255.
“ vigilax Hagen, 255.
Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys, 257.
ae proxima Calvert, 257.

Libythea Bachmanni Kirtl., Notes on a

migration of, 265.
Lichenophanes trumicaticollis Lec., 103.
Ligyrus subtropicus n. sp., 30.
LILJEBLAD, .Emin, article by, 51.
Limax maximas L., 198.
Listrochelus longiclavus n. sp., 173.
Lithobiid of the Genus Paobius, A new,

47.
Lophocateres pusillus Klug, 29.
Lucidota corrusca Linn., 65.

MACNAMARA, CHARLES, articles by, 149,

241.
Macoun Memorial Volume, 24.
Macrobasis subglabra n. sip., 173.
Macromia illinoiensis Walsh, 256.
Magdalis pandura Say. 104.
Mallota columbiae n. sp., 15.

‘i diversipennis n. sp., 16.
Marmara auratella Braun, 91.

“/ frazinicola n. sp., 90.
Mastogenius subcyaneus Lec., 86.

Mayfly, A Parthenogenetic, 77.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

—$<—$_$_—$————————————— eee

McDunnoveH, J., articles by, 34, 66, 100,
134, 168, 216, 236, 238, 255, 288.
Melanophila acuminata DeGeer, &2.
* aeneola Melsh., 82.
“ drummondi Kirby, 82.
ee fulvoguttata Harris 82.
Melanoplus atlantis Riley in Northern
Dakota, Ncites on the migration of,1.
Melanoplus Femur-Rubrum, The daily
maximum feeding period of, 141.
Melanostoma chilosia Curram, 191
24 lata ‘Curran, 191.
Melittomma sericeum Harris, 102.
Meloborus species, 174.
Melyrodes basalis Lec., 27
METCALF, Z. P., article by, 263.
Microgaster congregatiformis Vier.. 174.
Microlepidoptera, Notes and new species.
90.
Monoedus guttatus Lec., 29.
Mordeila related to M. melaena, A revi-
sion of the North American species of,

51.
Mordella albosuturalis n. sp., 54.
5 atrata Melsh., 53.
os brevistylis n. sp., 56.
+ grandis n. sp., 56.
eS hubbsi mn. sp., 55.
3 knulli n. sp., 57.
a lecontei Sciki, 53.
ef melaena Germar, 52.
2 quadripunctata Say, 51.
. signata Champion, 51.

Mordellistina pustulata Melsh., 98.
Morn, F., article by, 61.
Myiolepta lunulata Bigot, 18.

NEEDHAM, J. G.. article by, 249.

Nemoura prisicula n. .<p., 34.

Noctuidae, Secme apparently undescribed.
236.

Oberea flavocephala n. sp., 32.
OBITUARY: Gibbs, Lachlan, 167.
Odotomyia alberta n. sp., 279.
Odynerus waldenii Vier., The rediscovery
of, 87.

Oeneis taygete Bdv., 136.

Olene atomaria form aridensis n. form,
197. 7

Oligomerus obtusus Lec., 103.

Omosita discoidea Fab., 65.

Oncocnemis columbia n. sp., 237.
lepipoloides n. sip., 236.
‘youngi n. =., 236.

Onthophagus alutacers Blatch., 30.

Ophiogemphus anomalus Harv.. 256.

Orchesia castanea Melsh., 102.

Ormiscus saltator Lez., 103.

Otidocephalus myrmex Hbst., 103.

Oxyhaemoglobin in Backsvimmer Buen-

oa Margaritacea Bueno. 262.

Oxynemus histrina Lec. 221

Pachydrus princeps Blatch., 13.
Pachyschelus laevigatus Say, 86.

—

THE CANADIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST. 293

Pachyschelus purpureus Say, 86.
Paobius albertanus n. sp., 48
Parasyntormon, Three new species with
a tabie of species, 88.
Parasyntormon flavecozra n. sp., 89.
Fs fraterculus n. sp., 88.
é mulinum n. sp., 89.
Parectopa occulta n. ep., 91.
PARKER, R. R., article by, 4
Pediculoides Ventricosus Newport, The
feeding habits of, 107.
Permanent Bureau of All-Russian En-
tomo4Pihytopath ological Comgresses
in Petrograd, Russia, 216.
Philonthus cyanipennis Fab., 199.
Phoeotrya voudoueri Muls., 102.
Phlyictaenia ferrugalis Hibn., 174.

a rubigalis Guen., 174.
Phomaius brunnipennis Lec., 28.
Phylloxera infesting Oak and Chestnut,

The North Ameriican species of, 267.
Phylloxera castaneae Haldeman, 275.
davidsoni 0. sp., 271.
e: querceti Pergande, 273.

7 reticulata n. sp., 271.

re rileyi Riley, 273

si similans n. sp., 272.

x sp., 276. :

“J standfordiana Ferris, 275.
a Stellata n. sp., 269.

x tuberculifera n. sp., 272.

Phytodietus fumiferanae n. sip., 155.

Pimplidea sanguineipes Cress., 174.

Pipiza atrata n. sp., 283.

Planidium of Perilampus from Cono-
cephalus, An undescribed, 199.

Platydema ruficorne Sturm., 199.

Platyprepia and other notes, The family
position of, 20.

Platyprepia, A further note on the genus.
66.

Plesiocis cribrum Csy., 199.

Pocadius helvolus Erichs, 199.

Poecilonota cyanipes Say, 80.

Poecilonota thureura Say, 80.

Polycesta angulosa Duv., 79, 102.

Popular and Practical Entomology, 1, 25,
49 73, 97, 121, 145, 169, 193, 217, 241,
265.

Poreellio laevis Koch., 198.

Pronoterus semipunctatus Lec., 12.

Pseudamphasia sericea Harris, 12.

Pseudophillippia iOkll., 159.

quaintancii ©kll., 160.

Psilopyga histrina Lec., 199.

My nigripennis Lec. 199.
Pterostichus herculaneus Mann., 64.
Ptilinus ruficornis Say. 103.

Ptinus constrictus n. gip., 30.

Ptosima gibbicollis Say, 79.

Purslane Sawfly Larva, Feeding habits
of, 240.

Raphidia, Venational Variation in, 114.
Review of Green’s “The Coccidae of Cey-
don”, A, 246.

Rhaeboscelis tenuis Lec., 86.
Rhodobaenus tredecimpunctatus, Ill., 117.
Rogas rufocoxalis Gahan, 174.

Rouwer, S. A., article by, 155.

Rushia longula Lec., 102.

Sarcophaga froggatti Taylor, 8.

Sarcophaga illingworthi n. sp., 6.
xe queenslandi n. sp., 5.
+ New Australian species. etc.,
4,

Saturniid from Mississippi and Florida,
A new form of, 192.

Seaphisoma suturalis Lec., 199.

Scarab; Emblem olf Eternity, The, 145.

Schizocerus zabriskiei Ashmead, 240.

Schizura concinna Sm. & Abbot, 176.

Sciara multiseta Felt, 199.

Scoparia truncatalis n. sp., 36.

Serropalpus barbaltus Schall, 102.

Silis pallida Mann., 65.

“ spinigera var. munita Lec., 65.
SSMituH, E. J., article by, 87.
Somatochlora franklini Selys, 256.

4 kennedyi Walker, 257.
&s walshi Scudder, 257.
Spruce Bud-worm, A new parasite of the.
155.
Sitelis tryjpetina Robertson, 143.
Stratiomyia discdloides n. e\p., 281.

“ velutina n. sp., 283.
Sunficwer-leaf Beetle, The, 97.
Sunflower-pith Beetle, The, 98
Synetaeris species, 174.

‘Syntomosphyrum modestus Houd., 174.

Syrphidae, Pt. II, New species of Can-
adian, 14.

Syrphid Genus Chilosia, New species
from Canada, 19, 67.

Syrphidae, New and little known Can-
adian, 94, 117.

Syrphidae, Notes and Corrections, 191.

Syrphus ‘cinictus Meigen, 117.
ie genualis Will., 117.
ae grossulariae melanis n. var., 96.
“ rectoides Curran, 191.

venustus Meigen, 117.

Tabanidae, Two new Canadian, 238.
Tabanus laniferus n. sp., 239.
se metabolus n. sp., 239.
Tachinus fimbriatus Grav., 199
Takahashia Ckll., 157.
4 jaliscenstis Ckll., 158.
oe japonica Ckll., 158.
Taphrocerus gracilis Say, 86.
Tarsonemid Mites, Studies on the taxon-
omy and biology of the, 104.
Tarsonemus Pallidus Banks, Food plants
of, 107.
Tenebroides obtusus Horn., 29.
Tetragoneuria canis McLachlan, 256, 257.
Thanasimus dubius Fab., 27.
Tiger Beetle Larvae, 241.

2904 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ToTHILL, J. D., article by, 48. Venation of the Wings of Insects, Notes
Trachea pluraloides n. sp., 237. on the relaltionships indicated by the,
TREHERNE, R. C., article by, 121. 206, 222.
Trichodesma gibbosa Say, 103.
os klagesi Fall, 103.
Trichogramma minutum Riley, 174. Wanr, J. S., article by, 145
Tritoa biguttata Say, 199. ae a E
Tmeodenna fascifan Blate,.20: WEtIss, Harry B., article by, 193, 198.

WEST, ERDMAN, article by, 198.

ou flabellata n. sp., 28. Williamsonia lintneri Hagen, 256.

Tropaea luna race dictynna, spring form
mariae, n. form, 192.
Trypopitys sericeus Say, 103. aie oe :
Typocerus gloriosus n. sp., 166. Xenorhipis brendeli Lec., 82.
Xyletinus harrisi Fall, 103.
Xyletinus sp., 103.
VANDUZEE, M. C., article by, 88.

Vectevania n. gen., 33.
f vetula n. ep., 34. Zonitis schaefferi n. sp., 28.

Mailed February 9th, 1923,

Che Canadian ECutomaologist

WOL, UV. ORILLIA, JANUARY, 1923. No. 1.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
THe Lire Hasits Or Cepuus Cinctus Nort. In Manrropa.*
BY NORMAN CRIDDLE,

Treesbank, Man.

The problem of controlling the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly, Cephus crc-
tus, is still an acute one in the Prairie Provinces. The insect is now found over
more than half the wheat-growing area of Manitoba; its range is very wide in
Saskatchewan and it has been found to be present over quite an extensive terri-
tory in Alberta.

During the year 1922 the infestation was particularly severe, it being by
no means uncommon to find fields of wheat with ninety per cent. of the stems
attacked. Indeed, thousands of acres were similarly infested and countless mil-
lions of larvae remain in the stubble at the present time which will develop
into adults next June, preparatory to attacking the new crop.

Much has already been written concerning this sawfly, but as further ob-
servations were made during 1922 in which additional information was obtained,
it seems well to review the more important facts of the insect’s life-history at
this time.

The following summary shows the life cycle of the insect as it occurred

in 1922:

Pupation began May 20 completed May 8.
Adults appeared June 9 abundant by the 12th
Mating began June 10 general by June 12
Egg laying began June 12 general by June 14.

In seeking a spot in which to place her eggs, the adult female sawfiy runs
actively up and down the stem with her head close to it as if making a careful
examination for the right place; finding a likely one, she faces downward, and
drawing her abdomen under her, thrusts her saw-like ovipositor into the stem in
order to locate a hollow. Should this not be present, she tests other places until
eventually, finding one that suits, she deposits an egg within the stem—a shiny,
cylindrical white object, not very easily seen. In depositing eggs, a preference
is shown for a situation around the topmost joint, but it frequently happens that
there is no hollow at this point, in which case a lower position is selected. Thus
there may be eggs in any portion of the stem. There appears to be an attempt
of individual flies to place only one egg in a stem, but after searching among
the neighboring herbage it is not an uncommon occurrence for the insect to re-
turn to the original plant and place another egg in it. The process of egg-laying

only takes a few seconds, though the time occupied in seeking a suitable place

may take several minutes. On one occasion an individual was seen to thrust her

*_Contribution from the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects, Entomological
Branch, Dept. of Agric., Ottawa.

Zz THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Ovipositor into a stem fourteen times, seven times almost exactly in the same
spot. Eventually, after nine minutes, she placed an egg just above the top
joint.

Apparently there is no limit to the number of eggs that may be deposited
in a single stem by a series of sawflies, as each is unconscious of the ones that
preceded it. It is a common event to find two or more, and I have twice located
thirteen eggs in one stem. Thus it happens, as is so often the case in nature,
that many are sacrificed for the sake of one, for of all the eggs that are deposited
and of the larvae that hatch from them, but one survives. :

The selection of suitable plants for egg-laying is governed by the state
of growth of the plants. First of all it is necessary that there should be a hol-
low place in the stem in which to place the egg; secondly, a stem is desired that
is succulent in order that the sawfly may work her ovipositor in easily, and of a
kind which provides the larva with tender food. Reasonably well advanced
wheat is generally in exactly the right condition for oviposition, but when wheat
is not ready the flies seek other plants instead. It is largely on this account that
fall rye is often heavily infested with eggs. Two native grasses, Agropyron
smithi and A. richardsoni, which constituted two of the original host plants, are
always heavily attacked. I have found no exception to the rule that any plant
‘of the grass family provides a harbor for eggs supposing it is in the condition
specified above. We found in 1922 that oats, both wild and cultivated, which
were supposedly immune, contained eggs when the plants were sufficiently advanc-
ed and early sown barley was severely infested.

While the female sawfly shows little discrimination in placing her eggs
within the various stems, it is an interesting fact that some of these plants are
quite unsuitable to larval development. Brome grass, for instance, is particularly
utilized for ovipositing in, but of the larvae thus started on their career, not”
more than one per cent, on an average, attain maturity. Oats are still more re-
sistant, and we have yet to find mature larva in their stems. It is interesting to
note that the causes for the high death rate in oats and brome grass are partly
due to different factors. In oats, the cause seems to be excessive sap which
drowns the larvae, while in brome grass there is a combination of causes among
which are parasites, but more usually it is the late ripening of the stems, which
seems to mystify the larvae as to when and where to cut them, so that in many:
cases they die without doing so at all.

Of the numbers of larvae that frequently hatch in a stem, the first to do
so generally survives. This larva quickly tunnels the plant, and as it does so, des-
troys any eggs or larvae that may be met with. As a rule the lowest situated
larva seems to have an advantage over those higher up. It is quite a frequent
event to find two or more larvae in a stem, but these, after the first week or two,
are always separated by a joint, and so soon as this partition is tunnelled, the
stronger larva destroys the other.

Larvae in feeding work both up and down. They may attain the base
of the plant in eight days, but they soon work up again, and it is not until the
end of July that they are ready to sever the stem and go into winter quarters.
It is at this stage that a very important factor comes into play insofar as the
farmer is concerned. While the larvae are ready to sever the stems in late

’

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

July, they are governed in doing so entirely by the condition of the plants they
inhabit. Should these stems dry through immature ripening, the larvae quickly
make their way to the base of the stems and cut them, but should the stems ripen
gradually or remain green for three weeks later, the larvae will postpone their
preparations for winter until the stems eventually lose their sap. Thus there
may be a difference of fully three weeks in the time of severing the stem, due
entirely to the difference in maturity of the plants. This fact,.which has already
enabled farmers to save millions of bushels of wheat by cutting ahead of the
sawfly, will prove still more effectual when it is taken advantage of by the whole
growing communtiy.

As now known, the various stages of the insect’s life may be summarized
as follows:

Egg stage 8 days oviposition period 33 days.
Larval life 333 days larval period 345 days.
Pupal stage 160 days pupal period 22 days.
Adult life 16 days adult period 32 days.

It seems hardly necessary to add that these figures are approximate, there
being a variation due to meterological and other factors.

The \Wheat-stem Sawfly was originally held in check by its natural ene-
mies, and it is still held under control by these in grasses other than grains. Of
these enemies, Hymenopterous parasites are by far the most important and so
numerous have they been that in 1921 infested grasses were found to be approxi-
inately 60 per cent. parasitized and, in 1922, Agropyron and Bromus showed a

_ Cephus destruction of 85 per cent. due to parasites. Our chief ally in thus des-

troying the sawfly larvae has been Microbracon cephi, a species collected origin-
ally by Mr. C. N. Ainslie of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. Other parasites
have been reared, but as yet they have not been of very great service.

While the above mentioned parasites effectively control the sawfly in
grasses, they have, unfortunately, made little or no headway in advancing into
the grain fields, be the cause what it may. One reason, however, seems to be
the cultivation of the soil for crop. In the case of Microbracon there is cause
to suspect that cutting the crop is an important factor. There are two genera-
tions of Microbracon cephi; adults from the first generation appear in late June
while those of the second generation do so in early August. The last date is
about harvest time, and it is-soon after this period that the parasites commence
their egg laying. It has been noted that the parasite runs actively up and down
the stem when in search of the larval host within, and that she avoids broken
or cut straws. It is possible this is why the larvae in the stubble remain unmo-
lested. The fact remains that there is a certain amount of parasitism in wheat
during July, but no sign of it in the later generation which should be apparent
from September of one year to June of the following year.

CONTROL.

Very little has been added to our previous recommendations excepting that
further experiments show the absolute necessity of packing spring plowing in
order to prevent the sawflies emerging. Fall plowing as soon as possible after
harvest is much better, because the soil packs naturally during winter, and in ad-

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

dition, the moisture in the soil tends to rot the stubs, which aids in destroying
the larvae.

As regards trap crops, our experiments show considerable promise. In
1922 a strip of wheat sown between the previous year’s stubble and the new crop,
contained, on an average, rather more than four sawfly eggs to a stem, while the
field which this strip was sown to protect, averaged slightly more than one egg
to a stem on the edge of the field and less towards the centre. The trap strip
in this instance was sown rather late and it was not, therefore, as attractive to the
sawflies as it might have been had it been sown a week earlier. This was dem-
onstrated by the fact that the more developed stems contained far more eggs.
One strip, however, is not sufficient on a large stubble field; at least three are
necessary.

The season of 1922 was particularly favorable for showing the advantage
of harvesting before the crop had fully ripened. As had been pointed out above.
the sawfly larvae do not cut the stems until they have lost the major portion of
their sap, or, in other words, until the straw begins to dry. By cutting slightly
in advance of this time the grain can be harvested without loss or shrinkage.
Fields frequently noted in 1922 which had been cut “on the green side” were free
from loss, while adjoining fields cut too late had suffered a loss which varied
from three to fifteen bushels per acre.

It is well to remember, however, that early cutting does not kill the saw-
fly larvae, nor is it always effective in preventing all loss, because the weakened
stems may be blown down and broken by storms considerably in advance ot
cutting time. Rust may also kill the plants prematurely, but on the whole, the
practice of early harvesting is extremely effective and it cannot, therefore, be
too strongly recommended.

A NEW MOSQUITO FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
(CULICIDAE, DIPTERA)*
BY ERIC HEARLE,

Vernon, Bee:
In August, 1919, while undertaking a survey of the mosquito fauna of the

Lower Fraser Valley, the writer took some small, ring-legged Aedes at Yale, B.C.
In no other locality in the territory embraced in the survey was this species
encountered ; but at Yale it was the only species at all common—it was evidently
adapted to the canyon conditions obtaining at this place. Only females came
to hand, and an accurate determination was not possible at the time, but the
specimens appeared smaller than any of the known members of the excrucians
group to which they evidently belonged. A trip to Yale on July 19th, 1920, was
rewarded with several males taken feeding on white spireea at dusk. These were
tentatively placed as small specimens of Aedes increpitus Dyar, but a recent more
careful examination of the genitalia indicates that they lie intermediate between
Aedes mutatus Dyar and Aedes increpitus Dyar, and are distinct, although com-
ing very close to the above two. According to Dr. Dyar’s keys, dedes mutatus
Dyar has the filament of the claspette expanded towards the base, and Aedes
increpitus Dyar has the filament expanded beyond the middle, whereas in the pre-
sent species the angular expansion of the filament is exactly at the middle. I

*_Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agric., Ottawa, Ont.

Te CT ee a ee

Ee a ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 5

propose the name Aedes hewitti after the late Dr. C. G. Hewitt.

Aedes hewitti new species.

Female. Integument brownish black. Proboscis and palpi clothed with
brownish black scales. Head with yellowish white flat scales, broad at cheeks;
erect, forked white scales at nape; small patch of broad, dark scales at
sides; bristles bordering eyes black, forward projecting ones at vertex pale. Pro-
thoracic lobes with yellowish white scales and pale bristles. Mesonotum clothed
with small, shining, dark brown scales centrally and sub-dorsally; and large,
dull, dirty white scales at the sides, the anterior margin, and the border of the
ante-scutellar space; bristles dark brown. Abdomen with dark scales dorsally
and each segment with a concrete basal band of creamy white scales; up to fifth
segment bands somewhat expanded medianly ; bands on fifth to seventh segments
widened triangularly at sides; first segment clothed with a patch of creamy white
scales and many white hairs; cerci black; venter clothed mostly with dull white
scales, a few black ones intermixed, especially along the median line. Wings
dark scaled except for a few pale scales along the costal border. Halteres en-
tirely pale. Legs with black and white scales intermixed; evenly on outside of
femora, but with white predominating on inside and black towards apex; tibiae
largely black scaled except on inside; tarsi black with basal white rings on all
segments except the ultimate ones of the front legs; rings concrete and fairly
broad except on ultimate segments. Length: body 4 to 4.5 mm.

Male. Vestiture as in female. Genitalia: side pieces about three times as
long as wide; apical lobe fairly prominent ; basal lobe small, rounded, delicately ru-
gose and somewhat sparsely but uniformly setose; claspettes fairly long and curv-
-ed; minutely setose at base ; the filament of the claspette curved, delicate, and fairly
long ; an angular lateral expansion at the middle of the filament.

Holotype: One female, labelled No. 13042a; Yale, B. C.; 8. VIII. 20.

Allotype: One male, labelled No. 13042b; Yale, B. C.; 19. “VII. 20.

The above are No. 521 in the Canadian National Collection.

There are also twelve Paratypes, distributed in the Collections of Dr. H. G.
Dyar and the author and in the National Collection at Ottawa.

The writer is much indebted to Dr. H. G. Dyar, as it is through his as-
sistance and kindness that he has the privilege of naming the above species.

NOTES ON THE ODONATA OF GODBOUT, QUEBEC
BY E. M. WALKER,

Toronto, Ont. :
During the season of 1918 Mr. T. B. Kurata and the writer spent the

greater part of July and a few days of August at the fishing village of Godbout,
Province of Quebec, on the north shore of the lower St. Lawrence nearly op-
posite the town of Matane. The main object of our trip was to secure a series
of casts of salmon in their various stages, and such other fish as were obtainable,
for the Royal Ontario Museum, but plenty of time was available for collecting
and observing other groups of animals and plant life.

Such success as we met with was largely due to the interest shown in all
branches of our work and the kindly advice given us by the veteran hunter and
naturalist, Mr. Napoleon Comeau, who was for 50 years the guardian of the
Godbout River. His book, “Life and Sport on the North Shore,” should be read

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

by all who are interested in our northern wilds. Without the benefit of his in-
timate knowledge of the country and its wild life it would have been difficult
to find, without much loss of time, such varied territory for collecting as is des-
cribed below.

The white cottages of Godbout village are scattered along a single road,
which follows the curved shore line for about a mile eastward from the mouth
of the Godbout River. The village is built upon a low, sandy plateau, rising
abruptly from the gravelly beach to a height of ten or twelve feet, and extend-
ing inland for several miles of somewhat uneven jack pine barrens. To the
west is the mouth of the Godbout River, one of the most famous salmon streams
in America, while to the east is a range of high, wooded hills, extending from far
inland to the shore, which they follow-for many miles. Between the plateau and
the hills is a richly wooded ravine, in which flows a small, clear, cold stream,
whose waters are drawn from many lakes among the adjoining hills.

Godbout lies within the Canadian Life Zone, but is not far from the
edge of the Hudsonian Zone, the change to a colder climate being rapid as the
Gulf is entered, owing to the influence of the Labrador current. ‘The vegetation
is typical of the northern coniferous forest. The tree growth consists mainly
of jack pine, black and white spruce, balsam fir, aspen and balsam poplar and
white birch, a few other trees occurring more locally, such as white cedar, tam-
arack, gray birch, black ash and mountain ash. Among the smaller seed-piants
bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) is almost everywhere. The undergrowth of
the pine barrens is dominated by several species of the heath family, especially
Labrador tea, sheep laurel, mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and vari-
ous blueberries; while among the commonest plants in the rich ravines are, be-
sides the bunchberry, the wild sarsaparilla, the wood-sorrel (O-ralis acetosella),
the northern Clintonia, the creeping snowberry, and the goldthread. Club-mosses,
mosses and lichens are also very abundant here. The mountain lakes usually
have a fringe of alder, bog-myrtle, or in the more boggy places, leatherleaf, a-
gainst a background of black spruce, while on the sandbars we found the beach
pea, wonderful patches of blue flags, and the finest clumps of hairbells I have
ever seen. Sphagnum is abundant everywhere, even on the pine barrens, while
ordinary weeds of European origin are noticeably scarce, even in the open places
about the village. Here the short grass is thickly sprinkled with a small, white,
strawberry-like flower (Potentilla tridentata), which proved a great attraction
to butterflies, particularly the little northern fritillary Brenthis chariclea bois-
duvalii, which was very abundant here and on the barrens.

The principal localities where dragonflies were collected were as follows:

(1). Several lakes on top of the range of hills. The nearest of these.
which will be called lake 1, is about a quarter of a mile long, surrounded by a
dense spruce forest, the water dark and peat-stained and nearly free from the
larger aquatic plants. It had very little open marsh anywhere along its shore.
The second lake (lake 2), not more than about 100 yards distant from the first
and connected with it by a little brook, is smaller, shallower, with clearer. water.
It has a wide belt of open bog along one side and at the upper end, and a con-
siderable quantity of both standing and floating aquatic vegetation. Lake 3, also
near lake 1, has clear, colourless water and a gravelly bottom. It is the smallest

tice aan a it eT cla Tea

gy ae hata al tie a ee

—

is hin ta cpaehen ”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ie

of the lakes. Lake 4 is much larger than all the others put together, being ap-
parently about seven miles long. ‘The shore is partly rocky, but we explored
very little of it.

(2). A small lake (lake 5) about two miles north of the village, behind
the pine barrens. ‘This is the headwaters of the creek which opens at the east
end of the village. The shore is rocky at the near end where the creek flows from
it, but at the opposite end and for a considerable distance along both sides there
is a wide, open marsh. A small creek flows into the lake at the upper end, through
the marsh.

(3). The creek which flows from lake 5 to the east end of the village.
Its course is for the most part through dense woods, but there are a few open
places near the village, and a few bare sand bars. Numerous rapids occur along
its course.

(4). The outlet of lake 2, a small brook connecting lakes 1 and 2. It
has a gentle current and flows partly through woods, partly through an open
bog. It widens slightly at the mouth, where the current becomes imperceptible.

(5). The Godbout River, a wild, rushing stream of cold, clear water.
It is a typical salmon river and is not suited to dragonfly life, except along the
edges of the quieter pools, where it is inhabited by two or three species.

(6). A few small ponds and puddles on the Godbout River flats below
the last fall. ‘The river here is influenced by the tides and these pools are con-
nected at high tide, so that the water is frequently renewed. The pools are in
habited by the nymphs of certain species of Somatochlora.

(7).° A small, stagnant puddle at the edge of a cultivated field. It was
polluted with fish-manure, but contained nymphs of Sympetrum decisum.

The Dragonfly Fauna.

Dragonflies were sparsely represented, as were apparently most groups of
insects. The small number of species taken is due partly to the cool, northern
climate, partly to the absence of certain types of environment, and partly to the
shortness of our visit. The season is very late in this region, and we left on the
fifth of August, so that some of the later species had not yet appeared on the
» wing. For instance, although we found nymphs of Aeshna umbrosa, we saw no.
adults, and of Boyeria grafiana we obtained only one adult, which was reared,
though nymphs were common; while only a few tenerals of Sympetrum decisum.
had begun to appear when we left.

Species not taken by us, which are regional and probably occur somewhere-
in the vicinity of Godbout, are the following :—Agrion aequabile (Say), Coenag-
rion resolutum (Hagen), Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp), Aeshna sitchensis-
Hagen, A. juncea I,., A. subarctica EK. Walk., Gomphus brevis Hagen, Somato-
chlora franklini (Selys), Sympetrum scoticum Don. and probably other species.
of Ophiogomphus, Somatochlora and Sympetrum. The absence of C. resolutum
is rather surprising, as this is one of the commonest and most generally distribut--
ed of all the northern Zygoptera. The lack of any species of Lestes is also note-
worthy, but it is possible that they emerged after we left. L. disjunctus Selys:
is the species that is commonest in the north.

1. Agrion maculatum Beauv. Common along the creek joining lakes 1 and
2, July 16—Aug 1. Frequently observed also on the trail through the woods.

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

near the outlet of lake 1. Also seen on the creek at the outlet of lake 5 on July
ay

2. Coenagrion interrogatum (Selys). Found only about the marshy bord-
er of lake 2, where it was not uncommon, July 16, 24. It seemed to have disap-
peared on Aug. I, when we made our last visit to this spot. A pair in copula
were taken on July 24. It tends to fly over the water near the boggy shore, where
reed beds occur.

3. Enallagma calverti Morse. Common in marshy places on all the
Jakes. First seen on July 12, a few on the trail near lake 1-and many on the
shore of this lake, including mature specimens, tenerals and individuals just em-
erging. On July 24 it was much scarcer at lakes 1 and 2, but was still the preva-
lent dragonfly at lake 4, where many pairs were seen. By August 1 it had be-
come quite scarce.

4. Enallagma ebrium (Hagen). The first specimen observed was a some-
what teneral female, taken on July 19 at lake 2. On the 24th it appeared in
very large numbers at lake 1 and was abundant also at lakes 2 and 3, nearly
replacing calverti. On Aug. 1 it was already much scarcer.

5- Ophiogomphus colubrinus Selys. A female, somewhat teneral, was
-captured on July 8 in the open pine barrens, close to the ravine in which the
creek flows. Following this capture we watched for some time at the creek
but got only one fleeting glimpse of a green gomphine, probably this species, fly-
ing swiftly down stream.

Numerous exuvia of Ophiogomphus, apparently representing two species,
were found on the banks of the Godbout River on July 26 and 31. They were
found on the moss under overhanging foliage and had evidently been near the

waterline when the insects emerged, though they were a few feet away from it ©

when found.

6. Gomphus exilis Selys. This species was not seen until July 24, when
it appeared at lakes I and 2 in fair numbers. ‘They flew over the bushes at the
water’s edge, resting on branches and on the ground in sunny places along the
portage between the two lakes. On July 28, while collecting at the creek, a
small gomphine resembling this species was seen to settle now and then on a

gravelly part of the shore, but it was so wary and flew so swiftly that we failed -

to capture it.

7. Cordulegaster maculatus Selys. Very common, flying along the course

of the small brook, connecting lakes 1 and 2, and also fréquently seen patrolling

the creek. The first specimen was taken on July 13 at the edge of a patch of:

woods a few rods from the creek. When patrolling the stream they fly very close
to the water, except when they rise to clear logs or other obstructions.

8. Cordulegaster diastatops (Selys.). This species occurred with the =

preceding at the brook between lakes 1 and 1, but was not seen elsewhere. It
flew up and down stream in the same manner as that species, or was sometimes

seen alternately hovering over the water or moving onwards in a jerky fash-
ion. Occasionally it was observed in open places nearby, where it would some- —

times rest upon a bush or branch. It was common on July 16 and 24, while

only a single specimen was taken on August 1. All the specimens taken were _

males.

Fae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9

9g. Boyeria grafiana Wmsn. Two full-grown nymphs of this species
were brought to us from the Godbout River on July 13, one of them transform-
ing to an adult on the 26th. On the latter date we found several nymphs at the
edge of the river, some of them under stones at the water line. All were appar-
ently ready to transform, though one had died. No adults were seen at large
at any time.

10. Aeshna eremita Scudd. ‘This large dragonfly was first noticed on
July 19 at lake 2 and was in full colour at that time. Several were seen cours-
ing over the lake or patrolling its margins irregularly. It was frequently seen
thereafter but was soon outnumbered by A. interrupta. On the 25th both species
appeared in numbers around a waterfall near Point des Monts, about seven miles
east of Godbout. On the following day we found them in large numbers fly-
ing over the Godbout River flats. They were hawking after a species of Cram-
bid moth which was exceedingly abundant in‘the grass. Swarms of Aeshnas
were observed here also on the 29th and 31st of July, but of a large number cap-
tured only a few individuals taken on the 29th were eremita. Exuvia were fre-
quently found on the marshy borders of lake 2 and on the open bog on lake 5.
While collecting at the latter locality on August 3 a male of this species was
hawking over the swamp and was evidently attracted by the blackflies that were
circling around my head. This habit is common with Aeshnas and some other
dragonflies.

11. Aeshna interrupta EF. Walk. Not seen until July 21, when a young
female was taken at the outlet of lake 5. After this date it speedily became abun-
dant, soon outnumbering A. eremita. It was common near Point des Monts on
July 25, associated with eremita (q. v.), and appeared in large numbers on the
Godbout River flats on the 26th, 29th and 30th. While watching for Somato-
chloras at the pools on the flats A. interrupta would occasionally visit the pools
but never for more than a few minutes. They did not appear to breed here, in
fact we did not find their exuvia anywhere. Like the preceding, this species
was sometimes attracted by the blackflies around us. On Aug. 4 Aeshnas were
flying not only over the flats but also farther up the river, where the valley is
narrow and heavily wooded. Many were even flying over the rapids.

12. Aeshna umbrosa FE. Walk. One or two young nymphs of this species
were found in the creek, but no adults appeared. Its season for transforma-
tion perhaps had not begun when we left, though in Ontario the first individuals

regularly appear before those of Boyeria grafiana.

13. Cordulia shurtleffi Scudd. Very common at all the lakes, although
few females were seen at any time. Its season was in full swing when we made
our first trip to lake 1 on July 12. Males were skirting the edge of the lake in
some numbers. They flew within reach of the net from shore and about a foot
or less above the water. They were still fairly common on Aug. I, when we
made our last trip to the mountain lakes, but none were noticed at lake 5 on Aug.
3, though they had been abundant here, to judge by the number of exuvia pre-
sent. One was observed with Somatochlora albicincta at one of the ponds on
the Godbout River flats. Its movements were similar to those of this species, ex-
cept that it kept within a few inches of the water. Exuvia were very common
on the marshy borders of lakes 2 and 5. |

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

14. Somatochlora minor (Calvert). First observed on July 16 at the
brook connecting lakes 1 and 2. The first specimen taken was a male, which was
flying in one of the more open spots in the sunlight.. Afterwards many other
males were seen flying over the stream, sometimes following the course, some-
times hovering over the water at the height of one or two feet, or flying in small
openings nearby, patrolling the space in the usual way, 4 to 8 feet from the
ground. It was not found at the outlet, being distinctly a species of the small,
quietly running streams. It was also taken on subsequent visits to this locality
and on Aug. I a male was captured at the creek which flows through the open
bog at the opposite end of lake 2. All the specimens seen were males.

15. Somatochlora albicincta (Burm.). ‘The first specimen was taken on
the morning of July 16. It was a male and was hovering over the quiet water
at the mouth of the brook between lakes 1 and 2, and moving up stream a few

yards and then back again to the mouth, keeping within a foot or so of the wat-

er. Another appeared at the opposite end of the creek, where the current is
likewise imperceptible, and a third was taken on July 18 while skirting the boggy
edge of lake 2, near the outlet. Near the upper end of the same lake are several
small, clear, sluggish streams and on each of these one or two specimens of S.
albicincta were flying on Aug. 1. About a dozen specimens were also captured
while flying back and forth over the small ponds and puddles on the Godbout
River flats, which were filled but not wholly flooded at each tide. Most of these
were taken on July 29 and were all males except one female, which was ovi-
pisiting. These insects seemed to prefer one of the largest ponds, which was
about 20 feet long and 10 feet wide and almost free from vegetation except a
few small reeds, but not more than two or three individuals appeared there at
a time. The males moved along rather slowly with rapidly vibrating wings, but
when two came in contact or approached one another, they would often dash off
together with great speed, leaving the pond for a few minutes, after which one
of them would return, apparently having succeeded in driving the other away.
As a rule they keep about a foot above the water or marsh. When flying around
the pond they would often also follow the small outlet for a short distance and
sometimes they would fly back and forth over a small wet marsh, with numer-
ous puddles, near the pond, examining the latter also on their way. The female
was seen but a few seconds, tapping the water with the end of her abdomen and
moving along as she did so.

Two nymphs were taken from the small puddles along with several of
S. forcipata, on July 29, and from one of these a perfect male emerged at Toronto
on June 1 of the following year. An exuvium was found on the shore of lake 5
on Aug. 3. ;
16. Somatochlora cingulata (Selys). First observed on July 16, this large
species was frequently seen and taken throughout our visit to this region. In con-
trast to the other species of the genus it frequents lakes rather than streams or
ponds, and often roams a considerable distance afield. ‘The first specimens seen
were flying at a height of 10 to 20 feet about the lower end and the outlet of
lake 2 and in openings in the woods nearby. They seldom came within reach
of the net and only two specimens, male and female, were taken, They seemed

“> ee, Mt *

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST EF

' sensitive to light and disappeared as soon as the sky became overcast. On July

19 there was but a brief period of sunshine, and only one or two cingulata were
seen in this locality, both flying at a height of 40 to 50 feet and soon disappear-
ing. On the 21st we visited lake 5, the headwaters of the creek, and here we
found cingulata in numbers. This lake is almost surrounded by bog, but in the
vicinity of the outlet the shore is rocky for a short distance, and the stream bed,
as it leaves the lake, is also rocky. It was about the outlet and the adjacent
rocky shore that cingulata was chiefly found, and it was only here that we saw
the female ovipositing and found the exuvia. Males were flying here and there
over the water, following a rather irregular course, sometimes following the
shore a little way, but sometimes deviating and flying out over the water. The
flight resembled that of Macromuia or Epicordulia and was not jerky like that of
S. minor or C. shurtleffi, 1. e., there was no hovering over one spot. It was us-
ually quite low, within two or three feet of the water, but sometimes they would
dash upwards, particularly when two came together. They were not easy to
capture, but by remaining in certain favourable spots we finally managed to-net
17 specimens, all males. Several attempts at copulation were witnessed, but
the pair usually dropped into the water and separated. Several times females
were seen ovipositing after the manner of S. albicincta. This always took place
near the outlet, where there was some current, but not actually in the stream.
Careful search among the bushes along the shore near the outlet revealed a num-
ber of exuvia, together with a much larger number of C. shurtleffi. They were
a few feet from the water’s edge, but this had evidently receded considerably
since the insects had emerged. In a few cases the exuvia of S. cingulata were
hung up on bushes but the majority were lying upon the ground. On this oc-
casion the sun was overcast much of the time, though there were many periods
of bright sunshine, but the dragonflies showed little tendency to discontinue their
flight and were almost continuously active.

On subsequent occasions this species was frequently taken, often flying
about the edges of the woods or over the open barrens at a considerable distance
from its breeding places. It was seen on all the lakes and was one of the domin-
ant species on lake 4, the largest of the series. A female was also taken on the
shore of the St. Lawrence, near Point des Monts, on July 5.

17: Somatochlora kennedyi E. Walk. This species was seen only on July
29, when it appeared with S. albicincta, flying over the two larger ponds on the
Godbout flats. Two females were seen, one of which was captured after several
failures; and a female was taken by Mr. Kurata while ovipositing in one of the
ponds.

18. Somatochlora forcipata Scudd. Mr. Kurata discovered the dark-col-
oured nymphs of this species in the small puddles in the Godbout River flats.
Several were found on the 26th, and another, together with an exuvium, on the
29th. The nymphs, which were all full-grown, were kept alive and fed during
our stay at Godbout, but only three were carried through the winter. One of
these died in the spring, while from the others two females emerged on May 29,
1919.

This was apparently the commonest nymph in these puddles, and yet no
adults were seen here, the only species of the genus observed flying over the

I2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

puddles being S. albicincta, of which two nymphs were found, and S. kennedyi,
the nymph of which is still unknown.

19. Libellula quadrimaculata 1, On July 21 this species was flying in
some abundance over the large marsh at the head of lake 5. A small creek flows
through the marsh into the lake, and it was chiefly about this creek and over the
adjoining lake margin that the Libellulae were flying. They were aisu seen here
on Aug. 3, but the weather being cool and windy, they were all-at rest among the
rushes until flushed, when they flew with almost their usual speed. A single indi-
vidual was also seen on July 24 at lake 2.

20. Libellula exusta julia (Uhler). Apparently rare or local in this lo-
cality, as only one specimen was taken. This was a female and was captured on
July 16 at the mouth of the creek connecting lakes 1 and 2.

21. Sympetrum decisum (Hagen). A full-grown nymph of this species
was found on July 11 in a ditch on the edge of a somewhat marshy clearing near
the village. The water was very dark and was polluted with fish-manure. A
few teneral adults were also taken near the village on July 25.

This species is one of the forms commonly known as SS. rubicundulum, but,
in the writer’s opinion, is distinct from the form most commonly quoted under
this name in the eastern United States, while it is undoubtedly conspecific with
the western form decisum, as recognized by Ris (Cat. Coll. Selys, XIII, 684,
IQII).

22. Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys). First observed on July 16 at lake
2. It was common on the open bog all around the lake, both tenerals and fully ma-
ture individuals being present. The majority were mature males, while all the
tenerals examined were females. A few copulating pairs were seen. This species
was also taken here on July 19 and 24 and on Aug. 1, but had become scarce on
the last date. They were also taken in small numbers at lake 5 on July 21 and
Aug. 3. A female was observed on July 24 ovipositing close to a boggy part of
the shore of lake 1. Exuvia were found at lake 2 on July 19 and at lake 5 on
July. 2r-

23. Leucorrhinia proxima Calvert. The most abundant Leucorrhinia ot
Godbout. It was found with the preceding species wherever the latter was ob-
served and, except on July 16, it was always the commoner species.- On this date
it was first seen on the large bog at the head of lake 2, where it was common. It
was in full colour and two copulating pairs were taken. On the 19th it was abun-
dant everywhere on this lake, though few of either this species or hudsonica
were visible so long as the sun was overcast. When the weather cleared, how-
ever, they seemed to appear in an instant. Like hudsonica they became scarcer
about the beginning of August. On Aug. 3 a few were flying about lake 5, but
the weather was cool and windy and they were very sluggish. In addition to
the localities mentioned 1. proxima was not uncommon on July 29 and 30 about
the small puddles on the Godbout River flats, where the Somatochloras occurred.
Exuvia were found at both lakes 2 and 5, where the adults were most common.

24. Leucorrhinia glacialis Hagen. Rare at Godbout, only three males
having been taken. One of these was captured on July 20 in an open wood near

the pine barrens, the nearest lake (lake 5) being a mile away. .The other two
were taken at lake 2 on July 24 and lake 1 on Aug. I.

ee ae a

LS MODE Bale Oh Peg his Boy cm.

eb peas

eas one

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 13

ON THE SYNONYMY OF THE PEA MOTH
BY CARL HEINRICH,
Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

In the Canadian Entomologist for November 1920 (pp. 257—258) I stat-
ed that our American pea moth, which had been known for many years as Las-
peyresia nigricana Stephens was different from the European species of that
name and proposed for it the name novimundi. In this I was in error and I re-
gret exceedingly that I was led into making an entirely unnecessary synonym for
a well known economic species. The American and European pea moths are iden-
tical and the name novimundi Heinrich must fall as a synonym of migricana
Stephens. I find upon revising the Laspeyresiinae that our series of European
specimens of nigricana in the National Museum are mixed and represent two
distinct but very close species: nebritana Treitschke and nigricana Stephens
(nebritana Zeller, not Treitschke) both under the name nebritana Treitschke. Un-
fortunately the specimen I selected for genital study and the harpe of which I
figured (fig. 25 p. 258, Can. Ent., 1920) was one of the true nebritana. Geni-
talia of other males from the series agree with those I figured for novimundt.
The two species (nebritana Treitschke and nigricana Stephens) have been kept
separate in European lists but have been more or less confused. In fact Spuler
intimates that they may be synonymous. Both are pea moths. Their genitalia
however show them to be quite distinct.

The figures given in my previous article (and which by the way are print-
ed upside down) represent: fig. 24, Laspeyresia nigricana Stephens (novimundt

_ Heinrich) and fig. 25, L. nebritana Treitschke (nigricana Heinrich, not Stephens. )

NOTES ON THE COLEOPTERA OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
BY W. S. BLATCHLEY,
Indianapolis, Ind.

My last season’s collecting in Florida began on November 18th, 1921, the
day after I reached my winter home at Dunedin, and continued until April 14th,
1922, the day before I started on my spring migration northward. There was,
however, an interim between December 20th and February 15th, when but little
collecting was done, as the coleoptera were then mainly dormant and hibernating
beneath the most available cover.

On March 1gth I started on a twelve days’ collecting trip to the Lake Okee-

chobee region, making my headquarters at first at Moore Haven, a town of about

fifteen hundred population located on the former southwestern shore of the lake,
but now twelve miles inland and connected with it by a dredged canal along the
former outlet and source of the Caloosahatchie River. The region for miles
around Moore Haven is a flat muck prairie, the former bed of the lake, almost de-
void of shrubs and trees, so that no beating could be done. By sweeping herbage
and using a water net in the canal and some tributary ditches, I succeeded in se-
curing a good number of species, mostly aquatic or semiaquatic in habit. On
March 23, I left with a friend on a small freight boat which he was running be-
tween Moore Haven and various points around the southern half of the lake.
We were gone four days, living on the boat, and I was able to collect, sometimes
several hours at a time, while he was discharging and taking on freight.

I4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

When I first saw Lake Okeechobee in 1911, and again in 1913, its shores
were practically uninhabited and almost unmarred by man. Land about the lake
could then be bought for $5.00 or less per acre. Close to the water it was covered
with shrubs and vines growing so densely that there was scarcely a place where
I could use a sweep-net to advantage. Now there are four towns of three hun-
dred to one thousand inhabitants each, around this portion of the lake, and the
shores, where not too marshy, are one almost continuous settlement. Little if
any of the land can now be purchased for less than $300 per acre. The vege-
tation has been so cleared away that only at two stopping points was I able to do
any beating, but had to collect by sweeping in truck patches and along roadsides,
or by searching beneath debris along the lake beaches. For that reason I got few
species that I had not taken before, but quite a number which were desirable
as additions or duplicates.

Returning to Moore Haven on the evening of March 26th, I left the next
morning for Palmdale, a station near Fish-eating Creek, where I was able to do
some fairly remunerative beating for a half day; then taking the evening train
north some forty miles, I stopped at Istokpoga, a station only, near the west
shore of the large lake of that name. I had been here for several days in the
spring of 1913, and found conditions but little changed. A partially drained cyp-
ress swamp with numerous shrubs growing about its margins and some near-by
meadows furnished both excellent beating and sweeping grounds, and.I had here
the most successful and pleasant two days’ collecting of the trip. At Lake
Wales, in one of the most beautiful citrus-growing regions of South Florida, I
was able to stop a day, but rain prevented work in the afternoon, coming on just
after I had taken my first and only specimen of the new Leptotrachelus describ-
ed below. Leaving there by flivver at 3 p.m., a drive of ninety or more miles to
the northwest, via Lakeland and Tampa, put me in to Dunedin at about 8 o’clock
in the evening of March 31st.

In the pages which follow I have included notes on the distribution or
habits of a number of Floridian species sent me by other collectors or taken. by
me in previous years, in order that our knowledge of the beetle fauna of the
State may gradually be made more definite as to local distribution. Many of the
older Coleopterists, including both Leconte and Horn, were content to put “Fla.”

r “Florida” after their descriptions, forgetting that the State is approximately
400 miles long, 360 miles wide across its northern border, and contains an area
of nearly 60,000 square miles. Representatives of three distinct faunas, the Aus-
troriparian, Subtropical and Tropical, live within its bounds, and the time has
come when more definite and accurate distribution notes, than those furnished by
the mere name of the State, are in demand.

Cicindela dorsalis saulcyi2 Guer—This handsome form, which has the ely-
tra wholly white, was found April 11th, in small numbers, on the Gulf beach at the
south end of Hog Island opposite Dunedin. I had not before taken it in the State,
though Leng records it from several localities along the west coast, and states®

1—See Car. Ent. XLVI, 1914, 62.

2—In the rotes and descriptions which follow, the nomenclature and sequence is that
of Leng’s Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. The Rhyn-
chophora taken will be treated elsewhere.

3—Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, XXIV, 1915, 561.

bt ating ith sti ee a a

a hee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 15

that: “It appears to be confined to the shore of the Gulf ot Mexico, extending
westward to Texas.”

Dyschirius filiformis Lec.—One specimen of this slender bodied little Cara-
bid was taken February 26th from beneath a board on the margin of a brackish
water pond. Its length is but 2.7 mm., though stated in the original description
to be .14 inch (3.5 mm.). Recorded by Schwarz as rare at Ft. Capron and Haul-
over on the east coast, and by Leng from Punta Gorda.

Clivina dissimilis sp. nov.

Elongate, convex, relatively robust. Head, thorax and under surface dark
chestnut-brown ; elytra reddish-brown, shining, with a broad vague angulate fus-
cous shading at base and another at middle; antennae dark brown; fore femora
‘chestnut-brown, the legs otherwise reddish-brown. Head impunctate, front with
a short, distinct median groove, each side of which is a minute carina; clypeus en-
tire, rounded at sides. “Thorax strongly pedunculate, its disk subquadrate, slight-
ly longer than wide, smooth, the median impressed line entire ; hind angles round-
ed, not dentate; lateral marginal line not reaching the base but bent inward
and forming a pseudo-basal margin midway between the true base and the plane

of the upper surface. Elytra conjointly a little narrower than thorax, disk striate

and punctate on basal half, both striae and punctures becoming faint or obsolete
towards apex, third stria with two dorsal punctures. Middle tibiae without sub-
apical spur. Intermediate anal setae-bearing punctures approximate. Length
4.7 mm.

Described from a single example taken at Dunedin, December Ist, from
beneath a board in the damp sand of the bay beach. Evidently a submaritime
species belonging to the bipustulata group of Fall.4 Resembles superficially in
color and size rubricunda Lec., but easily distinguished by the longer thorax,
with unarmed hind angles and pseudo-basal margin.

Leptotrachelus depressus sp. nov.

Elongate, slender, depressed. Pale dull yellow throughout except trie el-
ytra, on which there is a narrow sutural piceous stripe beginning about basal
fourth and of nearly equal width to apical fourth whence it gradually widens
to apex. Head smaller and less convex than in dorsalis, behind the eyes distinctly
shorter with sides more rounded than there. Antennae with joints 5—11 palc
brown, all except the basal one pubescent. Thorax subfusiform, widest at middle,
the sides very broadly curved, teebly sinuate near base; disk with a fine median
impressed line, smooth except in a vague curved impression each side of basal
third, where there are a few shallow punctures; margins with a single median
bristle-bearing puncture. Elytra elongate-oval, strongly depressed, very feebly
striate, the striae with fine, very slightly impressed punctures, these obsolete near
tip ; intervals flat, the second with two setae-bearing punctures. Length 6 mm.

Lake Wales, Fla., March 3Ist; a single male taken from between the
leaves and stems of a tall saw-grass growing in shallow water along the margin
of a lake. Others might have been found but a heavy shower prevented. Very
different from dorsalis in color, shape of head and thorax, and in the strongly
depressed feebly striate elytra. The disk of elytra, viewed from above, appears
to be feebly concave in the common area between the fifth stria of each side

4—Ent. News, XXXIII, 1922, 164.

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Thalpius pygmaeus Dej—One specimen was taken from beneath debris
near the water of Lake Okeechobee at both Pahoka and Canal Point and a third
at Moore Haven. From the State it has been heretofore recorded only from single
specimens taken at Ft. Capron and Enterprise.

Anatrichis minuta (Dej.)—This species, usually regarded as scarce, was
taken in numbers from beneath debris at all points visited on Lake Okeechobee,
and also along the canal at Moore Haven. It occurs just above high water line
in dry, sandy spots. Next to Oodes duodecimstriatus Chev. it was the most com-
mon Carabid found about the lake.

Stenolophus conjunctus (Say)—\This widely distributed little Carabid ap-
pears to vary much in hue. Several specimens having the upper surface wholly
shining black, but not apparently otherwise differing from the common form,
were taken in April from beneath debris on the bay beach at Dunedin.

Agonoderus pallipes (Fabr.)—Two specimens of this common northern
form were taken at Moore Haven from beneath shore-line debris. Not before
known from Florida, though its near relative, A infuscatus Dej., is common in
the State.

Omophron labiatum (Fabr.)—This, the only member of the genus known
from Florida, is distributed throughout the State. I mention it here only to re-
cord its abundance along the canal at Moore Haven, where it was found by scores
buried in the narrow margin of damp sand along the edge of the water. By
scraping aside with a trowel a half inch or more of the sand over a small area,
the backs of a half a dozen or so of the beetles would be exposed. If not toc
much disturbed by the scraping they would remain quiescent, but when touched
would hurry away to the nearest shelter or attempt to burrow deeply into the
protecting sand.

Pachydrus princeps (Blatch.).—The third known specimen was taker
February 22nd from amongst some decaying water weeds in the edge of Jerry
Lake, three miles east of Dunedin. The type was from Lake Okeechobee near
Pahoka and the second specimen from Ft. Myers.

Matus bicarinatus (Say).—-A single specimen was taken from beneath
beach debris at Pahoka. It is the third I have from the State, where it appears
to be very scarce.

Cercyon variegatum Sharp.—This small Hydrophilid was taken in num-
bers at Palmdale and Istokopoga, March 28—30, from beneath cow dung in low,
moist woods. Others are at hand from Dunedin, taken from beneath the same
substance in February and March.

Cercyon testaceum sp. nov.

Oblong-oval, subconvex. Color in great part reddish-brown, shining; the
elytra each with an area beginning on margin at basal third and widening gradu-
ally and obliquely backward to meet and cover apical fourth, pale brownish-yel-
low; antennae reddish-brown, the club piceous. Head broader between the eyes
than long, finely and closely punctate. Thorax twice as. broad as long, sides
broadly curved from base to apex, the margin reaching hind angle only, disk
finely, evenly and densely punctate. Elytra finely striate, the striae minutely
and closely punctate; intervals slightly convex, the eighth and tenth very narrow
and unseriately punctate, the others wider, minutely closely punctate. Under sur-

1¢ ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

face and legs smooth, concolorous, the meso- and mestaternal areas finely and
sparsely punctate, the former narrowly elliptical, the latter subhexagonal, with-
out lateral prolongations. Length 2.5—2.8 mm.

Sarasota, Ft. Myers and Pahoka, Fla., February 14—March 25. One
specimen taken at each place from decaying vegetation on the edges of fresh
water ponds or lakes. The Sarasota specimen and type is the one formerly re-
corded by me? as C. variegatum Sharp, but the taking since of two additional ex-
amples and of numerous specimens of variegatum show the latter to be shorter and
more broadly oval, distinctly more convex, more sparsely punctate and with head
and thorax wholly or in part piceous. The colors of the elytra in testaceum are
in arrangement and extent like those of the common C. praetextatum (Say), the
reddish-brown corresponding to the black and the paler yellow to the yellow of
that form. In praetextatum, however, the eighth and tenth intervals are not nar-
rowed and have two or more rows of punctures. This is the only wholly pale spec-
ies of Cercyon known from the eastern United States, and belongs under the No.
11 of Horn’s key.®

Ptinidium ulkei Matth—A form which agrees in all essential characters
with the description of this minute species occurs frequently beneath cover on
the bay beach at Dunedin throughout the winter. Schwarz records’ a Ptenidium
atomaroides Mots. as “Common in salt marsh on the eastern coast” of Florida.
Leng, in his Catalogue, includes this with a question mark. From some source I
have a note that the species so listed by Schwarz is ulkei, which was described
from the District of Columbia.

Xestipyge (Paromalus) conjunctum (Say)—A specimen of this small!
Histerid was taken at Dunedin, February 26th, from a pile of decaying unhulled
rice, and another, March 14th, from beneath the skeleton of a horse. Definitely
known from the State only from Fernandina.

Saprinus sphaeroides Lec.—A specimen of this very shining bronzed spec-
ies was taken at Dunedin from beneath cover along the bay front in February,
and others are at hand from Little River. They are smaller than those taken
in Indiana along the beach of Lake Michigan, but show no structural dif-—
ferences. Recorded from Florida only from Enterprise.

Hydnocera pallipennis Say—A single specimen was taken at Dunedin,
April 8th, while sweeping ferns in Skinner’s Hammock. Not before recorded
from Florida, though known from Canada to Alabama.

Isohydnocera (Hydnocera) aegra (Newn.)—A rather common species
about Dunedin, where it occurs in winter and spring on the tall dead grasses
about the margins of ponds.” Taken also at Lake Wales.

Tetraonyx quadrimaculata (Fab.)—One specimen taken at Gainesville and
sent me by Prof. Watson. Known hitherto in the State only from Crescent City,
where Schwarz (Ms.) found it see and feeding on Centrosema virginianum

Benth., a wild large flowering pea.” ;
Z Nemognatha punctulata Lec—Also taken at Gainesville by Prof. Watson
The types of Leconte were from Georgia and it has not since been recorded from

elsewhere. |

Bull, Amer. Mus. Niat. Hist., X LI, 1919, 322.
6—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XVII, 1890, 290.
7—-Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 1878, 439.

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Mecynotarsus elegans Lec—This handsome little Anthicid was not known
from the west coast until discovered by Mr. Fall, who took a half dozen or so,
April 3rd, on the bay beach just south of my residence at Dunedin. After his
departure I found them quite plentiful beneath weeds and boards. on the dry
sand above high water mark. When uncovered they remain quiet for some
time, and being so small, with hues blending perfectly with that of the sand, they
are invisible. It is only by lying flat on the sand and watching for motion that
they can be seen. Once started they run very rapidly towards the nearest cover.
Schwarz records it as “common on the ocean beach (of the east coast) in May
and June.”

Anthicus (Acanthinus) trifasciatus Fabr.—Several specimens of this
coarsely sculptured West Indian species were obtained about Dunedin during the
winter. They were taken while beating a pile of the dead leaves of cabbage
palmetto, and from beneath cover along the bay front. Known from the State
heretofore only from Cape Sable and Key West.

Sericus silaceus (Say ).—A single individual was swept, March 27th, from
the foliage of the moonvine near Moore Haven. Known heretofore in the State
only from St. Augustine and Haulover on the east coast.

Agrilus lateralis (Say )—While beating bunches of Spanish moss in a par-
tially drained cypress swamp at Istokpoga I secured about a dozen examples of
this large and handsome Agrilid. The only record for the State is that of Frost®
from St. Augustine, April 21st, 1919. Its known range extends from Maine to
New Mexico.

Brachys aeruginosa Gory.—My first Floridian specimen of this little Bu-
prestid was also obtained with the Agrilus above mentioned. It has been taken
in the State only at Jacksonville. .

Ora troberti (Guer.)—Two examples of this prettily colored-species were _

recently received from Chokoloskee. It is a Mexican form, recorded from Texas
and taken by Schwarz (Ms.) at Crescent City, Fla., though his specimens may
be the O. texana Champ. which Horn erroneously referred® to troberti. O. texana
occurs sparingly about Dunedin on marsh golden-rod and at porch light.

Scirtes orbiculatus (Fabr.)—I can find no record of this well marked
form from Florida. Specimens are at hand from Dunedin, Lakeland, Istokpoga
and Palmdale. It occurs on foliage in the close vicinity of water.

Cryptorhopalum ruficorne Lec.—This species is at hand from Ormond,
Gainesville, Dunedin, Lake Wales and Palmdale, Fla. Schwarz recorded it as
rare at New Smyrna and Enterprise. It is taken in spring by sweeping huckle-
berry and other low shrubs.

Cryptorhopalum picicorne Lec—This is a frequent Dermestid in Florida,
having been taken by me at seven different stations, but it does not appear in any
of the lists nor in the Leng Catalogue from there. It occurs throughout the win-
ter either beneath cover or on the flowers of various plants.

Tenebroides corticalis (Melsh.)—Evidently a scarce species in Florida,
as it is recorded only from Lake Worth!° by Hamilton. My first and only speci-

8—Can. Ent. 1920, 249.
9—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., VII,I 102.
10—Can. Ent., XXVI, 1894, 252.

Vey Pe Se eee oe ilaied itiietiatel alias ea ear

vy ae.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST IQ

men from the State was taken at Dunedin, March 14th, by beating a bunch of
_ Spanish moss.
Tomarus pulchellus Lec—A common northern form hitherto known in

Florida only from St. Augustine. A specimen was taken at Moore Haven, March

2oth, and another at Dunedin, April 8; the former by sweeping, the latter beneath
weeds on the sand of the bay front. Its congener, T. hirtellus Sz., is frequent
beneath dead leaves at Dunedin throughout the winter.

Synchita dentata Horn.—The unique type, described from Tampa, Fla.,
appears to be the only specimen so far recorded.1! A single individual was taken
March 14th at Everglade while beating. It differs from S. granulata, which is
frequent in Florida, in being smaller, darker, with head and thorax much more
coarsely granulate. My specimen has the sides of thorax 1o-dentate, not 8-den-
tate as stated by Horn.

Eufallia seminiveus (Mots.)—This minute and prettily marked Lathridid,
formerly known as Belonia unicostata (Bel.), was taken in numbers in February
and April from beneath an empty fertilizer sack lying in a barnyard near Dun-
edin. It is known from Cuba and Mexico, and has been recorded from Crescent
City, Fla., by Fall? They crawl very slowly when exposed to the light, and be-
ing only 1.3 mm. in length, are almost invisible. The color is rufo-testaceous, the
head and thorax, in fresh specimens, covered with a white, wax-like secretion,
whence the specific name.

Scymnus oculatus Blatch.—The second known specimen of this minute
Coccinellid was taken March 24th while beating custard apple etc., near the lock
of the Hillsboro Canal a mile east of Lake Okeechobee. It differs from the type
only in having the common pale central spot of elytra much larger, covering the
greater part of the disk but surrounded on all sides by a black margin. The
unique type!’ was from Dunedin.

Leichenum variegatum Kust.—The first Florida specimen of this hand-
some little ‘T'enebriod was discovered April 4th by Fall on the bay beach at Dun-
edin, and I afterward found three additional examples. They occurred with
Mecynotarsus elegans beneath creeping weeds on the dry sand above high water
mark, and remained motionless when uncovered. It was described from Mada-

_ gascar and has been taken in this country only at Mobile, Alabama, by Loding.

_ Cis lodingi Dury.—A single example is at hand from Ormond, Fla., April
15th. Dury’s types were from Mobile, Teg and it has not been recorded
elsewhere.

Cis impressa Casey—One male was taken at porch light at Dunedin, June

_ 10 and identified for me by Dury. The first record for the State.

Orthocis pulcher Kraus.—Two specimens were obtained at Lakeland,
February 16th, by beating dead branches of oak. Described!4 from Key West
and not hitherto known elsewhere.

Euphoria limbalis Fall.15—This is the species listed by Schwarz!® as E.
fulgida var. It was taken by him at Enterprise, Biscayne Bay and Buck Key.

11—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XII, 1885, 139.
12—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXVI, 1899, 143.
13—Can. Ent., X LIX, 1917, 140.

14—Proc. Ent. Soc. ‘Wash., X, 1908, 78.
15—Can. Ent., XX XVII, 1905, 273.

Be 16—Prolc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 1878, 451.

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ~ a

I recently received a specimen from Chokoloskee. It probably replaces fulgida
throughout the State. ~ a

Cryptocephalus albicans Hald—Scheeffer (Ms.) regards this as a valid.
species, and reports a specimen in his collection from Gulfport, Fla. I have re-_
cently received one for naming from W. T. Davis, taken May 5th at Lakeland: —
Neither albicans nor gibbicollis Hald., of which Leng places albicans a synonym, ©

_ have been hitherto recorded definitely from Florida.
(to be continued.)

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF XYELIDAE (TENTHRES an
HYMENOPTERA) FROM WESTERN CANADA-*
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN, ia.
Ottawa, Canada.
Neoxyela new genus .
Possesses all the characteristics of Xyela Dalman, but there are only two
marginal cells (free part of R2 wanting) and the ovipositor is almost as long as
the head, thorax and abdomen combined, and is curved downwards. Genotype —
N. alberta. Re
Neoxyela alberta new species ig
2. Length 3 mm.; ovipositor 2.75 mm. Antennal furrows obsolete above,
front broadly depressed on the middle line between the antennal furrows ; anterior
ocellus sunken, the posterior ones bordered behind with deep depressions which
extend interiorly to join the depression around the anterior one; a faint depres-
sion extending from the outside of the lateral ocelli to the vertex. Front finely —
scrobiculate, the swollen vertical area finely transversely rugose; the depressions a
and sides more polished. A well marked transverse depression between the an-—
tenn; between which and the clypeal suture it is gently swollen; labrum short, ‘@
broad, evenly rounded; clypeus carinate in the middle, its apex gently —
rounded; only a little broadly prominent in the middle. Face whitish yel- —
lowish, the supra-clypeal carina and the sutures piceous blackish; front piceous :
blackish, a moderately broad occipital stripe, curving towards the vertex above,
whitish yellow. Antennae piceous, the third segment not quite as long as the —
following segments combined; the fourth slightly longer than the fifth, the apical —
segment a little swollen. 4
Thorax piceous black, the tegulz, postcalar calli and pectus whitish yellow.
Scutellum not with a median longitudinal depression. .
Legs with the coxae and femora piceous black, the bases of the femora, }
apices of the coxae and the remainder of the legs piceous yellowish.
Wings dilutely yellowish, the stigma over twice as long as broad, second
marginal cell nearly three times as long as the first. ;
Abdomen piceous, the venter with a yellowish tinge, ovipositor curved —
downwards, its basal four-fifths piceous yellowish, the apex black. :
Holotype. 9, Banff, Alberta, May 27, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett) ; No. 520,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratype. 9°, Banff, Alberta, June 5, 1922, (Garrett).

+_Contribution from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. is

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21

d
P
;

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME FOSSORIAL HYMENOPTERA

BY NATHAN BANKS,
Cambridge, Mass.
Below are a few descriptions and notes on Philanthidae and Scoliidae.

,
;
.”
;
:
a

Philanthus consimilis n. n.

- P. assimilis Bks., Can. Ent. 1919, 404 (not Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
XXXII, 422, 1913.)

F Cerceris salome n. sp.

: @. Black, marked with yellow; spot on base of mandibles, above base
of mandibles, each side on face, above and below clypeal process, median carina,
flagellum below, dot behind eyes, small spots on pronotum, postscutellum, two
‘spots on first abdominal segment, broad band, emarginate in middle, on the sec-
ond, narrow marginal bands on other segments above, broader on last, yellow.
_ Legs yellow, tarsi darker, and femora black except hind femora at tips, hind
tibiae with inner apical dark spot. Body rather evenly and coarsely punctate.
t Clypeal process about twice as broad as long, margin slightly concave ; enclosure
strongly longitudinally striate; stigma blackish; pygidium twice as long as broad,
sides parallel. Length 13 mm. From Long Island, and Nyack, N. Y.; Welles-
ley, Mass. (Morse) ; and Jones’ Creek, Lee Co., Va.
4 In my table (1912) it runs to 25, where it will not agree with either alter-
“native; differing in the yellow marks, the band on second segment broader than
_ others, the clypeal process concave in front, and the enclosure striate. It resembles
¢. halone in general, but the enclosure is different, and the clypeal process longer.

a
.

Cerceris sayi n. sp.

2. Black, marked with pale yellow as follows: Base of mandibles,.

ouble spot on the clypeal process, long spot each side on face, spot behind eyes,
oO on pronotum, the postscutellum, two large spots on propodeum, two large
_ Spots on the first abdominal segment, and subequal broad bands on each of the
following segments, broadly emarginate in front; venter black, unmarked; legs
‘reddish to yellow in part; antennae reddish on basal part; wings rather smoky,
_ darker towards the costal tip, stigma reddish; moderately coarsely and densely
_ punctate, clothed with white hair, that on head, pronotum, propodeum and basal
_ abdominal segment very long; tawny hair on each side of the pygidial area, and
a tuft each side at tip. Clypeal process large, suberect, one and a half times as
‘broad as long, hardly narrowed at tip, deeply, angularly emarginate in front.
Enclosure evenly, rather coarsely, and almost longitudinally striate. Basal ab-
_ dominal segment much broader than long; pygidial area two and one half times
as long as broad, sides nearly parallel, and fully as broad at base as elsewhere,
finely punctate. Length 14 mm.
6. More slender; marked as in female but face mostly yellow and spots
on the propodeum smaller; clypeus truncate below, surface nearly fiat; hair-
mbs about twice their length apart; enclosure striate on sides, smooth in middle,
ygidial area broader near tip than at base, coarsely punctate; femora of front
and mid pairs with black spot, hind femora largely black at tip, and also apical
valf of the hind tibia black. From Steele, N. Dakota, July 13 (Stevens).

ee a”

rai ase gh pet apenas ore”

to
lo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Cerceris stevensi n. sp.

In general similar to C. sayi in marks, hair, punctuation, etc., having in
addition a white spot above the base of mandibles, one on pleura below tegula,
a broad band on the scutellum, spots on the propodeum very large, and the ab-
dominal bands rather broader at lateral ends. The clypeal process is proportion-
ally broader, but of the same general shape; the pygidial area is much broader
at base than elsewhere. Length 16 mm. From Steele, N. Dakota., July 13
(Stevens).

Trielis alcione Bks.

A-pair from Sheldon, N. Dakota, Aug. 10, (Stevens).

The male agrees with the type of T. alcione; the female, hitherto un-
known, is black, marked with red and yellow; the vertex, base of mandibles,
and basal joint of antennae are rufous; two spots on pronotum, three on the scu-
tellum, line on postscutellum, large median spot on the propodeum as weii as
lateral marks, and four pairs of spots on the abdomen, all slenderly connected ;
venter wholly black; legs largely rufous; hair on venter white, that on dorsum
largely tawny, hair on head and thorax mostly white. Length 22 mm.

My table of the females (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. LXI, 112) may be
changed as follows to include alcione.

3. A median yellow spot on propodeum; transverse frontal suture straight;
the anterior ocellus not twice its diameter from the suture; spots of ab-
domen connected 2 us.o cna ee ois wh ene ees ee 4

No median spot on propodeum; transverse frontal suture sinuate; anterior
ocellus fully twice its diameter from the suture; spots of abdomen sep-

AL ALE a apace a leliges Phaheiege wlehesnie: SS Bue ahora ee oo otk SF cole a See et err 5

4. Thorax and abdomen largely black; venter unspotted .......:.... alcione —
Thorax and abdomen largely rufous; venter with a pair of spots on third
SCSMIEN Eo s5 Said Page haved s< la mPa we Syst cas ee a regia
5. Insect mostly rufous; fore wings with a dark streak near the tip; hair on
abdomen above and below golden :<:...ciinusss 32). 2. eee vantiana
Insect largely black, the streak of fore wing reaching nearer to base; hair
on dorsum of abdomen much darker than that below ...... ociomaculata
(lupina).

NEW APPOINTMENTS TO THE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH

Mr. EK. R. Buckell was appointed Assistant Entomologist on November 27th, 1922.
He is attached to the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects. » Mr.
3uckell received his B. A. from Cambridge (Eng.) in 1911. Subsequent
to the war he was engaged by the British Columbia Department of Agri-
culture on insects affecting the range.

Mr. C. R. Twinn was appointed Junior Entomologist on September 14th, and is
attached to the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects. Mr. Twinn
received his B. S. A. from O. A. C. in 1922, and was engaged in a tempor-
ary capacity on the European Corn ,Borer work at Port Stanley during
the past summer.

beret hn a.

Ae S Sa ee wise

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 23

Mr. R. H. Painter has recently been appointed Junior Entomologist and attached
to the above Division. Mr. Paintner graduated from O.A.C.in 1922. Dur-
ing the summers of 1921 and 1922 he was engaged on the European Corn
Borer work.

Mr. R. Glendenning received his permanent appointment as Junior Entomologist
on September 14th, 1922. He has been employed at the Agassiz, B. C.
laboratory since April, 1921. Mr. Glendenning has received special train-
ing in horticulture at the Experimental Gardens of the Royal Horticulturai
Society in England and has engaged in nursery work in Canada. He 1s
particularly well fitted to investigate fruit insects, at which work he 1s now
engaged.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO, 1922.

The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the
year 1921—22 was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Friday
and Saturday, November 24th and 25th.

The general meetings of the society were held in the lecture room of the
Department of Entomology. On Friday evening a dinner was held in the Col-
lege cafeteria, after which the members and visitors adjourned to the Common
Room of Mills Hall for a smoker and social evening, when the President, Mr.
Morris, read an interesting paper on a collecting trip to Rondeau Park and Point
Pelee.

The meetings were well attended by members of the Society and by visi-
tors from the Ontario Agricultural College and others.

The following program was presented :—

Moving picture film, “The European Corn Borer,’—Ontario Provincial Motion

Picture Bureau.

“The Spread of the Corn Borer in 1922,’(10 minutes)—L. S. McLaine, Domin-
ion Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

“Further Notes on the Life History of the European Corn Borer,” (10 minutes)

—G. J. Spencer, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

“Revised Control Measures for European Corn Borer,” (15 minutes)—H. G.

Crawford, Dominion Entomological Branch, Port Stanley.

Discussion on European Corn Borer.

“The Economic Importance of Insects as Food for our Common Whitefish,”—
Dr. W. A. Clemens, University of Toronto, Toronto.

“The Haunts and Habits of Somatochlora,” (15 minutes)—Dr. FE. M. Walker,
University of Toronto, Toronto.

“Mechanical Devices used in Control of the Strawberry Root Weevil,” (15 min-

utes)—W. Downes, Dominion Entomological Branch, Victoria.
“Provancher, His Life and Works,” (-10 minutes)—-George Maheux, Department
of Agriculture, Quebec:

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

“Observations on the Oviposition of Senotainia trilineata V. der Wulp. (Tachin-
inidae),” (5 minutes)—C. H. Curran, Dominion Entomological Branch,
Ottawa.

“Insects of the Season in Quebec,” (10 minutes)—George Maheux, Department
of Agriculture, Quebec.

“The Relationship of Biological and Taxonomic Studies of Syrphide (Diptera) ,”
(10 minutes )—C. H. Curran, Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

“Insects of the Season in Ontario,” (10 minutes )—Prof. L. Cesar, Ontario Agri-
cultural College, Guelph, and W. A. Ross, Dominion Entomological Branch,
Vineland Station.

“Notes on Frankliniella tritici Fitch,’—R. C. Treherne, Dominion Entomological
Branch, Ottawa.

“Biologic Notes on two Buprestid Beetles (Agrilus ruficollis and A. politus),”
(10 minutes, lantern)—C. |B. Hutchings, Dominion Entomological Branch,.
Ottawa.

“The Outbreak of Grape Leaf-Hoppers,” (15 minutes)—W. A. Ross and W.
Robinson, Dominion Entomological Branch, Vineland Station.

“The Feather Mite——a New Poultry Pest,” (10 minutes)—Prof. L. Cesar, On-
tario Agricultural College, Guelph.

“Some Observations on the Oviposition of Hypera punctata,”’ (5 minutes )—H.
F. Hudson, Dominion Entomological Branch, Strathroy.

“Recent Developments in the Dominion Entomological Service,’ (20 minutes,
lantern )—Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

“The Sunflower Maggot,’ (10 minutes)—J. E. Brink, Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege, Guelph.

“Recent Work on the Rose Chafer,” (15 minutes)—W. A. Ross, and J. A. Hall,
Dominion Entomological Branch, Vineland Station.

“The Occurrence of the Potato Seed Maggot, Hylemyia trichodactyla in Ontar-
io,’ (5 minutes)—G. H. Hammond, Dominion Entomological Branch,
Ottawa.

The officers of the society were re-elected save that Mr. J. A. Flock was
elected curator in place of Mr. Spencer.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF AMERICA

The seventeenth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America
was held in Boston, Massachusetts, in the buildings of the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, on December 26th, 27th, and 30th, 1922. The meetings were
unusually well attended, the attendance ranging from about seventy-five to two
hundred and fifty in the different sessions.

Seventy-four new members were elected during the past year, bringing
the total membership to 652, the largest in the history of the Society.

The following officers were elected:

President: Prof. ‘T. D, A. Cockerell, University of Colorado, Boulder, Col.
First Vice-Pres.: Dr. Wm. S. Marshall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.

abiadnaees tl

A te

ol a

Che Canadian Cutomolonist

Vor. LV. ORILLIA, FEBRUARY, 1923. No. 2.

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Erora LaEta Epw. (LEpID.)
BY HENRY MOUSLEY,
Hatley, Que. .

It is hardly necessary for me to make any apology for calling attenticn
to such a butterfly as Erora laeta, a rarity in all collections, and perhaps the
only one found hereabouts, which, as the describer observed in 1869, seems to be
tropical in. its colouring and quite out of its latitude in the Northern States and
Canada. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Albert F. Winn of Montreal, who in a
letter dated October 19, 1920, first drew my attention to the insect. In this let-
ter, whilst speaking of the Hairstreaks, he says “Niphon is always associated
with young white pines, but Jaeta, a beautiful blue and black species, just simply
happens to get caught by someone with a net. Its food plant and life history are
absolutely unknown, not the slightest clue existing, so get busy and find out
something for us at the same time as you are hunting for orchids and birds.”

As will be noticed, this was in October, 1920, and all through the long
winter months [ had imaginary visions of capturing Jacfa in the following spring,
not that I actually had any real hopes of doing so, certainly not of setting up
the earliest record (the previous one was May 18) for the capture of the insect
in these parts.

However, this was so, as on April 30 I captured a male in a small wood
about one quarter of a mile from my house. As will no doubt be remembered,
the spring of 1921 was a very early and hot one, the thermometer on the day in
question registering 74 degrees at noon. This no doubt was responsible for the
unusually early emergence of the insect, thus more than justifying its vernacular
name of “The Early Hairstreak.”’ The place of capture was on some rising
ground covered with a thick mantle of dead beech leaves on the outskirts of a
small wood. As might be supposed, at such an early date I had no net with
me, and the insect was taken between my finger and thumb as it crawled over
the dead leaves, having apparently not long emerged. Thinking the matter over
later on, and looking to the fact that the only trees in the immediate neighbor-
hood of the capture were a cluster of beech and small hemlocks, I came to the
conclusion that probably the former would eventually turn out to be the food
plant. The larve, after having fed up, would no doubt attach themselves to
the underside of the leaves and with them drift to the ground in the fall, remain-
ing buried alive under a mantle of snow all winter to emerge the following spring,
when the weather conditions became favourable. How many times I visited that
little wood during the next few weeks, I am not going to say, but it was ail in
vain, for I never saw another J/aeta.

However, on May 21, in company with two friends, Mr. Napier Smith,
of Magog and Colonel Morrill, of Dufferin Heights, I climbed Mt. Orford in
search of a particular fern which it was hoped would be found near the summit,
2,860 feet above sea level. When about half way. up, the trail became very ob-

27 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

scure, owing to lumbering operations, and as the other two had never climbed
the mountain before, they decided to rest a little whilst I endeavoured to get my
bearings. It was during this reconnaissance that I came upon a female laeta hov-
ering round a beech tree, the lower branches of which could be easily reached
by standing on the slopes of a little gully in which the tree stood. Brother Fn-
tomologists, imagine my feelings when I tell you that again I had no net (the
impedimenta of a bird, orchid, fern and butterfly enthusiast is truly appalling
and cannot always be carried, especially on a long climb) and my two friends,
who might have been able to render some assistance, were now out of sight. In
cases like this a rapid decision has to be arrived at, and I think I made the right
one, that of carefully watching instead of trying to capture and perhaps injuring
the insect, for I felt sure she was depositing ova. I had not long to wait, ior
she almost immediately settled on a leaf and deposited an egg This leaf I se-
cured, and watched her to another, but I realized that it was going to be an al-
most impossible thing to keep my eye on the exact leaf and on her further move-
ments as well, so I called to my friends to come help. They wondered wuat all
the excitement was about, and took their time in responding to my frantic ap-
peal. thinking I had found the eggs of some bird or other, which, of cotirse,
could very well wait their time. When they did arrive, I had lost sight of laeta
whilst gathering the second leaf she had flown to, but upon which she had un-
fortunately failed to deposit. We remained round the tree for some time, but
to no purpose, for laeta never appeared again. However, I had the satisfaction
of being the first person to witness Jaeta deposit an egg in the open and amidst
her natural surroundings, and of afterwards seeing the resulting larva, besides
discovering the food plant, a thing hitherto unknown. Of course, it is just pos-
sible there may be other food plants as well.

Both my friends admitted it was the smallest egg they had ever seen. It
was situated on the underside of the beech leaf close against the mid-rib and
“nearly at the base of the leaf. The exact time of laying was 1.15 pm. The
colour was pale green of a bluish tinge, the surface being perfectly smooth to the
naked eye, although under the microscope according to Scudder there are raised
hoary points about .o2 mm in height and .o3 mm apart. The micropyle is .1 mm.
in diameter, the height of the egg .32 mm. and the diameter .72 mm., accoraing
to the same authority. The first apparent change took place at 7 a.m. on the
25th, the inside of the egg becoming transparent with a small, dark substance
(the larva) forming through the centre. On the 27th this dark substance was
becoming smaller and less distinct. On the 28th at 7 a.m. another decided change
had taken place, all the dark substance had entirely disappeared, the whole of the
egg appearing a pale straw colour. At 6.30 p.m. on this same day there was no
further change, but at 11.30 p.m., when I again examined it, I found the young
larva had hatched.

It was covered with small hairs and was about I mm. in fength, as near
as I could judge, the colour being pale straw. Assuming the emergence to have
taken place at 9.15 p.m., the egg stage had lasted exactly seven and one third
days. On the 29th at 10 a.m., the young larva had fed in five or six places on
the leaf during the night, and was doing well, the head being a deeper colour
to the rest of the body, being brown. On the following and succeeding days to

iS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 28

June 3 everything was progressing satisfactorily, and I had every hope of
rearing this larva, as I was familiar with many of the Thecla family, having
reared all the five British species, including the rarest Thecla pruni. Fate, how-
ever, was against me, in the shape of an invitation to spend the night of June 3
away from home. This I accepted, leaving the little larva apparently quite well
with a good supply of fresh food plant. On arrival home the following evening,
I was grieved to find the latter nearly black, and the former (which was then
from 1.75 to 2 mm. long) quite dead. What happened can only be surmised.
The sun’s rays (it was a very hot day) probably finding their way through an
opening in the trees surrounding the house, and shining directly onto a pane
of glass in the window, thus killing the food plant, and the young larva as well,
as they were on the window sill. Thus ended my first experience with Erora
laeta, but I hope it may not be the last. At all events, now that I have made
known the food plant, it should not be so difficult for other collectors to fill up
the gaps in its life history.

The male was originally described by W. H. Edwards in the Proc. Academy
of Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1862, p. 55, from two examples taken near London,
Canada West (Ontario) by Mr. Saunders in 1861.

The female was described by the same author the following year in Proc.
Entom. Society of Philadelphia, Vol. II, p. 15 (1863), from a specimen taken
by Rev. Mr. Provancher near Quebec City, but he did not recognize it as being
the same insect of the opposite sex and therefore gave it a new name, Thecla
clothilde.

_ Both sexes are beautifully illustrated by figures of upper and under sur-
faces in Edwards’ “Butterflies of North America,’ Vol I, pl. 47 (plate 1 of
Thecla) and described on page 147. The localities cited are Canada, Maine and
West Virginia. A note is given on the author’s lucky capture of a specimen near
his residence at Coalburgh, W. Virginia, in 1868. In Scudder’s splendid work
on the “Butterflies of the Eastern U. S. and Canada,’ appropriate verses or
lines of poetry are placed at the head of each article, and under Erora laeta we
read:

“How would, I say, mine eyes be blessed made

By looking on thee in the living day.’’—Shakespeare Sonnet.

He refers to it as an exceedingly rare butterfly in the East, -having been
taken on very few occasions, and then only single specimens have been obtained
at any one time, though these captures show it to be widely distributed, in-
cluding St. Joachim, 25 miles from Quebec (Bowles) ; London, Ontario (Saun-
ders) ; Catskill Mts., N. Y. (Edwards); Atlantic City, N. J. (Aaron); Coal-
burgh, W. Va. (Edwards). It remained the rarest of our Hair-streaks till 1883,
when Edwards, Papilio III, 8, reported the receipt of a collection of butterflies
from Mt. Graham, Arizona, in which, to his surprise and delight, were no less
than thirty examples, the geographical range of the species being thus extended
over a thousand miles from the home of its nearest known relatives. In New
England two localities in Maine are cited, near Paris (Smith) and Orono (Fer-
nald). Scudder then relates the capture by himself on June 30th of a female
near Williamstown, Mass., as follows:

“Walking along thinking of the butterflies whose early stages were un-

29 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

known, my thoughts turned to the present species, recalling thereby the lines I
had already placed in this work, I repeated them aloud almost unconsciously. I
not gone half a dozen steps before | came to a damp spot in the road, when
laeta alighted at my very feet. Although it was the first time I had seen the
charming object alive, I instantly recognized it, and in another second my net
was over it, and I shouted triumphantly,

“How have, I say, mine eyes been blessed made

By Bonen on thee in the living day.”

It is thus that we have found and made our acquaintance with ieee

None of us have ever gone out with the express intention of looking for it. As_

related in “The Canadian Entomologist,’ Vol. XXIII, 1891, p. 96, Mr. A. F.
Winn spent May 24, 1888 at St. Hilaire, Que., and after climbing to the bald
rock on the top of Beloeit Mountain (1,500 ft.) he had only gone a few yaras

down the path when a butterfly flew past, settled, and was easily caught, a fe--

male Jaeta. On several subsequent visits to St. Hilaire, on or about Victoria
Day, May 24th, Mr. Winn informs me a solitary example has been stumbled
upon by one or other of our members, always, he thinks, along paths through
the woods. Respecting other localities in Canada, the late Rev. Dr. Fyles (An.
Rept. Entom. Soc. of Ont., 1896, p. 12) mentions a specimen taken at Sherbrooke,
Que., by the Rev. Abbé Bégin on May 25, 1895. Mr. C. H. Young records the
capture of two specimens at Meech Lake, Que., on May 18 (An. Rept. Ent. Soc.
Ont. 1903, p. 91), also two on June 14 and 15, 1907 (An. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont.,
1907, p. 119). An example from Digby, N. S., is reported by Mr. Russell (An.
Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1906, p. 92) taken June 7. On May 18, 1921, Miss Muir
captured a female at 16 Island Lake, Argenteuil Co., Que., in the Laurentian Mts.,
and the following day, her friend, Miss Metayer, took another female. Both these

examples were fluttering along a path through the woods close to the water’s edge,

and settling on beech twigs. One of these has kindly been presented to the collec-
tion of McGill University in the Lyman Entomological Room. On May 24,
1922, Mr. Winn, with six of our members (The Montreal Branch of the Ento-

mological Society of Ontario) was again at St. Hilaire, when an example of

laeta was seen but unfortunately not captured. I myself saw nothing of it
during the season, although I kept a sharp lookout for it in the little wood near

my house, and also on Mt. Orford, which I again visited for ferns on June ©

26, but thi, of course, was too late to hope for much as regards laeta.
The dates of capture in this province and in Ontario would indicate a

single brood in a season, wintering apparently in the chrysalis stage; but Scud-
der’s capture in Massachusetts above quoted on June 30; Aaron’s at Atlantic

City July 1; and Smith’s at Norway, Me., on July 22, seem to prove that a sec-
ond brood is found to the south of us.

Scudder sacrificed his specimen in the hope of securing eggs by caging —

her over wild cherry, but although the abdomen was full of eggs, she lived

many days without laying. He gives, however, a drawing executed by Blake, of ©
an egg from a Maine specimen, but by whom or how the same was secured is —

not stated. In conclusion, I again wish to thank Mr. Winn, not only for having
drawn my attention to /aeta, but also for the notes concerning the localities and
dates of the capture of this rare little butterfly.

ee ee ee ee Pee ee ee Fae

eae te eee nT ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 30

NOTES ON THE COLEOPTERA OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
BY W. S. BLATCHLEY,
Indianapolis, Ind.
(continued from page 20)

Cryptocephalus trivittatus Oliv.—An individual of this little dull colored
species was sent me by Prof. J. R. Watson. It was taken at Bradentown, August
12, by sweeping grass and herbs in a vacant lot. Not before recorded from Flori*
da. Superficially it resembles C. incertus Oliv., to which it is closely related,
but differs in the densely punctured thorax, that of incertus being almost smooth.
I have but two specimens of trivittatus from Indiana. It occurs mainly in the
middle and eastern States, but is nowhere common.

Bassareus detritus (Oliv.)—Three specimens taken March 29th by beat-
ing Spanish moss and foliage in a partly drained cypress swamp along the mar-
gin of Lake Istokpoga. I can find no definite previous record of its occurrence
in the State.

Leng in his Catalogue has, in my opinion, wrongly made Cryptocephalus
binominis Newn. a synonym of this species. Newman’s species is frequent in
Florida, and is a true Cryptocephalus, the flanks of the front margin of the thorax
- being entire and the male not having a strong erect spine on prosternum as in
detritus. In addition to these generic characters, the two are very different as
follows.

Antennae very slender, in male as long as body, thorax subopaque, strong-
ly narrowed in front; black area at base of elytra extending the full width and
covering humeri; striae of elytra deeply impressed, the sixth and seventh inter-
rupted, their punctures confused ; intervals distinctly convex. ........ detritus.

Antennae less slender, half the length of body; thorax shining, but slightly
narrowed in front; black area at base of elytra limited to the central portion, the
humeri broadly red; striae of elytra not impressed, the punctures coarse, distant,
ueemers Chilite. iitervals flat 2. ook 0 ieee se we Sed ee ee Be les binomuinis.

The C. notatus Feb. of Haldeman! is the same as B. detritus, while his
distinctus is a synonym of C. binominis. The C. quadrimaculatus Say, which
Leng has placed as a variety of the true C. notatus, is quite similar in size and ap-
pearance to binominis but has the base of the elytra red, the striae slightly im-
pressed, their punctures more numerous and much more closely placed.

Rhabdopterus blatchleyi Bowditch—This species has been recently des-
cribed!8 from examples taken by me at Dunedin. As stated by its author, they
differ from the northern R. piceipes (Oliv.) mainly in being larger, stouter and
more oblong, in the antennal joints 7, 10 and 11 being dark, and in the males hav-
ing the apical half of hind tibiae compressed and rather strongly dilated. It is
a rather common form in southern Florida, having been taken at nearly all the
stations where collecting has been done by sweeping low herbage in early spring.

Leconte!® arbitrarily, without seeing Olivier’s type, made Say’s Colaspts
praetexta a synonym of C. piceipes Oliv. In this he was followed by Horn?°
17—Journ. Phil. Acad., 1849, 255. _
18—The Entomologist, LIV, 1921, 234. London.

19—Complete writings of Say, II, 211.
20—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XIX, 1892, 227.

31 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

who states that his principal reason for so doing was that Lefevre in founding

the genus Rhabdopterus had placed piceipes therein, “and as we have no repre-

sentatives of the genus in our fauna other than praetexta, the concsiston must
be that piceipes and praetexta are the same.’ ‘The statement that there is but
one species of Rhabdopterus in our fauna is a rather strange one for a man of
Horn’s ability to make, as new forms in almost all genera are continually being
discovered. It of course is possible, but not probable, that as good an entomologist
as Olivier would have given the name piceipes to an insect having as pale legs as
‘does our northern form of the genus. On the whole it seems to me that it would
be better to retain for our northern species the name praetexta Say until by com-
parison with Olivier’s type it is shown to be the same as that species.

Paria canella opacicollis Lec.—Regardless of color it appears to me that

this name should be retained for a form occurring in Indiana, Kansas and Flori-

da, and probably in intervening territory. It is larger (3.3—4 mm.) than the

variety usually known as aterrima, and always has the thorax subopaque, dis-

tinctly alutaceous, minutely and very sparsely punctate and the elytral striae fine-_

ly and closely punctate. As once before stated by me?!, I have found that the
presence or absence of an alutaceous surface is one of the most stable characters
to be used in separating closely related species of Coleoptera. While P. opaci-
collis was described?? from Kansas specimens, which were pale yellow in color
and with black spots on elytra, it has been placed by most recent authorities (pro-
bably because the majority of the examples are black) as a synonym of var. ater-
rima Oliv. Among numerous specimens examined, I have found none with the
thorax intermediate in sculpture between this and the other varieties of P. canel-

lus, and the punctures of the striae are distinctly finer and closer set than in any.

Specimens are at hand from Gainesville, Fla., and several stations in Indiana.

Calligrapha cephalanthi (Sz.)—This species has been taken at Ft. Myers
by Davis. It is known only from Florida, where it occurs on the buttonbush,
Cephalanthus occidentalis L,., but has not before been noted south of Tampa. It
is distinguished from its nearest ally, C. similis Rogers, by its more oblong form,
very coarse punctures of femora and the lack of a median notch on the outer
side of discal brown stripe of elytra.

Galerucella sexvitiata (Lec.)—Numerous specimens were taken at Dune-

din March Ist by sweeping foliage along the-margin of a hammock and one at
Lake Wales, March 31st; the first records for the State. Horn gives its range
as Pennsylvania to Louisiana.

Phyllobrotica discoidea (Fabr.).—One female taken at Ocala April 14th.
Not before recorded south of Georgia. .

Oedionychis gibbitarsa (Say)—This common northern species had never
been found by me in Florida until a half dozen or so were taken at Moore Haven,
March 23, while sweeping low vegetation along the edge of a marsh. They have
the elytra a deep cobalt blue in hue, not green as in the northern form. ‘The
head, thorax and femora are carmine red, not dull yellow as there, and the fus-
cous spots of thorax are five in number, not three or four as in the northern form,
three of these forming a triangle at center and one on each side. A specimen

21—Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1921, 17.
22—Col. of Kans. & N. Mex., 1859, 23.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 32

taken by Davis at Pablo Beach has the same combination of colors and the form
probably represents a distinct southern race of gibbitarsa.

Oedionychis ulkei Horn.—This species occurs sparingly about Dunedin
from February to April on the flowers of Ericads. Described from Florida with-
out definite station record. Very close to O miniata (Fabr.) but averaging small-
er, more oblong, with joints 3 and 4 of antennae subequal.

Oedionychis saltatra sp. nov.

Oval, subdepressed, shining, nowhere alutaceous. Dull yellow; elytra
piceous, their tips and the narrow edge of side margins pale; antennae pale,
joints 6—11 picecus, third and fourth equal, each twice the length of second.
Hind femora often brownish-piceous. Head wholly pale, impunctate, a deep
transverse impression between the eyes. Thorax more than twice as wide as long.
margins feebly curved, rather broadly explanate, disk smooth. Elytra as wide
at base as thorax, the sides thence broadly but evidently curved to apical fourth,
then rounded to tips; side margins very narrowly explanate, the epipleura in
great part vertical; disk minutely, sparsely and very shallowly punctate. Ab-
domen and femora finely and sparsely punctate, each puncture bearing a small,
recurved bristly hair. Length 4—5 mm.

Dunedin and Sanford, Fla, February 2oth—June roth. Frequent about
Dunedin in spring on low herbage in moist ground; taken at porch light in June.
This species has the oval elytra of limbalis Melsh., but differs from the dark
form of that species in having a nonalutaceous impunctate head and thorax and
in the much finer and shallower punctures and the distinctly narrower and darker
margins of elytra. By its elytral characters it would fall under the No. 2 of
Series B of Horn’s Key23, but is different from any one of the three species there
included. O. limbalis has not as yet been reported from Florida.

Oedionychis quercata obsidiana (Fabr.)—Two specimens of this form,
having the thorax piceous with only the explanate side margins pale, were taken
at Sanford March 3ist. It is listed by Schwarz as quercata var. and is placed
by Leng as a synonym of quercata. The typical northern form of the latter with
thorax wholly pale has not been taken by me in Florida, nor can I find any definite
record of its occurrence in the State.

Disonycha caroliniana (Fabr.).—This species was frequent at Palmdale,
March 27th, on a tall shrubby St. Johns-wort. It has also been taken rarely at
Dunedin, Lakeland and Lake Wales. About half of the specimens at hand have
the thorax devoid of fuscous spots.

Haltica litigata Fall—This is a common species in Florida, a part of Fall’s
types having been from Enterprise. I have taken it at the majority of my col-
lecting stations and formerly confused it with both ignita Il. and amoena Horn,
probably neither of which occur in Florida. It is found in numbers in both Flori-
da and Indiana on the water purslane, Ludwigia palustris Ell.; also beneath
debris and decaying vegetation about the margins of extinct wet weather ponds
and lakes, and at porch light.

Epitrix cucumeris Harr.—Strange to say this common northern little flea-
beetle has not been reported from Florida, though its range is given as New Eng-
land to Georgia and California. It was found in numbers, in company with

23—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XVI, 1889, 190.

33 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Chaetocnema quadricollis Sz. and C. obesula Lec., in gardens and low waste places,
at Moore Haven and several of the stations around the south end of Lake Okee-
chobee, and the three, supposed by the natives to be one species, were said to do
much damage to egg plant, cucumbers and other truck crops of that region.

Mantura floridana Crotch—Occurs in March by hundreds on a species
of Rumesx along the bay beach at Dunedin; also occasionally on other low vege-
tation inland.

Chaetocnema floridana sp. noy.

Elongate-oval, strongly convex, relatively slender, tapering behind. Black
with a brassy tinge; antennae with basal joints reddish-brown, fuscous beyond
the middle; femora piceous-brown, bronzed, tibiae and tarsi reddish-brown.
Head with occiput minutely alutaceous, rather coarsely, sparsely and deeply punc-
tate ; front between the antennae with a few coarse deep punctures. ‘Thorax one-
half wider than long, convex, sides declivent, their margins regularly curved,
somewhat unevenly thickened; disk minutely alutaceous, rather finely and evenly,
not densely punctate, its basal marginal line very fine, obsolete at middle. Elytra
oval, not wider at base than thorax, distinctly tapering behind the middle; striae
all regular, scarcely impressed, marked with coarse, well spaced punctures; in-
tervals very narrow, slightly convex, not visibly alutaceous or punctate. Ven-
tral segments of abdomen each with two or three irregular transverse rows of
fine, deep punctures, the last one sparsely, irregularly, rather coarsely punctate.
Length 2—2.2 mm.

Described from seven specimens taken at Dunedin and Lakeland, Fla.,
February 16th—April 24th. Taken by sweeping huckleberry and other low vege-
tation in open pine woodlands. ‘This is the species recorded2+ by me as C. cribri-
frons Lec. A recent careful study of all my species of the genus, supplemented
by comparisons with Leconte’s types for me by Mr. Fall, shows it to be very
different from cribrifrons in its much smaller, narrower, more tapering form,
less densely punctate thorax, narrower impunctate elytral intervals, more sparsely
punctate last ventral of abdomen and other characters. The true C. cribrifrons
has, therefore, not as yet been correctly recorded from Florida.

Chaetocnema minuta Melsh.—This little species is not mentioned in the
Schwarz list or manuscript, but is recorded2® by Horn as occurring in Florida
without definite station. It occurs sparingly about Dunedin in March and April
on the low vegetation of moist soils.

Chaetocnema alutacea Crotch——One specimen taken at Dunedin, April
8th, by sweeping low herbage along the margins of a hammock. While Schwarz
lists this as common on swampy meadows at several points along the east coast,
it has not before been recorded from the western portion of the State, and his
record may refer to C. robusta, described below. Horn gives its range as “north-
ern Georgia to Florida.”

Chaetocnema robusta sp. nov.

Oblong-oval, convex, very robust for the genus, but little narrowed before
and behind. Black, subopaque with a faint, brassy tinge; antennae piceous-
brown throughout; femora black, tibiae and tarsi dark reddish-brown. Head

24—Can. Ent., LI. 1919, 66
25—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XVI, 1889, 263.

2 P
a a a

a ee oe ee Se

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 34

broad, minutely alutaceous, impunctate. Thorax subquadrate, one-third wider

than long; sides broadly, regularly curved; disk alutaceous, finely, evenly, rather
sparsely and deeply punctate. Elytra not wider at base than thorax, sides very
slightly curved; humeri scarcely evident; umbones feeble, smooth; striz all
regular, rather deep, their punctures coarse, close-set; intervals minutely aluta-
ceous, slightly convex, scarcely wider than the strial punctures, each with a
single row of minute punctures. Abdomen very finely and remotely punctate.
Length 2.7—3 mm.

Described from numerous specimens taken on Hog Island, opposite Dune-
din, where it occurs in areas flooded at high tide, on the fleshy-leaved seaside
plant, Batis maritima L,. It has been in my collection and that of Mr. Fall for
several years, under the name C. alutacea Cr., but on taking the specimen of that
species above mentioned, I sent both it and specimens of robusta to Fall, who
compared them with the type of alutacea in the Cambridge Museum, and found
that what we had as alutacea was wrongly determined and probably an undes-
cribed species. His specimens are in part from Mobile, Ala., and Tybee Island,
Ga. It is easily distinguished from alwtacea in form alone, being larger, more
robust and oblong-oval, not elongate-oval, and strongly tapering behind as there.
The uniform dark antenne and reddish-brown tibie and tarsi are also excellent
distinguishing characters.

Chaetocnema crenulata Crotch.—A single specimen of this short, broadly
oval species, taken by Watson at Gainesville, is at hand. Recorded by Schwarz
as rare in Sumter County and known only from Florida and North Carolina.

Chaetocnema quadricollis Sz—Common in truck patches at various sta-
tions around the margins of Lake Okeechobee, where it is said to do much dam-
age to different kinds of vegetables. It is not as yet known from the West Coast
region. Horn in his description (loc. cit. p. 267) says that the head is impunc-
tate, but it bears “a few scattered punctures,” as stated by Schwarz.?®”

In addition to the six species of Chaetocnema above mentioned, I have
from Dunedin and other stations along or near the west coast, numerous. speci-
mens of C. brunnescens Horn, C. pinguis and obesula Lec. and C. confinis and
pulicaria Crotch. Two additional species, not as yet taken by me, making thirteen
in all, have been recorded from the State. These are C. denticulata (Ill.) and C;
parcepunctata Cr.

- As noted by me in a recent paper2?7,the small Halticids belonging to the
genus Longitarsus are much more numerous in this country than has been gener-

ally supposed. In an accompanying key to the paper cited, 19 were treated as oc-

curring in the Eastern States, and other undescribed forms which were on hand
were not there included. Three of these are from Florida and are herewith des-
cribed.

Longitarsus tenuicornis sp. nov.

Elongate-oval, convex, winged. Dull reddish-yellow throughout, strongly
shining. Head with front strongly compressed and subcarinate between the bases
of the antennae, the sides just below the antennae with two or three coarse punc-
tures; occiput smooth, not alutaceous. Antennae very slender, two-thirds the

BID a wr Ngee aa es Om en ae ee ee
-26—Proc. Amer. Phil Soc., XVII, 1878, 368.
27—Journ. N, Y..Ent. Soc., XXIX, 1921, 18.

35 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ae

length of body, the terminal joint fusiform, pointed, in part dusky, joints 2, 3, 4 wae
subequal in length, each one-third shorter than 5—11, which are also subequal.
Thorax subelliptical, but slightly wider than long, side margins curved, thickened <a
throughout, more so behind the front angles; disk minutely alutaceous, very finely |
and sparsely punctate. Elytra oval, about one-third wider at base than thorax, um-
bones evident, not prominent, sides very feebly curved, their tips conjointly round- Ta
ed, not covering the pygidium; disk not at all alutaceous, relatively coarsely,
closely and deeply punctate, the punctures separated by their own diameters
Abdomen and hind femora minutely very sparsely punctate, each puncture bear- —
ing a fine appressed yellow hair. Length 1.7—1,9 mm. o>
Sanford, Dunedin, La Belle, Moore Haven and Ft. Myers, Fla., November
21st—April 4th. Common on low vegetation about the borders of ponds and
iakes and at Dunedin on the fleshy crucifer,.Cakile edentula (Bigel), along the
bay front. In January | have on several occasions taken it by sifting along wood- —
land paths. Next to L. cotulus it is the most common member of Longitarsus in
southern Florida, and perhaps occurs in collections from that State under the
name testaceus Melsh., which in the past has been a sort of catch-all for species
wholly testaceous in hue. In my recent key to the eastern species above cited, .
it belongs under h., with the exception that only the thorax is alutaceous. From
both cotulus and testaceus it is easily separated by its nonalutaceous elytra and
from suspectus, which it closely resembles, by the same character, and by the
more slender antennae, joints 2—4 of which are subequal, by the exposed pygi-
dium and other characters.
Longitarsus aeneola sp. nov. .
Elongate-oval, subdepressed. Pale brown with a bronzed lustre, strongly __
shining ; elytra each with a large, vague, ill-defined yellowish spot on and behind
the humerus, and another at apex; antennae fuscous, joints 1—3 paler; under
surface brown, the last two ventral segments paler; legs yellow. Head impunc-
tate, the front but moderately compressed between the eyes. Antennae half the
length of body, relatively stout, joints 2—4 subequal, 5—11 also subequal, each ;
about one-third longer than 4. Thorax quadrangular, about one-third wider than
long, sides curved, their margins thickened, uneven; disk finely, not closely, dis- —
tinctly punctate, its sides but feebly declivent. Elytra elongate-oval, humeri round-
ed, umbones absent, sides very feebly curved, tips broadly separately rounded, |
not covering the pygidium; disk finely, closely, rather shallowly punctate; abdo-
men smooth. Length 1.8 mm. or
Caxambus, Fla., March 6th; one specimen swept from low herbage
near the margin of a salt water lagoon. In its subdepressed form, peculiar color —
of elytra, strong brassy tinge of upper surface and rounded tips of elytra it dif-
fers from all other described species. While the elytra are about one-fourth wider _ .
than thorax and the humeri evident, the umbones are absent and it appears to
be wingless. It is probably a submaritime and subtropical form.

Longitarsus impuncticollis sp. nov. ;

Elongate-oval, strongly convex, wingless. Dark chocolate-brown, shining:
antennae fuscous, joints 1—3 a little paler, 2—4 subequal; legs reddish-yellow. 4
Head and thorax absolutely smooth, strongly shining, the latter subcylindrical, i
its sides strongly declivent, their margins evenly curved. Elytra at base not wider —

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 36

than thorax, at middle one-third wider, humeri and umbones absent; sides feebly
-_ curved, tips narrowly rounded, not covering the pygidium; disk coarsely, densely
” i and deeply punctate. Abdomen smooth. Hind tarsi longer and more slender
- _ than in allied species, the spur of hind tibiae also longer and more curved.

x Length 1.5 mm.

Dunedin, Fla., February 28th; swept from vegetation along the margin
_ ofa pond. Belongs under mn. of my key above cited, and allied to solidaginus,
but easily separated by its longer, narrower, more attenuate form, smooth thorax.

dark antennae and slender hind tarsi.

THE NAIAD OF PANTALA HYMENEA (ODONATA)

4 BY CLARENCE HAMILTON KENNEDY,

F Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

fe In March, 1920, the writer identified a series of Odonata naiads for the
4 U. S. National Museum. Among these was a single Pantala naiad from Plano,
Texas, which did not agree with the published descriptions of that of Pantala
_ flavescens.. It was ascribed to hymenea (Say), as the only other species of
ize Be: that genus known.
rs : : While on a-recent visit to Mr. Williamson at Bluffton the writer was
given reared material of hymenea, several grown naiads and was given ‘an auto
- ride to the place of their occurrence. This Bluffton material came trom two con-
crete watering troughs on a farm east of Bluffton that was not far from a mud-
_____ dy seasonal slough. These troughs were about six feet long and two feet deep,
2 containing at the time of our visit, about eighteen inches of algal filled water.
‘Thirteen quarter-to-half-grown individuals of hymenea were raked out of one
trough with an insect net. Many Corixas, of at least two species, Notonectas,
two species, Mayflies and Chironomids, were obtained also, showing what a
rich feeding ground the Pantalas enjoyed.
The interesting thing about the location was the fact that these troughs
were cleared out and scrubbed at fairly regular intervals. So that counting
_ back from the date of the emergence on Sept. 9, 1921 of Mr. Williamson’s
oe i peeoimen, the trough had been cleaned twice, on July 15, 1921, when the speci-
__ mens were brought in by the farmer and once previous to that, when all insects
a thrown away. This previous cleaning had taken place, as well as the farmer
gam remember, at a date which was less than three months previous to Sept.
| Es. the date of the emergence. This gives a short life history to hymenea. With
its marvelous powers of flight and ability to mature quickly in such shallow
3 Bel as are represented by a horse trough, we can get a glimpse of one of the
reasons for the very wide spread of this species from Canada to the Argentine.
Probably the same is true of its relative flavescens which is the only truly cos-
_ mopolitan dragonfly, for it is found throughout the tropics and even in such out
Rect the way places as the Hawaiian Islands.
Probably other factors than the very short life history enter into the
me ~ phenomenal success of these species, such as the very thin chitinous skeleton of

—4
a
2

*“1—Needham, “Aquatic Ins. of Adirondacks” Bull. N. Y. State Mus. No. 47, p. 539, 1901.
_2-From Necdham’s description “Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks” Bull. 47, N. Y.
State Mus. p. 539, 1901.

- same. 2. Lateral lobe of labium, 3. Labium. 4. Antenna. 5. Tarsus of hind leg. 6. Seg- —

37 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the naiad which must take little of the insect’s growing power as compared tom e.
the very heavy shells of the primitive Odonata, also the truly wonderful flight —
of these species, for one cannot observe these on the wing without being impress-_ es
ed with their nonchalance and great ease on the wing, a sense of being undis- —
turbed and completely at home in the air, come what may. This placid indiffer- —
ence while on the wing would make them victims of high flights and storms, and —
so might help account for their wide distribution.

The naiad differs from that of Tramea lacerata in that the lateral spines — “a
of segment 8 are barely as long as the mid-dorsal line of segment 9, while the
mid-dorsal appendage is as long as the paired ventral appendages.

Fig. 1, Naiad of Pantala hymenea reared by E. B. Williamson, Figs. 2-7 details of

ments 8-10, dorsal view. 7. Segments 8-10, lateral view.

a.
>=
j
‘3

It differs from the naiad of Pantala flavescens in that the movable hook ~
on the lateral lobe of the labium is twice as long as the crenulations of the distal ‘
edge of the lobe?, while body measurements indicate that it is slenderer than the | :
flavescens naiad. Bi

The following is a description of the naiad of Pantala hymenea. Total ,
length 28 mm.; abdomen 18 mm.; hind femur 7 mm.; width of abdomen: 6.5 ‘
mm., of abdomen 10 mm. roa

Body clean, smooth and moderately depressed, six mm. high as compa ‘
to the width of 10 mm. A pair of conspicuous black spots on the dorsum of |
segment 9 and a second pair on the outer edges of segment 8. A less conspicu-
ous pair, U-shaped, on segment 7, remote from its edges. A black spot at the :
base of each inferior appendage. Other pairs of minute spots on the abdomen .
as shown in fig. 1. Wing pads heavily mottled, the major part of which pattern n-
is a broad band across their tips. Three less conspicuous spots on each side of ~
the thorax. Legs with two bands on the femur while the tarsus is black. | Three
small, black spots on the occiput.

woe 2? THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 38

=a Head broad, two thirds as long as wide. Occipital “angles” rounded,

keh: occiput convex. Vertex prominent, surrounded by a distinct though shallow fos-
: 3 sa. Antenne, fig. 4, with the third segment longest, about twice the length of
segment two, and three times the length of segment four. Labium with ten
crenulations on its distal edge, those on the outer edges longer than wide, but to-
wards the inner edge becoming flattened out so that the sixth to the tenth are
-. broader than high. Movable hook twice as long as the highest crenulation. Lat-

LF
2

a eral sete 15, mental sete 17—18, the outer ten set almost touching each other
at their bases, the inner seven three times as far apart. Number 10 from the
a inner end the longest. See figs. 2 and 3.

, Prothorax smooth. Legs slender. Minute, needle-like dorsal hooks
on segments 3 and 4. Lateral spines, on segments 8 and g only, long and in-
curvate, those on segment 8 reaching the apical border of the ninth segment,
those on segment g twice as long and reaching to the tips of the dorsal lateral
appendages. Mid-dorsal and inferior paired appendages slightly longer than
the combined lengths of segments 8—1o, the dorsal-lateral appendages slightly
_- shorter. All the appendages and lateral spines slender and needle-pointed.

OUR NORTH AMERICAN LEUCOZONA, A VARIETY OF LUCORUM.
eet, (SYRPHIDAE, DIPTERA)*
: BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
Leucozona lucorum var. americana new var.

rex, A comparison of seven specimens of Leucozona from North America and
five specimens of L. lucorum L. from Denmark and England shows that the Am-
erican specimens are either a very good variety of /ucorum or a distinct species.
I am inclined to believe the two distinct, but as the genus is so little known, place
our form as a variety. The differences between the two are as follows:

L. lucorum americana: ‘Third antennal joint a little shorter; facial tu-
____bercle longer, less prominent; pile of the mesonotum and scutellum wholly paie —
A < yellow; abdomen wholly black pilose beyond the second segment.
ig In the typical form the pile of the mesonotum is yellow on the disk and

rather tawny on the lateral margins and scutellum; the abdomen is yellow pilose,
except on the third segment and sometimes, in the male, a few black hairs on
the disk of the fourth segment. The result is that the shining terminal segments
appear metallic, while in the variety they are deep black.
voi Holotype— @ , Hull, Quebec, June 6, 1903 (W. H. Harrington) ; No. 545,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— ? , Metlakatla, British Columbia, Rev. J. H. Keen.

Paratypes— é, Hull, Que., June 6, 1903, 2 Smith’s Cove, N. S., July,
1914, (Arthur Gibson); 2 Chilcotin, B. C., June 29, 1920, (E. R. Buckell); °@.,

‘
i:
ae * To data.

-*—Contribution from the Division of A se Entomology, Entomological Branch, Dept.
of Agric., Ottawa.

39 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW CANADIAN EPHEMERIDAE WITH NOTES*
. BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Ottawa, Ont.
CAENINI.
Tricorythus atrata sp. nov. ms

Male. Head and thorax black, the latter shiny ; abdomen dull blackish with
traces of white intersegmental rings, somewhat paler ventrally. Fore legs blackish,
paling towards the extremities, the tarsi being white-tinged; mid and hind legs
with blackish femora and white tibize and tarsi; sete white. Wings semi-hyaline
with the usual dark mark along the costa. Length of body 2—3 mm.; of wing
4% mm.

Holotype— 6, Wakefield, Que., Aug. 6, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 546, in —
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— 2 , same data, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—16 ¢, 12, same data.

The species was common early in the day flying over the La Peche River, a
small tributary of the Gatineau, about 20 miles north of Ottawa. Its dark color

distinguishes it from allecta Needh., from which it also differs in genitalic char- GY

acters, the apical portion of the penes being drawn to a long point, leaving the
basal half broad and roughly diamond-shaped.

BAETINI.

Since my notes on the species of this interesting group found in the Otta-
wa region (Can. Ent. 1921, LIII, 117) I have continued my studies of them with
particular attention to the living material. All three species mentioned in the
above paper, propinquus Walsh, intercalaris McD. and flavistriga McD. occurred
very plentifully in the neighborhood of the Rideau River during the summer ot
1922; there are apparently two generations of each species, as I captured speci-
mens in‘early June and again from the middle of August until early in Septem-
ber, the second generation being rather smaller in size than the spring one. In
the living state the differences in the size of the turbinate portion of the eyes of
the males is very noticeable and this, combined with differences in the color of
the thorax and posterior segments of the abdomen makes a separation of the males
fairly easy ; the females, concerning whose identity I was uncertain in my former —
article, have now also been distinguished ; I offer the following descriptions, drawn
up from live material, to supplement the previous ones :—

Baetis intercalaris McD.

Male. Turbinate portion of eye large, lengthily oval, deep brown with upper — Se

part of stalk yellow; sessile portion of eye black. Face black with inner edge of
ocelli, and a spot at the base of the eye, pale yellow-green. Antenne black, paler
at tip with basal joint ringed with yellow at apex. Thorax shiny blackish with
lateral edge of mesonotum and posterior protuberances tinged with dull oliva-
ceous; lateral sutures shaded with brown. Abdomen with segments 2—6 hyaline
white, 7—10 dorsally umber brown, ventrally opaque white; in the spiracular area
the trachez are lightly marked with black; sete white. Legs dirty white, claws
black.

*_Contribution from Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch, Dept.
of Agric., Ottawa. :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 40

Female. Can be distinguished in nature from the females of the other two
species by its deep olive brown color and the dark venation of the wings which
often have a purplish sheen.

Baetis propinquus Walsh.

Male. ‘Turbinate eyes moderately large, oval, deep brown with upper half
of stalk yellow; sessile portion blackish. Face black with light green shading only
at base of antenne ; antenne black with white ring at apex of first joint. Thorax
black, shiny, the only traces of pale markings being in the lateral sutures. Abdo-
men hyaline whitish with segments 7—10 light sepia brown dorsally and opaque
white ventrally. Spiracles black. Legs and sete white, fore femur slightly smoky.

Female. Head olivaceous yellow, slightly marked with red-brown. Thor-
ax dull olive brown marked slightly with yellowish laterally below wings. Ab-
domen pale yellowish with series of large subdorsal brown spots on segments 2—7,
these spots tending to coalesce and form stripes; segments 8—1o unicolorous yel-
lowish, spiracular area slightly marked with black. Legs white, sete white. In
contradistinction to the preceding and following species the veins of the primaries
are pale.

Fig. 1. Relative size of turbinate eyes of a. Baetis intercalaris McD.; b. Baetis propin-
quus Walsh; c. Baetis flavistriga McD.
Baetis flavistriga McD.
; Male. Turbinate eye on a long’ stalk; small, oval, light brown with a yel-
—___ lowish tinge (much lighter than in propinquus and intercalaris) ; stalk purple
_~ brown with upper third yellow. Face black with pale green markings around
base of antennz and ocelli; antennae blackish. Thorax dark olivaceous (paler
than in intercalaris) with yellowish shades on the pronotum and an oblique streak
along the lateral edge running forward from base of wing; considerable pale
yellow markings on the lateral sutures. Abdomen hyaline tinged with pale yel-
low-brown on segments 2—6, the posterior segments being light umber brown,
the contrast between the two colors not being so marked as in the two preced-
ing species; ventrally paler with last segments opaque creamy; spiracular area
slightly marked with black. Legs with all the femora pale yellow; other portions
dirty whitish.

Female. Head yellow, tinged considerably with dirty olive-brown. An-
tenn with basal joint yellow, second joint brown. Thorax and abdomen pale
(occasionally dark) olive-brown; prothorax edged with yellow, mesothorax with
yellow streak as in male and with posterior protuberances often tinged with yel-
low; laterally there is considerabie yellow shading, noticeably a patch in front
of the wings. Abdomen with narrow yellow intersegmental rings; ventrally

yes

Fae ag 2 ty ae Ca ry ‘
Die SN Nee eee ie: diy
1. “ = es 4 “t = ins
Pee ~ mS ¢ ¥ \ \
bm » a tae D Sige f
7. - ‘

yeas

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:

eras
it

ete

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oa
va

4I THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

paler with last two segments shaded with creamy. Sete white, smoky at base.
Legs smoky with femora tinged with olivaceous.

Besides Baetis unicolor Hagen, which in the ¢ sex has the abdomen en-
tirely brown, as in the @, several other undescribed species have been discovered
in the course of our collecting. A description of these follows:

Baetis phoebus sp. nov.

Male. ‘Turbinate eyes (in living specimen) large, long-stalked, broadly
oval, almost circular, upper surface red-brown with a narrow yellow rim. Head
and thorax (dried specimen) brown, latter with a yellow streak extending from
base of primaries to anterior prominence of mesonotum along lateral edges of
same; rear portion of meso- and anterior portion of the metathorax variably
shaded with light ochreous; lateral sutures more or less marked with ochreous.
Abdomen with segments 1—6 whitish hyaline with very faint olivaceous tinge
(less than in flavistriga) ; segments 7—10 bright brown, slightly ruddy dorsally,
opaque whitish ventrally, variably tinged with brown; spiracular flange slightly
dotted with blackish. Legs very pale yellowish. Wings hyaline with pale cross-
nervures ; intercalaries well-developed; pair between subcosta and radius no long-
er than those following; hind wings broad, well developed.

Female. Pale olive or yellowish, ventral portion of abdomen tiem in
color than dorsum. Primaries with cross-nervules light brown. Length of body
5 mm.; of fore-wing 514 mm. ;

Holotype— 6, Ottawa’ West, May 25th, 1921 (A. W.. Richardson); No.
527 in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—?, Ottawa West, May 27, 1921 (J. McDunnough); in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—9 6, 32, taken by the above collectors in the same locality
on May 25 and 27, in the Canadian National Collection.

The species is closely allied to flavistriga McD., but is considerably
larger; the turbinate eyes are noticeably larger and the pale portion of the
abdomen contrasts more with the brown posterior portion, due to the prac-
tical lack of olive shading such as is found in flavistriga. The speci-
mens were all taken along a small creek just west of the city limits and the fe-

males are presumed to belong to this species. Unfortunately building opera-_

tions have spoiled the collecting ground. Several specimens of what appears to
be this species have been taken on our office window at various times, but the
series is not large enough for a definite determination.

Baetis dardanus sp. nov.

Male. Very similar to propinquus Walsh, but slightly lade and with
turbinate portion of eyes also larger. ‘Thorax dark shiny black-brown, as in
propinquus, with lateral sutures. marked in whitish. Abdomen with segments
2—6 hyaline whitish, segments 7—10 brownish-olive (Ridgway Pl. XXX, m) dor-
sally, opaque white ventrally, shaded with brown; forceps whitish. Along the spir-
acular line, instead of the black dots of propinquus is a faint, ruddy shade. Legs
pale yellowish, sete white. Wings hyaline, the secondaries not angled on costa
near base as in propinquus but evenly rounded, leaf-shaped.

Female. Light olivaceous, hardly to be distinguished from the same sex

Ce en ene ae

fy
ag

ks Pil a
8 PARE St be Fare
. ‘ @ E

ade | - I

/ ve A
REA 1}

ee Le ae ae ae

pA Bees oy:
; hi as

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 42

of propinquus except by the characteristic shape of secondaries. Length of body
5 mm.; of fore wing 5% mm.

Holotype— é, Aweme, Man., June 11, (N. Criddle); No. 528, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—and 28 Paratypes, same data, in the Canadian National Col-
lection, Ottawa. In the National Collection is also a single specimen from Otta-
wa, Ont. (Aug. 22; J. McDunnough) which agrees with the above in shape of
secondaries and general appearance. Without more material, however, it is
unwise to place it under this name definitely.

Baetis nanus sp. nov.

Male. ‘Turbinate eyes small, oval, slightly smaller than in flavistriga McD.,
in living specimens pale yellow-brown, in dried ones bright red, marked with
yellowish around rim. ‘Thorax pale olivaceous, at times tinged with smoky
posteriorly and with brownish shades on anterior sutures. Abdomen with seg-
ments 2—6 semihyaline, dorsally yellowish, with at time faint brown tinges,
ventrally dull, pale ochreous, lateral area most noticeably hyaline with spiracu-
lar line streaked and spotted with black; segments 7—10 more apaque and shad-
ed dorsally with isabella brown (Ridgway Plate XXX, i); sete whitish. Fem-
ora yellow; remainder of legs dull hyaline whitish. Wings hyaline. Length
of body 3 mm.; of forewing 4 mm.

Holotype— é, Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 19, 1922, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 529,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—4 é , same data, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa

The specimens were all captured on bushes near the banks of the Rideau
River; while the species is close to flavistriga it may be readily separated by the
color of the eyes in the live ¢, the paler thorax and yellower dorsal area of ab-
dominal segments 2—6. I have not yet succeeded in differentiating the 9, but
have two ¢ specimens taken May 18, 1921, which may represent the spring gen-
eration; they are slightly larger and darker colored than the types.

Centroptilum fragile sp. nov.

Male. (living). Eyes with turbinate portion large, narrowly oval, al-
most kidney-shaped, pale yellow-brown; basal half of stalk purplish with yellow
band; sessile portion dull greenish. Face yellowish above and between the ocell1;
antenne light smoky with white base. In dried specimens the turbinate eyes
shrivel to bright red lunate disks between which the front appears as a dark
gray oval with a V-shaped incision at apex.

Thorax shiny black-brown with pale markings on posterior protuberances ;
lateral area browner with pale markings at base of wings. Abdomen whitish hya-
line slightly streaked with black, especially in stigmatal area; dorsally segments
7—10 rather bright brown, ventrally opaque white; anterior segments slightly
tinged with brown and with faint brown intersegmental rings. Legs white.
Wings hyaline with single intercalaries.

Female. Head pale yellowish with slight brown striation; ocelli ringed
with brown. Thorax light olivaceous with creamy markings on posterior edge
of prothorax and lateral edges of mesothorax anterior to the wings; dorsal pro-
tuberance white; white edging to metanotum. Abdomen pale yellow-green with

43 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

black trachez and slight whitish intersegmental rings ; ventrally still paler. Length
of body 4 mm.; of fore wing 5 mm.

Holotype— é, Rideau River, Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 22, 1922 (J. McDun-
nough) ; No. 530, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—@, same data, in the Canadian National Collection.

Paratypes—3 é, same locality and collector, Aug. 16, 1922, in the Canad-
ian National Collection, Ottawa.
. A smaller species than luteolum Mull , which Eaton records from the Hud-
son Bay region and with which description two females from Nordegg, Alta., seem
to agree ; the male forceps lack entirely the conical basal protuberance of luteolum
said to be characteristic of the species, they resemble closely Eaton’s figure (PI.
XVII, fig. 30b) of C. pennulatum Eaton.

Ceniroptilum curiosum sp. nov.

Male. (living). ‘Turbinate porticn of eyes large, lengthily oval, deep
brown with upper half of stalk pale yellow; sessile portion black. Head black.
Thorax shiny black shaded laterally below the wings with brown. Abdomen
with segments 1—5 hyaline, shaded slightly dorsally with pale greenish yellow
and with a small, round red-brown spot on segments 2 and 3, rarely on 4 and 5;
segments 6—10 dorsally light sepia brown, this shading at times extending for-
ward as far as segment 3; ventrally shaded with opaque white; spiracular area
often marked with black. Forceps white; sete white, ringed on basal segments
with red-brown. Legs whitish, fore-femora blackish, fore tarsus quite short
and only equal to about three-fourths the length of tibiae. Wangs hyaline; prim-
aries with two intercalaries, fairly well developed except between Sc. and R and
between the anal veins; hind wing present but reduced to a mere thread, much
narrower than is typical for Centroptilum.

Female. Paler than the male; thorax olive brown; abdomen dirty olive
green with segments 2—5 slightly tinged dorsally with yellowish and with brown
dots on 2 and 3; segments 6—10 shaded with brown. Length of body 4%—5 mm.;
of fore-wing 5—5% mm.

Holotype— 6. Ottawa, Ont, Aug. 22.(J. McDunnough) No. 531, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— ? , same data, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—14 8,6 9, same locality and collector, Aug. 21, 22, 23, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

The shortness of the fore-legs, the paired intercalaries of the primaries,
and the almost entire reduction of the secondaries may call for a new generic
name, but for the present I place the species in Centroptilum.

The genus Cloeon falls into two sections, according to whether the inter-
calary veins of the primaries are single or paired; the first section is the typical
one, contains vicina Hag. and mendax Wlsh., and seems closely allied to Centrop-
tilum. ‘The second section has more affinity to Baetis and is represented by dubia
Wlsh. Several new species occur in Canada which are described as follows:

Section I,

Cloeon rubropicta sp. nov.
Male (dried). Head blackish brown, turbinate eyes. long, narrowly oval,
shrivelling so as to form lunate lateral disks, leaving the central portion of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 44

head free, as mentioned under Centroptilum fragile; antennae with pale basal
joints. Thorax deep brown, slightly ruddy along sutures and edges of meso- and
metanotum. Abdomen with segments 2—6 pale yellowish white, segment 2 dor-
sally with a ruddy inverted “Y” mark, segments 3—6 with slight traces o1 a
ruddy median line and with small subdorsal red dots placed near the segmental
incisures ; laterally the stigmatal flange is marked by a broken black line and above
this are faint red dots, one in the centre of each segment; dorsally segments 7—I0
bright red-brown with sete and forceps whitish; ventrally the posterior segments
are opaque whitish; legs entirely pale yellowish white. Wings hyaline with single
intercalary veinlets.

Female. Head yellowish; thorax light ochreous to olive brown, shaded
below the wings with deeper brown. Abdomen dorsally much the same color as
thorax, paling on posterior segments, except 10, which is ruddy; the subdorsal
red dots extend along the entire abdomen; black spiracular line as in ¢é ; ventrally
thorax and abdomen entirely pale yellowish; legs yellowish. Length of body, ¢,
3mm., 29, 4 mm.; of wing, ¢ 4 mm.; 2, 5% mm.

Holotype— 8, Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 19, 1922, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 532,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—@ , Ottawa, Ont., June 14, 1920 (J. McDunnough), in the Can-
adian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—122, Ottawa, Ont. (June 9, 11, 14, 1920; Aug. 16, 19, 22,
1922) (J. McDunnough); 2 ¢,1 9, Norway Pt., Lake of Bays, Ont. (July 14,
1920; July 1, 1922) (J. McDunnough).

— Cloeon ingens sp. nov.

Male. Head smoky, tinged with ruddy; basal joints of antenne dusky ;
eyes shrivelled as in preceding species, discolored. Thorax shiny blackish with
the sutures tinged with ruddy brown; laterally below the rings heavily shaded
with pale brownish. Abdomen with segments 2—6 dorsally dull olive brown,
semi-hyaline with the segmental incisures faintly ringed in black and with black
markings along spiracular flange; segments 7—10 deep chocolate brown; ven-
trally dirty whitish with posterior segments opaque and slightly shaded with
brown, sete and forceps whitish, the former tinged with ruddy at base. Legs
smoky brown. Wings hyaline with single intercalaries.

Female. ‘Thorax and abdomen above olive-brown shaded with ruddy, es-
pecially posterior three segments of abdomen, which are almost entirely ruddy
and show traces of maculation in the shape of curved, pale subdorsal lines on
anterior portion of each segment. Venter and legs pale ochreous. Length of
body 8 mm.; of wing 9 mm.

Holotype— 8 , Nordegg, Alta., Aug. 3, 1921, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 533,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—? , Banff, Alta., Aug. 4, 1922, (C..B. Garrett), in the Canad-
ian National Collection, Ottawa.

‘he two sexes may not be correctly associated, but similarity of size and
general habitat leads me to place them together. It is the largest species as yet
reported from North America.

Section II. ;

The commonest Clocon species found along the Rideau River at Ottawa

A5 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

is one to which I am applying the name dubia Walsh. As stated by the author,
it bears a marked similarity to Baetis propinguus W\lsh., but lacks hind-wings and
is smaller; the males of our Ottawa specimens do not possess the black lateral
spiracular dots mentioned by Walsh, but often show a faint, dark spiracular line;
the turbinate eyes are considerably smaller than in propinquus and almost circu-
lar, in living specimens the upper surface is ruddy brown; the thorax is shiny
black and the abdomen hyaline with segments 7—10 dorsally pale umber brown,
rather paler than in propinquus. The species is double-brooded, occurring in May
and June and again in August and September.

Two other closely allied species have been taken sparingly along with dubia;
the one is distinguished by its larger turbinate eyes and by the presence of a row
of minute dots centro-ventrally on the abdomen, the second, which has only been
captured in August, differs markedly in the living state by the color of the tur-
binate eyes, which are yellow-green. I propose the following names for these:

Cloeon punctiventris sp. nov.

Male (living). ‘Turbinate eyes almost circular, larger than in dubia WIlsh.,
light yellow-brown, stalk paler and ringed with purple-brown just above base.
Face blackish, base of ocelli and antenne tinged with pale yellowish green; an-
tenne black, paling towards tip, first joint with pale apical ring. Thorax blackish
with light olive shading laterally and slight greenish markings on anterior por-
tion and lateral edge of mesothorax and on the dorsal protuberances. Abdomen
hyaline whitish with segments 7—10 light brown (rather ruddier than in dubia)
dorsally and opaque white ventrally; faint black spiracular dots on the pale seg-
ments and a centro-ventral row of minute dots placed on the posterior margin
of each segment. Sete white. Legs whitish, fore femora generally tinged with
smoky. Wings hyaline with paired intercalaries.

Female (dried). The single female which I incline to associate with the
above é@ has the head, thorax and dorsal surface of abdomen light olivaceous
brown; the ventral abdominal region is whitish with the centro-ventral row of
brown dots much larger than in the ¢. Length of body 3—4 mm.; of wing
4—4% mm.

Holotype— 6, Rideau River, Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 19, (J. McDunnough) ;
No. 557 in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—?, Ottawa, Ont., June 4, (J. McDunnough), in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—3 @’s, same locality and collector, June 3, Aug. 19, 22, in
the Canadian National Collection.

There is also a vial containing ten ¢’s of this species in alcohol, collected
on May 20, 1921, which may be considered as Paratypes. As is usual in this
group, the spring specimens are somewhat larger than the fall ones.

Cloeon chlorops, sp. nov.

Male (living). ‘Turbinate eyes similar in size to those of dubia; yellow-
green with a purple-brown band at base of stalk (in dried specimens the eye
appears deep purplish with a broad outer edging of pale red-brown). Head
shiny black, ringed with greenish around antenne and ocelli; thorax blackish,
shiny, with pale lateral sutures and slight greenish shades on anterior portion
of mesothorax; abdomen hyaline with faint yellowish tinge, segments 7—10 pale

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 46

brown (rather ruddier than in preceding species) the color extending more or
less over ventral surface; a faint brown spiracular line. Sete white. Legs whit-
ish with smoky fore femora. Wings hyaline with paired intercalaries. Length
of body 3 mm.; of wing 4 mm.

Holotype— ¢ , Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 16, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 558 in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—8 ¢’s, same data, in the Canadian National Collection, Ot-
tawa.

Cloeon virilis sp. nov.

Male. Head blackish; eyes (dried) large, oval, deep red-brown; antennae
blackish. Thorax shiny black with the anterior lateral edge of the mesonotum
to base of wing with pale yellow streak; lateral and ventral sutures slightly pale-
marked. Abdomen with segments 2—6 hyaline, dorsally with faint tinge of
ruddy on segmental incisures and two minute, red subdorsal dots on anterior
part of each segment; laterally the trachez of the stigmatal area are strongly
outlined in black, segments 7—10 dorsally chocolate brown; ventrally entire ab-
domen pale with faint, medio-ventral ruddy dots on segments 5 and 6 and con-
siderable ruddy shading on 7 and 8; forceps and setz pale. Fore-leg with femur
and base of tibia smoky yellow, remainder pale whitish; other legs whitish with
apex of femur and a median band pale purplish-red. Wings hyaline with paired
intercalaries. Length of body 4 mm.; of ee 574 mm.

Holotype— é . Ottawa, Ont., June 7, 1922, (J McDunnough) ; . 534,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

A larger and chunkier species than any so =e taken at Ottawa.

SIPHLONURINI.

The key as given by Needham (Bull. 86, N. Y. Sta. Biis: 25, 1905) for
the separation of the Siphlonurus group of genera is not entirely satisfactory
and is capable of misinterpretation by one unfamiliar with the species of this
group. His first main subdivision is as follows:

g. Median caudal seta a distinctly segmented rudiment; forceps of male three-
jointed ; posterior prolongation of sternum of ninth segment of abdomen
of female bifid at tip.

gg. Median caudal seta more rudimentary or wanting; forceps of the male dis-
tinctly four-jointed; posterior prolongation of the sternum of tae ninth
abdominal segment in the female entire at tip.

Under the first heading he places Coloburus and Chirotenetes (sic) ; under
the second Siphlurus (sic) and Ameletus.

The segmentation or non-segmentation of the aborted median caudal seta
is a poor character on which to separate two main groups, especially when dried
material is being examined. I have found specimens of Siphlonurus triangularis
Clem. which show a distinct segmentation of this seta and other specimens, which
undoubtedly fall into Needham’s Chirotenetes, possess an almost entirely aborted
seta, with no trace of segmentation. The characterization of the male forceps
as three and four-jointed is misleading; in Siphlonurus triangularis Clem., for
instance, only three joints can be distinguished, the basal one being doubtless
fused with the ventral plate, whilst in some species of Chirotonetes the splitting
of this plate into two lobes certainly gives the appearance of a basal fourth joint.

47 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Finally, while the bifid nature of the ninth abdominal plate in the female is very
pronounced in Chirotonetes, it is also very~slightly noticeable in the type species
of Ameletus (subnotatus Eaton), and the character must be used with caution.
As a basis for primary separation I find it more satisfactory to use a character
found in the tarsal claws; the dissimilarity of these claws in each tarsus separ-
ates Ameletus (and incidentally Coloburus, which is not a North American gen-
us) from Siphlonurus and Chirotonetes. To separate the two latter genera the
position of the fork of the median vein of the hind-wing can be used very ad-
vantageously; this character has the advantage of being readily seen and ot
being present in both sexes. In this connection it may be stated that Chirotonetes
Eaton (misspelt Chirotenetes by Needham and others) will fall to [sonychia Ea-
ton; this latter generic name was proposed in 1871 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 134)
for manca Faton and ignota Wlk.; in 1881 (Ent. Mon. Mag. XVIII, 21) Eaton
proposed the name Chirotonetes to replace Jsonychia, under the impression that
it was preoccupied by Jsonychus Mannh., and used this term in his monograph
(1885, Mon. Rec. Eph. 203) with type specified as ignotus Wlk. As, however,
under the international Rules of Nomenclature, /sonychia Eaton is perfectly val-
id, it must again be used, with Chirotonetes as synonym, and generic type, ignota

Wik.

Fig. 2. Hindwings of a. Siphlonurus triangularis (Clem.; b. Siphlonuroides croesus McD.;
c Isonychia mancus Eaton.

The median vein of the hind-wing, mentioned above, is forked for fully
half its length in Siphlonurus, whereas in Jsonychia it is quite short and the fork
occurs in the outer fourth of the vein; in still another group, which seems of
generic value, there is no fork at all, and for such species I propose the term
Siphlonuroides. Siphlonisca Needh., which has not yet been reported from Can-
ada, may be separated by the broad expansions of the abdominal segments and
Siphloplecton Clem. (1915, Can. Ent. XLVII, 258) obviously falls into the Hep-
tageninz, as it shows the two pairs of intercalaries between the first and second
anal veins; in fact the type species, flexrus Clem., is a synonym of basalis WIk.
treated by Eaton under Heptagenia (Mon. Eph. p. 208).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 48

For separation of our Canadian genera in this group the following key
is offered :—

DUNDIAWEr CAG AATSIIS) GISSITAM AT 0 i ieee whos ce eee eee ce cea aie Ameletus.
en ieee NC NC Wa tS SIGMA LD teee oh GG Sania sciences ole a S04 late + eels oo0 oo o08e os
Be mewian vein ot Secondaries unforked 2../.........4-.6..- Siphlonuroides.
NE a MsIRlAte UGCCOMUPTIES LOLIKEM 2 5.0 ws yap ois chs Sine > ce ete etateryeys 0 once st 6

3. Fork of median vein of hind-wings long, occurring at about half its length;
posterior prolongation of sternum of ninth abdominal segment in female

SUPT PS a ee (= eo ae ee ee Siphlonurus.

Fork of median vein of hind-wings short, occurring at about three-fourths
of its length; posterior prolongation of sternum of ninth abdominal seg-
ment in foecte GODOT Ae) he OR Sea ae ae ei 9 = Ae Tsonychia.

Siphlonurcides gen. nov.

Similar in general characters to Siphlonurus Eaton, but distinguished by
the lack of a fork to the median vein of hind wings. ‘Type of genus; S. croesus
sp. nov.

Siphlonuroides croesus sp. nov.

Male. Head pale yellowish, marked with black at base of ocelli and along
the central ridge. Thorax dull brown, the mesothorax shaded with yellowish an-
teriorly, most prominently along the median suture; a broad black line from
base of primaries to lateral edge of prothorax, bordered on each side by yellowish;
posterior portion of meso- and metathorax shaded with pale orange with the
central tubercle blackish. Abdomen dorsally dull brown with lateral triangular
pale patches on anterior portion of each segment; these pale triangles are im-
prominent on the first seven segments, and are semi-transparent; on the three
last segments they are brighter yellow and more opaque, especially prominent on
the tenth segment; traces of subdorsal dark streaks, especially on posterior seg-
ments; ventrally the abdomen is yellowish with a large brown quadranguiar
patch on each segment which leaves the ground color only visible along the an-
terior margin and as a lateral triangular patch; ninth segment entirely brown
except a small, yellow anterior triangle. Forceps and basal plate brown, the lat-
ter deeply notched on posterior margin. Sete black-brown with slightly deeper
colored rings marking the segmentation. ore-legs deep brown, femur paler
along upper margin and at apex; mid and hind legs dull olive-brown with dark-
er tarsi. Wings hyaline with dark veins, primaries clouded with pale umber
brown over the inner two-thirds of the wing, except for the costal half of the
wing at the extreme base, which remains colorless; secondaries with an umber-
brown shade along the costa. °

Female. Head yellow, bordered anteriorly by a dark band and with sub-
dorsal dark brown bands from rear of each lateral ocellus to posterior margin of
head. Maculation of body similar to that of the male, with the subdorsal dark
streaks better defined. Wings without any umber brown shade. Length of body
I12—13 mm.; of fore-wing 13 mm.

Holotype— é, Ottawa, Ont., May 22, 1922, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 522,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— @, same data, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—i ¢, 22, same locality and collector, May 22; 29, May 29,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

49 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Siphlonuroides midas sp. nov.

Male. Head blackish; thorax olive brown, shaded with paler yellowish
olive anteriorly in median line, and on the posterior tubercle of the mesothorax.
Abdomen dorsally brown with the segmentations distinctly marked in blackish,
ventrally duller and paler brown with only the faintest trace of maculation, in
the shape of small lateral darkish spots on each segment; setee brown with dark-
er intersegmental rings. Legs olive brown, the fore legs deeper in color than the
others. Wings hyaline with dark veins, a faint trace of brown shading on prim-
aries between subcosta and vein R, at basal half of wing, a brown dot at base
above inner margin and a very faint shade along costa before apex of wing.

Female. Head yellowish with broad, dark brown median band; abdomen
ventrally with segments marked narrowly in pale ochreous; wings hyaline with
faint brownish tinge along costa for entire length. Otherwise as in male. Length
of body 6, 10mm., @ 8 mm.; of fore-wing 10 mm.

Holotype— 6 , Ottawa, Ont., May 29, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 523, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— ?, same data, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Siphlonurus berenice sp. nov.

Male. Head brownish, paler on the face; thorax dull brown with pale,
clay-colored shading in medio-dorsal area. Abdomen brown dorsally with the
usual pale triangular patches laterally, the last three segments more opaque and
paler; ventrally pale brown, semi-transparent, except on last three segments,
which are opaque and shaded with ochreous; forceps dull smoky in apical por-
tion. Legs pale olive brown; fore-legs with the tarsal joints very long, subequal
and tibia only slightly longer than first tarsal joint. Wings hyaline with dark
veins, very slightly tinged with pale brown along apical portion of costa. Length
of body 10 mm.; of fore-wing 10 mm.

Holotype— 8, Cascades, Gatineau River, Quebec, June 13, (J. McDun-
nough) ; No. 524, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Fig. 3. Male genitalia of a. Siphlonuroides croesus McD.: b. Siphlonuroides midas McD.;
c. Siphlonurus berenice MeD.; d. Siphlonurus phyllis McD.; e. Ameletus validus McD.

Siphlonurus phyllis sp. nov.

Male. Head and thorax black brown, the latter shaded somewhat with
yellowish anteriorly. Abdomen dark brown dorsally with the usual subdorsal
dark streaks and a bifid patch of yellow laterally on the anterior margin of each
segment, becoming more extended on posterior segments; ventrally yellowish,
very characteristically marked with a brown median stripe flanked by a large
brown dot on anterior portion of segment and a smaller dot in central portion

q
:

pee ie 1 Cat alld al “hia Mie yw <

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 50

of segment, which generally touches the median stripe; some slight brown shad-
ing along spiracular flange, ninth segment largely pale yellow with a deep brown
lateral streak and diffuse brown shading in median area, especially at base of
segment, lateral edge produced to a prominent sharp tooth; ventral plate squarely
truncate; forceps pale ochreous. Sete whitish. Legs dull olive brown, femora
banded with brown. Wings hyaline with dark veins and with very faint tinges
of pale brown in basal area.

Female. Very similar in maculation to the male. Ventral prolongation
of ninth abdominal segment small and evenly rounded; with the exception of
segments eight and nine, the ventral area is considerably clouded with brown,
but the maculation remains distinct. Length of bedy, -¢:) 12 mm.¢ 9 13 me eae
fore-wing ¢, 12 mm.; ?, 14 mm.

Holotype— ¢, Banff, Alta., July 26, (C. B. Garrett) ; No. 525, in the Can-
adian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—?, Banff, Alta., July 25, (C. B. Garrett); in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa.

Ameletus validus sp. nov.

Male. Head discolored ; thorax deep black-brown, shiny, tinged with light
brown on anterior sutures of mesothorax and in the area adjacent to the pos-
terior tubercles. Abdomen pinkish brown, the first six segments semi-transparent
with narrowly opaque sutures; segments 7—10 opaque, segment 9 being shaded
laterally with smoky brown; abdominal plate brown, with paler lateral edges
and a light ochreous median area, posterior margin strongly excavated medianly
with a small tooth on either side of the concavity; forceps smoky brown. Pro-
legs deep black brown, other legs similar in color to abdomen. Wings hyaline
with dark veins, faintly clouded with light umber brown, palest along outer mar-
gin. Length of body 10 mm.; of fore-wing Ir mm.

Female. \Vith more extended pale thoracic shading and no cloud on wings.

Holotype— 8, Banff, Alta., Oct. 1 (C. B. Garrett) ; No. 526, in the Can-
adian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— @ , Banff, Alta., Sept. 20 (C. B. Garrett) ; in the Canadian Na-
tional Collection, Ottawa.

Paratype—t 8, Banff, Alta., Sept. 30 (C. B. Garrett) ; in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Brooklyn Entomological Society

Devoted to the Insects of America.
Issued five times a year.
Subscription to non-members of the Society $1.50 per year
(foreign, $1.75).
Address all communications and subscriptions to

J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO, Editor,
11 North Broadway, White Plains, N.Y.

—__ —

ae. Mailed, Friday. March 23rd, 1923

———

Have the following entomological literature for sale or exchange. Con:-
picte with index and unbound unless otherwise noted: ¥
journal Economic Entomology, I to VII. \

Poniona College Journal Entomology, I to IV.

Psyche, VI and VII, bound 2 vols. 34 leather.

Proceedings Entomological Society Washington, XVII to XIX and XX ex-
cept index. ,

jJoitinal Economic Biology (London) VI.

Eniomologists Monthly Magazine XXII.

Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie VIII and IX.

Review Applied Entomology Ser. A and B, IV and V, VI except index.

Insect Life III.

Need American Entomologist III (N. S. I) No. 12; Bulletin Brooklyn
Entomological Society VI, VIII, IX and X, No. 2 and index; Ann. Repts.
Entomological Society Ontario, II, III, IV, IX; Entomologica Americana, V1;
U.S. D. A. Bureau of Entomology bulletins old series 2, 3, 9, 20, 33.

Address, Department of Entomology, !
Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon.

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lanta $5. Terac. eupoimpe $9. Cyrestis lutea map butterfly) $13. Zyg.
filipendulae (small, bright for Jewellery) $5. Eum- atala (fine) $8.
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Che Canadian Entomologist

Vou. LV. , ORILLIA, MARCH, 1923. : No. 3

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY

FORECASTING OUTBREAKS OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM
IN ALBERTA*
BY H. L. SEAMANS,

Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

The Pale Western Cutworm (Porosagrotis orthogonia Morrison) has
been causing serious losses to grain crops in Alberta since 1911 and has ap-
peared in certain sections of the prairies in the United States since 1915 in in-
jurious numbers. Owing to its peculiar habit of feeding almost entirely below
the surface of the ground, ordinary control measures have, on the whole, proved
useless. The important control at present consists of cultural practices design-
éd to prevent oviposition in fields to be cropped the following season.

Since the Pale Western Cutworm seldom comes to the surface of the soil,
and usually feeds only on the more tender underground portions of the plants,
parasitism is usually low. Predatory insects and birds are the most persistent
enemies but their combined efforts are almost negligible as control factors under
dry weather conditions.

It has been noticed frequently that the percentage of parasitized cutworms

varies greatly from year to year as does the number of species of insects respon-

sible for parasitism. This was especially true in 1915 when Mr. E. H. Strick-
land, at that time Entomologist in charge of the Dominion Entomological Lab-
oratory at Lethbridge, Alberta, made the prediction that owing to the high per-
centage of parasitized cutworms collected during that summer in southern AI-
berta there would be no outbreak in 1916. During the past season (1922) ob-
servations have been made by the writer in the vicinity of Lethbridge, Alt-
berta, which show a similar condition, though the general parasitism does not
indicate that there will be a total absence of cutworms next season but rather
that a substantial reduction in the numbers will occur. The most striking ob-
servation was not the high percentage of parasitized larvae but the large num-
ber of species of parasites involved. Under the weather conditions that have
existed in southern Alberta for the last five years, the main parasites of P. ortho-
gonia have been two species of tachinids and an occasional braconid. The rear-
ing records for 1922 show that in addition to these parasites there also occurred
a bombyliid, a chalcid, two ichneumonids, and another tachinid, all being species
which are commonly associated with surface feeding noctuids. There was
nothing to indicate that these parasitic insects were any more numerous than
usual, but the conditions for their obtaining access to the larvae of P. orthogonia
were more favorable. It is known that wet weather brings the larvae of the

*—Contribution from the Division of Field Crop Insects, Entomological Branch, Dept.
of Agric., Ottawa.

52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Pale Western Cutworm to the surface of the ground where they remain until

the surface soil starts to dry out. Such weather conditions occurred frequently
throughout May and June, 1922, the normal period of activity of the larvae and
at these periods they were at the mercy of many of the parasitic insects which sel-
dom reach them under the surface. It is also noticeable that when the soil is
wet the cutworms feed on the entire plant instead of only on the tender portion
below ground. This increases the chances of parasitism from eggs deposited
by those species of parasites which normally lay on the foliage of the plant.

There has apparently been no increase or decrease in the numbers of para-

sites from year to year but the increase in parasitized P. orthogonia larvae can

be distinctly correlated with the number of days in May and June when cut-
worms are forced to the surface because of moisture. It should be possible
to determine to some extent the presence or absence of cutworms for any year
by the number of wet days during the preceding May and June combined.

Under normal conditions for May and June in the vicinity of Lethbridge,
0.25 of an inch of rain is sufficient to make a “wet” day, which can best be de-
fined as a day when the soil is too wet to be easily worked and cutworms are
moving about on the surface. The amount of moisture which constitutes a wet
day will vary with the subsequent weather conditions and the type of soil. These
must be taken into consideration when any work is being done with precipita-
tion records. Accurate information can only be secured by checking the days
at the time of taking the weather observations. A review of the daily precipi-
tation records for May and June at Lethbridge, Alberta, from 1909 to 1922,
gives the following results in “wet” days for two months.

Year Number of Wet Days
1909 10

1910 2

IQII 15 =
IQI2 5

1913 eed ass

1QI4 +

IQI5 18

1916 19

IQI7 6

1918 2

I9IQ 6

1920 5

1921 5

1922 10

A review of the reports of Pale Western Cutworm abundance at Leth-

bridge shows that they first appeared in injurious numbers in I9IT, which fol-

lowed 1910 with only two days wet enough to bring the larvae to the surface.
With 15 wet days in 1911 it was found that the infestation dropped to-almost
nothing in 1912 but rose again in 1913 and dropped in 1914 In 1915 there
was a heavy infestation but the excessive moisture caused much of the grain to

+
——_—s ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53

recover after being cut, and the loss was very small. The two years of 1916
and 1917 were practically free of any cutworm infestation, but 1918 showed a
marked increase, which reached a climax in 1922. The damage during 1922
was not severe because of the opportune rainfall, which caused grain to recover
after being cut by the larvae.

Since Lethbridge is the only place in Alberta where Pale Western Cutworm
infestation reports and daily precipitation charts are complete and authentic, it
-__- was necessary to secure records from Montana in order to amplify and supple-
ment our notes. The daily precipitation records were secured from the U. S.
Weather Bureau station at Helena, Montana, and other sources, while the cut-
worm distribution data were kindly furnished by the Montana Experiment Sta-

_ tion at Bozeman.

_ Weather records from eighteen localities in Montana where cutworm
distribution reports are also available show almost the same result as the Leth-

_ bridge observations. These records cover a period of six years for many lo-
calities, and there are well over one hundred instances by which it is possible

os to check the number of wet days with the increase or decrease of cutworms.

2 A review of all the data shows that any year which has less than ten
By wet days in May and June is followed by corresponding increase in the infesta-
a _ tion of P. orthogonia. Years which have from ten to fifteen wet days are fol-
_____ lowed by some decrease, while years with more than fifteen wet days are fol-
* ~ lowed by an almost total disappearance of the pest. It must be remembered
Me _ that these wet days are obtained from tabulated data with little knowledge of

the accompanying weather conditions and that actual observations might change
- the results to a certain extent. This past season the weather records for Leth-
"bridge showed ten wet days, where as an actual fact there.were fourteen days
x. when cutworms were moving about on the surface for some part of the day,
z and this same fact might apply to any year of any locality.

It must be noted that while rain is actually falling, parasites are not ac-

tive, but the two tachinids, Bounetia compta and Gonia capitata, which are the
= : most abundant of the parasites of P. orthogonia, lay their eggs on the leaves of
vegetation. The increase of these species in parasitized cutworms is due to the
fact that wet weather causes the cutworms to feed on the leaves above ground.
The direct parasites become active as soon as the rain is over, and, while being
the chief instruments of control with the common surface feeding cutworms of
many species, are an important factor in the control of P. orthogonia during
that period when they are on the surface following rain and previous to their
_ return beneath the soil.
f This basis for forecasting the presence of P. orthogonia in districts
where it is known to occur to some extent, is apparently sufficiently accurate for
all practical purposes, to enable every farmer to determine for himself by July
‘first whether or not these cutworms will be present in injurious numbers the fol-
lowing year. When he has made this determination he can govern his cul-
tural practices for the remainder of the summer in a way to avoid undue losses
the following season.

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SOME STUDIES ON THE GENUS HYDROMETRA IN AMERICA
NORTH ‘OF MEXICO WITH DESCRIPTION -OF A“ NEW” SPECIES
(HYDROMETRIDAE;, HEMIP:)

BY H. B. ILUNGERFORD,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Ks.

A short time ago | published a little note in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn
Entomological Society calling attention to the presence in Kansas of both H.
martini Kirk. and H. australis Say. It seemed to me important to note the fact
in connection with H. australis Say, which had been recorded from Georgia, Flori-
da and Louisiana only. The Kansas record therefore greatly increased the known
range of this insect. The other species, H. martini Kirk, had been previously
reported from Kansas (Hungerford, Kansas Science Bulletin XI), and is known
to have a wide range over our country. The occurrence of H. australis Say in
rarious parts of Kansas (Cherokee County, Douglas County and R:ley County)
suggests the likelihood that it, too, must have a considerable range and is being con-
fused with H. martini Kirk. in various collections. These studies are presented
to aid in a more satisfactory recognition of these insects by drawing attention
to characters hitherto used in their differentiation, and to add a third species not
previously described.

Say recognized two kinds of Hydrometra in this country: one which he
called H. lineata, and the other, which he considered a variety of it, H. lineata
var. a. australis. J. O. Martin, in 1900 (Can. Ent. XXXII, pp. 70—76), pub-
lished a study on the life history of Hydrometra lineata Say and pointed out
differences between it and the European H. stagnorum. Shortly after this, Nirk-
aldy (Entomologist XXXIII, pp. 175—190) reported that the name H. lineata
Say was preoccupied by H. lineata Eschsch, 1822, from Manilla, and proposed
the name H. martini Kirk. for this insect. In 1go5, J. R. de la Torre Bueno (Can.
Ent XXXVII, pp. 12—14) gave some rearing notes on H. martini Kirk-, and
from the study of a single male of Say’s variety australis, pointed out specific
differences between the two kinds, thus raising H. australis Say to specific rank.
He also presented drawings of the terminal segments of the two species. Nev-
ertheless, so far as I know, Professor H. G. Barber* is the only one who has
reported H. australis since that time. and our knowledge of the tangible specific
differences has rested upon Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno’s study of the solitary
male. The examination of numerous specimens of H. australis Say bears out his
studies and justifies the addition of other characters for distinguishing the species.

The shape and position of the elevations on the ventral side of the sixth
abdominal segment of the males serve to separate the three species (see Plate 1,
Figs 7, 8 and g). ‘They may also be separated by the number and arrangement
of the pits on the pleura above the coxe.** ‘The thorax of Hydrometra is more
or less pitted, but the number of pits on the side of the bug above the coxe 1s
quite characteristic and fairly constant, sufficiently so to be of considerable help
in determining the species and has the added value of pertaining to both sexes (see
Figures 1, 2 and 3). he original descriptions of the two previously described
species are short and therefore repeated here for the convenience of the worker,
and amplified by more recent studies.

*_Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXVIII, p. 300, 1914. -
**_T refer to those located on either side of the pro and mesocoxal clefts.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

Hydrometra martini Kirk., 1900.

“Fuscous; hemelytra dull whitish with black nervures.

Inhabits United States.

Body fuscous, or brown, more or less deep; hemelytra dull whitish or
dusky, with black nervures: wings opaque white, with black nervures: tergum
pale, quadrilineate with black; two of the lines on the edge and the interval be-
tween the two inner lines dull whitish or bright yellow; the incisures of the seg-
ments more or less black: beneath and feet obscure yellowish: thorax with more
or less obvious pale line.

“Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

“This is very much like the stagnorum F., but the hemelytra are not tes-
taceous, and there is no thoracic impressed line.

“( Male?) Body blued-black; thorax with pale line; antenne and feet
dark honey-yellow; tergum and venter without lines.”

Say’s description from Complete Writings, Vol. 1 p. 361.

Notes:

J. O. Martin noted that the males of this species have the terminal seg-
ment abruptly swollen toward the tip as viewed from above, and that this bears
a well marked spiniferous tubercle. He also noted the two thin, plate-like ele-
vations on the ventral side of the sixth abdominal segment (see Figs. 5 and 12).
A study of material from Kansas (various localities), Texas, Louisiana, Minne-
sota and New Jersey shows that the species is further characterized by having
normally, two pits on the pleura above the pro- and mesothoracic coxe in both
sexes, and’ by the front femora usually not reaching the front of the head. Some
species have faint, whitish spots on the sides of the abdomen, which in H. australis
Say are very conspicuous. In fully winged specimens a longitudinal white line ex-
tends down the dorsum. In some this is very marked.

Hydrometra australis Say.

“Head beyond the eyes a little longer and a little more dilated at tip; sec-
ond joint of the antenne a little more dilated at tip; abdomen with five lateral
whitish points.

“Inhabits New Orleans.”

Say’s Description from Complete Writings, Vol. 1, p 361.

: Notes:

Bueno noted that the male terminal segment as seen from above is not
abruptly swollen as in H. martini Kirk., that the tubercle it bears is not prominent
and that the lateral margin is straight and not sinuate as in H. martini Kirk.
This last is often difficult to see. Material from three localities in Kansas (Chero-
kee, Douglas and Riley Counties) shows that the males have on the ventral side
of the sixth abdominal segment, two conical elevations instead of shallowly but
broadly notched ridges (see Figs 7 and 8). The front femora are about as in
H. martini. ‘There are normally four pits above the pro- and mesocoxe (see
Fig. 3). ‘Those on the mesothorax are more constant as to number and arrange-
ment than those on the prothorax. The tip of the abdomen of the female is less
elongate than that of H. martini Kirk. .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NORTH AMERICAN HY DROMETRIDAE.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Isat
NI

Hydrometra wileyi sp. nov.

Size: Length from 13.5 mm. in case of small males, to 15.5 mm. in case of
the females, much larger therefore than the other two species described from
the United States.

Color: General fascies dark, color and pattern variable, dorsum lighter
than venter; in the fully winged forms the wings are usually light brown with
darker brown veins, sometimes they are grayish; head and thorax brown above;

_ the abdomen in brachypterous forms usually dark above as well as beneath, the

sides of the abdomen usually marked by a more or less definite lighter line in
which are situated five or six white or pale spots.
Structural characteristics: ‘The relative lengths of the three body regions
are as follows: For the @ head: thorax: abdomen:: 4: 4.5: 6+; for the 4
head: thorax: abdomen :: 4: 4.25: 5.5; the antenne in both sexes average 7
mm. in length with the ratio for the four segments as follows: Ist: 2nd: 3d: 4th:
: 1 22: 32:90:48. The ratio of the postocular portion of head to the anteocular
portion is approximately as 3: 5, the tip of the rostrum extends behind the eyes
to a point near the middle of the postocular portion of the head; the distal end
of the fore femur in most spec:mens attaining or surpassing the base of the an-
tenna, the distal end of the hind fesiur in both sexes usually reaching to caudal
end of sixth abdominal segment, and in the males, often to tip of abdomen. The
antenne are approximately half the length of the body, the first segment is slen-
der at base but much thicker in its outer part and extends beyond the head two-
thirds of its length, the second and succeeding segments slender; the tylus is
rounded as viewed from above, the anterior portion of the head is swollen as with
the other species; between the eyes above and beneath are distinct depressions,
the postocular portion of the head distinctly thicker than the section before the
eyes ; the thorax is irregularly marked with whitish pits and there is an impress-
ed longitudinal line of these pits on pronotum, another post-marginal row about
the anterior margin of the prothorax and numerous irregularly placed pits on
the sides above the coxae. The species varies from fully winged forms
through all stages to entirely apterous individuals; the sixth segment of the fe-
male is thickened, the dorsum more elevated than in the other species; the last
dorsal plate is short and depressed across the middle; the sixth segment of the
male has a pair of short, widely separated elevations on its ventral side; the sev-
enth segment is slightly swollen about its middle as seen from above. See figures
I, 6, 9, 10 and 11.
Notes:
This large and distinctive species is about the size of the one Champion
describes under the name Hydrometra caraiba Guer. It differs from this in the
_rostrum being longer, the antennz shorter with segments of different relative
lengths and the anteocular portion of the head relatively shorter. Neither does
it agree with any other species described from the Americas. Besides being

considerably larger than our previously described United States species, the ap-

pendages are more elongate, the first segment of antenne extends beyond the head
two-thirds of its length while in our other two species it projects only about one-
half its length, the tylus is broadly rounded as viewed from above while it is
bluntly pointed in our others. The following table will serve to separate the three
species now recognized from the United States:

wu
CO

BB.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

KEY TO HYDROMETRA IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.

Pits above middle coxa numerous and irregularly placed, length more
than 13 mm. (13%—151%4 mm.) (See Fig. 1) ........ H. wiley sp. nov.
Pits on side above middle coxa seldom more than four, length less than
I2 mm. (8—1I mm) (See Figs. 2 and 3):

Pits on side above middle coxa normally two, terminal segment of male
abruptly swollen toward tip as seen from above, under side of the sixth
segment in male with two thin, plate-like elevations .... H. martini Kirk.
Pits on side above middle coxa normally four, terminal segment of male
not abruptly swollen toward tip as seen from above, under side of sixth

segment in male with two conical elevations .......... H. australis Say. ~

The description of the new species, H. wileyi, was drawn from a study

of a series of 362 specimens collected by Mrs. Grace Wiley, near Rock Island,
Colorado County, Texas. The holotype, allotype and paratypes are in the Uni-
versity of Kansas collection. Paratypes have been sent also to U. S. N. M., Car-
negie Museum, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada, Cornell Univer-

sity,

University of Minnesota, and the following private collections: Mrs. Grace

Wiley, Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno, Dr. .H. M. Parshley, Professor H. G. Bar-
ber, R. F. Hussey, Dr. Carl Drake, W. E. Hoffmann and my own collection.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Side view of head, pro- and mesothorax of Hydrometra wileyi sp. nov.

2. Side view of head, pro- and mesothorax of Hydrometra martini Kirk.

3. Side view of head, pro- and mesothorax of Hydrometra australis Say.

4. Dorsal view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydrometra
australis Say.

5. Dorsal view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydromezra

martini Kirk.

6. Dorsal view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydrometra
wileyl sp. nov.

Ventral view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydrometra
australis Say.

8. Ventral view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydrometra
martint Kirk.

9. Ventral view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydrometra
wileyi sp. Nov.

10. Side view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydrometra
wileyi sp. nov.

11. Side view of terminal abdominal segments of female of Hydrometra
wileyl sp. Nov.

12. Side view of terminal abdominal segments of male of Hydrometra mar-

tint Kirk.

13. Side view of terminal abdominal segments of female of Hydrometra
martini Wirk.

14. Side view of terminal abdominal segments of male of AHydrometra
australis Say.

15. Side view of terminal abdominal segments of female of Hydrometra
australis Say.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 59

THE STENOSYRPHUS SODALIS GROUP (SYRPHIDAE, DIPTERA)*
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.

The genus Stenosyrphus Mats. is distinguished from Syrphus, in which all
the North American species have previously been included, by the sides of the
abdomen curving under and not being margined. ‘The eyes of the sodalis group
are hairy, face usually without a median black stripe, but in one species with
one, or sometimes wholly black; cheeks and oral margin black ; abdomen oval or
elliptical, with three interrupted bands, the resultant spots slightly concave in
front, convex behind; all the femora black basally in both sexes. The four close-
ly related species may be distinguished as follows:

1. Face with a median black stripe, sometimes (in the ¢ ) wholly black .

nigrifacies n. sp.
Face not with a median black stripe, rarely slightly brownish ............ 2

2. ‘The first pair of spots do not attain the lateral margin; or legs not as in-
sodalis

The first pair of spots reach the lateral margin; hind femora of both sexes
black on at least the basal three-fourths; second pair of abdominal spots

in ¢, wider than the following black band .............. sodalis Will.

3. Hind femora black on not more than the basal third; front of female not
nearly as wide at antennz as length from vertex to antenne contumax O.S.

Hind femora black on basal four-fifths; front of female as wide at antennae
ES tn igo cae tw ys Shs erate. ane vin ven ov Cin interruptus Mall.

Stenosyrphus sodalis Williston.
Synopsis N. Am. Syrph., p. 74.

Length 9—10 mm. Male. Face reddish or brownish yellow, thinly
whitish pollinose, in profile very slightly receding, the tubercle large, sub-nose

shaped, between the tubercle and antennae rather deeply concave, below the

tubercle shortly and conspicuously concave to the prominent anterior oral tip;
very slightly produced downwards. Cheeks and oral margin to the lower level
of the tubercle, black ; frontal triangle black, but obscured in certain lights, except
just above the antennae, by greyish pollen; the yellow ground in which the an-
tennae are inserted extends just onto the arms of the W. Vertical triangle
rather dull black. Occiput next to the eyes grey pruinose. Pile on face, front
and vertical triangle moderately long, black; on the middle of the face, occiput
eyes and cheeks, yellowish. Antennae black, third joint reddish below, basally.
Arista black.

Thorax metallic blackish blue, the disc more or less dull. Pile rather

pale yellow, yellow on the margins of the dorsum; sometimes a few conspicuous

black hairs on the upper end of the mesopleura. Scutellum translucent yel-
lowish, the corners bluish black, sometimes a distinct metallic bluish reflection ;
pile black, not very abundant.

ee eeetition from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,
Dept., of Agric., Ottawa.

60 THE CANADIAN BNTOMOLOGIST

Femora black, the apical third to one-fourth of the front four and fifth of
the hind ones, reddish yellow. Tibiae reddish yellow, the hind ones with a con-
spicuous black band occupying about the sub-apical half; the front four
sometimes with distinct but narrower bands on apical half; tarsi all black or brown.
Pile on the legs mostly yellow, but the long hairs behind the front four are black
except basally. Front and hind foot cushions brassy yellow.

Wings hyaline or slightly brownish; stigma luteous or brownish. The costa
ends just before the tip of the wing; the third vein is curved a little forward be-
yond the middle of the first posterior cell. Squamae translucent whitish, with
almost white fringe, the border yellowish. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen opaque black, the lateral margins wholly, apex of the fourth-

and whole of the fifth segments shining ; adorned with three pairs of yellow spots.
First pair of spots broadly interrupted, sub-triangular (sometimes scarcely sub‘
triangular), their inner ends rounded, their anterior outer ends produced rath-
er broadly to reach the margin at the anterior third. | Second and third pair
of spots narrowly interrupted, slightly concave in front, convex behind, their
posterior corners rounded off, narrowly and distinctly separated from the lateral
margin, but approaching it in front, or sometimes quite reaching the margin in
front; the spots are narrowly separated from the anterior margin of the seg-
ment and are of greater width than the following black band; posterior margin
of the fourth segment, large anterior angles of the fifth and the narrow apex
of the fifth yellow. Pile black; before the first yellow spots, on all the yellow
spots and on the side margins opposite them, yellow. Venter yellow; second
and third segments with obscure, dark, rather large subtriangular median areas.

Female. Face reddish yellow; in profile less concave above, the tubercle
longer, nose-shaped. Front shining greenish or bronze black, across the middle
the colour obscured by greyish yellow to tawny pollen, leaving a shining arch
above the antennae; just above the antennae a narrow arch of yellow. Pile of
front all black but it may be paler laterally opposite the pollinose band; pile of
face almost all pale; occipital pile almost white.

The thorax may be metallic blackish blue or more greenish black, and
there is never any black hair on the pleura. Less black hair on the femora.

Abdominal spots narrower and less widely separated ; the first pair of spots
transverse, their inner ends rounded. On the fifth segment the basal spots are
transverse and narrowly separated but not as wide as those on the fourth, some-
times they may be almost as in the male.

In other respects similar to the male.

Description from 12 specimens from Colorado, jBritish Columbia, Alber-
ta and Alaska. In addition I have examined specimens from New Mexico,
Washington, Oregon and Idaho which agree perfectly, according to comparison.

This species was originally described from Colorado. It is distinguished
from its allies by the first spots extending over the lateral margin, and the wider
abdominal bands. In addition, it is distinguished from nigrifacies by lacking
a median facial stripe; from contumaxr by having the hind femora black on the
basal four fifths in the female and the wholly yellow pilose thoracic dorsum in

—
“4

Pesan tod ey +

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS’. 61

the male; from interruptus, of which only the female is Known, by the much
narrower front, and yellow pilose hind coxae.

Stenosyrphus interruptus Malloch.
Syrphus sodalis var. interruptus Malloch, Rep. Can. Arct. Exped., 55C.

Malloch described this species as a variety of sodalis but was not at all
sure of its identity, as he labelled one specimen as the variety with a query and in-
cluded a third specimen under sodalis. There can be no confusion between the
two species as the front is abnormally wide. None of the specimens are in
good condition. I give the following description from these specimens, but
it may not entirely agree with perfect ones. The male should be distingutshed
by having black pile on the hind coxae in addition to the other characters.

Length, 8 tog mm. Female. Face shining reddish, with a deep bluish
reflection in some lights; perpendicular, the tubercle nose shaped, large and prom-
inent; not or scarcely concave above it, shortly and shallowly concave below, the
anterior oral margin just a little prominent; scarcely any trace of swelling just
below the insertion of the antennae. Front shining black with strong brassy
or bronze reflections; especially narrowly brassy across the middle, where there
may be a light band of whitish, greyish or yellowish pollen. Width of front
at antenna approximately 3 mm., at vertex 1.2 mm., length from base of an-
tennae to vertex (not considering the convexity), 1.75 mm. (The same ratio
is true of the two other specimens). Cheeks shining black. Face and front
black pilose; occiput with yellow and black intermixed. Antennae black.

Thorax greenish black? the disc more or less opaque. Pile tawny or yel-
lowish; conspicuous black hairs on the upper half of the mesopleura. Scutel-
lum translucent yellow, its corners black; pile black.

Femora black; the apical third of the four front and fifth of the hind
ones, reddish; tibiae reddish, the hind ones with a rather narrow brownish band
near the middle; tarsi all brownish or black. Pile of legs pallid, yellowish ;
most of the long hairs on the femora black, but those on the basal area pale;
sometimes about half pale on the hind ones.

Wings hyaline, stigma luteous; third vein joining the costa just before
the tip of the wing. Squamae whitish with yellow border and fringe. Halteres
reddish, sometimes a little infuscated.

Abdomen sub-opaque black, the side margins wholly, apices of the third
and fourth segments and the fifth entirely, shining; with three pairs of trans-
verse, rather narrow reddish yellow spots, the first pair broadly separated from
each other and slightly less broadly so from the lateral margins, the third pair
may or may not reach the margins, but the second pair appears to be distinctly
separated. ‘There appears to be an inclination for the spots to be much smaller
and less distinct than in the type, in which specimen they are shaped as in so-
dalis, but are only about half the width, therefore occupying only about one-
fourth the length. of the segment. Narrow apices of the fourth and fifth seg-
ments and small anterior angles of the latter reddish. Pile black; in front of

62 THE CANADIAN BNTOMOLOGIST.

the first pair of spots and on the yellow bands and margins opposite, yellow.
Colour of venter indeterminate.

Described from three females from Alaska, including the type.

This species is very distinct from its allies and may be at once recognized
by the broad front and black haired-hind coxae. In the male the hind legs are
probably all black except just the knees and abdominal bands are probably nar-
rower than in the other species.

Stenosyrphus nigrifacies new species.

Length 8togmm. Male. Face and front shining black ; except a median
line which extends just over the tubercle, the oral margin and an arch above
the antennae, moderately yellowish or greyish yellow pollinose ; sides of face above
sometimes yellow on about one fourth the width; in the type wholly black. Face
slightly receding in profile, the tubercle nose shaped and not very prominent, mod-
erately concave above the tubercle, a little swollen just below the antennae, below
the tubercle moderately long, shallowly concave, the anterior oral tip somewhat
produced. Pile of face and frontal triangle black. Frontal triangle with more
or less brassy reflection; vertical triangle rather dull black; with black pile.
Occiput greyish pollinose, it and the cheeks yellow pilose. Eyes with short
pallid pile. Antennae inserted on yellow ground, black; arista black, thickened
on basal half.

Thorax metallic greenish or bluish black, the dorsum rather olivaceous.
Pile black, possibly a few pale hairs intermixed between the humeri; lower half
of pleura always and postalar calli sometimes, with yellow pile. Scutellum
transluscent yellowish or reddish yellow, with long black pile.

Legs black; narrow apices of the femora, bases of all the tibiae, the
hind ones narrowly so, and apex of the front ones, reddish or yellowish. Pile
of legs black, except on the front tibiae, hind coxae and the bases of the femora.
Pubescence inside the front tibiae and beneath their tarsi, yellow, inside the
hind tibiae and beneath their tarsi, tawny.

Wings brownish yellowish, fading out posteriorly ; stigma brownish. ‘Third
vein ends in the tip of the wing. Squamae whitish with yellow border and
fringe. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen subopaque black, the margins shining; with three pairs of trans-
verse yellow spots. First pair of spots about the middle of the second seg-
ment, somewhat oblique as their outer end reaches forward, but is broadly sep-
arated from the lateral margin; in shape, sub-oval or sub-triangular-oval. Sec-
ond and third pair of spots narrowly separated medianly, attenuated laterally,
but reaching the margin in one-fourth to one-half the width of the spots, their
anterior margin slightly concave, the posterior convex, the inner end rounded off
behind, although on the third pair less so; fourth segment with a conspicuous
yellow hind margin, the fifth with triangles, sometimes transverse and
moderately separated, on the anterior angles, the hind margin of the seg:
ment not yellow. Pile moderately long, black; rather tawny or yellow before
the basal spots; on the spots and just where they reach the margins, yellowish.

Re os > 7

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 63

Venter with the membranes and sutures greyish yellow or somewhat hoary;
each sternite has a yellow basal triangle on either side.

Female. ‘The reddish yellow colour occupies slightly more than one third
the width of the face on either side; the shining black middle stripe reaches up
between the antennae, but is more brownish above. Face less concave above,
_ the tubercle rather more robust but not quite so prominent. Pile of face and

front all black. Front shining bronze black; on the sides below, extending less
densely across the middle, tawny pollinose. The front is slightly longer than its
width at the antennae, but appears much longer as the sides are sub-parallel
above. Third antennal joint reddish below.

Thorax aeneous or brassy black, with wholly pale pile. Scutellum
- with yellow pile basally, black apically.

Front and middle tibiae brownish, their bases broadly and their apices
yellow. Pile as in the male, but more extensively pale on the posterior four
femora. Wings paler.

Abdomen more shining; first pair of spots longer, reaching the lateral
margin moderately broadly just behind the anterior angles. (This character
is probably somewhat variable). The remaining bands are slightly narrower
than in the ¢ and more narrowed laterally, but they expand just on the lateral
margin. ‘The pile is shorter throughout. Otherwise as in the ¢.

in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, 2, Banff, Alta., July 15, 1922 (C. B. D. Garrett).

Paratype, é, Banff, July 13, 1922 (C. B. D. Garrett).

This species is readily distinguished in both sexes by the dark face and
A cannot therefore be confused.

a Stenosyrphus contumax Osten Sacken.
a Osten Sackeén, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1875, P, 147.

Length 8.5 mm. to 9.5 mm. Male. Face reddish yellowish, a stripe run-
ning over the tubercle slightly brownish; cheeks, oral margin as high as the
_ lower edge of the tubercle, and the frontal triangle, shining black. Face in
- profile moderately, long concave above, a moderately large swelling just below
_ the antennae, tubercle prominent, sub-nose-shaped, below the tubercle shortly,
shallowly concave, the oral tip a little produced ; face very little receding. Fron-
tal triangle thickly clothed.with yellowish pollen, an arch above the antennae
shining; the W mostly reddish, with a conspicuous red spot on the median
_ arms. Pile of face, frontal and vertical triangles black, moderately long. Ver-
tical triangle subshining black. Occiput yellowish grey pollinose, with yellow
- pile, cheeks yellowish pilose; occipital ciliae black. Antenna situated in yellow
. _ ground; black ; third joint reddish below at the base; arista rather slender. _ Eyes
_ with fine pale y yellowish pile.

___. Thorax greenish black, the disc somewhat darkened. Pile rather tawny ;
_ on the dorsum inside the lateral margins usually with a longitudinal stripe of
_ black hairs; these extend down before the suture and onto the upper posterior °
corner of the mesopleura; there are also a few scattered black hairs between

7%
7
~ a
-.

Holotype, ¢, Banff, Albert, July 14, 1922 (C. B. D. Garrett); No. 518.

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the humeri. Scutellum steel blue with just an indication of translucent yel-
lowish; its pile black.

Legs black; apical fifth of femora, basal half of front four tibiae and
fourth of the hind ones, reddish; front four tibiae brownish on apical: half.
Pile yellowish; the long hairs on the femora, except on the basal half of the hind
ones, black; hind tibiae with black hairs. Inner side of the front tibiae, inner
apical fourth of the hind ones, and the front and hind tarsi beneath, tawny
pubescent.

Wings somewhat luteous; stigma brown. Third vein ends just before
the tip of the wing. Squamae whitish with a slight brownish tinge, with yel-
low border and fringe. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen opaque black; the side margins, apices of third and fourth and
whole of the fifth segments, shining; with three pairs of transverse yellow spots,
the first pair broadly, the other two pairs narrowly separated in the middle. —
First pair of spots near the middle of the second segment, a little oblique as
they reach forward laterally, but are broadly separated from the lateral margin;
inner ends rounded, front margin irregularly straight; hind margin convex.
Second pair of spots widest sublaterally ; anterior margin slightly concave, the pos-
terior convex; inner end rounded; outer end cut off obliquely. Third pair of
spots similar, but narrower and of more equal width. Apices of fourth and
fifth segments, and anterior angles of the latter, reddish. None of the spots
reach the side margins. Pile black; before the first pair of spots, on the yel-
low bands and opposite them, yellow. Venter yellow, each segment with a pos-
terior fuscous crossband reaching forward in the middle to the anterior margin;
that on the second segment obsolete laterally, so that only a fuscous triangle is
left.

Female. Face more deeply concave above, the tubercle rather sharper.
Front shining black, with bronze or brassy reflections except at the vertex and
just above the antennae. On almost the lower half with a grey or yellowish
pollinose crossband ; gradually narrowing from the antennae to the vertex. Pile
of face and front black.

Thorax often decidedly brassy, the dorsum with four or five.narrow,
longitudinal bronze or purplish stripes. Pile all yellow. Scutellum translu-
cent yellow, with black pile.

Legs reddish; basal third of the femora and all the tarsi, black.

Wings hyaline or slightly luteous. Stigma luteous.

Abdomen sub-shining. First pair of spots longer, less widely separated.
Normally none of the bands reach the margin, but all or the last two pairs may
sometimes do so. Ventral spots small, usually restricted to median triangles. —
Otherwise as in the @.

Description from eleven specimens of both sexes from Labrador, Alber-
ta and Colorado.

The specimens before me agree well with Osten Sacken’s description, but
the pile on the thorax is evidently paler in colour.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 65

NEW WESTERN SPECIES OF DOLERUS (TENTHREDINIDAE
HYMENOPTERA )*
BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY,
Urbana. Ill.

The species of Dolerus of the eastern United States and Canada are well
known, most of the species have been studied and described. The following des-
criptions are a first instalment of a number of western species that have been in
course of study for some time. All the species here described were received
from Professor A. lL. Lovett of the Oregon State Agricultural College.

Dolerus napaeus n. sp.

Female. Body black, densely covered with long white setae; the anten-
nae with the first segment of the flagellum slightly longer than the second; me-
dian fovea not well defined; the head ventrad of the ocelli closely punctured, the
vertical orbits polished, the postocellar area sparsely punctured; the vertical
furrows deep, broad, longer than wide; the dorsal aspect of the thorax uniform-
ly closely punctured; the median lobe of the mesonotum without a row of large
punctures ; mesopleura coarsely punctured ; the pectus without rows of punctures ;
the saw-guides with the dorsal margin convex, the ventral margin oblique, the
distal portion convexly oblique, the apex above, short, truncately
rounded ; the wings hyaline, the veins and the stigma brown. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat.. Corvallis, Oregon; G. F. Mozette and Johnson, collectors.
This species is related to the apriloides group.

Dolerus narratus n. sp.

Female. Body wholly black except a fine pale line on the caudai margin
of the abdominal seginents; the antennae with the first segment of the flagellum
longer than the second; the head coarsely punctured, the vertical furrows elon-
gate, punctiform depressions; the postocellar area more finely and densely punc-
tured than the remainder of the head, the vertical orbits without ridges or de-
pressions, but punctured; tops of the convexities of the lobes of the mesonotum
smooth, polished; the mesoscutellum finely, densely punctured, no more densely
punctured than the adjacent parts of the lateral lobes, but distinctly more dense-
ly punctured than the median lobe; the pectus not with rows of large punctures ;
the saw-guides with the ventral margin oblique, the distal end obliquely trun-
cate, the apex above with long setae; the wings hyaline, the veins and the stigma
brownish. Length, 9 mm.

Male. ‘The male is idenetical in color and structure with the female:

Habitat. Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon; collected by Lovett, Middle-
kauff, Crosby, Zwicker, and Ballard. The punctured vertical orbits of this
species will separate it from napacus MacG.

Dolerus nasutus n. sp.

Female. Body wholly black; the antennae with the first segment of the
flagellum longer than the seccnd; the head coarsely punctured, the front and

*—Contributions fiom the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois, No. 73,

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
frontal orbits finely and closely; the vertical furrows elongate and punctiform
depressions; the postocellar area not more finely punctured than the front, the
punctures of the vertical orbits large, with a tendency to form rugosities; a
deep, concave furrow extending from the vertical furrows to the compound eyes;
median lobe of the mesonotum uniformly punctured, without an impunctate area;
lobes of the mesonotum uniformly finely punctured, not so closely punctured
as the mesoscutellum; the saw-guides convex on the dorsal margin and on the
ventral margin, obliquely convexly rounded to a blunt point above, distal por-
tion with long setae; the wings hyaline, the veins and stigma black. Length to
mm. ;
Male. ‘This sex appears to differ only in having the transverse furrow
extending from the vertical furrows to the compound eyes not so broad or
so deep. Length 9 mm.

Habitat. Corvallis, Oregon, Laura Hill, collector and Renton, Washing-
ton, H. F. Wilson, collector. This species is near inspiratus MacG.

Dolerus nefastus n. sp.

Female. Body black with the prothorax, the tegulae, the median lobe of
the mesonotum, the caudal half of each lateral lobe, sometimes extending along
the sides so that each lobe appears to bear a discal black spot, sometimes with all
of lateral lobes pale, and abdominal segments one to four, rufous; the antennae
with the first segment of the flagellum distinctly longer than the second, the
second and third subequal; the head punctate, the ocellar area and the frontal
orbits finely densely punctate, the remainder of the head coarsely punctate, the
punctation of the postocellar area and of the vertical orbits similar in size, a
transverse furrow extending from the vertical furrows to the compound eyes;
the mesonotum uniformly punctured, the mesopleura densely punctured; the
striations of the scutellar appendage distinct; the saw guides with the dorsal and
ventral margins parallel, the distal end obliquely truncate and bearing numerous
long setae; the wings hyaline, the veins and the stigma black. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat. Corvallis, Oregon; Laura Hill, collector. This species is re-
lated to inspiratus MacG. and nefastus MacG.

Dolerus nugatorius n. sp.

Female. Body entirely black, densely covered with long white setae,
giving a hoary appearance to many parts; the antennae with the first segment
of the flagellum slightly longer than the second, the second longer than the third;
the front and frontal orbits finely densely punctured; the vertical orbits densely
coarsely punctured; indication of a ridge extending from each vertical orbit
toward a compound eye, head depressed in front of this ridge, but not forming
a furrow; the postocellar area coarsely punctured ; the median lobe of the mesono-
tum densely punctured, those along each lateral margin much larger; the Iater-
al lobes of the mesonotum and the mesoscutellum finely sparsely punctate; the
mesopleura coarsely punctate; the appendage of the scutellum coarsely trans-
versely striate; the saw-guides with the dorsal and ventral margins straight, the

onthe he

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 67

distal end oblique, convexly rounded, bluntly pointed at apex above; the wings

hyaline, the veins and stigma black. Length, 9 mm.

Male. ‘The male is not strongly punctate and the ridge 6n the head is
almost wanting. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat. Pee Dee, Oregon, Vincent, collector; Mary’s Peak, Corvallis,
Oregon, A. L. Lovett, collector. The black color and the structure of the head
and thorax will differentiate this species.

Dolerus numerosus n. sp.

Female. Body black with a fine white line along the caudal margin of the
abdominal segments pale; the antennae with the first segment of the flagellum
distinctly longer than the second, the second and third subequal; the front and
the frontal orbits finely densely punctate, the postocellar area finely punctate,
the vertical orbits coarsely punctate; head without a furrow from the vertical
furrows extending toward the compound eyes; the vertical furrows linear, al-
most wanting; the lobes of the mesonotum uniformly finely punctured, none of
the punctations coarser than others; the mesoscutellum finely densely punctate ;
the mesopleura coarsely punctate; the saw-guides with the dorsal and ventral
margins converging, the ventral margin convex, the apex pointed; the wings
hyaline, the veins and the stigma black. Length, to mm.

Male. A male collected in the same month and bearing the same num-
ber is undoubtedly the male of this species. It has a broad furrow limited to
the caudal margin of the compound eyes. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat. Corvallis, Oregon; H. S. Walters, collector. . The puncta-
tion of the front, postocellar area, and the vertical orbits will separate this spe-
cies from the preceding.

Dolerus novellus n. sp.

Female. Body black with a very fine white line along the caudal margin
of the abdominal segments; the antennae with the first segment of the flagel-
lum much longer than the second, the second and third subequal; the front and
frontal orbits finely densely punctate, the postocellar area finely punctate, the
vertical orbits coarsely punctate; a deep furrow extending from the vertical
furrows behind the compound eyes; the vertical furrows elongate deep pits
with flaring sides; the median lobe of the mesonotum uniformly densely punc-
tate, not with larger punctures along each side; the lateral lobes of the mesono-
tum and the mesoscutellum finely punctured; the mesopleura densely punc-
tured; the saw-guides with the dorsal margin oblique, the ventral margin
broadly convexly rounded to a sharp point above at apex; the wings hyaline,
the veins and stigma black. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat. - Mary’s Peak; Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett,
Hardiman collector. This species runs to abdominalis Norton, from which it is
easily separated by the black color.

Dolerus novicius n. sp.

Female. Body black with the prothorax, the tegulae, the median and the

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

lateral lobes of the mesonotum, the apices of the profemora and mesofemora, the
tibiae, the distal two-thirds of the metatibiae, the tarsi infuscated, and abdominal
segments one to five and part of the s:xth, rufcus; the antennae with the first
segment of the flagellum longer than the second, the second and the third sub-
equal; the front and the frontal orbits finely densely punctured, the remainder
of the head finely more sparsely punctate; a rounded furrow extending from
the linear vertical orbits behind the compound eyes, the bottom of the furrows
polished and sparsely punctate; the lobes of the mesonotum more sparsely punc-
tate, the mesoscutellum finely densely punctate; the mesopleura coarsely punc-
tate; the saw-guides with the dorsal and ventral margins straight, the distal
end obliquely truncated, slightly convex, densely setiferous; wings hyaline, the
veins and the greater part of the stigma black, the caudal margin pale. Length,
8 mm.

Habitat. Hood’s River, Oregon, Childs Collector. This species is re-
lated to aprilis Norton.

Dolerus nicaeus n. sp.

Female. Body entirely black, the head and thorax hoary in spots with
long white setae; the antennae with the first segment of the flagellum nearly as
long as the subequal second and third together; the front and frontal orbits finely
densely punctate; the vertical orbits sparsely punctate, the punctures large; the
vertical furrows punctiform; the head with a broad transverse furrow extend-
ing from the vertical furrows behind the compound eyes; medium lobe of meso-
notum closely punctate, not with a row of large punctures on each side; each
lateral lobe uniformly punctate, not so densely as the median lobe; the meso-
scutellum finely punctate; the mesopleura finely closely punctate; the pectus al-
most polished; the saw-guides with the dorsal margin straight, the ventral mar-
gin short and straight, fhe distal portion elongate, oblique, bluntly pointed above,
setiferous; the wings slightly smoky, veins and stigma black. Length, 11 mm.

Habitat. Chilliwack, British Columbia; received from A. L. Lovett.
This species is related to nasutus MacG.

Dolerus nepotulus n. sp.

Male. Body entirely black, the head and thorax hoary with long white
setae; the antennae with the first segment of the flagellum subequal in length to
the second which is subequal to the third; the front and frontal orbits finely
densely punctate; the postocellar area obscurely punctate, the vertical orbits
broadly polished; the vertical furrows slit-like; the head not with a transverse
furrow extending from the vertical furrows behind the compound eyes; the
mesonotum with the median lobe uniformly punctate, not with a row ot large
punctures on each side; the lateral lobes of the mesonotum and the mesoscutel-
lum finely punctate; the mesopleura coarsely sparsely punctate; the wings hya-
line, the veins and the stigma black. Length, 7 mm.

Habitat. inn County, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett. This spe-
cies is related to nudus MacG.

Peete ee eS

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- *_Contributions from the Department of Zoology, Smith College, No. 99.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 69

ON. LHE ECOLOGY OF-PODOPS CINCTIPES SAY AND RHYTIDO-
LOMIA SAUCIA SAY, (HEMIPTERA, PENTATOMIDAE).*
BY H. M. PARSHLEY,

Northampton, Mass.
One of the exercises done by the class in field zoology at the Biologi-

-cal Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N.Y., is a detailed study of

the animals of the “Jones Marsh,” a small salt meadow, which is partially ov-
erflowed by seawater at times of high tide, and hence supports a special fauna and
flora. Among the characteristic plants are Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., which
forms a broad zone just behind the high water line, and Juncus gerardi Lois.,
marking the next zone away from the shore. With these plants, as we found
during the past summer (July 27-28) are intimately associated the Pentatomids
Podops cinctipes Say and Rhytidolomia saucia Say, insects whose habits are
little known, although they are common in collections.

In habit of growth the two plants mentioned are somewhat similar
form a thick- tangled thatch like coarse hair, which affords ideal shelter to
various salt-marsh animals and renders ordinary collecting methods futile.
If, however, the collector discards his net, and, kneeling, parts the thick mat of
vegetation, he will find Podops and Rhytidolomia at home (on their respective
plants), clambering about among the closely set stems from which they draw
sustenance.

they

Podops cinctipes Say.

' This is a small, dark brown species, one of our few representatives of the
subfamily Graphosomatinae (notable for the large scutellum), which is of wide
distribution in the United States and Canada. Evidently it is not confined to
salt marshes, and hence it is clear that Juncus gerardi is not its sole food-plant—
doubtless other species of rushes will serve as well. Among the few published
notes on the habits of P. cinctipes are statements that it has been found in
“marshes,” ‘meadows,’ “wet situations,” and I have taken it under stones
near salt water and in sweeping marsh plants. During the past summer, I found
the nymphs in large numbers among the stems of Juncus gerardi, and, wishing

to obtain adults for determination, I dug up a small tuft of the plant with its

roots, placed it simply in a pint jar with nymphs of various sizes, and thus
transferred a bit of the marsh to Northampton. This crude method proved suc-
cessful: the mature insects appeared in due time, mated, and one laid a dozen
eggs in a double row on a Juncus stem. ‘The eggs hatched in about six days,
but it was necessary to kill and preserve the young, as by this time the food-plant

-had withered, succumbing finally to two or three weeks’ separation from its na-

tive soil.

The egg (fig. 2) is yellowish white, 1 mm. in length, cylindrical, rounded
at bottom, and provided with a shallow lid. The surface is minutely reticu-
lated and around the upper end is a series of about 26 very small chorial pro-
cesses, which (at least after hatching) lie so closely against the surface that
even under high magnification they appear merely as tiny white markings. The
anchor-shaped egg-burster in a remnant of membrane is to be seen at the open-
ing of each egg shell.

79 Tivk CANAGIAN EX GC MGEIGILE

The first stage nymph is about one mm. in length shortly after hatching, and
is almost hemispherical in shape. The surface bears coarse, remote, dark punc-
tures; the head, fourth antennal segment, thorax, area of the abdominal glands,
marginal spots of abdomen, tarsi, and apices of femora are dark grayish brown,
with bronzed lustre; the rest yellow. The head is a little broader than long,
smoothly convex, the eyes scarcely projecting; the antennae are very short,
the first three segments hardly longer than broad, the fourth about as long as
the others together.

Podops cinctipes Say :—1, nymph of the fifth instar (x 15), 2, the egg after hatching (x 50).

Several later stages, collected in the field, presented a uniform and char-
acteristic general appearance: in form they all agree rather closely with the fifth
(fig. 1), being much less convex than the first. The general coloration is dark
grayish brown, with bronzed lustre; on the pronotum are two small, yellow spots
and the dark calli; at the basal angles of the scutellar region are two similar
spots, flanked by small black areas, and the front wing-pads are more or less
infuscated; the scent-gland areas and abdominal margin are distinctly patterned
in black. The ground color of head, thorax, and abdomen is pale yellow, but
the black punctures are so coarse and numerous as to produce a general dark
effect.

In an intermediate stage (the third?) the eyes are distinctly prominent,
the pronotum is but slightly shorter than the scutellum on the median line, the
wing-pads are slightly developed, not reaching the level of the apex of scutellum,
and the antennae are very stout, intermediate in this respect between those of
the first and fifth instars.

The fifth stage nymph (fig. 1) 1s 5--6 mm. in length, and the form is
but slightly convex, the abdomen being flat laterally. As in the older nymphs
of Nezara viridula Linn.,! there appear to be light and dark forms, the former
due to brown instead of black punctation, but in living specimens the differ-
ence is not striking and intermediates occur.

Studying this species in the light of Hart’s keys? for Pentatomid nymphs,
I find that abdominal spiracles 2—6 are accompanied each by but one setigerous
puncture (trichobothrium of ‘Tullgren), which is very distinctly developed.

1—Jones, T. H., The Southern Green Plant-bug, U. S. Dept. Agri., Bull. 689, 1918.
2—Pent. of illinois, Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., XIII, 1919.

A
Oe ee ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 71

whereas the other Pentatomidae have regularly two. This character, then.
may be temporarily employed in interpolating the Graphosomatinae in Hart’s
key. I hope shortly to have some further information (drawn from European
material) on the validity of this nymphal subfamily character.

Rhytidolomia saucia Nay.

This beautiful insect is one of the most striking and characteristic in-
habitants of the “Spartina patens zone.” Adults and nymphs occur in great abun-
dance among the densely matted stems of the plant, where their presence wouid
be quite unsuspected without special scrutiny. This species has been found
only along the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts to Florida, and I believe

- that it is confined to salt marshes, possibly to Spartina patens, as its sole food

plant, since this grass occurs within the same limits.

The nymph (late stage) of FR. saucia is easily recognized by its striking
color pattern. The ground color is bright yellow, the surface provided with
black and brown punctures and dots so small and sparse that they hardly af-
fect the general light shade. The third antennal segment, except at base, and
the fourth, are black, as are the eyes. The head and thorax bear four broad
black stripes, the median pair, separated by a narrow mid-dorsal pale iine, be-
ginning faintly on the head and gradually broadening to the apex of the scu-
tellum, the lateral beginning at the anterior margin of the pronotum just behind
the eyes and similarly widening to the apices of the wing-pads. The scent-
gland areas are black, and the dorsal surface of the abdomen, except for a nar-
row, pale margin, is dusky yellow, crossed by numerous narrow and nebulous
streaks of dark brown. In form this nymph is somewhat more elongate than
P. cintipes ( fig. 1), the head much larger in proportion and the scutellum much
shorter. Specimens at hand measure 7—S mm. in length.
| In Hart’s key the nymph of R. saucia runs to Chlorochroa, if we con-
sider the scarcely impressed dotting of the abdominal tergum to be marks, not
punctures; here it is readily distinguished by its bold color pattern, described
above. and its elongate form.

ANNOTATED CHECK LIST OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF AL-
BERTA—ADDITIONS, 192t.
BY KENNETH BOWMAN,
Edmonton, Alta.

The following are additions during 1921 to the “Check List of the Macro-.
lepidoptera of Alberta,” published by the Alberta Natural History Society, Red
Deer, Alberta, in 1919. ‘ .

The identifications were made by Dr. Barnes, Dr. J. McDunnough, Messrs.
Cassino and Swett, to whom I am much indebted for their kindness. The
numbers refer to the month of capture, the letters are the abbreviations for
the locality as given in the Check List.

SMERINENS. GLC TRANG TOGW = S50 02 1.002 one ew a> cen ee ASEM «sy ee
ESR UADGLLE CLARE 2 eo. Ce oe Fyre ween os ed wpe cia eo ee Qe 7 WN.
219 Euphydryas anicia capella Barnes ........ fet oe 6 Bm
B00 Bastlarchia lorquint burrisoni Mayn............«.......-+4-+-+-- 6 Br

MIPIM OIRURD OND 5 isa 6) 5g es a eyo pats tes Cee eheie Sale g oe ep Meee apo gis:

72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a

437 -Plebeius singing. Bdv.3. 28 ae eee eee nF CECE oas oe 6 Bm. ~
449 Glaucopsyche lygdamus columbia Skin. ...:.2...0....0.002 6.800 6 Bm.
N.S. Neoarctia sordida McD. ..... DABS Ai oP Ge Ie Le ae 6 B.
£218 Copablepharon. alba: Harys:. tae Sake ee Lb-
Layo Luroa: Catentle -Grt,, <2052e. eee Spe Denes soe Gee “bbe
12973" Buxoa anirisa, sirigies Grt. 50. senses eek 2 ne oe a 8 E.
12yA Buxoarufule: bastfloda tomas aceon oss ee ee PTS 8 L.
L350 Luteo westermant “Htaudo e022 2Re ot Sa ee eee 7 IN:
N-S. si namogynw partite. MeO. Sacer. «coy. se ae 7—8 C. LAPS eee
N.S. Anomogynd homogenn MGW. . os cise ete ae Te BP
ES to A pharetra dentata. Grit oe = tape ceo oe ee 7 N.
1548-.M yilunina olwata Wary. ofa ocels 5 eo eos ae ot be ee Sa rae
nese (Lasionycta subpiscmla Cited son'c<. quinn oe eS Pre es: 6 Bm.
2022 Oncocnemis albifasciata lamps... o...p.¥a05 0s see ee Lb.
2043. Graptolitha tepidd aliincia Sm. 2 Ho. Sai 2. 4 ae 4 E.
2550 .latyperigia anotha: Wy ar a 0% 52 tale. csc eo Sh.
2500-Crambodes tahdiformis ‘Gniy Ce) .6 aoc. ues un 0s ee > ay
2019 Menopsimus -cadnens. yar. oo, Lag poet ee Cee ped ko 7 Nicks
2708 Deliura. dijpusa Gttere =. <> RS cae na ae Shon eee 6 E.
3012. Sarrothripus revayana lintnerana. Spey. ....<.... <<. 02.209 nae 9 E.
205 ZiUatacmlewerecugag, TUStC Ok. so Fes sn 2 Sn ik ee |= Steen eee Lb.
3227 Autographa diasema borea Autiv. 2.4. cs..2 12+: ss. 7. Me
3562 Bomolocha -bijugalis. WK. mw o.. a0 6 does as se an 2 age Ss
3571. Bomolocha toreiia Git. i. te .1we we 2 areas Yan oaks oe 7 Be
8670. Cerura. occidentalis gigons McD o 2. np ieee be oo hee 4—6 C. P. NV B:
2710 -Olene grisefacta Dyat ~. sv. is fests ae oes 3 ms 7 es
3750 Malacosma, pluaials Dyat a2. 2 ss... ak sn epee toate, ee 7 N.
2045 Carsia paludaia alpimaia Pack.” - s.. 2. /+4 so .4 oh Sate oe 8 14
N.S. Orthanama evansi McD. ....... Gas cag eaae cts okie den 2 Sete 7, Via
-4148 Eupithecia obumbrata Tayl. ........ YS ave etn ee ate err 7 ae
N.S. Eupithecta nordeggensis. Cass. & Swett 2. ..2.2. 28 ss pee 6—7 PN.
4601 Aethalura anticaria fumata B. & McD. ........0..0. 000. se sv eceee 5
4627 Eranms vancouverensis Histy, 2.0. .-s¢oscen .- She oon 5s ee (0 Hae 7
A654 Ellopia fescellaria Ge os, ant fine he x Ny os ke ee oO: Ee

AN APPEAL

Dr. Walther Horn, of the Deutsches Entomologisches Museum, Berlin-
Dahlem, Gossler-Str. 20, Germany, writes that his Museum lacks financial ~
support and is hardly able to continue its existence. The publication which ia
he issues, namely “Entomologische Mitteilungen,” is critically feeling the fin- —
ancial conditions of Germany, and especially the monetary exchange. Prices
of printing have risen enormously, and hopes for the future are very dim. On
account of the condition of the exchange, subscriptions to the journal, when sent
in German marks, are not welcome, because of the constant and extremely —
rapid decline in value of the mark. Doctor Horn wishes that American stb- —
scribers to the journal should send their subscription price ($1.25) in Am-
erican or Canadian money; and if this is done, and if more subscriptions are —
sent in, he hopes that the journal may be able to continue.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73

AN. APPARENTLY UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF SCELLUS
(DOLICHOPODIDAE, DIPTERA)*
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
Scellus amplus new species.

Middle tibiae swollen and polished at apex, with a long spine just before
the swelling beneath; front basitarsus with a long spine below before the middle
and two or three smaller ones. Allied to filiferus Lw., but that species has num-
- erous shorter spines on front basitarsi and dense ciliate hairs behind on the
middle tibiae.

Length, almost 5 mm., wing 6.5 mm. Male. Face narrow, widened be-
low, ochre yellow; front yellow with some ochre pollen; the ground color bronze
green; occiput yellow, with cupreous reflections. Palpi yellow, proboscis black.
Antennae black, shining; third joint elongate oval, sub-pointed above, a little
swollen at the origin of the arista; not shining, with short whitish hair. Basal
portion rather thick; last section slender, curved about its middle.

Thorax cupreous bronzed, rather thickly greyish pollinose, but not ocm-
_~ pletely obscuring the ground color dorsum with two narrowly separated median
brownish stripes, abbreviated behind, and an obscure, similarly colored stripe
above the wings. Each of the few hairs arises from a black spot. Pleura
mutch less densely pollinose. Scutellum moderately pollinose.
ame Legs black, femora bronzed, tibiae more greenish. Fore femora thick
basally, gradually tapering. Anterior tibiae with the sub-basal spur black, its
__ upper surface yellow pollinose, and with pale yellowish hairs; just below the
origin of the spur, on the outer side a long black spine, with a shorter one above
it; apex of tibiae produced as a rather broad, blunt lobe, which is of about the
same length as the last tarsal joint; the lobe behind with three or four black
bristles, its anterior and apical margin with a fringe of short, black hairs ;im-
_ mediately above the lobe in front the tibia is fringed with yellow hairs, dense
and longer apically; beneath towards the front is a row of black bristles, longer

‘apically, behind, on the swollen sub-basal -fourth with much longer bristles.

Front basitarsi postero-ventrally, just before the middle, with a long bristle

and two or three short ones before it on posterior surface. Middle femora
strongly arcuate, the apical two-thirds swollen, beneath, on the hind surface
a with a single row of black bristles, but these are. mixed with the long, bristly
~ hairs on the outer half, and not distinguishable; antero-dorsally is a row of
five or six bristles on the apical third. Middle tibiae also moderately arcuate
_ and swollen on basal portion, the posterior surface flattened; bearing tong, not
_ -very abundant hairs which appear slightly tufted, and especially marked on

aoe

Pai”
*

= the swollen area; above the middle on the outer side with two bristles and a
slightly stouter one just before the apex; apex swollen and polished, more ex-
_ tensively so on the posterior side; just above this area on the inner side a stout,
apically curved bristle. Middle basitarsi on either side below with a row of
long spines. Hind femora laterally compressed, bearing dorsally two sub-apical
. bristles and a posterior one just before the apical dorsal one. Hind tibiae a little

_ *—Contribution from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,
5 Dept., of Agric., Ottawa. ~

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

curved outward when viewed from the side; their outer surface with about four
equally spaced spines, their inner, posterior apical half with nine similar spines
not in a regular row; the opposite surface with more or less regular hairs. Cox-
ae greyish white pollinose, with fine yellow pile, the front ones with a row of
black bristles.

Wings largely clear hyaline, but beyond the middle the cells are cinereous,
fading out apically ; on the crossvein is a double, fused spot occupying all either
end, and a second spot on the curve of the last section of the fourth vein; there
is also a.streak in the discal cell, and the area behind the fifth vein from the
tip of the sixth vein is darker, but fades out marginally.

Abdomen on basal four segments and side of the fifth, coppery, the fifth
and sixth bronze green; except the sixth segment, rather abundantly yellowish
grey pollinose. Fillaments black basally, becoming brown, the apical half yel-
low: the basal portion, which is directed to the upper margin of the abdomen and
about one-fifth of the second portion, which is directed backwards, is black; irom
there to about the second third of this portion it is yellowish brown, the lasi
third yellow; the second portion is terminated in a broad, inferior ciliae of yel-
low hairs, which extend all along the yellow portion, and the third portion curves
obliquely upwards from this point, again curving back, but the pointed end cury-
ed a little upward; the outer upper margin of the last section, not reaching to
the tip, is ciliate, with pale yellowish or white hairs, which are directed down-
wards so as to cover the whole of this side of the filament. The terminal lamel-
lae are fuscous, broadened, and then ending in a pair of parallel processes,
which are long, flattened and sub-pointed, each bearing four or five not long
black hairs apically.

Holotype— é, Saanich, British Columbia, May 17, 1919, (W. Downes),
No. 554 in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

In Aldrich’s key (Ent. News, XVIII, 136) this species traces out to
filiferus Lw. ‘The key may be modified by placing the figure “6” instead of
filiferus and using the following couplet :

6. Middle tibia with the apex swollen and polished and bearing a stout, curved
spine on the inner side before this area ................ amplus Curran.
Middle tibia not with polished apex, but with such spine; with a preapical

row of long, black ciliate hairs on the anterior surface .... filiferus Loew.

CHANGES OF NAMES
BY C. H. CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.

{ am indebted to Mr. F. M. Hull for calling my attention to the fact that
the name “Stratiomyia velutina” (Can. Ent., LIV, p. 233) is preoccupied (Bigot,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 213, 1877) for a species from Chile. I propose the name
“griseata’ for the Canadian species.

In my article on the sodalis group appearing in this issue I overlooked the
fact that Philippi (Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, XV, p. 747, 1865) had used
the name “Syrphus interruptus” for a Chilean species. The name “S. mallochi”
may be substituted for “\S. interruptus” (antea, p. 61).

| > lg oe, a “ © i*4 a, ft
Gee 7h ew Re PT EN, =
na ie “ 23 teers ae ; :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 75

BOOK NOTICE

; “Entomology with Special Reference to its Ecological Aspects,’ by Jus-

tus Watson Folsom, Sc. D., Assistant Professor of Entomology at the Universi-

Cty of Illinois, third revised edition, with five plates and 308 text figures, Phila-
_ delphia; P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., price $4.00.

2 , We were very glad indeed to receive the new edition of this well-known

work. The author is to be congratulated on the choice of the additional text

contained 402 pages with four plates and 304 text figures, whereas this new edi-
q tion contains 502 pages—one hundred pages more, as well as one additional

_ plate and four new illustrations. Some 250 titles have been added to the biblio-

* graphy and an entirely new chapter on insect ecology is included. This new
__ chapter discusses at considerable length and under definite sub-headings : I—Con-
2 ditions of terrestrial existence; I]—Conditions of aquatic existence; IJJ—En-
__ vironmental factors in general; IV—Classification of environments; V—Com-
munities; VI—Examples of insect communities; and VII—Succession. In the
Sa ject is scattered and there has been no similar comprehensive treatment of ecolo-
_ _ gy from the viewpoint of the entomologist. In the preparation of this chapter,
* the author has been fortunate in having the expert advice of Professor V. E.
. Shelford, of the University of Illinois, who is not responsible, however, for
~ any possible shortcomings in the chapter.”
Bs On page 187 we notice that the name Cyaniris pseudargiolus is used; ac-

= cording to the “Barnes & McDunnough Check List” this Lycaenid should be

referred to as Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus, with the summer form as neglecta and

__ neglecta-major, pseudargiolus proper replacing the name violacea as used by Fol-

' som. Likewise,’on the same page [phiclides ajax should be referred to as Papilio
marcellus Cram. with the respective forms lecontei, telamonides and marcellus.

3 ALG.

matter which has been added. The second revised edition, published in 1913,

words of the author, “This ought to prove useful, as the literature of the sub- —

————————_-

Have the following entomological literature for sale or exchange. Com-
picte with index and unbound unless otherwise noted:
Journal Economic Entomology, I to VII.

Poriona College Journal Entomology, I to IV.
Psyche, VI and VII, bound 2 vols. 34 leather.

Proceedings Entomological Society Washington, XVII to XIX and XX ex-

cept index.

Jouinal Economic Biology (London) VI.
~Entomologists Monthly Magazine XXII. :

Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie VIII and IX.

Review Applied Entomology Ser. A and B, IV and V, VI except index.
Insect Life III.

Need American Entomologist III (N. S. I) No. 12; Bulletin Brooklyn

Entomological Society VI, VIII, IX and X, No. 2 and index; Ann. Repts.
Entomological Society Ontario, II, III, IV, IX; Entomologica Americana, V1;
U. S. D. A. Bureau of Entomology bulletins old series 2, 3, 9, 20, 33.
Address, Department of Entomology,

Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon,

WANTED

“AM WANTING” Canadian Papilios, intra, aliaska and females of turnas
canadensis, also Papilo brevicauda from Newfoundland and Anticosti, and
should be glad to hear from anyone who has them. All “data” possible
wanted with them. Good prices paid. D. Longsdon, F.E.S., The Flower
House, Beckenham Lane, 5. E 6, England.

BARGAINS IN FINE TROPICAL BUTTERFLIES

I am offering for a limited time only (fqr 30 days after date of this
issue of Magazine) the following butterflies, all good quality (unless other-
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This is the chance for you to stock up with your requirements for the
Xmas trade.

Please note that the Butterflies are sold at the stated prices only in
the quantities mentioned.

PRICE PER 100.—Catagramma $10. Callicore (98 Butterfly) $8- Ag. vanil-
lae $7.50. Helic. phyillis, melpomene or charitonius $5. Meg. corina or
idle $8. Meg. chiron $5- Vanessa urticae $3. Antiopa $4.50. Pyr. ata-
lanta $5. Terac. eupolmipe $9. Cyrestis lutea map butterfly) $13. Zyg.
fililpendulae (small, bright for Jewellery) $5. Eum- atala (fine) $&.
Chlor. chreubina $15. Cyane $12. Urania fulgens (passable quality) $11.
Catop. argante $%. Rurina $7. Philea $8. Paplio agesilaus $8- Antheus
(very fine) $18. Demodocus (fine-Leopard papilio) $18. Ornith. hecuba
(males) perfect $60. A. luna $10. Pap- lyaeus $18. Mixed Number
Amenican Saturnids $7.

PRICE PER 100—Uteth. bella (small pink moth—fine, bright, fresh speci-
mens.. $50. Lyc. exelis (very small, for Jewellery) $25. Lyc. corydon
(English blue) $25- Mixed small Lycaena for Jewellery $30. Attacus
atlas (passable) $3.50 per dozen.

SPECIAL—25,000 South American Butterflies, Mixed, including Papilio and
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ASSINIBOIA, SASK., CANADA

a eee

OO ee

Che Canadian Cntomolanist

ORILLIA, APRIL, 1923. No. 4

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Toe Hosr Seyection PrincipLE AS ADVANCED BY WaALSH*
BY F. C. CRAIGHEAD,
Ottawa, Ont.
Shortly after the publication of the results of certain experiments! on
e host plants by several cerambycid beetles, the writer received a letter from
De Nathan Banks calling his attention to two very important papers by \Walsh?,?
in 1864 and 1865. Unfortunately, these papers were entirely overlooked. That
Dr. Walsh fully appreciated the extent to which many species, or better, his
g “phytophagic species” are restricted to a certain plant is fully attested by his
statements, which are quoted. In fact, he is probably the first entomologist to
state definitely this principle in concise wording. The following quotation is
taken from page 405-400-407, Volume III.
- —s “*#E’ven with the little we know of the Laws of Inheritance, we might in-
fer a priori, that when from peculiar circumstances a Phytophagic Variety, includ-
_ ing both the sexes, has fed for a great many generations upon one particular plant
_ of the number inhabited by the species to which it belongs, it would be likely
to transmit to its descendants in the imago state a tendency to select that par-
ticular plant upon which to deposit its eggs. We know, for example, that
young pointer puppies, when taken into the field, will frequently point game
without any instruction or training whatever, though the habit of pointing is
clearly an acquired and not a natural habit, and must have been transmitted to
- them from their ancestors in virtue of the Laws of Inheritance. If, then, it
_ should so happen that, owing to the presence of but a single species of the plants
~ ordinarily fed upon by a particular species of insects, or to other causes, eggs
have been uniformly deposited by a Phytophagic Variety upon the same plant _
- for an indefinitely , fifty, or a hundred, or a
_ thousand, or ten thousand—and the female has in no case intercrossed with a
male belonging to a different Phytophagic Variety, then it is probable that habit
_ will have become a second nature, and that it will cease to be possible for that
_ insect, which by the supposition-has fed upon that one plant for a very long series
of years, to feed upon any other plant than that to which it has become habitu-
_ ated by the Laws of Inheritance.
“But before this point is reached, another series of phenomena will have
come into play.. Every naturalist is aware that species often run into what are
known as geographical races, when separated into two or more distinct groups

| *—Contribution from the Division of Forest Insects, Entomological Branch, Dept. of
.” Agric., Ottawa.

BE Fonkins Host-Selection Priuciple as Related to Certain Cerambycid Beetles, Journ.
: Agr. Research Vol. XXII No. 4, pp. 189-220, Oct. 22, 1922.

B50: Phytophagic Varieties and Phytophagic Species by B. D. Walsh, Proc. of the
Ent. Soc. of Philadelphia, Vol. ITI, 1864, page 403-430.

3—Same title and publication Vol. TV 1865, p. 194-216.

77 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

by physical barriers. Just so the Phytophagic Variety, having by the supposition
been isolated from the other members of its species, will often run into what
may be called Phytophagic Races, and finally, perhaps, acquire either a moral
indisposition, or a physica! inability, to intercross with the other members of

the species. It will then have become what I propose to call a Phytophagic

Species, distinguished from the other members of the species to which it orig-
inally belonged by certain slight peculiarities of size, or of coloration, or oc-
casionally even of structure, just as geographical races are so distinguished. But
there will be this essential difference between the two cases: Geographical Races
are connected, or supposed to be connected, by all the intermediate grades,
and may therefore be reasonably concluded to intercross on the confines of
their geographical boundaries. Phytophagic Species are not so connected, and
by the supposition they do not intercross, or, at all events, only in very rare in-
stances, as 1s sometimes the case with what are allowed on all hands to be dis-
tinct species.

“According to my views, Phytophagic Species are as truly distinct species
as those which differ by much stronger characters. ‘The only valid practical
criterion,’ as I have already said, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. II, p. 220) of specific
distinctness is the general non-existence, either actually ascertained or ana-
logically inferred, of intermediate grades in the distinctive characters, whence
we may reasonably conclude that the two supposed species are distinct, 1. e.,
that they do not now in general mix sexually together, or if geographically sep-
arated, that they would not do so, supposing them to be placed in juxtaposi-
tion.”

He has further substantiated his remarks by experiments on several species
and many careful observations in nature.

It will be seen from the following quotation how similar are the results
to those which the writer expresses in 1921.

“Hence, we may conclude, first, that tessellaris may, without very ma-
terial injury to its health, be shifted on to Oak from the other trees on which
it naturally feeds; for although, of those that were retained on oak, a much
larger percentage spun up than of those that were shifted on to oak from other
trees, yet a considerable percentage of the former, and none whatever of the latter,
died in confinement. Second. That sycamore is not a congenial food for tes-
sellaris; for a considerable percentage of those fed on sycamore died in confine-
‘ment, and but a small percentage spun up. Third. That oak is abhorrent to
Harrisii as a food plant. It may seem strange at the first view, that tessellaris can
be compelled to feed upon sycamore up to the time of its assuming the pupa
state, and Harrisii cannot be compelled to feed for any length of time upon oak;
but when we consider that in a state of nature the former is polyphagous and
the latter monophagous, our surprise will cease. It is not that Harrisw does not
eat the oak-leaves furnished to it—for the quantity of excrement on the floor of
the breeding-cage at each shifting and cleaning out proved that it must eat
them—but that, having eaten them, it either perishes of disease superinduced by
the unnatural food, or bores its way out in despair through the millinet of the
cage, or devours its own brethren in default of its natural food-plant.

“Tt will be observed from the table that in Nos. 5, 6, and 7 the average

a a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 78

number of days when the larvae were found missing is small, being only a little
over four days; whereas in Nos. 3 and 4 it is large, being a little over sixteen
and a half days. The reason of this difference is, that in the former, as soon
as the larvae were placed on the leaves they commenced endeavouring to es-

cape; whereas in the latter, they mostly stayed contentedly on the leaves until

they were full-grown, when many escaped from the breeding-cage, probably in

search of a more convenient place in which to spin up.”

On page 411, Vol III, he writes as follows: ‘“That there may be no mis-
take, it may be as well to say here that the difference between what I call a
Phytophagic Variety and what I call a Phytophagic Species is simply this: The
former habitually intercross with the normal race, the latter do not.’ In this
connection the writer called attention (former citation) to the fact that several
species in his experiments, after having bred in the same wood for two or three
years, did not copulate as readily with other host strains as did those from the
same plant.

In this same paper are some words of consolation to those who are work-
ing on the larval stages of insects and find many striking anomalies between
the present adult classification and those suggested by larval characters. Dr.
Walsh writes: “No entomologist hesitates to consider two imagos as distinct
species, merely because the larvae are undistinguishable. In many families, in-
deed, e. g. Cynipidae, Apidae and Muscidae, very many larvae bear so close a
resemblance to each other that he would be a bold man who pretended to dis-
tinguish them. Why then refuse to consider two well characterized larvae, like
tessellaris and Harrisii, as distinct species, merely because their imagos are un-
distinguishable? Why lay all the stress upon the characters of the imago, and
none at all upon those of the larva or pupa? This is as irrational, as if an ento-
mologist were to cut off and throw away the wings and legs of every imago which
he is studying, and persist in classifying it from the consideration of its body
alone; much in the same way as conchologists used formerly to neglect and un-
dervalue all the soft parts of Mollusk, and decide on its systematic affinities
only from the characters of its shell.

“On the general principle that, whenever two insects differ by constant

_and well-marked characters in any of their states, whether egg, larva, pupa or

imago, they must be specially distinct, unless they be the sexes of other dimorphous
forms of one and the same species, the case of tessellaris and Harrisii might be
rested here.”

Walsh’s discussion of Cyllene pictus and C. robiniae were particularly in-
teresting to me as a coleopterist studying the larvae. No one now hesitates
to pronounce these two insects, the one from hickory and also many other plants,

_ the other only from black locust, as distinct species, in fact the larvae are easily

separated, more readily perhaps than the adults. Walsh points out remarkable
difference between the larvae of C. robiniae and pictus—the latter furnished him
by Osten Sacken. Unfortunately, this was not the larvae of Cyllene pictus, but
very likely that of Xylotrechus colonus. Although Walsh was probably not so
familiar with the anatomical structures of these larvae as we know them today,
his keen power of observation and deduction are well illustrated by his skepticism
as to the identity of the larvae from Osten Sacken. On page 204, Vol IV, he

79 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

says, “Can it be possible, that of two such closely allied species as robiniae
and pictus, one is apod in the larval state and the other has distinct feet?” This
was from a description of C. pictus by Osten Sacken, before receiving the lar-
vae from him. After examining the actual specimen, in a footnote. page 205,
Vol. III, he further comments on the remarkable differences, and though ap-
parently accepting the facts as supported by the specimens, does so very dubi-
ously, stating, “On the whole, I am inclined to believe the larvae of C. pictus
is really apod, and that of C. robiniae really six-footed; but as this is so re-
markable an anomaly, it would be very desirable to verify the facts by turther
observations.” ‘

These larval comments are somewhat off the subject of this article, yet
I thought it worth while to mention them as an example of his keen power
of observation. When we consider how little has been known of the charac-
ters of the Cerambycid larvae, Walsh’s comments are all the more remarkable.
As recently as 1912 Webb+* confused Cyllene pictus and Xylotrechus colonus lar-
vae. This can easily occur, since both feed in the same logs. Cyllene pictus
pupates and transforms to adult in the late summer, all the brood transforming
about the same time while X. colonus larvae all overwinter as larvae except a
few, which emerge as beetles in the late summer. Consequently, it is a simple
matter to collect pupae or adults of C. pictus and associate the larvae of \. colonus
in the same wood with them.

Space hardly permits me to comment on these papers as fully as I would
like, as there is a certain pleasure in finding one’s own observations so completely
verified, even though antedated. In fact, practically all the conclusions to which
the writer arrived after a rather lengthy series of experiments have been ex-
pressed some fifty years previously by Dr. Walsh.

THE DATA OF ENTOMOLOGY
BY el. DY, A. COCKERELL,
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

It is a curious fact that artists, some of them highly competent and dis-
tinguished, will not rarely paint quite impossible butterflies while the flowers
or human figures in the same pictures are well and accurately drawn. Zoolo-
gists, whose discussions of animals are conscientiously precise, will nusquote
and misspell the names of plants. Entomologists, whose morphological studies —
command our admiration and respect, will be careless and inaccurate in citing
localities. Thus we find that the training acquired in a narrow field is not
necessarily carried over to or effective in fields which are closely adjacent. ‘The
truth of the matter seems to be, not so much that the training cannot be made
etfective elsewhere, as that it is not made to function through lack of iterest.
Thus, the old debate concerning the value of the classics has often missed the
real point. No doubt a sound classical education develops the powers of the mind=
but we have to complain of the classically educated, because they so often re-
main ignorant of and indifferent to other matters of serious importance. It

4—Webb, J. L. A Preliminary Synopsis of Cerambycoid Larvae. Tech. Series No. 20,
Party, US... A, Itz:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 8o

is of no avail that they might do things, so long as they will not. The immed-
- jate cause of these remarks is the receipt of the misnamed “Insecutor Inscitize
_ Menstruus” for July-September, 1922, containing a description of the new spec-
ies, Chilosia sonoriana Shannon, said to be from Las Vegas, New Mexico, 11,000
ft. altitude. The altitude given is not that of Las Vegas, and the speci-
-_ mens came from the Las Vegas Range, as the label surely stated. The specific
name is inappropriate for an insect which inhabits the Hudsonian Zone. It
seems worth while to present a few other corrections, as later on it will be
difficult to eradicate the errors from the literature. It ought to be said that
errors of this type are not infrequently due to preparators rather than auth-
ors. I could cite rather numerous cases of misspelled or other erroneous print-
ed labels, placed on whole series of specimens in museums.

Apanteles cockerelli Muesebeck, 1920. Cited from “New Mexico”; the precise
locality was Mesilla. I am afraid I was to blame here, as in my earlier
collecting I used numbers, and failed to put the proper data on the
labels.

Prosopis rudbeckiae granulatus Metz, 1911. No locality given. The speci-
mens are in American Museum of Natural History; three are from
Ormsby County, Nevada (Baker), which I will now designate as the
type locality. One is from Woods Creek, Kings River Canyon, Californ-
ia, 8,000 ft., June 16, 1910 (Mets).

Zagrammosoma americana Girault, 1916. “Boulder, Col. (Cockerell).” It
was probably collected by Bethel, and from southern Colorado.

Agromyza indecisa Malloch, 1913. ‘Las Vegas, 11,000 ft.” Should be Las
Vegas Range.

_ Agromyza minima Malloch, 1913. “Mescalero, Mexico.” Should be New Mexico.

Incurvaria sedella Busck, 1915. “Boulder.” Should be Boulder Canyon.

; As our data become more complete, the significance of additional re-
cords can be better appreciated. If authors would endeavor to present the
facts in relation to others, their papers would be more interesting. Thus, I
have just identified a female of Malissodes suffusa Cresson, overlooked in my
boxes, which I collected at Socarro, New Mexico, at flowers of a species of
_ Compositae, June 29, 1895. I noted that it was hard to catch. This informa-
tion, as it stands, is of little interest, but we may add the following: M. suffusa
is a well-known species of Texas, extending to Lower California. It has been
_ taken at Flagstaff, Arizona, where it seemed far out of its range. especially
“Ke as many years of collecting had apparently revealed no trace of it in New
_ Mexico. Now it proves that it does occur rarely in New Mexico, visiting Com-
_ positae as in Texas. The Socarro specimen is narrower and less ropust than
"one from Texas. ‘Thus the significance of the new record appears, and the
reader is left with a question in his mind: Why is the insect so wide spread
_ in New Mexico and Arizona, and yet so scarce there? Is it invading that part

of the country, or is it an old inhabitant. now on the wane?
<<?
at
=

SI THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

THE DISTRIBUTION AND FORMS OF LYGAEUS KALMII STAL;
WITH REMARKS -ON INSECT ZOOGEOGRAPHY
(HEMIPTERA, LYGAEIDAE)?*

BY H. M. PARSHLEY,

Northampton, Mass.

For several years | have been interested in gathering data on the dis-
tribution of Lygaeus kalmii Stal, a Lygaeid which occurs commonly through-
out the greater part of the North American continent. Examination of the
materials contained in the United States National Museum, the Canadian Na-
tional Collection at Ottawa, and many other institutional and private collec-
tions has afforded a very extensive set of records, now grown sufficient, |
think, to warrant detailed presentation. The study of this body of data
throws light on several questions, which may be introduced by a brief review
of the taxonomic history of the species.

In connection with his original description? of L. kalmii, Stal distinguish-
ed three color varieties, a, b, and c, based: on the varying development of the
red pronotal fascia and of the white membranal spots, to which Montandon®
added a fourth, the melanic var. melanodermus. Uhler,* discussing kalmit
(by inference) and related species, advanced the idea that contrary to Montan-
don’s views these forms should be united under the name turcicus Fabr., but
subsequent investigation has not shown this contention to be well founded; vari-
ation is not, as Uhler thought, continuous between them. The next event in
this history was the subdivision of L. kalmii into two subspecies, which I was
led to propose® after a study of newly acquired data. IL restricted the name
kalmii to the western race (which includes Stal’s vars. a and 6) and suggest-
ed the name angustomarginatus for the eastern form (which includes Stal’s var.
c). Finally, in my friend, H. G. Barber’s, excellent revision of the genus Ly-
gaeus,® the specific standing of kalmii is maintained and my subspecific ar-
rangement is recognized.

Before considering the zoogeographical data referred to above, we must
discuss briefly the status of the numerous color variations which are to be ob-
served in any extensive series of kalmii, from any locality, only a few of which
were singled out for attention by Stal and Montandon. Study of a very large
amount of material shows clearly, I think, that no varietal forms worth nam-
variations in the red_prono-

ing can be established upon these color characters

tal band and the membranal spots (Stal) or in degree of darkness in gener-—

al pigmentation (Montandon). All of these criteria exhibit infinitesimal in-
tergradation, even in material from a single locality, and the supposed melan-
ism 1s, to judge from my experience, largely if not wholly due to post mortem
discoloration.

The two subspecies or geographical races of L. kalmii are so clearly dis-
tinguishable in habitus that the experienced student needs no locality label to

tell whether any given specimen is of eastern or of western origin (except for

1—Contributions from the Department of Zoology, Smith College, No. 100.

2—FEnuni. Hlem. 4: iC7, 1874.

3—Lyg. exot., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XX XVII: 400, 1893.

4—Obs. Het. Hem. L. Calif., Proc. California Ac. Sci., (2) IV: 246, 1894.

5—Ifem ‘Vestern Canada., Occas. papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 71: 14, 1919,
6—Proc. Piol. Soc. Washington, XXIII: 63-68, 1921 (Treats only the American species).

— ae |

Se ee ee ee ee ee ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 82

the very rare intermediates to be discussed presently). This divergence is due
to the combined effect of a number of characters, of which the chief may be
tabulated as follows:

Membrane with two usually large discal white spots, and with a broad,
white margin; the red band between corium and membrane strongly narrowed
at middle; dorsal dark areas grayish black (western) ... subsp. kalmii Stal, typ.

Membrane usually without spots, rarely with small ones, the white mar-
gin extremely narrow or absent; red band not so strongly. narrowed; dark
areas nearly or quite dead black (eastern) .... subsp. angustomarginatus Parsh.

The distribution of 1. kalmii is shown by provinces and states in the
accompanying table. It will be noted that the two subspecies occupy distinct
territory, except for the area in which their ranges meet, and since it is this
intermediate region which has greatest interest for us, I have prepared a map
of it to show graphically and in detail the facts disclosed by my study of
the records. Three points are emphasized: (1)

joo° 95° a ad
CRS p eae the most eastern occurrences of L. k. kalmu;
j | MAN (2) the most western occurrences of L. k. an-
i gustomarginatus; (3) occurrences of all known
! inlnipea 4 s F ors =
alae ome eee intermediate individuals. When these three are
eee hee | 2a ae byes 5
T plotted it is at once seen that they lie on or near
wr ND. vils| Lake : :
‘ a north and south line running between the 95th
eS. the tooth meridians from Canada to ‘Texas. This
i . ° : . .
onsi is indicated on the map by the heavy line, which

‘a thus represents conventionally the very narrow

common territory of the two subspecies, the only
area where, according to present knowledge,
there are influences at work tending to produce
individuals of intergradational type. | What

these influences are cannot be deduced with cer-
tainty from the data, but it seems reasonable to
suppose that they are either environmental or
genetic.

UY —— The environmental factors are yet to be
worked out in detail, but some light is thrown on
the question in a general way by a consideration
ot the physiographic character of the region.
Comparison of our map with that accompanying
Fenneman’s work® on the physiographic divisions
QVBrownwille of the United States shows that the line of con-
tact between the subspecies of kalmii corrres-

we ponds, almost coincides, with the line which sep-

100°

Map showing where the sub- arates two physiographic provinces, the Central

species of Lygaeus kalmit meet. | owland and the Great Plains, which are rather
a, extreme western records of

subsp. angustomarginatus; k, ex- Strongly contrasted in character. This correspon-

treme eastern records of subsp. dence I take to be very significant, and, depend-
kalmii; i, records of individuals

Of intermediate character. ing upon it, | venture to predict that the two

8—Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog., VI: 19-98, 1917.

83 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

subspecies will prove to be separated by the Smoky Hills in Kansas, from which
state I have at present no definitely localized records. Throughout much of
the intermediate region, however, the transition is rather gradual in character,
which may in some way account for the intergrading of the subspecies, as often
happens, we are given to understand, in the case of vertebrates; but it seems to
me to be at least equally probable that interbreeding would produce the same
result. If we accept the reasonable assumption that the characters of the
subspecies are dependent on multiple genetic factors, then we would expect to
find graded intermediate series among offspring, in places where individuals
of the two races occasionally meet and reproduce. This, the evidence tends to
show, must happen but rarely, or intergrades would be more numerous in col-
lections. If kalmii and angustomarginatus are incipient species, we may sup-
pose that psychological or even anatomical barriers to intercourse have begun
to rise between them.

TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LYGAEUS KALMII®

L. k. kalmii Both subspecies

Alberta *Manitoba New York
Saskatchewan *North Dakota New Jersey
Manitoba *South Dakota Pennsylvania

British Columbia *Nebraska Maryland
Washington Kansas District of Columbia
Idaho *Texas Virginia

North Dakota
South Dakota
Oregon
Wyoming
Nebraska
California
Nevada
Utah
Colorado
Kansas —
Arizona
New Mexico
*Oklahoma
Texas
Mexico

L. k. angustomargin-
atus

Nova Scotia
Quebec

Ontario
Manitoba
Maine

New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut

North Carolina
Georgia
Florida (?)
North Dakota
South Dakota
Wisconsin
Michigan
Nebraska
lowa

Illinois

Ohio

Kansas
Missouri
Texas
Mississippi

The intermediate individuals (whose occurrence is designated on the map
by 7) are diverse, some tending toward the western type, some toward the east-
ern. We may indicate their general nature by the description of several, bear-
ing in mind that they all look intermediate. ‘The Manitoba specimen has rather
small membranal spots, a margin of intermediate width, and red bands of the
western type. Several from North Dakota (kindly provided by Mr. R. F.
Hussey) exhibit gradation in the white markings and in the grayness of the sur-
face but have red bands of the western character. ‘The South Dakota indi-

7—The asterisk (*) indicates the occurrence of intermediates.

THE, CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 84

vidual is similar, but has the white markings much reduced. An Oklahoma
specimen has a very narrow membranal margin, but is otherwise almost typical-

entirely.

es.” - This study brings to mind certain matters which may be lightly touched
~ upon in conclusion. In the first place, it emphasizes again the importance of
detailed faunistic work. It used to be the fashion to deride local lists and those
S _ who wrote and published them, but styles change and it is now clear to almost
everyone that it is just. this sort of work (granted the taxonomic foundation)
__ which is most necessary for progress in zoogeography—just this which is almost
3 always found to be insufficient or totally lacking when the distribution of a
‘single species is undertaken as an object of study. Moreover, it is not enough
to present a list of accurately identified species; detailed locality records of in-
__ fraspecific forms must also be given. Here is implied the best argument for
the naming of varieties, 7. ¢., recognizable forms of less than specific value, in-
___tergrading and interbreeding (at least inferentially) with the typical form of
the species, and not known to be separated geographically. If such forms are
not described and named (under the noncommittal designation variety) there
is little likelihood that sufficient data pertaining to them will ever be accumulat-
_ ed to show whether or not they belong in reality to the important category de-
_ signated synonymously as subspecies, geographical race, or incipent species. In
s this connection I note with interest some observations in the latest paper of
_ Mr. Morgan Hebard®, one of the few entomologists whose distributional work
ce can be considered adequate from our present point of view. A brief quotation
_ from his article will serve to point my investigation of Lygaeus kalmi. Dis-
cussing the two races of Radinotatum brevipenne, a Floridian locust, he says:
; nS . . . . an area of intergradation lies between the geographic races of a
_ Species, unless the latter be insular or has in some other manner been complete-_
-— ly separated from the parent stock...... Both races are individually variable,
_ but any series from southern Florida may be easily separated from any series
from the northern portion of the species’ range.” The definitions and concepts
_ (regarding the subspecies especially) which I am emphasizing in this report may

>
fa

Bat would seem highly desirable to maintain in such cases a similarly identical
terminology.

oN. Am. Acrididae, Achuri, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XLVIII: 89-102, 1922.

85 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NOTES ON PTEROPHORIDAE WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES*
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Ottawz, Ont.
Pterophorus (Oxyptilus) cygnus B & i.

In working over the material in the Canadian National Collection of the
genus Pterophorus in the light of Dr. Lindsey’s revision (Barnes & Lindsey,
Cont. Nat. Hist Lep. N. Am. IV (4) pp. 297—308) I was surprised to find

that all the specimens under the name tenuidactylus Fitch were referable, ac-_

cording to genitalia, to cygnus B. & L. This species was described from a
single g specimen from Iowa City, Iowa, and, apart from genitalia, was diag-
nosed as differing from true tenwidactylus by the presence of white markings
on the fourth abdominal segment. While there is no doubt about the agree-
ment of the genitalic slides of our Canadian specimens with Lindsey’s figures of
cygnus, (Pl. XLIX, fig. 2), they certainly do not fit in with the above diagnosis,
but appear to have the same abdominal markings as those ascribed to tenuidac-
tylus, that is to say, oblique white stripes on the third abdominal segment meet-
ing in the centro-dorsal line to form an inverted V mark, a brown fourth seg-

ment, and a fifth segment which is largly white; this latter is especially the case -

with the females, of which there are six very perfect specimens from Ottawa
before me. Through the kindness of Dr. Wm. Barnes I have had the oppor-
tunity of examining a series of specimens of tenuidactylus from his collection,
as determined by Dr. Lindsey; the series includes three males and the genitalia
of these (examined in sit) agree both with our own specimens and with Lind-
sey’s fig. 2 (cygnus); the maculation is also similar. Under the circumstances
it would seem that there had been a mix-up of slide material and that fig. 2
(Pl. XLIX) really refers to tenuidactylus, which would bring it into line with
Fernald’s monograph. Whether fig. 1 of the same plate should be referred to
cygnus, in place of tenwidactylus, can only be decided when more material from
the type locality of the former species is available for study.

Pterophorus evansi n. sp.

Palpi slightly shorter than those of the preceding species. Primaries
very similar in colour and maculation but the brown somewhat duller and the
second lobe slightly narrower and with less excavated outer margin. Third
lobe of secondaries with less distinct white median area preceding black tuft
than in tenwidactylus, this area being suffused with brown scaling. Hind legs

with median pair of spurs just beyond middle of the tibia (differs from ningoris ©

in this respect) and with both a dorsal and an outer lateral brown longitudinal

stripe, whereas in tenuidactylus only the lateral stripe is present. The abdomin-.

al markings are quite distinct from those mentioned above for tenwidactylus ;
there is no markedly white segment except the first and the remainder of the
abdomen is brown with white oblique, inverted V-shaped, dorsal lines and a Iat-
eral white line in the stigmatal region above the flange; beneath largely white

*—-Contribution from Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch, Dept, —

of Agric., Ottawa.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ; 86

with brown longitudinal lines. In general the species is closest to raptor Meyr.,
but differs in the position of the median spurs of the hind tibiae. The geni-
“- talia are quite distinct from those of any of the described species; the ventral
plate is similar to that of ningoris as figured by Lindsey (1. c. Pl. XLIX, fig..6)
_ but the distal prongs are longer ; the clasper is of more or less even width through-
out its entire length, the apex being truncate with the ventral edge produced
_ downward into a blunt point, giving somewhat the appearance of a bird’s bill;
in this respect it resembles Lindsey’s figure of periscelidactylus, the produced
_ portion, however, being shorter and broader. Expanse 14 mm.

on” Holotype—1 , Trenton, Ont. (July 18, ’11) (J. D. Evans); No. 556,
a in the Canadian National Collection.
ee Allotype—t 92, Trenton, Ont., (July 17, 11) (J. D. Evans) ; in the Can-

a adian National Collection.

> Paratypes—3 4, 3 @, same locality and collector, taken at various dates

in July except a single ¢ which was captured June 4.

oa I take pleasure in naming this species after one of the pioneer entomolo-
gists of Canada, whose collection is now incorporated in the National Collection

at Ottawa. A single ¢ is before me from Aweme, Man.; this record extends

pie distribution of the species considerably westward.

e < Platyptilia williamsi Grin.

oe}

s S A long series captured by me at Nordegg, Alta. seems referable to wil-

liamsi, a species which has heretofore been scarcely represented in collections.
Eiisecimens came commonly to light in late- June and the first half of July and
3 the series before me shows considerable range of variation in brightness of col-
our and amount of brown shading on first lobe of primaries. A superficial ex-
P _ amination of the male claspers shows them to be close to those of percnodactyla;
in general appearance our specimens run closer to edwardsi, from which they
“2a are readily separated by the central position of the scale tooth on the third lobe
‘a of the secondaries.

AMG
a.

Pr, Stenoptilia bowmani n. sp.
3g P Primaries dull gray-brown with white scaling as follows :—along the basal
portion of costa and at base of wing, a small oval patch above inner margin be-
fore middle, a larger oblong rectangular patch in central portion of wing betore
base of cleft and slight shading on costa above base of cleft; there is a dark
Fe “spot on inner margin preceding the first white patch and the tinge white rec-
tangular patch is preceded by a square blotch and followed by a more or less
triangular patch with its base below and parallel to costa and apex just before
base of cleft, from which it is separated by a few white scales; a faint white line
_ crosses both lobes parallel and close to outer margin; fringes on outer margin
Be dark inwardly, white outwardly, cut twice by a narrow white scale tuft about
«entre of each lobe; on the margin of lobe and on inner margin the fringes are
. > mostly white with scattered black scaling. Secondaries dull brown with paler
_ fringes. ‘Thorax and abdomen gray-brown with metathorax scaled with white
€ _ and with white scales laterally on abdominal segments. Legs dull gray with
_ scarcely noticeable darker bands before spurs on hind tibiae. Expanse 20 mm.

ee. *

4A
—_ a

87 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST “he
~ soe

Holotype—1 2, Nordegg, Alta. (June 20) (J. McDunnough) ; No. 550,
in Canadian National Collection. i

The rather checkered character of the. peainiee readily separates the
species from any of the described forms, and I therefore venture a description B
based on a single specimen. The species is named after Mr. Kenneth Bowman, ‘S
of Edmonton, who has been an ardent and successful collector of Lepidoptera in —
Alberta for a number of years.

Oidaematophorus lindseyi n. sp.

Head brown with a pale band between the antennae, thorax creamy, ab-
domen pale ochreous with single dark dorsal dot on posterior margin of seg-
ments. Primaries ochreous, pale creamy at base and through basal part of cell,
lightly sprinkled with black dots, especially along costa, before the cleft and
above inner margin near base; lobes only very faintly sprinkled. Secondaries —
pale smoky. Expanse 27 mm.

Holotype—t 8, Aweme, Man. (Aug. 15) (N. Criddle) ; No. 560, in Can-
adian National Collection. :

Paratype—t 8, same locality, date and collector, in Pee National 3
Collection. .

This species was referred by Lindsey in his revision (1. c. p. 392) to cin- aa
eraceus Fish; the genitalia, however, hardly warrant this reference. ‘The harpe —
in the present species forms a deep basal loop which descends half-way to the By
base of clasper and is much deeper than in cineraceus and in fact than in any of “"
the species figured in the revision; it is closer to grisescens in this respect than
to cineraceus; there is also a distinct difference in the shape and length of the ~
juxta, the outer branch in lindseyi being much longer and more pointed. I con- Be:
sider these differences, combined with the general dissimilarity of appearance, to
- denote specific distinctness. I have seen a third specimen of the same’ species
in Mr. Bowman’s collection from Edmonton, Alta.

Oidaematophorus fishi Fern.

Five ¢’s in the Canadian National Collection appear to be referable to —
this species on genitalic characters. These are from Nordegg, Alta., (Aug. 1) |
(J. McDunnough), Banff, Alta, (July 28, Aug 3, 22) (C. B: Garrett) and a
Nicola, B. C., (July 30) (P. N. Vroom). The British Columbia specimen is — “i
the palest, the lobes being largely white, whilst two of the Banff specimens area
much suffused with dark gray.

ay
"

Oidaematophorus costatus B. & L.

A single g collected at Nicola, B. C. (July 26) by Mr. P. N. Vroom +
agrees with costatus in genitalic characters. It lacks entirely, however, the gray
shades on primaries mentioned in the original description and seems to agree
very closely with the diagnosis of australis Grin. in general colour of primaries. —
More material from British Columbia and a knowledge of typical australis and —
costatus will be necessary before a definite determination is possible. ‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 88

THE LIFE HISTORY OF EUPHYLLURA ARBUTI SCHWARZ
(HEMIPTERA ; - CHERMIDAE)

es BY G. F. FERRIS AND PERSIS HYATT,

F Be 3 Stanford University, Calif.

34 At various times during the past few years reports have been received
of injury to madrone trees (Arbutus menziesii) in the San Francisco Bay re-
___— gion apparently resulting from the activities of a Chermid (Psyllid), Euphyllura

arbuti Schwarz. ‘The occurrence of this injury, together with the fact that the
insect is of itself a very interesting species, has led to the following study. The
_ ‘junior author is responsible for the field notes while the senior author is re-
; sponsible for the figures, descriptions of the immature stages and the actual pre-
__ paration of the paper.

q It is hoped that this paper may be but the first of a series dealing with
ie the much-neglected immature stages and life histories of representatives of this

family.

Ss >: THE MADRONE CHERMID.

i: 1904. Euphyllura arbuti Schwarz, Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash. 6: 237-8; fig. 7.

Br. 1914. Euphyllura arbuti Schwarz, Crawford, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 85: 117; fig. 6.

as. Hosts and Occurrence. Originally described from specimens taken in
_ ‘Santa Cruz County, Calif., and as far as published records are concerned, ap-
_ parently known only from this record. It is very abundant on the Santa Cruz
Peninsula and has been taken by the junior author in Marin County. Informa-
_ tion has been received of its occurrence at Mendocino, City in Mendocino County.
g In all probability it occurs throughout the range of its host, which is from Brit-
ish Columbia to southern California and possibly northern Lower California.
ee A very similar species occurs on Arbutus arizonica in Arizona and the
a other American representatives of the genus are recorded from members of the
~~ related host genus Bee EEE IOS or Uva-ursi, which in California at least are
commonly known as ‘‘manzanita.’
& Apparently Arbutus menziesii is the only host of E. arbuti.. It evidently
z does not transfer to manzanita, for bushes of the latter have been found with
_~ their branches intertwined with those of heavily infested madrones, yet free from

; infestation.
g General Habits. ‘The immature stages of this species are especially in-
____ teresting from the fact that the waxy secretion, which occurs so commonly in

members of this family, here takes the form of a cell within which the insect
. is entirely enclosed until maturity. These cells are composed originally of deli-
cate threads of pure white wax which eventually become fused into an amorphous
mass and are frequently blackened with the “sooty mold” which grows in the
. a excrement of the insect. The wax is sticky and soft at first but finally becomes
hard and more or less brittle, at least in part.
Most frequently these cells (Pilate II, fig. F) are found under bark scales
__ or in other protected situations on all parts of the tree, where they may be
____ thickly crowded together. Not infrequently, however, they occur exposed upon
the leaves or the bark. It is evident that the insects “prefer” the protected
___ Situations and that the individuals thus protected have a decided advantage ov-
r er those which are not. During the months of January to March in 1922

So THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Can. Ent. Vol. LV. Plate 2. .

EUPHYLLURA ARBUTI SCHWARZ

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST go

“no living nymphs were found except under the cover of the bark or of new growth.

: All of the molts, except the last, take place within the cell and the exuviac
are incorporated in the cell walls. As a rule the insect remains within its cell,
but if it is disturbed, or if for any reason a change of position is necessary, it

~ does not hesitate to leave the cell and form another.

2g i The final molt, from which the insect emerges as an adult, always takes

place outside of the cell, the nymph forcing its way out and crawling a consid-

BS: erable distance, frequently to the under side of a leaf where it may remain ex-

_ posed for some time before the molt takes place. The fact that the earlier motts
. take place within the cell makes it difficult to determine their number definitely.
_ Nor is counting the number of exuviae entangled in the cell walls a sure indica-

- tion of the number of molts, for in some cases it is very evident that the insect
Ht has either moved or that some of the exuviae have been lost. In other cases it

B is equally evident that other wandering nymphs have been caught in the sticky

e. walls of the cell along with the exuviae of its maker. However, it appears.
that there are in all five molts, and that number is here accepted as correct, the

successive stages being described and numbered on this basis.

ia The Egg and Oviposition. ‘The eggs are placed singly or in clusters at

oP _ the axils of the stems, on petioles, new leaves, or in the folds of new growth.
re. They are attached by a slender stalk, one end of which is thrust into the tissues

of the host, and are elongate with the basal end rounded and the distal end very

ie acute. The egg is about .47 of a millimeter long and the stalk about .5 of a

- millimeter. The egg is smooth and entirely free from sculpturing.

aa The females are capable of producing a large number of eggs. One fe-

male in the laboratory produced 83, another 203, another 324. A copulating

pair was caged in the field and after eleven days 536 eggs were found. The per-

a _ iod of incubation varies from 14 to 30 days, depending upon weather conditions.
Ry \ Eggs have been found at practically all times of the year. In 1921 the first

be -tecord was for May 13th and they were then observed from time to time dur-

ing the summer. ‘They were abundant in October and continued to be found

Bi. through December and into January, 1922. ‘Then very few were seen during

February and March, the weather having been—for this region—quite cold. At

the end of March a few scattering eggs were found and on April 24th females.

were seen ovipositing in the field. From that date they appeared in increasing
numbers until by the end of May few twigs could be found that did not bear

By: some eggs.

On May 4th a female copulated twice in the laboratory, the copulation
lasting in the first case for 80 minutes and in the second for 30 minutes. Un-
siti May oth this female did not move from its first position and then it moved
only slightly. On May 12th eggs were found to have been laid during the ©
night. The egg-laying period lasted for three days, a total of 203 eggs being
_ produced.
> In the field a female was seen ovipositing on April 29th and she was en-
closed in a wire cage which was placed about the twig. After a week she was
is found to have laid 324 eggs. Another female was found in copulation on May
isth. The twig was free fate eggs and a netting was placed about it. On May
20th a few eggs were found and on May 26th the number had increased to 536,

Par
met

g!I THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

This may not have been the limit of her capacity, for at this point she escaped
from the cage. ;

First Nymphal Stage. The first stage, upon hatching, is oval, light yel-
low in color, with red eyes, and is approximately .45 mm. long. Upon leaying
the egg it crawls a short distance and inserts its proboscis into the host. A pro-
tected situation is sought, and so a number of individuals may congregate under
a single bark scale or in a similar situation. The secretion of wax begins soon
but the insect does not cover itself entirely for a week or more. ‘The first molt
‘occurs after the cell has been formed.

In this stage (Fig. 1) the antennae (Fig. C) are short, stout and three-
segmented, the first two segments very short, the third elongate, with two rath-
er stout apical setae and a large sensorium at about its middle. The eyes are
very small and three-facetted. The legs are quite short and stout, with the tar-
sal segment very obscure. The dorsum is beset with a pair of large, irregular
chitinized areas between the eyes and several small areas on the thorax. The
tip of the abdomen is heavily chitinized, both dorsally and ventrally, and bears
two rings of pores (Fig. J). Setae are very few, all slender.

Second Stage. (Fig. B). This stage shows several marked differ-
ences from the first. [he antennae are similar, but the first two segments are
larger and the large sensorium is replaced by two small ones. The dorsal chit-
inized areas on the thorax are larger, more heavily chitinized and more numer-
ous, and two of them are the very evident rudiments of the wing-pads. The
chitinized area at the apex of the abdomen is much larger and the pores are ~
arranged in quite definite areas, both dorsally and ventrally. The abdomen,
both dorsally and ventrally, bears several pairs of small, chitinized areas. Setae
are much more numerous, but retain the same form as in the first stage. |

Third Stage. Differing from the second chiefly in the larger size of the
wing pads.

Fourth Stage. Differing from the second and third chiefly in the form
of the antennae (Fig. E), in which the third segment has become much elon-
gated, and in the still larger size of the wing-pads. The eyes are larger and have
a larger number of facets.

Fifth Stage. (Fig. A). Length 2.4 mm. Differing markedly from
the preceding stages in the form of the antennae (Fig. D) which are now quite
long and slender and seven segmented. The eyes are now large and many
facetted. ‘The chitinized areas on the dorsum of the thorax are very much
smaller than in the preceding stage and the wing-pads still larger. The setae
on the abdomen are for the most part of a lanceolate form (Fig. H). The tar-
si (Fig. G) are distinct, one-segmented, and bear a pair of digitules. The pul-
villi are very small and inconspicuous, contrasting strongly with the condition
seen in some other species, where they are very large and conspicuous. No
data are available as to the total duration of the nymphal period.

Adult. A sufficiently good description of this stage is given both by
Schwarz and Crawford. ‘The adults are capable of jumping and flying, but
they are usually very sluggish when not disturbed. They may sit for hours, or
even days, in one position, usually on a leaf petiole, with their heads pointed
down and their beaks inserted into the tissues of the host.

’

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST g2

Parasites. Three species of Chalcidoid parasites were reared from the
nymphs, these being determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan as Psyllaephagus sp., Pachy-
neuron sp., and Alloxysta sp. These seem to attack chiefly, if not exclusively,
the last nymphal stage, and the percentage of parasitism appears to be fairly high.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.

Euphyllura arbuti Schwarz: A.—fifth and last nymphal stage; B.—
second nymphal stage; C.—antenna of first nymphal stage ; D.—antenna of fifth
stage; E.—antenna of fourth stage; F.—nymphal cells on twig and leaf; G—
tarsus of fifth stage; H—setae from margin of abdomen of fifth stage; I—
first nymphal stage; ].—pores at tip of abdomen of first stage.

= ' STUDIES IN CANADIAN DIPTERA*
1. Reviston Or Tue Asinip G—ENus Cyrtopocon AND ALLIED GENERA.
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,

; Ottawa, Ont.

; In the series of papers to be published under this heading it is proposed
4 to deal with various groups of Canadian Diptera in a synoptic or monographic
4 manner. It is hoped in this way to gradually assemble a collection of papers
. which will be of value to students of the Canadian dipterous fauna and perhaps
. prove an incentive to those who at present find it impossible to determine their
, specimens. The literature dealing with Canadian Diptera is widely scattered
q and much of it unavailable, and few keys to the species and genera are avail-
able owing to the very large number described in recent years. The author will

be pleased to determine specimens for Canadian collectors at any time.

The following paper is based upon material in the Canadian National Col-
lection. Several years ago, Dr. McDunnough, Chief of the Division of System-
atic Entomology, commenced.the accumulation of specimens of Asilidae, and
a fairly complete collection from Canada has been secured. It was found that
only a few of the species of Cyrtopogon could be definitely determined, but ow-
ing to the absence of specimens from the type localities it was not possible to
be certain that many of the species were undescribed. Recently, I visited the
United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., and the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., and examined the types in these collections,
comparing specimens with them. The result has been the description of many
new species in the present paper. Where specimens of other American species
> have been examined they are included in the table of species. Many of them
_ probably occur in Canada.

‘The genus Cyrtopogon was found to be a somewhat complex group, and
I have therefore divided it into two genera, based upon the antennal structure
and wing venation, and for two species which were previously placed in the
genus Cophura I have established a new genus, as these species are closely relat-
ed to Eucyrtopogon and do not belong to Cophura in a strict sense.

‘The following key may be used supplementary to the key in Williston’s
_ Manual, or to Back’s key. The genus Comantella will be readily distinguished
from Cophura by the presence of a thoracic mane. 7

Tepe ea ae |

eee ae eee

*—Contribution from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Brasch,
Dept. of Agric., Ottawa, Ont.

93 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
1. Anterior tibiae with a twisted apical spine on the inner side; middle tibiae
with a stout, straight black spine on inner side ......... Comantella n. g.
Anterior tibiae without such spine; middle tibiae without strongly difterent-
iated apical spine ©... 5.40% 5 p25 0 Had sino seat. a ava Styne ae 2

2. Third antennal joint widest basally, usually slightly tapering, the style
half or more as long as third antennal joint. ‘Third longitudinal vein
branched basad of the discal crossvein; wings with clouds on all cross-
veins and furcations; usually smaller species, with less tapering abdo-
PGE irs Sy Geos sR cate = koma aie Pes cacy 2 pens Eucyrtopogon n. g.

Third antennal joint usually ccarctate, its base swollen, widest at or near
the middle; third longitudinal vein branching distinctly beyond the dis-
cal crossvein; wings never so distinctly clouded on crossveins, but some-
times with one or two large blotches; usually large, with more acute
ADOOIEIL. ch tas 7. ie eae ie Pane Sea ae Cyrtopogon Lw.

Comantella new genus

In his monograph of the Dasypogoninae, Back placed the species cristata
Cog. and fallei Back, in the genus Cophura, at the same time noting that the
genus as understood by him seemed to be a conglomeration of species, several
of which showed no relationship. Comparing the species before me with Osten
Sacken’s description of the genus Cophura, I find that they cannot be included
in that genus, and therefore propose the name Comantella for Cyrtopogon macu-
losa Coq., (type) and Blacodes cristatus Coq.

The genus is very similar to Eucyrtopogon and is distinguished from it by
the presence of a curved spur at the apex of the front tibia. All other char-
acters are practically the same. Were it not for the fact that the species will
not trace out to Cyrtopogon in any tables of genera I should consider the pres-
ence of the spur of little value and should include the group under the genus
Eucyrtopogon. ‘The spur is rather weak and often difficult to see, and this
resulted in Coquillett describing maculosa as Cyrtopogon and the redescription
of the same species as Cophura fallei by Back. The two known species possess
a remarkable condensation of hair on the thorax, forming a distinct mane, a
character also possessed by E. comantis.

Only C. maculosa is known to occur in Canada. The two species may
be distinguished by the following synopsis:

Margin of scutellum with only four bristles ...............- cristata Coq.
Margin of scutellum with numerous bristles (fallei Back) ..maculosa Coq.
Comantella maculosa Coquillett

Thorax with a distinct black mane; front tibiae with curved apical spur;
scutellum with about twelve apical bristles.

Length, 9 to 12 mm. Male. Face moderately gibbose, most prominent
at the middle, convexly retreating below, gently convex above, the swelling not
quite reaching the base of the antennae; silvery white pollinose; mystax

composed of rather coarse black hairs, their tips white. Front with similar.

pollen; only a small, black spot immediately above the antennae; on the stdes
with a few long black hairs, with many stouter, longer hairs on ocellar tubercle,
their tips white. Occiput silvery white pollinose, fine white pilose, except for

sO ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Se

diiie |

os.

es ee

Asem RRR NRE

bd
oy

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 94

a row of stout, brownish or yellow hairs above. Antennae black, thinly yel-
low pollinose; white pilose, the first joint with one, the second with two long
black hairs below; first joint slightly longer than broad, “barrel-shaped,’ widest
in middle, second joint slightly longer than broad, more slender than the first,
and about three-fourths as long; third joint one-third longer than first two com-
bined, broadest basally, gradually tapering on apical two-thirds, the style half
as long as third joint, moderately broad, with nearly parallel sides, its spine short.

Thorax shining black in ground color, but everywhere pollinose, less
thickly so on the pleura, especially below. Mesonotum sub-carinate, very high,
the sloping sides very little convex, the middle forming a prominent rounded
ridge which is yellowish pollinose on the middle line, and blackish on either side,
the slopes greyish pollinose, with a small, darker area contiguous to the dark
middle stripe between the humeri, a broad, elongate spot, widest anteriorly on
the middle half, about half way between the middle and side margins, and the
postalar calli brown pollinose or blackish in some lights. Pleura greyish polli-
nose with brown spots on meso- and sternopleura. Pile fine, rather sparse, long.
white, the median crest long, black, with a few white hairs behind. — Bristles
black and yellowish. ~ Sternopleura with only four or five white hairs above.
Black hairs mostly white tipped. Scutellum convex, grey pollinose, its disc
brownish yellow pollinose with fine white pile and eight to twelve long, black,
apical bristles, one or two pairs of which may be whitish.

Legs wholly shining greenish black; the tib:ae may have a narrow, more or
less reddish stripe on the outer side basally; wholly white pilose, most of the
hairs long, fine; bristles yellow, their apices white. Anterior tibiae with a twist-
ed apical spine on inner side, middle tibiae with stout, black, apical spine on anter-
ior apex.

Wings hyaline or slightly cinereous, the crossveins and furcations all
clouded with brownish. - The third longitudinal vein branches before the apical
crossvein. Squamae whitish yellow, with white fringe. Halteres fuscous.

Abdomen shining blue black, the second segment about the basal third.
just beyond a bare, flattened, polished band, and the bases of the two or three
following segments, with a transverse greyish pollinose band, widest in the
middle and very broadly separated from the sides. The lateral margins are
wholly, broadly grey pollinose, the pollen expanded on the posterior angles to
form small triangles, their anterior margin concave, the second segment
except behind, more narrowly, more yellowish pollinose ; seventh segment entirely
pollinose or only the middle bare. Pile wholly white, moderately long, or some-
times yeHowish on the disc.:

Female. Style slightly longer, its basal section longer. Second antennal
joint with three black bristles. Hairs of front sometimes largely whitish.
Second abdominal segment apparently not pollinose laterally except posteriorly
and the veins at the apex of the wing may be slightly clouded with greyish.

Redescribed from 24,29 Penticton, B. C., April 4, 1919, (E. R. Buckell).

Specimens were compared with the type in the United States National
Museum. The synonymy of Cophura fallei is given from comparison with des-
cription, which agrees perfectly.

95 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Eucyrtopogon new genus

Allied to Cyrtopogon. Face gibbose. Third antennal joint longer than
the first two combined, widest basally, gradually slightly tapering, its style halt
as long as third joint. Thorax convex, rarely with a prominent longitudinal
ridge bearing a distinct mane, usually moderately pilose, with bristles on lateral
margin; largely pollinose. Scutellum convex, with fine pile or moderately stout
hair, usually with stronger apical hair or bristles. Legs not specialized, tibiae
and tarsi with bristles, the former without a curved spine apically on the front
pair. Abdomen of ¢ with sub-parallel sides, obtusely rounded apically; of @
distinctly broadest in the middle, beyond which it is tapering, the apices of the
segments grey pollinose on posterior angles. Wings with the crossveins and
furcations always clouded with brownish, the third vein (R, and R,;) branch-
ing basad of the discal crossvein (the outer vein of the discal cell). Genotype
Crytopogon nebulo O. S.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

La WaIES SSN. eel. SENS oka PwE. Sep com ee eee SR ee Cae 2
BeMaes de. ua eS Se yx woo ee Se ee Re eae ee ee 6

2. Middle line of the thorax with a very conspicuous mane of white and black
Beals Se LS ca ke ak ERS Eee ee eee eee comantis n. sp.

No. condensation of pile to form atmaneé. ~- .. ...¢..2 5.0 s2---5 pe ee 3

3. Costa with a double row of abundant, short, curved spines ............ 4

Costa without spinose hairs curved at right angles, the hairs much shorter:
wings with two deep brown spots in first basal cell, the costa broadly
brows on apical Toupee’... oO. ante 2 Ste eee coe varipennis Coq.

4. The anterior apex of the hind coxae is produced forward as a conspicuous
conical tubercle, lower fringe of curved hairs on costa as long as width

en costal “cell oo).'.2. eto hohe cee se eee Boe Rae eee calcarata n. sp.
Hind coxae not with a conspicuous production, fringe of curved hairs not

; over three-quarters as long as width of costal cell .:.::.. 206 sae 5
5. Sides of front with hoary bloom; mystax with the ends of the hairs silvery
cL, Se a as SNe ees Deeg Rr RAD ne ES alt: diversipilosis n. sp.
Sides of front with brownish yellow bloom; mystax with ends of hairs yel-
RG as Tee Re Se ae ae Seo a ee ener ... nebulo O: §.

6. Seventh abdominal segment without sericeous pollen .......... nebulo O. §S.
Seventh abdominal segment with sericeous pollen .................... 7

7- Mystax chiefly white, wings almost without villi ........ albibarbis n. sp.
Mystax chiefly black, wings distinctly villous ................. Cee 8

8. The sericeous pollen on the sides of sixth abdominal segment reaches
broadly almost or quite to the base of the segment ...... calcarata n. sp.

The pollen does not extend over two-thirds the distance to the base, or
only very narrowly so on the sides .~: 2... 50.50. .5..')es ane eee 9

9.. Genitalia with S'stoutispinesist Jet o¢ ois: prt ee diversipilosis n. sp.
Genitalia with 10 or 12 stout spines .......... pees Spinigera n. sp.

(to be continued)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 96

A NEW SPECIES OF WILLIAMSONIA (ODONATA-CORDULIINAE)
BY K. B. WILLIAMSON,
Bluffton, Ind.

Last August Dr. McDunnough kindly gave me a male and a female specimen
of this genus collected near Ottawa, Canada. As I had heretofore seen only a
single female of IW. lintneri, studied years ago for Mr. Davis, and as Dr. Howe
had promised me a specimen of that species, the specimens sent by Dr. Mc-
Dunnough were set aside for later study- In October Dr. Howe kindly com-
plied with his earlier promise and sent me a male of lintneri collected at West
Roxbury, Massachusetts, May 6, 1922, by W. J. Clench. When the three speci-
mens above enumerated were studied in connection with Hagen’s description
of lintneri, it was at one evident that two species were represented and that the
Canadian specimens represented the undescribed species. I at once communi-
cated this fact to Dr. McDunnough, who kindly sent me all the specimens of the
genus in his charge, and later [ obtained a female of lintneri for study from

Dr. Howe. ‘This female was taken at Rumford, Rhode Island, May 11, 1922
by FE. D. Keith.

Williamsonia fletcheri new species.

Abdomen male 22.3—23.5, female 22—23; hind wing male 21.5—22.5,
female 22—23; stigma front wing male 1.8, female 1.g—2.2; stigma hind wing
male 2, female 2—2.4; hind femur 5; superior appendages male in lateral view
2, inferior appendage, 1.3; appendages female, 1.2; vulvar lamina, 1.8.

BOS

\ f W. fletcheri; figs. 1 and 2, type
male; fig 3, allotype female.
2

Male and female: Labium dull yellow; face and head above, including
the occiput, dark to black, the anteclypeus somewhat paler and the frons with
metallic bronze or greenish reflections; rear of head shining black.

Prothorax with front and hind lobes pale, yellowish; middle lobe black

. Thorax and legs black; thorax with a small, ill-defined gray area anterior
to each antealar sinus and with ill-defined pale brown or gray areas on the pec-
tus; dorsum of thorax duller than the sides, which are blacker with metallic
reflections. |

Abdomen and appendages black with restricted pale gray or yellowish
markings as follows: a lateral inferior basal spot, anterior to the genital hamules

97 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

on 2; the integument between 2 and 3; a lateral inferior basal or subbasal spot
on 3, reaching apically to midlength of the segment in the male and to the
apex in the female; the integument between 3 and 4; in the male the merest
vestige, on the extreme inferior border of the basal half of 4, of the homologue
of the spot on 3; in the female the stripe on 4 is similar to the stripe on 3,
but is reduced and does not quite reach the apex; integument between 4 and 5,
almost as dark as the segments in the male, more distinctly pale m the female;
5 without markings in the male, in the female the homologue of the spot on 4
present but more reduced. ; .
Wings hyaline, orange tinged at base, very reduced in the front wings;
extending about half way to the first antenodal and to the cubito-anal cross-
vein or slightly less in the hind wing, and more or less in the anal triangle
along its basal vein. opposite the white or nearly white membranule, which is
more or less grayish tinged in the male, especially posteriorly and along the
inner border; veins black except the costa, which is yellowish to at least the

nodus; stigma brown. Antenodals in front wing, 7 in five male and three female

wings, 8 in four male and five female wings, and Io in one male wing; ante-
nodals in hind wing 4 in one female wing, 5 in eight male and six female wings,
6 in one female wing and 7 in two male wings; postnodals in front wing 5 in
-two male wings, 6 in three male and two female wings and 7 in five male and
six female wings; postnodals\in hind wing 5 in one male and one female wings,
6 in five male and one female wings, 7 in three male and five female wings and

8 in one male and one female wings; postanal cell in front wing one-celled in -

four male and three female wings, two-celled in six male and five female wings;
subtriangle front wing free in every case but in one female wing where it is
once crossed; one cubito-anal cross-vein in all the hind wings and in all the
front wings but two male wings (in one of these the added cross-vein is proxi-
mal to the true cross-vein and in the other case it is distal and is under the
arculus) ; anal triangle of male one-celled in four wings, two-celled in six wings.
( Variations in venational characters of generic value have not been detected, so
such characters are not discussed in the above specific description).

Accessory genitalia of male similar to that of W. lintneri and briefly des-
cribed in a following paragraph discussing the genus. Male abdominal append-
ages also in general similar to those of lintneri, but more arcuate in dorsal view
and with the ventral teeth on the apical three-fifths of the superior appendages
larger. Female abdominal appendages more tapering apically, less uniformly
cylindrical, and more acute than those of W. lintneri. Vulvar lamina black,
longer than segment 9 in the middorsal line, nearly reaching the apex of the stern-
um of 9, divided for a distance of two-thirds to three-fourths its length, slight-
_ly but distinctly elevated, the posterior mesal angle of each lobe produced into
a short triangular apex, which is directed meso-dorso-posteriorly. It is distinctly
different from that of lintneri by its greater length, its slightly elevated position,
and the triangular mesal apex of each lobe.

Described from six males and four females all from Mer Bleue, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada; May 25, 1908, and June 4, 1908, (two males, C. H. Young),
May 23, 1922 (three males and four females, J. H. McDunnough) and May
29, 1922 (one male, A. \W. Richardson), No. 555, in the Canadian National Col-

.
:
4
7

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 398

lection, Ottawa; the male of May 29 the type, and a female of May 23 the allo-
type. The types are at Ottawa, and some of the specimens above enumerated
have been given by Dr. McDunnough to Drs. Walker and Howe and myself.
At the suggestion of Dr. McDunnough, I take pleasure in naming this Canadian
dragonfly for Dr. James Fletcher, “first Dominion Entomologist, who was a
keen collector in all orders” and whose work is comparable with that of Dr.
Lintner, for whom the species from the United States is named.

Fletcheri is a darker, denser veined species than lintneri, from which it
is separated at once by the dark face and frons and the reduction or absence
of pale apical markings on segments 2—9. In a letter Dr. McDunnough says.
“This species is one of the earliest to occur in our locality and nearly all the
specimens I took were more or less teneral and were taken in a small spruce

grove close to a sphagnum bog, which contained several open pools of water, in

which, I presume, the nymph lived. They seem to be fond of sitting on the
A trunks of the spruce trees, darting out from time to time to capture mosquitoes
and other insects. When fully mature they are very difficult to catch, owing

J to their small size and the rough nature of the locality they frequent.”
3 In addition to the venational characters hitherto used in defining this
- genus, the following characters may now be added: ‘Tibial keel lacking in the
ca female and on the midtibia of the male; on the fore tibia of the male the keel
____ is about half the length of the tibia, and on the hind tibia it is equal to about
:
i

two-thirds the length. Accessory genitalia of the male prominent, genital lobes
oblong, hamules reaching to or beyond the apex of the genital lobes, scimitar-
shaped with a curved indentation on the ventral border near mid-length; male
superior abdominal appendages about as long as segment 8, shorter than 9 and
10 combined, roughly cylindrical, flattened basally with an externo-ventral tooth-
ed angle at about two-fifths the length, this angle followed by a row of seven
= to nine teeth, reaching the subapex, irregularly spaced and not uniform in size;
‘8 inferior appendage triangular in shape, apex narrowly truncate, the length ex-
3 ceeding the width by one-fifth or slightly more, about two-thirds as long as the
& superiors. Vulvar lamina a large rounded triangular or oblong plate, nearly
: as long as or longer than segment 9 in the middorsal line, narrowly divided for
=

more than half its length.

TWO NEW RACES OF THE GENUS PLEBEIUS LINN.
FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
BY FE. H. BLACKMORE,
Victoria, B. C.
In a paper entitled “The Lyceenine of British Columbia” (Proc. B. C.
Ent. Soc., March, 1919, No. 14) the writer described a new race of Plebeius
Saepiolus Bdy. under the name of insulanus. In that paper I omitted to designate

4 a type, but will do so now and append a more detailed description of this new
. race.
a
Pe
=
—<
>

Plebeius saepiolus insulanus new race

Male. Upper side, bright silvery blue with a blackish boraer on outer
margin, 1/4 mm. wide on primaries, somewhat narrower on secondaries ; fringes,
basal third blackish, outer two-thirds white on outer margins, inner margins all

99 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

white. Underside both wings bluish-white sprinkled with green scales basally ;
subterminal row of spots on primaries are somewhat reduced, being rounder
and not so elongate as in typical saepiolus, also in some specimens they have a
tendency to become obsolete ; on secondaries the subterminal spots are also round
instead of being more or less triangular.

Female. Upper side, deep brown, with a narrow, somewhat indistinct
black discal mark; secondaries with a few scattered bluish scales basally, on
some specimens a trace of a reddish brown spot near anal angle. Fringes same
as male. Underside similar to that of the ¢ excepting that the ground colour
is darker, in some specimens deepening to brownish white.

The chief points of difference between this new race and typical saepiolus
may be summed up as follows:—On the upper side in the ¢ the blue is much
brighter and does not have the same light violaceous sheen as saepiolus, on the
under-side the ground colour is a clear bluish white, not greyish white like the
typical form.

In the female the colour of the upper side is an even dark brown with a
few scattered blue scales basally, whereas typical saepiolus is heavily shot with
blue on the basal half of both primaries and secondaries. Alar expanse 26—29
mim.

Described from 20 specimens, 10 ¢ ¢ and 10 @ 9 taken by the writer
at Victoria, B. C., and Goldstream, B. C.

Holotype— 6, Victoria, B. C., May 24th, 1916, in the Canadian National
Collection at Ottawa.

Allotype—@, Victoria, B. C., June 14th, 1916, in collection of author.

Paratypes—6 8 6 and-8 2 2, Victoria, B. C., May’ 22nd to June 24th; 3
é ¢ andi ?, Goldstream, B. C., May 30th to June 18th, in author’s collection.

Paratypes will be distributed amongst the following institutions :—Can-
adian National Collection, Ottawa; U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.;
Provincial Museum of Natural History, Victoria, B. C.; and the collection of _
Dr. Wm. Barnes.

Plebeius icariodes montis new race

Male. Upper side, pale violaceous blue with a narrow, black border
(about 1 mm.) to outer margin of both wings; a short, narrow, black discal
mark; fringes, on outer margins of both wings, basal half blackish, outer halt
white, inner margins all white. Underside of both wings pale greyish white ;
primaries with discal dash and post-median row of black spots heavily marked
as in typical icarioides; subterminal spots much reduced, tending to become ob-
solete anteriorly ; secondaries with a white lunate discal mark and a post-median
row of white spots centered with a minute black dot excepting the first spot
nearest costal margin, which contains a large, black dot; subterminal row of
black spots faintly indicated; fringes white.

Female. Upper side deep brown, but not nearly so dark as in race black-
moret B. & McD,, basal half of primaries shot with violaceous blue; secondaries
with a few blue scales at base and along inner margin; a subterminal indefinite
line of bluish scales on outer margin, which breaks up to form a row of irregu-
lar lunules of the ground colour. Underside similar to that of the ¢, including
the ground colour, which is rather unusual, as the underside of the females in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST IOO

this genus is generally much darker than that of the males. Alar expanse 29 mm.

Described from 8 specimens, 6 ¢ ¢ and 2 9 @ from Mt. McLean, Mt.
Cheam and the Hope Mts.

Holotype— 6, Mt. McLean, near Lillooet, B. C., (A. W. Hanham), July
15th, 919, in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, by the kind permission of
the collector.

Allotype—?, Mt. McLean (7,000 ft.) B. C., (A. W. Hanham), August
21st, 1920, in collection of author through the kindness of the collector.

Paratypes—3 6 6 and 1 2, Mt. McLean, B. C. (A. W. Hanham) July
14th, 1919 and August 21st, 1920; 1 ¢ Mt. Cheam, nr. Agassiz, B. C., August
7th, 1908; and 1 6, Hope Mts., B. C., (R. V. Harvey) July 17th, 1906, in the
Hanham collection and that of the author. A male paratype will be sent to
the U. S. National Museum and one to the Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C.

This new race is evidently a high altitude form, and seems quite distinct.
The specimens from Mt. Cheam and the Hope Mts. I have had separated for some
years, and when I received Mr. Hanham’s specimens from Mt. McLean, I be-
came convinced that it was a good geographical race.

In the ¢ it differs on the upper side from icarioides Bdv. and pembina
Edw. in the much lighter shade of violaceous blue and also in the much nar-
rower black border; from blackmorei \B. & McD. in the totally different shade
of blue, the latter race being of a silvery blue; on the underside it differs in the
much lighter ground colour from icarioides and pembina; in the spotting of the
primaries it is not so heavy as either of the above-mentioned, but is much heavier
than blackmorei. On the secondaries the black centres to the white spots are
a little more distinct than in blackmorei while the large black centre to the anter-

_. ior white spot of the post-median band seems quite distinctive. In fact, it

seems a form that is midway between pembina on the one hand and blackmorei
on the other, although the differentiating characters are apparently quite con-

oy stant.

NOTICE

The attention of Entomologists throughout the world is called to the fact

| = that, beginning with the Volume for 1922, the preparation of the “Insecta” part
of the “Zoological Record,” is being undertaken by the Imperial Bureau of En-

tomology. In order that the Record may be as complete as it is possible to make

it, all authors of entomological papers, especially of systematic ones, are request-
ed to send separata of their papers to the Bureau. These are particularly de-
S sired in cases where the original journal is one that is not primarily devoted to
- entomology. All separata should be addressed to:

The Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen’s Gate,

London, S.W.7, England.

Mailed Thursday, May 10th, 1923

4 a . el wh : a
ED a ge oe eS CD rp er SURES

Se nes

Have the following entomological literature for sale or exchange. Com:-

picte with index and unbound unless otherwise noted:

Journal Economic Entomology, I to VII.

Poriona College Journal Entomology, I to IV.

Psyche, VI and VII, bound 2 vols. 34 leather.

Proceedings Entomological Society Washington, XVII to XIX and XX ex-
cept index.

Jouznal Economic Biology (London) VI.

Eniomologists Monthly Magazine XXII.

Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie VIII and IX.

Review Applied Entomology Ser. A and B, IV and V, VI except index.

Insect Life IIT.

Need American Entomologist III (N. S. I) No. 12; Bulletin Brooklyn
Entomological Society VI, VIII, IX and X, No. 2 and index; “Ann. Repts.
Entomological Society Ontario, II, III, IV, IX; Entomologica Americana, V1;
U. S. D. A. Bureau of Entomology bulletins old series 2, 3, 9, 20, 33.

Address, Department of Entomology,
Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon.

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TERMS—Cash with order.

G. G. MacBean, Dealer

ASSINIBOIA, SASK., CANADA

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Che Canadian Cntomalanist

Bio. LV. ORILLIA, MAY, 1923. No. 5

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY

Tue ALFALFA Trips AND Its EFFECT ON ALFALFA SEED PRopUCTION*
; BY H. L. SEAMANS,
3 ; Ottawa, Ont.

The Province of Alberta has the largest consolidated acreage of alfalfa
in Canada and is rapidly increasing this acreage as new irrigation projects are
| Pepened: In spite of this, very littfe alfalfa seed is grown and new plantings are
_ dependent upon imported seed. Attempts to promote thé growing of alfalfa
seed as an industry have met with poor success thus far, owing largely to the
fact that it has been almost impossible to raise a paying crop of seed. Some

ma
ML.)

** NTT 7

growers have succeeded in getting profitable yields, but these cases are not at

all general.
There are several factors which govern the production of seed concerning

which more study is needed. ‘These are largely problems of culture and methods
% “of tripping the blossoms and have little to do with this paper, which deals with
M3 the influence of thrips on seed production.
Bh Reports of poor blossom production and the early dropping of blossoms
_ where alfalfa has been left to produce seed, have often been accompanied by
"specimens of thrips.
.* The examination of a long series of thrips collected from alfalfa in Alberta
~ shows that the most prevalent species is Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande.
' This species is often confused with, and is probably closely related to, F. tritici,
yowhich has been reported as being found on alfalfa, but has never been associated:

a) ith any particular extensive damage. During the later part of the summer,

another species, Haplothrips statices Hal., is present, but not in serious numbers.
e. ' Both F. tritici and occidentalis are reported in literature as being com-
_ mon flower-thrips infesting fruit blossoms, and as being injurious to straw-

i berries. They have also been recorded from cotton, but not in injurious num-

_ bers. It is evident that the distribution is general over the entire North American.

~ continent, and it may be more of a pest than is generally supposed. Owing to
_ their small size, thrips are not always recognized by the average farmer as a

_ potential pest. At Lethbridge, Alberta, specimens of F. occidentalis have been

taken from blossoms of all the common weeds and flowering plants.

5 In 1915, Borden, in the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 8, page
~ 354, reports having found F. tritici in alfalfa blossoms feeding on the young

- floral parts, and causing the blossoms to drop prematurely without setting seed.
_Essig, in Bulletin 2, of the California Horticultural Commission, lists alfalfa

_ as one of the host plants of this species of thrips, but does not record any damage.

_ Cooley, in the r&th Report of the State Entomologist of Montana (1920), reports.

an unidentified species of thrips as being so plentiful in the Yellowstone Valley

dy, that it destroyed the blossoms of alfalfa and caused a 75 per cent. loss of the
; re cee

_ *—Contribution from the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects, Entomological ’
hi Branch, Dept. of Agric., Ottawa Ont.

o) ‘

| :
is e 4

pra

1O2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

: ¥

honey crop. Mr. R. C. Treherne, Entomological Branch, Ottawa, has since a
identified these specimens as Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. :

The adult insect is very minute, about I mm. in length, dark brown in
color, and difficult to find in the field. The handling of stalks and blossoms —
causes the insects to hide or drop to the ground, and only hurried glimpses of —
them are caught as they run across a leaf or flower petal. If stalks of alfalfa —
are shaken over the hand or a piece of white paper, the insects will drop thereon —
and in this way may be easily distinguished and their moveinents can be readily —
observed. When very plentiful hundreds of them may be shaken out of a
single handful of alfalfa stalks. a

The adult thrips emerge from hibernation at Lethbridge, Alberta, when ~
the alfalfa is about six inches high, soon after the first week in May. None of
the immature stages are found at this time, but towards the last week in May ~
eggs can be located in the stems, leaves and stipules. At this time the adults —
have practically disappeared over the entire field. ag

The eggs are very minute, whitish, cylindrical, and slightly curved or
_ kidney shaped. They are laid inside the plant tissues and as tiny translucent —
bodies can be readily seen in the leaves and stipules. It is more difficult to :

find them in the stems of the plant as they are almost completely buried. Within
three to five days after the eggs are laid they begin to swell and change color. —
As the swelling increases the eggs are forced partly out of the tissues in which ©
they were deposited, the color becomes more yellow and the red eyes of the larval
thrips are clearly visible through the chorion. .

The eggs hatch in from six to nine days, depending on the weather
conditions. The minute young thrips are yellow with red eyes, and remain
for the most part in such places as unopened buds or at the base of the corolla
tube of an open flower. The larval period is very variable and adults begin to —
appear in from six days to two weeks. A\ll succeeding generations are so
intermingled as to be almost inseparable ; adults of two generations being present
at the same time during the greater part of the summer.

From the time the first eggs appear in May until the first adults are
found in June between two and three weeks elapse, depending upon the climatic
conditions. As the weather becomes warmer and more settled it is probable
that a generation can be completed in less than two weeks. ‘The number of gen- _
erations per season would necessarily vary with the time interval elapsing between
‘the last frost in the spring and the first frost in the fall. There has been an
average of seven generations during the past two seasons.

The seed production in alfalfa is materially reduced by thrips in two ways.
The most severe losses are caused by the great decrease in blossom production
due to the thrips feeding on unopened buds, while lesser losses are caused by —
the thrips feeding on the ovaries of the opened flowers or on the young
seed pods. Experiments have been conducted to determine as nearly as possible
the amount of damage that was due directly to thrips, both in the reduction
of blossoms, and in the loss of seed after the blossoms had opened.

The younger stages of thrips feed in very protected places, and above al!
seem to prefer the minute flower buds while the entire spikelet is inside the
general bud sheath. . This causes the buds to die, and when the sheath opens

“a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103

the buds are white or “blasted.” As growth continues the spikelet stem grows
bearing the dead buds, which soon drop off, leaving a bare stalk. This is the
most serious form of damage, and actual counts have shown that as the thrips
increased in numbers, after the middle of June, the percentages of blasted buds
increased until by August over 80 per cent. of the buds produced were blasted.
Stalks of alfalfa confined in thrips-tight cages, with and without thrips, showed
that the “blasting” of the buds only occurred when thrips were present. The
same conclusions were reached after a series of observations carried over two
years through a great number of fields containing all degrees of thrips infesta-
tion.

Fig. 1—Alialia Stalks of the same age showing the effects of Thrips on blossom pro-
duction. The stalk on the left is from “clipped” alfalfa, the one on the right from
the unclipped plot. Note the “blasted” buds and bare flower stems.

After the buds have grown out of the sheath they are reasonably free
from thrips damage until they begin to open. All stages of thrips may be
found inside of the open blossoms, but the adults are generally the more num-
erous. The greatest damage at this time is caused by the thrips feeding on the
Ovaries of the flower. This may be extensive enough to destroy the entire
flower or it may only destroy part of the ovaries, allowing the pod to continue
development with a reduced number of seeds. Caged blossoms which were
tripped artificially, but which contained thrips, were so badly injured in 1922
that only 60 per cent. set seed with an average of 3.4 seeds per pod, while
thrips-iree blossoms under the same conditions resulted in a 100 per cent.
seed setting with an average of 6 seeds per pod.

The tendency of all stages of the insect to spend most of the time in
some well protected place about the plant, reacts against the use of contact

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

dust and sprays as control measures. Experiments with the eggs show that

they dry up within a few hours after the stem in which they have been deposited _

is cut. Since the eggs are deposited by the first generation adults at about the
same time of year, and followed by the disappearance of the adult, cutting the
alfalfa at this time was tried as a control measure.

Two years of experiments in early cutting or “clipping” as it is generally
called, have given results which warrant this method being used in seed-producing
areas. The following average results have been prepared from actual counts
during the past two years. It might be stated that the general tripping of
blossoms from natural causes during 1922 was much lower than in 1921, so
that the seed crop was lower in spite of a greater blossom production.

% Blossoms Avy. Seeds % shrivelled No. of healthy

N matured per pod or deformed seed per 100
seed blossoms
Uncut alfalfa 40.9 R} 53 57.67
Cut alfalta 73.6 4.2 14 265.84

This table shows that the clipping was responsible for producing over
four times as much seed as was produced on the uncut alfalfa. In addition a
light hay crop was secured which would average from 800 to 1,000 pounds
per acre at a time when the hay supply on the ordinary farm is about exhausted.

Examination of the clipped field revealed very few thrips present before
July 15, even though the clipping was done at the last of May, and despite the
fact that the field was bordered on two sides by alfalfa which was not cut early.
Both the uncut areas were heavily infested with thrips, but the prevailing winds
blew over these fields from the clipped field, reducing any reinfestation from
this source to a minimum. It was not until late in August that the infestation
in the various areas was at all equal. This late in the season the buds cannot
possibly mature seed so that any thrips injury would not affect the seed crop,
as the ripening seed is too far advanced to be injured.

Frequent examination of the alfalfa after it is six inches high gives the
best clue as to when to.cut. A handful of alfalfa stalks should be gathered
every two or three days and shaken over a piece of white paper. The thrips
will be found to increase in numbers after they first appear, and then to sud-
denly drop off until there are only a very few to the handful of stems. This
will usually happen towards the last week in May, and then the alfalfa should be
cut as low as possible and used for hay. The subsequent growth with proper
moisture conditions will be very rapid, and the majority of the buds which will
have time to mature seed will grow out of the bud sheaths before the thrips

are plentiful enough to cause any appreciable harm. In some of the alfalfa’

seed-producing sections of Montana, the farmers have stated that it is their
practice to cut alfalfa grown for seed at the end of May. Their reason for
this was that it seemed to cause a heavier blossom production and as a result
the seed yield was much higher and of better quality.

nly one insect has been found associated with the thrips in alfalfa which
might be parasitic. This is a very minute Chalcid which has been determined
by Mr. R. B. Gahan, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology as Thripoctenus ameri-
censis Gir.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105

There are two predators which are common. One of these is a small
Bs Anthocorid which is plentiful and has been observed in all stages feeding on
- thrips. It has been determined as Triphleps tristicolor Wish. by C. H. Curran,
> of the Entomological Branch, Ottawa. The other predator is a large black
and white thrips, almost twice as large as F’. occidentalis. Mr. R. C. Treherne
- has determined this species as Acolothrips fasciatus Linn, a species which is
commonly predaceous on various stages of thrips, and upon minute insect eggs
4 in general.

Re A NEW VARIETY OF MELANOPHILA DRUMMONDI KBY.

fe (BUPRESTIDAE, COLEOPTERA )

: BY A. B. CHAMPLAIN AND J. N. KNULL,

Py Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pa.

. During the summer of 1922, specimens of a bright green Melanophila were
collected in Canada. The specimens were so strikingly different in habits and
general appearance from the specimens of Melanophila drummondi Kby., which
were taken in the same localities, and to which the species is most closely related,

that the authors decided to give it a name.

Specimens were sent to Prof. H. C. Fall, who stated that he had two
examples which were part of a series taken by the late Frederick Blanchard in
the White Mountains of New Hampshire.

Melanophila drummondi var. abies n. var. Form and size of Melanophila

ia drummondi Kby., bright green, more shining below than above. Head coarsely

tie punctured, strigose on vertex. Prothorax wider than long, narrowed at apex

and at base, sides slightly sinuate, disk convex, impressed each side, also a

iy slight median impression, surface crenulate at the sides, transversely strigose in

ws the middle, with an irregular smooth median callus, lateral margin obliterated
in front, but well marked posteriorly. Elytra widest back of middle, sides
arcuate from base to obtusely rounded apices, lateral margin faintly serrulate

e : near the apices, surface granulate punctate, with three rather indistinct costae

on each elytron, sparsely pubescent, three spots on each elytron arranged as in

ite M. drummondi Kby. Abdomen sparsely punctate. Length 9.5 mm.

‘ ” Male. Last abdominal segment broadly emarginate.

% mn Female. Last abdominal segment rounded.

ae 5 This variety is closely related to M. drummondi Kby., but can be separated
from this species by the sculpture of the prothorax and by the color.

4 Described from a series of adults collected on the trunks of dying balsam

(Abies balsamea) at Lake Opasatika, western Quebec, June 1 to June 3, and at
3 “Pathurst, New Brunswick, June 24 to July 20, by J. N. Knull. The species
4 undoubtedly breeds in balsam.

43 Type. A male, No. 543, in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa,
_ paratypes in the same collection, in the collection of the Bureau of Plant Industry
at Harrisburg, the U. S. National Museum, the collection of Prof. H. C. Fall,
and the authors’ collection.

s, ; AGRILUS BILINEATUS VAR. CARPINI, NEW NAME
* I propose this name for the variety asureus described by me in Canadian
_ Entomologist, Vol. 54, p. 84. According to Doctor Obenberger, the latter

fe . .

5S name was given to a South American species by Kerremans. J. N. Knull.
ms

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . rei a
NEW LIFE HISTORIES, SPECIES AND VARIETIES IN © > ‘Sg
PAPAIPEMA (LEPIDOPTERA) No. 22. |

BY HENRY BIRD, : ae

Rye, N.Y. E

To the already rich aggregation of Papaipema species which flourish in the
Chicago region of Illinois, another addition is to be recorded, and an interesting
one, for its larva departs from the conventional type and affords a new outlook
on the ontogeny of the group. a

A commingling of the floral types of the Chicago Plain, those persistent
prairie species that once must have largely dominated the state, together with _
those which prevail in similar latitude eastward, has been productive of a wide
list of food plants eligible to these borers. Keen to take advantage of the
opportunity, the coterie of local lepidopterists have rounded out a list of species
quite in excess of that for any other locality in the country. Cerina,-one of the
old Grote species and originally described from Maine, occurs at Chicago, but
here as elsewhere, the acquaintance with its larva suggested that the preferred
- foodplant for this species is likely yet an unsolved problem. A widespread floral
survey for enlightment in this direction resulted in an unexpected disclosure.

To the clever field work of Mr. Emil Beer the discovery and proving of
this distinct species is due. Since 1917 he has yearly been striving to gain.
the familiarity whereby a convincing series might be forthcoming, for his asoci-
ates and the writer included, considered his find to be merely an instance where
a necopina larva had straggled to some other plant than its usually preferred
Helianthus. During four years he received scant encouragement with his
search for larvae, emphasizing the difficulty of running down one that works
so astutely, as well as the handicap fire plays in their extermination. While —
the foodplant involved, Lacinaria pycnostachya, is one of the once common prairie
species, it was not until 1922 that favorable stations were found where the —
larvae were working in numbers. Some of these forwarded to the writer, —
proved at once that a larva very different from any of the known congeners —
had thus come to notice, no matter how close its adult may simulate another.

As pupation occurs in the foodplant this extends the period for nearly
a month when specimens may be secured, and ultimately an extensive series
is reared. It develops that a white marked variation occurs along with the
more prevalent concolorous form, similarly as with nebris, nitela, frigida, thalictri —
and others. Very generously, the material and notes have been handed to the
writer for descriptive and comparative treatment. Justifiably, and because of
other similar contributions on the part of Mr. Beer, it is fitting to dedicate this
disclosure to him.

Papaipema beeriana sp. nov.

Head smooth on frons, antenna simple in both sexes and not set in an
encircling tuft of white scales; thoracic vestiture matches primaries, the abdom-
inal matches secondaries; the thoracic crest conical or truncaté, not spreading;
abdominal crests inconspicuous. Primaries produced at apex, of an even shade —
of smoky brown thickly sprinkled with white-tipped, and less so with bronzy, —
scales, while outwardly past the postmedial line a dull purplish sheen appears.

PLE oe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . 107

I ePaadanest are nearly obsolete, the postmedial line alone Reeicly discernible,
curves outward past reniform, then oblique to inner margin; the reniform is
ually indicated as a darker area because of the omission of white powder-

“ings; or, the grey scales may outline the reniform; or the usual central line may
alone be dimly indicated by greyish scales. There are no white dots on the
Secondaries dark, of an even smoky brown. Fringes are con-

colorous and glistening. Underneath the wings are of similar tone, with the

Expanse, 36 to 41 mm.

. The male genitalia is of the typical generic pattern; the spinulated, tri-
_ gonate tip of clasp is prolonged in line of axis; the harpe is the usual stout,
curved prong, toothed posteriorly, and matches necopina closely.

as A male type (holotype) from an observed larva is in the collection of
oe nhs author and a considerable series of paratypes have been mostly returned
2 to Mr. Beer, who will distribute them to the U. S. Nat. Museum and other
= important collections.

as Ry? Type locality: The immediate environs of Chicago, III.

FS - Little variation occurs in a series of forty bred specimens, either in size

- or coloration, and doubtless the species will be found very generally through the

main range of the foodplant which Britton and Brown give as: ‘On prairies,
Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kentucky, Louisiana and Texas.”
+ For the white spotted form, as suggestive of the foodplant, we propose
the name
: Papaipema beeriana lacinariae form nov.
; Similar to the typical form in every respect except that the stigmata
stz nd out conspicuously marked in white. The round white orbicular and
double spotted claviform are in linear alignment; the reniform is the usual col-
lection of white spots surrounding a brown lunulate line, with the central outward
* spot distinctly yellow.

Expanse and other features the same as type form.
_ A male type (holotype) from an observed larva is with the author, and
seven examples for Mr. Beer and others are labelled paratypes.
R; NX It would appear from these breedings that Jacinariae may occur in a
_ratio of about 12 per cent. Its spots are similar to those of nebris which it
; esembles closely, though much darker.
Typical beeriana is similar to necopina and aerata, less so to maritima,
silphit, duplicata or nitela. The variety lacinariae agrees in a way with limpida
also 7 and it is possible the two, may epEne sential: upon tuller information.

7 feeder has them smoky brown. With aerata, the term “whitish” applies. Hamp-
_ son* puts aerata with limpida, retaining the Lyman name for the concolorous
form, and with limpida types before him we trust to his verdict. Positively
- beeriana is distinct from acrata. If Hampson has erred and Guenée’s limpida
Proves identical with beeriana, the latter term should be retained as representative
i f the concolorous form of limpida, in which case aerata Lyman would be of

_ full specific rank.

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Two larval instars were under observation.

Penultimate stage: Larva is constricted with sutures pronounced, seg-
ments seem correspondingly shorter as compared with the average cylindrical —

type, with the last joint much and abruptly reduced. Head normal, full,

rounded, suture inconspicuous, concolorous, shining brownish yellow, mouth
parts and ocelli darkened; width 29 mm. Body shows skin of thoracic seg-—

ments a little puckered as though not fully distended, the abdominal joints smooth
and distended; color is a livid pink, lighter on thoracic joints where a whitish
translucence shows at the sutures. ‘This larva is unique in that there is no
trace of the usual longitudinal lines, though it is possible they may show at an
early stage. Cervical shield as wide as head, of similar shining texture, laterally
edged with a brown marking. The tubercles stand out strongly like minute
blackish beads, in full complement, as, ventrally on joint five, VII has two
minute plates confluent which bear setae, also a third bearing a hair, slightly
removed. Few of the congeners exhibit such detail. | The unstable character
of IV on joint ten is evidenced in the inflate at hand which shows this plate

above on one side, and below the line of the spiracle, on the other side of the

body. Anal joint much reduced, with roughened blackish plate. Length 30 mm.

Mature Larva: Generally similar but color paler; a robust larva recalling
the European Xanthoecia flavago, rather than cylindrical Papaipema. Head
darker; width 3.1 mm. Shield with side marking lost; tubercles much paler
and apparently reduced; on joint five VII and its associates are reduced to mere
points but all bear minute setae, half the length of the seta on VI. On joint

ten, IV is below the spiracle, the latter in all instances black and are exceeded in |

size slightly by the principal tubercle plates. Length 42 mm.

Maturity is reached July 25 to Aug. 10, and there is the usual prepupal
period of quiescence of about a week.

The pupa is the normal type; rather robust, for there is ample space in
its cell-like burrow. The position of the tubercles can be discerned on most of
the abdominal segments. The variety lacinariae can be foretold as the white
stigmata show plainly when the moth is near emergence. ‘The cremaster is two
stout spines, slightly diverging. Length 24 to 26 mm.; width 7 mm. Emerg-
ence September 3 to 27.

Parasitism in 1922 seemed slight, Amblyteles lactus (Brulle) being para-
sitic in the pupal stage, as it is with a majority of the species which pupate in
their burrows. Laetus emerges from Papaipema hosts during September and
these adults hibernate and presumably have an alternative host in the early part
of the following season.

The life cycle for beeriana, so far as observed, accords fully with the —

congeners. The egg unquestionably carries over winter, and emergence is, as
with the allies, in the last week of May, for the earlier examples. In 1921, Mr.
Beer became doubly satisfied of the individuality of his discovery as then the
appearance of the lacinariae variety dispelled all question of necopina relationship,
and the assistance of Mr. A. K. Wyatt in 1922, helped in a final round-up of
numbers. ‘Their notes and observations deal with the larval period from June
11 onward: “The larva are hard to locate after having worked down to the
root, no frass appearing, and the plant does not show evidence by wilting. An

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LOG

irregular hollow is made in the root and much of the frass is left therein, making
it very unclean when moist. One root clump may harbor several individuals,
five pupae occurring in one instance in an isolated case. Where the plant
was numerous, by using a spade, twenty-one pupae were found in an hour. On
September 17, 1922, in getting twenty-two pupae at another station, many were

- noted to have already emerged.”

The larval habit is similar to P. duplicata in that a cell-like chamber is
formed under the epidermis of the bulky, leathery root, and there is the same inac-
tive or lethargic attitude whereby a larva clings to its habitation even though partly
demolished, or shows little inclination to move. JLacinaria pycnostachya differs
from its eastern allies in having a sturdy root-system suitable for withstanding
the vicissitudes of a prairie habitat. It was doubtless very abundant before the
primitive prairie was disturbed, and from what we see of beeriana, the moth
likely occurred in greater numbers in those times. That it keeps to its particular
foodplant seems probable, for the extensive work done locally among these
borers, has not revealed it from other plants. It is worthy of note that necopina
has been reared from this plant, but it was identified as such even in the larval
form from the dorsal stripe and other characters.

In demonstrating again how close the moths of this genus may come
superficially, Mr. Beer’s discov fa is a fitting reward of persistent research.

ZARRHIPIS LE CONTE (COLEOPTER A)
Bi. {C; "RAED,
Tyngsboro, Mass.

The members of this genus take the place on the Pacific Coast of the
Phengodes of the Atlantic region. Their rather large size, contrasting colors,
and the beautifully plumose antennae of the males render them very conspicuous
insects, and their scarcity is great enough to make them highly prized by all
coleopterists. The females are, I believe, larviform, and are still rarer in

_ collections.

Twenty years ago and more, in the days when the little work room of

; i@has. Fuchs on Kearney street, San Francisco, was the rendezvous of all resi-

dent and visiting coleopterists, some one one day brought in a jar of earth con-
taining one or more of the big, luminous larvae (or females) of what we took
to be a species of Zarrhipis, but whether the actual identity of these was ever
established, i do not now recall.

For nearly thirty years there has stood in my cabinet a very distinct
undescribed species of Zarrhipis, taken while on a collecting trip to the western.
borders of the Colorado Desert.. It is high time this rarity was given a name.

When Horn described Z. riversi in 1885 he remarked that the superficial
characters separating the four species which he tabulated seemed very constant.
Assuming that he was correct. there are in my collection several other forms:
equally deserving of specific names. It is quite possible that increased experience,
aided by breeding from the egg, if that ever shall become possible, will ultimately
change our conception as to what constitute specific characters in this genus,
but that is a problem for the future.

Z. truncaticeps new species 7

Head and elytra piceous black, sides of metasternum and last two abdom-

‘110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

segments black. Last joint of maxillary palpi piceous, elongate triangular,
“twice as long as wide, the apical edge shorter than the inner. Prothorax about
inal segments dusky; palpi, base of antennae, thorax, body beneath and legs,
yellow. ‘Terminal joint of maxillary palpi slender, the apical edge only slightly
oblique. Eyes very large and prominent; head abruptly constricted behind the
eyes. Epistoma declivous and subcontinuous with the labrum. Prothorax
nearly two-thirds as long as wide, sides moderately reflexed, surface almost
absolutely smooth, not pubescent in the type. Elytra four’ times as long as
the thorax, dehiscent, feebly, finely punctate, smoother than usual in the genus.
Third tarsal joint not distinctly lobed. Length to tip of elytra (head and thorax
deflexed) Ii mm.

Palm Springs, California, April 11, 1893.

By its abruptly constricted head, virtually non-lobed third tarsal joint,
and distinctly dehiscent elytra, this species leans palpably toward Phengodes ;
the head, however, is not deeply excavated, and the elytra, though shorter
and more divergent than in the other species of Zarrhipis, are much less so
than in Phengodes.

Z. amictus new species

Rufotestaceous; antennae, except at base, and elytra, black. Last joint
of maxillary palpi not very slender, the apex strongly oblique and nearly equal
in length to the inner side. Eyes rather less prominent than usual, their longest
diameter much less than half the width of the front. Head distinctly punctate ;
prothorax three-fifths as long as wide, sides rather narrowly margined, surface
finely but quite evidently punctulate. Elytra somewhat crumpled but apparently
of about the usual length, moderately scabrous. Length 10 mm.

California, Butte Co. Collected by F. W. Nunenmacher.

The characteristic features of this species are the comparatively stout
terminal joint of the maxillary palpi, relatively small eyes, more distinctly punc-
tate head and thorax, and the entirely yellow abdomen, agreeing in this last
respect only with integripennis ; the latter a larger species with more transverse
and much more widely margined thorax, and more slender piceous terminal
joint of palpi, the head also more rapidly narrowed to the neck.

Z. brevicollis new species

Rufotestaceous, antennae except at base, head, and last two abdominal
segments, black. Antennal joints more slender, the rami conspicuously longer
than in the preceding species. Last joint of maxillary palpi slender, fully three
times as long as wide. Eyes very prominent; head rapidly obliquely narrowed
to the neck. Prothorax twice as wide as long, very broadly margined and very
minutely remotely punctulate. Elytra six times as long as the prothorax, finely
punctate, and feebly scabrous. Length 12.5 to 16 mm. to the elytral apex.

The type of this species was taken at Loma Linda, Southern California.
March 17, by G. H. Pilate. Other examples are from Claremont (Baker) and
San Diego (Ricksecker). ‘Two others, from Pasadena and Redondo differ in
having tlc head rufotestaceous like the thorax, but seem otherwise identical.

Z. alamedae new species
Rufotestaceous ; antennae except at base, and seventh and eighth abdominal

, :
a a ee a ne a aaa

-
2
u
‘
i]
‘

as ee J) ere

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ELE

four-sevenths as long as wide, sides moderately margined. Elytra about four
and one-half times as long as the thorax, more strongly scabrous than in any
of the preceding species. Length (to elytral apex) 9.5 to 12 mm.

Alameda Co., California. "Two examples; a third in the collection of
Mr. C. A Frost.

This species is probably most closely related to riversi, the type of which
I have not seen. The chief distinguishing characters of the latter as given in
the following table are taken from Horn’s description.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Head behind the eyes abruptly transversely constricted; third joint of tarsi
not distinctly lobed; epistoma declivous, scarcely elevated above the
SES Sa AIS SE ie SA se a re truncaticeps.
Head behind the eyes more or less obliquely narrowed to the neck; third
and fourth joints of tarsi lobed beneath; epistoma elevated above the

ee ine UE. ee rnb Fm Jae ed oy) BS Lee NP Le OURS 2.

2. Body beneath entirely flavo- or rufotéstaceous ............06--.-4 056% 3.
Body beneath rufous, seventh and eighth abdominal segments black or
ES oe has HR OUD hs SUTTER SI EN GIR eR BO 4.
Body beneath, except of prothorax, black or piceous ................ 5

3. Apical edge of last joint of maxillary palpi not very strongly oblique and
much shorter than the inner edge; prothorax shorter and more widely

TU EY ASO ule Dard SBA Patels Fold AIS dd Wat ole dina Bis integripennis.
Apical edge of last joint of maxillary palpi strongly oblique and subequal
usenet tol the anner side; eyes smaller 9... ./.aye ss vip so 3 amuctus.

4. Head typically entirely or in great part black (see remarks under description
of brevicollis) ; maxillary palpi entirely yellow,’ terminal joint as long as
the preceding, only slightly dilated apically, the apex feebly oblique
NEE i Ras ois coe hat simi Asien Pes Mean eos WE Osteo brevicollis.

Head piceous, middle of the front and the clypeus reddish yellow ; terminal
joint of maxillary palpi piceous, triangular and shorter than the preceding
ep FOR rae 22's ih aS boi tay sane eels ache a eae riverst.

Head rufotestaceous, terminal joint of maxillary palpi piceous, fully as
long as the preceding joint, apical edge shorter than the inner .. alamedae.

5. Head, palpi and legs black or piceous; thorax very broadly margined; size
EIR CRIAN SN fue c cetera ag PE gc. Gc AGT Fiat wo y's 9 8 a Vedat © ruficollis.

Head pale in front, palpi except terminal joint, and legs, pale; thorax nar-
rowly margined; size much smaller (10 mm.) ............. piciventris.

In Horn’s table and remarks on this genus (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XII,
1885, p. 148) there are two errors of statement. The palpi in piciventris are
there said to be entirely piceous; they are in reality yellow with the last joint
piceous. Moreover, the body beneath in ruficollis is as given in the table above,
not rufous with tip of abdomen black, as stated by Horn.

Of all the species, the elytra are smoothest in integripennis, and are perhaps

_ most strongly rugose or scabrous in ruficollis, though piciventris, alamedae and
probably riversi, have the elytra nearly as rough. Ruficollis is most robust, the

sides of the thorax broadly and steeply reflexed, the antennae blacker than

1i2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

usual, the erect hairs of the antennal rami in most species being brownish fuscous;
it is the only species with dark legs.

Riversi is known to me only from the description. ‘There is a specimen
bearing this name in the Le Conte collection, but as it does not agree in several
particulars with Horn’s diagnosis, I do not at present accept it as an exponent of ©
the species.

In a considerable number of specimens examined the penis is more or
less exposed. This organ is in all cases very slender and subcylindrical, feebly
and gradually dilated apically, the dilated portion absolutely simple in integripennis
and piciventris ; excavated on one face (spatuliform) in alamedae and brevicollis,
more feebly so in truncaticeps and in the specimen labeled rivers: in the Le
Conte Collection; not visible in ruficollis or amictus. Whether these differences
will prove constant and characteristic it is not as yet possible to say.

Color characters have been used freely in the table because so easily —
apprehended; they have not, however, been relied upon solely in any single
instance. I suspect that the infuscation of the head and abdominal apex, as
well as of the terminal joint of the maxillary palpus will prove more or less
inconstant, but even here it is impossible to speak with much assurance without
a larger series of specimens than I at present command.

The types of the new species herein described are in the writer’s collection.

FRAGMENTARY NOTES ON FOREST COLEOPTERA
BY A. B. CHAMPLAIN AND J. N. KNULL,
Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pa.

In a previous article’, the authors presented notes on Coleoptera from
rearings, field observations and collections, which were additions to the know-
ledge of certain species. - The following collections of fragmentary notes of a
similar nature from further rearings and observations were made by the authors,
or by others to whom due credit is given, and are published with the permis-
sion of Prof. J. G. Sanders, Director of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant In-
dustry.

LYMEXYLIDAE

Melittoma sericeum Harris. Apparent damage to chestnut beams sup-
porting heavy articles in a storage house on the Mt. Gretna State Military Reser-
vation was brought to the attention of Prof. J. G. Sanders. The writers, act-
ing for the Bureau, visited the Reservation, and found that the timbers, cut
from local woodlots, were heavily infested with this “Chestnut timber worm.”
Quantities of frass in small piles throughout the building caused by the contin-
ued working of the larvae of Melittoma in the beams made a problem that loom-
ed large to the authorities. Our idea that the natural drying out of the tim-
bers would cause the Melittoma larvae to die was borne out by subsequent obser-
vation. Samples taken into the laboratory quickly reacted to the dry condi-
tions; for a short time dust piles were observed, soon they ceased altogether.
Later report from the commandant at the military reservation corroborated our
observation that no serious damage was done.

1—Miscellaneous Notes on Coleoptera, The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. LIV, p. 102. (1922).

:
1
.
;

ei tS wate ee eee ee

—

——e

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 113

OstToMIDAE
(Temnochilidae, Trogositidae )

This family of beetles approaches the Cleridz? in their importance as
beneficial insects. Especially the genus Temnochila (Trogosita), which is pre-
valent wherever Dendroctonus occurs. They are predaceous in both larval and
adult stages. The larvae are able to enter the mines and galleries of destruc-
tive bark-beetles and feed upon the broods, including eggs, larvae, pupae and
even newly transformed adults. Upon eradicating the brood of one parent
they migrate to another gallery.
The adult Ostomids prey upon small insects that may be found on the
outer bark and beneath the bark of trees that are or have been infested by
bark-beetles.

Although they are not as active as adult Clerids and their activities are
principally confined to their dark habitats, they may be found flying on warm,

sunny days; at night the adults may be found on the outer bark of bark-beetle

infested trees, mating, feeding or ovipositing.
Corticotomus caviceps (Fall). A common predator on the larvae of pin-
hole borers and Calandrid beetles of the genera Cossonus and Rhyncholus. The

- adults of C. caviceps may be found in the galleries or mines of the pin-hole

borers and Calandrids; their elongate, cylindrical form being especially adapted
to these conditions. They hibernate as adults and may be found in this stage
throughout the winter months, in pin-holes, beneath and inside the bark, near
the base of dead conifers. In captivity the adults feed readily on Scolytid and
other small larvae, and it is probable that the larvae of C. caviceps prey mainly
upon the larvae of Calandrids, pin-hole borers and Scolytids. Colorado and
Western U. S.

Corticotomus cylindricus (Lec.) Harrisburg, Pa. Reared from Rhus
toxicodendron infested by Scolytids, H. B. Kirk, Wildwood Park, Harrisburg,
Pa., April 27; adults found in mines and galleries of Phthorophloeus frontalis
(Oliv.) in mulberry bark. Miami, Florida, April 14, adults taken in umbrella
while beating pine.

Airora teres (Melsh.) Colorado. Comparatively rare, predaceous on
Scolytids in conifers.

Airora cylindrica (Serv.) Harrisburg, Pa. Adults collected at night on
hickory trees infested with Scolytus quadrispinosus Say; Kirk and Champlain.

~Temnochila (Trogosita) aerea (Lec.) Arizona. A large species that
is primarily a predator on borers in deciduous trees and plants. The larvae
mining through the galleries and burrows of wood-borers.

Temnochila virescens (Fab.) Pennsylvania and Eastern United States.
A predator on wood and bark-borers in coniferous trees, more especially Pinus.
The adults prey upon small insects that occur on and beneath the bark, while
the larvae enter the mines and galleries of wood and bark borers and feed
upon the broods, eggs, pupae and newly transformed adults.

Temnochila virescens var. chlorodia (Mann). One of the most impor-
tant predators on forest insects in the west. It is found wherever Dendroctonus
occurs, the parent placing eggs in a tree during or soon after an attack by Den-

2—Larvae of North American Beetles of the Family Cleridae, by A. G, Boving and A. B.
Champlain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 57, No. 2323.

LI4, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGiST “y

droctonus. In Colorado during June and July the newly hatched larvae of
T. chlorodia enter the galleries and mines and consume both eggs and larvae ot
bark-beetles. These predaceous larvae migrate from one brood to another in
their search for food and continue to attack the Dendroctonus broods until the
latter transform and emerge. It is possible according to observations that we
have made that this insect requires several years to reach maturity, spending
the second year of its larval existence in the Dendroctonus abandoned tree,
feeding on the larvae of secondary wood borers.

The mature or prepupal larvae are found in cells in or beneath the bark,
usually near the base of the tree. Here they often overwinter in a curled posi-
tion. Specimens collected in this condition readily pupated indoors and trans-
formed to adults. .

Tenebrioides. "There are a number of species in this genus that occur
as predators on forest insects. In both deciduous and coniferous trees both
larvae and adults may be found feeding on the larvae of wood and bark-borers ;
on the whole they are decidedly beneficial. ;

Tenebrioides bimaculatus (Melsh.) Pa., N. Y. Adults reared from lar-
‘vae taken from mines and pupal cells of Agrilus bilineatus Web., in the outer
bark of oak. The larvae were curled up in the cells with the remains of the
Agrilus larvae.

Ostoma quadrilincata Melsh. Inglenook, Pa., May 17. Adults found
in pupal cells of Bellamira scolaris Say in dead decaying Betula nigra. One
adult to a cell.

Thymalus marginicollis Chev. Harrisburg, Pa. Adults reared from
larvae found in dead, soft willow limbs. .

as 4

‘TENEBRIONIDAE

Hypophloeus. It has been the experience of the writers to find these
beetles in trees that have been killed by bark-beetles. They are apparently not>
predaceous but rather are scavengers feeding on refuse in the bark-beetle gal-
leries, mold and fungous growth.

Hypophloeus parallelus Melsh. Overwinters in the adult stage, beneath
the bark and in old bark-beetle galleries and mines in coniferous trees. They
may be found in small groups, apparently living in harmony with other hiber-
nating species such as adults of Aulonium longum Lec., Corticotomus caviceps
Fall, small Histerids, Staphylinids, Ips, ete. It is commonly found in trees
from which bark-beetles have emerged from one to two years before, but is
present in bark-beetle infested trees to some extent. The larvae are to be found
in the same situation as the adults and are found during the summer months.

Our specimens are from Colorado, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The
eastern specimens are generally smaller and less robust, and may be different,
although no characters were found on which to base this supposition. The
eastern specimens were usually found in small numbers, often but one at a
time, and are somewhat rare.

Hypophlocus cavus Lec. Occurs beneath the bark and in the galleries.
and mines of Scolytus quadrispinosus Say in hickory. The adults are active
at night, running over the bark of trees that are attacked by Scolytus and also

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 115

those that have been abandoned by the bark-beetles. It undoubtedly acts as
a scavenger in these situations. It is not rare at Harrisburg, Pa.

Hypophloeus tenuis Lec. Specimens from Ambler, Pa., May 11, and
Monroe County, July 22. In both instances the adults were taken irom the
galleries of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine, in cut white pine branches.

ANOBIIDAE

Habrobregmus carinatus (Say). Det. H. C. Fall. Pittston, Pa., June
5, 1922. Sent in to the Bureau by correspondent who states that they were
breeding in and damaging timbers in his cellar.

Petalium bistriatum Say. Det. H. C. Fall. Harrisburg, Pa. Reared
from dead sumac.

BostRICHIDAE

Scobicia bidentata (Horn). Inglenook, Pa. Breeds in dry, dead sassa-
fras. Infests trees several inches in diameter that were attacked and. killed
by Apteromechus ferratus (Say). The saplings and seedlings are attacked
after being killed by the work of Oberea ruficollis Fab. in the roots.

Dinoderus brevis (Horn). Det. H. C. Fall. Harrisburg, Pa. Breeding ~
in a fancy workbasket made of bamboo (7?) or reed. A cosmopolitan species.

MYLABRIDAE

(Bruchidae )

Mylabris mimus Say. Hummelstown, Pa. Adults and pupae found in
the seed of Cercis canadensis, December 17th. The larvae pupate in the fall
and transform to the adult stage through the fall and winter. A few exit holes
indicate that adults had emerged in the late fall.

Mvylabris bivulneratus Horn. Camp Hill, Pa. Collected and reared from
the seed of Cassia medsgeri by Salome Comstock of the Bureau of Plant Industry.
{t is recorded in the literature as breeding in the seeds of a related plant, Cas-
sia marilandica L,. ;

|
)
)

PLATYSTOMIDAE

4 Gonotropis gibbosus Lec. Inglenook, Pa., June 27, July 24. Adults
collected on dead hemlock branch during successive years. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 12,
adult collected.

Tropideres bimaculatus (Oliv.). Hummelstown, Pa., May 20. Adult
collected resting on dead white oak.

: CURCULIONIDAE

a Otidocephalus scrobicollis Boh. Hummelstown, Pa., Feb. 26, 1922. Pu-

if pae and adults found in fallen dead branches of Quercus alba. The larvae

$e had worked through the central part of the dead twigs. Adults occur during

ES May. .

ka \ Cryptorhynchus obtentus Herbst. Reared from dead, down, decaying

limbs of Betula lenta from four different localities in the vicinity of Harrisburg,
Pa. Adults collected June and July. . é

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

STUDIES IN CANADIAN DIPTERA:
1. Revision OF Tue Astuip GeENus Cyrrorpocon AND ALLIED GENERA.

BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
(continued from page 95)

Eucyrtopogon comantis new species

Dorsum of thorax with conspicuous white mane anteriorly; arista about
two-thirds as long as third antennal segment.

Length 11-12 mm. Male. Face moderately convex, thickly covered with
white pollen, mystax chiefly black, but the silvery white hairs numerous so that
it appears chiefly white except in the middle and below; front opaque black,
the orbits thinly silvery pollinose; pile luteous, on the ocellar swelling black,
tipped with white. Occiput with white pile, the occipital ciliae luteous, the pile
in their vicinity more or less so; cheeks with black pile tipped with white.
Antennae black, with a whitish bloom, more yellowish on the first two segments,
the pile pallidly luteous, one or two long hairs below the second segment,
brownish; third segment narrow, gradually tapering, the immediate base swol-
len; arista slender, its basal segment thicker than the median, short, the apical
segment spinose.

Thorax with the ground color shining black; a broad, geminate,
complete median longitudinal stripe, blackish, the median whitish line not always
distinct; on either side and above the roots of the wing a whitish vittae: else-
where on the dorsum and on the pleurae more or less thickly covered with
olivaceous yellow or golden brownish pollen. On the middle line a conspicu-
ous white mane on the anterior half, bordered laterally by long black hairs;
long white hairs just.before the scutellum, elsewhere on the dorsum, black.
the bristles brownish, tipped with white; on the pleura white, on the epimeron
luteous yellow, the hairs below white. Scutellum convex, thinly, velvety brown-
_ ish yellow, with abundant fine white pile; bristles long, slender, black, becoming
yellow, the ends silvery white.

Legs black, the tibiae chestnut, pile chiefly yellow on the base of the
hairs, the ends silvery white, so that it appears mixed yellowish and white;
bristles piceous or piceous reddish. Anterior tibiae internally, the posterior
ones intero-posteriorly and their tarsal cushions bright brownish red.

Wings chiefly hyaline, the apical portion greyish villous; crossveins and
bifurcation of third vein and furcation of fourth and fifth veins clouded with
brown; costa with double row of abundant curved spinulose hairs.

Abdomen shining greenish black; on the disc with short yellow, laterally
with rather abundant, fine white pile, the bases of the hairs rather tawny, so
that the pile appears intermixed; on the basal two segments mostly white; on
the sixth ventral segment dense, sharply limited apically, reddish or tawny bas-

ally, the ends of the hairs white, but some black hairs intermixed. On the —

sides of the first to sixth segments apically a small, sub-oval greyish sericeous
spot.

Holotype— 4 , Chilcotin, B. C., April 29, 1920, (E. R. Buckell) ; No. 565, _

in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

. ae E ‘Ose re? bell a ate er, as uns Te L os ee ie prada oe = fi

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST sir,

Paratypes— 4, Vernon, B. C., Oct. 13, 1918, ¢, Vernon, Be tf Deceit

1918, both collected by E. R. Buckell.

Eucyrtopogon albibarbus new species

Mystax and beard mostly whitish; thorax with a sub-median row of
piceous bristles, within which the pile is white on anterior half; abdomen with
seven pairs of greyish sericeous spots.

Length 10 mm. ¢. Face gently convex; evenly covered with greyish
sericeous tomentum; pile, when viewed from above, almost all whitish, the
bases of the hairs above the oral opening brown and tawny. Front sub-shining
black, with some yellowish tomentum, condensed along the orbits. Pile yel-
lowish, the long hairs brownish basally. Antennae black, the two first seg-
ments with thin yellowish bloom; third segment moderately narrow, evenly
tapering to its apex; style slender, not quite as long as the third segment.

Thorax covered with tawny tomentum, the usual geminate stripes and
‘spots brownish. Pile brown, tipped with white, a row of long bristles outside
the geminate stripe, between which, on the anterior half, the pile is white.
Pleura with pallid yellowish pile. Scutellum convex, with tawny bloom in
some lights; pile white; bristles slender, brownish, their bases yellow.

Legs black; pile whitish, not very abundant, bristles yellowish, anterior
inner surface of front and posterior inner surface of hind tibiae with tawny
pile. that on the front ones paler. Hind coxae simple.

Wings hyaline, not at all villous, the crossveins and furcations with small
clouds of luteous brownish.

Abdomen shining greenish black, slightly metallic, each segment on the
posterior angles with a greyish sericeous spot, those on the fourth to sixth seg-
ments reaching forward to the anterior margins along the sides. (The abdomen
has been wet, so that it is not possible to determine definitely whether the spot
on the third segment reaches completely forward.) Pile pallidly yellow, longer
laterally, not abundant. |

Holotype—?, Moose Jaw, Sask., (Geo. S. Johnston) ; No. 564, in the
‘Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

This species is most nearly related to E. comantis, but seems to be quite
distinct. The absence of villi on the wings will distinguish it from any species
known to me. The small spots on the wings are very similar to those found
in Comantella maculosus. |

Eucyrtopogon spinigera new species

Closely related to E. diversipilosis, but the @ genitalia bears 12
spines; the dorsum of the thorax with a complete white pilose border, the spines
of the scutellum almost all white, their bases narrowly yellow.

Length 10.5 mm. Female. Face moderately convex; with greyish white
tomentum except an oval brownish spot on each side above; pile black, tipped
with white. Front with brownish tomentum greyish along the orbits, pile black
and luteous intermixed, the hairs on the ocellar swelling tipped with yellow.

_Occiput white pilose, the ciliae piceous except apically. Antennae black, the
first two segments with greyish yellowish bloom, and yellow hairs, one long,

blackish hair beneath the second segment; third segment moderate in width,

_ gradually tapering; arista about two-thirds as long as the third segment, mod-

erately slender.

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Thorax with tawny bloom; the geminate stripe sub-shining blackish brown,
the median stripe rather wide, greyish yellow, a short stripe on either side
behind the suture and a-broader one before the scutellum shining blackish brown;
an oval spot before the suture, a more roundish one behind and an elongate
apical triangle, rusty brown; bordering all the brown spots the tomentum is
silvery whitish in some reflections; on the pleura, except the mesopleura
greyish white tomentose. Pile of the dorsum black, the margins and pleura
with yellowish pile. Scutellum convex, yellow tomentose in some lights, white
pilose and spinose, the spines yellow basally.

Legs black, tibiae reddish chestnut. Pile and bristles luteous, tipped with
white, appearing chiefly whitish on anterior legs. Coxae simple.

Wings largely cinereous villous, the crossveins and furcations crouded
with yellow brown.

Abdomen shining greenish black, with short, yellow hair on the disc,
longer, yellow, but not abundant on the sides. On the posterior angles of each
segment with a greyish white pruinose spot, all the spots wider laterally, that
on the sixth segment reaching almost to the anterior margin on the side. Ven-
ter greyish yellow pollinose, with yellow pile, the last segment with black pile.

Holotype—®@, Victoria, British Columbia, May 16, 1916, (R. C. Tre-
herne) ; No. 563, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Eucyrtopogon diversipilosis new species

Allied to nebulo, but a little smaller and with less hairy abdomen. hoary
pollen along the sides of the front. The lower fringe of curved hairs are
shorter than the width of the costal cell, as in nebulo.

Length 9 mm. Male. Face a little convex, strongly convex retreating
- below, silvery white pollinose, with a brownish spot on either side above. Mys-
tax black, the hairs tipped with white. Front yellow-brown pollinose in the
middle, more or less broadly whitish pollinose on the sides. Pile of front entirely
black. Antennae black, silvery in some lights, with white hairs, but usually
‘two or three black ones on the second joint; first joint longer than the second; ~
third one and one-quarter times as long as first two, style equal to length of
first two, rather slender. Occiput wholly fine white haired and whitish pollinose.

Thorax shining black, more or less thickly tawny brownish pollinose; in
the middle with a complete white longitudinal line, which is a little widened
anteriorly and expanded just before the scutellum; on either side a broader,
abbreviated stripe, interrupted before the suture, the spot formed by the front
section triangular, postalar calli above and below, the lateral margins, humeri
and a broad longitudinal stripe on the middle of the pleura, white. On either
side of the median white stripe is a broad, subopaque black stripe. Pile of the
dorsum black, sometimes a few white hairs on the middle line in front and on
the postalar calli; pile of pleura almost all pale; there may be a few brown or
black hairs on the mesopleura and some of the trichostical hairs may be black,
but they are chiefly pale, although often have a reddish tinge. Scutellum with
a whitish bloom, and fine white hair; with eight or ten slender apical whitish
to brown bristles.

Legs wholly black, with white pile; the bristles slender, usually brown
or blackish, but many pale. he pile is long but not very abundant, so that

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST lig

the ground color is not obscured. Front tibiae slightly curved, the others
straight. Inner anterior side of front tibiae and inner posterior side of the
hind ones rusty reddish and the tarsal pads, rusty yellowish pubescent. Hind
coxae not with distinct tubercle but with small projection.
Wings yellowish on posterior basal half; the apical half grey, with a
broad, interrupted fascia behind the apex of the first vein, a small spot on the
‘third vein midway between the crossvein and furcation and a transverse spot
beyond the furcation, mostly situated behind the third vein, hyaline; all the
crossveins and furcations bear brown spots, the first series forming an abbrevi-
ated, rather broad fascia about the middle of the wing. The curved hairs on
the costa are decidedly shorter than the width of the costal cell.
. Abdomen shining blue black, the sides of each segment with a posterior
i elongate oval sericeous spot. Pile short, sparse, tawny, on the dorsum; on
the sides long, whitish basally, grading to brownish at apex. Last two ventral
‘segments with dense, erect blackish or brown pile.
Female. Very similar, but less densely pilose. Mystax thinner and with
some fine white hairs intermixed.
| Thorax much more whitish, so that the brown pollen is left as large, iso-
~ lated spots; one before and behind the suture; one just behind the humeri and
~ another inside them contiguous with the black stripe, and another running to the
-postalar calli from the outer side of the one behind the suture. Humeri white
pilose.
Wings much paler, not at all yellowish.
Pile of abdomen short, more sparse, all pale.

7 Holotype, 8, Chilcotin, B. C., May 14, 1920, (E. R. Buckell), No. 561
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. : . eee
: Allotype,?, same data.
Paratypes, ¢, same data; ¢, same locality and collector, May 12; ¢.
So Banft, Alta., Sept. 20, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett).

This species can generally be readily distinguished from nebulo by the
_ wholly black tibiae, as in that species they have a reddish cast on the outside in
the ¢. The 2 is smaller, but less readily separated. Both these species are
‘readily separated from ¢ calcarata by the shorter curved hairs on the costa.

Eucyrtopogon calcarata new species
Curved bristles on costa almost all black; abdomen of ¢ with 7 pairs
of greyish sericeous spots; anterior apex of posterior coxae produced forward

in 2 occupying the whole length of the segments.

Length 10-11 mm. Male. Face and front sub-shining black, the former
covered with greyish white, the latter with thin, brownish yellow tomentum.
Pile black, on the occiput towards the neck and wholly on the lower half, white:
_ tips of facial hairs cinereous. Antennae black, first two segments with thin,
yellowish tomentum, third with cinereous bloom, about equal in length to the
two first combined, evenly tapering from its rather broad base to slender apex:
_ Style about as long as third segment, slender.

a -Thorax shining black in ground color, covered with tawny tomentum or
___ pollen, the median stripe, a spot on the humeri, one at the inner end of the suture

into a tuberculate spur, only slightly so in the @ ; spots on sixth and seventh

Fe) he de ee

yeaa es ee)

4 eee AS ae
sw be ee ae es oe i, hn ot

aut, aed

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

and an elongate one above the root of the wings silvery whitish; the geminate
stripe shining blackish brown, abbreviated behind but connected with an elongate,
more laterally placed spot before the scutellum; a roundish spot before the suture
and an elongate, narrow one behind, shining; pleura with greyish white bloom, the
mesopleura with tawny. Pile on dorsum black, on pleura luteous; a few
brown hairs on the epimeron above. Scutellum convex, with tawny bloom in

certain lights; pile white, bristles slender, brownish, their apices yellowish or~

whitish.

Legs shining blackish, pile tawny, the ends of the hairs broadly white;

Bristles brownish basally. Hind coxae with the interior apex produced forward —

into a conical tubercle; a smaller tubercle on the trochanters between the coxae
and femora, on the lower posterior side.

Wings mostly hyaline, cinereous villous apically, the crossveins and fur-
cations clouded with brown. Lower row of curved hairs on the costa as long
or slightly longer than the width of the costal cell.

Abdomen shining black, on the disc with rather short yellowish hairs; on
the sides with long luteous pile almost white basally, on the apical segments sub-
apically with some black hairs, extensive on the sixth segment. Last ventral
segment with a tuft of brownish red pile apically. On either side with seven
greyish, sericeous, elongate oval spots, that on the seventh segment occupying
the whole length on the lateral fourth.

2. Similar. The dark thoracal markings are brown instead of black,
the abdominal spots are broadest laterally, those on the sixth and seventh seg-
ments occupying the full length of the segments laterally, those on the seventh
small.

Holotype, ¢, Banff, Alta., October 27, 1917, (N. B. Sanson), No. 562,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, 2, April 25, 1917, (Sanson).

Paratypes, 2, April 25, 1917, (Sanson) ; 3 2, Cranbrook, B. C., (C. B.
D. Garrett); ¢ 2, Nicola, B. C., June 1, 1922; 9, Aspen Grove, B. C.; June
“15, 1922; 2, Quilchena, B. C., May 21, 1921, (P. N. Vroom).

Distinguished by the spur on the hind coxae and the long, lower row of
hairs on the costa.

- Eucyrtopogon nebulo O. S.

Front dull brown, the orbits more yellowish; abdomen of male with six
pairs of isolated greyish white spots. .

Length 10.5—11.5 mm. Male. Face moderately convex; covered with
greyish white tomentum; a sub-oval reddish brown area on either side above
the middle; pile black, the apices of the hairs brassy yellow. Front dull reddish

brown, the orbits narrowly yellow pollinose; pile black, the hairs on the ocellar

swelling tipped with yellow or white. Occipital ciliae black, their tips white,
occiput with yellow pile above, white below. Antennae black, the first two
segments with yellowish bloom; pile brownish and luteous, the one or two long
hairs brown; third segment tapering, more strongly narrowed at the apical
third; arista slender, about half as long as the third segment. -
Dorsum of thorax with a posteriorly abbreviated geminate blackish brown —
longitudinal stripe, the median stripe greyish white with a yellowish tinge on

~> cles > Payethhd at) Ale hd
te rene ’ oe ;
, ~ * . r ’ f
*) b yy: .
sate EY ef

3 = Ave ae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 121 a
_ the disc; a narrow stripe on either side behind the suture, and a pair of ‘CG
FS Beereorly contiguous spots rising from the posterior margin, the inner one
~ triangular, on the apical sixth, shining blackish brown, immediately before
- and behind the suture large oval brownish areas; a yellowish sericeous spot on
_ the humeri, the inner end of the suture and on each side of the middle about
_ the anterior third; elsewhere, the thorax is brownish red or tawny tomentose, on
: the pleura whitish or pale yellowish; on the middle line of the dorsum in front
_ more or less white. Scutellum convex, apparently tawny tomentose, the pile
rather long, white, the spines white but appearing more or less luteous or
“ag ~ brownish.
g Legs black, the tibiae chestnut brown except apically, and the immediate
base; pile brownish red, the long hairs with whitish or yellowish apices; many
B _ of the long hairs blackish.
¢ ar Wings hyaline on basal two-fifths, elsewhere smoky or lIuteous villous
+ with namerous clear areas: brownish areas on the cross-veins and the bifurca-
_ tions of the third vein. ey
| Abdomen shining greenish black, with rather sparse, tawny hairs on the
* disc; on the sides with long, moderately abundant brown hairs, basally almost
- whitish; the apical ventral segment with a posteriorly sharply limited band of
black hairs. On the sides of segments one to six posteriorly a sub-oval greyish
- sericeous spot, those on the third to fifth segments narrowed laterally, those.
on the sixth broadly separated from the lateral margin. : |
As p Female. Sublateral oval spots and stripes tawny in some lights, the
Be tomentum generally more greyish, the sericeous areas more extensive. Pile
_ on abdomen wholly paler, the spots all wider laterally, the seventh segment without
Ee spots. ~
4 '- $, Royal Oak, B. C., April 19, 1917, (R. C. Treherne), 2, Royal Oak,
May 5, 1917, (Treherne); 9, Duncan, B. C., June; 4, no locality label,
| Oct. 7, 1904.

| ee ; Eucyrtopogon varipennis Coquillett :

Wings with four elongate marks forming an irregular line and the costal
__. border of the wing beyond the first longitudinal vein deep brown.

Be Length 9.5 mm. Male. Face only slightly swollen; whitish pollinose-
in some lights, with a rich, brownish spot above on either side; front with ~
similar golen, which is largely tawny toward the middle. Pile of face extending
£ _ almost to ‘antennae, the hairs all black, their tips white. Front and upper
‘portion of occiput black haired, the hairs mostly with white tips; occiput else-
Behiere with fine whitish pile, the orbital border white pollinose: Antennae
- entirely black, more or less silvery dusted, the first two joints with black hair;
first two joints of equal length, the third moderately longer than the first two

_ combined; style almost as long as the third joint, rather slender.

a Thorax shining black; covered with a cupreous brown pollen, which ©
aves a broad, geminate, a ethin stripe and an interrupted one on either side,
3 the ‘dorsum, shining; on either side of the geminate stripe is a silvery white
stripe, which is interrupted behind the root of the wings, as stripe is oblique

Son its posterior portion, rising at the corners of the scutellum, crossing the-
es

os a « i

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

inner end of the postalar calli and not quite reaching the root of the wing.
Pile of the dorsum nearly all black, as there are just a few pale hairs in the middle
in front, and on the postalar calli. The longer hairs are not conspicuous and are
mostly tipped with white... Pleura white haired; the mesopleura above and
behind with black pile; trichostical pile fine, white, but not conspicuous owing to
the strong black bristles. Scutellum tawny pollinose with long, rather wooly white
pile; the longer apical hairs not conspicuous, whitish.

Legs entirely black ; adorned with long and short black, tawny or brownish
and white pile, which is especially long behind the front and middle tibiae, the
middle tibiae bear on their outer side a row of six or seven black bristles
which are tipped with white; the front and hind ones bear several apical
bristles. The front tibiae are curved towards the front, the middle ones are
curved anteriorly and outwardly, while the hind ones are straight, a little
swollen apically and as long as their femora. The antero-interior surfdce of
the front and hind tibiae is densely yellow pubescent. The posterior side oi
the front tarsi bears long, whitish or slightly yellowish hair, which is conspicu-
ous but not very dense.

Wings greyish; yellowish behind the sixth vein and in the costal cell,
with deep brown markings as follows: a pair of elongate, narrowly connected
spots in the first basal cell, just before the middle; an elongate oval spot filling
the submarginal and part of first submarginal cell just beyond the branching
of R, . ,; an elongate spot on the anterior crossvein; and the costa broadly
beyond the apex of the first vein. Squamae velvety brown, with white fringe.
Halteres brown.

Abdomen shining blue black, each segment with an apical grey pollinose
spot which is twice as wide as long. Pile short, black, on the disc; longer,
tawny, yellowish and white on the sides. The last two ventral segments bear
an apical fringe of long, brownish pile.

é, Victoria, B. C., March 21, 1921, (R. Glendenning) ; ¢, Victoria, B. C.,
May 10, 1916, (R. C. Treherne).

Cyrtopogon Loew

Face gibbose, the swelling reaching the base of the antennae. Third
antennal joint usually coarctate, with a basal swelling, narrowest just beyond
the base, widest about the middle, rarely but slightly coarctate. Thorax convex,

but not strongly so, usually largely pollinose, usually with bristles on lateral

margin. Scutellum plain or convex, sometimes wholly or partly pollinose, with
or without apical bristles. Legs often more or less specialized with peculiar
arrangement of pile; no curved spine on front tibiae. Abdomen tapering in
é, usually widest in middle of 9, and rather acute; rarely chiefly pollinose,
the segments usually with grey pollinose spots on posterior angles or with
entire fasciae, rarely wholly shining. Wings often with faint yellowish clouds
on crossveins, sometimes with one or two large, brown spots; third longitudinal
vein (R, and R,) branching distinctly beyond the discal crossvein (the vein
closing the outer end of the discal cell.) | Genotype, C. ruficornis Fabr.. Europe.

ic, ~ Me! ae ge ed pea ‘ fii =
ey cae ri > 4 ;
aE

“ ae ar OF :
eee , THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 123
( on ye TasLe OF SPECIES.

x eC) (nn 2
NNER Oy eie Son he BT rar. Wo yd wnt ot elaine a 69 a oad eee Ree 20
2 Middle tarsi with a broad pad formed by lateral pile, on the last two or

more segments; anterior tarsi with silvery crest above ...........-. 3
Middle tarsi not with disc like termination, the anterior tarsi not with a

: ae MN GE a Len Sa A a ocnls Sir age oa kw w ede a ck where, mal Pogo i or ea 5

3 Anterior tarsi with the crest extending to the base of the basitarsi ......

Re RR Or Sine Ny aa sce ae See ene sa Safa sean 2 brew praepes Wilist.
The crest extends only to the base of the second joint, but there may be

wiow witite fairs onthe disc ofthe Dasitarsi ...5..'y... 0.4 whee 4
4. Crest on front tarsi wide, concealed from ventral view by dense black hair;
disc of middle tarsi limited to last two joints ........ callipedilus Loew.

~Crest narrower, not much wider than tarsal joints and not concealed from
ventral view by black hair; middle tarsal disc not limited to last two

RE Re ha asin che ae ak ia oa a the Baye pate ge OF willistont Curr.

5. Wings with one or two large black or brown spots or brownish beyond the
BESO ie MS A af, oth ie is Lhe de on ie bate cine oe ee ee Vee ae 6
Wings at most with the crossveins slightly clouded or with pale cinereous
Siar mMRRPMTSEL EMOTO. 62S DE sic’. fo) as nated danse aed Ed = oe ale A me 9

: 6. Coxae wholly black pilose; wings brownish beyond the middle, fading out
? behind and posteriorly ; beard wholly black ............ curtistylus n. sp.
me. Coxae largely yellow or white pilose .............¢.0005.0 0005-008 7
gi Wings with a large apical spot and a smaller one covering the spied third

ReUIAReD SIME CRN SN. ata’. Les eS peg nica bee eee Ze bimaculata Walk.
Wings with only the apical spot or brownish anteriorly »eyond the

CEP Last joint of front tarsi remarkably elongated and flattened; disc of scutel-
ze MEMS. PAHO: 5 Fo hc) 2312 oben bs Sake «hos, 5 a hele Oued ee a IG
Muereeeqait Of tore tarsi normal -).. <.)4.. i... ed ee Bs:
10. Tibiae wholly black; posterior four tarsi piceous; the front ones red-
A PS So re crn lineotarsus n. sp.
ty Tibiae and tarsi yellowish, the apex of the front tibiae piceous ..........

se Trichostical pile all, or practically all, white ..................2.004. I5
Lr: Abdomen with the terminal segments carinate or subcarinate dorsally, when

viewed from behind; abdomen chiefly yellow pilose ................ 13
Abdomen not with the apical segments forming a keel; pile of abdomen
Sumer maidct.all black 27782. e038 oad lee.) aly ig a eee

- ‘13. Sides of the specialized abdominal segments broadly, very densely, short
7: ; black pilose; keel not sharp, the middle or keel portion bare and polished
‘ except for the narrow transverse pilose fascia; anterior tibiae black

LE RE TS AOE ORE in Ur eo erie ee ipa inne Le en ae aurifex O. S.

AMMA BS eM Sad hd x KASS Shs Soph oe Fayed bo Seid ae Rel OS oe 8
8. Mystax wholly black, the hairs stout .................... dasyllis Willist.
Mystax yellow, some black hairs below ............ dasylloides Willist.

EES ir na leptotarsus n. sp.
11. Trichostical pile practically all, or more than half black ............. 12

‘

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. \

Sides of keel much more narrowly densely pilose, the keel with quite ey-’
dent but not abundant appressed hairs pointing towards the apex of

keel; anterior, tibiae white pilose wir ie Wye. aye ese eee albitarsis Curr,

14. Hind tarsi silvery white pilose above (confer leucozona) .. imversus Nn. Sp.
Hind tarsi wholly black haired ..... Gra Gms teins ey Sr montanus Loew.

15. Disc of scutellum usually plane, usually entirely grey pollinose, but the
sides may be’ black )>. egies. Si cas. Cots Chi vaceeee hs opens eee 16

Dise' of, scutellum convex, not grey ‘pollinose 2... .2%.0.., (2+ + Sate 18

16. Sides of disc of scutellum broadly shining black, the apical margin polli-
BAGS E eR ire hak ak ROLE, go) ioe ce a he gee gt ee eee lutatius Walk.

Sides of disc of scutellum pollinose; whole apical margin shining ...... 17

17. Pile of mesopleura all white; first two abdominal pollinose fasciae normatiy
Up oC a RAG aac ee tee a ee me AL A LE UMS RE REN nugator O. 3.

Pile of mesopleura black, with only a few white hairs below; pollinose
apdominal wfasciae all Mtereupred)y. ic ja-t scaayol gies 6 aie ig aves ae sansont n. sp.

18. Pile of mesopleura pale; third antennal segment red, tibiae all yellowish
except their apices; all the tibiae and tarsi white pilose; bristles on fore
erate SHOTL, <VEHOW eats. 5/. keer nee ake 2 ok oreethE sealers marginalis Loew.

Pile of mesopleura black; third antennal segment black, tibiae only reddish
on basal half or less; posterior four tarsi black haired above; bristles
ba ctore vtar siesvottts. Black?) xx te eae Lee Fey ee falto Walk.

19. Omitted.

20. Large species; basal abdominal segments evenly yellow pilose, the last

Pwo MAC pAGse = ClONGAHE: 04 Nita jes ov aa he MRE Naren dasylloides Willist.
Smaller; pile in tufts or not wholly yellow on basal segments ........ 21

21. Scutellum densely grey or yellowish pollinose, usually flat ............ 22
Scutellum not densely grey pollinose, usually convex ........-....+-. 26

22. Only middle line of the scutellum pollinose, the apex pollinose /utatins Walk,
Scutellum wholly pollinose, the immediate apex shining ...........-.. 23

23 Miystaxiwhoally ‘black’. 0100.0 cried coe SDs one he Se oe he a 25
Mystax white.or yellow on the sides: . ..) 504. 0.55 4.0100 tee ches 24

24. Tibiae all reddish or yelow, darker apically ............ leptotarsus n. sp.
ibine Piceous or black v7 kk ee ee ae Ae ee ... predator n. sp.

25. First abdominal segment with a posterior greyish pollinose crossband ..
profusus O. 5. &
First abdominal segment only greyish pollinose on the sides .......... 37
26. Sides of abdomen with conspicuous alternate black and yellow pile ......
BAS eet Ab Ol Cae ae eee Sey Bh eae en AG PO 31S qwillistoni Curr.

Sides of abdomen with not conspicuously contrasted pile ............-. 27 a
27. Pile on sides of first three segments long, wholly yellow . .willistoni Curr. — Ye
Pile usually shorter, or wholly black or yellowish ...,.............4-. 23.4a
28, \'T'richostical pile practically all black «°c u.4) Aine. «oka ere 20a
Trichostical pile almost all white or- yellow. ..... ...). s. 3) Via 33
29: Abdominal crossbands broadly interrupted... ..\)....... > te eee 30
Abdominal crossbands normally entire’. ..0.0...0..0.0\...0 5 eee 31 a
Rare nird. antennal segment Teds), taco we bee Leelee ee A cane varans Nl. Sp.
Third antennal segment black; anterior crossvein near the middle of the

Biscal cellos 6 aS RET ea Re Vie Re bimacula Walk.

wie

125

eek
ai Oia ahd ;
Ke Sas Raith fine white fair: Pree eld si. e cs Jen AOMCOLOND EGU
iy: ea: ternopleura rete Mince MAID oe So. erates ae keer tues he, Se
* 32. - Tibiae often chiefly reddish, the white hair on hind tibiae not abundant; if
*___— long and appearing silvery the tibiae are reddish ........ montanus Loew. |

Tibiae always wholly black; white hair on hind tibiae long, rather dense,
" appearing silvery from basal view .................04. inversus N. Sp.
| Abdominal crossbands normally entire ..........6......e neces + eege
_ Abdominal crossbands interrupted, or third antennal segment red ....., 34
Third antennal SEIS ha iS a 2 ee ‘marg PAE Loew. —
_ Third item iecmertinent «MACE! - ag 5.2 fol oa. ee ns as “Lae
- Posterior tibiae reddish on basal half .............-020ee- falto Walker.
Posterior tibiae more extensively reddish or all black ................ 30
36. Posterior tibiae and tarsi all black; mystax black and yellow .......... sp.
___ Posterior tibiae and tarsi chiefly red; mystax black and whitish plausor O. S.

; OF ee
7. Pile of mesopleura all black ; abdominal bands normally all interrupted. .
EMRE MILI Wee thers oh. Siac y ed Pet eek AS Wee lates y oiled sansoni 0. sp.
act . Pile of mesopleura pale, sometimes a few long, black hairs in middle; first
pyovapdomuinal fasciae normally entire, «24 G26. oe ewe ot nugator O. S.- ee
3. eats, tpiae-tatner pale, yellows ie7. ss .r< so. ee ae albitarsis Curr. %,
;
Semeenont tibiae blackish or.piceous 5.2 2 fs. eee ee leucozona Loew. ee
i (to be continued) a
ae
a
ed June 11th, 1923 3 re
; ve
=

BARGAINS IN FINE TROPICAL BUTTERFLIES

I am offering for a limited time only (far 30 days after date of this
issue of Magazine) the following butterflies, all good quality (unless other-
wise stated) freshly caught, and solely to reduce my very large stock.

This is the chance for you to stock up with your requirements for the
Xmas trade.

Please note that the Butterflies are sold at the stated prices only in
the quantities mentioned.

PRICE PER 100—Catagramma $10. Callicore (98 Butterfly) $8 Ag. vanil-
lae $7.50. Helic. phyllis, melpomene or charitonius $5. Meg. corina or
iole $8. Meg. chiron $5- Vanessa urticae $3. Antiopa $4.50. Pyr. ata-
fanta $5. Terac. eupoimpe $9. Cyrestis lutea map butterfly) $13. Zyg.
filijpendulae (small, bright for Jewellery) $5. Eum- atala (fine) ®.
Chlor. chreubina $15. Cyane $12. Urania fulgens (passable quality) $11.
Catop. argante $%. Rurina $7. Philea $8. Paplio agesilaus $8- Antheus
(very fine) $18. Demodocus (fine-Leopard papilio) $18. Ornith. hecuba
(males) perfect $60. A. luna $10. Pap- lyaeus $18. Mixed Number
Amenican Saturnids $7.

PRICE PER 100—Uteth. bella (small pink moth—fine, bright, fresh speci-
mens.. $50. Lyc. exelis (very small, for Jewellery) $25. Lyc. corydon
(English blue) $25- Mixed smail Lycaena for Jewellery $30. Attacus
atlas (passable) $3.50 per dozen.

SPECIAL—25,000 South American Butterflies, Mixed, including Papilio and
Caligo, Heliconids, Catagramma, etc. Very good quality for decorative
purposes but imperfect quality $35.00 per 1000.

TERMS—Cash with order.

G. G. MacBean, Dealer

ASSINIBOIA, SASK., CANADA

INI sinh paige he
— warp gC a ei ee ee ae Re a, Oey ae ae

ORILLIA, JUNE, 1923. No. 6.

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE TERMINOLOGY APPLIED
TO. THE PARTS OF AN INSECT’S LEG*

BY G. C. CRAMPTON,

Amherst, Mass.

In the movements of locomotion, the hind legs of an insect are used
largely for pushing the insect along (ie., with a “kicking movement”); the
ind coxae are therefore not so freely mobile, and in a dead insect, the hind legs
pewelly project backward along the body. The forelegs are used largely for
pulling the insect along; the fore coxae are slightly more mobile than the hind
o1 ies, and the forelegs aie frequently directed forward in a dead insect. The
m iddle legs, on the other hand, are used chiefly as supports in the tripod formed
by the sets of legs in walking, and the middle coxae are usually freely mobile.
e middle legs may project outward or even backward or forward in a dead
Insect. |
_ The varying positions assumed by the legs in a dried specimen (in which
‘the legs cannot readily be moved about without breaking them off) make it
extremely difficult to apply a uniform terminology to homologous surfaces in
Il of the legs, since the outer or lateral surface of one leg may be turned inward
or mesally in another, etc., and this difficulty led Grimshaw, 1905, (Entom. Mon.
Mag., ad. Ser. Vol. 16, p. 174) to propose the following method of designating
the surfaces of any leg. If the leg be stretched out horizontally (or perpendicu-
Tar to the body wall) so that the tarsus and tibia are as nearly as possible in a
line with the femur, there are eight surfaces which Grimshaw designates as the
dorsal, postero-dorsal, posterior, postero-ventral, ventral, antero-ventral, anterior,
‘and antero-dorsal (counting clock-wise, as one looks at the lateral surface of
e body). The ventral surface of the femur is applied to the ventral surface =
oi the tibia when the leg is tightly closed upon itself, and certain entomologists
apply the terms “flexor surface” to the surfaces thus opposed when the leg
is closed, and they then call the opposite surfaces the extensor surfaces. The
ventral surface of the tarsus is sometimes called the “plantar surface” by ento-
mologists. There are a number of other terms which have been applied to the
surfaces of the leg (Bolivar, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 90; Schnabl, 1906, Wien.
Ent. Zeitschr. Vol. 25, etc.) ; but Grimshaw’s terms are the ones most generally
used.

The trochantin (or trochantinus) is not considered as part of the leg in
the following discussion, since it is clearly associated with the pleural region in
lower insects, and only in the higher forms, such as the Coleoptera, etc., is it
closely associated with the coxa. In many primitive insects the trochantin is
d ivided by an oblique suture into an antetrochantin (atn of Fig. 6) and a post-
“trochantin (pin of Fig. 6). The oblique trochantinal suturé corresponds to
a internal endotrochantin, or ridge for muscle attachment. The prothoracic

—Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst, Mass.

-
J

127 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

trochantin is sometimes divided into a basitrochantin and a distitrochantin by a |
transverse cleft, but this division does not occur in many insects. Embedded —
in the basicoxal membrane near the base of the coxa are several small plates —
described by Crampton and Hasey, 1915 (Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. Bd. 39, p. 6).
Coxa. The coxa of lower insects has two principal pivots, of which the
chief pivot is the coxal process of the pleuron, formed by a downward pro- —
jection of the pleural region at the base of the pleural suture. The tip of the
trochantin forms a second pivotal point in many insects, but in the lower forms —
such as the roaches (Fig. 6) the tip of the trochantin may serve as a “pulling” —
point for moving the coxa by means of the muscles attached to the movable —
trochantin. In many holometabolous insects (Diptera, Trichoptera, Neuroptera, —
etc.) a third pivot of the coxa is furnished by a process of the sternal region”
which forms the coxal process of the sternum—a prolongation of the sternal —
region into the mesal surface of the coxa.
At the base of the coxa is a coximarginal region (cm of Fig. 6) and a~
ventral continuation of the pleural suture into the coxa forms the meral suture,
msu, which divides the coxa into a merocoxa or meron (me of Fig. 6) and a_
eucoxra, ec. In the lower insects such as the termites, roaches, stoneflies, etc.,
the meron me is clearly a demarked posterior portion of the coxa (Fig. 6), and 7
it is only in the higher insects that the meron becomes somewhat closely associated
with the epimeron, so that it is quite incorrect to maintain (as some investi-—
gators have done) that the meron is a detached fold of the epimeron. 7
In certain roaches (Fig 6), Carabid Coleoptera, etc., the posterior coxae
bear a coxracrista, cxc, or ridge, in the median portion of the coxae, while a fur-
row or coxafossa, cxf, lateral to the ridge, receives the femur, fe, when the
latter is drawn up to the body. A process of the coxal ridge, called the cowxal
process, projects over the base of the trochanter of the hind legs in certain Cole-
optera, roaches, etc. The sharp edge of the coxal ridge is called the co.xacarina.
The coxatheca is the cavity for receiving the head of the trochanter; and the
lateral (anterior), and median (posterior) trochantifers are the processes of the
coxa against which the condyles of the trochanter articulate.
Trochanter. The “‘head” of the trochanter (trochocaput, labelled tre 1
Fig. 9) is received in the coxatheca or articular cup at the apex of the coxa;
and the trochocondyles (one of which is labelled tcd in Fig. 9) or condylar pro-
cesses of the trochanter, one of which is anterior and the other posterior, articu-
late with the corresponding trochantifers or trochanter-bearing processes of the
coxa, mentioned above. These form the pivotal points in the extensor and
flexor movements of the trochanter, the extensor and flexor tendons of the tro- —
chanter being attached on either side of these pivotal points. ,

femur in any insect I have examined, and it is quite possible that the trochanter —
may be a constricted-off portion of the femur. At any rate, the so-called second
segment of the trochanter in the Tenthredinoid Hymenoptera (labelled bfe in—
Fig. 7) appears to be a demarked portion of the femur. This demarked portio y
of the femur is not closely associated with the trochanter tr, and is only imper
fectly marked off from the femur in many primitive Hymenoptera, so that i
is preferable to designate it as the basifemur (bfe of Fig. 7) rather than by
the terms which imply that it is a part of the trochanter (i. e., such terms as

a ae

EMMONS

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ae ee a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 128

distitrochanter, trochanterellus, etc.) ; and the term apophysis, sometimes applied
to it, should be restricted to the internal processes of the sternal region.

Femur. The femur does not articulate with the trochanter in any insect
thus far examined, and, as was mentioned above, this may indicate that the
trochanter is a constricted-off portion of the femur. Distally, the femur
articulates with the tibia, and the articulating surface of the femur to which the
tibia is joined, is called the gonytheca (gt of Fig. 10) by entomologists. The
gonythecal lobes, gtl of Fig. 6, prevent lateral movements of the tibia, and tibiafers
(anterior and posterior) furnish the tibia-bearing processes with which the con-
dyles of the tibia articulate. As was mentioned before, the dorsal surface of
the femur is also called its extensor surface, and its ventral surface is also
referred to as its flexor surface.

Tibia. The tibiacaput (tic of Figs. 12 and 6) or head of the tibia is
received in the portion of the femur called the femur cup, and the anterior and
posterior tibiacondyles articulate with the processes of the femur called the
tibiafers. The hypogonya (hgo of Fig. 12) are chitinous plates below the
angle of the “knee,” and serve as points of attachment for the flexor tendons of
the tibia. The cup at the apex of the tibia, for the reception of the head of
the basal segment of the tarsus, is the tibiatheca. The dorsal surface of the
tibia is sometimes called its extensor surface, and its ventral surface is sometimes
referred to as its flexor surface. The longer apical spine-like structures at
the tip of the tibia are sometimes called tibial spurs. In homologizing the spurs,
spines, etc., on the tibia (i. e., the calcaria, etc.) of various insects, Comstock’s
differentiation between spines, spurs, setae, etc., should be borne in mind, since
the origin of these structures is not the same in all cases; but it is frequently
more convenient to use the same designation for all of the spine-like structures
in a certain area of the tibia, regardless of their origin.

Tarsus. The segments of the tarsus may be referred to as the tarsomeres.

The basal tarsomere is called the metatarsus when it is longer than the other
tarsomeres, but the term metatarsus should refer to the entire tarsus of the
metathoracic leg, so that the designation basitarsus is a preferable term to apply
to the basal tarsomere (bta of Fig. 6). The head of the basal segment of the
tarsus, or tarsocaput (tac of Fig. 11) is received in the tibiatheca, or cup of the
tibia, and anterior and posterior tarsocondyles, or tarsal condyles, articulate with
the corresponding anterior and posterior tarsofers, or tarsus-bearing processes
of the tibia. The terms sarothrum, palma, planta, etc., have also been applied
to the basal segment of the tarsus when it is modified for certain particular pur-
poses in specialized groups of insects, but the term basitarsus is of more general
application.
; The distal segment of the tarsus may be termed the distitarsus (dta of
Fig. 6), since the term onychium, which is sometimes applied to it (in certain
Hymenoptera) is also used for the arolium, empodium, and other structures, and
it is impossible to determine the original or most widespread use of the term
onychium. The terms digitus, ungula, etc., are also loosely applied to the disti-
tarsus by some investigators.

The claws are usually termed the ungues. The terms ungula, unguicula,
onyches, etc., have also been applied to the claws, but the designation ungues is
preferable to all of these. The claws are usually borne by the unguifer (uf of

129 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Can: Ent. Voi. LY. PLATE 2.

TERMINOLOGY OF AN INSECT’S LEG.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 130

_ Fig. 1) or dorsal process at the tip of the terminal segment of the tarsus (disti-
4 tarsus). A small retractile plate, the unguitractor or tarsule (tarsulus) labelled
ut in Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 8, situated ventrally at the apex of the distal segment of
the tarsus, may possibly represent a rudimentary tarsal segment, but this is not
very probable. The plate in question is connected with the ventro-basal region
of the claws by membrane and other structures, and serves to retract or flex

p, etc.,) ‘connected with its base.

Between the claws, and frequently articulating dorsally with the unguifer
(uf of Fig. 1) is a pad-like structure ar, which the students of the lower groups
of insects term the arolium. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the pul-
: villus, empodium, etc., but these terms should be restricted to other structures
_ which are not strictly homologous with the arolium. ‘The so-called pulvilliform
-empodium of certain Diptera, such as the one shown in Fig. 4, ar, is probably an
-arolium, since it occupies the typical aroliar position between the claws, and
~ articulates dorsally with the unguifer, as does the arolium of lower insects (Fig.
k e. I would therefore designate this structure as an arolium, rather than an_
“empodium” in these Diptera. The true empodium is a process of the plate
Piabelled ut in Fig. 3, where the empodium bears the label emp. A great many
_ heterogeneous structures pass under the name “‘empodium,” but the true empodium
‘is a process of the unguitractor plate wt, and does not articulate dorsally with
F the unguifer, as the arolium does (Fig. 1) in many lower insects. The ungui-

unguitractor setae. These are usually two in number. A pseudempodium, or
- median bristle-like structure resembling the empodium may occur between the
_ bases of the claws, and this has been mistaken for the true empodium in some
~ cases.

eo The pulvilli, pv of Figs. 3, 4 and 8, are pad-like structures on either side
of the unguitractor plate, and they are usually closely associated with the ventro-
: basal region of the claws. In many insects a basipulvillus or basal plate occurs
in the proximal region of each pulvillus (bp of Figs. 3, 4, 2, etc.) and, as shown
in Fig. 8, this basal pulvillar plate, bp, may extend laterally around the base ot
: the claw. I do not know how the pulvilli arose, but two possibilities suggest
themselves as to their origin. The condition met with in certain Hymenoptera
in which the arolium is partially divided by a deep dorsal furrow, suggests
that the pulvilli may be portions of a divided arolium; and in certain Hemiptera-
Homoptera there are conditions suggestive of a demarcation of the arolium
into lateral regions, while the nature of the pulvilli in such Diptera as the one
shown in Fig. 4 gives some further indication that they may be detached portions
of the arolium ar. On the other hand, the pulvilli may be developed from the
~ somewhat membranous areas at the base of the claws, such as those labelled “pu?”
" in Fig 2, and the relation of these membranous areas to the basipulvilli bp in Fig.
_ 2 is certainly: suggestive of the relation of the true pulvilli pv to the basipulvilli
es in Fig. 3. This further suggests that the pulvilli may be detached portions

] “claws are ate pad-like) would lend w ale to the view that the pulvilli are
detached portions of the claws, which become deeply cleft in many insects, thus

131 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

suggesting the beginning of a process that might end in formation of the pul-
villi.

The designation, pulvilli, is frequently applied to the small pad-like
structures (epl of Fig. 6) on the under side of the tarsal segments, but the
term pulvilli should be restricted to the structures labelled pv in Figs. 3 and 4,
which are not homologous with the pads under the tarsal segments. The desig-
nations plantulae or soleae would be very appropriate for the pads labelled epl
in Fig. 6, but unfortunately these terms have been applied to other structures.
To avoid confusion, I have referred to the structures ep! of Fig. 6 as the euplan-
tulae, thus preserving the term plantulae, which is extremely appropriate for
the structures in question—and might even be used in this sense if it were
clearly understood that no other structures were indicated by the term. The
three euplantulae on the basal segment of the tarsi of grasshoppers, etc., may
indicate that the basal segment (basitarsus) is in reality compound in these
insects, being made up of three tarsomeres united. The abnormal tarsus of the
roach shown in Fig. 6, however, exhibits only three euplantulae, despite the fact
that the second tarsomere appears to be formed by the union of the second
and third tarsomeres occurring in normal roaches of the same species.

{t is rather peculiar that so many holometabolous insects have pentamerous
tarsi, while so many lower insects have tarsi composed of fewer than five seg-
ments. This led me to suggest in a former paper, that the lower number might
be the primitive one, but the question is by no means settled, since it would
appear that five segments may be nearer the original number, and the reduced
number may be due to fusion or loss of segments.

The designation, propedes, has been applied to the uropods or pleopods
occurring on the abdomen of larval insects, but it is preferable to designate the
larval abdominal legs as wropods or pleopods (the posterior ones being termed the
postpedes), and to use the term propedes (or propods) for the prothoracic legs,
as the term indicates. The mesothoracic legs would then be designated as the
mesopedes (or mesopods), and the metathoracic legs would be termed the meta-
pedes (or metapods). This usage is in conformity with the rule restricting the
application of the prefixes pro-, meso-, and meta-, to structures of the prothorax,
mesothorax, and metathorax respectively.

ABBREVIATIONS

ar...Pad between tarsal claws (aroli- cxf..Coxal fossa (coxafossa).

um). dta..Distal segment of tarsus (disti-
atn... Anterior division of trochantin tarsus).
(antetrochantin). ec. ...Anterior region of coxa (eucoxa).
bfe..Basal region of femur (basi-. emp.. Empodium.
femur). epl...Plantula, s. str. (euplantula).
bp...Plate at base of pulvillus (basi- fe. ..Femur.
pulvillus). gt...Gonytheca.
bta..Basal tarsomere (basitarsus). gtl..Gonythecal lobes.
cac..Coxal carina (co.racarina). hgo.Plates beneath angle of “knee”
cm. Marginal region of coxa (coxamar- (hypogonia).
gin). me..Merocoxa or meron.
a O40. msu..Meral suture.

exc..Coxal ridge (co-racrista). ptn..Posterior division of -trochantin —

a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 132

(postrochantin ). tre..Head of trochanter (trochocaput).
Spy. ..Pulvills. uf..Structure bearing ungues (ungwi-
ta... Tarsus. fer).
tac..Head of tarsus (tarsocaput). un...Tarsal claws (ungues).
_ ted..Condylar process of trochanter ut...Plate for retracting or flexing
as (trochocondyle ). claws (unguitractor or tarsulus).
ti. .. Tibia. utt..Unguitractor tendon, or tendon
tic..Head of tibia (tibiacaput). for retracting or flexing claws.
tr. ..Trochanter. x....Pivotal point.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fig. 1. Dorsal view of tip of tarsus of the roach Periplaneta americana.

: 2. Ventral view of same.

3. Ventral view of tip of tarsus of the Dipteran (Asilid) Proctacanthus
heros.

4. Same of Leptid Dipteran Chrysopilus thoracicus.

6. Hind leg of roach Periplaneta americana (abnormal specimen), lateral
view.

7. Trochanteral region of leg of Tenthredinid Hymenopteran, lateral view.

8. Lateral view of claw and pulvillus of Proctacanthus.

g. Mesal view of hind trochanter of Periplancta.

10. Ventral view of apex of femur of Periplaneta.

11. Lateral view of head of basal tarsomere of same.

12. Lateral view of head of tibia of same.

STUDIES IN CANADIAN DIPTERA.
It. Revision Or Tue Asitip GENus Cyrtorpocon ANp ALLIED GENERA.
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,

Ottawa, Ont. : 3
(Continued from page 125)

Cyrtopogon dasyllis Williston

Large; 16 to 18 mm.; hair of head and thorax wholly black; second,
2 third and fourth abdominal segments with thick, even, yellowish pile.

+ Length 16 to t&8 mm. Male. Face moderately gibbose, more promin-
ent above; thickly yellow or greyish yellow pollinose ; pile of head wholly black.
_ Front subshining in the middle, with similarly colored pollen to that on face.
~ Occiput grey pollinose. Antennae black, third joint reddish, its base diffusely
brownish. First antennal joint about twice as long as wide; second slightly
longer than wide; third joint one and one-half times as long as the first two
combined; widest about its middle. Style short, stout, obtuse, shorter than
_ the second joint.

Bx, ~ Thorax shining black, thinly reddish brown pollinose, with some irregu-
lar patches of more yellow pollen. Scutellum shining black, convex. Pile of
' a thorax wholly black; the hairs of the scutellum and epipleura tipped with pale.
3 Legs black; tibiae with the posterior surface piceous reddish; tarsi all
reddish. Hairs of legs moderately abundant, black. Pile on front tarsi white,
4 shining. Pubescence on front and apex of hind tibiae brassy yellow.

133 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Wings pure hyaline, with a large, apical brown spot; last section of
sixth vein bordered with brown.

Abdomen shining black; the first four segments with even, dense, yellow-
ish pile, the first segment with a few black hairs anteriorly. Apical segments
and genitalia with slightly shorter black pile.

Female. Mystax yellow in the middle; beard largely yellow; “5” >on
mesonotum rather distinct, yellow pollinose. ;

Wings beyond the middle decidedly fuscous, paler posteriorly and along

the margin apically.
Four specimens of both sexes from Kaslo, B. C., September, (J. Cockle).
One specimen has been compared with the type.

Cyrtopogon curtistylus new species

Large, allied to dasylloides but the coxae black haired; head black haired ;
front legs with some silvery white pile.

Length, 16 to 18 mm. Male. Face strongly gibbose, more prominent
above; the mystax bright yellow, laterally narrowly bordered by stouter black
hairs, below widely bordered; thinly pale greyish pollinose. Front shining
black; occiput thinly greyish; hairs of head and beard wholly black. Antennae
black; first joint twice as long as wide; second two-thirds as long as first;
third one and one-half times as long as the first two combined, wider than
the first joint, scarcely narrowed basally, with almost parallel sides; style
very short, obtuse.

Thorax shining black; wholly black haired; with conspicuous marginal
bristles. Scutellum shining black, with coarse, black pile of even length.

Legs shining black; simple; wholly black pilose except on front legs;
pile rather abundant; longer on front tibiae; on the front tibiae behind on the
apical fifth and the upper surface of their tarsi with silvery white pile, that
on the tarsi short, subappressed, not extending onto the last joint.

Wings hyaline on basal half; on the outer half yellowish brown, darker
in the middle and front; largely fading out apically and posteriorty.

Abdomen shining black, apparently without grey pollinose markings;
first segment with short, reddish yellow pile; second, third and fourth with even,
erect, long orange colored pile; apical segments with less erect shorter black pile.

Holotype, @, Cache Junction, Utah, June 3, 1912, (H. R. Hagan), in C.
W. Johnson Collection.

Paratype, ¢, same data, No. 578, in the Canadian National Collection.
Readily distinguished from dasyillis by the clouded wings.

Cyrtopogon albitarsis Curran

Abdomen with reddish yellow pile forming dense apical segmental bands;
third antennal segment red; anterior tibiae and tarsi with a posterior fringe
of short, silvery hair.

Length 11 to 12 mm. Male. Face moderately gibbose, convex reced-
ing, the pile golden yellow, below, and up the sides to the middle, stouter, black;
ground colour obscured by pale yellowish pollen. Front yellow pollinose;
wholly black pilose. First two antennal joints black, with black hairs; third
joint reddish yellow, constricted slightly just beyond the base; longer than the
two basal segments combined, broadest about its middle; style usually black,

——_ a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 134

but the base may be yellow. Occiput greyish yellow pollinose, black pilose; beard
white, well separated from the eyes.

Thorax with a very conspicuous greyish yellow pollinose 5 on either side,
the enclosed portion deep shining black, the margin behind the suture and a
triangular projection inside the postalar callus, also shining, elsewhere with
~greyish yellow or yellow pollen, the median line narrowly greyish in front
on either side of which is a broader grey stripe; or the anterior curve of the
five and the median geminate stripes may be ashy. Pleura yellowish grey polli-
nose. Pile black; on the propleura white, or the epipleura mixed black and
golden. Scutellum convex with a golden brownish pubescence in some lights;
pile black.
Femora all black, the apices narrowly yellow; pile black above, not
very abundant, pale yellow below and behind, ‘Tibiae reddish, the anterior
ones paler, immediate base and apices black or blackish, anterior ones with
moderately long silvery white pile posteriorly, short yellow pile anteriorly; a
few black bristles exteriorly, several slender ones below anteriorly near the
base and three below posteriorly, some of which may be reddish. Middle
tibiae with silvery white pile in front and exteriorly, yellow pile elsewhere; with
numerous black bristles. Hind tibiae wholly black pilose, the end below gold-
en pubescent. Anterior tarsi yellow, with silvery pile which forms a dense
fringe posteriorly ; on the basal two segments the pile is bright yellow anteriorly.
Pile all white on middle tarsi, which are darker than the anterior ones but
paler than their tibiae. Hind tarsi with black hairs, in colour, similar to the
middle tibiae.

Wings sometimes slightly tinged with luteous apically. Squamae fus-
cous with whitish border and fringe.

Abdomen black; second, third and fourth segments each with a posterior
silvery greyish pollinose band, which appears yellow beneath the pile.. First
four segments reddish or tawny pilose, sparser and shorter anteriorly so that
the pile appears in broad bands. Fifth, sixth and seventh segments triangular
when viewed from behind, black pilose; with a narrow transverse band of
short, black pile about their middle dorsally, the last one or two segments
with a steel blue reflection on the “keel.””, Hypopygium black; with a conspicuous
fringe of black hairs sub-basally.

The @ differs so markedly from the ¢ that I describe it in detail, and
designate it as the Allotype.

_ Female. Facial gibbosity a little more even than in ¢. Mystax rather
thin, black, in the middle with finer, but not condensed, white hairs. Front
moderately yellowish white pollinose, black pilose. Occiput grey pollinose,
black pilose, fine white pilose on lower half except along the orbits. First
two antennal joints piceous, whitish pollinose, black haired; third black, rather
slender, conspicuously concave on basal half. Style slender, slightly longer
than in ¢.

Thorax shining black, pleura greyish white pollinose. Middle line of
mesonotum rather broad, brownish in some lights, black in others, thinly polli-
nose, in front with a short, median, narrow, whitish pollinose stripe; in some
lights with three narrow shining stripes, the opaque stripes slender. The grey

Ess THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

pollen leaves a small oval spot inside and behind the humeri, a large roundish:

‘one before the suture, a less roundish one behind the suture, dark, thinly polli-
nose in some lights, the posterior of the thorax similar. Hairs of mesonotum
black, but intermixed with white before the scutellum. Pleura white haired,
the mesopleura wholly and a few of the trichostical hairs black.

Femora piceous, their narrow apices and remainder of legs dirty yel-
lowish, the front tibiae a little darker. Femora white pilose above, dorso-anteri-
orly and apically, with black pile. Tibiae black pilose, the hind ones on the
outer side with shorter white hair, on the inside with longer black hair. All
the tarsi black haired.

Wings clear hyaline, the veins not clouded.

Abdomen shining black, the second to fifth segments with greyish white
pollinose apical fasciae, the last one broadly interrupted, all widest laterally,
narrow in middle. Pile on disc, except basally, short, black; on sides longer,
white.

Allotype--?, Banff, Alta., July 9, 1916, (C. G. Hewitt), No. 501, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

The type ¢, Banff, July 17, 1916, (C. G. Hewitt) ; and paratype 8, Banff, |

july 23, 1909, (N. B. Sanson) are before me.

I did not associate the @ with the two males at the time the species was
described, owing to the great differences between the two, but there can be no
doubt that they are the same species and the @ was taken only eight days
before the type ¢. Sexual dimorphism is quite common in the genus, but is
not so well marked in other groups, although a good example occurs in C.
bimacula, the @ of which lacks the alar spots.

Cyrtopogon aurifex O.S

Allied to albitarsis but the last two tarsal joints are black; the legs are ~

more reddish, mystax paler, pollinose abdominal bands wider, etc.

Length 12 to 13 mm. Male. Face gibbose, most prominent on the
upper half, densely pale yellow pollinose; mystax whitish, with a margin of
stouter black hairs, which are abundant at the oral margin. Front rather
golden pollinose, shining just at the antennae and about the ocellar triangle.
Occiput shining black; yellow pollinose like the front above, pale yellow polli-
nose below. Pile of front and occiput black, on the lower half of the latter,
except against the eyes, white, but not dense. Antennae black, third joint red;

first joint twice as long as wide, second two-thirds as long as first, a little longer
than wide; third one-third longer than the first two combined; style as long as

the width of the second joint of antennae, slender, tapering, not acute. Antennal —

hair black. Palpi black, black haired.
Thorax shining black, the pleura bright yellow pollinose, almost tawny

in some lights. _Mesonotum with a narrow, entire median vitta on either side —

of which is a narrow, dark brown vitta, outside of which is a broader tawny yel-

low vitta, the latter and the median one united just before the scutellum, but —

the lateral ones do not reach the apex of the thorax. The 5 is well formed,

rather golden colored, but the dash is disconnected and oblique and the curve

is sub-interrupted before and behind; on either side on the sub-posterior third
of the mesonotum is a broad, golden yellowish stripe running over the posterior

ee PP eee eA Ne ee! ee cs

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 136

end of the 5, best seen from behind. Pile of thorax black; bristles black; only
the propleura with fine white pile. Scutellum convex, yellowish pollinose on
disc basally, with rather stout black hairs.

Femora black, just their extreme apices yellow. Tibiae yellowish red,
their apices broadly black ; tarsi of same color, their last two joints black. Coxae
whitish pilose. Femora moderately black haired, with pallidly yellow hair
below. Tibiae black haired, only the posterior apex of the front ones with some
silvery white hairs. Tarsi black haired, the first three joints of the front ones
with silvery white pile, which is more abundant behind and in front. |Pubes-
cence on front and hind tibiae and tarsal pads brassy yellowish.

Wings hyaline, the stigma, and all the furcations and crossveins clouded
with brownish or brownish yellow. Squamae white, with bright yellow border
and short white fringe. Halteres yellow, the stem fuscous.

Abdomen rather dull black, with the second to fourth segments densely
tawny or reddish pilose, the bases and narrow apices of the segments bare, so
that the abdomen appears markedly banded; middle of the segments anteriorly
but thinly pilose; first segment short yellow pilose, not pollinose, with a tuft
of brownish pile on anterior angles; second segment with black pile on anterior
angles; second to fourth segments yellow pollinose on posterior half. Fifth,
sixth and seventh segments greenish blue in the middle, shining black on sides,
the middle compressed and roundedly carinate; pile on eighth segment wholly,
and the preceding three except the carina, very dense, short, black, obscuring the
ground color; the fifth to seventh segments each have a narrow sub-basal,
transverse, very dense, short, pilose band and a second one just beyond the
middle, but the basal one may be quite at the base of the segment in some cases.
Genitalia shining black, with moderately sparse pile.

One ¢, Vancouver Island, B. C., June 4, 1888, (G. W. Taylor). This
specimen was compared with the type and showed no difference whatever. The

_ pile on the sides of the terminal segments is much more dense than in albitarsus

and the segments are much less strongly carinate. | have not a 2 before me,
but it may be distinguished from ¢@ albitarsus by the color of the legs. For
doubtful 2 with entire bands compare with that species and this.
Cyrtopogon bimacula Walker

Wings of ¢ with large apical cloud and smaller cloud covering apex of
anal cell; wing of @ a little greyish beyond end of first vein and about apex
of discal cell; tibiae and tarsi yellow or reddish, both with blackish apices.

Length 8.5 to15 mm. Male. Face moderately gibbose, whitish pollinose ;
mystax white, margined with black hairs which are more abundant along the
oral margin, not dense. Front yellow pollinose. with a median shining black
stripe which expands above the antennae and surrounds the ocellar tubercle.
Pile black, long, rather fine. Occiput shining black, white pollinose below, yel-
low pollinose along the orbits above. Pile black, on the lower half white, just

_ a few black hairs along the orbits below. Antennae black, thinly greyish polli-

hose; black haired. First joint hardly twice as long as wide, the second not
quite as long as first; third almost one third longer than first two combined,
rather narrow basally, broadest at apical fourth; style short, not longer than

least width of second joint, rather stout, with sharp spine at apex.

137 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Thorax shining black, pleura above, yellowish pollinose; shining on more
than lower half. Mesonotum yellowish pollinose; with a darker stripe on either
side of the median stripe of about the same width as the stripe but abbreviated
behind. <A stripe running from inside the humeri obliquely to the side margin,
and the side margin wholly, but narrowly so. between the suture and wings,
shining black; a broad, darker area on either side commencing before the suture,
sub-interrupted on the suture and not quite reaching the shining posterior margin;
posterior margin whitish pollinose in middle. Pile and bristles black; only the
propleura white pilose. Scutellum shining black, disc yellowish pollinose basally ;
hair rather fine, long, black.

Femora black; tibiae reddish, their apices broadly black, the front ones
more broadly so exteriorly ; tarsi reddish, the last joint black, the two preceding
somewhat blackish above. Femora black haired, yellowish white haired below,
postero-ventrally and at immediate bases; tibiae and tarsi with black hair and
bristles, the pubescence brassy yellow. ;

Wings hyaline; a large cloud apically commencing at the apex of the
first vein, and extending back to just basad of crossvein, thence extending obliquely
to behind the intercallary vein, and a spot in the apical third of the anal cell,
spreading_ somewhat outside it, brownish, the immediate border of the wing
beyond the apex of the second vein hyaline. Squamae white with yellow
border and short white fringe. Halteres yellow, the stem fuscous.

Abdomen shining bluish black, metallescent, the second to fifth segments
with an elongate, subtriangular greyish white pollinose spot on the posterior
angles. Pile yellow, on the sides longer, white, on the sericeous spots sub-
appressed and rather conspicuous. Genitalia with rather sparse, short, black
and reddish hairs.

Female. Usually much larger but most specimens average about 12
mm. Mystax usually yellow, at least whitish yellow, the black hair not more
abundant.

Median line of thorax slender, tapering, yellow, but wholly separating
the dark vittae, and narrowly bordered on the front half by black.

Legs similar in color, but the pale parts a little darker. Front femora
almost all black haired, the hind ones almost all pale pilose, the hind tibiae
black haired except on the inside.

Wings lacking definite spots, but slightly darkened (greyish or cinereous) -

in the same regions as in the ¢.

Abdominal pollinose spots longer, separated by about the length of one
spot, but small on the fifth segment.

Described from ¢, Douglas, Man., June 10, 1921, (N. Criddle), and 2,
Nordegg, Alta., July 7, 1921, (J. McDunnough).

This species shows remarkable variation in size and the two specimens
before me represent the extremes, the @ being slightly larger than any others
which I have seen, while the ¢@ is as small as any. It occurs across Canada
east of the Rockies, and extends down to Pennsylvania in the east and down
the western slopes of the Rockies into Colorado.

Two females from Sudbury, Ont., and one @ from Truro, N. S., have

the clouds on the wings more brownish yellow and more evident on the cross-
veins.

Kee

IES To ey

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1 138

Cyrtopogon nugator O. §.

Scutellum flat, grey pollinose ; abdomen with narrowly interrupted or entire
segmental bands; antennae wholly black.

Length 10 to 12 mm. Male. Face rather strongly gibbose, the greatest
prominence above the middle; mystax moderately abundant, stout, black; greyish
white pollinose. Front thinly grey pollinose, more thickly so laterally; black
haired. Occiput silvery white pollinose, white pilose, a few black hairs along the
orbits. Antennae black; thinly greyish pollinose ; first joint twice as long as wide,
second practically as wide as long; third over one and one half as long as first two
combined, broader than first joint, widest at apical fourth; style one fourth as

‘long as third joint, rather stout.

Thorax grey pollinose ; a broad median stripe, abbreviated behind, narrow-
ly interrupted on front part, on either side a broader stripe, commencing hati
way between the front margin and suture and sub-interrupted at the suture,
brownish pollinose. Mesonotum sparsely black haired, with rather fine biack
bristles; humeri, prothorax and pleura, fine white haired; the meso-pleura with
a few black hairs. Scutellum flat on disc, grey pollinose; its margin shining; pile
white, fine, on disc; stout, black on whole margin.

Legs shining black, simple; femora white pilose, a few black hairs apical-
ly; tibiae white pilose, the front ones black pilose externally; bristles black.
Front and hind tibiae yellow pubescent. A row of short, black bristles on pos-
terior surface of hind tibiae.

Wings limpid hyaline. Squamae white, with yellow border and fine
white fringe. Halteres yellow, the stems fuscous basally.

Abdomen shining blue-black ; the first to fifth segments each with the poster-
lor margin broadly-grey pollinose, the bands moderately interrupted, although the
second, third and fourth band are normally entire. Sixth segment with a
small, triangular pollinose spot on posterior angles. Pile wholly white, longer
on sides, especially basally.

Female. Quite similar, the pile a little shorter, the abdomen slightly
broader.

é, Saanich District, B. C., June 7, 1919, (W. Downes) ; 2, Vernon, B.C.,
June 8, 1920, (N. L. Cutler); 9, Agassiz, B. C., April, 1919, (A. B. Baird).

Cyrtopogon sansoni new species

Allied to nugator O. S., but the tibiae in the female are wholly black
haired, the pollinose bands are decidedly interrupted, the scutellum is wholly
black haired and the thorax much paler pollinose.

Length, 9 to 10 mm. Male. Face moderately gibbose, almost evenly
convex, shining black, thinly covered with brown pollen, with small, transverse
yellow pollinose band below the antennae; mystax wholly black, rather dense.
not coarse. Front wholly thinly grey pollinose with rather abundant, crinkly
black hair, Occiput whitish pollinose, less thickly so above, with a few fine
black hairs above, and many on the lower third against the eyes, the latter

crinkly. Antennae black, thinly grey pollinose, the apices of the first two seg-

ments without pollen; first segment scarcely twice as long as wide, second two-
thirds as long as the first, practically as broad as long, both black haired; third
joint nearly twice as long as first two, rather slender on basal third, not stout;

139 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

style not as long as width of second joint, tapering, not slender.

Thorax greyish white pollinose, with a pair of pale brown stripes on
either side of the middle line, well separated from the front and posterior mar-
gin; with an obtuse, sub-roundish spot before the suture and a rather narrow
stripe behind, moderately separated from the median geminate brown stripe,
brown pollinose, the mesonotum more shining behind this stripe. There is
also a small, brownish spot just behind the outer end of the suture. The pleura
are evenly pollinose, only the narrow suture between the meso- and sternopleura
shining. Pile of mesonotum, fine, moderately abundant, crinkly, not long, but
longer behind and the fine bristles black. Mesopleura with similar pile. Sterno-
pleura above, propleura and trichostical pile white, Scutellum plane, grey polli-
nose, its margin shining black. Wholly black pilose, without distinct bristles,
the hairs moderately stout, crinkly.

Legs shining black, simple; femora with fine white pile, the front four
on apical half, except behind, with more abundant black pile, hind ones with
only a few black hairs apically. Tuibiae black haired, the middle ones with
short, sparse white hairs behind, the hind ones wholly white haired; tarsi wholly
black haired. Spines all black; pubescence on front and hind tibiae and tarsal
pads, bright yellow. |

Wings hyaline, the third vein branching well beyond the discal cross-
vein.

Abdomen shining blue black, the second to sixth segments with a pos-
terior grey pollinose band, broadly interrupted in the middle, aff the bands
slightly wider laterally, the anterior one less widely interrupted, the apical ones
slightly increasingly more broadly so; the seventh and eighth segments in well
preserved specimens greyish yellow pollinose with the apex shining black; first
segment grey pollinose on lateral fifth. Pile short, black on disc, longer, fine,
whitish on sides. ‘Genitalia white pilose, a few black hairs below.

Female. Face evenly whitish grey pollinose, with a transverse brownish
spot above the oral margin, the mystax less dense.

Thorax still paler pollinose, the darker areas brownish yellow.

Femora with slightly more pale pile, the tibiae wholly black pilose, Sixth
and seventh abdominal segments wholly shining.

Holotype, &, Banff, Alta., July 5, 1915, (N. B. Sanson); No-583, in
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, 2, Banff, Alta., July 9; 1916, (C. G. Hewitt).

Cyrtopogon lutatius Walker

Scutellum plane, grey pollinose, the lateral margins broadly shining.

Length 9 to 11 mm. Male. Face rather strongly gibbose, yellowish white
pollinose ; mystax wholly white, fine, dense. Front yellow pollinose, a small black
spot just above the antennae, the narrow anterior margin of the ocellar tubercle
also dark; pile sparse, fine, white. Occiput white pollinose, becoming brownish
yellow above, almost all white pilose; many black hairs above and a few yellow
ones along the eyes below. Antennae black, thinly yellowish pollinose, with
fine white hair and one black bristle on lower apex of second joint; first
joint twice as long as wide, slender, second more robust, and equal in length;
third joint one and one third as long as the first two combined, thickest at the

PER eaTIG Bis

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eed May ek el ek a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 140,

middle, of medium width; style equal in length to the first joint, moderately
stout, slightly tapering, with short, apical bristle.
Mesonotum greyish or brownish yellow pollinose, a broad stripe con-

‘tiguous to the middle line, on either side, more brownish; inner side of humeri,
-and a broad stripe on the apical two thirds, not quite reaching the hind margin

and interrupted at the suture, blackish. Very narrow lateral margin and the
upper surface of the postalar calli shining black. Posterior margin grey polli-
nose. Pleura greyish or yellowish pollinose, the meso- and sternopleura with
more brownish yellow pollen, the former with an oblique, broad oval shining
spot on lower and posterior margin, Pile of mesonotum short, black, only a
narrow band on anterior and posterior margins pale haired. Meso- and sterno-
pleura white haired; trichostical pile black, often a few white hairs. Scutellum
shining black on the sides, the middle broadly, expanded at the base and ex-
tending along the apex, grey pollinose; with sparse white pile and fine apical
bristles.

Legs wholly black, rather sparsely short white pilose, the bristles white
or yellowish; tarsi black haired, coxae grey pollinose, white haired. Legs wholly
simple.

Wings hyaline, slightly greyish on apical half; the third longitudinal vein
(R ,.;) branches a considerable distance beyond the discal crossvein. Squamae
whitish with fine white fringe. Halteres yellowish, the stem a little fuscous
basally.

Abdomen shining blue black, the second to sixth segments with a greyish
posterior crossband on about the lateral third; the crossbands are of equal width
and length, so that the anterior ones are more broadly separated, the posterior
ones gradually less widely separated, only the median ones actually separated
by one third the width of the segment; the first segment is grey pollinose laterally,
the spot rather quadrate; seventh and eighth segments grey pollinose except
the posterior margin, the black slightly convex anteriorly. Abdominal hairs
sparse, short, black and yellow, alternately appearing chiefly of either enlor
from different views. Genitalia yellow haired.

Female. Gibbosity shining on upper half; mystax thin, margined by a
row of black hairs, the black hairs abundant below. Front with the lower third
and sometimes a projection upward on either side, shining. Hairs all black,
or a few white ones on front of ocellar tubercle. Occiput without the stouter
yellow hairs below. First two antennal joints sometimes piceous, the apex of
the second reddish, this joint with two long bristles below, one in the middle,
the other apical. ;

Pollen on thorax more greyish, the broad, interrupted stripe brownish
pollinose.

Middle and front tibiae sometimes piceous or yellow brown except the
apical fourth. .

Abdomen broader than the thorax, widest at the middle, the pollinose
cross-bands longer, the first three interrupted by about one-fifth the width of
the segment, the fifth narrowly so or entire, the seventh segment with an entire
sub-apical fascia, the eighth bare when visible,

Five specimens: ¢, Jordan, Ont., June 1, 1919; @, Jordan, June 6,

I4I THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1920, (C. H. Curran); 9, Bathurst, N. B., July 26, (J. N. Knull);_6, Drums
gold, Pa., June’11, 1919, (A. B. Champlain) ; @, Carlisle Junction, Pa., June 27,
1910

Cyrtopogon varans new species

Third antennal joint red on apical two-thirds; mystax black and yel-
low, tibiae reddish with black apices.

Length 15 mm. Female. Face strongly gibbose, the swelling reaching
to the base of the antennae; without a ridge; mystax composed of coarse black
hairs, the middle hairs less coarse and whitish yellow; greyish white pollinose.
Front shining black, only pollinose along the eyes and above; vertex black.
Occiput grey pollinose; black pilose, below, except along the orbits, yellowish
white pilose. Antennae black; third joint yellow on apical two-thirds or more;
first two joints grey pollinose, black haired. First joint three times as long as
wide; second a little longer than wide; third one-fifth longer than first two
combined; rather broad, style tapering, acute ; one-fifth length of third joint.

Mesonotum with the sides and a spot before the scutellum shining black ;
densely brown pollinose; a narrow median stripe on anterior half, a stripe
along the inner side of the humeri, a narrow 5, with only the curved part and a
large apical spot, yellow pollinose. Pile wholly black; three long black bristles,
one just before the suture; two before the postalar calli, black. Pleura yellow
pollinose ; black pilose; propleura white pilose, Scutellum shining black, with
a yellowish grey sheen basally, convex, black pilose, the apical hairs very long
and a little stouter.

Femora shining black; tibiae piceous reddish, their apices broadly black ;
tarsi black, the bases of the joints reddish. Pile and bristles of legs black;
some pale pile beneath all the femora.

Wings hyaline; a little greyish apically; all the crossveins and furcations
broadly brownish.

Abdomen shining black, the second to fifth segments each with an elongate
triangular, transverse, greyish pollinose spot on either side apically, the spots
not over one-fifth the distance across the segment. Pile yellow; whitish basally
on the sides.

Holotype, 9, Gaspe, Quebec, Sept., 4, 1914, (C. H. Young), No. 576,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Cyrtopogon marginalis Loew.

Grey pollinose crossbands of abdomen narrowly interrupted, obscurely
interrupted in @ ; third antennal joint red; legs almost wholly white haired, with
black bristles; scutellum convex; pleura wholly pale pilose.

Length, 11 to 15 mm. Male. Face moderately gibbose, most prominent
above, pale yellowish pollinose, the sides with more whitish pollen; mystax
composed of moderately stout black hairs, above with chiefly whitish, slightly
finer hair. Front thinly greyish yellow pollinose, with black, moderately tong
hairs, all the hairs on the ocellar tubercle white. Occiput silvery pollinose,
more yellowish above; along the orbits black haired; elsewhere, including the
yertex, with white pile. First antennal joint black, its apex narrowly red; twice
as long as wide; second joint reddish with a broad black sub-basal band, slightly

os ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 142

wider than long, two-thirds as long as first joint; third joint reddish yellow;
practically twice as long as the first two combined, narrower than the
first joint, the sub-basal half concave below; style black, moderately narrow,
slightly tapering, as long as first joint, its spine small but conspicuous.

Mesonotum brownish yellow, three median stripes brown, with a blackish
stripe separating them; on either side of the outer blackish stripe on the posterior
two-thirds is a broad, slightly tapering, more shining stripe, interrupted at the
suture and not reaching the posterior margin. The lateral and posterior margins
~ wholly, broadly shining black, including the humeri and postalar calli, but narrowly
interrupted at the suture. Pleura yellowish white pollinose, a rectangular shining
spot on the mesopleura and another below the wings. Thorax wholly rather fine,
white pilose, the shining lateral margins of the mesonotum with black pile, the
bristles fine, black, not conspicuous. Scutellum convex, shining black, white
pilose, without bristles.

Femora black, a reddish spot below at their base and the apex, reddish;
tibiae reddish, their apices blackish; anterior tarsi reddish yellow, the remainder
reddish, their segments more or less dark apically, the hind ones chiefly piceous.
Legs wholly white pilose except as follows: brassy yellow beneath the hind
femora ; black beneath the middle and hind tibiae, and just a few black appressed
hairs above on the middle tarsi. Pile wholly rather long, dense beneath the
femora and tibiae; a row of long white hair on disc of hind tarsi. Bristles on
front tarsi short, fine, yellow, elsewhere chiefily black.

Wings hyaline, the veins yellow on basal half; the apex of the wing in
front with a grayish cloud from the apex of the first vein to the apex of R,
(posterior section of third longitudinal vein) this cloud best seen by naked
eye. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen shining blue black, the second to fifth segments each with a
moderately interrupted grey pollinose apical fascia, wider laterally; pile on
disc short, on sides long; white on base and on posterior margin of each seg-
ment, black across the middle, the black pile condensed sub-laterally so as to
form rather conspicuous tufts on second and third segments; the last segment
and genitalia above wholly pale pilose, the latter sparsely black haired below.
; Female. Mystax white in middle, not dense. Pollen of mesonotum
_ brighter, more tawny; front tarsi not wholly yellow, but similar to middle.
Wings slightly clouded with brownish yellow on crossveins. Abdomen normally

- with the spots connected in the middle by a narrower pollinose spot, which is

frequently absent in old specimens. Pile on lateral margins of abdomen wholly
_ natrowly white; on the base of the segments, black, on the apical third, white:
on the second segment only black in the middle laterally, the base bare.
$, Walpole, Mass., May 26, 1908, (C. W. Johnson); @, Sharon, Mass.,
May 20, 1908, (C. W. Johnson).
This species has been recorded from Canada, but I have not seen speci-
mens. The reddish antennae will distinguish it from all but varans and that

4 species has chiefly black haired pleura,

_ (To be continued)

143 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

HORSEFLIES COLLECTED BY DR. J. M. ALDRICH IN
ALASKA IN- 1921.
BY JAMES S. HINE,
Columbus, Ohio.

Tabanus affinis Kirby.

Length 16—19 mm. ‘This is of similar general appearance to a large
group of northern species with hairy eyes and the sides of the abdomen widely
reddish or yellowish. The front is moderately wide, subcallus pollinose, frontal
callosity rather large, rounded, smooth shining black, and separated from a
denuded elongate space above it. Palpi rather large at base, although not
appearing swollen, and gradually tapering to a rather well defined point. Third
segment of the antenna wide, strongly excised above with a distinct acute angle
at base.

The species occurs in all the extreme northern states trom the Atlantic
to the Pacific and has been widely collected in Canada. The present collection
contains twenty-one specimens taken at Anchorage, Nenana and Fairbanks,
Alaska.

Tabanus gracilipalpis n. sp.

Length, 16 millimeters. Suggestive of affinis, average size somewhat
smaller than that species and in general form less elongate. Female, palpi
somewhat elongated, slender, only very gradually tapering and ending in a
blunt point. Third segment of the antenna reddish, infuscated dorsally and
apically, wide and rather short, annulate portion much shorter than the basal, -
distinctly excised dorsally at base, dorsal basal angle prominent and acute.
Subcallus not denuded, front grayish-yellow pollinose, gradually narrowed anteri-
orly where it is about one half millimeter in width; ocelligerous tubercle promin-
ent and shining, frontal callosity nearly as wide as the front leaving only a very
narrow pollinose space on either side, curved inward dorsally and connected with
an extension above nearly half its width and reaching very near half way to
vertex; the entire structure is rather dull black in color and shows peculiar
wrinkled appearance; eyes pilose. Thorax black with gray and black pile,
thinly gray pollinose and with the usual stripes dorsally; wings hyaline, veins
dark, costal cell pale yellowish, stigma brown; anterior leg black, tibia only
slightly reddish basally; femora of other legs black, narrowly red apically,
tibiae and tarsi nearly wholly reddish dorsally. Abdomen bright reddish-
yellow on sides of first three segments and with a very narrow grey margin
bearing a few pale yellow hairs posteriorly on each segment, first segment widely
beneath the scutellum, second and third segments more narrowly, and all of
following segments black; abdomen may be said to be shining reddish yellow
with a nearly uniform black middorsal stripe slightly over two millimeters
in width. Ventrally, first segment, anterior margin of second, a somewhat
obscure midventral line on two and three and all of following segments black, —
otherwise venter reddish yellow.

In comparison with affinis the present species appears less elongate, the
palpi are more slender, the front is narrower and the frontal callosity is quite
different. The slender palpi easily separate it from epistates.

Type female from Camp 334 near Fairbanks, Alaska, July 9, 1921, and

7 ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 144

two paratypes from Nenana, Alaska, June 27, 1921, in the U. S. National
Museum. One paratype from Fairbanks, Alaska, June 30, 1921, in the author's
collection.

Tabanus nudus McDunnough.

Smaller than affinis. Palpi pale, distinctly swollen at base and rather
rapidly narrowed to a distinct point. Subcallus denuded and shining, joined
above with the frontal callosity, which is separated from a linear, denuded,
area above it. Front somewhat narrowed below. General color very much as
in affinis.

One specimen from Anchorage, Alaska, June 10, 1921, one from Nenana,
June 27, 1921, and one from Healey, same date.

Tabanus epistates 0. 8S.

Palpi distinctly swollen basally and narrowed to a point, subcallus not
denuded, antennae notably red, third segment only slightly excised dorsally,
dorsal basal angle not very pronounced; front quite narrow and plainly narrower
below, frontal callosity rather narrow, slightly higher than wide and united
with a linear extension above it. This is one of the smaller species of the
affinis group but somewhat variable in size.

One female from Nenana, Alaska, June 27, 1921.

Tabanus sexfasciatus n. sp.

Length 13 millimeters. A black species with a very narrow white fascia

on the posterior margin of each abdominal segment. Wings somewhat infus-
cated on anterior half. Palpi slender, yellowish in general color, often slightly
infuscated outwardly, narrowed to a point at apex; face and subcallus uniformly
gray pollinose; antenna generally dark, almost black; third segment short, red-
dish at base, scarcely excised dorsally, basal angle not prominent; basal portion
somewhat widened and a little longer than the apical portion. Front at vertex
about two thirds millimeter in width, slightly narrowed below, densely gray
pollinose, frontal callosity shining black, nearly as wide as the front, about as
high as wide, curved dorsally and connected with a denuded spindle shaped
marking which reaches halfway to vertex. Ocelligerous tubercle distinct, eyes
pilose. Thorax black, thinly gray pollinose, the usual lines faintly discernible on
the dorsum; legs black, all the tibiae reddish basally; wing hyaline, costal cell
pale brown, stigma brown, veins surrounding the basal cells margined with
brownish and a very slight coloring at furcation of the third vein. Both dorsum
and venter of the abdomen are black with a very narrow gray border to each
segment, the second dorsal segment at each side is very faintly reddish over
a small area.
: Type female from Camp 334, near Fairbanks, Alaska, July 9, 1921, in
the United States National Museum. Two paratypes with the same data as
the type; three paratypes from Camp 347 near Fairbanks, Alaska; one paratype
from Nenana, Alaska, June 27, 1921, and two paratypes from Healy, Alaska,
July 6, 1921, also in the United States National Museum. ‘Two paratypes taken
at Camp 347, Alaska, June 22, 1921, in the collection of the author.

There are also four paratypes in the Canadian National Collection at
Ottawa under No. 594, as follows :—two females, Fort Simpson, N.W.T.,( June
29, 1922) (C.-H. Crickmay); one female, Fort Wrigley, N.W.T., (July 1,

145 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

1922) (C. H. Crickmay) ; one female, East Coast of James Bay, Que., (July
1920) (F. Johanssen).

Not to be confused with either rhombicus or osburni for both of those
species have the subcallus denuded and there are other differences.

The specimens of this species are very uniform in size and coloration.
There is a slight variation in the frontal callosity, however. In some specimens
the spindle shaped denuded marking at the middle of the front is attached to the
callosity, in some it is detached.

Tabanus septentrionalis Loew.

General form of the body narrow and somewhat elongate, abdomen dor-
sally with three longitudinal rows of spots, the middorsal row is composed of
triangles, while on either side there is a prominent row of rounded spots extend-
ing from the first to the sixth segment, one spot to each segment. Palpi pale
and distinctly swollen basally, nearly as long as the proboscis; front at vertex
only very slightly more than a half millimeter in width, sides nearly parallel,
frontal callosity nearly as wide as the front with an unconnected spot above,
antenna dark. third segment reddish basally and with a very meager dorsal basal
angle.

The present species, as it has been considered, is somewhat variable.
Specimens from Western North America often have dilute yellowish wings
with the body more pollinose and consequently somewhat duller. Eastern speci-
mens quite regularly are brighter, more shining black with transparent wings.
The Alaska specimens at hand agree more nearly with the latter. Intermediate
and otherwise variable specimens demand attention frequently. I have found
no structural characters that will separate these phases.

Twenty-five specimens were taken by Dr. Aldrich at Anchorage, Fair-
banks, Nenana and Healey, Alaska, during June and July, 1921.

Tabanus metabolus McDunnough.

One specimen from Nenana, Alaska, taken June 27, 1921. The species
is much like illotus Osten Sacken, but may be separted from that species by the
denuded subcallus, the more robust form and the greater width and different
form of the third antennal segment. Described in the Canadian Entomologist.
for October, 1922.

Haematopota americana 0. S.

A single specimen of this northern species was taken at Fairbanks, July

4, 1921. ‘This is the first record I find for Alaska. Osten Sacken had it

from Fort Resolution, Hudson Bay Territory, Lake Superior, Dakota, Montana,

British Columbia and other Northern localities.

Chrysops carbonarius Walker.
A specimen from Fairbanks, July 1, 1921. The first record for Alaska.
Chrysops lupus Whitney.

One specimen from Fairbanks, July 1, 1921 and two others from the
same locality July 4, 1921. Reported previously from Colorado and from Lag-
gan, Alberta.

Chrysops nigripes Zetterstedt.

Face with yellow pollinose intervals separating the facial callosities

oo
4

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 146

from the cheeks, frontal callosity shining black; legs and antennae entirely
black, wing hyaline and black, black as follows: costal and marginal cells,

- basal two thirds and apex of first,basal, base and very narrow apex of second

basal, first submarginal except a small area stretching between second and third
veins just beyond the branching of the third vein, a very narrow area in anterior
part of second submarginal, basal half of first posterior, discal, bases of second
and third posterior, more than half of fourth posterior; a large part of fifth
posterior and apex oi anal diffuse black. Characteristic for this species among
North American Chrysops is the angular extension of the cross band of the

__ wing along the third vein to where this vein branches. Abdomen black dorsally.

each segment with a narrow gray border which expands into a triangle at the
middle, first and second segments narrowly bright yellow at the extreme sides.
Four specimens ; one, Fairbanks, June 30, 1921, two, Nenana, July 5, 1921
and one, Anchorage, July 21, 1921.
Previously reported from northern Europe by Zetterstedt, from Sitka,
Alaska, by Loew and from Kukak Bay, Alaska by Coquillett. Two specimens

were taken at Lakeview, Montana, August 4, 1920, by A. N. Caudell.

A NEW RACE OF BRENTHIS FROM COLORADO (LEPID.)
BY WM. BARNES AND F. H. BENJAMIN,

Decatur, Ill.

Brenthis frigga Thunberg

1791, Thun., Diss. Ent. Suec., II, 23, Papilio.
Typical frigga presumably does not occur in North America. The broad

band of pale spots on the underside of the secondaries immediately. separates
frigga from saga and allied North American forms, which probably represent
a distinct species. However, as the authors possess only seven specimens of
typical frigga, they prefer to describe the following new subspecies as a ygeo-
graphical race of frigga. Should the North American forms ultimately prove
to represent a distinct species, the name frigga can be dropped and saga substi-.
tuted.

Brenthis frigga race sagata nov.

Upper side; primaries; similar to poorly marked specimens of frigga
from Europe, the lines and markings clean-cut; secondaries; with the blackish
suffusion of the basal area restricted to the basal half of the cell and anal area;
thus differing from saga in which the black suffusion of the secondaries occupies

nearly all of the basal area to the median band. Underside: similar to saga,

the maculation usually somewhat more intensified and less suffused.
The habitus of sagata so closely resembles epithore that the Colorado record

of epithore in Holland, Butterfly Book, probably represents sagata. Holland’s

figure of frigga appears referable to saga.
A series of specimens from Alberta can remain as intermediates between
Saga and sagata. |
Type localities and number and sexes of types: Holotype, ¢, June 24,
1893; allotype, 2, June 23, 1893; 8 6,5 @ paratypes, June 23—24, 1893; all
Hall Valley, Colorado, Wm.. Barnes: 4 ¢ paratypes, “Colo.” (Bruce); I @
paratype “Colorado”.

147 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NOTES ON THE IDENTITY OF SPHINX VANCOUVERENSIS
EDW. (LEPID.)*
BY J. MCDUNNQUGH,
Ottawa, Ont.

For some time there has been considerable doubt in my mind as to the
correctness of the generally accepted conception of this species, based on the
Monograph of the Sphingidae by Rothschild and Jordan. In this monograph
the authors (p. 130) are inclined to ascribe seasonal dimorphism to the species,
applying the name “vancouverensis” to a form with pale thorax, figured on Pl.
XIII, fig. 3, and using albescens Tepper for the form with blackish thorax (PI.
XIII, fig. 4). In justice to the authors it should be noted that they had no
material from Vancouver Island, B. C., before them; had this been the case they
would scarcely have fallen into the above error, as all the specimens I have
ever examined from British Columbia, (irrespective of date of capture) belong
to the form with dark thorax (R. & J.’s fig. 4).

The original description of Sphinx vancouverensis (1873, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. V, 111) was based on a single specimen taken by Dr. Bremner at
Isquimault, Vancouver Island. Correspondence with Mr. F. E. Watson of
the American Museum of Natural History elicited the startling fact that the
specimen marked “type” in the Hy. Edwards’ Collection was from Big Trees,
Calif. This “type” is of course, spurious, and has been the cause of errors of
identification to be mentioned shortly. Mr. Watson fortunately was able to
discover the true type amongst the other material in the collection and has label-
led it accordingly, after a careful comparison with the original description. it
now bears the following labels :—

Vancouver Island; 2404 (Hy. Edwards’ original number) ; 7226, Coll. By.
Edwards, (A.M.N.H. label, old catalogue) ; 24175, (A.M.N.H. new catalogue) ;
red label, type. Mr. Watson writes, “This is the true type of Sphinx vancouv-
erensis, the original type label being placed on No. 7227 in error. This specimen
is a female (not male as stated) but it agrees exactly with the original des-
cription and with the sizes there stated. The two so-called types (vide Beuten-
muller, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 170) are much smaller. I would call
to your attention the submarginal band mentioned in the original description, ‘the
outer edge of which is deeply dentate.’ This exactly describes that band in No.
7220."

An excellent photograph of this type has been furnished me by Mr. Wat-
son, which proves the species to be, not the one figured by Rothschild and Jor-
dan on Pl. XIII, fig. 4, but the one recorded by Taylor and Gibson (Can. Ent.
1909, p. 423), as perelegans Edw. I might note that the type is a very worn
specimen, but the size and the presence of a distinct black streak in the cell render
identification easy. The dentate nature of the outer margin of the pale subter-
minal band is accentuated by the fact that the veins are denuded of dark scaling.
Whether vancouverensis will fall as a direct synonym of perelegans or whether
the name may be used for a racial form is a matter I cannot settle, as California
specimens are lacking in the Canadian National Collection; for the present I
see no harm in using the name in a racial sense.

*—Contribution from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,
Dept., of Agric., Ottawa.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 148

The above reference leaves our smaller species from Vancouver Island
and adjacent territory (R. & J.’s fig. 4) without a name. For the pale form,
the Symphoricarpus feeder, common in the Prairie Provinces (R. & J.’s fig. 3),
the name vashti Stkr. seems applicable. Strecker’s figure (Lep. Het. Pl. XV,
fig 4) gives a very adequate representation of the species; albescens Tepper,
judging by the description, is simply a form of vashti with darker colored thorax ;
such specimens often occur and vary in the degree of intensity. After a careful
comparison of our Vancouver Island and prairie forms I am inclined to ascribe
to the former specific rank and describe the species as follows:

Sphinx mordecai sp. nov.

Front whitish gray, this color extending backward over the lower portion
of the patagia above the base of the wings; palpi, thorax and dorsal portion
of patagia deep black brown, with a slight sprinkling of white scales towards
the posterior portion of thorax. Abdomen black, with lateral whitish segmental
half-bands; dorsum of abdomen gray-shaded with a centro-dorsal dark line.
Prinmaries black-brown shaded with white at the base of the wing and along
costal portion of wing to near end of cell; black streaks in the interspaces between
veins 2 & 3, 3 & 4, 5 & 6 and a slightly bent black streak from apex of wing
to middle of vein 6; a black line, subparallel to outer margin, subterminally
between veins 2 and 6, being considerably further removed from outer margin
at 2 than at 6; a white, almost even line parallel to outer margin and close to
same from below apex to anal angle, the space between this line and the afore-
mentioned black line being partially filled with white scaling; the apical dark
dash is also shaded on its costal side by white. Secondaries blackish; base of
wings and a curved median band whitish; outer margin with a narrow band of
paler color. Length of fore wing 35 mm.; of body 30-35 mm.

Holotype—é, Penticton, B. C., (May 24, 1921, W. B. Anderson); No.
396, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—?, Wellington, B. C., (May 30, 1903, G. W. Taylor); in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—4 8,1 2, Wellington, B. C., (G. W. Taylor); 2 ¢, Van-
couver (Livingston); 1 ¢, Vernon, B. C., (E. P. Venables); 1 9, Peachland.
-B.C., (July 8, 1907, J. B. Wallis) ; in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

The species is well figured by Rothschild and Jordan (Pl. XIII, fig. 4).
Apart from the darker color of thorax and wings it may be distinguished from
vashti Stkr. by the lack of a second, more indistinct line, bordering the black
sub-terminal line on its inner side and attaining inner margin after a slight out-
ward bend and angle.

GRYLLOBLATTA IN CALIFORNIA
BY A. N. CAUDELL,
Washington, D. C.
Grylloblatta is an interesting genus of insects described from Banff,
Alberta, some years ago by Dr. E. M. Walker! as a new family of Orthoptera. ©
Later it was elevated to ordinal rank by Dr. G. C. Crampton? under the name

(1). Can. Ent., voi. XLVI, p. 93-99, pl. VI (1914).
(2). Ent. News, vol. XXVI, p. 346 (1915).

I49 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Notoptera. It was established on two specimens, both females, taken on Sul-
phur Mountain, near Bantf, on June 29th, 1913. Later seven more specimens,
including both sexes, were studied and described by Walker.? All this material
is from the type locality and thus the finding of the genus in California, almost
a thousand miles across the mountains to the southwest, is a matter certainly
worthy of record. Credit for the discovery of this genus in California is due
to Mr. H. S. Barber of the National Museum.

While examining a colony of hibernating coccinellid beetles, Mr. Barber

had occasion to turn over a piece of board projecting from beneath some debris,

and under it he saw a single specimen of an elongate, cricket-like insect, which
was instantly recognized as Grylloblatta and secured. Gathering dusk, continu-
ation of the storm which had added a foot or more of fresh snow to the old
snow covering the ground, and inability to revisit the locality prevented the
finding of more material. The coccinellid congregation was found by direction
from a miner to a pile of cedar branches showing above the snow. This was on
January 23rd of the present year and the locality is in Plumas County, -Cali-

fornia, on the North Fork of the Feather River, near a deserted cabin by the

river, about two and one half miles above the Caribou Power House.
A somewhat careful study of the above specimen shows without doubt

its generic position, and the species represented is questionably determined as —

campodeiformis \Valker, the type of the genus and the only species so far known.

The structure of the tip of the abdomen of this Californian individual
indicates that it is an immature male. The total length of the insect from front
of head to tip of abdomen is 20 mm., a rather large size for campodeiformis,
judging from measurements given’ by Walker for the male of his species.
Walker’s measurements were, however, made from dried material, while the
present specimen is preserved in spirits. The size of the female of campodei-
formus, 30 mm., would indicate that the male might well be as large, or even
decidedly larger, than this Californian specimen, and thus the size does not

militate against this nymph taken by Barber being campodeiformis. Structurally, -
very little was found at variance with the description of G. campodetformis, the ~ —

only characters noted as not agreeing with those of that species being as follows:
The general appearance does not seem to agree very well with campodeiformis
as figured by Walker, the shape being less campodeiform and more cricket-like.
The antenne are longer than described for campodeiformis, measuring 15 mm.
in length, and there are forty segments, one of the antennae, however, being
broken off at the 30th segment. The terminal segment of the complete antennz

is decidedly more pointed apically than the others. The greatest number of ~

antennal segments noted for Canadian specimens of campodeiformus is twenty-
nine. If this plurality of antennal segments is indicative of specific distinctness
for the Californian specimen or not is a matter of doubt, as campodeiformis may

that species examined being in that case imperfect. The detailed figure of the

antennae of campodeiformis given by Dr. Crampton* would indicate, however, —

that he had drawn from a complete antenna the terminal segment showing a

(3). Can. Ent., voi. LI, p. 131-139, pl. VIII-IX (1919).
(4). Can. Ent., vol. XLIX, p. 214, fig, (1917).

a a ee ee Te oe ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 150

- distinctly more pointed tip than the preceding ones. Dr. Crampton states, how-

a ever, in the article accompanying this figure, that the drawing is not to be
_ taken as an absolutely accurate portrayal, and thus this particular detail may
Say not be exact. Another apparent point of difference is that the right coxite

_ bears no dorsal appendage at the base as shown by Walker’s figure®, but this
“ is probably due to the immature state of the specimen, as it is said to be much
_ reduced in the nymphs of Walker’s specimens. The pronotal disk of campodei-
_ formis is figured and described as posteriorly truncate and with the preapical
transverse sulcus of that plate straight, while this Californian specimen has the
-plate distinctly obtuseangulate behind and the transverse sulcus decidedly sinuate.
a But these apparent differences may be due to shrinkage of Walker’s material.
x _ Another, and more striking difference is that the posterior femora of the
20 mm. long specimen from California measures 5 mm. in length while those
of the 30 mm. long type of campodeiformis are stated to be but 3.4 mm.
a In spite of the longer posterior femora, the forty segmented antennae and
_ the other less important points of difference noted above, it is thought best to
refer this Californian specimen to campodeiformis, though with considerable
_ doubt. Its true status can be definitely determined only by direct comparison
eS with specimens of the true campodeiformis, or by the accession of additional
~ Californian material.

& NOTES ON SOME DIPTERA
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
Eucyrtopogon varipennis Coq. differs from all other species in the genus
_ in having the third vein branched beyond the discal crossvein, and thus agrees
in this character with Cyrtopogon. Notwithstanding this fact, I consider that
it belongs in the first mentioned genus because of the structure of the antennae
- and general form. The enumeration of characters for Eucyrtopogon (antea,
__-p. 95) should be amended by the insertion, at the conclusion of the sentence, line
12, page 95, of the following: “except in E. varipennis Coq.”
Apicomyia Shannon. This Syrphid genus was proposed in “Insecutor

S
—_

~ Inscitiae Menstruus,” Vol. X, p- 122, August, 1922. It is the same as Cynorhin-
3 ella Curran, established in “Canadian Entomologist” LIV, p. 14, 1922. Shannon
b overlooked my genus.
= Syrphus protritus O. S.. An examination of the type of this species and

= comparison with specimens of S. nitidicollis Mg. from Europe shows that pro-
_tritus is a synonym of nitidicollis.

ae Odontomyia alberta Curr. is the same as O. varipes Loew.

(5). Can. Ent., vol. LI, p. 132, plate VIII, fig. 1,cxp (1919).

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Le ye

ORILLIA, JULY, 1923. No.

TR RAP-LAN TERN RECORD AT ITHACA, NEW YORK (LEPIDOPTERA)
a BY W. T. M. FORBES,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

The present paper gives seasonal records at Ithaca, a typical locality in

Ps peters taken at light in a trap in the seasons of 1919 and 1922
/ region. 191g was normal, though perhaps on the whole a little dry, and —

: As lows the usual tendency in west-central New York for a summer falling off
“Bs flights, many species having only a single brood in the late spring. On the
2 other. hand, 1922 was abnormally wet, and very steadily so, giving favorable
_ conditions for a second brood in many species which were single brooded in
3 1919, and in general much heavier flights in the summer. Numerous species
. also appeared which are rarely taken at Ithaca, some of them in numbers.

_« It has seemed best to give the seasonal records in the form of plots.
yin each case the numbers of specimens caught were added together by weeks,
and the height of the column for each week corresponds to the catch of that
_ week. The vertical scale used in most cases is approximately .6 mm. per
“specimen. ‘The following are given on half scale: Diacrisia virginica, Feltia
‘wenerabilis, Agrotis bicarnea, Leucania luteopallens, Lithacodia carneola, Zan-
clognatha lituralis, Chytolita morbidalis (1919), Plathypena scabra (1919), Datana
tegerrima and contracta (1922) Heterocampa guttivitta (1919), Cleora ephy-

Bec tialts, P. fissalis, P. aeglealis, Galasa nigrinodis, Crambus alboclavellus, C.
tuellus (1922), C. albellus, Platyptilia pallidactyla, Metzneria lappella, Eulia

-)
44%

tolita morbidalis (1922), Le aTERE S albifrons, (plot by weeks), Synelys enu-
_dleata (1922), Physostegania pustularia, Nepytia canosaria, Se subsignarius
, Nematocampa filamentaria, Sabulodes lorata (1919), S. transversata
Bice). Evergestis straminalis and Crambus hortuellus (1919).

In the Macrolepidoptera all the species of which ten or more specimens
ve a taken in either year, are plotted; in the a plots are only

In those cases where only one year justified a plot the dates of recone
on the other year are indicated by open circles. _
_ The records for the middle part of the year are practically complete,

the Alleghanian (eastern Transition) zone, for the commoner species of Lepi-.

These two seasons give a fair representation of eaihee conditions in

aria, Xanthotype crocataria, Phlyctaenia ferrugalis, P. terrealis, P. tertialis; P. ~

velutinana and Gracilaria superbifrontella. The following, on account of the
‘large numbers captured, @re plotted on still smaller scales: Feltia ducens, PF.
herilis, Noctua baja (1922), Nephelodes emimedonia, Cirphis _pseudargyrea,
ea (1922), Epizeuxis aemula (1922), Zanclognatha jacchusalis group (1922), Chy-

oa occasionally a few very rubbed ee were not counted. The 1919

ary
PUA ae, ae

—

PS Se ae E OR NE e

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152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pdt

thetically filled out on the graphs by a dotted area in the case of two or three Se
fall species. In 1922 records were stopped in the middle of October. Mr. i
P. Wehrle cared for the trap in 1919, and Mr. Henry Good for the greater part
of 1922. The latter also made the counts of the commonest species, saving all> —
about which there was any question, for the writer. Aside from that, the writer ;
is responsible for all determinations. ke
The total catch amounted to over 8,000 specimens in 1922, when a 500
watt tungsten light was used; in 1919, with a weaker light about 5,000 specimens
were taken; but among them very few of the smaller Microlepidoptera.
The trap was located at the same spot both seasons, on the north slope

of the Agricultural campus, so as to be protected from north winds by the woods, —

woods, but sending its light over a considerable area of open land on the top of
the hill. pe ER
For convenience the list is arranged according to Barnes and McDun-
nough’s List of Lepidoptera.
Complete records are preserved in the files of the Entomological depart-
ment of Cornell University, as experiment 1030.

List oF Caprures ak

710 Cressonia juglandis Abbot and Smith. 27 specimens; one brood in
June (Chart 1, #919).
780 Automeris io Fabricius. 21; 1 brood in June. A single specimen on —
July 15, 1922 indicates an attempt at a second brood (Chart 1, 1919).
802 Anisota rubicunda Fabricius. 36; 1 brood in June (Chart I, 1919).
856 Crambidia pallida Packard. 16; 1 brood in August. Strange to say,
no Lithosiidae at all were taken in 1919. In 1922 there were also taken 8 ~
Hypoprepia fucosa in July (Chart 1, 1922). eM
921 Halisidota tessellaris Abbot and Smith. 30; 1 brood in July. Only ‘
four of the specimens were taken in 1919, and all of these in June, before the |
usual summer drought came on. (Chart 1, 1922.) “aan
953 Diacrisia Se ie Stretch. 26; 1 brood in June. Only two ot —
these were taken in 1922 (Chart 1, 1919). i
954 Diacrisia virginica Fabricius. In 1919: §6; one brood with climax j
at June 6, and 6 stragglers, representing the second brood. In 1922: 125; two
broods with climax at June 6 and August 5. The differing history in the two_
years is striking, but is repeated in the case of &. acraea, H. pseudargyrea, L. ;
carneola and several others. (Chart 1, 1919 and 1922.) .
957 /sia isabella Abbot and Smith. In 1919: 12; one brood, with climax”
about June 17. In 1922: 13; one brood with climax June 7. This is the firs ‘5
of a number of late spring species that flew earlier in 1922, but the difference 1 1S
not large (Chart 1, 1919 and 1922). phys
960 Estigmene acraea Drury. 1919: 21; one brood with climax June La
and a couple of stragglers in August to represent the second brood. 1922: Sat
two fully de ‘veloped broods, the first straggling, but at its maximum late in Maxis |
the second ‘n August. (Chart 1, 1919 and 1922 “iq
1397 Feltia venerabilis Walker. 45; one brood in September. This was |
not taken at all in 1919, but a small flight may have been missed when the trap .
was not running. (Chart 1, 1922.)

‘ ty 4y ne we Tae S -_ Powe y -
RAT st Er Fhe ;
4 aK ¥; \““ f “ ~
isa ie * 3 tig SS : ah 2
toate 7
Sore At Se, ; 3
WSS aes .
in ss : c ; os THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. / 153

ve 1402 “Feltia gents Walker. 103; one brood in August. (Chart I, 1922.) -

fos" Feltia subgothica Haworth (tricosa). 15; one principal flight, in
y, and a smaller one in August. The specimens were of the more typical
mM with base of hind wing markedly pale. The charts would suggest that this
species is double brooded and herilis is a partially seasonal form, but it hardly
ms possible, considering the slow rate of growth of most cutworms. The
history of this group needs investigation. (Chart 1, 1922).

1404 Feltia herilis Grote. 1919: 16; one brood with a few early stragg-
e 1922: 92; one well marked brood, with climax August 23, and a small
ane flight with F. subgothica. (Chart 1, 1919 and 1922.)

Bras 11424 Agrotis c-nigrum Linnaeus. 64; three flights, with climax about
July 8, August 18 and September 18. Only two broods are to be expected, and
the meaning of the double flight in the fall is not clear. The few specimens in
: 919° almost all belonged to the first brood. (Chart 1, 1922.)

4. - 1425 Agrotis bicarnea Guenee. 36; one brood in August. | This species
ae the following were also rare in xis They presumably estivate in a

2 Feels Seadition< “(Chart t; fe

a 1428 Agrotis normaniana Grote. 23; one brood in August, like the pre-
-cedin ig and following. (Chart 1, 1922 '
_1430 N octua baja Babricitzs: 70; the damp summer seems to have been
: favorable and to have brought it out of estivation a week early in 1922. (Chart

1750 Polia (Mamestra) .renigera Stephens. 24; flight irregular, from
Ta :, to October. The contrast between this species (the bristly cutworm) and
: lorea is striking. Presumably there is more than one brood, but nothing can
: proved by the graph. (Chart 2, 1922.)
1754 Polia (M.) lorea Guenee. 55; one brood at end of June. The
ferent flight curves for the two years have no obvious meaning. (Chart 2,
19 and 1922.)
1798 Chabuata signata Walker. 18; one brood in August. Only two
imens were taken in 1919. (Chart 2, 1922.)
1839 Eriopyga cynica Guenee. 22; one brood in June. (Chart 2, 1922.)
1842 “Eriopyga vecors Guenee. 1919: 11; flight irregular. The two
"June specimens were of the well marked large form that formed the summer
Wd in 1922. 1922; 31; two broods, and early stragglers of the autumn form.
summer brood is much larger than spring and fall specimens. This species
has been bred by Mr. Wehrle, and is a cutworm in habits. Its life history
hould be interesting. (Chart 2, 1919 and 1922.)
a - 1866 Nephelodes emmedonia Cramer. 58; one brood in September. The
me of flight comes when the trap was not running in 1919 (Chart 2, 1922).
1919 ) and 1922.)
— 1919 Orthosia hibisci Guenee (Graphiphora alia). 1919: 17; one flight
h climax on May 4. 1922: 19; climax on April 25. The difference in the
a years may not be significant as in 1922 the trap was not running efficiently

n a (Chart 2, 4919 and 1922.) \

ap SE

1878 Morrisonia confusa Hubner. 28; one brood in May. (Chart 2,

Ptr awe
Pe ee

..
:

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
CansiENtT., VoL. LV.

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TRAP LANTERN RECORDS.

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“1927 akeredis normani Grote. 24; one brood with climax May 22.

‘three specimens appeared in 1922. _ (Chart 2, I919.)

1933 Cirphis pseudarygria Guenee. 1919: 27; one brood in June. 1922:

le = flights with climax about June 20, July 15 and August 18. The contrast

n the two seasons is striking. The July flight in 1922 was wholly of dwarf

sf ecimens, the August flight practically normal. (Chart 2, 1919 and 1922.)

| Fi 4 1934 Cirphis multilinea Walker. 16; one well marked brood in August,

and indications of another in June. ‘The numbers are too small to be significant.

{Chart 2, 1922

* 1936 Cirphis phragmitidicola Guenee. 14; principal brood in August.

x Again three June specimens would point to an early brood. (Chart 2, 1922.)

_——«-1950 Cirphis unipuncta Haworth. The very few specimens taken (14 in

all) are extraordinarily scattered. The indication of hibernation in the imago

i plain, as the early specimens are rubbed. The species also hibernate in the

larva, and | understand, other stages. There are supposed to be about two

broods. (Chart 2, 1919-1922.)

4 1972 Leucania luteopallens Smith. 65; two broods, in June, and in Aug-

ust and September. In this case the June brood is the principal one, and the

fall | brood is presumably partial. (Chart 3, 1919 and 1922.)

2216 Conistra indirecta Walker. 18; one brood in October to May.
hart 3, 1919. )

2220 Amathes bicolorago, form ferrugineoides Guenee. 58; one brood

ate fall. (Chart 3, 1922 plotted.)

August to October. (Chart 3, 1922.) ~

2291 Trachea finitima Guenee. 47; one brood in June. (Chart 3, 1919
1922.)
2327 Perigea vecors Guenee. 33; one flight, with climax about August 6.
is pcpesics is suspected of being migrant, and some of the specimens may be
n the south. It was not taken in 1919. - (Chart 3, 1922.)

2344 Agroperina dubitans Walker. 75; one brood, with climax about
Pest 10. The heavy flight was presumably due to the favorable season of
Se he species is not common at Ithaca. (Chart 3, 1922

_ 2638 Apamea nictitans Linnaeus. 42; one brood, with climax about
1 st 10. (Chart 3, 1919 and 1922.)

~ 2704 Ogdoconta cinereola Guenee. 1919: 22; one well marked brood
June and stragglers in midsunimer. 1922: 86; two broods, the first very
avy in June and most of July, the second in August. (Chart 3, 1919 and

2735 Cosmia orina Guenee. 12; one brood in July (not taken in 1919)
Ch hart 3, 1922.)

2 2894 Lithacodia synochitis Grote and Robinson. 13; one brood in June
¢ phat 3; 1919.) . ;

— 2895 Lithacodia albidula Guenee. 29; one brood, with climax June 29.
varmer regions the flight continues through August, = there are doubtless

. - . - ™
2239, Amphipyra pyramidoides Guenee. 16; presumably one brood from

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Can. En’., Vou. LV. PLATE 5.

A MAY JUNE JULY AUG sEPT A. MAY JUNE Jjuty Seer

Hat Gas i a

orina
| lerastei ordes

dubitians
ee

ee nictita|ns: Me be | . |

A mar JUNE julr AUG seer A. PAAY JUNE yur AUG sGPT

Pict F(T he
ee ae Seemann a GB
ee a i
: | bilstriari|s nai
sir SA
crassijseuta Ae
| | Eee —- Aa.
rh)" od
me toe © ee ome} a]
| fateif at eine rotun|dalis
Pas ee
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| ameri\calis

jfleya

°
Shes ie ee es)
| emul |? .

;
%

af 7 REE alis ;

_—_—

TRAP LANTERN RECORDS,

vy OS ee @) Pee me \e F545 >
ys" # ‘ a 5. ph an cH wm AX’ ,
Berne? aS St ‘
; Pee Koon ?
BA ® =
as Le
aed

_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 157

2900 Lithacodia carneola Guenee. 1919: 67; one brood in June and 7
agglers in July.and August. 1922: 154; two broods, with climax in June
d about August 1. The large numbers of this species make the extreme von-
rast between the two years more significant. (Chart 3, 1919 and 1922.)
. 2952 Tarachidia erastrioides Guenee. 79; two broods, at end of June and
1g n August. The second brood is relatively heavier in 1922, but the contrast
: ith: the preceding species is striking. (Chart 3, 1919 and 1922.)

2956 Tarachidia candefacta Hubner. 22; flight irregular, presumably
indicating two broods like erastrioides. (Chart 4, 1922.)
301- Baileya species. 24; one flight in June (Chart 4, 1g19.)

_ 3127 Parallelia bistriaris Hubner. 63. There would appear to be a
‘ light s spring brood in June, which in 1922 was followed by a heavy second brood
Wa _ July; but the flight record is not clear. (Chart 4, 1919 and 1922.)
~~ 3136 ~Caenurgia crassiuscula Haworth. 61; two broods, in May and
August. As it is well known the first brood is undersized. A few specimens
ia erechtea may have been teiecese but the flights of the two are identical any-
SSW vay. (Chart 4, 1919 and 1922
is 3230 Autographa falcifote Kirby (including simplex). 23; one well-

, : ‘marked brood in May and stragglers later. There are supposed to be two or

y three broods. (Chart 4, 1919 and 1922.)

ae a 3261 Autographa precationis Guenee. 1919: 30; one well marked brood
in May and stragglers in July. 1922; 132; five distinct flights, presumably rep-
resenting three broods; climaxes about June 7, July 10, August 1, Sept. ro and

min crease enormously. (Chart 4, 1919 and 1922.)

ee 3276 Plusia aerea Hubner. 325 two flights, in June and August. (Chart
> 4, 1922.) -

ee 3352 Panapoda rufimargo Babaen, 13; apparently one brood in mid-
ammer (Chart 4, 1922

3475 Dyspyralis illocata Warren. 27; one flight in July. This and the
following Herminiine deltoids hardly occurred at all in 1919; apparently the

ag ~ seasonal history of the majority.

5 -s 3485 Episeuxis americalis Guenee. 24; straggling along all summer.

~ (Chart 4, 1922.) ~
iy 3486 Epizeuxvis aemula Hubner. 1919: 18; one well marked brood in
une, followed by a few stragglers. 1922: 185; a heavy brood in July and

we partial second in September. Evidently this species took advantage of the

moist July for an enormous increase; the second brood may have been missed in

as +1919. (Chart 4, 1919 and 1922.)

Conga | 3490 Episeuxis rotundalis Walker. 11; one brood in July. (Chart 4,
Br t022.)

i fn —— LH piseuxis diminuendis Barnes and McDunnough. 27; one brood
: in July. (Chart 4, 1922.)

# «3406 Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer. 17; one brood in July and Anee The
straggling poe of this species is in contrast with the concentrated seasons of
Ee the last two

ames =

” October. This species obviously took advantage of the favorable season to

‘ wet weather of 1922 agreed with them. Most of the few larvae known feed on |
~ dead leaves in damp woods. I think this note is the first published on the

+ he ee
eo. ah ee

See
pe ee

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. °

3499 Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner. 43; one brood, centering about July
10. (Chart 4, 1922.)

3502 Zanclognatha inconspicualis Grote. 33; one brood, about July 10.
(Chart 5, 1922.)

3503 Zanclognatha laevigata Grote. 58; one brood in July. All, the
named forms and some others were represented.
3506 Zanclognatha pedipilalis Guenee. 41; one brood in June. This
species is markedly earlier than the jacchusalis group in both years. (Chart 5, —
1919 and 1922.

(To be continued.)

}

SAWFLIES FROM ALBERTA (TENTHREDINIDAE)*
BY ALEX D. MACGILLIVRAY,
Urbana, Ill.

: a ey ate Ne 2
a eee ee ee Ae ee ee I

The following new species constitute a part of a collection of saw-flies,
Tenthredinidae, received from Mr. A. M. Wolcox of Wellesley, Massachusetts.
The specimens were all collected at Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, by Mr. F. S. -
Carr. There is a surprising number of new species in the collection, particularly
for one of its size. _When many more specimens are available from this region,
, some or all of the nematids described as new may prove to be the same as
some of the species described by Norton from the Mackenzie River region.
The types of all these species unfortunately are lost.

Empria cava MacG.

Empria cadurca n. sp.

Female. Body black with the margin of the pronotum white and the
front legs beyond the middle of the femora and the other legs beyond the knees,
yellowish-white; antennae with the third segment longer than the fourth, the
fourth and fifth subequal; the clypeus emarginate, clypeal tooth pointed, clypeal
lobes long, angular; supraclypeal area convex; ocellar basin long, narrow, and —

-~deep; median fovea a round pit; vertical furrows deep, linear; postocellar area
distinct; saw-guides broad, bluntly truncately rounded; wings slightly smoky,
veins and stigma and costa black, setae distinct. Length, 6 mm.

Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species is
related to cava, from which it is easily separated. © The male does not differ
from the female.

Dolerus nuntius n. sp.

Female. Body black with abdominal segments one to five rufous; the
knees and front tibiae in certain lights with a rufous shading; antennae with the
third segment longer than the fourth, the fourth and fifth subequal; front and |
facial orbits finely densely punctate, finer and more densely than on the post-
ocellar area and vertical orbits, furrow behind compound eyes present only
adjacent to eyes, transverse furrow adjacent to occiput indicated; vertical fur-
rows distinct, elongate ; median lobe of mesonotum with each lateral half densely
punctate, mesal portion and lateral lobes uniformly punctate; mesoscutellum
coarsely punctate; scutellar appendage longitudinally striate; saw-guides broad, —

*—Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois No. 81. _ ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 159

obliquely truncate; wings smoky, veins and costa black; stigma partly pale.
Length 7 mm.

| -_ Habitat:—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species is
related to nectareus.

es Dolerus nutricius u. sp.

Male. B 30dy black with abdominal segments one to six and the tibiae,
rufous; antennae with the third and fourth segments subequal, the fourth longer
_ than the fifth; the front and facial orbits uniformly densely punctate, the posto-
cellar area not so densely punctate, vertical orbits with a polished area; median
lobe of mesonotum with each lateral third densely punctate, median third with
b “small sparse punctures ; lateral lobes of the mesonotum polished, almost impunc-
- smoky, veins, stigma and costa black. Length 6 mm.

oe Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species is
near nectareus and nuntius.

oe Dolerus nummatus n. sp.

ee Female. Body black with the pronotum in part, tegulae, abdominal seg-
_ ments one to five, front tibiae, and the knees and more or less of the middle
legs; antennae with third segment longer than the fourth, the fourth and fifth
subequal; the front and facial orbits coarsely punctured, postocellar area more
% or less corrugated, vertical orbits with a transverse impunctate area; transverse
q furrow limited adjacent to compound eyes, the transverse furrow adjacent to
the occiput distinct; mesonotum sparsely generally punctate, each lateral third
of median lobe more densely punctate than the median portion; mesoscutellum
_ punctate; the appendage of the mesoscutellum longitudinally striate ; saw-guides
- broad, stout, obliquely truncate; wings hyaline, spinulae distinct, veins and costa
~ blackish, stigma partly pale. Length 8 mm.

|. Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species belongs
near nocivus.

Dolerus nundinus n. sp.

‘ee Male. Body black with abdominal segments one to five rufous; antennae
¢ with third, fourth, and fifth segments subequal; front and_ facial orbits finely
"densely punctate; postocellar area not so densely punctate and vertical orbits
_ polished with a few large shallow punctures ; mesonotum punctate, sparsely except
each lateral third of median lobe which is closely punctate ; mesoscutellum coarsely
punctate; scutellar appendage longitudinally striate; wings hyaline, veins and
costa and stigma black. Length, 7 mm.

_Telated to nemorosus and negotiosus.

a | Dolerus nummarius n. sp.

gs Female. Body black with abdominal segments one to five and the knees
of the first pair of, legs rufous; antennae with the third segment longer than the
a fourth, the fourth longer than the fifth; front and facial orbits finely densely
: punctate, postocellar area not so densely; vertical orbits with polished area with
coarse punctures, a short furrow adjacent to each compound eye, and a small
furrow along the caudal margin of the head; mesonotum punctate, median lobe

e.
é wey

tate; scutellum punctate; mesoscutellar appendage longitudinally striate; wings

a ¢ Habitat :-—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species is

'
4. “~ «
a hates &

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a

densely, particularly each lateral third, disk of lateral lobes polished with fewer
punctures; mesoscutellum punctate, scutellar appendage longitudinally striate;
saw-guides broad, obliquely truncate; wings slightly smoky with the veins and
stigma and costa black. Length, 8 mm. E
Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. A. Carr, collector. This species falls —
Pacyprotasis rapae Linnaeus. E
Rhogogastera evansi Harrington. a

Rhogogastera ruga n. sp.
Female. Body greenish-yellow with the following parts black: An oval
area surrounding the ocelli and not including the ocellar areas, the caudal aspect _
of the head, except the peripheral portions, the lobes of the mesonotum except —
wedge-shaped marks on the median and two on each lateral lobe, the scutel-~
lum, and the metascutellum, a broad transverse band on the basal plates—
and abdominal terga one to seven, and the margins of the saw-guides; the legs”
beyond the coxae, except the tarsi, with a black line above, the posterior coxae
above, and a ring on the distal end of each tarsal segment; clypeus narrowly ~
deeply emarginate, clypeal lobes comparatively broad; antennal plates small and —
inconspicuous, ocellar basin shallow, ocellar areas broad ; postocellar area distinct ;
antennal furrows continuous; antennae with the third segment longer than the —
fourth, the fourth longer than the fifth; saw-guides broad, stout, dorsal margin.
straight, ventral and distal margins convex; wings hyaline, costa and stigma |
greenish, veins black. Length 10 mm. i
Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. ‘This species is”
related to respectus. va
Tenthredo erythromera Provancher.
Tenthredo nigrisoma Harrington.
Tenthredo scaevola Cresson.

Tenthredo rutila n. sp.

Female. Body black with the following parts yellow: The clypets,
labrum, mandibles, tegulz, spot above the posterior coxae, front legs beyond the
trochanters, the middle legs beyond the coxae except a spot on the apices of
the femora, and the hind legs beyond the trochanters except a band on the upper
side of the femora, the distal end of the tibiae, and most of the tarsi; abdominal ©
terga and sterna yellowish-rufous; clypeus broadly emarginate; ocellar basi
broad and deep; postocellar area einatanrlae antennae with the third segmen
longer than the fourth, the fourth longer than the fifth; the lobes of the mesono-—
tum punctate; saw guides straight above, bluntly rounded below; wings slightly —
smoky with the veins and the stigma and the costa black. Length, 11 mm. ;

Habitat—Edmonton, Alberta. This species is very similar in general
appearance to bifasciata Say. :

Tenthredo rumina n. sp. | iy

Female. Body black with the following parts yellow: the clypeus, |
labrum, mandibles, pedicel of antennae, indefinite marks on occipital orbits,
collar, tegulae, scutellum, spot above posterior coxae, basal plates for the most
part, front legs beyond the coxae except the distal half of the femora, a ri ig

a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 161

dl on the tibiae, and their tarsi above, more or less; abdomen with the tergum and
sternum of the fourth segment rufous, terga of the sixth and seventh segments
on lateral yellow marks, and the eighth segment wholly yellow; clypeus nar-
_ rowly emarginate; antennal plates distinct, black, not large; ocellar basin almost
"wanting, a fovea adjacent to the median ocellus; antennal furrows distinct;
antennae with the third segment longer than the fourth, the fourth longer than
- the fifth; saw-guides convexly rounded on dorsal and ventral margins; wings
smoky, costa and stigma pale, veins blackish. Length, 1o mm.

a Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species is
very similar to Allantus basilaris Say.

- Abia kennicotti Norton—-A male specimen agrees perfectly with the
"description of Norton.

Cimbex violacea 3 Fargeau.—A single female specimen that agrees with
- the description of W. F. Kirby. It is not a distinct species but a variety of
Cimbex americana or an pacifica. ‘There have not been sufficient speci-
_ mens examined to answer the question, but it looks as if the two species of
~ Cresson, rubida and pacifica, were southern and northern forms of the same
"species respectively. Pacifica occurs in north-west Canada and is probably only
“an extreme variety of the eastern americana. If semidea should prove to be
_ only a variety of americana, there would then be only a single species of Cimber
North American with a long series of very different varieties.

Trichiosoma confundum n. sp.

Female. Body black with the abdomen beyond the first segment and the
“legs beyond the femora, rufous; antennae with the third segment elongate, longer
than four and five together, segments six and seven distinctly separated, seventh
- marked near distal end with an inconspicuous suture; head and thorax densely

_ clypeus broadly emarginate ; labrum blunt, bluntly rounded, setiferous ; saw-guides
_ broad, bluntly rounded, apex at. middle; wings infuscated, costa and veins yel-
_ lowish, stigma black. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species runs
confusum.

Blennocampa amara n. sp.

_ Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, collar, tegulae, and legs
_ beyond the middle of the femora, yellow ; antennae with the third segment longer
than the fourth, the fourth and fifth subequal ; clypeus truncate; median fovea a
broad shallow depression; lateral foveae not sharply marked, continuous with
the antennal furrows; ocellar basin represented by a depression below the median
3 -ocellus ; postocellar area limited, interocellar suture ‘distinct ; mesonotum polished ;
;: saw-guides broad, obliquely truncate, dorsal margin straight; wings infuscated,
: a and stigma and costa black. Length, 4 mm.

_ __ Aabitat :—Kdmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species runs
ae abnorma. .

Pteronidea egeria n. sp.

Female. Body black with the following parts shading from white to
rufous: the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, genal orbits, continued as a line on to

covered with long grayish setae, abdomen nearly bare or with very short setae;

eS
\.
%
2
oa

Pine ce i oe

Rn
5 ae

y
ccs

ie as wl

"162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

occipital orbits, and irregularly expanded on vertical orbits, collar, edge of
tegulae, front and middle legs beyond the middle of the femora, and the knees
and tibiae of the posterior legs; clypeus roundly emarginate, clypeal lobes
rounded; median fovea elongate, deep; frontal crest short, stout, unbroken;
walls of pentagonal area broadly rounded, ocellar basin shallow, deepest near
frontal crest; saw-guides stout, ventral margin oblique, bluntly rounded; wings
hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins blackish. Length, 7 mm.

Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species is near
pacificus.
Pteronidea egnatia n. sp.

Female. Body black with the following parts white, on some parts
suffused with rufous: the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, supraclypeal area, a
band on all the orbits, expanded on the vertical orbits, angles of pronotum,
tegulae, spot on mesopleura, sterna of abdomen, tergum of caudal segment, and
the legs except the hind tarsi more or less; antennae with the third segment
longer than the fourth, the fourth and fifth subequal; clypeus deeply emarginate,
clypeal lobes rounded; median fovea large, deep, extending through and divid-
ing the frontal crest; walls of the pentagonal area distinct; saw-guides with

‘\

converging margins, bluntly pointed; wings hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins —

blackish. Length, 8 mm.

Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S$. Carr, collector. This species is
related to hyalinus.

Pteronidea elelea n. sp.

Female. Body yellowish with an imperfect black spot about ocelli, a
small spot on each lateral lobe of the mesonotum, an elongate oval dot on each
side of the meso scutellum, and a line in the suture at the caudal margin of the
metascutellum and the basal plates; the antennae irregularly fuscous above,
the third and fifth segments subequal in length, the fourth longer; the clypeus

broadly and shallowly emarginate ; median fovea broad with sloping sides; frontal
- crest distinct, broadly, slightly broken; walls of pentagonal area distinct; ocellar
basin deep, triangular; saw-guides elongate, oblique, bluntly pointed; wings
hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins blackish. Length, 7 mm.

Habitat :—Edmonton, Alberta; F. $. Carr, collector. This species is —

similar to mendicus but lacks much of the black found on specimens of this
species.
Pachynematus allegatus n. sp.

Female. Body black with the following parts yellowish: The clypeus,
labrum, mandibles, supra-clypeal area, occipital and vertical orbits, more or
less rufous, angles of pronotum, tegulae, abdomen above beyond first segment
and sternum except saw-guides, and legs; antennae with the third and fourth
segments subequal, longer than the fifth; clypeus deeply emarginate, clypeal
lobes broadly rounded; median fovea deep, longer than broad; frontal crest

strongly elevated, unbroken; walls of pentagonal area sharp, ocellar basin flat, —

pentagonal; saw-guides stout, strongly projecting, oblique and truncated; wings
hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins blackish. - Length, 7 mm.

Habitat:—Edmonton, Alberta; F. S. Carr, collector. This species is

related to punctulatus.

i Te

ee ee ee ee

pa ene ee

—— .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

NEW CANADIAN -LEPIDOPTERA*
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Ottawa, Ont.
Euxoa dodi sp. nov.
Primaries narrow, rather even gray (in older specimens with a brownish
tinge) with clear cut maculation; usual lines black, geminate, pale-filled ; basal ‘f
half-line dentate, t. a. line straighter than usual, almost perpendicular to inner
margin, with slight inward angles of the outer line on the cubitus and vein 1; :
claviform a long black loop, orbicular oval, almost round, partially outlined in |
black with filling slightly paler than ground color, reniform broad, stumpy, not
much excavated on outer margin, outlined in black; t. p. line excurved below a
costa, then inwardly oblique and dentate; s. t. line pale, irregular, emphasized 4
by the terminal area which is darker than the remainder of wing; at times b>
slight black triangles precede the s. t. line in its central portion; a broken black z
‘terminal line; fringes with a pale ochreous basal line followed by a smoky one, r
remainder pale smoky. Secondaries whitish with a smoky tinge and traces of <—
a darker terminal band. Expanse 30-32 mm.
| Holotype— 2, Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 17, 1915, (EK. H. Strickland), No. 4
608, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. ;
Allotype—?, Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 23, 1915, (EK. H. Strickland),
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
Paratypes—2 8, Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 27, 1922, (H. L..Seamans) ; Cal-
gary, Alta., Aug. 16, 1901, (F. H. Wolley-Dod).

/ The species is apparently rare as the above four specimens represent the
total catch over a period of more than 20 years. The Calgary specimen bears
labels doubtfully identifying it as difformis Sm. or a pale variety of intrita and ‘e
in the Dod Collection, as it came to us,-was placed under mercedes B. & McD. 2
Mr. Benjamin, to whom specimens were submitted, could not satisfactorily place is
it by comparison with species in the Barnes Collection. It may eventually
She to be one e of Smith’s obscure species, but in the meantime, it seems best

In the male erivalle the inner branch of the harpe is three-fifths the
length of the outer branch, and heavily clothed with short hairs; the outer
branch tapers to a point, is slightly curved apically and reaches to about the
: level of the apex of the clasper, which is rather slender and narrow ; the eversible
_ membrane of the aedoeagus shows a small chitinous tooth.
pe Euxoa clausa sp. nov.

Primariés light olivaceous-ochreous, paler along costa and slightly shaded
with smoky. Maculation distinct, practically identical with that of idahoensis
_ but generally better defined. <A black basal streak, a black t. a. line with a
a prominent outward bulge above inner margin; claviform a black loop, orbicular
oblique, pale-filled, reniform smoky, outlined by a pale line, edged with black;
cell around and between spots slightly tinged with smoky; t. p. line black, gen-
erally quite distinct, bent outwards below costa, then inwardly oblique and den-
tate; s. t. line pale, irregular, preceded by black arrow-marks; a broken terminal

*—Contribution from Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch, Dept.
of Agriculture, Ottawa.

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

black line; fringes pale smoky with ochreous line at base. Secondaries light
smoky in both sexes with distinct discal lunule.

Holotype—&, Lethbridge, Alta., July 21, (EK. H. Strickland; No. 598,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—, Lethbridge, Alta., July 15, (EK. H. Strickland); in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—i 6, Lethbridge, Alta., July 5, (EH. H. Strickland); 1 ¢, Leth-
bridge, Alta., July 19, (H. L. Seamans) ; 2 2, same locality and collectors, July
17 and 20.

The peculiar olivaceous tinge on the primaries separates clausa from the
gray forms of idahoensis, of which, however, it may be merely a semi-desert
form. I have only seen the species from Lethbridge, where typical idahoensis
also occurs and is readily separable. In the male genitalia the clasper of clausa
is narrower and slightly longer than that of idahoensis and the forks of the harpe
are more slender, especially the outer one at the base, giving the harpe a more
even U-shaped appearance. I use a manuscript name, given by the late F. H.
Wolley-Dod, who had tentatively separated off two specimens in his collection.

PYRALIDAE

Crambus edmontellus sp. nov.

Male. Very similar to laciniellus Grt. but slightly larger, less evenly
ochreous in color and with the outer margin of primaries decidedly more bulging
below the apex of wing. Primaries pale to dark ochreous; with the exception
of the basal half of the costal area this color is generally hidden by a heavy
sprinkling of grayish-white scales mingled with a few blackish ones; at times
the blackish scales predominate, producing a much darker appearance. Vein I
and the cubital vein ochreous and prominent across the pale areas; other veins
beyond the cell whitish with similarly colored parallel interspaceal lines, giving
a more distinct striate appearance to the outer wing area than is found in
laciniellus. ‘Traces of cross lines as in laciniellus, i. e., a very oblique brownish
streak above the inner margin at middle and a more distinct brown sub-terminal
line, outcurved below costa, prominently angled on vein 2 and bulging outwardly
above anal angle. ‘Three or four faint black terminal dots just below veins 2—5.
A whitish, slightly shining line at base of fringes; remainder duller and darker
in color, composed of an admixture of white and pale brown scales. Secondaries
pale, considerably suffused with smoky in outer half; fringes white, cut by
a smoky line at base. Expanse 25 mm.

Female. What I take to be the female of the species is considerably
larger and paler than the male, the primaries being whitish, suffused with light
ochreous and with indistinct maculation. The secondaries are almost pure
white. Expanse 30 mm.

Holotype— é , Edmonton, Alta., July 26, (K. Bowman); No. 597, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype—?, N.W.T., 1907, (J. Fletcher) ; in the Canadian National Col-
lection.

Paratypes—4 8, Edmonton, Alta., July 14, 18, 28, Aug 1, (K. Bowman) ;
1 6, Calgary, Alta. July 5, (K. Bowman); 1 6,1 9, Lethbridge, Alta., June
29, 30, (H. L. Seamans); 2 6, 2 2, N.W.T., 1907, (J. Fletcher) ; all in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 165

_ The ¢ genitalia are distinct from those of laciniellus ; in this latter species:
there is a well developed accessory spine at the base of the harpe, which in
-edmontellus is very greatly reduced.

* EUCOS MIDAE
Argyroploce dextrana sp. nov.

aries better defined, due to white scaling in antemedian and terminal areas. The
thoracic tuft is not brown-tipped nor is there a brown patch of scaling at base
of primaries. A distinct quadrate dark een on costa near base, the edges
continued across wing by waved dark lines; beyond this patch the costal area
up to the median.dark band is noticeably Fee median dark band indistinct,
-_-very irregular, contracted below costa, angled inward on the submedian fold,
partially defined on inner area of wing by fine black lines, which are entirely
4 ‘ lacking in removana; a thin curved dark band, defined by black lines from middle
of outer margin towards costa but not attaining same; remainder of terminal
__ area lightly sprinkled with white. Secondaries pale, shading into smoky out-
-_-wardly.

Female. he single female before me shows a dark shade extending
along inner half of wing from base to median band and defined towards costa by
a streak of deeper shade. Expanse 17—19 mm.

Holotype— 4, Ottawa, Ont., July 28, (C. H. Young); No. 595, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— 2, Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 5, (C. H. Young); in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—2 ¢, Calgary, Alta., July 27, (F. H. Wolley-Dod) ; Edmonton,
_ Alta., Aug 12, (K. Bowman).

; The ¢ genitalia are very similar to those of removana but the claspers are
considerably broader apically, the ventral spined projection of the sacculus is
longer and broader and the cornutus is noticeably longer and contains a slight
lateral projection.
Argyroploce bowmanana sp. nov.

Primaries deep black-brown with paler bands and lines of a leaden colour
and a prominent round white blotch at end of cell. Basal area leaden colored
with a dark brown perpendicular line near base not reaching costa; this area is
bordered by a black-brown band, outw ardly oblique from costa to below cell,
. then almost perpendicular to inner margin, with a slight notch in its outer mar-
____ gin in submedian fold, broader at inner margin than at costa ; beyond this dark
. band is the usual antemedian pale band, composed of leaden scales with a broken
line of dark scales through its centre; a median dark band of even width through-
S out with a sharp hook-like projection on its outer side in the cell, above which
rests a round white spot; below the hook is an area of leaden scales separating
e the median band from an oblong dark blotch on inner margin before tornus;
‘this blotch almost touches a similarly-colored larger blotch, descending from
“costa before apex and formed by the union of lines arising from two small dark
_ costal spots ; above the white spot are two similar dark costal spots and the apex

Male. Very similar in color to removana but with dark banding of prim-_

‘ ,
; ee Pie.
by oe ‘
Bote oe aN
. fie e"

ey oe

~~
Oh ee a

Ay 4,

Pe RT ee ee ge Ee ere ae Ea ee

;

“should not be confused with the somewhat similar Cacoecia negundana Dyar.

—

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

of the wing contains a small, round, dark patch; a small dark patch on outer 7 pf
margin above tornus, the area between these dark patches being filled in wita —
leaden or silvery scaling; fringes largely smoky with paler admixture at apex —
and tornus. Secondaries deep smoky with paler fringes. Expanse 15 mm.
Holotype— 8, Nordegg, Alta., (alt. 6000 ft.) July 23, (K. Bowman) ; |
No. 607, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. é
Paratype— 8, same date and collector, in the Canadian National Collec: | 23
tion. Be
I take pleasure in naming this species after the collector, Mr. K. Bowman, —
of Edmonton, who has kindly donated the specimens to the Canadian National
Collection. “4
TORTRICIDAE

Homona negundana sp. nov.

Primaries pale shiny ochreous crossed by median and subapical bands ofa
deeper brownish color. \ Some slight dark scaling at base of wing, giving the
appearance of an obsolescent brownish basal patch; the brown median band is f
oblique from middle of costa to anal angle; on the outer side in the cell it sends —
a short projection upward toward costa and on inner side obliquely opposite —
this is a downward projection toward the basal dark area; in the fold this median ~
band is much narrowed, expanding again at anal angle to a large blotch. The ~
subapical band commences broadly at costa just before apex of wing and gradu- :
ally narrows to a point on outer margin just above anal angle. The pale areas ~
show more or less evident brownish striations. Fringes concolorous.. Second-
aries pure white. Expanse 18 mm. \

Holotype— é, Aweme, Man., June 19, (N. Criddle); No. 599, in the |
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. . ;

Paratypes—2 6, Aweme, Man., June 23, 27, (N. Criddle) ; 2° 6, Winni- ms
peg, Man., June 8. :

The species was bred from larvae on Acer negundo by Mr. Cridaties but

The stalking of veins 7 and 8 of primaries at once separates it from this latter
species. ;
é Around Cacoecia argyrospila Wlk. are grouped several forms, agreeing ©
closely in general type of maculation and showing no decided differences in the
male genitalia; these forms seem to be closely associated with certain larval
food plants, that is to say, a series of specimens bred from larvae taken on the —
same food plant resemble each other very closely and differ from series bred —
from larvae taken on other plants. In Manitoba, for instance, Mr. N. Criddle —
has found what seems to be typical argyrospila feeding on Poison Ivy whilst -
from larvae on Eleagnus he has bred a series of specimens that can be readily —
distinguished from the poison ivy form. Such distinctive forms seent to my —
mind worthy of a name and for the Eleagnus form I propose the name: a
Cacoecia eleagnana sp. nov. ‘olf

Similar in maculation to argyrospila, but with the primaries much paler

in color, due to the fact that the red-brown scaling is replaced by scales of a~
light olive-brown or olive-green; the pale costal spot beyond the median band
is prominent and the pale areas between the bands show a decided silvery sheen
jn certain lights, more so than is usually present in argyrospila. ae

Blotibe— s- Awentte, Man., July 7, (N. Criddle); No. 600, in the
adia nt National Collection, Ottawa.
i , Same data.
5 Be Piracy $, 1 2, same data.

I have before me similar specimens from Calgary, Alta., and Lethbridge,
“a phere Eleagnus also abounds; argyrospila-also occurs at Lethbridge in the

wet

ym evividana Dyar, described from Colorado material bred from larvae on
ih So ;
_ Another even more distinct form than eleagnana was bred by me in the’.
ummer of 1922 at Algonquin Park, Ontario, from larvae found in numbers on
My ica gale. For this I suggest the name :—
| Cacoecia myricana sp. nov.
Male. Maculation of primaries very similar to that of argyrospila but
ter and better defined, due to the fact that the paler areas are not so suffused
vit! brown reticulations and shades; the dark areas are deep red-brown, much ~
S. n argyrospila, the median band being rather cleanly cut and generally dis-
P tly broken above the anal angle; the dark costal spot near apex is very dis-
*t and is not connected with the median band; there is scarcely a trace of an
) big e band running upwards from outer margin above anal angle. The costal
pots are well silvered and this silvering extends at times over the entire pale -
on of the wing producing a very striking and beautiful appearance. .
_ Female. The two females before me have the primaries almost unicolor-~
. | a brown with the dark banding scarcely noticeable and the pale costal —
3 absent.
_Holotype— é, Algonquin Park, Ont., July 4, (J. McDunnough) ; No. 601
n the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
a Allotype— ?, same data.
a Berney pes—S 3,1 2, same data.

. Cacoecia columbiana sp. nov.

Ss Female. Palpi upturned, appressed, short, ochreous; thorax and primaries
ight ellow, latter with a few chestnut-brown striations at base; a broad chestnut-
ewn oblique band from costa before middle to anal angle, broadening out —
w cell, narrowed above inner margin by a tooth of ground color jutting in
basal side; an oblong chestnut-brown costal spot beyond this band, con-—
ed narrowly with same and enclosing a pale yellow spot; fringes concolorous.
mdaries pale smoky, ochreous toward apex. Beneath pale ochreous with an
ar ‘dull purplish blotch in the central portion of primaries; secondaries
than above. Expanse 21 mm.

3 Holotype—t 2, Salmon Arm, B. C., July 17, (W. R. Buckell); No. 603.
1 the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

' Similar in general type of color and maculation to Tortrix fucana Wlshm.,
hich however. is placed by Meyrick (Gen. Insect. Fasc. 149, 30) in the genus
, characterized by longer, porrect palpi. The preapical costal «spot is
wich better defined in columbiana that in Walsingham’s figure (Ill. Lep:
pk L XII, fig. 2) and not so close to the apex of wing.

VF Tortrix alberta sp. nov.
Pata Palpi intermediate between typical Cacoecia-like palpi (upturned

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST — . ai

closely appressed, short) and ‘Tortrix-like ones (porrect, second joint heavily — 7
scaled on upper side, longer) ; in the present species*they are upwardly oblique, a
not heavily scaled and not closely appressed, blackish with a few pale scales. A
Head and thorax pinkish ochreous suffused with black. Primaries with dis- ce
tinct costal fold, pale ochreous with generally a slight pinkish tinge, suffused at 4
the base and beyond the cell partially with red-brown, leaving a broad pale
antemedian band, sharply defined on each side by a deep-brown, almost band-
like line, composed of an admixture of black and red-brown scaling; the inner
line is rather evenly convex and broadens towards inner margin, the outer |
line, from before mid-costa to beyond middle of inner margin, is_ slightly
irregular, oblique, with generally an outward bend in the cell; it originates on .
the costa in a more or less well defined brown patch. From the bend of this j
outer line a dark band extends obliquely to costa, enclosing a large pale triangular ~
spot on costa; in the cell this band is composed of leaden-gray scaling but at .
costa shows red-brown scaling, this color extending broadly along costa to apex ;
and down outer margin to just above anal angle, enclosing on costa a small, pale
pre-apical spot and several black dots; the pale area at the anal angle extends
upwards into this brown area in the form of an inverted U, the edges in “upper
portion being partially outlined by a deep brown line; the pale areas show traces
of dark striae; fringes ruddy with black basal dots. Secondaries whitish with
numerous dark striae, thickest outwardly, and pale pinkish fringes. Expanse
26 mm.

Holotype— ¢, Nordegg, Alta., Aug. 7, (J. McDunnough), No. 602, in
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Paratypes—8& 4, same locality and collector, July 27, Aug. 1, 7, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Tortrix trentonana sp. nov.

Palpi, head, thorax and primaries light brown, latter somewhat shiny

and in certain lights showing traces of scattered brown striations. Secondar-

ies pale smoky. Expanse 21 mm.
Holotype— é, Trenton, Ont., June 27, (J. D. Evans); No. 603, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. a
The species is closely allied to alleniana' Fern. by the male genitalia; the —

spined side-arms of the gnathos are, however, much narrower and more pointed
apically and there are differences in the shape of the transtilla and the baso-
ventral portion of the claspers. Both these species agree closely with Prercé’s
figure of viburniana Fab. (Genit. Brit. Tort. 8, Pl. II1) which this author places

in the genus Amelia Hbn. : .

Trentonana is rather narrower winged and deeper in color than alleniana ;
this and the lack of maculation should distinguish it from its ally.

_ Tortrix flavidana sp. nov.

Palpi and thorax deep yellow; primaries pale yellow shaded with deeper
color on inner margin; a large purple blotch in the cell, another at tornus and —
a small one on costa near apex of wing; slight purple shading near base of wing 3
and a few purple striations between cellular blotch and inner margin. Secondaries
whitish, shaded with smoky on inner half of wing. Expanse 26 mm. ?

Holotype—@, Aweme, Man., July 6, (N. Criddle) ; No. 605, in the Can=
adian National Collection, Ottawa. mie

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1659

STUDIES IN CANADIAN DIPTERA

1. Revision Or Tue Asinip GeENus Cyrropocon ANp ALLIED. GENERA. ‘ .
i ry

BY C. HOWARD CURRAN, ee

Ottawa, Ont. aay

(Continued from page 142)
Cyrtopogon montanus Loew.

Wholly black pilose except the head and legs, and in the the ‘pro:
pleura. Abdominal pollinose bands of 4 interrupted, of @ entire. Scutellum
convex. :
Length 12 to 16mm. Male. Face rather strongly gibbose, more promin-
ent above; yellowish grey pollinose; mystax yellow in the middle, the hairs fine,
eck laterally and below, the hairs stout, condensed above the oral margin so
that they are very conspicuous; front less thickly pollinose, mostly sub-shining,
the hair moderately thick, rather stout, long. Occiput whitish or pallidly yel-
-. lowish grey pollinose, shining above, the hair black, long, beard white, the
: orbits black haired. Antennae black, thinly pale yellowish pollinose, with
: = fine white hair; first joint twice as long as wide, second wider than long, about
. : three-fifths as long as first; third over one-third longer than the first two com-
bined, wholly more slender than the first, the basal half narrower; style nearly

Pad x

Ss
u
‘3g
a4

r half as wide as third joint, widest at or beyond the middle, its apex not acute,
the bristle very short; style not quite as long as first joint.
‘a - Thorax shining black, often chiefly shining behind, but in well preserved .

’

__ specimens with rather bright greyish yellow pollen, forming moderately complete
5, a slender middle vitta on the anterior half, the posterior margin broadly on
- the middle half, emitting a narrow stripe forward to the inner loop of the 5,
and a small oblique spot inside the postalar calli; elsewhere the pollen is thin-
__ ner and brownish, leaving the usual darker areas in many lights; pleura w holly
RS __ thinly greyish or brownish yellow pollinose, but subshining or shining in most
- lights. Pile wholly black, moderately long and rather abundant, the bristles
7 black; hairs on propleura with white apices. Scutellum convex, shining black,
pt, the sas basally yellowish pollinose. Hairs long, abundant, black, strong, no —
bristles.
Legs w holly black, the hind tibiae on the apical half and their tarsi basally
~ usually piceous or piceous reddish. Pile of legs rather long and abundant,
black, except as follows: all the femora below on the basal half, the posterior
- ones narrowly so on sub-apical half above, and the hind tibiae on the whole .
Bouter surface, best seen from basal view. ‘T'arsi simple. Coxae chieflly white
- pilose, the front four on basal half of outer posterior half and the hind ones
- behind and in front with black pile. | .
Wings cinereous or yellowish cinereous, the furcation of the third longi-
Vig radial vein well beyond the apical crossvein.
Bas Abdomen blue black, the posterior margins greyish pollinose, slightly
i wider laterally, broadly interrupted in the middle, w holly black pilose except a
2» few hairs on the grey spots on the fourth and fifth segments, the discal pile
_ short, that on the sides long and abundant; venter black pilose except the apex
- ne of the fifth segment.
Be Bt 4

> an

. 170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
‘ €

Female. Mystax not quite so dense, the black hairs much less dense
below. : , a
Thorax with shorter more sparse hairs; sternopleura below and pro-
pleura white pilose; postalar calli shining black.
Tibiae all paler than in the male, sometimes reddish, or with blackish
bases and elsewhere piceous reddish, or they may be only piceous with the
. bases darker, the hind ones paler; tarsi colored like the tibiae Hasallys blackish
apically, but all the articulations reddish,
Second to fifth segments with greyish pollinose apices, the first two
bands usually entire, sometimes narrowly interrupted, or all the bands may be*
entire, but the last two usually distinctly interrupted. Pile on disc short, black;
on sides longer, black on bases of segments, white apically, but sometimes prac-
tically all black beyond the second segment, and always on the last three seg-
ments, where the pile is decidedly thinner and shorter.
Eleven specimens from British Columbia and Banff, Alberta, from May
to June. L
For two @ specimens, from Banff, Alta., 1911, (N. B. Sanson) and
June g, 1916, (C. G. Hewitt) with wholly white elon lateral margins; I pro-
NS, “pose the name Jatericaudus new variety; type No. 585 in the Canadian National
Collection, Ottawa.
Specimens of this species were compared with the types in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. .

Cyrtopogon leucozona Loew.

Abdomen with complete greyish pollinose crossbands; trichostical pile.
white; abdominal pile whitish laterally except on bases of first, fifth and sixth ‘
segments; hind tibiae silvery white haired exteriorly. -

Length, 10 to 15 mm. Female. Face moderately gibbose, most prom-
inent-on upper portion, yellow or greyish yellow pollinose; mystax yellow or
whitish yellow in the middle, laterally and below with stouter black hairs, which
are abundant just above the oral opening. Front lightly pollinose, wholly
black pilose, the hair moderately long and fairly abundant. Occiput greyish

_pollinose, more shining above, black pilose, the beard whitish, the orbits ‘wholly
black haired. Antennae black, white haired; first joint one and one-half times
as long as wide, rather stout, second as wide as. long; third slightly more than
one and one-half times as long as first two combined, rather slender, not as
wide as first joint, narrowed on sub-basal half; style rather slender with parallel
sides, as long as first joint, its spine short.

The thorax is not perfectly preserved, but appears to be marked as in

C. inversus, only the pollen is more yellow. Pleura yellowish grey pollinose.
Pile black, moderately long, but not very abundant, the posterior margin with
white hairs, bristles rather fine, black; sternopleura and propleura with fine
white pile, the trichostical pile yellow. Scutellum convex, shining black, the —
base yellowish pubescent ; pile long, rather stout, black; no distinct bristles.

Legs black, hind tibiae and basal joints of their tarsi sometimes piceous —
reddish; femora wholly rather abundantly long, fine, white pilose, the hind ones —

“)

THE CANADIAN ENTO MOLOGIST

yf By
Yy
%, ie FAW VW
bi we \ \
HMA .
Y ath
Us Bh}
r
-

¢
af CYRTOPOGON AND ALLIED GENERA.
oe (1). Cyrtopogon curtistylus Curr., head*; (2)... C: willistoni Curr., head: (3): G. will-
% _tston’ Curr., mid-tarsus; (4) and (5). Bueyrtopogon varipennis Coq., head and wing; (6).

E. comantis Curr. wing, a, branching of 3rd vein, b.
_ + tstont Curr., mid-tarsus - (8). C. praepes Will ist.,

discal crossvein; (7), Cyrtopogon will- |
2 wing.

mid-tarsus; (9). C. curtistylus Curr.,

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

beneath with stouter black hairs on apical third. Front four tibiae and all the
tarsi black haired; hind tibiae beneath with long black hair, externally with
silvery white hair, some of which are rather long. Rai i 2
Wings cinereous hyaline; the third longitudinal vein branches well beyond —
the discal crossvein ; crossveins somewhat brownish. — Halteres yellow, the stems.
'fuscous. /
Abdomen shining blue black, the second to fifth segments with a pos-
| terior grey pollinose band, narrower in the middle, usually entire or only obScurely —
, interrupted, the last band usually interrupted. Pile short, black, on the sides
longer, white, black on bases of fourth to seventh segments, or wholly white.
Described from ¢ , Vasseau Lake, B. C., May 25, 1920, (W. B. Anderson), —
: compared with type, and @, Aspen Grove, B. C., June 28, 1922, (P. N. Vroom). 9
The ¢ is not known and must be very similar to C. inversus but the tre
chostical pile is probably chiefly or all white; the females are very similar ‘put
the trichostical pile in inversus is about half or more black, the sides of the
segments are all partly black pilose, and the hind tibiae bear much more con- |

3 spicuous white hair. Bis
Bes. Cyrtopogon inversus new species a
‘ Readily recognized by the silvery white pilose hind femora, tibiae and _

C tarsi. -

, Length 10 to 16 mm. Male. Face gibbose, more prominent above,

i whitish yellow pollinose; mystax white, soft; stout, black along the mouth edge

i and a row of lateral hairs, Front shining black just on the middle line, else-

? where thinly yellowish pollinose; somewhat sunken; pile black. Occiput white

3 -pollinose; sub-shining ; black-haired; on the lower half except against the eyes,

ms fine white pilose. Antennae black, first joint short, half longer than second; —
‘ second almost as broad as long, bead-like; third nearly twice as long as the =
x) _ first two, rather slender, not more than half as wide as the first; style about ’ a
as Jong as the first joint, slender, acute. Hair on antennae black. unas,
; ~ Thorax shining black, the pleura yellow pollinose. _Mesonotum thinly a
4, brownish pollinose in some lights; on either side of the median line before the :
r suture is a large yellowish white pollinose spot, its inner posterior edge concave, |
- curving to meet the suture well in from the side margin; a small pollinose spot eo
Me of the same color at the inner end of the suture. Pile black, moderately long,
h not coarse; only the pronotum white haired. Scutellum shining black, convex,

black pilose, the hairs rather stout. 3%

Legs shining black; front four femora thinly white pilose below; thickly —~

! long black pilose above and behind; hind femora long silvery white pilose above; =H
black pilose in front and behind; yellowish white pilose below. Front four |

tibiae black haired and with black bristles; hind ones thickly black pilose on ~

inner side; on the outer with silvery white pile, which does not form a crest am

hind tarsi with silvery white pile above, not crested. ae
Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma black. Halteres black, the knob yellow. ~_
Abdomen shining black, the second to fifth segments with the posterior
margins grey pollinose; the band on the fifth broadly interrupted, the others
slightly narrowed in the middle. Pile black; long laterally; just a few white
hairs on the sides of the first segment..

Sy AS ee eae ie a oa ecm
atte yeaah oy weer |
i ee. 7 i +
Pe ST r
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 173

Female. Front grey pollinose. The whitish grey pollen forms com-
z plete “<’s” on the mesonotum, and there is a faint whitish stripe on the median
line in front; the whole border, a transverse spot before the scutellum which
projects forward in the middle and the disc of the scutellum are whitish grey.
as Middle femora with less white pile below; hind femora and tibiae with
, the silvery pile a little less evident, their tarsi wholly lacking it.

3 Bi. : Abdomen with shorter pile, the first grey band often narrowly interrupted ;
sixth and seventh segments entirely shining ae

. , Holotype, Aspen Grove, B. C., June 15, 1922, (P. N. Vroom); No
5 572, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype, @ same locality and collector, June 28, 1922.

Bi Paratypes, 8, Darcy, B. C., May 14, 1918, (W. B. Anderson); ¢?, Chil-

i: _N. Vroom); ¢, Hadley, B. C., May 15, 1920, (W. B. Anderson).

) py. Cyrtopogon falto Walker
ate | Legs plain; basal third of the tibia reddish yellow, the remainder black:
Bs -mystax yellow. ris ©
es 5 Length, 12 to 17 mm. Male. Face strongly gibbose, more prominent
- on the upper half; thickly clothed with yellow or greyish yellow pollen; mystax

ae . ‘
~ composed of long, moderately fine, yellow hairs, along the oral margin and a

a the middle and against the ocellar tubercle; with similar pollen to that on the
~ face; pile black. Occiput grey pollinose, shining above; black haired above,

P. fine white haired below, even against the eyes on the cheeks. Antennae black,

. sub-triangular in outline, half as long as first joint; third nearly one-fourth
than the basal two combined, just beyond the middle a little wider than
_ the second joint; style almost as long as second joint, acute, not robust. |

4 lum on either side and a rectangular spot beneath the wings, shining black;
and a lateral spot commencing well before the suture, darker, brownish. Pleura
with the pollen greyish yellow or greyish. Pile black, rather long, not abundant ;
_ bristles evident; propleural and trichostical pile white. | Scutellum tawny pu-
: _bescent ‘basally, convex, shining black; stout black haired.

Legs black; basal third of the tibiae, basal half or more of the first ibe
tarsal joints and less than half of the last two joints, reddish yellow. , Pile
‘of front and middle femora almost all rather long, black, above, a few pale
a hairs towards the base; below with rather conspicuous yellow or whitish yellow

> behind, but these not conspicuous; front and hind tibiae with brassy yellow
ei ubescence ; tarsal pads yellow. Bristles of legs black.

Wings hyaline, sometimes a little greyish apically. Halteres yellow.
Abdomen shining black; second to sixth segments each with a small sub-
na triangular greyish spot in the posterior angles. Pile yellow, paler and longer
basally; on disc of fifth and following segments and on the genitalia, black.

_ cotin, B. C., June 7, 1920, (E. R. Buckell), 2, Nicola, B. C., June 6, 1922, (P-.

lateral row on the lower half, with more bristly black hairs. Front shining in |

ane Thorax with the lateral margins, an elongate, oval, in front of the scutel-

» mesonotum covered with brownish golden pollen; a broad geminate median stripe

_ pile; tibiae black haired; the middle ones with some short brassy yellow hairs”

”

‘

1a gon wy ey at
eR ee en MN oo, peo ky tH

a |

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ae

Female. Mystax thinner; with more black hairs along the sides and
+ above. ‘Tarsal joints with only the broad bases reddish yellow. Sixth abdominal _
segment without grey pollinose spot. We
Thirty-five specimens from Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba.
Readily recognized by the strongly bicolored tibiae.

é (te be continued)
i 7 OBSERVATIONS ON THE OVIPOSITION’ OF SENOTAINIA _
ieee . TRILINEATA V. DER WULP* aes

BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,

; Z _ _ Ottawa, Ont. a
A specimen of Senotainia trilineata Van der Wulp, and a female speci-

men of Ammophila communis Cresson, have been received from Mr. W. R: Buck-
ell, of Salmon Arm, B. C., together with observations on the manner of ovi- |
position of the former. There is some doubt about the identity of the wasp in —
question, as the specimen observed provisioning the burrow was not captured —
‘ and a specimen, “evidently the same species,” was sent for determination. My a
: own observations on this interesting method of oviposition were made near
$ Lawrence, Kansas, in 1922, and while the actions of the principals concerned were —
' practically identical, the wasp was Sphex conditor Smith. Senotainia trilineata
is recorded by Aldrich as reared from Sphex speciosus Drury. I cannot find —

any reference to the manner of oviposition. 2
¥ Mr. Buckell’s attention was first attracted by the wasp dragging a cut-_ a
2 worm along the roadside and its burrow was discovered about two feet away. ~
et The greater part of an hour was spent by the wasp in dragging the cutworm —
rh to the burrow. ‘The larva was left at the surface while the burrow was entered,
i, r and the grub then dragged in after the wasp. While this was taking place four —
4 or five small flies were observed in the vicinity of the opening. The wasp drove
7 these away before commencing to scratch in and pack the earth at the mouth
Pe, ~ of the tunnel, but while engaged in this operation one of the flies darted to the
Be edge of the hole, turned its back and dropped an egg, which was scratched down —

along with the loose earth. The egg was not discovered, as the soil was full
of white particles. >

The process described by Mr. Buckell is almost identical with ohgeraniane ’
made by P. A. Readio and myself at Lawrence. In our case, however, only —
a single fly was present and this hovered in the air just above the scratching ~
wasp and dropped an egg, which we were able to observe quite clearly as it fell,
but could not discover later. While the fly in question was captured, it was
not determined, but apparently was the same species. Specimens of S. trilineata
from Manitoba, Alberta, Fort Simpson, N.W.T., British Columbia and Ontario,

are be fore me.

joose soil was pay Sout the cutworm bans Whether the Ay i is parasitic upon ae
the wasp or merely feeds upon the caterpillar is yet to be learned. (eae

—Contribution from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch, P
Dept. of Agric., Ottawa. 4

Che Canadian Cutomalauist

Wor. LV. ORILLIA, AUGUST, 1923. No. 8.

TRAP-LANTERN RECORD AT ITHACA, NEW YORK (LEPIDOPTERA)
BY W. T. M. FORBES,

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Continued from page 158.) : ; f
350- Zanclognatha, group jacchusalis. 420; one brood, with climax in

July. (Chart 5, 1922.)

3519 Chytolita morbidalis Guenee. 148; one brood in June. ‘This species
and the June-flying Z. pedipilalis did better than most of the deltoids in 1919.
(Chart 5, 1919 and 1922.)

3523 Renia factiosalis Walker. 28; one brood with climax in early August.
(Chart 5, 1922.)

3553 Palthis angulalis Hubner. 44; one principal flight in latter part of
July and August, and apparently an early brood in June. The complete break
in captures from August 8 to 17 is curious, but doubtless accidental. (Chart
5, 1922.)

3554 Palthis asopialis Guenee. 16; principal brood in August. A single
specimen in June suggests an early brood. (Chart 5, 1922.)

3501 Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee. 17; one brood in August. (Chart
5, 1922.)

3565 Bomolocha deceptalis Walker. 22; flight highly irregular with a
suggestion of two broods, in June and August. (Chart 5, 1922.)

3578 Plathypena scabra Fabricius. 1919: 45; principal brood in October
and November (a September flight may have been missed) ; stragglers in mid-
summer. 1922: 35; heavy flight in August, followed by a lighter one in the
fall. The species was flying actively when the trap was discontinued, but was
less common than usual; the August flight may have been of specimens that
normally would wait till fall. (Chart 5, 1919 and 1922.) .

3595 Datana ministra Drury. 87; (Chart 5, 1919 and 1922.)

3596 Datana angusi Grote and Robinson. 40; (Chart 5, 19r9g and 1922.):

3604 Datana integerrima Grote and Robinson. 107; (Chart 5, 1919 and’
1922.)

3607 Datana contracta Walker. 107; (Chart 5, 1919 and 1922.

Each of the common Datanas showed the same curves both in 1g1tq.
and 1922; in 1919 the principal.flight was in June with at most a few stragglers.
in July, while in 1922 each had a well marked flight in June, but a much
heavier one in July, after a distinct break. There was hardly time for a second’
brood to feed up, so the most plausible theory is that the July emergences were
of pupae that under normal conditions would have gone over several years. In
any case the curves are significant. D. integerrima and contracta were not
counted separately; in fact I am not very confident of determining even fresh
material. A few drexelii may also have been counted with ministra.— Like™
the others its principal 1922 flight was in July; but it failed in rgrg.

3620 Nadata gibbosa Abbot and Smith. 17. This species seems to be
behaving exactly like the Datanas. (Chart 6, 1922.)

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

3021 Nerice bidentata Walker. 1919: 10; one brood in June and a
Straggler in August. 1922: 7;a well marked second brood in August. (Chart
6, IQIQ.)

3622 Symmerista albifrons Abbot and Smith. 236; one brood with
climax June 16. This species was extraordinarily abundant in 1919 and then
had disappeared completely in 1922. A daily chart is added and will give a
good idea of the flight curves of the more abundant species before smouthing.
Both the tendency to appear in cycles (climaxes on June 7, 12, 16, 25, 30) and
the occasional enormous flights (as on June 20) when the weather is exactly
right, are characteristic of the records as a whole. (Chart 6, 1919.)

3643 Heterocampa guttivitta Walker. 42; one brood, with climax in
early June, a little earlier in 1922 than 1919. (Chart 6, 1919 and 1922.)

3705 Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot and Smith. 49; one brood with
climax in August. - (Chart 6, 1919 and 1922.)

3756 Eudeilinea herminiata Guenee. 39; three flights, with climax in
June, late July, and August. Presumably the last two represent only a single
brood. (Chart 6, 1919 and 1922.)

3757 Oreta rosea Walker (and irrorata Packard). 24; two broods, June
and early August. Specimens of irrorata were taken at the dates marked i.
(Chart 6, 1922.)

3775 Racheospila rubrolinearia Packard. 5; two broods, May and July.
(No chart.)

3783 Nemoria mimosaria Guenee. 22; one brood in June, and apparently
a partial second in July. (Chart 6, 1919.)

3800 Synchlora aerata Fabricius. 26; two broods; June and August.
(Chart 6, 1922.)

3818 Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guenee. 134; two broods, with climax
in early June and near beginning of August. (Chart 6, 1919 and 1922.)

Kee. 3857 Acidalia enucleata Guenee. 155; one brood in July, with a few
stragglers. Far more abundant in 1922 than 1919, as in other midsummer species
(140 to 15) (Chart 6, 1919 and 1922).

3901 Acidalia inductata Guenee. 26; apparently two broods, early June
and August. (Chart 6, 1919 and 1922.

3912 Haematopis grataria Fabricius. 1919: 14; one well marked brood
in August and early September, and two specimens in early June, indicating
another brood. 1922: 26; principal flights in July and middle of August,
with no specimens in June, but a straggler in May, and the August flight lasting
heavily into September. There is no resemblance between the curves for the
two years, and the species must be exceptionally sensitive to the weather. (Chart

1g and 1922.
Si oo, Eien ak insulsaria Guenee. 50; three flights with climax July
8, August 14, and in October. (Chart 7, 1919 and 1922.) :

3962 Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schaffer. 21; two broods with climax
about June 12 and August 8. (Chart 7, 1922.)

3977 Lygris diversilineata Hubner. 123; one brood with climax near
end of July. (Chart 7, 1919 and 1922.

4037 Xanthorhoe lacustrata Guenee. 1919: 11; one brood in June and
stragglers in August. 1922: 22; two broods, May and August. Another

MBB:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 177

species that shows an extra August brood in 1922. (Chart 7, 1922.)
; 4054 Orthonama obstipata Fabricius (Percnoptilota fluviata). 61; prin-
cipal flight in August; another brood in October, reappearing in May. (Chart
g, 1922: )

4072 Euphyia intermediata Guenee. (Mesoleuca lacustrata). 15; two
broods in June and August (Chart 7, 1922).

4074 Euphyia centrostrigaria Wollaston. (Hydriomena latirupta). 23;
flight irregular. The conditions are probably the same as in the closely related
O. obstipata. (Chart 7, 1922.)

4122 Eudule mendica Walker. 13; one brood in the early part of July
(Chart 7, 1922.)

4280 Horisme intestinata Guenee. 19; two broods, in May and June,
and August. (Chart 7, 1922.)

4293 Bapta vestaliata Guenee. 18; one brood in early June, and some
stragglers. (Chart 7, 1919.)

4303 Physostegania pustularia Guenee. 1919: 75; one very large flight
on June 27 and a second straggling flight centering about August 2. 1922: 158;
first flight heavy, and lasting well through July, second indicated by a few speci-
mens in August. The graphs would suggest a single principal brood, very
sensitive to weather conditions, and a small-second brood. (Chart 7, 1919 and
1022. )

4338 Macaria minorata Packard. 23; three flights in June, late July, and
August. Not taken in 1919. The Macaria group appeared very irregularly.
There would appear to be two broods, but flight dates indicate nothing really
glearly, (Chart 7, 1922.)

4339 Macaria bisignata Guenee. 1919: 7; one flight, reaching its climax
at the beginning of July. 1922: 14; flight irregular, lasting well through August
(Chart 7, 1922).

4345 Macaria granitata Guenee. 1919: 20; one well marked flight
with climax June 20, and a second straggling one in August. 1922: 20; two
broods centering about July 1 and August 19, and two specimens in the middle
of May, possibly indicating another generation. (Chart 7, 1919 and 1922.)

4465 Caripeta divisata Walker. 58; one brood in July. In 1922 ten
specimens of a striking aberration were taken, plotted on the graph by the
letters A. (Chart 7, 1922.)

4486 Nepytia canosaria Walker. 67; one brood in September. The
principal flight of this species falls in the period when the trap was not running
me to19. (Chart 7, 1922.) )

4570 Cleora pampinaria Guenee. I1; principal brood in August, another
early brood indicated by stragglers. (Chart 8, 1922.)

4584 Cleora ephyraria Walker. 50; one brood in July. (Chart 8, 1922.)

4599 Melanolophia canadaria Guenee. Apparently one brood in the
spring, with an odd specimen appearing in 1919 on August 29. More than one
species may be represented in the series. (Chart 8, 1919 and 1922.)

4054 Ellopia (Therina)fiscellaria Guenee. 30; one brood in September
and October, largely missed in 1919. (Chart 8, 1922.)

4659 Campaea perlata Guenee. 29; two broods in June and August.

178 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST.
Can. Ent, Vor. LV. PLATE 7.

A MAT JUNE JULY AUG SEPT o.

timorallis
_ ah
i =

MAY JUNE JULY SEPT

in lz vi ata
ig
°

A.
jijacchus jatis Se.
mor bidjal ts

dec |jeptalis

ir
eet ge!
ie
| ajrgulalis | ra | |
SST i

2
Sseet A. may JUNE jury AUG sePT °,

AUG Qa.

gibbo|sa Ble iW i |e eee

a3 ie ne rojsea
LL |

co o facitiosalis

oe emstmereeoe oe 2

A. May JUNE jucr

hermin\iata

as I es

TRAP-LAN TERN ~RECORDS.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 179

. (Chart 8, 1922.) Only a single specimen was taken in 1919, belonging to the

first brood.

4061 Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenee. 48; one brood before the middle
_ of July and a few stragglers. (Chart 8, 1919 and 1922.)
4664 Ennomos subsignarius Hubner. 90; one flight in July. The few
specimens taken in 1919 flew later than in 1922. (Chart 8, 1919 and 1922.

4666 Xanthotype crocataria Fabricius. Two broods, in June and August.
_ As frequently, the second brood was relatively much heavier in 1922. (Chart

8, 199 and 1922.)

es 4678 Hyperetis amicaria Herrich-Schaffer. 33; one brood in June.
- (Chart 8, 1919.) -
; 4680 Nematocampa limbata Auct. (filamentaria). 200; one strong brood
in late June and the first half of July, and a few stragglers in August. Excep-
tionally the weak second brood is no more developed in 1922 than in 1919.
_ (Chart 8, 1919 and 1922.

4085 Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Schaffer. 58; one brood in early
part of June; a little later in 1919. (Chart 8, 1919 and 1922.

4744 Pero honestarius Walker. 35; one brood with climax at end of
May, and a weak second in August (four specimens in the two years together)
_ (Chart 8, 1922).

4752 Pero marmoratus Grossbeck. 22; presumably two broods, one in
June, and the other centering about August 1. Only the early brood was well
marked in 1919, and only the late one appeared in 1922. The life history is

_ obviously different from P. honestarius. (Chart 8, 1922).

4762 Tetracis crocallata Guenee. 81; one brood in June. (Chart 8,
1922. )

4769 Sabulodes lorata Grote. One strong brood in June, and stragglers
in midsummer. I suspect the 21 specimens recorded for July 16 have been mis-
labelled in some way. The four taken in September, 1922, are correct. (Chart

9, 1919, 1922.)

4777 Sabulodes transversata Drury. 447; one heavy brood in midsum-
mer. _ In 1922 this was by far the commonest of geometers, and by a little the
most abundant moth at the trap, 395 specimens being taken and counted.
(Charts 9, 1919 and 1922.)

4780 Abbotana clemataria Abbot and Smith. 68; one brood in May,
- lasting over into the first part of June. (Chart 9, I919 and 1922.)

4842 Lithacodes fasciola ,Herrich-Schaffer. 29; one brood in July.
(Chart 9, 1922.)

4843 Packardia elegans Packard. 1919: 7; one brood in June, appar-
ently cut off short by the dry season. 1922: 17; one brood centering July 2.
The moist season of 1922 was favorable for Eucleidae, 7 species being taken,
and 51 specimens, as against 12 in 1919. (Chart 9, 1922.

In the following Microlepidoptera charts are only given of the most
abundant species, though data are presented here on several others.

4921 Desmia funeralis Hubner. 21; flight irregular from June 7 to
August 13, with climax about July 15. (No chart.)

4960 Pantographa limata Grote and Robinson. 24; June 18 to August
4, with climax about July 14. (Chart 9, 1922.)

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Canc int Ver, EV. PLATE 8

A MAY JUNE JULY UG seer U.N. A. MAY JUNE jury Ser,
ll o |aoo intesti |nata
ce rT ls co : Kis ° vestaliiata
abori\tivarie Ps. | eae laria :
dive ae Ht . i, nm [
4

|
pbsti pata

He rr ad ta ligl
os —aB

interm|ediata 84 |

A. MAY JUNE jwLr SEPT Jone yoy SEPT a
pamp Maria mae arie
é i [| ae tt a sy ri;

canaldaria amic larfa
- ae Phe olen
ieee Aidt ri
pel|rlata I
“ a
—_—
ee ar ee Bi aia ae
=.
Oe ee ern st |
n I 1524-2 =1919.
- crocal\ata

TRAP-LANTERN RECORDS.

groniitata

”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. I8I

5004 Evergestis straminalis Hubner. 206; two broods, with climax about
June 12 and August 20. (Chart 9, two years combined.)

5005 Crocidophera serratissimalis Zeller. 12; June 17 to July 25, a little
earlier in 1919. (No chart.)

5020 Loxostege marculenta Grote and Robinson. 42; one principal brood,
with climax about June 29, and stragglers from May 17 to August 19, the !ast
perhaps an attempt at a second brood. (Chart g, 1919.)

Boeotarcha demantrialis Dru. 5; July 24 to August 14.

5088 Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hubner. 56; a heavy brood in October and
November, and a scattering summer brood, flying mostly in July and the first
of August. The secondary maximum in the end of August appeared both years.
and may represent another partial (second) brood. (Chart 9, combined. )

5099 Phlyctaenia terrealis Treitschke. 128; two broods, June and August.

_(Chart 9, combined. )

5102 Phiyctaenia tertialis Guenee. 96; first brood in latter half of June,
continuing in smaller numbers well through July; second brood in August.
(Chart 9, combined.)

5111 Pyrausta pertextalis Lederer. 90; two broods, in June and August
(Chart 9, combined). In the case of pertextalis and fissalis a considerable
number of specimens have been omitted as doubtful, but still the difference in
flight period of the two species is well-marked.

5112 Pyrausta fissalis Grote. 160; one brood, with climax rather before
the middle of July. The peak at the end of June, 1919 is almost entirely caused
by 24 specimens taken June 27. (Chart 9, 1919 and 1922.)

5113 Pyrausta aeglealis Walker. 74; one brood in July, perhaps a few
days later than P. fissalis on the average. The single supposed specimen taken
in May may be different, it is very small. (Chart 9, 1922).

5239 Scoparia cinereomedia Dyar. 15; one brood with climax before
middle of July.

5273 Galasa nigrinodis Zeller. 41; one brood, at end of June in IgI9,
with climax about July ro in 1922, when the species was exceptionally common.
This species is another that has seemed to take advantage of the moist July of

1922 to multiply far beyond the normal for Ithaca. (Chart 9, 1922.)

5338 Crambus pascuellus Linnaeus (floridus). 8; one brood, June 12 to
29. The Crambus records are given more fully than in the other genera, on
account of the general interest, and for comparison with those published long
ago in Felt’s monograph.

5341 Crambus girardellus Clemens. 12; one flight, June 19 to July 22.

5344 Crambus praefectellus Zincken. 58; two broods, with climax about
June 20 and August 15. As usual the second brood was proportionately weak

‘in 1919. (Chart 9, 1922.)

5353 Crambus alboclavellus Zeller. 82; one brood with climax about
July 10. (Chart 10, combined.) I am not very confident of my separation of
alboclavellus and agitatellus, as some of the material is a good deal rubbed. Both

' species, though, obviously have identical curves.

5355 Crambus agitatellus Clemens. 34; this species also plainly shows
one brood with climax about July 10, but the certainly determinable specimens
appear to scatter along rather more.

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Can. Ent., Vor. LIV.

PLATE 9.
MAY k ssPT oO, A. may JUNE juuy seer o
yas ta mar |culenta
coo
ra
Z -_—

fe rrugallis

trainsvers |ata

clemajtarta

elegians van Kc | seg/e
° oe °
o
lima\ta 2 0 go nigr
‘a
stra |minalis ed i Praefe telus | a
*3fe ~ en ns. k_

MAY JUNE juur SEPT A MAY JUNE juty seeT °°.

"ie be agai Bee ie me
mew: Tike sola
ie ot as “eal
isco ike.
ic H if =i
a

oi tsectus | bt clem|ensiana [

| veluti|jnana

ae aa oe ~ at ee

an. ee -

fl 5 ° °

a | pallid actyla super biptorfita | rT

TRAP-LANTERN RECORDS.

[is xtalis

oe
—

Hl
i"

in ifida

Meda

A ONS LTH Mer Pe
< oO
c

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 183

5358 Crambus laqueatellus Clemens. 12; one brood, with climax about
june 13.
5301 Crambus hortuellus Hubner. 182; the difference of curve in the two
seasons is striking. (Chart 10, 1919 and 1922.) Climax in 1919 about June

25, in 1922 about July 5.

5362 Crambus albellus Clemens. 63; here again the 1919 flight centers
about June 27, the 1922 flight, which was heavier, about July 6. (Chart Io,
1922 only.)

5306 Crambus elegans Clemens. 12; one brood, centering at the end of
July.

5307 Crambus polingi Kearfott. 4; July 12 to 16. First record for the
eastern states. These two species were taken only in 1922.

5308 Crambus vulgivagellus Clemens. 192; one brood, with climax at
beginning of September. (Chart 10, combined.)

5371 Crambus ruricolellus Zeller. 347; one brood with climax at end of
August. (Chart 10, combined. ) -

5384 Crambus mutabilis Clemens. 38; one brood in latter half of August.
Common in 1922, scarce in 1919. (Chart 10, 1922.)

5392 Crambus trisectus Walker. 32; two broods, in June and August.
This species also was scarce in 1919. (Chart 10, 1922.)

53607-5399 Crambus group luteolellus, 125; two broods, June 16 to
September 1. I am entirely unable to separate these three supposed species,
which intergrade completely superficially (/uteolellus is supposed to have dis-
tinct genitalia). Typical specimens of each taken alone give the same seasonal
curves.

5490 Tetralopha asperatella Clemens. 26; one brood from June 8 to 27,
in 1919; one brood from July I to 23 in 1922, with stragglers May 31 and June
13. This is another species that proved exceptionally sensitive to the weather
conditions.

5726 Vitula edmandst Packard. 1919: 10; two broods, the principal
in June, the second August 15 to September 5, witha straggler October 9. 1922:
42; one flight, with two maxima about July 18 and August 15. (Chart 10, 1922.)

5835 Peoria approximella Walker. 18; one brood, June 15 to July 15.

5881 Platyptilia pallidactyla Haworth. 46, all but one taken in 1919;
one principal brood in latter part of June, and a straggler August 8. (Chart

10, 1919.)

6021 Metzneria lapella Linnaeus. 66; one brood in July. | (Chart 10,
combined. ) : .

6041 Aristotelia roseosuffusella Clemens. 22; irregular, June 25 to
August 23.

6424 Cryptolechia tentoriferella Clemens. 134; one brood with climax
in early September. The chart is mainly based on 1919, and the area when the
trap was not running is indicated by a dotted area. (Chart ro, combined.)

6798 Exartema permundanum Clemens. 14; one brood, July 3 to 28.

6800 E.rartema concinnanum Clemens. 11; one brood, June 28—July 27.

6807 Exartema inornatanum Clemens. 14; July 8 to August 23.

6807,2 Exartema quadrifidum Zeller. 50; one brood with climax at
end of June. (Chart 10, combined.)

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

6810 Exartema merrickanum Kearfott. 21; one brood; June 20 to July 16.

6827 Argyroploce hebesana \Walker. 48; two flights, with maxima about
July 18 and August 15. The two maxima were plainly shown both years. ~
(Chart 10, combined.) 3

7281 Coelostathma discopunctanum Clement 1919: 8; one brood in the
latter part of June. 1922: 28; two broods, in early July and Jate August. ~
-(This species again shows the extra brood in 1922 (Chart 19; 1922.)

7316 Sparganothis sulfureana Clemens. $e. two broods, the first in —
June in 1919, represented by two specimens in early July in 1922; the second —
in the latter half of August, running over into September in Ig1g.

7345 Cacoecia obsoletana \Walker. 29; apparently one brood, flying mostly —
in July in 1919, in August in 1922.

7353 Cacoecia argyrospila Walker. 25; one brood at end of June, and
a few stragglers. (Chart 10, 1922

. 7350 Cacoccia fractivittana Clemens. 9; one brood, with climax June 12.

7301 Cacoecia rosaceana Harris. 35; one brood in June. (Chart 10, —
combined. )

7364 Tortrix quercifoliana Fitch. 15; one flight with climax July 3, and
a straggler August 2.

7307 Tortrix clemensiana Fernald. 31; two broods in June and August.
(Chart 10, 1922.)

7390 Eulia velutinana Walker. 103; one heavy brood in July, smaller
ones in May and beyond middle of August, and a straggler October 22, 1919.
The three main broods are shown both years in about the same proportions.
(Chart 10, combined. )

7556 Carposina fernaldana Busck. 22; one flight; July 21 to August 23.

8054 Gracilaria superbifrontella Clemens. 60; one principal brood in
August and stragglers. The trap was not running at the season to catch the
-winter brood, save for a few May survivals. (Chart ro, 1922.)

8234 Xylesthia pruniramiella Clemens. 17;-one principal flight from
Tune 30 to July 25, and single specimens August 14 and 23.

ZARRHIPIS — A CORRECTION

The transposition of two lines in the May number of this journal renders —
the description of Zarrhipis alamedae incomplete. Delete the first two lines on —

p. I10, or transfer them to the top of p. 111. The corrected description is as
follows: pag? |

Z. alamedae new species |
Rufotestaceous ; antennae except at base, and seventh and eiahiee abdominal
segments black. Last joint of maxillary palpi piceous, elongate triangular, |
twice as long as wide, the apical edge sharter than the inner. Prothorax about
four-sevenths as long as wide, sides moderately margined. Elytra about four —
and one-half times as long as the thorax, more strongly scabrous than in any
of the preceding species. Length (to elytral apex) 9.5 to.12 mm.

’

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 185

STUDIES IN CANADIAN DIPTERA —
1. Revision Or Tue Asinip Genus Cyrtopocon AND ALLIED GENERA.
BY C, HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
(Continued from page 174.)
Cyrtopogon willistoni Curran
Allied to praepes Williston but the first joint of the front tarsus is not

_ silvery white pilose above.
, Length, 11 to 16 mm. Male. Face strongly gibbose, convex-receding
from a little below the antennae; moderately whitish-yellow pollinose; middle of
face with tawny to yellow fine pile, bordered laterally with one or two rows of
strong black hairs, all the Hairs just above the oral opening stout and black.
i Front shining black in the middle, with a longitudinal groove, the sides yellow
pollinose, the pile wholly black. Occiput black; black pilose, the immediate
orbits wholly with a row of black hairs, the lower half with fine whitish yellow
_ pile. Antennae wholly black, the basal segments with long black hairs; third

joint longer than the basal two combined, coarctate basally, but wholly rather slen-
_ der, its greatest width about the apical fourth or fifth; style one-fourth the length

of the third joint, with a short, terminal spine-like process. The length of the

antennae is about equal to the length of the face.

Thorax shining black, the 5 shaped brownish-yellow pollinose marking
seldom complete, as the dash and lower portion is usually missing (usually pre-
_ sent in large specimens, but not in the type) ; a slender or rather narrow median
line on the anterior half of the same color and the posterior portion, when viewed
from in front, with similar pollen. Pollen on the pleura similar in color to
that on the dorsum; the scutellum with a richer colored pollen in certain lights,
but generally appearing shining black. Pile moderately abundant, rather long,
black; on the pleura chiefly yellowish, but almost all black on the -meso- and
sternopleura. Scutellum convex. ‘

Legs black; hind tibiae sometimes quite reddish except the broad apex
and very narrow base, at other times only slightly lighter in color on the basal
two-thirds. Femora with rather abundant, long pale yellow pile, but behind,
more or less, and apically, especially above, with black pile. Tibiae black pilose,
the hind ones and sometimes the anterior four also, with yellow hairs in front.
a _ Anterior tibiae anteriorly and the hind ones on the apical fourth interiorly,
golden tawny pubescent. Anterior tarsi with a long, silvery white crest on the
__ last four joints, the hair parted anteriorly near the base, but not usually distinctly
parted on the second joint; first joint black haired, rarely with just a few whitish
_ hairs above before the apex; the last joint of the fore tarsus is longer than
either the third or fourth, their ventral cushions tawny. Middle tarsi wholly
___ black haired, the last two joints with anterior and posterior tufts of rather long
z hairs, the second and third with distinctly shorter tufts anteriorly, but the second
may often be without the conspicuous tuft, the third joint usually has a small
tuft behind; the fifth joint is nearly as long as the first. Hind tarsi simple;
___ black pilose.
z Wings cinereous or luteous hyaline. Squamae brown or brownish, with
3 broad yellow border and sparse whitish fringe. Halteres yellow, the stem more
4
|
ar

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

or less infuscated. - eS

Female. Mystax rarely as in the male, usually much more blackish as
the strong black hairs are scattered throughout the yellow ones; front more
shining, beard paler. Thorax with the pollen yellowish on the middle of the
dorsum, greyish laterally, the median stripe broader, entire, the 5 complete,
usually wholly closed so that is resembles a 6; posterior portion of the thorax
with greyish white pollen. Legs wholly simple; similar in colour. First to fifth
abdominal segments with a roundedly triangular pollinose spot on the posterior
angles, those on the fifth segment very small; the light coloured pile is usually
less bright yellow.

Over one hundred specimens from British Columbia and Banff, Alta.

Cyrtopogon leptotarsus new species

Last joint of fore tarsus as long as the preceding three together, and
extremely flat.

Length,12 mm. Male. Face shining black; strongly gibbose, the swell-
ing reaching to the base of the antennae and strongest above, sides densely
greyish. Mystax strong, long, black, bordered on either side with fine white
hair. Front opaque black, with a small shining area before the ocelli; pile as
long as the first two antennal joints, black. Occiput wholly black pilose
along the eyes, elsewhere with fine white pile. Antennae black, black haired;
(third joint missing). .

.Thorax shining black; pleura whitish pollinose: (the mesonotum has
been wet, and it is not possible to follow the color of the pollen, which is less
abundant than usual). Hair of the dorsum all rather short and fine; humeri
and postalar calli with fine white hair; pleura fine white pilose; just a few black
aairs on the mesopleura and epipleura. Scutellum a little convex, with a slight
dull yellowish bloom; at the base with two impressions which are not deep in
the middle; clothed with not abundant, not wooly white hair, and lacking
bristles.

Legs: femora black, just the tips reddish yellow; tibiae and tarsi all
lirty yellowish, the apical half of the last joint of the front tarsi black. Pile
of femora, long, white, fine, becoming black and stouter on apical fourth; tibiae
with black hair and bristles, the hair long and moderately abundant, especially
gn the hind pair; tarsi with black hair and bristles, the hind ones with coarse
yellow foot pads; front tarsi with fine pale hair beneath and on the under
edges ; above, anteriorly with a-row of long black bristles on the first four joints
and a row of very much shorter bristles behind, some of which are yellow Dasally.
The front tibiae bear two remarkably long apical bristles on the front side,
which reach to the apex of the second tarsal joint, and several other much shorter
ones. All the bristles except those on the middle and hind tarsi are slender.
Front tibiae a little curved; hind ones gradually increasing in thickness. Last
joint of front tarsus equal in length to the three preceding, and remarkably flat,
curved upward about the middle and slightly convex above beyond this point.

.
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 187

Wings glassy hyaline.

Abdomen shining black; short black pilose, the side margins with longer
white pile, which is very conspicuous on the first two segments, and shorter
white pile extends inwards before the sutures, but does not form entire bands.
All the segments, including the first one, have complete posterior greyish pollinose
band. Genitalia yellowish pilose, but some long black or brown hairs above.

Female. Length 15 mm. Mystax less dense, the pale hairs on the sides
more yellow. Third antennal joint a little longer than the basal two together,
rather broad, its base only a little narrowed; style stout, tapering, its apical third
slender, acute.

Apparently there is a whitish pollinose stripe on either side of the broad,
shining middle line. Pile on the dorsum shorter, longer on the pleura and no
black hairs on the epipleura.

Legs similar but not specialized, the two long bristles are present on the
front tibiae but reach only to the apex of the front basitarsus.

The pile on the whole insect is more yellow than in the ¢.

Holotype ¢, Norman, Ontario, July 19, 1908, (J. B. Wallis), No. 567 in
the Canadian National Collection.

Allotype—?, Sudbury, Ont., 1890, (Evans).

Paratype— 2, Sudbury, Ont., Aug. 18, 1889, (Evans).

Cyrtopogon lineotarsus n. sp.

Very similar to leptotarsus but the scutellum is more flattened and bears
stouter apical hairs.

‘Length, 11 mm. Male. Face strongly gibbose, more prominent above,
the swelling reaching to the base of the antennae; the side of the swelling
“ridged”; grey pollinose; mystax black, its sides white. Front slightly convex,
not or scarcely sunken, thinly greyish pollinose; black pilose. Occiput grey
pollinose, wholly black pilose along the eyes, whitish behind. Antennae black,
the first two joints with greyish bloom, first twice as long as second, second as
broad as long, both black-haired; third equal to first two combined, widest
beyond middle; style half as long as third joint, not slender, tapering.

Thorax shining black; evidently pollinose as in leptotarsus, the pleura

-grey pollinose, mesopleura more shining. Pile black, rather fine, not long; no

bristles. Pleura whitish pilose, the mesopleura alone chiefly black haired. Scu-
tellum flat, grey pollinose, white pilose, the hair fine, rather long, stout and with
an apical fringe of stouter hairs.
Legs black, tarsi reddish or piceous; femora whitish pilose, but with
black hair intermixed and all black apically; tibiae rather densely black haired;
bristles fine, black; front tibiae with two long apical bristles reaching almost to
the apex of second tarsal joint, otherwise with only two or three short bristles
Front tarsi reddish, the fifth joint longer than the three preceding combined,
blackish, slightly convex, black haired on apical half, wholly remarkably flat-
tened. On the anterior upper margin of the first four joints of the fore tarsi
a row of long black bristles. Front tibiae slightly arcuate.

Wings limpid hyaline. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen shining black, each segment grey pollinose on the posterior mar-
gin, including the first. Pile black on the dorsum and genitalia, whitish and
longer on the sides.

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Holotype— é, Bantf, Alta., August 3, 1908, (N. B. Sanson), No. 57@, in
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Readily distinguished from leptotarsus by the pile on the last joint of the
front tarsus, narrower black pilose facial stripe; more flattened, pollinose scutel-
lum, apical bristly hairs, ete.

Cyrtopogon predator new species

Face black pilose in the middle, white on the sides; scutellwm flat, grey
pollinose; without stronger bristles apically.

Length, 18 mm. Female. Face strongly gibbose,*most prominent above,
the sides of the swelling “ridged,” black pilose in the middle, the sides broadly
white pilose so that it leaves a conspicuows median band; ground color obscured
by greyish white pollen. Front shining black, a little depressed, black pilose.
Occiput grey pollinose, shining just below the vertex; narrowly black pilose
along the eyes, elsewhere, white. | Antennae black, thinly grey pollinose; third
joint missing; first joint twice as long as second, second as broad as long. -

Thorax grey pollinose, the mesonotum shining; a slender median yellowish
stripe on the anterior half of the middle line; on either. side with an elongate
greyish yellow spot on the middle; humeri and inside them, greyish yellow; sep-
arated from them by a black stripe is a transverse greyish yellow stripe, which
curves back on reaching the sides and runs to behind the root of the wings, the
postalar calli also greyish. The transverse band is broadly interrupted in the
middle. Pile on dorsum black, not abundant nor strong. Humeri, postalar
calli and pleura, white pilose; mesopleura entirely black pilose. Scutellum flat,
grey pollinose; fine white pilose, without strong apical hairs. .

Legs shining black, the knees narrowly dark reddish; hind tibiae chestnut
brown. Pile on femora long, fine, white; on their apices and elsewhere on the
legs black. Bristles black. -Inside of front tibiae and inner apices of the hind
ones, yellow pubescent. Tarsal joints black, their apices red. Bristles strong,
black. Front tibiae with two long apical spines which reach almost to the apex
of the basitarsi.

Wings limpid hyaline. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen shining black; first to fiith segments grey pollinose posteriorly,
with no indication of interruption. Pile white, fine, not abundant; black, short,
on the disc. Last two segments with narrow reddish apices.

Holotype—@, Fort Fraser, B. C., August 15, 1919, (W. B. Anderson),
No. 571, in the Canadian National Collection.

This differs from lineotarsus by the wholly fine hair on the thorax, ete.
From @ leptotarsus it differs in the darker legs, narrow black pilose facial stripe,
absence of pollen on the sixth segment, etc.

CATALOGUE OF DEscrIBED NortH AMERICAN SPECIES. .

This catalogue lists all the described species from north of Mexico. It
omits any references which merely record localities, including only sucn as are

of value in relation to the identification of the species in question. All the species

described previously to 1909 are included in Back’s paper. The new species
described in the present paper are omitted from the catalogue.

Comantella Curran. .
cristata Coq., Can. Ent., XXV, 33, 1893, (Blacodes) ; Back, Trans. Am. Ent. Soce.,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189

XXXV 377, 1909, (Cophura).

? cyrtopogona Cole, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IX, 236, 1919, (Cophura).—Ore.

maculosa Coq., Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VI, 184, 1904, (Cyrtopogon maculosis) ;
Back, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXXV, 283, (id.); Back, Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc., XXXV, 378, (Cophura fallei)—Wash., Colo., Calif., Ore., B. C.

Eucyrtopogon Curran.

nebulo O. S., West. Dipt., 309, 1877 ; Willist., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XI, 14, 1884;
Back, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXV, 294, 1909—Calif., Wash., Ore., B. C.

varipennis Cogq., Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, VI, 184, 1904; Back, Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., XXXV, 295, 1909; —Washingon, Ore., B. C.

Cyrtopogon Loew.

albitarsis Curran, Can. Ent., LIV, 278, 1923.—Alta.

allent Back, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XX XV, 261, 1909.—N. H.

anomalus Cole, Proc., Calif. Acad. Sci., IX, 231, 1919.—Ore.

auratus Cole, (id. 230), 1919.—Ore.

aurifex O. S., West. Dipt., 301, 1877; Back, (1. c., 272), 1909.—Calif.

bimaculata Walk., Dipt. Saund., 102, 1851; Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 365, 1874:
Loew, Cent. VII, 61, 1866; (Dasypogon melanopleuris) ; (Back, 1. c., 262)
—N. H., N. M., Minn., Man., Alta.

callidpedilus Loew, Berlin Ent. Zeit., 358, 1874; Back, (1. c. 268), 1909.

cerussatus O. S., West. Dipt., 308, 1877; Back, (1. c., 291), 1909.—Calif.

cretaceous O. S., West. Dipt., 302, 1877; Back, (I. c., 287), 1909.—Calif.

cymbalista O. S., West. Dipt., 297, 1877; Back, (1. c., 269), 1909.—Calif.

dasyllis Willist., Kans. Univ. Quart., II, 66, 1893; Back, (1. c., 277).—Colo., B. C.

dasylloides Willist., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XI, II, 1884; Back, (1. c., 283) ,19g09—Ore.

dubius Willist., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XI, 13, 1884; Back, (1. c., 288), 1g09—Calif.

falto Walker, List I, 355, 1849. (Dasypogon); Loew, Cent. VII, 55, 1866,
(chrysopogon) ;Back, (1. c., 263), 1909.—N. S., N. B., Que., Mass., N. Y.,
me t., Hin., ill Man:, Ont:

? gibber Willist., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XI, 14, 1884; Big. (? Holopogon appendicul-
atum), Annales, 1878, 483. (Syn. by Back.)

infuscatus Cole, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IX, 233, 1919.—Ore:

Jeucozonus Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1874, 364; O. S. West. Dipt., 299, 1877; Back,

(1. c. 282), 1909.—Calif., N. M., B. C.

Yongimanus Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1874, 360; O. S., West. Dipt., 303, 1877;
Pari (t..c. 278), 1909-—Calif., B. C.

Wutatius Walker, List I]; 357, 1849; Back, (1. c. 265), 1909.—_N. S., Mass., Ont.,
ere, N.Y.

: ~ lyratus O. S., Cat., 232, 1878; Back, (1. c. 265).—N. H., N. Y.

-marginalis Loew, Cent. VII, 60, 1866; Back, (1. c. 267)—Canada, N. H., Mass.,
ean N. -Y:;-N. J.,7 Va.

4 montanus Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 362, 1874; O. S., West. Dipt., 298, 1877; Back,

(I. c. 280).—Colo.; N. M., B. C., Alta.

= “nigricolor Coq., Poc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VI, 183, 1904.—Calif.
- mugator O. S., West. Dipt., 307, 1877; Back, (1. c. 289).

Calif,, Ore; BC:

_perspicax Cole, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IX, 233.—Ore.
__plausor O. S., West. Dipt.. 307, 1877; Back, (I. c. 270) —N. M., Colo., Nebr.,

eS Utah, Idaho. Mont.

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

positivus O. S., West. Dipt., 307, 1877; (Back, 1. c. 290).—Calif., Idaho., N. M.,
Ariz.

praepes Willist., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XI, 12, 1884; (Back, L c. 271) —Wash.,
Idaho, Calif., Colo. (I have seen specimens from these localities.)

princeps O. S., West Dipt., 302, 1877; Back, (1. c. 273); Cole, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., IX, 234, 1919.—Calif., Ore.

profusus O. S., West. Dipt., 305, 1877; Back, (1. c. 286) —Calif.

pulcher Back, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXV, 274, 1909.—Colo.

rattus O. S., West. Dipt., 308, 1877; Back, (1. c. 285).—Ariz.

rejectus O. S., West. Dipt., 307, 1877; Back, (1. c. 289).—Calif. J

rufotarsus Back, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXV, 275, 1909.—Montana. E

sudator O. S., West. Dipt., 307, 1877; Back, (1. c. 291). —Calif.

willistoni Curran, Can. Ent., LIV, 277, 1923, (Williston, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,
XI, 12 (sp.).—Wash., B. C., Alta., Colo., Ore.

|
;
UNDESCRIBED CANADIAN DOLICHOPODIDAE, WITH KEY

TO CHRYSOTIMUS (DIPTERA)*
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
Chrysotimus luteopalpus new species

Allied to flavicornis Van Duzee, but differs in the palpi being yellow,
face of ¢ rather purplish in ground color; thorax nor front not bronzed. It
differs from the specimen described as 3 pusio Loew in having black palpi. The
abdomen of both sexes is practically without pollen.

Length between 1.5 and 2 mm. Male. Face and front blue, rather
thickly white pollinose, but not entirely concealing the ground color so that it
appears somewhat purplish; ocellar triangle blue. Palpi yellow ; proboscis brown
Occiput more green, with thin whitish pollen. Cuiliae of head pale yellow. —
Antennae yellow; third joint fuscous, subtriangular, the arista sub-basal, arising
from a blackish dot; hair of third joint very conspicuous.

Thorax with the dorsum rather brassy green, moderately whitish pruinose,
the pre-scutellar depression and scutellum slightly bluish tinged; pleura blue
moderately white pruinose. Hairs wholly yellow.

Legs, including all the coxae, yellow, the last tarsal joint fuscous. Middle
and hind femora each with one pre-apical bristle; their tibiae each with two
bristles on the outer side in addition to the apical ones.

Wings scarcely yellowish, except basally. Crossvein slightly beyond
the middle of the fifth vein and very slightly oblique.

Abdomen shining blue green, the base green; venter probably yellowish.
Scarcely a trace of pollen. Hypopygium brownish, rather large for this genus,
in the type, free, but apparently normally partly concealed. 7

Female. Face and front green sometimes with a bluish tinge; the occiput —__
appears bluish in one specimen. Pleura green. Tarsi scarcely darker apically. —

Abdomen wholly luteous, not pollinose, with a conspicuous fine yellowish —
hair laterally and apically. Squamae yellow with yellowish fringe, halteres

yellow in both sexes.

*—Contribution from the Diyision of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch.
Dept. of Agric., Ottawa,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST IgI

_ Holotype— é, Aweme, Manitoba, July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle) ; No. 552,
in the Canadian National Collection.
Allotype—@, same data.
Paratypes—@ and 2 ¢, same data.
The species recorded from north of Mexico may be distinguished by the
following table:

aan two amtenial segments yellow ....... .--- eee ty yee ee ee nee a
Ente MEE MERIR POR VCOWIN 55 os es - Diiely wuld elaie « «, shée otc PRS Sd ee we BD
TE Rd 8 9a ae a ee 2 delicatus Loew.
RRR OTT So olbs - 2. wigs 2S a pin shah n Delogyes od ee ho nee pusio Loew.
IRM I, eS colo Si marc kw Ye Bl 5's luteopalpus n. sp.
ERR EE cee get ad a2 ME LEY Gio 2.~ d AG once Sees Pewee on 4.

4. Thorax pale green with bright coppery reflections; pleura black
Re Mon ood eens s Sede so es noses) 2s flavicornis Van Duzee.
ucatasnvivid. ereen.. pleura Steen). ..60. 2. fo. e's pusio (Lw.) Wheeler.

Dolichopus robertsoni n. sp.

Allied to amnicola but readily distinguished by the wholly yellow femora.

Length, 5 mm. Male. Face moderately wide, slightly narrowed in the
middle; pale shining yellowish, becoming silvery white below. Front green,
partly brassy, not noticeably pollinose; with a small bluish swelling at posterior
angles of eyes. Infra-orbital ciliae yellowish, about ten of the upper pale.
Antennae with the first two joints yellow with a black dorsal margin; third
black, subcordate, less rounded below, its apex moderately acute; arista rising
about the middle of the joint, plain.

Thorax bright green, conspicuously greyish yellow pollinose, leaving the
middle stripe more shining in some lights; with a narrow stripe on either side
of the middle line and a sublateral stripe on the median portion more or less
cupreous. Pleura with greyish white pollen; chiefly of a more blue green tint.

Coxae all greenish black with narrow yellow apices, the front ones more
* shining greenish; all greyish white pollinose and with black hairs. Legs yel-
low ; tip of hind tibiae and their tarsi wholly; front tarsi with the tip of their
basitarsi and following joints wholly, and middle tarsi with the tip of the second,
tip of third and last two joints entirely, black. Hind femora with row of con-
spicuous black bristly hairs on upper anterior surface, with two preapical
bristles, the middle femora with one. ‘Tarsi plain, the middle ones slightly com-
pressed but lacking any ornamentation.

Wings apparently as in‘amnicola, but they have been wet. Squamae yel-
low, with black cilia. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen bright green, the disc more or less bronzed, thinly whitish*polli-
nose, more noticeably so laterally. Hypopygium green, its broad upper margin
and apex black. Lamellae of moderate size, obtusely oval, white, with narrow

~ yellow margin on basal half, black margin apically, its margin regular, with six
or seven projections, the apical ones long.

Holotype—% Baldur, Manitoba, July 29, — (H. A. Robertson), No.
582, in the Canadian National Collection.

This is perhaps only a variety of amnicola but the legs are much more
extensively yellow, cilia of hind femora longer and middle tarsi more compressed.

| Pt are Te an ees ee
“s z ’ i]

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Parasyntormon emarginicornis n. sp.

Third antennal joint sub-rectangular, shallowly emarginate apically so
that both the upper and lower corners are pointed; infra-orbital ciliae pale; ciliae
of squamae black; second and third abdominal segments broadly yellow. Legs
chiefly yellow; middle coxae with broad black stripe on outer side.

Length 4mm. Male. Slender. Face very narrow, gradually widened-
upwardly, eyes shallowly emarginate opposite the antennae, the front widened
behind. Face yellowish brown, greyish white on lower third. Front rather
dull brownish green. moderately greyish pollinose, above with brownish pollen;
upper ciliae black; ciliae pale yellowish on lower three-fourths. Antennae black,
first two joints narrowly yellow below; first joint two and one-quarter times
as long as wide, gradually widened to apex; second joint nearly twice as long
as wide. Third joint nearly twice as long as wide, its basal corners rounded,
its apical corners sharply rounded, prominent, its apex rather conspicuousty con-
cave; joint a little wider basally. Arista sub-basal, first joint about four times
as long as wide, tapering, its base again narrowed. Palpi obscure yellow, with
silvery white pollen, not large.

Thorax shining green; mesonotum rather dull brownish, with the side
margins and four equal stripes more shining dull green, the median stripes
abbreviated behind, the lateral ones in front. Bristles and hairs black. Pleura
white pollinose ; with two bristles on propleura just above the front coxae.

Legs yellowish; tarsi brown, the basitarsi yellow except their apices.
Coxae yellow, the middle ones greenish exteriorly; all clothed with black hairs,
the front ones with some fine white hairs inwardly; middle and hind coxae with
a black exterior bristle near the middle. Legs black haired; the front femora
with a row of long sparse, fine bristles below anteriorly and a row on the basal
half posteriorly, posterior four each with a preapical bristle on front surface.
Tibiae with a spine on outer basal fourth; the middle and hind ones with one
on anterior surface at about the basal fourth and another beyond the middle
and the hind tibiae bear a more or less distinct row of bristles on outer posterior
line. Legs simple; first joint of hind tarsi four-fifths as long as second.

Wings greyish hyaline; costa simple; last section of fourth vein curved
forward from basal third, apically parallel with third vein; anal cell rectangular ;
allulae not differentiated (rudimentary) ; posterior base of wing with fine whitish
hairs. Squamae yellow, with black ciliae. Halteres yellow, stem whitish.

Abdomen bronzed; the base of the segments blackish; first segment more
greenish; second and third segments with a large, basal yellow triangle on each
side, their inner ends rounded, reaching narrowly to the apex of the
segment at the sides. Hair all black. Genitalia small; lamellae short,
slender; claspers triangular, shining black. Hair on lamellae black.

Holotype— 2, Banff, Alta., July 26, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett), No. a
in the Canadian National Collection.

This species is allied to occidentale Aldrich and I had identified it as that
species in the absence of typical specimens. Dr. Aldrich pronounced it as
undescribed when we compared specimens. It differs from that species by
having the second antennal joint narrower and less acute and in more conspicu-
ous points at apex of third joint, etc.

ellie in

we a ee via se ee oe

ee ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103,

THE BEE-GENUS DIALICTUS

BY GRACE SANDHOUSE,
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

There has been some question regarding the metallic-colored Halictine
bees with two submarginal cells——whether they chould be classed as a separate
genus Dialictus, or considered as derivative forms from different types of
Chloralictus, the supposed genus therefore polyphyletic. Unfortunately, these
bees have never been collected in quantities sufficient to permit an extensive
investigation into their anatomical structure; and, until such an investigation
has been made and the results thus obtained considered, it seems rather useless
to depart from the nomenclature now in use.

The fact that sometimes a specimen may have two submarginal cells on
one side and three on the other indicates the instability of the supposed generic
character. Ina discussion of Chloralictus parvus (Cresson), Baker stated that
in his collection from all Cuba all the males and three-fourths of the females
had but two submarginals. He also noted that sometimes the number of sub-
marginals varied in the different wings of one specimen. In the present col-
lection the writer found this to be true in one male D. occidentalis Crawford.
Cresson evidently had similar specimens, for he described D. parvus as Augo-
chloral parva—with three submarginals—and as Panurgus? parvus—with two.
Should further investigation support the view that the group is polyphyletic, the
genus Dialictus would then have to be abandoned and the species referred to
Halictus or Chloralictus.

The following key includes all the known North American species of Dia-
lictus except two from the West Indies—D. parvus (Cr.) and D. subcyaneus

_ (Ashmead). The key was compiled from direct observation of specimens
"except in the case of halictoides Fox and costaricensis Crawford.

DIALICTUS
0 SEE NS SE pled SAS 6 pea ROARED. a OE: RE RC EES TPES E
SS IR A 0 tat ipa Acme liad ae REE TM RATERS. geo ho - 4.
mee lemmae punctured (New Mexico) .............20:...546 stictaspis n. sp.
RPEthar UTI 516) boa ules sud ous eee Heel bos) = oe oe

2. Slender species; mesothorax almost without punctures (Colorado) ......
EE aM Antec 8.) fo af bas ea sd fy ene 3,2 ood CR SEG oi © Adee lionotus n. sp.
Menecobust, mesothorax.closely, punctured. ...:.... 2-6 sj seen 2 st ole 3

3. Flagellum dark, comparatively short; abdomen not punctured (Colorado)..
Oi i Ee ge er i eee a anomalits Robertson.
Flagellum longer, yellow testaceous beneath; abdomen punctured (New

ee meee AE ICH SN iS ae Be ese el occidentalis Crawford.

“. Abdomen testaceous (Lower California)- .....5......... halictoides Fox.
egici ube: LesttCOOES sn). See S. See eS} On aye By ee va 8

5. Tegulae punctured (San Jose, Costa Rica) ...... costaricensis Crawford.
Reena mot punctured: ap." 2 Jelva: Biro OST) . oo ncn. he bet ani 3 6.

6.. Wings clear; head and thorax brilliant blue; abdomen punctured (Colorado
et aE NEES TCO ie 2. es onic acters are eta occidentalis Crawford.
Wings dusky; head and thorax darker; abdomen riot punctured ...... i

7. Abdomen greenish; mesothorax dull and closely punctured (Guatemala)...
EAD Seat eave he BRS 7 LAER Seis cig ile cab ae oR cg onustulus Cockerell.

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Abdomen black; mesothorax somewhat shining and less closely punc-

tired is Dssssne tt. s 6 aa ote pt eens eee cae Pre ter ree ge alee 8.

8. Slender species; head narrow; mesothorax dark blue; disk of propodeum

finely granular (New Mexico) ......... shine seat theodori Crawford.

Robust species; head broad; mesothorax brassy green; disk of propodeum

plicate WColenade | sean: . 35% poss oy eRe ee eee anomalus Robertson.

The following is a list of the species included in the genus Dialictus. The
localities cited are additional to those previously listed.

Dialictus occidentalis Crawford

Dialictus occidentalis Crawford. Can. Ent., 1902, p. 318.
Halictus gaici Cockerell. Can. Ent., 1919, p. 272.

The writer examined the type specimen of H. galei and it was found to
agree with named specimens of occidentalis. Furthermore, Mr. Rohwer of the
U. S. National Museum kindly compared the description of galei with the type
of D. occidentalis and found no difference.

COLORADO: 10 ¢@s, Boulder, April 8 to May 24, at flowers of Taraxa-
cum taraxacum, Salix, Drymocallis, Linum lewisu; @ Manitou, at Ribes leptan-
thum (T. and W. Cockerell) ; 9, Gold Hill, July 12, ’19 (T. and W. Cockerell).

NEW MEXICO: 2 9s, Santa Fe, Aug. (Cockerell, Nos. 4110 and 4231)
9, Las Vegas, July 29, at Verbesina exauriculata (Cockerell); 9, East Las
Vegas, April 24, ’02, at Taraxacum (Eldon Tuttle and Leo Tipton); 9, Hot
Springs, May 17, ’03, at Taraxacum (Cockerell); ¢, Santa Fe, Sept. 2, Cocker-
ell, No. 5610; 5 és Pecos, July, at Clematis ligusticifolia (T. W. Cockerell).

Dialictus theodori Crawford
Dialictus theodort Crawford. Can. Ent., 1902, p. 318.
19, Pecos, New Mexico, July 9, (W. P. Cockerell).
Dialictus costaricensis Crawford
Dialictus costaricensis Crawford. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXXIII. 1906, p. 163.
Dialictus halictoides (Fox)

Panurgus halictoides Fox. Proc. Calif. Academy of Science 2d. Ser.,. Vol. IV., 1893,
pp. 15 and 113.

Dialictus subcyaneus (Ashmead)
Dufourea subcyanea Ashmead. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1900, p. 215.
Dialictus onustulus Cockerell

Dialictus onustulus Cockerell. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 8,
Vol. X., 1912, p. 318.

2 ¢’s, Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell).

Dialictus anomalus (Robertson)

Halictus anomalus Robertson. Am. Nat. Vol. XXVI., 1892, p. 272.
COLORADO: 13 ¢@’s, Boulder, April 29 to Aug. 9, and 1 6, Aug. 1 at

flowers of Besseya plantaginea, Monarda, Phacelia, Solidago, (W. P. Cockerell
and S. A. Rohwer).

Dialictus parvus Cresson

Augochlora parva (Poey MSS.) Cresson. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 1865, p. 171.

Prnurgus? parvus Cresson. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 1865, p. 175.

Chloralictus parvus (Poey) Baker. Primer Informe Annal de la Estacion Central
Agrononiica de Cuba, 1906, p. 259.

Dialictus lionotus sp. nov.
Male—About 4 mm. long; head and thorax shining, very dark blue-black;

EO ee ey Se ee Te ee

— a ae oe

Sus ’
Se 5. ow

a. 2”

>
Py

Ee eT eT ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195

facial quadrangle almost as broad as long; orbits converging slightly below;
eyes comparatively short; face smooth, shining, with piliferous punctures only;
supraclypeal area and clypeus black; a distinct groove down the middle of the
front, below the ocelli; antennae comparatively long; flagellum dark testaceous,
yellow testaceous beneath; mesothorax and scutellum smooth, almost without
punctures; disk of propodeum without a distinct enclosure, microscopically tes-
sellate between the plicae; mesopleura with few shallow punctures; metapleura
with irregular transverse ridges; truncation poorly defined laterally; tegulae
very pale, impunctate; thorax and abdomen with very sparse white pubescence;
abdomen black, polished, narrowly ovate, impunctate, apical margins of seg-
ments testaceous; wings dusky; anterior wing 3 mm. long; stigma and nervures
dull testaceous; basal nervure strongly bent; second submarginal cell of the left
wing of the type specimen receiving the first recurrent nervure near the base
and the second near the apex, in the right wing the second submarginal receives
the first recurrent nervure about one-fourth of the distance from the base and
the second as in the left wing; legs black, knees, apices of tibiae and the tarsi
light ferruginous.

Habitat: Colorado, (Baker, No. 1596).

Known from the type specimen only. The antennae were accidentally
broken after the description had been written. It is easily distinguished from
all other Dialictus and Halictus by the lack of punctation, the short eyes, and
the very gentle truncation.

Dialictus stictaspis sp. nov.

Male—About 5 mm. long; pubescence white; head and thorax brilliant
steel blue; facial quadrangle somewhat longer than broad; orbits converging

‘sharply below; antennae brown, the flagellum ferruginous beneath; face clothed —

with dense pubescence; front above the antennae closely punctured, the punc-
tures becoming more sparse below; thorax with moderately dense pubescence;
mesothorax polished, coarsely punctured, the distance between punctures about
twice the diameter of a puncture; punctation of the scutellum similar to that
of the mesothorax; disk of propodeum crescentic, microscopically lineolate
between the rugae which reach the apex; mesopleura coarsely and closely
punctured; metapleura with irregular shallow punctures; sides and posterior
part of propodeum punctured; truncation poorly defined laterally ; tegulae dark,
punctured ; abdomen subcylindrical, dark brown, apical margins of the segments
polished testaceous, the remainder of the segments with delicate piliferous punc-
tures; wings hyaline; stigma and nervures testaceous; second submarginal cell
receiving the first recurrent nervure about one-third of the distance from the base,
and the second about one-fifth from the apex; anterior wing 3.5 mm. long; the
second submarginal cell about as large as the first; legs dark brown, with rather
sparse pubescence; tarsi slightly paler.

Habitat: Mesilla, New Mexico, June, (Cockerell).

The bees here considered, except where otherwise stated, are all in the
collection of Professor T. D. A. Cockerell and the types will eventually be placed
in the U: S. National Museum. The writer is greatly indebted to Professor
Cockerell for the use of his material and literature, as well as for helpful criti-
cisms and suggestions.

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST —

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA OF
NORTHERN ALBERTA
BY F. S. CARR,
Medicine Hat, Alta.
CICINDELIDAE
- 526. Cicindela edmontonensis Carr. 9-V-18.
CARABIDAE
527. Loricera caerulescens Linn. 12-V-19.
528. Dyschirius erythrocerus Lec. 30-ViI-21.
529. Bembidion dentellum Thunb. 7-V-17.
530. Bembidion transversale Dej. 4-X-20.
531. Rembus undulata Carr. 27-1V-18.
532. Platynus corvus Lec. 9-V-19.
533- Platynus gemellus Lec. 3-V1-18.
534. Lebia pulchella Dej. 21-1V-19.
HALIPLIDAE
535. Peltodytes tortulosus Roberts. Redwater 20-V1-22.
DYTISCIDAE
536. Coelambus patruelis Lec. 9-1V-16.
537- Coelambus sellatus Lec. Tofield, 25-VIII-22.
538. Coelambus unguicularis Cr. Tofield. 25-VIII-22. .
539- Coeclambus canadensis Fall. 13-VI-17.
540. Coelambus puncti-lineatus Fall. Tofield, 25-VIII-22.
541. Coelambus oregonus Fall. 10-VII-17.
542. Deronectes depressus Fabr. 29-VIII-19.
543. Hydroporus consimilis Lec. Castor, 9-X-20.
544. Hydroporus sericeus Lec. Castor, 9-X-20.
GYRINIDAE
545. Gyrinus opaccus Sahl. 10-V-20.
546. Gyrinus picipes Aube. Jasper, 13-1 X-22.
HYDROPHILIDAE
547 Helophorus oblongus Lec. 6-V-22.
STAPHYLINIDAE
348. Tachinus memnonius Grav. 29-VIII-19.
549. Boletobius cincticollis Say. 27-VII-19

PSELAPHIDAE
550. Euconnus similis Blatch. 28-VI-19.
HISTERIDAE
551. Saprinus lugens Er. 28-VI-20.
LYCIDAE
552. Calochromus perfacetus Say. Edwand, 20-VI-22.
LAMPYRIDAE
553. Phausis riversi Lec. 24-VI-20 (Det. by Mr. Barber).
CLERIDAE
354. Hydnocera lecontei Wolcott. Redwater 30-VI-22, on jackpine.
MORDELLIDAE

555. Mordellestina pustulata Melsh. 17-VI-20.

aah i Ss? ~
¥ os 22 ; - %
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 197
wy
ae MELOIDAE

556. Epicauta cinerea Forst. Fort Saskatchewan, 10-VI-22.
557. Macrobasis subglabra Fall.

a BUPRESTIDAE

6558. Buprestis sulcicollis Lec. Edwand, 14-VI-22. On jackpine.
Bee HEL MIDAE

559. Helmis vittata Melsh. 23-VII-21.

HETEROCERIDAE

560. Heterocerus tristis Mann. 7-VIII-22.

a OSTOMIDAE

561. Tenebroides dubia Melsh. Castor, 11-IX-20.

“a COCCINELLIDAE

562. Hippodamia sinuata Mulst. 8-VIII-19.

; 563. Hippodamia convergens Guer. 14-VI-19.

564. Brachyacantha uteela Casey. 5-1X-21.

5065. Brachyacantha illustris Casey. 13-V-22.

566: Scymnus naviculatus Casey. 18-VI-19.

ANOBIIDAE
567. Sitodrepa panicea Linn. 13-III-20. In onion seed.
CERAMBYCIDAE
568. Anthophilax mirificus Bland. Hillcrest, 19-V I-20.
— §69. Judolia sexmaculata L. 26-V1-18.
570. Brachyleptura cribripennis Lec. 27-VII-22.
571. Leptura nigrella Say. Edwand, 14-VI-22. On jackpine.
572. Monochamus oregonensis Lec. Jasper, 13-IX-22. Ovipositing on
: Pinus contorta.
573. Leiopus variegatus Hald. 18-VII-2r.

CHRYSOMELIDAE

574. Donacia magnifica Lec. 12-VII-22. On arrowhead.
575. Donacia distincta Lec. 18-VI-18.
576. Lema brunnicollis Lec. 29-VII-18.
577. Galerucella tuberculata Say. 29-VII-22.

578. Disonycha xanthomelaena Darm. Mundare, 10-VI-22.
579. Chaetocnema perturbata Horn. 13-VII-22

580. Chaetocnema protensa Lec. 10-IX-19.
581. Phyllotrete albionica, Lec. 5-VIII-22.
MYLLABRIDAE
582. Mylabris fraterculus Horn. 3-VII-19.

To CURCULIONIDAE
«4583. Hyperodes humilis Gyll. 6-VI1-18.

«584. Dorytomus parvicollis Casey. 9-VII-15.
«585. Dorytomus vagenotatus Casey. IV-21. On poplar trunks.
586. Elleschus scanicus Payk. 10-IV-15. In willow flowers.

587. Elleschus borealis Carr. 24-V-19. In willow flowers.

588. Phthorophloeus piceae Swaine. 2-IX-16.
** It is to be noted that, unless otherwise indicated, the locality of capture
‘is ‘Edmonton, Alberta. 7

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON THE AUTHORSHIP OF CERTAIN NAMES
(LEPID.: PHALAENIDAE)
BY WM. BARNES and F. H. BENJAMIN,
Decatur. Ill.

Strecker, 1874, Lep. Rhop. & Het., p. 94, states: “Dr. Herman Behr
lately had the kindness to send me the types of his following unpublished Cali-
fornian species :” ; then follow short descriptions of “Dryobota Californica, Behr,
Mss.,” “Taeniocampa Paviae, jBehr, Mss.,” “Cosmia Sambuci, Behr, Mss.,”
“Cucullia Solidaginis Behr, Mss.,” “Cucullia Matricariae, Behr, Mss.,” and
“Plusia Echinocystidis, Behr, Mss.”

Under the present International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, these
names will apparently have to be credited to Strecker, as the descriptions are
obviously by the author and not by Dr. Behr. This is a parallel case to the
name “Plusia lenzi,’ now generally credited to French and which was described
as a Behr manuscript species.

The original orthography of matricariae and echinocystidis should be pre-_ q

served. It may be of interest to note that Dr. Behr apparently distributed speci-
mens of the last mentioned labelled echinocystis, which accounts for that name
in the literature; while Strecker, 1900, Lep. Rhop. & Het., Suppl. 3, p. 33. spells
the name echinocystides.

EXTENDED PUPAL DURATION

Mr. R. R. Rowley of Louisiana, Mo., writes that in May, 1915, he received
from southern Texas two dozen cocoons of Rothschildia jorulla, collected in the
autumn and winter preceding (1914). From these cocoons he obtained fourteen

moths, nine males and five females. The first moth emerged October 4th, 1915;

the second, October 9th, 1916; the third, October roth, 1916; the fourth, Octo-
ber 16th, 1916; the fifth, July 9th, 1917; the sixth, September 2oth, 1917; the
seventh, April 25th, 1918; the eighth, May 2nd, 1918; the ninth, August ‘2th,
1918.

Of the thirteen remaining cocoons some had died, some had given para-
sitic hymenoptera, but three were still heavy and promising. However, as he
hardly expected to get anything further from the cocoons, he gave the above

information to the Editor of “The Canadian Entomologist” and it was published —

in that Journal November, 1918.

To his surprise, a twelfth moth emerged May 14th, 1919, but that was
not the end, as the thirteenth crawled out of its cocoon on June 30th, 1919 The

last cocoon was still heavy, but did not give up its occupant till July 9th, 1922,
after a prison term of eight years. The first moth (October 14th, 1915) was
a small male; the last (July 9th, 1922) was a medium sized female.

CHANGE OF NAME
The name “Chilosia similis” having been used by Michl. (Ver. Zool.-Bot.,

Ges. Wien, 1911) for a European species, I propose the name “Cartosyrphus —

shannoni” for the species described by Shannon (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xX Xie
196, 1916). Notwithstanding the fact that the latter is now placed in the genus
Cartosyrphus, while the former is a true Chilosia, this change is necessary.

C. H. CurRAN.

ee oe ee ee

The Canadian Entomologist

Vou. LV. ORILLIA, SEPTEMBER, 1923. No. 9.

MORE NOTES ON FUNGOUS INSECTS*
BY HARRY B. WEISS,

New Brunswick, N. J.

An effort to bring together additional data concerning insects and fleshy
fungi has resulted in the following notes. In Entomological News (March,
1923, p. 86) Mr. M. L. J. Higgins records the capture of a large number of the
nitidulid beetle Orycnemus histrina in the stink horn fungus Phallus impudicus
at Mulhall Station, Virginia, on September 23. Champlain and Knull in the
Canadian Entomologist (May, 1922, p. 104) state that the curculionid beetle
Otidocephalus myrmex (Hbst.) feeds on the pustules of the sycamore blight, Guo-
monia veneta. Writing about the occurrence of the European fly Muscina pas-
cuorum Meig., in North America, Johnson (Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 1, pp. 1-5)
states that Schiner (Fauna Austriaca I, 597) says that “Bremi found the larvae
in Agaricus citrinus.”

Recently Mr. Chas. Dury identified for me specimens of the beetle
Plesiocis cribrum Csy., which were bred from Polyporus volvatus collected by Mr.
R. D. Hartman on Pinus coulteri, October 7, at Mt. Hamilton, California, and
Cis vitula Mann., bred from Polyporus versicolor collected by Mr. Hartman on
Umbellularia californica, November 8 at Palo Alto, California.

Upon looking into European literature one finds that whereas many species
of insects are listed as occurring on fungi the specific names of the hosts are
rarely given. In the “Coleoptera of the British Islands” by Fowler, Cis punc-
tulatus Gyll. is mentioned as inhabiting Polyporus abietinus on Scotch fir and
Cis lineatocribratus Mell. as being found in Polyporus nigrinus on birch. Sev-
eral references to other European records are noted in former papers on fungous

RAR TN en ce ey

3 insects.

o LEPIDOPTERA

= In Meyrick’s “Handbook of British Lepidoptera,” the following species:

7 _ whose larvae live mainly on lichens, are listed. Seventeen of the twenty-four-

“ species noted belong to the family Tineidae. According to Bruce Fink, a lichen:

‘ “is a fungus usually if not always more or less parasitic during all or part of

3 its life upon an algal host and also sustains a relation to an organic or inorganic:
substratum.”

4 Caradrina exulis Lef. Larva in stems and amongst roots of grass and amongst:

i lichens.

M Cleora lichenaria Huin. Larva on lichens.

Re Selidosema glabraria Hb. Larva on lichens.

a Tephronia sepiaria Huin. Larva on lichens growing on walls.

ms Acanthophila alacella Dup. Larva on lichens on tree trunks.

-y *—For previous paper on fungous insects see—Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vol. 33, pp. 1-20;

vol. 34, pp. 59-62; vol. 34, pp. 85-88; vol 34, pp. 167-172; vol. 35, pp. 125-128; Can-
adian Ent. Sept., 1922, pp. 198-199; Amer. Nat. vol. LIV, pp. 443-447.

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Symmoca signatella H. S. Larva has been stated to feed on lichens.

Acompsia flavifrontella Hb. Larva on lichens and dead leaves.

-Oinophila v-flavum Hw. Larva in silken galleries amongst fungus growing
on walls in cellars.

Fumea intermediella Brd. Larva on grass, lichens ete.

Fumea betulina Z. Larva on lichens growing on bushes.

Fumea sepium Spr. Larva on lichens growing on trees. E ,

Solenobia inconspicuella Stt. Larva on lichens growing on fences and tree a 2
trunks. ao

Solenobia Douglasii Stt. Larva on lichens growing on fences, rocks, ete. a

Taleporia pseudobombycella Hb. Larva on lichens on fences and tree trunks — =

Narycia melanella Hw. Larva on lichens on fences and tree trunks. ~

Diplodoma marginepunctella Stph. Larva on dead insects, fungus, ete.

Scardia boleti F. Larva in fungus.

Tinia corticella Curt. Larva in fungi growing on trees. é

Tinea parasitella Hb: Larva in fungi growing on trees.

Tinea arcuatella Stt. Larva in fungi growing on trees.

Tinea confusella HS. Larva probably on lichens.

Tinea misella Z. Larva on dried plant stems, fungi, etc.

Tinea vinculella HS. Larva on lichens on rocks.

Tinea argentimaculella Stt. Larva in galleries amongst lichens on rocks.

=
cae |

Py
ey -

Figure 1, Polyporus betulinus. specimen at left showing injury to lower surface a in-
terior by the beetles Diaperis maculata and Thymalus fulgidus. These beetles breety
in the fungus.

Dr. William G. Dietz in fis “Revision of the Genera and Species of the Fe
Tineid Subfamilies Amydriinae and Tineinae Inhabiting North America” (Trans. 4
Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXXI, No. 1) mentions Tinea oregonella Busck, Tinea
multistriatella Dietz and Tinea rileyi Dietz as being bred from fungi but does
not record the species. =

ISOPTERA. |

Banks and Snyder in their “Revision of the Nearctic Termites” (U. $4
Nat. Mus. Bul. 108) mention that H. G. Hubbard found a colony of Kalotermes a
minor Hagen “on March 1, 1897, at Palm Springs, California. This was a —
small colony of about 40 i 50 individuals in an old Polyporus fungus on a con
tonwood or willow tree.” They also state that Schwarz found a colony of of
Constrictotermes cinereus Buckley “under a large Polyporus lying on the erate
at San Diego, Texas. fe

»
“- @e)
“J

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 201

‘ “Wheeler, writing recently in the “Scientific Monthly,” (Vol. XVI, No. 3,

1923) under the title “Social Life Among the Insects” states that Petch, who

has studied the fungi cultivated by the termites Odontotermes redmanni and
obscuriceps in Ceylon finds that they belong to at least two species, Volvaria
eurhiza and Xylaria nigripes. Petch in his paper “The Fungi of Certain Ter-
mite Nests” (Ann. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 3 (1906) 185-270, f. 3) writes that
Xylaria nigripes occurs in the same situation in Ceylon, Java, Madagascar and
probably Brazil, and that Xylaria furcata, which is a form of nigripes, occurs in
Ceylon and Java, also that X. nigripes has been recorded from other countries with.
out any reference to its connection with termite nests. In Ceylon neither X.
nigripes nor X. furcata are found except growing from termite nests. Another
species, Sclerotum stipitatum (Sclerotium subterraneum, Blanco M. FI. Filip.
ed. 2 (1845) 584) is mentioned by Petch as being found in termite nests in
India, Ceylon, Java and Africa. Concerning Collybia albuminosa, which grows
from actual combs in termite nests, Petch states that “the occurrence of agarics
in or around termite nests has been recorded from Ceylon, India, Singapore,
Java, Borneo and Brazil. The species in question is usually regarded as edible.”

William H. Brown in the “Philippine Journal of Science” (C. Botany,

Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 223-231, pls. 3, 4) under the title,, “The Fungi Cultivated by

Termites in the Vicinity of Manila and Los Banos” mentions Collybia albuminosa,
Xylaria nigripes and Xylaria furcata.

Figure 2, Section through Fomes applanatus showing work, larvae and adults of Bolito-
; therus cornutus.

HYMENOPTERA

Wheeler, in his book “Ants, Their Structure, Development and Behaviour,”
devotes chapter XVIII to the fungous-growing ants. In his article in the
“Scientific Monthly” (Vol.“XV, No. 6, 1922, p. 536) he has the following to
say: “That the fungi cultivated by the various Attiini belong to several dif-
ferent genera is shown by Bruch and Spegazzini, who have recently been able
to identify the mushrooms of the fungi cultivated by several Argentinian Attiini.
Acromyrmex lundi, e.g., cultivates Xylaria micrura Speg., Moellerius heyeri,
Poroniopsis bruchi Speg., and Atta vollenweideri, a gigantic agaric Locellina
Mazzuchi Speg.” “Cyphomyrmex rimosus cultivates a very peculiar fungus
(Tyridiomyces formicarum Wheeler).” Wheeler states that whereas fungus-
growing ants are exclusively American, the fungus-growing termites are all

confined to the Ethiopian and Indomalayan regions.

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
A NEW SPECIES OF RHEUMATOBATES FROM TEXAS
(HETEROPTERA, GERRIDAE)*
BY GRACE OLIVE WILEY,
St. Paul, Minn.
Rheumatobates hungerfordi new species

Velvety-black, covered with a bluish-white bloom except on head, prono- -

tum with a large yellow spot occupying the entire length, in some specimens
quadrate, in others twice as wide as long with sides rounded, while in some the

spot covers the entire disk of pronotum; mesonotum with a large median yellow |

spot, almost quadrate, or diamond-shaped in some specimens, while in others
it is roughly the shape of an inverted heart. Connexivum of male, yellow for
at least half-of its apical length; connexivum of female, yellow along outer
half for nearly its entire length. These colors vary in the different individuals.
In-all specimens there is present, just above the base of the acetabula or inter-
mediate coxal cavity, a small yellow spot, varying somewhat in shape from
round to quadrate. No ocelli present in either sex.

Apterous male: Head shorter than Rh. rileyi Bergr. and Rh. tenuipes
Mein., narrower than Fh. rileyi and nearly the same width as Rh. tenuipes.
Width of head across eyes .88 mm.

Antennae: Brownish-black, pale at base, segments I, .67 mm. in length,
small at base and increasing in size to near the middle, then decreasing to apex,
which is about the same as base; adorned on the outer, under side near apex
with a brush composed of rather stiff coarse hairs glued together, and just
beneath with a scattered bunch of coarse hairs about the same length as brush,
and from this there extends almost to base of segment a row of long, fine, semi-
erect hairs; these hairs are light in color and are not easily noticed unless seen
from a certain angle. Segment II, .15 mm. in length, more slender than seg-
ment I at apex and not bearing a spine or tubercle. Segment III, approximate
length .60 mm., strongly curved on basal half, large fossa or pit occupying
nearly entire length of apical half, and extending a little beyond insertion of
segment IV; this pit longer and wider than in Rh-rileyi Bergr. and Rh. tenuipes
Mein. Segment IV, .62 mm. in length, curiously bowed, having a stout, thick

spur just before the middle which apparently is on the ventral surface, apical —

half strongly curved (Pl. 10, fig. 2a).

Thorax: Pronotum .36 mm. in length, mesonotum .73 mm. in length;
pronotum nearly twice as long as that in apterous male of Rh. rileyi Bergr., but
much narrower; mesonotum not as broad nor as long as in Rh. rileyi; abdomen

considerably narrower and somewhat shorter than in rileyi, also different in
form. Sometimes a yellowish spot occupies the apical half of the last abdominal

segment and basal portion of the genital segment.

Legs: Anterior legs much the same in structure as Ih. riley Bergr. and

Rh. tenuipes Mein.; femora pale yellowish, dark at apex, tibiae and tarsi brown-

ish-black. Jntermediate legs: Coxae much incrassated and larger than the
slender posterior coxae; length of femora 2.4 mm., straight, fringed on inner —
side with long, straight hairs, about thirty in number (varies 28-38) and of nearly —

*—Contribution from the Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota.

[ B) Fa 4
CAN. Ent. Vor. LV. PLATE 10.

204 TIIE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

equal length throughout (Pl. 10, fig. 5) ; tibiae 2.07 nim. in length, nearly straight,
thicker on basal half, adorned on inner side with four long, straight hairs and
three or four shorter ones, followed by many short, upwardly curled hairs which
terminate at slightly beyond middle; tarsi 1.78 mm. in length. Color: coxae
pale yellowish, apex or apical half dark, trochanters pale, femora »rownish-—
black; tibiae and tarsi also brownish-black. Posterior legs: Coxae and tro-
chanters pale yellowish, slender and linear, trochanters dark at apex; length of
femur .87 mm., brownish-black in color, strongly arcuate, of nearly equal
thickness throughout, but stouter apically than at base, devoid of long hairs
except at apex where a few are curled around the tip; tibiae .g6 mm. in length,
brownish-black, joint nearly at right angles to the outer side of femur, on basal
half much incrassated and angulately-elbowed, adorned with a stiff brush of
rather long, coarse hairs, apical half of tibiae straight and vf nearly equal thick-
ness; tarsi 1.42 mm. in length and brownish-black in color.

Apterous female: Longer and more robust than male, except head, which
is smaller and narrower across the eyes. Antennae slender, resembling the
female antennae of Rh. rileyi Bergr. and Kh. tenuipes Mein. Pronotum .24 mm.
in length, shorter and slightly narrower than in the male, and nearly one-third
longer than pronotum of apterous female Rh. rileyi Bergr.; length of mesonotum
.70 mm., being shorter and wider than male; length of abdomen 1.71 mm.,
longer and wider than male, and shorter than apterous female Rh. rileyi Bergr. ;
mesosternum brownish-yellow, variable, sometimes with anterior margin and
two posteriorly diverging bands, dark brown, in this respect similar to female
of Rh. tenuipes Mein.; first genital segment usually with median oblong yellow
spot occupying apical three-fourths of the segment. Legs much the same as
females of Rh. rileyi Bergr. and Rh. tenuipes Mein. Sometimes there is a small
yellow spot on the last abdominal segment near its apical margin._

Macropterous male: Head, eyes and antennae similar to apterous male;
pronotum with yellow spot, mesonotum velvety-black and without yellow spot;—
pronotum not separated from mesonotum by a visible suture.

Hemelytra: Bluish-white, the veins prominent and very dark brown in
color; membrane smoky-brown, extending from impressed line to far beyond
tip of abdomen, this indentation or groove crossing the hemelytra from edge to ~
edge, being outwardly curved along middle. ;

Macropterous female: Head, eyes and antennae similar to that of apter-
ous female; mesonotum without yellow spot. Hemelytra same as macropterous
male.

Nymphs: ‘The nymphs have the same color markings as the adults. Dif-
ferences between the sexes can be told by a glance at the genital segments, and
the males of at least the third instar on, can be distinguished by the peculiar xe a
swellings of the posterior tibiae and the first and third antennal segments. ae

This species has the habit of breaking off the long wing membrane as —
recorded by Torre-Bueno (Ohio Naturalist, Vol. VIII, 1908) in other Haloba- 7
tinae.

These insects were taken in quiet eddies of swiftly flowing streams, and
in still pools and ponds, and were always found in company with Trepobates —
pictus. The winged forms are very agile and hard to capture; they have a habit
when disturbed of skimming over the surface of the water in astonishing leaps

> i.
_* ote

® eee Pee bw
een ae aa!
og ae ee
Co Sie BAD Se an Sah)
oo» aes > -
es - 4s ae -
ate :
f _ rane - ~.
; -
» ee, -
eee : 2
a Ls .

é ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 205.

2 and bounds, no doubt aided by their wings even when truncated. The bluish-
white hemelytra of the winged individuals and the bloom and yellow markings
Ss on pronotum and mesonotum of the apterous ones, make them very conspicu-
2 ous for such small bugs. No doubt all specimens are covered with bloom, but
in the specimens examined it does not occur on the head, nor on the mesonotum
- of the macropterous forms.

Holotype: apterous male, collected near Rock Island, Texas, Aug. 2
1922 (Grace O. Wiley); in author’s collection.

Allotype: taken at type locality, June 27, 1922 (Grace O. Wiley).

Morphotypes: (macropterous form) male collected June 6, 1922, at type
locality ; female collected May 23, 1922, at type locality (Grace O. Wiley).

Paratypes: © specimens taken with the type; numerous specimens taken
from April to Sept. 15, 1922, near Rock Island and June 14—16, Galveston,

writer.
: _ Paratypes deposited in the collections of the University of Minnesota, the
University of Kansas, and in the collections of Mr. William E. Hoffman and
- the writer. -

I propose the name hungerfordi for this species, in honor of Dr. H. B.
_ Hungerford, because of his great interest in water-bugs which was an incentive
_ to the writer in the study of this remarkable group.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. ;

i. Rh. hungerfordi n. sp., Macropterous male.

— 2. Rh. hungerfordi n. sp., truncate-winged male.

~ 2a. Male antennae Rh. hungerfordi, (segments III-IV twisted to show fossa).
B 3. Rh. hungerfordi n. sp., macropterous female with truncate wings.

3a. Antennae of female Rh. hungerfordi n. sp.

x 4. Rh. hungerfordi n. sp.; apterous male, drawn from type.

ee ai, Intermediate leg of ¢ Rh. hungerfordi n. sp.

_ 6. Posterior leg of ¢ Rh. hungerfordi n. sp.

b 7. Rh, rileyi Bergr., apterous male.

SOME COLORADO BEES

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL,

am Xenoglossa pruinosa Say, var. lutzi n. var.

ae Female with end of abdomen more or less reddened, and the pubescence
_ on fifth and sixth segments (except the light hair at extreme sides) very brilli-

_ no yellow spot on clypeus.
Grand Junction, Colorado, 2 2, 25 ¢; Pein 3 3, 1920 (Lutz 4758 and

4758 B); Alt. prox. 4,500 ft.
aie Osmia holochlora sp. n. ;
fi- Male. Length about 8.5 mm., similar to O. bennettae Ckll., to which it

Texas, a few specimens taken near Cisco, Texas, June, 1921, collected by the

Boulder, Colo. K

ant ferruginous-red. Male ordinary, except that one specimen out of 25 has —

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

runs in my ms. table, but certainly distinct, differing thus: entirely very bright
yellowish-green, with purple tints; hair of head and thorax pure white, shin-

ing; face, tegulae and anterior part of thorax with strong golden tints; meso-_ ;

thorax more coarsely rugosopunctate; hair of mesopleura shorter; wings not dis-
tinctly brownish; tarsi with last joint dark red; sixth abdominal segment deeply -
emarginate (seventh similarly emarginate. Other characters are antennae

black; mandibles with a green spot; tegulae golden-green; apical part of abdo-— B E
men with black hair above. Easily known from O. bella Cress. by the entirely _ $3

pure white hair of head and thorax above.

Minnehaha, Pike’s Preek, Colorado, at flowers of Pentstemon gracilis,

June 13, 1918. (Frances Long.) U.S. National Museum.

I take this opportunity to note that Osmia nassa CkIl., described from
California, extends to Utah. The U. S. National Museum has a 9 from Salt
Lake City, June 13, 1899.

Osmia pusilla Cresson was based on the male, from Pike’s Peak, Colo.
In June, 1918, Miss Frances Long collected six of these males at flowers of
Mertensia pratensis, at Minnehaha, Pike’s Peak. In the same month, at the
same flowers, she got one O. pentstemonis Ckll., one O. albolateralis Ckll., two
O. melanotricha Lovell & Ckll., and two O. hypoleuca Ckll., all females. I
think it is practically certain that O. melanotricha is the female of O. pusilla.
In the same locality and month, but at flowers of Pentstemon gracilis, Miss Long
obtained 3 2,1 4, of O. pentstemonis Ckll., and one 2 of O. rohweri Ckll. The
male of pentstemonis is new; it looks much like the female; length about 7 mm.;
head and thorax dark green, abdomen dark blue; sides of face with long white

hair; antennae long and slender, dark; tegulae steel-blue anteriorly, posteriorly

dark reddish; tarsi slender, hind basitarsi with an angulation beneath beyond the
middle; sixth segment of abdomen only very feebly subemarginate in middle, sey-
enth strongly bidentate; stipites apically rounded, simple, shaped like the last
joint of a finger. O. rohweri was described as a variety of O. hypochrysea CkIl.,
but it always has the first recurrent nervure about twice as far from base of

second submarginal cell as second from apex; whereas in hypochrysea the recur-

rents are about equally far from base and apex.

Colletes nigrifrons Titus.
Early last summer Dr. Lutz and Mrs. Cockerell noticed at Boulder that

Mertensia flowers frequently had a large hole in the tube, evidently cut by some .

bee to get at the nectar. In spite of a good deal of effort the culprit remained

unknown until in July we were camped in the Roan Mountains, at the head of i
the Ute trail. There I was so fortunate as to catch the bees in the act, and
they were Colletes nigrifrons. This is a short-tongued bee, which could not

get at the nectar in a legitimate manner.

Andrena micranthophila Ckll.
A new locality is Ute Creek, Colo. (Sage Flats), July (1. Bruner).

: There are at present (Jan. 15) 612 species of bees known foi Colorado, — i

and in addition a considerable number of varieties and races. ;

wt ne sateas iy em at 1

; ae St art Lote - ¢
7 iy th ~e ho? ts ed £5 cS, ; + ‘ ;
mee Rg ae x bg "ex ae. Bie
ete ly. $y hy ron ’
4. a3 we on Sh. “7 ‘
et nae, ae er aus" iss A .
» ais a. ss THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 207
aS Ss « ?

aa APPARENTLY UNDESCRIBED CANADIAN ASILIDAK AND.
sae DOLICHOPODIDAE, (DIPTERA).*
~ BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.

Holopogon albipilosus n. sp.

. Differs from seniculus Loew in having decidedly shorter pile throughout.
Length 6.5 to 7 mm. Female. Face and front silvery white; wholly
2 _ white pilose. Occiput shining black; pale pollinose below; pile white. Anten-
SR nae black, first joint rather slender, longer than the second, which is nearly as
-. broad as long; third equal to the first two combined, as wide as the first, gradu-
‘i ou slightly narrowed to the apex, style moderately slender, half as long as
third joint. Hair on antennae whitish.

Thorax shining black; a large square spot in front, the sides of the

. mesonotum and the pleura, white pollinose. No brownish pollen. Pile white,

on eee erect, sttoieht, moderately abundant, fine; on the pleura woolly.

Legs ne ee all the femora rather stout; hind tibiae greatly
uarged ; hind tarsi gradually tapering. Pile and bristles of legs wholly whitish.

Wings pure hyaline. Halteres yellow, the basal half brown.

_ Abdomen shining black, with pale yellowish or white pile which is longer

I the sides, especially basally.

Male. Face and front black pilose; antennae black haired.

Thorax with yellow pollen on mesonotum instead of white, and with

or ne black hairs on disc.

~ Pile on disc of abdomen black, on sides beyond the third segment yellow.

_ Holotype—é, Vernon, B. C., August 5, 1920, (N. L. Cutler), No. 569,
1 the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

iy et _ Allotype—?, same data.

| Paratypes—2 @, Vernon, B. C., July 16 and 21, 1920, (N. L. Cutler) ;

Cs. Chilcotin, Be July 17, 1920, (E. R. Buckell).

er ee - 1 had determined this species as seniculus, but comparison with the type

_ proves it to be distinct and it is readily recognized by the much shorter pile

— thr Betehout, especially that on the thorax.

Sie
¥

Holopogon tibialis n. sp.

i Distinguished from all other species by lacking yellowish pubescence on
ind tibiae.

aS: x. Length 8 mm. Male. Face and front shining black, the colour of the
former obscured when viewed from above, by whitish yellow pollen; front
hi inly brownish yellow pollinose, hardly shining. Occiput shining black. Head
a pilose except on the Sich oe below. Antennae black; urst joint one and

Thorax shining black, thinly tawny pollincse, with a broad, more blackish

r= Patibdtion from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,
ee soeadag of Agric., Ottawa.

a
t

> Se RA ee ee ee

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

stripe on either side of the middle line. Pile black, yellow on pleura; white ¢ on
humeri and propleura. Scutellum black, with long black pile.

Legs shining black; black haired; basal half of femora and front foal
tibiae white haired; all the bristles black. ~Pubescence on front tibiae and — 4
tarsi, yellow, on the hind ones, brown. | Hind tibiae greatly enlarged.
Wings tinged with brown. Halteres yellow, their base brown. Abdo-
men shining blue black, with a violet cast; black pilose, except on sides of first
three segments. De
Ffolotype— 8, Jordan, Ont., June 28, 1919, (Curran), No. 570, in t
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. e
Paratype— %, June 29, 1919, same data.
Nicocles canadensis n. sp. ae
Differs from other species by having only the last abdominal segment in _
the male silvery. cm
Length, 9 to 14 mm. Male. Head black in ground color, but almost
concealed beneath dense white pollen, the occiput with some yellowish brown a
pollen above. Face gently concave; almost flat; with some scattered, fine white 3
hairs, mystax rather fine, long, white, no Gaeies, Front bare except a few
hairs opposite the ocellar tubercle and some longer ones on it, the bristly haise aa
yellowish. Occiput with white hairs, the bristles which are short and moder-
ately stout, yellowish. Antennae black, with a slight whitish sheen in some
lights, the first two joints with yellow hairs; first joint longer than second
third joint one and one third times as long as the first two combined, its upper — BS:
surface almost straight, its lower very slightly convex ; arista equal to the first
two joints, moderately slender.

Thorax shining black in ground colour, the broad sides of the mesonotum
and pleura greyish white pollinose; and there is a similar coloured median stripe e a
_on the anterior half of the former. On either side of the median line the colour
is deep black, and becomes tawny brownish before the lateral white margin, |
the brown expanding posteriorly to form a broad band before the scutellu 1,
so that the black is well separated from the posterior margin. The scattered
hairs on the dorsum are whitish, the bristles reddish; propleura with fine, the
epipleura with stout white hairs. Scutellum with the ground color conceal ed
by white pollen, the apex and a narrow transverse median line with a yellow
tinge in some lights; with a few long, scattered white hairs, and four reddish
bristles. “S

Coxae black, densely greyish white pollinose, with fine white hairs. F % i
femora black, their apices, broadly below, and a small ventral basal spot, ed-
dish; hind femora reddish with a broad black stripe in front. ‘Tibiae reddish, iF
the hind ones darkened on the basal half externally. Tarsi black, the joints
narrowly reddish basally; the basitarsi and hind tarsal joints broadly redd
basally. Hair on legs not abundant, short, whitish; on the posterior and vei ey
tral surfaces of the front four tibiae, long, white; middle tibiae with row
white bristles on antero-outer surface; hind ones with a row of short, wide y
set white bristles on front and hind outer surfaces. Each tarsal joint with twe
apical, fine yellow bristles. Hind femora a little thickened and curved down:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

ward apically; hind tibiae swollen on apical fifth, their tarsi largest at end of
first joint, thence gradually narrowing.

- __ _Wings hyaline, with clouds on all the crossveins and furcations, a long
- dash behind the stigma and the apex of the wing broadly brownish. Halteres

Bes, 5 Abdomen steel blue, the sides of each segment with a sericeous stripe, wider
- in front, narrow behind, rising almost or quite at the base of the segment and
reaching its apex. Second segment with a brown pollinose spot in front, the
sides of the first segment with more or less brown pollen. ‘The last segment is
red, with a broad, black, more or less triangular basal black spot and triangles
on the lateral margin reaching quite to the apex, black; the whole segment silvery
from front view. Pile of abdomen, short, appressed, yellowish; white and erect
on sides. Venter tawny with black spots, a pair of basal spots and the sides of
- each ventral segment grey.
Female. ‘Third antennal joint slightly longer, with almost parallel sides.
‘ Wings with the markings darker, and with the veins bordered w ith brown

cat ‘the apex of the wing, instead of with a continuous cloud.

Abdomen with the grey pollen produced inwardly as a triangle on each
_ segment, on the fifth and sixth segments forming large triangles, on the seventh
“a a smaller triangle. The venter is scarcely tawny, being more greyish, the spots
~_ latger.
> ® £Holotype—é, Saanich, B. C., April 19, 1914, (W. Bawees). No. 568,
ee in fhe Canadian National Collection.
J Allotype—?, Seattle, Washington, June 4.
Paratypes— 3, Royal Oak, B. C., May 26, 1917, (R. C. Treherne) ;
- Mt. Douglas, B. C., April 19, 1918, (W. Downes) ; ¢ Seattle, Washington, April

=~.

~.
=

3 A second female has hind legs black, with only traces of red on femora
and tibiae. It may be distinct.

a Syntormon tricoloripes n. sp.

See Femora green, becoming blackish, their apices, except the hind ones, red-
; dish; tibiae and front four basitarsi reddish; tarsi black. Front moderately
: 4 shining purple.

rs Length 5mm. Male. Face whitish, a little more silvery coloured above,
fe: narrowest in the middle. Palpi brown, their apices with pale yellow pollen; with
- fine white hair. Front metallic purple, depressed, the narrow sides green.
- Antennae black, with black hair; third joint with tawny pubescence; first joint
-sub-triangular, the inner apex sHarp ¢ second shanty longer than the first, its

Ee flattened as far as the tip at the second ‘omit its ESS, scutes arista not quite
~ terminal, rather slender, tapering, the basal section about four times as long as
9 ‘wide, bare. Occiput metallic green with a triangular bronze spot below the
: _ vertex, wholly thinly white pollinose. Orbital ciliz black; hair on lower half
whitish, rather fine. Lower orbitals wanting.

ra Thorax metallic green; mesonotum with a narrow cupreous brown median
stripe, a broad, irregular cupreous stripe on either side; more or less irregularly

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

cupreous laterally and the mesopleura wholly so. ‘Thoracic bristles black; short
bristly hairs limited to the median line and an angle in front; there is a double
row of tiny bristles on either side of the middle line which reaches to the fi first
large bristle, then extends across to the side behind the humeri. ‘Epipleuta and
propleura with white pile.
Coxae green, yellowish at apices, thinly whitish pollinose, clothed wi
fine white pile; one large black bristle on outer surface of hind coxae. Femora_
metallic green, the apices of the front four broadly, of the hind ones narrowly,
reddish yellow, the colour blackish just before the yellow ground; tibiae reddi
tarsi black, the front four basitarsi reddish except their apices; pile wholly black
Middle femora with a row of black bristles on a little more than the median
half below, middle and hind femora each with one preapical bristle. Hind tibiae”
gradually thickened on apical half. va a ;
Wings tinged with brownish, especially marked anteriorly. A darker
spot on the crossvein and at the curve of the fourth vein. Costa a little thick-
ened beyond the first vein. Squamae with a slight yellow tinge, with a bro mn
border, the fringe yellowish white. Halteres yellowish white. .
Abdomen metallic green, thinly covered with greyish pollen, the be
of the segments cupreous, more broadly so in the middle, this color occupying ©
about half the segment on the apical three. Hairs black, with some shorter, —
finer whitish intermixed, these hairs more abundant and longer laterally. Geni By
talia small, black. <i 9a .
Female: Face wide, yellowish pollinose ; middle and hind femora reddish, —
the latter with a black spot before the preapical bristle; posterior basitarsi redd
on basal third. 3
Holotype— 8, Cranbrook, B. C., May 12, 1922, (C. B. D. Garteti); ‘No.
506, in the Canadian National Collection. .
Allotyfe—¢@, same data, May 18th.
Paratypes— 6 same locality, May 12, @ May 5, (Garrett):
Readily distinguished from affinis Wheeler, by the dark legs.

Porphyrops grandis n. sp.

Large, 7.5 mm.; thorax bright green or blue green; middle and hind cox 1¢
with terminal matted tuft of black hairs; ciliae of squamae and halteres yelloy vi
legs chiefly yellowish. : we

Length 7.5 mm! Male. Face very narrow; narrowest about the low wer
two-thirds; shining yellowish white; brown just below each antenna. Fron
bright green, the sides and ocellar tubercle deep blue or blackish; bare excep
for the black bristles. Occiput green; superior bristles black; hairs on
half white, abundant. Antennae black; third joint enlongate oval-triangular, it
apex sharply rounded ; arista terminal, its first joint twice as long as wide, rath
stout. Eyes brown pilose, the posterior orbits with pale pile. _Palpi lac
yellow pollinose anteriorly, black haired. =

Thorax brassy green, sometimes bluish on the disk, with a wide gent

slightly darker median line, scarcely pollinose; pleura thinly greyish white }

nose. Bristles black; propleura with rather abundant milky white hair.

tellumconcolorous with disk of thorax, with three of four bristles fatera

inner one much the strongest. : ay
*

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2ti

- Legs: coxae blackish, rather thickly greyish pollinose; all rather abun-
dently milky white pilose; the front four with a long, black, stout hair on the
outer surface sub-apically, the middle ones with a long apical pencil of black
hairs, the hind ones with a much shorter apical pencil, no external bristle. Front
3 Reesinora ‘metallic green, the narrow base and broader apex, reddish yellow ; middle

‘. _ inferior basal half, the latter with a ventral black stripe. Femora black haired,
te front four white haired beneath, the middle ones with long hair beneath;
_ front femora with rather long, moderately abundant black hair on posterior sur-
~ face, stouter apically; the middle and hind each with five to eight strong black
: bristles behind and three or four in front, apically. Hind femora black above
_ at apex. ‘Tibiae yellowish, the hind ones black on inner surface, their apex
darkened, all with two rows of black bristles outwardly, the middle ones with
ae two bristles on apical fourth beneath, one anterior, one posterior. Tarsi black,

_ the front four basitarsi wholly pale, the front one swollen at apex, the second ~

ms” joint rising at its top.

a Wings hyaline, yellowish anteriorly and along the veins; anal cell rounded
; % ~ apically. Third vein curved backward apically, the fourth vein curved forward
2 _ beyond the middle of its last section, then curved back apically to end in the
_ tip of the wing. Costa simple. Allulae small with long fringe of white hairs.
Squamae pallidly yellowish, with long yellowish white ciliae. Halteres yellow,
_ their basal half pale brownish, finely whitish pubescent.

oe Abdomen metallic green, with brassy reflections; first segment and nar-
M row bases of the remainder, broadened medianly, blackish, rather dull, bordered
_ with bronze. Hairs sparse, black; first three segments with long pale yellow
hairs laterally. Sixth segment bright blue. (What I have termed the first
= segment in describing the color is not usually counted and I have not counted
it otherwise.) Genitalia black, the bulb more or less greenish. Lamellae mod-
f ; _erately broad sub-basally, as long as last two abdominal segments, dirty yellowish,
i: Be its apical fourth brown, hair black. Claspers black, shining, flattened, with sub-
parallel sides, the end a little curved downwards so as to appear clubbed from
_ lateral view; from same view they are very thin. Sides of abdomen thinly
_ white Bdlinose.

; ‘a a Bee” pase, B. C., July 24, 1922, (R. Glendenning). No. 579,

| Sa aa same lacality and collector, May 11, 1922.

NOTES ON ABERRATIONAL NAMES OMITTED FROM THE
BARNES AND McDUNNOUGH CHECK LIST (LEPID.)
BY WM. BARNES and F. H. BENJAMIN,

Decatur, IIl- ‘
In Can. Ent., LIV, too, Dr. McDunnough called attention to names which

. Strand applied to aberrations of Catocala listed by Sir George Hampson in
a Cat Lep. Phal. B. M.

Be Letters to Dr. Strand disclosed the fact that practically all of the unnamed
3 “aberrations” of Hampson’s Catalogue have received names. ‘This means that
% ts a large number of names have been omitted from the Check List and complicates
3 “the syonymy of the Phalaenidae (Noctuidae). In a number of cases these names
. will be found applicable to species and forms named by Dr. Smith and other

and hind femora reddish yellow, the former with a metallic green stripe on the

we ee oO tS ey a) ee eee

Ne eS

* ¢
aa? Nie a eae a! Se eo

,
ue a

212. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST at

quently. Others, due to misidentifications by Hampson, will refer to older _
names the types of which were unknown at the British Museum at the ime |
oi the publication of the various volumes of the Cat. Lep. Phal. Still o
apply to forms or aberrations placed in the synonymy because various revisio
workers and cataloguers have not considered them distinct enough to be wort
of separate names. In groups where species closely resemble one another, st
as Polia, Eriopyga, Autographa, Catocala, etc., the actual application of many ¢ os
Dr. Strand’s names will be doubtful until the specimens from which Hampson —
drew his diagnoses of “ab. 1,” “ab. 2,” etc. can be studied; and the naming a
further species or forms in the more difficult groups entails a considerable 3
of creating synonyms. It is still an open question if a name can be eleva

to specific rank which was originally described as an aberration; but pend
advice from Dr. Stiles, Secretary of the International Commission of Zoological —
Nomenclature, the authors follow the usual custom of considering a name avail-
able regardless of the status given it by its author. te

39 éé 33

Inquiries have already gone forward to the authorities of the British
Museum in ee to the fixation of a definite specimen as the “type” of each of
Hampson’s “aberrations,” the same specimen becoming the type of the S$
name. It is hoped that with the assistance of Mr. Tams most of Dr. Strands
names can be fitted to actual types and thus placed.

An example of a considerable number of names omitted from the Che
List is to be found in the genus Autographa. Because of an ever increasing —
number of new species and forms being named in this genus it will, perhaps, f :
well to re-publish the names applied by Dr. Strand which deal with the fauna al
of Boreal America. These names were published in the Archiv fur Ne
schichte, 1916, A, 2, pp. 47-50.

Autographa microgamma ab. v-notata Strand.

It is likely that true microgamma does not occur in North America,
which case ab. v-notata need not be added to the lists. Should the Europ
species be found distinct from its American representative, the name montas
Packard (1874, Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 313, Plusia), also omitted fr
all lists, will probably be found to apply to the North American form.

Autographa lula Strand.

1915, Hamp., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., XIII, 419, snovi ab. 1, Syngrapha.

1915, Strand, Archiv. far Naturgesch., A. 2. 47, snowi ab., Ds he sips

1913, Hamp., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. XIII, 418, pl. CCXXXVI, f. 8, (as “snovi”), S
1919, Ottol.. Jour N. Y- Ent.-Soc.. XXVII, 121. pl. XV, f. 2, " Autographa.

1921, McD., Can. Ent., LIII, 85. diasema race, Syngrapha.

1922, McD., Can. Ent., LIV, 139, an sp- dist., Autographa.

The name Jula Strand apparently has priority for the species. It is ba
on ab. 1 of snovi Hampson (nec. snowt Hy. Edw.).
Apparently the normal form is the one figured by Mr. Ottolengui as | he
type of diversigna, and has at least some trace of a spot or dash disco nec
with the U-shaped stigma.
Autographa epigaca ab. epigacela Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
Autographa rectangula ab. demaculata Strand (ab. 2 of Hampsor).
Autographa octoscripta ab. beta Strand (ab. 3 of Hampson).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ae 213

= Autographa excelsana Strand. :
_ 1913, Hamp., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., XIII, 427, excelsa ab- 1, Syngrapha.
1916, Strand, Archiv fair. Naturgesch., A, 2, 47, excelsa ab., Syngrapha,
form normal alta Ottolengui.
1919, Ottol., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXVI, 125, Autographa:
homonym e-xcelsa Ottolengui. :
> 1902. -Ottol., Jour N. Y. Ent- Soc., X, 71, pl. VI. f. 3, Autographa.
: Mr. Ottolegui sunk his name excelsa because of excelsa Kretchmar, pro-
o 3 2 posing alta in its place, (1919). Unless Hampson’s identification of “excelsa ab.
__—*Y”_was erroneous, Strand’s name excelsana apparently attains specific priority.
G Autographa altera ab. alterana Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
ae Autographa egena ab. egenoides Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
5 Autographa brassicae Riley.
1870, Riley, Second Rept. Ins- Mo., p 110, f. 81, biol., Plusia.
synonym w-notata Strand.
~ 1913, Hamp. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., XIII, 468, brassicae ab. 1, Phytometra-
form echinocystidis Strecker.
% 1874, Stkr-, Rhop. & Het., p. 94, Plusia.
The name u-notata applies to the form of brassicae with the U-shaped
stigma and spot disconnected. According to Dr. Riley’s figure of his type, and
a specimen compared with the type in the National Museum, this form is the
one to which the name brassicae must apply. If it is desired to split upon the
es character of the stigma the name echinocystidis may be used for the form w ith
the stigma and spot connected. Apparently the first description of this form is
© “in Strecker, Lep. Rhop. & Het., p. 94, and although Strecker credited the name
~ to “Behr Mss.,” the description was obviously written and published by Strecker
as Be so that the horse will have to be credited to him. The name was originally
__ written echinocystidis; and in 1900 Strecker wrote it echinocystides (Lep Rhop.
ee & Het., Suppl. 3, p. 33). It is usually written echinocystis but in the absence
of proof of a lapsus calami the original orthography should be preserved.
_ Autographa putnami ab. punctistigma Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
_ Autographa putnami ab. mendocinensis Strand (ab. 2 of Hampson).
Possibly represents a distinct species or race.
Autographa biloba ab. venezuelensis Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
Probably represents a distinct species or race not found in Boreal America.
- Autographa oo ab. oonana Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
Autographa precationis ab. tana Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
Autographa bimaculata ab. adapa Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
Autographa pseudogamma ‘ab. freya Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
Autographa ou ab. ouvana Strand (ab. 1 of Hampson).
: Autographa ou ab. ouella Strand (ab. 2 of Hampson).
a te This name is presumably a straight synonym of pedalis Grote, judging
froma specimen of ab. pedalis compared with type by Dr. McDunnough.
eS “Autographa metallica ab. kasloensis Strand. (ab. 1 of Hampson).
7 a ¢ Judging from a series in the Barnes Collection the differences between
$4 metallica and kasloensis are mainly due to the age of the specimens. Fresh speci-
_ mens have the maculation considerably brighter and in general more intensified

than old specimens.

ies wr 2

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NOTES ON LYGAEUS, KALMH STAL. AND ALLIES (HEMIP.)
BY E. P. VAN DUZEE,

San Francisco, Calif.

In the April, 1923, number of the Canadian Entomologist Dr. Parstileyae

gives some interesting notes on Lygaeus kalmii Stal. It seems to me that he~
has misidentified this and some allied species, probably through following Stal
in the Enumeratio Hemipterorum. ;
Lygaeus turcicus Fabr. is a Mexican form which spreads well over our me
southern states and may be distinguished by the Y-shaped red mark on the 4
head, the red base of the clavus and the almost immaculate membrane. =a
Lygaeus costalis H. S., with a still more southerly distribution, has the —

red on the head reduced to a basal spot, the red more extended on the clavus -
and the membrane white-margined.
Lygaeus reclivatus Say has the red basal spot on the head as in costalis

but the clavus is black and the membrane heavily marked with white. This —
is the kalmi of Dr. Parshley’s paper and, as he says, is western in distribution. — :
It is abundant in California and is the only species of this series I have taken é
here. It includes varieties a and b of Stal’s Kalmui.
Lygaeus kali Stal differs from reclivatus in having the white iene
margin very narrow and the discal spot wanting or very small. This is variena
c of Stal’s kalmii and it is angustomarginatus Parshley. It might be better to: =
sink Stal’s name kalmii as a straight synonym of reclivatus and use angusto-
marginatus for the eastern form, but Stal’s description of kalmii covers both forms a
and the name has been used for our eastern species for so many years I would —
personally favor retaining it, an entirely permissible procedure, as Stal does —
not indicate which of his three varieties he considers typical. The variety
enotus Say should perhaps replace kalmii, but Say says “Mexico” and I doubt —
if the eastern form extends so far south. Montandon’s melanie melanodermus —
is unknown to me. iy

eat.

5
c

~ SOME NEW NOCTUIDS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA (LEPID.) E

* “a

BY E. H. BLACKMORE, Bae *,
Victoria, B. C. si 3
AGROTINAE a 4
Euxoa lindseyi nov sp. 3

Palpi white exteriorly with a cluster of black and fuscous scales near ‘hea
distal end of the second joint. Head and thorax pale ash grey with a few black —
scales at the tips of the patagia. Abdomen concolorous with thorax, with ee
of long white hair at base. 5

8. Primaries cinereous grey sparsely scattered over with fuscous scales
Basal line dark fuscous, indicated on costa, re-appearing on median vein from n
which it runs inwardly oblique to vein 2; t.a. line dark fuscous, indeterminate,
indicated by spot on costa, a short outwardly oblique dash on radius, another s
similar on median vein faintly continued in an outwardly oblique direction — on
vein 2, where it forms a distinct tooth from that vein to inner margin. Renifon my
and orbicular dark fuscous, illy defined, the former roughly lunate, the latter
more or less round. Above the reniform is a dark costal spot. Tp. line punceti-

1—Contributions from the California Academy of Sciences, No. 224. os Rt

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215

“form, outwardly rounded opposite cell, then slightly inwardly oblique to inner
margin. ‘Terminal line dark fuscous broken into intervenular triangular dots.

e *ringe light fuscous, paler basally.

es - Secondaries sordid white, terminal line fuscous, with veins outlined in
ame colour, a few scattered fuscous scales on outer margin. Beneath, primaries

pale cinereous with cell darker, t.p. line and reniform showing through dark and

eistinct : secondaries lighter with small fuscous discal dot, post pao. band |

3 aintly indicated, more prominent on costal portion.

= @. Upper side of primaries somewhat darker caused by the greater

_ number of fuscous scales scattered over the surface, the lines and spots are also

a little heavier. Secondaries light fuscous, paler basally. Beneath similar to

male.

i Alar expanse $ 33 mm., ¢ 37 mm.

aS - Described from 7 specimens, 3 males and 2 females taken by the author

: on Vancouver Island and a male and female from the Barnes collection taken at

_ Calgary, Alta., and Victoria, B.C., respectively.

r Holotype— 6 , Goldstream, B. C., Aug. 20th, 1920, in Canadian National

a Collection, Ottawa.

mes ' Allotype—¢, Victoria, B. C., Aug. 18th, 1921, in author’s collection.

_ _ Paratypes—2 6 6, Goldstream, B. C., Sept. 11th & 12th, 1920 and 12

(without abdomen) Victoria, B. C., Aug. 19th, 1916, in author’s collection; 1 @,

labelled Ft. Calgary, N. W. Brit. Col. (Calgary, Alta.) Aug. 20th, 1909, and

1 2, (without abdomen) Victoria, B. C., without date, in collection of Dr.

Ww W. Barnes.

- Superficially this new species is very much like catenula Grt., to which it

Febact allied.

Ye I take pleasure in naming this species after Dr. A. W. Lindsey, to whom

iam very much indebted for kindly help on many occasions.

‘2

ke CUCULLIINAE
RS Onococnemis parvanigra nov. sp.

oe Palpi deep cream, second joint with a few scattered black scales exteriorly.
fe The second and third joints are clothed posteriorly with long black and white
j “hairs, the black predominating. Head and thorax mouse gray with a somewhat
E Oary appearance, caused by the gray scales being tipped with w hite. Abdomen
Tight fuscous, thinly scaled. Primaries, the general effect is brownish black
vith a somewhat lighter basal area and an irregular diffuse cream colored post-
median band. Basal line black, outwardly oblique to sub-costal vein, where it
“tie isappears and is indicated again below median vein by two or three black scales.

_T.a. line brownish black, irregularly sinuous, inwardly oblique from vein 4 to
vein 2 and thence outwardly oblique to inner margin. A small patch of ochreous
cales precedes the t.a. line between costa and sub-costal vein. Orbicular round,
ob ack-ringed, and containing a few light brown and ochreous scales. Reniform
sub-lunate, filled mostly with deep cream with some dark brown scales inter-
m xed. Claviform distinct, outlined in black and filled with light brown. Median
be nd brownish black, lighter costally. TT. p. line brownish black, beginning a
a ttle over one-half out, straight from costa to sub-costal vein, then broadly
; ¢ atcurved to include reniform, then gently incurved to vein 2, from which it runs

< PF
wed

an) “sy

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ebliquely inward to inner margin. ‘This line is edged posteriorly with deep.
cream scales, which on the lower half of the wing are extended into the s.t. space.
Beyond this, on costa, are two small patches of cream scales equidistant between n
reniform and s. t. line. The s. t. line is faintly indicated by cream scales, which
appear at irregular intervals, becoming continuous at vein 4, where it cury es
to the outer angle of wing. Terminal space brownish black. Fringes concol
orous. Secondaries, a broad brownish black band occupies the outer third of
the wing; the basal area is dark fuscous and is separated from the broad marginal
border by a narrow, somewhat diffuse, cream colored band. Discal dot large,
linear, brownish black. Fringes white. Beneath, primaries basal half fuscous,
followed by-a whitish band from costa to inner margin, which in turn is bordered —
by a wide brownish black band on outer margin. Secondaries similar to primarie
with the addition of a very distinct discal dot. .

Alar expanse 25-260 mm. m

Described ‘seat: 4 specimens, one male and three females ‘aes at Kasle
B. C., and Mt. McLean, near Lillooet, B. C. a

Holotyvpe—é, Kaslo, B. C., (J. W. Cockle) August t1oth, 1922, in the.
Canadian National Collection. :

Allotype—@?, Kaslo, B. C., (Cockle) August 6th, 1921, in the a
collection by the kind permission of the collector.

Paratypes—t1 2 , Kaslo, B. C., (Cockle) August rath, 1909, in the Canadi-
an National Collection. 1 9, Mt. McLean, B. C., (A. W. Hanham) August rath,
1921, 1n the collection of Mr. Hanham. i

Mr. Hanham captured his single specimen at an altitude of 5,500 fi ~
This new species is very close to tenuifascta Sm. but can be distinguished ‘from 5
the latter by its somewhat larger size, its darker ground color, and more contraste¢ L
maculation. It is also easily separated by the underside, which in tenuifascia is
of a uniform warm brown color with a narrow cream band crossing both wings.

Litholomia napaea umbrifasciata nov. var. ee

This new race is probably best described by comparison with typical
napaea, which is so well known and has such a wide distribution.

In napaea the ground colour is dark grey with the maculation somewh
obscured; in wmbrifasciata the ground colour is greyish white with a narre Lo
dark brown median band standing out in striking contrast to the remainder + of
wing. This band divides the orbicular and reniform and runs from costa to.
inner margin. It is sharply defined on the anterior edge but posteriorly it fades”
into a paler umber-brown shade extending the whole width of the wing. a
some specimens this shade extends to and is bordered by the t.p. line, which '
gives it the appearance of a rather wide band. The dark-filled reniform, in
most specimens, stands out in contrast to the pale ground colour, while t :
orbicular is sometimes hardly discernible owing to its white filling. In napaee
‘the reverse is the case. Umbrifasciata also seems a little more robust, a trifle
wider in breadth of wing, and somewhat larger, averaging I to 2 mm. nod
alar expanse than napaea.

Described from 15 specimens, 6 6 6 and 9 Q e all taken by aS autl o1
at Victoria, B. C. ay

Holotype— é , Victoria, B. C., March 30th, 1916, in the Canadian Na C
Collection. :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 217

Allotype—? , Victoria, B. C., March 21st, 1915, in the author’s collection.
» Paratypes—5 6 6, March 24th to April roth; 8 2 ¢@, March 2oth to

April 16th.

5S Paratypes will be distributed to the Canadian National Collection; Pro-

-wincial Museum, Victoria, B. C.; United States National Museum; and the Dr.

Wm. Barnes collection.

‘. This is a very distinct geographical race and occurs throughout the south-

ern half of Vancouver Island. I have also seen specimens from Vancouver,

New Westminster, and Fraser Mills. These localities are situated in the extreme

restern end of the Lower Fraser Valley, which has a similar fauna to that of

Vancouver Island.

z Typical napaea also occurs at various points in the interior of British

Beentis specific localities being Lillooet, Vernon, Salmon Arm, Vavenby and
aslo.

SLEPERISINUS CALIFORNICUS SW. KILLING ASH TREES.
BY R. W. DOANE,

a Stanford University, Calif.

' ._ For several years we have seen the ash trees (Fraxinus americanus)
% planted on the University campus, suffering from the attacks of a Leperisinus.
At first it seemed that they might confine their work to the smaller branches,
many of which were killed, but during the last two or three years they have been
_ attacking larger branches on many of the trees and they are now often found
in 1) the trunk of some of the smaller trees. Practically all of the young trees
bordering a road on one part of the campus have been killed in this way, and
_ the older, larger trees, in some parts of the arboretum, are ragged and deformed
on account of the loss of so many of the branches.

a The primary injury is done by the adult beetle which usually selects
' some rough place on the bark or at the base of a twig or on a bud as a point of
% ‘entrance. It then bores into the cambium and begins to bore round the branch
or twig, frequently entirely girdling it. The eggs are laid in little niches on
“each side of the burrow made by the beetle, and the larvae when they issue
follow the grain of the wood, working in the cambium and scoring both the
~ Dark and the wood. ‘The pupal chambers at the end of the larval burrows are
7 cut rather deeply into the wood.

x As we were unable to identify the beetle that was doing this work, speci-
- mens were submitted to Dr. J M. Swaine, chief of the Division of Forest Insects
of the Canadian Department of Agriculture, who has determined it as Leperisinus
californicus Sw., described originally from olive trees, in which it was found to
be a primary enemy.*
F - Most of the species of this genus are not considered to be of primary
nportance. JL. aculeatus is very abundant in dying ash throughout the East,
bu t it does not, usually at least, attack the normal trees. There can be no doubt,
_ however, but that the species, referred to in this note, attacks the green limbs:
of the ash trees, and after killing many of them and thus weakening the -tree,

i will attack and destroy the cambium of the trunk also.
‘a

5 —Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 48, June, 1916, p. 190.

7 cham
pe a

TIIE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

io)

A ROOT WEEVIL (STEPHANOCLEONUS PLUMBEUS LEC.) REAR
FROM STRAWBERRY

BY S. MARCOVITCH,

re
~
ok

Knoxville, Pein:

Large legless larvae of the weevil type were found beneath strawt
roots at Knoxville on June 14 and again on July 13. A few of the
were noticed to be boring into the crown. Since these same larvae were enc
tered in the soil several times while digging strawberry plants, they evidently ~ ee
on the roots also. The larvae were fairly abundant but did not appear te c
cause any serious injury. Pupae were found in the soil on July 13, 4921, anc
on July 25 an adult emerged. On December 14, 1921 as well as in March, 1
larvae in various stages were present. It is probable, therefore, that the i
passes the winter as larva in the soil. | <8 .

This specimen was sent to Prof. Blatchley, who identified it is Steph ano-
cleonus plumbeus Lec. Knoxville is far out of its known range, for hithert
the species has been recorded from New Hampshire, Connecticut, Colora
and New Mexico. As far as the writer is able to learn, its food plant is unknow
It is, therefore, thought worth while to describe a species reared from an ect

mic plant, such as the strawberry. Bee

a:
DESCRIPTION OF ADULT
General coloration greyish; body clothed with a fine whitish pubescence
which condenses on the dorsum of the thorax to form two oblique curved ba
Elytra with three black denuded spots on each side; spot near tip of el
very distinct and shining. Eyes shining black. 2
Body large, elongate. Beak finely punctured, with a rather hee curv
median carina, which does not reach the tip of the beak; beak a little sho
than thorax, flat, stout, and somewhat dilated at the tip. Dorsum of head
comparatively smooth.
Thorax coarsely punctured, quadrate, suddenly narrowed near apex; §
lobed, partially concealing the eyes; anterior half of thorax with a small me
carina, posterior half with a depression. Elytra much wider than thorax,
striae coarsely and closely punctate; intervals flat, finely punctate. Ti
spined at the tips. Claws of tarsi approximate at base. Measurements:
10 mm., width, 4 mm.
LARVA

General coloration whitish; head brownish. Mandibles brownish, dé
towards the tip. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow. Epicranial and front
sutures light colored. Eye spot at base of frontal sutures dark. Body | hair
brownish. as m

Body cylindrical and curved toward ventral side. Surface of boc
wrinkled, with a depressed lateral line visible from the second thoracic to th
eighth abdominal segment. Head about as broad as long; antennae very Sm
one jointed, and situated at base of mandibles. Mandibles unidentate. —
wanting, but represented by fleshy protuberances, each bearing a cluster
bristles. Body of larva covered with short, sparse hairs. Measuremer
Length, 9—10 mm., width, 3%4—4% mm. al

: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

THE PLEURAL SCLERITES OF DIPTERA

BY RAYMOND C. SHANNON,

At Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.
a This communication is primarily an attempt to bring some of the results
of Dr. B. P. Young’s work “Attachment of the Abdomen to the Thorax in
Diptera”! into more general use by dipterists. In this publication figures of
the pleura and the base of the abdomen of at least one species of nearly all
of our North American families of Diptera are given. Such a work offers
‘a very convenient means of making comparative studies of this part of the
al atomy throughout the entire order besides bringing out a number of very
important characters, apparently of fundamental value, which may be used
as primary or supplementary characters in our present scheme of classification
of families and genera. The sclerites are practically unused in systematic work
on Diptera except to indicate the position of scales, hairs, or bristles. Doubt-
less the study of other species, aided by Dr. Young’s work, will bring out
additional characters. The writer, during some recent studies on several
- families of Diptera has made use of Young’s paper to good advantage and
_ wishes to further emphasize some of the differences that exist.

c* The anepisternum (mesopleura) of the mesothorax is divided in all but
some of the more primitive species. In the Nematocera the sternopleura tends
to have its upper posterior corner fused with the posterior section of the anepi-
sternum and is continued lobe-like to the base of the wing with the pteropleura
_ lying beside it. -(See figure of Anopheles, ibid, pl. xii, 10). On the other hana
_ the Cyclorrhapha instead of having its upper posterior corner fused and produced
~<a has its upper anterior corner somewhat fused with the anterior section of the
~ anepisternum and is produced lobe-like to the fore coxa, and the pteropleura
Ties dorsad and somewhat caudad of its upper margin. Young, in his brief
_ summary, brings out what practically amounts to the same thing, i. e., as a general
_ rule the pleural suture extends from the coxa to the wing base in the Nemocera;
F: while in the Brachycera generally, and the Cyclorrhapha, this suture takes an
abrupt turn cephalad in its course from the leg to the wing base.

a The writer wishes to call attention to the episternum of the prothorax,

commonly called propleura. It is quite apparent that this structure is composed
F: of two, more or less, fused sclerites. The suture can be traced fairly well in
e - a number of widely separated families and, moreover, the vestiture on the two
‘parts is usually distinctly different. Frequently the lower part is more or less
Be ttasc and the upper is nude; or the lower part may bear distinct bristles while
the upper is merely pilose. It has been found convenient to consider these as
two separate structures in taxonomic work and the terms upper propleura and
lower propleura are used; or to follow morphologists, they may be called
_ anepisternum and katepisternum respectively.

Bo: Both Young and the writer? called attention to a chitinous tongue-like
structure extending from the latero-caudal side of the meso-coxa across the
membrane of the coxa in the Syrphidae about the same time. Young further
5 noted that this was also characteristic of the other families of Cyclorrhapha

a.
5

~*—Published by permission of Chief of Bureau.
— 1—Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir. 44, 1921.
_2—Bull. Brook, Ent. Soc. XVI, p. 67, 1921.

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST .

except Platypezidae, Pipunculidae and Conopidae. The writer wishes to
attention to its absence in Pyrgota (Ortalidae). He has long thought that »
Conopinae and Pyrgota had much in common and this adds to his belief 1
both may be more closely related than is commonly supposed.

out in forthcoming papers.

AN AMENDED SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS MYDAEA _
(DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIIDAE)
BY J. R. MALLOCH,

Washington, D- C. ee
In the number of the Canadian “Entomologist for January, 1921, pi

I published a synopsis of the genus Mydeca Robineau-Desvoidy which does 1

include all the then described species, and to enable students of the grouy

identify such forms as are known to occur in North America, I now pre

the appended key. ‘This key will, I believe, be found applicable to bots
KEY TO SPECIES.

1. Legs largely or entirely black, only the tibiae sometimes brownish .

Legs with all the tibiae and at least part of the femora yellowish .

ee daiteres, yellow. i ceteni Pe. Stn Ee on Pee oie a ieee a
Knobs of -halteres' brown or, black: o>. 5./.. 2.52.5 5-28

3. Eyes densely hairy; basal abdominal sternite bare .... calvicrura Coqu et
Eyes bare; basal abdominal sternite_-hairy.... 2.1.00: hirtiventris Malle

4. Arista with its longest hairs as long as width of third antennal segn
tibiae brownish; wings not yellow at bases. .s.....0.0.5 obscura te
Arista with its longest hairs not longer than its basal diameter ; tibiae blac

wings yellow~at ‘bases: 5. 32 Sus. «tose eee rugia Wa
5. scutellum largely or entirely yellowish, contrasting sharply wtih the «
colour: of mesonotumi (.gj2.0 036 oa a SS .
Scutellum black, concolorous with mesonotum .......2...+.++e+e0- ee
6. Palpi yellow; antennae entirely or almost entirely yellow ........ Ber
Palpi black; antennae entirely or almost entirely black ....:......... 8
7. Sides of scutellum below level of the bristles entirely bare; third anten
segment ‘brownish apteallyays. a cee ees. Seay Saree flavidipalpis sp.
Sides of scutellum with a few setulose hairs at bases below the level of t
long bristles; third antennal segment yellow ...... flavicorms Coquill

8. Hind femur without bristles on posteroventral surface except at apex,
anteroventral surface with the bristles almost absent on basal half...

Cec ita 6% sats dATN otal ee aA CAE hy sete Se Ee occidentalis M

Hind femur with some fine bristles on apical half of posteroventral sur

the anteroventral bristles long and strong to base ...... pagana Fabri

9. Longest hairs on arista not longer than width of third antennal seg n
usually shorter; prealar bristle about one-third as long as the one-
Longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than width of third antenna!
ITIOTIE 5 ow o's siajo.s eo ep Bie we Sia s Mle ev gins eh Fae see oe) Bs

10. Longest hairs on arista about as long as width of third antennal Segmet

hind femur in both sexes usually with two or three bristles ay pai

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 221

on posteroventral surface; second antennal segment yellowish; fore femur

x MPEG i. Pa cl Sane kee cee ce eee brevipilosa Malloch
: ess Longest hairs on arista distinctly shorter than width of third antennal
rs ' segment; hind femur in both sexes usually with some bristles cn basal
x. half on posteroventral surface; second antennal segment black; fore
pe Sy eeaae Metin Cathenedn 220s. ci. ee ee persimilis Malloch
41. All femora largely fuscous; prealar bristle, minute; wings aot yellow at
. . RM tat ae ae eo ek eee oe. ea Ula ot ee cd obscura Stein
* At most the fore and mid femora infuscated basally .................. 12

12. Small species, 5.5 to 6.5 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with distinct
but not very dense pruinescence, the former distinctly vittate only in
meme pr calat obristie Turitite i oti. 2 2. le ee. zwinnemana Malloch

Larger species, 7 to 9 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with dense yel-
lowish ‘pruinescence, the former with very distinct vittae ............ 13

13. Fore femora yellow in both sexes; apical segment of fore tarsus in male
slightly, in female very much broadened; prealar bristle one-third as long

: , maa? ee nenitideit este) eC oe oe. ae discimana Malloch
. Fore femora in males infuscated basally at least; apical segment of fore
. umener rial tail At WOM“ SERES Widest 205d le os eS wl ev ee De ie 14
< ‘14. Prealar bristle over half as long as the one behind it ...... urbana Meigen
ve

Prealar bristle not over one-third as long as the one behind it
SS a ee ae neglectus Malloch
Mydaea flavidipalpis sp. n.

Male and female—Similar to flavicornis Coquillett, the antennae, palpi,
and legs including tarsi yellow. Differs in having the fore coxae yellow, not
brown or fuscous, the yellow colour on humeral and posterior angles of mesono-
tum more diffused, the fore tibia in female with a median posterior bristle.
the pruinescence of abdomen more yellowish, and as stated in key

Length, 7—8 mm.

Type, male, allotype, and three female paratypes, Glen Echo, Md., June 11
-—August 8, 1921-22 (J. R.dMalloch) ; one male, Plummer’s Island, Md. May 23.
1907 (A. K. Fisher).

Mydaea discimana Malloch
Dr. J. M. Aldrich has shown me a female of this species from continental

Europe.

AN UNDESCRIBED ANTHOMYID IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL
COLLECTION (DIPTERA )*
BY H. L. SEAMANS,
Lethbridge, Alta.
Pegomyia polygoni new species
Male. Black shining with dense gray pruinescence on the thorax and
abdomen. Head reddish with bright silvery pruinescence on the orbits, para-
facials, cheeks and whole face except the inner slopes of facial ridges and

*—Contribution from the Division of Field Crop end Garden Insects, Entomological
Branch, Dept. of Agric., Ottawa.

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ee

upper half of antennal fovae in most lights. Eyes separated by less than the
width of the anterior ocellus. The second joint of the antennae reddish, the
third twice the length of the second, black, flattened, with a black, very shortly 7
pubescent arista. Vibrissa separated by more than twice the distance between — P
either and the eye margin. Palpi deep black, extreme base yellowish. on

Thorax distinctly vittate; presutural acrosticals indistinct ; prealar bristi= ie
less than half the length of the one succeeding. Wings clear, veins at the base os
bright yellow, darker only near the tips. Calypteres equal, yellow; halteres
yellow. All coxae infuscated; femora and tibiae yellow; tarsi black.
Abdomen depressed, flattened, the middle line slightly raised, with an indistinct
dorsocentral vitta, and dark markings at the segmental borders, from posts
view. Hypopygium not prominent, basal segment reddish, fifth sternite gray, =
no remarkable bristling, and only a few bristly hairs on the basal segment.

Fore femora with a row of hair-like bristles on both the anterodorsal
and anteroventral surfaces; fore tibiae with one posteroventral bristle near the .
middle, and with one dorsal bristle at the apical third. Mid femora with a
row of four or five small bristles on the apical fourth of the posteroventral ee
face, and two short, postero-apical bristles; mid tibiae with three or four pos a
terior and one postero-dorsal bristle. Hind femora with a row of seven or —
eight antero-ventral bristles and an irregular row of antero-dorsal bristle-like —
hairs; two dorsal preapical bristles, a preapical posterior bristle and a row of
three or four closely placed, short postero-ventral bristles close to the apex;
hind tibiae with two short antero-ventral, two strong antero-dorsal and three
postero-dorsal bristles. Length 5-6 mm. he

Female. Differs from the male in its smaller size, general yellowish gray
color, especially marked on the scutellum and abdomen, rather thickly greytsm —
yellow pruinose, the pollen shining. -

Head generally more yellowish than red, with dense silvery pruinescence _
as in the male. Lower supra orbital bristles directed backward, upper orbitals —
directed forward and divergent. No thoracic or abdominal markings, but —
mesonotum and pectus diffusely somewhat darker. Bristling of the legs much —
the same as in the male except that there are four antero-dorsal and two postero- —
dorsal bristles, with an additional antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal apical bristle, —
much smaller than the others. Length, 4.5—5 mm.

Holotype— 8, Aweme, Man., May 25, 1921, (N. Criddle); bred from —
Polygonum convolvulus L,.; No. 592, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— 2, same data, May 24.

Paratypes—2 6, same data, May 24, and 25, the latter headless.

This species was reared by Mr. N. Criddle of the Entomological Branch,
at Aweme, Manitoba. The larvae were found mining in the leaves of Polygonum _
convolvulus L,. during September. Mr. Criddle states that the mines were a
blotch mine forming a rather large blister. The larvae pupate in the fall and
the adults emerge the following May. It is probable that there is more than
one brood during the year.

This species runs to unguiculata Mall. in Malloch’s key to the genus —
Pegomyia as published in the “Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc.,” Vol. XV, p. 121, but is
readily distinguished from that species.

a -" o4
Lok ae

se as CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | ‘ = a 223

OF ONTARIO.

“The sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the Entomological Soeiett
itario will be celebrated by a series of meetings to be held in Ottawa on
Gradiy, Friday and Saturday, November Ist, 2nd and 3rd, 1923. =
At is to: be Hoped that all members and friends of the Society will make y
ial effort to attend and participate in the programme. _ Titles of papers

Id be i in the hands of the local secretary not later than Monday, October 22nd. se 2
ee Reservations may be obtained at the Chateau Laurier, Russell, Alexandria
Windsor Hotels. Members are advised to make their reservations: early.

:ANK MORRIS, PRESIDENT, LEONARD S. McLAINE,
; a SECRETARY. . LocaL SECRETARY,

ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH,
Dept. OF AGRICULTURE, Orrawa.

mailing, September 29th.

4 =

BARGAINS IN FINE TROPICAL BUTTERFLIES

This is the chance for you to stock up with your requirements for the
Xmas trade.

Please note that the Butterflies are sold at the stated prices only in
the quantities mentioned.

PRICE PER 100.—Catagramma $10. Callicore (98 Butterfly) $8- Ag. vanil-
lae $7.50. Helic. phyllis, melpomene or charitonius $5. Meg. corina or
iole $8. Meg. chiron $5- Vanessa urticae $3. Antiopa $4.50. Pyr. ata-
lanta $5. Terac. eupoimpe $9. Cyrestis lutea map butterfly) $13. Zyg.—
filipendulae (small, bright for Jewellery) $5. Ewum- atala (fine) $.
Chlor. chrewbina $15. Cyane $12. Urania fulgens (passable quality) $11.
Catop. argante $. Rurina $7. Philea $8. Paplio agesilaus $8- Antheus
(very fine) $18. Demodocus (fine-Leopard papilio) $18. Ornith. hecuba
(males) perfect $60. A. luna $10. Pap- lyaeus $18. Mixed Number
Amenican Saturnids $7.

SPECIAL—25,000 South American Butterflies, Mixed, including Papilio and
Caligo, Heliconids, Catagramma, etc. Very good quality for decorative
purposes but imperfect quality $35.00 per 1000.

TERMS—Cash with order.

G. G. MacBean, Dealer

ASSINIBOIA, SASK., CANADA

amd

Che Canadian Cutomolagist

Vor. LV. ORILLIA, OCTOBER, 1923. No. 10.

A CURIOUS PHASE OF PARASITISM AMONG
THE PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA
BY L. O. HOWARD,
Washington, D. C.

It has previously been pointed out by the writer and by others that the
history of the evolution of parasitism with the Hymenopterous families now
composed principally of true parasites can be traced to-day through the difterent
phases which exist at the present time. The beginning of parasitism can be
found in the case of certain forms of the subfamily Eurytominae inhabiting
Cynipid galls, and there are other species which have acquired the parasitic habit
which are catholic in their choice of hosts, others which have become adapted
only to host insects living in a certain manner, while others confine themselves in
their attacks to certain families; others to the species of certain genera, and
others to single species.

In the whole order Hymenoptera, however, it would be difficult to find
so advanced a degree of parasitism as occurs with a minute Proctotrypid of
the subfamily Scelioninae which parasitizes Mantis religiosa in Europe. The
Scelioninae for the most part are egg parasites, and the parasitic habit is confined
to their larvae, which feed within the eggs of the host insects (mostly Orthoptera)
and issue as free-living adults whose short life is spent for the most part in
mating and oviposition. The little form in question, which is known as Rielia
manticeta of Kieffer, has a true ecto-parasitic life in its adult stage, and its
habits are carefully displayed by L. Chopard in an article on the parasites of the
praying Mantis in the “Annals of the Entomological Society of France,” Vol-
ume QI, pp. 249-272.

The adults of the parasite, which are fully winged, though flying feebly,
issue about the end of August and through September at about the period when
the praying Mantis becomes adult. Whether they reach the female Mantids by
flight or whether they crawl upon them from the twigs of shrubs upon which
both occur is in doubt, but probably the latter, in the same way as the triungulins
of the blister-beetles crawl upon bees. Having succeeded in grasping one of
the Mantids, it becomes from then on a true parasite, living at the expense of its
host, and never leaving it tntil it is time for it to lay its eggs. It soon loses
its wings, and in the late autumn all that are found upon the Mantids are wingiess.
The late Alfred Giard thought that the wings were rubbed off by the movements
of the segments of the host, but Chopard says that this cannot be true, since the
Rielia wings are cut off at a precise point and in a neat way, so that they appear to
have been cut with a pair of scissors. He thinks, therefore, that they fall off
in the way that the wings of ants fall off, although at a little distance from the
base. ;

The little parasites are generally found more abundantly upon the females
than upon the males of the Mantids, and often more than one parasite is found
upon a single host, very often two or three, more rarely four or five, and some-

224 Z THE CANADIANSEN TGMCL 9GIST

times six. The Rielias fix themselves under the wing, or under the elytron, upon
the sides of the thorax, and not rarely at the end of the abdomen between.
anal valves. Where several of them occur upon a single host, they choo
locations distant from one another. ‘The Mantid notices the attack of t
Rielia by vigorous movements when sensitive points are touched, as the si
of the abdomen. It tries to remove them with its legs, and sometimes it succeec
The parasite may live for several months without leaving its host,
undoubtedly takes nourishment from it. Chopard has seen it eating the b
of the wing-veins of its host.
The adult Rielia is then a parasite, and one whose fate depends closely

upon that of the host which it has attacked, for its destiny is very different whe
it has attached itself to a male rather than a female. If it happens to attach its
to a male, whose life, normally short, is usually cut very short by the fact tha
it is eaten up by the female in the act of coupling, the life of the Rielia i is also
very short and ineffective. One would think that it would change from male — a
to female during the act of coupling, but this is not done by the parasite. In
the same way, in a case where one of the parasites was found upon an immatu e
Mantid, it was not able to change its place with the casting of the iat,
“remained fixed upon the exuvium. ‘
The eggs of the Mantid, to the number of one thousand to twelve hundred, a
are deposited in two or three successive batches in egg-cases formed of a spumy —
mass which hardens like parchment in the air. . These Seeley ines: are usually —
made during October and November. es
About half an hour before laying her eggs, the abdomen of the Mantid
contracts violently, and this is a signal to the parasites to quit their shelter under
the wings of the host. They travel slowly along the sides of the abdomen and
seek to reach the genital region of the host insect. The Mantid, in fact, seel n fe
to feel their presence at the time, but she is so intent upon her egg-laying t at 4
she makes only a feeble attempt to brush them off with her legs. However, ~
Chopard has seen the egg-laying interrupted in this attempt, and sometimes th 1c
female succeeds in throwing the parasite off, but-usually the parasite succeec
in reaching the egg-case which is being formed and which ts at first of a visco
nature, and in the middle of this semi-liquid mass continually moved abou
the abdomen of the Mantis the Rielia finds itself about to be swallowed up by
the sticky stuff, but finally it lays its eggs, probably in the eggs of the Mantid, 2:
The parasite tries to remove the gluey substance from its body a dt

climb back on ‘its host. Often it fails, and dies. If, on the contrary, it is al
to regain the body of the Mantis, it finds its usual place and then tries to. remoy
the accumulation which has dried upon the surface of its body and gs 1
legs and its antennae. Sometimes it does not succeed, and Chopard hi SE
one with one antennae permanently put out of business. Now we see a
good reason for its having rid itself of its wings at an earlier stage, for th
would be hopelessly clogged by the secretion of the Mantis.
The larvae of the Rielia are to be fond in the eggs of the
Chopard describes the different stages, but has not succeeded in mae thi
He thinks, however, without doubt, that pupation occurs in the egg of

and that it lasts only about fifteen days. mee re a

.eoe -

héey.

ma:

>.
aH

hae
“1

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 225

CYPHODERRIS MONSTROSA UHLER IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
(ORTHOPTERA )
BY E. R. BUCKELL,
Entomological Branch, Ottawa.

Cyphoderris monstrosa Uhl.

Uhler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., II, p. 552 (1864).

Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus. II. p. 248 (1869).
Thomas, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Sci. I, p. 263 (1876).
Scudder, Can. Ent., XX XJ, p. 117, (1899).

Scudder, Cat. Orth. U. S.. p. 80 (1900).

Scudder, Can. Ent. XX XIII, pp. 17-19 (1901).

Scudder, Psyche, IX, p. 167, (1901).

Turley, Can. Ent. XX XIII, pp. 246-248 (1901).

Caudell, Ent. News, XV, p. 63 (1904).

Caudell, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XII. p: 47 (1904).

Ent. Record, Rep. Ont. Ent. Soc. p. 131 (1907).

Buckell, Proc. B. C. Ent. Soc. p. 32, No 18, Systematic Series (1921).

* Buckell, Proc, B, C, Ent. Soc. p. 9, No. 20, Systematic Series (1922).

During the past four years the writer has found this insect in many localt-
ties in the interior of British Columbia and has been able to assemble some notes
on its life history and habits. It has also been possible, from the examination
of a long series of specimens, to observe considerable variation in the coloration
and roughness of the surface of the pronotum; particularly in that of the male.
The original description of this species was made by Uhler from the male in
1864 and it was not until 1901 that the female became known. No descriptions
are given in this article, as both generic and specific descriptions have been pub-
lished by Mr. A. N. Caudell, in the Journal of the New York Entomological
Society, p. 47, Vol. XII, 1904. <A description of the coloration of the living
female is also given in the above publication by Professor Scudder and again
on p. 18 of the Canadian Entomologist for 1gor.

NOTES ON VARIATIONS

A few specimens of this species have been collected from time to time
in British Columbia at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 7,500 feet. Among these

‘there were no marked variations either in the coloration or size of the individuals.

On May 26, 1922, the writer collected fifty adult males and thirty adult females
at Nicola, B. C., at an elevation of 2,200 feet and it is with regard to this series
that the following remarks are made. ‘The series was obtained at night between
the hours of nine and twelve by searching with a strong gasoline lantern amongst
the bushes of Amelanchier cusickii, A. florida and Elacagnus argentea, which
were growing close to the Nicola River and on which the insects were feeding.
The whole series was collected on about two acres of land, and at this date all
stages from small nymphs to adults could be found. These eighty adults were
retained in five per cent. chloral hydrate solution until December, when they
were all carefully measured and the results tabulated. The measurements of
the eighty specimens will not be included here, but will be quoted from to show
the variation in measurements which was found in this series.
THE FEMALE

The measurements of a typical large female were: Length to end of

cereus, 35.0 mm.; length of pronotum, 8.0 mm.; greatest width of pronotum, 8.5

*--Contribution from the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects, Entomological
Branch, Dept. of Agric., Ottawa.

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

mm.; tegmina vestigial; length of hind femur, 11.5 mm. tenet of hind sade 4
10.5 mm.; length of hind tarsus, 7.5 mm. The small apna are very soft and we
light irc and easily distinguished from the adult. In the last instar a large -
nymph closely resembles a small adult in general size and coloration, but may — ;
readily be separated by the following characters. They are softer and lighter oy
in color and always have the markings on the face and legs a dark brown instead %
of the rich shining black of the adult. The surest way to decide if the specimen 59
is adult is to examine the ventral surface. In the nymph the coxae, trochanters
- and sterna are pale clay yellow and any markings that are present are light i
brown; while in the adult the coxae and trochanters are shining black or a very $
dark purple, and the sterna are pinkish marked with black, and the whole insect
has a harder and more burnished appearance. In the thirty females examined —
the total length was variable acccrding to the age of the specimen and the pres: :
ence or absence of eggs within the body cavity. The largest specimen measured: ae
Total length, 35 mm.; length of pronotum, 8.0 mm.; greatest width of pronotum, —
8.5 mm.; hind femur, 11.5 mm. The smallest specimen measured: Total length
28.0 mm.; length of pronotum, 60 mm.; greatest width of pronotum, 6.0 mnt;
hind femur, 8.5 mm. The average measurements for the thirty females BES i e.
Total length, 28.866 mm.; length of pronotum, 7.45 mm.; greatest width “7
pronotum, 7.416 mm. -ttiad femur, 10.266 mm. .
There is no constant color pattern shown in the pronota of the female
In some the ground color is considerably darker than in others and the intensity z
and distribution of the dark markings is very variable. In all the specimens
examined from British Columbia the tegmina and wings are vestigial. It is ra
interesting to note that the specimen described and illustrated by Caudell (Pig. 1, e
p. 50, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XII, 1904) has the tegmina and wings partially”
developed. It is stated that “the elytra are fairly well developed, nearly bineleas
projecting well beycnd the thorax and slightly overlapping; the wings of the |
-same development and shape as the elytra, being about as broad as long and |
nearly round. Those specimens with minute, widely separated elytra almost —
hidden beneath the thorax I have considered as nymphs, though some are fully
as large as the single undoubted adult before me. These supposedly immature
forms differ from the adult in having undeveloped wings and the legs are usually y
shorter, the posterior femora of even the larger specimens being in some cases
scarcely more than 8.0 mm. in length. It is possible that this species is in
midst of the evolutionary process of, becoming apterous, as indicated by t
aborted underwings of the male. In this case the female with more fully devel-
oped wings may be a case of reversion to the ancestral type, in which case the
supposedly immature forms may really be adults.” There is no doubt that
thirty British Columbian females, here considered, were fully adult and the hn id
femora were all 9.5 mm. or over, except in three specimens in which they were —
g.0mm. The femora of nymphs, as stated by Caudell, rarely exceeded 8 mm. ~~

THE MALE

In the series of fifty males, which we are considering, there is considera
variation shown in the distribution of the dark markings on the pronotum
in the rugosity of the surface of its posterior lobe. There is also consider
variation in the total length of the body and in the length of the hind fer

‘
OD)
<i)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 227

In examining the pronota of this series, we find that there are three color
varieties which gradually grade one into the other. The first variety is by far
the most plentiful, sixty-two per cent. of the specimens falling into this division.
In these the posterior lobe is either (A) nacreous, (B) luteous or (C) a pale
pinkish-brown and is sharply separated from the dark anterior lobe.

In the second or intermediate variety the average specimen shows a more
gradual graduation of color from the dark anterior lobe to the lighter, though
strongly infuscated, posterior lobe. Being an intermediate variety, it was found
hard to place some specimens with certainty, but thirty-two per cent. of the
series were considered to fall within this variety; specimens could be found
grading imperceptibly into both the lighter variety and the dark variety.

The third, or dark variety, was rare in this series, only three specimens
or six per cent. being found. In two of these the anterior and posterior lobes
were uniformly black with two slightly lighter areas in the centre. In the prono-
tum of the third specimen the anterior lobe is slightly darker but less shiny than
the posterior lobe, and is, in many respects, intermediate.

Other points of variation can be noticed in the general shape of the
pronota and in the rugosity of the posterior lobes. In the series having light
pronota, individuals could be found showing variations from a weakly punctate
posterior lobe but little rugose, through various degrees of roughness to one that
is coarsely ridged. longitudinally. In three specimens with light pronota the
posterior lobe was considerably flattened and the greatest width was across the
hind border, and in these individuals the coarse ridging was particularly pro-
nounced. In the intermediate series of sixteen species no outstanding variation
in the degree of roughness was noticed.

In summing up the characteristics of the fifty males no definite varieties
can be picked out from this series in-which size, color of pronotum, and rugosity
are constant in more than one or two specimens. Those in the first series (A),
(B) and (C) contain small, medium and large specimens, with the posterior
lobe usually weakly punctate to strongly punctate, or occasionally coarsely
ridged longitudinally. Both size and rugosity of pronotum are variable in the
second and third series, but none have been seen as yet with the coarsely ridged
pronotum. The three dark males were among the smallest specimens measured.

The described variety, Cyphoderris monstrosa piperi Caudell, the descrip-
tion of which appears in the Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., p. 53, Vol. XII, 1904, was not
found in the series under discussion, although the main points in which it is said
to differ from the type specimens of C. monstrosa Uhler are to be found in
some of the British Columbia individuals, but never united in one specimen. — Its
greater size is equalled and in some cases exceeded in the series before us. Its
black coloration of the pronotum :~ fcund in at least tw» specimens of the ser'e€s,
but not accompanied by a large or coarsely ridged posterior lobe, while its broad
posterior lobe conspicuously and coarsely ridged longitudinally is shown only
in the three specimens with light colored pronota. It is doubtful in our opinion
whether C. monstrosa piperi can be considered a true variety.

The largest specimen in the series of males examined measured: Length
to end of cercus, 35 mm.; length of pronotum, 9.0 mm.; greatest width of
pronotum, 8.5 mm.; length of tegmina beyond pronotum, 11.0 mm.; length ot
hind femur, 12.5 mm. ‘This specimen had a very light colored posterior lobe of

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the pronotum which was very slightly punctate. The smallest specimen measured:
Length to end of cereus, 21 mm.; length of pronotum, 7.0 mm.; greatest width —
of pronotum, 6.5 mm.; length of teerivints beyond pronotum, 7.0 mm.; length of 38
hind femur, 8.5 mm. The average measurements for the fifty aire were: —
Length to end of cercus, 25.78 mm.; length of pronotum, 8.184 mm.; greatest
width of pronotum, 7.81 mm.; feneth of tegmina beyond pronotum, 8.36 mm
length of hind femur, 10.67 mm. Another specimen measured: Total length,
35.0 mm.; length of pronotum, 9.0 mm.; greatest width of pronotum, 8.0 mm.: .
length of tegmina beyond pronotum, 11.0 mm.; length of hind femora, 12.00 mm. ; —
length of hind tibia 11.0 mm.; length of nine tarsus, 7.5 mm.; length of cercus,
3.5mm. ‘This specimen beibueed to the intermediate variety as eee coloration.
of pronotum. The tegmina of the male are broad and ample and cover from one
half to two thirds of the abdomen. The right tegmen may overlap the left or vice
versa. The stridulating area is well developed. The wings are shrunken,

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS

The notes obtained on the life history of this insect are far from complete __
but may be of interest at this time, as little is known about this species. As far ee
as we have been able to ascertain in British Columbia, the periods during which —
the egg, the nymph and the adult are present are not very well defined; the
nymph, at any rate, can be found throughout every month of the year. :

No observations have been made on the place chosen for oviposition, The —
large body of the female and the very short ovipositor would indicate that the
eggs are probably either deposited on the soil surface beneath rubbish or logs,
or more probably are all laid in one batch in some underground chamber excavated - = s
by the female, but this needs to be verified. Dissection of dried females shows — a
that they contain from 45 to 50 eggs. . These eggs are all of the same size,. which i
would favor the idea that all are laid at one time and not a few at a time, as ‘
occurs in other British Columbia Tettigoniidae, such as the members of the ~
Decticinae, in which the eggs are found in all stages of development within the “a
bodies of the females. The dried eggs measure 4 mm. by 2 mm. and are a

dark golden brown color, but the fresh eggs would probably be considerably _

~, >i
.

larger. =
Oviposition probably commences in the middle of May and continues
throughout June and July and females with mature eggs have been found in “a
early September. There does not seem to be much doubt that the eggs laid a
late in the summer do not hatch until the following spring, as very small nymphs — cr
can be found in May and June which become adult in July. The earliest adults
undoubtedly result from the over-wintering nymphs, which can be found in ear
spring stiff and dormant in their hibernating galleries beneath stones and fog 3
These overwintering nymphs are usually in the last instar and soon become adult =
when spring opens. <A hibernating nymph was found beneath a small stone i oe
the forest at Riske Creek, Chilcotin, on April 12th, 1921. At this time the sno
was still covering most of the ground and the stone was firmly frozen to the a 1
The nymph, a male in the last instar, was resting in a smooth, sloping galler
excavated in the soil beneath the centre of the stone. The gallery was ab
four inches long and sloping gently downwards. ‘The nymph at this time ©

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 229

very weak and sluggish. In the spring of 1922 several of these were found in

short galleries beneath stones on a rocky hilltop on the Nicola range, at an
altitude of 3,500 feet. In this location the wind would keep the hilltop fairly

_ free from snow, and as the temperature falls in this locality to fifteen or twenty
degrees below zero for several short periods during the average winter, these

hibernating nymphs are able to stand a considerable amount of severe cold.
Very small nymphs have occasionally been found beneath logs in early spring,
and may have wintered in this stage or may possibly have hatched in some under-
ground gallery and grown slightly by feeding on grass roots or other vegetable
matter. We have no evidence to show that adults ever hibernate. The nymphs
remain hidden during the daytime and come out at dusk, and may be found in
great numbers during late May, in company with the earlier adults, feeding upon
the flowers of various bushes, especially species of Amelanchier. \When disturbed
they drop to the ground and craw! under the debris at the base of the bushes.
When further annoyed they throw themselves upon their backs and extend their
legs out rigidly and make jabs at the intruder with their front pair of legs and
their powerful mandibles. This same method of deience is used by the adult
insect also, and their powerful jaws are capable of giving the finger a severe
pinch.

The habits of the adults are similar to those of the nymphs, the day being
spent in short burrows beneath stones, under logs or amongst rubbish. They are
very slow and clumsy while upon the ground, but can climb freely into the bushes
or into the highest trees. Motionless adults on the ground are very hard to
detect even with a strong light at night, as their colors blend admirably with the
dead twigs and leaves. When the 4melanchier bushes are in flower these insects,
both nymphs and adults, may be seen in large numbers at night feeding upon the
flowers of these bushes, and the air will be filled with the loud shrilling of the
males. When stridulating the male rests head downward on a tree trunk or
branch and by the vibration of its tegmina produces a shrill ticking sound some-
what similar to that made by the Cicadas. The sound is very ventriloquial and
the cinger hard to detect. Very little attention is paid to a-bright light. In
collecting the series at Nicola a 300 candle-power gasoline lantern was used and
could be brought to within six feet of the stridulating males before they would
become silent. By taking care not to shake the bushes no difficulty was experi-
enced in gently taking the specimens required with the fingers.

The adults emerge at dusk and the males begin to stridulate. Between
8.30 p.m. and 11 p.m. the stridulating is at its height. After midnight they become
silent and probably retire to their hiding places before the chill morning hours.
It is only when flowering bushes are in blossom that large numbers can be found
together. After the blossoming period they become scattered and are hard to
find in any numbers.

Pairing of the sexes takes place soon after dusk and the females may
Oviposit at night or perhaps during the day time when below ground, but this
point has not yet been determined. We do not know if pairing takes place upon
the ground or in the bushes, but it is evidently a similar process to that employed
by the Decticinae, as a number of female Cyphoderris have been seen by us with
the large, white, albuminous mass adhering to them while feeding on Amelanchier

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

flowers soon after dusk. Another insect which pairs in a similar way at dusk
in British Columbia is Scudderia furcata Bruner.

During the period when this species is most plentiful it may be found
in all types of country from the Rocky Mountains in the east to the Coast Range
in the west. We have no records of it at present from west of the Coast Range.
It seems to be equally at home in the dry belt and in the more humid sections
of the Province. Its normal habitat is evidently timbered land. In the Chil-
cotin district a number of them were found during the day hiding under loose
stones and dried cattle manure on the open range, although they were never far
from the timbered hills. .

This species is known from Banff, Alberta, and from Washington, Oregon,
Idaho and Wyoming in the United States. No damage has as yet been reported
from this species in British Columbia, but considerable damage to the buds and
flowers of cherry, peach, apple and pear trees has been reported from Idaho.

THE -LIFE. HISTORY OF JALYSUS SPINOSUS~ (aan
(NEIDIDAE, HE TEROPTERA)
BY P. A. READIO,
Kansas University, Lawrence, Kansas.

Late in September of the fall of 1922 the writer discovered that the
stilt-bug, Jalysus spinosus (Say), was present in large numbers in the vicinity
of Lawrence, Kansas, feeding for the most part on Gaura biennis L. All stages
of the insect were represented, and it seemed to be an excellent opportunity to
obtain some of the much-needed data on the biology of this insect and the family
which it represents. Although the lateness of the season made it improbable
that a complete life cycle could be witnessed before cold weather, yet the lack of
information concerning this insect made the attempt worth while.

In a survey of the literature dealing with the biology of this family, a
few references to the biology of European species were found, but practically
nothing in regard to our species. E. A. Butler, in an article, “A Contribution
Towards the Life History of Berytus clavipes F.,”! has described the eggs and
nymphal instars of this English species, and in a later article? has described the
eggs and first instar nymphs of Berytus signoretti Fieb. Other observations on
the life history of this family have been made by Moncreaff, on Metatropis
rufescense, Herr.-Schaft., and by Sahlberg on the same species. In this country
practically nothing has been done on the life history of any member of this
family. Howard, in “Insect Life,” states that Jalysus spinosus is often “Found
on the undergrowth in oak woods,” and “would be a good species to study care-
fully.” Comstock in his ‘Manual for the Study of Insects,” states that Jalysus
spinosus is “Found on the undergrowth of woods and in meadows.” Because of
the lack of information concerning the life history of this and other American

’

species of this family, the writer has made this brief study.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION.

Jalysus spinosus (Say) belongs to the family Neididae, formerly the family
Berytidae, of the order Heteroptera. The following descriptive remarks con-
1—Ent. M. Mag., 49, pp. 28-32. 1913.
2—Ent. M. Mag., 50, pp. 220-221. 1914.

fe a4

231

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

PLATE EL:

Pndouth dune

JALYSUS SPINOSUS (SAY).

232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

cerning the family are given by McAtee in his “Key to the Nearctic Genera and
Species of ,Berytidae.”*

“The Berytidae are an assemblage of small to medium sized bugs of
slender build. The long filiform antennae are distinctly elbowed and the head
has a definite constriction or transverse sulcus in front of the ocelli. The first
joint of the antennae and the femora are clavate, and the slender legs are more
or less thickly beset with short bristles or bristled tubercles. ‘The scutellum is
small, leaving the triangular space between the clavi partly open.

“It has been the custom to refer to certain metathoracic tubercles of the
Berytidae as breathing-horns, or the equivalent of that term in various languages.
It is evident, however, that these organs in their entirety are exact homologues
of what are called in the other groups of the Heteroptera possessing them
“ostioles,’ with their accompanying canals and tubercles, which are believed to
be the orifices through which the odoriferous secretions of the bugs are given
off.”

McAtee describes the genus Jalysus Stal as follows:

“Front of vertex with or without spine; thorax with distinct callosities ;
sides and median line very low carinate and area within humeri elevated;
scutellum with short, sharp, posteriorly inclined spine; elytra spineless, corium
not conspicuously punctate; ostiolar process shorter, less curved. and not twisted,
canal entirely on the outer side, apex of process a rather long spine; beak nearly
or quite attaining hind coxae; no indication of rostral position on under side
of head; sulcus beginning-at middle of prosternum, narrow and shallow betweei)
fore coxae; much wider on metasternum, flanked on each side by 5-6 indentations,
abruptly contracted as it passes between the middle coxae, then widened again on
metasternum, but not attaining width of part anterior to coxae, the whole meso-
and metasternal parts of sulcus with distinct, carinate edges; sulcus fairly well
developed on first abdominal segment, percurrent, with broad flat longitudinally
wrinkled margins.”

McAtee separates the two species in this genus by the following key:

“Front of vertex with a long, sharp, sometimes decurved spine; scutellar

spine depressed, almost “horizontal > 22:.47-6 0 eo nt ws . elongatus Barber.
“Front of vertex without spines, scutellar spine inclined at an angle of
MB TSU meets xia ate oeeeye stare a te a ee spinosus Say.”

The additional description of the species spinosus follows:

“This species is distinguished from all others in the United States by having
the ostiolar process tipped with a distinct spine.

“General color, yellow brown, with last antennal joint except its base and
apex, eyes, apex of corium, tips of tarsi, and sometimes irregular spots on thorax,
and longitudinal vittae on venter, fuscous to black. Length 7-9 mm.”

LIFE HISTORY

fost Plants and Feeding Habits: Jalysus spinosus has been found feeding
on three host plants in this vicinity. ‘These are Gaura biennis 1,., Gaura coccinea
Pursh., and Oenothera biennis 1,., the Fvening Primrose. It is worthy of note
that all three of these plants belong to the family Onagraceae. ‘The eggs have
been found on Gaura biennis and Oenothera biennis, but not on Gaura coccinea.

In feeding the insects of all stages gather in clusters around the buds
3—Journ. of N. Y, Ent. Soc., XXVII, pp. 79-92,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 233

and seeds. ‘They seem to feed but little, if any, on the leaves and stems, prefer-
ring the other parts when they can get them.

Seasonal Life History: Because of the fact that the present observations
were made only from late September into the winter months, parts of the seasonal
life history are in doubt. ‘The insect hibernates, as do the greater number in
this order, in the adult stage under grass and leaves in protected places. They
can be found during the winter months among and under the leaves of common
mullein, which forms a winter rosette sought as shelter by a good many insects.
They are present in the field until late in the fall in all stages; eggs, all stages
of the nymphs, and adults having been observed in late October. However, as
the. colder weather comes, they become fewer in number and finally disappear
from the food plants. The latest date upon which they were observed was
November 5th, and the last individuals seen were fifth instar nymphs. It is
assumed that the adults had already gone into winter quarters and that the
smaller nymphs had been killed by the cold weather, while the larger nymphs
Yemained on the food plants only until their final molt could take place. The
time of emergence in the spring has not been determined, nor has the number
of generations, though it is probable that there are several during the year.

Eggs: ‘The eggs of this species are laid on the food plant, usually attached
to the stems or the seeds. They appear to be parallel to the surface to which
they are attached, but in reality are inclined at a slight angle, the caudal end
being attached and the cephalic end free. Oviposition has been observed and
noted. ‘The ovipositing female takes a firm stand, appearing to lean forward
on her long, slender legs. At the beginning of oviposition she applies the tip
of her abdomen to the surface upon which the egg is to rest, forces the egg out
until it comes in contact with the surface, and then becomes motionless for a
while. During this time the sticky secretion which fastens the egg to the plant
is exuded, allowed to flow around the exposed end of the egg and glue it in place.
After the egg is attached the female slowly bends her body still farther forward
and actually withdraws her abdomen from around the egg, rather than forcing
the egg out. The entire operation takes from two to three minutes. ‘The
eggs are laid singly, characteristically, but occasionally two or more are seen side
by side or end to end.

The, eggs (Figs. 1, 8 and 9) are elongate oval, 0.9 mm. long by 0.3 mm.
wide, only slightly, if any, wider at the cephalic end than at the caudal end.
They are marked with numerous longitudinal furrows which run tre entire
length of the egg. At the ¢ephalic end there is a group of four knob-like promin-
ences which are bent inward. These knobs are probably micropylar in function.
The eggs are a translucent white when first laid, but in a few days take on a
yellowish tinge, which gradually deepens until it becomes a deep yellow just before
hatching. The eye spots also show through as red dots in the later days of the
development of the embryo.

The number of eggs laid by a single female has not been determined
satisfactorily. The greatest number laid by any female in the laboratory was
twelve, but it is probable that in the field more eggs are laid. ‘The length of
time before hatching varied from seven to ten days, and the average length of
time for all the eggs which hatched in the laboratory was eight and one-third

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

days. This, also, may vary somewhat from the length of time necessary for
hatching in the field. ag

In hatching, a longitudinal split occurs near the cephalic end and the
nymph works its way out through this split with its head foremost. It emerges
at right angles to the long axis of the egg, and before it is entirely clear of the
shell the post-natal molt takes place. The exuvium of this molt is left attached
to the old shell and appears as an indefinite, ephemeral membrane.

Length of Nymphal Instars: As has been mentioned before, the season
was late when this work was begun, and consequently it was thought wise to—
run the life history by installments. Consequently mating pairs, eggs, and all |
stages of the nymphs were started simultaneously with the idea of piecing the
life history together in case the cold weather should put a sudden stop to it.
Fortunately, however, the complete life cycle of a single individual, from adult
to adult, was obtained, in addition to the fractional data.

The period between mating and oviposition is short. In case a mating
pair were isolated one day, eggs would be found in their container the next.
Egg laying was continued over a period of from two to four days in the —
insectary. ;

Records of ten nymphs passing through the first instar are available. The
minimum length of time necessary was three days and the maximum eleven days —
‘The average for the ten individuals was seven and one-half days. S

Two days were required as a minimum and eleven as a maximum for the "
second instar. The average of ten specimens was four and eight-tenths days. —

A minimum of two days, a maximum of nine, and an average of five —
days for nine specimens was required for the third instar. 4

The fourth instar required three days as a minimum, nine age as a
maximum and four and eight-tenths days as an average of nine individuals.

The fifth instar required four days as a-minimum, ten days as maximum
and seven and six-tenths days as an average of ten. Fe. pe

The story of the life of the individual that completed its life cycle is as” Be
follows:

On September 30th a mating pair was isolated and fed. On October Ist
three eggs were found in their container, on October 2nd three more eggs, and =
on October 3rd, one more egg, making a total of seven laid by this female. On ae
October roth, eight days after being laid, the three eggs laid October 2nd hatched.
Two of the nymphs died in the first instar. The other molted to the second —
instar on October 17th, seven days; to the third instar on October 25th, na a
days; to the fourth instar on October 27th, two days; and finally to the adult =
on November 4th, five days. This gives a total of thirty-three days from adult ~
to adult. The length of time from the,emergence of the adult to the pairing —
of individuals has not been determined. The length of time of this life cycle | ne
indicates that there is ample time for several generations during the summer, .
as is probably the case. a

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INSTARS | :

bid, Up

i *

First Instar (Fig. 2): Range in size, 0.9 mm to 1.2 mm.; general shape a
nearly cylindrical, abdomen slightly swollen in older tadiviabaee general color
light yellow with the legs, antennae, beak, upper thoracic segments and tip Ohm

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 235

the abdomen darker, and the eyes red. Head bluntly rounded, vertex very
- broadly rounded, two converging white lines run diagonally caudad from the
yes, nearly meet, and continue es to each other to the caudal margin of

instars and adult; tarsi te sesanentcd as is the case in the nymphal instars but
not in the adult, where the tarsi are three-segmented; beak four-segmented as
in all nymphal instars and adult. ‘The abdominal spiracles are visible laterally
but are rather inconspicuous; the upper surface of the body, legs and antennae
are clothed with fine, short hairs.
Second Instar (Fig. 3): Range in size, 1.6 mm. to 2 mm.; general shape
of body narrowly pear-shaped; general color light yellowish-green with legs,
antennae and beak fuscous and eyes red. White lines on head as in first instar.
Pro-, meso- and metanotum as in first instar with proportional increase in size.
_Abdominal spiracles more easily visible than in first instar; openings to stink
glands, which are easily visible in the third instar, now very indistinct; fine
hairs present on body, legs and antennae.
ae, Third Instar (Fig. 4): Range in size, 2.3 mm. to 3.1 mm.; general color
i light green with legs, antennae, beak and tip of abdomen fuscous and with a
_ white line running the length of the body, eyes red; body somewhat more elongate
than in the preceding instars. Converging white lines on head as in preceding
ee instars. Wing pads beginning to appear, mesothoracic wing pads longer than
metathoracic, do not cover first abdominal segment. Openings to stink glands
now conspicuous on the posterior margins of the third and fourth abdominal
‘segments ; spiracles conspicuous laterally on the segments of the abdomen; three
_ tip segments of abdomen bear dark dorsal plates which bear hairs; fine hairs
i on the upper surface of the body, the legs and antennae.
Fourth Instar (Fig 5): Range in size, 3.9 mm. to 46 mm.; general
color light green with legs, antennae, beak and tip of abdomen fuscous and
with a median white line running the entire length of the body, eyes red. Con-
verging white lines present on head, vertex rounding, no trace of the ocelli, which
4 a appear in the fifth instar. Pronotum darker, lateral margins white-lined, wing
pads larger, all extending to the middle of the second abdominal segment, the
ee est pair nearly hiding the second. Openings of stink glands present on the
_ posterior margins of the third and fourth abdominal segments, openings enclosed
in a white circle; spiracles of abdominal segments conspicuous laterally; tip
three segments of abdomen with darker dorsal plates bearing a few hairs; fine
ye hairs present on upper surface of body, legs and antennae.
%, Fifth Instar (Fig. 6): Range in size, 6 mm. to 6.9 mm.; general color
ee greenish with legs, antennae, beak, wing pads and tip of abdomen fuscous, eyes
____ red, an interrupted white line running the length of the body; body, legs and
antennae very long and narrow, approximating condition in the adult. Vertex
more pointed than in the preceding instars, a suture running from the side of
the head just below the eyes in a caudo-mesad direction until it nearly reaches
the median line, then turning cephalad for a short distance; ocelli present just
-caudad of this suture. Lateral margins of the prothorax white-lined; at right
_ angles to the median white line are two dark, curved lines which extend nearly

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to the lateral margins; wing pads much larger than in the pieeedae instar, nea ly
equal in length and similar in shape, median and lateral margins of each nearly :
parallel, reach middle of third abdominal segment. Openings of stink glan
conspicuous, in the same position as in the preceding instar; a single openi
each segment; spiracles easily visible but not as conspicuous as in the precedit
instar; seven pairs present on abdominal segments two to eight; three dors
plates present at the Be of the abdomen bearing hairs.

REVIEW OF LIFE HISTORY

Jalysus spinosus (Say) is an herbivorous insect, having been found fee
on three host plants. Gaura biennis, Gaura coccinea and Oecnothera bienn
It winters as an adult under leaves. Its elongate-oval eggs are glued to the stems
and seeds of the host plants, and are characterized by longitudinal furrows
four button-like knobs at the cephalic end. In from seven to ten days the
hatches leaving a post-natal molt skin attached to the shell. There are
nymphal instars, each of which requires from two to eleven days for completi
the average length of time necessary for each being five days. The length
time necessary for a single individuai to run through its life cycle from adult t
adult is thirty-three days. There are probably several generations a season. __

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fig. 1. Egg of Jalysus spinosus showing longitudinal furrows and mieropylar
knobs. Fs
First nymphal instar. Fig. 3: Second nymphal instar. Fig. 4.: Thi
nymphal instar. Fig. 5: Fourth nymphal instar. Fig. 6: :
nymphal instar. Fig. 7:° Adult.
Fig. 8. Two eggs of Jalysus spinosus attached to seed of Gaura biennis. —
Fig. 9. Egg after hatching of nymph showing exuvium of post-natal 1 :

attached to shell.

Fig.

rN)

A NEW DOLICHOPODID FROM ONTARIO (DIETER < i :
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN, as

Ottawa, Ont.
Dolichopus lundbecki n. sp. |
Infra-orbital cilia black; front purplish; hind femora with | pe
three preapical bristles, with long black cilia below; last joint of fore
compressed, of small size. Allied to pachycnemus Loew but that species:
three joints of fore tarsi compressed, only one preapical bristle on hind femora.
Length, 5-5.5 mm. Male. Face not wide, silvery yellowish elie
just below the antennae. Front metallic violet, the orbits and just above
antennae greenish, rather dull. Antennae black, less than the lower half o
the first joint and the base of the second joint below, reddish yellow; third
one and one-half times as long as wide, convexly tapering to acute point,
arista inserted at apical third. Occiput grey pollinose, the green ground
not very evident; orbital cilia wholly black. Palpi reddish yellow.

*—Contribution from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological
Dept. of Agric., Ottawa. a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 237

Le <i :
_____- Mesonotum rather dark green, with four bronze-purple vittae, the median
ones approximate and complete ; the whole lightly grey pollinose. Pleura largely
blackish, partly green, rather thickly whitish pollinose. Squamae yellow with
black cilia. Halteres yellow.
oe Legs reddish yellow. Fore coxae with a small black spot at base on~
outer sides, entirely clothed with small black bristles in front, and five long
' apical ones. Middle and hind coxae black with yellow apices. Posterior femora
with a small apical black spot above; middle and hind femora each with three
- preapical bristles in a longitudinal row; hind femora with long black cilia on
_ lower inner side, the cilia not dense, longer than the width of the femora
_ Apical fifth of hind tibiae black; middle tibiae with one bristle on ventral sur-
= face about the apical third; posterior tibiae swollen, widest at basal third, the
bristles on their outer surface arranged in two rather regular rows, the hairs

Bi ES on the ventral surface rather long; fore tarsi longer than their tibiae, yellow,
= Syed the fifth joint black ; basitarsi as long as the two following joints, the remain-
e __ing joints each successively a little shorter; fifth joint nearly twice as long as
% wide, its apex rounded, widest sub-apically, gradually tapering to the base;
front tarsi slender; middle tarsi black from tip of first joint, their basitarsi
without a bristle above; hind tarsi wholly black.
. Wings with a small, enlongate enlargement before the tip of the first
- vein; fourth vein bent slightly beyond its middle. Posterior margin of the
ee wing very deeply excised before the tip of the sixth vein: it is gradually narrowed
Ee from the tip of the fifth vein to a point immediately behind the inner end
Ecof the costal swelling, the sixth vein is surrounded by a large roundish lobe.
= Abdomen metallic green and purple black, the latter color occupying each
e “segment on either side of the incisure and forming a less deeply colored middle
es vitta.. The green color is thinly white pollinose. Genitalia black; their lamelle
os “oe to D. pachycnemus (see fig. 82, Bull. 116, U.S.N.M.), but perhaps slightly
longer. | he
Female.- Face wider, its sides almost parallel, silvery white; second anten-
nal joint not at all yellow in my specimen. Otherwise, similar, the legs plain,
<a og last joint of the fore tarsi very slightly enlarged.
_ Holotype and Allotype, “Mer Bleue,” Ottawa, Ontario, June 7, 1923.
(Carat), No. 613, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
_____ This species is most distinct from any so far described and should be
3 - readily recognized by the black orbital ciliae, front tarsi and wing pattern. It

‘traces out to D. pachycnemus in the Van Duzee, Cole and Aldrich key, (Bull.
16, U. S.N.M.). The ¢ may be readily separated by the presence of three
ristles before the end of the middle and hind femora, only apically black tibia,
tc. D. pachycnemus has three joints of the front tarsi compressed, only a very
ight wing lobe and the hind tibiae are widest at the middle. The @ traces
out to bruesi V. D., C. & A., but may be readily distinguished by the violet
_ front, small black spot above apex of hind femora, and black tipped tibiae.
I take great pleasure in naming this species for Dr. William Lundbeck,
vh se excellent Monographs of Danish Diptera are so well known,

les

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NEW SPIDERS FROM CANADA AND THE ADJOINING STATES, No.4
BY J. H. EMERTON,

Boston, Mass.

Since the second paper of this series was-published in 1919 many Cana
spiders have passed through the writer’s hands, among which several sp ¢
appear to be undescribed, but have waited for publication in the hope that m
specimens of the same kinds might be found. The new Grammonota from
southern end of James Bay is represented only by one of each sex, though
is probably abundant like other species of the genus. Three other sp
are known by only one male each. The three Cybaeus have long been descr |
and named, but much new material makes it easier to distinguish the species 4
so new descriptions and figures have been given: Ps

Fig. 1l—a, Metapobactrus pacificus, side of cephalothorax; b, top of head ch
short horn; c, tibiae of male palpi; d, under side of palpal organ. ave

Metapobactrus pacificus n. sp.
Cephalothorax 1 mm. long. Color light yellow without any eae
cephalothorax or legs. The cephalothorax has the head slightly raised and 7
a short, pointed horn directed forward between the upper eyes, which are tw
as far apart as they are from the lateral eyes. The front row of eyes is she
than the upper row and has the lateral pair larger and the middle pair sm
than the eyes of the upper row. (Fig. 1, a,b.) The sternum is as wide as I
and extends backward between the posterior coxae, which are their diameter a
The abdomen is broken off and lost. The male palpus has the tibia a ii
longer than wide with a short, dark process at the outer corner and a sm
uncolored one on the inner corner. (Fig. 1 c.) This differs from the t
in Cornicularia, which genus is suggested by the process on the head. The pa
organ has a long tube, which coils over the under side of the palpal oO
one and a half turns. (Fig. 1, d.)
One male only. mana BC, Mrs. Hippisley, 1920.

Gongylidium columbianum n. sp.

3mm. long. Cephalothorax and legs orange brown, abdomen gray.
cephalothorax is oval and the head low and the general appearance is mi sch I
Gongylidium macrochelis Em. described in Canadian Entomologist, Aug. 1
The mandibles are stout and have a long tooth on the front near the pe
4 - EA

ee Bt!

ASL

ee “3 "OE

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 239

curved inward and downward. ‘The front of the mandibles is roughened with
short elevations. (Fig. 2; a.) The male palpi have the patella long with a
slight spur at the end on the under side. The tibia is twice as long as wide
and extends in a hook over the tarsus with a sharp point and a tooth on the
inner side. (Fig. 2, b.) The tarsus is as long as the tibia and the palpal
organ is large, extending beyond the tarsus on the under side. The tube is
long and slender, curving in two circles around the main part of the organ.
(Pig. 2, c.)
One male, Terrace, B.C. Mrs. Hippisley, 1920.

Fig. 2.—a, side of head of Gongvylidium colunbianum; b. c, male palpus of G. colwm-
bianum; d, e, f, male palpus of Araconcus pedalis.

Areoncus pedalis n. sp.

2 mm. long and entirely pale. The cephalothorax is low without any
elevation of the head. ‘he eyes are as in A. bispinosus Em. (Conn. Acad. 1911),
the front row shorter than the upper, the front middle eyes smaller and the
upper middle eyes larger than the others. The male palpi are large and resemble
somewhat those of bispinosus. The tibia is short and has a long, slender process
on the outer side which extends over the tarsus. This process widens near the
end and beyond this it ends in a sharp, curved point. (Fig. 2, e, f.) The
tube is slender and long enough to wind twice around the palpal organ. (Fig 2,
d.) The tarsal hook is small and flat, curving around in a half circle and
with a curved tip.

Dauphin, Manitoba, 1919. Mrs. Hippisley.

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2
Grammonota spinimana n. sp. a
In size, color and dorsal markings this species resembles closely . Gra me
monota pictilis, the common Grammonota in spruce trees all over eastern Canada, Ay
but is at once distinguished from it by the slightly thickened tibia of the first
and second legs in both sexes. The epigynum is distinctly different from that o: Pie
pictilis. (Fig. 3, e.) In the male the thickened first and second legs have two
rows of stiff hairs on the under side of tibia and metatarsus, which are abo
twice as long and twice as thick as the other hairs of the legs. (Fig. 3, a,b.)
The head of the male is not elevated behind the eyes as in the males of pictilis an
gigas, but there is a slight projection forward between the front upper “yee =
(Fig. 3, a.) The male palpus has the tibia somewhat like that of pictilis with | oS
the dorsal tooth larger and the outer process shorter and turned outward. (Fig
3. c.) The palpal organ is much like that of G. ornata. (Fig. 3, d.) i.
One male and one female only from Moose Island, James Bay, collected by
Fritz Johansen in the summer of 1920.

Fig. 3—a, side of male Grammonota spinimana; b, first leg of male showing spines on
under side; c, tibia of male palpus; d, palpal organ; e, epigynum._

Cybaeus reticulatus, morosus and signifer Simon = m c

These three species of Cybaeus form a conspicuous part of the said
fauna of the west coast of Canada. They range from Vancouver Island
Alaska and eastward to the Rocky Mountains, and occur together in many col- ‘:
lections as though living together in the same places like the three eastern
Cicurina, All three were named and briefly described by Simon in the Proce
ings of the Entomological Society of Belgium in 1866 and specimens identifiedaam
by Simon are now in the collection of Nathan Banks with which the recer
Canadian specimens have been compared. }
Preserved in alcohol, the three species look much alike, all havingeal

same pale yellowish color, with no markings except a row of pairs of ‘ihn
oblique spots on the back of the abdomen. The characters of the cope ory
organs are very distinct. In reticulatus the external epigynum is small,
a small opening directed backward, in front of which is a transverse curve
ridge. (Tig. 4, b). In signifer, the opening is wider, without any ridge. =
(Fig. 5,d.) In morosus there are two openings at the sides of a middle sept | n
and at the sides of these, two oval depressed areas bordered in front by a n V
ridge, making a figure somewhat like a pair of spectacles. (Fig. 5,c.)

a
i

4 Cerne a : ..
uo - , “y ~~ ¢ d
; ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 241
mee The male Tae all have a prominent tooth on the outside of the tibia and

ae
“i #3 process covered with short points on the outside of the patella. In all three

the palpal organ has a process at the base, which rests against the tooth on
a le tibia, and in all three the tube curves in a half circle across the distal end
__and is supported by a flat thin process parallel to the edge of the tarsus.

‘Fig. 4—a, back of Cybaeus reticulatus 9; b, epigynum of C. reticulatus; c, C. retic-
ulatus g ; d, e, f, male palpus of C. reticulatus.

i In reticulatus, the palpal organ is large, with a pointed basal process sup-
. ported by a large tooth on the tibia. The process of the patella turns directly
_ outward without extending forward beyond the end of the joint. (Fig. 4, d, e, f,)

af Ay Hl ee

il aD Shi

Fig. 5—a, b, male palpus of Cybacus morosus; c, epigynum of C. morosus; d, epigynum
of Cybacus siqnifer : e, f, male palous of C. signifer.

In signifer the palpal organ is smaller than in reticulatus, not wider than

242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the tarsus, and the tooth on the tibia is correspondingly small. The process on
the patella is at the distal end and projects slightly forward beyond the base of z
the tibia. (Fig. 5, e, f.) et.

In morosus, the whole palpus is more slender and the joints more elon- = a

gated than in the other species. The tarsus is twice as long as wide, and the __
palpal organ covers only half its length. The patella is longer than wide and
the outer process is at the distal end, extending forward beyond the base of the aS
tibia. (Fig. 5, a, b.) 2 .

Cornicularia pacifica n. sp.

This resembles closely the eastern Corni-

a b cularia auranticeps, but is a fourth larger, mea- — %
suring 3 mm. long. The cephalothorax is bright __
orange in color and the legs are orange at the
base and dark toward the ends. The difference — 2 4
from auranticeps is shown in the male palpi.

Fig. 6—a, palpus of C. pacifica; The tibia is divided into two branches as in
b, palpus of C. auranticeps. auranticeps, but the upper branch is distinctly
more slender and curved in a half-circle over the back of the tarsus. (Fig. 6, a.) _
The same part in auranticeps is shown in Fig. 6 b for comparison.
Terrace, B.C., Mrs. Hippisley.

Delorrhipis bicornis n. sp. a

This is the third American
Delorrhipis. The first, D. (Erigone) — ¥:
monoceros was described by Keyser-
ling from the State of Washington in —
1884, and D. (Tmeticus) unicorn by S.
Banks in 1892 from Ithaca, N.Y. The
present species is 3 mm. long and 4
chestnut brown with somewhat lighter _
legs. The male suggests a Diplo-
cephalus, having the horn larger than
in D. monoceros and curved upward at “
the end where it nearly touches al
smaller horizontal, upper horn carry- —
ing the lower middle eyes. (Fig. 7a

Fig. aie: Leek a bicornis, side of head gh.) ‘The female is of the same size
and horns; b, head from above; c, male pal- i"
pus from hires d, head of female; e, epigy- and color as the male and has the lows %
num. er middle eyes unusually high and — ee

slightly projecting forward. (Fig. 7,d.) The male palpi are long and resemble | a ,
those of monoceros as figured by Keyserling. The patella is thickened at the end a
and turned obliquely inward, the tibia is short and has a long, slender process — a
extending over the tarsus. (Fig. 7, c.) |The epigynum is eaveraa by a wide, 4s

slightly raised plate and shows no external opening. (Fig. 7, e.) Py
Terrace, B.C., Mrs. Hippisley. y

Fes -

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 243

ee
YY Fa ve,
} f |

| 1 ;
Nsunl 7 Wl |

Fig. 8—a, Lophocarenum minimum, top of head with grooves; b, palpi; c, epigynum.
Lophocarenum minimum n. sp.
A small species, about 1 mm. long, and pale in color, with the head low
and having distinct grooves at the sides leading to shallow pits just behind the
lateral eyes. (Fig. 8, a.) The male palpi have the tibia longer than wide,
extending cver the tarsus in two points, the inner one long and slender and the
outer blunt and darker in color. (Fig. 8, b.) The female has the epigynum as
in Fig. 8, c, showing openings, with a darkened border, in the middle, and the
-round spermathecae through the skin at the sides.
Several specimens of both sexes from Terrace, B.C., Mrs. Hippisley.
5 Lophocarenum inflatum n. sp.

This is a pale species of moder-
ate size, a little over 2 mm. long,
with a high head resembling that of
cuncatum and abruptum, with the
upper middle eyes near the top of
the hump. (Fig. 9, a, b.) The
grooves in the head are short and
the pits large and near the lateral
eyes. (Fig.9,a.) The male palpi
are slender and the palpal organs
small. The patella and tibia are

Fig. 9—a, Lophocarenum inflatum, side
of head with grooves; b, front of head; c, ; z
male palpus; d, tibia of male palpus from together as long as the femur.

above; e, epigynum. (Figs. 9, a, c.) The tibia extends
over the tarsus about one-third its length in a truncated point. (Fig. 9, d.)
_ The epigynum shows a wide middle lobe, in front of which are two shallow pits.
» (Fig. 9,.€.)
Terrace, B. C., Mrs. Hippisley.

THE ‘SPECIFIC NAME OF THE GREEN BUD-WORM

In our Entomological Branch Bulletin, No. 16, entitled ““The Apple Bud-
Moths and Their Control in Nova Scotia,’ by G. E. Sanders and A. G. Dustan,
the name of the green bud-worm is given as Argyroploce consanguinana Wlsm.

This determination resulted from correspondence which I had with Mr. A.
Busck, of the United States Bureau of Entomology. Recently, however, Dr. J. H.
McDunnough, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, has been studying the
Eucosmid material in our National Collection of Insects and he informs me that
the species which we referred to as consanguinana \V1sm., is not this species, but
is varicgana of Hubner. ‘This latter is a common species in Europe and Asia
Minor. In England it is known, commonly, as the Allied Bud-Moth. Ento-
mologists, as well as librarians who have the above publication, should note this
correction. ARTHUR GIBSON, Dominion Entomologist.

i a ~~.
TT tae SENS ee <a
3 ws “f [A Ce : AL a oe
4 rt r . * - ‘
e rh. Ms

, meta < As

ae’ Ss

b> ood

‘hp

244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST SAR
TWO NEW DIPTERA IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECT!
OTTAWA.

BY C. B. D. GARRETT,

Cranbrook, B. C.
- Philorus aylmeri new species.
Male. Eyes bisected about midway. Antennae blackish brown. oR Me :
rum deep yellow, palpi yellow. General colour yellowish, some portions in
cated. Halteres dusky, only the base yellow. Abdominal tergites dark bra
the last segment ‘yellow, almost without hairs; sternites yellow. Legs ye
shading to darker on the tarsi. Hind tibia with one small apical spur. B

two-thirds of the claws much swollen, finely pilose along the under side. — Cor c

yellow, a small black spot on the apex of each in front. Wings very sin nil
to P. bilobata of Europe, the submarginal cell long, reaching the RM cros: sv vei
RS over twice as long as the latter. R .,, and R ,,, divergent at their
Cu, appears to rise from the M Cu crossvein, Cu, holding the dream
the Cu base to the margin; otherwise as in bilobata Lw. pe
Hypopygium forming a distinct hollow cup; the base above ona
side runs out into a long appendage pointing inwards to the middle of the cu
the upper corner of the sternite ends in a Bee of long claspers bearing hai1

forms a eats projection on ae side of which is a chitinized piece en
in a round tip.
Holotype— 6, Aylmer Creek Falls, Lake Minnewanka, Banff Alta.,
30th, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett), No. 589, in the Canadian National Collec
Ottawa. > ee
The wings of this species are mounted on a slide.
Anorostoma raca new species. 3
Male. Two frontal orbital bristles, the foremost slightly over - half 4
length of the hind one. One oral vibrissa with single row of fine hairs bel
Prosternal bristle wanting. _Mesopleura on the posterior edge near the
angle with one weak and one strong bristle, above these with two short ha
otherwise bare except for three hairs below the disc. Propleura bearing o 0
strong bristle and one hair about midway up posterior side. Pteropleura ba
sternopleura with one strong bristle and two to four hairs along the upper e
centrally with four to six fine hairs running down to many bristles towards
middle. General body color wholly yellowish. Four dorsocentral bristles pre-
sent, the median two with a slightly brownish spot at their bases; scutellum 3 we t
two pairs of bristles. Fore femora with a dorsal and lower row of bristles, t] : ne
middle ones with a median row of strong bristly hairs on the outer (anterior) §
and two bristles below this row near the apical end; hind femora with a scat
row of bristles along the dorsal edge on apical four fifths, the legs with mo
ately long, sparse black hairs elsewhere. The wings, which are somev
damaged, appear to be hyaline with the crossveins infuscated. es
Holotype— é@, Aweme, Man., Aug. 11, 1917, -(N- Criddle), No. & 890, j
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

sag Bee eatee f. Ta CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 245
i ape cae NEW NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA*
Bs iE CS _ BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
oF . ee Ottawa, Ont.
ae _ Bibio simplicis new species.
SA ‘Head black pilose, body elsewhere pale yellow haired, legs almost all

ddish ; wings pale brownish.
Length of wing, 6—7 mm. Male. Head black pilose, the middle of the
ea and palpi mostly, with yellow or intermixed yellow hairs. Antennae
oes robust; last two points of palpi sub-equal, palpi longer than antennae.
—s - Thorax and abdomen shining black, only the sides of the collar whitish
yellow, the pile wholly pale yellow, long on the thorax, sparse on abdomen
; fa Upper genital plate with a broad, apically rounded incision on apical two-thirds.
' €oxae and trochanters black, yellow pilose. Legs reddish, the apices of
- the femora, sometimes only obscurely, a dash on the basal two-thirds of the
_ front femora below, sometimes the anterior surface of the fore tibiae on apical
stale the last two or three tarsal joints wholly, the preceding one or two apically,
black, or the hind tarsi may have only the last joint black, the other tarsi a
3 little more reddish. Front femora rarely somewhat piceous reddish, greatly
e swollen, scarcely over two and one half times as long as wide; anterior tibia
ee _ with a large bulbous swelling in the middle below, four times as long as wide,
aoe but thicker in the middle than wide, anterior spur as long as the second tarsal
3a joint, the posterior one not over one- fourth as long as the anterior. Hind
basitarsus slightly swollen, twice as long as the last joint, the fourth joint of all
the tarsi distinctly shorter than the fifth. Tarsi pale haired on reddish portion,
black haired on black portions. Pile of femora chiefly yellow, but below, on
_ the front ones, the hind ones wholly, black haired; tibiae black haired, the
: _ front ones with chiefly yellow hair. Squamae brown or fuscous with yellow
ae _ fringe; halteres fuscous. *
-§ Female. Front about twice as wide as the wtih of one eye from dorsa!
view, with a slender, low median carina which expands above the antennae,
- with irregular longitudinal strigations on either side, and without conspicuous
tubercles. Front black haired, occiput sparsely yellow pilose.
‘Thorax and abdomen reddish, the margins of both, the postscutellum,
apices” of the segments of the abdomen, pectus and portions of the pleura,
slightly brownish or somewhat piceous. Coxae chiefly reddish, their apices,
‘narrow bases, and the trochanters, piceous ; front femora ang tibiae slightly larger.
z Holotype— 3, Nordegg, Alta., Aug. 1, 1921, (J. McDunnough) No. 588,
; in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
oe - Allotype—?, same data, July 26.
a? = . Paratypes—6 @, same data, July 26, 6 4, same data as holotype; 2 ¢,
“ae Banff, Alta., Aug. 30, 1909, (N. B. Sanson).
- —-—Ss&This species is allied to inaequalis Loew, but is smaller, the front femora
2 “not blackish or brownish, etc. It is nearer alienus McAtee but in the type of
that species the hind basitarsus is only one and one-half as long as the last

*—Contribution from the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,
Dept., of Agric., Ottawa.

246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The species of Bibio possess few characters suitable for determinations —
and are extremely difficult to determine accurately from description. Many
species appear very much alike and can only be separated by careful study. c
More than one species may be taken at the same time, which makes the deter-
mination even more difficult. 1 have examined all the types which are at pre-
sent in America. It will require very careful study of Walker’s types before —
we can be positive of his species and possibly some of those described subse-—
quently will be found to be synonyms.

Ginglimyia bicolor new species

Differs from G. acrorostris in wider, dull orange frontal vitta, wic (
middle portion of face; reddish first two antennal joints, reddish yellow cox
and femora and more yellowish tinted pollen.

Face and cheeks yellow in ground color, the head, except the broad fronta
vitta, silvery, the frontal vitta orange, extending along the sides of the ocellar —
triangle to opposite the hind ocelli; frontal vitta four times as wide as the side oy,
stripes, widened on front half. First two antennal joints and base of third aa
reddish; arista black, bare. aa

Mesonotum greyish yellow pollinose, with four or six darker stripes,
the pleura greyish pollinose and more blackish in ground color. 4

Coxae and femora reddish yellow, the latter darkened above at apex *! oa
tibiae brownish red, paler on inside; tarsi all black. So

Wings cinereous in front, paler posteriorly; crossvein bent apicad. ;

Abdomen shining black, the sides of the first segment, the second except
a broad, narrowing middle stNpe and basal triangles on the third, except — a
usually only the middle third, and sometimes small spots on the anterior angles — 4
of the fourth, reddish yellow, basal third or more of the third and bits
segments yellowish white pruinose. a

Holotype—@, Saanich, B. C., Aug. 13, 1918, (W. Downes), No 593. aa
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. a

Paratypes—3 2, same data. ‘ .

This species agrees almost perfectly with Townsend’s generic description.
There is some variation in the specimens in the direction of the bristles on the %
front, and they do not always lie as indicated by Townsend, but the orbitals
and verticals may vary considerably. | Ros,

Mailed Thursday, November 8th 1923.

= LV. ORILLIA, NOVEMBER, 1923. No: 41.

AN INTERESTING ANT FROM MUSKOKA
BY SHELLEY LOGIER,

Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto, Ont.

In the year 1905 Dr. W. M. Wheeler published a revision of the North
American species of ants of the genus Dolichoderus, in the Bulletin of the
_ American Museum of Natural History; Vol. XXI.

a Among the ants treated in this revision is one which he describes under
the name of Dolichoderus taschenbergi, var. gagates. The varietal name,
“gagates,” he later changed to aterrimus, finding the former preoccupied.

Dr. Wheeler found this ant, and D. mariae common on the pine barrens
of New Jersey where he studied them, and in his revision he gives an interesting
account of their habits and of the character of their nests.
ee His studies show that the North, American Dolichoderi represent at least
___ three distinct species: D. mariae Forel, D. plagiatus Mayr, and D. taschenbergt
Mayr, and that they are terrestrial in their nesting habits and monodomous—
each colony occupying but one nest. They frequently climb bushes and trees
in search of plant lice, the honey-dew of which forms a large portion of their
food. -

The nests on the pine barrens were excavated in pure sand and usually
~ about the roots of brown beard-grass (Andropogon scoparius) or of turkey beard
(Xerophyllum setifolium), the ants digging a pot-shaped cavity 12 to 18 inches
Be deep and 3 to 5 inches in diameter, and the brood was stored in the spaces between
the root fibres. Vegetable debris such as bits of dead leaves and pine needtfes.
_ were heaped over the nest entrance, sometimes forming a low mound, but quite

as often bee surface soil and debris over the nest would settle and become concave

~~ S

I was fortunate enough to have the Capurbatibe to observe and collect
this ant and examine its nest while camping in the Muskoka district during the
summer of 1919, about a mile and a half down stream from Mary Lake, beside the
~ Muskoka River. One bright, sunny morning, on the 30th of June, while wand-
ering through some light, second growth woods in a dry, elevated region, my

attention was arrested by a crowd of shining black ants crawling over a decayed
log. They had a long trail established leading from the log along a dead branch,
_ then over the ground to a young balsam tree; and the ants were climbing in
large numbers up the stem of this tree. On climbing the tree and following
their trail to the top I discovered some very large black aphids with reddish
legs (Lachnus curvipes Patch), and the ants were attending these aphids. On
_ returning to the log where I first saw the ants, I noticed another trail leading
_ off in a different direction, and followed it in hopes of finding the nest, but on
tracing it out, found it led to a white pine tree which the ants were climbing in
a continuous file. As before, I climbed the tree and followed the trail to ‘its

oe pe SF Se OA eae

248 THE CANADIAN Brome

ending among the high branches, where I faaed some more aphids of a smalle io
species (Lachnus sp.) with ants in attendance on them. Both this trail and 1 the”

one leading to the balsam tree started from the same point on the log. This Ty
point, where the trails met, seemed to be a kind of rendezvous and the a
had apparently tunnelled a little into the rotten wood and were making use 0}
the shelter of natural crevices, where they would congregate in considerable “
numbers. E

On their way up the pine tree the ants would stop and rest in little grou
in some of the main forks where the large branches left the trunk, although
aphids were present in those places to attract them. It was by following —
a third trail leading to and from the little rendezvous in the log that I eventua
discovered the nest. It was located at the base of a small maple shrub ab
8 or 9 feet from the log. The entrance was marked by a dome-shaped struct
built of pine and balsam needles. This dome was about 14 inches in diameter
the base, and perhaps 7 or 8 inches high. The workers were crawling over
in swarms and a few of the winged, sexual forms were also out taking an airi1 1g. ‘
These latter were very shy, and quickly retreated into the nest on the least « dis-
turbance.

On opening the dome, I found in the centre a space of two inches or mot
in diameter and extending down at least to the base; I did not determine how
much deeper. In this space the sexual pupae were stored and large numbers -
of workers were gathered in thick clusters.

On tearing open the walls of the dome and searching among the ‘dche
I found some lepidopterous larvae living. These caterpillars were of a brownis
colour with dark brown heads, and their bodies were sparsely covered with sh 1ort;
stiff bristles. They were not Lycaenid larvae, which one might expect to-
in such a location, but were the larvae of a moth. I later sent these caterpil 1
to Dr. J. McDunnough for examination, and he reported on them as noctui
larvae and probably belonging to the subfamily Hypeninae. The ants w
evidently used to the caterpillars because, when I dropped one into the m
of ants in the middle of the nest, it was not hurt nor interfered with, but
fly dropped into the same place was attacked and killed at once; and when | €
mass of ants were touched with the point of the forceps they clung to it in} non 1-
bers and bit at it viciously. eae

They resented bitterly my intrusions and the atmosphere above the
Was pungent with the fumes of their poison glands, which in this case closel
resembled formaldehyde in its burning, penetrating odour. a

In the vicinity of the nest the ants were very pugnacious and oe ne!
attending the aphids on the trees they were somewhat so, but while 1
in the little rendezvous in the log and when en route on the trails they w
very docile and would crouch down or run away sooner than fight. ~~

On the following day at Port Sydney, at Mary Lake, I found anotl
nest of this same species of ant. They had a long, winding trail estab
leading to a small tree about seventy feet distant by their meandering
where they were attending aphids. They had also a short trail leading —
opposite direction to some blueberry bushes. Here again aphids were
attraction. : =

=
7

“THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 249

: 4 the case. of this nest also, the entrance dome was built of pine and
m needles, and was sheltered by some small shrubs and brackens. The
es not so large as that of the nest seen on the previous day, and I could

a under cover as much as possible; wherever there was a dead branch
: | piece of board, or any rubbish lying on the ground the trails would follow
g beneath these, although in the absence of cover they would not hesitate
to oe over the open ground, or even across bare rock.

~The colonies of this’ species are decidedly large; the ants which I saw
out on the trails at one time would number many hundreds, perhaps several
meee ousand, and the number within the nest when opened was certainly immense.
Be iece. the workers hung together in large clusters. This second nest also con-
“tained many males and virgin queens more advanced in development than those
Ma seen in the nest found on June 30th, for they were crawling over the outside of
oF the dome in large numbers, evidently getting ready for flight.
Speaking of the sexual phases, Dr. Wheeler records finding, on August 19
and 20, 1905, nests of Dolichodcrus mariae containing the male and female pupae,
mature males and callow females.. Dealated and winged females were also
he running over the ground. On September 16 and 17 he again opened nests of
- this ‘species, but only in one did he find sexual forms, which were mature

cand ‘apparently belated females, and no sexual pupae were present. He
ee ES sa so searched the nests of D. aferrimus on all these dates for sexual forms
ut did not find any, so he concludes that the nuptial flight must occur earlier in
this species. The observations which I had the opportunity to make on this
ree “ant in Muskoka would point to the same conclusion, because the nest which |
_ opened on June 30th contained many sexual pupae, besides a good number of
winged females and males. And the one opened on July Ist in a more sunny
Iccation was apparently on the verge of swarming, as the mature sexual forms
were abundant and very active. This species is evidently not abundant in
_ Muskoka, at least not in the region where I was stationed, as I only came across
it three times during a period of about ten weeks. The third time was late in
ugust, when J found them attending aphids on some shrubs on the shore of
Bi aphids found in company with the ants on the balsam and white pine trees
n June 30th were later sent to Mr. W. A. Ross for determination, but owing
ete eke fact that those taken on the white pine were all wingless, agamic females,
; “specific identification in this case was impossible. Mr. Ross then forwarded the
; doubtful specimens to Dr. A. .C. Baker, at Washington, for comparison with
Po in the United States National Collection, but he also found it impos-

The ants were identified by Dr. Wheeler, w its, as already explained, was
tl e firs to recognize and describe the variety aterrimus.

any lepidopterous larvae in the walls. These ants had a fondness for

small lake, and this time I did not succeed in locating the nest. Specimens of -

250 THE CANADIAN ENTO MOLOGIST

OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHERMID AE
(HE MIPTERA; HOMOPTERA).
PARIA:.
BY G. F. FERRIS;
Stanford University, California. ee
In the course of a rather careful examination of the North American

literature dealing with the family of Homoptera that is usually known as_
Psyllidae, | have been unable to find a single description of the immature st
of any species that would permit the positive identification of the species fra
these stages. In some cases a more or less definite determination may be arti
at by taking into consideration the circumstantial evidence of host and_ hab
but as far as the insects themselves are concerned, practically nothing can
done unless the adults as well are available. Nor in the course of a confess
random, but nevertheless fair, sampling of the European literature have 1
results been any better.

That this experience is not enue to myself is indicated by the foil
ing statements of Crawford, who has monographed the New World species
the family. He says!: ‘Determination of the species when only the nymp
form is available is quite impossible at present. . . . the best that can be
is to determine, sometimes, the subfamily to which the nymphs belong.”

The existence of this situation is probably due in part to the almost co!
plete lack of interest in these immature stages and to that extent it is by —
means peculiar to this particular family. But this is probably not all. .
appears also to be due in some measure to the methods that have been
in their study. The manner of approach has not been that which would y
the most satisfactory results. si

In this, as in all the groups of small insects, the method of study cer
tutes—in my estimation—about ninety per cent. of the equipment of the stu
The first requisite is the possession of preparations that are adequate for
purposes of study. This is a fact that has finally been realized by most of

consciousness of those in many other fields. There is still much to be-
before the idea is finally hammered home that no amount of labor and no @
of care is wasted that will yield preparations in which it is possible to see cle
the structures that must be seen in order to establish our systematic work
a firm foundation.

As a basis for the studies which will follow, I am utilizing material
has been prepared in the manner now generally accepted in the study of tl
Coccidae. The specimens are cleared in caustic potash, the body co
removed and the derm stained with magenta. In the case of very heavily ¢
ized forms these preparations are supplemented by others that are left un
There is thus revealed a wealth of structural characters, many of which sé
never to have been seen before. I may add that the study of the < dt
even is not complete without the utilization of such material in addition to #
ordinary dry specimens. S

In the course of these papers two objects will be kept constantly inv vi

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 25!

One is so to describe and figure the immature stages as to perm't the positive
determination of the species concerned in the absence of material for comparison.
The other is to arrive at an evaluation of the various characters in order ra
obtain a classification based upon the nymphs as a check upon that based upon

the adults. This second object offers some interesting possibilities. The material

already available indicates some agreement and some disagreement with the
3 existing classification. Certain species that are now placed together on the
characters of the adults have very little resemblance in their nymphal stages.
_ To what extent the two are reconcilable remains to be seen.

. In the preparation of the figures which are to accompany these papers
I have adopted as my standard the ideal of showing every structure that can

be seen on the body of the insect and that can conceivably be of aid in identifying
it. J am convinced that eventually such a standard must be generally adopted
2% if we are ever to arrive at anything approaching permanence in our systematic
~ work. It does not accord with our modern conceptions of efficiency that the
enormous volume of work involved in our systematic biology must be done over
and over again as our standards change. I see no reason why it should not be
possible to arrive once and for all at a standard that will endure. It is perfectly
possible for a worker of the present day to see everything that is to be seen
upon the body of an insect and I cannot conceive of any mysterious way in
which the workers of periods to come can do anything more.
. It must, of course, be recognized that even the most conscientious worker
is fallible. Furthermore, the overlooking of the obvious is a trait so common
_ that it is hardly to be hoped that anyone—little less the present writer—will be

_ able to attain positively to such an ideal. This, however, need deter no one
_ from the adoption of such a standard.

a, . . -

& In cases where it appears that something of value may be added to the

? existing descriptions of the adults I shall present notes and figures dealing

_ with these also. References will in general not be given and the student is

3 referred for these to the monograph of Crawford mentioned above.

. Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster)

= Plate XII.

‘ MATERIAL EXAMINED. Adults and nymphs from “eastern black walnut,”

Stanford University, Calif., Oct. 13 (€. D. Duncan) ; nymphs from Frasinus
_ dipetala, North Fork, Madero Co., Calif., May 15 (R. H. Hartman) and trom
Fraxinus sp., Idaho, June 13 (J. C. Evenden).

HABIT. The specimens ftom walnut at Stanford University occurred on
the under side of the leaves. The nymphs were pale green and from the dorsum
rose numerous curling threads of wax, these doubtless originating from the large
pores which are a characteristic feature of the species. Individuals which had
remained in one place for some time were entirely covered by these threads. The
posterior end of the body bore a projecting, flattened cylindrical lump of white
wax which was readily detachable. This evidently rose from the pore ring sur-
rounding the anus.

me ADULT. The description and figures given by Crawford omit certain details
of value. In the female the ventral valve of the ovipositor (Plate XII, fig. C)
_ bears an area of light colored setae which is very conspicuous, but which is not
referred to in the description. I have seen nothing similar to this in any other

ee ae

252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Can. En’.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHERMIDARE.

>. ai a —_
PILE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

bo
on
On

oy The genitalia of the male are rather inadequately figured by Crawford.
forceps (Pl. XII, fig. B) are beset on their outer face merely by fine setae,
on the inner face there are numerous stout setae. The anal valve likewise
rs on its inner face at the posterior apex numerous small, cephalically pointing

; This | is an expansion of the aoieor extremity of the spermatic Aue (PL

XI Ss D) in the male. _ In this species it is short and spool-shaped, the ends with
heavily chitinized flange, the median portion transversely striate.

. NYMPHAL STAGES. In the material available there are very evidently five

Ps oT ymphal stages. As this agrees with the number found in Euphyllura arbuti? |

have no doubt that this is all there are.

Fifth stage (P|. X11, fig. E). Length 2 mm. Elongate; the wing pads

= oe and projecting well beyond the contour of the body, not produced anteriorly.

Derm membranous over the greater part of the body.

bs - Antennae (Pl. XII, fig. K) slender, slightly less than half as long as the
pody, ‘eight- -segmented, the last three segments slightly imbricate. Legs without

rochanter ; with the joint between tibia and tarsus well defined, ne tarsus about

hird as long as the tibia and bearing a large pulvillus (PI. XII, fig. J) which con-

Tow of a slender stalk with a fish-tail shaped expansion distally.

ae sd :
Dorsum with a pair of large, chitinized areas between the eyes: with

veral very small plates on the thorax which are arranged as indicated; with
ur very small plates on each of the first two abdominal segments and twa
ar ger plates on the next two; with the apical third, including apparently the
BD tast three segments, consisting of a single heavily chitinized plate. This plate bears
~ anumber of conspicuous pores or pore prominences of the type indicated in PI. XII,
s fig. -F and a iew smaller structures having the appearance of short, clavate setae,
_ shown in the same figure. The large cephalic plates each bear five or six of
Te hese large pores and there are two or three of them on the thorax and two on
ee each plate of the fourth abdominal segment. The margin of the apical plate
ake the wing pads likewise is beset with short, lanceolate setae (Pl. XII, fig. G)
in an irregular single row and the dorsum bears numerous very minute setae
B; sf the same type.

‘eat Ventral side with a cluster of slender setae between the bases of the
"antennae and with a small plate near the base of each antenna. Abdomen with
eS a plate surrounding the anus; with a small plate around each of the last four
‘spiracles; with three pairs of small submedian plates. Each segment with a
__ transverse series of small, slender setae. Anal opening enclosed within a pore
ring (PI. XII, fig. H) composed of a single row of slit-like pores. Within this
i ring there is also another ring of small circular or irregular pores. e
_—sC Fourth stage. In general character very similar to the fifth but with the

dorsal plates of the thorax and the first four abdominal segments larger; with

ee and relatively stouter.

- Ent. 55: 88-92. 1923.

. 0 division between the tibia and tarsus; with the antennae (PI. XII, fig. 1 )six-

tr F. and Hyatt, Persis. The Life History of Euphyllura arbuti Schwarz.

~ Oe.

1 wanes

Pa Pra eS ee

onl

SSeS oe,

254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Third stage (Pl. XII, fig. A). With the general characters of the fou

stage, but with the eyes few-facetted; with the antennae (PI. XII, fig. M) four
“se ets and relatively stout. Wing pads small, but distinct and free at che
tips, the tips bearing merely two or three lanceolate setae.

Second stage. Very similar to the third but with the antennae t
segmented (PI. XII, fig. VN). Wing pads smaller and bearmg but a single
at the apex. Apical plate of the dorsum with but four lanceolate setae on ea
side and with but three pores. ;

First stage (Pl. XII, fig. J). Antennae as in the second stage. Doss
plates as indicated in the figure, there being but two large thoracic plates in ad
tion to the rudiments of the wing pads. Margin of the apical plate with Be
three lanceolate setae, this plate occupying but the extreme apex. Margin o
the abdomen cephalad of the apical plate with five or six lanceolate setae. Pore = <
entirely lacking. Ventral side with but the terminal plate surrounding the anus,
this bearing the pore ring as in the other stages, but with the pores few. —

Note: This species is the type of the genus.

Ceropsylla sideroxyli Riley.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. A single adult male and nymphs from Sideroxylon 7%
masticodendron, Arch Creek, Florida, Mar. 16, 1923. "These specimens wer
received through the kindness of Mr. G. B. Merrill.

HABIT. Occurring in pit galls on the under side of the leaf, these gs:
showing as roughened elevations on the upper side. . The insects are cove
with a copious secretion of white wax, which makes them very conspicuous.

ADULT. There are certain discrepancies between the descriptions giv
by Crawford and my specimen, but in the absence of the female I leave any no
on the adults until both sexes are available.

NYMPHAL STAGES. My material contains specimens of but three st
the last, next to the last and the first. Assuming that the same number of
stages are found in this as in other species these will be the fifth, fourth and fir Sits

Fifth stage (Fig. 1 A). Length 2.5 mm. Form very broadly
almost circular. Dorsum heavily chitinized except for the joint between thor »
and abdomen. Wing pads not projecting beyond the contour of the body, p
duced cephalad beyond the eyes. Entire margin of the body beset with a con it
ous fringe of structures for which no other term than setae seems to be fess
these broad and flattened and borne on low prominences (Fig. 1 D).
dorsum for a short distance back from the margin is thickly beset witha sm:
clavate setae, these giving way to minutes pores which are disteiliaioes over the
entire dorsum. se

Ventral side apparently membranous throughout. Antennae (Fig. 1 B)
very short, the segmentation obscure ; apparently there are seven segments.
scarcely reaching to the margin of the body; with the femora attached to. he
coxae in a peculiar maner which I have not been able entirely to decipher fi from
my specimens; without trochanter; with the division between tibia and tarsus
very obscure or even lacking. Tarsi without claws, the pulvillus of a ver)
peculiar shape, being in the form of a circular pad (Fig. 1 C). Anal openi
set well away from the apex of the abdomen, surrounded by a pore ring consist
ing of a single row of slit-like pores (Fig. 1 E), this ring interrupted | mediall

“|=

a ary

& THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST aus
a ae
i

a
Pele
6

Prat

ef, ‘
s|eJeloleje‘s)efelohelelele,<)theka

ty
re)

NTT
Gite rere ney gum enssaBlCeN Ie Hy,

OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHERMIDAL

f Fig. 1. Ceropsylla sideroxyli Riley. _ A. nymph of last stage, B.-antenna; C.- pulvillus;
: D.. marginal fringe and modified setae of dorsum; E.- pore rings and structures
- about the anus,

256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

both anteriorly and posteriorly. Within this ring is another of similar character
but with the pores small and somewhat indistinct. i

Fourth stage. In general identical with the fifth except for smaller size
and relatively larger and fewer marginal setae and fewer clavate setae on the
dorsum. ;

First Stage. Of this but a single specimen is available and this is badly
attacked by fungus. As far as may be determined it possesses a complete mar-
ginal fringe as in the adult, is heavily chitinized throughout, lacks the clavate
setae of the dorsum and -has the antennae very short, apparently two-segmented.
The pulvilli are as in the fifth stage.

Note: This species is the type of the genus. I have at hand nymphs
of a species from Ficus palmeri at El Triunfo, Lower California, which probably
belongs to this genus. They likewise produce pit galls on the leaves but are not
covered with wax. In the absence of adults I am not describing this.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster). A.—third stage; B.—genitalia of adult
male ; C.—ovipositor of female; D.—expansion of the spermatic duct of the adult
male; E.—fifth stage; F.—types of pores and modified setae; G—amarginal seta ;
H.—pore ring and structures about the anus ; ].—first stage; J —tarsus of nymph,
fifth stage ; K—antenna of fifth stage; L.—antenna of fourth stage; M—antenna
of third stage; N.—antenna of second or first stage.

NOTES ON THE FEEDING HABITS OF AN ADULT SAWFLY
BY W. G. GARLICK,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans.

The adults of an elm sawfly, Macroxyela ferruginea (Say), were particu-
larly abundant in this locality for about three weeks during the present spring
and especially so during the week of April 1oth to 17th. ‘They were found
feeding on the buds of American elm and to a lesser extent on the buds of pear
and plum. It is likely that this list of buds eaten could be extended by further
observation, though in the examples cited there was a marked preference for elm,
which is the food of the larvae. In the case of the elm the buds attacked had
grown in length but the leaves had hardly begun to show beyond the tips of the
bud scales. In feeding the insect usually began by gnawing a hole in the side |
of the bud about two-thirds up from the base. With the serrated mandibles a _
hole was made in the outer covering, frequently much of the material being
dropped in the process. As soon as the middle of the bud was reached the insecr
ate only the central part, working downwards and enlarging the opening as
necessary. It was a common sight to see one on a bud with the thorax and
abdomen visible but the head completely hidden except for the tips of the back-
ward-bent antennae. If undisturbed the insect often left the bud a mere empty
shell, or so badly injured that no further growth took place. Quite frequently
there would be sharp encounters for the possession of a bud, the new arrival
usually succeeding in ousting out the original possessor—the one that had taken
the trouble to pierce the bud. The insects seemed to be ravenously hungry and
continued their feeding after the methodical manner of leaf-feeding larvae.
With plum and pear the blossom buds were preferred to the leaf buds and some

trees suffered somewhat from this injury, though the total damage done was not

great.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 257

Both sexes probably feed, though only one male was actually observed
feeding. From over two hundred netted specimens the sex ratio ran about
_ five females to one male. Adults were seen feeding throughout the period in
~ which they were at all numerous. The first adult was taken on March 30th
and the last on April 24th.

The determination of this sawfly was verified for the writer through the
kindness of Mr. Rohwer.

The writer knows of no record of adult sawflies feeding in a wholesale
way as described above. Rohwer! has recorded a individual of Tenthredella
lineata (Proy.) devouring an adult Perlid and in the same article notes Tenthredo
arcuatus (Foerster) eating four stamens of Umbellifer. He also refers to the
fact that Morley? mentions a female of the latter species as having been seen
masticating a female of Empria pennipes, so that this sawfly seems to be both
carnivorous and herbivorous. Miss Chawner® in a note on the feeding habits
of sawflies speaks of Allantus arcuatus killing and eating small insects. This
a is probably the species mentioned by Rohwer above. The other diets named
- by Miss Chawner are pollen of various flowers and the leaves of ash, the latter
5 in the case of Macrophya punctum-album only. Venables* reports an adult
eating Diptera. Peacock? states that certain species in his breeding experiments
would not oviposit unless supplied with sugar syrup.

Further observations on the life history of Macroxyela ferruginea (Say)
- will be given later.

NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PLECOPTERA
BY P. W. CLAASSEN,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Leuctra bradleyi sp. nov.
Plate XIII, Fig. 1.

Length to tip of wings, male, 6 mm.; expanse 10.5 mm.

“ General color brown. Head brown, w ae than prothorax, feebly pilose;
“hind ocelli about two diameters distant from eyes. Prothorax hardly wider than
long, brown; front angles quite broadly rounded, hind angles sharp; slightly
narrowed behind; median longitudinal prothoracic field one-fourth the width
of pronotum; discs somewhat rugose. Legs brown. Wings reddish fumose ;

ae an aad ET ha
ra,

a Se ta)

eee

sais

a Ae two cubital crossveins beyond m-cu crossveins.

Genitalia. Male. Abdominal tergites unmodified except ten, which is
partly cleft, each side being triangularly produced posteriorly; supraanal lobe
be triangular, bearing at the tip a slender, re-curved, whip-like process; cerci modi-
fied into chitinous armed processes, bulbous at the base and bearing at the tip,
as well as below, a sharp tooth; subanal lobes greatly modified into a probe,

each lobe receding into segment nine, where the two lobes unite into a long,
slender, posteriorly produced, up-curved probe bearing at the tip a bulbous mem-
_ branous enlargement; titillators absent; ninth sternite produced into a subgenital

& ~-~ 1—Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. XV. sd 148-149. 1913.
_ 2—Entomologist, London, aa 48, Feb. 1913.
3—Ent. Month. Mag. er it 19, 1921.

_ 4-Can. Ent. XLVI, iVAR 1014.

___- 5-Entomologist, Laude pp. 227-231. 1922.

(o/2)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ac
“)

plate which is medially deeply and broadly notched; ventral lobe large, hairy, 2
and half again as long as wide. =
Female. Unknown. %
Holotype: male, July 4, 1908, Emerald Lake, Canadian Rockies, J. C.
Bradley, Cornell University Collection.
Leuctra biloba sp. noy.
Plate XIII, figs. 2 and 3. a
Length to tip of wings: male, 7 mm; female, 8.5 mm.; expanse: male, —
12 mm.; female, 14.5 mm. =
General color blackish brown. Head wider than prothorax, blackish, closely _
covered with fine pile; hind ocelli between two and three diameters distant from Ss
eyes. Prothorax dark brown, a little narrowed behind (male); wider than ‘+
long; front angles broadly rounded, hind angles rather sharp; median longitudinal
prothoracic field at least one fifth the width of pronotum; discs only slightly
rugose. Legs brown. Wings dusky fumose; 2-4 cubital crossveins beyond
m-cu crossveins. a
Genitalia: Male. From the anterior margin of the eighth tergite there
projects backward a raised bilobed chitinous process, the lobes of which are trun-
cate; from the tenth tergite projecting forward a bilobed chitinous process whose —
lobes are evenly rounded; supraanal lobe broadly rounded; cerci unmodified;
subanal lobes broadly elongate; titillators slender, a little shorter than subanal
lobes; ninth sternite somewhat produced, not heavily chitinized; ventral lobe
half again as long as wide, bearing long hairs. pe
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a bilobed subgenital —
plate with a shallow, triangular median notch. ‘
Holotype, male; allotype, female; Mafy 20-25, ’11, Black Rock Mt., Rabun _
Co., Ga., Cornell University Collection.
Paratype: 1 male, same locality.

Leuctra carolinensis sp. nov.
Plate XIII, figs. 4 and 5.

Length to tip of wing: male, 8.5 mm., female, 9 mm.; expanse: male, 15 Ss

mm., female, 15.5 mm. . A
General color dark brown or blackish. Head blackish brown, wider than
prothorax ; hind ocelli about two diameters distant from eyes. Prothorax dark _
brown, the rugosities blackish; wider than long, not narrowed behind; front
angles rounded, hind angles sharp; median longitudinal prothoracic field between —
one-quarter and one-fifth the width of the pronotum; discs quite rugose. Legs e
brown. Wings dark fumose. .
Genitalia: Male. Seventh abdominal tergite bearing a broad, triangular, —
spatulate, raised, chitinous process reaching entirely across the seventh tergite; —
supraanal lobe triangular, short, hairy; cerci unmodified; subanal lobes quite —
broad ; titillators about as long as subanal lobes, broad at base but beyond very —
slender and curved; ninth sternite slightly produced backward; ventral lobe —
small, wider than long, hairy. a
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a bilobed, widely emar-

ginate subgenital plate, reaching at least half way across the ninth sternite; the

lobes of the plate bear long hairs. ite

» a

*s
*

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NEW NORTH AMERICAN PLECOPTERA

259
PLATE 13.

260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Holotype, male; allotype, female; June, 1912, Black Mts., N. C., Beu
muller, Cornell University Collection.
Paratypes: Males and females from same locality as the type.

Leuctra duplicata sp. nov.
Plate XIII, figs. 6 and 7.
Length to tip of wings: male, 7 mm., female, 8—8.5 mm.; expanse: male,
12 mm., female, 14.5 mm. PA
General color blackish brown. Head wider than prothorax, blac
covered with pile; occiput somewhat rugose; hind ocelli between two and thi
diameters distant from eyes. Prothorax dark brown, wider than long; med
longitudinal prothoracic field about one-quarter the width of pronotum; la
dises somewhat rugose. Legs blackish brown. Wings blackish infuscated
Genitalia: Male. Seventh and eighth abdominal tergites each
narrow chitinous collar on the anterior margin, each of these collars b
two short, triangular, chitinous processes; supraanal lobe somewhat triangt
cerci unmodified; subanal lobes broad, angulately upcurved; titillators sle m1
as long as subanal lobes; ventral lobe longer than wide, bearing long hair. —
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a bilobed subge
plate, notched in the middle, the lobes rounded, and before the notch a rou
raised tubercle.
Holotype, male; allotype, female; June 25, 1922, Labrador Lake, N.
C. R. Crosby, Cornell University Collection. eee
Paratypes: 2 males, 5 females, June 25, 1922, Labrador Lake, N.Y
R. Crosby; 1 male, 1 female, July 11, 1905, Brookline, Mass., C. W. Jol
1 male, June 12-22, 1901, Adron Mts., Axton, N.Y., A. D. MacGillivray and C.
O. Houghton, 1 male, June 8-10, 1915, Chipmunk Swamp, Vandalia, N.Y ee
male, June 11, 1909, Woolworth Lake, Fulton Co., N.Y.; 2 females, May 27,

i]
1919, Ringwood Hollow, Ithaca, N. Y. - ‘ zs

Leuctra decepta sp nov.

Plate XIII, figs. 8 and 9.

Length to tip of wings: male, 7 mm., female, 8.5 mm.; expanse:

Il mm., female, 14 mm. xs
Beneral color brown to blackish. Head wider than prothorax, t
occiput finely granulate; hind ocelli between 3 and 4 diameters distant fro:
Prothorax brown, wider than long; front angles broadly rounded, hind ;
rather sharp; median longitudinal prothoracic field a little less than one-
the width of pronotum; lateral pronotal discs quite rugose. Legs brown,
dusky.

sas!

Genitalia: Male. Eighth abdominal tergite with a narrow anterior
ized collar medially produced into a short, rounded knob which is not rais
very slightly so; anterior margin of seventh tergite sometimes with a sugg
of a smaller but similar chitinized area as eighth; supraanal lobe broadly rou
cerei unmodified; subanal lobes quite slender and considerably longer thai
titillators; ventral lobe a little longer than wide. be sy

There seems to be considerable variation in the extent to w ich
chitinizations on the abdominal tergites of the males have developed

species.

i
i
-

ee :
cee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 261

; Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a broadly and deeply
_ notched, bilobed subgenital plate, bearing long hairs and reaching nearly half way
3 across the ninth sternite.
a Holotype, male ; allotype, female ; June 29, 1922, Ringwood Hollow, Ithaca,
= N. Y., Cornell University Collection.
i Paratypes: 2 males, 5 females, same locality as types; 1 male, June 7,
~ 1905, Old Forge, N. Y.
3 Leuctra glabra sp. nov.
4 Plate XIII, fig. 10.
J Length to tip of wings: male, 6 mm. Expanse: male, 10.5 mm.
a General color reddish brown. Head brown, wider than prothorax, covered
_ with rather long pile; hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes as to each other.
Prothorax not narrowed behind, wider than long; front angles very broadly
% rounded; hind angles sharp; median longitudinal prothoracic field about one-
: quarter the width of pronotum; discs of pronotum slightly rugose. Legs brown.
_ Wings rusty fumose; two to three cubital crossveins beyond m-cu crossveins.
. Genitalia: Male. Tergites of abdomen unmodified except nine in which
the chitinized portion is reduced to a narrow, transverse band; supraanal lobe
triangular; cerci unmodified; subanal lobes modified into long, slender upcurved
processes ; titillators absent ; ninth sternite not much produced posteriorly ; ventral
lobe absent.
z Female: unknown.
: Holotype: male, Nov. 15, 1899, Jannalpais, Calif., L. O. Howard. In
the National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Leuctra hamula sp. nov.
Plate XIII, figs. 11 and 12.
Length to tip of wings: male, 7.5 mm., female, Q mm. Expanse: male,
14 mm.; female, 15 mm.
. . General color brown to dark brown. Head wider than prothorax, dark
brown or blackish; hind ocelli about two diameters distant from the eyes. Pro-
thorax dark brown, wider than long, narrowed behind; front angles rounded,
hind angles sharp; median longitudinal prothoracic field about one-fourth the
_ width of pronotum; discs of pronotum quite rugose. Legs dark brown, wings
* lightly fumose.
Genitalia: Male. Seventh abdominal tergite bearing a medium sized,
stort, raised, spatulate process which does not extend to the middle of the
_ seventh tergite; supraanal lobe rounded behind; cerci unmodified; subanal lobes
- quite broad; titillators about as long as subanal lobes, at the tip sharply recurved;
ventral lobe about as wide as long.
Ss Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a bilobed, widely
; notched, subgenital plate which reaches half across the ninth sternite; the lobes
°

se SP Pee

oF ae Vas oat

are truncate and bear long hairs; median field of seventh and eighth sternite
__ blackish.
4 Holotype, male; allotype, female; July, 1905, Old Forge, N. Y., Cornell
a ‘University Collection,

262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Paratypes: 5 males, 2 females, June 24, 1905, Old Forge, N. Y.; 1 male,
1 female, 6-23-10, Woolworth Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y.; 1 male, Sacandaga
Park, N. Y., E. P. Felt; 1 male, 1 female, Aug. 16, Mt. Marcy, Keene Valley,
N. Y.; 1 male, 6 females, Aug., 1912, Mt. Kathadin, Me.

Leuctra infuscata sp. nov.
Plate XIII, figs. 13 and 14.

Length to tip of wings: male, 7 mm., female, 9 mm.; expanse: male, I1
mm., female, 15 mm.

General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax, nearly smooth;
hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes as to each other. Prothorax dark brown,
narrowed behind, wider than long, median longitudinal prothoracic field between
one-third and one-quarter as wide as pronotum; discs of pronotum somewhat
rugose, the rugosities blackish. Legs dark brown. Wings infuscated; Sc.
bends down to R, not at a sharp angle, but more or less with a gradual curve;
2-3 cubital crossveins beyond m-cu crossveins.

Genitalia. Male. ‘Tergites of abdominal segments unmodified; supra-
anal lobe produced into a short, bulbous process which is excavated above and
on the lateral upper margins with a narrow, chitinous band closely beset with
long hairs, cerci membranous, very large, about four times as long as wide;
subanal lobes produced into long sword-like processes, abruptly drawn to a
slender rod before the tip and near the tip bearing below a recurved spine;
titillators curved down and then up again, slender, heavily chitinized; ventral
lobe very short, hairy, much wider than long.

Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a subgenital plate, which
is medially somewhat raised into a hairy ridge, notched in middle, the notch
produced by the projection of a triangular, heavily chitinized plate on each
side.

Holotype: male, 3-15-98, Seattle, Washington, Cornell University Collec-_
tion.

Allotype: female, 4-28-98, Seattle, Washington.

Paratypes: 1 female, 4-14-99, Seattle, Washington; 3 females, June 6,
1920, Shasta Springs, Calif., C. L. Fox; 1 female, 6-10-21, Yosemite Valley,
Calif.; E. C. Van Dyke.

Leuctra sibleyi sp. nov.
Plate XIII, figs. 15 and 16.

Length to tip of wings: male, 8.5-9.5 mm., female, 9.5-11 mm. Expanse:
male, 14.5-15.5 mm., female, 16-20 mm.

General color brown. | Head wider than prothorax; occiput somewhat
rugose and mottled with darker brown; hind ocelli between two and three
diameters distant from eyes. Prothorax wider than long, brown; angles broadly,
rounded; median longitudinal prothoracic field at least one-fifth the width of
pronotum; discs of pronotum quite rugose, the rugosities darker. Legs brown.
Wings subhyaline to brownish infuscated.

Genitalia: Male. Anterior margin of eighth tergite heavily chitinized
and bearing two long, slender, widely separated, raised chitinous processes which
reach over the entire eighth tergite ; supraanal lobe rounded behind ; cerci unmodi- —

Bee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 263

% - fied subanal lobes quite long and siender; titillators slender, nearly straight,
ee shorter than subanal lobes ; ventral lobe at (eit twice as long as wide.

“aa Female. Fighth atari sternite somewhat produced into a bilobed
se, hairy subgenital plate with a small median notch.

ie Holotype, male; allotype, female; May 16, 1922, Moore’s Brook, Ithaca,
N. Y., C. K. Sibley, Cornell University Gailesticn

$ Paratypes: 5 males, 10 females, May 16, 1922, Moore’s Brook, Ithaca,
LN. Y.; 3 males, 1 female, May 15, 1915, Taughanic, Ithaca, N. Y.

; Leuctra triloba sp. nov.

ue Plate XIII, figs. 19 and 20.

Length to tip of wings: male, 6.5 mm., female, 8 mm. Expanse: male,

_ Ir mm., female, 14 mm.

i ta - General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax, brown; hind

ocelli between two and three diameters distant from eyes. Prothorax nse

cs considerably wider than long; front angles somewhat rounded, hind angles sharp;

median longitudinal prothoracic field at least one-quarter the width of pronotum;

lateral discs somewhat rugose. Legs brown. Wings uniformly reddish fumose.

Ss Genitalia: Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with a large, raised, more

Z — or less trilobed, chitinous process which reaches well unto the eighth unarmed

: tergite; supraanal lobe short, rounded; cerci small, unmodified; subanal lobes

~ quite broad and apically very finely spinulate; titillators slender and shorter than

ees “subanal lobes; ventral lobe about as broad as long.

OR Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a bilobed, hairy, sub-

+: "genital plate which is rather_narrowly notched in the middle.

Holotype, male ; allotype, female; Sept. 14, 1899, McLean, N. Y., Jensen,
Cornell University Collection.

‘os -Paratypes: A number of males and females from the same locality.

Leuctra truncata sp. nov.
Ae Plate XIII, figs. 17 and 18.

_ Length to tip of wings: male, 7 mm., female, 8-g mm. Expanse: male,
ae 5 mm., female, 15-17 mm.

aa General color brown. Head wider than prothorax, uniformly brown, occi-
2 “put slightly rugose; hind ocelli between two and three diameters distant from
eyes. Prothorax brown, a little wider than long., slightly narrowed behind;
‘ _ median longitudinal prothoracic field about one-quarter the width of pronotum;
lateral discs moderately rugose. Legs brown, wings subhyaline.

7 ao

Genitalia: Male. Seventh abdominal tergite smooth ; eighth tergite bear-

2 Raibanal lobes quite sichdee Hettators Shaealeeaiily shorter iteth subanal oon,
a ventral lobe very little longer than ‘wide.
a Female. Fighth abdominal sternite slightly produced into a broadly

Holotype, male; allotype, Geile Aug. 9, 1905, Old Forge, N. Y., Cortelf
Bivetsity Collection.
Paratypes: Many males and females from same locality.

(To be continued)

264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST . ee a Se
‘ y 12 sae?
NOTES ON THE EGANS GROUP OF OLIGIA (PHALASNIDA, LEPID) é
BY WM. BARNES AND F. H. BENJAMIN, > Be
Decatur, Ill. ; -

Oligia violacea Grote

1881. Grote, Bull. Geol Surv. Terr., VI, 261, Hadena.

1893. Smith, Bull. U. S. N. M., XLIV, 141, Hedena.

1903. Holland, Moth Book, p. 167, pl. XX, f, 12, Hadena.
1908. Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., VII, 375, pl. CXVII, f, 22, Oligia. ree

A somewhat variable species in color and brightness of pattern, the second-
aries sometimes slightly tinged with fuscous but presenting a decidedly white
ground color. ‘The figures listed above will serve to identify the species, which s :
is represented in the Barnes collection by specimens from Truckee, Mission San ~
Jose, Nellie, and Plumas Co., Calif.; Pullman, Wash., Glenwood Springs, Silver- :
ton, and “Oak Creek Canyon,” Geter: Yellowstone National Park; and Eureka, —
Utah. '

Oligia violacea race rampartensis nov. var. |

Similar to violacea in size and markings, but so much darker in color that —
it was confused with ferrealis in the Barnes collection, the violaceous tints almost _
obscured. Orbicular and reniform somewhat smaller than normal for violacea,
thus approaching bridghamii. Secondaries strongly tinged with fuscous. ae *

The present subspecies may possibly be entitled to specific rank as there —
are several minor genitalic differences between it and violacea. Both agree, —
however, in possessing in the edceagus, besides other armature, a strongly apes a
ized plate bearing only four teeth.

Type locality: Ramparts, Alaska.
Number and sexes of types: Holotype é, Aug. 1-7.

Oligia egens Walker ie

1856. Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., X 263, Celuena-

1882. Grote, Ill. Essay. p. 45. (on type), Celacna.

1889. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 386 (ferrea,) Mamesira.

1891. Smith, Proc. U S. N. M. XIV. 251, Mamestra.

1893. Smith, Bull. US. N M.. XLIV. 144. (on tvpe). Hadena.

1908+ Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. B..M., VII, 377, pl.. CX VII, £24, Oligia:
race ferrealis Grote

1883. Grote, Can. Ent., XV, 29, Mamestra.

1891. Smith, Proc. U. S.°N. M.. XIV, 269 ignot., Mamestra.

1893. Smith, Eull, 1. S. N M., XLIV, 128, ignot., Mamestra.

1905. Hampson Cat Lep. Phal. B. M., V, 177. ignot., Polia.
syn. transfrons Neumoegen

1883. Neumoegen, Papilio, III, 139, Hadena. Fe

1893. Smith, Bull. U..S. N. M.,.XLIV,. 141; Hladena. a

1903. Holland, Moth Book, p. 166, pl. XX, f. 7, Hadena.

1908. Hampson, Cat. Lep Phal. B. M., VII, 377, egans (partim.) Oligta. -
race bridghanui Grote and Robinson

1866. Grote and Robinson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., VI, 17, pl. III, f. 1, Mamestra. *. 2°56
1873. Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 108, (bridghami), Hadena.
1893. Smith, Bull. U S. N. M., XLIV, 141, ie Leite Hadena.
1903. Holland, Moth Book p 166, pl. XX, f. 2, (bridghami), Hadena. ee >>
1908. Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., wir 376, (bridghami partim.), Oligia. a
form tridis Dyar : - es
1908. Hampson Cat Lep. Phal B. M., VIII, 376, pl. CXVII, f. 23 as bridghami (for ~
hridghamii), partim., Oligia. et.

1923. Dyar, Ins- Inse. Menst., XI, 17. Oligia. ~ aS pe
The type of O. egens must be re-examined by someone possessing consider-
able material in the group. — If it is the same.as the Colorado specimen men-_

;

“THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 26

ned by Smith (1883), it is probably a race distinct from ferrealis (transfrons).
he type came from the vicinity of Hudson Bay, so that it may be the same as
rrealis (see Hampson, 1908, who lists transfrons synonymous) ; or it may be
same as iridis; forms belonging to the Hudsonian Faunal Zone sometimes
tending southward into New England and New York, sometimes extending
estward through Manitoba and Alberta. Bridghamii, usually spelled bridghami,
ax IS ‘apparently the eastern representative of egens. The figures of Grote (1866)
and Holland (1903) represent trite bridghamii. Hampson’s figure (1908) seems
os referable to iridis. A specimen compared with Dr. Dyar’s types of iridis shows
bot this name to represent a form of bridghami with dark secondaries. Judging
from Grote’s figure, the type of bridghamti possesses some fuscous banding on
_ the secondaries, but the fuscous is not as evenly suffused as on the types of

The name ferrealis, heretofore listed as an peed species of Polia ot
-—- Mamestra, must take the place of transfrons. ‘he unique type of ferrealis
_ is in the Cornell University Collection, and through the kindness of Dr. W. T. M
_ Forbes, the authors have been enabled to compare it with the series of transfrons
ein the Barnes Collection. Both prior and subsequent to comparison with the
__ type of ferrealis, specimens have been compared with the type of transfrons in
= the Neumogen Collection. Both names represent the same subspecies, ferrealis
_ appearing to have several months’ priority.- Holland’s igure ( 1903) as transfrons,
_ seems good. Hampson’s figure (1908), as egens, is probably referable to true
ae ~egens, or is poor.
: oe ‘The various subspecies of O. egens possess very similar genitalia, and
os Ee although there is some variation in the shape of the harpes and the uncus it
_ appears to be purely individual, the genitalia of specimens of the same form from
"the same locality varying, while the genitalia of some specimens representing
each subspecies appear’ practically identical. All agree in possessing in the
oe besides other armature, a strongly chitinized plate armed with a
_ number of small teeth, thus diftering from violacea, which possesses a similar plate
armed with only four larger teeth.

NOTES ON TWO MOSQUITOES FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
(CULICIDAE, DIPTERA)*

BY ERIC HEARLE,
3 oe Banff, Alta.
en As Aedes mutatus Dyar. .
% In the Canadian Ent omologist for January, 1923, the writer proposed
the name Acdes hewitti for some small ring-legged Aedes of the stimulans group
eth: at he took in the Fraser Canyon at Yale, B. C., in 1919 and 1920. Although
a é he specimens very obviously came close to Aedes mutatus Dyar and Aedes
es increpitus Dyar, the male hypopygium showed sufficient difference from the
Say pe blished descriptions of either of these to warrant the proposal of a separate
Unfortunately, it appears that in describing the male genitalia of dedes
tatus, Dr. Dyar had before him an abnormal specimen in which the angular
ansion of the filament of the claspette was near the base—this position is

—Contripution from the Entomological Branch, Dcpt. of Agric., Ottawa, Ont.

266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

given in all of the keys in which-reference is made to this species. On page 40
of Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus for January—March, 1923, Dyar corrects the
description and states that in dedes mutatus Dyar the angular expansion of the
filament of the claspette occurs almost exactly at the middle. The difference thus
disappears and the name Aedes hewitti must be relegated to the synonymy of
Aedes mutatus Dyar. There is no record of this species having been taken
previously in Canada. Its habitats appear to be very restricted. Dyar states
that it breeds in the little pools in the flood deltas of swift mountain rivers.
Aedes idahoensis ‘Theobald.

This mosquito of the arid valleys has not been recorded previously from
Canada, although Dr. Dyar stated that it would probably occur, at least in the
Okanagan Valley of British Columbia (Dyar; Mosquitoes of Canada; Trans. Roy.
Can. Inst.: Toronto; Vol XIII; Part I, p. 93; ro21.

In the summer of 1920 the writer carried out a very brief survey of
mosquito conditions in the Lower Okanagan Valley, B. C —a district where
arid, somewhat desert like conditions obtain, and where the valley is open except
for a thick vegetation in the river bottom and scattered yellow pine and sage-
brush. The survey was made too late in the year for much collecting, but a
number of Aedes verans Meigen were taken; among these was found a single
female specimen ot Aedes idahoensis Theobald; this was in such good condition
that there was little difficulty in determining its identity. The specimen was
taken at Lattimer’s Camp near Oliver on August 21st, 1920.

STUDIES IN CANADIAN DIPTERA*
Il—THe GENERA OF THE FAMILY BLEPHAROCERIDAE
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.

Bibionus new genus
Eves contiguous above, the upper two-thirds with enlarged facets ; antennae
14 jointed, as long as head. Mesonotum higher than the head, the suture deep,
on anterior half, oblique, slightly angulated before its middle and curving as a

faint impression around to behind the inner ends of the postalar calli, but the —

curve is slight and irregular; this leaves an elongate oval, anteriorly pointed false
postalar callus, postero-externally of which the postalar calli is rather weakly
differentiated. Legs very long and slender, with short, appressed pile, middle
tibia with one, the hind with two apical spurs. Wings large, weak posteriorly,
the third vein branched just beyond the anterior crossvein, the branch ending in
the first twice as far from its tip as the apex of the third vein is beyond it;

anterior crossvein half as long as the rectangular base of the anterior branch —

of the fourth vein; fifth vein roundedly oblique basad of the crossvein joining
it with the fourth vein. Abdomen narrow, compressed, of nearly equal width,
its venter slightly wider, plane, with parallel sides; genitalia broader and higher
than the abdomen, laterally compressed below, placed at right angles, the basal

(upper) plate narrow, the apical (ventral) plate evenly convex from base to —

upper angles. Type, B. griseus n. sp.

*—Contribution from Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch, Dept.
of Agric. Ottawa.

ris . . - . = . ‘ +*
This insect shows a remarkable superficial resemblance to some species — #
= = : ae Ss u Bo EE eee
a
Tak

a
"
.

Pa) i? oe pe SB, Le 5 Beakaed. | .
wars 3 NT Bet CF ‘s
oe Oe e ss oe ae ae
Lee ner Ces
pests. 4507 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 267 7

. the genera Rhamphomyia and Empis, but the antennae, eyes, wing venation,
rax, etc., at once distinguish it and there can be no doubt about its position |
zs » the Blepharoceridae. The termination of the branch of the third vein is
vu nique, and the branch of the fourth vein ends before the apex oi the wing.
op ie most unusual feature, however, is the remarkably large genitalia, but in
; entials ‘even this is quite typical.

A careful study of the wings reveals the presence of an incomplete vein
- between the fourth and fifth longitudinal veins, a character overlooked at first
be cause of the crumpled condition. There are also the numerous folds as in
Blepharocera. ‘The character which defnitely separates this genus from Bibio-
de Gephaila is the apparent point of origin of the second vein.

The following table of genera includes all those of which I am aware in
~~ the world and is based upon Dr. Kellogg’s table in Genera Insectorum. In
~ couplet 8 it will be noted that reference is yeas to the second longitudinal vein
_ being unbranched. Actually the second vein is wholly fused with the third
and it is only present in Bibiocephalus and Bibionus.

4 KEY TO GENERA

No incomplete vein between the 4th and 5th longitudinal veins ...... 2
An incomplete vein between the 4th and 5th longitudinal veins -....-.. 7
Eyes bisected by an unfacetted crossband or line into a dorsal brownish

region of larger facets and lower black region of small facets ...... 3
Eyes not bisected by unfacetted crossband; radial vein branched ...... 4
_ Wings without basal anterior crossvein (no crossveins) (Europe) ......

(ene > SES pg IP e+ aa ea a ae ene Apistomyia Big.
Baivings with basal anterior crossvein (Ceylon) ........ Hammatorhina Lw.
Reesscomupuousabove or ptactically soi. 2. ela fee soe 6
eomeeiaeaed-ANOVE AULEMMAD: ). osha .. nas 2s} dy Lape Soen eee 5.
Proboscis long, palpi but little developed ............ Paltostoma Schin.
Proboscis not longer than the vertical diameter of the head; palpi: well

emma ae SEO E -SPCTMERCU! SG. rp 5 ot Ling aig eisrene stacey, ae Kelloggina Will.

6. Tibiae with apical spurs; ungues of ordinary structure .... Corupira Mull.
_ Tibiae without apical spurs; ungues pulvilliform ...... Hapotothrix Lw.
-- No crossvein connecting the fourth and fifth veins (posterior basal cell
MINIM aS 8a oY a he bon hk ees eee aay Blepharocera Macq.
__A crossvein connects the fourth and fifth veins (posterior basal cell pre-
RE se te oe fe 2p ao kG nes a th. nce 0 8
. The second longitudinal vein is not branched ........ Philorus Kellogg

. A The second longitudinal vein is branched, the branch either simulating a
~~ crossvein near the base of the second vein or rising beyond the anterior
~~ crossvein, in which case it is long and reaches nearly to the end of the
; eee Into Which 1 fans. 090 es ia et wk ee 9.
% BO. The branch of the second vein rises beyond the anterior crossvein and joins
the costa a short distance before its apex, eyes broadly contiguous ......

OPES 01K ss See Riecalee wedecta eect aerator OE Deng Gk ee Oa
T he branch of the second vein usually simulates a crossvein in which case
it lies entirely before the anterior crossvein, eyes distinctly separated...

| SF ORE SSE SOR teu oe epee peeing Beane ae aie oe Bibiocephala O- S.

268 _THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

This family is poorly known in so far as the Canadian fauna is ¢
cerned, and only four species, Bibiocephala canadensis Garrett, Philorus aylme
Garrett, and Bibionus griseus Curran, all from the Rocky Mountain region, an
Blepharocera tenuipes Walker from Eastern Canada, are recorded. oe

Bibionus griseus new species

Long, slender, legs very long, abdomen laterally compressed, venter nani S
but wider than the compressed. abdomen, perfectly plane; pile wholly black;
antennae 14-jointed. - hee

Length, 1o mm. Wing the same. Male. Face small, densely silvery
greyish pollinose, cheeks similar, occiput thinly greyish yellow pollinose. _Fronte
triangle small, sunken, thinly grey pollinose, bare; ocellar triangle larger ‘thar
the frontal, prominent. Antennae moderately long, the first two joints swollen
the first as wide as long, equalling in length the third and fourth combined
second as long as the succeeding three joints combined, narrow basally, as wid
as or slightly wider than the first on apical half, both with mote ae
abundant black pile, the remaining joints much more slender, sub-equal in length,
thinly black haired, the pile not conspicuous, appressed. Pile of head wholly
black, rather stout on face, moderately short on eyes, but with numerous ioe =
hairs scattered throughout, but these are not numerous enough to upset | the
uniform appearance of the short ones. ee

Thorax cinereous pollinose, middle line broadly (narrowly internipleae es
by a longitudinal cinereous middle stripe on anterior half) and a suturally inter
rupted stripe on either side on the posterior three-fourths, not reaching th oe
hind margin, olive yellow or pale brownish pollinose, the middle stripe broadly —
separated from the front margin. The pile is rather sparse, not long, black
more abundant on the pleura; longer behind on the mesonotum and extende =
somewhat forward. Mesonotum narrowly separated from pronotum— by the or"
collar, which is, however, not prominent, the humeri prominent, placed slight ly
obliquely, their greater surface in front. No suture between the scutellu m
and thorax, the mesonotum merely continuing back on the horizontal. plan :
after its posterior convexity, but at the sides there is a deep, narrow concavit y; sy
at the base of the scutellum on the middle half there is a moderately wide, trans-_ ;
verse, almost flat area, beyond which the scutellum becomes slightly convex, the
apex with a narrow, median, vertical depression and on either side with five

or six faint ones.

Legs slender, very long, the hind femora reaching to the end ee oe a
abdomen, the front four almost two-thirds as long; middle tibiae almost as lon, a
as their femora, the others about four-fifths as long, tarsi longer than thei
tibiae ; front coxae short, their trochanters as long as middle coxa and trochanter ag
combined. Middle femora slightly curved forward, the front ones strongly .
curved forward and somewhat upward, the apical fifth straight. Front tibi e
with one, the hind with two apical spurs. Coxae, trochanters, basal half to two-
thirds of the femora, less so below, yellowish, hind tibia brownish. Cox
more or less fuscous or blackish basally. Hairs of legs wholly short, bla che
Front basitarsi curved upward; basitarsi of all legs nearly as long as following

a
Bia

joints combined.

OS ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 269
Se

a Wines AES Setlwishi Halteres very long, slender, yellow. Squa-
¢ pale yellow, with moderately long black fringe. .
Abdomen laterally compressed, very narrow, the venter flat, its margin
‘ojecting slightly beyond the dorsal portion, its sides parallel. Ground color
_ black, the sides of the venter luteous, wholly silvery (not white), pollinose, the
marrow, dorsal sub-apex of each segment yellow pollinose, the apices darker.
ile black, long basally, but gradually becoming shorter so that on the last three
segments it is very short, appressed, and the whole disc bears similar pile.
G enitalia reddish, compressed, placed at right angles to abdomen, its apical
_ margin evenly convex, the posterior piece large, widened above so that it is
— half as wide transversely as its height, the terminal pieces broad, flat, obtuse
3 apically, twice as long as wide, their posterior fourth produced as a rounded
obe, not twice as long as wide; the anterior basal piece is broad, slightly emargin-
ate apically, its corners rounded, its apical piece broadly cleft to the base so
‘that it leaves a narrow, emarginate apical piece on either side, which is over
ig twice as wide as long and longer inwardly. The central cleft is filled with
a yellow piece on either side which is triangular from lateral view, its posterior
: ‘edge longer, its apex slightly excavated. The basal or anterior piece is brown,
_ the superior portion of the posterior piece fuscous. No pile except on tie apical
| aes

Se Holotype— é , Nordegg, Alta., June 26, 1921, (J. McDunnough), No. 587,
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

A NEW SYRPHID FROM ONTARIO (DIPTERA )*
; BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
Temnostoma nipigonensis n. sp.

Length, 14 to 16 mm.; Male and Female. Abdominal markings as in
Behuale but the pale bands are sree and much narrower, the median black bands
on the third and fourth segments entire or the last one narrowly interrupted.
‘Suture of the thorax with two yellowish pollinose spots as in alternans; pile of
he thorax wholly black, that of the abdomen also black except on the lateral
margins. Anterior legs black, the posterior four reddish, their femora more
-ferruginous, rather brown beneath on more than basal half. Wings as in aequale,
but more heavily infuscated.

_. Holotype— 4s, Macdiarmid, (Lake Nipigon), Ont., June 22, 1923, (N. K
downy No. 666, in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Allotype— 2, same data, in Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.

This species is so very distinct from any described that a complete deserip-

‘tion Ss seems unnecessary, a comparison with two common species serving Detsere

ery

‘he almost wholly black pile is very distinct.

DN ae, eee MA ye > Brae ee lane Orie te ee URe

“atlas + ha

’
ail Teee ast 22

—s ee

270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF EURYOPHTHALMUS CINCTUS
(HEMIPTERA)* a
BY EDWARD P, VAN DUZEE, |

San Francisco, California.
Euryophthalmus cinctus californicus new subspecies.
Differs from typical cinctus H. S., as found in Mexico, in having- the =
head, the pronotum anteriorly and the lower surface clothed with numerous” 4
erect stiff black hairs. On the venter these black hairs are frequently intermixed —
with pale ones and on the pronotum a tendency toward the same variation
may appear thus approaching typical cinctus. In the typical form of this sub- §
species as taken about San Francisco the color is largely black; the extreme
base of the first antennal segment and its socket, the buccule, acetabule, coxe, i.
trochanters, narrow base of femora, apex of osteolar canal, connexivum, hind —
edge of pronotum and costal margin of elytra are red and oiten the genital | cS
segment is touched with the same color. Usually the elytra are more or less ©
rufotestaceous or ochraceous, closely and coarsely punctured and varied a
black, and at times the pale margin of the pronotum is extended down the ~
sides a little way. . Baste
Described from numerous specimens taken about San Francisco, Cali- vos
fornia, where it is very abundant on lupines on which the young feed. 4
Type, male, No. 1303, and allotype, female, No. 1304, Museum California
Academy of Sciences, collected on Lone Mountain in the City of San Francisco,
July 23, 1916, by the writer. : a
' This subspecies is characteristic of the cool coastal belt of California, —
but extends its range eastward to the foothills of the Sierra and southward to
Palm Springs and San Diego County, where it mingles with more typical —
cinctus and acquires the shorter cinereous pubescence and loses a portion of 2
the black hairs. The typical cinctus is common everywhere I have collected
in Sonora and Lower California, and on the islands cf the Gulf of California,
where it feeds upon Laccodesmia and the related acacias. E. convivus Stal.
is a broader paler form common in Sonora and especially Arizona, and extends
its range eastward to the mountains of Texas. It is very close to cinctus and ©
like that form wants the stiff black hairs on the head and pronotum. &. suc- — x
cinctus Linn. is nearer to californicus, having some of the black hairs on =
head and pronotum, but has a longer rostrum. It lives in the gulf states from “es
Florida to Texas. &. varians Stal. is a narrower paler form from Sinaloa ‘and
farther south in Mexico. &. davisi Barb., from Florida, is a redder form with | a
more of the pale tomentum. These six forms should undoubtedly be considered —
as geographical races or subspecies of one species (succinctus Linn.) as tea
intergrade where their distribution overlaps and the first four at least, of which
I have examined the males, have the same form of male claspers. ro

—Contributions from the California Academy of Sciences, No. 219. ed

Date of mailing, November 29th, 1923. ae

ee Gexadinn Guinnclontss

ee Vo. DV ORILLIA, DECEMBER, 1923. No 12.

NEW CYCLORRHAPHOUS DIPTERA FROM CANADA*
BY C. HOWARD CURRAN,
Ottawa, Ont.
Melanostoma fallax n. sp.

Allied to mellinum but the face is more shining, the antennae darker and
- shorter, abdominal spots larger in ¢.
: Length 6 to 8 mm. Male. Face and front shining black; with very
= yellow pollen; pile short, wholly black; face retreating, tubercle small.
oblong, conspicuous. Antennae black, third joint narrowly reddish at base below,
pe “not quite twice as long as broad. Arista as long as antennae, rather stout, very
‘ short pubescent. Vertical triangle shining black; prominent, black pilose. Eyes
peeoucting for moderate distance. Occiput shining black, along the eyes brassy
yellow pollinose, wholly yellow pilose.
& . Thorax brassy black; bright yellow pilose; on the dise chiefly long, black
pilose. Scutellum yellow and black haired. Pleura lightly grey Soliaees that
re on the mesopleura tawny.
; a _ Legs reddish ; basal half of the front four, and three-fourths of the hind
ta femora, more than the middle half of the hind tibiae and last four joints of their
33 tarsi, black ; hind basitarsi brown except the apex. Pile of legs, sparse, yellow.
ag Wings faintly brownish yellow, darker in front on the middle region.
— Squamae white with faintly yellow border and fringe. Halteres yellow.
aoe Abdomen reddish yellow; first: segment, apex of fourth and the entire
side margins brassy black, sometimes more or less bronzed; second segment with
a broad, basal band expanded posteriorly in the middle and forming a broad,
longitudinal stripe connecting with the rather narrow hind border, opaque
Diack; third segment with a median longitudinal stripe and a moderately narrow
Be posterior band which widens a little laterally; the median stripe is widened in
front. Median stripe on fourth segment not so widened anteriorly, the posterior
band one-third the length of the segment. Pile yellow; on the opaque black
m arkings beyond the basal hali of the second segment, black. Genitalia shining
lack. First two ventral segments shining black; third and fourth marked as
the dorsum, the yellow spots very bright, the median stripe on the first segment
ownish or sometimes obsolete.
’ Female. Front narrowed above; below the middle with a rather narrow,
terrupted grevish yellow pollinose band; wholly black pilose. Antennae with
he second joint wholly, apex of first and lower half or less of third, reddish.
Thorax wholly pale yellow pilose. Femora wholly reddish, on the hind ones
with an obscure brownish pre-apical band. Hind tibiae with a broad median

band and the last two joints of their tarsi brown. Wings slightly yellowish.
a pale yellow.

272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

behind the middle, rather large, roundish or rectangularly rounded. Spots ona
third and fourth segments triangular, their posterior end broadly rounded, the
inner side slightly convex, the outer produced narrowly to the side margin ;
the spots resting on the base of the segment. The spots on the fifth segment —
are transverse, rounded behind; produced to a point at the lateral margins; all
the spots broadly separated medianly, the last pair less so. Venter black, with
smaller yellow spots than on the dorsum, in the same relative position; no spot: .
on second segment.

Holotype— é, Banff, Alta., May 5, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett), No. S74 in :
the Canadian National Collection.

Allotype—@, same data.

Paratypes—34 specimens of both sexes, same locality.

*
oa
“e

Platychirus nodosus n. sp.

Abdonien reddish with rather narrow, median vitta and posterior seg-
mental margins; front tibiae gradually broadened from the base; base of femora
with two (rarely only one) long curved hairs, the apex of each is lamellate or. 4
knobbed, hence the name. Belongs to the quadratus group. : =

Length, 7 to 8mm. Male. Face and front shining greenish black, the
former, except the lower part of the cheeks, moderately yellowish or greyish _
yellow pollinose, the ground color sub-obscured in some lights. In profile the —
face is retreating, the tubercle not conspicuous, but formed by a swelling on
the face, so that the upper half of the face is gently concave, and a shallow con-_
cavity is formed below the tubercle; epistoma but little prominent. Pile of faces -
rather sparse, stout, black; of the frontal triangle longer and coarser. Front a
thinly pollinose except just above the antennae; with a brassy or beaeaee reflec oie y
tion. Eyes touching for a distance equal to the distance between the anterior —
and posterior ocelli. Vertical triangle black, swollen; black pilose in front.
-Occiput thickly greyish or greyish yellow pollinose, with yellowish pile. Antenne —
wholly black; third joint almost one and one half times longer than broad. —
Arista as long as last two antennal joints combined, thickened but gradually
tapering on its basal half, although the immediate base is smaller. 4

Thorax shining black, the dorsum rather brassy or slightly bronzed, in A
disc just a little dulled and with three or four darker lines in some lights; scutel- |
lum shining black. Pile rather tawny, but the ends of the hairs pale. i Se 2

Legs reddish; bases of anterior four femora yellow; apical third of fore |
tibiae and base of bispietal whitish; a streak on the apical half or more of the
front four femora behind, but not reaching the apex, and the hind legs entire
except the narrow apices of femora, slightly broader bases of tibiae and th elt
narrow apex, black. Front femora behind, just after the base with two or
three long, curved tufts of hair, each so closely placed as to appear as a “sin
stout hair, the apex congealed so as to form a large knob whiclr is usually —
oval, but varies considerably and is often spindle shaped; all the other hairs on es
the front femora are fine and sparse, mostly yellowish, but there may be some
black ones on the postero-apical half. Front tibia unusually broadened, the
broadening commencing at the base, being a little more gradual on posterior
side, and with a very shallow, long concavity before the middle anteriorly, Ss

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST = 273

outer apex produced lappet-like. Front basitarsi about two-thirds as wide as
: "tibiae, one and one-fourth longer than broad, slightly tapering; second joint
pa. little broadened, quadrangular; last three joints normal. Middle femora
eehust, normal. All the femora with pile as on front ones; tibiae and tarsi all
; Be with-shott, rather sparse, yellow pile.

a ; Wings. conspicuously fuscous; stigma luteous. Squamae white with
white fringe ; halteres yellow.

BS Abdomen with almost parallel sides; reddish yellow, with the first segment
a “and hypopygium, a broad median vitta slightly wider on the front margin of
o each segment, noticeably so on the second segment, the apices of each segment
~ less widely than the median vitta and the side margins in about the same width
Bt as the median vitta, black, opaque except on hypopygium, sides of segments and
_ basal segment. On the fifth segment there is an apical triangular spot occupying

: the median half or more and connected with the base by the vitta, the sides not
eck Pile yellow, moderately long basally, becoming short apically; on the
_ black apical bands of third and following segments, short, sub-appressed, black.
Venter pale yellow, with a broad, longitudinal stripe on the fourth segment, and
sometimes a darkening on the two preceding segments.

# Female. Quite different, resembling Melanostoma mellinum. Face simi-
lar but the tubercle just a little more prominent and the pile fine, yellowish white.
_ Front. broad, its width at antennae equal to its length, gradually narrowing to
£ - opposite the anterior ocellus so that it is less than three-fourths as wide here
ae as below, and it is again a little broadened so that at the posterior angles of the
- _ eyes it is three-fourths as wide as below. Pile black; across the middle broadly,
_ on the sides below and at the vertex yellowish. Yellowish pollen underlies the
pale pile, but is less abundant on the middle of the front; front shining black.
-Occiput with thick, yellowish pollen above, grey below, pile yellowish.

: Thorax metallic blackish green, the pleura and sides of dorsum before
the suture grey pollinose; pile whitish.

——s Legs yellow, front tibiae just a little larger than usual; hind legs black,
ee. the basal fourth and apical fifth of the femora, broad bases and apices of the
tibiae and just the tip of their basitarsi, yellow. The front femora in the type
bear three long, curved hairs and one of these bears a knob as in the 6, but in
the two paratypes these hairs are shorter, although they are quite evident and
ae “ale not be rectangularly bent.

» —~:«OWings sub-hyaline, otherwise as in ¢.

be _Abdomen actually very much as in the ¢ but appearing rather different, as
ecthe black side margins are a little more broadened behind and the yellow spots
‘therefore more rounded on their postero-lateral margin and the apex of the
rm ~ fifth: segment is black in its entirety; the anterior angles of the sixth segment
si are yellow. The second segment is practically as in the 8 in two specimens.
x a as in ¢. Venter wholly yellow.

_ __ —Holotype—é, Banff, Alberta, June 18, 1922 (C. B. D. Garrett), No. 519,
- in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
_ Allotype—@, same data.

274. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Paratypes— 8, 29, same data; 4 ¢, June I, 1922; 3 6, June 5, 19225

I, June 9, 1922, all Banff, (C. B. D. Garrett), in the Canadian National Cole
tion, Ottawa. z
The ¢ is quite readily recognized by the peculiar lamellate hairs on the front
femora and the @ by the longer, curved hairs, wholly black antennae, abdominal ~

maculation, etc.

Platychirus peltatoides new species

Closely allied to peltatus Meig., but readily distinguished in the ¢$ bya é
the brown knobs of the halteres, the absence of a conspicuous brush of pile onal .
either side of the middle tibiae basally, although there are some pale hairs in
front; the longer and more dense black pilose pad beneath the front trochanters,
the black-haired mesopleura, and generally darker legs. The @ is aie
with greater difficulty but the pile beneath the front trochanters is quite apparent,
while in peltatus it is only seen with difficulty. In both sexes the face is more a
prominent below, the anterior oral margin being produced more sharply, “thes
tubercle more horizontal below, more acute, and the median facial line is more
raised. -

Length, 9 to 11 mm. Male. Face shining greenish black in ground —
color, but appearing strongly brassy owing to the thin yellow pollen; in profile
produced below, almost straight on upper three-fifths, still a little hollowed, —
the tubercle nose-shaped, rather narrow, between it and the less prominent —
anterior oral margin, shortly but rather deeply concave. There is, however,
some variation in the profile, but it is slight. The middle of the face is a5
rather pinched, so that there is a median raised ridge, rising at the antennae
and spreading into the tubercle, distinctly carinate on the upper half as it is
bordered by a very evident depression, more rounded and broader on lower
half. Tubercle and oral tip black. Frontal triangle black, dulled by brownish — a
yellow pollen. Pile of face, frontal and vertical triangles all black. Occiput
yellowish pollinose, the upper third concealed by the eyes from lateral view, 5
pile yellowish, the orbital ciliae black; cheeks pale yellowish pilose, sometimes ~~
a few black hairs in front. Antennae black, sometimes the second joint below
and the third on the lower half except at the immediate apex, reddish; third
joint sub-oval, its apex rounded, about one and one-fourth times as long as —
broad. Arista slender, thickened and tapering on basal half. Eyes once :
for a greater distance than the length of the ocellar triangle. |

Thorax aeneous, sometimes distinctly brassy, the pile rather abundant,
yellowish, but a broad longitudinal band on either side of the mesonotum, united —
behind, brownish or blackish. Mesopleura and an area beneath the base ot es e
wing, black pilose, or more than half so. Scutellum concolorous: with thorax, er
its pile black, but the margin bears almost all yellow hairs and sometimes there
may be yellow hairs intermixed with the black on the disc; the ventral fringe is
long, yellow. _

Front four femora black on the basal third, elsewhere reddish yellow ; hind”
femora except their apex, their tibiae except base and narrow apex and their”
tarsi wholly, black or piceous black. Middle tibiae sometimes on the inside
beyond the middle, and their tarsi above, somewhat brownish or piceous. Front _
femora with very short whitish pile; behind with a dense ciliation of long blac kc

“ ea

J — a . Lie Ps
>Does
a a8 Sn
Fa Pee SN
> my ‘tA Cue v ‘
nee eae WAS eS Os
MES 2 aT PS ER! ten *
oa VavE: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 275
aoe

Be steriorly and ‘yentrally with sparse black hairs. Front tibiae short ~
ow y-haired, behind with a fringe of long hairs, those in the middle or extending
the widening, black; expanded rather suddenly on-the posterior side,
n the middle and projection, largely blackish or brownish. Front basi-
is half as long as the tibia on the front side, much shorter posteriorly, its
almost evenly oblique, anteriorly very slightly convex, posteriorly oblique
the base, thence straight to the apex; second joint broadened, but only three-
rths as. wide as the first, its base following the apex of the first, its apex
¥ slightly oblique; three following joints of equal width, normal. Middle
1ora with short, white hair, behind with long black hairs, which are rather
'$parsely placed, below with short black bristles on its apical three-fourths; in
: front excavated on Une oe half. Middle tibiae with short, appressed, pale

the apical two-thirds arcuate, bearing a tuft of short black pile at the end of
a oe muateht se Hind legs simple, the basitarsi slightly swollen, tapering

Ze Wings! cinereous or slightly brownish hyaline, the anterior crossvein
ining the third vein at almost a right angle, but never slightly recurved
a5 quamae brownish, with yellow or golden yellow fringe. Halteres brown or
ous, the stem yellow.

Abdomen opaque black, the first segment, side margins and apices of
‘last two segments, aeneous, brassy or bronzed, sometimes with two of
se colors; normally with four pairs of yellow spots, the first pair rarely only
nt; first pair of spots usually subrectangular, rather truncate externally, a
» concave behind, convex in front, somewhat narrowed and rounded inwardly,
ated slightly before the middle of the second segment. Second pair basal,
ly narrowly separated from base, very slightly convex medianly, slightly
posteriorly, longer medianly. Third pair of spots similar but moder-—
f ly separated from the anterior margin and slightly smaller. The spots on
ifth segment are in the form of transverse, basal triangles which reach
ite or almost to the posterior margin laterally and are broadly separated
dianly and usually quite reaching the lateral margin. In dark specimens
ee and last pair of spots are smaller, less clearly outlined and irregular.
pale yellowish, black on black areas except basally; rather long.

Female. Exceedingly like @ of peltatus, but differing in facial profile,
1 is very similar to the male, the tubercle a little more truncate. Pollen
ce more dense than in ¢, and deeper in color than in peltatus. Front
;, with more or less strong bronze reflection; wholly short black pilose;
e lower two-thirds, broadly expanded in the middle, yellow pollinose. Occi-
yellow pollinose, with greyish tinge below, pale yellowish pilose, the ciliae
Facial pile rather abundant, whitish.

jesonotum and pleura greyish white pollinose.
. Legs simple, reddish; the apical half or more of the hind femora, their

eee the base and a broad, more or less obscure median band, and

276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Pile wholly white. Anterior trochanters with qutite conspicuous short white —
hairs beneath. Wings hyaline. MHalteres yellow. eS.
Abdomen sub-opaque, the spots more similar in shape than in the ¢ and —
placed nearer the bases of the segments, those on the second segment well separ- e
ated from the base, slightly wider than the following two, which occupy —
scarcely more than the basal half and are similar in shape to those on the third
segment in the ¢. The triangles on the fifth segment “are narrower, reachin
only half way to the posterior margin at the sides, and not reaching the latera
margin. All the spots with a hoary sheen in certain lights. Pile short, whit a.
and black. Venter with a median longitudinal rather broad brownish strip ‘
on the last three segments. a
Holotype— é, Penticton, B.C., May 10, 1919, (E. R. Bucks No. Bae
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. a
Allotype—, Vernon, B.C., June 30, 1920, (M. H. Ruhmann). E
Paratypes— é@, Penticton, B. C., June, 1918, (R. C. Treherne) ; pee:
Victoria, B..C., May 3, 1919, (W. B. Andean 6, Royal Oak, B. C., May 13,
O17, (KR. C. Treherne); .3, Ilwaco, Wash., May 5, 1918, (A. L. Melander), 2
the latter in the collection of Dr. Melander. She.
Previously confused with P. peltatus. Probably most of the Britist Se
Columbia records for peltatus refer to peltatoides. In the males the middle —
femora and tibiae are quite different in shape. The present species is decidedly .
darker.

Chilosia subchalybea n. sp.

Steel blue; base of wings yellow; antennae red, arista black, show =
pubescent, first posterior cell moderately acute.
Length 8 mm., wing 8 mm. Female. Head deep, shisshe black, oe
broad, facial strips and a triangular spot on the frontal orbits yellowish polli- y
nose. Face deeply concave above, the tubercle more prominent than the anten-—
nal base, not large, moderately sharp; below the tubercle shortly perpendicular ; af
facial slopes with fine, yellowish pubescence; side strips with very short, white | 4
pile. Front very wide, the transverse depression very conspicuous; with aa
shallow longitudinal furrow; pile wholly black, rather short. Occiput with |
short, black pile above, pale below. Antennae red, third joint moderately
large, orbicular, slightly longer than broad; arista black, short black pubescent,
Thorax steel blue, in some lights with a geminate greyish median stripe ;
on the dorsum the pile is short, black, on pleura and humeri, short, whitish.
Scutellum concolorous with the dorsum, black pilose, with six black bristles.
Legs black; extreme apices of femora and basal fourth of tibiae yellow.
Pile pale on the femora; on apical fourth black; on tibiae be rea
front and hind tibiae golden yellow. . i“ a
Wings slightly cinereous hyaline, clear; yellowish basally ; stigma yellows
The apical crossvein joints the fourth vein at almost a right angle, but the frst ¥
posterior cell is rather sharp. Squamae white, with yellow border pe. wit e
fringe. Halteres yellow.
Abdomen steel blue; black pilose; first segment, sides of second and
remaining segments, more or less broadly, white haired. ae

rae “
& “1 = 4

Sey | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 277

pee Cranbrook, B. C., Nay 16, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett), No.
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

-Paratype—@, same data, May 17th.

< a species is allied to burkei and alaskensis but differs: from the types
oth of those species. The first posterior cell is less acute than in either
ntennae, facial profile and color of legs are different.

Pteromicra canadensis n. sp.

Face yellow laterally or almost wholly so in ¢ ; front opaque black, a
broad, median vitta polished obscure reddish; upper half of frontal orbits
‘broadly shining black; legs chiefly yellow, front tibiae and tarsi wholly black.

Length4to5 mm. Male. Face polished orange yellow, sometimes with
an elongate oval median stripe in middle portion blackish; sides broadly whitish
: ‘ellow pollinose, a narrow band of similar pollen extending across immediately
below the antennae; in profile retreating, the lower fourth perpendicular. Front.
opaque black, the lower sixth yellowish, polished; median vitta over one-third
pe as wide as the front, narrower anteriorly, obscure reddish, polished; orbital
‘margin on upper half broadly shining black, the opaque color inside this stripe
bout as wide as the distance between the posterior ocelli, the spots narrowing
anterior half. A few short black hairs along the edges of the median vitta,
_anterior fronto-orbital bristles slightly over half as long as the posterior.
Occiput shining black, the lower orbits pollinose like the face, above the neck
ith a rectangular, silvery, slightly oblique spot on either side of the middle.
\ntennae red, upper margin of third joint narrow vly black; third joint obtusely

i Be ave. Arista black, densely short hisek Preah

_ Thorax shining black; mesonotum thinly brownish yellow pollinose ; lower
hal: of pleura and the coxae, white pollinosé. Only the mesonotum with short,
black, stout hairs and long bristles; scutellum with four bristles.

ax Legs, including the coxae, reddish yellow ; apical third of front femora,
tibiae and tarsi wholly, and last two joints of the remaining tarsi, black;
femora brownish on narrow apex above. Front and hind femora with a
of four to six fine bristles above on apical half; the latter with conspicuous —
e below; all tibiae with preapical bristle. Pile wholly black, rather short.
Wings greyish hyaline; stigma luteous. Squamae whitish with yellowish
- and white fringe. Halteres yellow.
Abdomen shining black, with short black pile; longer laterally. Genitalia
longer than fifth segment; fifth segment longer than the fourth, second to |
th segments sub-equal, the third just a little shorter. Venter thinly yellowish
ose.
Female. Middle or shining portion of face black, except just inside the
nose stripes; front opaque black quite to the base of the antennae, the
jan vitta: appearing more reddish.
Se Dorsum of thorax with a rather broad, more shining stripe on either

27 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Abdominal segments with same relative lengths as in the 3, the third”

dorsal,-so that the terminal segments are visible from above. an
Holotype— 8, Banff, Alta., May 5, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett), No. S811 in
the Canadian National Collection.
Allotype— 2, same data.
Paratypes— 6, 22, same data, @ June 1. eet,
This species is quite distinct from P. glabri¢ula Fallen. In glabricula
palpi are yellow and the sides of the front narrowly whitish. In Connie
palpi are Sage black and there is no trace of white on the front.
Meromyza lineola n. sp. ;
Green; mesonotum with three broad black stripes; abdomen with a median |
black vitta narrowly interrupted at the suture. +f mal: ;
Length 2.75 to 4mm. Male and Female. Face, cheeks and occiput ye
lowish green; the former moderately retreating, shorter than the oral margi >
from tip of epistoma to back of head. Front broad, yellow; with very short via
black hairs; almost flat, swollen just above the antennae, a cordate black spot 5
covering the ocellar triangle. Antennae yellow green, third joint brown above ,
arista tapering, black. z
Thorax pale green; mesonotum with a broad, median, black stripe, slightly 3
tapering, to the tip of the scutellum; on either side, separated by a narrow yellow —
" green strip, which is widest josrorosty: a broad black stripe which reaches just
onto the corners of the scutellum, and rises distinctly behind the humeri; the
whole with a whitish sheen due to pollen. The mesonotum may be desctibe d-
as black, with the narrow lateral margins and a narrow stripe on each side of |
the middle line, connected anteriorly with the lateral stripes, yellow — green
What hair is present is white and almost imperceptible. There are two sma
black bristles on the postalar calli and one inside them on the yellow groun
The scutellum may be described as greenish yellow, with a broad, longitudi
median vitta, not quite reaching the apex, and the lateral margins on the ba S2 me
half, brownish or black. Sometimes a small black spot on the mesopleura below.
Legs green; femora yellowish greenish; tarsi ochre green, the last joi
brownish ; all the femora rather robust. Wings hyaline. Halteres green.
Abdomen green; second to fifth segments with a narrow, median, blac
vitta, narowly interrupted just before the sutures; first segment with a long
tudinal elongate oval black spot on either side, its apex on the base of the sec¢
segment, its base well separated from the base of the first segment and moderat
separated from the side margins; sixth segment with a narrow, black ba
border which expands a little before the lateral margins, but is narrowly se par-
ated from them; or the segment may be half black. There may rarely be a bre
obscure reddish brown stripe on the curved undersides of the third to fifth th
segments. Genitalia at the base with an arch of long, pale hair, the hair tw Ice
as long as in americana.
Holotype— 6, Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, N.W.T., June 25, 19, 2,
(C. H. Crickmay), No. 577, in the Canadian National Collection.
Allotype—@, same data.
Paratypes— 8,4 9, same data.

Cie

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 279

The four species in the collection may be distinguished by the following

1. Abdomen all blackish except the curved underside margins and narrow

i OS a aye a a ee a EE marginata Beck.
= ~ Abdomen at least with an elongate yellow spot on either side of second
NI MIM En Se anol Anta Dee RVing BO Mw oS ee we ote tec agre the erwiameleun er datenem 2

even saat there may be bizeninish diffuse color surrounding; yellow

tngracic, Siripes complete-and. broad-: . 2.2... . 2. ae punctifer Beck.
Abdomen with three black vittae, when present, not distinctly darker than

. PER EG wee Oo PaUE CMIOT io ra ale fae win Be ea stipe lee earned 2
3. Yellow thoracic stripes complete; 3 genitalia with long, arched hairs basally ;
arista brown; scutellum never all yellow ................ lineola Curran

Yellow thoracic stripes often incomplete; ¢ genitalia with short hairs;

arista yellow basally; scutellum often all yellow ...... americana Fitch

NEW SPECIES OF BUPRESTIDAE FROM THE UNITED STATES

(COLEOPTERA)

BY GicAG FROST, <
Framingham, Mass.

ns Ptosima idolynae sp. nov.
~ ——s Closely related to gibbicollis Say from which it differs as follows: form
= peso onger and more robust; color a brighter and lighter blue; a round yellow spot
on the vertex, a faint linear sub-basal one each side of the elytral suture near
‘the scutellum, a broader fascia at apical third, a rounded apical spot on each
. -elytron, no subhumeral vittae; thorax notably more elongate, more convex and
__with the sub-apical tumidity less evident ;, ante-scutellar depression slight and
g ee a finely impressed line on basal third ; side margin more arcuate when viewed
a ah Elytral suture depressed for a short distance behind the scutellum
id then elevated as usual to apex; humeri indistinct, nearly smooth and aeneous.
ecm’, ‘third and fourth abdominal segments with a wider smooth band poster-
“s iorly ; slightly less pubescent beneath. With the exception of the disk of the
ae thorax where the punctures are deeper, coarser and more regular, the sculpture .
of both species is very similar. Length 88 mm. Width 3 mm.

ag | This species is very distinct ee the form of the thorax and the pee

Aris pseudofallax sp. nov.

a Form, color and size similar to the darker bronze and more robust speci-
ens of fallax. Antennae passing the middle of the thorax and serrate from
1e fifth joint; head greenish, nearly flat with a faintly indicated median, longi-
udinal concavity which becomes narrower and well defined on the vertex, central
area of the front with rather sparse punctures and faintly indicated rugae, just
above the clypeus more distinctly transversely rugose, and on the vertex longi-
- tudinally punctato-strigate. Thorax one-fourth wider than long, narrowed at

the base; sides slightly explanate and arcuate to behind the middle, then faintly

7 7

280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ~

sinuate ; disk with an evident depression, which is deeper behind the cedddieg inal
oblique depression deep, with sparse yellowish Pre transversely strigate |
over entire surface of thorax.

Scutellum finely transversely carinate; elytra slightly sinuate at the sides,
humeral and discal depressions similar to fallax, surface granulate-imbricate Wi
very evident tendency to transverse strigations; each elytron has three yellowi
pubescent spots as in fallax, the median one being nearly circular. Benea
with sparse pubescence, more evident on the median line to behind the middle
the second ventral segment ; first ventral flat or slightly concave and finely strigate, —
abdomen becoming nearly smooth at the middle of the posterior segments. Pro-
sternal lobe distinctly emarginate with the sides faintly sinuate, narrowing —
front, intercoxal process broad and apparently truncate, moderately densely pubs
cent, propleura reticulated with minute rugae. ~All claws broadly toothe
anterior and middle tibiae mucronate. Length 6 mm. Width 1.7 mm. at t
middle of the thorax and behind the middle of the elytra.

The above description is made from the (male) type which is labelled
“Allegheny, Pa.” Paratype No. 1 is labelled “Hazen, Ala., I1V-4~21, beating —
oak; L. E. Woodruff, Collector.” This is a small (5 mm.) male of a brighter
coppery bronze with a greenish front which is indistinctly concaved longitudin-
ally; pygidium sparsely punctured with a faintly indicated obtuse carina. Para- -
type No. 2 is a male (6.3 mm. long and 2 mm. wide) from Jeanette, Pa., VI-2
and was taken, I understand, by H. G. Klages. This specimen has-the thorax —
more narrowly and shallowly depressed with sharp carinae at the hind angles;
the pygidium is more densely punctured along each side of a very evident obtuse —
carina, sides smooth. Paratype No. 3 is a female (6 mm.) labelled simply
“Ohio.” The front is coppery bronze and more evidently concave; thorax
with a slight concavity in front of the scutellum and with the carinae moderate We
sharp. Paratype No. 4 is a very dark, robust female (6.8 mm. long and 2.1
mm. wide) labelled “Ind.” and also “Stein coll. Indiana.” It has a very pro-
nounced concavity of the front and a deep discal concavity on the thorax; the
basal carinae sharply defined. Received from W.-S. Blatchley. Paratype Nc a
6 is a male from “Kans.” and is very nearly typical. Paratype No. 7 fr
~“Cin., O.” resembles No. 4 very closely. The type and paratypes, Nos.
and 5, are in my collection; Nos. 2 and 6 are’ in the collection of Mr. J. N~
Knull; No. 4 is in the collection of Mr. H. G. Klages, No. 7 is in the colleaay ipo
of Mr. Charles Dury. :

This species has been confused with fallax through inattention to
antennal characters, and in Horn’s table runs to impexus Horn and florida
Crotch. Mr. J. N. Knull, who has very kindly compared one of the para pes
with specimens in the Horn collection, states that it is entirely different from
zither of these two species. He finds it is: smaller and differs from the type
of impexus by the less convex and less coarsely sculptured prothorax, head no’
deeply channeled, sides of the abdomen without the marked pubescent pat
and by the middle pubescent spot of the elytra not elongate. He finds tha
the specimen of floridanus, marked “Type,” has a very convex prothorax and |
deeply channeled front and vertex,

re sees Meare :

Pig ; ae.

re Sebig i, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 281
i zi Chrysobothris orono Frost.
Ae Bb ecigtt the kindness of Mr. J. N. Knull I have been able to examine

= = of this species from Orono, Me., with date of July 26, 1905. It resembles
_ the male type very closely, differing only in the more broadly rounded front
a angles of the prothorax, the slightly less prominent costae and smaller and less
merous black smooth patches of the elytra; it is more coppery beneath and,
‘usual in the females, less pubescent; the front tibiae are arcuate as in” the

and shallowly emarginate ; last dorsal gen This female Aaa resembles

vere taken on spruce at Macdiarnie Ont., July, 1922, ba Mr. N. Kk. “pedo:
the Royal Ontario Museum, but in these the emargination of the last ventral

with their more strongly rie shape, are distinctive. In the NS female
“of erono there are faint indications of reddish color in the lobes of the outer
oints and it is possible that specimens may occur with the lobes as testaceous
as in verdigripennis or dentipes, although in the many specimens of these two
a examined none have been seen w rith black or even piceous lobes. In

es of the outer joints of the antennae of this same testaceous color.

NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PLECOPTERA
BY P. W. CLAASSEN,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
(Continued from Page 257)
Nemoura glabra sp. nov.
Plate XIV, figs. 1 and 2.

nm., female, 14 mm.
S Sean to each other. Prothorax much wider than long, moderately rugose,
1ed behind, angles broadly rounded. Wings lightly to rather heavily infus-
d, with two indistinct transverse darker bands; anal field of hind wings large.

Beale: Male. Subanal lobes entire, unmodified ; cerci large, mem-

a Pomstic. Beventh sternite unmodified; eighth sternite not produced and
| a suggestion of a slight notch in center.

Holotype, male; allotype, female; 30-4-13, Truro, N. §., Cornell Uni-
+ Collection. é

Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female, same locality as type; 1 male and 1
ale, March, ’o8, Boulder, Colo.; 1 male, Logan, Utah.

ale, the middle ones less so, and the hind ones straight; last ventral broadly

S Ppp realy Pocket mass of species or varieties, have been seen with the

* Length to tip of wings; male, 7 mm., female, 7.5 mm. Expanse, male,

ee General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax; hind ocelli closer )

to
O74)
iS)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST =

Nemoura divergens sp. nov.
Plate XIV, fig. 3.

Male. Length to tip of wings 8.5 mm.; expanse 15 mm. *

General color brown. Head not er than prothorax, brown, ocatea iS
quite rugulose; hind ocelli a little closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax
brown, wider than long, widened behind; angles broadly rounded. Legs light
brown. Wings subhyaline with a darker band across the cord and somewhat
darker at the tip; anal field of hind wings large. ie .

Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes unmodified; subgenital plate “quit =a
short; cerci large, membranous; ventral lobe about twice as long as wide; sup
anal process recurved, smooth, entirely chitinized; each side of the supraa
process a long, slender, chitinized, divergent process.

Female. unknown. he
Holotype, male, Mar. 15, Clinton, N. Y., P. B. Powell, Cornell Univer
Collection. 2a]
Paratypes: 1 male, Apr. 17, Ithaca,, N. Y.; 1 male, Mar. 30, Forest Hill

Mass.
Nemoura biloba sp. nov.

Plate XIV, figs. 4 and 5. 3

Length to a of wings: male, 8.5 mm., female, 9 mm. _Expanse, male ex

17 mm., female, 18 mm. aa
General color brown. Head a little wider than prothorax, anifpred 7
brown; hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes as to each other. Prothorax
wider than long, somewhat rugose; a little widened behind; angles” narrowly |
rounded. Legs brown, the femora somewhat darker toward the end. Wings
uniformly subhyaline; anal field of hind wings large. Gills present. na = >

Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes prolonged, upcurved, and at the t t
divided into two slender processes; cerci large, membranous; at base of cerci_
an inward pointing, short, membranous, oblong lobe suggestive of a second small —
cercus; supraanal process recurved, slender, membranous above; subgenital plate 2
somewhat prolonged ; ventral lobe a little more than twice as long as wide. 34
; Female. Seventh sternite very slightly produced posteriorly; eight
sternite with a narrow median notch. =a
Holotype, male; allotype, female; and one paratype, Los Angeles (¢
California, Cornell University Collection. .

Nemoura bifurcata sp. nov.
Plate XIV, fig. 6.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9 mm.; expanse, 14.5 mm. et
General color brown. Head a little wares than prothorax, occiput” son ne
what rugose; hind ocelli about twice as close to the eyes as to each other.
thorax brown, a little wider than long, hardly narrowed behind; angles
sharp; surface somewhat rugose. Legs brown. Wings uniformly Subba
anal field of hind wings large. Gills apparently absent. Bat
Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes considerably produced and dcestn bifur
cate at the tip; cerci membranous; supraanal process recurved, membre ol
above and dorsally finely spinulose; subgenital plate rather short; vent: ral lol ,
about two and one-half times as long as wide. meet Be

ENTOMOLOGIST

283

PLATE 14.

‘ : te a ¢ t =
Pee ee Se eee > eee

284 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Female. unknown. ~
Holotype: male, 5-15-95, without locality label. Cornell University
Collection. ; .
Nemoura californica sp. nov.

Plate XIV, figs. 7 and 8.

Length to tip of wings: male, 8 mm., female, 8.5 mm; expanse: m
14.5 mm., female, 15 mm. ee
General color brown. Head a little wider than prothorax; unifo rmly
dark brown; hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes as to each other. Prothorax —
uniformly brown; wider than long, somewhat narrowed behind, surface nearly
smooth, angles rather narrowly rounded. Legs brown. Wings subhyaline; anal
field of hind wings narrow. © Gills present in four groups of filaments in cet
region.
Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes wide, produced, upcurved and bear
_ before the apex a short tooth; cerci membranous; at base of cerci a short, inw
pointing, chitinous horn; supraanal process recurved, much widened beyond ba
the membranous portion finely spinulose; sub-genital plate quite short; ventt it
lobe narrow, at least three times as long as wide. ae
Female. Seventh sternite unmodified; eighth sternite considefahiy oie ‘s
duced, with a median notch and just before the notch a blunt tubercle. oe
Holotype: male, Mar. 22, 1908, Oakland Hills, Alameda, Co., Calif,
FE. C. Van Dyke. In the collection of the California Academy of Sciences
Allotype: female, Apr. 6, 1897, Seattle, Washington:
Paratypes: 1 male, May 27, 1903, Fieldbrook, Calif.. H. S. Barbe
1 female and 1 male, May 15, 1894, Olympia, Washington; 2 males, tie:
Bear Lake, B.C.; 1 male, Sept. 4, 1891, Bouter’s Ranch, Mont.

ae
+
a
+e
at
<<

Nemoura flexura sp. nov.
: Plate XIV, figs. 9 and Io.

Length to tip of wings: male, 6.5-7 mm, female, 8-9 mm.; expanse: male,
10.5-I1 mm., female, 13-14 mm. se cold
General color brown.

Head wider than prothorax, dark; occiput slightly rugose; hind
about twice as close to eyes as to each other. Prothorax wider than ee nar-
rowed behind, quite rugose, the rugosities rather coarse; angles quite ‘bras ly
rounded. Legs brown. Wings uniformly subhyaline; anal field of hind wi
narrow. e

Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes produced into slender, flexuous oa “esses
which are upturned; cerci membranous; at base of cerci originates a lobe sug-
gestive of a second cercus; supraanal process slender, recurved, membr.
above near tip; subgenital plate short; ventral lobe slender, about three
as long as wide. c zi

Female. Seventh sternite somewhat produced, almost tuberculate int
middle; eighth sternite with a deep, median notch. =

Holotype, male, allotype, female; Boulder, Colorado, G. C. D
Cornell University. Collection. :

Paratypes: 5 males and 8 females, same locality. — JOS

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 285

A ee Nemoura cornuta sp. nov.
ey a * Male. Length to tip of wings 7.5 mm.; expanse, 12.5 mm.
o> General color brown. Head wider than prothorax; hind ocelli closer to
e) yes “than to each other. Prothorax brown, narrow, a little longer than wide,
: irface somewhat rugose; sides straight, angles rather narrowly rounded. Legs
un formly brown. Wings uniformly hyaline; anal field of hind wings large.
7 vo groups of gills in the cervical region.
: Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes prolonged into irregular chitinized pro-
sses bluntly pointed ; cerci membranous; above the cercus a horn-like chitinized
process about as long as the cercus; supraanal process recurved, slender, mem-
__ branous above, chitinized below; subgenital plate rather short, the tip truncate;
_ yentral lobe slender, about four times as long as wide.

~— Female. unknown.
Holotype: male, June 22, 1920, Nanaimo, B.C., Biological Station, E. P.

Van Duzee. In the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
: Nemoura frigida sp. nov.
Plate XIV, fig. 12.

Male. Length to tip of wings 7 mm.; expanse 12 mm.
pr! color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax, smooth, covered

wn : angles quite sharp. Legs uniformly light PRS Wines uniformly
bhyaline anal field of hind wings large. Gills present.

Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes entire, somewhat produced and broadly
cate behind; cerci membranous and small; supraanal process recurved,
arged and largely membranous; subgenital plate only moderately produced;

Female. unknown.

_ Holotype: male, June 16, 1899, Sitka, Alaska, Harriman Expedition,
incaid. In the National Museum, Washington, D. C.
; | Nemoura delicatula sp. nov.
3e8 Plate XIV, figs. 13 and 14.

ae > Be ecasth to tip of wings: male, 6 mm.; female, 7.5 mm.; expanse: male,
| mm. ; female, 13.5 mm.
= General color light brown. Head much wider than prothorax, brown;
ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax brown, quite rugose;
than long; angles very broadly rounded. Legs light brown. Wings
ormly hyaline; veins faint; anal area of hind wings narrow. Gills absent.
___ Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes slightly, if at all, modified; cerci small,
nbranous: supraanal process recurved, broadly truncate at tip, fitting closely
a depressed area of the tenth tergite, partly membranous and bearing above
chitinous projections; the tenth tergite each side with a raised chitinized
e; subgenital plate rather short; ventral lobe about three times as long as wide.
_ Female. Seventh sternite not produced posteriorly ; eighth sternite unmodi-
, the genital opening not guarded by valves.
_ Holotype, male; allotype, female and 24 paratypes, males and females,
Boulder, Colorado, G. C. Dodds, Cornell University Collection.

~=~

286 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Nemoura columbiana sp. nov.
Plate XIV, fig. 15.

Male. Length to tip of wings, 6.5 mm.; expanse, II mm. ;
General color dark brown with banded wings and legs. Head wider ce ng
prothorax, blackish brown; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Pro- E>
thorax blackish brown, slightly rugose, wider than long, narrowed behind; front a
angles broadly rounded; hind angles almost sharp; sides straight. Legs brown,
with a light spot or band just beyond the middle on femora. Wings subhyaline, .
with two dark, transverse bands, one at the cord and the other before the tip; anal —
field of hind wings large. Four single gills present in the cervical region.
Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes large, curved upward and bearing or
the inner margin (ventral view) a curved, spine-like process; below (side view
a short triangular process; cerci small, membranous; supraanal process recurved,
short, enlarged, partly membranous; subgenital plate quite short; ventral lok
truncate, a little more than twice as long as wide. Se
Female. unknown. ;
Holotype: male, June 25, 1908, between Laggan and the Valley of the Ten
Peaks, Alberta, Can., J. C. Bradley, Cornell University Collection. aay

Nemoura producta sp. nov.
Plate XIV, figs. 16 and 17. 3 ;
Length to tip of wings: male, ir mm.; female, 11.5 mm.; expanse she
male, 20 mm.; female, 21 mm. eae at.
General color brown to blackish brown. . Head wider than prothorax,
nearly smooth; hind ocelli a little closer to eyes than to each other. Prothoraz oy
wider than long, slightly narrowed behind; angles quite sharp. Legs brown, —
not banded. Wings subhyaline; 1st A aint 2nd A of forewing united before
margin; anal field of hind wings large. Gills apparently absent. ae SS
Gants: Male. Subanal lobes broad, produced, upcurved and enlarged’ -
at tip (side view), on the inside (ventral view) armed with a stout spinelike pro a
cess ; cerci small, membranous; supraanal process bent up but not recurved, with |
alates structures paeouhced by a finely spinulate membrane; subgenital plat cer
long, narrow; ventral lobe about three times as long as wide. fa
Eanae Seventh sternite produced into a narrow, evenly rounded sub a
genital plate which reaches across most of segment eight ; eighth sternite unmd So
fied. ~ aes a.
Holotype, male; allotype, female; without any label. Cornell University
Collection. : Riess

- Nemoura nevadensis sp. nov.
Plate XIV, figs. 18 and 19.

Length to tip of wing: male, 10.5-11 mm.; female, 14.5-15 mm.; expanse:

male, 17-18 mm., female, 22-24 mm.
General color dark brown. Head a little wider than prothorax; lateral
tubercles large; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax da ae
brown, somewhat lighter on the lateral and anterior margins; wider than To *
somewhat narrowed behind; front angles narrowly rounded, hind angles _ more
broadly rounded. Legs brown. Wings subhyaline, veins heavy, somewhat
ry

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ae 7 ats e S ‘
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NEF me eS 7

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 287

Bectind at the stigma ; Ist and 2nd A of front wings united before the margin;
1 field of hind wings large. Gills absent.

cate, cerci very small, membranous; supraanal process produced backward
‘upward, the outer sheaths wide and bearing spines on upper and lower
n; inner sheaths slender, unarmed; subgenital plate very long, upcurved,

long as wide.

. Be ' Female. Seventh sternite produced over the entire eighth segment as an
nly rounded subgenital plate; eighth sternite unmodified.

- Holotype, male; allotype, female; 1878, Reno, Nevada, Morrison. _In the

useum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

_* Paratypes: 5 males and 9 females from Reno, Nevada, 1878, Morrison;

ae female, Eureka, Cal., May 22, H. S. Barber; 1 male, Yosemite Valley, California,

| «24-21, E. C. Van Dyke; 1 female, Tenino, Wash., H. G. Hubbard.

Nemoura washingtoni sp. nov.
“Plate XIV, figs. 20 and 21.

Length to tip of wings: male, 9.5-10 mm.; female, II mm.; expanse,
male, 16-17 mm.; female, 19 mm.

ote General color dark brown. Head a little wider than prothorax, uniformly
wn; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax much wider
a long, smooth, somewhat narrowed behind; front angles broadly rounded,

1d angles subacute. Wings uniformly subhyaline except for a slight infus-

a of hind wings large. Gills apparently absent.

_ Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes very large, narrow ed at base, upeurved
produced into a triangular process at the upper inner angle; ; cerci very small,
nbranous. Supraanal process not recurved but produced backward and
yard, composed of a double sheath on each side, the inner sheaths broad and
| PS ; Ye
ied with spines above, the outer sheaths slender and unarmed; subgenital plate
g, very hairy and turned up at right angles; ventral lobe large, about twice
long as wide. :
Female. Seventh sternite produced backward into a rounded, subgenital
; ‘which reaches beyond the hind margin of segment eight; genital opening
not guarded by distinct valves.

_ Holotype: male, Jane 15, 1877, Mt. Washington, N.H., Cornell Uni-
- Collection. .

_ Allotype: female, June 16, 1916, Glen House, N.H., C. W. Johnson.
Paratypes: 2 females, June 14-16, 1916, Glen House, N. H., C. W.

Nemoura carolinensis sp. nov.
Plate XIV, fig. 22.

_ Male. Length to tip of wings, 9 mm.;-expanse, 16 mm.

— General color brown. Head wider than prothorax, uniformly brown;
nd ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax wider than long, uni-
formly brown; slightly rugulose, considerably narrowed behind, angles narrowly

Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes very large, upcurved, the tip slightly -

many transverse ridges before the tip; ventral lobe large, about twice as.

ion at the stigma; Ist and 2nd A of forewing united before the margin; anal |

"288 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

rounded. Legs uniformly brown. Wings enteral subhyaline; anal field
hind wings narrow. Gills apparently absent.
Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes entire, greally enlarged, curved upw

anal process produced backward and ase the outer sheaths once
and finely spinulose; subgenital plate much produced and_ bent ei
ventral lobe about twice as long as wide.
Female. unknown.
Holotype: male, 1877, Morgantown, N.C., Morrison. In the M
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. =

Nemoura interrupta sp. nov.
Plate XIV,- fig. 23.

Male. Length to. tip of wings 11.5 mm.; expanse I9 mm.
General color dark brown. Head iter than prothorax, covered \
rather long hair; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax A
than long, somewhat nartowed behind; slightly rugose ; angles quite sharp. _
uniformly brown. Wings subhyaline, first and second A of forewiean unit
before margin; anal field of hind wings large. Gills apparently absent.
Genttalia: Male. Subanal lobes prolonged and curved up at right a
constricted near the middle, the lobe beyond evenly rounded and very fi
peualess cerci small, EDS supraanal process egos S upwards <

narrow, copedecubly prolonged, turning up almost at Heke angles, ventral
about twice as long as wide.
Female. unknown. a
Holotype: male, 4-4-98, Seattle, Wash., ‘Cornell University Collection es

Nemoura oregonensis sp. nov.
Plate XIV, fig. 24.

Male. Length to tip of wings 9.5 mm.; expanse 16 mm. ;
General color brown with banded legs and wings. Head wider th a
prothorax, brown, with a black spot.inside the eyes just in front of hind ocelli;
rest of head somewhat mottled; hind ocelli closer to. eyes than to each ott
Prothorax brown, quite rugose; the rugosities blackish; wider than long,
rowed behind; angles very broadly rounded. Legs dark brown; femora wi
light, transverse band just beyond the middle. Wings infuscated, with a
transverse band before the cord and one beyond; anal field of hind wings
Four finger-like gills in the cervical region.
Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes very wide, almost as wide
truncate, and bearing on the inside (ventral view) a small tooth; —
membranous ; supraanal process recurved, greatly enlarged, partly memb
armed below with a double row of spines, above also with a few spine
genital plate short; ventral lobe truncate, about two and one-half tim
long as wide.
Female. unknown. eo
Holotype: male, 6-21-22, Blitzen Valley, Harney Co., Oregon, W.
Chamberlin. Cornell University Collection. ae

a oe
* y af

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 289

Nemoura trispinosa sp. nov.
Plate XIV, figs. 25 and 26.

es 7 “Length to tip of wings: male, 8.5 mm.; female, 9 mm.; expanse: male,
ey Ee 4.5 mm. 5 female, 16.5 mm.
“Weg General color blackish brown. Head considerably wider than prothorax;
a ind ocelli about-twice as close to the eyes as to each other. Prothorax slightly
ose, wider than long, narrowed behind; angles widely rounded. Wings uni-
ily subhyaline; anal field of hind wings large. Gills apparently absent.
_ Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes wide, entire, with hind margin broadly
bed; cerci greatly modified into accessory copulatory organs, the outer halt
vily chitinized and terminating in three spines, the inner portion membranous ;
raanal process recurved, much enlarged, largely membranous and below armed .
h small spines; subgenital plate short; ventral lobe broad, truncate, about one
one-half times as long as wide. ‘
Female. Seventh sternite produced into a broadly rounded subgenital
: te, which covers most of segment eight; eighth sternite unmodified.
Holotype, male ; allotype, female; 17-20, June, ’04, Mud Creek, Tompkins
» N: Y., Cornell University Collection.
See 1 male, Murray Bay, Pro. of Giietice July or Aiadt. 1878,

fe a y | -Nemoura serrata sp. nov.

ae Plate XIV, fig. 27.

Male. Length to tip of wings 7 mm.; expanse 12.5 mm.

General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax, occiput mottled

ith darker brown; hind ocelli nearly twice as close to eyes as to each other.

rothorax wider ‘ian long, sides straight, not narrowed behind; surface moder-

’ - rugose ; front angles broadly rounded; hind angles quite sharp. Legs

ly lighter brown. Wings uniformly subhyaline ; anal held of hind wings:
Gills apparently absent.

ch are armed near the tip with two sharp, triangular spines; cerci long, chitin- _
bent inward and ending in a sharp point; supraanal process very wide, curved
ai and (side view) bifurcate at tip; subgenital plate arising from about the
e of the ninth sternite, narrow, divided at the tip, each half serrate on the
Bietein; ventral lobe nearly three times as large as wide.

~ Female. unknown. .

oe Holotype: . male, June 8, 1921, Bar Harbor, Me., C. W. Johnson.

- Paratype: male, June 3, 1920, Cranberry Lake, N. Y., C. J. Drake, Cornell
ersity Collection.

Nemoura prolongata sp. nov.
Plate XIV, figs. 29 and 30.

re Length to tip of wing: male, 7.3 mm.; female, 8.3 mm.; expanse:,

, 12.5 mm.; female, 14.5 mm. ;
= General ae dark brown. Head very much wider than prothorax, nearly
in niformly brown, rather thickly clothed with short hairs; hind ocelli closer to
es to each other. Prothorax dark brown, somewhat lighter toward the

if no oa

Genitalia. Male. Subanal lobes entire, modified into slender processes, ~ |

> |

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Legs uniformly brown.

290 THE CANADIAN “ENTOMOLOGIST '

lateral margins; little wider than long; hardly narrowed behind; angles rou
Wings uniformly subhyaline. Gills apparently

- Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes undivided and prolonged into Tong
slender, somewhat membranous processes; supraanal process turned up but ne
recurved, very complex, the outer lobes membranous and armed with s
the central ‘portion chitinized and armed with large, spine-like processes; €
very long, chitinized and bent upward and inward; subgenital plate narrow,
long and curved upward; ventral lobe narrow, at least three times as long as wi

Female. Seventh sternite produced into a subgenital plate, which” be
across the eighth sternite; genital opening not guarded by valves.

Holotype: 1 male, June 26, 1913, Bretton Woods, N.H., C. W. Johnson {
Allotype: 1 female, Orono, Me., Cornell University Collection. — ail
Paraty pes : male, 1 female, Orono, Me. :

Nemoura rotunda sp. nov.

Plate XIV, figs. 30 and 31:
Length to tip of wings: male, 7-7.5 mm.;
11-12 mm.; female, 14-15 mm.
General color dark brown. Head much wider than vrais hind |
ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax quadrangular, very lit e
wider than long, slightly narrowed behind, quite rugose; angles rather narrow

female, 10-11 mm. eee
male,

-rounded, Wings subhyaline, with two transverse darker bands ; anal field
hind wings large. Gills apparently absent. x.
Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes. hardly modified; cerci membran

inserted low on the side; just above each cercus a large, chitinous process cove
with heavy spines, produced backward and inward; supraanal process A
enlarged, ending in complex lobes and chitinizations; subgenital Patel
ventral lobe circular, about as wide as long. Pe

Female. Seventh sternite unmodified; eigth sternite somewhat: swoll |
in middle and slightly produced into a subgenital plate.

Holotype, male; allotype, female; April, Waldeboro, Maine, Cornell Ur
versity Collection. wa

Paratypes: Waldeboro, Maine; 1 male, Bs
May, Waldeboro, Me., 12, Orono, Me:

1 male, 5 females, Apr.,
J. H. Lowell; 1 male, Mar.

Nemoura truncata sp. nov.

Plate XIV, fig. 32. ;

Male. 12.6 mmo
General color brown.
covered with fine pile; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to ciel other.
uniformly brown, somewhat rugulose, wider than long, slightly widened 1
Legs uniformly pale brown.
Gills geehasies absent. <a a

Length to tip of canines 7 mm. Bie:

angles rather broadly rounded.
anal field of hind wings teres

Genitalia: Male.
processes which reach to the aed of the Sata plate; cerci large, chitin
bent inward at the tip and ending in a sharp point; supraanal process rect
closely appressed upon the tergum, much widened toward the tip and ee
a small, pointed tubercle; subgenital plate arising from about the middle of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ie 291

inth sternite, broadly truncate at the tip; ventral lobe small, about twice as
E as wide.

: Female. unknown.

Holotype: male, May 13, 1879, Walden, Mass., S. Henshaw. In the
useum DE Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Nemoura punctipennis oD nov.
Plate XIII, figs. 21 and 2

male, 11.5 mm.; female, 11.5-13 mm.

ear General calor black with banded legs and spotted wings. Head black,
ider than prothorax, feebly pilose; a depression in the ocellar triangle; hind
| elli a little closer to eyes than to each other; eyes large. Prothorax blackish,
der than long, not narrowed behind; surface irregular but not very rugose.
so- and metathorax blackish. Legs dark brown, femora with a light transverse
nd near the tip, especially pronounced in the hind femora; first tarsal seg-
nes t long, about as long as two and three together, second tarsal segment a little
‘Shorter than the third. Wings with heavy brown veins; infuscated along the
¢ ostal margin between costa and radius, a transverse band at the cord and a
i chter band beyond the cord ; anal area of hind w eS large. Abdomen yellowish

ind ro in the se). :
Genitalia: Male. Subanal lobes small, rounded behind and unmodified.
supraanal process recurved over the abdomen, eh. chitinized underneath,

of one chitinized segment. > Subeetital plate short, nated and without ventral
obe at the base, tenth tergite depressed in the middle, with a raised knob on
each side.

Female. Seventh sternite produced posteriorly over eighth sternite which
is unmodified ; genital opening not guarded by distinct valves.

; Holotype, male; allotype, female; June 12-22, 1901, Adirondack Mts.,
. \xton, N.Y., A. D. McGillivray and C. O. Houghton, Cornell University Col-

ne Paratypes: 2 females, same locality ; one female, Old Forge, N. Y., June
1905 ; one female, Tim Pond Plantation, Maine, 6-22.

S: EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

3 Leuctra bradleyi sp. nov. male.
. Leuctra biloba sp. nov. male.

eS. Leuctra biloba sp. nov- female.
4. Leuctra carolinensis sp. nov. male.
5. Leuctra carolinensis sp. nov. female.
6. Leuctra duplicata sp. nov. male.

7. Leuctra duplicata sp. nov. female.

8. Leuctra decepta sp. nov. male.

$ 9. Leuctra decepta sp. nov. female.

10. Leuctra glabra sp. nov. male.

Length to tip of wings: male, 6.5 mm. ; ‘Gale 6.5-7.5 mm.; expanse —

Fig. xr Leuctra
Fig. 12. Leuctra
Fig: 1 3. Leuctra
14. Leuctra
15. Leuctra
16. Leuctra

17. Leuctra
Tete Leuctra
y. 19. Leuctra

hamula sp. nov. female.
hamula sp. nov. male.
infuscata sp. nov. male.
mfuscata sp. nov. female.
sibleyt sp. nov. male.
sibleyi sp. nov female.
truncata sp. nov. male. -
truncata sp. nov. fetale.
triloba sp. nov. male.

. 21. Nemoura
22. Nemoura

Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
~Nemoura
Nemoura
_Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
-Nemoura
. Nemoura
Nemoura
. Nemoura
. Nemoura
. Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
Nemoura
. Nemoura
. Nemoura
. Nemoura
Nemoura
. Nemoura
. Nemoura
. Nemoura.
. Nemoura
. Nemoura
Nemoura
2. Nemoura

OV on SS xs

90 NI

=
Loa!

20 Leuctra triloba sp. nov. female.

punctipennis sp. nov. female.
punctipennis sp. nov. male.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

glabra sp. nov. male.
glabra sp. nov. female.
divergens sp. nov. male.
biloba sp. nov. male.
biloba sp. nov. female.
bifurcata sp. nov. male.
californica sp. nov. male.
californica sp. nov. female.
flexura sp. nov. male.
flexura sp. nov. female.
cornuta sp. nov. male.
frigida sp. nov. male.
delicatula sp. noy. male.
delicatula sp. nov. female.
columbiana sp. nov. male.
producta sp. nov. male.
producta sp. nov. female.
nevadensis sp. nov. male.
nevadensis sp. nov. female.
washingtoni sp. nov. male.
washingtoni sp. nov. female.
carolinensis sp. nov. male.
mterrupta sp. nov. male.
oregonensis sp. nov. male.

trispinosa sp. nov. male.

trispinosa sp. nov. female.
serrata sp. nov. male.
prolongata sp. noy. male.
prolongata sp. nov. female.
rotunda sp. nov. female.
rotunda sp. nov. male. |
truncata sp. nov. male.

_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _

—_

Ags

‘= ae * tag _ 2 va
: ati ye ch - ie sMtmed ?
‘ oa es a > ate) € 4
Se Gee Diss
‘fae
oc. Sf ae 7, < cs ee. .
ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 293
Se © %
, Sate E . :
Fe & DIAMOND JUBILEE MEETING

~ ge ie

a .

sel
=m os =

_ The morning and afternoon meetings were held in the exhibition toom
¥f the Dominion Entomological Branch. The Thursday evening meeting was
hel d in the assembly Sop of the Normal school, when Dr. A. F. Burgess delivered
public address on “The Value of Natural Enemies of Injurious Insects.” On
iday evening the members and visitors met at dinner in the University Club.
ter dinner the gathering was addressed by Mr. J. A. Ruddick of the Dominion
partment of Agriculture and Mr. Morris povioge the presidential address:
ature’s Clairvoyant; A Study of W. H. Hudson.” <A short paper from Dr.
hune entitled “The Early Days of the Entomological Society of Ontario” was
d by Mr. Gibson. An interesting feature of the meeting was the visit to the
rliament Buildings and Central Experimental Farm on Saturday morning.
During the meeting motion picture films entitled “Where the Moose Runs Loose,”

wn through the kindness of the National Parks Branch, Dept. of Interior,
Motion Picture Branch, Dept. of Trade and Commerce ard the Provincial
tion Picture Bureau.

The meetings were very well attended by members of the society and visi-
and were highly successful. Much credit must be given to the local com-
ttee in charge for the splendid arrangements made for the convenience and
tertainment of visiting members.

During the meetings the following papers were presented :

Notes on the Rose Curculio in Manitoba—Mr. H. A. Robertson.

The Control of the Apple Sucker (Psyllia mali Schmid.) in Nova Scotia
by Entomophthora sphacrosperma Fres.—Mr. A. G. Dustan.

_ Concerning the Canadian Species of the Syrphid Genus Eumerus (Diptera)
_ —Mr. C. Howard Curran.

_ The Occurrence of the Ptinid Beetle, NV wee hololeucus in North America.
-—Mr. Arthur Gibson.

“ spiraecola Patch )—Edith M. Patch (read by Mr. W. A. Ross).
The Distribution of oo Odonata. Mr. E. M. W alker.

~The Inhalation of Arsenical Insecticides——Mr. A. Kelsall.
Taxonomic and Synonymic Tendencies, with Special Reference to Diptera.
4 .» —Mr. C. Howard Curran.

New Yorker’s Canadian Week-End,” and “The European Corn Borer,” were

Transfer Tests with the Green Apple Aphids (Aphis pomi DeGeer; Aphis

ee |

‘

294 THE Be ENTOMOLOGIST

14. The Onion Maggot and Its Control. 2 ypecers: HE. Gray, G.- A Haseena
and T. Armstrong. -

15. The Garden Springtail (Sminthurus pai o as a Crop Pest—Dr. W. H.
Brittain.

16. Notes on the Life History of Hypera punctata——Messrs. H. F. Hudson and
A. A. Wood.

17. Winds and Gypsy Moth Spread.—Dr. E. P. Felt.

18. Will the Gypsy Moth Cross the International Boundary —Mr, HL L.
McIntyre. iy

19. Canadian Problems in Forest Entomology.—Dr. J. M. Swaine. eae fees

20. Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, and Two Allied’ Species (Diptera)—Mr. C.
Howard Curran.

21. Insects of the Season in Ontario.—Prof. L. Caesar and W. A. Ko ee

22. Insects of the Season in Quebec.—Mr. G. Maheux. eRe

23. Notes on Lice with Special Reference to the Chicken Louse——Dr. A. Ne
Wickware. ei

24. Flower Relations of Wild Bees.——Mr. H. L. Viereck. =
25. The Spread of the European Corn Borer in Ontario in 1923. —Mr. W. Ns 4
Keenan. e

—H. G. Crawford.
27. ‘she Present Status and Spread of the Japanese Beetle-—Dr. C. H. Hadley.
28. The Control of the European Corn Borer in the Light of Our Present

Knowledge.—Prof. L. Caesar.
2g. A Study of the Pupal Case of Prionoxystus macmurtrei—Mr. C. B. Hutch-_

ings. =a
30. asa in Insect EReiops abby. Prof. A. Brooker Klugh.

26. The Status of the Control Practice for the European Corn Borer in Gabino. 2
a

SGaiber in New Bence “Spe. 7: Tothill. Lhe ip

The officers for the year 1923-24 were.elected as follows 2 Pees Dr. =
J. M. Swaine, Vice-President, Mr. R. C. Treherne; Director of District No. 1, —
Mr. C. B. Hutchings. The remaining officers were re-elected —A. W. BAKER, A

Date of mailing December 15th, 1923. ¢ Mo i=

QL The Cenadian entomologist
461

C24

V.54-55

Biological

& Medical

Serials

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