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HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


LIBRARY 


OF THE 


MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 
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B35. 3H3- 
: VOL. XXXVIIL, No. 1 


FEB 26 1904 


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ISSUED FEBRUARY 15, ~ 


JANUARY, 1924 


a OTTAWA prea SUAGECLLASTS! CLUB 


: Entered at the (Ottawa Post Office as sedgnid-class matter 


THE OTTAWA FIELD. ELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB 


Pion dent: Hove L LuLoyp. oa es 


1st Vice-President: G. A. MILLER. igi and Vice Tae NoRan Crore py 

Secretary: i  reasurer: <) Cae eae x 

J.B: Wrient, fi}; G1 7 : BoA. PAUVEL) 0) ee 

EEO OE SUWEY Ottawa. ) es (Mounted Police Headquartste, 
SUPERS GE fhe eae 13 Rideau St., Beene 


COL DUC LO ee oS 
Additional Members of Grunt W.T. Macoun; Miss M. E. Cowan: C.M. STERNBERG; i. E ‘Sue 
F. W. WAuGH; P. A. TAVERNER; E. Sapir; E. M. KINDLE; W. J. WINTEMBERG; Re DELURY; 
ARTHUR GIBSON; M.O. MALTE; R. M. ANDERSON: H. GROH; Miss F. FYLEs; rob i HUTCHINGS; ns 
H. M. Ami; CLYDE L. PAtTcH; D JENNESS; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN; W.N. KELLY; 
C. H. SNELL; dpgedey McLrop; JOHN DAVIDSON; L. MclI. TERRILL; 18, MEREDITH; PENT 
KERMODE; PROF. R. B. THOMSON; THE. EDITOR. 


Editor: | oe : : we 

HARRISON F. LEwiIs, ; - fi 

a0 Canadian National Parks Branch, "geen 
~ Dept..of the Interior, Ottawa. 


oe i 


Associate Editors: 
APIR Geico sae. aeons ait eee A. G. HUNTSMAN... - een hate Mas arine Biology - 


BE. 
MESO A NEAT IDE 2 1c Gee cia he aie eae Botany PO A. TAVERNER Jos aude) eee ~. Ornithology 
F. R. LATCHFORD.......... ee ek Conchology UPA Bivaa 5G) Dane Sate gie Bevis Ree i 
Mey WALETAMSy cen asain S Geology te) Ri MEANDERSON® fe ccs cee eee Zoology 
ARTHUR GIBSON. 36 ccc ot eee Entomology CLYDE GAPATCH eo ae ae Pe ss 
: { cit, te f 
CONTENTS. tie . 
| ‘PAGE 
Further Notes on Canadian Euphyllopods. By Frits Johansen.......... eres Cee Be: pate 2c 
Nesting Habits of the American Goshawk. By A. D. Henderson...............0.0:0 eure eeeuee hoi 
The oe of Migratory Birds at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, in the Spring. By W. H. AL 
POE CE ee te M at EMR: SN eI TRG a ale ac agcscnis icy ais ee 


The Birds of Ottawa, 1923—Revised to March 20, 1923. _ By Hoyes Lloyd. (Concluded fone 
Vol: XOROGV TT Sage; Lab) Sap ed hone es er ae Rete G0 Swings Sindy eign eee ae 


Notes and Observations:— ee ae 
Christmas Bird Census at London, Outacia” By BOM S. Dale... 6 ee eg na 


Christmas Bird Census, 1923, Hamilton Ontario, Canada. By The Hamilton Bird Protec: 1S sae) ae 
LION SOLELY HINGE 2s Sree oP. Sa OER ee Ee ce are On Rep rat re 
Christmas Bird Census, 1923, at Toronto, Ontario. By Stuart L. Thompsons... 50 ages i AY ape 
The Christmas Bird Census, Ottawa District, 1928. By Hoyes Lloyd..... es ee eR ia 
A Cardinalin Ottawa.2) By lois Reiinpeton i"... Gudea eee en ee Be Co <0) ae 
Acknowledgements for 1923. By Clyde L. Patch, Secretary (1928)........ ea aan Mr iaseer iil. a 
IAUEO RS INO LG 25ers Ohare meer ia. tr AN ee Cn ee AO ela Biel boa 
inane Statements of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club; 1922-23¢\ Seto eae fl Steere 0-0 oa 
Book Review:— Oe ee Sa 
The Condor, Vol. XXIV, 1922. By P. IE EERO 


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FEB 26 1994 


The Canadian Field-Naturalist 


VOL. XXXVIII 


OTTAWA, ONT., JANUARY, 1924 


No. 1 


FURTHER NOTES ON CANADIAN EUPHYLLOPODS 
By FRITS JOHANSEN 


HE following are my observations on this 
group of Crustaceans, made after the 
publication of my article in The Canadian 
Field-Naturalist for January, 1923. 

The cold weather during the first eighteen or 
nineteen days of April, 1923, when the tempera- 
ture was mostly below the freezing point, delayed 
the arrival of spring around Ottawa, and con- 
sequently also the hatching and development of 
Phyllopods. Thus on April 8th I went to the 
collecting locality on the fields at Billings’ Bridge 
and found them all flooded by the overflow of the 
Rideau River, now breaking. up, making them 
impossible of approach. The cold weather at this 
period would, however, prevent the hatching of 
any Phyllopod eggs; nor were there any pools 
formed yet by the water receding. On April 15th 
I went out to Fairy Lake and examined the pools 
on the fields north of it where fairy-shrimps 
generally occur. Though the land was practic- 
ally free of snow, the ponds had new ice an inch 
thick, a result of the last cold days, although the 
winter ice had apparently melted during the mild 
weather around April 10th. I examined particu- 
larly the deep pond where the fairy-shrimps are 
so numerous later in the year, but there were no 
signs of hatched eggs or of larve. The water had 
a temperature of 36°F. (air 34°F.) under the ice, 
at4p.m. Overcast, slight wind. 


On the 19th of April the weather was clear and 
the maximum temperature rose to 48°F., and the 
minimum was just above freezing, owing to 
southerly winds; and the next day clear, warm 
weather came on suddenly, the maximum tem- 
perature reaching 76°F ., though the minimum was 
only 28°F. The result was the immediate hatch- 
ing of the eggs of Hubranchipus gelidus in certain 
ice-free ponds on April 19-20th; but the eggs of 
Limnetis gouldii did not hatch until the last three 
days of the month, though the temperatures 
during the intervening week were between 30° 
and 70°F. 

’ Jt will thus be seen that in 1923 the fairy- 
shrimps first appeared about 10 days later than 
in 1922, and the clam-shrimps almost a week 
later than in the preceding year. Furthermore, 
the last specimens of both species were found 
five to eight days later in 1923 than in 1922; 


viz., E. gelidus on May 27th, and L. gouldii on 
June 26, 1923. It is one of the puzzles of nature 
why Limnetis gouldii, around Ottawa, hatches 
a week or two later than Eubranchipus gelidus, 
even in the same pool, though its growth to 
maturity takes a longer time (about a month) 
than HE. gelidus, which latter becomes ripe in a 
fortnight. 
Eubranchipus gelidus. 


As mentioned, this species hatched in 1923 
around Ottawa on April 19th and 20th, and by 
an excursion to Fairy Lake on April 21st I secured 
definite proof of this. It was a lovely, clear day, 
about as warm as the preceding one, and with a 
fresh breeze. I examined the various pools on 
the pasture fields north of the lake, but, even 
though Copepods were numerous, I saw no 
Cladocera nor Ostracods, and fairy-shrimps in 
one pool only, the one nearest Wrightville, where 
I have never found them before. The fairy- 
shrimps (#4. gelidus) were now all in the metan- 
auplius stage and of a size from 14 to 4 mm. long, 
and far fewer than the Copepods also occurring 
here. Owing to their transparency they were 
difficult to see, and they were found only in the 
deeper parts of the pond where the water was 1 
foot to 14 feet deep, and where there were many 
dead leaves on the grass-bottom. Standing in 
the pool in my rubber boots, I secured a number 
of them by the aid of a pipette. Temperature of 
air and water at 6.30 p.m. was 60°F. 

We are again greatly indebted to Professor 
G. O. Sars of Christiania, Norway, for the two 
beautiful figures of the youngest and the middle- 
sized metanauplii from this pool and date, shown 
on the plate accompanying this article. These 
represent stages of Hubranchipus gelidus never 
before recorded or described; ones 3 mm. long 
being the earliest stage hitherto known. It 
will be seen that the youngest larve (14 mm. 
long, Fig. 1), of which only a couple of specimens 
were found, are similar to the corresponding stages 
of its arctic relative, Branchinecta paludosa, so 
well described and figured already (see G.O. Sars: 
Fauna Norvegix, I, Phyllocarida et Phyllopoda, 
Kristiana, 1896, p. 53, Tab. VIII, figs. 15, 16, 
and F. Johansen; Ewuphyllopod Crustacea of 
the American Arctic, Rep. Can. Arctic Hxped. 


2 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


1918-18, Vol. VII, Part G., Ottawa, 1922, pp. 
17-20). The main difference lies, as Prof. Sars 
points out in his letter of September 24, 1923, 
to me, in the first pair of antennz (A), which in the 
Eubranchipus larva are much larger, heavier, and 
longer* than in the Branchinecta larva. It will, 
however, be seen that the Hubranchipus larva 
represents a stage between the two larve figured 
(1896) by Sars, having the same relative size of 
the two pairs of antenne (A and AA); the same 
small number (6-7) of foliaceous legs (P), with 
the hindmost 4-5 ones hardly indicated on the 
tapering, clumsy abdomen (T), which ends in a 
pair of simple (not double or triple) spines (N), 
and the same general shape of the whole larva as 
the youngest stage figured in Sars’ Fig. 15 (1896). 

On the other hand, this youngest Hubranchipus 
larva known is similar to the larva figured in 
Sars’ Fig. 16 (1896) in several particulars. Thus 
both paired eyes (HE) are similarly and well 
indicated; the labrum (L) is of a similar} shape 
(spoon-shaped), though comparatively larger 
than in Sars’ Fig. 16, and the innermost pair of 
the two pairs of separate stylets or spike-bristles 
(B), originating on the base of the second pair of 
antenne and parallelling the labrum on each side 
are cleft at the hairy end. Each of the half-a- 
dozen foliaceous legs developed is also similar to 
the foliaceous legs developed in Sars’ older larva 
(Fig. 16), though the latter has about nine folia- 
ceous legs out. The outermost pair of the two 
pairs of stylets mentioned, on the base of the 
second antenne, are long, pointed and slender 
and end in about ten hairs on the inner side; 
there are also two pairs of similar, but shorter 
spike-bristles (BB), the innermost pair shortest, 
on the mandibular palp (Mp), besides its three 
terminal spines. The short branch of the second 
antenna has four terminal spines and its long 
branch 4-5 times as many, covering its whole 
length. The first pair of antennze end in one 
short and two long hair-spines; and the upper 
(first) foliaceous legs have five short, terminal 
spines and four similar spines above the “gill” or 
respiratory lobe, the number of these spines 
decreasing on the succeeding, foliaceous legs. 

At the time of collecting these Hubranchipus 
larve I made a sketch of what I considered the 
youngest stage (14 mm. long), which sketch differs 
from Prof. Sars’ drawing reproduced here in a 
few minor details, which I venture to set forth. 
In my drawing of the larva the paired eyes are 


*In addition I would suggest that in the Hubranchipus 
larva (youngest stage) the abdomen-tail (T) behind the 
foliaceous legs (P) is thicker (more clumsy and cone-shaped), 
and the two spines (N) in which it ends, longer, than in the 
Branchinecta larva. 

{+The shape of the labrum seems to be more spoon-shaped 
He the Hubranchipus larva, and more oval in the Branchinecta 
arva. 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


better developed and set off; the labrum more 
slender or narrow and decidedly spoon-shaped 
(as is the bill of Ornithorhynchus seen from above) 
and the abdomen-tail comparatively shorter and 
more rounded above than in Prof. Sars’ drawing. 
I also find a tiny spine on the outside of each of 
the 2 long spines in which the abdomen-tail ends; 
and eight, instead of six or seven, foliaceous legs 
free of the abdomen-tail, with only one, instead 
of two or three, more foliaceous legs indicated. 
Nor was I able to discover the innermost pair of 
the two pairs of spike-bristles on the base of the 
second antenne; but Prof. Sars’ drawing is 
probably more correct than mine, which was 
made by magnifying about 100 times, ventral 
view. The larva figured by Sars is probably a 
little younger than the one I sketched. 

When collecting these Hubranchipus metan- 
aupli, I noticed that the youngest individuals, 
described above, had a paler, more whitish and 
transparent general colour than the older ones, 
apart from the paired eyes and the large, orange 
maxillary gland inside the labrum. These young- 
est individuals were very lively in their move- 
ments, jumping in the water by the aid of the large 
swimming antennz (AA) and holding themselves 
in more of a vertical than a horizontal position 
during this, a characteristic of all Phyllopod- 
nauplii. They were also quite tenacious to life, 
being still alive in the corked vial when I reached 
my office several hours after collecting them. 

The second drawing made by Prof. Sars (Fig. 2 
on the plate) shows a little older stage, when the 
metanauplius is about 2 mm. long. It will be 
seen at a glance that the paired eyes (HE) are 
now much better developed and set off than in 
Fig. 1, also the second pair of antenne (AA) and 
mandibular palps (Mp) are much smaller in 
proportion, while the foliaceous legs (P) are much 
better developed both as to number, hairs (spines) 
and branches, the total number (eleven) of the 
adults being present, though the two hindmost 
pairs are as yet rudimentary. Behind the last 
pair will be seen on each side of the abdomen-tail 
a similar swelling or rounded process, the beginning 
to the genital organs (G). The abdomen-tail (T) 
is thick and almost cylindrical, not cone-shaped 
as in the younger stage, and ends in two long, 
single spines, longer than in the younger stage, 
each one with a small, single spine on the outside 
(N). It will also be seen that the length of the 
head, including labrum, is only one-fourth of 
the total length, while in the younger stage (Fig. 
1) it is one-third. This is, of course, due, not to 
any great decrease in the size of the head, but to 
a considerable lengthening of body and _ tail. 
The first pair of antenne (A) are still large, almost 
as long as the head. 


January, 1924] 


These 2 mm. long metanauplii of Hubranchipus 
thus correspond almost exactly to the stage of 
Branchinecta mentioned and figured by Sars 
(1896, p. 55, Tab. VIII, Fig. 17); but the Eubran- 
chipus larve are readily distinguished from the 
Branchinecta metanauplii by the much longer 
and thicker first pair of antenne (A); by the more 
spatulate than oval-shaped labrum (lL), and by 
the different number and shape of the spines (N) 
in which the tail (7) ends (see above). Although 
Sars (1896) does not include the body and tail in 
his Fig. 17, it is clear from the little younger 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 2) 


stage (Fig. 16) of Branchinecta, that the cercopods 
(paired process) (C), in which the tail ends, develop 
much earlier in Branchinecta than in Eubranchipus 
(where they are first found at a length of 3 mm.), 
and carry at least 3 spines, as compared to the 
two spines (N) protruding directly from the tail- 
end of Hubranchipus larve 2 mm. long. 

The colouration of these 2 mm. long metanauplii 
of Hubranchipus, when alive, was more vivid 
orange than in the 14 mm. stage, but less so than 
in the ones 3-4 mm. long. It need bardly be 
added that the position, when swimming, is 
partly vertical, partly horizontal, 
and that the movements are ef- 
fected both by the second pair of 
antennze and by the foliaceous 
legs, the tail not yet being suffi- 
ciently long and movable to be of 
much assistance. 

To illustrate the appearance of 
Eubranchipus gelidus at the stage 
where it is 3 mm. long, I repro- 
duce a rough sketch of the young- 
est specimen collected by Dr. A. 
G. Huntsman in a pond near 
Bond Lake, at Toronto, Ontario, 
on April 10, 1920 (see The Cana- 
dian Field-Naturalist for February, 
1921, p. 28). The same stage was 
collected by myself at Billings’ 
Bridge, Ottawa, Ontario, on April 
18, 1922 (see the same publication 
for January, 1923, p. 1), and, as 
mentioned, on April 21, 1923, 
near Wrightville (Hull), Quebec, 
(see below). 


It will be seen from my sketch 
(Fig. 3), about 100x, that the two 
pairs of antenne (A and AA) are 
still fairly large (1 mm. long), 
and the paired eyes (EE) still 
better set off on peduncles and de- 
veloped; but that the mandibular 
palps (Mp) and labrum (ZL) are 
now much smaller, and the latter 
more oval in shape than formerly. 
On the other hand, the mouth- 
parts (maxille and mandibule) 
and particularly the foliaceous 
legs (P) are better developed, all 
eleven of the latter ones now being 
free of the abdomen-tail (7) and 
practically as in the adults, except 
the last 1-2 pairs. The head and 
body occupy exactly two-thirds of 
the total length, and the genital 
region is better indicated than in 
the younger stages. Apart from 


the genital segment (G) the tail (J) consists of 
eight segments or rings, the last one of which 
runs out laterally into a pair of oval lobes or 
ecercopods (C), supplied with five rather long 
spines, and the whole shape of the tail is oblong- 
cylindrical and square “‘cut”’ at both ends, as in the 
adults, though shorter. 

As for coloration, when alive, the back, tail 
(including cercopods) and two pairs of antenne 
are pale; the nauplius-eye (EH) black, and the 
paired (composite) eyes (HE) red-purple; the 
intestine (I) shows green contents (algee), and the 
foliaceous legs have their free ends of a rose- 
orange colour, while the labrum (L) is red-brown 
(maxillary gland). 

It will thus be seen that this 3 mm. long stage 
of Eubranchipus gelidus has still a few of the 
larval characters (large antenne and long spines 
on cercopods, paler coloration, etc.), though most 
of the adult characters. I also observed that in 
life they swim in the water horizontally, with either 
the dorsal or the ventral side uppermost, by the aid 
of the foliaceous legs almost entirely; and they 
showed also by their other movements (sudden 
jerks with the tail, seeking the bottom when 
disturbed, and circling in the water) that they 
had acquired most of the habits of the adults. 

The stage which is 4 mm. long is, of course, 
still nearer the adult, and can hardly be called a 
metanauplius any more. The main differences 
from the preceding stage (3 mm. long) are the 
still smaller antennz and labrum, and the better 
development of the foliaceous legs, genitalia and 
tail. The latter is longer and more slender, as 
are the cercopods; the latter assuming the oblong, 
lanceolate form so characteristic of certain genera 
of adult fairy-shrimps. The general coloration is 
of course also more vivid than in the younger 
stages. 

At a size of half a centimeter f. gelidus is prac- 
tically as the adults, the long spines on the cerco- 
pods falling off and being replaced by the many 
short, fine hairs which fringe the margin of the 
cercopods in the adult. The second pair of 
antenne and mandibular palps also lose their 
appendages (spike-bristles) and long hairs, and 
the former are in the male transformed into the 
large claspers used for copulation. 

At a length of 11 em. Z£. gelidus is sexually 
mature and developed (female with dorsal pro- 
cesses, etc.), though they keep growing for 2-3 
weeks longer. 

On April 22, 1923, it rained heavily until even- 
ing, and the two following days were cloudy. 
April 22-25, 1923, around Ottawa, had tempera- 
tures between 34° and 60° F., and on the last- 
mentioned day, when the weather was clear and 
warm, I went to the same collecting-locality 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


(Wrightville) where I had gone ten and four 
days before. I now found the same pool that I 
examined on April 25 full of young E. gelidus, 
now measuring 4-12 mm. in length, though the 
great bulk of them were less than 10 mm. long. 
The large, shallow pond a little south of it, where 
EF. gelidus generally occurs, contained on this 
occasion, only a few fairy-shrimps, measuring 
between 5 and 9 mm., but in the deep pond west 
of it (see April 15, 1923, etc.), where they seem 
to be so much more numerous every year, many 
more of the same lengths were collected, though 
they were found only in the deeper parts. In 
this latter pond the water had a temperature of 
about 60° F. at 7 p.m. (Air 50° F.) 

The next day was also clear and warm (tempera- 
tures between 30° and 68° F.), and I went to 
Billings’ Bridge. Most of the overflow from the 
Rideau River had now receded from the fields 
south of the road so that the pools in the depres- 
sions here were now distinct. The same water 
hole in which I found Limnetis gouldii nauplii and 
fairy-shrimps four days earlier last year was now 
teeming with FE’. gelidus 5-10 mm. long; the water 
had a temperature of about 60° F. at 7 p.m. (air 
about the same temperature). In two larger 
pools or ponds nearby were found fewer, but 
generally larger (up to 12 mm. long) fairy-shrimps. 
Though Copepods and Ostracods in all sizes were 
common in the different pools there were no signs 
of Limnetis gouldii yet. 

April 27, 1923, was warm and overcast (tem- 
perature between 36° and 70° F.) and the next 
day was rainy. In the afternoon of April 28, I 
again went out to the fields at Billings’ Bridge 
and found in the smaller pools (not the ones 
examined two days before), a few more speci- 
mens of E. gelidus, besides the first nauplius and 
metanauplii of Limnetis gouldit (see later). I 
have now assured myself that the fairy-shrimps 
occur in practically all the ponds and pools on 
the inner part of the fields here but not in those 
of the part of the pasture nearest the road. 

April 29 was warm and clear (86° to 64° F.), 
and the next day overcast with rain-showers. 
On April 30 (temperatures between 36° and 56° F.) 
I was along the Gatineau River, and visited the 
large pond on the fields at Tenaga where: I have 
formerly found both fairy-shrimps and clam- 
shrimps so numerous. Also, on that day, I found 
7, gelidus (5-18 mm. long) in great numbers 
swimming around in the deeper parts of the mar- 
ginal water; and also secured nauplii and metan- 
auplii of Limnetis gouldii (see later). 

The next three days were clear and warm 
(temperatures on May 1, between 40° and 58° F.); 
and on May 2, I went again to Billings’ Bridge. 
All the pools on the inner part of the pasture 


January, 1924] 


were now teeming with HE. gelidus, even the ones 
almost dried up. Some of the pools were already 
dried up completely; and it thus seems as if a 
great many fairy-shrimps are killed before their 
time is up, when they occur in very small pools. 
In size, they were between 10 and 15 mm. long, 
and mostly sexually mature (females with ripe 
eggs, males with big claspers, etc.). I kept 
some of the specimens collected alive until 16 
days after, the females living the longest. 

May 4 began rainy, but the next three days 
were clear and warm (temperatures on May 7 
between 44° and 76° F.); then followed two rainy 
days (temperatures on May 8 between 44° and 
78° F.), and colder (24°-46° F.), snowy and windy 
weather on May 10, and overcast weather the 
two following days. 

On May 13 it was clear and warm (84°-62° F.); 
and the day after was similar, a real summer day. 
I was along the Gatineau and in two pools in the 
depressions among the trees on the rocky hill near 
the river, between Tenaga and Kirk’s Ferry, I 
found a great many full-grown F’. gelidus of both 
sexes (females with ripe eggs, males with big 
claspers). The fairy-shrimps had almost more 
brilliant, metallic, greenish and red-brown colours 
than I had ever seen before, probably a result of 
the deep colours of the many dead leaves and 
the vegetation (algx, etc.) in the water. The 
latter had a temperature of 43° F. at noon (air 
55° F.). These two pools were several feet deep 
and were probably the result of melting snow. 
The river in the first two weeks of May rose far 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


beyond its normal level, inundating all the lower 
land on both sides, but th2 pools were found 
beyond its reach. Fairy-shrimps have not before 
been observed in these pools. In the pond 
examined two weeks earlier, many adult H. gelidus 
were also found on this date (females with ripe 
eggs); both in this pond and in the 2 pools nearer 
Kirk’s Ferry a few immature individuals were 
collected. 

The next 3 days were rainy, May 16 being warm 
(50°-72° F.), the two other days cooler (40°-56° F.). 


Then followed two clear and warm days and on 


May 20 much rain fell from noon on. That day 
I went again to Billings’ Bridge but found no 
fairy-shrimps in the smaller (almost dried up) 
pools on the inner part of the pasture, though 
these had been partly filled again by rain-water. 
Full-grown specimens of both sexes, 12 cm. long, 
were, however, common in the large pools, and 
the females had mostly ripe eggs, although I 
secured one immature female, 10 mm. long. I 
kept some of them alive for five days afterwards. 

May 21 began overcast (temperatures between 
48° and 56° F.); but then came a longer period 
with clear and warm weather, (temperatures on 
May 28: 48°-68° F.), lasting until the beginning 
of June, when it changed to hot and sultry (June 
3), followed by a thunderstorm and rain-showers 
(June 4-5). On May 27 I was at Westborough 
and in the pool in the woods along the new Drive- 
way from Richmond Road to the Rapids I ob- 
served a couple of full-grown female E. gelidus 
(with eggs), swimming around in the deeper part 


Photograph by D. Jenness 


Pond at Tenaga, Quebec, May, 1921 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


Photograph by F. Johansen 


of the pool, and quickly hiding themselves among 
the dead leaves at the bottom when I tried to 
catch them. These must have been the very last 
fairy-shrimps still alive this year, because in spite 
of careful looking only 2-3 specimens were seen in 
this pool. They had not formerly been observed 
there; and the pool is apparently formed by 
melting water from the surrounding drier swamp, 
dammed up by the building of the new driveway. 
This is the latest date in the spring upon which 
EH. gelidus has been observed around Ottawa. . 

I have given the meteorological data for Ottawa 
during April and May, 1928, in such detail, 
because they are of vital importance for an under- 
standing of the biology of Limnetis gouldii, and 
particularly of Eubranchipus gelidus. Indeed, it 
may be said that the fairy-shrimps are as impor- 
tant a presage of spring as are certain birds and 
the frogs, and in addition, by their complete dis- 
appearance in the middle or the end of May, 
signify the advent of summer weather. It is my 
hope that in the future they may be included in 
phenological observations, and studied in detail 
also at places in Canada other than Ottawa. 


Limnetis gouldii (L. brachyurus.) 


It has been mentioned above that in 1928 this 
species did not occur around Ottawa until the end 
of April, though careful search was made for it, 
and. Hubranchipus gelidus occurred from the 
middle of the month on. 

On April 28 I went to the same pools at Billings’ 
Bridge, Ontario, where I secured L. gouldii last 
year (see The Canadian Field-Naturalist for 


Ponds at Billings’ Bridge, Ontario, May, 1921 


January, 1923, p. 2), and in a small pool similar 
to the one in which I had secured E. geidus two 
days before, I now found one nauplius and 2 
metanauplii of L. gouldii. I used the same method 
as last year; but though I kept at it for an hour 
I did not get any more larve, which indicated 
that the eggs had only just begun to hatch. The 
water in this pool had a temperature of 50° F. 
at 7p.m. (Air 57° F.; misty rain.) 

The nauplius had a length of + mm. and the 
two metanauplii each a length of 2 mm. The 
former had the characteristic appearance (lateral, 
cephalic ‘‘horns’, nauplius-eye ,and “turtle- 
shell’, etc.) already described by me and figured 
by Sars (C. F.-N. for January, 1923), though the 
one secured this year seemed to be a little younger 
than the nauplii found last year here, while the 
metanauplii already had the paired eyes, the 
double carapace (“‘clam-shell’’), several foliaceous 
legs, etc. These 3 specimens have been presented 
to the U.S. National Museum. I kept them alive 
for awhile in a vial and noticed that the nauplius, 
when swimming in the water, holds itself mostly 
vertically, with the hind-end downwards; uses 
during this the second pair of antennze and man- 
dibular palps simultaneously; and after each 
forward movement (stroke) the larva falls back a 
little, as is the case with the corresponding stages 
of fairy- and tadpole-shrimps (see Meddel. om 
Gronland, Vol. XLV, p. 836, and Rep. Can. Arct. 
Hxped., 1913-18, Vol. VII, Part G., p. 18.) 

The pond on the fields at Tenaga, Quebec, was 
visited on April 30, and L. gouldii was also com- 
mon this year in the shallow, marginal water of it, 


¢ 


January, 1924] 


together with E. gelidus. The water had a 
temperature of 52° F. at 4.30 pm. (Air 46° F.; 
rainy.). Only one of the larve found on this 
date was in the nauplius stage (‘‘turtle-shell’’, 
etc.) and measured + mm.; the others, though not 
much larger (up to = mm.), all had the double 
carapace (‘‘clam-shell’’, etc.), and were thus in 
the metanauplius stage. They occurred particu- 
larly at places where dead leaves covered the 
bottom of the pond, and quite a few were secured. 

On May 20 I again went to Billings’ Bridge and 
examined the pools here carefully, but though 
Copepods, Ostracods and Eubranchipus. gelidus 
occurred in thousands, I secured only four larve 
of L. gouldit (all metanauplii), three of which 
measured ? mm., and one 1 mm. in length. The 
water in the pool where they occurred had a 
temperature of 60° F. at 7.45 p.m. (Air 50°F; 
clear). 

Tt will thus be seen that in 1923 L. gouldii 
hatched around Ottawa in the last days of April 
and the first days of May. Apparently, however, 
some of the eggs hatch before the others in the 
same pool, and they hatch better in some ponds, 
as in those at Tenaga, than in others, such as 
those at Billings’ Bridge. 

I was surprised not to find any L. gouldii in 
the two pools between Tenaga and Kirk’s Ferry 
where EH. gelidus and other Entomostraca were so 
common on May 14, as it seemed an ideal place 
for them. They were, however, common enough 
in the pond at Tenaga where I secured them two 
weeks before; they now measured 1-13 mm. in 
greatest diameter. 

By visiting Billings’ Bridge again on May 20, I 
found L. gouldii to be very common in the large 
pools or ponds on the pasture. The specimens 
secured measured from 1% to 2 mm. in longest 
diameter, and (particularly the smallest ones) had 
a vivid, orange colour, the foliaceous legs and head 
being strongest colored. The water in these pools 
had a temperature of about 60° F. at 6 p.m. 
(Air 58° F.; rainy). The other smaller pools on 
the pasture had dried up completely or nearly so, 
and though they had been partly filled again by 
the heavy rainfall of last week, no Euphyllopoda 
were found in them now. The young Limnetis 
observed today were moulting frequently; but, 
although I kept a number of them alive and 
isolated two of the size-extremes, I was not able 
to get definite data about this, as they died before 
the shell was moulted. From my observations I 
would, however, suggest that the moulting of the 
shell, involving the change from a nauplius into a 
metanauplius, takes place in 1-2 days; the next 
moulting 2-3 days later; then another in 3-4 days, 
and so on fairly regularly, with longer and longer 
intervals between two successive moultings. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


On June 5 I again visited Tenaga, and the 


- L. gouldii were still numerous in the pond where 


they were collected three weeks before. The 
animals were keeping to the vegetation along the 
margin of the pond, but there were no Eubranchi- 
pus gelidus at all to be seen. The twenty speci- 
mens of clam-shrimps collected measured from 
2; to 3 mm., and had a brilliant orange colour, 
paler when seen in the water. Both sexes were 
represented; and the females had dorsally, on 
each side inside the shell, about fifteen olive-green 
eggs, which fell out when the mother animal died. 
The two sexes were frequently seen in copulation, 
the male being by far the most energetic during 
this (see below). 

On June 16 I again visited the fields at Billings’ 
Bridge, and found L. gouldii common enough in 
several of the pools on the inner part of the pas- 
ture. Both sexes were present and frequently 
found in copulation, the females carrying eggs. 
Their size was now 2-3 mm., the females being 
the larger. Some of them were bright orange, 
others were brownish, and this difference in colour 
was not according to size or sex, but accidental. 

On June 26, I was along the Gatineau and found 
a few living, full-grown 4“. gouldii in the usual 
pond at Tenaga. The eight specimens secured 
all had a bright orange-red-brown colour, with a 
growth of white Infusoria and green Alga-mould 
on the shell, foliaceous legs, ete. Four of them 
were females with eggs, which copulated freely 
with the four males, which latter had the same 
size as the females. This is the last occurrence 
of the species around Ottawa in 1923, and a week 
later than in the two preceding years; probably 
their late occurrence can be explained by the delay 
in the hatching of the eggs two months earlier. 
The weather during June, 1923, was mostly clear 
and warm with half a dozen rainy days scattered 
through the month. 

A number of clam-shrimps collected during 
June, 1923, were kept alive for study, and I made 
the following additional observations of them. 

During the copulation the male grasps, by the 
aid of the “hand”’ (modified, first pair of foliaceous 
legs) the female’s shell, attaching themselves on 
the middle part of the free margin of one of the 
valves (carapace-shell); thus assuming a position 
vertical to that of the female, and with the beak 
of the head pressed against the ‘“‘umbo’’ of this 
valve. It then moves its foliaceous legs contin- 
uously, and keeps the two valves of its own shell 
open, and when the female opens its two valves, 
the male bends the hindpart of its body in between 
the valves of the female shell, keeps it there for 
about five seconds and withdraws it again. This 
takes place a couple of times each minute, unless 
the female keeps its shell closed, swims vigorously 


8 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


around alone, or the pair is disturbed by a third, 
visiting clam-shrimp. During the act of copu- 
lating the tail-end or abdomen of the male-is 
bent back and protrudes from the female shell, 
and thus forces the valve of her shell opposite to 
the one to which his “hand” is attached to remain 
open as long as the copulation lasts. The genital 
organs have their aperture ventrally, between the 
thorax (foliaceous legs) and the last body-segments 
(abdomen); and it is therefore this part of the 
male’s body which is inserted between the last 
pairs of foliaceous legs of the female, during the 
copulation. The latter takes place almost as 
soon as a male meets a female, even if the latter 
one carries eggs in the form of an olive-green 
colored mass on each side of the body, dorsally. 


When these clam-shrimps were kept alive in 
water, many of the eggs would fall out from the 
females, thus showing that they were ripe; and 
both Prof. Sars and I have gone to much trouble 


NESTING HABITS 


OF THE AMERICAN 


[VoL. XXXVITI 


to try to hatch them artificially, but without any 
success so far, though both dead mother-animals, 
deposited eggs, and mud from the ponds in which 
they were found were kept for years. These 
remarks hold good for Eubranchipus gelidus too; 
and the only way to get hold of the nauplii of 
these two Euphyllopoda thus seems to be to 
examine particular ponds carefully on the day the 
eggs hatch in nature. 


EXPLANATIONS TO THE FIGURES 


Ventral views of Hubranchipus gelidus metanauplii 
(Originals). Fig. 1, a larva 1.41 mm. long (youngest stage 
observed); fig. 2, a larva 2.15 mm. long. 

Both figures drawn by Prof. G. O. Sars, from specimens 
collected at Ottawa on April 21, 1923, by F. Johansen. Fig. 3, 
sketch by the author of a larva 3 mm. long, collected by Dr. 
A. G. Huntsman, near Toronto, on April 10, 1920. 

Legend: A, first pair of antenne; AA, second pair of 
antenne; H, the single nauplius-eye; HH, the paired, com- 
posite eyes; L, labrum; 8B, spike-bristles on base of second 
pair of antenne, with X, the cheliform process; Mp, mandi- 
bular palps, with BB, spike-bristles on their base; P,foliaceous - 
legs; J, intestine; G, genitalia-segment; 7, abdomen-tail, 
ending in spines, N, and (later) a paired process, the cercopods, 
C; V, vent (anus); M, maxilla. 


GOSHAWK 


By A. D. HENDERSON 


the American Goshawk is a regular 
resident, but is not numerous and is 

” yearly becoming scarcer, as it is a bold 
hunter and is often shot when it comes around 
the farms in pursuit of pigeons and poultry. 
Its main food, however, is Ruffed Grouse and 
hares. The usual breeding place is in heavy 
poplar woods containing a scattered growth of 
spruce. 

I have seen these birds in mid-winter in the 
Clear Hills, in the Peace River country, and also 
observed a nest with bird sitting near White 
Mud Prairies on April 28th, 1916. At Belvedere 
it is the earliest breeding Hawk and eggs can be 
taken throughout April and into May. 

The first nest I ever examined was about twenty 
miles south of Belvedere on April 14th, 1903. 
It was in the crotch of a tall poplar and contained 
one egg and the bird was sitting. On April 18th, 
1906, I observed a Goshawk sitting on a nest in 
the forks of a large poplar. On climbing to the 
nest I found it contained one egg. This nest was 
the usual structure built by a large Hawk, and 
was made of dead sticks with a lining of strips of 
dry poplar bark and a few green spruce twigs. 
It was about thirty feet from the ground. All 
the nests of the Goshawk I have examined were 
of similar construction, except that in most cases 
the green spruce twigs were omitted. The height 
of the nests varied from about twenty-five to 
seventy-five feet. 

When a nest is being taken both birds usually 
remain in the vicinity uttering cries of Kek, Kek, 


N THE vicinity of Belvedere, Alberta, ~=Kek and Quee, Quee, Quee. Sometimes only one 


bird is seen at the nest. Often a bird will swoop 
fiercely at the climber’s head and has to be warded 

off or it would surely strike. On one occasion one 

hit my hat a hard blow. After the eggs are taken 

the bird wil! often return and sit on the edge of 

the nest or resume sitting. 

The Goshawk usually uses the old nest of 
another Hawk, building it up on top and relining 
it, but often builds a complete nest of its own. 
It seems to be attached to the locality in which it 
breeds and will sometimes occupy the same nest 
for a number of years. If the same nest is not 
occupied, the bird will probably be found breeding 
in the same belt of timber not far away. I have 
never found a nest in an evergreen tree. When I 
first started looking for Hawks’ and Owls’ nests I 
examined every spruce with care, but as a matter 
of fact few nests are found in them in this locality. 

Nesting dates of the Goshawk at Belvedere are 
as follows: April 11th, 1918, three eggs, fresh. 
April 24th, 1913, two eggs, fresh. May 1st, 1913, 
two eggs, fresh. May 27th, 1913, two eggs, fresh. 
April 5th, 1914, three eggs, fresh. April 6th, 1914, 
two eggs, fresh. May 9th, 1914, six eggs, incuba- 
tion advanced. April 21st, 1915, four eggs, 
incubation advanced. April 24th, 1915, three 
eggs, incubation slight. May Ist, 1922, four eggs, 
incubation slight. April 19th, 1923, three eggs, 
incubation slight. 

The Goshawk does not like intruders near its 
nest and I have seen a pair of Goshawks noisily 
drive a Great Horned Owl out of a grove, two 
hundred yards from their nest. On another 


January, 1924] 


occasion a Crow which happened to fly over the 
nest was promptly attacked and driven off, and 
once while I was taking a Horned Owl’s nest a 
Goshawk appeared on the scene and swooped 
several times at the Owls; probably its own nest 
was not far away. ‘ 

The Goshawk’s liking for the farmer’s poultry 
will probably lead to its extirpation in the settled 
districts before many years have passed and a like 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 9 


fate threatens the Great Horned Owl for the same 
reason. This is a pity, as the presence of these 
fine birds adds much to the interest of the nature- 
lover on his strolls through the woods, especially 
in winter when birds arefew. This point of view, 
however, has no appeal to the irate farmer and I 
am afraid these birds will continue to be shot at 
sight whenever they approach the farms. 


THE CONCENTRATION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS AT SAULT STE. MARIE, 
ONTARIO, IN THE SPRING 


By W. H. A. PREECE 


T IS believed that, in the case of many 
| species of migratory birds, the district 
around Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, is the 

== natural point for concentration of the 
lines of migration between the 81st and 88th 
degrees of longitude W., which come north of the 
42nd degree of latitude. If the map is consulted 
it will be seen that the meridian of 81° more or 
less bisects Lake Erie and the meridian of 88° 
Lake Superior. ; 

It is well known that many species of migratory 
birds will not cross large bodies of water so that, 
though the general trend of spring migration is 
northerly, when such species reach an obstacle 


like Lake Erie or Lake Superior they are turned. 


from their course. It then becomes necessary for 
them to travel east or west along the shore until 
the obstacle is encircled and they can resume their 
way northward. In view of this it may be taken 
for granted that a very considerable proportion of 
the birds whose lines of travel lead them to the 
southern shore of Lake Erie between 81° W. longi- 
tude and the western shore of the lake will turn 
their course westward until the western shore of 
the lake is reached, when they will head north 
again through Michigan. The lines of migration 
between the western shore of Lake Erie and the 
south eastern shore of Lake Michigan will continue 
northward through Michigan, gradually converg- 
ing near Mackinaw. 

The lines striking the southern shore of Lake 
Michigan will divide as do those striking Lake 
Erie, some following up the eastern shore, others 
the western. Those following the eastern route 
will converge around Mackinaw with the lines 
that have come direct and those that were diverted 
from their original course by Lake Erie. Obviously, 
nearly all those that converge at Mackinaw will 
cross the Straits of Mackinac and reach Sault Ste. 
Marie, Ontario, by way of Mackinaw and Chip- 
pewa counties, Michigan. 

The lines of migration striking the southern 
shore of Lake Superior, east of the 88° longitude 
together with those that were diverted by Lake 


Michigan and followed the western shore of that 
lake northwards, will likewise be diverted on 
reaching Lake Superior and those coming east 
will likewise reach Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, 
before a road to the north will lie open to them. 
It would therefore seem that once the lines of 
migration between 81° and 88° W. longitude have 
come north of 42° N. latitude, the vast majority of 
the migrants must pass through Sault Ste. Marie, 
Ontario. The loss at the western border of the 
area may be taken as negligible; some birds may 
have a tendency to fly west of north but presum- 
ably their places will be taken by others with a 
tendency to bear slightly east. The two chief 
avenues of escape to be considered are Essex and 
Lambton counties of Southern Ontario. Of those 
that escape through Essex, most if not all are 
certainly lost so far as Sault Ste. Marie is con- 
cerned. It may not be so, however, with those 
that take the Lambton trail as, owing to the 
migrants’ habit of following a shore line, many 
will probably follow up the eastern shore of Lake 
Huron to Cape Hurd and eventually reach Sault 
Ste. Marie by way of Cove, Fitzwilliam, Mani- 
toulin, Cockburn, Drummond, St. Joseph and 
Sugar Islands. 

Owing to this concentration or converging of 
the lines of migration at Sault Ste. Marie, several 
effects should be discerned there. Firstly and 
most obviously, a vast concourse of birds should 
appear there during the spring migrations. 
Secondly, owing to the diversion of eastern lines, 
the occurrence of eastern species and subspecies 
is to be expected. Thirdly, we should find the 
occurrence of western species and subspecies, due 
to the concentration from the west. Fourthly 
and lastly, there should be an occurrence of 
southern species and subspecies forced north of 
their natural range, since, owing to the concentra- 
tion, there would be congregated a larger number 
of birds than the available range in their normal 
latitude could accomodate for breeding purposes. 

From such observations as have been made and 
from information gleaned from other observers, it 


10 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


has been concluded that these phenomena do 
actually occur in the vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie. 
It is very plain to all observers that an extra- 
ordinary number of birds actually do pass through 
this district during the spring migration. The 
second and third effects are not very discernable, 
partly because eastern species are those which 


would normally be expected here and. partly 
because in most cases “‘collection” is necessary for 
the certain identification of subspecies. No col- 
lecting has yet been done here. The occurrence 
of western species may be instanced by Mr. M. J. 
Magee’s records of the Clay-coloured and Harris 
Sparrows, the Chestnut-collared Longspur and the 
Orange-crowned Warbler. Of southern birds north 
of their natural habitat we have many records, 
mostly made by Mr. M. J. Magee. These records 
include those of the Least Bittern, Yellow-billed 
Cuckoo, Woodcock, Mourning Dove, Red-bellied 
and Red-headed Woodpeckers, Scarlet Tanager, 
Towhee, Acadian and Crested Flycatchers, Wood 
Thrush, Yellow-throated Vireo, Golden-winged 
Warbler, and Blue-gray Gnat-catcher. A proper 
station here for the purpose of bird observation and 
banding would doubtless obtain many useful and 
interesting data about bird migration which cannot 
be obtained by two or three observers who can 
devote only Sundays to the study. 

The above was written without thought of publi- 
cation and was submitted to Mr. P. A. Taverner 


(VoL. XX XVIII 


for an opinion. His reply was most encouraging. 
He said: “‘Have read the manuscript with interest 
and quite agree with it. Have long realized that 
just such conditions must prevail at the Sault for it 


is the narrow neck of the bottle through which 
many paths lead. It is a locality that will stand 
intensive study.” 

In his reply Mr. Taverner also referred to his 
article, “A Hyperlaken Migration Route,” published 
in the Michigan Ornithological Club Bulletin of 
March-June, 1905, dealing with the fall migration 
and accounting for the occurrence of western species 
around Toronto and in Southern Ontario. He 
states: “It seems evident then, that these birds 
(various western species) do not cross Michigan to 
reach southeastern Ontario, and another route must 
be sought for. As there is no indication of the birds 
across Indiana and Ohio they must take a hyper- 
laken route along the north shores of Lake Superior 
and Huron, around the great indentation of Geor- 
gian Bay and then south to Lake Ontario. This 
would bring them directly to the Toronto locality 
where so many specimens have been taken.” In 
that article, Mr. Taverner assumed that most of the 
migrants in the fall missed the crossing at Sault Ste. 
Marie. His assumption appears to have been 
correct, for the comparative scarcity of birds here 
during the fall migration is in striking contrast to 
their abundance during the spring, and since Lake 
Superior blocks their way west they have no choice 
but to travel east. 


THE BIRDS OF OTTAWA, 1923 
Revised to March 20, 1923 
By HOYES LLOYD 


(Concluded from Vol. XX XVII, page 156) 


160. Passer domesticus (Linnzeus). HOUSE 
SPARROW.—Abundant resident, introduced here 
in 1870. (O.N., IV, p. 149-154.) 


161. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linneeus.) 
SNow BUNTING.—Abundant migrant and winter 
resident. It is interesting to read in W. L. 
Scott’s account of the winter birds of Ottawa, 
Auk, 1, 1884, p. 159, that the Snowbird lives 
principally on the refuse of the streets, for many 
years must have passed since these birds came into 
the city to any extent. 


162. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnzeus.) 
LAPLAND LONGSPUR.—Probably a rare migrant. 
The only occasion on which it was found here in 
numbers was in the spring of 1890! (F. A. Saun- 
ders), although it was reported in the fall of the 
same year. ‘There are several specimens in the 
White collection. 

163. Powcetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin). 
VESPER SPARROW.—Abundant summer resident; 
breeds. C.L. Patch took a nest for the Museum 
on June 23, 1916. 

164. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). 
SAVANNAH SPARROW.—Abundant summer resi- 
dent; breeds. C. E. Johnson reports adults 
feeding young on June 3, 1921. 


10.N., V, pp. 43 & 78. 


165. Ammodramus savannarum australis May- 
nard. GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.—Probably a very 
rare summer resident; three occurrences. It has 
been found by F. A. Saunders! at Hull and at the 
Experimental Farm, and by Eifrig? at the Farm 
some years later. One was shot by F. A. Saunders 
at the Farm on June 28, 1898. The species is 
given under the name Coturniculus passerinus 
(Wils.) (Bp.), in an early list?, but this is an error, 
and the record was dropped in the 1891 list#. 
Hypothetical. 

Passerherbulus caudacutus (Gmelin). SHARP- 
TAILED SPARROW.—Recorded by Ejifrig® using the 
1883 list as a basis. For comments see next 
entry this list. The reported specimen is not 
available. 

166. Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni (Allen). 
NELSON’S SPARROW.—Accidental. G. R. White 
shot one at Lochaber, Que., on September 23, 
1922, and saw another on October 2, 1922. 

I am in a quandary as to the proper treatment 
of the following account in O.F.N. C. Trans. 4, 
p. 84: ‘240. Ammodramus caudacutus (Wils.) 
Sw. SHARPTAILED FINCH.—One specimen of this 


10.N., XII, pp. 87 and 265. 

20.N., XXIV, p. 201, also Auk, XXVI, 1909, p. 432, and 
Ibid. X XVII, 1910, p. 84. 

80.F.N.C. Trans., 4, p. 85. 

40.N., V, p. 31. 

50.N., XXIV, p. 201. 


January, 1924] 


bird was shot here last season, and sent to Dr. 

Coues, who remarked that this locality was both 
north and west of its usual range.’’ The present 
location of this specimen is not known, and the 
puzzle the record offers may never be solved. 
G. R. White thinks that the bird referred to was 
of the same kind as the one he took in 1922, but 
the fact, remains that, regardless of names, which 
may or may not have been given correctly i in the 
1883 list referred to, the eminent ornithologist was 
evidently considering this early Ottawa record to 
be referable to an Atlantic coast species and not 
to a western one. 


167. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (J. R. 
Forster). WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.—A com- 
mon migrant, spring and fall. 


168. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). WHITE- 
THROATED SPARROW.—An abundant migrant and 
common summer resident, accidental in winter; 
breeds. There is a local nest in the Museum, and 
it nested in the Whites’ garden in 1922. On 
December 24, 1922, C. E. Johnson found one 
south of the city and C. L. Patch and D. Blakely 
found another on the same day east of the city. 
The former bird, believed to be a male, was 
watched for ten minutes at a distance of fifteen 
feet while it fed upon weed seeds (Polygonum sp.) 
in aclump of juniper. It was found at 12.30 p.m. 
and was still there at 1.45 p.m. There is a record 
of one being seen on December 8, 1898, at Russell, 
Ont., by W. A. D. Lees 


169. Spizella monticola monticola (Gmelin). 
TREE SPARROW.—An abundant migrant and 
common winter resident. Frank Hennessey and 
I found it at Hull on December 24, 1920, and there 
are December and February specimens in the 
White collection. 


170. Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein). 
CHIPPING SPARROW.—A common summer resident; 
breeds. A nest with eggs, No. 999, was taken by 
C. L. Patch at Meach’s Lake, June 23, 1914. 


171. Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). FIELD 
SPARROW.—Has been found several times within 
the last thirty years or so, and is probably a very 
rare summer resident. F. A. Saunders found it 
four miles south-east of King’s Mountain on 
July 2, 1892,2 and again at Kazubazua, 40 miles 
north of Ottawa, on July 4, 18983 It has been 
noted by others as well, notably by W. E. Saun- 
ders, at Kazubazua, Que., July 27, 1899, and 
August 31, 1905; Ottawa vicinity, August 7, 1899, 
two in song. The only specimen I have seen is 
in the White collection—one that was taken by 
EK. G. White near Hurdman’s Bridge, October 20, 
1905. He secured another this day and saw 
several on the 9th and 10th of the same month. 


172. Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linneeus). SLATE- 
COLORED JUNCO.—Abundant migrant and tolerab- 
ly common summer resident. Eifrig! reports 
finding a nest with four eggs at Meach’s Lake on 
July 6, 1908, and at Rockcliffe Patch found one 
with young on May 24, 1920. It probably nests 
on Parliament Hill, as I have seen adults there on 
July Ist. 


10.N., XII, 1898-99, p. 190. 
20.N., VII, p. Oi 

30.N., XII, p. 

cf. Auk, seatia “i906, p. 317. 
O.N., OX, 1906-7, p. 113. 
10.N., XXxiv, p- 202. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 11 


173. Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson). SONG 
SPARROW.—An abundant summer resident; breeds. 
Nest with eggs May 15, 1921. A nest with eggs, 
taken June 16, 1889, by W. A. D. Lees, is No. 76, 
Victoria Memorial Museum. 


174. Melospiza lincolni lincolni (Audubon). 
LINCOLN’S SPARROW.—Certainly a rare migrant, 
but just how rare is not definitely known. G. R. 
White took the only specimen of which I am 
aware, on May 16, 1884. (O.F.N. C. Trans. 6, 
Dp. 273. ) 

175. Melospiza georgiana (Latham). SwAMP 
SPARROW.—A common summer resident. Un- 
doubtedly breeds, but I have no definite data. 


176. Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem.) Fox 
SPARROW.—The history of this species at Cttawa 
shows that it is a moderately common migrant 
which occurs chiefly in April, May, September, 
October, and November. 


177. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus 
(Linneus). TOWHEE.—Of rare and irregular 
occurrence in spring and summer. I have nothing 
to add to the published accounts,! never having 
found the species here, nor heard of it recently. 
The June 28, 1908, date in the 1910 list has been 
checked with the Whites. 


178. Hedymeles ludoviciana (Linneus). ROSE- 
BREASTED GROSBEAK.—A moderately common 
summer resident; breeds. A specimen in the 
White collection, dated May 25, 1885, has the 
rose colour of the breast continuing up to the chin. 
On May 24, 1904, J. H. Fleming found a nest with 
four eggs at Rockcliffe and C. L. Patch has ob- 
served young in the nest at Meach’s Lake, Que., 
during the last week of June, 1914. A male in 
fall plumage was taken by me at Hull, Que., on 
September 12, 1921. 


179. Brgeronn cyanea (Linnzeus). INDIGO 
BUNTING.—A rare summer resident, locally dis- 
tributed, breeds. The species is mentioned in the 
three previous lists. An occasional bird may still 
be found west of Hull, Quebec—one of the stations 
mentioned by Hifrig. On July 9, 1922, C. L. 
Patch and I found three adults and a nest with 
four young some five miles east of the city. 
The nest was empty on July 19th. 

Hypothetical. 

Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis (Linnzeus.) CAR- 
DINAL.—One was seen on Wilbrod Street, Ottawa, 
during the spring of 1888 by H. B. Small2 An- 
other was observed in the vicinity of Col. Wm. P. 
Anderson’s place, Cooper Street, in June, 19113 
These may have been escaped cage-birds. 

180. Spiza americana (Gmelin). DICKCISSEL.— 
Accidental—a single male spent the summer of 
1895 at the Experimental Farm. It was identi- 
fied by F. A. and W. E. Saunders. 

181. Piranga erythromelas Vieillot. SCARLET 
TANAGER.—A migrant which is also found 
regularly in summer—in my experience it is not 
common although a wave of migration may bring 
numbers to our district at one time. A male in 


1Rept. of Orn. 1893, O.F.N., VIII, 1894-95, p. 67. 
O.N., XXIII, 1909, pp. 113-14. 

O.N., XXIV, 1911, p. 203. 

Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 317-8. 


i ealPals 
40.N., IX, 1895- 96, pp. 92-98, and 213-4. 
O.N., XVI, 1903, p. 29. 

O.N., XXIV, 1910- 11, p. 208. 


12 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


the White collection taken August 26, 1885, is in 
changing plumage. The 1891 and 1910 lists give 
it as a breeding species, which is almost certainly 
true, but no details have been published and I 
know of no nests. 


182. Progne subis subis (Linnzeus.) PURPLE 
MaArtTIN.—A common summer resident; breeds. 
There are numerous colonies in Ottawa. A single 
male arrived at P. A. Taverner’s bird-house on 
April 7, 1922, the earliest date for the district. 
For information concerning Taverner’s Martin- 
house see O.N., XXXII, 1918-19, pp. 119-123. 
On July 26, 1922, I took a number of fully grown 
young from a local bird-house and banded them. 


183. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say.) 
CuirF SWALLOw.—An uncommon summer resi- 
dent irregularly distributed. Barns that once 
had scores of nests now have one or two. Inthe 
summer of 1922 I found two places where from 
one to three pairs were breeding and Johnson, 
Blakely and Patch reported another. 


184. Hirundo erythrogastra Boddert. BARN 
SWALLOW.—A common summer resident; breeds. 
Carp, Ont., May 29, 1909, 1 nest with 7 eggs, 2 
with 2. (Hifrig, O.N., XXIII, 1909-10, p. 83.) 


185. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). TREE SWAL- 
LOw.—An abundant migrant and summer resident; 
breeds. Young left nest June 30, 1922. Nest 
with six eggs, Meach’s Lake, Que., No. 867, 
Victoria Memorial Museum. The most reliable 
occupant of Ottawa bird-houses. 


186. Riparia riparia (Linnzeus). BANK SWAL- 
Low.—A common summer resident, colonies being 
found in suitable sand banks. The one near 
McKay’s Lake, Rockcliffe, was destroyed during 
the breeding season of 1922, because of a demand 
for sand. Although the foreman spared the nests 
as long as possible, it is not probable that many 
young escaped. In 1921 an excursion party of 
the Club found this species nesting in sawdust 
coe near a saw-mill in the vicinity of Aylmer, 

ue 

187. Stelgidopteryx  serripennis (Audubon). 
ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.—C. L. Patch was the 
first to find this species at Ottawa. On June 28, 
1917,! he found two pairs nesting in the bank of 
the Rideau River only a few miles south of the 
city, and again on June 5, 1918, he found a nest 
with six eggs? in the same locality. These are 
the only occurrences, except that P. A. Taverner 
saw the species at the same place on June 11, 1918. 


188. Bombycilla garrula Linneus. BOHEMIAN 
WAXWING.—An irregular winter visitor, often 
missing for years at atime. It has been observed 
as follows: five seen November 11, 1883;3 one 
flock from January 8th on in 1895;4 abundant 
January to April, 1897;5 seen December 13, 1904 
(G. R. White MS); one seen December 2, 1906;6 
December, 1908, to March, 19097; March 19th to 
23rd, 1912, several seen almost daily (G. R. White, 
MS); and no records since then were made until 
R. E. DeLury found them here in February and 
March, 19173 


10.N., XX XI, 1917-18, p. oe 

20.N., XO 1918-19, p 

3Rept. Orn. & Ool. Br., 0. a N. ‘C. Trans. b, p. LA6: 

4A. G. Kingston, O.N., IX, B oes 

5W. T. Macoun, O.N., XI, 

6C. W. G. Eifrig, O.N., Xx. D. an and G. R. White, MS. 
7C. W. G. Eifrig, O.N., realy p. 262 and G. R. White MS. 
80.N., XXXII, 1918-19, p. 38. 


(VoL. XX XVIII 


189. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. CEDAR WAX- 
WING.—A common summer resident; breeds. 
Found occasionally in winter. Bred in the Whites’ 
garden, June 10, 1888, and eggs have been taken 
for the Museum collection by C. L. Patch at 
Meach’s Lake on June 23, 1914 (No. 1000). 
W. T. Macoun! reports its occurrence with the 
Bohemian Waxwing from the middle of January 
to April, 1897; specimens were taken by G. R 
White. Hifrig? gives winter dates, viz., Decem- 
ber 1, 1906, and February 22, 1908. A curious 
habit, the eating of apple-blossoms, is recorded by 
Mr. J. Craig3 


190. Lanius borealis Vieillot. NORTHERN 
SHRIKE.—A regular but sparsely distributed winter 
resident, occurring from November to March. 
In February, 1922, I found one singing with great 
abandon from the top of a tall tree near the Rideau 
River, Ottawa South. The song was musical 
and with its numerous pauses rather resembled 
that of the Brown Thrasher. 


191. Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer. 
MIGRANT SHRIKE.—Believed to be a regular but 
not very common summer resident which breeds 
where found. I have seen one of these birds 
remain on a thorn twig while several people 
passed a few feet under its perch. On June 28, 
1885, two young of the year are said to have been 
shot by W. L. Scott on the Quebec side of the 
River near Ottawa4 The Northern Shrike 
breeding record for the Experimental Farm, 1903,° 
undoubtedly refers to this species, as does the 
report of two nests of the Northern Shrike found 
at City View 6 

A nest was taken for the Museum by C. L. 
Patch and C. H. Young took a nest with 6 eggs, 
No. 962, near the city on April 1, 1903. 


192. Vireosylva olivacea (Linnzeus). RED-EYED 
VirEO.—An abundant summer resident, occurring 
in almost all deciduous woods and throughout the 
city; breeds. A nest was taken for the Museum 
on June 23, 1916, by C. E. Johnson. In the 
Whites’ garden on November 4, 1922, E. G. White 
and I watched one for some time at close range. 


193. Vireosylva philadelphica Cassin. PHILA- 
DELPHIA VIREO.—Probably a rare migrant, not 
yet known to breed. I have preferred to treat. 
sight records of this species with caution, but have 
found examples of the species in the local collec- 
tions. These are as follows: May 13, 1886, two 
in White collection; May 30, 1906, a female 
taken at Ottawa by C. W. G. Eifrig, now No. 6446 
in the Victoria Memorial Museum collection. 
Some other captures have been recorded, but I 
have not had an opportunity to examine the 
specimens. 


~ 194. Vireosylva gilva gilva (Vieillot). WARBLING 
VirREO.—A common summer resident; undoubted- 
ly breeds, although I have no nesting date before 
me. This species is probably passed by more 
than any other bird that frequents the city shade 
trees; it may be heard singing at almost any 
part of the city, but many ears seem to be tuned 
to miss such bird music. In the White collection 


10.N., XI, 1897-98, pp. 30-31. 
20.N., XXIV, 1910- tt ip: 205. 
30.N., X, 1896- lc 

40.F.N.C. Hale. “Tis = 6, p. 273. 
50.N., XVII, 

68O.N., XII, ides 99, p. 44. 

Cf. Auk, ot 1905, p. 314. 


January, 1924] 


there are specimens dated May 26, 1884, and May 
25, 1885; while the Victoria Memorial Museum 
has specimens taken by John Macoun on May 29, 
1888, No. 454; and by F. A. Saunders on May 23, 
1891, No. 2200. Some early Ottawa ornithologists 
ealled this the Least Vireo in error. 


195. Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot). YELLOW- 
THROATED VIREO.—Of rare occurrence; spring 
records are the most numerous. The two speci- 
mens in the White collection are dated May 26, 
1884, and May 25,1885. It is written! that. W. L. 
Seott secured a female at Pelissier (near Kirk’s 
Ferry, Que.) on July 21, 1884, and that G. R. 
White took two on May 15th of the same year. 
There is also an account of one having been 
taken the middle of June, 1883,2 by whom is not 
stated. Hifrig? records four in six years, and 
collected a female at Meach’s Lake, Que., on 
July 20, 1905, now No. 6445, Victoria Memorial 
Museum. G. R. White also has the following 
ae in his notes; May 11, 1906 and May 18, 

196. Lanivireo solitarius solitarius. (Wilson). 
BLUE-HEADED VIREO.—A rather rare migrant; 
has been seen quite late in fall. It is recorded 
that Miss Gertrude Harmer found a partially 
completed nest at Chelsea, Que., on May 28, 1898! 
but no details are given concerning the identifica- 
tion. There are specimens of the bird in the 
Museum and in the White collection. 


Hypothetical. 

Vireo pusillus Coues. LEAST VIREO.—is given 
in the list of 1881-82° and this is changed to 
“Vireo gilous Bp., WARBLING VIREO”’ later.® 


197. Mniotilia varia (Linneus). BLACK AND 
WHITE WARBLER.—A common migrant which is 
believed to breed fairly commonly in the district. 
J. H. Fleming advises me that he saw a pair 
feeding young at Rockcliffe on August 16, 1900. 
and C. EH. Johnson saw adult birds similarly 
engaged at Hog’s Back during the summer of 
1914, while H. Groh records’ a nest with 5 eggs 
on June 2, 1909. About mid-August a number 
of these birds may be seen in the city shade trees, 
either juveniles on their first wanderings, or 
possibly adults beginning the fall migration. 


198. Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla (Wilson). 
NASHVILLE WARBLER.—A fairly common migrant, 
and regular summer resident; breeds. G. R. 
White and W. L. Scott record carefully the finding 
of a nest in Dow’s Swamp on July 13, 1881.3 
In 1898 it was found breeding there again by 
F. A. Saunders,’ who found it breeding at the Mer 
Bleue and at Chelsea, Que., as well. FEifrig also 
gives breeding localities in the neighbourhood of 
the city. The nest with four eggs in the Victoria 
Memorial Museum collection was taken by 
C. H. Young on June 10, 1906, at Meach’s Lake, 
Que., No. 841. 


199. Vermivora celata celata (Say). ORANGE- 
CROWNED WARBLER.--Accidental. I have examined 
only one specimen, a male shot by E. G. White 


10.F.N.C. Trans., 6, 1885, p. 275. 
2Tbid. 5, 1884, p. 142. 

30.N., XXIV, 1910-11, p. 205. 
40.N., XII, 1898-99, p. 72. 
50.F.N.C. Trans., 3, p. 30. 

6Tbid. 4, p. 86, & O.N., V, p. 31. 
70.N., XXIII, 1909-10, p. 131. 
80.F.N.C. Trans., 3, 1881, p. 28. 
90.N., XII, 1898-99, p. 88. 


“NORTHERN 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 13 


near the city on September 27, 1885.1 It has been 
observed in 1898 on May 18th by G. R. White,? 
and he tells me that he secured one on May 28th, 
1909, which I have not seen. 


200. Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). TENNES- 
SEE WARBLER.—As yet known only as a migrant 
in spring and fall, but may be found to breed. 
There are specimens in the local collections. 


201. Compsothlypis americana pusilla (Wilson). 
PARULA WARBLER.—From 
available records to which I have nothing to add 
this species seems to be a regular migrant, and 
a rare breeder. Hifrig reports it in summer, and 
F. A. Saunders found it breeding near Low, Que., 
on July 2, 18983 

202. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin). CAPE MAy 
WARBLER.—Although this handsome Warbler is 
a regular migrant in the district, the observer who 
finds it, for the first few times at any rate, will 
thrill with the pleasure of discovery. Strangely 
enough there do not seem to be any fall occurrences 
reported, and the species is not yet known to breed. 
Specimens have been examined in local collections. 

203. Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin). YEL- 
LOW WARBLER.—Very common resident in sum- 
mer, when its nest may be found in any suitable 
locality both in city and in country. Nesting dates 
are: Whites’ garden, May 12, 1888; J. H. Flem- 
ing, Rockcliffe, May 23, 1904. : 

204. Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus). MYRTLE 
WARBLER.—An abundant migrant, which has 
been observed in summer, notably at the Mer 
Bleue (1891 list), and probably breeds. E. G. 
White reports it as doing so near Berry’s Wharf, 
South March Tp., Ont., during the summer of 
A9Z1. 

205. Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). MAGNOLIA 
WARBLER.—Fairly common as a migrant, pro- 
bably a regular breeder. Reported in summer by 
W. E. Saunders, 1890,4 and by C. G. EHifrig in the 
1910 list. On May 25, 1922, I took an almost 
fully developed egg from the ovary of one shot at 
Aylmer, Que., that day. F. A. Saunders records 
this Warbler as breeding near Low, Que., on July 
2, 1898.° 

206. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens 
(Gmelin). BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.— 
A common migrant, known to breed. F. A. 
Saunders found nests in a grove at Chelsea, Que., 
on June 16, 1898,6 and C. G. Hifrig reports the 
presence of the species in summer. 

207. Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). CERULEAN 
WARBLER.—Apparently the southern influence 
which reaches toward Ottawa via the Rideau 
waterway has again been indicated by the dis- 
covery of this species some 22 miles south of the 
city during the spring of 1922. R. E. DeLury, 
who found two or three of the birds there, gives 
a most circumspect account of the occurrence’ and 
understood at the time that the bird was either 
new or very rare in the district. The bird, a male, 
was watched for over an hour by him, and knowing 
his training as a scientist, I am prepared to credit 
the record. It appears to be as certain as a sight 


10.F.N.C., Trans., 7, 1885-6, p. 355. 
20.N., XI, 1898-99, p. 71. 

30.N., XII, 1898-99, p. 104. 

40.N., V, 1891-92, pp. 79 & 46. 
6O.N., XII, 1898-9, p. 104. 

6O.N., XII, 1898-99, p. 88. 

7C.F.N., XXXVI, 1922, p. 120. 


14 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


record of a bird can be. The finding of the bird 
at a place so far removed from its previously 
known range should have been confirmed by the 
taking of a specimen, but this was not done, and 
so the matter rests for the present. The Cerulean 
in my opinion is hard to miss rather than difficult 
to find and other observers should easily locate 
this Warbler again if it has really moved into our 
district to stay. 


208. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus). CHEST- - 


NUT-SIDED WARBLER.—Fairly common both as mi- 
grant and as breeder. Most observers report it in 
summer. C. G. Hifrig and the 1891 list give it as 
breeding, and C. E. Johnson found a nest with four 
young here on June 23, 1916. 

209. Dendroica castanea (Wilson). BAY-BREAST- 
ED WARBLER.—A fairly common migrant spring 
and fall. 

210. Dendroica striata (J. R. Forster). BLACK- 
ates WARBLER.—A common migrant spring and 
all. 

211. Dendroica fusca (Miiller). BLACKBURNIAN 
WARBLER.—A common migrant and probably a 
regular breeder. Often observed in summer. 
F. A. Saunders found it breeding at Chelsea, Que., 
June 24, 1898, and commonly near Low, Que., on 
July 2 and 3, 1898,! and in the summer of 1912 
P. A. Taverner found a female feeding a young 
Cowbird at Rockcliffe. 

212. Dendroica virens (Gmelin). BLACK-THROAT- 
ED GREEN WARBLER.—A fairly common migrant 
and probably a regular breeder. C. G. Kifrig 
gives it as breeding, and J. H. Fleming saw a pair 
feeding young at Rockcliffe on August 16, 1900. 

218. Dendroica vigorsi (Audubon). PINE WARB- 
LER.—Probably a rare summer resident. The 
specimen taken on May 8, 1884, by E. G. White is 
still in the White collection. It was said to be 
the fifth record for the species at Ottawa2 The 
Whites have spring dates for 1885 and E. G. White 
took another on August 27th? of that year. There 
are several other sight records and probably more 
specimens. F. A. Saunders :ecords the species as 
breeding at the Experimental Farm in June, 1898.4 


214a Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin). 
PALM WARBLER.—A common migrant, breeds. 
With respect to the sub-species here my check of 
the available specimens causes m2 to reach ex-~ 
actly opposite conclusions to those of C. G. EHifrig 
as exp essed in the 1910 list.5 This places me in 
agreement with the 1891 list in this respect.§ 
The local specimens I have examined are very 
largely almost typical D. p. palmarum, certainly 
much nearer to it than to D. p. hypochrysea, 
being only slightly yellower below than typical 
examples of the sub-species palmarum. The fol- 
lowing specimens in the collection of the Victoria 
Memorial Museum are placed here. 
Number Sex Collector Date 

6439 ? Hifrig August 5, 1909. 
14717 27 W.E. Saunders September ride CAS) 


14718 ? 

14738 f a June 11, 1892. 
6438 Le Aca Gs Kongsvon May 5, 1892. 
14644 LL NR] Dp SoMa about 1890. 


10.N., XII, 1898-99, pp. 88 and 104. 
20.F.N.C. Trans., 6, 1884-5, p. 274. 

3Tbid. 7, ip os P. 356. 

40.N., XII, 

50.N., xxiv, igio- 11, pp. 223-4, also vide ibid., p. 22. 
80.N., V, 1891-2, p- 46. 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


I have a single specimen in my own collection. 

The breeding form may be determined from the 
adult male and two juvenals taken the same day 
at the Mer Bleue by W. E. Saunders. The adult 
is number 14667 in the Museum collection and 
proves to be almost typical palmarum. The 
juvenals, also dated July 3, 1890, are numbers 
14665-6 (cf. O.N., v, 46 and 78). 

Two nests with four eggs each, taken by C. H. 
Young at the Mer Bleue on May 25th and July 
6th, 1908, are referred here as well. 


214b. nena palmarum hypochrysea (Ridg- 
way). YELLOW PALM WARBLER.—Probably a 
regular migrant. Not known to breed. the breed- 
ing form being D. p. palmarum. Nearly typical 
specimens of hypochrysea were taken at Ottawa on 
May 28, 1892, by A. G. Kingston, and may be 
found in the Museum collection, where they are 
catalogued as follows: m. 6442, f. 6641, f.6440. A 
male taken at the Mer Bleue by CH Young on July 
3, 1907, No. 3846 Victoria Memorial Museum, is 
plainly’ an intermediate, being much browner on 
the back than hypochrysea, but having yellower 
under parts than palmarum. The available re- 
cords make it appear that Ottawa is about on the 
dividing line between this sub-species and the 
preceding, but the commoner form and the breed- 
ing one is nearer palmarum than hypochrysea. 


215. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). OVEN- © 
BIRD.—A moderately common migrant and sum- 
mer resident. Breeds. C. H. Young collected a 
nest with four eggs for the Museum, No. 858, 
June 24, 1907, at Meach’s Lake, Que. 


216. Seiurus  noveboracensis  noveboracensis 
(Gmelin). WATER-THRUSH.—A moderately com- 
mon migrant and summer resident. This bird 
is as persistent a singer as the Oven-bird, but its 
performance does not generally attract the same 
attention. A singing male moves very regularly 
in a circle when disturbed, continuing his song 
from one perch after another, and finally returning 
to his starting place. This is believed to be the 
local sub-species, although specimens approaching 
notabilis arefound. A male in my collection taken 
at Aylmer, Que., on May 25, 1922, is typical 
noveboracensis; and so is a female, No. 6026, 
Victoria Memorial Museum, taken by F. C. 
Hennessey at Ottawa on July 31, 1912, although 
this latter one has a dark back resembling that of 
notabilis.. With respect to its status as a breeding 
species, summer specimens are fairly common, it 
is reported to breed in Dow’s Swamp,! and Eardley 
Young took a nest with five eggs for the Museum 
at Meach’s Lake, Que., on May 20, 1916, No. 1156. 
Hypothetical. 

Oporornis formosus (Wilson). KENTUCKY 
WARBLER.—Recorded? in error and error cor- 
rected 3 
Hypothetical. 

Oporornis agilis (Wilson). CONNECTICUT WARB- 
LER.—The occurrence of this species at Ottawa has 
yet to be proved definitely, in my opinion. A few 
sight records have been reported, the evidence in 
no particular case appearing to be sufficiently con- 
clusive. Lifrigt states that he has seen it on two 
occasions, and also records® that Fleming once saw 


10.N., XII, 1898-99, p. 87. 
20.N., XX, 1906-7, p. 66. 
aIbid., p. 73. 

bANE sO, p. 224. 


O.N., XX, p. 78. 
50.N., XVIII, p. 39. 


January, 1924] 


one here. Mr. Fleming advises me that he be- 


lieves that he saw one at Rockcliffe on August 15, . 


1898. 

217. Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson). MOouRN- 
ING WARBLER.—A regular migrant and probably 
breeding species, not very common. There are 
several specimens which have been taken during 
the breeding season, and C. G. Hifrig gives locali- 
ties where it is said to breed—omitting any de- 
tails. F. A. Saunders records it as breeding in 
Dow’s Swamp.! 

218. Geoihlypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus). 
MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT.—A moderately com- 
mon migrant and regular summer resident; breeds. 
Nests are reported as being found in the Mer Bleue, 
June 22, 1898, and at Dow’s Swamp, June 23, 
18982 One nest with four eggs was taken for the 
Museum on June 23, 1916; near Ottawa, by 
C. L. Patch. C.H. Young took 2 nests for the 
Museum, each with four eggs, June 8 and 11, 1908, 
(Nos. 868-9). 

219. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson). WIL- 
SON’S WARBLER.—A moderately common migrant, 
- not yet known to breed, but it has been found 
here in the breeding season. 


220. Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). CANADA 
WARBLER.—Tolerably common migrant and sum- 
mer resident. F. A. Saunders records it as breed- 
ing in Dow’s Swamp and elsewhere during June, 
189832 C. G. Hifrig also gives it status as a 
breeder. 


221. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). RED- 
START.—Common migrant and summer resident. 
C. G. Hifrig reports it as nesting at Lovers’ Walk, 
Parliament Hill. This probably refers to the 
nest found by G. R. White on June 24, 1894. 
C. E. Johnson found one building at ’ Dow’s 
Swamp on May 27, 1919, and located another nest 
near the Rideau River in the vicinity of Billings’ 
Bridge. 

222. Anthus rubescens (Tunstall). PIpPit.— 
A common migrant, passing spring and fall in 
large flocks to and from its nesting ground far to 
the north. 


223. Dumetella carolinensis (Linneus). CAT- 
BIRD.—Common summer resident, breeds. Young 
birds just from the nest were found near Aylmer, 
Que., on July 16, 1922. Every prospective critic 
of Canadian song birds should hear a really good 
Catbird sing before reaching a final judgment. 


224. Toxostoma rufum (Linneus). BROWN 
THRASHER.—Moderately common summer resi- 
dent; breeds. On June 14, 1884, the Whites 
found a nest at Beechwood which contained three 
Thrasher eggs and one of the Cowbird. Another 
nest at the Experimental Farm is reported for 
June 16, 18984 Those who cannot go far into 


the country to hear one of our finest bird soloists. 


can depend upon hearing at least one of these 
birds near the end of the street-car line at the 
Farm. 
Hypothetical. 

Harporhynchus cinereus’ Bd. CINEREOUS 
THRUSH.—Equals San Lucas Thrasher, is given 
in an early list? and later removed.6 


10.N., XII, 1898-9, p. 87. 
20.N., XII, 1898-99, p. 88. 
30.N., XII, 1898-9, p. 87. 
40.N., XII, 1898-9, p. 88. 

50.F. N. Cc. Trans., 3, p.- 29. 

6[bid. 4, p. 85 and ON, V, p. 31. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 15 


225. Troglodytes aédon aédon Vieillot. HOousE 
WREN.—A common summer resident, breeding in 
bird boxes and natural cavities everywhere i in the 
district, even coming well into the city to nest. 


226. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieillot). WIN- 
TER WREN.—A fairly common migrant, and 
moderately common in suitable localities in sum- 
mer. Recorded from Dow’s Swamp in June, 1898, 
by F. A. Saunders! and undoubtedly breeds in the 
district. Specific breeding occurrences are needed. 


227. Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann). SHORT- 
BILLED MARSH WREN.—The specimen taken by 
F. A. Saunders at the Mer Bleue on June 17, 1898,? 
is in the collection of the Victoria Memorial 
Museum, where I have examined it (No. 14784). 
Two were seen and possibly the species may breed 
rarely. C. G. EHifrig records the capture of one 
specimen at the same place on June 16, 1905.3 
G. R. White has been consulted concerning the 
specimen credited to him in O.F.N.C. Trans. 5, 
1884, p. 141, and states, January 14, 1922, that 
he did not secure a Short-billed Marsh Wren as 
recorded, and has none in his collection. 


228. Telmatodytes palustris palustzis (Wilson). 
LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN.—Common summer 
resident in suitable marshes, as at Kemptville, 
where Taverner secured specimens in 1918. A 
set of 6 eggs, No. 597, Victoria Memorial Museum, 
was taken by W. E. Saunders at the Farm on 
June 13, 1898. 


229. Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte. 
BROWN CREEPER.—Common as a migrant, not 
common in summer and winter. F. A. Saunders 
found it at Kazubazua, Que., on July 3, 18984, 
and it may ultimately be found to breed, which 
one would expect. 


230. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham. 
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.—Moderately com- 
mon at all seasons, least so in summer. Breeds. 
The nest and 11 eggs in the habitat group of the 
Museum were taken near Billings’ Bridge, over 
the Rideau River, by Taverner and Young on 
May 19, 1911. 


231. Sitta canadensis Linneus. RED-BREASTED 
NuTHATCH.—A moderately common resident at 
all seasons; seems to be more erratic in its move- 
ments than the White-breast. On February 18, 
1923, at Fairy Lake, Hull, Que., I heard one call- 
ing ina peculiarly persistent fashion, and went to 
investigate. He was really shouting ‘ ‘murder’’, 
for a Richardson’s Owl had been found peacefully 
resting in the lower branches of an evergreen. 
The hue and cry had attracted another Red-breast 
and a White-breast. 

Summer occurrences are the only evidence of 
breeding of which I am aware. 


232. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Lin- 
nus). CHICKADEE.—A common resident, es- 
pecially noticeable in winter, and an abundant 
migrant. Breeds. G.R. White and Norman Lett 
found a nest with young at Chelsea, Que., May 26, 
1894. C.H. Young took a nest with six eggs near 
Eastman’s Springs on June 1, 1908. Victoria 
Memorial Museum, No. 864. 


10.N., XII, 1898-9, p. 87. 

20.N., XII, 1898- 99, pp. 87 and 265. 
30.N., XXIV, 1910-11, p. 225. 
40.N., XII, 1898-9, p. 104. 


16 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Hy 2tnatical. 

"Parus rufescens Townsend. CHESTNUT-BACKED 
CHICKADEE.—Reported in error,! and the error 
corrected 2 

233. Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus (J. R. 
Forster). _ HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.—Rare fall 
migrant. There are specimens in the White 
collection and they report the species in spring. 
It has seldom been found in the winter. 

234. Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein. 
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.—A common migrant 
which may ultimately be found to breed, for the 
birds have been observed in summer. 

235. Regulus calendula calendula (Linnzus). 
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.—Common as a migrant 
both spring and fall. 


Hypothetical. 
Polioptila cerulea. BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. 


—G. R. White tells me that he is not at all sure 
of the identity of the specimen which he is said 
to have taken previous to 1881, and as the speci- 
men is not available for examination it is con- 
sidered that the species should be removed from 
the list of the birds of Ottawa. In this Mr. 
White concurs. Cf. O.F.N.C. Trans. 3, 1881-2, 
p. 29. O.N., V, 1891-2, p. 47. -O.N., VII, p. 61. 

236. Hylocichla mustelina Gmelin). Woop 
THRUSH.—Rare in summer, and only found in a 
few locations. There is a specimen in the White 
collection, taken here on May 14, 1889, as noted 
in migration dates, O.N., III, p. 72. Several other 
observers have found it and F. A. Saunders? 
reports one or two pairs breeding on the southern 
face of King’s Mountain. 

237. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens). 
VEERY.—Common summer resident; breeds. 
On June 21, 1919, I found a nest at Hull, Que., in 
a juniper. The young were just ready to fly on 
that date. Another nest at Aylmer, Que., con- 
tained two Veery’s eggs and two Cowbird’s eggs 
on May 27, 1922. A third Veery’s egg had been 
rolled out of the nest. 

238. Hylocichla alicie alicie (Baird.) GRAY- 
CHEEKED THRUSH.—Probably a regular migrant, 
but not enough specimens have been taken to 
determine the relative number of this species 
passing as compared with the next. W. E. Saun- 


10.F.N.C. Trans., 3, 1881-2, p. 29. 
2Tbid. 4, 1882-3, p. 85. 
30.N., XI, 1897-8, p. 119. 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


ders advises me that he has a specimen from 
King’s Mountain which is the same in measure- 
ment as H. a. bicknellt, but which he considers 
is doubtless H. a. aliciz. A specimen in my 
collection was taken five miles west of Hull, Que., 
on September 10, 1921. 


239. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). 
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.—Common as a migrant; 
may breed. There are specimens in the local 
collections. F. A. Saunders reports this! as the 
commonest Thrush near Low, Que., in July, 1898. 

240. Hylocichla guttata pallasi (Cabanis). HER- 
MIT THRUSH.—Common migrant and less common 
summer resident. C. EH. Johnson has observed 
birds with building material in bill at Rideau Park. 
I found them at King’s Mountain on July 1, 1922. 

241. Planesticus migratorius migratorius (Lin- 
neus). ROBIN.—Abundant summer resident, 
nesting everywhere in the district. Winter 
records at least up to Christmas are fairly common, 
but not many of these wintering birds are likely 
to survive. Found at time of the Club’s Christ- 
mas bird census in 1921 and 1922. I saw one 
near the Printing Bureau on December 15, 1918. 
Kifrig reports four as wintering near the City Hall 
from December 21, 1908, to March 4, 19092 
In The Auk? the same author says ‘‘no doubt they 
were frozen to death by one of the few short cold 
spells which occurred during the winter.” R. EH. 
DeLury recently had one bird out of several winter 
safely when fed. 

242. Sialia sialis sialis (Linneeus). BLUEBIRD. 
—Common migrant and moderately common 
breeder. C. E. Johnson found a nest with five 
eggs not far from the city on June 3, 1921. Tree 
Swallows had been building in the same cavity on 
May 24th. For an account of young birds 
infested with fly larve vide C.F.N., XXXVI, 
1922, p. 116. 

ERRATA: 

P. 104. For Dafila acuta tzitzithoa (Linnzus) 
read Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot). 

P. 127. For Calidris canutus Linnzus read 
Calidris canutus (Linneus). 

P. 127. For Squatarola squatarola cynosure 
(Linnzus) read Squatarola squatarola cynosure 
Thayer and Bangs. 


10.N., XII, 1898-9, p. 104. 
20.N., XXII, 1908-9, p. 265, and O.N., XXIV, 1910-11, 


228. 
3Auk, X XVII, 1910, p. 58. 


NOTES ANU OBSERVATIONS 


Subscriptions for 1924 are now due; 
by paying promptly you will assist 
greatly in the publishing of the maga- 
zine. 

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT LONDON, ONTARIO. 
—It is customary each year during Christmas 
week for the members of the MclIlwraith Ornitho- 
logical Club to take a census of the birds in the 
vicinity of London. This year (1923) the day set 
apart was December 22nd, and the territory 
adjacent to the city was divided into districts 
with two or three observers allotted to each. 
The total number of parties was six, some of 


whom were out most of the day, the others 
working in the afternoon only. The list as 
compaied with 1922 is rather a poor one, but is 
even better than we expected (knowing the few 
birds that were around the city this winter) and 
is quite up to the average of other Christmas lists, 
1922 being very exceptional. The weather was 
quite mild, the thermometer registering 38° at 
8 a.m., rising to 43° at midday, and falling to 
40° at 8 pm. There was a slight easterly wind 
and the sky was overcast all day, which tended to 
make observation difficult and to keep the birds 
quiet. The ground was entirely bare, in fact, not 
even frozen, a farmer being busy plowing in one 


January, 1924] 


field we passed. The list follows: 

Herring Gull, 6; American Golden-eye, 2; 
Ruffed Grouse, 7; Sparrowhawk, 1; Screech Owl, 
2; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; 
Downy Woodpecker, 14; Blue Jay, 13; Crow, 23; 
Bronzed Grackle, 8; Purple Finch, 17; Gold- 
finch, 2; Tree Sparrow, 48; Junco, 23; Song 
Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 9; Brown Creeper, 9; 
White-breasted. Nuthatch, 20; Red-breasted 
Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 88; 
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 43. 

Total, 22 species, 334 individuals——E. M. §S. 
DALE. 

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS, 1923.—Hamilton, 
Ontario, Canada.—December 26; 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
Bright sun; light covering of snow on ground, cold 
north-west wind; 32° at start, 38° at return. 
Fifteen miles on foot. Five parties working in 
different directions along mountain brow, under 
mountain brow, around marsh; same territory as 
last year. Herring Gull, 563; Hawk (sp?), 2; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 8; 
Horned Lark, 1; Crow, 2; Pine Grosbeak, 1; 
Tree Sparrow, 28; Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 2; 
Brown Creeper, 2; Witt preastad Nuthatch, 10; 
Black-capped Chickadee, 24. Total, 13 species, 
649 individuals. Others seen recently: Screech 
Owl; Black-billed Cuckoo (C. D. Cook, brought 
in December 27, injured but able to fly, died 
later); Blue Jay; Robin; Bluebird (C. D. Cook, 
December 21). Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin, Mrs. 
C. D. Cook, Misses Bauer, Malcolm, Mills and 
Smith; Donald Baxter, Roland Brown, C. D. 
Cook, M. Johnstone, G. O. McMillan, C. Mc- 
Queston.— THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 
SOCIETY INC. 


CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS, 1923, AT TORONTO, 
ONTARIO.—Christmas, 1923, dawned at Toronto 
so bleak and dreary a day that it promised little 
to a bird observer. All day the sky was more or 
less overcast, while a light breeze brought an 
occasional wet snowfall, which later turned to a 
drizzling rain. However, I spent the entire 
morning afield, for even at this slack season there 
is no telling what may be seen. 

Strange to say, the first object of interest 
observed was not a bird. At the place in the 
Don valley where, during the Christmas census 
of 1922, I saw a Golden-eye on smooth water in 
the river, I peeped over the bank to see if I might 
observe the species again. But this time I found 
myself within fifteen feet or so of a fine muskrat, 
which was nibbling away at some grass roots on 
the edge of a tiny gravel island in mid-stream. 
His back was toward me, so that I could stand and 
watch him at leisure. I was just thinking what a 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 17 


cold, comfortless breakfast it was—grass roots 
eaten while half in the icy water on such a day— 
when he half turned and saw me and instantly 
disappeared with a splash, swimming rapidly 
under water to the river bank. 

I went on up the valley, crossing it and passing 
through an open bit of woodland. I thought I 
heard a White-breasted Nuthatch, but failed to 
locate the bird. Suddenly I caught the familiar 
note again and, following the sound, saw a solitary 
Nuthatch making his way around a thick limb 
high up. Next I entered a thick cedar grove where 
I heard and saw two Juncos. Three Chickadees 
were seen in open woods not far away. Then as 
I scrambled up the bank I saw by merest chance 
two silent Blue Jays, which entered the net-work 
of limbs overhead and moved stealthily. through 
the woods by short flights. As I gained the top 
of the bank I came upon a solitary Downy Wood- 
pecker, working in silence upon a aead tree trunk 
at the edge of the field. 

For several seasons past I had iatieern this field 
to be a great resort for Ring-billed and Herring 
Gulls, which congregate there to feed upon gar- 
bage spread on the field. They did not disappoint 
me in this instance for at once I saw several in the 
distance and later they flew overhead in ones and 
twos. As far as I could see as they sailed over- 
head they were all adult Ring-bills. I had hoped 
to see Snow Buntings upon this field, but saw 
none on this occasion. As I skirted the weedy 
edge of the field I saw a flock of small birds very 
busy on a weed. I trained my glasses on them at 
a distance of thirty or forty feet and found to my 
surprise that they were not Redpolls but Gold- 
finches—exactly thirteen in number. One large 
plant of lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium) was 
carrying and feeding the entire picnic. 

By this time the wind had brought on a drizzly 
rain, and, as there was little to encourage any 
further observation, I turned and picked my way 
down the wooded bank. In one spot farther on I 
flushed a small flock of Juncos, twelve or fifteen 
in number, many of which were in splendid plum- 
age, and when I came out in the open valley below 
I noted a large Hawk circling and sailing westward. 
Although I watched it until it was far away I was 
unable to identify it definitely. 

Time afield—8.00 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. 

Birds seen—Ring-billed Gull (probably), ap- 
prox. 15; Hawk (sp?) 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; 
Blue Jay, 2; American Goldfinch, 13; Junco, 15 
approx.; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chicka- 
dee, 8. Total, 8 species, 51 individuals.—STUART 
L. THOMPSON. 


Tur CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS, OTTAWA Dis- 
TRICT, 1923.—The Christmas census taken by the 


18 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Ottawa bird students this year was marked by the 
finest turnout of observers that we have yet had. 
Nineteen people in all took part, and the routes 
were planned and allotted at a preliminary meet- 
ing, thus avoiding duplication of records so far as 
possible. Two parties, consisting of three ob- 
servers, were out on December 22nd, confining 
their attention to the shores of the Ottawa River 
and of Lake Deschenes, the Ontario-Quebec 
boundary westward from the city. On the 23rd, 
six other parties, containing the sixteen remaining 
observers, radiated from the city in every direc- 
tion, omitting of course the territory covered on 
the previous day. 

The weather was remarkable for the district, 
the ground being free from snow, and the tempera- 
ture mild on both days. The parties observing on 
the 22nd were troubled somewhat by fog. There 
was no such obstruction to vision on the 23rd, but 
the muddy roads impeded progress a little. 
After lunch at least one member used a running 
brook for a finger bowl without discomfort. The 
eight parties covered an estimated distance of 
108 miles. It is worthy of note that both the 
Gatineau River at Kirk’s Ferry and the Ottawa 
River at Gatineau Point were crossed by boat. 

In the following list the observations of all 
parties are consolidated. 


iterrines Gull eae te ee fee Dec. 23 51 
Nereanseri(Sp-2)i.. 2 seis aa eee oO De) 7 
RutiedsG@nousesee aos cece Benes 5 
Screech Onwiltepare cee eee Bane 23 1 
Hairy Woodpecker............. “ 23 5 
Downy Woodpecker... .......... 5 wae 9 
Blue way. tte ees ei. Qa ee Si ideas Pay 
Crow ACP SER... WR 22, 230988 
Bronzed Grackle............... nee 22 2 
Evenine Grosbeak eves enn ele ee TO} 16 
1Piave) (Garosloeeis. 6 ge aeacopuvsoons mea: 5 
Ret pollitisowe wt aR, cepa eee ‘ae 22 85 
Goldfinchesiepetare aan “ee 1 aeZ8 Des 
IMfomdaercra, Slike, soo neces sence aL VA Zable we 
MiayntleiWianblersnsnen esse iter yh 8 Weyl 1 
White-breasted Nuthatch........ Tee aaa By ILS) 
Red=breasted «Nutley same 1 
Black-capped Chickadee........ CB) ian ashy MPAD 
Robin Rs Sue a en oem ee ad if 


Total, 19 species, 446 individuals. 

The absence of the Pine Siskin, more than 1300 
of which were seen in the census of 1922, was 
notable. The Herring Gulls were a natural 
corollary to the open water present. There 
seemed to be a movement of them northward 
along the Rideau River. The Screech Owl was 
captured by hand, its attention being distracted 
during the stalk by the presence of a small dog. 
Messrs. B. A. Fauvel and R. E. DeLury, who 
were responsible for the capture, took the bird 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


home with them, banded and photographed it, 
and returned it by motor car to its chosen hunt- 
ing ground. The Bronzed Grackles have been 
observed feeding for some time at the residences 
of Miss F. Von Charles and Mr. Maxwell Graham 
at Britannia. It is possible that there are more 
than two. The presence of the Myrtle Warbler, 
found by the party of Messrs. Waugh and Lewis, . 
was an event not noted before and not likely to 
be noted again in many years. It may have 


’ remained because of the unusually fine weather of 


the past fall and early winter. The recent heavy 
snows and zero weather may have claimed it, 
unless it was so fortunate as to have moved on 
ahead of the stroms. Chickadees were the most 
abundant birds, and seemed to be centred about 
the river valleys, particularly that of the Ottawa. 
—HoyeEs LioypD. 


A CARDINAL IN OTTAWA.—On the 28th and 29th 
of November, 1923, a Cardinal (C. cardinalis.) was 
seen several times flitting about the neighborhood 
of the Victoria Memorial Museum and the Cather- 
ine St. Railway Station. Associating with a small 
flock of House Sparrows and feeding with them on 
weed seeds and berries of the Virginia creeper, he 
did not seem to suffer the persecution that these 
little rascals usually inflict upon solitary birds of 
other species. Perhaps they respected him as a 
distinguished stranger from a far country. Cer- 
tainly his brilliant red mantle, black choker and 
kingly crest made him a conspicuous personage 
against the greys and browns of the November 
gardens. 

I was fortunate in being able to point out this 
unexpected find to Mr. Claude Johnson and Mr. 
D. Blakeley of the Museum staff, so that there 
can be no doubt regarding the identification.— 
Lois R. KINGSTON. -——— 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR 1923.—In addition to 
the annual increase in trust funds from the R. B. 
White estate, two other contributions to the 
Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club are well worthy of 
note. Mr. T. L. Thacker, of Hope, B.C., contri- 
buted a sum of money to the publications fund, and 
Mr. P. B. Symes, of Ottawa, presented a nearly 
complete set of Transactions and back volumes of 
the Club’s publication, most of which are bound. 
This set of back volumes, valued at $80 unbound, 
will be placed in the care of the Editor and preserved 
as the Club’s set of original issues. It should also 
be stated that from time to time minor contributions 
toward the improvement of The Canadian Field- 
Naturalist have been made.—CLYDE L. PATCH, Sec. 


This number of The Naturalist continues the 
policy of publishing an increased number of 
illustrations. Those appearing in this issue are 
published through the kind assistance of Mr. 
Frits Johansen.—EDITOR. 


January, 1924] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 19 


STATEMENT OF THE FINANCIAL STANDING OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB AT THE CLOSE OF THE CLUB YEAR 1922-23 


LIABILITIES: 
Ottawa Monotype Comp. Co.......... $512 .30 
Kiditars-nonorarium, L921.) 224...) 50.00 


Heitor s honorarium, 1923... ........... 


$612 .30 


This statement does not include trust funds. 


Audited and found correct, December 14, 1923. 


ASSETS: 
Cashion hand ice ae ee $ 26.10 
Unpaid membership dues, OD 2Re eS eee 55.00 
TSR St seco mia 137.50 
Grant from Ontario Government......-. 200.00 
Billsmeceivial lesen sews la5 iss. oe 46 .83 
Dette ss 4.2) See Eee ties bree 146.87 


$612 .30 


(Sgd:) W. H. Courtics, 


C. R. Twinn. 


THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB, OTTAWA, CANADA 
FULL STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR THE CLUB YEAR, 1922-23 


RECEIPTS 
Jan. 1, 1923:— 
By Balance on hand.............. a Pall 3} 
Membership Dues:— 

Guinenitpee ts sr Fee: $ 528.00 

Affiliated Societies, 1923. 57.50 

INELeaTrsea et ees ee. 182.00 

AN GVa COs fora sae Laks 72 .00 
839 .50 
Advertisement in Natuwralist........ 142 .00 
Back Nos. and Vols. Sold.......... 106.05 
Authors’ reprints and illustrations... 370.89 
HUIS GratlOUSees fs ne ae eed ces 20.69 
DONA EONS Mages eh kath. ovicise Pome. 5.00 
$1505 .36 


OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB, 
(Sgd.) C. B. HutTcHINGs, 
Treas. 


BOOK 
THE CONDOR, Vol. XXIV, 1922. 


The Condor for 1922 contains the following 
articles of particular interest to Canadian Natur- 
alists. 

Magpies versus Livestock: An unfortunate Chapter 
in Avian Depredations. By S. Stillman Berry. 
with two photographs. Pp. 13-17. 

An account of Magpies attacking sheep, cattle 
and hogs in Montana. Usually this was begun 
by picking at shearing cuts, branding-wounds or 
other previously existing sores but, in some cases 
at least, wounds were originated by the birds. 
Like the historic Kea Parrot of New Zealand, 
the Magpies soon learned the delicacy of kidney 
fat and the ease with which it can be reached 
through the small of the back. Some animals 
were killed by these attacks, others more or less 
seriously injured. The habit seems sporadic, 
local, and perhaps individual, as it is only in 
occasional localities that it develops and, when a 


DISBURSEMENTS: 
To Ottawa Monotype Comp. Co. a/e 
PrinbineesNaunOlish ee $ 926 .32 
Garden Vale Press, Final Settlement a/c 
TIGA ea? aoe etc. Canes. a, 50.00 
Ottawa Monotype Comp. Co., Reprints. 90.25 
«” Tilustra- 
LOTS ghee Caer hake & ita sbotens. S27. See eee 153 .95 
Ottawa Monotype Comp. Co., Authors’ 
MEP GMU Stare eee cee oe ie ee are 90.00 
Ottawa Monotype Comp. Co., Comm. on 
Collecting for adv. in Naturalist.... 45.00 
Ottawa Monotype Comp. Co., Sales Tax 
CLT In thet OE Le See eR eS 43 .98 
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$1505 .36 


Audited and one correct eerie | 14, 1923. 
(Sed.) H. CouRTICE 
C. R. TwINN. j Auditors. 


REVIEW 


small percentage of the birds, probably the worst 

offenders, are killed off, the losses are reduced. 

Notes on The Dipper in Yellowstone National Park. 
By M. P. Skinner. Park Naturalist. Pp. 18-20. 

A good account of the habits, etc., of this 
interesting species. 

On The Occurrence of the Buffle-head at Eagle Lake. 
By Allan Brooks. Pp. 25-26. 

A short note correcting the identification of 
pictures supposed to be of this species and pub- 
lished in the Condor for November, 1921. The 
writer points out that the bird in question is an 
undoubted American Merganser and that the 
breeding of the Buffle-head in north-eastern 
California, while probable, still remains to be 
verified. 

Bird Fatalities Resulting from a Shipwreck. By 
Ernest P. Walker. Pp. 26-27. 

Reporting the loss of sea-bird life from floating 

oil from the fuel tanks of the wreck of the Princess 


20 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Sophia on the Lynn Canal, Alaska, October 26, 
1918. The writer was patrolling the shores of 
Admiralty Island, twenty to forty miles from the 
scene of the disaster, in search of bodies of the 
343 passengers and crew lost on the occasion. 
He reports many Murres and Gulls dead or help- 
less with oil-soaked plumage. In one case an 
oil-stained Glaucus Gull was seen at Wrangell, 
some 200 miles south of the wreck. 
The White Gyrfalcon in Montana. 
Bowles. P. 28. 

Reporting the capture of a specimen near Fort 
Benton, Montana. This record is of interest to 
the bird people of our western prairies as suggest- 
ive of what to expect. 

A Correction. Brewer Blackbird Not Occurring in 
Northern British Columbia. By P. A. Taver- 
ner. P. 81. 

Correcting a record made by the writer in 
The Summer Birds of Hazelton, British Columbia, 
Condor, March, 1919. The specimens in question 
prove to be Rusty Blackbirds in juvenile and worn 
plumages, among the first records for the species 
in the province. 

Anthony Vireo Not a Tenable Subspecies. 
Grinnell. Pp. 32-33. 

Dr. Grinnell expresses the opinion that An- 
thony’s Vireo, Vireo huttoni obscurus, the form 
accredited to southern Vancouver Island, is based 
upon fresh, unfaded specimens of Vireo huttona 
huttoni and is therefore untenable as a distinct 
subspecies. He raises the question as to whether 
Vireo huttoni insularis should be recognized as 
the Vancouver Island bird but suggests that the 
dark, sooty appearance upon which Mr. Rhoades 
based that form may be due to smoke stains from 
the city near which the types were taken. 

Albino Robin Returning to Former Nesting Site. 
By J. A. Munro. P. 62. 

A partial albino male Robin with particular 
recognizable markings returned and nested for 
three successive years at Summerland, British 
Columbia. 

Kamchatka Sea Eagle at Kodiak, Alaska. By 
Charles H. Gilbert. P. 66. 

Report of capture, supported by photograph, of 
bird taken August 10, 1921, at Kodiak. The 
picture shows the white fore-wings very plainly. 
Notes on The American Pine Grosbeak with Des- 

cription of a New Subspecies. By Allan 
Brooks. Pp. 86-88. 

The principal part of this paper consists of the 
description of the Queen Charlotte Grosbeak, 
Pinicola enucleator carlotte, a new subspecies. 
This is the smallest and the most scarlet of the 
American Pine Grosbeaks and, in the opinion of 
the reviewer, the most distinct of any of the 
geographical races of the species that have been 


By J. Hooper 


By J. 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


described. In the discussion of the species inci- 
dent to this description, the writer reviews his 
specimens from various parts of Canada, is un- 
decided as to their subspecific determination and 
hopes some one will revise the group. 
Yellow-headed Blackbird in Company with Brewer 
Blackbirds. By J. A. Munro. Pop. 98-94. 

Such an association noted in the streets of 
Penticton, British Columbia, October 19, 1921. 
What Color are the Feet of the Western Gull? By 

Allan Brooks. Pop. 94-95. 

Major Brooks cites authorities to the effect 
that the feet of the Western Gull are yellow but 
states that fresh adults examined by him had them 
flesh-colored. He also calls attention to the old, 
impossible record of the species breeding in the 
Similkameen Valley, British Columbia, once more 
perpetuated in Ridgway’s Birds of North and 
Middle America. He states that, in spite of the 
general report that it is a common bird of the 
British Columbian coast, he knows of but three 
authentic records for the province. He stresses 
the importance of noting the colors of the soft 
parts of all Laride as in many cases these colors 
are the most reliable recognition characters of the 
species. 

Crossbills Hating Aphis. By P. A. Taverner. P. 36. 

A short note on the subject suggested by some 
remarks by Mr. Storer in a previous number of 
the Condor. The method by which Crossbills 
split leaf galls and remove aphis from their interior 
is described. 

On P. 102 the Editor calls attention to a recent 
article in the Ibis on the sense of smell in birds 
and urges that some one seriously investigate this 
subject and, with properly conducted experiment, 
replace the hap-hazard observation and incon- 
clusive “experiment’’ upon which our present 
conflicting ideas are based. Here is a field for 
some ambitious worker. 

On P. 138, announcement is made of a distribu- 
tional and systematic list of the Birds of British 
Columbia in course of preparation by Allan 
Brooks and Harry S. Swarth. This is a most 
important and much needed work and no stronger 
collaboration of authorship could be named for it. 
It will be looked for with interest by others as 
well as by the ornithologists of that province. 

Our English Nomenclature. By A. D. Dubois. 
Pp. 158-162. 

This is a plea for a more accurate and scientific 
formation of vernacular names in our Check-list. 
The writer urges the use of binomial and trinomial 
systems of common names, and that subspecific 
names be constructed so that their subordinate 
racial character be clear, and deprecates the use of 
the specific name for any of the included sub- 
species. (Concluded in February tssue) 


> 0 D> 0 Gi 0 E> 0 > 0 E> 0 EE ES-ES) SE 0 SD OSS eee 


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"NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF . 
ie MANITOBA 
pepe 3 1923 
Hon. Presidents: H. M. SpPEecHLy, M.D.; W. G. Scott; 
President: Pror. V. W. JACKSON; Vice-Presidents: NORMAN 
CRIDDLE; J. J. GOLDEN; Mrs. C. 'P. ANDERSON: Pror. C. H. 
- O’DONOGHUE;. Pror. F. W. Broprick; Treasurer: MIss 
Heten R. CANNOM. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION:— 
Chairman: A. G. LAWRENCE; Scereiary: B. W. CARTWRIGHT; 
Leaders: H. M.SPRECHLY, M.D.; J.J. GOLDEN; C. E. KEIGH- 
_ Ley; K. Grant McDouGaL; R. 'M. po ENTOMOLO- 
GICAL SECTION:—Chairman: J. B. WALLIS, B. A.; Secre- 
tary: G. SHIRLEY Brooks; Leaders: ieee a ROBERTS; Aa 
-MircHener, B.S.A.; J. D.SurrinLp; J. D. DuTHIE; BOTAN- 
ICAL SECTION:—Chairman: C.' W. Lowe, Se.; Sec- 
retary: Mrs. K. J. McDoucau; Leaders: 
Pror. F. W. Broprick; Dr. G. R. ‘Bisspy; H. F. Roserts, 
M. Sc.; SUBSECTION—MYCOLOGY:—Leader: Dr. G. R 
Bispy; GEOLOGICAL SECTION:—Chairman: Prof. R. C. 
WALLACE; Secretary: A. A. McCousrey; SUBSECTION— 
PALAEONTOLOGY :—Leader: W. CuTLER; General Secre- 
tary: A..M. Davinson, M.D., 6 Medical Arts "Building. 


THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 


SOCIETY 
es (Incorporated) 
_ Hon. President: Mr. ADAM BRowN; President: Mr. R. O. 
MERRIMAN; ist Vice-President: Dr. H.G. ARNOTT; 2nd Vice- 
_ President: Mr. C. D. Cook; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss RUBY 
_R. MILLs, Hable Library, Hamilton; Directors: Dr. H. 
. Cook; Dr. J. A. Dickson; Miss M. E. GRA- 


Arnott; C. D 
> HAM; Miss Rupy R. MES: M. HOLTON; -M. JOHNSTON; 
outs Mrs. FF. E. MACLOGHLIN; R. O. MERRIMAN. 


_ NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 


COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


The Officers for the above Society for the year ending 
March 31st, 1923, are as follows:— 
President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
2nd Vice-President: CAC: PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
ana NATION; Treasurer: Miss S. M. THORNTON. Commitiee:— 
: Miss C. G. Fox, Miss A. F. GARDINER, Miss I. CATHCART, 
Auditors:—J. KmITH WILSON 
R. CONNELL, Dr. C. F. 


* Wm. Downes; A. HALKETT. 
AND F. W. GoDsAL. Trustees: —REV. 
NEWCOMBE AND G. HARVEY. 


ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


Hon. President: Hon. Geo. HOADLEY; Hon. Vice-President: 
H. A. Craic; G. W. Smita, M.P.P.; J.J. ari President: 
. A. SNELL; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. W. CASSELS: Dr. 
HENRY GEORGE; Secretary-Treasurer: ee Ss. PAMELY, Red 
-Deer; Directors: Mrs. H. GEORGE, Red Deer; Mrs. G. F. 
_ Roor, Wetaskiwin; K. BowMAN, Edmonton; F. S. Carr, 
' Edmonton; D. Mackiz, Edmonton; W. A. *CASSELS, Red 
Deer; S. PAMELY, Red Deer; C. G. S. Crossy, Red Deer; 
W.F. Harris, Red Deer; H. R. ORAM. Red Deer. Members 
prgeatied to answer enquiries: Birds: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS, Red 
; eer; Dr.-H. SaOEGE Red Deer; Mammals: Dr. H. GEORGE, 
; Bi Red Deer: Fishes: F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer; Flowers: 
_ Mrs. H. GrorGe, Red Deer; Insects: Coleoptera, F. C. CARR, 
11050 128rd St., Edmonton; Lepidoptera, K. BOWMAN, 9914 
115th St., Edmonton; Odonata, F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red. Deer, 


The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 
last Friday of each month except during July and August and 
de perhaps September. The annual meeting is held'in Red Deer 
_ on the last Friday in November. 
hey 


/ MeILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL. CLUB, 


LONDON, ONT. 


ff Bay: J. R. MCLeop; Secretary: C. G. WATSON, 201 
Ridout St. South, London; * Member- ewe to answer ques- 
tions: W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave.: G. WATSON, 
ae Ridout St. South; J. R. McLeop, 355 Wortley Road, 

CALVERT, 461 Tecumseh Ave.; E. M. S. DALs, 297 
figenai St. 


VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


‘Hon. President: L.S. KuiIncK. LL.D., Pres. University of B.C.s 
President: JoHN Davipson, F. s., University of B.C.: 
Vice-President: FRED PERRY; Hon. " Seeretary: C.F. Connor, 
M.A., 3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: 
b: Bain, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B. C. 

Fortnightly Eien in the University Buildings from 
Bs mber to April. (inclusive). ‘Semi-monthly excursions 
from amide to August ( inclusive). 


= 


: - ie : Affiliated Societies 


JAMES Cocks; . 


Secretary: W. 


PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 


PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: L. McI. TERRILLS 
Vice-Presidents: ALEX MacSwEEn, NAPIER SMITH, B. ARNOLD; 
Hon. Corresponding Secretary: W. S. Hart, P.O. Box 1185, 
Montreal; Hon. Recording Secretary: Miss H. SToNnBy 
Hon. Treasurer: Muss M. ARMITAGE, 63 Arlington Ave., 
Westmount; - Directors: Miss EDITH Morrow; Miss LOvuISE 


MurpuHy; Miss EMILy Luke; MR. AND Mrs. C. F. DALB; - 


Mrs. J. T. AYERS; Miss JEAN McCONNELL; W. A. OSWALD; 
A. F, WINN; Mr. AND Mrs. WALLACE H. Ross; W. Ce 
Wricut. Members qualified to answer questions: ‘L. MclI. 
TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, Que.; NAPIER SMITH, 
Bank of Montreal, Magog, Que.; E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St., 
Montreal; W. A. OSWALD, 301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G..M ontréals 

N. ROBERTSON, c-o Ross Realty Co., Room 805» Lew 
Bldg., St. John Stz, Montreal, ONes Dr. ARTHUR WILLEY, 
McGill University, Montreal; w.J . Brown, 250 Oliver Ave., 
Westmount, Que.; Muss EDITH Morrow AND Miss EMILY 
LUKE, c-o Secretary. z 


SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
NATURELLE DU CANADA | 


Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: R. MerEpitH, N.P.; ler vice-président: ABBE 
ALEX. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: DocTEUR A. DERY3 
Seerstaire-trésorier: Jos. MarTtr, 18 avenue Maisonneuve, 
Québec; Chef de la section scientifique: COLONEL OSCAR PELLE- 
TIER; Chef de la section de propagande éducationnelle: Doc- 
TEUR S. GAUDREAU; Chef de la section de protection: C.-E. 
DIONNE, M.A.; Chef de la section d’information pee eee z 
pratique: Docruer J.-E. BERNIER.; Directeurs: A.-R 
BOULTON, FRANK W. Ross, A.-A. Gopsout. 


THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO- 
-  GISTS’ UNION 


_ Officers for 1923 g 


Hon. President: Hon. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victorias 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria 
Vice-President: T. 
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okanae- 
gan Landing; Dr. Keiso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. Racry, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. 


THE, TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 


PRoFEssSOR R. B. THOMSON; Vice-Presidenis: 
Mu WALKER, Dr. A. CoSENS, J. H. FLEMING; 

GREGORY, 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: F. H BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH; 
Librarian: Dr. LyMAn JACKES. BIRD GROUP:— 
Chairman: STUART THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. 


President: 
PROFESSOR E. 


FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H. B. Sirton; Secretary: “ 


Miss J. G. WRIGHT, PH.D.; INSECT GROUP:—Chair- 
man: PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: Miss NorRMA FORD, 
Pa.D. MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R. DYMOND; 
Secretary: L. SNYDER. REPTILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN 
GROUP:—Chairman: SHELLEY LocieR; Secretary: T. B. 
Kurata. PROGRAM COMMITTEE:—Chairman: DR. 
W. A. CLEMENS. WILD LIFE PRESERVATION COM- 
MITTEE:—Chairman: Russet. G. DINGMAN. EDUCA- 
TIONAL COMMITTEE:—Chairman: TAYLOR STATTEN, - 


We would ask the Officers, and more 
particularly the Secretaries, of all the 
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our 
task of building up the circulation of 
this magazine. By securing every 
member as a subscriber we can truly 
make this magazine into one of the 
‘leading Natural History publication 
of America 


— 


‘ 


L. THACKER, Hope; Secreiary-Treasurer: - 


oy ; PY I;,V0lTHY. 
eae -- VoL. XXXVIII, No. 2_ ener FEBRUARY, 1924 


fh 


Vis 0 one ta 
Git 
Niue Shee 
| Wi | ) f ru Ne : : ( 
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Au 


mALISTS’ CLUB 


; ISSUED FEBRUARY 29, 1924 
Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class srtter’ : 


~ 


THE OTTAWA FIELD- ELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB 


\ Bae 
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND THE LADY BYNG OF vimy e 
a a - y 


Peet HoyEs LLOYD. 


Ist Vice-President: G. A. ‘Mintzer. 64d 2nd Vite: Prekident- Norman Crmpue a 
eG ie | (| 04 Chn4 CUM Treasurers" % R 
J. F. WRicH VRUbee, @ UF B. A. FAUVEL, i 


Na fe (Mounted Police pve 


(Geological Survey, Ottawa), i f va ; 
EU) cs WES: (Laroque Bldg., Rideau and Dalhousie Sts., Ottawa) 


Additional Members of Council: W.T. Macoun; Miss M. E. Cowan; C. M. STERNBERG; gine SMITH; — i 
. WAuGH; P. A. TAVERNER; E. SAPIR; E. M. KINDLE; W. J. WINTEMBERG; R.E. -DELURY; 

ARTHUR GIBSON; M.O. MALTE; R. M. ANDERSON; EL: GROH; Miss F. FYLES; C. B. HuTCHINGS; | 
H. M. Ami; CLYDE L. PATCH; D. JENNESS; V. W. JACKSON: R. O. MERRIMAN; W.N. KELLY; © 

C. H. SNELL; de 8s. McLrop; JOHN DAVIDSON; L. MclI. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; Francis 
KERMODE; Pror. R. B. THOMSON; THE EDITOR. 


Editor: 


/ HARRISON F.. LEWIS, 
f Canadian National Parks Branch, ’ 


Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. ‘© 
“ 2 
~ Associate Editors: Scar Mee Se ig ze 
PORISAPT RG Sie 0 bors ania oes . Anthropology A. Go DUNTSMAN. 26. oes Marine Biology 
WE Oe MEATIT Bier eee ee ee hase Botany Py AST ANIORINEIR ac cee Ornithology — , 
BOR. GATCHEORD - crosman a . Conchology Eh MEISINDLE 6 sate See . Palaeontology a 
EOYs WIELTAMS 3.0500 on deere case a Geology - R. Mt ANDERSON: ..........:. ies bit AQOLOOY ake 
ARTHUR GIBSON........0..20--5- Entomology ; CLYDE EoPATCH. <7 oy oe. ae ..Herpetology 
CONTENTS nee PAGES 
Some He phriencee | in Bird- Banding. By Ralph: EH Deli wry? mice) ee eat Oe ea ani oon Sik an a 
W. H. Hudson, The Naturalist (1841-1922)- > By Frank Morris............. 0.5.28 Lote OE eee ea aa ea 
Whistling Swans in Ontario. By Wii He, Sarineers.:)-sistenee cen te cee eae 5 uc te eae ot 7 ee 
Range of the Moose Extending Northward. By Rudolph Martin Andergon..................... 27 — 
In Memoriam—Napoléon A. Comeau. Born 1848. Died 1923........................ ol ie 
Correspondence:— ; OF; Se na 
Letter from Wm. Rowan, Edmonton, Alberta. ............-0-0. 00000. Lo Se ae eae 
Letter from Allan Brooks, Okanagan. Tandivie Bie ces oie a ee Ae ee ai AG. Sou 
Letter from Elsie Cassels, Red: Deer Alta. g. varie oo eae ent sb hr ae eae 
Letter from Frank G. Speck, Philadelphia, Pale a eee Sh fs SPR Moua My ati: Wena Pe as ao 
Letter from Charles W. Townsend, Boston, Mass................. SS NS a ROs elena ea Son 
Bditorialeaes 22). FN HEE) MR we VIBE cnn eon grap eraeen te Mp MITE OO My ate 3 a ee pane Bieta Si. 
Notes and Observations:— : s 1 SN aie et ge 
New Records for Point Pelee. By W. E. Saunders.................... | ae Ra a. 
The Pine Mouse in Ontario. By W. E. Saunders.................. RR oy dels ah “nt <a 37 
An Unusual Sight Description of a Bird Verified. By Hoyes Lloyd...................... 
The ae of North American Birds in the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology. By L. 
111150 (=) Renae eae on nee Rene enann ce RnR nets Ric eB ceet TS 
- The Plaint of the Robin. By W. A.D. Tees Fie TT Re cs ee a se at 
Leaflets of The National Association of Audubon Societies. By. J). Haw right. ee hb cee 
Biditar’s Note 3 sae oe) eae cd Oe Bae PS Oi Ghee eine Meroe as Neder eee oe er 
Book Review :— : aise 
Mine: Condor’. “Biya aa URS las Ae Ra OP Gin ae ek al ten ate 


Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. I, Nos.3 and 4. By A.B. K i ht pee a ee cy gece cantare C 
= PubreaUnns Received : 


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__ The Canadian Field-Naturalist _ 


VOL. XXXVIIT 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, FEBRUARY, 1924 No. 2 


SOME EXPERIENCES IN BIRD-BANDING 
By RALPH E. DeLURY 


HOUGH the countryside offers to the 
bird-hander undoubted advantages over 
the city, nevertheless interesting exper- 
iences are in store for the city dweller 
who undertakes the fascinating work of banding 
birds. He will naturally commence with the 
banding of nestlings and their parents, such work 
promising him rich results in regard to the ages 
of birds, their marriage relationships, their 
parasites and their returns from year to year, 
especially for such kinds as House Wrens, Tree 
Swallows, Bluebirds and Crested Flycatchers, 
whose nests usually permit of their easy capture. 
But surprising opportunities await him if he uses 
traps supplied with food and water to attract 
many kinds of resident and migrating birds. The 
more tempting the food and the more attractively 
and naturally it is displayed the greater will be 
his success. He will add considerably to the 
pleasure and the value of his work if he makes 
photographie records at every good opportunity. 
His banding station should become a sanctuary 
with cafeterias, bathing places and safety coverts, 
so managed that his guests will enjoy themselves, 
pose for portraits, accept rings as souvenirs and 
return again and again. He will have difficulties 
and responsibilities, the greatest of which is the 
absolute protection of the little feathered friends 
whom he has attracted to his premises. He will 
very soon find that the cats of the neighborhood 
constitute the greatest menace to the success 
of his station. But he will enjoy a delight- 
ful recreation in the work, and he will have his 
spare time well filled with pleasant adventures 
and will learn things about the living birds that 
can scarcely be found out in any other way. 
Bird-banding operations were commenced in 
the summer of 1921 at the writer’s home, which is 
fortunately situated for this work very near the 
Experimental Farm, Ottawa; the Farm with its 
open fields, clumps of trees, beautiful lawns and 
wooded parks offering great attractions to birds. 
During a residence of thirteen years about 75 
species of birds have been seen within the writer’s 
garden, and within a mile of it—including Dow’s 
Lake, the Experimental Farm and its canal 
boundary—some 60 additional species have been 
noted during the same time. There is a fair 


prospect of capturing for banding about 40 species 
in the garden and a total of 50 if the Farm grounds 
are included. Up to the present 235 birds have 
been banded, nearly 200 of which have been taken 
at home. Of the 28 species banded, the Song 
Sparrow leads with 67, the House Wren follows 
with 41, Robin 23, Chipping Sparrrow 16, Tree 
Swallow 15, Downy Woodpecker, Brown 
Thrasher, and Whitebreasted Nuthatch 8 each, 
while among the rarer kinds are Indigo 
Bunting 4, Lincoln’s Sparrow 1 and Golden- 
crowned Kinglet 1. There have been about 160 
recaptures, five of which were after an interval of 
a year. A few experiences will be briefly men- 
tioned. 


SONG SPARROW.—Of the 67 banded 38 were 
recaptured from 1 to 13 times. Two returned 
after a year, one of which, a female, had nested 
in the garden the preceding year. These birds 
displayed great individuality, some squealing 
and fighting the hand when captured, while others 
took the treatment philosophically. One bird 
had a toe missing, another had lost the right foot. 
One pair nested twice in the garden. One day 
Song Sparrow feathers were found near one of the 
baths and this pair were not captured again—no 
doubt a cat was responsible for this break in our 
acquaintance. However, the accompanying photo- 
graph (1) and others recall many pleasant mem- 
ories of these old friends. 


HousE WREN.—Of the 41 banded, mainly 
fledglings, not one has returned in another season, 
thus weakening the belief in the springtime expres- 
sion, “our little Wrens have come back again’’. 
The fledglings are the hardest birds to band, 
struggling continuously and keeping up their 
constant chatter, chich-a-rick-chick-chick. They 
usually have many minute parasites crawling on 
them and share them liberally with the bird- 
bander. Some of the birds taken in nests on 
metal posts seemed to have very few of these pests. 


RosBin.— Of the 23 birds banded, 4 of the adults 
were recaptured, one as many as 6 times from 
April to October. Family relationships are 
recorded in some cases, so that interesting returns 
are expected in the present year. One immature 
bird, captured in a drop trap, squealed so horribly 


22 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


No. 1—Abdove 


An Old Friend in a Favorite 
Corner 


No. 2 


An Odd Place to Find 
Sunflower Seeds 


February, 1924] 


No. 4—To Right 
The Sunbath 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


No. 3—To Left 


Grasshopper au Naturel 


23 


24 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


that all the birds of the neighborhood came to 
see what murderer was at work, their looks plainly 
saying what they thought of the trap and the 
trapper. No birds ventured into the trap for 
two days. 


CHIPPING SPARROW.—Of the 16 banded, one 
returned after a year. He and his mate had a 
nest in the garden the preceding year. He was 
captured then by placing his 4 young in one of 
the traps. Only two Chippies were found having 
swollen toes, a nail being lost from one of these. 
This is a considerably lower proportion than for 
those banded in Georgia. 


DOWNY WOODPECKER.—These birds were cap- 
tured by placing suet on an elm tree in front of 
the house and having a wire basket over it pro- 
vided with a lid which was pulled over the opening 
by rubber bands after a prop was released by pull- 
ing astring. Some fought and screeched savagely, 
but one or two were quite tame after the first cap- 
ture, one being captured three times in three hours. 
One bird returned after a year, and is feeding 
this winter at the suet, usually in company with a 
Nuthatch who was his pal last year. 


WHITEBREASTED NUTHATCH.—The Nuthatches 
repeat frequently at the tree trap. The one who 
was about during last winter is shown in the 
photograph (2). He has learned that capture is 
not a serious thing, though he is wary when the 
trapper is about. These birds will usually accept 
a bit of suet and take it away and eat it when 
released, as do also some of the Downy’ Wcod- 
peckers. 


INDIGO BUNTING.—A very unusual opportunity 
came last summer, resulting in the banding of a 
pair of Indigo Buntings and their two fledglings, 
just within the southwest corner of the city. 
The old ones were captured by placing the two 
young under a hemispherical kitchen strainer 
within a “pull-front” trap. Pictures of these rare 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


visitors were secured, one of which is reproduced 
here (3), showing the band on the leg of the 
fledgling. Grasshoppers, whole and living, were 
brought to the young ones, chiefly by the mother. 
These are the first Indigo Buntings the writer has 
seen about Ottawa. Several occurrences have 
been reported within the past two years, so that 
possibly the species may be increasing in this 
district. 

HAIRY WOODPECKER.—As the writer was look- 
ing from his window at the Observatory one day 
a Hairy Woodpecker, seeing a nesting box beside 
the window, swerved in suddenly and flew 40 feet 
straight toward the observer’s face, striking the 
glass with considerable force. She was evidently 
planning to alight and then inspect the hole in the 
box. She was taken home, fed, photographed, 
banded and released, little the worse for her 
adventure. 

GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.—A Golden- 
crowned Kinglet was found, apparently stunned 
from flying against the large plate-giass front of 
the photographic studio of the observatory. 
Previously, in other years, one dead and one living 
Kinglet were picked up in the same place. This 
last one was taken home, fed and banded. He 
was very gentle and tame, always striving to 
perch on the hand or the head of the writer. 
While being photographed he flew up time after 
time to perch in front of the writer’s face on the 
observing hood of the camera. He enjoyed a sun- 
bath, but was not completely satisfied unless 
perching on a finger (4). In the late afternoon, 
standing on the writer’s head, he was carried down 
two flights of stairs and outdoors, where, after a 
pause and a little chirp, he reluctantly flew to a 
cedar, then up high to an elm, when, getting his 
bearings, he flew back towards the observatory to 
join his migrating relatives. He wears a neatly 
fitting band trimmed to as small a size as possible, 
and he has left one of the most delightful memories. 


W. H. HUDSON, THE NATURALIST (1841-1922) * 
By FRANK MORRIS 


I. “The Child is Father of the Man.” 


W. H. Hudson was born in August, 1841, on the 
Pampas of La Plata. His father was an English- 
man who had married a New England wife and 
come to the Argentine, where they settled on a 
stock ranch near Buenos Ayres. Both parents, 
we learn from their son, were remarkable; the 
father hard-working, affectionate, tender with all 
living things, trustful to a fault, and absolutely 
devoid of fear; the mother cultured, religious, 
devoted to husband and children, beloved by all 


*Address delivered at the Annual Meeting of The Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists’ Club, December, 1923. 


the neighbours and passionately fond of flowers. 
Hudson had several brothers and sisters, some 
older and some younger than himself. From 
childhood, however, he formed the habit of play- 
ing alone; and it made his mother very uneasy 
until she found that the boy spent his time with 
flowers and insects, and living creatures of all 
kinds—especially birds. His childhood, in fact, 
as he looked back on it, seemed one long revel of 
the senses, even from the earliest dawn of memory. 
He was born, as it were, with an extraordinary 
delicacy and sensibility for the beauties of living 
Nature, beauties of sound and scent and sight, 


February, 1924] 


colour, form and motion. The smell of the earth, 
the fragrance of leaves and flowers, the sound of 
wind and rain and running water, the brightness 
of butterflies and blossoms, the plumage, flight and 
melody of birds, the ways of all living creatures 
between the blue sky and the green mansions of 
earth—these were as food and drink and music to 
his soul. 

Before he was eight years old, he became con- 
scious of something more than this. A mystical 
sense of the supernatural in Nature awoke in him, 
to sweeten and somehow disturb this revel of the 
senses. It grew so strong as at times even to 
terrify; and peace of mind came to him only 
when in manhood he learned that the mystic 
writers of the XVIIth century and in his own day 
the poet Wordsworth and the Nature-lover, 
Richard Jefferies, had suffered the same fiery 
baptism as he. 

He felt it most in Spring, with the revival of 
life on the earth, the return of flowers and insects 
and birds, and it filled him with pure delight; he 
felt it, too, at the autumn migration of birds, 
when the whole air was full of rushing wings 
flying northward in the night. Often, it over- 
awed him in the solitude of the illimitable Pampas, 
in sunsets, and in the moonlight among the still 
shadows of the trees. 

He had one abiding fear in boyhood, borne in 
on him by observation of his elder brothers, and 
indeed of all around him, when they grew to man- 
hood; that there would come a time when he 
would have to put away childish things and adopt 
a calling. He thought that gradually his joy in 
living things and the mystic sense of communion 
with nature would droop and die. It was only 
when he was fifteen and came to read Gilbert 
White’s Natural History of Selborne and the 
writings of Wordsworth and Jefferies, that he 
learned Nature might occupy a man’s serious 
thoughts for life and the joy in living things be a 
solace until his dying hour. And no sooner did 
he learn this than he made a fierce resolve that he 
would never put away these childish things, even 
at the cost of food and drink for his body. How 
well he kept this vow his whole life from 18 to 80 
and his 24 volumes of intimate self-expression are 
a proof that cannot lie. 

The years of his boyhood ended in tragedy and 
disaster. His over-trustful father was ruined, his 
boyhood’s home was broken up, his mother died, 
and he himself was struck down first by typhus 
and then by rheumatic fever. The doctors gave 
him a few weeks or (at most) months to live. To 
bodily distress was added torture of mind and 
spirit. But the miracle that no doctor could 
perform was wrought by Nature herself, for almost 
as soon as he could crawl out-of-doors his health 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 25 


returned, very slowly, however; it was years 
before he outgrew the racking spasms of his heart. 

He was about 20 years of age when his eldest 
brother returned home from a visit to Europe, 
and it is not too much to say that his home- 
coming proved the turning-point in Hudson’s life, 
for he brought with him tidings of a new doctrine 
and a copy of Darwin’s Origin of Species. 


Il. The Naturalist in La Plata. 


As soon as the new doctrine of descent overcame 
the natural prejudice of earlier opinions, Hudson 
accepted it as infallibly true; all his field observa- 
tions went to confirm it and he became filled with 
wonder that the world had waited so long for a 
revelation which now seemed self-evident. Why, 
he asked, had men not discovered this long before 
they read the motions of the stars or the shape of 
the earth? But, in point of fact, evolution, as a 
theory, has always been accepted as inevitable by 
philosophers ever since the days of Thales and the 
Pre-Socraties. It was the process of it that had 
baffled, and that still baffles in many details, 
despite Darwin’s twin-props of Natural and Sexual 
Selection, with their corollaries of Variation and 
Adaptation to Environment.* Hudson had alto- 
gether too strone a mentality to accept Darwin’s 
explanations off-hand and he offered many shrewd 
criticisms of evolutionary argument. His width 
of field-observations and the soundness of his 
reflections made him easily the peer of such men 
as Darwin and Wallace; while his intuitions and 
imaginative power actually lifted him to a higher 
plane. In his aesthetic sense and power of expres- 
sion he has no equal in the field of Natural History. 

It was not diversity of form in the animal 
kingdom that drew him, still less the structure 
and anatomy of the carcase or the skeleton. It 
was the unity of the spirit that pervades living 
nature; the flame of life that flickers, however 
low, even in the flowers of the field, the tiny spark 
of intelligence that burns in the butterfly, the 
adder, the Sparrow, and the puma, no less than 
in the insect tribes of men. 

His records of fully 20 years as a field naturalist 
in South America were entered in log-books day 
by day from the time he was 15, and we know from 
Far Away and Long Ago that in his memory they 
went back 10 years earlier still. They have many 
of them been given to the world in scattered pages 
of such books as Birds and Man, Adventures 
Among Birds and A Hind in Richmond Park. 
But the bulk of them appeared in Hudson’s 
famous trilogy—Birds of La Plata, The Naturalist 
in La Plata, and Idle Days in Patagonia. 

A close study of these three books and the order 
in which they were written will more than repay 
us the time spent. The Birds of La Plata as 


26 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


first published under the forbidding title of 
Argentine Ornithology was in fact a systematic 
and severe work of science. It was written in 
collaboration with Philip Lutley Sclater, at that 
time the leading authority on South American 
birds. Its publication made Hudson recognized 
as one of the greatest naturalists in Europe. It 
serves to show that his master passion in nature 
study was bird life, and also that the systematic 
side of the science was not his forte or he would 
never have sought a collaborator. Probed a little 
more deeply it also reveals to us what Hudson’s 
true forte was. For whereas the whole -work 
consists of over 200 bird portraits and vignettes— 
in length only 2 or 3 pages apiece—there are two 
kinds of bird that so intrigued Hudson as to engross 
an entirely disproportionate space, the Carancho 
or Carrion Hawk dominating a territory of 30 
pages and three parasitic Cowbirds 45 pages. 
These two chapters show Hudson at his very best 
and are far the most interesting in the whole book. 
Readers of Far Away and Long Ago will already 
have guessed the reason. Hudson thought 
emotionally and in order to write he must have 
lots of elbow room and perfect freedom. These 
birds were associated with his boyish days and 
his earliest discoveries, and they lifted him to the 
very pitch of his powers. In these two chapters 
he struggled free from the fetters of systematic 
science. He must have realized even while 
writing his Argentine Ornithology that it cramped 
him hopelessly and, as it were, clogged the wings 
of his poetic flights. Hardly was the work pub- 
lished before he gathered the overflow of his feeling 
for Nature in the famous volume of The Naturalist 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


in La Plata. A great man of science once re- 
marked of this book that on the scientific side 
alone it was worthy of a place beside Darwin’s 
Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. As a literary achieve- 
ment, of course, it leaves Darwin far behind, and 
Wallace, and Belt, and Bates. It takes in all 
Nature and in such wonderful chapters as The 
Puma, Facts and Thoughts About Spiders, The 
Crested Screamer, Music and Dancing in Nature, 
we see the Naturalist at his best. 

But not even yet the Simon-pure W. H. Hudson. 
For his crowning excellence is surely psychological 
insight. He loved to interpret the soul of living 
nature, the feelings, emotions and thoughts of 
living creatures—insects, reptiles, birds and beasts 
—as he watched their behaviour; and no less, the 
re-actions of Nature upon man as he focussed the 
light of reason inwardly on his own soul. This 
last and supreme faculty of Hudson’s was revealed 
for the first time in Idle Days in Patagonia. This 
work, we are told, made such an impression on 
William James, the great psychologist, that he 
never tired of quoting from it, especially from the 
three closing chapters Concerning Eyes, The 
Plains of Patagonia, and The Perfume of an 
Evening Primrose. 

The dry-as-dust professors of Science no doubt 
viewed the successive parts of this first trilogy of 
Hudson’s with diminishing favour, but we as 
amateurs will gladly reverse the process and 
recognize the Birds of La Plata and The Naturalist 
in La Plata as merely the larval and pupal stages 
of the glorious winged butterfly that emerges into 
the summer sun of Idle Days in Patagonia. 


(Continued in the March issue) 


WHISTLING SWANS IN ONTARIO 
By W. E. SAUNDERS 


HE recent catastrophe at Niagara, when 
numbers of these birds met their death, 


was referred to by Hoyes Lloyd in The 


a 
Canadian Field-Naturalist for October, 


1923, page 138, and it is thought that some further 
attention should be called to certain phases of this 
matter and the possibilities involved. 


Residents at Niagara know that Swans pass 
over the falls to their death each year, though as 
a rule the loss of life is slight, but this year, if 
newspaper reports are to be credited, hundreds 
met disaster there. When the birds go over the 
Falls, about twenty-five per cent are killed out- 
right, and a smaller percentage of the remainder 
are so injured that they must die, but the majority 
survive their rashness, if such a term may be 
applied to an accident, and remain in the open 
water, or on the shore, for some days, recuperating; 


and when they feel able, they fly down the canyon 
towards the bridges, then turn south again, and 
thus fly back and forth till they have surmounted 
the height of the Falls, when they pass on up the 
river for perhaps a mile, when they again alight 
in the river, and unless luck favors them strongly 
they pass over again. This procedure may be 
followed two or three times, but at that time of 
the year there are frequent runs of ice over the 
cataract, and when one such arrives, the Swans 
below are soon caught between the larger pieces 
and bruised to death. In this way, so I am cred- 
ibly infocmed by the man who seems to know 
most about this matter, the total loss of life 
usually amounts to 90 or 95 per cent of those 
birds that go over. He has seen them washed 
down by the current and sucked under the ice- 
bridge, where, of course, there was no further 


February, 1924] 


hope for them. The fact that ice-runs are of 
frequent occurrence at that time’of the year leaves 
the birds little chance, once they have injured 
themselves by the great plunge. And the only 
‘way in which it now appears possible to save 
their lives is to produce some human interference. 
Two good men with a boat might easily catch 
most of the half-dazed birds, and remove them to 
a place of safety where they might have their 
health restored, and I am informed that the 
authorities have practically completed arrange- 
ments for this necessary work in 1924. 


In 1923, six of these birds were caught and sent 
to Jack Miner, at whose place they still are at 
the time of writing, apparently comfortable, 
happy, content and, contrary to the reports one 
hears of the Mute Swans of the parks, gentle. 
Men who have attempted to keep the Mute Swan 
along with other waterfowl have little good to say 
of the disposition of these big birds, but Jack 
Miner tells me that he has no more peaceable 
birds on his ponds than these six Whistlers. 


When these birds were taken there were a good 
many more that might have been saved, if plans 
had been laid for the purpose. But now the plans 
have been laid, and one may hope that 1924 will 
tell a different story. 


Jack Miner has for years had a dream of Swans 
coming to his place as the Geese do, and on the 
very day when the Niagara birds arrived at Kings- 
ville sixteen wild ones flew over, calling as usual. 
The captives honked loudly, but the migrants did 
not alight, but when the captives have had a 
year’s experience of Miner’s kindness, they may 
be able to produce more effective arguments to 
their wild brethren. At Niagara I was told that 
in former times, ten or fifteen years ago, Canada 
Geese went over the Falls in hundreds each 
spring, but that now not a single Goose is found. 
The reason is obvious. They have a refuge at 
Kingsville, and do not stop at or near Niagara, 
where so many have met their death in the past. 
Fifteen years ago Miner began to carry out plans 
which have resulted in the present astounding 
aggregation of Geese at his place each and every 


THE CANADIAN. FIELD-NATURALIST 27 


spring. He is now hoping that he can duplicate 
his Goose experience, with Swans as the objective 
the second time. 

For three miles west of Kingsville pier there is 
an area of shallow water nearly half a mile wide, 
with a sand-bar separating it from the lake, 
making an ideal resting place for wild fowl of all 
kinds. And it is there that the three thousand 
Geese that I counted on the morning of April 19th 
had spent the night. On this shallow water 
Swans have been in the habit of resting for a f-w 
days during many spring migrations, but until 
1921 their numbers were few, perhaps ten, o1 
twenty, or even thirty in a year. But in 1921 a 
more prolonged stay was made by 280 Swans, 
which left after a visit two weeks long. It is not 
known that any considerable number came in 
1922, but in 1923 they began to arrive towards 
the*end of March, and by April 10th it was 
estimated that they numbered nearly a thousand, 
but this larger number stayed only for a few days. 
It is understood that the authorities are now 
tackling the problem of giving these birds a real 
sanctuary, with special protection, and perhaps 
even food, if they come again in 1924, and if this 
can be done successfully, who knows but that in a 
few years it may be possible to see nearly the 
whole Swan population of the Atlantic coast 
gathered in sanctuary at Kingsville, and staying 
even as long as the Geese do. Tiey will, without 
doubt, find their way to the corn around Jack 
Miner’s ponds, and the double attraction of food 
and safety may have the same result with the 
Swans as it has had already with the Geese. 
The latter have been staying later and later each 
fall and returning earlier and earlier each spring, 
until, in the winter of 1922-23, a company of 150 
stayed all winter, and I understand that double 
that number were there to greet the new year of 
1924. 

A fairly complete resumé of Swans at Niagara 
was published by Fleming in The Auk for 1908, 
pp. 306-9, and for 1912, pp. 445-448, in which 
special reference is made to the death of a large 
number of Swans, from which Mr. Fleming ob- 
tained many specimens for his co!lection. 


RANGE OF THE MOOSE EXTENDING NORTHWARD 
By RUDOLPH MARTIN ANDERSON 


S THE moose (Alces americanus Jardine) 
is pre-eminently a browsing animal, 
feeding by preference on twigs and 
shrubs, records of its occurrence either 
on the prairie or on the northern tundras are rare. 
I have been told of a number of instances where 

natives have seen moose thirty or forty miles 


C15 46-35 
ef: id 
Katee 


north of the timber line in the vicinity of the 
Mackenzie River delta and one was killed on the 
mainland just across from Richard Island a few 
An Eskimo named Kenneth Ninak- 
shak shot a fairly large moose a few miles up the 
creek near Escape Reef, Shoalwater Bay, Yukon 


years ago. 


28 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Territory, early in May, 1914, and I saw the skin 
shortly afterwards at Herschel Island. 

Mr. Joseph Hodgson, a retired Hudson’s Bay 
Company factor, who was for many years in 
charge of posts at Rampart House, Fort Mc- 
Pherson, Fort Norman, and other far northern 
points, told me that up to about sixty years ago 
moose were very rarely seen east of the lower 
Mackenzie and that up to about 1905 moose 
were virtually unknown on the east side of Great 
Bear Lake. In 1911 we found moose to be not 
rare on the Dease River, northeast of Great Bear 
Lake, and the Indians reported that moose were 
fairly numerous on the great peninsula between 
Dease Bay and McTavish Bay known locally as 
Caribou Point. 

Mr. D’Arcy Arden, a well-known trapper and 
trader of that region, told me in May, 1916, that 
the Indians shot five moose on Caribou Point and 
three on Dease River during the winter of 1915- 
1916. 

While the moose are not very common at the 
edge of the scantily forested region and very 
rarely venture out on the Barren Grounds, a 
Copper Eskimo told us that he had seen two 
moose near the mouth of Rae River, west end of 
Coronation Gulf, in 1909 or 1910. He said they 
had small antlers and he supposed they were cows 
for that reason, a natural inference for a hunter 
familiar with the Barren Ground Caribou. These 
people had some knowledge of the moose from 
their occasional hunts to the edge of the Great 


Bear Lake timber, but few of them had actually - 


ever seen a moose. Captain Joseph F. Bernard 
also heard a report among the Eskimos of a 
moose being killed in 1910 somewhere in the 
region between Cockburn Point and Cape Krusen- 
stern. This is not very far from the Rae River 
record and perhaps is another version of the same 
story. 

Farther east, Mr. E. T. Blundell, in a letter 
dated February 2, 1920, from Island Lake Post, 
via West Selkirk and Norway House, Manitoba, 


writes :— 

“T have made frequent enquiries of the Indians 
regarding Moose and Deer, and find that forty 
years ago or thereabouts, Moose were unknown 
in this region [northeastern Manitoba]. Since 
then they have gradually appeared in increasing 
numbers and in some of the places more remote 
from the main lake are in fair numbers (mostly 
to the southeast, a better feeding country). Iam 
inclined to believe that the reason for the appear- 
ance of the Moose is due to the animals having 
been driven from the South by hunting. During 
the past two years Wolves have been on the 
increase and appear in numbers this winter..... 
If Wolves increase at the present rate I think that 
the Moose will rapidly vanish.” 


An interesting record of the occurrence of the 
moose in the region northwest of Hudson Bay was 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


given to Dr. M. O. Malte by Inspector E. G. 
Frere, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Novem- 
ber 27, 1923, with permission to have it published 
in The Canadian Field-Naturalist:— 

“T am afraid I cannot give you much detail as 
to the two moose being killed by natives near 
Chesterfield Inlet. I know this, that two moose 
were shot at about 40 or 50 miles southwest of 
the Police detachment which is situated on south 
shore opposite Fairway Island at the mouth of 
the Inlet. Moreover, they were not both shot at 
the same time, but some weeks passed in between. 
I believe the first was shot in January and the 
other in February, 1923. 

“The natives did not seem to know what kind 
of an animal it was and were a little afraid. They 
were shown pictures of various animals and then 
picked on the moose. Eventually both heads 
were brought into the Hudson Bay Post and there 
I saw them. Later we were given one and the 
horns are still there on the detachment though 
they have been sawn from the head which we ate, 
there being a scarcity of fresh meat. The horns 
are not large and are just losing the moss.”’ 


A photograph indicates that these animals 
were bulls about four or five years old, and pre- 
sumably they strayed from the timbered areas 
along the course of the Kazan River or the Du- 
brawnt river to the southwest. The fact that the 
moose was not familiar to the native hunters 
shows that its occurrence is rare in that region. 

The moose is perhaps second to the white-tailed 
deer among our big game animals in intelligence in 
adapting itself to changing conditions, but is 
much more apt to shift its range if molested too 
much. The moose can exist in comparatively 
large numbers close to civilization if it has some 
forest cover where it is not too much harried, as is 
well shown in parts of Quebec and New Brunswick 
where the moose becomes familiar enough with 
the sight and sound of settlers and lumbermen 
and their teams, so as not to be very wild. Many 
of those moose have seen so many people who have 
not attempted to molest them that moose are 
often very easy to hunt near the settlements. | 
The moose in many of the most remote districts 
seem to be much more timid, probably because 
they learn to consider man as an enemy at all 
seasons. 

Fifteen years ago, in 1908, the concensus of 
opinion of the old residents was that the moose 
was increasing all along the Mackenzie River 
valley, mainly because the Northern Indians had 
decreased at a very rapid rate, more than enough 
to compensate for the increased killing power of 
their more modern weapons. In more recent 
years, the belief is that the moose are decreasing 
all along this main travel route, owing to the 
increased number of traders and trappers who 
have gone into that region, attracted by the high 
prices of fur. At the same time, in some districts 
away from the main arteries of travel in Yukon 


February, 1924] 


and the North West Territories, moose are said 
to be more numerous than ever before. Owing 
to the solitary habits of the moose and its pre- 
ference for the thick bush, it cannot be slaughtered 
in such a wholesale manner as can the Barren 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 29 


Ground caribou and the musk-ox, so that, con- 
sidering its aptitude in occupying new ranges, 
there is every probability that moose will continue 
to exist in some of the back districts long after 
some of our other species have become extinct. 


Te PPP EP LLL ELLE EEE EEE EEL EEEEPEPE: 


Born 1848 


sys be be be be 


By the death, a few months ago, at Godbout, of 
the late Napoléon A. Comeau, natural history in 
Canada has lost one of its oldest and most devoted 
investigators. His was a remarkable and a most 
useful life. Born nearly four score years ago 
at one of the small Hudson Bay posts at Jérémie 
Island, Hudson Bay, long since abandoned, where 
his father was the Hudson’s Bay Company’s agent, 
Comeau was appointed private guardian of the 
Godbout salmon river in 1860 and resided there 
practically up to the time of his death in the 
autumn of 1923. He had few opportunities for 
schooling, but possessed a consuming desire for 
knowledge, and was largely a self-educated man. 
From the book of Nature he learned much, for of 
other books, in his early life, he had but few. 


In the autumn of 1882 he was the companion 
of Baron de la Grange on a hunting trip in the 
mountains of Wyoming. He was an occasional 
visitor to Quebec, but was not particularly fond 
of life beyond the limits of his native Canadian 
Labrador, though io October, 1922, upon the 
special invitation of the Honourable Honoré 
Mercier, Minister of Lands and Forests of the 
Province of Quebec, and at that time president of 
the International Association of Game, Fish and 
Conservation Commissioners, he attended the 
annual convention of the Association held at 
Madison, Wisconsin, to read a paper on the Wild 
Life of the Canadian Labrador, with special 
ceference to the birds of that coast. Upon that 
occasion he received quite an ovation, all those 
present crowding around him, eager not to lose a 
word of what he had to say to them, and Mr. F. 
C. Walcott, of Norfolk, Connecticut, rose im- 
mediately after Mr. Comeau had spoken, and 
offered a resolution to express gratitude for Mr. 
Comeau’s coming this long “distance so that we 
“might not only hear him but see him. I want to 
“say just this word,” he continued. “About ten 
“years ago when Frederic Selous came over to 
“hunt in Newfoundland, he stopped with me on 
“his way back just before he sailed, and said he 


IN MEMORIAM 


RNapoléon A. Comeau 


Died 1923 


9 ee i bir 


“had found a marvellous man up there in the 
“person of Mr. Comeau, who knew the natural 
“history of his country as few men did, and had 
“the gift of telling it. A little later, I read that 
“book, ‘Life and Sport on the North Shore’. I 
‘Immediately bought fifteen or eighteen copies 
“and sent them to friends of mine. Sheldon and 
“Chapman and myself all had had the marvellous 
“privilege of being with Warburton Pike at one 
“time or another; and Warburton Pike got this 
“book, looking upon it asa classic. So in offering 
“our thanks to Mr. Comeau, I personally appre- 
“ciate more than I can tell you the privilege of 
“looking at his face and hearing him talk.” 


For years and years he was the only man with 
any knowledge of medicine along a coastline of 
many hundreds of miles. In the families of the 
scattered residents in the various fishing settle- 
ments along the coast, “the Stork’”’ invoked Mr. 
Comeau’s assistance over 230 times, and without 
a single fatality. The surgical skill which he 
acquired by years of practice, following a hospital 
course of only one month, the medical knowledge 
which was his by virtue of the private study and 
reading of a lifetime, his surgical instruments, 
dental and other forces, stock of drugs, and the 
diphtheria and other serum supplied by the 
Government in times of epidemic were always 
freely at the disposal not only of the people of his 
immediate territory, but also of all those whom 
he could claim as neighbors for hundreds of miles 
around. ‘a 

This sketch cannot be made long enough to 
contain a reference to all of Mr. Comeau’s many 
activities. At Godbout, where he resided, he was 
postmaster, telegrapher, deputy coroner, Dom- 
inion Government fishery overseer, and guardian 
of the salmon fishing. He has served as agent 
for the Hudson’s Bay Company, and he spoke the 
language of the Montagnais Indians as well as he 
did English and French. Having lived practically 
all his life upon the coast, his knowledge of many 
tragic scenes and incidents was acquired at first 


30 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


hand, and these were described in his book “Life 
and Sport on the North Shore’’, in the native 
simplicity of language and manner characteristic 
of the author. 

Special urging was necessary to induce Mr. 
Comeau to tell of his heroic crossing of the lower 
St. Lawrence, with his brother, in an open canoe 
in mid-winter, through forty miles of ice, exposed 
to a tempreature of many degrees below zero for 
two days and a night, in the successful effort to 
save the lives of two of his friends. Only for the 
purpose of correcting earlier and erroneous 
reports of this dramatic event did Mr. Comeau 
consent to tell of it, as he has done in the chapters 
of his book modestly entitled ‘‘Across the St. 
Lawrence” and “Our Return Journey’; not- 
withstanding that all the newspapers of Canada 
and the United States sounded the praises of the 
rescuers, and that the Governor-General, the 
Lieut.-Governor, the Royal Humane Society, the 
Government of the Dominion, and the Société des 
Chevaliers Sauvateurs des Alpes Maritimes of 
Nice, vied with each other in showering honors 
upon them. 


To the cause of science Mr. Comeau has ren- 
dered signal service. His text-book has been that 
of Nature. Other works—of which his library at 
Godbout contains a useful selection—and oc- 
casional visits to museums have aided him in his 
studies of comparative anatomy. In original 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


research he has done much good work, for which 
he has received the thanks of officials of the Smith- 
sonian Institution and of members of various 
learned societies. His list of the birds of the 
North Shore, published in his book, is a scientific 
work of permanent value. 


The chapters devoted to the natural history of 
the North Shore, and especially to trapping and 
salmon fishing, are the work of an expert, and 
there is scarcely an angler anywhere who will not 
be interested in Mr. Comeau’s description of the 
salmon rivers of the North Shore, and of the 
various salmon problems, which he discusses out 
of the fullness of a life-long experience. What 
salmon fisherman will not be attracted by the 
scores—faithfully preserved for the last fifty years 
—of the salmon killed by roc and line in the God- 
bout river, and by the extraordinary kill of 57 
salmon in one day, to Mr. Comeau’s own rod, on 
the 9th July, 1874? 

The life story of the trapper and the folk-lore of 
the Indian hunters of the North Shore are contri- 
butions to our national literature that are destined 
to live, and not the least cherm of Mr. Comeau’s 
volume lies in the fact that it is a sane and in- 
structive book, conveying a graphic yet modest 
recital of fifty years’ work for humanity and 
science in one of the least-known but most in- 
teresting sections of Northern Canada.—k. T. 
D. C. 


CORRESPONDENCE 


EpIToR oF The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Canada. 
Sir, 

I read with considerable interest the article in 
the November issue of your paper by J. A. Munro 
on The Necessity of Vermin Control on Bird 
Sanctuaries and your note of dissent which followed 
it. I should like to take exception to the argu- 
ments that you present in the latter, which appear 
to me to be entirely fallacious. 

In referring to bird sanctuaries below, I mean 
the kind of sanctuary that is being established 
everywhere to-day. If I take a_ particular 
example of the type, say Lake Ministic in this 
Province, a bird sanctuary with which I am 
particularly familiar, I do so only for the sake of 
clarity and so that there can be no misunder- 
standing as to the thing I mean. My arguments 
apply to all other sanctuaries of a similar character 
and they are becoming almost legion. There are 
seven in the Province of Alberta alone, besides 
Federal and Provincial parks, which achieve the 
same objects with certain modifications. 

The impression one gains and is meant to gain 


from government and other literature is that these 
reserves are established for the preservation and 
protection of birds. They are being established 
in an age of excessive legislation in which all birds 
in the Dominion, with the exception of those 
species generally known as vermin, are protected 
during at least some time of the year. Outside 
the vermin class, with the exception of game birds 
on which there is a regulated open season, all 
others are protected by law throughout the entire 
year. Making the perfectly legitimate assump- 
tion that these laws are in the main observed, it 
stands to reason that to establish sanctuaries for 
the protection of this class of bird is fatuous and 
entirely useless, for they are already protected in 
any and every part of their range within the 
Dominion from January to December. Many 
generations hence, when the day comes that this 
country is really thickly populated, there may be 
some pretext for such reserves. Till then there 
is none. 

Under present conditions bird sanctuaries can 
in fact be of service only to two classes of birds, 
vermin and game. The latter are protected 


February, 1924] 


throughout the year except during the legitimate 
open season and a sanctuary therefore has signi- 
ficance to them only during the shooting months. 
They can find there a haven of refuge and we know 
from experience that they do not take long to 
discover and use it. During the rest of the year 
the area is meaningless to them. Any lake, under 
existing legislation, serves them for breeding 
purposes equally well, for they are safe from 
human interference on one and all alike. 

There remains then only the vermin class to be 
considered. It includes certain Hawks and Owls 
as well as Crows. (Mammalian vermin should 
strictly be included, for it enjoys an equal 
measure of immunity within the sanctuary.) 
But on these there are no closed seasons. Farmers 
and others shoot them all the year round without 
relenting. To them, and to them alone, has a 
bird sanctuary any meaning at all during the 
spring, when all living things are endeavouring to 
reproduce their kind and rear young. They 
alone are attracted to the reserves, for them the 
only gun-free areas. Your sanctuary, as you 
define it in your editorial, is in fact at this time of 
year a sanctuary for vermin, for vermin alone 
and for nothing else whatever. 

Under these conditions a sanctuary, so far from 
being one for all birds without preference or pre- 
judice, is for the major part of the year, which 
includes the critical period of a bird’s life-history, 
the breeding season, a veritable trap for the major- 
ity. The reasons are self-evident. A visit to 
Lake Ministic in May always presents the same 
aspect. It is the nearest conceivable thing to a 
vermin farm in existence. Here, there and 
everywhere are Crows, seeking shelter from pos- 
sible death on some neighbouring farm. Here 
they can breed unmolested and enjoy with im- 
punity their favourite diet, Ducks’ and other 
birds’ eggs. As one cruises about in a canoe 
locating Duck nests to see how the birds are 
faring, one finds one clutch after another either 
partially or completely sucked, for the Crows 
have found them. If one pays a visit later, in 
June, one sees the first fruits of such a haven of 
concentrated vermin. On every hand are drakes, 
in partial eclipse, remating with ducks that should 
be tending broods of young instead of indulging in 
love flights with mates in circus garb. It is the 
most unnatural and ridiculous spectacle and 
might even be funny, but one’s laugh dies on one’s 
lips when one thinks of the old days on Ministic 
before it became a sanctuary, when it was one of 
the great strongholds for breeding Ducks. 

Yet later in the season one realises still more 
the utter futility of such a sanctuary as Lake 
Ministic. If one goes to it in August as I have 
done, immediately after visiting other lakes that 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 31 


are not reserves, where every young Duck noted 
has been strong on the wing, and sees here old 
birds followed by a few downy ducklings, some- 
times by only one and very often by none at all, 
one does not know whether to laugh or to cry. 
But when one stops to consider that these same 
little ducklings are practically doomed to certain 
death and that they represent the second or third 
or possibly even the fourth attempts of the old 
birds to rear young, a strain that no wild birds 
can stand, tears are surely the logical thing. 
Yet this is the kind of sanctuary that you are 
advocating. One can only regret that you should 
feel “that we ought not to publish this paper 
(Mr. Munro’s) without expressing at the same 
time marked dissent from its premises and con- 
clusions’’. 

With regard to other species Ministic presents 
much the same spectacle. Of the scores of Hol- 
boel’s and Western Grebes that breed on it, or 
perhaps attempt to breed would be more correct, 
I have not yet known a single one to bring off a 
complete brood, while birds with single chicks or 
none at all are extremely common. For them it 
is no sanctuary. It is a death trap. One has 
only to watch Crows a few times dropping down 
from the blue, apparently aiming for the head of 
a Grebe sitting on her exposed nest, and see her 
sit up and raise one wing in self defence while the 
marauder quietly glides by the nest and grabs an 
exposed egg, to find an excellent reason for the 
fact that so few Grebes are ever reared on Lake 
Ministic, a sanctuary of exactly the kind you 
recommend. 

For the small birds that are generally not 
molested by Crows the place is not a sanctuary 
in any case for there is nothing to make it one. 
The whole surrounding neighbourhood offers the 
same attractions. The birds are protected by law 
and can breed anywhere. If there is a difference 
in any one direction it is certainly in favour of the 
outside where Crows, Hawks, weasels, etc., are 
of course less abundant than they are on the 
ground set aside for their special protection. 
But with regard to small birds the situation is 
deceptive in any case for a peculiar reason—the 
ability of birds to find new mates when they have 
lost the old. The situation is well described in 
a very able and suggestive article by A. A. Allen 
on the Screech Owl, in the January number of The 
Auk. It deals with the life-history of a pair of 
these birds on a small private sanctuary in Ithaca, 
N.Y. In spite of the depredations of these two 
Owls, the “‘birds nesting in the sanctuary in 1923 
showed a slight increase’, a fact that would 
surely make excellent advertising for the protec- 
tion of vermin. But unfortunately there is a fly 
in the ointment. The author demonstrates in 


32 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


detail in his paper what he finally sums up in the 
following words: (7) “When both birds of a pair 
were killed on the same night by the Owls, that 
pair ceased to be represented in the sanctuary, 
but if only one was taken, the survivor secured a 
mate almost immediately so that the destructiveness 
of the Owls was in this way covered up.”’ 

There is no doubt that this sort of thing goes 
on all the time in every sanctuary. It is a point 
in which I have been interested for some time. 
Last summer I had nesting outside my window a 
pair of Western Wood Pewees, the male of which 
I shot in June. Five hours later a new one had 
replaced him. During a week I shot four cocks 
and the fifth was left in peace to rear the brood 
with the bird that laid the eggs. Suppose that 
these birds had been breeding on a reserve and 
that instead of my gun being the instrument of 
death it was a pair of Sharp-shinned Hawks. 
They would certainly not have confined their 
destructive activities to a week, but would have 
continued them throughout the season. It is 
interesting to speculate as to the number of 
Wood Pewees that would have been lured into 
that Sanctuary to certain death. Yet the young 
might have flown in the end to the credit of the 
sanctuary and the cheers of the idealist, blind to 
the underlying carnage and destruction. But the 
same pair of Hawks would of course be preying on 
other small birds at the same time. These too 
would have to be taken into account. So would 
those other hundreds ‘being*killed?simultaneously 
by all the other? Hawks,® Owls,* Crows, weasels, 
squirrels, etc., in this retreat for vermin. It could 
hardly be called a” paradise for small birds, this 
sanctuary of yours. 

There are two solutions to the problem. Either 
one can protect the Crow and other vermin 
throughout the country and eliminate any attrac- 
tion that a sanctuary might have for them, in 
which case its sole remaining function would be 
the protection of game birds during the shooting 
season, or one can take measures not merely to 
reduce the vermin in the sanctuary, but to keep 
it out altogether. The first alternative is on the 
face of it out of the question. The second is the 
reasonable and only possible solution. A sanc- 
tuary, so I learn from the dictionary, means “a 
haven of refuge’”’ which, I take it, signifies a spot 
safe from harm of all sorts. So long as an area 
remains a home of rest and plenty for Crows and 
other vermin, together constituting the worst 
natural enemies that other birds know, it can not, 
by any stretch of the imagination, be termed a 
sanctuary for any but the predatory species that 
have all the others at their mercy. 

In England, crowded as it is, where practically 
every farm is a virtual game preserve and vermin 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


is systematically destroyed by every possible 
means, not on small localised areas alone, but all 
over the country, Sparrow Hawks (the British 
equivalent of our Sharp-shinned and Cooper’s 
Hawks) and Crows, the most relentlessly per- 
secuted of all, are still to be found anywhere and 
everywhere. In this country with its countless 
thousands of square miles of unsettled territory, 
there is no excuse at all for not converting the 
so-called sanctuaries into real ones by systematic- 
ally exterminating all vermin that sets foot or wing 
inside their boundaries. If the time should ever 
come that these birds show decrease to such an 
extent that their existence is imperiled, they 
could, for a reasonable period, be again permitted 
to use the sanctuaries. The reappearance of the 
Bittern, and the steady increase in recent years of 
the Peregrine Falcon and other predatory species 


‘that were on the verge of extermination in Eng- 


land, are evidence of what can be done to save a 
bird race in the eleventh hour by legislation that 
is reasonably enforced. 

If those people who derive greater satisfaction 
from seeing a Great Horned Owl sitting on a tree 
than from shooting and eating a Grouse know 
that they cannot see it by going onto a sanctuary, 
they can find it almost anywhere outside over 
thousands of miles if they are prepared to take 
the trouble. There is no doubt great satisfaction 
to be derived from motoring to an advertised 
sanctuary and being shown in comfort and with a 
minimum expenditure of energy a Horned Owl 
that has grown fat and tame and sleek at the 
expense of game and other birds, but it is a satis- 
faction that not a soul has the right to enjoy. 
The bird there means only one thing, that the 
sanctuary is one for vermin, and hence, for noth- 
ing else. It is a haven of refuge for 5% of the 
avian population against the 95% for which it is 
a veritable trap. Whether we consider it from 
the point of view of the appropriation of public 
funds, or of what is best for birds as a whole, or 
of the dictionary meaning of the word sanctuary, 
or of esthetics or of anything else, the just thing 
is to make it a refuge for the 95% at the expense 
of the remaining 5%. ° 

To infer that because some people like to see 
Great Horned Owls, therefore the species is as 
useful to mankind as is the Grouse, is entirely 
fallacious. It would be just as sound to argue 
that because the village idiot is somebody’s darling, 
and has to buy food and clothing from the village 
store, therefore he is as beneficial to the village 
community as the local schoolmaster. Yet the 
idiot is not only considered useless from any other 
aspect but sufficiently undesirable for special 
legislation to be enacted restraining him from 
marrying, for instance, and from other activities 


February, 1924] 


that the rest enjoy. And even though some lead- 
ing light, like the village parson, might think that 
the idiot should be free to do as he liked because 
he is a human being like the others, what right 
would the parson have of enforcing his opinion? 
None whatever. And because unreasoning senti- 
mentalists wish Crows, Horned Owls and other 
undesirable birds to have a free run of the sanc- 
tuaries there is still no reason why they should get 
their way, for the admittance of these birds is 
incompatible with the whole idea and object of a 
sanctuary. I am quite prepared to believe that 
in heaven the lion and the lamb will lie down 
together and the Sharp-shinned Hawk and the 
Sparrow will nest in peace side by side, but that 
a government sanctuary notice can produce the 
same effect is more than I can credit. 

While I agree that it would be a pity to con- 
found bird sanctuaries and game farms, it seems 
to me that to confound bird sanctuaries and 
vermin farms is an incomparably graver error. 


Yours, 


Department of Zoology, Wn. Rowan, 
University of Alberta, 
Edmonton, Alberta, 


January 19, 1924. 


EDITOR OF The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Canada. 
Sir: 

May I ask you to kindly allow me some space 
to express my opinion of your criticism of Mr. 
J. A. Munro’s excellent article in the November 
number on Vermin Control in Government 
Sanctuaries. 

Your editorial expresses the extreme view of 
many of the protectionists of to-day, that pre- 
datory birds and mammals should be protected 
for their esthetic value in direct opposition to the 
doctrine of the greatest possible good to the 
greatest possible number. 

There are many upholders of your theory, 
which is largely based on that ancient phantasy— 
the so-called Balance of Nature. That anyone, 
like yourself, who has travelled in the Canadian 
wilderness and witnessed the fearful scarcity of 
bird life away from man’s influence should hold 
this view is only a small degree more inexplicable 
than that it should have its advocates among men 
whom we have been led to regard as our leading 
authorities in bird-lore. In an editorial in the 
last Auk (January, 1924) there occurs the follow- 
ing passage in reference to a proposed campaign 
against the Crow. ‘‘Most ornithologists will differ 
on this latter statement while the publications of 
the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (Biological Survey) 
show that the Common Crow does as much good 
as harm. By all means let the farmer kill Crows 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 33 


when damaging crops but do not let us exterminate 
an extremely interesting species of bird on the 
advice of ammunition manufacturers.” 

Exterminate! (the italics are not mine). Does 
this editor realize that in the densely populated 
island of England every effort has been made for 
centuries to exterminate the Crow, together with 
the Old World equivalent of our Sharp-shinned 
Hawk, and yet these two pests still exist every- 
where in the British Isles? True, their numbers 
are held in check, resulting in a wealth of bird-life 
to be seen nowhere else in the world, but the most 
ardent game-protectionists know only too well 
that their extermination is an absolute impos- 
sibility. This bogey of extermination is now 
being worked too hard; at a recent meeting of the 
American Ornithologists’ Union a member serious- 
ly advocated the protection of the Sharp-shinned 
Hawk; they laid such beautiful eggs. 

As to the Crow, it now presents what is prob- 
ably the most serious menace to bird-life in 
North America, and its numbers are increasing at 
an extraordinary rate, especially on the prairies. 
The investigation by the Biological Survey, alluded 
to above, wholly dealt with its relation to agricul- 
ture. No consideration was given to its effect on 
game and other bird life, nor was any analysis 
made to detect the presence of eggs in the stomach 
contents. If this had been done, especially with 
stomachs from game-producing regions, the ver- 
dict would have been so overwhelmingly against 
the Crows of all sorts that no thinking man would 
be able to defend them. 

We are now at the parting of the ways. There 
are many intelligent bird-lovers, neither sportsmen 
nor collectors, who advocate vermin control 
wherever possible, just as they would advocate 
the “extermination” of noxious weeds, despite 
the howls of some fanatic who finds esthetic 
pleasure in a thistle or a cockle-burr. 

The reading of Mabel Osgood Wright’s Stories 
jrom Bird-Craft Sanctuary affords a most encourag- 
ing sign of the times. Here we have a sane 


protection, and I would especially refer to Dr. 


Chapman’s comment on these (Bird-Lore, Sep- 
tember-October 1922, p. 293). Two quotations 
from this editorial are apposite. ‘The Sanctuary 
has become not only a home for harmless birds | 
but a well-stocked hunting ground for predaceous 
ones.” ‘It seems to us that basing our actions on 
the principles of justice and fair play . . . we should 
protect our native birds from the English Sparrow, 
our poultry from marauding Hawks, our fish- 
ponds from murderous Herons, and make our 
sanctuaries true havens of refuge.” 

To the advocates of the principles of leaving 
birds entirely to Nature’s mercies, protecting 
them only from man, I can cite two recent ex- 


34 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


amples at the opposite ends of the large territory 
under the advisory jurisdiction of the Audubon 
Society. First the Heath Hen on Martha’s 
Vineyard. After many years of protection and 
the expenditure of large sums this splendid game 
bird may be classed as wiped out, the last reports 
giving a total of 40 males and no females. 

After reading the reports outlining the factors 
that have resulted in this condition, one is driven 
to the conclusion that the employment of one or 
two European gamekeepers at a very moderate 
cost would have resulted in the perpetuation of 
the Heath Hen. These keepers would have 
known from experience what would be the result 
of leaving a reduced number of the females of a 
polygamous bird to the mercies of a preponderance 
of males. Also they would be under no delusions 
as to the utility of the Marsh Hawk—that arch- 
enemy of all ground-nesting birds during the 
breeding season. 

Second example, the effort to protect the Murres 
of the Farallones. At present, after years of 
protection, these are reduced to one-fifth of their 
former abundance when they were entirely un 
protected by law and their eggs were used as a 
source of food supply for San Francisco. 

The eggers in those days systematically raided 
the colonies of Western Gulls, keeping them in 
check. Now, under absolute protection the Gulls 
have increased prodigiously, to the detriment and 
possible future “extermination” of the very birds 
it was proposed to protect. Even Dr. Nelson, 
the Chief of the Biological Survey, is unable to 
get any legislation passed removing the protection 
from such destructive birds as the larger Gulls, 
although he strongly advocates this removal. 

But California is a wonderful State—it abso- 
lutely protects Crows and Magpies at all seasons 
and places, and further expends large sums in the 
importation and propagation of game birds to 
provide the Crows with their favorite food. 

However there are a great many sensible bird- 
lovers in that State who have used their own eyes, 
and are now ready to break away from the blight- 
ing influence of the fanatical protectionist who 
views with equanimity any bird destruction, 
however serious, as long as he is left to damage in 
every way the activities of his two bugbears—the 
sportsman and the ornithological collector. 

Had I space I would have liked to conclude with 
an account of the making of a true bird-sanctuary, 
where no illusions as to Nature’s protecting «gis 
were allowed to influence a system which resulted 
in thirty-four species of birds nesting on less than 
five acres. It is doubtful if such a condition 
exists anywhere else on this continent; but I 
have already taken up more space than I care to, 
and will conclude with the heartfelt wish that 


VoL. XXXVIII 


Government Sanctuaries be made into actual 
havens of refuge, and that the vast outside wilder- 
ness be considered sufficient refuge to prevent the 
extermination of predatory birds. 

Yours faithfully, 


ALLAN BROOKS. 


Okanagan Landing, B.C. 
January 25, 1924. 


EDITOR OF The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Canada. 


Dear Sir: 

In a recent issue of The Canadian Field-Natur- 
alist I read with great interest an article by J. A. 
Munro on Vermin Control.in Bird Sanctuaries and 
your reply to same. Although no one could be 
more averse to taking life than I am, yet I am 
bound to confess that I fail to see how a bird 
sanctuary can be operated successfully if Crows, 
Magpies, squirrels, etc., are to be allowed to prey 
on the birds for which our sanctuaries were 
primarily created. Since our Alberta Natural 
History Society—of which I am a member— 
acquired the right to operate a half-section of land 
as a Bird Sanctuary, I have seen how futile it is 
to hope for an increase of the birds we had in 
mind to protect especially—on account of the 
vermin already mentioned. Our notice boards 
inform the public that no shooting is allowed and 
such wise birds as the Crow and the Magpie are 
quick to learn where they are safe from molesta- 
tion, more’s the pity. Crows, of late years, have 
been nesting in a park which adjoins our lawn, 
and it is heartbreaking to see them coming into 
our gardens and taking young birds out of the 
nests to feed their broods. Even domestic chicks 
are taken, and this happens in town! Perhaps 
you can imagine what it must be like in the quiet 
of a Sanctuary. Twenty years ago the Magpie 
was rare here—to-day it is a menace, and it and 
the Crow constitute the deadliest enemies of our 
Ducks and other birds during the nesting period. 


ELSIE CASSELS. 
Red Deer, Alberta. 


Epritor oF The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Canada. 


Dear Sir: 

The recent number of The Naturalist has just 
come to my hands, and I am pleased to see your 
well-expressed and liberal editorial on Bird Sanc- 
tuaries. Your point is well taken, for, after all, 
vermin, if native, are as much a part of the wild 
life and fully as interesting as many of the pre- 
ferred life forms whose interest is enhanced by 
sentiment. 

The experiment of passive protection, similar 


February, 1924! 


to Henshaw’s (cited by Munro), brought forth 
most interesting results upon my own small 
summer location on the barren shores of Cape 
Ann, Massachusetts. Near extensive salt marshes, 
where a grove of beeches and scarlet oaks have 
gained a foothold, my observations for some 15 
years have shown that small bird life can be 
slightly increased by providing artificial food and 
shelter in the usual ways, and of course by fighting 
the domestic cats and rats. Yet in the same 
grove, Screech Owls and Crows have taken up 
their abode; 
tained their presence, and even snakes (Tham- 


skunks and squirrels have main- 


nophis and Ophibolus) have increased noticeably— 
which might seem to the bird sentimentalist 
Yet the smaller birds 
maintained their happiness and numbers as well, 


rather atrocious! have 
while the grand surprise of the year (1923) was 
the recurrence of the House Wren as a nesting 
resident after having been reported by Townsend 
as a missing form from this cape for the past 
After all, it is nature that 
the naturalist wants, not animal propaganda 


twenty years or more. 


evoked by sentiment or fancy for this songster or 
that insectivorous bird. We are apt to become 
too pragmatic in respect to pest-producing or pest- 
killing birds and their utility, overlooking the 
broader aspects of natural history at large. If we 
did the same in human history we should have to 
focus interest and study upon one or another of 
the dominant racial types and ignore the natural 


aboriginal ones, or vice-versa. 
Yours very truly, 
FRANK G. SPECK. 


Assistant Professor of Anthropology, 


University of Pennsylvania, 


December 11, 1923 Philadelphia, Pa. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 35 


EpiTor OF The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Canada. 
Dear Sir: 

I was much interested in your editorial on Bird 
Sanctuaries in the November number of The 
Canadian Field-Naturalist, and thoroughly agree 
with your assertion that bird sanctuaries and 
game farms should not be treated in the same way. 

The extermination of Hawks and Owls, Crows 
and squirrels because many of them destroy 
insectivorous birds or their young, besides sadly 
interfering with the “balance of nature’ in the 
weeding out of weaklings and unfit, would deprive 
us of much enjoyment in nature. Hudson in 
England says: ‘‘For who that has ever looked at 
nature in other regions, where this perpetual 
hideous war of extermination against all noble 
feathered life is not carried on, does not miss the 
great soaring bird in the scene—eagle, or vulture, 
or buzzard, or kite, or harrier—floating at ease on 
the broad vans, or rising heavenwards in vast and 
ever vaster circles? . . . But the great soaring bird 
is nowhere in our lonely sky, and missing it, we 
remember the reason of its absence and realize 
what the modern craze for the artificially reared 
pheasant has cost us.”’ 

Furthermore, it is very doubtful whether if 
these “‘vermin’’ were exterminated, there would 
be any notable increase in the number of insecti- 
vorous birds. Dr. Arthur A. Allen’s thoughtful 
paper on the food habits of a pair of Screech Owls 
in a small bird sanctuary, in the January Auk is 
worth considering in this connection. 

I therefore agree with you that bird sanctuaries 
will best fulfil their purpose if the evil effects of 
man and all his works together with his domestic 
cat are excluded, and I believe that these sanc- 
tuaries are no places for the indescriminate 
extermination of birds and beasts whose esthetic 
value add to our interest and joy in life, not to 
mention their own feelings in the matter. 

Yours very truly, 
CHARLES W. TOWNSEND, 
98 Pinckney St., 


January 14, 1924. Boston, Mass. 


EDITORIAL 
Control of Predatory Birds and Small Mammals 


In this number are printed several letters which 
have been received as a result of the publication, 
in our issue for November last, of Mr. J. A. 
Munro’s paper on The Necessity for Vermin 
Control on Bird Sanctuaries, with accompanying 
editorial comment. These letters show a decided 
difference of opinion among our readers and are 
evidence of a strong and widespread interest in the 


subject discussed. 

Nevertheless, we believe that the differences of 
opinion between those who have contributed to 
this discussion are not actually as great as may 
at first appear. We confess with regret that we 
lack a first-hand acquaintance with those con- 
ditions in sanctuaries in western Canada upon 
which apparently are based the conclusions of 


36 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


those correspondents who object to the statements 
made in our November editorial on this subject, 
but a careful perusal of the letters of those corres- 
pondents leads to the belief that the unsatisfactory 
conditions which they describe very clearly were 
provided against in our previous remarks. In 
support of this belief we quote the following 
sentence from our editorial in the November 
Naturalist: 

“Tn most sanctuaries birds need be protected 
only against man and unnatural enemies for which 
he is responsible, such as, in North America, 
domestic cats, ‘English’ Sparrows, and a cwiliza- 
tion-crealed surplus of native predators.” (Italics 
not in original.) It appears from our corres- 
pondents’ letters that the over-abundance of 
Crows, Magpies, Hawks, Western Gulls and 
similar predatory species, of which they justly 
complain, has resulted directly from the inter- 
vention of man and his civilization. To destroy 
this undesirable surplus of native predators, 
leaving only the original and normal numbers of 
these species, would in no way conflict with the 
opinions which we previously expressed. 

The subject of predatory species in bird sanc- 
tuaries is only a small part of the general subject 
of our relations with them. 

There can bé no doubt that the Crow, for 
example, has increased greatly in numbers over 
the greater part of North America since the 
cultivation of the land increased his food supply 
manyfold. While the Crow in natural numbers 
was probably chiefly a useful destroyer of insects 
and small mammals and a harmless eater of wild 
fruit and sea food, in his present abundance he is 
an important menace to many of our most desir- 
able game and insectivorous birds. This situation 
requires neither an attempt to exterminate the 
Crow nor absolute protection for it, but a policy 
of control, under which surplus Crows may be 
destroyed and the Crow population may be kept 
normal in number, so that the maximum benefit 
may be obtained from it. Organized Crow 
“shoots” and poisonings and similar methods of 
wholesale destruction may occasionally be neces- 
sary in giving effect to such a policy, but they 
should not be permitted except under intelligent 
supervision, preferably governmental. Similar 
methods of control should be applied to such 
partly predatory species as the Bronzed Grackle, 
the Magpie, some Gulls, and Squirrels, and also to 
the Cowbird. 


NOTES ANU 


New RECORDS ror POINT PELEE.—Ornitholo- 
gical study at Point Pelee has shown some 
surprises in the way of absence of species which 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


Such great differences in food habits exist among 
our native Hawks and Owls that all the members 
of these groups cannot be treated alike. It is 
known that some of these species are almost 
altogether beneficial to man’s activities, that the 
economic status of others, such as the Osprey, is 
practically neutral, and that others do some harm 
and much good. A few species, such as the 
Accipiters, are economically very injurious. 
None of them attain the abundance of the Crow 
or the Bronzed Grackle. 

Those native Hawks and Owls which are found 
to be wholly beneficial or neutral should enjoy 
legal protection at all times. Those which are 
chiefly beneficial, but which are responsible for a 
certain amount of harm to useful wild or domestic 
birds should also be protected by law, with a pro- 
vision that they might be shot when found actually 
destroying or attempting to destroy domestic 
fowl, or wild birds in a sanctuary area. Such a 
provision, although it might be subject to a cer- 
tain amount of unpreventable abuse, is necessary, 
for legislation which would penalize an owner of 
domestic fowl for protecting them against a 
marauding Hawk or Owl in case of actual attack 
would lessen popular approval of bird protection 
in general. Moreover, destruction caused by 
Hawks and Owls which are generally useful is often 
the work of certain individual birds which have 
“gone wrong,” and if these birds are killed the 
relative amount of good done by the species as a 
whole will be increased. 

The few species of Hawks and Owls whose 
habits are largely injurious to human interests 
need, generally speaking, neither protection nor 
special efforts aimed at their extermination. If 
they become locally over-abundant, in a bird 
sanctuary or elsewhere, their numbers should be 
reduced to normal, and if there appears to be real 
danger of the extermination of any species it should 
be protected temporarily. So long as the kinds 
of birds commonly ranked as useful and desirable 
continue to increase in numbers we should not 
begrudge the fact that some of their individuals 
are taken for the maintenance, in modest numbers, 
of the species of Accipiters and their like. 

To sum up, we should decide on the abundance 
desired in the case of each species, and give to 
each its place, keeping it within limits. Both 
artificial conditions in some areas and “natural’’ 
conditions in other areas must be maintained by 
human control. 


OBSERVATIONS 


ought reasonably to occur. Perhaps the most 
striking of these are Pine Grosbeak (in spite of 
the casual abundance of Evening Grosbeaks, 


February, 1924] 


Purple Finches and Crossbills), Arctic 3-Toed and 
Red-bellied Woodpeckers, Acadian and Alder 
Flycatchers, and Louisiana Water-Thrush. 

The ‘Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker is a rare 
migrant at London, but the Red-bellied is rarely 
suspected to migrate. The two Flycatchers, 
however, certainly do migrate, and that every 
year, and many a Least has lost its life on account 
of our effort to learn something of the migration 
of the other species. On August 17, 1923, success 
at last crowned our efforts, and an Alder Fly- 
catcher was secured by W. E. and F. A. Saunders, 
working together at the Point. We suspected 
two Flycatchers of being Alders, but one of them 


was a Least with a yellowish tinge below. It 


seemed strange after nineteen years of work, to 
take, as a new species on the Point, such a common 
bird as the Alder Flycatcher, which is not only 
locally abundant, but is spread over so wide a 
territory that many thousands of individuals must 
pass through that region each year. 

But perhaps this is no more remarkable than 
the vagaries of the Olive-sided Flycatcher, which 
is moderately common in much of the spruce 
country to the north, and is seen only in the most 
surprisingly sparse numbers in the migrations. 
Any observer who sees half a dozen in a season is 
doing remarkably well, and indeed, he is much 
more likely to see none at all. Even at Point 
Pelee, the best place in the whole world (?) for 
migrations, there are records of two periods of 
four days each in August and September in which 
not a single Olive-sided Flycatcher was recorded, 
though we saw 6 Duck Hawks in that time (per- 
haps the Flycatchers were inside?). 

The other bird which has been added to the 
Point List is the Louisiana Water-Thrush. North- 
ern Water-Thrushes are very abundant at times, 
one friend even going so far as to say he saw more 
of them in a couple of days at the Point than he 
had seen in all the rest of his life, and every year, 
spring and fall, but especially the latter, there are 
days when they are common. But the Louisiana 
Water-Thrush, though fairly common in much of 
the country immediately north and north-east of 
the Point, has succeeded in eluding us for many 
years, though we always felt that it must be taken 
some day, and that day came on April 23, 1920, 
when, hunting alone, I saw a Water-Thrush in 
the wet area known as “Bert’s east ridge’, a 
ridge running north and south, wooded with 
second growth, and having on each side of it a 
low-lying tract which is full of water in wet 
seasons. The bird was feeding busily, and I was 
attracted by its note, which is different only when 
one is fairly familiar with both species. Careful 
study with the glass resulted in the capture of 
the bird and it was, as was expected, a Louisiana 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 37 


Water-Thrush. In the breeding season, it is 
likely that one could collect a dozen birds of this 
species within twenty miles of the Point, but their 
travels are conducted with such secrecy that they 
eluded all efforts to place them on the Pelee 
visiting list till this date. ‘So far as known, this 
species is sparingly distributed, perhaps a pair to 
every few square miles, over all the country for 
thirty miles north of Lake Erie, this distance 
probably becoming less as the latitude rises at the 
east end of the lake. Canadian specimens are 
scarce, as it is almost impossible to find them in 
the migrations and one has the greatest reluctance 
to collect specimens of breeding birds near their 
northern limit, where they are always rare.— 
W. E. SAUNDERS. 


THE PINE MOUSE IN ONTARIO.—Ever since 
Robert Elliott, whose memory is ever green in 
Middlesex County, Ontario, added this species, 
Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides (Audubon and 
Bachman), to the Canadian faunal list, by taking 
a few specimens at the farm of Joseph Beck, near 
Thorndale, the writer has been desirous of emulat- 
ing the feat, and many and many a trapping 
expedition has been made, under Joe’s competent 
guidance, to the very corner of the very woods 
where the’first ones were taken, but all to no avail. 
The fall of 1923 was no exception. A line of 
traps was laid down on October 26th and faith- 
fully tended till November 4th, but while Microtus 
were abundant, and Peromyscus common, no Pine 
Mice were to be had. The very first visit pro- 
duced a surprise in the form of the rare little 
Lemming Mouse, Synaptomys fatuus, and after 
several days another was added to the spoils, but 
all the Pine Mice might have been a hundred miles 
away for all we could prove about them. 

On November 9th, in an effort to convert 
J. Dewey Soper to the idea that Ontario country 
was really enjoyable, we set a line of traps about 
25 miles southwest of Joe Beck’s farm, and at the 
very first visit on November 12th, found a Pine 
Mouse almost in the first trap. It was entirely 
unexpected; in fact, the location was chosen for 
the double purpose of possibly adding the Red- 
backed Mouse to the county fauna, and of getting 
a few Smoky Shrews—and one of the latter was 
actually taken on the same day—and the puzzle 
now is to find out more of the distribution of this 
rare little mouse. The location of Robert Hlliott’s 
specimens was a level woods of beech and maple, 
and the mice were suspected of eating the bark 
off the exposed roots of the beech trees, but the 
last one was found on the side of a ravine, clothed 


- with hemlock, oak, poplar, and shrubs, the two 


situations being just about as different as they 
possibly could be. The mouse was taken under 


38 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


thin hemlock brush, and right beside it was a wet 
spot where a slow spring oozed down the bank. 
Further trapping on both sides failed of success, 
and there we are left for the present.—W. E. 
SAUNDERS. 


AN UNUSUAL SIGHT DESCRIPTION OF A BIRD 
VERIFIED.—Most people who are reputed to know 
something about the birds of their home district 
must sooner or later have anomalies described to 
them by amateur observers. It requires some 
adroitness of wit to dissuade the amateur from 
his belief in the strange feathered creature he 
describes with such care, and a certain skill and 
power in argument to convince such an observer 
without offence that the bird described has not 
yet been evolved. 

All will admit that sight identification of birds 
has its pitfalls, and although I tremble to add to 
the troubled state of mind of those who must 
honestly endeavour to lead the beginner in his 
first ornithological steps, this little story of a 
weird bird that really occurred must be told in 
the interest of truth, and because it bears a little 
moral for both observer and mentor. 

On October 28th last Master Robert Lockwood 
reported seeing a strange bird in our garden in 
Ottawa, and mentioned that it had a yellow head 
and wings. The next day Mrs. Lloyd reported 
seeing a bird in the garden for which she des- 
cribed the outstanding points as being a yellow 
rump, a yellow head, and a beak like that of a 
House Sparrow. Incredulity, however cautiously 
expressed, and even cross-questioning did not 
cause her to alter the details of description one 
iota. Bird books and pictures in them seemed to 
centre her attention on the Myrtle Warbler, and 
fall specimens were produced. After careful 
examination by the observer these were pro- 
nounced like the unknown, but the unknown had 
a beak like that of a House Sparrow. The usual 
deadlock familiar to all who identify birds from 
descriptions of others had been reached. 

On October 30th I saw the unknown at fairly 
close range, but in poor light, and was inclined to 
question my own eye-sight for a moment, for, to 
judge from its appearance, it was a strange new 
kind of bird that I was viewing. Examination 
in the hand showed it to be a Purple Finch which 
possibly had escaped from captivity, for every 
part of the plumage which should be purple was 
yellow. Needless to say, “it had a beak like that 
of a House Sparrow’’, and certainly I learned to 
be very cautious about discarding sight identifi- 
cations, however improbable they might seem. 
In this instance it gives me great pleasure to 
confirm a strange but true sight description by 
an amateur, and to state beyond peradventure 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


that doubts cast upon the sight of the observer 
were without foundation—HoyveEs LLoyp. 


THE COLLECTION OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS 
IN THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY.— 
Since the inception of the Royal Ontario Museum 
in 1913, various small collections of bird-skins have 
become accessions of the department of Zoology. 
Heretofore no information has been given out 
regarding the size or nature of this study material 
and it seems advisable at the present time to call 
attention to the collection of North American 
forms so they may be referred to by the workers 
in Ornithology. 

The total number of specimens, exclusive of 
foreign or mounted material, iS 4,966. Teher are 
243 genera.and 534 species of North American 
birds represented. Although there are at present 
many gaps in the collection, some groups are fairly 
complete and a large series may be found in certain 
species. 

The collection is gradually being augmented 
from time to time by Museum expeditions and by 
additional acquisitions from collectors. It seems 
particularly opportune at this time to make a 
plea to collectors to provide that their collections 
will ultimately find their way to institutions where 
the necessary care is insured and where they will 
be available to ornithologists in general. 

Further information concerning the Museum’s 
collections will gladly be given at any time. 
Address inquiries to Mr. J. R. Dymond, Secretary. 
—L. L. SNYDER, Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, 
Toronto, Ont. 


THE PLAINT OF THE ROBIN 
W. A. D. LEES 


When they found me here on American soil, 
In the time of George the glorious, 

They thought me a Thrush and gave me the name 
Of Turdus migratorius. 


And then the A. O. U. arose, 
In the reign of Queen Victoria, 

And they, in their wisdom, changed my name 
To Merula migratoria. 


And now the committee on names of birds, 
Becoming more censorious, 

Decided to hazard another guess, 
Planesticus migratorius. 


Oh! when will they place my rightful name 
Among the insectivorous? 

They surely know that it ought to be 
Redbreasticus vermivorus. 


LEAFLETS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF 
AUDUBON SOCIETIES.—The Club has been advised 


February, 1924] 


that the Audubon Societies’ leaflets for the 
following species are available in French: 


Bluebird Song Sparrow 
Blue Jay Catbird 
Robin Flicker 


This should especially interest our readers who 
desire to utilize these leaflets in educational work. 

New leaflets of the Audubon Societies have also 
been issued for Lewis’s Woodpecker, Western 
Meadowlark and Varied Thrush. As the Western 
Meadowlark is so common throughout the Prairies 
and southern British Columbia, this leaflet should 
be in great demand for schools in our west, for 
literature upon western birds has been scarce and 
difficult to procure in the past. Lewis’s Wood- 
pecker and the Varied Thrush are typical western 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 39 


species and the leaflets concerning them will, no 
doubt, prove of special value for schools in British 
Columbia. The fact that these three leaflets of 
western birds are illustrated with colored pictures 
by Major Allan Brooks should increase their 
popularity with Canadians. These leaflets may 
be secured for five cents each by writing to the 
National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 
Broadway, New York City, N.Y.—J. F. WRIGHT, 
Secretary, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. 


The illustrations in this number of The Cana- 
dian Field-Naturalist have been provided through 
the generosity and assistance of Dr. R. E. De 
Lury.— EDITOR. 


BOOK REVIEW 


THE CONDOR 
(Concluded from p. 20) 


He very thoroughly summarizes his suggestions 
in a final paragraph which is here reproduced:— 

(A) The trinomial system should be followed 
consistently for English as for latin names. 

(1) Every species in the A.O.U. list should 
have an English name whether the species is 
divided into races or not. 

(2) Wherever subspecies are involved, each 
subspecies should be designated by the English 
name of the species preceded by an English 
subspecific term. 

(3) Specific common names are preferably 
descriptive, while subspecific names may more 
properly refer to localities or the names of 
persons, as well as to minor characteristics. 

(4) The possessive form should be used for 
subspecific names; not for the names of species. 

(5) A misleading or distinctly false “popular” 
designation is very unfortunate from an educa- 
tional standpoint and should not be permitted 
by the A.O.U. to stand as its officially recognized 
English name of a species or genus. 

(B) Each species in the A.O.U. list should retain 
its permanent number, without letters affixed, as 
at present. 

(Cc) Every race or subspecies, of a given species, 
should have assigned to it a letter of the alphabet, 
‘to be used in conjunction with the number as- 
signed to the species. 

(1) For the first described or type race of a 
species, assign the letter z. 

(2) For all other races of a species retain thie 
letters a; b, c, d, ete., as at present assigned, 
using the next succeeding letter of the alphabet 
for each new race. 

(D) The abridged check-list should be so 
arranged that all species will stand out distinctly 
from their subdivisions. Species and subspecies 


should not occupy columns of equal importance. 

With very few reservations the reviewer heartily 
approves of all these proposals. They embody 
reforms that he has long urged. 


Notes on the Yellow-billed Loon. 
Bailey. Pp. 204-205. 

In view of the very restricted known range of 
this species and the mystery that surrounds its 
breeding and migratory movements, Mr. Bailey’s 
experience with it, April to June and in October, 
1920, between Admiralty Island and Wrangell, 
Alaska, is interesting. About forty-five were seen 
during the spring, on one occasion thirty in a flock, 
and about thirty-four in the fall. A number of 
specimens were taken in corroboration of identifi- 
cation. Either this occurrence was an unusual 
irruptive migration such as occasionally takes 
place in many species, or the similarity of the bird 
to the Common Loon has caused it to be over- 
looked in waters that have been comparatively 
well worked in the past. 


In an Open Letter to The Editor, Mr. A. J. 
Van Rossem, Pp. 215-216, discusses some of the 
much argued aspects of the present status of the 
subspecies. Mr. Van Rossem remarks, “If the 
rank and file of bird students would..... think 
of the determined “subspecies” as admittedly 


By Alfred M. 


short but still definite steps along the evolutionary 


highway, not only would the science of ornithology 
be benefitted by a new interest, but we would be 


/spared much of the ranting about ‘hair-splitting, 


29 


Mets |.-§ We agree with the fundamental prin- 
ciples expressed but still hold that there is a limit 
to the fineness of splitting, beyond which it is 
impractical to go. Forms that are too faintly 
characterized to be demonstrable to those of 
reasonably acute perceptions and training, may 
well be studied by particularly gifted experts, but 
we do question the wisdom of naming them with 


40 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


the full subspecific formality that demands their 
general recognition and use. He also questions 
the criterion of intergradation as a test for sub- 
specific status and finally decides that ‘““The criteria 
of isolation for the use of the binomial and of 
actual blood fusion for the use of the trinomial 
will, I believe, prove the ultimate ones to be 
adopted..... ” To the criterion of isolation 
unaccompanied by evidences of differentiation, we 
take exception. That isolation always does 
produce immediate specific differentiation is an 
unwarranted conclusion. Geographic isolation 
does not prove genetic isolation. The only 
acceptible evidence of the latter is its observed 
fact, i.e., the lack of intergrades. That subspecies 
should be blood relationship groups seems to the 
present reviewer too obvious to require special 
statement but the question is, how are we to 
recognize blood relationship between variants 
unless a connection between them is demonstrated 
by intergradation? There are situations where 
such intergradation is physically impossible yet 
where subspecific relation is the most reasonable 
conclusion. Intergradation where demonstrated 
is an almost perfect proof of blood relationship; 
its apparent absence indicates only the greater or 
lesser probability of the opposite. It is therefore 
admittedly more or less of a convention, not quite 
perfect perhaps, but the best test we have and its 
indications should be followed except where other 
evidence points in a contrary direction —P. A. T. 


Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 1, Nos. 3 and 4, 
New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse 
University. March, 1923. 

These two bulletins contain some of the most 
noteworthy contributions which have yet been 
made to the ecology of birds. In No. 3, Aretas A. 
Saunders deals with ‘‘The Summer Birds of the 
Alleghany State Park’, treating of them under the 
headings ‘‘Birds of the Upland Thickets”’, “Birds 
of the Forest Floor’’, “Birds of the Forest Trees’, 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


“Birds of the Marshes’, etc., ete., and giving a 
“key’’, a most excellent feature of which is the 
inclusion of females and young, and not only adult 
males as is unfortunately done in the ease of so 
many intended ‘‘keys’”’ for the identification of 
birds. In the same number Edmund J. Sawyer 
writes on ‘The Ruffed Grouse, with Special Refer- 
ence toits Drumming.” In this paper Mr. Sawyer 
first briefly reviews the various theories as to how 
the Ruffed Grouse drums. He then states that 
he has watched at a distance of a dozen feet the 
beginning, progress and ending of at least a 
hundred drummings, and found that each instance 
was a demonstration of the fact that the forceful, 
sound-producing blow was the outward and wpward 
(not the downward and inward) motion of the 
wings. The remainder of the paper is devoted to 
the nesting, family life, and life of the Ruffed 
Grouse in winter. This article is illustrated with 
a good series of photographs of drumming Grouse. 

In No. 4 the first paper is “The Relation of 
Summer Birds to the Western Adirondack Forest” 
by Perley M. Silloway, in which not only are the 
general forest habitats discussed, but the influence 
of certain forest trees on bird life is dealt with. 
Mr. Silloway presents a census of the birds found 
on areas varying from 4 to 10 acres in each habitat, 
a very difficult undertaking on the carrying out of 
which he is to be congratulated. In ‘‘Notes on the 
Relation of Birds to Adirondack Forest Vegeta- 
tion”, C. C. Adams presents some very interesting 
data, especially in regard to reforestation by birds... 
Dr. Adams states that, ““We must therefore look 
upon the scattering of seeds by birds and other 
wild animals as a method of reforestation done 
without charge. This is a very valuable service, 
which supplements the wind-blown seeds of the 
aspens and birches.”’ 

Each number contains four full-page plates of 
birds in colours by E. J. Sawyer, the poses, colour- 
ation and grouping of the birds being excellent.— 
A.B. K. 


PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 


Bird-Lore of the Northern Indians by Frank G. Speck. 
Reprint from Volume VII, Public Lectures by University of 
Pennsylvania Faculty, 1919-20. Philadelphia, Pa., 1921. 

Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians by Huron H. Smith, 
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 
Vol. 4, No. 1, December 10, 1923. 

Reptile and Amphibian Notes from Intervale, New Hampshire, 
by Frank G. Speck. Copeia, No. 70, pp. 46-48. June 23, 1919. 

The Origin of the Belief that Snakes Swallow their Young for 
Protection by Frank G. Speck. Copeia, No. 98, pp. 51-54. 
September 1, 1921. 

Notes on Thamnophis sirtalis from Cape Ann, Massachusetts, 
by Frank G. Speck. Copeia, No. 37, pp. 91-92. November 
24, 1916. 


Testing Folk-Lore by Obs2rvations on Butler’s Garter Snake 
by Frank G. Speck. Copeia, No. 57, pp. 56-60. May 15,1918. 


Le Gerfaut, 1923, Fascicule III-IV. Bruxelles, Belgique. 
Revista do Museu Paulista Tomo XIII. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 


Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Volume 
IV: Botany. Part A: Freshwater Alge and Freshwater 
Diatoms by Charles W. Lowe. Ottawa, February 20, 1923. 


Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. 
IV: Botany. Part C: Fungi by John Dearness. 
June 1, 1923. 


Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1923. Washington, 
1923. 


Volume 
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Manuscript should be plainly written, typed if possible, 
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Galley proof will be submitted to authors resident in 
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Use the blank below and forward 
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CUT OFF HERE 


Mr. B. A. FAUVEL, 


Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturaltsts’ Club, 
Mounted Police Headquarters, 
Laroque Building, 
Rideau and Dalhousie Sts., 
Ottawa, Canada. 


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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF 
aes _ MANITOBA _ 

RE a 1923 
Hon. Presidents: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D.; W. G. Scort; 


_ President: PRor. V. W. JACKSON; Vice-Presidents: NORMAN 
_CRIDDLE; J.J. GOLDEN; Mrs. C. P. ANDERSON; Pror. C. H. 
-O’DONOGHUE; PROF. ‘ W. BRODRICK; -Treasurer: Miss 


HeLen R. CANNOM. 


THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 


SOCIETY 
(Incorporated) 


Hon. President: Mr. ADAM BRowN; President: Mr. R. O. 
MERRIMAN; 1st Vice-President: Dr. H.G. ARNOTT; 2nd Vice- 
President: Mr. C. D. Coox; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss RUBY 
R. Muus, Publie Library, Hamilton; Directors: Dr. H. G. 
_ Arnott; C. D. Cook; Dr./J. A. Dickson; Miss M. E. Gra- 
HAM; Miss RuBy R. Mitts; M. HoLtton; M. JOHNSTON; 
Mrs. F. E. MACLOGHLIN; R. O. MERRIMAN. 


J } 2 
_' NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 
COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. | 
____ The Officers for the above Society for the year ending 
_ March 31st, 1923, are as follows:— ~ | 
President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
NATIon; Treasurer: Miss S. M. THORNTON. Committee:— 
Miss C. G. Fox, Miss A. F. GARDINER, Miss I. CATHCART, 
Wm. Downes, A. HALKett. Auditors:—J. KEITH WILSON 
| AND F. W. GoDSAL. Trustees:—REV. R. CONNELL, Dr. C. F. 
_ NEWCOMBE AND G. HARVEY. ! 


ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


_ Hon. President: Hon. Geo. HoapiEy; Hon. Vice-President: 
_ 4H. A. Craig; G. W. Smitu, M.P.P.; J. J. Gantz; President: 
- C. H. SNELL; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS; Dr. 
; Henry GEORGE; Secretary-Treasurer: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red 
Deer; Directors: Mrs. H. GEORGE, Red Deer; Mrs. G. F. 
Root, Wetaskiwin; K. BOWMAN, Edmonton; F. S. Carr, 
Edmonton; D. Mackiz, Edmonton; W. A. CASSELS, Red 
Deer; S. PAMELY, Red Deer; C. G. S. CrossBy, Red Deer; 
_ W. F. Harris, Red Deer; H. R. ORAM. Red Deer. . Members 
_-, qualified to answer enquiries: Birds: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS, Red 
Deer; Dr. H. GEorGE, Red Deer; Mammals: Dr. H. GrorGE, 

_ Red Deer; Fishes: F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer; Flowers: 
__ Mrs. H. Grorce, Red Deer; Insects: Coleoptera, F: C. CARR, 

- 11050 128rd St., Edmonton; Lepidoptera, K. BOWMAN, 9914 
115th St., Edmonton; Odonata, F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer, 
aay The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 
_ fast Friday of each month except during July and August and 
a perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 

_on the last Friday in November. — ‘ 


McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 
: LONDON, ONT. 


| President: J. R. McLuop; Secretary: C. G. Watson, 201 
__ Ridout St. South, London; Members qualified to answer ques- 
Bi tions: W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave.; C. G. WATSON, 
_/ 201 Ridout St. South; J. R. McLuop, 355 Wortley Road, 
_ J. F. Catvrrt, 461 Tecumseh Ave.; E. M. S. DALE, 297 
_ Hyman St. mys y [ 


x a ry Cs ! é3 ed j 
VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 
Hon. President: L. S. KLIncK, LL.D., Pres. University of B.C.: 
sident: JOHN Davipson, F. L. S., University of B.C.;: 
e-President: FRED PERRY; Hon. Secretary: -C. F. CONNOR, 
A., 3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: 
. H. BAIN, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C. ; 
Fortnightly meetings in the University Buildings from 
September to April (inclusive). Semi-monthly excursions 
from May to August (inclusive). : 


rl 


| Affiliated Societies 


PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 


x PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: L. Mcl. THRRILL; 
Vice-Presidents: ALEX MACSWEEN, NAPIER SMITH, BE. ARNOLD; 
Hon. Corresponding Secretary: W. S. Hart, P.O. Box 1185, 
Montreal; Hon. Recording Secretary: Miss H. Stonm 
Hon. Treasurer: Miss M. ARMITAGE, 63 Arlington Ave., 
Westmount; Directors: Miss EDITH Morrow; Miss LOuISa 
MourpHy; Miss EMity Luke; Mr. AND Mrs. C. F. DALB; 


Mrs. J.'T. AYERS; Miss JEAN MCCONNELL; W. A. OSWALD; 


\ 


A. F. WINN; MR. AND Mrs. WALLACE H. Rosa; W. G 
WRIGHT. Members qualified to answer questions: L. MclI. 
TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, Que.; NAPIER SMITH, 
Bank of Montreal, Magog, Que.; E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St., 
Montreal; W. A. OSWALD, 301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G., M ontreals 
C. N. ROBERTSON, c-o Ross Realty Co., Room 805, Lewi 
Bldg., St. John St., Montreal, Que.; Dr. ARTHUR WILLBY, 
McGill University, Montreal; W. J. BRowN, 250 Oliver Ave., 
Westmount, Que.; Miss EDITH Morrow AND Miss EMILY 
LUKE, c-o Secretary. 


Sar iar ayy, Fj 
SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
i NATURELLE DU CANADA 


Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; ler vice-président: ABBE 
ALEX. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: DocTmUR A. DERY; 
Secr3taire-trésorier: JOS. MATTE, 18 avenue Maisonneuve, ~ 


Québec; Chef de la section scientifique: COLONEL OSCAR PELLE- 


TIER; Chef de la section de propagande éducationnelle: Doc- 
TEUR S. GAUDREAU; Chef de la section de protection: C.-E. 
DIONNE, M.A.; Chef dela section d’information scientifique et 
pratique: DoctTUER J.-E. BERNIER.; Directeurs: A.-R.-.M. 
BOULTON, FRANK W. Ross, A.-A. GODBOUT. : 


THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO- 
GISTS’ UNION 


Officers for 1923 


Hon. President: HoN. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria 
Vice-President: T. L. THACKER, Hope; Secreiary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana- 
gan Landing; Dr. Ketso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. RAcEy, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. 


THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 


President: PrRoressor R. B. THOMSON; Vice-Presidents: 
PROFESSOR EH. M. WALKER, Dr. A. CosEns, J. H. FLEMING; 
Secretary: W. F. GREGORY, 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: F. H. BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH; 
Librarian: Dr. LyMAN B. Jackes. BIRD GROUP:— 
Chairman: STUART THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. 
FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H.B.Sirton; Secretary: 
Miss J. G. WRIGHT, PH.D.; INSECT GROUP:—Chair- 
man: PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: Miss NORMA FORD, 
Po.D. MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R. DyMOND; 
Secretary: L.SNYDER. REPTILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN 
GROUP:—Chairman: SHELLEY LOGIER; Secretary: T. B. 
KuRATA. PROGRAM COMMITTEE:—Chairman: Dr. 
W. A. CLEMENS. WILD LIFE PRESERVATION COM- 
MITTEE:—Chairman: RussELL G. DINGMAN. EDUCA- 


‘TIONAL COMMITTEE:—Chairman: TAYLOR STATTEN. 


We would ask the Officers, and more 
particularly the Secretaries, of all the 
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our 
task of building up the circulation of 
this magazine. By securing every 
member as a subscriber we can truly 
make this magazine into one of the 
leading Natural History publication 
of America 


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= voi. xxxvi, Nos 29943 MARCH, 1924 


Shall 


ISSUED MARCH 14, 1924 
Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter 


ta 


Ss 


THE OTTAWA FIELD- NATURALISTS’ CLUB 


atrons: ae a 
THEIR EXCELLENCIES: THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND THE LADY BYNG OF ‘VIMY 


oe : 


é vA KA Ce bn President: Hoyes Luoyp. Rao" . i ne 
1st Vice-President: ‘G: A. ‘MILLER. ea ee A EY ‘Vice Prastaen: Norman ORIDDLE 


Seeddin EEUU Le: UE ; ie ee Wer = | 
IGHT Oe heh AUVEL 

(Geological Survey, art # (Mounted Police Headquarte : 
(Laroque Bldg., Rideau and Dalhaeis at ee a 

oot 


Additional Members of Council: W.'T. Macoun; Miss M. E. COWAN; C. M: sneer H. ae cis By 
. W. WaucH; P. A. TAVERNER; FE. SAPIR; E. M. KINDLE; W.J. WINTEMBERG; R. E. DELURY; 
ARTHUR GIBSON; M.O.MA.tTE; R. M. ANDERSON; H. GROH; Miss F. FYLES; @ _B. HUTCHINGS; — 

H. M. Amr; CLYDE L. PATCH; D. JENNESS; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN; W. N. KELLY; — 

C. H. SNELL; aie McLrop; JOHN DAVIDSON; L. McI. TERRILL; 1k: Uae Fr. IC] 
KERMODE; Pror. R. B. THOMSON: THE EDITOR. : OR A re 


7 _ Editor: : a ela ri i 
HARRISON F. LEWIS, ‘ 


Canadian National Parks Branch, 5a, eee é eo ee 3 4 iiss 
Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. A aC Sees 


Associate Editors: 


ES AER oocancte’< Glaeee ova os ome ates Aoiironalanye ae A; Gs HUNTSMAN, 05 one Nartne Biolog 
MAOSNIAUTR oe. to eee is ee Botany P, A. TAVERNER....... en Re .Ornithol ry 
‘F. R. LATCHFORD....... rs ts re Conchology BM AGINDEE se a Bay a onscag 0g 
M. Y. WILLIAMS...... SA We 8 woe eee Geology 0 ie RM. ANDERSON 
ARTHUR GIBSON...,....... is Entomology | CLYDE L. PATCH 


CONTENTS. pean: ee 


Some Littoral Barnacles from William Head, British Columbia. By Ira E. Cornwall, F. G. Ss. area ar facile 
List of Birds Recorded from the Island of Anticosti, Quebec. By Harrison F. Lewis. . Bes i Seat med 
Intelligence Behaviour in Lizards. By Frank G. Speck................... 0:0: e sees eee enh Rei 
Notes on the Relation of the Dipper (Cinclus mexicana unicolor) to Fishing Interests i in 1 British Col. Ws 
Gmbia-and Alberta. By'JecA. Munroe oe ses ie ee ee Oe ps ee Ra Sloss ag 
Further Notes on the Ferns of Hatley, Que. By Hear Mousley.......... Sno cs eee 
W. H. Hudson, The Naturalist (1841-1922). By Frank Morris (Concluded)................ ie ena aes 
Some Holothurians from British Columbia. By Hubert Lyman = Re tial Tex PM as EK Ks: So aaa 


Notes and Observations: U : as 
Trumpeter Swans Gai illustration). By Eaves ti ap tte a se De aR 5 gene 
The Starling at Hamilton. By Calvin McQuesten.....................-.--. eee 
Notes on Prairie Warbler and Starling. By Paul Harrington............ Ne eA net 


Occurrence of the Starling in the Montreal District. rey Tee Viele Merrill: ses veeraee Ge 
A Bat ‘Active m Winter. “Byclia MiSs Daley >i). (aise aie set) coerce ee ee Bd 
Hditor’s Notes wo 5. 0. 6. CPi ats SOME! AUN a ish sac A Bie OE aesSicee tae, A De Ca Dae anne Poe 
Book Review :— eae eee ack 
Jack Miner and the Birds), By By Or Nis se. ee ee Ca Rha ae ae 


Bird-Lore of the Northern Indians. By F. W 
Beach Grass. By H.F.L...... Ge can baste Sea 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST, lately THE Croan NATURALIST, colin 
thirty-six years ago, “‘to publish the results of original research or investigation in all depart- 
ments of natural history,” i is issued monthly, excepting foi the months of June, July and August, 
Papers, notes and photographs should be addressed to the Hditor. Manuscript should 
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free. Payments should be made to the Treasurer, Mr. B. A. Fauvel, Mounted Police Head- 
quarters, Laroque Building, Ottawa. Price of fi volume, $1.50; single copies 20¢ each, 


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MAR 20 1924 


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The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club 
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Autobiography of 


John Macoun, M.A. 
Canadian Explorer and Naturalist, Assistant 
Director and Naturalist to the Geological Survey 

of Canada—1831-1920. 


This volume is an account of the life of this veteran 
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The Canadian Field-Naturalist 


VOL. XXXVIIT 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, MARCH, 1924 


- No. 3 


SOME LITTORAL BARNACLES FROM WILLIAM HEAD, BRITISH COLUMBIA 
BY IRA E. CORNWALL, F.G.S. 


INCE Darwin's Monograph on the Sub- 
Class Cirripedia and Dr. H. A. Pilsbry’s 
Monographs on the American species 

=! have covered the subject so thoroughly 
there seems very little left for the amateur to do. 
But an investigation of the species found on almost 
any part of the coast may produce results of value. 
When beginning the study of this interesting sub- 
class one is struck by their great variability of 
form; they vary to such an extent that it is rarely 
safe to rely on external form alone for identifica- 
tion of the species, and it may occasionally be 
difficult to recognize the genus of some old eroded 
specimen. In most cases the only safe method of 
identification is to make an examination of the 
interior of the shell and opercular plates, dissect 
the animal, and examine the cirri and mouth parts. 
The plates forming the shell can be separated by 
boiling in a strong solution of caustic potash, and 
ground to expose the structure of the walls and 
basis, if there is one. 

The most common species here, in the littoral 
zone, is Balanus cariosus. It is a good example of 
variability, as it is found in all the intermediate 
forms between a broad-based cone with well 
marked sculpture on its thick walls, fig. 1, E., to 

-a long narrow tube with thin walls, and not a 
trace of the sculpture, which is characteristic of 
an uneroded conic specimen, fig. 1, C. These 
barnacles cover the rocks from about two feet 
above the lowest tide mark to within three feet 
of the highest tide; those growing near the upper 
limits of their zone are all small. Half-tide mark 
seems to be their favorite station, as it is there 
that they reach their greatest size. Some speci- 
mens that have been taken from protected situa- 
tions were very large, for this species; one of 
these measured 59 mm. in diameter, and was 
47 mm. high. 

The uneroded shell of Balanus cariosus has a 
very rough appearance, as the walls are marked 
by many narrow, deep, irregular ribs, which have 
long projections pointing downward. This gives 
the shell the “thatched appearance”’ described by 
Darwin. Fig. 1, E. The shell of a conic speci- 
men is remarkably thick, and is permeated by 
many irregular pores. These pores have cross 
septa and they appear like rows of long cells 


extending from the base to the top of the walls. 
The orifice is small, and the opercular plates, or 
scuta and terga, are set well down in the deep 
sheath. This species does not have a calcareous 
basis, but the bases of the compartments forming 
the walls are firmly cemented to the rock. Between 
the body of the animal and the rock there is a 
layer of membrane, the membranous basis, which 
is like a carpet put down in a floorless tent. Some 
specimens taken from exposed places are eroded 
to such an extent that the opercular plates project 
above the margin of the orifice, fig. 1, D. When 
several individua!s grow in a group, their outside 
walls are thick and have the usual thatched sculp- 
ture of conic specimens, but the walls between 
them may be very thin, and in some cases are 
poreless. If much crowded, they gain space by 
lengthening their walls, and become cylindric, 
fig. 1, A, B, C. They may reach a length of 
75 mm. or more, and havea diameter of only 15 
to 20 mm. In a cylindric specimen the orifice is 
of the same diameter as the body-chamber, and 
its margin is very irregular. The opercular plates 
are set deep in the sheath. Occasionally speci- 
mens are found with patches of thatch on their 
walls, fig. 1, B. Fig. 1, A, shows a thick-walled 
specimen from Bella Bella, B.C. The color of 
specimens taken from the littoral zone is light 
gray; under the microscope the surface of the 
upper part of the shell has a rough eroded appear- 
ance that is quite different from the appearance 
of the new growth exposed at the base. The 
surface of the new growth is smooth and white. 
Evidently the normal color of the shell is white, 
as specimens taken from other localities, where 
they grow below low tide mark, do not have the 
gray, weathered appearance. This is also true of 
some of the cylindric specimens taken from under 
a wharf, where they were protected from weather- 
ing, even when uncovered by the tide. 

Balanus cariosus growing in the littoral zone 
keep their opercular valves almost closed when 
uncovered by the tide, as more water is retained 
in the shell if the valves are not tightly pressed 
together. If disturbed they will close them with 
considerable force, squeezing out some water and 
making the faint grating noise so often heard when 
one is walking over barnacle-covered rocks. 


42 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Specimens taken from the floats of a boat-house, 
where they were never uncovered by the tide, 
kept on opening their valves and protruding their 
cirri for some time after being taken from the 
water. 

About the middle of April enormous numbers 
of young barnacles, in the free-swimming stage, 
are to be seen in the water. Occasionally they 
are so plentiful that they look like clouds of dust 
floating near the surface. These are evidently 
the young of 
Balanus  cario- 
sus, as within a 
short time of 
their appear- 
ance all the 
rocks in the lit- 
toral zone are 
covered with 
them, and they 
soon develop 
the little star- 
like shell which 
is characteristic 
of that species. 


A variety of 
Balanus rostra- 
tus is found be- 
yond the lit- 
toral zone, but 
a few small spe- 
cimens have 
been collected 
here during the 
lowest tides; 
they are found 
only in well- 
protected situa- 
tions where 
there is a dense 
growth of. sea- 
weed. 


Only one lit- 
toral species of 
pedunculate, or 
goose, barnacle has been found on the western 
coast of North America, and none on the eastern 
coast. This barnacle, Mytella polymerus, grows 
here in dense groups at about two feet above the 
lowest tide mark. Their favorite station is in 
narrow clefts in the rocks where they are at least 
partly protected from the action of drift-wood, 
but are well washed by the tide. They do not 
grow where there is seaweed, but are frequently 
grouped with the mussel, Mytilus edulis. They 
_ have a habit of opening their valves and protrud- 
ing their cirri as soon as they are splashed by the 


FIGURE 1. Balanus cariosus. 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


first waves of the incoming tide. The specimens 
found here do not seem to reach their greatest 
size, as they rarely exceed four or five inches in 
length. 
There is another barnacle found here which 
might easily escape the notice of collectors, owing 
to its small size. This is Chthamalus dalli var. 
The usual size of this species is from 6 to 8mm. 
in diameter, and 2 to 3 mm. high; it is exclusively 
littoral, and grows even higher on the rocks than 
- Balanus  cario- 
sus, some ma- 
ture specimens 
being found at 
a height of eight 
feet or more 
above low tide 
mark. As the 
range of the 
tide, here, is 
only ten feet, 
this means that 
they are uncoy- 


ered for long 
periods. The 
color of the shell 


is pale gray, 
where it is 
eroded; there is 
a narrow band 
of lighter color- 
ed new growth 
at the base. 
The orifice is 
small and the 


basis is mem- 
branous; there 
are six com- 


partments, 
which are more 
equal in size 
than in Balanus; 
the right and 
left scuta and 
terga are equal. 
There were eggs in many of the specimens exam- 
ined, but they were of a larger size, compared 
with the size of the animal, and were less 
numerous, than the eggs found in other species. 
Several full-sized specimens of this species were 
found without eggs, and in each case there was 
a Crustacean parasite in the space under the body 
of the barnacle. In one barnacle there were two 
parasites of the same species; evidently male 
and female. 


It is astonishing what an amount of exposure 
to direct sunlight and consequent great variations 


Cylindric and conic forms. 
Photograph 34 natural size. 


March, 1924] 


of temperature the littoral barnacles can stand. 
Temperatures of nearly 80°F. have been recorded 
on a thermometer placed at the half-tide mark, 
and the sea-water temperature at the same time 
was 47°F. This is a big variation of temperature 
for a marine animal, and is greater than the sea- 
sonal variation of the sea-water here. Owing to 
the peculiar tides on this part of the coast, the 
half-tide mark may be uncovered from six to 
nine hours per day, when there are very low tides. 
From the hourly tide records of Victoria it was 
found that the half-tide mark was uncovered for 
more than two thousand hours during 1922. 
This information was obtained through the 
courtesy of Mr. A. Halkett, of Victoria. 

The barnacles in the littoral zone are exposed 
to many destructive agencies, and have many 
enemies. Large numbers are destroyed by drift- 
wood carried against the rocks by the waves. 
The large quantities of oil which are now thrown 
into the sea drift ashore, coat the rocks in the 


littoral zone and kill many barnacles. This oil 
also destroys many other forms of marine life. 
There are fish that live partly on barnacles, and 
at least one species of crab is known to break them 
from the rocks for food. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 43 


An examination of the empty mollusk shells 
cast up on the beaches seems to show that bar- 
nacles prefer the shells of certain species. Chryso- 
domus tabulatus is usually covered with large and 
small Balanus crenatus. This species is also 
found on Cardium corbis, and it frequently has 
the sculpture of shell continued on its walls. A 
smooth shelled variety of B. rostratus growing on 
Pecten hastatus is also marked by the ribs of the 
shell on which it is growing. Periene oregonensis 
may have a few barnacles on it, but they seem to 
grow only where the epidermis has been broken off. 
Living limpets are sometimes found completely 
covered with young barnacles, but they evidently 
get rid of them, as they are not found here with 
mature ones on them. The most common shell 
here, living or empty, is Purpura crispata, yet 
only one specimen has been found here with 
barnacles on it. 

Barnacles are of considerable economic value; 
during their free-swimming larval stage they 
furnish a large amount of food for small fish and 
mollusks. During the last few years a large 
number of small herring have been caught, and 
the contents of their stomachs examined, and in 
many of them there were young barnacles in 
various stages of development. 


LIST OF BIRDS RECORDED FROM THE ISLAND OF ANTICOSTI, QUEBEC 
BY HARRISON F. LEWIS 


| @ YLTHOUGH our knowledge of the bird- 
life of the Island of Anticosti is still 
G35 regrettably incomplete, it seems desirable 
————4 at this time to publish a brief list of birds 
recorded from the island, including much unpub- 
lished information, and correcting certain pub- 
lished errors. Thus there will be provided, in 
readily available form, and wholly in English, 
a résumé of the present state of our knowledge of 
Anticosti birds, which should make a better 
starting-point for the future student than would 
the same information in its previous scattered 
condition, partly in French and partly in English, 
partly unpublished, and partly uncorrected error. 

Anticosti, the well-known island in the northern 
part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is a part of the 
Province of Quebec. It is about 122 miles long 
and has a maximum breadth of 30 miles, and no- 
where exceeds 700 feet in height. Much of the 
surface is forested, chiefly with conifers, and 
streams and lakes are numerous. The rock of the 
island is limestone. The cultivated area is very 
small. 

Anticosti was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 
1534, and was granted as a seigniory by the crown 
of France to Louis Jolliet, the explorer of the 
Mississippi, in 1680. The present owner of the 


island is Senator Gaston Menier, of Paris, France. 
The population is about 500. 

I had the pleasure of visiting Ellis Bay, Anti- 
costi, from June 10 to 16, 1922. Mr. Georges 
Martin-Zédé, Director of the island, and an ardent 
conserver of valuable wild life, spared no pains to 
make my stay a pleasant one and to assist me in 
observing the interesting birds and animals of the 
vicinity of Ellis Bay. 

Besides the works referred to in the bibliography 
accompanying this list, and my own field notes, I 
have used, in compiling the list, the unpublished 
MS. of W. Sprague Brooks, who visited Anticosti 
from August 23 to September 15, 1919, and who 
has most kindly placed his records at my disposal, 
for which my sincere thanks are here expressed. 
Thanks are also due to F. Johansen and P. A. 
Taverner, for the privilege of using notes made by 
them at Anticosti in 1923 and in 1915, respectively, 
and to Lt.-Col. W. P. Anderson, W. La Brie, Capt. 
Osear Mercier, and Prof. A. E. Verrill for inform- 
ation furnished in correspondence. I prize par- 
ticularly and am particularly grateful for the 
privilege which I have had of corresponding with 
Prof. Verrill, the first real worker in Anticosti 
ornithology, who has taken the trouble of search- 
ing for additional information through the pages 


4A THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


of his original field-diary, written nightly by him 
in Anticosti in 1861, at which time he was already 
prominent among American ornithologists. 


Specimens collected by Verrill and by Brooks 
have been deposited in the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 


The most pretentious of the lists of birds of 
Anticosti already published is that of Schmitt, who 
was resident physician on the island from 1896 to 
1904. In the introduction to this list (p. 290). 
Schmitt says, ‘“Except for Olor and Campto- 
laimus, I possess one or several specimens of all 
the birds listed below, which I obtained on the 
island, by means of a gun, or by means of a silk 
net spread in the forest. Their identification has 
been made by the aid of Ridgway’s work [Manual] 
and, in addition, through review by Mr. C. E. 
Dionne, the very competent ornithologist of 
‘Laval University, who has been pleased to exa- 


mine them one by one and to compare them with 


the specimens in that University. I ask him to 
accept my most sincere thanks for his extreme 
kindness.” 

In spite of this detailed statement, Schmitt’s 
list itself contains internal evidence to the con- 
trary, as in the case of his record of the White- 
fronted Goose, where he evidently speaks of a 
species which he thought he saw in the field, but 
of which he had no specimen. I have discussed 
this matter at length with Mr. Dionne, who 
assured me that Schmitt’s list contained several 
species of which no specimens were presented to 
him for identification. Mr. Dionne and [I later 
went over Schmitt’s list carefully together, and he 
informed me as to the individual species included 
therein of which Schmitt had not shown him any 
specimens. I noted these in writing at the time 
and have included the notations in the following 
list. These form a most valuable means of cor- 
recting Schmitt’s errors, and I am greatly indebted 
to Mr. Dionne for them. 


The list published by Mr. Dionne himself is 
based entirely upon observations made by Mr. 
Willie La Brie, of Kamouraska, Quebec, who 
resided on Anticosti in 1913, 1916 and 1917. 
I have had the pleasure of meeting Mr. La Brie 
and seeing his Anticosti specimen of the Dick- 
cissel, and have also had a correspondence with 
him concerning some of his Anticosti records, in 
the course of which correspondence he has kindly 
furnished me with much additional valuable 
information, which is included in this list, and for 
which I thank him sincerely. 


The nomenclature used herein is that of the 
1910 edition of the A.O.U. “Check-List”, with 
supplements published to date. 


As the paper will be published in instalments, 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


the bibliography is inserted here for convenience 
of reference. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Bell, Robert. Catalogue of Animals and Plants collected 
and observed, on the south-east side of the St. Lawrence from 
Quebec to Gaspé, and in the Counties of Rimouski, Gaspé, 
and Bonaventure. Geol. Surv. of Canada., Rept. of Progr. for 
the year 1858. Montreal, 1859. Page 246. (Only Anticosti 
material is in reference to Red-throated Loon.) 

Verrill, A. E. Catalogue of the Birds observed at Anticosti 
and Vicinity. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1X, pp. 137- 
143. Boston, 1865. 

Samuels, Edward A. Our Northern and Hastern Birds. 
New York, 1883. (Only Anticosti material is in reference to 
Canada Goose.) 

Brewster, William. Notes on the Birds observed during a 
Summer Cruise in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Proc. Boston 
Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. X XII, pp. 364-412. Boston, 1884. 

Turner, L. M. List of the Birds of Labrador, including 
Ungava, East Main, Moose and Gulf Districts of the Hudson 
Bay Company, together with the Island of Anticosti. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254. 1885. (Contains no 
original material on Anticosti; the Anticosti records contained 
in it being taken from the publications of Verrill and Brewster.) 

Brewster, William. 'The Ptarmigan of Anticosti—a Correc- 
tion. The Auk, Vol. II, pp. 220-221, 1885. 

Anon. The Settler and Sportsman in Anticosti. London, 
1885. (Contains list of birds which is unreliable and altogether 
valueless.) 

Anon. Brief Notes on the Island of Anticosti in the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, Dominion of Canada. London, 1886. (Also 
unreliable and valueless, so far as its list of birds is concerned.) 

Combes, Paul. Exploration de 1l’Ile d’Anticosti. Paris, 
1896. (Contains brief list of birds. In French.) 

Schmitt, Joseph. A Summer Colony at Anticosti. The 
Auk, Vol. XIX, pp. 181-183. 1902. 

Schmitt, Joseph. Monographie de l|’Ile d’Anticosti. 
1904. Chap. XXV, Oiseaux, pp. 289-309. (In French.) 

Brooks, W. Sprague. A New Jay from Anticosti Island. 
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, Vol. VII, March 11, 1920, p. 49. 
(The Anticosti representative of Perisoreus canadensis des- 
cribed as P. barbouri sp. nov. 

Dionne, C. E. lLdaste des Oiseaux de l’Ile d’Anticosti. Le 
Naturaliste Canadien, Voi. XLVII, No. 2, pp. 25-29. Quebec, 
August, 1920. (Based on the observations of Mr. Willie 
LaBrie. In French.) 

Anderson, W. P. Place-Names on Anticosti Island, Que. 
Ottawa, 1922. (Contains first published statement of the 
nesting of the Gannet on the east coast of Anticosti.) 


Paris, 


1. Colymbus auritus. HORNED GREBE. 
Schmitt: A single young specimen was killed in 
October at Sanatorium Bay. Dionne: Two. 
specimens were seen in 1916. Brooks: A few 
noted about Ellis Bay, including a female and 3 
downy young upon Lake Gamache. Lewis: 
A pair observed in courting antics at Ellis Bay, 
June 14, 1922, and another pair observed at Ellis 
Bay that day and the next. 

2. Gavia immer. Loon.—Verrill: 
common. Breeds. Brewster: Of general distri- 
bution in the Gulf. Sehmitt: Fairly common. 
Breeds. Young hatched July 7, 1901. Dionne: 
Very common. Brooks: Common. During 
second week of September seen flying from interior 
to waters of Ellis Bay. Lewis: Observed rather 
commonly at Ellis Bay. 

3. Gavia stellata. RED-THROATED LOON.— 
Bell: Skins of this bird were procured by Mr. 
Richardson in Anticosti. Verrill: Very common. 
Breeds on little islands in interior lakes. Brew- 
ster: Seen at Anticosti. Schmitt: Fairly common. 
Dionne: Very common. Brooks: Did not see it, 
but was shown by M. Gagnon, the game warden, 
a skin recently taken by him. 

4. Fratercula arctica arctica. PUFFIN.— 
Verrill: Breeds in considerable numbers along the 


Very 


March, 1924] 


eastern and northern shores. Brewster: Observed 
them at Wreck Bay. Combes: Fairly abundant, 
especially at Gull Cliff. Schmitt: Nests in great 
numbers at Bird Bay. Dionne: Common. 
Brooks: Informed by M. Gagnon that they still 
breed in considerable numbers about N.E. end 
of island. Johansen: Seen flying at Fox Point, 
August 5, 1923. 

5. Cepphus grylle. BLACK GUILLEMOT.— 
Verrill: Very common. Breeds. Schmitt: Com- 
mon. Occurs throughout the year. Breeds. 
More common in winter. Dionne: Very common. 


Brooks: Several near the island, August 23. 
Lewis: Four near Ellis Bay, June 10. Four or 
five near West Point, June 16. Johansen: 


Recorded at High Cliff Point, August 4, 1923. 

6. Uria troille troifle. Murre.—Verrill: 
Breeds in large numbers along the eastern and 
northern shores of Anticosti. About 4 ringvia. 
Brewster: Saw none at eastern end of Anticosti. 
Schmitt: Very common. All winter. Greatest 
numbers present from autumn to May. Some 
nest at Bird Bay. Sometimes die in great num- 
bers at approach of winter. Dionne: Formerly 
common, now very rare. Johansen: Recorded at 
High Cliff Point, August 4, 1923, and on the cliffs 
east of Cape Sandtop, August 6, 1923. Recorded 
as nesting at Fox Point, August 5, 1923. 

Probably some of the winter birds recorded 
by Schmitt were U. lomvia, a species which is not 
specifically mentioned by him. 

7. Alcea _ torda. RAZOR-BILLED AUK.— 
Verrill: Common. Breeds on east and north 
shores. Brewster: Numerous at Wreck Bay. 
Schmitt: Found only in autumn. Rather rare. 
Brooks: Saw only a single specimen, an adult 
taken by M. Gagnon near North Cape, September 
13, 1919. Lewis: One seen near West Point, 
June 16, 1922. Johansen: Nesting on cliffs 
between Reef and Wreck Points, August 6, 1923, 
and observed same day on high, perpendicular 
cliffs east of Cape Sandtop. Seen flying at Fox 
Point, August 5, 1923. 

The statement by Schmitt presumably describes 
his experience with this species near Ellis Bay. 
It is certain that it does not correctly describe 
the status of the species on the east and north 
shores of Anticosti. 

8. Alle alle. DOVEKIE.—Schmitt: Common 
all winter, from September to May. Dionne: 
Common in autumn and winter. 

9. Stercorarius parasiticus. PARASITIC 
JAEGER.—Verrill: Not seen immediately about 
the island but frequent in the gulf. Schmitt: 
Rather rare. July-September. I possess three 
specimens of three different ages, which made the 
determination difficult, but it was solved, thanks 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 45 


to the help of M. Dionne, by comparison with the 
examples of Laval University, of Quebec. - 

10. Stercorarius longicaudus. LONG- 
TAILED JAEGER.—Schmitt: A single specimen, 
killed in August, 1900. Very rare. 


11. Pagophila_ alba. Ivory GuLL.— 
Combes: Very abundant at Gull Cliff, where it 
nests on the ledges on the face of the cliff. Schmitt: 
A single specimen, killed in October, 1902. Very 
rare. ' 

The statement by Combes is clearly incorrect, 
as applied to this species. The birds at Gull Cliff 
that he took to be Ivory Gulls were presumably 
Kittiwakes. The Ivory Gull remains in the list 
by virtue of Schmitt’s record. 

12. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla. KIT TI- 
WAKE.—Verrill: Breeding in immense numbers 
on east and north shores of the island, particularly 
on cliffs fram East Point to Gull Cove. Brewster: 
Large Breeding colony at Wreck Bay. Schmitt: 
Common. May to October. Nests in great 
numbers at Bird Bay. Dionne: Very common. 
Taverner: A number at Fox Bay, July 12, 1915. 
Brooks: Saw a few about Ellis Bay. 

Schmitt published a description and photograph 
of the Bird Bay colony in his paper in The Auk. 


18. Larus hyperboreus. GLAUCOUS GULL— 
Schmitt: Arrives at the end of August or the first 
of September and departs only in the following 
spring. With rare exceptions it is the only Gull 
which winters in our locality. 


14. Larus leucopterus. ICELAND GULL.— 
Schmitt: Rare in autumn; occasional in winter. 


15. Larus marinus. GREAT BLACK-BACKED 
GULL.—Verrill: Common. Not found breeding 
at Anticosti, although it appeared to have nests 
about the island. Brewster: Numerous and 
generally distributed. Found young at Wreck 
Bay a week old. Schmitt: First of March to 
first of December. Fairly common. Some nest 
on the island. At the end of June, 1897, on the 
border of Lake Lacroix, I found a nest containing 
three newly-hatched young. Dionne: Fairly 
common, especially in the autumn. Brooks: 
Very common about Ellis Bay. Lewis: One to 
three observed daily at Ellis Bay, June 10-15, 
1922. 

16. Larus argentatus. HERRING GULL.— 
Verrill: Very abundant. Numerous nests on 
débris at foot of cliffs near east end of island. 
Brewster: Abundant, nesting among the woods. 
Schmitt: Very common. May-October. Some 
do not leave until November. Nests on the island. 
Dionne: Very common. Brooks: An abundant 
breeding bird. Lewis: At Ellis Bay, in 1922, saw 
15 June 10 and 1 June 11, but none thereafter. 

17. Larus delawareniss. RING-BILLED 


46 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


GULL.—Schmiti: Rather rare. 
_ killed September 18, 1901. 

18. Larus philadelphia. BONAPARTE’S 
GuLL.—Schmitt: Rather common. Summer. 
The first arrive in the first fortnight of May. 
Seen here and there (recorded in his paper in 
The Auk.) Brooks: A few seen August 22 and 
23, on my way down St. Lawrence River and Gulf, 
en route to Anticosti. 

19. Sterna hirundo. COMMON TERN.— 
Schmitt: Very common. Summer and autumn. 
Some pairs nest on the island. Many seen at 
Gull Cliff (recorded in his paper in The Auk.) 
Dionne: Common, especially in the autumn. 
Brooks: Quite a few Terns were seen about Ellis 
Bay, and the few I determined proved to be 
hirundo. Lewis: Terns, either Common or Arctic, 
occurred regularly in small numbers at Ellis Bay, 
June 10-16, 1922. 

20. Puffinus griseus. SOOTY SHEARWATER. 
—Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Seen some- 
times offshore from the island. 

Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt showed 
him no specimens of this species, but I accept 
Schmitt’s definite statement in this case, as the 
species is easily identifiable and is known to occur 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in summer. 


[Hypothetical. Hydrobates pelagicus. STORM PETREL.— 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Occurs preferably offshore 
from the southern and eastern parts of the island. 

Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt showed him no speci- 
mens of this species, and it seems best to leave the species in 
the hypothetical list until confirmation of its occurrence about 
Anticosti is obtained.] 


One specimen, 


21. Oceanodreoma leucorhoa. LEACH’S 
PETREL.—Verrill: Often seen about Anticosti; 
none found breeding. Schmitt: Summer. Rather 
common. 

Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt showed 
him no specimens of this species. 


22. Oceanites oceanicus. WILSON’S PET- 
REL.—Brewster: Common and generally distri- 
buted in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A day rarely 
passed at sea when more or less of these Petrels 
were not seen. Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. 
This Petrel is found very irregularly along the 
coast. 

Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt showed 
him no specimens of this species. 


23. Moris bassana. GANNET.—Verrill: 
Quite common about the island, but none found 
breeding there. Schmitt: May. September. 
Common. A specimen killed June 5, 1896, off 
Anse aux Fraises, had in the oviduct two eggs of 
the size of a nut. Dionne: Very common. 
Anderson: ‘‘Gannet, brook’. . . at east extreme of 
Gull Cliff Bay ... A ’number of gannets nest 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


here.” (p. 9). Brooks: Saw a_ considerable 
number flying off the Ellis Bay region and was 
told by M. Gagnon that a colony bred this summer 
on the cliffs near Wreck Point, at the east end of 
the island. Lewis: Seen in small companies and 
singly from the Gaspé coast to Ellis Bay, June 10. 
Numerous near West Point, June 16. Johansen: 
First Gannets seen at High Cliff Point, August 4, 
1923. “‘A score or so of Gannets are nesting on 
the south-east side of Table Head, between the 
ascent to the light-house and the latter one itself 
—sitting on their nests on the small ledges of the 
higher part of the cliff. Apart from Gull Cliff 
Bay farther east, this is the only place on Anti- 
costi Island where the gannets nest’’— (August 5, 
1923). “It was, however, when we reached past 
Cape Sandtop that I saw the greatest sight of the 
whole trip. On the perpendicular high clifis 
following Cape Sandtop were . . . hundreds of 
Gannets nesting, . . . only on the south side of 
the cliff for a limited stretch, and only on the 
highest part. Here they were sitting as thick as 
on Bonaventure Island (where I saw them a year 
ago) as beds of large white flowers; and as we 
sailed past and shouted, the air above was filled 
with these large, white birds’ —(August 6, 1923). 

The first publication of the fact that Gannets 
nest on the eastern coast of Anticosti is apparently 
that of Lt.-Col. W. P. Anderson, quoted above. 
Frits Johansen’s field notes, also quoted above, 
show clearly that there are two breeding colonies 
of Gannets on Anticosti, and give the location 
and approximate size of each colony. In a letter 
dated December 3, 1923, Lt.-Col. W. P. Anderson 
says that he does not know when Gannets first 
began to nest on the island. In a letter dated 
November 22, 1923, Capt. Oscar Mercier, Master 
of the C.G.S. Loos, states, “I have noted the 
presence of these birds when anchored in the bay 
close to Heath Point lightstation, where they can 
be seen most any time during the summer months 
feeding off this point. To the best of my know- 
ledge these birds nest on the high cliff, ‘Gull 
Cliff,’ between Heath Point and Fox bay. I 
have been [engaged in] navigation in the district 
of Anticosti for the past ten years and to the best 
of my memory I venture to state that these birds 
were present on my first trip there, although I 
have never seen them in any numbers elsewhere 
on the island.” 

The Gannet is now known to breed in North 
America at Bird Rocks; Bonaventure Island; 
Cape St. Mary’s, Newfoundland (Ottawa Nat., 
Vol. XXXII, p. 98); and Anticosti (two colonies). 


(To be continued) 


‘ 


—_— 


March, 1924] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 47 


INTELLIGENCE BEHAVIOUR IN LIZARDS 
By FRANK G. SPECK 


VIDENCES of a certain type of thought 

process have been noted and published 
occasionally by observers of the habits of 
lizards. One of the manifestations, 
several times recorded, is a certain apparent 
ability to discriminate between futile and pos- 
sibly successful resistance when endeavouring to 
escape from the grasp of a captor. This applies 
to lizards of several unrelated genera. Ditmars, 
for example, records of the Gila Monster: 


“After a few months this nervousness wears 
away, when they are the personification of good 
nature, permitting themselves to be handled in 
the most unceremonious fashion, without the 
least show of temper. A warm sand bank, in 
undiluted out-door sunshine, produces curiovs 
psychological phenomena. If left in a place like 
- this for a few minutes they become different 
creatures, fiercely snapping from side to side, 
resenting the least hint of interference with sharp 
hisses, while they keep their jaws gaping, ready to. 
close upon anything coming within reach...... 
Curiously enough, the temperature outside differed 
little from that of their artificially warmed cage. 
It is the sunlight which appears to produce the 
exhilarating effects.” (Reptiles of the World, 
p. 164.) 

He described similarly prompted behaviour for 
the Kabara-goya or Monitor, Varanus saivator 
(op. cit., pp. 169-70). 

Having had the opportunity of observing the 
behavior of a number of species and genera of 
captive lizards maintained in terraria equipped 
with natural surroundings, where the animals 
have lived healthily for some time, the following 
additions to the facts already recorded by others 
seem worth placing at the disposal of those who 
may still be interested in the problems of animal 
psychology, despite the blow that research in this 
_ field has suffered by the negative attitude of the 
professional psychologists within the last decade. 


The foliowing remarks apply to Gerrhonotus 
scincicauda scincicauda and G. S. webbii (Plated 
lizards). ‘Several splendid specimens were kept 
under observation in as near an approach to their 
natural environment as is possible in a terrarium. 
These lizards are in general deliberate and in a 
sense intelligent. This is shown by the attention 
they bestow on objects which they approach with 
what appears to be a degree of discrimination. 
The creatures were completely tame, never show- 
ing the slightest resentment at being taken in the 
hand, though the temperature was warm, even 
coming to take insects and raw beef from the 
fingers. Upon the occasion of being placed out- 


side the terrarium upon grass or earth, a striking 
contrast in behavior becomes manifest. Im- 
mediately a slinking posture is assumed and with 
sudden lurches or stealthy creeping toward the 
grass roots, the lizard heads for freedom: If the 
hand is stretched forth to grasp it, an attitude of 
crouching defiance is taken with half-open mouth. 
It may then bite the hand extended to seize it, 
applying the full force of its strength and thrash- 
ing wildly with tail and claws. It is a complete 
transformation of temperament. Upon a number 
of occasions when the animals were warm and 
active the same experiment was tried with similar 
results. 

Upon being replaced in the terrarium the show 
of resistance was discontinued and the creature 
resumed its docility and contentment. 


Another :ather remarkable instance of the 
intelligence of this splendid lizard has already 
been put on record by Van Denburg (Reptiles of 
Western North America [1922] p. 460,) where, 
quoting Dr. and Mrs. Grinnell, he says: “We 
have known of a pair of alligator lizards which 
lived under a beehive, coming out mornings and 
evenings to feed on the bees. In this case, as far 
as our observations went, the drone bees were 
selected by the lizards almost, but not quite, 
exclusively, in preference to the worker bees.’’. 


It is only with the saurians of the larger genera, 
which are generally more intelligent, that these 
signs of environment discrimination may be 
witnessed, not with the smaller genera of lizards, 
whose habits are of the highly sensitive, nervous 
and restless character. This interesting behavior 
is quite emphatically illustrated among other 
lizards, besides the Gerrhonotus whose case was 
selected for presentation. The same remarks 
might cover the conduct of a number, among 
whom I have especially in mind captives of 
Ophisaurus apus (Glass ‘‘snake’’) and Lacerta 
occellatus ‘Eyed lizard) of Europe, and Tiliqua 
scincoides (Cyclodus gigas) the Giant Skink, of 
Australia. Ordinarily tame specimens of these 
reptiles actually show viciousness when seized after 
being placed free upon open land, even though 
their captive quarters are dressed with natural 
fittings. Mr. D. D. H. March, who has observed 
many lizards in captivity, informs me that he has 
also witnessed similar environment perception in 
Phrynosoma blainvillei (Horned ‘‘toad’”’) of Calif- 
ornia. 

If, as Morgan, the animal psychologist, said, 
animal activities are purely perceptual, their 
ideas involved being prompted only by action in 
its execution, then the behavior of the lizards is 


48 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


very keenly adjusted to environment values. 
The case becomes a striking one. It seems 
clear that previous experience cannot have taught 
the animals in question, because if the attempted 
escape had ever resulted in success no subsequent 
experiments could have been made on the same 
individuals by the observer. Yet the mental re- 
actions to the human captor may be similar in 
pattern to those in the reptile’s wild life when it is 
confronted or seized by a carnivorous enemy. 

In the instances referred to it seemed that the 
lizards were cognizant of the removal of the glass 
or wire barriers separating them from freedom 
and that they regulated their behavior in accord- 
ance with the perception of difference. The 
perception, if our interpretation of the circum- 
stances is correct, is by no means simple. And if 
intelligence is what Witmer thinks, an ability to 
cope with problems of environment which have 
not been experienced before, what cireumlocution 
is to be employed by the naturalist to avoid the 
use of the term intelligence in such instances? 

The question involved here is one which seems 
to imply an ability, on the part of the larger 
lizards, to estimate, with apparently some correct- 
ness of judgment, the difference between environ- 
ments. In short the behavior observed seems to 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


present a means of experimentation on a rather 
fine point of discrimination between futility of 
effort and practicability. The advantage of 
previous experience can hardly be attributed to 
the animal’s re-action because previous experience 
can only have had one conclusion; that of un- 
successful effort and a return to the familiar 
quarters of the terrarium. There would seem to 
be something evidently more subtle here in mental 
process, the investigation of which field has been 
perhaps unfortunately ignored by recent students 
of animal conduct since the contributions of the 
English naturalist-philosopher, W. H. Hudson. 

It may even be considered somewhat out of 
place to bring up again the now almost tabooed 
psychological problem of animal intelligence, in 
the accepted technical sense of the term, but if 
we do yield to standard professional prejudices 
by ignoring observations of controllable pheno- 
mena, we are not getting nearer to truth in natural 
history in a field which has been ignored of late 
by nearly every student. Whether the inter- 
pretation of the circumstances has been psycholog- 
ically correct or not, through observation of the 
outer conduct of the animals, it is evident that 
beneath the surface here lies a fundamental 
problem of Saurian potential intelligence. 


NOTES ON THE RELATION OF THE DIPPER (Cinclus mexicana unicolor) 
TO FISHING INTERESTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND 


ALBERTA 
By J. A. MUNRO 


YOMPLAINTS of damage to fishing 


spawn and the fry of trout and salmon, 
have been received during recent years 
by the Commissioner of Canadian National 
Parks and, with a view to obtaining information 
on this question, the co-operation of the Depart- 
ment of Marine and Fisheries was secured. Asa 
result the following notes, compiled from data 
submitted by officers of that Department, were 
prepared by Mr. W. A. Found, Assistant Deputy 
Minister: 

“SKEENA RIVER HATCHERY 


Tweny-one of these birds were examined and 
in nineteen cases the stomach was found to 
contain sockeye fry, and it is stated that these 
birds had been seen feeding in the vicinity of the 
retaining ponds. Two specimens killed about 
one-half mile above the hatchery contained 
aquatic insects and larve but no fry, fingerlings 
or fish. 

The Superintendent is of opinion that this bird 
is harmless in that district so long as it does not 
discover a pond in which fry are being held. It is 


interests, caused by Dippers eating the - 


most abundant in the fast mountain streams up 
to the timber line, and is rarer on the slower 
valley streams and spawning grounds. He is of 
opinion that, if naturally it eats a few salmon fry 
and ova, it will balance this by eating ova and fry 
of the salmon enemies. 


BANFF HATCHERY. 

Fall of 1921 this bird was seen taking five fish 
in about half an hour, also catching and eating a 
fish nearly three inches long; and during the 
winter of 1921-22 not less than 10,000 advanced 
Cut-Throat trout fry were taken from the ponds 
and destroyed by these birds. 

During the week of October 30, 1922, three 
rainbow trout, four inches in length, were taken 
from the ponds by these birds, but they were 
unable to swallow these fish as they were too 
large but carried them on the bank where they 
died. 

COWICHAN LAKE HATCHERY. 


The Superintendent states that the American 
Dipper is not very plentiful in immediate vicinity 
of hatchery and gives the opinion that they are 


March, 1924] 


destructive to fish life but not nearly so destruc- 
tive as the Kingfisher. 


CuLTUS LAKE HATCHERY. 


Superintendent states that there are very few 
American Dippers in the vicinity of the hatchery 
during the spring, summer and early fall. They 
are more plentiful during the winter months. 
None have been killed and examined but he reports 
that in the cold weather infertile eggs were scat- 
tered in the creek near the hatchery and these 
birds were seen taking the eggs. 


ANDERSON LAKE HATCHERY. 


Superintendent reports that out of 16 American 
Dippers shot between October 13th and November 
12th, 1922, 8 were found to contain no eggs or 
fry, 4 were found to contain an average of 6 eggs 
each, 1 found to contain 4 eggs, 1 shot but was 
not secured and 2 were turned over to the Chief 
Federal Migratory Bird Officer for the Western 
Provinces. 

BABINE LAKE HATCHERY. 


Superintendent reports 8 American Dippers 
shot in vicinity of hatchery, stomachs examined 
and found to contain no fry, eggs or young fish. 
He states he has no doubt the absence of fry or 
eggs is owing to the season being too far advanced 
when the birds were shot. 


PEMBERTON HATCHERY. 


No American Dippers have been shot at this 
hatchery owing to the fact that they have been 
unusually scarce during the past winter. 


Pitt LAKE HATCHERY. 


Quite a number of American Dippers have been 
destroyed but on examination of the stomachs, no 
fry were found. Superintendent states that he 
has seen these birds carrying fry away from the 
ponds to their nests when their young were newly 
hatched.” 

Analyses of the stomach contents of Dippers 
have also been conducted by the writer when 
opportunity offered. Four sock-eye eggs were 
found in the stomach of a male taken at Hender- 
son Lake on November 21st, 1923. Of the ten 
other stomachs examined, from specimens taken 
in various parts of British Columbia, one contained 
portions of a trout fry and the balance held insect 
remains only. 

In reading the above notes it will be noted that 
little evidence has been presented in reference to 
their consumption of spawn and this is evidently 
not considered serious by the Fishery Officials. 
It is known, however, that spawn is taken when 
occasion offers. Some years ago on the Gold- 
stream, Vancouver Island, Dippers were observed 
feeding on the drifting eggs of Dog salmon which 
were then spawning in large numbers. But their 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 49 


stomach and gullet capacity is not large—10 
sock-eye eggs would constitute a full meal—and 
when it is considered that drifting infertile eggs 
form the largest percentage of those consumed, it 
will be realized that the damage to fishing interests 
caused by Dippers in this respect is of little 
importance. 

The destruction of fry is perhaps a more serious 
offense but we have little evidence that this takes 
place to an alarming degree under natural condi- 
tions, the complaints having reference to the 
destruction of artificially propagated fry after 
they have been placed in the retaining ponds. 
It has been noted that these small fish swim 
continually along the shores of the ponds, seeking 
an outlet perhaps, and so fall an easy prey to 
Dippers, Kingfishers or other birds that may be 
attracted to this bountiful supply of food. Even 
Robins have been observed catching fry under 
similar conditions. It can be expected, therefore, 
that the Dippers which frequent retaining ponds 
become fish-eaters to a much greater extent than 
do those living on mountain streams, where their 
diet is largely insectivorous. 

Dippers are usually soliatry in their habits; 
occasionally two or three are seen together, but 
single birds are the rule after the breeding season. 
Each bird or each couple feed along certain por- 
tions of a stream or lake shore and their feeding 
grounds are guarded from the intrusion of others 
of their kind. When a Dipper is killed on its 
feeding ground another usually takes its place 
and if this bird be killed it will be succeeded by 
others. Thus a large number of Dippers may be 
killed at a retaining pond during the season with- 
out stopping the destruction of fry. 

The experience of the Superintendent of the 
Banff Hatchery is a case in point. In this case, 
not less than ten thousand advanced Cut-Throat 
fry were taken from the retaining ponds by 
Dippers during one winter, in spite of the fact 
that every effort was made to kill these birds as 
they appeared. It seems clear therefore that the 
protection afforded fry through the shooting of 
Dippers is negligible and some other method of 
protection must befound. To meet this situation 
it has been suggested that the ponds be screened 
with fine mesh wire netting. This could be done 
at a nominal cost and prevent any further trouble 
from that source. 


SUMMARY. 


The Dipper, primarily an insectivorous bird, 
will feed on fish spawn and fry when such food is 
easily obtained. 

The destruction of the spawn of trout and sal- 
mon is slight and can have little effect on the 
supply of these fish. 


50 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Under the artificial conditions existing at the 
Government Fish Hatcheries, where fry are placed 
in open retaining ponds, Dippers become fish- 
eaters through force of circumstances and are 
capable of doing considerable damage. 

The practice of shooting these birds in order to 
protect the fry has net had the desired effect. 

The obvious remedy is to screen the surface of 
retaining ponds with fine mesh wire netting. This 
will adequately protect the fry and render it un- 
necessary to destroy a song-bird of high aesthetic 
value. 

For, apart from any economic aspect of the 
question, the Dipper is a bird we can ill afford to 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


lose. He is a songster of rare talent and a friend 
to every lover of the mountains. The solitary 
angler knows him as a restless, eccentric little 
chap who may be seen teetering on a spray- 
drenched rock in the rush of a boiling current, or 
walking submerged on the bed of the stream in its 
quiet reaches. To the trapper he is the “grey 
singing Wren’’, for he is lavish with his music in 
the winter months, whether he be found along 
swollen coast torrents which slide past moss- 
draped rocks, sodden bracken and rain-drenched 
alders; or whether he be found on the ice-rimmed 
edge of some up-country stream, half buried in 
snow in the heart of a jack-pine forest. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE FERNS OF HATLEY, QUE. 
By HENRY MOUSLEY 


HE FINDING of the Little Grape Fern 
(Botrychium simplex) at Hatley, and the 
pleasure of being able to extend con- 

=~ siderably the known range of that curious 
little fern, the Walking Fern (Camptosorus rhizo- 
phyllus), as well as that of the Ebony Spleenwort 

(Asplenium platyneuron), in eastern Canada, will 

ever make the season of 1923 a memorable one. 

The addition of the first-named species, together 
with the var. europexum of the Rattlesnake Fern 

(Botrychium virginianum), and the var. etatius 

of the Lady Fern (Athyrium angustum), brings my 

list of Hatley Ferns up to fifty-one species and 
varieties, irrespective of the hybrids in the Thely- 
pteris .(Dryopteris) family. It is said that one 
cannot serve two masters, but from repeated 
successes whilst serving not two, but many 
masters, I am beginning somewhat to lose faith 
in the saying. Certain it is, that whilst searching 
more especially for orchids on August 11, I came 
upon a little colony of B. simplex under cedars, 
in a low-lying damp wood about a mile to the 
north of Hatley village. Many of the plants 
were very small indeed, similar to those found by 

Mr. A. A. Eaton in New Hampshire in 1898, and 

figured on page 62 of Clute’s Our Ferns in their 

Haunts. Another interesting Botrychium met 

with was B. obliquum var. oneidense on September 

14, which was growing down one side of a logging 

road, in a rich, mixed wood, which also produced 

examples of the Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychivm 
virginianum) with two and three fruiting panicles. 

Just about this time (August 12) I received word 

from Mr. C. H. Knowlton that Mr. E. B. Cham- 

berlain, whilst searching for mosses near St. Cyr, 

Richmond Co., Que., in late July of the present 

year (1923), had come upon a colony of the Walk- 

ing Fern (Camptosorus rhizophyllus). Naturally 
this aroused my enthusiasm, as the distribution of 
this little fern in the Province of Quebec is very 


imperfectly known. So far as I am aware, the 
only stations for the species at this date were in 
the west, on the calcareous formations of Montreal, 
Hemmingford, and perhaps Sorel, so that the 
discovery of the above station has extended the 
range some 75 miles farther east, although I have 
since learned from Mr. Knowlton that he found 
the species (also this year) at Philipsburg, Missis- 
quoi Co., Que., in early August, which reduces 
the above seventy-five miles to fifty, as Philips- 
burg is 25 miles farther east than Hemmingford. 
Thanks to the directions given me by these 
gentlemen, I was enabled, after a long search on 
August 80, to locate the very boulder on which 
Mr. Chamberlain had found the species. This 
boulder was situated in a rich deciduous wood, 
and it was on the western side, which was covered 
with moss, that quite a large colony of Camp- 
tosorus was growing. Later on in this same wood, 
I found quite a number of plants of the Maiden- 
hair Spleenwort (Asplenium Trichomanes), an- 
other little fern whose distribution in the Province 
is very imperfectly known at present, and which 
I can only presume Mr. Chamberlain did not 
notice, as nothing was said about its being there. 
The Ebony Spleenwort (Aspleniwm platyneuron) 
was found by Mr. Knowlton during his visit to 
Philipsburg in early August, when he also dis- 
covered the second station for the Walking Fern 
(Camptosorus rhizophyllus), as already mentioned. 
So far as I am aware, there are only two known 
stations for the Ebony Spleenwort in the Province, 
Vaudreuil, and Ile de Montreal, so that the 
discovery of the one mentioned extends its range 
eastward about fifty miles. On July 11 I climbed 
Owl’s Head Mountain (2,484 ft.), on the western 
shore of Lake Memphremagog, which I have 
already referred to in: a previous paper, Can. 
Field-Nat., Vol. XXXVI, 1922, No. 8, p. 151. 
At the very foot of the trail, near a sugar-house, 


March, 1924] 


which stood on the edge of the woods almost in 
the open, I found Braun’s Holly Fern (Polystichum 
Braunii), and this species persisted almost to the 
summit on the right side of the trail, where there 
was a water course. Examples more or less 
pronounced of the var. aleuticum of the Maiden- 
hair Fern (Adiantum pedatum) were also noted, 
and on the very summit of the mountain a second 
station for the Three-toothed Cinquefoil (Potentilla 
tridentata) was found, the previous one being on 
the top of Barnston Pinnacle (2,150 ft.), as already 
recorded. Just below the summit, the same as on 
Mt. Orford, 1 found quite a bed of Thelypteris 
spinulosa var. americana, and most of the com- 
moner ferns were also met with during the day. 
On July 20 I went on a visit into northern 
Vermont after the White Fringed Orchis (Haben- 
aria blephariglottis), and, whilst there, had the 
satisfaction of becoming acquainted with the var. 
cambricum of the Common Polypody (Polypodium 
vulgare) as it has hitherto been called in this 
country, although as shown by Prof. Fernald, 
Rhodora, Vol. XXIV, 1922, No. 283, pp. 125-142, 
it should now be known as Polypodium virginian- 
um forma bipinnatifidum. A new experience also 
awaited me in the finding of the Rusty Woodsia 
(Woodsia ilvensis), growing on exposed rocks only 
a little above the surface of the ground, and right 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Syl 


out in the open in grazing fields. The Maidenhair 
Spleenwort (Asplenium Trichomanes) was also 
found in a similar situation, but in the shade of 
some trees. ‘ 

About the middle of the month of August, I 
went with some friends for a picnic to Orford Lake, 
and whilst there had a look for Mrs. Jolley’s 
station for the Alpine Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum 
pedatum var. aleuticum), which, however, I failed 
to find, owing, I think, to a recent deviation of 
the road, which has swept away the site. How- 
ever, I have found this variety, in a more or less 
pronounced form, to be fairly well distributed all 
around Hatley. It was whilst looking for the 
above variety on the southern shore of the lake 
that I came across a second station for that 
delicate littie flower, the Pale Corydalis (Corydalis 
sempervirens), the previous record being trom the 
summit of Barnston Pinnacle. 

In conclusion may I suggest that the book “Les 
Filicinées du Québec,” by Fr. Marie-Victorin, 
published in March, 1923, be translated into 
English, as a Government publication, in order to 
give it a wider circulation, and thus stir up a 
more general interest and desire on the part of 
the rising generation to extend our knowledge of 
the range of many of the rarer species in the 
Province, of which we know very little at present. 


W. H. HUDSON, THE NATURALIST (1841-1922) 
By FRANK MORRIS 
(Concluded from p. 26) 


Ill. “By the Waters of Babylon.’ 


Throughout his life, as I have said, Hudson was 
ruled by his emotions. He was certainly a man 
of great intellectual powers, but the xsthetic side 
of his nature was even greater; and in this strange 
combination of Naturalist and Artist he was quite 
unique. He loved passionately the unspoiled life 
of the Pampas, even to the rude Indians and 
Spanish gauchos; he loved, too, the home and the 
days of his boyhood; and he set up in his heart a 
romantic worship for the land of his ancestors, the 
little old England that his father loved to speak of 
and that he himself insisted always on calling 
“home,” much to the amusement of his more 
matter-of-fact brothers. 


When Hudson was about 35 the first signs of a 
momentous change might be noticed in his beloved 
Argentine: Progress (with a capital “P’’) began 
to advance across the Atlantic like a tidal wave, 
destined in a few years to drown the plains and 
their primitive life beneath a flood of European 
immigrants. With its distant roar already in his 
ears, Hudson determined to visit the home of his 
ancestors and settled presently in London, Eng- 


land. That he might preserve in his heart un- 
spoiled to the end his boyhood’s picture of the 
Pampas, Hudson never returned to the land of his 
birth. 

Without friends and without means in the 
wilderness of London, Hudson trusted for support 
to that frailest of reeds,—a reed that only too 
often pierces the hand that leans on it—the pen 
of an author. He lived in a garret, one of the 
poorest of all the poor denizens of Grub Street. 

“Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron 
bars a cage’’—in his London garret Hudson built 
for his soul a lordly pleasure house; a 3-story 
building, if you will pardon the pun; the first was 
built of memories—The Purple Land, where the 
imagined. hero gallops through the Argentine in a 
series of romantic adventures, enjoying all the 
sights and sounds, the sunshine and simplicity, of 
the land that Hudson loved; the second was built 
of pure fancy—A Crystal Age, one of those never- 
never lands of the spirit, where the human race 
has attained its finest flower of culture without 
ever outgrowing the primitive family life, pure, 
passionless, and beautiful. In the third, he forced 
his soul into contact with all it loathed in the 


52 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


unlovely and degenerate ways of Modern Babylon, 
a race no more of noble savages but of artificial 
apes—Fan, the Story of a Young Girl. He pro- 
bably knew by now that he could never make a 
success of novel-writing; a popular novelist must 
be more of a mixer than Hudson ever had been or 
ever cared to be; and he hid the authorship of this 
third romance under an-assumed name. 


It is unimaginable that so subtle a thinker as 
Hudson could ever have mistaken his own powers 
as a writer. The reason he ventured into fiction 
was no doubt that other kinds of writing bring so 
little g.ist to the mill. No sooner had he launched 
his third romance than he turned in despair from 
the starvation of a ‘‘stickit” novelist to what he 
knew meant a life of penury, the writing of 
Natural History. 


We have already spoken of his first trilogy of 
books on Nature. These volumes brought him 
in so little and at such long intervals that he was 
driven to write magazine articles on various as- 
pects of Nature as he observed it around him— 
chiefly birds, his life-passion, creatures that few 
could watch to such good purpose as he or inter- 
pret so well. 


The quickness of a bird’s life had always made 
a tremendous appeal to Hudson, as it must to 
most emotional natures, and his wonderfully 
delicate sense of beauty was stirred to ecstasy by 
bird melody, bird plumage and bird flight. “‘Pro- 
perly speaking,” says St. George Mivart, the 
Catholic scientist, “there is no such thing as a 
dead bird,” and Hudson quotes him with warm 
approval. The life is the bird; when the spirit 
passes out of it, there’s nothing left but a bundle 
of feathers, an empty case. Fancy Ariel dead! 
God never made a creature of more quick and 
quivering eager life than a bird’s; it spreads its 
pinions and soars into the blue, showering down 
music upon the earth and leaving us, the only other 
biped of account, to wring our hands in despair or 
fashion biplanes. It is strange to think of this 
aery sprite as a little sister of the cold dumb adder 
of the dust, yet so it is. 


There can be no better proof of Hudson’s 
magnificent equipment for his task than the fact 
that he was able to write well and to write with 
authority on British bird life within a few years 
of first setting foot on English soil. 


But he was so poor that he could barely afford 
to spend one short week each year in the country; 
_ most of his early observations were made in Lon- 
don and its suburbs. Whenever he had gathered 
enough articles to fill a volume, he would publish 
his papers in book form, and thus we have his 
first trilogy on British Bird Life—Birds of a 
Village, British Birds, and Birds in London. 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


IV. The Naturalist in Wessex. 


Hudson’s powers ripened slowly, like the poet 
Dryden’s, and remained ripe with practically no 
trace of decay—only a rich mellowing—till his 
death at the age of 81. Quite his greatest work 
in all fields of literary achievement was between 
the ages of 60 and 75. Of this long span of 15 
years the first six are the most remarkable; 
they represent the absolute peak of Hudson’s long 
life; in them he had better health than ever 
before or after, and in them he met his happiest 
adventures and discoveries in the field. This 
gave such stimulus and exaltation to his spirit 
that nothing seemed too great to attempt or to 
achieve. In these six years he wrote his famous 
Tales of the Pampas, of which El Ombu is far the 
greatest, one of the most powerful short stories in 
the English language; he wrote Green Mansions, 
the romance which came nearest to popular suc- 
cess; a wonderful story, as beautiful as strange, 
in which Hudson’s intense passion for tropical 
nature and bird life find almost lyric utterance; 
he wrote A Little Boy Lost, that charming child’s 
fantasy of Nature; and in his own special line he 
wrote Birds and Man, the greatest of his books 
devoted wholly to birds, and the two volumes 
which in my humble judgment are among quite the 
greatest of all his books: Nature in Downland—the 
flora and fauna of Sussex—and Hampshire Days, 
in which he painted the whole life of his favourite 
county, all its varied scenery, its lanes and rivers 
and woods and heaths, with their flowers and 
insects, birds and beasts, even to the hamlets and 
their peasant folk, the children and gaffers and 
gammers of this old-world Arcady: everything 
and everyone in their natural setting, described, 
interpreted and told in winged words, by this 
wizard of Nature and Man. Hampshire Days, 
like Nature in Downland, was so composed as to 
run the whole gamut of living Nature; it had the 
harmony of a piece of music— 


“Through the whole compass of the notes it ran, 
The diapason closing full in man.” 


Though the bird was Hudson’s special favorite, 
and his volume of Birds and Man probably the 
greatest of his bird books, it is not the greatest of 
his nature books, not nearly the equal of his books 
of a county; and this for several reasons, one of 
which Hudson himself points out: into the middle 
of his book Birds and Man he foists a chapter 
called The Charm of Wild Flowers, remarking that 
there is one trouble about books of birds—they 
have too much about birds in them; and he meant, 
of course, too little about other creatures, so that 
the interest is narrowed down. But a far more 
serious fault about bird books is that the birds 
are taken out of their natural environment, almost 


March, 1924] 


as though they had been captured one by one and 
confined in cages, instead of playing their part in 
Nature, with the flowers and insects and beasts 
and men, about the woods and fields and water 
haunts they love. But even so, Hudson’s Birds 
and Man is full of happy thoughts and the rich 
lore of experience in the field, as well as wide 
acquaintance with all the best literature on the 
subject. And others besides bird-lovers will be 
glad to know that he completed a second trilogy 
of bird books by adding Adventures Among Birds 
and Birds in Town and Village to this book of his 
prime. 

Soon after Hudson’s wonderful survey of Hamp- 
shire, he visited Cornwall and recorded his impres- 
sions in a volume called The Land’s End. Intense- 
ly interesting as the book is, one misses in it what 
its author missed in the Delectable Duchy, that 
richness of bird and other animal life which 
sweetens the pages of his Downland and. Hamp- 
shire studies. Those who are not fond of Natural 
History will find this book of great human interest, 
for it abounds in studies of the Cornishman. 
Indeed the human element in the book for the 
first time outweighs all the others, and probably 
gave a new trend to Hudson’s thought, for his 
next two books, Afoot in England and A Shepherd’s 
Life, are almost entirely character studies of the 
human kind. To these two books he added in 
extreme old age a third, a most entertaining series 
of pen-sketches, portraits and vignettes called 
A Traveller in Little Things. Far the greatest of 
these three is A Shepherd’s Life, a wonderful piece 
of objective psychology that few but Hudson 
could have written. While Hudson hated civiliza- 
tion and the civilized as warped away from nature, 
joyless and blind, he was very fond of simple 
people, far fonder perhaps than they could ever 
be of him, for his was the aloofest of natures; 
he was intensely interested in the life of the 
gauchos and Indians of his native pampas, and 
when he settled in England the peasants and the 
little children found their way into the loneliness 
of his heart. 


V. “The Harvest of a Quiet Eye.” 


We have seen that Hudson had a highly emo- 
tional temperament and also that his supreme 
interest in nature was psychological. His own 
personal experience taught him that whatever 
sense impressions came to him linked with strong 
emotions remained branded, as it were, indelibly 
in the brain; now, all Hudson’s study of nature 
was of this emotional sort and we shall naturally 
guess that his memory would be unusually good. 
Just how good it was I shall endeavour to show. 

When Hudson was 60 years of age and had 
lived continuously in England for a period of 26 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ae 


years, he sat down to write some chapters of a 
book to be called Adventures Among Birds. The 


‘first chapter was an incident of his childhood 


more than 50 years before; and in recalling it and 
others almost as distant, he subjected himself to 
an experiment. Remember in estimating the 
result these two facts (1) he had neither seen nor 
heard the birds of South America for 26 years 
(2) for 26 years his eyes and ears had been drink- 
ing in the images and songs of British birds, many 
of them closely resembling and therefore confusing 
the original records, as in a palimpsest MS. 

Hudson sat down with pencil and note book and 
made a list of the birds he had observed in La 
Plata and Patagonia. The list comprised 226 
species which he had seen; of these birds the sight- 
images of 10 had become indistinct and one image 
entirely forgotten; the remaining 215 he could 
still describe accurately and in detail. His list of 
those that had been heard amounted to 192; of 
these, the language of 31 had grown more or less 
indistinct, and 7 voices had passed entirely from 
his memory; the remaining 154 still rang clear as 
a bell in his mind when he thought about them, 
their cries, calls, songs, and other sounds. Few 
observers could even approach this sight-record, 
none but a highly trained musician could match 
the sound-record; I am certain no man living but 
Hudson could have stood the double test. 

Hudson’s explanation is the simple truth: 
whatever enters the mind emotionally makes a 
lasting impression and needs no effort of memory. 
And further, as we know from dozens of authentic 
records, practically nothing is ever really blotted 
out from the pages of the human mind. 

Of this strange truth Hudson himself affords an 
extraordinary example. Feeling strangely depres- 
sed and weary in November 1916 (his age was 75) 
he went down for the week-end from London to 
Brighton, and while watching the afterglow of a 
beautiful sunset from the pier in an east wind, he 
caught cold and for six weeks lay at death’s door 
with rheumatic fever. On the second day of his 
illness, while thinking of his early days, he sud- 
denly found himself staring at a bright and 
sharply outlined vision of his childhood. At 
first he didn’t dare to move for fear it would fade 
away; but when he found it lasted. on and on, 
growing brighter as he fixed his looks upon it, he . 
called for a pencil and a writing pad, and at 
intervals, as his strength allowed, by day and by 
night-for six weeks, he transcribed the bright 
vision into words as glowing—the panorama of his 
boyhood from three years old to twenty, his 
masterpiece of all, Far Away and Long Ago, 
published when he was seventy-eight. 

“Tt was to me,” he writes, “a marvellous 
“experience: to be here, propped up with pillows 


5A THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


‘mn a dimly-lighted room, the night-nurse idly 
“dozing by the fire, the sound of the everlasting 
“wind in my ears, howling outside and dashing the 
“rain like hailstones against the window panes; 
“to be awake to all this, feverish and ill and sore, 
“conscious of my danger too, and at the same time 
“to be thousands of miles away, out in the sun 
“and wind, rejoicing in other sights and sounds, 
“happy again with that ancient, long-lost and now 
“recovered happiness!”’ 


In the last 4 years of his life Hudson enlarged 
his Birds in a Village and reissued it as Birds in 
Town and Village; he recast his Argentine Ornith- 
ology in more popular form under the title of 
Birds of La Plata; he wrote a volume of delightful 
pen-sketches and anecdotes—A Traveller in Lutile 
Things; he composed two short stories, one of 
which, he tells us, sprang full-grown from his brain 
in an instant after long hours of concentration: 
Dead Man’s Plack, a Hampshire legend of King 
Edgar and Athelwold, the bosom friend whom he 
slew with his own hand. 

Immediately after publishing Far Away and 
Long Ago, he followed it up with The Book of a 
Naturalist, one of the most racy and genial of all 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


his books of Natural History. In 1922, with 
weakened frame to be sure, but mental vigour 
unabated, he turned to grapple with the problems 
of sense, instinct and presentiment in the wonder- 
ful volume of A Hind in Richmond Park, which 
ranges from the sense of smell and bird migrations 
to the origin of art and psychic phenomena. 
Late in August 1922, the month of his birth, he 
handed over to a friend the MS. of the last chapter 
and went to bed tired but happy as a little child; 
and so, in the night, he slept away. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 
W. H. Hupson, August, 1841-August, 1922. 
The ee (1885), A Crystal Age (1887), Fan, A Novel 


Tales of the Pampas, ete. (1902-21), Green Mansions (1904), 
A Little Boy Lost, (1905). 


Birds of La Plata (1888-9), The Naturalist in La Plata (1892), 
Idle Days in Patagonia (1893). 


Birds in a Village (1893), British Birds (1895), Birds in Lon- 
don (1828); : 

Birds and Man (1901), Adventures Among Birds (1913), Birds 
in Town and Village (1919). 


Nature in Downland (1900), Hampshire Days (1903), The 
Land’s End (1908). 


Afoot in England (1909), A Shepherd’s Life (1910), A Traveller 
in Little Things (1921). 


Far Away and Long Ago (1916-18), The Book of a Naturalis* 
(1919), A Hind in Richmond Park (1922). 


SOME HOLOTHURIANS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA 
BY HUBERT LYMAN CLARK 


¥ SMALL collection of holothurians from 
British Columbia from the Victoria 
Memorial Museum, Ottawa, has been 
placed in my hands for identification 
and, as they are of more than ordinary interest, it 
seems proper to publish these notes upon the 
species represented.* Nine of the eleven species 
belong to the already heterogeneous and over- 


crowded genus Cucumaria and two of them fail _ 


to conform to the description of any known 
species and hence must be given new names here. 
The variety of Cucumarias occurring along the 
western American coast is remarkable and more 
information about their size, colour and habits in 
life is greatly to be desired. Unfortunately there 
are no notes with these specimens that throw any 
light upon such matters. All the specimens 
treated here are in the Victoria Memorial Museum, 


Ottawa, Ont., except certain duplicates retained 
for the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. 


Leptosynapta inhaerens Verrill 


Holothuria inhaerens, O. F. MULLER,- 1776. 


Zool. Dan. Prod., p. 282. 
Leptosynapta inherens, VERRILL, 1867. 
Conn. Acad., Vol. I, p. 325. 


*T take pleasure in extending my thanks to Mr. Frits Johan- 
sen, who attended to the packing and transfer of the specimens, 
when dealing with material collected by the Canadian Arctic 
Expedition, 1913-18. 


Trans. 


A small synaptid, only about 10 mm. long, 
seems to represent this species. It was taken on 
August 6, 1885, by G. M. Dawson, in 10 fathoms 
of water, sand and mud, at Alert Bay, Queen 
Charlotte Sound, B.C. 


Cucumaria californica Semper 
SEMPER, 1868; Holothurien p. 235. 


There is a large specimen, 150 mm. or so in 
length, from Farewell Harbour, Queen Charlotte 
Sound, B.C., 8-12 fathoms, gravel. It was 
collected by G. M. Dawson on September 7, 1885. 
This is apparently Whiteaves’ ‘“Pentacta frondosa 
Gunner,” (1886, p. 117).* 


Dr. Dawson also collected on September 4, 
1885, off False Head, Queen Charlotte Sound, 30 
fathoms, sand, gravel and dead shells, the anterior 
ends of four large Cucumarias, which probably 
belong to this species, but of course are not 
determinable with certainty. There are four 
more or less poor and decalcified Cucumarias, 
from Ucluelet, west side of Vancouver Island, low 
tide, which probably are californica. They were 
taken in May-July, 1909, by Young and Spread- 
borough. 


Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Vol. IV, Sect. 4, 1886, pp. 111-137 


March, 1924] 


Cucumaria chronhjelmi Théel 
THEEL, 1886. Challenger, Holos., pt. 2, p. 105. 


This species is well represented in the collection 
by the following specimens: 

Two specimens, 12 and 20 mm. long respectively, 
from Queen Charlotte Sound, off False Head, 30 
fathoms, sand, gravel and dead shells, September 
4, 1885, G. M. Dawson coll. 

Fifty-five specimens, a few in good condition, 
but mostly very much contracted, 6-40 mm. long. 
They were taken by G. M. Dawson on August 6, 
1885, in 10 fathoms, sand and mud, in Alert Bay, 
Queen Charlotte Sound, B.C. 

Four specimens, 30-50 mm. long, much con- 
tracted, unusually white, from Ucluelet, west side 
of Vancouver Island, low tide, May-July, 1909. 
Young and Spreadborough coll. 

One specimen, 55 mm.long, very good condition, 
from Comox, east side of Vancouver Island, 
between tides, July, 1915. W. Spreadborough 
coll. 

Cucumaria lissoplaca sp. nov. 


*\ Lo 06s =smooth+ 7AGE = plate, in reference to the smooth 
ealeareous plates in the skin. 


Length along midventrai radius, about 35 mm. 
along middorsal interradius, about 25 mm.; dia- 
meter of body near middle, dorsoventral, 10 mm.; 
lateral, 9mm. Body distinctly curved and more 
or less tapering posteriorly; in the least contracted 
specimens the form is markedly elongated into a 
caudal portion. Tentacles strongly contracted 
but presumably 10. Pedicels confined to ambu- 


lacra in very distinct, somewhat crowded double~ 


series; they are so full of calcareous rods they are 
not badly contracted but seem rather long. Cal- 
careous ring rather high, the anterior points of 
the radial and interradial pieces about equal; 
interradial pieces about 2 mm. high and half as 
wide, concave behind; radial pieces with long 
posterior prolongations; measured from the inter- 
radial margin these prolongations are about 2 mm. 
long but the radial piece is so deeply cleft poster- 
iorly that they are 3 mm. long on the radial side. 
No madreporic canal was found but what appeared 
to be a collapsed Polian vessel was detected. 
Genital glands well developed. 

Calcareous particles in two layers; the outer 
consists of somewhat scattered, very delicate 
plates only 30-50 » in diameter, while the inner 
is a dense crowded layer of smooth, more or less 
button-like plates. The outer layer tends to be 
easily rubbed off and might readily be overlooked. 
The plates that compose it may be likened to the 
disk of the tables of some holothurians; in fact, 
the figure of the disk of a table of a young Sticho- 
pus badinotus recently published by me (H. L. 
Clark, 1922, Bull. M.C.Z., Vol. 65, No. 3, pl. 2, 
fig. 18) gives a very good idea of their form. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 55 


Few, however, are so symmetrically developed as 
this figure and they all have minute blunt spine- 
lets or tubercles more or less numerous on the 
upper surface. 


The plates of the inner layer show considerable 
diversity of form but typically they may be de- 
scribed as short fusiform in outline, or elongated 
diamond-shaped with rounded angles, thus ap- 
proaching the shape of a flattened spindle. In 
the expanded part are four moderately large 
perforations and in each of the elongated angles, 
which are opposite each other of course, is another 
smaller perforation. Such plates are about 90- 
100 long and 40» wide. From this typical form 
variation occurs in three ways; the plates may 
become more elongated and have still another 
perforation distal to those mentioned: such plates 
may be 1504-200 long and only 30-40 u wide at 
the middle. Ortheplates lose their projecting angles 
and become irregular rounded plates, which may 
be only 60x40 u or even smaller, and sometimes are 
nearly circular; such plates have only four or five 
perforations. Again the plates become widened 
and the number of perforations increases, so that 
they are 120-130 long, 40-504 wide and have 
10-15 perforations, but they may be much larger; 
the largest plate measured was 175 by 90 and 
had about 40 perforations. 


The supporting rods of the pedicels are merely 
modifications of the fusiform bodies. They be- 
come more flattened and thinner, the ends are 
more truncate and the whole plate is curved into 
about a fourth or a third of a circle. Distally in 
the pedicel, the plates tend to develop a rudiment- 
ary spire and this becomes fairly conspicuous at 
the tip of the foot. 


Colour, if any were ever present, is quite 
bleached out; the alcoholic material is now 
yellowish-white. 


There are ten specimens of “ahve little holo- 
thurian in the collection, taken in 10 fathoms, 
sand and mud, in Alert Bay, Queen Char- 
lotte Sound, B.C., by G. M. Dawson on August 6, 
1885. It was taken along with lubrica, chronh- 
jelmi, populifera and trachyplaca, species which it 
closely resembles. Its tendency to develop a 
caudal appendage and its very characteristic 
calcareous particles will distinguish it, however, on 
careful examination. (Catalogue number 583, 
Radiata, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa; 
Cotypes.) 


Cucumaria lubrica H. L. Clark 


H. L. CuarKk, 1901, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
Vol. 29, p. 334. 


This species seems to be abundant in Alert Bay, 
Queen Charlotte Sound, B.C., in about 10 fathoms, 


BR THE CANADIAN FIBLD-NATURALIST 


sand and mud, for there are some 80 
specimens in the collection made there on August 
6, 1885, by G. M. Dawson. Museum No. 85-4. 
They are all very much contracted, 6-26 mm. long 
and in poor condition. 

Cucumaria miniata (Brandt) 

Cladodactyla (Polyclados) miniata BRANDT, 1835, 
Prodromus, p. 44. 

Cucumaria miniata SELENKA, 1867. 
Zool., vol. 17, p. 350. 

I am referring to this species 7 specimens 10- 
50 mm. long, ranging in colour from white to dark 
brown, whose small size and poor condition make 
their identification somewhat dubious. The eal- 
eareous particles indicate miniata and the largest 
specimen has two Polian vessels and a number of 
stone canals. No full grown specimen of miniata 
is in the collection. The small individuals were 
collected at the following places: 

Vancouver Island, Ucluelet, low tide, May- 
July, 1909. Young and Spreadborough colls. 

Vancouver Island, east side, Comox; between 
tides, July 1915. Spreadborough coll. 


Cucumaria piperata (Stimpson) 

Pentacta piperata STIMPSON, 1864. Proc. Phila. 
Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 161. 

Cucumaria piperata, H. L. CLARK, 1901. 
Anz., vol. 24, p. 171. 

It is unfortunate that all of the material which 
is apparently to be referred to this species is in 
poor condition and more or less decalcified. Hence 
the identification is largely based on the charac- 
teristic black spots and is not confirmed by cal- 
eareous particles. There are 5 specimens 12- 
35 mm. long, taken at the following points: 

British Columbia, Queen Charlotte Islands, 
1910, Spreadborough coll. 

Vancouver Island, west side, Ucluelet, 9 fa- 
thoms, August, f909. Young and Spreadborough 
colls. 

Same place, low tide, May-July, 1909. 
collectors. 


Cucumaria populifera (Stimpson) 


Zeit. f. w. 


Zool. 


Same 


Pentacta populifer STIMPSON, 1864. Proc. Phila. 
Acad. Nat. Sct., p. 161. 
Cucumaria populifer THEL, 1886. Challenger 


Holos., p. 108. 


All of the 14 Cucumarias that I refer to this 
species are small and strongly contracted, 10- 
25 mm. long; many are in poor condition and some 
are decalcified, making their identity uncertain. 
The four specimens from Cortez and Hernandez 
Islands show a very interesting diversity in the 
calcareous particles. The two largest specimens 
have the typical tables. The smallest has the 


[VOL. XXXVIII 


disks of the tables more or less cruciform while 
the next larger specimen shows a similar but not 
so well-marked condition. The tables are largest 
in the smallest specimen and smallest in the 
largest. Apparently we have here fragmentary 
evidence of interesting growth changes but 
obviously more detailed observations are neede d 
to enable us to understand them. 
The fourteen specimens are from the following 
places: 
Cortez and Hernandez Islands, 8-20 fathoms, 
sandy bottom, July 6-8, 1885, G. M. Dawson coll. 
Queen Charlotte Sound, Alert Bay, 10 fathoms, 
sand and mud, August 6, 1885, G. M. Dawson coll. 
Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Sound, off 
False Head, 30 fathoms, sand, gravel and dead 
shells, September 4, 1885, G. M. Dawson coll. 
Vancouver Island, east side, Departure Bay, 20 
fathoms, September 17, 1908, W. Spreadborough, 
coll. : 
Cucumaria trachyplaca* sp. nov. 
*T0aXis =rough+7Adé£E=plate, in reference to the ridged 
and knobbed outer surface of the plates in the skin. 
Length 18 mm., diameter 5 mm. Body not 
curved, but in the strongly contracted condition 
of all the specimens straight and not much larger 
at the middle than at the blunt and subequal ends. 
Tentacles strongly contracted, 10, of which the 
ventral pair are much the smallest and the dorsal 
four evidently larger than the others. Pedicels 
rather short, confined to ambulacra in two very 
distinct somewhat crowded series. Calcareous 
ring moderate; interradial pieces about 1.5 mm. 
high, pointed anteriorly, slightly concave pos- 
teriorly; radial] pieces with long posterior prolonga- 
tions, the piece itself a little narrower and more 
pointed than the interradial, not cleft posteriorly, 
the prolongations as long as the piece, the two 
together about 3mm. Neither madreporie canal 
nor Polian vessel was found in the specimens. 
Genital glands moderately developed. 
Calcareous particles all of one kind. I cannot 
find any outer epidermal layer of more delicate 
plates or “‘baskets’’ but the skin is more or less 
crowded with knobbed, perforated plates. Norm- 
ally the plates are so numerous as to overlap freely 
and make a continuous layer, but in places where 
the skin is stretched the plates may be found well 
spaced and not in contact with each other. The 
plates occur in all stages of development from rods 
about 33 long, widened and a little forked at 
each end, up to the complete plate, 200u long 
(or more) and 60-704 wide, with 20 or more 
perforations, and on the outer surface a com- 
plicated and very irregular combination of ridges 
and knobs, making the plates very rough on that 
side. In partly developed plates, there are half 
a dozen or more low rounded knobs regularly 


Wy Rae VAR a i et ie ny 


a 


March, 1924] 


arranged with reference to the holes in the plate 
but as the plate develops it soon loses its sym- 
metry, one side usually developing more than the 
other, the knobs are more numerous, no longer 
regularly distributed, and connected with each 
other by crooked ridges. As the ridges become 


higher, knobs and low spinelets develop on them, 


and thus the rough outer surface of the plate is 
formed. In the pedicels the plates become more 
elongated, narrower and curved, the ridges and 
knobs are confined to the central part, and thus 
the supporting rods arise. 


Colour of preserved specimens, yellowish-white; 
tentacles darker. There is no clue as to what the 
colour in life may have been. 


There are 25 specimens of this little Cucumaria 
before me. All were taken in 10 fathoms, sand 
and mud, in Alert Bay, Queen Charlotte Sound, 
British Columbia, by G. M. Dawson, August 6, 
1885. They were taken in company with lubrica, 
chronhjelmi, lissoplaca and populifera, and all five 
species were preserved together. It is hardly 
probable that the five actually live in such close 
relationship as this indicates. Probably field 
study in Alert Bay will show that each species has 
its own particular habitat. (Catalogue No. 594, 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 57 


Radiata, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. 
Cotypes.) 
Cucumaria vegae Théel. 

THEEL, 1886, Challenger, Holos., p. 114. 

There are four little Cucumarias 10-20 mm. long 
which were taken in 10-20 fathoms, sand and 
gravel, at Discovery Passage, on the Vancouver 
Island side of Johnstone Strait, by G. M. Dawson 
in 1885. I have compared them with specimens 
of vege from St. Paul’s Island and find they are 
immature examples of that species. As yet only 
the largest has pedicels on the dorsal interambu- 
lacra and, in that case, the extra pedicels are all 
middorsal. 


Psolus chitonoides H. L. Clark 


H. L. CuLarKk, 1902. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., vol. 29, p. 335. 


There are two specimens of this holothurian 
from Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, B.C., taken at 
low tide in the early summer (‘‘“May-July’’) of 
1909, by Young and Spreadborough. They are 
about 40x35 mm. and are in poor condition. The 
dorsal plates are imbricated and the characteristic 
calcareous particles in the “‘Sole’’ are well devel- 
oped. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 


A FLOCK OF TRUMPETER SWANS 
Photo by ByRoN Harmon, February, 1920 


TRUMPETER SWANS.—The picture shows nine- 
teen Trumpeter Swans. This species is one of 
the largest and rarest of Canadian birds. There 
are seven young birds in the flock shown, which is 
encouraging, since it indicates of course that we 
have not here a flock of birds past breeding age. 


Courtesy of Canadian National Parks 


Every effort is being made for the protection of 
the species, but, if the species is to be saved, the 
co-operation of sportsman, hunter and trapper in 
Alberta, the Northwest Territories, British Colum- 
bia and the Yukon is essential. Swans are pro- 
tected by law at all times in these areas, and in 


58 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


the case of the Trumpeter every single bird must 
be left unmolested if this magnificent species is 
not to follow the Great Auk and the Labrador 
Duck to the oblivion of extinction —HoyYES 
LLOYD. 


THE STARLING AT HAMILTON.—On January 10, 
1923, I succeeded in satisfactorily identifying a 
couple of Starlings in our garden, which is just 
three blocks from the main corner of Hamilton. 

These two birds have been seen about here for 
some three or four weeks. But, although one 
day I got a good look at cone from in front and 
below, so as to see his black breast and yellow bill 
quite distinctly, it was not till January 10 that I 
was able to observe one thoroughly from above 
and with a side view. It was eating an apple still 
hanging to the tree; and from a distance of 15 
feet I could distinctly see the yellow bill, the black 
head with dark cheek and eye, the speckled back 
and wings and the short tail, so that I have now 
no doubt of its identity CALVIN MCQUESTEN. 


NOTES ON PRAIRIE WARBLER AND STARLING.— 
Dendroica discolor (Prairie Warbler).—In Vol. 
XXXVI, No. 9, of The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
I gave an account of the Prairie Warbler summer- 
ing at Nottawasaga Beach, Georgian Bay. In the 
summer of 1923 this bird was very scarace, no 
doubt due to the unusually late season, ice being 
piled up on the shore as late as June 10th. This 
retarded growth and kept the temperature below 
normal in the district where the Prairie Warbler 
commonly breeds. On June 14th, after a long 
search, we discovered a nest containing three fresh 
eggs and two of the Cowbird. The nest was ina 
large patch of Juniper, well concealed, two feet 
above the ground on the outer branch of one 
of the bordering Junipers. This nest and eggs 
are, I believe, the first to be taken in Canada. 

Sturnus vulgaris (Starling)—On December 3rd, 
1922, at West Toronto, Dr. Starr and myself saw 
five of these birds. It was not until December 
19th, 1923, that this species was again observed. 
Mr. J. S. Baillie was driving with me along a road 
north of Toronto when a large flock of birds 
attracted our attention. At first glance they 
appeared to be Meadowlarks, but on closer 
inspection they proved to be Starlings. There 
were approximately one hundred in the flock and 
they were exceedingly wary. This same day we 
also saw two Flickers, feeding on the ground, and 
a Migrant Shrike and heard a Bluebird.—PAUL 
HARRINGTON. 


OCCURRENCE OF THE STARLING IN THE MONT- 
REAL District.—My first introduction to this 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


species occurred on April 21st, 1923, when I saw 
three individuals about a group of elm trees in an 
old field bordering a country road a short distance 
from St. Lambert. 

Some Junco-like notes first drew my attention 
to one of the birds, as it squatted lengthwise, 
wings aflutter, on a limb forty feet from the 
ground. These notes (song?) can be fairly 
accurately imitated by a sucking motion of the 
tongue in contact with the roof of the mouth. 

Presently the bird took flight, followed by two 
others, when the striking similarity to the flight 
of the Meadowlark was apparent. 

Later I had opportunity to observe the peculiar 
plumage and the long, straight bill which suggests 
the bill of a Woodpecker in its general appearance. 

These birds were again noted on April 28th and 
on other occasions thereafter, and I have no doubt 
that they bred in the vicinity, as a single bird, 
apparently a juvenile, was seen there on Sep- 
tember 30th. 

Another report, coming from Montreal South, 
about two miles from St. Lambert, indicates that 
at least one flock of Starlings is wintering here. 
This flock, numbering seven individuals, was seen 
repeatedly until January 6th by Mr. W. Morgan, 
of Montreal South, and another gentleman who 
had been familiar with the Starling in England. 
Mr. Morgan told me, moreover, that two pairs of 
Starlings reared their young during the past 
summer in a small tower on top of his neighbor’s 
house. 

In addition to these records Mr. Napier Smith 
saw an individual on the outskirts of the City, 
near Verdun, about the 15th of May last.—L. 
MclI. TERRILL. 


A Bat ACTIVE IN WINTER.—On January 29th, 
1923, when coming home from work about 5.30 
p.m., I was Jooking around to see if I could locate 
the’Sereech Owl that lives in our neighborhood in 
London, Ontario, and which is frequently to be 
seen just about dusk in some of the trees near the 
park. I was very much surprised indeed to see 
instead a bat fly between the trees, go across the 
road and finally disappear over the way. The 
temperature at the time was 16° and during the 
night went to 1° below zero, Fahrenheit. It. would 
certainly find no insects flying around that night 
and one can only presume that it must have been 
disturbed from its winter sleep and started out 
into the world not knowing the conditions that 
there awaited it—E. M.S. DALE. 


March, 1924] 


The illustrations in this number of The Cana- 
dian Field-Naturalist appear through the assistance 
of Mr. Ira Cornwall and the Canadian National 


Parks Branch, to whom we express our thanks 
and appreciation.—EDITOR. 


The list of our subscribers paid up to Decem- 
ber 31, 1923, will appear in the issue of The Can- 


BOOK 


JACK MINER AND THE BIRDS and Some Things I 
Know About Nature. By Jack Miner, of Kings- 
ville, Ontario, Canada. Toronto, The Ryerson 
Press, (Manly F. Miner, Kingsville, sole agent 
and distributor.) PP.12 plus 178. 53 allustra- 
tions. Preface by J. Earle Jenner, M.D. 


Jack Miner’s book, long awaited, has now been 
issued; and it will be eagerly read wherever 
“Uncle Jack’s’’ fame has spread and wherever 
intimate studies of nature are appreciated. Its 
title, Jack Miner and the Birds, is aptly chosen; 
for it indicates the twofold interest of the book, 
in which—as in his lectures—the author’s unique 
and attracitve personality illuminates the nature- 
lore that he unfolds. His humour, his love of 
nature, and his reverence for the directing Power 
that he finds in nature, all are here, in telling 
phrases such as we have heard him use so often. 


The book is a record of the response ‘‘wild’’ 
birds will make to the advances of friendly man. 
The chief feature is, of course, the well-known 
story of winning the confidence of the Canada 
Goose. From the four years of waiting after the 
first live decoys were secured, through the first 
visit of a wild flock in the spring of 1908, to the 
present annual visit of thousands of birds, this tale 
is told in detail. Not only Geese, but also Ducks 
and insectivorous birds lose their fears, confident 
in the protection of Jack Miner’s sanctuary. The 
whole book illustrates the author’s admonition: 
“Remember that it is the human race that is wild, 
not the birds. Birds are wild because they have 
to be, and we are wild because we prefer to be. 
Any creature that is intelligent enough to fly or 
run from you for self-preservation, will come to 

-you for food and protection from all other ene- 
mies.” (P. 16.) 


Besides many miscellaneous observations of the 
habits and life-histories of birds, this book records 
the results of Jack Miner’s investigations into the 
migrations of Ducks and Geese by ‘‘tagging’’. 
Of 440 ducks “tagged’’, 154 returns have been 
reported from birds that have been shot, a ratio 
of 34.8%. The location of these returns is given 
on a map and in a list; but unfortunately no dis- 
tinction is made between the different species of 
Ducks. Many returns have been obtained by 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 59 


adian Field-Naturalist for May, 1924. If our 
subscribers will inform us as to the natural 
science or sciences in which they individually are 
particularly interested, this information will be 
published with their names. Widespread action 
on this suggestion will make the list much more 
valuable to all concerned.— EDITOR. 


REVIEW 


retrapping birds at the sanctuary which had been 
caught and marked in previous seasons; but, 
although the histories of certain individuals are 
given, there is not a complete account of returns 
from this source. Geese have proved more diffi- 
cult to trap than Ducks, but many returns have 
been secured from them also. A map shows 
thirty-six returns from James Bay and the eastern 
side of Hudson’s Bay; one from Hamilton Inlet, 
Labrador; one each from Quebec (near the 
Ontario line), Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and 
New Jersey; two from Maryland, three from 
Virginia, and fourteen from North Carolina. 
With the larger and more successful traps which 
he has recently installed, Jack is confident of 
securing more data on the migration of this species 
in the near future. 

Jack Miner has hunted with a gun for the 
market, for the pot, and for sport; and now hunts 
chiefly without a gun. Just as he was too true a 
sportsman to continue long as a market hunter, 
he is now too true a sportsman to advocate the 
prohibition of hunting and shooting; but, like all 
true sportsmen, he is an ardent conservationist. 
His whole book is an argument for the preserva- 
tion of our wild life, and especially our game. 
The claims of selfish men to all the game they 
want is answered by the claims of non-shooters to 
a right to the pleasures of nature and by the 
claims of future generations of shooters to an un- 
impaired breeding stock of game. Explicit sug- 
gestions are made for reformed game laws and for 
reformed methods of enforcement; but the author 
adds, ‘‘Personally I have more confidence in a 
thimbleful of education than I have in a barrelful 
of bayonet-point compulsion’, (p. 149) and his 
book is no mean contribution to education for 
game protection. 

To find fault with Jack Miner or his book is 
rather like complaining about the sun because of 
the sun-spots; but one could wish for a little 
more tolerance for predatory birds and mammals. 
A great deal of evidence is here advanced as to 
the destructiveness of such birds as Crow, Grackle, 
the Shrikes, Owls, accipitrine Hawks, etc.; and 
detailed methods are given for killing them. 
Without questioning ‘‘Uncle Jack’s” observations 
or the necessity for reducing the numbers of 


60 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


predators where special work with game birds or 
insectivorous birds is to be attempted, one can 
doubt whether wholesale warfare against Hawks 
and Owls is necessary and one can wish that the 
author had given greater prominence to his 
modification (p. 24), “I would not like to see 
these cannibal birds become extinct’’. He seems 
to overlook the possibility that those who enjoy 
the plaintive mystery of a Screech Owl or the 
dashing boldness of a Sharp-shinned Hawk may 
use against the lovers of game birds the same 
arguments that these have used against the wan- 
ton destroyers of game. 

The book is well bound and printed, and at 
every point it is illustrated with excellently re- 
produced photographs. Dr. Jenner has contri- 
buted an appreciative preface, making the person- 
ality of Jack Miner more real for the reader. As 
a personal record, for the information it contains, 
and as a plea for the protection of wild-life, this 
book is valuable and should be read by all who 
find joy in Nature.—R. O. M. 


BirD-LORE OF THE NORTHERN INDIANS. By 
Frank G. Speck, Assistant Professor of 
Anthropology; reprinted from Vol. VII, 
Public Lectures by University of Pennsyl- 
vania Faculty, 1919-20; Philadelphia, Pa.; 
published by the University, 1921. 

In the publication mentioned, Dr. Speck has 
gathered a considerable quantity of highly 
interesting aboriginal bird-lore which he has 
arranged in a manner as acceptable to the general 
public as to specialists in ornithology and anthro- 
pology. 

Penobscot Indian names and beliefs have been 
taken as a basis, but considerable Malecite, 
Miemac and Abenaki material has also been 
included. This suggests that ““Northeastern In- 
dians’”, or “Eastern Indians’, might have given 
the title somewhat more accuracy. 

Dr. Speck is an enthusiastic naturalist on the 
side, and, as an anthropologist, has personally 
visited the Penboscot and a number of other 
eastern tribes, so that he combines the requisite 
abilities to do justice to a subject of the sort. 

Mention is made in the paper of the large body 
of ornithological folk-lore in general which is 
current among eastern Algonkians, as well as the 
almost innumerable references of the kind in 
native mythology. 

An interpretative tendency among the eastern 
Algonkians is noted, this being an attitude more 
or less opposed to exact or scientific observation. 

Quite a number of the names applied to birds 
are onomatopeeic. Others, again, are descriptive 
of some habit or humorous characteristic. A 
certain amount of reduplication is also observable, 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


as in “kwilkwimessu’’, which reminds one of Iro- 
quois bird names. 

Not all the birds are noted in folk-lore, but the 
native names are of interest to compare with our 
own, or with those of neighboring aborigines. 

Among the birds around which considerable 
folk-lore and mythology have gathered are: 
the Loon, Crow, Chickadee, Eagle, Owl, and 
some others in a lesser degree, birds which are 
noted in the same connection, not only among 
widely-separated Algonkians, but throughout the 
eastern woodlands in general. 

Still another feature of interest to the ethnologist 
is the wide Algonkian distribution of several bird 
names, either in almost identical, or in very similar 
form.—F. W. 


BEACH GRASS, by Charles Wendell Townsend. 
Boston. Marshall Jones Company. 19228. 
Pages XII plus 319, with many. half-tone 
illustrations. Price, $3.50. 

This is a very attractive volume by an author 
who is well known as a gifted interpretor of the 
natural history of north-eastern North America. 
As in a previous volume, Sand Dunes and Salt 
Marshes, the area dealt with is the sandy sea-shore 
region in the vicinity of Ipswich, Massachusetts, 
the location of the author’s country home. The 
plants, the mammals, the birds, the weather, the 
ice and snow, the sand itself, and some of the 
characteristic human residents receive in turn 
that careful and sympathetic treatment for which 
the author is justly celebrated and which makes 
the subject under consideration delightfully real 
to the reader. Such chapter titles as “Tracks in 
the Sand’’, ‘Ice and Snow in the Sand Dunes”, 
““A Winter Crow Roost”, ‘‘The Forest’’, ‘““Hawk- 
ing’’, and ‘“‘Courtship in Birds” give only a slight 
inkling of the large amount of natural history 
detail which has here been gathered together. 
Clear and pleasing photographs abound through- 
out the volume. 

The account of the planting, on upland near the 
marshes, of an artificial ‘“‘forest’’ of native trees, 
and of its struggle upward until it became a true 
woodland bower, full of greenery and birds and 
flowers, is particularly interesting, and presents an 
example worthy of repeated imitation. 

The reviewer cannot but regret the occasional 
solecism, such as “‘the lisping notes and distinctive 
calls, so familiar to the ornithologist, that comes 
showering down from the sky’’, and the occasional 
misspelling, such as the repeated use of “‘lea’’ for 
“‘lee’’, but in general the story flows smoothly and 
the style has the peculiar attractive quality 
familiar to Dr. Townsend’s host of readers. 

A very useful index completes the volume.— 
Hi, Haus: 


CLASSIFIED NOTICES 


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magazine of Western Ornithology—started in 
1899 and now better than ever. Edited by Dr. 
Joseph Grinnell and published by The Cooper 
Ornithology Club. $3.25 per year. The Condor 
is an essential to any student of American Birds. 
. Lee Chambers, Business Manager, Eagle 
Rock, Drawer 123, Los Angeles, Cal. 


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Be ad Ba ee ee eo iis 8.50] 3.75) 4.00} 4.25) 4.50 
LW SES Pee Sao boa oh ae 8.50] 3.75) 4.00) 4.25) 4.50 
Giieiar eases 2c ery aoe oye 4.50) 4.75| 5.00) 5.25) 5.50 
Gig WuEE Sahoy. (eee ahceee amen oe 4.50) 4.75) 5.00) 5.25) 5.50 
[noi Pere tter aly Saad ye emake 6.00) 6.25} 6.50! 6.75) 7.00 
Or erate Ata itete re serene: 6.00} 6.25] 6.50) 6.75} 7.00 
Ee ie ae. vr Shoda ae 7.50} 8.00} 8.75) 10.25) 11.75 
TU AL ietenseeetryene cinch 7.50! 8 00} 8.75) 10.25) 11.75 
CWoversiexttases as ee 3.00} 3.00; 3.00} 4.00} 5.00 


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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF 

ete be - MANITOBA 

ares es Bei 1923 ; ie 

Hon. Presidents: H. M. SpEEcHLy, M.D.; W. G. Scort; 
President: Pror. V. W. JACKSON; Vice-Presidents: NORMAN 


CRIDDLE; J.J. GoLDEN; Mrs. C. P. ANDERSON; Pror. C. H. 
O'DONOGHUE; Pror. F. W. BRODRICK; Treasuxer: Miss 


he ib aa) 


HELEN R. CannoM. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION:— 


_. Chairman: A. G. LAWRENCE; Secretary: B. W. CARTWRIGHT; 
_ Leaders: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D.; J.J. GOLDEN; C. E. KEIGH- 
_ LEY; K. GRANT McDouGAL; R. M. THomas. ENTOMOLO- 


GICAL SECTION:—Chairman: J. B. WALLIS, B.A.; Seere- - 


tary: G. SHIRLEY Brooks; Leaders: L. H. ROBERTS; A. V. 


g ‘MirTCHENER, B.S.A.; J.D. SUFFIELD; J.D. DuTHIE; BOTAN- 


ICAL SECTION:—Chairman: C. W. Lows, M.Sc.; Sec- 
retary: Mrs. K. J. McDoucatL; Leaders: JAMES COCKS; 
Pror. F. W. Broprick; Dr. G. R. Bispy; H. F. ROBERTS, 
i. Sc.; SUBSECTION—MYCOLOGY:—Leader: Dr. G. R. 
Bissy; GEOLOGICAL SECTION:—Chairman: Prof. R. C. 
WALLACE; Secretary: A. A. McCousrny; SUBSECTION— 
PALAEONTOLOGY :—Leader: W. CuTLR; General Secre- 
tary: A. M. Davipson, M.D., 6 Medical Arts Building. 


3 THE HAMILTON BIRD. PROTECTION 
se ae 3 : SOCIETY P 
tip . _ (Incorporated) 


Hon. President: Mr. ApaM BRowN: President: Mr. R. O. 


MERRIMAN; 1st Vice-President: Dr. H. G. ARNOTT; 2nd Vice- 

President: Mr. C. D. Cook; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss RUBY 

_- R. Muus, Public Library, Hamilton; Directors: Dr. H. G. 

_ Arnott; C. D. Cook; Dr. J. A. Dickson; Miss M. E. Gra- 

HAM; Miss Rupy R. Mruis; M. Hotton; M. JOHNSTON; 
Mrs. F. E. MACLOGHLIN; R. O. MERRIMAN. f 


a 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 
COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


. _. The Officers for the above Society for the year ending 
March 81st, 1923, are as follows:— : 
President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
_ 2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
_ NATION; Treasurer: Miss S. M. THORNTON. Commiitee:— 
_ Muss C. G. Fox, Miss A. F. GARDINER, Miss I. CATHCART, 
_. Wm. Downes, A. HALKETT. Auditors:—J. KEITH WILSON 
AND F. W. GopsaL. Trustees: —Rerv. R. CONNELL, Dr. C. F. 
_ NEWCOMBE AND G. HARVEY. - 


ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


Hon. President: Hon. GrEo. HOADLEY; Hon. Vice-President: 
_ #H.A. Craig; G. W. SmitH, M.P.P.; J. J. GAnTz; President: 
_ C. H. SNELL; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS; Dr. 

Henry GEORGE; Secretary-Treasurer: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red 
Deer; Directors: Mrs. H. GEorGE, Red Deer; Mrs. G. F. 
Root, Wetaskiwin; K. BOWMAN, Edmonton; F. S. Carr; 
_ Edmonton; D. Mackiz, Edmonton; W. A. CASSELS, Red 
Deer; S- PAMELY, Red Deer: C. G. S. CrosBy, Red Deer; 

W. F. Harris, Red Deer; H. R. ORAM. Red Deer. Members 
ualified to answer enquiries: Birds: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS, Red 
eer; Dr. H. GEORGE, Red Deer; Mammals: Dr. H. GEORGE, 

_ Red Deer; Fishes: F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer; Flowers: 

Mrs. H. GEorRGE, Red Deer; Insects: Coleoptera, F. C. CARR, 
11050 128rd St., Edmonton; Lepidoptera, K. BOWMAN, 9914 

- 115th St., Edmonton; Odonaia, F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer. 

_ The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 

last Friday of each month except during July and August and 

_ perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 

on the last Friday in November. 


jae a" 


WRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 
eae LONDON, ONT. 


President: T. D. PATTERSON, 562 Waterloo Street; Recording - ‘ 


_ Secretary: Mrs. E. H. MCKonzE, Worthey Road; Correspond- 
, ‘tg Secretary and Treasurer: E. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.; 
_ Members qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 
_ Central Ave.; C.G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South; J. R. 
McLEop, 355 Wortley Road; J. F. CALVERT, 461 Tecumseh 


eB 


_ Ave.; E. M.S. Daun, 297 Hyman St. 
- 


q VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 
Hon. President: L. S. Kuincx, LL.D., Pres. University of B.C.: 
_ President: JoHN Davipson, F. L. S., University of B.C.; 
_ Vice-President: Frmp PmRRY; Hon. Secretary: C. F. CoNNoR, 
_ M.A., 3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: 
YB BAIN, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C. 

____ Fortnightly meetings in the University Buildings from 
_ September to April (inclusive). Semi-monthly excursions 
_ from May to August (inclusive). / 


ae Affiliated Societies 


PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 
PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


. Piped 
SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE. 
NATURELLE DU CANADA 


Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; Jer vice-président: ABBE 
ALEX. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: DOCTEUR A. DERY; 
Secrétaire-trésorier: Jos. Matte, 18 avenue Maisonneuve, 
Québec; Chef de la section scientifique: COLONEL OSCAR PELLE- 
TIER; Chef de la section de propagande éducationnelle: Doc- 


~ TEUR S. GAUDREAU; Chef de la section de protection: C.-B. 


DIONNE, M.A.; Chef dela section d’information scientifique et 
pratique: DocTUER J.-E. BERNIER.; Directeurs: A.-R.-.M. 
BOULTON, FRANK W. Ross, A.-A. GODBOUT. 


THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO- 
GISTS’ UNION 
Officers for 1923 


Hon. President: Hon. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria 


_ Vice-President: T. L. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurers 


J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okanae 
gan Landing; Dr. Ketso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. RAcEy, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. ’ 


THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 


President: PRorESSOR R. B. THOMSON; Vice-Presidenis: 
PROFESSOR .H. M. WALKER, Dr. A. CosENs, J. H. FLEMING; 
Secretary: W. F. Grecory, 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: EF. H. BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH? 
Librarian: Dr. LyMAn JACKES. BIRD GROUP:— 
Chairman: STUART THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. 
FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H. B. Sirton; Secretary: 
Miss J. G. WRIGHT, PH.D.; INSECT GROUP:—Chair- 
man: PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: Miss NorMA FOorRD, 
PH.D. MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R. DyYMOND; 
Secretary: L.SNYDER. REPTILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN 
GROUP:—Chairman: SHELLEY LOGIER; Secretary: T. B. 
Kurata. PROGRAM COMMITTEE:—Chairman: DR. 
W. A. CLEMENS. WILD LIFE PRESERVATION COM- 
MITTEE:—Chairman: RussELL G. Dineman. EDUGA- 
TIONAL COMMITTEE:—Chairman: TayLor STATTEN. . 


We would ask the Officers, and more 
particularly the Secretaries, of all the 
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our 
task of building up the circulation of 
this magazine. By securing every 
member as a subscriber we can truly 
make this magazine into one of the 
leading Natural History publication 
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VOL. XXXVIII, No. 4 APRIL, 1924 


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THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB Se 


lsu. 
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND THE LADY BYNG OF VIMY 


| President: Hoyes Lioyp. 


1st Vice-President: G. A. Mittin 2nd CLEATS NORMAN CRIDDLE 
5 Seergtarys | )0) oe Ui ae we roaster: 
RIGHT, GAA Mee AUVEL, 
(Geological Survey, Gttawal} | Mts | (Mounted Police Headquarters, 


(Laroque Bldg., Rideau and Dalhousie Sts., Chee 


Additional Members of Council: W.T. MAcouN; Miss M. E. Cowan; C. M. Snisener ne! H. I. SMITH; 
F. W. WauGH; P. A. TAVERNER; E. SAPIR; E. M. KINDLE; W.J. WINTEMBERG; R. E. DELURY; 
ARTHUR GIBSON; M.O: MALTE; R. M. ANDERSON; H. Grou; Miss F. FyLes; C. B. HUTCHINGS; 
H. M. Ami; CLYDE L. Patcu; D. JENNESS; V. W. JACKSON; R.O. MERRIMAN; W.N. KELLY; ~ 
C. H. SNELL; J. R. McLEop; JOHN Davipson; L. McI. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; FRANCIS ~ 
KERMODE; PROF. R. B. THOMSON; THE EDITOR. ee 


Gs 


Editor: 4 
HA RISON F. LEwIs, , 
Canadian Jational Parks Branch, a 
ma of the Interior, Ottawa. 
Associate Editors: es ana a 
Be SSAPIR G55 Cer ae he Bile Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN............ Marine Biology 
IM CO MMERE ITB eo erties scl he eae Botany P. A. TAVERNER .3.050. 6.505 ...-Ornithology = 
F) R. LATCHEORD.. o.oo oe Conchology BW. M. “KINDLE. <.. 3.00 see cee . Palaeontology a 
M.. Y.: WILLIAMS... se a Geology R. M. ANDERSON..........--0000%> Zoology o 
ARTHUR GIBSON.............005- Entomology CLYDE: L PATCH. 2.20 25) eee . Herpetology ae 
CONTENTS. ie E a 
Bl arg PAGE nae 
ae Notes on the Orchids of Hatley, Stanstead County, Quebec, 1923. By Henry Mousley © 60° 
Dean’s Bibliography of Fishes. By A. Willey.................000-.eeeeuee Pe) oc: 68 a 
The Black-Billed Cuckoo in Manitoba. By H. H. Pittman. ...........................45- 1) 6G 
Notes on the Lance Formation of Southern Saskatchewan. By Charles M. Sternberg..... ice 66 
The Canada Goose at Home. By A. D. Henderson........2...°). 2.50. he ee 70 
List of Birds Recorded from the Island of Anticosti, wae By Harrison F. Lewis. ery 72 
Notes and Observations:— 
Another Mystery Band. By Figves TOV ee a kG) CEST Gia AE eo 76° oe 
Bats im Winter: WBy PA. Wavernen. 0000 Geos see eee Be en) ae 76: a 
Breeding of the Turkey Vulture in Eastern Manitoba. By J. F. Wright wal LT Oa 76 
Change in Name of Toronto Naturalists’ Club. By J.R. Dymond.................. te Behance |) 
Note on the Food of the Ruffed and Spruce Grouse. By L. Mcl. Terrill. 2 es 17 oo 
Dr. Ami’s Lecture on Prehistoric Man. By J. F. Wright. ........................04. 17 : 
Note on Papilio cresphontes. By (Mrs.) Ethel Gi Dale Gel eee SO Ne eee ame ea Th Oe 
Communication from S; Travers, Grouard; Alta. 7. 0. 901.002 3. ee *o (Soon 


Editor's Note. 20005. a ae 
Book Review:— ea 
Hthnobotany: of the Menomini Indians) ‘By Hol. Sie 550 2 i Ni 
Canadian National Parks Association, Bulletin No. 1. 


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VOL. XXXVIII 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, APRIL, 1924 


No. 4 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE ORCHIDS OF HATLEY, STANSTEAD COUNTY, 
QUEBEC, 1923 


BY HENRY MOUSLEY 


10 MOST orchid enthusiasts I am afraid 
the summer of 1923 has been a dis- 
appointing one. In the early Spring, the 
weather was cold, and most of the wild 
flowers were ten days to a fortnight behind time, 
an instance in the orchids being Calypso bulbosa, 
which did not appear until May 27, although it 
was fully out on May 7, 1921. This, however, is 
exceptionally early, the middle of the month being 
more of an average date for the species, which is 
always our earliest orchid to appear here. Later 
on, when it did begin to warm up, there was not 
sufficient rain and moisture for the best develop- 
ment of most of the species. Notwithstanding all 
these drawbacks, the season of 1923 will ever 
remain a memorable one to me, if not the most 
memorable, for, although my list had nearly 
reached the limit of possibilities, I was enabled to 
add the White Fringed Orchis (Habenaria ble- 
phariglottis) and its variety holopetala, the variety 
media of the Northern White Bog Orchis (Habe- 
naria dilatata), the variety ochroleuca of the 
Nodding Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes cernua), and 
the Downy Rattlesnake Plantain (Epipactis 
pubescens), all of which will be dealt with here- 
after, in an annotated list, as before. 

The addition of the above five species and 
varieties to my list brings the total up to forty- 
one, but from this must now be deducted the 
hybrid Andrew’s Fringed Orchis. (x Habenaria 
Andrewsii),in view of Prof. Oakes Ames’ revised 
opinion, upon examination of a further supply of 
this supposed hybrid from this locality. Even 
with this deduction, my total of forty for such a 
limited area is well ahead of any other compe- 
titor,I imagine, in eastern North America. My 
list of possibilities is now reduced to a minimum, 
the following three species being all that I ever 
am likely to find, viz.; the Ram’s Head Lady’s 
Slipper (Cypripedium arietinum), the Tubercled 
Orchis (Habenaria flava), and the Auricled 
Twayblade (Listera auriculaia.) 

Making the acquaintance of the first named, in 
its natural habitat in northern Vermont, on June 
5 last, alone stamps the season as a memorable 
one for me. There, under cedars, on some rising 


ground bordering a swamp, some twenty plants 
were found in full bloom. Later on in July, also 
in northern Vermont, I was introduced to the 
White Fringed Orchis (Habenaria blephariglottis), 
prior to my finding it in the large swamp near 
Beebe in August. But the crowning point of the 
whole season lies in the fact that I have been 
enabled to study the underground growth of most 
of the orchids found here, thanks to the encourage- 
ment and assistance given me by Dr. M. O. Malte, 
through whose instrumentality it has been possible 
to secure photos of the roots as I obtained them, 
at various stages of the plant’s life, without which 
it would have been useless for me to have taken 
up the subject, which it is proposed to deal with 
later on, as opportunities occur. In passing, I 
may just mention that these studies have revealed 
the coralloid rhizome which sometimes occurs at 
the base of the tubers of Calypso bulbosa, but which 
few orchid hunters have seen, or are even aware of, 
as nothing is said about the matter in the text- 
books, not even in Gray’s Manual, 7th edition. 
This rhizome is found not only in young vegeta- 
tive plants, but also in full grown ones, contrary 
to what one would expect. Irmisch describes the 
tuber in his Beitrdge zur Biologie und Morphologie 


‘der Orchideen, Leipzig, 1853, and calls attention 
‘to the coralloid palmate body by quoting a des- 


cription of it given by Liboschitz and Trinius in 
their Flore des environs de St. Petersbourg et de 
Moscow, 1818, p.214. In order to secure examples 
of this interesting phenomenon, as well as other 
particulars of the underground growth of Calypso, 
I have visited its haunts during every month of 
the year. 

In Rhodora, Vol. VI, 1904, No. 64, p. 79, there 
is a short note by Harriet A. Nye, entitled 
Bulblets of Microstylis ophioglossoides, in other 
words, the Green Adder’s Mouth (Malaxis uni- 
folia), ia which she described the finding of 
several bulblets on a very fine plant of the above 
species. The Orchid Review, Vol. X XIX, 1921, 
No. 340, p. 112, refers to this article as follows: 
“Orchids which propogate by bulbils are not 
common, but the North American Microstylis 
ophoiglossoides seems to come under this heading”’. 


62 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Not only was I fortunate in finding these bulblets 
or bulbils on one plant, but on many, and in 
various stages of development. I also think I 
have sufficient proof to substantiate what Drum- 
mond said in 1810, regarding the underground 
development of the Hooded Ladies’ Tresses 
(Spiranthes Romangzoffiana) in Ireland, viz., that 
the bud precedes the tuber, and that each bud 
puts forth a pair of tubers. This appears to be 
questioned in the Orchid Review; see Spiranthes 
Romanzoffiana by Colonel M. J. Godfery, Orchid 
Review, Vol. XXX, 1922, No. 351, pp. 216-64, 
who, if I read him aright, maintains that there is 
only one tuber, and that this precedes the bud, 
which latter does not open until the following 
spring. All I can say at present is that I have 
photos which I think clearly show that Colonel 
Godfery is mistaken, and that Drummond is 
correct in the main in what he says, but this will 
no doubt appear more fully described later on, in 
the Orchid Review. 

The mention of bulblets, a moment ago, put me 
in mind that in the next edition of Gray’s Manual 
the heights given for some of our orchids will have 
to be considerably increased. In the case in 
question the fine plant of Malazis unifolia, spoken 
of by Harriet A. Nye, measured 28 cm. in height, 
and one I collected this season measured 23 cm., 
whereas the extreme given in Gray’s for this 
species is only 22 em., and 15 cm. for the White 
Adder’s Mouth (Malaxis monophyllos), although 
a specimen in my Herbarium, taken in 1922, 
measures 22.50 cm. and another 18.50 cm. An 
even wider discrepancy exists in the case of the 
Broad-leaved Epipactis (Serapias Helleborine), 
whose extreme height is given as 60 cm., whereas 
I received a plant this fall which measured 72.50 
em. Again, on August 22 and September 5 of the 


present year, I collected a fine plant of the large 


Coral Root (Corallorhiza maculata) and one of 
Loesel’s Twayblade (Liparis Loeselii), the former 
measuring 44 cm., and the latter 22.50 cm. in 
‘height, as against 40 cm. and 22 cm., the extremes 
given in Gray’s Manual. The differences in these 
cases is not so very great, but there are several 
others which call for attention, and in some no 
heights whatever are given. 

Although the season, as I have said, was against 
the proper development of many species, it seems 
to have suited some of the Cypripediums, for I 
never saw the Showy Lady’s Slipper (C. hirsutum) 
in greater profusion, and instead of the usual single 
bloom a large proportion of the plants bore two; 
in one case the second blossom being snow-white, 
without any crimson magenta whatever. Speak- 
ing of this genus reminds me of another important 
event of the season, namely, the flowering of the 
White Moccasin Flower (Cypripedium passerinum), 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


five plants of which were sent me from near Banff 
in Alberta in September, 1922. These I planted 
in a low-lying, damp deciduous wood to the south 
of Hatley, and out of the five, three bloomed and 
were photographed on June 20 by Mr. Edwin H. 
Lincoln, of Pittsfield, Mass., who had been 
instrumental in obtaining them. It is an interest- 
ing species, about which apparently nothing 
much is known. The flowers, which are small and 
solitary, have been described as white, and also as 
pale magenta, but mine were a cream colour, 
rather than white, with purple spots inside at the 
base of the labellum. The dorsal sepal, which is 
yellowish, instead of standing almost erect, as it 
does in the other species of Cypripedium growing 
here, bends downwards, thus forming a little 
hood, as it were, to the mouth of the labellum, 
which is only about half an inch long. The lateral 
petals are the same colour as the labellum, and 
very small, spreading, and, like the labellum, only 
about half an inch long. The height of the plants 
varied from 21 to 24 em. In the Rockies it is 
said to bloom in July, but here it was fully out on 
June 18. 

Other interesting species that I have planted 
here this fall, in the hope that they may do well 
and bloom next year, are the Crane Fly Orchis 
(Tipularia discolor), the Putty-root or Adam and 
Eve (Aplectrum hyemale), and Helleborine or the 
Broad-leaved Epipactis (Serapias Helleborine). 
With regard to the first two, they, like Calypso, 
put forth their new leaves in September, but the 
flower-buds, unlike those of Calypso, are not in 
evidence until the following spring. Helleborine 
is a very curious and interesting orchid, which I 
hope to be able to study next year, as itis not at 
all clear from our text-books what we really have 
here, two synonyms being given for the species in 
Gray’s Manual, viz., Epipactis latifolia and E. 
viridiflora. Now these two are not one and the 
same thing, judging from the discussion that has 
been taking place in England lately in the Journal 
of Botany, wherein it is contended that EL. viridi- 
flora should be considered as a true and distinct 
species, owing to the position of the stigma and 
the absence of a true rostellum, which allows of 
self-fertilization, a thing impossible in H. latzfolza, 
where the stigma is pushed forward, so that the 
pollen masses cannot fall upon it, the rostellum 
also being large, and playing an important part in 
cross-fertilization. From an enlarged coloured 
drawing I have received from Mr. Robert Holmes, 
of Toronto, of the labellums, ete., of the plants 
that grow there, it looks to me as though our plant 
is EL. latifolia, or some form of it, and not L. viridi- 
flora, but this I shall hope to determine for myself 
next year. As pointed out by Bro. Marie-Victorin 
in his paper, Random Botanical Notes from Isle- 


April, 1924] 


aux-Coudres, Que., The Can. Field-Nat., Vol. 
XXXITI, 1919, No. 6, p. 116, Serapias Helle- 
borine was the only instance in the Province of an 
introduced orchidaceous plant that he was aware 
of. It was brought over by the first settlers, the 
missioners, the “‘Médecins du Roi’, the nuns, who 
were far from being “‘minus habens’’, as Bro. M. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-N ATURALIST 63 


Victorin says, and Helleborine being of medecina] 
value, the gardens inside the palisades usually 
contained a supply of the plants, which have 
persisted on Mount Royal, Montreal Island, to the 
present day. 


(To be concluded.) 


DEAN’S BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FISHES 
BY A. WILLEY 


Mm. BASHFORD DEAN’S Bibliography, 
comprising over forty thousand titles, 
brings the literature of fishes, living and 

=¥ extinct, from lancelets to lungfishes, up to 
the end of the epochal year 1914. For the first 
twenty years of the enterprise, from 1890 to 1910, 
he worked practically alone. Then the American 
Museum of Natural History, under its dis- 
tinguished and untiring President, Professor 
Henry Fairfield Osborn, ever appreciative of 
disinterested efforts for the advancement of 
science, came to the rescue and assured the ulti- 
mate success of the project. 


Dr. Dean has not been an armchair biblio- 
grapher nor a fanatical bibliophile, but a great 
' traveller, ransacking the whole world for the titles 
which are enshrined in three massive octavo 
volumes. The first volume of seven hundred and 
eighteen pages, with Authors’ Titles A-K, was 
issued in 1916. The second volume of seven 
hundred and two pages contains Authors’ Titles 
L-Z and a List of Anonymous Titles; it was 
issued in 1917. 

The third volume, published in 1923, crowns the 
herculean task. It consists of seven hundred and 
seven pages and includes a long list of Addenda, 
a catalogue of Pre-Linnzan Publications, refer- 
ences to general bibliographies, voyages .and 
expeditions, periodicals relating to fish and fish- 
culture. The eighth chapter is the Subject Index, 
covering more than three hundred pages, and 
divided into a Morphological Section and a Sys- 
tematic Section, the whole concluding with a 
general index. 

As explained in the preface to the first volume, 
the references, with this bibliography in hand, are 
simplified; the example given is “Jordan, 1891.4’, 
which means the fourth paper published by David 
Starr Jordan in 1891. Probably this method could 
not have been improved upon under the cir- 
cumstances; but it may be remarked that the 
Zoological Record effected a great improvement 
in its annual register by the introduction of serial 
numbers. As an example we may quote Bruno 
Hofer’s experimental studies on the integumentary 
sense-organs of fishes, which is number 201 in the 


Zoological Record for 1908 (Z.R. 1908, 201); in 
Dean’s Bibliography the reference is: ‘‘Hofer 
1908.1.” 

In the Addenda in the third volume, there are 
included some articles later than 1914 by authors 
who have died and whose bibliographies are 
completed as far as possible. 

‘Next to the Titles, the most ambitious feature 
of the work is the Subject Index and in this con- 
nection it may be mentioned that wherever an 
outstanding work has appeared since 1914, such 
as Dr. Johannes Schmidt’s memoir on The Breed- 
ing Places of the Hel (1922), it has been inserted 
in the Index. A particularly valuable portion of 
the Subject Index is that which is devoted to the 
Fauna of the World (pp. 420-457). If one wants, 
for example, to consult the references to Tangan- 
yika or Titicaca, it is only necessary to glance at 
the “‘Finding Index’’ and the information is at 
once forthcoming. Incidentally of course there 
will be found in these volumes a virtually complete 
bibliography of Canadian Fishes to 1914. 


By applying various simple tests, one may 
readily be convinced of the high standard of 
accuracy achieved. Such minor typographical 
inadvertences as Malopterurus for Malapterurus 
are rare indeed; and there is no telling whether 
in this instance we are not confronted with a 
“reformed” nomenclature. This marked freedom 
from errors and omissions is largely due, as Dr. 
Dean explains, to the very efficient collaboration 
on the part of his colleagues at the American 
Museum. The title-pages of the first two volumes 
bear the name of the late Dr. C. R. Eastman as 
co-editor. The third volume is edited by Dr. 
E. W. Gudger, with the co-operation of Mr, 
Arthur W. Henn. In the preface to this volume. 
Dr. Dean sets forth very fully how the work was 
built up. The seven pages of Errata and Corri- 
genda (pp. 354-360), far from being regarded as a 
blemish, are calculated to inspire the utmost 
confidence in the work as a whole; and as often 
as not the items requiring correction are attribut- 
able to ambiguities in the originals. A few others, 
however, will doubtless be added when a supple- 
mentary volume appears in the dim future. Sir 


64 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


James Emerson Tennet should read Tennent; 
and Mr. Thomas Southwell who has written on 
some Ceylon fishes bears no relationship to the 
Norfolk naturalist of the same name. 


The attempt to provide, for the general reader, 
an epitome of the subject-matter treated of in the 
enormous literature of fishes would tax the powers 
of an Owen or a Huxley. Nor would it be possible 
for anyone to compress our knowledge of the 
twelve thousand estimated species of fishes within 
a nutshell. Hardly any other class of the animal 
kingdom presents such a wealth of adaptation, 
from ocean depths to river sources, as is to be 
found among fishes. . 

Leaving out of consideration for the moment 
their immense antiquity and their utility, as 
affording a well-nigh inexhaustible food-supply 
to mankind, from the earliest prehistoric hunters 
and fishers to the man in the street of to-day, the 
vast range of interest which their study evokes 
may be illustrated by the entries under the names 
of Sir Humphry Davy, Michael Faraday, Walter 
Gaskell, and William Patten. There are other 
equally remote extremes, all bearing their testi- 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


mony to the influence which the contemplation of 
the fish type has exercised upon the inquisitive 
human intellect from ancient Greece to modern 
America. 


For untold ages the American Ganoids, Cyclo- 
stomes, and Chimeroids had successfully guarded 
the secrets of their spawning habits until Bashford 
Dean, with consummate wizardry, laid them bare. 
And now, with the completion of his wonderful 
bibliography, he may be congratulated upon 
having fairly landed his fish; and it certainly is a 
big catch. 


A word of acknowledgment is due to Dr. 
Gudger, himself an ichthyologist of note, with 
many titles to his credit, and imbued with a pro- 
found knowledge of ancient and modern fish-lore. 


But mere words can hardly do justice to an 
arduous undertaking such as this, although its 
merits are conspicuous. It must suffice to add 
that no zoological library and no biological station 
can afford to be without Dean’s Bibliography of 
Fishes published by the American Museum of 
Natural History. 


THE BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO IN MANITOBA 
BY H. H. PITTMAN 


Y THE end of May, in Manitoba, one 
feels that all the migrants have arrived, 
for the prairie is alive with birds and the 
air is filled with their calls and songs, but 
about the second of June another note is heard— 
loud, clear, ringing over the plains. The Black- 
billed Cuckoo has arrived and is “‘telling the 
world’’. It is probable that he has been here a 
little while already, skulking in the bush, for I 
have found eggs as early as June 6th, but if so he 
does not commence to sing as soon as he arrives. 


The Black-billed Cuckoo is somewhat slovenly 
in manner and constantly perches with drooping 
wings, and altogether suggests that he is wearing 
a suit of feathers a size too large. Compared 
with a bird of about similar size, such as the 
Bronzed Grackle, he seems like a raw recruit 
beside a highly-trained soldier. 

I photographed a Cuckoo sitting on five eggs on 
June 14th, 1923, in a nest among some dead twigs 
on the trunk of a small poplar in a rather dark 
thicket of poplar, willow and cherry in south-west 
Manitoba, and on the 16th she was sitting closely 
and near to hatching. 


Ex) awe; 
ari 


SOs = (ie f= 


On June 17th a great windstorm came up, 
destroying barns, silos and trees in this district. 
It tore great branches off my maples, blew a 
building over and carried away my water-tank, 


but not far away it tore the roofs off houses, 
knocked down barns and blew granaries to pieces. 
This and the storm which came nearly a month 
later are two of the worst windstorms I have been 
in for a long time. 


All the smaller trees were bent almost flat and 
the Cuckoo’s nest was upset just as she was hatch- 
ing. On June 19th, when I passed again, the nest 
was empty, but the Cuckoo rose from the ground 
ands after a search, I found an egg, some shells 
and one chick scattered around. The bird had 
not deserted, but was taking care of her solitary 
chick upon the ground beneath the nest. 


Unfortunately, among wild creatures, any 
departure from the normal often ends in failure, 
as it did in this case, for a week later I was unable ~ 
to find any trace of the young bird or the egg. 
Some passing weasel or Crow, perhaps, had found 
the helpless chick and made a meal and the egg, 
possibly, had been trodden upon by the bush- 
rabbits and the remains lost among the dead 
leaves. 


Nestlings, as a rule, are not very pretty until 
they get their feathers, but young Cuckoos are 
uglier than most birds of their age. Their skin is 
black and their beaks and feet a bright blue, as 
though enamelled. 


April, 1924] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 65 


Above 


Black-billed 
Cuckoo 
on Nest 


At Left 


Nest of 
Black-billed 
Cuckoo 


Photographs 
Copyrighted by 
H. H. Pittman. 


The wind on the prairie is frequently very fall migration without raising a single young one, 
strong and is quite a serious factor for the birds even after making two attempts. There must 
to contend with sometimes. The storms of 1923 have been hundreds if not thousands in similar 
destroyed many nests and I knew of many pairs plight. , 
of birds which presumably went south with the 


66 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


NOTES ON THE LANCE FORMATION OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN* 
By CHARLES M. STERNBERG 


~ WURING a part of the field season of 1921 
the writer was sent by the Director of 
the Geological Survey of Canada to 

Rocky Creek, Saskatchewan, for the 
purpose of making a systematic collection of 
vertebrate fossils and collecting specimens for 
museum purposes. 

Rocky Creek is a small stream which Heads on 
the southern face of Wood Mountain plateau and 
runs south, emptying into Milk River in Montana. 
Near the head of this creek in township 1, ranges 
4 and 5, west of the third meridian, the country 
is broken into rugged “badlands”. The beds are 
composed largely of clays, sandy clays, and sands 
and bear a close resemblance to the upper part of 
the Belly River series as exposed farther west in 
Alberta. They are sombre in colour, but individ- 
ual beds seldom continue for any great distance 
without change. The beds are soft and absorb 
great quantities of water during the season of 
spring rains, thus aiding in the rapid denudation. 
There are very few areas of hard sandstone, but 
in some places the clay has been indurated by the 
combustion of lignite beds, which are to be found 
in the upper portion, and forms a resistant layer 
which serves as a protecting cap for isolated buttes. 
This combustion evidently took place long ago, as 
widely separated red topped buttes are all that is 
left to mark what was once the level of the plain. 
This red brick layer is on the same plane as the 
existing lignite beds. 

Fossil vertebrates were first reported from these 
badlands in 1875 by Dr. G. M. Dawson, who at 
the same time described the geology of the region! 
and proposed the following divisions of the rocks. 

“Taking first the highest beds seen, the order is 
as follows. a Yellowish sands and arenaceous 
clay, sometimes indurated in certain layers and 
forming a soft sandstone. It forms the flat 
plateau-like tops of the highest hills seen. About 
50 feet. 

“8 Clays and arenaceous-clays, with a general 
purplish-gray colour when viewed from a distance. 
About 150 feet. 

““y Yellowish and rusty sands, in some places 
approaching arenaceous clays, often nodular. 
About 80 feet. 

Ҥ Grayish-black clays, rather hard and very 
homogeneous, breaking into small angular frag- 
ments on weathering, and forming earthy banks. 
About 40 feet seen. 


*Published with the permission of the Director of the 
Geological Survey of Canada. 

1Dawson, G. M.—Geology and Resources of the Region in the 
Vicinity of the 49th parallel. Montreal, 1875, p. 103. 


“The whole of the beds appear to be comform- 
able and, disregarding minor irregularities, are 
quite horizontal to the eye. 

“The clays and arenaceous clays of the upper 
part of the Division are very regularly bedded, 
and inelude a lignite-bearinz zone. Three lignite 
beds, of from one to two feet each in thickness, 
were observed, but they are separated from each 
other by rather wide clay partings, and are not 
pure or of good quality. A bed, rich in the re- 
mains of plants, immediately overlies the upper 
lignite. It is composed of a very fine, and nearly 
white, indurated clay in which the most delicate 
structures are perfectly preserved. From its soft 
and crumbling character it is almost impossible to 
obtain or keep good specimens; but in the frag- 
ments which were preserved a few very interesting 
plants appear. Of these, some are characteristic 
of the Fort Union group, and identical with those 
of Porcupine Creek. The association of remains 
is that of a fresh-water pond or lake, and a fine 
new species of Lemna occurs abundantly ..... 
About one-third from the base of this division a 
bed was found, in which curious fruits have been 
preserved, referable to a new species of Avsculus. 

“The most interesting feature of this part of the 
section, however, is the occurrence of the remains 
of vertebrate animals. They are found exclusively 
in the lower portion of this division, and most of 
them below the fruit-bed just mentioned. 

‘Professor Cope has kindly examined the verte- 
brate fossils obtained in connection with the 
expedition. ‘Those from this place include frag- 
ments of several species of turtles, scales of a gar- 
pike, and broken bones of dinosaurian reptiles.” 

Though Dawson placed divisions a2 and 6 both 
in the Lignite-Tertiary he recognized a distinction 
between the two, as well as the importance of 
dinosaurian remains contained in the lower divi- 
sion, even though what he collected were not 
determinable as to genus or species. -While 
Dawson did not place a definite line for the separa- 
tion between divisions a and @ it seems quite clear 
that he considered the top of the uppermost coal 
seam as representing the top of division 6 and 
this corresponds with the thickness he gave for 
the division. 

In his Report on the Cypress Hilis, Wood Moun- 
tain and Adjacent Country, McConnell? says, “The 
Laramie? may be separated, lithologically, over 


most of the district, into two distinct divisions. 


2McConnell, R. G.—Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Canada 
Ann. Rept., 1885, pp. 67-68&c. 


3The term Laramie was used to include the series of deposits 
which follow the Fox Hill sandstone. 


April, 1924] 


The lower one, which succeeds the Fox Hill con- 
formably wherever the contact plane of the two 
formations was observed, bears a strong resem- 
blance to the upper part of the Belly River series, 
and consists of about 150 feet of feebly coherent, 
grayish and pure white clays, sandy clays, and 
sands, with occasional bed of carbonaceous shales 
and lignite..... In the badlands south of Wood 
Mountain this division consists almost exclusively 
of clay. The upper division is more arenaceous 
and is predominately yellowish in colour. 

“The Laramie, in this district, is remarkably 
deficient in fossils of any value. Silicified trunks 
of trees are abundant in some localities, and speci- 
mens of the.n, with a few almost indeterminable 
fragments of leaves and silicified bones, comprise 
the whole collection obtained from it.” 

Though both Dawson and McConnell recognized 
a lower division of the beds overlying the Fox Hill, 
it was left to Rose to recognize it as Lance. It 
was largely on the strength of the dinosaurian 
remains collected by Dawson that he classified the 
beds as Lance, for, as he points out, there was no 
great break, but a gradual merging from marine 
to fresh-water conditions. Jt was in the lakes and 
swamps and on the shores of the retreating Cre- 
taceous seas that the last remnant of that great 
order of Mesozoic reptiles, the dinosaurs, persisted 
for a while and then passed out and their passing 
marks the close of the Lance period. 

Rose made a study of the section on Rocky 
Creek in 1914 and in his report* he says “From 
Dawson’s description it is quite clear that division 
6 of the section is the top of the Pierre formation, 
division y is the Fox Hills sandstone, and divisions 
a and 8, which he calls the Lignite-Tertiary 
belong to what has been mapped as Laramie, and 
is here divided into Lance and Fort Union forma- 
tions. 

“Whether the whole of division 6 of the section 
should be classed as Lance or not is questionable. 
Since the Lance cannot be distinguished from the 
Fort Union lithologically in many places, and in 
this section division 6 grades into division a, it is 
impossible to mark an exact division line. The 
Lance certainly includes that part of division 8 
up to the location of the vertebrate remains, which, 
according to Dawson’s diagram, is about 30 feet 
from the bottom. It will be noted that Dawson 
says that in the lower part of this division the 
beds are more sombre in tint and this is also a 
characteristic of the Lance. The writer examined 
this section in the field but found no vertebrate 
remains. Thesombre tints of the beds immediate- 
ly overlying the Fox Hills sandstone were noted, 
however, and the upper part of division 8 was 


4Rose, B.—Geol. Surv. of Can. Mem. 89., 1916, pp. 38-40. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 67 


found to be lithologically like the Fort Union. 


Holding then to the definition of the Lance as the 
non-marine, dinosaur-bearing beds of sombre 
colour which overlie the Fox Hills sandstone, the 
thickness of the formation along Rock Creek is 
placed at 50 = feet. 


“There is, however, a lower division of the beds 
that are classed with the Fort Union formation 
and the probability of these belonging to the 
Lance is here noted. .... This lower division 
is very noticeable both north and south of the 
Wood Mountain plateau on account of the white 
colour of its beds, which distinguish it from the 
yellow beds of the upper division. It is very 
striking where it overlies the Fox Hills sandstone 
along Twelve Mile lake and outcrops to the east 
along Big Muddy valley for a distance of 50 miles. 
It was also noted in the bottom of the branch of 
Big Muddy valley now occupied by Willowbunch 
lake and Lake of the Rivers; so that, should it be 
classed as Lance, that formation would have a 
wide distribution in southern Saskatchewan. But 
as no dinosaurian remains have been found in 
these white beds and as they differ lithologically 
so much from the typical sombre-coloured beds of 
the Lance, it is preferable to include them as a 
lower division of the Fort Union. However, it is 
probable that the lower 150 feet of the lignite- 
bearing beds throughout the area may be referred 
to the Lance formation.” 


It will be seen that Rose believed that the lower 
150 feet of the Fort Union should be classed as 
Lance, but as he did not have the evidence of 
dinosaurian remains he hesitated in doing so. 


The writer collected dinosaurian and other 
vertebrate remains at various levels from the base 
of the formation to within 12 feet of the lowest 
coal seam, which is approximately 131 feet above 
the Lance-Fox Hills contact, making the range of 
the dinosaurian fauna at least 119 feet. They 
were very abundant at about 75 feet above the 
base of the formation and from this horizon the 
writer collected parts of skeletons of Thespesius, 
Triceratops, and others. 

Taking, then, the definition as given by Rose? 
for the Lance formation as “The non-marine, 
dinosaur-bearing beds of sombre colour which 
overlie the Fox Hills sandstone”, we are able to 
extend the thickness of the Lance, in this region, 
to include at least 119 feet. It would seem best, 
however, to place the top of the Lance at the top 
of the uppermost coal seam, which everywhere in 
this region seems to be the natural dividing line. 
Though these coal seams vary in thickness and in 
the quality of the lignite, they occupy the same 


5Zoc. cit., p. 3°. 


68 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


relative position and are the only good horizon 
markers in the upper part of the beds. 


The base of the Lance is placed at the base of a 
brownish-gray coarse-grained sandstone which is 
150 feet below the top of the uppermost coal 
seam, and is underlain by yellowish-gray, arena- 
ceous clays merging into yellowish sand. 


The following section was measured by the 
writer in a coulee which heads in the centre of the 
badlands in See. 15, T. 1, R. 5, W. of the 3rd 
principal meridian (Rocky Creek, Sask.). 

Beginning at the highest beds seen: 


Yellowish-gray arenaceous clays........ SS 
(Plant remains in hard brown ironstone 

at 28 ft. from top.) 

Top OF LANCE 

Lignite, poor grade (uppermost coalseam) 1 
Yellowish-brown, friable clay.......... 7 
EASON es eats Bets eae eo Ee ee ee feb — 
Yellowish-brown, friable clay.......... 9 
Lignite, lowest coalseam.............. = 
Brown triabletclayae.) ).22 20) eee 4 
Gray clay—caudal vertebra of hadrosaur 

Pronast Wis goed 24 a sno joensen 14 
Yellowish-gray arenaceous clay......... 2 
Grayiclayees see or eerste 4 
Brown shaley clay (clay-ironstone irregu- 

larly distributed, plants collected 

PONT TEAS EWE og becckococacnsecc 2 
SYellowash-oray. Clases... 24: sees fete ey See: 
Gray sandstone (Dinosaurian remains 

abundant at pase). =. je eee 16 6 
Gray clay with yellowish-brown tinge, 

some ironstone scattered through... 40 — 
Yellowish arenaceous clay............. 3 G 
Brownish triable clayse=e 43>... ses. 209 

6 


| as emconsdlecs 


Gray arenaceous clay................. 14. 
Yellowish arenaceous clay............. 10 
Brownish-gray coarse-grained sandstone, 
quite hard in places... 2......2..:. 
BASE OF LANCE 
Yellowish-gray arenaceous clay, merging 
into yellowish sand, more clay in 
upper part and more sand in lower 


Brownish-yellow, fine-grained, friable 
sandstone or loosely consolidated 
SANG im. .tz-cs 2 Rene eee Smee ae 30) == 


BOTTOM OF COULEE 


The uppermost 34 feet of the section approxi- 
mately corresponds to division a, the lower 60 
feet to division 7, and the intermediate 150 feet 
to division 6, of Dawson’s original section. 

Following is a list of the vertebrate remains 
collected by the wiiter at various levels, from the 
base of the Lance up to within 12 feet of the 
lowest coal seam, Rocky Creek, Saskatchewan, 
with a brief review of the same, kindly given by 


Mr. C. W. Gilmore, of the U.S. National Museum. 
Pisces 
Lepisosteus occidentales Leidy 
Myladephus bipartitus Cope 
Pappicthys sp. 
Platacodon sp. 
Batrachia 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


Scapherpeton tectum Cope 
Reptilia 
Tustudines 
Baena sp. 
Baena sp. 
Basilemys sp. 
Adocus sp. 
Thescelus sp. 
Aspiderites sp. 
Aspiderites sp. 
Aspiderites sp. 
Rhynchchocephalia : 
Champsosaurus sp. 
Sauria ! 
Iguanavus sp., undescribed lizard jaw; 
several specimens of same species from the 
Lance of Wyoming are now being studied by 
Mr. C. W. Gilmore. 5 
Dinosauria 
Thespesius n.sp. 
Thescelosaurus neglectus Gilmore 
Triceratops prorsus? Marsh 
Triceratops sp. 
Ornithomimus sp. 
Carnivorous dinosaur. 
Crocodylia 
Crocodylus sp. 
All identified or verified by C. W. Gilmore. 


REVIEW BY MR. GILMORE 


“The fish remains as represented in the above 
faunal list, with one exception, have a wide geo- 
logic range and are valueless as horizon indicators. 
Platacodon at this time has been reported only 
from the Lance formation of Wyoming. 

“Likewise the batrachia, represented by the 
single genus Scapherpeton, are of little use because 
of the fragmentary nature of the known materials, 
and also since this genus occurs in the Judith 
River formation of Montana. 

“None of the turtle specimens are sufficiently 
well preserved to be identified specifically, all of 
the genera recognized have a wide geological range 
and none are distinctive of the Lance fauna. 

“The single rhyncocephalian reptile, Champso- 
saurus, has a wider geologic range than any other 
of the extinct reptilia listed, with the exception of 
some of chelonian genera. Champsosaurus remains 
have been found in the Judith River, Belly River, 
Two Medicine, Edmonton, Lance, Puerco and Ft. 
Union formations. 

“The dinosaur remains furnish the most con- 
clusive evidence of the age of the beds in which 
they were found as being equivalent to the Lance 
as that formation is known in Wyoming, Montana, 
and the Dakotas. 

“This is shown by the presence of Thescelo- 
saurus neglectus Gilmore and Triceratops prorsus? 
Marsh, both typical Lance forms and unknown 
elsewhere. 

“A Hadrosaurian reptile, probably a new species, 
which clearly has its closest affinities with the 
Lance, Thespesius annectens (Marsh), and the 
presence of the genus Ornithomimus furnish cor- 


April, 1924] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 69 


roborative evidence of the Lance facies of this spot and found fragments of the skull of Tric era- 


fauna. 

“This brief review of the above faunal list of the 
vertebrate remains found in southern Saskat- 
chewan shows that, while only a few of its recog- 
nized members are confined exclusively to the 
Lance formation, the faunal list as a whole may 
_ be considered typically representative of that 
formation.” 

The following report was given by Professor 
Edward E. Berry, of the John Hopkins University, 
on plant remains collected by the writer from 
Secs. 14 and 15, T. 1, R. 5, W. of 8 (Rocky Creek 
Sask.). 

Lance formation. Below lowest coal seam. 


Platanus guillelme heerit Knowlton (25 ft. below 
lowest coal). 

Laurus sp. - (25 feet below lowest. coal seam.) 

Equisetum arcticum Heer (Rhizomes with large 
starch-filled tubers that may have been an item 
on the dinosaur’s bill of fare.) (75 feet below 
lowest coal seam.) 

Above uppermost coal seam. Fort Union(?) 
formation. 

Platanus nobilis Newberry 

Paliurus pulcherrium Ward (a Ceanothus and 
not a Paliurus.) 

Populus speciosa Ward 

Spargenium stygium Heer 

Platanus aceroides latifolia Knowlton? (this may 
be only a somewhat different appearing leaf of the 
Platanus here listed.) 

Aralia coloradensis Knowlton 

Phragmites sp. 

“T see no reason for doubting the age deter- 
minations of Lance and Fort Union as given by 
the collector. The difference between the two 
floras as developed in the States is very slight, 
according to Knowlton’s work on very large col- 
lections from both, made in the United States.”’ 


The following species of plants were collected 
by Dr. G. M. Dawson from the badlands on Rocky 
Creek, and described in the appendix of his report®, 
by J. W. Dawson. 

Lemna (Spidodela) scutata Dawson 

Phragmites? sp. 

Scirpus sp. 

Sapindus affinis Newberry 

Aesculus antiquus Dawson 

Trapa borealis? Heer 

Corpolithes sp. 

With the exception of Aesculus antiquus all were 
probably collected from above the uppermost coal 
seam. 

In travelling west through the Cypress Hills the 
writer met Mr. V. B. Lackey, of Eastend, Sask., 
who had in his possession a supra-orbital horn 
core of Triceratops which had been collected on 
Mr. Crawford’s ranch, about 34 miles north of 
Eastend, Sask., in the north-east quarter of Sec. 
17, T. 7, R. 21, W. of 8. The writer visited the 


§Loc. cit., pp. 327-331. 


tops, evidently from the same individual. Time 
did not permit further searching or the measuring 
of the section, but it was from the arenaceous clay 
which directly overlies the Fox Hills sandstone 
and below a red brick layer where a coal seam has 
been burnt out. From nearby and at about the 
same level were collected some invertebrates which 
have been identified by Dr. F. H. McLearn as . 
Compeloma producta and Unio dane. 

In the collection of the Geological Survey is a 
dinosaurian tibia which was collected by Weston 
from near the head waters of Swift Current Creek. 
This specimen had not previously been recognized 
as dinosaurian. No doubt it is from the same 
horizon as the Triceratops, as Weston was collect- 
ing from the Ologicene beds which immediately - 
overlie these beds in this locality. The specimen 
compares very closely with the tibia of Thespesius 
sp. from the Rocky Creek badlands, and there 
seems to be no question of their identity. 

The occurrence of Triceratops and Thespesius 
in the beds immediately overlying the Fox Hills 
sandstone in the Cypress Hills region and the 
proof of the occurrence of the Lance formation in 
the Wood Mountain region, coupled with the 
lithological differences between the upper and 
lower parts of the “Laramie” as pointed out by 
McConnell, and others, seem to point to the 
probability of the lower part of the beds succeed- 
ing the Fox Hills in southern Saskatchewan being 
of Lance age. It is quite probable that if system- 
atic collecting were done over all of the area more 
dinosaurian remains would be found. 

Davis’ recently divided the Fort Union into 
three divisions which he calls Estevan beds, 
Whitemud beds, and Ravenscrag beds. The 
Estevan beds directly overlie the Fox Hills from 
Wood Mountain plateau east to Estevan, Sask., 
and include the Lance formation on Rocky Creek, 
but are, he believed, absent in the Cypress Hills 
region. The Whitemud beds succeed the Estevan 
beds in the east but lie directly on the Pierre and 
Fox Hills in the Cypress Hills region. The 
Ravenscrag beds correspond to the upper division 
throughout the region. He says, “Whether the 
lower beds belong to the Lance formation has yet 
to be definitely established”. 2 

If Davis is correct in making this separation the 
two lower divisions should appear in the Cypress 
Hills, although the lower one, the Estevan beds, 
has not been recognized, but its presence seems 
proven by the discovery of Triceratops as noted 
above, in beds recognized as Whitemud. It is 
possible that the character of both divisions has 


7Davis, N. B.—Rept. of the Clay Resources of Southern 
Saskatchewan, Dept. of Mines, Ottawa, Mines Br., No. 486, 
1918, pp. 7-11. 2 


70 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


changed in the western extension so that the 
separation which was made at Estevan can not so 
clearly be made there. Therefore the Whitemud 
beds as well as the Estevan beds must, on palzon- 
tological grounds, be considered of Lance age. 
The occurrence of the Lance formation in 
Saskatchewan marks the most northerly extent of 
that formation so far reported. The most recent 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


brackish water deposits to the north and west of 
the Cypress Hills are the Edmonton formation, 
the fauna of which has an older aspect than that 
of the Lance. This seems to indicate that by 
Lance time the Cretaceous sea had retreated con- 
siderably to the south, with only a small area 
extending north of what is now the international 
boundary. 


THE CANADA GOOSE AT HOME 
BY A. D. HENDERSON 


HE Canada Goose is such a well-known 
bird that perhaps little that is new can 
be written of its habits. I have found 
these birds breeding on the Saskat- 
chewan, Pembina and Athabasca Rivers, but my 
best opportunity of observing them occurred in 
1917 and 1918 in the Battle River District, about 
eighty miles north of Peace River town; and I 
found some of their actions extremely interesting. 


At Battle River the arrival of the Canada Geese 
was an event eagerly looked forward to in the 
spring. The date of arrival, according to reports 
made to me, was the first week in April, though 
April 8th is my own record for first arrival in 1918. 
For days before their coming the Indian and 
halfbreed children can be heard practicing the 
honk, which they imitate to perfection. Ah-unk! 
Ah-unk! 


However, though Goose is a change from the 
staple diet of moose meat, they are tough and dry 
eating in the spring, and on our hunting trips we 
would never waste a .30-30 shell on them as long 
as we could get Beaver, which to my notion is 
the best meat to be had in the woods. The Geese 
breed on the small gravelly islands in the Battle 
River and its two tributaries, known at that time 
as the Second and Third Battle Rivers. Since 
then the country has been surveyed and new 
names given to all three. Another favorite 
breeding place is in old beaver dams, where they 
nest on the old sunken beaver-houses, which in 
course of time have flattened down into small, 
grass-covered islets. Even inhabited beaver- 
houses are used as nesting sites, as my halfbreed 
hunting partner on one of our trips took five eggs 
from a nest on a large beaver-house in an old 
river-bed of the Third Battle, which we repeatedly 
saw entered and left by a family of beaver, show- 
ing that the Geese and beaver live together in 
amity. 

They also nest in trees, as he told me that on 
one occasion while watching for beaver higher up 
on the Third Battle he saw a Goose fly to a large 
nest in a spruce tree. A halfbreed’s interest in 


eggs of any kind lies wholly in his stomach, so he 
climbed to the nest and had eggs to eat for several 
meals. 


The 28th of April, 1917, is the earliest record I 
have of eggs. A nest was found on that date, 
containing two eggs, on a low, grassy islet in a 
flooded beaver meadow. The 12th of May was 
the date my partner took the five eggs from the 
nest on the inhabited beaver-house mentioned 
before. On May 18th I found a nest containing 
seven eggs, on a low, grassy islet, probably a very 
old beaver-house, in the same flooded beaver 
meadow. The nest was made of grass and was 
lined with finer grasses and feathers. The sitting 
bird permitted a near approach, with her head 
and neck stretched out straight in front of her 
and lying flat along the ground, watching my 
approach. This appears to be the usual behaviour 
when the nest is approached during incubation. 
We saw two other nests oa this day, one contain- 
ing three eggs, on a small grassy islet in the same 
beaver meadow, and another on an island in the 
Third Battle, with six eggs. 


These great birds are very tame on the breeding 
grounds compared with the wary birds we see 
during the migrations. On one occasion I went 
up the Third Battle to an old river bed to watch 
for beaver, arriving there about four o’clock in the 
afternoon. When I arrived there were eleven 
Canada Geese sitting in the end of the river bed. 
I selected a favorable spot and sat down near the 
beaver-house, about eighty yards from them. In 
a few minutes another Goose alighted at the other 
end of the river bed and swam down to within 
forty yards of me, calling all the time and being 
answered by one of the eleven. They all flew, 
however, at the report of my .30-30, when a 
beaver suddenly appeared on the surface. In a 
few minutes another pair came sailing in, flying 
past me at less than twenty yards, and alighting 
about thirty yards away. They then swam up to 
within twenty yards, calling occasionally. As it 
was now getting late and I had seen very fresh 
grizzly diggings on my way up I concluded it was 


_ April, 1924] 


time for me to return to camp as I had no great 
hankering to meet his majesty in the dark. 

On June 4th, while walking up the river bank 
looking for bear, we met a pair of Geese and four 
goslings on shore and got within twenty yards 
before they moved. The old birds made a great 
fuss and flew down to the foot of a rapid and 
waited on the still water about sixty yards below. 
The goslings took to the water, which was tumb- 
ling and boiling over the stones; swimming and 
diving, they went down the rapid, under water 
most of the time, and joined their fond parents 
below. 

On the 12th of June we saddled our two riding 
horses, threw the hitch on the three pack ponies 
and started on our last trip around our bear traps. 
Bear remain prime until about June 15th and it 
was in the course of bear and beaver hunts in the 
springs of 1917 and 1918 that I had the oppor- 
tunity of observing the ways of the Canada Goose 
here set forth. 

On the 16th, just opposite our camp on the 
Third Battle, I saw two pairs of Geese with four 
and six goslings each, on a gravel bar below a 
rapid. (The three Battle Rivers are very swift 
and full of rocks and rapids.) On seeing me, the 
old birds swam and waded up the rapid, along the 
edge where there was little current, the young 
following, strung out in line behind. 

The spring of 1918 found me again on a bear. 
hunt, and one evening, May 23rd, I and my wife 
camped for the night on a beautiful little flat 
covered with new green grass just below the mouth 
of the Second Battle. After taking off the saddles 
- and packs, making camp and having supper, I rode 
down the river a short distance to where I had 
noticed a pair of Geese alight and soon saw one 
standing on a gravelly island. Making a short 
detour and riding closer I saw both birds lying 
flat on the gravel, heads and necks outstretched 
along the ground, precisely as they do on the nest. 
They were hiding right in the open without the 
slightest cover. Though I have what is called the 
hunter’s eye pretty well developed, it is doubtful 
if I would have noticed them if I had not previous- 
ly known they were there. “ They remained per- 
fectly motionless and resembled pieces of water- 
worn driftwocd so perfectly that I now understood 
how it was that, in descending rivers in a canoe, 
I had so often failed to observe them until they 
took wing. It was the most beautiful example of 
protective colouring I have ever seen. As I rode 
up to the river bank, in plain sight and making a 
good deal of noise, one bird remained perfectly 
still and the other moved its head slightly to 
watch me. I then rode out into the river to 
within thirty-five yards before they broke the pose 
and took to flight. I discovered the nest of three 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 71 


eggs on the lower end of the island. It was a 
hollow in the sand, lined with small twigs, crumb- 
led leaves and down and the eggs were covered. 

On May 26th I examined another nest in a 
beaver dam about a mile up the river from the 
last mentioned nest. It was on a very old, 
flattened-down beaver-house, which formed a 
small island, and was only a few yards away from 
an occupied beaver-house. On my approach the 
sitting bird watched me with head and neck 
stretched out flat on the ground, as usual. The 
nest was built on flattened-down marsh hay and 
was composed of pieces of hay about an inch long 
and down. 

On the 28th, while walking up the gravel banks 
of the Third Battle hunting bear, I came on a 
pair of Geese with six goslings, also three other 
Geese about one hundred yards upstream from 
them. The three Geese flew on my approach, and 
the female took her brood across the stream to a 
point about thirty yards distant. Her mate went 
upstream, flapping along the water, pretending to 
be crippled. He would allow me to approach to 
about forty yards and then flap along the water 
again for a few yards and wait for me again. He 
repeated this performance several times, until he 
thought he had enticed me far enough around the 
next bend, when he had a marvellous recovery, 
flying away and giving me the merry honk! honk! 
for being so easy. Jam sure he enjoyed the ease 
with which he fooled me and I enjoyed watchin 
him and letting him think so. 

The next day, while riding up the river and 
making many crossings from bar to bar, I rode 
within fifteen yards of a Goose before she flushed 
from her nest of six eggs. This nest was on a 
gravelly point of the river and not on an island 
as usual. The eggs seemed just about to hatch. 
Around the next bend I flushed a Mallard from 
her nest of ten eggs, also on the point of hatching. 
This was the only Duck’s nest I found in the 
Battle River District, it being one of the poorest 
Duck countries I have seen. 

Having disposed of my interests at Battle 
River, I returned to my old home on the Pembina 
River in July. At one time, beaver must have 
been very plentiful here, judging by the numerous 
dams and houses found along every watercourse. 
Sometimes, when out hunting, I like to sit down 
near one of these old beaver meadows for a rest 
and smoke, and try to visualize the scene as it 
used to be. Instead of the grass-grown meadow, 
dam and house, I recreate the scene as it was; 
the miniature lake, the mud-plastered house and 
dam, the sunken mounds of food sticks, with the 
beaver swimming among them. Then comes the 
mighty splash as he slaps the water with his broad 
tail and dives to safety when he gets your wind. 


72 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Also it is not likely that his summer neighbor, the 
Canada Goose, was absent from the scene. 

In 1899, when I first came to the Pembina 
District, there were still a few pairs of Geese 
breeding along the river, but now they are prac- 
tically all gone. I believe that the young always 
return to breed in the district they were born in 
and when the Geese on any river are all killed 
their place is not taken by others, so that whea 
this occurs they are gone for good; and this is 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


evidently what has happened on the Pembina. 
Otherwise, we would see them arriving about the 
first week in April and alighting on river, slough. 
and prairie, the same as they do in the Battle 
River country, but this is not the case, as only a 
few stragglers visit us and then pass on to the 
north. As settlement advances no doubt the 
same thing will happen in the Battle River coun- 
try and the Geese and beaver will be things of the 
past. 


LIST OF BIRDS RECORDED FROM THE ISLAND OF ANTICOSTI, QUEBEC 
By HARRISON F. LEWIS 
(Continued from page 46) 


24. Phalacrocorax carbo. CORMORANT.— 
Verrill: Breeding in large numbers on cliffs at 
East Point, Anticosti. No Double-crested Cor- 
morants identified with them. Brewster: Found 
a breeding colony of about 20 nests at Wreck Bay. 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather common. With P. 
auritus. Found especially in the eastern part of 
the island. Fox Bay. 

The present status of this species on Anticosti 
is uncertain, but it is probable that some breeding 
colonies still exist there. 


25. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus. DOUBLE- 
CRESTED CORMORANT.—Verrill: None identified 
at Anticosti, but may possibly breed there. 
Brewster: Not found breeding. Schmitt: May- 
September. Fairly common. Nests on the island. 
at the top of the cliff at Bird Bay. Dionne: 
Fairly common. Brooks: The few Cormorants I 
noted were at such a distance that identification 
was impossible. 


26. Mergus americanus. MERGANSER.— 
Combes: Lists this species without comment. 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Brooks: A few 
were noted in the summer of 1919 by Prof. W. H. 
Twenhofel, of the University of Wisconsin, during 
his paleontological expedition around the island. 


27. Mergus serrator. RED-BREASTED MER- 
GANSER.—Verrill: Very common. Nest with 6 
eggs found July 17. Young seen by July 3 and 
some captured August 12. Brewster: Abundant. 
Schmilt: Arrives on the coast in May and dis- 
appears almost at once; reappearing only in 
September. In the interval it has nested in the 
interior of the island, where all summer long it is 
very numerous along therivers. At Jupiter River, 
at the 51st kilometer, found a nest with fresh eggs, 
July 20, 1903. Some Mergansers remain all 
winter around the island. Dionne: Common. 
Brooks: A common bird in Anticosti, breeding in 
all suitable parts of the island. 


28. Lophodytes cucullatus. HOODED MER- 


GANSER.—Brooks: Several seen in the summer of 
1919 by Prof. W. H. Twenhofel. 


29. Anas rubripes. Biack- DucKk.— 
Verrill: Very abundant. Young seen by July 3rd. 
Brewster: Common. A brood of young with 
mother seen at Wreck Bay. Schmitt: March- 
October. Very common. Some always winter at 
points on the rivers kept open by water from 
springs. Dionne: Very common. Brooks: Very 
common. Lewis: At Ellis Bay saw 4 June 14 
and5June15. Johansen: A flock of Black Ducks 
at Shallop Creek, August 7, 1923. 


30. Chaulelasmus streperus. GADWALL. 
—Verrill: A few specimens were seen. A young 
one, about half grown, was caught near the middle 
of July. : 

In a letter dated December 6, 1923, Prof. 
Verrill says that the young Gadwall mentioned 
above was presumably preserved as an alcoholic 
specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 
Cambridge, Massachusetts. He considers it likely 
that this specimen was destroyed during the years 
following the American Civil War, owing to the 
high price at that time of the alcohol necessary 
for replenishment of the supply in the containers. 
The director of the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology courteously informs me that he is unable 
to trace this specimen at present. 

Ina letter dated February 25, 1924, Prof 
Verrill says, concerning the field-diary containing 
notes made on his visit to Anticosti in 1861, 

.on Aug. 6...I recorded that he [the captain} 
and Mr. Upham Treat, one of our party, had shot 
‘one gray duck (Chaulelasmus streperus)’ ”’. 
That, he makes clear, was not the young one 
mentioned in his printed list. The diary does not 
say what was done with it. 


31. Nettion carolinense. GREEN-WINGED 
TEAL.—Schmitt: Summer. Rare. On the south- 
ern coast, principally between South-west Point 
and East Point. Dionne: Rare; found only one 


April, 1924] 


pair with 9 young. Brooks: On August 26, 1919, 
near Little River, a flock of about 30 flew very 
close to me. 


(Hypothetical. Querquedula discors. BLUE-WINGED TEAL. 
—Brewster: Fishermen at Fox Bay said it occurred in small 
numbers during migration. 

This does not appear to me to furnish sufficient basis for the 
inclusion of this species in the formal list.] 


32. Dafila acuta tzitzihoa. 
PINTAIL.—Schmitt: End of April-beginning of 
November. Rare. Especially on the coast at 
South Point. Nests on the island. 

Prof. Verrill, in a letter dated February 25, 
1924, states that in the field-diary containing 
notes made on his visit to Anticosti in 1861 the 
list of Ducks shot by the Captain of his vessel on 
August 6 includes ““Two pin-tail ducks (Dafila 
acuia)’’. 


AMERICAN 


33. Marila americana. REDHEAD.— 


Schmitt: In migration. Rare. 


34. Marila marila. Scaup Duck.— 
Schmitt: Seen only in-spring, for nearly a month, 
associating with the Old-Squaw. Lewis: On Lake 
Gamache, at Ellis Bay, I saw 12 Scaup Ducks 
(sp.?) on June 10 and 5 on June 14. 


35. Marila affinis. LESSER SCAUP DUCK.— 
Schmitt: Autumn. Winter. Spring. Rather 
rare. Some nest on the island. 

Mr. Dionne assures me that Schmitt submitted 
specimens of both Greater and Lesser Scaup Ducks 
to him for identification. 


36. Marila collaris. 
Schmitt: May. Rare. 
26, 1902. 


37. Glaucionetta clangula americana. 
GOLDEN-EYE.—Verrill: Common. Young ones, 
about one-third grown, were caught July 19. 
Schmitt: Fairly common throughout the year. 
Dionne: Common. Brooks: Noted several on 
Lake Gamache at Ellis Bay during the last week 
of August. 


38. Glaucionetta islandica. BARROW’S 
GOLDEN-EYE.—Schmiti: Autumn. Winter. Spring. 
Fairly common. Some always nest on the island 
in spring. More numerous spring and autumn 
than in winter. 

Mr. Dionne assures me that Schmitt submitted 
specimens of both the American Golden-eye and 
Barrow’s Golden-eye to him for identification. 
Confirmation of Schmitt’s statement that the 
latter species nests on Anticosti is desirable. 


39. Clangula hyemalis. OLD-SQUAW.— 
Verrill: Very common. Breeds abundantly. 
The males were seen in small flocks by themselves 
during the whole time that we were at the island. 
Brewster: A few individuals, doubtless barren 
birds, observed at East Point, July 7. Schmitt: 
Arrives in September, passes the winter, and 


RING-NECKED DucK.— 
One specimen killed May 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 73 


leaves at the end of April. Does not nest on the 
island. Dionne: Common transient. Lewis: One 
at Ellis Bay, June 13, 1922. 

Doubtless this species was more common at 
Anticosti at the time of Verrill’s visit than it is 
to-day, but evidence to substantiate his assump- 
tion that the species breeds on the island appears 
to be still lacking. 


40. MHistrionicus histrionicus histrionicus. 
HARLEQUIN Duck.—Brewster: Residents of Fox 
Bay said it occurred there in winter. Schmitt: 
Summer. Rare. A few in the South Point 
region. 

[Hypothetical. 


Camptorhynchus labradorius. LABRADOR 


DucKk.—Combes: Lists this species; gives no supporting 
evidence. Schmitt: Undoubtedly occurred formerly, since we 
are on its migration route. In 1903 Schmitt showed a plate 
of the species to Placide Duguay, formerly a fisher at Anse 
aux Fraises, who said that his father (deceased at the time of 
the conversation) had killed a drake like that 15 years before. 
Jt was in company with a gray Duck, supposed to be its mate. 
He stuffed the drake, but some years later it was destroyed by 
a cat. It had been killed early in the spring. Duguay later 
claimed to recognize a water-color of the species. 

I do not find this evidence sufficient for the inclusion of the 
species in the list. Of course, no specimen of this species was 
submitted to Mr. Dionne for identification.] 

41. Somateria mollissima borealis. NOR- 
THERN EIDER.—Schmitt: Arrives in September 
and leaves at the end of April or beginning of May. 


Fairly common. 


41a. Somateria mollissima dresseri. EIDER. 
—Verrill. Common about Anticosti. Combes: 
Was given the skin of a female by M. Malouin, 
keeper of West Point light. Schmitt: Like the 
preceding. Very common. Dionne: Very com- 
mon, especially in autumn and winter. 


42. Somateria spectabilis. KING EIDER:- 
—Verrill: Saw askin in the possession of the light- 
keeper at South-west Point, who said they were 
notuncommon. Brewster: Described by residents 
of Anticosti as common in winter. Schmitt: Like 
the preceding. Fairly common. Dionne: Fairly 
common. 


43. Oidemia americana. SCOTER.— 
Schmitt: Arrives end of May or beginning of June 
and remains about a month. Rather rare. 
Dionne: Observed several times. 


44. Oidemia deglandi. WHITE-WINGED 
ScoterR.—Brewster: Observed at East Point. 
Schmitt: Arrives and leaves like the preceding. 
Fairly common. Lewis: One at Ellis Bay, June 
13. 1222. 


45. Oidemia perspicillata. SURF SCOTER. 
—Schmitt: Like the preceding. Fairly common. 


Dionne: Common spring and fall. Lewis: One 
at Ellis Bay, June 13, 1922. 
46. Chen hyperboreus nivalis. GREATER 


SNOW GOOSE.—Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. 
Observed from time to time on any part of the 
coast, but always young birds in gray plumage. 


74 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Mr. Dionne assures me that Schmitt submitted 
specimens of this subspecies to him for identifica- 
tion. See also below under White-fronted Goose. 


[Hypothetical. Anser albifrons gambeli. WHITE-FRONTED 
GoosE.—Schmitt: September 10, 1902, I was at Ellis Bay 
when a flock of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) passed a 
short distance above my head. Among them was a white 
Goose with a little black in the wings. I thought that it was 
a specimen of the White-fronted Goose, although I would not 
be positive about it. 

No specimen of this species was submitted to Mr. Dionne 
for identification. 'The bird described above by Schmitt was 
presumably an adult Snow Goose.] 


47. Branta canadensis canadensis. CAN- 
ADA GoosE.—Verrill: Breeds in large numbers in 
interior, about shores of lakes. Brewster: Breeds 
abundantly in interior. Samuels: I conclude 
here with Mr. [William] Couper’s notes on the 
following species, made at Quebec, Lower Canada: 
“Bernicla canadensis.— A few breed in 
Anticosti.’”’” Combes: Listed, with the statement 
that some are kept in domesticity. Schmitt: End 
of March to first fortnight of November. Very 
common. Nests in the interior of the island. 
Dionne: Very common in summer. Brooks: 
Breeds abundantly and during my stay many were 
flying back and forth between Hllis Bay and the 
interior. Lewis: Saw 16 at Ellis Bay, June 10. 


48. Branta bernicla glaucogastra. BRANT. 
—Schmitt: Occurs from Beescie River to Ellis Bay. 
Fairly common. Arrives at the end of May and 
leaves at the first spring tides in June, when it 
goes due North. Dionne: Migrant spring and 
fall. Lewis: At Ellis Bay saw large flocks, 
totalling 3,000-4,000 birds, on migration on the 
evening of June 10, 1922. 


(Hypothetical. Olor columbianus. WHISTLING SWAN.— 
Schmitt: A fisherman thought he saw a Swan in a lake near 
the sea, but the occurrence, which was not repeated, lacks 
certainty. 

This species is not entitled to be included in the list without 
further evidence. No specimen of this species was submitted 
to Mr. Dionne.] 


49. Botaurus lentiginosus. BITTERN.— 
Verrill: Common. A young one caught August 4. 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather common. Nests on 
the island. Dionne: Common. Brooks: Not un- 
common summer resident. 


50. Ardea herodias herodias. GREAT BLUE 
HERON.—Verrill: A large Heron, which appeared 
to be of this species, was seen at Ellis Bay. Schmitt: 
Summer. Rare. One killed at Ellis Bay, another 
seen at Shallop River. Dionne: Very rare, 
observed only one. 


51. Porzana carolina. SorA.—Schmitt: 
Summer. Rare. One specimen, killed by M. 
Malouin, who gave it to me, on the plains at West 
Point. Dionne: Rather rare, only one seen. 

52. Gallinula chloropus cachinnans. FLOR- 
IDA GALLINULE.—Schmiit: Summer. Rather rare. 
Borders of creeks and lakes. 

One or more specimens submitted to Mr. 
Dionne for identification. 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


53. Fulica americana. Coot.—Schmitt: 
Summer. Rare. Borders of bodies of water. 

One or more specimens submitted to Mr. 
Dionne for identification. é 


[Hypothetical. Phalaropus fulicarius. 
Schmiit: Summer, Rare. 

No specimens of this species were submitted to Mr. Dionne 
for identification. Under the circumstances it seems best to 
record it as hypothetical until further evidence is available.] 


54. Lobipes lobatus. NORTHERN PHALA- 
ROPE.—Brewster: A flock seen and specimens 
taken between Cape Rosier (Gaspé) and Anticosti 
“about thirty miles to the northward of Cape 


RED PHALAROPE.— 


Rosier”. Schmitt: Irregular. Rather common. 
Not seen at all in certain summers. One speci- 
men, killed June 9, 1902. . 

55. Steganopus tricolor. WILSON’S PHALA- 


ROPE.—Schmiti: June. Very rare. 

Mr. Dionne assures me that Schmitt submitted 
a specimen of this species to him for identification. 
Its occurrence on Anticosti must have been purely 
accidental. 


[Hypothetical. Rubicola minor. Woopcock.—Brewster: 
Mr. E. G. Gardiner thought he flushed one near Fox Bay, but 
the foliage was so dense that he did not get a clear sight of it. 

This species is to be expected on Anticosti, but it should not 
be included in the list without stronger evidence than that 
given above.] 


56. Gallinago delicata. | WILSON’S SNIPE. 
—Combes: Saw several near River and Lake 
Gamache and near Great Salt Lake. Schmitt: 
Occurs particularly from the beginning of August 
to the end of October. Common. Dionne: 
Common. Brooks: I flushed a _ considerable 
number of Snipe in various boggy situations. 
Lewis: One observed at Ellis Bay, June 10. 


57. Calidris canutus. Knot.— Schmitt: 


September. Rare. 


58. Pisobia maculata. PECTORAL SAND- 
PIPER.—Schmitt: End of August to end of Sep- 
tember. Some remain longer. Has been observed 
November 12, 1902. Dionne: Very common. 


59. Pisobia fuscicollis. WHITE-RUMPED 
SANDPIPER.—Verrill: Abundant in large flocks on 
beach, August 14. Probably breed in interior. 
Schmitt: Autumn. Fairly common. Dionne: 
Very common. Brooks: I noted this species in 
abundance during the last week in August. 

Verrill’s surmise that this species breeds in Anti- 
costi, for which there appears to be no sufficient 
basis, is probably incorrect. 


60. Pisobia minutilla. LEAST SANDPIPER. 
—Verrill: Large number seen near Ellis Bay, 
where thought to be nesting. Brewster: A few 
observed daily along the beaches at Fox Bay. 
Schmitt: August 15 to September 15. Very com- 
mon. Brooks: During the latter part of August 
and early September they were quite common 
along the shores of Ellis Bay and vicinity. 


April, 1924] 


61. Ereunetes pusillus. SEMIPALMATED SAND- 
PIPER.—Schmitt: Seen occasionally in June, but 
much more common in autumn. Fairly common. 


62. Crocethia alba. SANDERLING.— 
Schmitt: End of August to end of September. 
Some nest on the island. Dionne: Very common. 

Schmitt’s statement that this species nests on 
Anticosti cannot he accepted without supporting 
evidence. 


63. Totanus melanoleucus. GREATER 
YELLOW-LEGS.— Verrill: Common. Brewster: 
Abundant. Circumstantial evidence of breeding. 


Schmiti: End of Apri! to end of September. Nests 
on theisland. Dionne: Common. Brooks: Not- 
ed great numbers about Ellis Bay, especially 
August 26 and 27. Lewis: Not common at Ellis 


Bay June 10-16, 1922. Johansen: Flocks in 
lagoon at Fox River, August 6, 1923. 
64. Tringa solitaria solitaria. SOLITARY 


SANDPIPER.—Schmitt: Seen about the borders of 
the marshes in the spring. Rather rare. Brooks: 
Saw one individual on a small stream running 
into Ellis Bay on August 28. 


65. Actitis macularia. SPOTTED SAND- 
PIPER.—Verrill: Common. Breeds. Brewster: 
Abundant. Combes: Lists this species without 
comment. Schmitt: May-October. Fairly com- 
mon. Nests on the island. Brooks: Common. 
“On one occasion a bird flying along the shore 
about twenty yards off the beach ws attacked by 
‘a Pigeon Hawk that had swooped down from a 
nearby spruce. The Sandpiper in great terror 
alighted upon the water, diving just as the Hawk 
thrust down its talons. Remaining under water 
four or five seconds it came to the surface, and, 
seeing the Hawk flying on its way, swam leisurely 
to the beach.” Lewis: Not common at Ellis 
Bay, June 10-16, 1922. 


66. Numenius hudsonicus. HUDSONIAN 
CURLEW.—Brewster: Several large flocks of Cur- 
lew, supposed to be of this species, seen at Hast 
Point, July 7. Schmitt: Arrives in groups of 20 
to 30 at the end of August and remains 2 or 3 
weeks. Rather rare. Does not come every year. 
Dionne: Fairly common. : 

Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt submitted 
no specimens of this species to him for identification. 


[Hypothetical. Numenius borealis. ESKIMO CURLEW.— 
Schmitt: Beginning of September. Rare. 

Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt submitted no speci- 
mens of this species to him for identification, and in view of 
the ease with which this species may be confused with the 
preceding it seems best to leave this species as hypothetical 
for the present.] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 15 


67. Squatarola squatarola cynosure. 
AMERICAN BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.—Schmitt: End 
of August. Commencement of October. Fairly 
common. Dionne: Fairly common. Brooks: 
Black-bellied Plovers were seen in considerable 
number about Ellis Bay during the last week of 
August. 


68. Pluvialis dominica dominica. GOL- 
DEN PLOVER.—Schmitt: End of August-end of 
September. Fairly common. Dionne: Fairly 
common. 

69. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus. KILL- 


DEER.—Dionne: A single one seen. 


In a letter dated January 11, 1924, Mr. Willie 
LaBrie has kindly furnished me with the following 
details of the observation recorded by Dionne: 
“T saw one only, which was in company with ten 
Semipalmated Plovers, on the beach at Anse aux 
Fraises. I no longer recall the exact date, but it 
seems to me that it was toward the end of August, 
1913. I have no doubts about its identification, 
for I saw this bird near enough to observe its size 
and the large rufous area on the rump and tail.” 


70. Charadrius semipalmatus.  SEMIPAL- 
MATED PLOVER.—Dionne: Common, especially in 
autumn. Brooks: A small flock of these Plover 
was seen near Little River on August 26. 


[Hypothetical. Charadrius melodus. PIPING PLOVER.— 
Combes: At Gamache (Hllis) Bay and at Fox Bay. Schmitt: 
End of August—end of September. Rather rare. Dionne: 
Rare, observed in autumn only. 


Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt submitted no speci- 
mens of this species to him for identification. Neither Combes 
nor Schmitt mention the Semipalmated Plover, upon observa- 
tion of which species it is not improbable that their records of 
the Piping Plover are based. In a letter dated January 11, 
1924, Mr. Wiilie LaBrie has kindly furnished me with the 
following details concerning the observation, made by him, 
upon which the record published by Dionne is founded: ’’I 
saw a flock of 15 or 20 individuals of this species at Anse aux 
Fraises, about October 15, 1916, during a strong north-west 
storm, accompanied by snow. I recognized these little Plovers 
by their being much paler in color than the Semipalmated 
(which has already departed by that date) and by the black 
patches on the sides of the breast. These Plovers were not 
shy and I was able to approach to within a dozen paces of 
them.’’ This species is known to occur in the Magdalen 
Islands and at Natashquan, on the north shore of the Gulf, so 
that it ought to visit Anticosti, and Mr. LaBrie’s detailed 
observation inclines me to its acceptance. But as the date of 
the observation is unusually late in the year, and as Mr. La 
Brie had apparently had no previous field experience with the 
Piping Plover, it seems best to leave the species in the hypo- 
thetical list for the present.] 


71. Arenaria interpres morinella. RUDDY 
TURNSTONE.—Schmitt: End of August—end of 
September. Fairly common. Dionne: Common 
in autumn. Brooks: Several were seen August 
26, a few miles east of Ellis Bay. 


(To be continued) 


716 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


NOTES AND GBSERVATIONS 


ANOTHER MYSTERY BAND.— 
The Canadian National Parks 
Branch, which is keeping the file 
of Canadian Bird Banding Records, 
has recently received a band of a 
kind differing from the official 
bands being used in Canada and 
the United States, and an en- 
deavour is being made to trace the 
origin of this band. 


It is made of aluminum and has 
the number “57” stamped on it. 
Mr. Arthur Shuttleworth, of Plum- 
mer, Ontario, is the person who 
made the recovery in this instance, 
finding the band on a young “‘Teal 
Duck,” which he shot on Cariboo 
Lake, in the Township of Plum- 
mer, District of Algoma, Ontario, 
on September 12, 1923. 


A sketch of the band is shown 
with this article and the band itself 
will be lent to responsible persons 
who consider that they may he 
able to furnish information con- 
cerning it—Hoyes LLoyp. 


BATS IN WINTER.—January 11th, 1924, on 
leaving my office in the Victoria Memorial Mu- 
_ seum at noon I noticed a bat flying about the 
upper stories and cornice of the large laundry 
building on Argyle Ave., near Bank Street, Ottawa. 
The day was fairly cold but clear and bright. 
Perhaps the unseasonable mild weather and bright 
sun combined had penetrated its recess and 
awakened it from its usual hibernation—or work- 
men may have disturbed it. As I approached, it 
disappeared about the corner of the building; 
when J arrived at a point where I could view the 
other wall it could be seen clinging to the brick- 
work and uneasily hunching about as if searching 
for a more comfortable spot. In a moment it 
dropped away and fluttered to the front of the 
building where, as I left, it was still vainly search- 
ing for a crevice in the solid galvanized cornice, 
whose irregular surface seemed to offer prospects 
of snug crannies. 

That bats do not always hibernate continuously 
through the winter or do occasionally awaken is 
evident from experiences that we have had with 
them in the house. In our residence, bats gain 
access in some way to the space between the attic 
floor and the ceiling below. Irregularly through 
the winter we can hear them stirring about over- 
head, not always in the milder weather but often 


when it is coldest. The attic itself is always very 
cold, the rooms below at living temperature. 
What it is between the joists I do not know; 
probably somewhere between the two, and in this 
modified temperature the sleep of the animals is 
obviously not very sound and they have periods 
of activity. Occasionally one works into the 
attic and down into the rooms below, when it 
flies about with full strength as in summer. The 
noise made by them in the floor space is some- 
times remarkably loud and at times we have 
found it hard to convince ourselves that there 
were no rats running about on the lath. Lately, 
however, when one was seen and heard literally 
running over the floor of a bedroom, the same 
sound was made, which laid at rest any slight 
doubt that remained. All these winter bats that 
I have seen seem to be the common Brown Bat, ; 
Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte), and no other species 
has been recognized by me here in the winter.— 
P. A. TAVERNER. — 


BREEDING OF THE TURKEY VULTURE IN HAST- 
ERN MANITOBA.—From July 2 to July 25, 1923, 
near the eastern end of Long Lake, Township 22, 


. Range 15, east of the Principal Meridian, and 


about 100 miles northeast of Winnipeg, I observed 
two large birds, black to bluish black, with bald 
red heads and medium long crooked bills. They 
had a wing spread of 3 feet or more, and when 
flying they glided a great deal, instead of flapping 
their wings as most other birds do. They used to 
roost on top of a rampike or some other high tree 
in the mornings and evenings, sometimes both 
together, but generally only one at a time. 

The local prospectors called them “Turkey 
Buzzards” and told me that two similar birds 
were in this region in 1916, and that in that year 
they hatched three young ones. Information 
that I obtained from local Indians was to the 
effect that these birds are not very frequent visit- 
ors to this part of Manitoba. 

The rocks of this area are pre-Cambrian, and 
this appears to be the first known breeding of the 
Turkey Vulture on the great pre-Cambrian 
“shield” of North America.—-J. F. WRIGHT. 


CHANGE IN NAME OF TORONTO NATURALISTS’ 
CiuB.—In The Canadian Field-Naturalist for 
March, 1922, the organization of the Toronto 
Naturalists’ Club was announced. More recently 
there has been founded a Toronto Field-Natur- 
alists’ Club, affiliated with the Ottawa Field- 
Naturalists’ Club. The two clubs have no official 
connection, although most of the members of the 
earlier club are also members of the Toronto Field- 
Naturalists’ Club. 'To avoid confusion the To- 


April, 1924] 


ronto Naturalists’ Club has adopted the name 
The Brodie Club. Dr. William Brodie, after 
whom the club is named, was one of the best 
loved of the earlier Toronto naturalists. By pro- 
fession he was a dentist, but every minute he 
could spare from his profession was spent in the 
study of natural history and in building up a 
collection of natural history specimens. In 1903 
he gave up his professional work to take charge of 
the Biological Department of the Provincial 
Museum. He died in 1909 at the age of seventy- 
eight. He left little in the way of published works 
but he had the gift of inspiring others, especially 
the young, with a love for nature, so that many 
working naturalists of to-day owe their early 
inspiration to him. The Brodie Club is a small 
organization, the membership being limited to 
twenty. It meets every other week from Sep- 
tember to May in the Royal Ontario Museum of 
Zoology. Following are the present members: 
J. L. Baillie, N. K. Bigelow, J. R. Dymond, J. L. 
Hart, T. B. Kurata, A. Leonard, W. LeRay, 
E. B.S. Logier, H. H. MacKay, Chas. Richards, 
L. L. Snyder, L. Sternberg, Stuart Thompson. 
Corresponding member, W. J. K. Harkness. 
Honorary members, Prof. B. A. Bensley, J. H. 
Fleming, C. W. Nash, Prof. E. M. Walker, W. E. 
Saunders.—J. R. DYMOND. 

NOTE ON THE FOOD OF THE RUFFED AND SPRUCE 
GROUSE.—During the past two seasons I had 
opportunity to examine the crops of a number of 
Ruffed Grouse and one Spruce Grouse, and as the 
results appear to be worth recording I append 
them. These birds were all shot within a thirty- 
five mile radius in the vicinity of La Barriere and 
St. Michel des Saints, in Berthier County, Que. 

Approximate percentages of the crop contents 
of six Ruffed Grouse shot between October 14 
and October 24, 1922: wintergreen berries, 
40%; beech nuts, 30%; birch seeds and buds, 
15%; leaf particles, 5%; moosewood samaras, 
5%; undetermined, 5%. 

Approximate percentages of the crop contents 
of ten Ruffed Grouse shot between October 20 
and November 10, 1923:°birch seeds, 50%; birch 
buds, 20%; alder seeds, 10%; poplar buds, 5%; 
fern leaves (spinulose Wood Fern)*, 5%; wood 
sorrel leaves, 5%; undetermined, 5%. 

One Spruce Grouse shot in jack pine growth 
near St. Michel, on November 8th, 1923, had been 
feeding entirely on jack pine needles. On this 
date there was a little snow on the ground, which 
may have had an influence on this bird’s choice of 
food; otherwise the light snowfall prior to this 
date could scarcely have had any great bearing on 


*Identified by Mr. H. Mousley. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 17 


the food supply of the Ruffed Grouse during either 
season, although crops of birds secured in October 
of this year held a greater proportion of green 
leaves than those secured later. Undoubtedly, 
however, the contrast in the nature of the food 
taken during the two periods reflects conditions 
pertaining to the seasons under consideration— 
an abundance of berries and seeds in the autumn 
of 1922, and a corresponding dearth following the 
dry summer of 1923.—L. McI. TERRILL. 

Dr. Ami’S LECTURE ON PREHISTORIC Man.— 
In the Normal School Auditorium, Ottawa, on 
Monday evening, February 25th, 1924, Dr. H. M. 
Ami gave an interesting and educational address 
on “Prehistoric Man, His Habitations and Arts.” 
This lecture was under the auspices of the Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists’ Club, and Mr. Hoyes Lloyd, 
President of the Club, was chairman. By way of 
introduction, Dr. Ami briefly described a few of 
the activities of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club 
some 20 or 30 years ago, and showed ahout 15 
coloured lantern slides taken on the various 
excursions of the Club at that time. 

Dr. Ami has recently returned from France, 
Spain and England, where he has been investigat- 
ing the sites of the homes of Prehistoric Man. 
On this investigation, Dr. Ami collected and 
brought back for the Victoria Memorial Museum 
a great many specimens, as well as many photo- 
graphs. This lecture was illustrated by more than 
100 colored lantern slides showing the rock-shelters 
which were the homes of Prehistoric Man, the 
important skeletons found to date in or near these 
rock-shelters, and the numerous implements, carv- 
ings, and drawings of these very old men. The 
Chateau des Eyzies, in the Dordogne country, was 
described in detail, as this locality has been called 
“the paleolithic capital of Western Europe” and 
Ds. Ami emphasized that this was certainly one 
of the cradles of modern man, of modern culture, 
and of modern art. The recent important investi- 
gations and advances in the study of human 
paleontology were also briefly outlined. Dr. 
Ami’s lecture gave a very clear, brief statement 
of this branch of research, and of the important 
conclusions to date.—J. F. WRIGHT, Secretary. 

NoTE ON Papilio cresphontes —During the sum- 
mer of 1922 I spent a few days at the country 
home of a friend who is an enthusiastic collector 
of butter-flies. She told of having seen a Giant 
Swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) in the garden a 
short time before, hovering over a plant of Dicta- 
mus fraxinella. We went up to see if it had laid 
any eggs and were delighted to find a number of 
caterpillars which we put inte a box and which in 
due time hatched out. 


78 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


This summer (1923) a friend here in London, 
Ontario, knowing I was interested in butterflies, 
told me one day of having seen a Giant Swallow- 
tail in his garden. As he had a number of clumps 
of the Gas Plant I went around in the course of a 
few days and found, as I had hoped, a number of 
the larve busily engaged on it. I brought some 
of them home and they duly spun and hatched. 
I am sorry I kept no data as to the time between 
spinning and hatching, which might perhaps have 
been of interest. 

From the foregoing it would appear that this 
butterfly, which has been extending its range 
northward, has found in the Gas Plant (Dictamus 
fraxinella), in our neighborhood, at least, a plant 
to its liking —(Mrs.) ETHEL G. DALE. 


The following letter is published as being of 
interest because of the unusual lateness of the 
records given.—EDITOR. 

Epitor, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Ont. 
Dear Sir:— 

As Honorary Game Guardian for this part of 
Northern Alberta, I recently reported to the 
Canadian National Parks, Wild Life Division, that 
I had noted grey Geese and Mallard Ducks on the 


lakes in this district as late as the 17th day of 


December. 

The Supervisor of this Department has written 
me suggesting that I write you a few lines in regard 
to same, giving details of such, which may be of 
interest to your publication. 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


On December the 11th, whilst making Fisheries 
patrol of the Whitefish Lakes, some forty miles 
north of Lesser Slave Lake, I noted a flock of 
about 20 Mallard Ducks, at the outlet of Little 
Whitefish Lake, which is the head of Narrows 
Creek, and connects with Big Whitefish Lake. 
This Creek was open at the time, although the 
lake was frozen over. There were a number of 
smaller Ducks there also, but I was not close 
enough to distinguish what species. 

On December the 17th, on the south shore of 
Lesser Slave Lake, east of the Narrows, I was 
informed that a flock of grey Geese had been seen 
there in the open water as a part of the lake there 
had not yet frozen over. 

I personally saw a large number of grey Geese 
on December the 4th in Auger Bay, Lesser Slave 
Lake; there must have been at least 200 in this 
flock. 

Yours truly, 
S. TRAVERS, 
Fishery Overseer. 
Grouard, Alta., 
January 24th, 1924. 


The splendid pictures of the Black-billed Cuckoo 
and its nest in this number of The Canadian Field- 
Naturalist were provided through the generous 
financial assistance of Mr. P. A. Taverner. The 
illustration of a ‘‘mystery band” was kindly pro- 
vided by the Canadian National Parks Branch. 
Our thanks in both cases are hereby tendered.— 
EDITOR. 


BOOK REVIEW 


ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MENOMINI INDIANS, by 
Huron H. Smith. Bulletin of the Public 
Museum of the City of Milwaukee, No. 1, Vol. 
4, pp. 1-174, plates 1-36. December 10, 1923. 


Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians gives a 
list of plants found in the Menomini country. 
Plants not known to have Menomini names or 
uses are included, as it is probable that further 
investigation wiil disclose both names and uses, 
especially medical, for many of them. Where 
possible, the literal translation of the Indian name 
is given. The Menomini have Indian names for 
certain species that have only been recently dis- 
covered as valid species by the white man. The 
Menomini, for instance, have from time im- 
memorial given the Juneberry (Amelanchier 
canadensis) two names, showing that they recog- 
nized the difference in the tree long before we did. 

The plants have been listed under their Meno- 
mini uses as follows: Medicines, foods, fibres, 
dyes and miscellaneous. Under each of these 


captions they are arranged alphabetically by 
families. In regard to each plant listed the 
Menomini uses, supposed properties and any 
known myths are given, also the white man’s 
estimate of the value of the plant as a drug. 
There is also a finding list of plants arranged by 
both scientific and English names. 

The writer of this monograph having often been 
called upon to identify plants or parts of plants 
used by various Indian 4ribes became interested 
in the Indian uses. The following contains much 
material quoted directly from Mr. Smith’s in- 
teresting bulletin. This may help to characterize 
it. The use of many plants is rapidly being 
abandoned by most tribes and knowledge of their 
ethnobotany will soon be no longer even a memory. 
Four field trips, each of three weeks’ duration, 
were made to the Menomini reservation in Sha- 
wano County, Wisconsin. These periods were in 
June, October, May and September, in 1921 and 
1922. Different periods were necessary because 
the Indian usually does not recognize the species 


April, 1924] 


he uses at all seasons of the year, any more than 
most white men recognize plants when they are 
not in bloom. 

Several groups of Menomini talked over the 
plants obtained, thus affording a check on the 
Indian name as well as on its different uses. The 
writer lays no claim to being a linguist, but was 
able to pronounce the words so that Mr. Alanson 
Skinner could give him the correct phonetic 
spelling. 

The introduction gives a brief picture of the 
Menomini, touching on many other subjects as a 
setting for that of ethnobotany. 

The Menomini are of Algonkian stock, and 
number at present about 1,745. They are typical 
forest Indians, versed in woodcraft, hunting and 
agriculture. They are known as the wild rice men. 
Since our first knowledge of them they have been 
largely dependent on plants for food and many 
other uses. Their present reservation contains 
about 230,400 acres, is well wooded with a large 
variety of conifers and hardwood, and is well 
supplied with streams and lakes. 

While these Indians are known to be progressive 
in agriculture, there are yet a number of pagans 
among them who are well versed in the aboriginal 
uses of plants for foods, textiles, medicines and 
various other uses. The outstanding advisors of 
the tribe are fine old pagans. 

Many of the Medicines are worthless, so far as 
drug value is concerned, but others are valued as 
drugs by the white man. He even obtained his 
use of some of them from the Indian. Medicinal 
history in Menomini lore is inextricably bound up 
with their religion. The secrets of the medicine 
lodge are in many ways similar to those of 
Masonry. Since the Menomini have been taught 
that the medicines are very valuable, and that it 
would offend the various spirits to value them 
lightly, they guard the lore jealously. Though a 
remedy may be for a trifling ailment, the patient 
must pay well for the information, even though 
-he be a close friend or relative. For the song, 
which accompanies the digging of one of the 
simplist remedies, two ponies and a rig were 
demanded in one case. There is a proper season 
for obtaining each medicine, which, so far as the 
writer observed, coincided closely with the proper 
time of the white man for gathering drugs when 
the medicinal ingredients are at their best. 

When securing remedies songs are chanted. 
For instance, “I am inserting my hand into your 
bosom, Grandmother Earth, to get this root.” 
The medicine man repeats this four times, tells 
Grandmother Earth why the root was chosen, and 
how he intends to use it, at the same time asking 
that she lend her power to the medicine, that it 
may heal and that she be not displeased. In the 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 719 


cavity from which the root was taken is left a gift 
of a little tobacco. Some plants were more 
powerful than others, and the greater number of 
plants in a medicine, other things being equal, the 
more powerful it was supposed to be. 

Because of the sanctity of most Menomini 
medical knowledge, it is difficult to obtain full 
information on the uses of plants as medicines. 
The author, like others who have worked on 
Indian ethnobotany, has come to the conclusion 
that no white man will ever get all of the data, 
names and uses of plants from the Indians. No 
one Menomini has a full knowledge of the uses of 
plants in his tribe. To get this one would need 
the co-operation of every pagan family, for they 
all have different lore handed down to them by 
word of mouth from their parents. The reviewer 
has found this to be true among both. the neigh- 
boring Ojibwa and the far distant Bellacoola of 
the Pacific coast. That certain plants have been 
given no Indian names or uses does not necessarily 
mean that they have no Menomini names and are 
not used by those Indians. It is a common exper- 
ience that many such plants are later identified by 
other individuals of the tribe as powerful medi- 
cines. 

The foods include nearly every native edible 
plant, except some of the mushrooms. Several 
Menomini still gather and make good use of the 
old-time foods. They prize them above store food. 
Many old Menomini take pride in telling about the 
palatable dishes formerly made from native herbs 
and berries. They say that; in aboriginal times, 
the food of the tribe was closer to nature and was 
the same as medicine in that it contained the pure 
substances occurring in nature. The old people 
believe that because they have taken up store 
food they have the white man’s diseases. Es- 
pecially in the spring, they gather native foods 
and consider them a tonic. This is not confined 
to Indians. 

These foods are becoming harder to find as 
civilization encroaches on the Menomini, and are 
becoming of greater monetary value to them. 
Even wild rice cannot be gathered in large enough 
quantities to last over the winter. As a conse- 
quence, they do not like to sell it and when they 
do, it sells for ninety cents a pound. 

The fibres used from native plants have become 
almost a thing of the past, being replaced by the 
white man’s manufactured materials, which are 
usually better and cheaper. The author believes 
that some of them are not known to the present 
Menomini and that another ten years will see the 
end of the native fibre industry among a people 
who use many automobiles and sewing machines. 
It is refreshing to learn that the Indian children 
are encouraged in their art and craft work at the 


80 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


government industrial school on their reservation 
to preserve the Indian designs, and the author 
believes it likely that the government schools 
rather than Indian parents may be expected to 
perpetuate Indian art and design. 

Strictly speaking, the use of woods for houses, 
utensils and implements, is not a fibre use, but the 
author has thought best to list such uses in this 
section of his paper. The leaf of the Mountain 
Maple (Acer spicatum Lam.) was used for the maple 
leaf design found in Menomini bead-work and ap- 
pliqué work. The outer bark of the Spreading 
Dogbane (Apocynum androsemifolium L.) furnish- 
ed their finest thread, and Slender Nettle (Urtica 
gracilis Ait.) and Wood Nettle (Laportea cana- 
densis (L.) ) were used for twine. Nettle and 
Dogbane were widely used for string in North 
America, even as far as the Pacific coast. 

Plant dyes were apparently all obtained by boil- 
ing the part of the plant that yielded the colour— 
leaves, root or bark. While the use of native fibre 
has been replaced by the use of the white man’s 
materials, the native plant dyes are still depended 
upon to a large extent for red, yellow and black. 

Under miscellaneous uses the author considers 
plants used in tanning, for love charms and for 
sacred or ceremonial uses. In the latter class, 
much of the information might be regarded as 
superstition. Much of the tanning was not done 
with plant material but with animal and mineral 
matter, yet there are roots and herbs that were 
used in the preparation of skins with the fur left 
on to prevent moths and other insects from injur- 
ing the furs. The leaf sprays of the cedar (Thuja 
occidentalis L.) were used as we use moth balls, 
that is, they were put in layers among clothes 
when they were stored away. 

The author frequently exhibits his sympathy for 
the Indians. In fact his conclusion does not relate 
to his subject, Ethnobotany, but laments the pass- 
ing of the old Indian life which he considers was 
in many respects a happier one than that of the 
whites. 

With this bulletin as a basis, he expects to 
investigate in like manner the ethnobotany of the 
Chippewa, Winnebago, Oneida, Sauk and Pota- 
watomi Indians, all of whom are now or were 
formerly in Wisconsin. Such studies will certainly 
be welcome. The reviewer for one hopes the 
author will eventually give us a complete tabula- 
tion or cross reference, including a classification, 
from the standpoint of material culture, to these 
lists of plants, showing for instance a list of diseases 
with all the remedies for each. The various 
decoctions, the various uses of bark, etc., would 
be of interest. The 36 plates include pictures of 
typical Menomini Indians and characteristic views 
of their country. Most of them, however, are 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


beautiful representations of plants. The paper, 
printing and book-making are good. The chief 
use of the bulletin will doubtless be as a book of 
reference.—H. I. S. 


CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS ASSOCIATION BULLET- 
IN, Number 1. January 1st, 1924. 

This interesting Bulletin is devoted to the 
preservation of the National Parks of Canada. 
It sets forth clearly that various commercial 
interests are putting forth great efforts to exploit 
certain resources in our National Parks, the 
property of the Canadian people, in the expecta- 
tion of private pecuniary gain. The application 
of the Calgary Power Company to dam Spray 
River and thus flood the basin of the Spray Lakes 
for a reservoir to be used for power purposes is 
dealt with in particular, as being the most im- 
minent of such efforts. The granting of such an 
application to destroy for commercial purposes 
some of the marvellous scenery of our National 
Parks would create a precedent which would open 
the way for the granting of further concessions, 
thus leading to the spoiling of the National Parks 
for the purposes for which they were created, 
namely, the providing of great natural recreation 
areas, and the keeping inviolate of the wonderful 
scenery and wild life which they contain. 

To assist in meeting this situation the Canadian 
National Parks Association was formed, with a 
membership from coast to coast. This Association 
aims at the preservation of the National Parks of 
Canada in their entirety for the use of the people 
of Canada and of the world and at the preserva- 
tion of their natural beauties for the benefit of 
mankind, and of the fauna and the flora intact, 
for educational, scientific, artistic and recreational 
purposes. The President is Lt.-Col. W. W. Foster, 
D.S.0., Vancouver, B.C.; the Secretary is Arthur 
O. Wheeler, Sidney, B.C.; and the Treasurer is 
Andrew S. Sibbald, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 
Provision is made for various classes of member- 
ship for individuals, clubs and associations, with 
fees ranging from one dollar a year for annual 
members to fifty dollars in one payment for life 
members. 

An appeal is made in this number of the Bulle- 
tin for financial support, to enable the Association 
to become strongly organized and to carry on 
necessary publicity work. It is also requested 
that all who favor the preservation of our National 
Parks in their entirety should make this very clear 
to their representatives in Parliament. 

The cause of the Association is a most merit- 
orious one and the need for its activities is great 
and urgent. It is sincerely to be hoped that it 
will obtain the assistance and the success which it 
deserves.—H. F. L. 


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Affiliated Societies 


eng NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF 


MANITOBA 
». 1923 
‘Hon. Presidents: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D.; W. G. Scott; 


President: Pror. V. W. JACKSON; Vice-Presidents: NORMAN © 


CrmpiE; J.J. GotpEn; Mrs. C. P. ANDERSON; Pror. C. H. 
O’DonoGHUE; Pror. F. W. Broprick; Treasuser: MIss 
Heten R. CannomM. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION :— 
Chairman: A. G. LAWRENCE; Secretary: B. W. CARTWRIGHT; 
Leaders: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D.; J.J. GOLDEN; C. E. KEIGH- 
Ley: K. Grant McDoucaL; R. M. THomas. ENTOMOLO- 
GICAL SECTION:—Chairman: J. B. WALLIS, B.A.; Seere- 
tary: G. SHIRLEY Brooks; Leaders: L. H. Roperts; A. V. 
_ MITCHENER, B.S.A.; J. D. SUFFIELD; J. D. DuTHIE; BOTAN- 
ICAL SECTION:—Chairman: C. W. Lowe, M.Sc.; See- 
retary: Mrs. K. J. McDouGat; Leaders: JAMES COCKS; 
Pror. F. W. Broprick; Dr. G. R. Bissy; H. F. ROBERTS, 


M. Sc.; SUBSECTION—M YCOLOGY:—Leader: Dr. G.R. © 


Bissy; GEOLOGICAL SECTION:—Chairman: Prof. R. C. 
WALLACE; Secretary: A. A. McCousrey; SUBSECTION— 
PALAEONTOLOGY:—Leader: W. CUTLER; General Secre- 
tary: A. M. DAvIpson, M.D., 6 Medical Arts Building. 


» 


THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 


SOCIETY 
(Incorporated) 


Hon. President: Mr. ADAM BROWN; President: Mr. R. O. 
MERRIMAN; 1st Vice-President: Dr. H. G. ARNOTT; 2nd Vice- 
President: Mr. C. D. Cook; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss RUBY 
_R. Miits, Public Library, Hamilton; Directors: Dr. H. G. 
ArnotTT; C. D. Cook; Dr. J. A. Dickson; Miss M. E. GRa- 
HAM; Miss RuBy R. Mitis; M. Hotton; M. JOHNSTON; 
Mrs. F. E. MACLOGHLIN; R. O. MERRIMAN. 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 


COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


The Officers for the above Society for the year ending 
March 31st, 1923, are as follows:— 
President: W.N. KELLY; 18t Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
NATION; Treasurer: Miss S. M. THORNTON. Commitiee:— 
Miss C. G. Fox, Miss A. F. GARDINER, Miss I. CATHCART, 
Wm. Downes, A. HALKETT. Auditors:—J. KEITH WILSON 
AND F. W. GoDSAL. Trustees:—Ruv. R. CONNELL, Dr. C. F. 
NEWCOMBBH AND G. HARVEY. ; : 


ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


Hon. President: Hon. GEO. HOADLBY; Hon. Vice-President: 

H. A. Craia; G. W. SmitH, M.P.P.; J. J. Gantz; President: 

C. H. SNELL; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS; DR. 

_ Henry GEeorGe; Secretary-Treasurer: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red 
__ Deer; Directors: Mrs. H. GEORGE, Red Deer; Mrs. G. F. 
~ Root, Wetaskiwin; K. BowMAN, Edmonton; F. S. Carr, 
Edmonton; D. MACKIE, Edmonton; W. A. CASSELS, Red 
Deer; S. PamEty, Red Deer; C. G. S. CrosBy, Red Deer; 
_W. F. Harris, Red Deer; H. R. ORAM. Red Deer. Members 
qaaiied to answer enquiries: Birds: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS, Red 
eer; Dr. H. GHORGE, Red Deer; Mammals: Dr. H. GEORGE, 

Red Deer; Fishes: F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer; Flowers: 
Mrs. H. GkorGE, Red Deer; Insects: Coleoptera, F. C. CARR, 
11050 123rd St., Edmonton; Lepidoptera, K. BOWMAN, 9914 
115th St., Edmonton; Odonata, F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer. 
; The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 


last Friday of each month except during July and August and — 


_ perhaps September. 
on the last Friday in November. 


-McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 


; LONDON, ONT. 


i _ President: T. D. PATTHRSON, 562 Waterloo Street; Recording 
Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McKonn, Worthey Road; Correspond- 
_ ing Secretary and Treasurer: E. M. 


The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 


_ Members qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 

_ Central Ave.;_C. G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South; J. R. 
_ McLEop, 355 Wortley Road; J. F. CALVmrRT, 461. Tecumseh 

a -Ave.; E. M. 8. DALE, 297 Hyman St. © 

a 


2 VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


‘ _ Hon. President: L. S. Kuinck, LL.D., Pres. University of B.C.; 
_ President: JoHN Davipson, F. L. S., University of B.C.; 
Vice-President: Frep Parry; Hon. Secretary: C. F. CONNOR, 


M.A., 3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: 
_A. H. Bain, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C. 

__ Fortnightly nae ues in the University Buildings from 
_ September to April (inclusive). Semi-monthly excursions 
_ from May to August (inclusive). 


S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.;. 


PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 


PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: L. MclI. RILLS 
Vice-Presidents: ALEX MACSWEBN, NAPIER SMITH, t enee 
Hon. Corresponding Secretary: W. S. HART, P.O. Box 1185, 
Montreal; Hon. Recording Secretary: Miss H. Stonm 
Hon. Treasurer: Miss M. ARMITAGE, 63 Arlington Ave. 
Westmount; Directors: Miss Epird Morrow; Miss Louise 
Murray; Miss Emity LUKE; Mr. AND Mrs. C. F. DALE; 
Mrs. J. T. AYERS; Miss JaAN MCCONNELL; W. A. OSWALD; 
A. F. WINN; Mr. AND Mrs. WALLACE H. Ross: W. G. 
WRIGHT. Members qualified to answer questions: L. McI. 
TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, Que.; NAPIER SMITH, 
Bank of Montreal, Magog, Que.; E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St. 
Montreal; W. A. OSWALD, 301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G.. Montreal: 
C. N. ROBERTSON, c-o Ross Realty Co.,.Room 805, Lewis 
Bldg., St. John St., Montreal, Que.; DR. ARTHUR WILLBY 
McGill University, Montreal; W. J. BROWN, 250 Oliver Ave.. 
Westmount, Que.; Miss EDITH MORROW AND Miss EMILY 
LUKE, c-o Secretary. 


BU Dies 
SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
NATURELLE DU CANADA 


Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: R. MBREDITH, N.P.; Jer vice-président: ABB 
ALEX. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: Coenen A. Ditnr: 
Secrétaire-trésorier: JOS. MaTTE, 18 avenue Maisonneuve, 
Québec; Chef de la section scientifique: COLONEL OSCAR PELLE- 
TIER; 
TEUR S. GAUDREAU; Chef de la section de protection: C.-E. 
Dionne, M.A.; Chef dela section d’information scientifique et 
pratique: DOCTUER J.-E. BERNIER.; Directeurs: A.-R.-.M. 
BOULTON, FRANK W. Ross, A.-A. GODBOUT. 


THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO- 
GISTS’ UNION 


Officers for 1923 


Hon. President: HoN. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria 
Vice-President: T. LL. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana- 
ie yandine: ane Hearee Arrow — R. GLENDENING, 

gassiz; - RACEY, Vancouver; . PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. A 


THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 
President: PROFESSOR RK. B. THOMSON; Vice-Presidenis: 
PROFESSOR E. M. WALKER, Dr. A. CosENs, J. H. FLEMING; 
Secretary: W. F. GreGory, 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: F. H. BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH} 
Librarian: Dr. LyMAN B. JACKES. 
Chairman: STUART THOMPSON; 


FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H. B.Sirton; Secretary: 
pee J. G. Wricut, Px.D.; 
man: 


PH.D. MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R 
Secretary: L. SNYDER. 
GROUP:—Chairman: SHELLEY LoGiIER; Secretary: T. B. 
Kurata. PROGRAM COMMITTEE:—Chairman: Dr. 
W. A. CLEMENS. 
MITTEE:—Chairman: RuSSELL G. DINGMAN. EDUCA- 
TIONAL COMMITTEE:—Chairman: Taytor STATTEN. 


DyYMOND; 


We would ask the Officers, and more 
particularly the Secretaries, of all the 
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our 
task of building up the circulation of 
. this magazine. By securing every 
member as a subscriber we can truly 
make this magazine into one of the 
leading Natural History publication 
4 of America 


hef de la section de propagande éducationnelle: Doce 


BIRD GROUP:— © 
Secretary: JAMES BAILLIB.- 


INSECT GROUP:—Chair- | 
PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: Miss NORMA FORD, ' 


REPTILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN | 


WILD LIFE PRESERVATION COMe . 


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Club, Dr. J. F. Wright, Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Canada. 


Any member having copies of the March, 1896, 

January, February, March and August, 1898, and 

December, 1900, issues of The Ottawa Naturaltst, 

and who desires to dispose of the same, is request- 
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ii 


Additional Members of Council: W.T. Macoun; Miss M. E. CowAN; C. M. dmpiente Hot ai 3 
F. W. WaucH; P. A. TAVERNER; E. SAPrR; E. M. KINDLE; W.d. WINTEMBERG; R. E. DELuRY; 
_ ARTHUR GIBSON; M. O. MALTE; R. M. ANDERSON; H. GROH; Miss F. FYLEs; C.B. HUTCHINGS; 
' H.M. Ami; CLYDE L. PATCH; D. JENNESS; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN: W. N. KELLY; 
(OMe ah SNELL; Tineke McLEop; JOHN DAVIDSON; L. Mcl. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH: FRANCIS 
KERMODE; PROF. R. B. THoMson; THE EprTor. : 


Editor: 
HARRISON F'.. LEWIS, 
Canadian National Parks Branch, 
Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. 


Associate Editors: __ . Ge 
Ps SAPIR oo pacers edie Elica clans Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN............ _. Marine Ridieas 
MeO} NEAT Ric oe Co oe ae Botany E A. TAYERNER..<......; ......-Ornithology 
F, R. LATCHFORD.........:.2..-.. Conchology +.) 9), ME. KINDLE. Oo aes 6 .....Palaeontology — 
MOY WILLTAMS oe OO ene Geology R. M. ANDERSON...... PR wee... Zoology — 


ARTHUR GreeN See e Tae cc, ete Mee Entomology CLYDE 1 -PATCH.... cee Nae a oe 
; CONTENTS.» | : 


The Tiger Salamander at Ninette, Manitoba. By Clyde i Patch and D. A. Stewart, M. be 
Further Notes on the Rhopalocera or Butterflies of Hatley, Stanstead County, Quebee, 1923. 
By Henry Mousley. . 038300. Oo te Bis 1 aa enna is ps ea eam ge en ree aa 
Killer Whales at Green eae Lighthouse... By J. Moran e002 .0 fide. oe Bence 
New and Rare Records of Certain Freshwater Fishes in Canada, By Philip Cox Lx) Sah eee Ae 
Further Notes on the Orchids of Hatley, Stanstead County, Quebec, 1923. By Henry Mousley : 
List of Birds Recorded from the Island of Anticosti, Quebec. By Harrison F. nee: 
Prosecutions Under the Migratory Birds Convention fC RC PIR NM aD hte Meg t Yak He and Bee See 
Official Canadian Record of Bird-Banding Returns.....................¢...-. pene iat ee ae iia 
Notes and Observations: AE ee ae 
Two Interesting Nests. By P. A. Aa once 2 oe) cate WARS Re Of HS PRES Silas ast a aa Fie a eo eae ee 
Least Bush Tit (Psaltriparus minimus). By K. nee a ae Pe vig i v PA Ghee RN ahaa 
Winter Activity of Bats. By L. L. Snyder.................... LS teenie Saya Pierre hae eet ce 
Conference of Provincial and Federal Officials. Biel Ties area Sie ites 2 Peak tea 
The Toronto Meeting of the British Association. .......... NCU rite Nae genera aa aa Pea Ce ak. 
Statement. ot trusts Hund Committees; 225.0) sates. ee ot eee ce RARE 
Treasurer’s Acknowledgement Ba Soca ite secac eg Soe a abate serene oe eee epee wean aca 
Secretary, SaNOtenvonc earch see jek ai et“, Sialoee cae cae tel Oe 
Editor’s Notes.......... SES al MRR RSON Biase pe VO he Rit cael kn ee ie oe ae 
Book Review:— 
Life Histories of North eee Petrels and Pelicans and Their Allies and. Life Histories | 


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VOL. XXXVIII 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, MAY, 1924 


No. 5 


THE TIGER SALAMANDER AT NINETTE, MANITOBA* 
By CLYDE L. PATCH and D. A. STEWART, M.D. 


SURING the month of September, 1923, 
Dr. D. A. Stewart kindly sent me several 
i dozen Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma 
tigrinum, collected in the vicinity of 
Manitoba Sanatorium, Ninette, of which Dr. 
Stewart is Medical Superintendent. 

The specimens measure from six and one-half 
to eight inches in length, excepting one outstand- 
ing individual which measures ten and one-half 
inches. A few of the specimens still retain a 
small portion of the gills. 

On September 24th Dr. Stewart sent in a larval 
specimen of 
A. tigrinum 
“measuring 
ten inches in 
length. 

I trust 
that a brief 
account of 
the adult 
and the lar- 
val forms of 
the Tiger sa- 
lamander. |. 


j 
E 


turus maculosus, but the gills are longer and there 
are five toes on the hind foot, while in Necturus 
there are only four toes on the hind foot and the 
dermal border ends back of the pelvis. 

In the spring the Tiger salamanders come from 
their places of hibernation on land and migrate to 
water, where they deposit their gelatinous egg 
masses, which adhere to submerged vegetation. 
In several weeks the tadpoles, which breath by 
means of the before-mentioned gills, hatch, and 
feed on minute plant and animal jife. In the 
course of two or three years the young salamanders 
have usually 
developed 
lungs, the 
gills and der- 
mal _ border 
have been 
absorbed, 
and they are 
able to come 
on land in 
the fall to 
hibernate in 
burrows 


may prove pe made by 

worthy of themselves 

space. ite or other ani- 
ake BADSE All salamanders are harmless, nia: oe there are myths which would lead us mals. 

of this sala- to believe otherwise, they do not possess super-natural powers. Salamaners, like At one 

mander—of- toads, frogs, lizards, snakes and turtles, are beneficial, as they feed on insects. time the lar- 


ten incor- 

rectly called “lizard’’—extends eastward from 
Edmonton, Albe:ta, through the southern portions 
of Saskatchewan,|Manitoba and Ontario, and south- 
ward into Mexico. A. tigrinum is the most widely 
distributed of the fifteen or more salamanders 
inhabiting Canada. 

The adult form has a stout body, flat head and 
compressed tail. The color is dull yellow, marked 
with black blotches, which frequently have the 
form of vertical stripes; hence the name, Tiger 
salamander. The larval form is very stout, with 
a broad, flat head. On each side at the base of 
the skull there are three branching, external gills. 
A fin-like border extends around the tail and up 
the back to the base of the skull. This tadpole 
form somewhat resembles the Mudpuppy, Nec- 


1 


*Published by permission of the Director, Victoria Memoria 
Museum. 


¢ val form of 
this salamander was thought to constitute a dis- 
tinct genus (Awolotes), because of the fact that in 
moderately cold lakes development from the larval 
to the semi-aquatic form is indefinitely retarded. 
In this aquatic form the branching gills are retain- 
ed, reproduction takes place, and adult size is 
attained or surpassed. 


The manuscript for the balance of this article 
was supplied by Dr. Stewart. 


I have lived in Manitoba for thirty years and 
on the banks of Pelican Lake here for thirteen, 
but I do not remember having seen any of these 
so-called “‘lizards’’, or at any rate not more than 
two or three, until about six years ago, when they 
began to be very common in this district. Perhaps 


82 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


the sewage we dump into the lake may have some- 
thing to do with their increased numbers. 


The Sanatorium is built upon a slope about 
forty-five feet above the lake. In spiing and 
summer we see scarcely one of these salamanders 
on land, but see them in the water. During the 
fall their instinct seems to be to get under cover 
of sticks and stones and leaves for the winter. 
Every rain in the late summer or fall would seem 
to them a warning of winter, and so during every 
such rain they come from the lake in great num- 
bers and climb the hill in search of cover. The 
morning after a rain, when the sun is shining 
again, back they go to the lake. It has been a 
false alarm. Like Napoleon and his hundred 
thousand men, and almost in the same numbers, 
they march up the hill thus and then march down 
again. Getting under cover for every fall rain 
storm, they are under cover for the winter when 
a snow-fall finally comes. In these marches they 
have become troublesome to us by their being 
trapped in open areas and trenches. In these 
they are found sometimes by hundreds. After a 
late fall rain, especially at night, it is the morning 
job of somebody always to look over all areas, 
and we have on many occasions removed sala- 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


manders with shovel and wheel barrow. A num- 
ber manage to crawl into corners, where, after a 
time, they attract attention in unpleasant ways. 
When building work was going on in the fall of 
1918 there were certainly thousands buried in 
trenches. I think there have not been quite so 
many in the last year or two, and perhaps numbers 
have been somewhat reduced by their unfortunate 
habit of crawling into trenches. 

I believe this batrachian or a similar one is 
known as the Water Dog in the Western States, 
and I have a clipping from an old copy of the 
Scientific American telling of their having been 
put into some ponds near Corvallis, Oregon, to 
clean up mosquito larve. 


After a rain, when these so-called “‘lizards’’ 
crawl all over the place, over roads as well as over 
safer places, many are crushed by passing autos. 
A ridiculous report got out a few years ago and 
travelled over the whole world, coming back to 
me from papers as remote as South Africa, that 
they had become so plentiful at Ninette that 
chains had to be put on autos in order to get 
through them. Certainly the road after a fall of 
rain shows stray carcases, but the chain story is a 
myth. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE RHOPALOCERA OR BUTTERFLIES OF 
HATLEY, STANSTEAD COUNTY, QUEBEC, 1923 
By HENRY MOUSLEY 


ROM an entomological point of view, the 
season of 1923, I imagine, will not go 
down to history as a very remarkable one. 
The early part of the summer was cold 
and cheerless, and later on too dry at times for 
the proper development of chrysalids, with the 
result that many species were very restricted in 
numbers. Of course there were exceptions, Tiger 
Swallow-tails (Papilio glaucus canadensis) and 
Monarchs (Danaus archippus) being even more 
abundant, if anything, than last year, as recorded 
in The Canadian Field-Naturalist, Vol. XXXVI, 
1922, No. 8, p. 142. Reverting to this paper for 
a moment, I find that, at the end of 1922, my list 
of species and varieties for Hatley and district 
stood at fifty-five, to which total I have been un- 
able to add anything new this year, although on 
September 17 I took a female example of the 
Bronze Copper (Heodes thoé) near Hatley, this 
species never having been seen by me before, 
although it appeared in my list as having been 
taken by Mr. A. F. Winn, at East Bolton, on the 
western side of Lake Memphremagog, about 18 
miles west of Hatley. The specimen in question 
was flying, with a number of the American Copper 


(Heodes hypophleas), round a clump of Asters 
(Aster puniceus) on the roadside, its somewhat 
larger size and the bluish grey of the underside of 


the hind wings attracting my attention as it 


settled on one of the flowers of the above species 
of aster. I was pleased to see again the Least 
Copper (Heodes epixanthe) in the large swamp near 
Beebe, where it is very plentiful. Of the six 
Hairstreaks included in my list, I saw only the 
Brown Elfin (Incisalia augustus), which was like- 
wise very plentiful in the large swamp above 
mentioned. Fire and the deadly axe have done 
their work, and apparently done it well, as already 
recorded, for I have not seen a single Acadian or 
Striped MHairstreak (Strymon acadica and S. 
liparops) since 1920, the year when the bushes 
were cut down and burnt on the roadside which 
they frequented. The Skippers were not in their 
usual numbers, although they were not scarce by 
any means, and I had the pleasure of seeing again 
the rare one, The Arctic (Carterocephalus palz- 
mon). This pretty little insect goes under the 
name of The Chequered Skipper in England, where 
it was first noticed by Dr. Abbott in Buckingham- 
shire in 1798. In 1828, it was found at Castor 


May, 1924] 


Hanglands wood near Peterborough, and there I 
first took it many years ago, at the flowers of the 
ground ivy (Nepeta glechoma). It is just as rare 
and local in England as it is in these parts, and is 
a prize to the collector. 


The larger Fritillaries were not quite as abund- 
ant as usual, and of the smaller ones neither the 
Baltimore (Huphydryas phaeton) or Harris’ Check- 
er-spot (Welitzxa harrisi) were seen at all. On July 
11, I climbed Owl’s Head Mountain (2,484 ft.), on 
the summit of which the Banded Purple (Basil- 
archia arthemis) was flying in some profusion. 
The sight of this handsome butterfly put me in 
mind of a smaller one, the White Admiral (Limen- 
itis sibylla), which flies in the New Forest, Hamp- 
shire, England, and which might almost be des- 
cribed as a miniature of the Banded Purple. 
Both have the white bands crossing the dark fore 
and hind wings, and in both the ornamentation of 
the undersides is far more beautiful than that of 
the upper sides. The larva of sibylla passes the 
winter in a little hibernaculum or retreat, which 
it constructs by fastening a growing leaf of the 
Honeysuckle (its food plant) to the twig, with silk- 


en threads, to prevent its falling to the ground, . 


and then, with more silk, drawing the edges of the 
leaf together, thus forming a little chamber. 
There it passes the winter months until the follow- 
ing spring, when it emerges and is able to start 
feeding on the young growing foliage around its 
domicile. The remembrance of these things set 
me wondering whether the larva of B. arthemis 
does likewise, and I find it does, the only difference 
being that the hibernaculum out here is usually 
placed within three feet of the ground and is thus 
covered with snow during the winter months. 
The eggs are laid singly on the tips of the leaves 
of birch, poplar, willow, wild plum and apple 
trees. As in former years, the rare and beautiful 
Pearly Eye (Enodia porilandia) was seen on two 
occasions only, but on each of these two specimens 
were noted, which is two in excess of 1922. 


The genus Polygonia was poorly represented, 
with the exception of the smallest member, The 
Grey Comma (Polygonia progne), which was noted 
in more or less abundance all through the season, 
and of which several larve were obtained feeding 
on wild gooseberry. These remained in the chrys- 
alis stage for fourteen days. The largest and 
handsomest, The Violet Tip (P. interrogationis), I 
have not seen for some years, in fact, not since 
1919, when all the members of this interesting 
family were unusually abundant, with the excep- 
tion of the Green Comma (P. faunus), which was 
recorded by Gosse at Compton about 1837, but 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 83 


which, strange to say, I have never come across 
so far, although Mr. Winn has taken it at Hast 
Bolton, which place, as well as Compton, is in 
my territory. Before leaving this family, it might 
be well to mention the fact that another member, 
P. satyrus, is recorded in Mr. Winn’s A Prelimin- 


ary List of the Insects of the Province of Quebec, 
1912, as having been taken by the Rev. C. J. S. 
Bethune in Brome County (the exact locality not 
being given), part of which county, however, 
comes under my twenty miles radius, and for this 


_ reason, I feel inclined to include the species in 


my list, thus making the total fifty-six species and 
varieties, instead of fifty-five, as previously men- 
tioned. The American Tortoise-shell (Aglais 
milbertt), which was so scarce last year, appeared 
in fair numbers again this year, and I found many 
larvee, as well as those of the Red Admiral (Vanessa 
atalanta), feeding on nettles. The larve also of 
the Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty (Aglais 
antiopa), were unusually abundant, and I found 
many large colonies on willow. This fine butter- 
fly is very rare in England, and more especially so 
in Ireland, and the examples that are recorded 
from time to time are usually immigrants from 
Germany or the Scandinavian Peninsula, where it 
is common. Kane, in his Catalogue of the Lepidop- 
lera of Ireland, mentions an example having been 
seen by a friend of his near Trillick, County 
Tyrone. The insect was “settled on the roadside 
but not captured, it being Sunday’. I wonder 
how many rare insects would be immune from 
capture in this enlightened age! because it was a 
Sunday? 


Not a single example of Hunter’s Butterfly 
(Vanessa virginiensis), or the Painted Lady (Van- 
essa cardui) was seen, in fact it is four years since 
I saw the former, and three years since I saw the 
latter, and then only one example in each case. 
In contrast to this, The Viceroy (Basilarchia 
archippus) was very plentiful, as was also that 
common butterfly, the Clouded Sulphur (Hurymus 
philodice). As regards this species, I cannot call 
to mind ever having seen an albino female in the 
first brood, but in the second, and more especially 
in the third, which appears in October, they are 
usually very numerous and were especially so this 
year. 


In conclusion, now that the list of butterflies is 
about complete, I feel I should like to pay some 
attention to the moths, if only for the sake of 
finding out the present status of that exquisite 
little Noctua, the Pink Arches (Habrosyne scripta), 
which Gosse aptly describes as the most delicately 
beautiful of the small moths that he had ever seen, 
and which was common here in his day. 


84 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


KILLER WHALES AT GREEN ISLAND LIGHTHOUSE 
By J. MORAN 


YBOUT five months after I had taken up 
i my duties at Green Island, on which 
is the most northerly lighthouse in British 
Columbia, and which is situated in 
Chatham Sound, we had our first view of the orca, 
or killer whale. It was in mid-afternoon of a clear 
day in May, 1919, that, accompanied by my 
daughter, Rose, aged ten years, I was walking 
along the beach close to the house. We heard a 
noise, as of some animal snorting nearby, and, 
looking seaward, in the direction from which the 
noise appeared to come, we saw a huge black 
dorsal fin cleaving the water close inshore. Hurry- 
ing down to the water’s edge to get a better view 
of the animal, and speculating as to what the 
creature could be, we’saw several other huge fins 
approaching, and all apparently making for a little 
cove on the south side of the island. We made 
our way as closely as I deemed prudent to this 
little cove, which is a mere indentation in the 
rocky shore, and were for a time able to stand 
above the animals and observe their graceful 
movements in the clear water below. We mar- 
velled that so many huge creatures could find room 
in such small space. 


At first I thought that our presence might 
frighten the killers away, but as they seemed to 
take no notice of us, I sent the little girl up to the 
lighthouse to tell her mother to come down to see 
the big “fish”. The tide was rising, and I soon 
had to move back a few yards, and when my 
wife arrived we took our stand on a rock that 
offered the best view for the time being. 


For some twenty or thirty minutes we watched 
the animals, hearing them “blow” and noticing 
the mist-like spray they emitted. There were 
probably six in the little cove, others appearing 
some little way offshore. 


Suddenly there was a great commotion among 
them, and their graceful and leisurely movements 
were turned to swift and apparently angry surg- 
ings this way and that, accompanied by loud 
snortings. Believing that we were witnesses to a 
battle royal between the monsters, we were deter- 
mined to see the fight at as close quarters as 
possible; but the great amount of spray they 
caused made us beat a hasty retreat to another 
rock out of reach of the “wash”. We were now 
about 100 feet from the brutes, and could see 
their huge bulk as they. seemed to jump upon 
each other, and try by sheer weight to conquer. 
Then we saw them stand, as it were, on their 
heads, and “bore” into the crevices of the rocks 


below them, thrashing the water into foam as they 
did so. 

Then, right from under the noses of the big 
killers we saw a hair seal spring over a small rock 
and with many flops make its way towards us, 
and eventually stop at our very feet. It looked 
up at us as though asking protection and seemed 
in no way afraid of us. It kept a watchful eye 
on its enemies, but seemed to feel itself safe from 
them. We could see its labored breathing, and 
noted how tightly its nostrils closed as it held its 
breath. We retreated as the tide rose, and the 
seal followed us, until the killers disappeared, 
when it made off to deeper water. 


What we took for a fight between the killers 
was most probably their endeavors to catch the 
seal, which had the advantage in the confined 
space of the cove. Be that as it may, the killers 
ceased their turmoil after the seal escaped. 


Several times during the summer of 1919 schools 
of killers came close inshore, often making a cir- 
cuit of the island, searching the nooks and crannies 
among the rocks. 

A favorite place for them to disport themselves 
is a narrow passage just below the front of the 
house. This passage, which is about 100 feet 
wide, at high water cuts us off from the islet 
whereon the Gulls nest. Standing on the bluff, 
we can see the killers in the clear water fifty feet 
below us. 

A picnic party visited the island in August, 1921, 
coming from Port Simpson, 12 miles to the east. 
I was showing a party of two ladies and a gentle- 
man the lantern when I saw a school of killers 
approaching the passage. As they came nearer we 
could see their movements very clearly from the 
platform, and as the ladies had each a camera I 
asked them to try to get some snapshots. Un- 
fortunately, just as the ladies were focussing their 
cameras, some one below fired a shot at the killers, 
which immediately made off. 

A few weeks afterwards we saw a killer rise 
from below a Black Duck that was swimming in 
the passage and swallow it. 

In June, 1922, we noticed a school of killers at 
the north-west corner of the island, not more than 
50 feet from the island. After a while we saw 
two of them thrashing the water, as though fight- 
ing, and watched them through binoculars. We 
saw then that they were apparently searching for 
something, for they both began to “‘stand on end”, 
their huge flukes standing clear out of the water. 
They were “boring” below the surface, and we 
were astonished to see how long they remained in 


May, 1924] 


~ 


this erect position before coming up to breathe. 
After blowing they both again turned up-end, and 
we had an excellent opportunity to take pictures, 
but found that we were out of films. These 
manmuvres occupied more than fifteen minutes, 
and then the big brutes began to strike the water 
with their tails, causing resounding smacks that 
we could plainly hear from our position on the 
steps of the house. This was, indeed, a rare sight, 
as they continued to do this for fully five minutes. 

Two sea-lions were close inshore, watching the 
huge fish, but were well out of reach of the killers, 
as a small sand-bar cut them off. The balance of 
the school—there were about fifteen in all—were 
cruising leisurely at some distance from the two 
above-mentioned, and did not appear to take any 
notice of their movements. 

On May 11, 1923, accompanied by my wife and 
son, I was cruising about the island in our little 
launch, when we saw a school of killers near Grey 
Island, an islet about half a mile to the north of us. 
There were probably ten of them. While we were 
debating whether it would be safe to approach 
them in an open launch, we saw several of them 
jump clear of the water. We decided to approach 
closer to see, if possible, the cause of this extra- 
ordinary behavior; but as we got nearer they dis- 
appeared. 

August 23 was a rather dull day, the sky being 
overcast, with a little fine rain. Shortly after 
noon we saw killers approaching from the north- 
west. We had a young lady from California 
visiting us; and I had been wishing the killers 
would appear, as I was anxious to show off our 
“big game” to our guest. This was one of my 
lucky days, for there were probably fifteen in the 
school, and six of them came leisurely disporting 
themselves right below the bluff on which the 
house stands. I called to the girls, and my wife 
and daughter accompanied our guest to the edge 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 85 


of the bluff, where for fully twenty minutes we 
were able to watch the monsters as they swam in 
and about the passage. We could count six of 
them below us. One was a huge one; the next 
in size being but two-thirds its bulk. Then two 
others were but half its size; and there were two 
small ones—and one was all white; even the fin 
was white. Naturally, the white one was the 
centre of interest, for we were able to see its every 
movement. As it disported itself, we noticed that 
it invariably swam in corkscrew fashion. It came 
up to blow fin-up; would then turn on its side as 
it swam, turn over, swim on the other side, and 
come up again fin-up to blow. It did this so often 
that we wondered if this was the normal way these 
brutes swam when disporting themselves; for, 
watching the others, we often saw the flash of the 
white underside as they swam. 

Eventually the school made off to the southwest, 
and long after the other members of the school 
were (all but their fins) invisible, we could see the 
white one swimming under the water. 

Hair seals often visit the island. We have 
counted twenty-three heads out of the water at 
one time. Frequently, as my daughter played on 
the beach and began to sing, seals would appear as 
if by magic, and, swimming close inshore, would 
raise head and neck out of the water to try to 
locate the singer. 

Occasionally sea-lions pay us a visit, but their 
visits are very infrequent. 

On one occasion we shot a hair seal, and, upon 
dressing it, we found an unborn seal that could 
not have been more than a few hours from par- 
turition. This has led us to wonder if there is a 
rookery in the neighborhood. Last August my 
son took his mother and the girls for a picnic to 
a little bay south of North Dundas Island, and 
they reported having seen hundreds of seals in the 
water, many of them being very young ones. 


NEW AND RARE RECORDS OF CERTAIN FRESHWATER FISHES IN CANADA 
By PHILIP COX 


-Apomotis cyanellus (Raf.). 

The Green Sun-fish, Little Red Eye. Locality: 
Yoho Lake, York Co., N.B., July 12, 1923. 

Rare. Not deposited yet in any museum by 
the collector. ; 

No previous Canadian record of this species can 
be found. It is not included in Check List of the 
Freshwater Fishes of Canada, by B. W. Evermann 
and BE. L. Goldsborough, Washington, 1907; nor 
was C. W. Nash able to record an undoubted 
occurrence in Ontario (vide Manual of Vertebrates 
of Ontario, Toronto, 1908) but thought it might 
turn up in Lake Erie. 


Five years later appeared Check List of the Fishes 
of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland, by 
Andrew Halkett, Ottawa, 1913, in which the 
author follows Nash in assigning it a hypothetical 
occurrence. In their well-known standard work, 
Fishes of North and Middle America, Washington, 
1896, Drs. Jordan and Evermann did not include 
Canada in the range of this species, “From the 
Great Lake Region to Mexico . . . not found east 
of the Alleghanies;”’ Vol. I, p. 996. Moreover, 
Dr. W. C. Kendall failed to collect it in the State 
of Maine, whose inland waters he and his associates 
combed so thoroughly for many years (vide 


86 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Annotated Catalogue of the Fishes of Maine, Port- 
land, 1914). 


Yoho is a small lake about three miles long by a 
half a mile wide and is situated in the southern 
part of the parish of Kingsclear, York County, 
and about twenty miles from Fredericton. Its 
outlet of the same name is a wild, boisterous brook 
with a succession of rapids and falls, which event- 
ually tumbles into the Oromocto, a tributary of 
the St. John River. The shores of the lake are 
bold and rocky, the water cool and clear; and 
there is a general absence of conditions, such as 
shallow water and weedy flats, usually associated 
with the presence of sunfishes. 


Eupomotis auritus Lunn. The Long-eared 
Sunfish. Locality, Yoho Lake, York Co., N.B. 


~ July 12, 1923. 


Abundant. Many specimens taken. Sample 
deposited in Museum of N.B. Nat. Hist. Soc., 
St. John, N.B. 


This species was credited to New Brunswick by 
Dr. A. Leith Adams in Field and Forest Rambles, 
London, 1873; and for half a century its claim as 
a Canadian fish depended on this solitary record. 
Since that time and on this authority it has found 
a place in almost every list of Canadian fishes, the 
writer himself having listed it as a New Brunswick 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


fish in History and Present State of the Ichthyology 
of New Brunswick, St. John, 1895. 

Adams assigned no station for the species, nor 
was he known to have deposited a specimen in 
any museum; and, as years rolled by without 
any confirmation of the occurrence, years of con- 
siderable activity in ichthyological research, the 
accuracy of the record began to be questioned. 
Moreover, Dr. Adams, in common with Gill and 
other eminent zoclogists of that time, was known 
to be a believer in the doctrine of “Zoological 
Provinces’, by which, whenever a species is 
known to occur in any part of a so-called “‘pro- 
vince’, it is attributed to the whole. As Maine 
and New Brunswick were regarded as one such 
province by the author (see p. 214), and, as the 
Long-eared Sunfish had been reported from Maine, 
it was naturally credited to New Brunswick. 
Now, however, as it is known to occur in the pro- 
vince, it seems pretty certain that Dr. Adams had 
actually collected it; the more, in that his re- 
searches afield were principally carried on in that 
section of the province. 

Both the Green Sunfish and the Long-eared Sun- 
fish seem to be dwarfed in Yoho, for no specimen 
of either was seen over five inches in length, where- 
as throughout the usual range in the United States 
they are said to attain a length of seven inches or 
more. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE ORCHIDS OF HATLEY, STANSTEAD COUNTY, 
QUEBEC, 1923 
By HENRY MOUSLEY 


(Concluded from page 63) 


On July 11, I climbed Owl’s Head Mountain 
(2,484 ft.) and found a large station for the Long- 
bracted Orchis (Habenaria bracteata), the plants 
extending nearly all up the right-hand side of the 
trail, where there was a water-course. Later on, 
towards the end of September, the 24th, I think 
it was, I climbed the Massawippi Hills (which are 
part of the Notre Dame range), on the western 
shore of Lake Massawippi, and found Hooker’s 
Orchid (Habenaria Hookeri) to be well distributed, 
the same as it is on the eastern shore. I also came 
across plants of the beautiful Wild Columbine 
(Aquilegia canadensis), which I had hitherto failed 
to locate, although I had been told it grew on the 
western shore of the lake, a section of the country 
I have done very little collecting in so far, but one 
which promises good results, I think, as regards 
both birds and flowers. There is really so much 
yet to be done nearer home that I do not often 
get to the other side of the lake. As an instance 
of this, on May 23 I located a second station for 
that little gem of an orchid, Calypso, only about 


a mile from my house, and yet again on June 18 
a third station, some few hundred yards from 
number two, but 34 miles from station No. 1, 
which was discovered on May 15, 1918. Certain- 
ly there were not more than half a dozen plants 
in each, but it only shows how orchids suddenly 
appear in new localities. I had been over and 
over this ground on many occasions, not only 
after orchids but after birds as well, and I know 
they were not there a year or two ago. Another 
similar instance happened to me on October 2, 
when I found my fifth station for the Tall White 
Bog Orchis (Habenaria dilatata). I owe my luck 
to the fact that some of the plants, even at this 
late date, bore faded blooms, which enabled me 
to make sure of their identity. This station was 
to the north of the village, and was near a house 
that I had been living in from May 10, 1917, to 
October 14, 1918, during which time I had been 
over the ground scores of times, and I can safely 
say the species was not there then; yet by Octo- 
ber, 1928, a colony, certainly only a very small 


May, 1924] - 


one, had become established, as well as one of the 
Showy Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium hirsutum); 
which was also not there in 1918. In connection 
with the new stations I might mention that two 
more were found for the Slender Ladies’ Tresses 
(Spiranthes gracilis), one at Coaticook, and the 
other near Hatley, but with only one plant in each 
of them, and as the only other station produces 
not more than three or four plants each year, the 
species can truly be said to be somewhat rare here. 
The large Coral Root (Corallorrhiza maculata) 
seems to be more generally distributed than I at 
first thought, several new stations having been 
found for it, but in most of them only one plant 
was in evidence. One of these, however, was a 
particularly fine specimen, being 44 cm. in height, 
thus exceeding the extreme given in Gray’s Manual 
by 4 cm. A few new stations were found for the 
Large Round-leaved Orchis (Habenaria orbiculata, 
and H. macrophylla), as also for the various Rattle- 
snake Plantains (Epipactis), but this latter family 
was evidently taking a rest this yea’, as very few 
plants bloomed, in comparison with the prolific 
year of 1922. I paid six visits this year to the 
large swamp at Beebe, adding six new species and 
varieties to the already existing list of eighteen, 
thus bringing the total up to twenty-four, which J 
_Imagine must be nearly, if not actually, a record 
for any one swamp, besides which there are still 
possibilities, as the high ground has yet to be 
worked. 

When I think of all the Government has done 
for the conservation of the wild life of Canada, as 
set forth in that interesting book of the late Dr. 
C. Gordon Hewitt, The Conservation of the Wild 
Life of Canada, 1921, it strikes me as strange that 
never a thought has apparently been given to the 
necessity of conserving our rare native orchids, 
ferns, and wild flowers, before it is too late. There 
are no laws to protect them, nor yet reservations 
in which to conserve them, such as there are for 
the birds and mammals, and yet we owe it to 
future generations to see to these matters, just as 
much as we are doing with regard to our other 
wild life. What a fine thing it would be if this 
swamp at Beebe, with some of the surrounding 

- ground, could be acquired and converted into a 
bird and wild plant reservation. Most of the 
other reservations scattered throughout Canada 
would be useless for the purpose, because they 
contain the larger mammals, which would do no 
end of damage to the plants, by trampling them 
out of recognition in many cases, just as the cattle 
do in this district, whenever they are allowed to 
roam in the woods and swamps. Many a rare 
plant have I lost through their depredations. At 
one end of the above swamp there is a treacherous 
little bog, which Ducks, Herons and Bitterns 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 87 


frequent, and there many of the rarer birds are 
to be found breeding, such as the Olive-sided 
Flycatcher (Nuttallornis . borealis), Northern 
Parula Warbler (Compsothlypis americana pusilla), 
Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris americana), and 
Golden-crowned Kinglets (Regulus satrapasatrapa), 
besides which White-winged Crossbills (Lozia 
leucoptera) have been noted on many occasions 
and possibly breed there also. 

As an orchid reservation the place would be 
hard to beat, as there is every class of ground 
suitable to their requirements, as will be gathered 
from the number of species I have already found 
there. In the United States this matter of Plant 
Conservation is no longer “a thing in the air’, it 
is becoming an accomplished fact. The State of 
Vermont already has its Game Laws, for the pro- 
tection of the rarer Ferns and Wild Flowers, 
whereby no person shall take in any one year 
more than a single uprooted specimen, or two 
cuttings, of each of the plants named in the pro- 
tected list. Any person violating the provisions 
of the act is liable to a fine not exceeding ten 
dollars for each plant or additional cutting so 
taken. At Fairfield, Connecticut, I believe there 
is just such a sanctuary as I have outlined. May 
I suggest that our Government give this matter 
its serious consideration, before it is too late, as 
every year with its forest fires, drainage of swamps 
and low-lying grounds, making of new roads, 
growing up of rank vegetation and undergrowth, 
and activities of lumbermen, is driving out many 
of our rarer plants. Only a few days ago I re- 
ceived word that a gang of lumbermen were busy 
in the wood in northern Vermont which I visited 
in June for the little Ram’s Head Lady’s Slipper 
(Cypripedium arietinum), and that the site was 
now unrecognizable! “Sic transit noster thesauri.” 

After the above remarks, I now pass on to the 
annotated list of the five new species and varieties 
discovered this season, viz.: 

WHITE FRINGED ORcHIS, Habenaria blephari- 
glottis (Willd.) Torr., and var. holopetala (Lindl.) 
Gray.—As already recorded, I was first introduced 
to this handsome species in a delightful little 
swamp in northern Vermont, where grew also 
Calopogon (Calopogon pulchellus) and Pogonia 
Pogonia ophioglossoides) in endless profusion, the 
latter more especially so, as it was nearly impos- 
sible to walk about without treading it under foot 
in some places. This was on July 21, but it was 
not until over a month later that, in company 
with Prof. Pelham Edgar, of Toronto, who was 
anxious to see my famous swamp, and offered to 
motor me over, I again visited it, on August 23. 
It was while on our way to the treacherous little 
bog at the far end of the swamp that I espied a 
small colony cf the above species, one bloom of 


88 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


which was in perfect condition, and proved to be 
the var. holopetala. It is doubtful whether this 
variety will be recognized in the next edition of 
Gray’s Manual, for I see in Orchidacex, Ames, 
Fascicle IV, 1910, p. 164, the following footnote, 
viz., “The consensus of opinion of those who have 
done close field-work is that var. holopetaia is 
untenable, all conditions of petals from entire to 
fringed sometimes being found on the same spike.” 
See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 20:86. 
On July 21, in northern Vermont, the species was 
only just coming into bloom, and I had no oppor- 
tunity of going into this matter, but shall hope to 
do so at some future date. In the meantime I 
can only say that my example had no evidence of 
having the two kinds of petals, entire and toothed, 
only the first-named being in evidence, with the 
tip considerably less fringed than in the type. 

NORTHERN WHITE ORCHIS, Habenaria dilatata 
var. media (Rydb.) Ames.—I first came across 
this variety in the large swamp above mentioned, 
on August 6, when it was just coming into bloom 
with the species, and it was still quite fresh when 
I paid it a second visit on the 23rd of the month. 
There was no mistaking its affinity to dilatata, the 
only difference being in the colour of its flowers, 
which were of course greenish, instead of pure 
white. Many fine specimens were obtained, one 
of which was 95 em. in height, whilst others 
ranged from 90 to 60 em., and less. Irrespective 
of the colour, the rhomboidal base of the lip pro- 
claimed it as being a form of dilatata, and not 
Habenaria hyperborea. 

NODDING LADIES’ TRESSES, Spiranthes cernua 
var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Ames.—This is a very dis- 
tinctive variety and the wonder to me is that I 
have never noticed it before. The plants as a rule 
are much taller than those of the species that grow 
about here, besides which the flowers are of a 
decided yellowish tinge instead of white, and the 
raceme is longer and more lax than in the species. 
In addition to this, although the two were always 
found growing together, the species was in the 
lower and damper portion of the ground, whilst 
the variety was in the higher and drier ground. 
However, to make doubly sure, I carefully ex- 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


amined the labellums of many of the flowers, and- 
always found that the calli at the base were per- 
ceptibly longer and more curved than in the 
species. This difference is well shown in Prof. 
Oakes Ames’ paper, Notes on New England Orchids, 
Rhodora, Vol. XXIII, 1921, plate 127, fig. 13. 
In this paper, Prof. Ames tells us how difficult it 
is sometimes to distinguish Spiranthes cernua from 
the variety ochroleuca, and that the only sure 
guide is polyembryonic seeds for the species, and 
normal seeds for the variety. To discover this, 
however, requires a compound microscope and 
other paraphernalia which all of us do not possess, 
so that unless the variety can be distinguished by 
the means I have found sufficiently near enough 
for all practical purposes, I am afraid not many 
will trouble about the matter. 

Downy RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN, FE pipactis 
pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton.—For the addition — 
of this orchid to my list I am indebted to Mr. C. 
H. Knowlton, who found a small colony of the 
plants growing in some rich woods at Lake Park, 
Sherbrooke Co., Que., on July 22 of the present 
year (1923). Lake Park is situated at the head 
of Little Magog Lake, about fifteen miles to the 
north of Hatley, and is a district that I have not 
yet worked. The plants were not fully out at 
this date, but the two examples taken by Mr. 
Knowlton were presented to the Gray Herbarium. 

In conclusion, since the appearance of my last 
paper on the Orchids, Can. Field-Nat., Vol. 
XXXVI, 1922, No. 9, pp. 173-74, I have been 
sitting on the stool of repentance, for in that paper 
I said that doubtless it was then more up to date 
to revert to Goodyera for the generic name of the 
Rattlesnake Plantains, in place of EHpipactis. 
Now I understand that further delving into the 
archives of ancient history has revealed the fact 
that Goodyera must be put on the shelf again, and 
that E’pipactis is now the order of the day, and 
this, mark you, is final, ie., until it is altered 
again. Truly, the juggling with scientific names 
surpasses anything I have ever seen. The passes 
are so swift that one is left more than bewildered 
as to how it is all done, and is tempted to remark, 
which no doubt many of us do, “‘cwi bone?”’. 


LIST OF BIRDS RECORDED FROM THE ISLAND OF ANTICOSTI, QUEBEC 
By HARRISON F, LEWIS 


(Continued from page 75) 


{Hypothetical. Lagopus lagopus lagopus. WILLOW PTAR- 
MIGAN.—Verrill: Was told this was to be found in interior, 
but he saw none. Brewster: An adult female in summer 
plumage with a chick about 10 days old, recorded as taken by 
Mr. Gardiner (of Brewster’s party) near Fox Bay on July 10. 
Dionne: Formerly common, now very rare. 

In a note published in The Auk, Vol. II, 1885, pp. 220-221, 
Brewster reverses his identification of Ptarmigan specimens 
taken in Anticosti, which careful study showed to be Rock 


Ptarmigan. The birds of which Verrill was told may well have 


been Rock Ptarmigan also. As for the observations of Willie 
LaBrie, upon which Dionne’s record is based, Mr. LaBrie, in a 
letter dated January 11, 1924, has furnished me with the 
following information concerning them: He saw a Ptarmigan 
on Anticosti in June, 1913, “which appeared to me ochre- 
colored or rust-colored, with wings white or nearly white.’’ 
He saw another individual in October, 1917, which appeared 
paler than the bird seen in 1913, but was not entirely white. 
He was not able to be sure of the species of Ptarmigan, because 
of the briefness of his observations, the distance at which the 


~ 


May, 1924] 


birds were observed, and his personal unfamiliarity with the 
species. 

There seems no reason to regard this species as other than 
hypothetical at present.] 


72. Lagopus rupestris rupestris. Rock 
PTARMIGAN.—Brewster has recorded two speci- 
mens taken on Anticosti by Mr. Gardiner, of his 
party. (See under Willow Ptarmigan.) Schmitt: 
Resident. Fairly common. The only Partridge 
occurring, but found at all times of the year. In 
early summer parents with 10 to 12 young are 
often seen. 

Mr. Dionne assures me that the Ptarmigan 
specimens which Schmitt submitted to him for 
identification were of this species. Ptarmigan 
are apparently now very rare, prehaps extinct, on 
Anticosti, due, in ail probability, to the great 
numerica! increase of wild foxes under the protec- 
tion and encouragement given them by the present 
owner of the island. 


73. Ectopistes migratorius. PASSENGER 
PIGEON.—Verrill: Saw one at Heath Point. Was 
told they were very rare. Schmitt: Refers to 
Verrill’s record. States individuals of the species 
were seen exceptionally later, but none had been 
seen for the 10 years immediately prior to 1904. 

Now extinct. Mr. Dionne informs me that no 
specimens of this species were submitted to him 
by Schmitt for identification. 


74. Zenaidura macroura 
MourninG Dove.—Schmilt: October-November. 
Rather rare. Several arrive in November each 
year, and frequent the same place near the houses 
at English Bay. 
Specimens submitted by Schmitt were identified 
by Mr. Dionne. 
75. Circus hudsonius. 
Schmiti: Summe.. 
rare. 
76. Accipiter velox. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. 
—Verrill: One seen near Salmon River, July 3. 
Presumed from actions, to be nesting. Schmitt: 
Summer. Fairly common. Dionne: Common. 
Brooks: Thought he saw one at English Bay, 
September 15. 
77. Astur atricapillus atricapillus. 
HAWK.—Schmiti: Throughout the year. 
_rare. Dionne: Not common. Brooks: 
about Ellis Bay, especially the young. 

. 78. Buteo borealis borealis. RED-TAILED 
HAwk.—Schmitt: Throughout the year. Rather 
rare. One killed June 15, 1901, at English Bay. 

79. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. 
ROUGH-LEGGED HAwK.—Schmiti: Arrives in June. 
Fairly common in some years, rather rare in others. 

80. Aquila chrysaétos. GOLDEN EAGLE.— 
Combes: Possesses a foot of one, gift of Mr. 
Gibsone, keeper of the light at Heath Point. 
Schmitt: Throughout the year. Rather rare. 


carolinensis. 


MarsH HAawk.— 
Rather rare. Dionne: Rather 


Gos- 
Rather 
Common 


THE CANADIAN FIELD NATURALIST 89 


Some taken every fall in fox-traps. Found a nest 
in the interior of the island on a cliff beside the 
Jupiter River. 

81. Halicetus leucocephalus alascanus. 
NORTHERN BALD EAGLE.—Verrill: One or two 
seen at Ellis Bay, in July. Schmitt: Throughout 
the year. Rather rare. Nests in trees in June 
and July. Dionne: Fairly common. Brooks: 
Saw one or two every day during his stay on Anti- 
costi. 

82. Falco islandus. WHITE GYRFALCON.-- 
Schmitt: This Falcon occurs irregularly in summer. 
Rare. 

Mr. Dionne assures me that Schmitt submitted 
this species to him for identification. Schmitt’s 
statement that the season of its occurrence was 
summer seems, however, surprising. 

83. Falco rusticolus obsoletus. BLACK 
GYRFALCON.—Schmitt: Some seen each summer. 
Less rare than the preceding. Dionne: One seen 
in 1916. 

Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt submitted 
no specimen of this species to him for identifica- 
tion. 

In a letter dated February 29, 1924, Mr. W. 
LaBrie gives the following information concerning 
the bird recorded by Dionne: As for the Black 
Gyrfalcon, the only one that came to my notice 
on Anticosti is an individual which was killed 
about November 15, 1916, at Anse aux Fraises, 
by the game warden, Francis Boudreau, of Ellis 
Bay. According to Mr. Boudreau, this Gyrfalcon 

. occurs from time to time near the shore in 
pursuit of sea-birds, principally Ducks, which it 
captures easily.” 


84. Falco peregrinus anatum. Duck 


Hawk.—Dionne: Seen fairly often. 


85. Falco columbarius columbarius. FPIG- 
EON HAwk.—Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. 
Dionne: Very common. Brooks: Quite common 
about Ellis Bay. 


86. Cerchneis sparveria sparveria. SPAR- 
Row HaAwk.—Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. 
Appears early in spring, before the snow is entirely 
melted. Chases small Sandpipers in late August. 
Dionne: One observed. 


87. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis. OS- 
pREY.—Verrill: A few seen, but no nests. Brew- 
ster: Seen daily, but not numerous, at Fox and 
Ellis Bays. Schmitt: Summer, fairly common. 
Nests on the island, in the trees. Dionne: Very 
common. Brooks: Saw one or more every day 
about Ellis Bay. Lewis: At least one resident 
pair at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. Occupied nest in 
tree on east side of Bay seen June 15. 


SHORT-EARED OWL.— 
Fairly common. 


88. Asito fammeus. 
Schmitt: Summer. 


90 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


89. Strix varia varia. BARRED OWL.— 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. 

90. Cryptoglaux funerea_ richardsoni. 
RICHARDSON’S OwL.—Schmitt: Throughout the 
year. Rather rare. One lived throughout Jan- 
uary, 1904, in a barn at English Bay. 

91. Cryptoglaux acadica acadica. SAW- 
WHET OwL.—Schmitt: Throughout the year. 
Rather rare. One found, January 10, 1903, in the 
camp at the Big McCarthy. 

92. Nyctea nyctea. SNOwy OwL.—Combes: 
One killed by M. Malouin, keeper of West Point 
light. Schmitt: Winter. Appears irregularly. 
Very great flight in 1901-1902. : 


93. Surnia ulula caparoch. HAWK OWL. 
—Schmitt: Autumn. Winter. Spring. Common. 
Very common in October, 1902. Dionne: Very 
common in 1913, not seen in later years. 


{Hypothetical. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. BULACK-BILLED 
Cuckoo.—Schmitt: Summer. Rare. Sometimes heard. 

In view of the fact that Mr. Dionne informs me that Schmitt 
submitted no specimens of this species to him for identification, 
the available evidence does not warrant including it in this list 
except as hypothetical.) 


94. Ceryle alcyon alcyon. BELTED KING- 
FISHER.—Verrill: Seen at various times, but not 
frequently. Combes: Recorded this species at 
Beescie River. Schmitt: Summer. Fairly com- 
mon. Nests on the island. Dionne: Fairly 
common. Brooks: Saw quite a few at Ellis Bay. 
Lewis: Saw one at Ellis Bay, June 14. 


95. Dryobates villosus (subsp.?). HAIRY 
WOODPECKER.—Schmitt: Listed without com- 
ment. Dionne: Fairly common. 

96. Dryobates pubescens medianus. DOWNY 
WoopDPECKER.—Verrill: Common. Brewster: A 
pair seen and their nest, containing young nearly 
large enough to fly, found near Fox Bay, July 11. 
Schmitt: Throughout the year. Fairly common. 
Dionne: Fairly common. Brooks: Five Downy 
Woodpeckers were seen; four males and one 
female being secured. My observations would 
indicate that it is the most common Woodpecker. 


ARCTIC THREE-TOED 
Throughout the year, 


97. Picoides arctius. 
WOODPECKER.—Schmitt: 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


but more common after the end of May. Fairly 
common. Dionne: Apparently rare. Brooks: 
Saw a pair, which he secured and found typical. 
Lewis: Saw one near Ellis Bay, June 13. 

98. Picoides americanus americanus. 
THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.—Brewster: An adult 
female, accompanied by a brood of young, seen at 
Ellis Bay, July 24. One young secured. Schmitt: 


Throughout the year. Fairly common. Brooks: 
One pair seen and taken. 
99. Sphyrapicus varius varius. YELLOW- 


BELLIED SAPSUCKER.—Dionne: Fairly common. 
Brooks: One pair seen, September 6, about 2 miles 
from the shore of Ellis Bay. Two more seen, 
September 9, at a considerable distance from this 
spot. Lewis: Saw two, at least one an adult 
male, near Ellis Bay, June 13. 


100. Colaptes auratus borealis. BOREAL 
FLICKER.—Brewster: One or two seen at Fox Bay. 
Schmitt: Summer. Fairly common. Dionne: 
Rather rare. Brooks: Several seen near Ellis Bay. 
Lewis: Not common at Ellis Bay, June 10-16, 
1922. 


101. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. 
NIGHTHAWK.—Schmitt: Summer. Fairly com- 
mon. Dionne: Not common. Brooks: Saw one, 
August 24, at Ellis Bay; on August 28 saw what 
was no doubt the same bird. 


102. Chaetura pelagica. CHIMNEY SWIFT. 
—Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. On June 9, 
1901, one fell down my chimney, and several flew 
around the house. 


103. Archilechus colubris. RUBY-THROATED 
HUMMINGBIRD.—Schmitt: Had seen only 2 fe- 
males. One July 18, 1898, at English Bay, in his 
garden: the other August 15, 1901, beside Ellis 
Bay Road. He had previously seen Humming- 
birds in Brazil, at Ottawa and at Toronto. 


104. Tyrannus tyrannus. KINGBIRD.— 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Two taken 
May 7, 1902, at English Bay. 


(To be continued) 


PROSECUTIONS—MIGRATORY BIRDS CONVENTION ACT 


BY OFFICERS OF THE CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS AND ROYAL CANADIAN 
MOUNTED POLICE 


Reported during the period July 23, 1923— 
January 18, 1924. 


ALLAN, Stephen, Bayfield, Westmoreland Co., 
N.B. Molesting Canada Geese in close season. 
Fine: $20.00. 


VipErt, Frank C., Miscou Point, Gloucester 
Co.,N.B. Having in possession Canada Geese in 
close season. Fine: $10.00. 


TAYLOR, Edgar, Big Stick, Sask. Having in 
possession two Pintail Ducks in close season. 
Fine: $10.00. Seizure; The wings of two Ducks. 

Morin, Gaspard, Meadow Lake, Sask. Molest- 
ing migratory non-game birds in close season. 
Fine: $10.00. r 

Moore, George, Carievale District, Sask. 
Having in possession portions of migratory game 
birds in close season. Fine: $10.00. 


May, 1924] 


ARSENEAU, Samuel, Amherst, N.S. Shooting 
Ducks in close season. Fine: $25.00. 


ARSENEAU, Stephen, Amherst, N.S. Shooting 
Ducks in close season. Fine: $25.00. 

SmitH, T. J., Cherhill, Alta. Having in posses- 
sion wild Ducks in close season. Fine: $10.00. 

JUVENILE, Newcastle, N.B. Molesting migrat- 
ory game birds during the night. Fine: $20.00. 

JUVENILE, Newcastle, N.B. Molesting migrat- 
ory game birds during the night. Fine: $20.00. 

INRIG, George, 145 Homewood Ave., Hamilton, 
Ont. Having in possession 2 Wood Duck in close 
season. Fine: $15.00. 

WALKER, James D., Sydney, N.S. Hunting 
Canada Geese at night. Fine: $19.00. 

ANDREWS, Walter, Sydney, C.B. Hunting 
Canada Geese at night. Fine: $10.00. 

CooLEN, Norman, Fox Point, Halifax Co., N.S. 
Killing migratory game birds with the use of an 
automatic gun. Fine: $10.00. 

CooLEN, Norman, Fox Point, Halifax Co., N.S. 
Possession of migratory non-game bird—Horned 
Grebe—in close season. Fine: $10.00. 


Provincial Officers have brought the following pro- 
secutions under the Migratory Birds Convention Act. 


DoMINICK, Thomas, Squirrel Cove, B.C. Hav- 
ing in possession Gull’s eggs. Fine: $10.00. 
Seizure: A number of Gull’s eggs. 

Dominick, F., Squirrel Cove, B.C. Having in 
possession Gulls’ eggs. Fine: $10.00. Seizure: 
A number of Gulls’ eggs. 

AsE, N., Nanaimo, B.C. Hunting migratory 
game birds with the use of a gas-boat. Fine: 
$10.00. 

Cripps, B., Vancouver, B.C. Having in pos- 
session migratory game birds—Eleven Sandpipers. 
Fine: $10.00. 

Musquin, T., Point Grey, Vancouver, B.C. 
Possession of migratory game birds—Ducks— 
during close season. Fine: $10.00. 

Kariya, Y., New Westminster, B.C. Having 
in possession Gulls’ eggs. Fine: $15.00. 

JOHNSON, M., New Westminster, B.C. Having 
in possession Gulls’ eggs. Fine: $15.00. 

BirD, J.. New Westminster, B.C. Having in 
possession Gulls’ eggs. Fine: $15.90. 


OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD 


HE Canadian National Parks Branch, 

Depaitment of the Interior, has been 
keeping the record of those returns upon 
banded birds which are of interest to 
Canada because either the bird has been banded 
in Canada and found elsewhere or banded else- 
where and found in Canada. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


91 


HENDRICKSON, T., New Westminster, B.C. 


Having in possession Gulls’ eggs. Fine: $15.00. 
FAKEY, L., Langley, B.C. Shooting migratory 
insectivorous birds—Robins. Fine: $10.00. 


DRAESEKI, G. C., Vancouver, B.C. Shooting 


migratory insectivorous birds—Robins. Fine: 
$10.00. 
Stnc, Lan, Invermere, B.C. Possession of 


migratory game birds during close season. 
$10.00. 

Hart, F., Nanaimo, B.C. Shooting migratory 
game birds during close season. Fine: $25.00. 

Moore, T., Nanaimo, B.C. Shooting migrat- 
ory game birds during close season. Fine: $25.00. 

BENNETT, C., Nanaimo, B.C. Shooting migrat- 
ory game birds during close season. Fine: $25.00. 

CRUTCHLEY, C. F., Nanaimo, B.C. Shooting 
migratory game birds during close season. Fine: 
$25.00. 

Cook, Wm., Nanaimo, B.C. Shooting migrat- 
ory game birds during close season. Fine: $25.00. 

BELLAS, F., Massett, B.C. Molesting migrat- 
ory game birds by the use of an unplugged pump- 
gun. Fine: $15.00. 

MILNER, P., Kerrisdale, B.C. Molesting mig- 
ratory game birds by the use of an unplugged 
pump-gun. Fine: $10.00. 

KENMAN, A. L., Howtham South, B.C. Shoot- 
ing migratory game birds during close season. 
Fine: $10.00. 

MCCLELLAND, R., 83610—11th Ave. W., Vancou- 
ver, B.C. Possession of migratory game birds 
during close season. Fine: $10.00. 

A JAP (No other name given), Quathiaski Cove, 
B.C. Having in possession 4 Gulls’ eggs. Fine: 
$15.00. 

Cotter, W. H., 3878—11th Ave. E., Vancouver, 
B.C. Having in possession migratory game birds 
in close season. Fine: $10.00. 

HuntTER, T. S., Vancouver, B.C. Having in 
possession migratory game birds in close season. 
Fine: $10.00. 

HartTiey, T. S., Kerrisdale, B.C. Having in 
possession migratory game birds in close season. 
Fine: $19.00. i 

Hoy, Wm., Kerrisdale, B.C. Having in posses- 
sion migratory game birds in close season. Fine: 
$10.00. 


Fine: 


OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS 


In order that these returns may be of the maxi- 
mum value to Canadian naturalists and the public 
generally, the Department has decided to publish 
each return of interest to Canada in The Canadian 
Field-Naturalist. This procedure has, as well, the 
consent of practically all Canadian bird-banding 
operators. It is suggested that bird-banding 


92 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


operators publish on their own initiative accounts 
of new or interesting occurrences at their bird- 
banding stations. 


RETURN FROM BIRD BANDED IN 1915 

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, Ne. 36,340 
(A.B.B.A.), banded by Dr. Chas. W. Towasend, 
at Old Romaine, Southern Labrador Coast, during 
the month of July, 1915, was two weeks after- 
wards collected for the pot, by 2a Montagnais 
Indian, at a place four miles from where it was 
banded. 


RETURNS FROM BIRDS BANDED IN 1920 


BLACK DUCK, No. 4531, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 14, 
1920, was recaught by him on September 24, 1920. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4577, banded by 
H.5. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 
24, 1920, was killed on September 30, 1928, at 
Mallard’s Slough, Turton, South Dakota, U.S.A. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 4606, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25, 
1920, was shot at Pearl Beach, Michigan, during 
the fall of 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 4620; banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27, 
1920, was shot on Cedar Island, at the mouth of 
the South Santee River, South Carolina, on 
November 16, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 4659, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1, 
1920, was caught and found dead in a muskrat 
trap, just below Finn’s Point Jettie, New Jersey, 
about December 16, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 4685, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4, 
1920, was killed on the Bull River, near Savannah, 
Georgia, during the season of 1922. 


RETURNS FROM BIRDS BANDED IN;1921 


HOUSE WREN No. 21,128, banded by Howard 
F. Cant, at 3&5 Lansdowne Road North, Galt, 
Ontario, on August 6, 1921, at 2.10 p.m., was 
re-caught by Mr. Cant on July 6, 1922, at 7 p.m. 

WHITE PELICAN, No. 100, 553, banded by 
A. F. Wolther, at Morse, Saskatchewan, on Octo- 
ber 30, 1921, was retagged and released by F. L. 
Norman, on the Cheyenne River, South Dakota, 
on November 1, 1921. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 5,184, banded by 
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 
15, 1921, was killed at Lake Carrier, Mississippi— 
no date given, but reported on April 28, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 4,734, banded by 1al, S: 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 16, 
1921, was killed at Clarksville, Montgomery 
County, Tennessee, on December 25, 1922. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4,838, banded by 
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem- 
ber 28, 1921, was shot at Hlizabeth, Minnesota, 
on October 18, 1923) 

BLACK DUCK, No. 4,893, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on September 28, 
1921, was “‘taken”’ at the Pine Island Duck Club, 
Poplar Branch, North Carolina, on December ale 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,322 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Octo- 
ber 1, 1921, was shot at Revels Island, off the east 
shore of Virginia, on January 3, 1924. 

BLACK DUCK. No. 37,326 (A. B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Octo- 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


ber 1, 1921, was killed at Lake Providence, 
Louisiana—no date given, but reported on Feb- 
ruary 20, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,369 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Octo- 
ber 2, 1921, was killed at Henderson, Texas, during 
the winter of 1922-23. 


RETURNS FROM BIRDS BANDED IN 1922 


SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, No. 21,716, band- 
ed by K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan, Mani- 
toba (about two miles north of Winnipeg), on 
April 25, 1922, repeated several times until April 
Mfc, ieee 

SONG SPARROW, No. 26,701, banded by 
K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan, Manitoba, 
on April 25, 1922, repeated until May 3, 1922. 
It returned to the same place on April 24, 1923. 


SONG SPARROW, No. 26,702, panded by 
K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan, Manitoba, 
on April 25, 1922, repeated until J une Pally M22. 


SONG SPARROW, No. 26,704, vended by 
K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan, Manitoba, 
on April 26, 1922, repeated several times until 
May 24, 1922. 

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, No. 26,707, band- 
ed by K. G. McDougal, at Fast Kildonan, Mani- 
toba, on April 28, 1922, repeated on that day and 
also on April 29, 1922. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 11,735, 
banded by K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on May 38, 1922, repeated on that day 
and also on May 4, 1922. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 11,736, 
banded by K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on May 4, 1922, repeated on that day 
and also on May 5, 1922. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 11,741, 
banded by K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on May 6, 1922, repeated twice on 
May 7, 1922. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 11,744) 
banded by K. G. McDougal, at East Kildonan’ 
Manitoba, on May 8, 1922, repeated on that day 
and also on May 9, 1922. 

ROBIN, No. 15, 195, banded by Howard F. 
Cant, at Galt, Ontario, on May 24, 1922, raised 
three broods in 1922 and returned to the same 
place on April 10, 1923. It repeated on May 14, 
1928. 

ROBIN, No. 16,102, banded by Philip F. Foran, 
at Green Park, Hull, Quebec, on June 7, 1922, 
returned to the same place on July 1, 1922. 

TREE SWALLOW, No. 11,652, banded by 
Philip F. Foran, at Station iWGy, Ottawa, Ontario, 
on June 19, 1922, returned to the same station on 
June 13, 1923. 

BANK SWALLOW, No. 75,873, banded by 
Philip F. Foran, at Station 5, Rocky Mountains 
Park, Banff, Alberta, on July 15, 1922, returned 
to the same station on Jay 13, 1923. 

GALLINULE, No. 101, 224. banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on August 25, 
1922, was recaught at the same station on Sep- 
tember 8, 19238. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 26,403. 
banded by B. W. Cartwright, at Sturgeon Creek 
(3 miles west of Winnipeg limits), Manitoba, on 
September 17, 1922, repeated until September 20, 
1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,415 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 


May, 1924] 


tember 24, 1922, repeated several times until 
October 22, 1922. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 48,871, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 24, 1922, was recaught at the same station 
on October 3, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,499 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 27, 1922, was recaught at the same station 
on October 1, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,413, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
1922, was recaught at the same station on Sep- 
tember 3, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,511, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 10, 
1922, was caught alive in the Chester River, Mary- 
land—no date given, but reported on December 27, 


1928. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,585, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 20, 
1922, was recaught at the same station on Novem- 
ber 1, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 101,365, banded by Jos. 
Pulitzer, at Cuivre Island, Peruque, Missouri, on 
January 11, 1922, was shot on Lake Manitoba 
Marsh, on October 4, 1922. 

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 101,407, banded 
by E. A. Mcllhenny, at Avery Island, Louisiana, 
on February 17, 1922, was killed at Isle & la Crosse 
Lake, Saskatchewan, on May 12, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 101,757, banded by E. A. 
Mcllhenny, at Belle Isle Lake, Louisiana, on 
February 21, 1922, was caught in a trap at The 
Barrier, a point about forty miles west up the 
Saskatchewan River (?) no date given, but reported 
on July 17, 1928. 

GREEN-WINGED TEAL, No. 43,080, banded 
by E. A. MclIlhenny, at Avery Island, Louisiana, 
on March 4, 1922, was killed at Lac La Ronge, 
Saskatchewan, on June 1, 19238. 

MALLARD, No. 102, ,426, banded by F. C. 
Lincoln, at the Sanganois Club, on the Illinois 
River, near Browning, Illinois, on March 6, 1922, 
was shot at Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, on October 

MALLARD, No. 102,464, banded by F. C. 
Lincoln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning. Illinois, 
on March 7, 1922, was shot at Red Earth, Saskat- 
chewan (one hundred miles in a straight line from 
ee Pas, Manitoba), during the month of July, 

MALLARD, No. 102,770, banded by F. C. 
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on March 12, 1922, 
was killed near Cedar Lake Post, Manitoba, on 
August 14, 1923. 

BLUE- WINGED TEAL, No. 102,245, banded 
by E. A. MclIlhenny, at Avery Island, Louisiana, 
on March 21, 1922. was killed at Chipewyan, 
' Northwest Territories, during the month of Sep- 
tember, 1922. 

ROBIN, No. 13,591, banded by R. W. Tufts, 
at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, on June 11, 1922, was 
picked up dead on June 20; 1922, within two 
hundred yards of the place where it was liberated. 
The bird was sickly when it was banded. 

TREE SWALLOW, No. 11,646, banded by 
Philip F. Foran, near the corner of ‘Gilmour and 
Elgin Streets, Ottawa, on June 19, 1922, was 
captured near the Rideau River, Ottawa South, 
Ontario, on May 28, 1923, and died the same night. 
The bird was found to have a broken clavicle. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST : 93 


BLACK DUCK, No. 10,505, banded by R. W. 
Tufts, at Seal Island, Yarmouth County, Nova 
Scotia (about twenty miles off the coast from 
Goose Bay, the nearest mainland in Yarmouth 
County), on June 21, 1922, was shot at Goose Bay, 
Nova Scotia, on November 8, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 10,509, banded by R. W 
Tufts, at Seal Island, Yarmouth County, Nova 
Scotia, on June 21, 1922, was caught and killed 
by a dog, within a half mile from the place where 
it was banded, on August 26, 1922. 

BLACK-POLL WARBLER, No. 7,917, banded 
by R. W. Tufts, at Seal Island, Yarmouth County, 
Nova Scotia, on June 23, 1922, was a fledgling one 
week old, and was found dead in its nest on June 
30, 1922. 

PINTAIL, No. 202,404, banded by Harry H. 
Felt, at Findlater, Saskatchewan, on July 9, 1922, 
was killed at Crook, South Dakota, on November 
4, 1922. 

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL, No. 200,994, 
banded by Theed Pearse, at Mittlenatch Island 
north of the 50th Parallel, in the Gulf of Georgia, 
British Columbia, on July 30, 1922, was shot at 
Redonda Bay, British Columbia, on December 15, 
1922. 

ROBIN, No. 104,146, banded by Hoyes Lloyd 
at 406 Queen Street, Ottawa, Ontario, on July 31, 
1922, was eaten by a cat in the same vicinity, on 
August Is Oe. 

GANNET, No. 207,105, banded by H. L. Stod- 
dard, at Bonaventure ‘Island, Quebec, on July 31, 
1922. was found dead on the Kildare Sandhills, 
near ‘Alberton, Prince Edward Island, on or about 
May 7, 1923. The body of the bird was then 
partly decomposed. 

GANNBET, No. 207,269, banded by H. L. Stod- 
dard, at Bonaventure Tsland, Quebec, on July 31, 
1922) was caught in a herring net at Neil’s Har- 
bour, Nova Scotia, on November 27, 1922. 

NIGHTHAWK, No. 104,155, banded by Hoyes 
Lloyd, at 406 Queen Street, Ottawa, Ontario, on 
August 4, 1922, flew in through a window and died 
ata place two blocks from where it was banded, 
on August 6, 1922. Death was due to starvation. 

GANNET, No. 207,482, banded by Wm. M. 
Duval, at Bonaventure Island, Quebec, on August 
14, 1922, was captured in ‘Shelburne County, 
Nova Scotia—no date given, but reported on 
October 17, 1923. 

GADWALL, No. 202,471, banded by Jas. C. 
Silver, at Unity, Saskatchewan, on August 15, 
1922, was killed in Crittenden County, Arkansas, 
on November 27, 1922. 

GADWALL, No. 202,473, banded by Jas. C. 
Silver, at Unity, Saskatchewan, on August 15, 
1922, was killed at Kill Squaw Lake, Saskatchewan 
(three miles east of the place where it was banded), 
on September 23, 1922. 

GADWALL, No. 202,474, banded by Jas. C. 
Silver, at Unity, Saskatchewan, on August 15, 
1922, was killed at Pabo Duro Canyon, Texas, on 
November 16, 1922. 

PINTAIL, ‘No. 202, 476, banded by Jas. C. Sil- 
ver, at Unity Saskatchewan, on August 15, 1922, 
was killed-at Kill Squaw Lake, Saskatchew: an, on 
September 238, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,131, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 18, 
1922, was shot at the foot of Strawberry Island, 
in the Ni iagara River, New York, on November 18, 
1922) 


(To be continued) 


94 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 


Two INTERESTING NESTS.—The summer of 1923 
brought two very interesting nesting situations to 
my attention. One was that of a Ruby-throated 
Hummingbird on the rear porch of the residence of 
Mr. E. Hawken, 184 Carling Ave., Ottawa. The 
cord of a common electric drop light had been tied 
in a knot to shorten it and raise the light socket 
higher from the floor. The nest was built up from 
a loop of this knot and, when seen, the female was 
incubating. She was very shy and it was possible 
to photograph her only under the worst possible 
conditions, i.e., in the heavy shade and from inside 
the door of the house against a brilliantly bright sky. 
A silhouette was all that was possible but it shows 
all the essential facts of the case. 


In the spring, in opening a boathouse at Blue Sea 
Lake, seventy miles north from Ottawa up the 
Gatineau valley, a pair of old overalls was found 
hanging over a brace of the framework inside. 
Beneath it, on the floor, was a pile of fresh green 
moss fragments, nearly two quarts in bulk. It was 
evident from bits still adhering in the folds of the 
garment that some bird was attempting to build a 
nest in them and the material was falling through.as 
fast as it was placed. The only bird likely to in- 
habit such a place that was noted in the vicinity was 
a Phoebe. We remained only a day or so, but before 
we left a safety pin was placed through the overalls 
to make a stop for the nesting material. On our 
next visit, the nest was built and occupied. The 
owner was—a Winter Wren. The nest site was not 
three feet from the well of the boat house and every 
time we entered the boats we had to brush the nest 
as we passed. We even installed an engine and tested 
it into running condition within the well, hut in spite 
of the confusion, the coming and going, the hammer- 
ing, the loud explosions, and the gasoline fumes, the 
Wren remained in possession. Sometimes she would 
dash off and out through the opening between the 
roof boards and the plate at the top of the wall, but 
in a few minutes she would cautiously come back and 
steal quietly into the nest, whence she would watch 
the strange proceedings through the side opening 


with her black, beady little eyes. She finally hatched 
and raised her brood and led them away through the 
deep woods to places where gas engines cease from 
troubling and Winter Wrens are at ease. At no time 
was any other Winter Wren seen anywhere about. 
If she had a mate he took no share in the household 
work as does the male House Wren. Continually, 
back in the bush or on either hand, the glorious song 
of the species was heard, but never was its author 
detected within a hundred yards of the boat house 
nor was there anything to indicate that he had the 
slightest interest in this courageous little female or 
the nest she occupied. After the young had left, the 
nest was collected. It is composed of a great mass 
of green moss fragments with a few sticks in the 
center and completely enclosing the egg cup except 
for the entrance hole in the side. House and Be- 
wick’s Wrens often build in such unusual situations, 
but I can find no previous record of a Winter Wren 
doing so.—P. A. TAVERNER. _ 


LEAST BusH TiT (Psaliriparus minimus).—Con- 
siderable interest has been aroused during recent 
months regarding the Least Bush Tits (Psalir¢parus 
minimus), which birds have been under observation 
by several persons for some time in Point Grey and 
South Vancouver. : ; 

Some ten years ago, during the month of May or 
June, a nest of this Tit was found by Mr. B. R. Har- 
rison,.on Kitsilano hill, where Vine Street now 
crosses; this nest was in a Willow tree about 12 feet 
from the ground; the nest was not examined for 
eggs, etc. 

About this time a nest was also found by Mr. J. 
W. Winson, where the town of Marpole, Point Grey, 
is now located. 

On November 20th, 1922, I secured two male 
birds through the kindness of Mr. R. C. Cummins, 
also a male bird on December 9th of the same year, 
all being taken in South Vancouver, B.C. These 
were taken from a flock of about 40 birds which 
wintered in that neighbourhood: 

On June 4th, 1923, a nest was found in Point Grey, 
from which I secured three eggs. This nest was in a 
spruce tree, and was hanging from the end of a 
branch between 22 and 25 feet above the ground, 
with entrance to nest facing east. The locality was a 
low, swampy place with thick undergrowth. A visit 
to the same place on June 20th disclosed two other 
nests, one, an old one from last year, and the other 
partially destroyed; only fragments of it remained 
hanging to the branch. Both these nests were hang- 
ing from the ends of spruce tree branches, about 15 
feet above the ground. ays 

It is noteworthy that all three nests were within 
one hundred yards of each other, all were in spruce 
trees, pendulous, and hanging in full view above the 
dense swampy undergrowth and brush. 

A brief description of the completed nest may be 
of interest. Outside dimensions are as follows: 


Tueneth overall cbse stare e) ae eee 16 in. 
Length from top of roof to bottom of nest 133 in. 
Diam. of nest at opening..........:..... At in. 
Diam. below opening..............-.--- 23 in 


Diam. 8 in below top of roof............ 
Diam. of entrance opening, about........ 


May, 1924] 


The opening of this bottle-shaped nest points 
downward, and is perfectly roofed over in veran- 
dah-like style, the roofing material being securely 
fastened to two small branches above the top of 
the nest to give perfect weather protection. 

The material composing the nest is green moss, 
. lichens, leaves and a few feathers and quantities 
of silk from cocoons; all these being securely inter- 
woven with long dry grass and cocoon silk. The 
interior, as far as discernable, is all lined with 
cocoon silk.—K. RACEY. 


WINTER ACTIVITY OF BATS.—A note by E. M. 
S. Dale in The Canadian Field-Naturalist, March, 
1924, concerning “A Bat Active in Winter’, 
prompts me to record similar observations from 
Toronto. On December 8, 1923, J. L. Baillie saw 
a bat flying near the Biological Building of the 
University of Toronto. This was at 5.00 p.m., 
the evening being dark, with a drizzling rain. 
Again on February 26, 1924, at 8.30 p.m., a bat 
flew into the Museum Building when the door had 
been opened for an instant. The temperature at 
the time was about 30° F. Again, on the follow- 
ing evening another bat was seen near the Biologic- 
al Building by Prof. E. M. Walker. 

The second specimen here mentioned was cap- 
tured and is now in the Museum collection. Most 
of the measurements as taken from the flesh are 
slightly below those given by Miller (North 
American Fauna, No. 138) for E'ptesicus fuscus fus- 
cus but the specimen agrees with that form in its 
dental formula and in other characters.. 

Mr. C. W. Nash of the Provincial Museum, 
Toronto, tells me that he has several records of 
this species being active in winter. This seems to 
open up the question as to whether this species is 
the only one occasionally seen active in winter or 
if other species may also be found. As it is not 
likely that such movements are associated with 
feeding, some other explanation is necessary. 
Also, if active bats have merely been disturbed 
from hibernation, one would expect to find species 
other than E’ptesicus fuscus flying about in winter. 
—L. L. SNYDER. 


Note: Since the above was written, Mr. P. A. 
Taverner’s hote in The Canadian Field-Naturalist 
for April, 1924, shows that Myotis lucifugus is 
also to be found active in winter. The habit, 
then, is not peculiar to E’ptesicus fuscus, but both 
this species and Myotis lucifugus are “light sleep- 
ers.””—L. L. S. 


CONFERENCE OF PROVINCIAL AND FEDERAL 
OFFICIALS.—The Conference of Provincial and 
Federal Officials who are connected with the 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 95 


administration of wild life protection throughout 
the Dominion has become an annual event and 
the winter’s session was held at Ottawa on Feb- 
ruary 6th, 7th, and 8th, 1924. 


The Conference was opened by the Honourable 
Charles Stewart, Minister of the Interior, who 
extended a welcome to the members and. attend- 
ants and spoke from experience respecting wild 
life, its value and the need for its protection. He 
mentioned especially the pleasure and benefits to 
be derived from hunting and the need for the 
protection of fur bearers and game so that these 
may remain an important support for the Indians 
of Canada. 


Resolutions on many important phases of wild 
life protection were adopted, and among the 
subjects dealt with were the following: 

Jurisdiction of Provincial Game Officers; 


An amendment to the Customs Act with respect 
to the export of game; 


A reconnaissance concerning species of birds 
other than those protected by the Migratory Birds 
Convention Act; 

The licensing and registration of trappers and 
hunters; 

Leasing of Crown Lands; 

The adoption of measures for the suppression of 
the dumping of oil into navigable waters; and the 
shortening of the open season for Woodcock. 


A resolution was passed expressing appreciation 
of the great service rendered by the late Napoleon 
A. Comeau, of Godbout, Quebec, to the Province 
of Quebec, and to the world-wide movement for 
wild life conservation, and sincere sorrow was 
expressed by the conference at the recent loss 
suffered because of the death of so prominent a 
personality.—H. L. 


THe ToRONTO MEETING OF THE BRITISH 
ASSOCIATION.—The preliminary program of the 


‘annual meeting of the British Association in 1924, 


to be held in Toronto, Ontario, on August 6-18, 
under the presidency of Sir David Bruce, has been 
issued and is abstracted in Nature. Three meet- 
ings have previously been held in Canada (Mont- 
real, 1884; Toronto, 1897; Winnipeg, 1909). 
Active measures are being taken to ensure that 
the meeting shall afford an exceptional opportunity 
for intercourse between British, Canadian, Ameri- 
can and European workers in science. The 
University of Toronto will be the principal center 
of the meeting. 

The inaugural general meeting will be held on 
Wednesday, August 6, in the Convocation Hall of 
the University of Toronto, when Sir David Bruce 
will deliver his presidential address. 


96 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


A preliminary program of excursions after the 
meeting is also being arranged. For those able to 
devote the maximum time, an excursion across 
Canada to Vancouver, and possibly also to Prince 
Rupert and Victoria, is contemplated. 
STATEMENT TRUST FUNDS COMMITTEE 
Cash on Hand, Dec. 31, 1923.......... $497 .51 

W. T. Macowun, Chairman. 

The Club acknowledges the receipt of a cheque 
for One hundred and twenty-five dollars from the 
Province of Quebec Society for the Protection of 
Birds. It is understood that this gift is for the 
improvement of our publication, and the Club 
appreciates fully the gift, as well as the spirit of 
co-operation that inspired it—B. A. FAUVEL, 
Treasurer . 

PRIZES FOR OTTAWA NATURAL HISTORY COL- 
LECTIONS.—The Trust Funds Committee has re- 
commended that the interest on funds received 
from the Kearns and R. B. Whyte estates this 
year be applied to the donation of prizes for local 
natural history collections and this reeommenda- 
tion has been adopted by the Club. The subjects 
covered are botany, entomology, and photography. 
Furthermore, two present members of the Council, 
Drs. Ami and Malte, have donated three special 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


prizes for local collections in archeology, botany, 
and geology. Full information can be had from 
the Secretary.—J. F. WRIGHT, Secretary. 

If any subscriber does not receive his copy of 
The Naturalist within a reasonable time, notifica- 
tion should be sent to the Secretary of the Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists’ Club, so that another copy may 
be sent, and so that a check may be kept on the 
extent to which copies are lost in the mails. 
Apparently some copies have failed to be delivered 
because of loss of the address en route to the sub- 
scriber. Steps are being taken to prevent this in 
future.— EDITOR. ; 


Our thanks for the illustrations in this issue of 
The Naturalist are due to Mr. P. A. Taverner and 
The Victoria Memorial Museum.—EDITOR. 


Through an arrangement between the Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists’ Club and the Province of 
Saskatchewan, each of our subscribers will receive 
in the near future a copy of an extra number of 
The Canadian Field-Naturalist, containing an 
annotated list entitled The Birds of Saskatchewan, 
by H. Hedley Mitchell. This list will be illus- 
trated by several half-tones and a map, and will 
be a valuable addition to the ornithological litera- 
ture of Canada.—EDITOR. 


BOOK REVIEW 


LirE HIstoRIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PETRELS 
‘AND PELICANS AND THEIR ALLIES. Smith- 
sonian Institution. United States National 
Museum Bulletin 121. Order Tubinares and 
Order Steganopodes. By Arthur Cleveland 
Ben. of Taunton, Massachusetts. Washing- 
ton. Government Printing Office, 1922. 


LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN WILD FOWL. 
Smithsonian Institution. United States Nation- 
al Museum Bulletin 126. Order Anseres 
(Part). By Arthur Cleveland Bent of Taun- 
ton, Massachusetts. Washington. Govern- 
ment Printing Office, 1923. 


These valuable volumes continue the Life 
Histories of North American Birds, which Mr. 
Bent has been working for many years to produce. 
A tremendous amount of interesting and important 
information concerning the species dealt with has 
here been gathered together from published and 
unpublished sources, carefully assorted, and made 
readily available for consultation. No one, either 
amateur or professional, who takes a serious 
interest in North American birds should be with- 
out these standard reference works. 


Bulletin 126 contains the life histories of North 
American Anseres, in the order of the A.O.U. 
‘Check-List’, from the American Merganser to the 
Ring-necked Duck. 

For some reason not stated the beautiful colored 
plates of eggs which appeared in the previous 
volumes of this series are not continued in the 
volumes under review. 

The author does not adhere to the nomen- 
clature of the A.O.U. ‘Check-List’ and published 
supplements in these volumes, as he did in the 
ones previously published. Instead, he uses, in 
Bulletin 121, ‘‘the names that will probably appear 
in the new check list”’, as understood by him, and, 
in Bulletin 126, scientific names furnished by 
Dr. Charles W. Richmond and Dr. Harry C. 
Oberholser. This is a regrettable departure from 
uniformity in a work whose direct concern is not 
nomenclature, but life histories. In such a work 
the purpose of names is simply to afford the read- 
iest possible means of distinguishing the form 
under discussion, and in the opinion of the reviewer 
this purpose can best be fulfilled by using a stand- 
ard and familiar nomenclature, already published, 
and widely adopted. 

The life history of the Gannet is, perhaps, of 


May, 1924] 


unusual interest to Canadian readers. Two 
breeding colonies on Anticosti must now be added 
to those listed by Mr. Bent. 


The Albatross which was taken at the mouth of 
the Moisie River, Quebec, in 1885, and which is 
now preserved as a mounted specimen in the 
museum of Laval University, Quebec, is recorded 
under Thalassogeron chrysostomus culminatus 
(Gould), although it has yet to be identified by a 
specialist in the Tubinares. 

In the case of the Green-winged Teal the state- 
ment is made, under the caption “Breeding 
Range,” “Ungava and Labrador records doubt- 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 97 


ful.”” This presumably refers to records of the 
actual nesting, for the Green-winged Teal cer- 
tainly occurs in the Labrador peninsula in the 
breeding season. 


Scaup breeding records from the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence and New Brunswick are all placed 
under the Greater Scaup, although in the present 
state of our knowledge it can hardly be considered 
certain that some at least of the breeding Scaups 
which have been found in those regions were not 
Lesser Scaups. 


Additional volumes of the series are awaited 
with great interest.—H. F. L. 


PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 


Beach Grass. By Charles Wendell Townsend. Marshall 
Jones Company, 212 Summer Street, Boston, Massachusetts. 


Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. Messina, 1923. 


Price $3.50. 


Bulletin de la Ligue Francaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux. 


Treiziéme Année. No.1, Janvier, 1924. 


Canadian National Parks Association Bulletin. 


Heft 4. 


Jan. Ist, 1924. 
Aus Natur und Museum. 
am Main, 1923. 


53 Bericht. 


Number 1. 


Frankfurt 


culture. 
January, 1924. 


La Science Moderne. 


Numéro 1, Janvier, 1924. 


Food and Economic Relations of North American Grebes. 
By Alexander Wetmore. 
Department Bulletin No. 1196. 


United States Department of Agri- 
Washington, D.C . 


La Science Moderne. Numéro 2. Février, 1924. 


SUBSCRIBERS TO ““THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST’ IN GOOD STANDING, JAN., 1924 


Branches of Natural History in which individual subscribers are especially interested are indica- 
ted by numbers accompanying their names and referring to the following legend. 


1—Anthropology; 


2—Botany; 
3—Conchology 
4— Geology 


5—Hntomology 
6—Marine Biology 


ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 1900 
Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 


ACADIA UNIV. LIBRARY, Wolfville, N.S. 


ADAMS, JOHN, Central Exp. Farm, 
Ottawa. 


ALBERTA NAtT. Hist. Soctety, 2nd 
Street N.E., Red Deer, Alta. 


Aucock, F. J., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa. 


ALLAN, K. F., 9 Poplar Plains Rd., 
Toronto, Ont. 


a E. C., 150 South Street, Hali- 

‘ax, N.S. 

Am. Museum oF NAT. HIST., 77th St. 
and Central Park W., New York 
City. 

AmeEs, J. H., 96 Bay St., Toronto, Ont. 

Ami, Dr. H. M., 4, 8, 453 Laurier Ave. 
E., Ottawa, Ont. 

ANDEN, K. F., Dept. of Zoology, Univ. 
of B.C., Vancouver, B.C. 

ANDERSON, R. M., 7, 9, 58 Driveway, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

ANDERSON, Dr. W. G., Steveville, Alta. 

ANDERSON, LtT.-CouL. W. P., 64 Cooper 
Street, Ottawa, Ont. 

ANDREWS, A. W., 133 Tyler Ave., 


Detroit, Mich. 
63 Gothic Ave., 


ANSLEY, J. W., 
Toronto, Ont. 

ARBIC, G., 2, Can. Nat. Parks Branch, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

ARCHER, HELEN, 360 Main St. East, 
Hamilton, Ont. 

eae ONG 1 NU W., 7, Bridgetown, 


ARMSTRONG, N. A. D., Westhouse, 
Shawingan Lake, B.C 

ARNOLD ARBORETUM, Jamaica Plain, 
Mass. ; 

ARNOTT, Dr. H. G., 18 Ontario Ave., 
Hamilton, Ont. 

AUCHMACHIE, A. C., 839 Euclid Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 


Battey, Mrs. H. M., 2109 Nebraska 
St., Sioux City, Lowa, U.S.A. 
BAILLIE, JAMES L., 7, 9, c-o Royal 
Ontario Museum of Zoology, Tor- 
onto, Ont. 

BAKER, FRANK C., Natural History 
Bldg., Urbana, Ill. 

BALpwIin, L. C., 4 Old Forest Hill Rd., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Baum, H., 7 Oriole Parkway, Toronto, 


Ont. 
BALLANTYNE, ~JAS., 54 Main St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 
ee R. E., 280 Palmer St., Guelph 
nt. 
BARBEAU, C. M., Victoria Museum, 
Ottawa, Ont. 


BARTMAN, G. M., 2453 Yonge St., 
Toronto, Ont. 

BATTERSBY, HERMAN, Oak Lake, Man. 

Beta E., P.O. Box 441, Galena, 

BEAUPRE, EDWIN, Kingston, Ont. 

BELL, H., Box 1001, Pembroke, Ont. 

BELL, GARNET S., 406 C.P.R. Bldg., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Bent, A. C., 140 High St., Taunton, 
Mass. 

BERGEN’S MusEuM, Bergen, Norway. 

BERGSTEDT, Dr. J. A., Royal Swedish 
Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 
Sweden. 

BicEtow, N. K., Royal Ontario Mu- 
seum, Toronto, Ont. 

Bitu, J. Purp, 64 Carling Ave., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Bes M. L.,.Court House, Vancouver 


BisHop, Louis B., c-o Il. E. Wyman, 
Los Angeles Museum, Exposition 
Park, Los Angeles, Cal. 

Bissett, E. D. R., Beausejour, Man. 

BLIZARD, W. H., 70 Duggan Ave., Deer 
Park, Toronto, Ont. 

BoGart, Mrs. E. B., 147 Borden St., 
Toronto, Ont. 


7—Ornithology 

8—Palaeontology 

9—Mammalogy 
10—Herpetology 
11—Ichthyology 


Boston Society oF NAT. Hist., 234 
Berkeley St., Boston, Mass. 


BoucHARD, Gmo., M.P., Ste. Anne dela 
Pocatiere, P.Q. * 


BOWMAN, KENNETH, 9917—113th St., 
Edmonton, Alta. 


BRADSHAW, F., Chief Game Warden, 
Regina, Sask. 

BRIGDEN, F. H., 15 Oswald Cres., 
Toronto, Ont. 

BRIMLEY, J. F., Wellington, Ont. 

B.C. Nat. His. Society, Victoria, B.C. 

B.C. ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Hunt- 
ingdon, B.C. 

Brooks, Major ALLAN, 
Landing, B.C. 

Brown, Mrs. R. D., 388 Main St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Brown, W. J., 250 Oliver Ave., West- 
mount, P.Q. 

Brunt, R. A., P.O. Box 235, Windsor, 
Ont. 

BUCHANAN, ProF. M. M., 75 Heithdale 
Road, Toronto, Ont. 

BUCKLE, J. W., c-o Thos. Robertson & 
Co., 134 Craig St. W., Montreal, 


P.Q. 

BULLER, PrRoF. A. H. R., Dept. of 
Botany, Univ. of Manitoba, Win- 
nipeg, Man. 

Burcess, T. J. W., (M.D.), Suite 91, 
Laurentian Apts., 29 Cote des 
Neiges Road, Montreal, P.Q. 

BurRwasd, ARMON, Box 120, Arnprior, 
Ont. 

CAL. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, San 
Francisco, Cal. 

CALVERT, J. FLETCHER, 
Institute, London, Ont. 

CALVERT, E. W., c-o J. F. Calvert, 
461 Tecumseh Ave., London, Ont. 

CAMERON, E. R., Registrar, Supreme 
Court, Ottawa, Ont. 

CAMERON, J. H., 355 Dufferin Ave., 
London, Ont. 


Okanagan 


Collegiate 


98 


CAMERON, D. A.,. 162 Isabella St., 
Toronto, Ont. 


CAMPBELL, M. M., 95 Broadway Ave., 
Montreal East, P.Q. 


CAMPBELL, J. A., 17 Elm St., Toronto, 
Ont. 

CAMPBELL, R. H., 225 Clemow Ave., 
Ottawa, Ont. 


TuE CANADIAN Boy, Banque Nationale 
Bui Rideau Street, Ottawa, 

nt. 

CARNEGIE LIBRARY, Ottawa, Ont. 

CARTWRIGHT, B. W., 374 Donald St., 
Winnipeg, Man. 

CassEts, Mrs. W. A., Red Deer, Alta. 

CHAMBERS, W. LEE, Eagle Rock, Los 
Angeles, Cal. 

CHAMBERLAIN, C. W., Hotel Hemen- 
way, Boston, Mass. 

CHEVERTON, GEO. H., Trossacks, Sask. 

CHISHOLM, H. E. M., Press Gallery, 
Parliament Bldgs., Ottawa. 

CHRISTIE, R. 'T., Windsor, N.S. 

CHURCHILL, ALBT., 237 Iberville St., 
Montreal, P.Q. 

CLEMENS, W. A., Biological Labora- 
tory, University of Toronto, 
Toronto, Ont. 

Coz, J. E., Westboro, Ont. 

CoE, Miss Mina, Red Deer, Alta. 

ponUMELS Univ. Liprary, New York, 

COMMISSIONER Dom. PARKS, Dept of. 
Interior, Ottawa, Ont. 

CONNELL, REV. Rost., 1057 Chamber- 
lain St., Victoria, B.C ‘ 

CoNNOLLY, C. J., St. Francis Xavier 
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Cook, C. D., 7, 64 Flatt Ave., Hamil- 
ton, Ont. 

Coox, H. C., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

CORNEEY UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Ithaca, 


CoRNWALL, IRA E., Box 799, William 
Head, Victoria, B.C. ; 
Cosens, Dr. A., Parkdale Collegiate 
Inst., Toronto, Ont. 

Cowan, Miss EDITH, 97 Stanley Ave., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Cox, Pror. Puitip, 329 St. John St., 
Fredericton, N.B. 

Cramp, Miss E. B., 44 Sussex St., 
Rochdale, Yorkshire, England. 
CRAWFORD, H. C., Entomological 

Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa, Ont. 
Crews, A. C., 
Toronto, Ont. 
wager Liprary, The John, Chicago, 
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CRIDDLE, NoRMAN, Treesbank, Man. 
CRIDDLE, STUART, Treesbank, Man. 
CROSSLEY, F., Bashaw, Alta. 
Crossy, G. C.S., Red Deer, Alta. 
CUSTANCE, P. L., 6221—19th St., S.E., 
Calgary, Alta. 
DCN: Dr. P. L., Thetford Mines, 
(0) 

DALE, CHAS. F., 625 Cote St. An- 
toine Road, Westmount, P.Q. 
DALE, E. M. S., 297 Hyman St., 

London, Ont. 
DAVIDSON, JOHN, Provincial Botanist, 
a iS) of B.C., Vancouver, 


Geological Survey, 


Wesley Building, 


Dawson, W. H., 35 Delisle Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Dram, CuHas. C., 103 Main St., Bluff- 
ton, Indiana. 

DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, Regina, Sask. 

De Lury, Dr. RALPH E., Dominion 
Observatory, Ottawa, Ont. 

Der Lury, GEORGE, Alliance, Alta. 

De Lury, Pror. Justin S., Dept. of 
Geology, Univ. of Man., Winnipeg, 


Man. 

Dempsey, J. H. C., P.O. Department, 
Hamilton, Ont. 

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THe CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


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dena, Cal. 

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Weston, Ont. 


Doo.uitTt_Le, FE. A., Painesville, Ohio. 

DUCHARME, G., Pres. Bourget College, 
Rigaud, P.Q. 

DuNLopP, JAMES, Woodstock, Ont. 

DustTANn, A. G., Entomological] Branch, 
Mept. of Agriculture, Birks Bldg., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

DwicutT, J., 43 West 70th St., New 
York City, N.Y. 

Dyer, Mrs. W. E. L., 12 Willow Ave., 
Westmount, P.Q. 

DymonpD, J. R., Royal Ont. Museum 
Zoology, Toronto, Ont. 

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W. 4J., Glenwyld, 


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couver, B.C. 

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ton, Alta. 

Eirric, REv. G., Oak Park, Ill. 

EMERTON, J. H., 30 Ipswich St., Boston, 
Mass. 

ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH LiB., Birks 
Bldg., Ottawa, Ont. 

Evans, Miss E. L., c-o Preventorum, 
Queen Alexandra Sanatorium, 
R.R. No. 7, London, Ont. 

EVANS, JOHN D., Trenton, Ont. 
Facuuty Cius, McGill University, 822 
University St., Montreal, P.Q. 

FARLEY, F. L., Camrose, Alta. 

pA H.Y., 243 Wright Ave., Toronto, 

nt. 

FAUTEUX, AEGIDIUS, 340 Rue St. Denis, 
Montreal, P.Q. 

FAUVEL, B. A., 321 McLeod St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

FERRIER, W. F., 52 St. Andrews 
Gardens, Toronto, Ont. 

FIELD Museum, Natural 
Library, Chicago, Jll. 

FELLOWES, K., Income Tax Office, Daly 
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Fisk, H. H. S., 17 John St., Montreal, 


P.Q. 

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nt. 

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Toronto, Ont. 

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Dayton, Ohio. 

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Toronto, Ont. 

Forsry, Mrs. F. E., Library, Geolo- 
gical Survey, Ottawa, Ont. 

FRASER, Miss A. M., 667 McDermott 
Ave., Winnipeg, Man. 

FRASER, C. McLEAN, University of 
B.C., Vancouver, B.C. — 

FyYLEs, Miss F., Central Exp. Farm, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

GAGNON, T. P., Thetford Mines, Que. 

GaLvin, E. R., Sporting Powder Div:, 
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 
Wilmington, Del., U.S.A. 

GAREEED C. B., Box 512, Cranbrook, 


History 


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Geo SuRVEY LIBRARY, Ottawa, 

nt. 

Gipson, ARTHUR, 5, Entomological 
Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Gipson, A. R., 199 Heath St. W., 
Toronto, Ont. 

GILLESPIR, C., Parry Sound, Ont. 

GLADWIsH, W. E., 1382 Eaton Ave., 
Montreal West, P.Q. 


[Vou. XX XVIII 


GLENDENNING, R., Entomologica 
Branch, Agassiz, B.C. 


GOODRICH, CALVIN, c-o Toledo Blade, 
Toledo, Ohio. 


GORMLEY, Licuort, 7, Arnprior, Ont. 


GOUDIE, Miss Marie J., Alexandor 
High School, Medicine Hat, Alta. 


GOULD, Harry, High River, Alta. 


GouLpING, A. M., Dentonia Park, 
East Toronto, Ont. 


GRAHAM, Miss M. E., c-o Educational 
Dept., Spring Street, Melbourne, 
Australia. 


GRANT, Mrs. M. C., 24 Blackburn 
Ave., Ottawa, Ont. 

GRANU A. W., 16 Powell Ave., Ottawa, 

nt. 

GRINNELL, J., University of California, 
Berkeley, Cal. 

GRISDALE, J. H., Deputy Minister 
Agric., Ottawa, Ont. 

Grist, Miss Mary L., 251 Laurier 
Ave. E., Ottawa, Ont. 

Grou, H. P., Botanical Division, Can. 
Exp. Farm, Ottawa, Ont. 

Gunpy, Mrs. S. W., 73 Spadina R., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Gunpy, Mr. N. F., 16 Oriole Rd., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Gussow, H. T., Central Exp. Farm, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

HALKETT, ANDREW, 216 Lyon St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

HAMBLY, FRED J., Buckingham, P.Q. 

HAMERSLEY, Mrs. W. H., P.O. Box 24, 
Hafford, Sask. 

HamiLTon, Dr. B. A., Highland Park, 
Tl 


HAMILTON BIRD PROT. SOCIETY, 36 
Robinson St., Hamilton, Ont. 
HAMILTON, Dr. F. W. L., 318 Somerset 
Building, Winnipeg, Man. 

HauN, EMANUEL, 32 Adelaide St. E., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Haun, Miss FrEeYA, 9 Washington 
Ave., Toronto, Ont. 

Hanuam, A. W., R.M.D. No. 1, Dun- 
ean, B.C. 

Hanna, Miss L., 20 Wychwood Park, 
Toronto, Ont. 

Harpy, Capt. C. P., 300 Bank of 
Hamilton Bldg., Hamilton, Ont. 

Harkin, J. B., Can. Natl. Parks 
Branch, Ottawa, Ont. 

HarpPER, FRANCIS, Zoological Library, 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 

HARRINGTON, A. JEROME, 813 Bathurst 
St., Toronto, Ont. 

Harrison, W. J., 81 Montcalm St., 
Hull, P.Q. 

HARROLD, C. G., 177 Smith St., Winni- 
peg, Man. 

Hart, THOMAS P., R.R. No. 8, Wood- 
stock, Ont. 4 

Hart, N. C., Western University, St. 
George St., London, Ont. 

HAUuLtTAIN, C. F., 7, Port Hope, Ont. 

Hayes, A. O., 560 Avenida de Mayo, 
Buenos Aires, Argentine. 

HENDERSON, A. D., Belvedere, Alta. 

HILLGARDNER, GORDON, 27 Lafayette 
St., Brockport, N.Y. 

Hopcson, ANGUS, 714 Pine Ave., 
Montreal, P.Q. 

Houpom, Rev. M. W., The Vicarage, 
Surrey Centre, B.C. 

HoLMgEs, Rost., 24 Isabella St., Toron- 
to, Ont. 

HoweEL.u, Mr. GEO., Wychwood Park, 
Toronto, Ont. 

Huarp, CANON V. A., No. 2 Richelieu 
St., Quebec, P.Q. 

Hupson, Pror. G. H., 39 Brook St., 
Plattsburgh, N.Y. 

Hupson, H. F., Entomological Labora- 
tory, Strathroy, Ont. 

HuGues, HERBERT F., Dollard, Sask. 

Hume, G. S., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Hunter, ANGUS, 512 Wellington St., 
London, Ont. 

Huntsman, A. G., 6, Biological Depart- 
ment, University of Toronto, 
Toronto, Ont. 


May, 1924] 


Hurst, Mr. F., 476 Russell Hill Rd., 
Toronto, Ont. 


HutcHines, C. B., Entomological 
Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa, Ont. 


Hutton, W. S., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 


INGLIS, R. A., Div. of Botany, Experi- 
mental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. 


INTERNATIONAL INST. LIBRARY, Dept. 
of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 


JACKES, LyMAN B., Huron Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. - 


JACKSON, H. A. C., 35 Campbell Ave., 
Montreal West, P.Q. 

JAMES, MRS. FREDERICK, Percé, County 
Gaspé, P.Q. 

JARVIS, GERALD, Bank of Ottawa, Arn- 
prior, Ont. 

JENKINS, J. D., Charlottetown, P.E.I. 

JENNESS, D., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

JENNINGS, OTTO E., Carnegie Museum, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 

JONES, NELSON T., R.R. No. 2, Port 
Stanley, Ont. 

JOHANSEN, F., 6, 114 Vittoria St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

JOBSEON: A. S. Jn., Thetford Mines, 


EQ): 
JOHNSON, C. E., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 
Jounson, Mrs. G. E., 70 Flora St., 
St. Thomas, Ont. 
KEALEY, Miss Lutu, 14 Blackburn 
Ave., Ottawa, Ont. 
KENNARD, FREDERIC H., Dudley Road 
Newton Centre, Mass. 
KINDLE, E. M., 8, Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 
ees W. C., 31 Gilmour St., Ottawa, 
nt. - 
Kineston, A. G., Dept. of Public 
Works, Ottawa, Ont. 
Kirro, V., 317 Queen St., Ottawa, Ont. 
Kuiues, A. B., Queen’s ‘ University, 
Kingston, Ont. 
eure A, T. B., ’Arcady’’, Swansea, 
nt. 
LA Bris, W., 7, Kamouraska, P.Q. 
LAING, H. M., Comox, B.C. 
LANGELIER, GUS., 7, Cap Rouge, P.Q. 
LAMBERT, Mrs. A. J. F., Carmagh, 
Sask., via Piapot. 
LATCHFORD, Hon. F. R., 3, Osgoode 
Hall, Toronto, Ont. 
PAUGEEIN, A. W., 87 Elm St., Toronto, 
nt. 
LAw, J. EUGENE, 2370 Altadena Drive, 
Altadena, Cal. 
LAWRENCE, A. G., 7, City Health 
Dept., Winnipeg, Man. 
LAWSON, RALPH, 88 Washington Sq., 
Salem, Mass. 
LAWTON, BENS., Chief Game Warden, 
Edmonton, Alta. 
LEEs, W. A. D., Camrose, Alta. 
LEEs, Miss J., Erindale, Ont. 
Lem, A. H., Biological Department, 
Univesity. of Toronto, Toronto, 
nt. : 
LEONARD, Mrs. R. W., Springbank, 
St. Catherines, Ont. 
Lett, Mrs. R. C. W., 12920 Stoney 
Plain Rd., Edmonton, Alta. 
LrEwis, Harrison F., 7, Can. Natl. 
Parks Branch, Ottawa, Ont. 
LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT, Ottawa, Ont. 
Liprary LEG. ASSEMBLY, Toronto, Ont. 
LIBRARY, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, 
Kan. 
LuoyD, Pror. F. E., McGill University, 
Montreal, P.Q. 
Luioyp, Hoyess, 7, 9, 406 Queen St., 
’ Ottawa, Ont. 
LioypD, Mrs. WILMoT, 7, 406 Queen 
St., Ottawa, Ont. 
LuioyD LiBRARY, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
LOCHHEAD, PrRor. W., MacDonald 
College, P.Q. 
Locigr, SHELLY, 5, 10, 11, Royal 
Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ont. 
Lowe, CuHas. W., Dept. of Botany, 
PPSNEnSILY, of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 
an. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


LuNN, HERBERT, Hillier, Ont. 


MACCLEMENT, W. T., Queen’s Univer- 
sity Grounds, Kingston, Ont. 


MACDONALD, Miss R. H., 38 Herkimer 
St., Hamilton, Ont. 


MacKay, Dr. A. H., 61 Queen St., 
Dartmouth, N.S. 


MACLAUGHLIN, Mrs. F. E., 452 Main 
St. E., Hamilton, Ont. 

MACNAMARA, CHAS., Arnprior, Ont. 

MACSWEEN, A., 375 Jean Mance St., 
Montreal, P.Q. 

MAcoun, W. T., Experimental Farm 
Ottawa, Ont. 

MAGEE, M. J., 603 South St., Sault 
Ste. Marie, Mich. 
MAHEUX, GEORGES, Department of 
Agriculture, Quebec City, P.Q. 
MALcoLm, Miss E., 124 Herkimer St., 
Hamilton, Ont. 

MALTE, Dr. M. O., 2, Geological Sur- 
vey Museum, Ottawa, Ont. 

MArcoTtr, Rev. LEON, St. Charles 
Seminary, Sherbrooke, P.Q. 

MARSHALL, A. G., 15 O’Connor St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Martin, A. W., Can. Nat. Ry. Agt., 
Port Arthur, Ont. 

MARTIN-ZEDE, GEO., Directeur de I|’Ile 
d’Anticosti, Baie Ellis, Anticosti, 


P.Q. 
MASSACHUSETTS Hort. Society, 300 
Massachusetts Ave., Boston, Mass. 
MATHER, KIRTLEY F’., Denison Univer- 
sity, Granville, Ohio. 
McCuttocu, Dr. E. A., 165 St. Clair 
Ave. W., Toronto, Ont. 
McELHINNEY, Dr. M. G., 252 Lisgar 
St., Ottawa, Ont. 


-McGitt University LIBRARY, 65 


MeTavish St., Montreal, P.Q. 

McItwRAITH ORNITH. CLUB, c-o C. G. 
Watson, Secretary, 201 Ridout St., 
South, London, Ont. 

McINNES, WmM., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

McKeroucu, Dr. Gro. T., R.R. No. 1, 
Blenheim, Ont. 

McLAcuHuIn, DAN., Arnprior, Ont. 

McLAINE, L. S., Entomological Branch, 
Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 

McKin.ey, Dr. J. N., 94 Inglewood 
Drive, Toronto, Ont. 

McLeop, J. R., 345 Wortley Road, 
London, Ont. 

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 1919 16th St., 
Washington, D.C. 

MERRIMAN, R. O., 7, 96 West 2nd St., 
Hamilton, Ont. 

MIDDLETON, Mrs., 13 Washington 
Ave., Toronto, Ont. 

MIDDLETON, J. C., 38 Ridgway St., 
London, Ont. 

MIDDLETON, Miss, 10 McMaster Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 

DE Mirronis, H., 355c Elgin St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

pare G. A., Normal School, Ottawa, 

nt. 

MILLER, Pror. W. G., 21 Howland 
Ave., Toronto, Ont. 

MILLEN, Miss C., Hull, P.Q. 

MINER, JOHN T., Kingsville, Ont. 

MissouRI BOTANICAL GARDEN, St. 
Louis, Mo. 

Mogz, G. G., University of B.C., Van- 
couver, B.C. 

Moors, Rev. G. W., D.S.O., 2 Park 
Villas, Barnstaple, N. Devon, 
England. . 

Morris, F., 643 Aylmer St., Peter- 
borough, Ont. 

Morris, RoBertT T., 114 Hast 54th St., 
New York City, N.Y. 

Morrow, Miss EpDItH, 90 Durocher 
St., Montreal, P.Q. 

Morsg, EDWARD §8., 12 Linden St. 
Salem, Mass. 

Mousey, H., 2, 7, Hatley, P.Q. 

Munro, J. A., 7, 1060 St. David St., 
Oak Bay, Victoria, B.C. 

Murray, Jas. M., 406 Simcoe St., 
Woodstock, Ont. 

MurpHy, JOHN, 174 McLaren St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 


99 


MUSEUM OF CITY OF MILWAUKEE 
Library Department, Milwaukee, 
Wis. 

MUSEUM OF Comp. ZooLoGy, Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

NALDER, R. F., East Kelowna, B.C. 
Nasu, C. W., Provincial Museum, St. 
James Square, Toronto, Ont. 
Nat. His. Society OF MAN., c-o Dr 
A. M. Davidson, 6 Medical Arts 

Bldg., Winnipeg, Man. 

NELSON, Denys, General Hospital, 
Vancouver, B.C. 

NEWCOMBE, C. F. (M.D.), 138 Dallas 
Road, Victoria, B.C. 

N.Y. BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park, 
New York City, N.Y. 

N ane FORESTRY COL., Syracuse, 


N.Y. STate Liprary, Albany, N.Y. 
N.Y. ZOOLOGICAL Society, 185th St. & 
southern Bo., Bronx, New York, 
NICOLLS, REv. G. G., 7 Gladstone Ave., 
Westmount, P.Q. 
NOBERT, JULIAN, Cluny, Alta. 
NorDBYE, F. A., Camrose, Alta. 
NORMAL SCHOOL, Brandon, Man. 
NORMAL SCHOOL, Camrose, Alta. 
Ea ScHOooL, Elgin St., Ottawa, 
nt. 
NORMAL SCHOOL, London, Ont. 
NORMAN, ERNEST S., Kalevala, Man. 
Norton, Mrs. Harry A., Edgewater 
Farm, Ayers Cliff, P.Q. 
Nea R. C., 56 Alpine Ave., Hamilton, 
nt. 
O’DONOGHUR, CHAS. H., University of 
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. 
Ocitvy, A. S., Civil Service Comm., 
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ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Lib- 
rary, Guelph, Ont. 
gaan J. F., 64 Walmer Road, Toronto, 
nt. 
Pack, ARTHUR N., 1214 16th St., 
* Washington, D.C. 
PARTRIDGE, J. A., 153 Clendennan 
Ave., Toronto, Ont. 
Payne, F. F., Meteorological Office, 
Bloor St. W., Toronto, Ont. 
Patcu, CLYDE L., 10, Geological Sur- 
vey, Ottawa, Ont. 
PATTERSON, ARNOTT M., Humberside 
Ave., Toronto, Ont. 
PATERSON, A. J., 60 Brock Ave., 
Montreal West, Que. 
PATERSON, T. D., 562 Waterloo St., 
London, Ont. 
PATRICK, JAMES, Yorkton, Man. 
PEARSE. THEED., Box 158, Courtney, 


PEARSON, T. GILBERT, 1974 Broadway, 
New York, N.Y. 

PEMBER, KARL A., Woodstock, Vt. 

PEMBERTON, C. C., 606 Sayward Bldg., 
Victoria, B.C. 

PERKINS, E., Box 52, Waterville, Maine 

PERLEY, Mrs. W. B., Ojibway, Essex 
Co., Ont. 

Petcu, C. E., Hemmingford, P.Q. 

Puitip, P. B., 220 Broadway, New 
York City, N.Y. 

PICHER, R. H., Mines Branch, Sussex 
St., Ottawa, Ont. 

PrIERSOL, Pror. W. H., 35 Dunvegan 
Rd., Toronto, Ont. 

Porte, T. Y., c-o H. Birks & Sons, 
Winnipeg, Man. 

PoTteR, LAWRENCE B., Gower Ranch, 
East End, Sask. 

Fowan, Dr., 167 College St., Toronto, 

nt. 

PREECE, W. H. A., 5, 7, 21 Wellington 
St., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 

PrRIcE, Miss E., 27 Irwin St., Toronto. 

Prince, Prof. E. E., Dept. of Marine & 
Fisheries, Ottawa, Ont. 

PRINGLE, J. D., 273 Wright Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 

PUGSLEY, E., 8 Ahrens St. E., Kitchen- 
er, Ont. 

PuGsLey, E., R.R. No. 3, Kitchener. 

PuGET SOUND BIOLOG. STATION, c-o 
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, 
Wash. 


100 


QuerBec Society Prot. Birps, 66 Ar- 
lington Ave., Westmount, P.Q. 
QUEENS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Kings- 
ton, Ont. 

Racry, KENNETH, 3262 1st Ave. West, 
Vancouver, B.C. 

Raine, W., 7, Waverley Villa, Kew 
Beach, Toronto, Ont. 

RANDALL, T. E., Box 239, Castor, Alta. 

Rayo, W. A., 30 St. Mary St., Clark- 
son, Toronto, Ont. 

Raymonp, P. E., Harvard University, 
Cambridge, Mass. 

REED, GUILFORD W., 150 Frontenac 
St., Kingston, Ont. 

REED, MONTAGUE, 2660 Park Ave., 
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Ree A., 12 Gibson Ave., Hamilton, 

t 


nt. 

REYNOLDS, Dr., 445 Colborne St., 
London, Ont. 

Rrynotps, Miss G. B., Auditor 
General’s Office, Ottawa, Ont. 

RICHARDSON, W. D., Chief Chemist, 
Swift & Co., Union Stock Yards, 
Chicago, Ill. 

RoBB, WALLACE H., Cazenovia, N.Y. 

ROBERTSON, A. D., Western University, 
London, Ont. 

ROBERTSON, CARL T., 1626 Hollyrood 
Rd. N., Cleveland, Ohio. 

ROBERTSON, GC. N., c-o Ross Realty Co., 
Room 805 Lewis Bldg., 17 St. 
John St., Montreal, P.Q. 

Roper, RicuT Rev. J. C., 140 Bay St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Ross, W. A., Vineland Station, Ont. 

Rowan, WM., University of Alberta, 
Edmonton, Alta. 

RowE, T. C., 27 Gwynne Ave., Ottawa, 
Ont. 

RoyaL CANADIAN INSTITUTE, 198 
College St., Toronto, Ont. 

Rusu, M. 1.., 224 Driveway, Ottawa, 


Ont.. 
RussgEu, L. S., University of Alberta, 
Edmonton, Alta. . 

Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. 

Sapir, E., 1, Victoria Museum, Ottawa, 
Ont. 

SAUNDERS, W. E., 240 Central Ave., 
London, Ont. 

ScHANTZ, ORPHEUS M., 10 South La- 
salle St., Chicago, Ill. : 

Scott, R. Bruce, 214 Poplar Plains, 
Toronto, Ont. ( 

Scort, Rev. C. T., 127 Westminster 
Ave.. Toronto, Ont. 

Scart, C. W., 2760 Hutchison St., 
Montreal, P.Q. 3 

Scor1, Miss Mary MckK., Interior 
Department, Ottawa, Ont. 

Scott, W. L., 383 Stewart St., Ottawa, 
Ont. 

Srouin, C., Haileybury, Ont. 

SETON, ERNEST T., Lake Ave., Green- 
wich, Conn. 
SHaw, Mrs. ®. h., 56 Homewood Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. ‘ 
SHaw, W. T., State College, Washing- 
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SHERMAN, Miss A. R., Route No. 2, 
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SHIRAS 3RD., GmEO., Stoneleigh Court, 
Washington, D.C. 

Suutt, F. f., Central Exp. Farm, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Sirton, Dr. H. B., 10 Tathnally Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 

SINCLAIR, D. M., Eckville, Alta. 

SMALL, Dr. H. B., 150 Laurier Ave. W., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Smitu, A. G., Wainwright, Alta. 

SmitH, FRANK, Natural History Bldg., 
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SmirH, HARLAN I., Geological Survey, 
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SmitH, NAPIER, c-o Bank of Montreal, 
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SNELL, C. H., Red Deer, Alta. 
Snyper, L. L., 7, 9, Royal Ont. Mu- 
seum Zoology, Toronto, Ont. 
Socipts PROVANCHER D’ HISTOIRE NAT- 

URELLE DU CANADA, Quebec, P.Q. 
Soprr, J.D., 10527 85th Ave., Hdmon- 
ton, Alta. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


SowTrer, T. W. E., Cont. Surveyors 
ffice, Department of Interior, 


Ottawa, Ont. 

SprcK, F. G., Univ. of Pennsylvania, 
Museum, Univ. of Pa., Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 


SPEECHLY, Dr. H. M., 208 Enderton 
Bldg., Winnipeg, Man. 

SPENCELEY, PROF. J. G., Western Univ., 
London, Ont. 

SPREADBOROUGH, WM., 859 Phoenix 
St., Victoria, B.C. 

Sprot, G. D., R.R. Cobble Hill, Van- 
couver Isld., B.C. 

Squires, Mrs. NATHAN C., 7, Frederic- 
ton, N.B. 

STAPLES, OWEN, Hogarth Ave., To- 
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STATIEN, TAYLOR, 14 McMaster Ave., 
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STEPHEN, REv. Bro., Longueil, P.Q. 

STERNBERG, CHAS. M., Geological Sur- 
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Sinvens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Sq., 
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STEWART, Mr. JOHN, 28 South Street, 
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STEWART, R. M., Dominion Observa- 
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STEWART, RONALD, Comox, B.C. 

Stour, Rev. M. L., St. Alexander 
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S1RICKLAND, BH. H., University of 
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Swa.ss, B. H., U.S. National Museum, 
Division of Birds, Washington, 


D.C. 
Swirt, H. F., 110A Grand Boulevard, 
Notre Dame de Grace, Montreal, 


P.Q. 

Symss, P. B., 499 Somerset St., Ottawa, 
Ont. 7 : 

TAVERNER, P. A., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

TayLor, A. W., 68 Yale St., St. Cather- 
ines, Ont. 

Tayvior, W., 2301 Trinity St., Van- 
eouver, B.C. 

Trempre, PETER, 438 Gladstone Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 

TERRILL, Lewis M., 44 Stanley Ave., 
St. Lambert, P.Q. 


THACKER, T. L., Little Mountain, 
Hope, B.C. 
THomas, 8. M., 298 Garry St., Winni- 


peg, Man. 

THOMPSON, STUART, 529 Roxton Road, 
Toronto, Ont. 

THoMsoN, Pror. R. B., Botanical 
Laboratories, University of To- 
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THURSTON, J-, 6138 7th Ave. W., 
Calgary, Alta. ; 

TISDALE, PAUL, Kenton, Man. 

TopLey, Mrs. W. J., 272 Somerset St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

ToRONTO FIBLD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB, 

- 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto, Ont. 

TOWNSEND, DR. CHAS. W., 98 Pinckney 
St., Boston, Mass. 

TURNBULL, J. F., Box 1097, North Bay, 
Ont. 

TURNBULL, J. D., 48th Ave. West, 
Vancouver, B.C. 
TYRRELL. J. B., Room 534, Confedera- 
tion Life Bldg., Toronto, Ont. 
U.S. Dept. or AcRic., LIBRARY, Wash- 
ington, D.C. ; 

U.S. GroLoc. Survey LinraAry, Dept. 
of Interior, Washington, D 

Untv., oF ALBERTA LIBRARY, Edmon- 
ton Seuth, Alta. 

UnIv. oF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, Berke- 
ley, Cal. 

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 
Library, Chicago, Ill. 

Univ. of HarvarD LIBRARY, Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

Untv. oF ILLINOIS LIBRARY, Urbana, 


General 


Unrv. LAVAL BIBLIOTHEQUE, Quebec 
City, P.Q. 

UNIV. oF MANITOBA LIBRARY, Kennedy 
St., Winnipeg, Man. 

Univ. oF MicHiGAN LIBRARY, Ann 
Arbor, Mich. 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL, Botanical 
rons St. Denis St., Montreal, 


UNIVERSITY OF OHIO, The Li ; 
Columbus, Ohio. pape LET 


UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, The Librar 
Toronto, Ont. ; ee? 


VANCOUVER NAT. His. Soctmty, c-o 
C. F. Connor, 3529 2nd Ave. W., 
Vancouver, B.C. 


VAN Horne, Miss, 515 Sherbrooke St. 
W., Montreal, P.Q. 

VEBERT, E. P., 45 Robert Ave., Outre- 
mont, P.Q. 

WAILES, G. H., 1472 Charles St., Van- 
couver, B.C. 

WALLIS, J. B., School Board Office, 
William St., Winnipeg, Man. 

WALKER, BRYANT, 1306 Dime Bank 
Bldg., Detroit, Mich. 

WALKER, Dr. E. M., 67 Alcina Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 

WALKER, P.S., 2127 Cypress St., Van- 
couver, B.C. 
WARREN, Dr. B. H., 220 West Market 
St., Westchester, Pa., U.S.A. 
WARDELL, Miss BE. B., 94 Gloucester 
St., Toronto, Ont. 

WARWICK, F. W., 36 Blenheim Road, 
Galt, Ont. é 

WaAuGH, F. W., Geological Survey, 
Victoria Museum, Ottawa, Ont. 

WINCH, F., Sporting Powder Div., 
E. I. du Pont de Nemours Coy., 
Wilmington, Del., U.S.A. 

Waite, Ep. F. G., 185 Wurtemburg 
St., Ottawa, Ont. . 

Wuitsr, G. R., 185 Wurtemburg St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

WHITE, H. C., Queen’s University, 
Kingston, Ont. 

WHITE, JAS., Snelgrove, Ont. 

Wuitr, J. H., Faculty of Forestry, 
University, of Toronto, Toronto, 

nt. 

WHITEHOUSE, F. C., Canadian Bank 
Commerce, Nelson, B.C. 

WHITTAKER, E. J., Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Wickuam, Pror. H. F., State Univer- 
sity, lowa City, Lowa. “ 

WILLEY, Pror. ARTHUR, McGill Uni- 
versity, Montreal, P.Q. 

WILLIAMs, M. Y., University of B.C., 
Vancouver, B.C. 

Wiuiams, J. L., Laurentian Club, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

WILson, Miss ALicE E., Geological 
Survey, Ottawa, Ont. 

WILSon, Miss E., Acacia Ave., Rock- 
cliffe, Ottawa, Ont. 

WILSON, JOHN T., 178 Rideau Terrace, 

' Ottawa, Ont. 

WINCHESTER, H. S., 35 Willard Ave., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

WINSoN, J. W., Huntingdon, B.C. 

WINTEMBURG, W. J., 32 Grosvenor 
Ave., Ottawa, Ont. 

Woop, A. A., R.R. No. 2, Ilderton, Ont. 

Woop, C. RoDNEY, Boy Scouts’ Assn., 
203 Wellington St., Ottawa, Ont. 

Woop, Miss KiNG, 29 Alcina Ave., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Woop, Cou. Wm., 59 Grand Allee, 
Quebec City, P.Q. 

WoLFE, Wm., 102nd St., Edmonton, 
Alta. 

Wricut, A. H., Zoological Department, 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 

Wricut, J. FRANK, Victoria Mem. 
Museum, Ottawa, Ont. 

Wricut, Miss Erta, 34 Rockcliffe, 
Ottawa, Ont. 

Wricut, Miss S. E., 317 Queen St., 
Ottawa, Ont. 

YEOMANS, Miss N. A., 137 Isabella St., 
Toronto, Ont. 

Younc, C. H., Victoria Memorial Mu- 
seum, Ottawa, Ont. 

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, Christiana, Nor- 


way. 
ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, Copenhagen, 

Denmark. : 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, LONDON, Regents 

Park, London N.W. 8, England. 


CLASSIFIED NOTICES 


““THE CONDOR” is a bi-monthly illustrated 
magazine of Western Ornithology—started in 
1899 and now better than ever. Edited by Dr. 
Joseph Grinnell and published by The Cooper 
Ornithology Club. $3.25 per year. The Condor 
is an essential to any student of American Birds. 

Lee Chambers, Business Manager, Eagle 
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_ Hon. Presidents: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D.; W. G. Scort; 
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President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 

2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
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AND F. W. GopDsAL. Trustees:—REV. R. CONNELL, Dr. C. F. 
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Hon. President: Hon. Geo. HoaDLtEy; Hon. Vice-President: 

_ H.A. Craic; G. W. Smirs, M.P.P.; J.J. GAETZ; President: 
-C. H. SNELL; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS; DR. 
Henry GEORGE; Secretary-Treasurer: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red 

~ Deer; Directors: Mrs. H. GEorRGE, Red Deer; Mrs. G. F. 
Root, Wetaskiwin; K. BowMAN, Edmonton; F. S. Carr, 
“Edmonton; D. MAcKIE, Edmonton; W. A. CASSELS, Red 
Deer; S. PAMELY, Red Deer; C. G. S. CrosBy, Red Deer; 

_ W. F. Harris, Red Deer; H. R. ORAM. Red Deer. Members 


ualified to answer enquiries: Birds: Mrs. W. A. CASsELS, Red — 


Deer; Dr. H. GEorGE, Red Deer; Mammals: Dr. H. GEORGE, 
Red Deer; Fishes: F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer; Flowers: 
Mrs. H. GEORGE, Red Deer; Insects: Coleoptera, F. C. CARR, 
11050 123rd St., Edmonton; Lepidoptera, K. BOWMAN, 9914 
115th St., Edmonton; Odonata, F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer. 
; The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 
aN last Friday of each month except during July and August and 
_ perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 
on the last Friday in November. — ‘ 


LONDON, ONT. _ 


President: T. D. PATTERSON, 562 Waterloo Street; Recording 

Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McKone, Worthey Road; Correspond- 

_ tng Secretary and Treasurer: E. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.; 

_ Members qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 

Central Ave.;_C.G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South; J. R. 
_ McLeop, 355 Wortley Road; J. F. CALVERT, 461 Tecumseh 

 Ave.; E. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St. ; : 


* VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 
_ Hon. President: L. S. Kuinck, LL.D., Pres. University of B.C.; 
President: JoHN Davinson, F. L. S., University of B.C.; 
_ Vice-President: FRED PERRY; Hon. Secretary: C. ¥. CONNOR, 
__ M.A., 3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: 
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PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 
PROTECTION OF BIRDS 
Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: L. MclI. TsRRiyg 
Vice- Presidents: ALEX MACSWEEN, NAPIER SMITH, E. ARNOLD; 
Hon. Corresponding Secretary: W. S. Hart, P.O. Box 1185, 
Montreal; Hon. Recording Secretary: Miss H. STonms 
Hon. Treasurer: Miss M. ARMITAGE, 63 Arlington Ave., 
Westmount; Directors: Miss EDITH Morrow; MIss LOUISE 
MurpHy; Miss Emity LuUKm; MR, AND Mrs. C. F. DaLm 
Mrs. J. T. Ayers; Miss JHAN MCCONNELL; W. A. OSWALD; 
A. F.- Winn; Mr. AND Mrs. WALLACH H. RosE; W. G. 
WRIGHT. Members qualified to answer questions: L. Mcl. 
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‘Bank of Montreal, Magog, Que.; E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St., 
Montreal; W.A.OsWALD, 301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G.. Montreal 
. N. ROBERTSON, c-o Ross Realty Co., Room 805, Lewis 
Bldg., St. John St., Montreal, Que.; DR. ARTHUR WILLBY, 
McGill University, Montreal; W. J. BROWN, 250 Oliver Ave., 
Westmount, Que.; Miss EDITH MoRROW AND Miss EMILY 
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NATURELLE DU CANADA 


Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: DOCTBUR S. GAUDREAU; ier vice-président: ABBH 

A. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: A.-R.-M, BOULTON; 

Secrétatre-trésorier: Louis-B. LAvotr; Chef de la section 

scientifique: A.-A. GopBoUT; Chef de la section de propaganda 
éducationnelle: DoctEUR A. Dery; Chef de la section de pro- 

tection: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; Chef de la section d’information 

scientifique et pratique: DOCTEUR J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: 

R.-F. LINDSAY; Jos. MATTE; G.-S. AHERN. 


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Hon. President: HoN. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria 
Vice-President: T. L. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana- 
gan Landing; Dr. KeLso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. RAcEYy, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
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Seve , 35 3 3 Zw BM Fatih fg ec le ne i 
“VOL. XXXVIII, No. 6 (Special Number) ae, 


SRP 


WE LDN A GLAST CLUB 


ISSUED MAY 28, 1924 
Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter 


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THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB 


Patrons: i are? 
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND THE LADY BYNG OF VIMY — 


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; mA oe LqPot ode 
_- President: HoyEs LLOYD. 


1st Vice-President: G./A, MinLER,, | hi 2nd Vice-President: NORMAN CRIDDLE 


Secretary: f Treasurer: 
J. F,. WRIGHT, \ _ B.A. FAUVEL, 
(Geological Survey, Ottawa.) (Mounted Police Headquarters, 
(Laroque Bldg., Rideau and Dalhousie Sts., Ottawa) 


— 


Additional Members of Council: W.T.Macoun; Miss M. E. CowAn; C. M. STERNBERG; H. I. SMITH; 
F. W. WaAucuH; P. A. TAVERNER; E. Sapir; E. M. KINDLE; W.J. WINTEMBERG; R. E. DELURY; 
ARTHUR GIBSON; M.O. Matte; R. M. ANDERSON; H. Grou; Miss F. FYLEs; C. B. HUTCHINGS; — 
H. M. Ami; CiypE L. PatcH; D. JENNESS; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN; W.N. KELLY; — 
C. H. SNELL; J. R. McLeop; JOHN Davipson; L. McI. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; FRANCIS 
KERMODE; Pror. R. B. THOMSON; THE EDITOR. Pee saci . 


} 
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Ediior: 
HARRISON F.. LEWIS, _~ 


Canadian National Parks Branch, Nal i eae “ae 
Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. ag ie 


~ 


Associate Editors: ai 
ESV. ed 0 ohare sade Oe PU Rac Ree cate Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN............ Marine Biology 
Oe MATE: Pe ie Beat ayer Botany BOA. TAVERNER. | 35.0.2 eeu Ornithology 
Ry GATCHNORDiAW a. 8. siete selon Conchology Be Mi KIND Big) ie) oe eee Palaeontology — ‘ 


E. 
M- 
MEY WILETAMG oc ae ae Geology R..M. ANDERSON...) 5.00 22a ee _.. Zoology 


ARTHUR GIBSON.......20eeceeees Entomology Crype’ L, PATCH... 3.0/5 De H erpetology e, 


CONTENTS. 
Birds of Saskatchewan. By bbrktedley Mitchell or ones ek acenreae mio Uae eee 2 oe Os a ae 


Notes and Observations:— j 2 Nena 
Note to Librarians...... SO Mati chin) 80. SRNR CINE YO UE Pe 
Large Numbers of Mallards Remain in Buffalo Lake, Alberta, Throughout Winter. By 
Branle Te) Marlee Gi) eae tits CAC a 1 Oo Neat i ee a rr i 
Notes'on Crossbills: (By Me Wiss Dalen a eee Peoria eran HA 0 a te 
Mystery, Bands. By J 2A Minar Me Ie rts aoa a OS dal mig Gee hea ae 
Birds Mobbing Felting on a Fence-post. By C. E. Johnson......................... Bea 


Occurrence of the Least Bittern in Manitoba. By B. J. Hales...................... oe 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST, lately THe OTTawa NATURALIST, established 
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Autobiography of 


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This volume is an account of the life of this veteran Ki ed 
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The Canadian Field-Naturalist 


SPECIAL NUMBER 
VoL. XX XVIII 


OTTAWA, ONT., MAY, 1924 


No. 6 
BIRDS OF SASKATCHEWAN 
By H. HEDLEY MITCHELL 
Regina, 1923 
NCORPORATED a province in 1905, point being 4,240 feet above sea level. They bear 


Saskatchewan was known, previous to 
that time, as Assiniboia, a comparatively 
small area of the south of which extended 
westward into what is now part of the Province of 
Alberta; the northern boundary was finally 
extended to include a part of the old Northwest 
Territory in 1912. The changed boundaries of 
the province as it is to-day comprise an area of 
about 250,000 square miles, a region twice the 
size of the British Isles, or equal to the combined 
areas of the States of North Dakota, South Dakota 
and Nebraska. Though it is generally spoken of 
as one of the “‘prairie provinces’’, by far the greater 
part is wooded. From the southern, or Montana- 
North Dakota boundary, the open prairie extends 
to a line approximately 50 miles south of the city 
of Prince Albert. This prairie belt is, however, 
more or less wooded in parts, as in the Cypress 
Hills, Moose Mountain and other districts north- 
ward. In the extreme south, bordering on Mon- 
tana, is a semi-arid zone of rolling prairie where 
the sage-brush and cactus are found; a ranching 
or stock-raising district. To the north-east is the 
great “Regina Plain’’, a level, treeless, wheat- 
producing prairie, while across the centre of the 
province is the principal forest zone of merchant- 
able timber, mainly coniferous, extending to the 
north boundary, where it becomes stunted as it 
approaches the Barren Grounds beyond. The 
land slopes, for the most part, from west to east, 
with an elevation above sea level of from 1,500 to 
3,000 feet. 


The occurrence of a few groups of low wooded 
hills, in places, is all that varies the general flat- 
ness of the whole province, the most important of 
these being the Cypress Hills in the southwest, 
extending from east to west about 80 miles and 
from north to south some 25 miles, their highest 


jackpine, spruce, poplar and other trees along the 
northern slopes and in the coulees. The principal 
rivers are the North and the South Saskatchewan 
Rivers and the Churchill River. The larger lakes, 
such as Athabaska, Reindeer, La Ronge and 
Wollaston Lakes, are found in the north, and are 
all well stocked with fish. In the south the waters 
of the lakes are more or less alkaline, though Last 
Mountain Lake and the Qu’Appelle Lakes contain 
fish. The accompanying map embraces only the 
principal lakes, rivers and hills, no attempt being 
made to show the innumerable “sloughs” of the 
prairie and the corresponding ‘“‘muskegs’’ of the 
timbered regions. It is divided into three parts 
by “‘life zones’’; in the north we have the Hudson- 
ian zone, in the centre the Canadian zone and in 
the south the Transition zone (with possibly a 
small portion of the Upper Austral zone in the 
extreme south), which are some of the subdivisions 
of the Austral and Boreal Regions as used by 
ornithologists in recent years in mapping the dis- 
tribution or range of North American birds. The 
dotted line across the centre shows that the divid- 
ing line between north and south comes near the 
north end of Montreal Lake, so that Prince Albert, 
which is generally spoken of as being “in the 
north’, is in the southern half of the province. 
Thus when a species (referred to in the following 
list) is noted as ‘“‘common through the south to 
upper Transition zone”, this would indicate that 
its approximate range (within the province) is 
from the United States boundary to about the 
latitude of Saskatoon, and so on, as the case may 
be. Probably the first knowledge we have of the 
ornithology of Saskatchewan was furnished by 
Captain Blackiston, who collected specimens at 
the old Fort Carlton and elsewhere in the Prince 


Albert region in 1858. Later on specimen records 


102 


were made available by James M. Macoun!, who 
traversed the province by way of the Churchill 
River in 1888; by Messrs. Bent, Bishop and 
Dwight, who made collections in the south-western 
part of the province in 1905 and 1906; by Angus 
Buchanan, who travelled down the Beaver and 

Churchill Rivers to Reindeer Lake and beyond in 
1914 (whose collections were reported on by J. H. 
Fleming),and by Messrs. Harper, Laing and Loring, 
members of the U.S. Biological Survey (Washing- 
ton, D.C.) party, who collected at Lake Atha- 
baska—within the province—in 19207. Other 
collectors and observers in the south have rendered 
valuable aid in the preparation of the present list 
by supplying both specimen records and hypo- 
thetical, or sight records, as C. G. Harrold, Winni- 
peg; L. B. Potter, Eastend; F. Bradshaw, Regina; 
Neil Gilmour, Moose Jaw; Geo. Lang, Indian 
Head; Hugh McCrae, Expanse; and others, to 
all of whom the writer’s thanks are due, and 
especially so to Messrs. J. H. Fleming, Toronto; 
and P. A. Taverner, Ottawa, for identifying speci- 
mens and for assistance in the general preparation 
of the list. During the few seasons that time has 
been available for field work the writer has, in 
recent years, been able to collect specimens of 
some 18 or 20 species hitherto unrecorded in the 
province, as far as known, so that it will be readily 
understood that there is still much to learn of the 
bird life of this extensive and interesting region. 
The number preceding each species listed, com- 
monly known as the A.O.U. number, and the 
nomenclature, are in accordance with the Ameri- 
can Ornithologists’ Union ‘Check-list’; the A.O.U. 
numbers are a great convenience to the student in 
looking up any particular species in standard 
works on North American Birds with reference to 
colour, size or economic status, etc. 

- The economic status of species is but briefly 
touched upon here as nearly all of our birds are 
beneficial to agriculture; it is stressed in the case 
of Hawks, on account of the unfortunate but pre- 
valent idea, especially in some rural districts, that 
all Hawks are harmful. The terms common, not 
common, or uncommon, rare, etc., denote the com- 
parative abundance of the species, while the 
terms winter visitant (applied to a bird found in 
the province only in winter), swmmer visitant (mig- 
rating from the south and remaining during the 
summer or breeding season), transient visitant 
(migrating through but not remaining within the 
province winter or summer) and resident (one 
permanently remaining within the province 
winter and summer) indicate the seasonal status 
of the species recorded. With but few exceptions 


‘With whom was associated W. Spreadborough. 
m Ouse kindly furnished by Dr. E. W. Nelson, Washington, 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


the species listed beyond are represented by speci- 
mens in the Provincial Museum, Regina, barring 
those in brackets, which are ‘“‘Hypothetical’’, 
a term used in recording species of which no speci- 
men is available, but reported seen within the 
region concerned; i.e., ‘‘sight records’; doubtful 
records and birds that may well be expected to be 
met with sooner or later in the province are also 
included as hypothetical; this arrangement has 
been followed mainly for the convenience of the 
less advanced student, though it is customary to 


_arrange the Hypothetical list entirely apart from 


the main list. Where the word specimen or speci- 
mens appears (applied to the more uncommon 
birds), followed by acquisition numbers, it indi- 
cates that there is one or more specimens in the 
Provincial Museum, unless otherwise stated. No 
previous attempt has been made to record system- 
atically the birds of the province as a whole, and 
while the present list is not claimed to be exhaus- 
tive, it is hoped it will be a basis for further re- 
search and meet an increasing demand by teachers 
and students for ‘‘a work on Saskatchewan Birds.” 
That provincial and state lists for the whole of 
North America would be very desirable, even if 
no more complete than the present, may be 
readily understood. Obviously one of their many 
uses would be in suggesting birds to be expected 
in adjacent parts of neighbouring states and pro- 
vinces whose avifauna is less known; apparently 
some provinces, and states too, are comparatively 
neglected in this respect, while others are inten- 
sively studied by counties, or as recorded in “‘local 
lists’. 

Interest in bird study has increased greatly in 
recent years, nature study is becoming more wide- 
spread in this province, as it is elsewhere, and 
fortunately so, as with added knowledge of birds 
and their relation to agriculture will surely come 
a better sentiment towards these feathered friends 
of ours and of the farmer especially; the hitherto 
reckless killing of beneficial birds, largely at the 
hands of thoughtless boys with the deadly .22 
rifle, can be stopped only by education along the 
lines of nature study in our schools throughout 
the province. The beginner, whether desiring to 
study birds as a scientist or simply as a lover of 
nature, must needs first of all learn to name them, 
to know them by their correct names; this identi- 
fication of birds is often discouraging at first, but 
patience, frequent reference to local lists and 
bird books, and careful study of mounted birds in 
museums, when possible, will soon enable a stu- 
dent who has sufficient enthusiasm to go on, to 
name correctly and with surprising readiness the 
birds he sees. While a coloured illustration of 
each species is a most desirable aid to the beginner, 
it is impossible to provide this in a work such as the 


VoL, XXXVIII 
May, 1924 


present, but the need of it can be greatly overcome 
by using the Bird Guide by C. K. Reed, parts 1 
and 2, in conjunction with the provincial list, or 
the Colour Key and Guide to the Birds of Eastern 
Nortth America, by F. M. Chapman and C. K. 
Reed. The Handbook of Birds of the Western 
United States, by Florence Merriam Bailey, though 
_lacking coloured plates, will be found very instruc- 
tive and helpful, especially with some few species 
omitted in the other works mentioned, such as 
Say’s Phoebe, Bullock’s Oriole, Pink-sided Junco, 
Western Tanager, etc., or birds which are peculiar 
to the west, and which occur in Saskatchewan. 
The list of ‘“hypotheticals”’, gathered together for 
ready reference on the back page, will suggest 
species to be looked for, which are as yet unre- 
corded through the actual taking of specimens in 
the province. Some of these are rare, while 
others apparently are not rare, but have been over- 
looked or not secured when seen. 
It is not too much to hope that the Provincial 
Museum will, in time to come, contain all of the 
species herein listed. 


H. HEDLEY MITCHELL 


Provincial Museum, 
Regina, _ 
January, 1924. 


A.O.U. No. 


1. Aechmophorus occidentalis. WESTERN 
GREBE.—Common summer visitant through the 
south to upper transition zone; noted breeding in 
small colonies near Big Stick, Cypress, Quill an 
Last Mountain Lakes. 


2. Colymbus holboelli. HOLBOELL’S GREBE. 
—Not common summer visitant, noted through- 
out the province; found breeding near Moose 
Mountain and northward to Lake Athabaksa. 


3. Colymbus auritus. HORNED GREBE.— 
Common summer visitant, breeding most com- 
monly through the south to Canadian zone. 


4, Colymbus_ nigricollis  californicus. 
EARED GREBE.—Fairly common summer visitant, 
breeding through most of south, more sparingly 
northward. 


6. Podilymbus podiceps. PIED-BILLED 
GREBE.—Not common, found breeding near Quill 
Lake and sparingly through the south into Hud- 
sonian zone. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


103 


7. Gavia immer. COMMON LOoNn.—Fairly 
common summer visitant, noted during breeding 
seasons in the Moose Mountain district, at Big 
River and on Reindeer Lake; probably breeds 
mostly in Canadian and Hudsonian zones. 


(10. Gavia adamsi. YELLOW-BILLED Loon.—Apparently 


rare migrant in upper Hudsonian zone, this species of lim- 
ited range to the northwest of the province is recorded by 
Macfarlane as taken at Fond du Lac, Lake Athabaska, 
Spring of 1885. The specimen was sent to J. J. Dalgleish, 
of Edinburgh, Scotland (E. A. Preble, Athabaska-Mackenzie 
Report, North American Fauna No. 27). Hypothetical.] 


[10. Gavia pacifica. Paciric Loon.—Probably uncom- 
mon visitant in Hudsonian zone. Found breeding at west end 
of Lake Athabaska—Fort Chipewyan, N.W. Alberta—June, 
1885, by R. Macfarlane; the bird and eggs were sent to J. J. 
Dalgleish, Scotland. No doubt this species, which closely 
resembles the Black-throated Loon, also occurs in the eastern 
(larger) part of the lake within the province. Hypothetical] 


11. Gavia stellata. RED-THROATED LOON.— 
Uncommon transient visitant; one specimen (830) 
was taken on Waskana Creek, East Regina, 
November 18, 1916. 


36. Stercorarius pomarinus. POMARINE 
JAEGER.—Rare transient visitant; one specimen 
(1477) taken near Yellow Grass, November 9, 
1922. Probably not as rare in Upper Hudsonian 
zone. 

(87. Sétercorarius parasiticus. PARASITIC JAEGER.—Pro- 
bably uncommon visitant in upper Hudsonian zone. Recorded 
at Fort Chipewyan, west end of Lake Athabaska, by Harper. 
It may well be expected to occur at eastern parts of the lake 
within the province and as a rare migrant southward. Hypo- 
thetical.] : 

51. Larus argentatus. HERRING GULL.— 
Apparently uncommon through most of province. 
Only known specimens within the province were 
taken at Lake Athabaska, July 26, 1920, by U.S. 
Biological Survey party. Birds reported at Qu’ 
Appelle Lakes and Crane Lake are probably refer- 
able to L. californicus. 


CALIFORNIA GULL. 


—Fairly common summer visitant, mostly so 
southwest in transition zone. Found breeding at 
Johnston, Last Mountain and Big Stick Lakes, 
more sparingly northward. 


53. Larus californicus. 


54. Larus delawarensis. RING-BILLED 


GULL.—Common summer visitant, breeding at 
Johnston, Quill, and Last Mountain Lakes, more 
sparingly northward. 


55. Larus brachyrhynchus. SHORT-BILLED 
GULL.—Uncommon north, recorded only in Hud- 
sonian zone. One specimen (755) from Reindeer 
Lake, July 9 1914—Buchanan. One taken at 
Lake Athabaska, August 18, 1920, by U.S. Biolog- 
ical Survey party. 


59. Larus franklini. FRANKLIN’S GULL.— 
Common summer visitant through the south, in 


104 


transition zone. <A large colony found breeding 
at Kutawagan Lake. 


60. Larus philadelphia. BONAPARTE’S 
GULL.—Not common in migrations in the south; 
small flocks noted in Moose Mountain district, 
and found apparently breeding near Big River, 
June, 1922. 


62. Xema sabini. SABINE’S GULL.—Not 
noted in the south. Two specimens (738-769) 
taken at Sandy Lake, Churchill River, June 9, 
1914. 


[64. Sterna caspia imperator. CASPIAN TERN.—Ap- 
parently not rare and breeding along upper Hudsonian zone. 
Recorded by Seton at Delta of Athabaska River, Alberta, 
June 4, 1904. Found common in same district and apparently 
about to breed, June 2-9, 1914, by Harper. There is no doubt 
whatever this species occurs, at least in northern Saskatchewan, 
but no specimens are available. Hypothetical.] 

69. Sterna forsteri. FORSTER’S TERN.— 
“Rare: a few birds were seen at Many Island 
Lake (on the interprovincial boundary), on June 18, 
1906, and on July 9 two specimens were taken here 


by Dr. Bishop.” Bent, Auk, 1907, XXIV, p. 420. 


70. Sterna hirundo. COMMON TERN.— 
Common summer visitant, breeding at larger 
bodies of water in transition zone, more sparingly 
to upper Hudsonian zone. 


71. Sterna paradiscea. ARCTIC TERN.— 
Probably uncommon north in Hudsonian zone. 
Only known Saskatchewan specimens were taken 
at Lake Athabaska, August 7, 1920, by U.S. Biol. 
Survey party; these were noted as evidently on 
their breeding ground. 


77. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis. BLACK 
TERN.—Common summer visitant, breeding in 
sloughs through the south; noted at Big River 
and northward into Hudsonian zone. 


120. Phalacrocorax auritus. DOUBLE- 
CRESTED CORMORANT.—Common summer visitant, 
breeding from Lake Johnston and other larger 
lakes»of the south, more sparingly northward to 
Hudsonian zone. 


125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. WHITE 
PELICAN.—Common summer visitant; breeds in 
large colonies at Johnston, Quill and Dore lakes 
and northward. 


129. Mergus americanus. AMERICAN MER- 
GANSER.—Not common summer visitant, Noted 
breeding in Cypress Hills; at Hudson Bay Junc- 
tion, Churchill River and Lake Athabaska. Mer- 
gansers are locally known as “‘Saw-billed Ducks’’, 


130. Mergus serrator. RED-BREASTED MER- 
GANSER.—Fairly common; noted at Willowbunch 
Lake in early spring migration, breeds mostly 
northward to upper Hudsonian zone. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


131. 
MERGANSER.—Not common. 
1376) from Qu’Appelle Lakes. 
sparingly over entire province. 


132. Anas platyrhynchos. MALLARD.—. 
Common, most numerous of the Ducks, breeding 
all through the south, more sparingly northward to 
upper Hudsonian zone. 


133. Anas rubripes. BLAck Duck.—Un- 
common south in transition zone; reported more 
numerous in Cumberland Lake region. One speci- 
men (895), Last Mountain Lake, October 25, 1917. 
R. Lloyd, Davidson. Another from the same lake 
was examined, autumn of 1918. 


1385. Chaulelasmus streperus. GADWALL. 
—Fairly common; a prairie Duck, breeding most- 
ly in transition zone. 


137. Mareca americana. AMERICAN WID- 
GEON.—The ‘“‘Baldpate’’, as this Duck is usually 
called, is common all through the south, breeding 
about the sloughs and more sparingly northward. 


Lophodytes cucullatus. HOoDED 
Specimens (902- 
Probably breeds 


139. Nettion carolinense. GREEN-WINGED 
TEAL.—Fairly common summer visitant, noted 
chiefly as such in Cypress Hills and Moose Moun- 
tain districts, breeding northward to upper Hud- 
sonian zone; this is the smallest of our Ducks. 


140. Querquedula discors. BLUE-WINGED 
TEAL.—Common summer visitant, breeding all 
through the south and more sparingly northward. 

141. Querquedula cyanoptera. CINNAMON 
TEAL.—Rare summer visitant south in lower tran- 
sition zone. A pair found evidently breeding on 
small lake 17 miles southwest of Moose Jaw, on 
May 22, 1923, by Neil Gilmour, who secured the 
male—now specimen 1484. Two reported taken 
by Geo. Lang of Indian Head, in that district 
during spring of 1885, and noted as seen in Maple 
Creek district in 1905 by A. C. Bent. 


142. Spatula clypeata. SHOVELLER.— 
Common, breeding at sloughs through the south 
in transition zone; fewer northward. Locally 
called ‘‘Spoonbill Duck’. 


143. Dafila acuta tzitzihoa. AMERICAN 
PINTAIL.—Common; breeds all through the south, 
more sparsely to the north. One of the common- 
est prairie Ducks. 


144. Aix sponsa. Woop Duck.—Now rare. 
Two specimens (23-24) taken by G. Lang at Qu’ 
Appelle Lakes, October 18, 1899, who states he 
also ‘‘found a pair breeding in a hollow tree at Deep 
Lake, 7 miles south of Indian Head, in 1888; 
since 1899 none have been seen’. Recently three 
have been seen at Hudson Bay Junction. 


VoL. X XXVIII 
May, 1924, 


146. Marila americana. REDHEAD.—Fairly 
common summer visitant south in transition zone; 
a Duck of more local and southern distribution 
than other common species. 


147. Marila valisineria. CANVASBACK.— 
Common; a Duck of the larger bodies of water, 
breeding through the south mostly in transition 
zone. 


(148. Marila marila. GREATER Scaup Duck.—Ap- 
parently rare, even in migrations; no specimens or reliable 
data available, but probably occurs in the province, no doubt 
breeding in Hudsonian zone. Hypothetical.] 


149. Marila affinis. LESSER SCAUP DUCK. 
—Common summer visitant, breeding throughout 
the province, but mostly in the south. 


150. Marila collaris. RING-NECKED DUCK. 
—Apparently not common in the south, but 
probably more numerous in Canadian zone north- 
ward. A pair positively identified near Hudson 
Bay Junction, May 26, 1923. Recorded taken in 
Qu’Appelle Valley in 1891, “in company with 
Lesser Scaup Ducks’’, by Geo. Lang. 


151. Glaucionetta clangula americana. 
AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.—A fairly common Duck 
in larger bodies of water, from Last Mountain Lake 
northward; noted breeding at Big River. 


153. Charitonetta albeola. BUFFLE-HEAD. 
—Not common; specimens (380-31) from Qu’ 
Appelle Lakes. Noted in Moose Mountain dis- 
trict, Hudson Bay Junction and northward into 
Hudsonian zone. Smallest of our Ducks except 
the Teals. 


154. Clangula hyemalis. OLD-SQUAW DUCK. 
—Apparently rare transient visitant. Two speci- 
mens (33-35) taken at Lake Katepwa, Qu’Appelle 
Valley, October 20, 1912, by Geo. Lang, who states 
that several were taken from fishermen’s nets in 
that lake. 


165. Oidemia deglandi. WHITE-WINGED 
SCOTER.—Fairly common summer visitant in all 
larger lakes. Found breeding at Last Mountain 
Lake and Quill Lake. Locally known as “Black 
Duck’, but very different from that species. 


166. Oidemia perspicillata. SURF SCOTER. 
—Not common; records available only from the 
north. One specimen (575) taken at Lake Isle 4 
la Crosse, May 31, 1914, by Buchanan. Found 
breeding at Lake Athabaska; downy young taken 
August 19, 1920, by U.S. Biological Survey party. 


167. Erismatura jamaicensis. RUDDY 
Duck.—Fairly common summer visitant, noted 
breeding mostly through the south. 


169. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. LES- 
SER SNOW GOoOOoOSsE.—Common transient visitant 
locally; at times in great numbers at Lakes Buf- 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


105 


falo, Willowbunch and Johnston. Reports re- 
garding occurrence of subspecies C. h. nivalis— 
Greater Snow Goose—in Saskatchewan apparently 
have little foundation. 

(169.1. Chen caerulescens. BLUE GoosE.—Probably 
not rare in migration. E. T. Seton, in Awk, 1908, p. 451, 
records a specimen in his collection, taken at Fort Chipewyan, 
Lake Athabaska (Alberta end). Geo. Lang, Indian Head, 
reports it as occurring in the Qu’Appelle Valley lakes. As this 


species is not rare in Manitoba, it will, no doubt, be taken in 
Saskatchewan eventually. Hypothetical.] 


170. Chen rossi. Ross’s SNOW GOOSE.— 
Apparently rare in the south. One taken one and 
one-half miles south-west of Caron (Moose Jaw 
district), in company with Snow Geese, October 9, 
1905, by W. B. Mershon, of Saginaw, Michigan. 
No doubt occurs more abundantly in Hudsonian 
zone, as numbers have been noted at west end of 
Lake Athabaska. See Mackenzie-Athabaska Re- 
port, North American Fauna, 27, p. 302—Preble. 


17la. Anser albifrons. WHITE-FRONTED 
GoosE.—Common transient visitant through the 
south; noted most abundant in spring migration. 
Locally called ‘““Brant’”’ by hunters, although that 
is ’a species as yet unrecorded in Saskatchewan. 


172. Branta canadensis canadensis. CAN- 
ADA GOOSE.—Common in migrations. Many still 
breed through the south, but in decreasing num- 
bers. 


172a. Branta canadensis hutchinsi. HUwutT- 
CHIN’S GOOSE.—Fairly common transient visitant. 
A large flock in Willowbunch Lake, in open water 
where ice had drifted out, April 20, 1917. -Speci- 
mens taken from these showed plainly the sub= 
specific form by their uniformly small size and 
noticeably small bills. 


180. Cygnus columbianus. WHISTLING 
Swan.—Common transient visitant. Most abun- 
dant at Lake Johnston in spring migration, and at 
Crane and Big Stick Lakes in fall migration. 


181. Cygnus ‘buccinator. TRUMPETER 
Swan.—Apparently now rare, but doubtless still 
occurs. ‘One killed by Capt. Blakiston at Fort 
Carlton, Sask., March 30, 1858. 6, length 604 
ins., wing 264 ins., extent 8 ft. 3 in., weight 23 lbs.” 
Ibis, 1863, pp. 186-7. Geo. Lang, of Indian Head, 
writes, “‘I have shot these birds years ago, but have 
seen none till this last fall, when, on November 10, 
1921, I saw 8 at Deep Lake, south of here. I am 
sure of these as I heard them calling before I 
located them.”’ At a later date he writes “. . 
noted a small bunch of Trumpeter Swans on 
October 26, 1922, passing down the Qu’Appelle 
valley; ... their call was easily distinguished from 
the Whistling Swan.” 


106 


190. Botaurus lentiginosus. AMERICAN 
BITTERN.—Common summer visitant, noted as 
breeding mostly south in transition zone. Occurs 
at Big River, Hudson Bay Junction and more 
sparingly northward. 


[191. JIxobrychus exilis. LEAST BITTERN.—Possibly acci- 
dental in extreme south. One reported seen at Crane Lake, 
June, 1894, by Spreadborough—(not “taken” as in Catalogue of 
Canadian Birds). A species to be looked for in marshes along, 
or near, the southern boundary of the province. Hypothetic- 
al.] 


194. Ardea herodias. GREAT BLUE HERON. 
—Fairly common through the south; found breed- 
ing on the ground at Lake Johnston, in low willows 
at Quill Lake and in large trees in Moose Moun- 
tain and Big River districts. Birds of subspecific 
form may be found to occur in extreme south 
(A. h. treganzai?). 


202. Nycticorax nycticorax neevius. BLACK- 
CROWNED NIGHT HERON.—Not common; found 
breeding in transition zone. A colony of about 30 
pairs in the Moose Mountain district nests in 
poplar trees at edge of a slough; other small 
colonies in the Qu’Appelle Valley and at Deep 
Lake. A few birds noted at Quill Lake. 


204. Grus americana. WHOOPING CRANE. 
—Regarded as rare, but probably not as scarce as 
generally supposed. Two specimens (376-1025) 
taken at Forget, October, 1914 (the mounted 
specimen, No. 1025, became the property of the 
museum some years later). Prior to strict game 
law enactment many records for the province are 
available, and numbers are still seen each year. 
R. Lloyd, Davidson, found nest of 2 eggs 20 miles 
north of that town in 1911. Geo. Lang saw 9 
passing over Indian Head, April 11, 1920. Neil 
Gilmour, Provincial Game Guardian, of Moose 
Jaw, found a pair breeding and a nest with 2 eggs 
on May 19, 1922; some few days later F. Brad- 
shaw, Chief Game Guardian, Regina, found a 
second nest in same district with 3 eggs, two of 
which were just hatching, the third addled—now 
No. 1348.b. in museum—this measured less in 
size than the two other, fertile eggs. Both nests 
in transition zone; it is deemed advisable for the 
present to withhold exact locality of these breed- 
ing grounds. Probably breeds more commonly 
in unexplored parts of Canadian and Hudsonian 
zones. 


(205. Grus canadensis. LITTLE BROWN CRANE.— While 
no specimens of this Arctic bird are available, it may be found 
in this province as a rare migrant. Several reports of its 
occurrence in the Qu’Appelle Valley and elsewhere probably 
apply to small Sandhill Cranes which may not be typical G. 
canadensis. Hypothetical.] 


206. Grus mexicana. SANDHILL CRANE.— 
Common in migration, especially so in Quill Lake 
district. As summer visitant, found breeding 
sparingly in upper transition zone and lower Cana- 
dian zone. Data lacking as to northern occur- 
rence. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


212. Rallus virginianus. VIRGINIA RAIL.— 
Uncommon summer visitant through the south. 
Nest and eggs found near Quill Lake, June 23, 
1915; birds not secured, but male positively 
identified. ‘‘An adult male found dead at Experi- 
mental Farm, Indian Head, May 27, 1921’, Geo. 
Lang. 


214. Porzana carolina. SORA RAtL.— 
Common summer visitant as noted through the 
south, and probably so throughout the province. 


(215. Cofturnicops noveboracensis. YELLOW RAIL.— 
Probably uncommon visitant, mainly in the north. Noted as 
evidently occurring in Manitoba by Seton (Birds of Manitoba) 
and recorded as seen westward as far as Moose Jaw by Macoun 
(Catalogue of Canadian Birds). Also reported in Alberta by 
W. E. Saunders. ‘“‘This is the most expert of the Rails in 
skulking and hiding. As it is almost impossible to flush it, it 
may be far more common than we have reason to otherwise 
suspect.”—P. A. Taverner in Birds of Hastern Canada. It 
will doubtless be taken in the province eventually. Hypo- 
thetical.] 


221. Fulica americana. AMERICAN COOT.— 
Common summer visitant, breeding through the 
south and less commonly northward. Locally 
known as ‘‘Mud-hen’’. 


222. Phalaropus fulicarius. RED PHALA- 
ROPE.—Rare transient visitant inland. A speci- 
men (No. 741) from Sandfly Lake, Churchill 
River, taken June 11, 1914, by A. Buchanan. 


223. Lobipes lobatus. NORTHERN PHALA- 
ROPE.—Fairly common as noted in migrations 
through the south; large flocks are to be seen at. 
Lake Johnston spring and fall. No known records. 
of its breeding in the province. 


224. Steganopus tricolor. WILSON’S PHA- 
LAROPE.—Common summer visitant, noted breed- 
ing through the south mostly in lower transition 
zone. All Phalaropes are of peculiar habits in sex 
relationship; the female is larger and more bright- 
ly coloured than the male, the latter incubating 
the eggs and otherwise taking the place of the 
female in the usual nesting habits of other birds. 


225. Recurvirostra americana. AMERICAN 
AvocET.—Fairly common summer visitant, found 
breeding mostly in transition zone. Probably also: 
breeds sparingly to upper Hudsonian zone. Notes. 
on peculiar nesting habits of this species were 
published in the Condor, May-June, 1917, p. 101. 


(228. Rubicola minor. AMERICAN WoOoDCOCK.—Pro- 
bably rare visitant. No reliable records for the province, but 
its occurrence in south Manitoba and north-east North Dakota 
would indicate that reports of its appearance at Oxbow and 
Moose Mountain may have some foundation. A bird to be 
looked for in extreme south-east. Hypothetical.] 


230. Gallinago delicata. | WILSON’S SNIPE. 
—Fairly common summer visitant all through 
south, breeding more sparingly to northern bound- 
ary. Snipe and such like ‘“‘small fry” are rarely 
molested by hunters in this province, where Ducks 
and Geese are abundant and satisfy their sporting 
proclivities. 


VoL. XXXVIII 
May, 1924 


231. Limnodromus griseus griseus. DOW- 
ITCHER.—Not common transient visitant. Speci- 
mens (552-739-777) from Beaver River and 
Crooked Lake, May, 1914, have been examined 
and referred to this form by J. H. Fleming, Cana- 
dian Field-Naturalist, XX XIII, 1919, p. 110. 


232. Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus: 
LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER.—Not common tran- 
sient visitant. One taken at Lake Athabaska, 
August 7, 1920—U.S. Biol. Survey. Taken at 
Hay Creek, Cypress Hills district, on July 3 and 
at Big Stick Lake, July 22, 1906—Bent, Auk, 
XXIV, 1907, p. 425. “By some ornithologists 
scolopaceus is considered merely a western sub- 
species of griseus, with intergrades between and 
probably a continuous breeding range across the 
arctic regions’’, ete. Vernon Bailey in Handbook 
of Birds of the Western United States, 3rd edition, 
p. 90. 


233. Micropalama himantopus. STILT 
SANDPIPER.—Uncommon transient visitant as 
noted in the south, a specimen (1057) taken a 
Kutawagan Lake by C. Young, June 14, 1920. 
One taken—6 seen—at Lake Lenore by P. A. 
Taverner, August 27, 1921, and one at Lake John- 
ston, by C. G. Harrold, May 11, 1922. 

(234. Kwnot.—Probably rare transient 
visitant. One reported seen at Lake Johnston, May 13 and 
three May 20, 1923, by H. McCrae. MHypothetical.] 

239. Pisobia maculata. PECTORAL SAND- 
PIPER.—Fairly common transient visitant, as 
noted south in transition zone. 


240. Pisobia fuscicollis. WHITE-RUMPED 
SANDPIPER.—Apparently rare transient visitant. 
Specimen (760) from Churchill River, June 11, 
1914; also taken at Kutawagan Lake, June 9, 
1920, by P. A. Taverner. 


241. Pisobia bairdi. BAIRD’S SANDPIPER.— 
Common transient visitant through most of south, 
and especially over prairie belt. 


242. Pisobia minutilla. LEAST SANDPIPER. 
—Common as migrant through the south; pro- 
bably breeds within the province in Hudsonian 
zone. 


243a. Pelidna alpina sakhalina. RED- 
BACKED SANDPIPER.—Apparently rare transient 
visitant; a specimen (738) taken on Churchill 
River, June 8, 1914, by Buchanan, and one secured 
at Lake Athabaska, August 9, 1920, by U-S. Biol. 
Survey party. 


246. Ereunetes pusillus. SEMIPALMATED 
SANDPIPER.—Common transient visitant; usually 
seen in company with Least Sandpipers at Lake 
Johnston and other larger bodies of water, when 
it is difficult to distinguish one species from the 


Calidris canutus. 


THE CANADIAN: FIELD-NATURALIST 


107 


other; which also applies to other members of the 
Sandpiper family. 


248. Crocethia alba. SANDERLING.—Fairly 
common transient visitant as noted in transition 
zone. This species differs from the other Sand- 
pipers in having three toes instead of four. 


249. Limosa fedoa. MARBLED GODWIT.— 
Common summer visitant all through the south in 
prairie districts. These birds are often confused 
with, and called, Curlews. 


251. Limosa hemastica. HUDSONIAN GOD- 
WIT.—Rare; a specimen—now in possession of J. 
Wilson, Indian Head—taken by Geo. Lang in 
Qu’Appelle Valley, May 17, 1912, has been exam- 
ined. Four recorded seen with flock of Marbled 
Godwits in marsh, Waskana Lake, Regina, May 
11, 1919, by F. Bradshaw. 


254. Tetanus melanoleucus. GREATER 
YELLOW-LEGS.—Uncommon; a specimen (933) 
from Last Mountain Lake, August 26, 1918; one 
seen on Souris River, August, 1913, and one at 
Waskana Lake, August, 1922. 


255. Totanus flavipes. LESSER YELLOW- 
LEGS.—Common in migrations in transition zone, 
noted as evidently breeding at Big River and at 
Hudson Bay Junction. 


256. Tringa solitaria solitaria. SOLITARY 
SANDPIPER.—Fairly common summer visitant as 
noted in Canadian zone. Found breeding (eggs 
in old nest of Robin) at Big River, June 5, 1922; 
also at Hudson Bay Junction and on Beaver River. 


256a. Tringa solitar a cinnamomea. WES- 
TERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.—A. C. Bent, in Auk, 
XXIV, 1907, p. 426, records this subspecies as 
“tolerably common migrant; adults first seen at 
Maple Creek on June 30, young first seen at Maple 
Creek on July 30, (Bishop)’’. 


258a. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inor- 
natus. WESTERN WILLET.—Common summer 
visitant, breeding through the south in prairie 
regions. 


261. Bartramia longicauda. UPLAND PLO- 
VER.—Fairly common summer visitant, breeding 
through the south in transition zone and sparingly 
northward. This species is also called Bartramian 
Sandpiper. 


262. Tryngites subruficollis. © BUFF- 
BREASTED SANDPIPER.—Not common. Four tak- 
en at Lake Johnston, August 26, 1921, were all 
males. Three also taken at that lake; May 23, 
1922, by C. G. Harrold. Transient visitant. 


2638. Actitis macularia. SPOTTED SAND- 
PIPER.—Common summer visitant, breeding all 


108 


through the south, more sparingly to Hudsonian 
zone. 


264. Numenius americanus. LONG-BILLED 
CURLEW.—Not common summer visitant as noted 
in lower transition zone. Apparently decreasing 
in numbers in some parts. 


270. Squatarola squatarola cynosure. AM- 
ERICAN BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.—Fairly common 
transient visitant as noted south in transition zone. 


272. Pluvialis dominica dominica. AMER- 
ICAN GOLDEN PLOVER.—Not common transient 
visitant through the south; specimen records from 
Lake Johnston, Regina, Quill Lake and Churchill 
River. 


273. Oxyechus vociferus. KILLDEER.— 
Common summer visitant, breeding all through 
south and more sparingly northward. 


274. Charadrius semipalmatus. SEMI- 
PALMATED PLOVER.—Not common in migrations 
through the south. Possibly breeds in Hudsonian 
zone. 


277. Charadrius melodus. PIPING PLOVER. 
—Fairly common summer visitant through the 
south in transition zone; found breeding at Quill, 
Johnston and Last Mountain Lakes. 


[281. Podasocys montanus. MOUNTAIN PLOVER.— 
While no records for the province are available, this species 
will probably be found to occur eventually. To be looked for 
in the extreme south, or may wander into Saskatchewan from 
Montana. Hypothetical.] 


283a. Arenaria interpres morinella. RUDDY 
TURNSTONE.—Uncommon transient visitant as 
noted through the south. Specimens from Lake 
Johnston, Last Mountain Lake and Churchill 
River. 


Perdix perdix. HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE. 
—Native of Europe; introduced into Alberta from 
Hungary about 1908 and now spreading into 
Saskatchewan as noted in western parts of tran- 
sition zone. Two specimens (1240-1) from Wilkie, 
January 5, 1922. This alien species is now (1924) 
apparently successfully (?) established in the pro- 
vince. 


298. Canachites canadensis. SPRUCE 
GROUSE.—Usually common resident in Canadian 
zone and probably less so in Hudsonian zone; like 
other Grouse, has periods of scarcity. Often 
called ‘‘Partridge’’, as ““Hudsonian Spruce Part- 
ridge’ and (subspecies C. c. canace) “Canada 
Spruce Partridge’. 


300a. Bonasa umbellus togata. CANADA 
RUFFED GROUSE.—Usually common resident in 
wooded areas south, (except in Cypress Hills, 
where it is apparently entirely absent). Less 
common northward in Hudsonian zone. Com- 
monly called ‘‘Partridge’’. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


301. Lagopus lagopus lagopus. WILLOW 
PTARMIGAN.—Not common winter visitant in 
Canadian and Hudsonian zones. Specimens from 
Prince Albert and Reindeer Lake districts. Some 
winters migrates southward into upper transition 
zone, and rarely south to the Qu’Appelle Valley. 
A Grouse locally called ‘““White Partridge’. 


305. Tympanuchus americanus american- 
us. PINNATED GROUSE.—Usually fairly common 
resident in transition zone, apparently extending 
its range northwestward. Locally called “Prairie 
Hen” and “Prairie Chicken’’. 


3808b. Pedicecetes phasianellus campestris. 
PRAIRIE SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.—Usually com- 
mon resident all through transition zone, and 
numbers noted in large muskegs and clearings of 
the forest area in Canadian zone; these more 
northern birds may be referable to P. p. phasian- 
ellus. Locally known as “Prairie Chicken’’. 


309. Centrocercus urophasianus. SAGE 
GROUSE.—Uncommon resident southwest in lower 
transition zone. Specimens from Wood Mountain 
and westward along the Frenchman River. 


315. Ectopistes migratorius. | PASSENGER 
PIGEON.—Regarding this now extinct species Mr. 
Fleming writes: “The Earl of Southesk notes a 
few Pigeons in a little grove. at Qu’Appelle Fort, 
Saskatchewan, July 2, 1859 (Saskatchewan and the 
Rocky Mountains, Edinburgh, 1875). There are 
other old references to this bird in Saskatchewan 
but I doubt if it was ever very common.” 


316. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. 
MouRNING DovE.—Common summer visitant 
south in lower transition zone, especially south- 
east; noted as scarce in lower Canadian zone. 


325. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. TUR- 
KEY VULTURE.—Fairly common summer visitant 
south in lower transition zone, especially south- 
east. Found breeding in Qu’Appelle Valley and 
one seen at Hudson Bay Junction, 1923. 


[827. Elanoides forficatus. SWALLOW-TAILED KITE.— 
Regarding this species of rare, or accidental occurrence in 
parts of lower transition zone, Geo. Lang writes: ‘‘During my 
observations, covering 35 years in this province, I have only 
seen three Swallow-tailed Kites; one at Fort Qu’Appelle, May 
24, 1890, one near Lake Katepwa, June 9, 1898, and one near 
Regina, June 20, 1906.”” Hypothetical.] 

331. Circus hudsonius. MARSH HAWK.— 
Common summer visitant, breeding all through 


the south, more sparingly northward. 


332. Accipiter velox. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. 
—Fairly common; noted in south mostly in migra- 
tions, reported breeding in Cypress Hills and in 
Wood Mountain, northward into Hudsonian zone. 
Harmful. 


[333. Accipiter cooperi. COOPER'S HAwk.—Probably 
occurs sparingly south in Transition zone; recorded in Mani- 
toba and Alberta, but not, as yet, in Saskatchewan. Hypo- 
thetical.] 


VoL. XX XVIII 
May, 1924. 


334. Astur atricapillus atricapillus. 
HAWK.—Usually uncommon winter visitant as 
noted in the south. Seen near Prince Albert in 
October and at Regina in February. Found breed- 
ing near Beaver River, May 16, 1914, by Buch- 
anan. Harmful. 


337. Buteo borealis. RED-TAILED HAWK.— 
Red-tailed Hawks are only fairly common, as 
observed through the south, Moose Mountain to 
Big River, ranging more sparingly northward. 
Owing to lack of comparable material, subspecific 
forms are not definitely established. Specimens 
from Qu’Appelle Valley are referred to B. b. cal- 
urus, Western Red-tailed Hawk (apparently the 
most common form occurring in the province), by 
J. H. Fleming. A specimen from Lake Lenore is 
regarded as being referable to B. b. krideri (a sub- 
species of very light coloration), by P. A. Taverner. 
Mainly beneficial. 


342. Buteo swainsoni. SWAINSON’S HAWK. 
—Common summer visitant, mostly so through 
the south in transition zone. Wholly beneficial. 


343. Buteo platypterus platypterus. 
BROAD-WINGED HAwk.—Not common as noted in 
the south. Two specimens from Crooked and 
Beaver Rivers, 1914, two from Moose Mountain 
district, 1922, and one from Hudson Bay Junction 
(2 pairs seen), 1923. Beneficial. 


347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. 
AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAwxk.—Apparently 
rare transient visitant. A specimen in the mus- 
eum at Ottawa was taken at Indian Head, May 6, 


1892. 


348. Archibuteo ferrugineus. FERRUGIN- 
OUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAwk.—Fairly common sum- 
mer visitant south in lower transition zone. 
Unfortunately becoming more scarce yearly, with 
other large beneficial Hawks, owing to persistent 
persecution by misguided settlers. 


349. Aquila chrysaétos. GOLDEN KAGLE.— 
Usually uncommon as noted through the south in 
transition zone, but probably occurs sparingly 
throughout the province. Specimens from Qu’ 
Appelle Valley and Cypress Hills. “Eggs and 
adult birds taken north of Indian Head in May, 
1889; they remain here all winter.’’-—Geo. Lang. 


352a. Halicétus leucocephalus alascanus. 
NORTHERN BALD EAGLE.—Not common; noted 
in the south at Last Mountain Lake, near Lake 
Johnston and north of Maple Creek, and, in the 
north, on Churchill River and as breeding at Rein- 
deer Lake. 


353. Falco islandus. WHITE GYRFALCON.— 
Accidental winter visitant. A specimen taken at 
Indian Head, December 25, 1897, by Geo. Lang, 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Gos-: 


109 


and now in his possession, has been examined by 
P. A. Taverner. (The Gray Gyrfalcon, Falco 
rusticolus rusticolus, and the Gyrfalcon, F. r. gyr- 
falco, may also possibly occur rarely in the pro- 
vince.) 

355. Falco mexicanus. PRAIRIE FALCON.— 
Fairly common through south in lower transition 
zone, noted mostly so in fall migration; no known 
breeding records for Saskatchewan. Harmful. 


356a. Falco peregrinus anatum. Duck 
HAwk.—Apparently uncommon. One specimen 
taken at Lake Johnston, May 2, 1922 (later sent 
to England); “its stomach contained two North- 
ern Phalaropes.’”—C. G. Harrold. Probably 
occurs throughout the province. 


357. Falco columbarius columbarius. PIG- 
EON HAwk.—Not common; specimens from Lake 
Johnston and Reindeer Lake. Not recorded 
breeding south of the Churchill River. Destruc- 
tive to small beneficial birds. 


857b. Falco columbarius _ richardsont. 
RICHARDSON’S PIGEON HAwk.—Not common; of 
local occurrence in mainly lower transition zone. 
Young and adults taken at Wood Mountain 
July 10, 1915; eggs and adult birds at Cypress 
Hills, June 10, 1921. Also called Richardson’s 
Merlin. 

360. Cerchneis sparveria sparveria AMER- 
ICAN SPARROW HAwkK.—Common summer visitant 
all through the south, and breeding more or less. 
throughout the province. Mainly beneficial. 


364. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis. AM- 
ERICAN OSPREY.—Uncommon; occurs sparingly 
throughout the province. Several have been 
taken in Qu’Appelle Valley; found breeding at 
Lake Isle & la Crosse and near Big River. Also 
known as Fish Hawk. 


[365. Tyto alba pratincola. AMERICAN BARN OWL.— 
Concerning this rare or accidental visitant to the south, Geo. 
Lang writes: “‘I saw this bird on April 29, 1919, on the Experi- 
mental Farm (Indian Head); two days later a man brought a 
fine male in from Balearres, which I am almost sure was my 
bird, and Harvey mounted it for him.” Hypothetical.] 


366. Asie wilsonianus. LONG-EARED OWL. 
—Fairly common summer visitant in the south 
and more sparingly through the north. Mainly 
beneficial. 


367. Asio fammeus. SHORT-EARED OWL.— 
Common summer visitant south in prairie regions, 
at times locally resident; occurs sparingly north- 
ward. Beneficial. 


[370. Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa. GREAT GRAY 
Ow..—Apparently rare winter visitant. A few recorded by 
Geo. Lang during winters of 1890, 1916, 1917. No doubt 
oceurs throughout the province, but no specimens available. 
Also known as Cinereous Owl. Hypothetical.] 


371. Cryptoglaux funerea_ richardsoni. 
RICHARDSON’S OwL.—Uncommon winter visitant 


110 


in the south; probably breeds north, at least in 
Hudsonian zone. A specimen (1478) taken near 
Mistatim (west of Hudson Bay Junction), Feb- 
ruary 25, 1923, by C. Owen. Two taken at Indian 
Head, April 30, 1891, and October 7, 1894, by Geo. 
Lang. 


372. Cryptoglaux acadica. SAW-WHET OWL. 
—Fairly common as noted in transition zone; 
found breeding in Qu’Appelle Valley and the 
Cypress Hills. Smallest of our Owls, richardsoni 
being slightly larger. 


[373. Otus asio. SCREECH OwL.—Apparently rare south 
in transition zone. Heard at Gainsborough, 1922, and reported 
seen at Oxbow, 1920. Recording a bird (probably of sub- 
specific form) as seen near Eastend, 1904, L. B. Potter writes: 
“T surprised this bird at close quarters, almost at arm’s length 
—saw the ‘ears’ distinctly’. Hypothetical.] 


375. Bubo virginianus. GREAT HORNED. 
Ow..—Great Horned Owls are fairly common, 
breeding throughout the province. The majority 
of Saskatchewan specimens are apparently refer- 
able to B. v. subarcticus, Arctic Horned Owl; 
some others to B. v. pallescens. Evidently much 
comparable material is needed to establish definite- 
ly subspecific forms. 


376. Nyctea nyctea. SNOWL OWL.—Fairly 
common winter visitant most years, arriving in 
the south usually during October from far North. 


377a. Surnia ulula caparoch. AMERICAN 
Hawk Ow1..—Uncommon as noted in transition 
zone, more numerous northward. Three speci- 
mens (1486-7-8) from Hudson Bay Junction, May 
29, 1923. Two pairs seen; one had 7 young of 
varying sizes on that date. Reported taken near 
Indian Head in 1896 and 1899. 


878. Speotyto cunicularia hypogeea. BUR- 
ROWING OWL.—Not common summer visitant, but 
more numerous in extreme south-east; not noted 
breeding north of Davidson. 


388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. BLACK- 
BILLED Cuckoo.—Not common summer visitant 
south in lower transition zone; breeds through 
Qu’Appelle Valley and other wooded areas. 


390. Ceryle aleyon. BELTED KINGFISHER.— 
Fairly common summer visitant through the 
south; occurs more sparingly northward into 
Hudsonian zone. 


393a. Dryobates villosus leacomelas. NOR- 
THERN HAIRY WOODPECKER.—Not common south 
in transition zone, but more numerous northward. 
Noted breeding in Cypress Hills and at Big River. 


394. Dryobates pubescens. DOWNY WOOD 
PECKER.—Downy Woodpeckers are fairly common 
throughout the province. Found breeding in 
Cypress Hills and Moose Mountain and at Big 
River; noted during some winters in Qu’Appelle 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


Valley. Birds of at least north part of province 
are apparently referable to D. p. nelsoni Ober- 
holser, Nelson’s Downy Woodpecker, while those 
breeding in lower transition zone may be of other 
form. With more material available, subspecific 
forms will probably be definitely determined 
eventually. ; 


400. Picoides arcticus. ARCTIC THREE-TOED 
WoOODPECKER.—Not common resident in Canadian 
and Hudsonian zones. Specimens from Prince 
Albert and Big River. 


(401. Picoides americanus. AMERICAN THREE-TOED 
WoopPECKER.—‘“‘Rare between Lake Methye and Isle a la 
Crosse’, Macoun, Catalogue of Canadian Birds. Nearest 
specimen recorded is one taken in Manitoba, north end of 
Reindeer Lake, 1914, examined and referred to P.a. fasciatus 
by J. H. Fleming, Canadian Field-Naturalist, XX XIII, 1919, 
p. 112, which form no doubt occurs at least in Hudsonian zone, 
and is the one probably referred to by Macoun. Hypothetical.] 

402. Sphyrapicus varius. YELLOW-BELLIED 
SAPSUCKER.—Common summer visitant through- 
out the province in suitable areas, but noted as 


mostly so in lower Canadian zone. 


405a. Phlceotomus_ pileatus  abieticola. 
NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.—Uncommon, 
probably most numerous in central Canadian zone. 
Noted at Big River and Hudson Bay Junction as 


searce. A resident species, generally called ““Cock- 
of-the-woods’’. 
406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. RED- 


HEADED WOODPECKER.—Uncommon summer visit- 
ant south in lower transition zone. A specimen 
(1087) taken near Eastend, April 80, 1920, by 
L. B. Potter. Two specimens from Cypress Lake 
(west of Eastend, Cypress Hills district) are con- 
sidered referable to M. e. erythrophthalmus Ober- 
holser, by P. A. Taverner. 


408. Asyndesmus lewist. LEwIs’ Woop- 
PECKER.—Uncommon visitant from the west. 
One specimen (525.2) taken at Herschel, Septem- 
ber 28, 1914. Three taken in Qu’Appelle Valley 
by Geo. Lang (specimens examined) data lost. 
One reported seen near Hastend, September 19, 
1915, by L. B. Potter. 


412a. Colaptes auratus borealis. BOREAL 
FLICKER.—Flickers are common throughout the 
province, and in treeless areas are often found 
nesting in telegraph and telephone poles. Known 
also as Northern Flicker, Yellow-shafted Flicker, 
etc. Many examples of the so-called hybrid 
(between Red-shafted and “‘Yellow-shafted” Flick- 
ers) occur in extreme south-west, from Cypress 
Hills eastward. 


413. Colaptes cafer collaris. RED-SHAFTED 
FLICKER.—A specimen (811) taken May 4, 1916, 
at Regina appears to be practically pure C. c. 
collaris (without fawn on gray throat). Two 
specimens from Cypress Hills have been referred 


VoL. XXXVIII 
May, 1924 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Collector’s camp on Fir River (tributary to Red Deer River) near Hudson Bay 
Junction. 


Photo by H. H. MircHELL 
(Canadian zone.) June, 1923. 


me 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Speciai Number 


North shore of Lake Athabaska, 6 miles northeast of Moose Island. Looking 
northward from an island. Beaver Mountains in the distance. 
Black spruce and canoe birch in foreground. 


Photc by FRANCIS HARPER Courtesy of 
(Hudsonian zone.) August, 1920. U.S. Biol. Survey 


An island just north of Beaver Lodge Island, Lake Athabaska. Looking 
west from the island to the Beaver Mountains, clothed with spruce, 


pine and birch. In foreground, black spruce and canoe 
birch. 


Photo by FRANCIS HARPER, Courtesy of 
(Hudsonian zone.) August 15, 1920. U.S. Biol. Survey 


Vou. XX XVIII aes 
May, 1924 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST iii 


In the South Cypress Hills near Eastend. 


Photo by H. H. MITCHELL 
(Transition zone.) May,1915.  [ } 


Rapids on Red Deer River near Hudson Bay Junction. 


Photo by H. H. MitcHELL 
(Canadian zone.) June, 1923. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Special Number 


Near Kutawagan Lake, south of Quill Lake. Figure pointing to nest of Marbled 
: Godwit. 


Photo by P. A. TAVERNER 
(Transition zone.) - June, 1920. 


VoL. XXXVIII 
May, 1924 


to C. cafer collaris and are now in the Fleming 
collection, Toronto. 


417. Antrostomus  vociferus_ vociferus. 
WHIP-POOR-WILL.—Uncommon summer visitant 
to the south, occurring chiefly along Saskatchewan 
River from Prince Albert eastward. A specimen 
(992) from Winton (east of Prince Albert), July 21, 
1919. Reported as heard at Kamsack, at Oxbow, 
and in the Qu’Appelle Valley. 

[418. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli. PooR-wILL.—Rare or 
accidental south in transition zone. L. B. Potter, Eastend, 
writes: “‘The Poor-will appeared in the willows close to the 
house, uttering the ‘poorwill’ ery, in June, 1905.’ Reported 


seen at south end of Last Mountain Lake, by C. H. Young, 
1920. Hypothetical.] 


420. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. 
NIGHTHAWK.—Common summer visitant as noted 
in Canadian -zone, breeding in burnt-over areas 
about Big River and on sandy ground among open 


jackpine about Hudson Bay Junction. Also 
occurs through Hudsonian zone. 
420c. Chordeiles virginianus  sennetti. 


SENNETT’S NIGHTHAWK.—Fairly common summer 
visitant south in lower transition zone, noted 
breeding in Cypress Hills and Moose Mountain 
districts, also at Regina and Indian Head. 

(423. Chaetura pelagica. CHIMNEY Swirt.—Apparently 
occurs rarely south in transition zone. The most reliable 
information available on this species is from Geo. Lang, who 
writes: “I saw three on September 2, 1897, and found one 


dead on October 11, 1905, near Indian Head; these are the 
only records [ have.’’ Hypothetical.] 


428. Archilochus colubris. RUBY-THROATED 
HUMMINGBIRD.—Fairly common summer visitant 
through the south, mostly so in eastern parts of 
transition and Canadian zones; probably occurs 
more sparingly through the north. 


444. Tyrannus tyrannus. KINGBIRD.— 
Common summer visitant south in transition zone; 
occurs more sparingly northward. 


447. Tyrannus verticalis. ARKANSAS KING- 
BIRD.—Fairly common summer visitant south-east 
in lower transition zone; less common westward 
and not noted north of Last Mountain Lake. 

[452. Myiarchus crinitus. CRESTED FLYCATCHER.— 
Apparently of rare occurrence south-east in transition zone. 
Geo. Lang reports: “‘A pair found breeding near Indian Head, 
June 12,1892. The nest in old hole of Woodpecker, contained 


a snake skin; the set of eggs arestillin my possession.’”” Hypo- 
thetical.] 


456. Sayornis phoebe. PHOEBE.—A ppar- 
ently uncommon summer visitant in the north; 
not noted, even as migrant, in the south. A 
specimen (761) from Reindeer River, June 30, 
1914. One taken at Lake Athabaska, August 2, 
1920, by U.S. Biol. Survey party, and reported at 
Lake Isle 4 la Crosse by Macoun. 


457. Sayornis saya. SAY’S PHOEBE.— 
Fairly common summer visitant as noted south in 
lower transition zone, found breeding mostly in 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


111 


Cypress Hills district, more sparingly eastward to 
Regina district. 


459. Nuttallornis borealis. OLIVE-SIDED 
FLYCATCHER.—Fairly common summer visitant; 
several noted in Qu’Appelle Valley but not as 
breeding south in lower transition zone. Taken 
at Big River, Hudson Bay Junction and Lake Isle 
a la Crosse. 


462. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni. 
WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.—Fairly common summer 
visitant, noted as most numerous in lower Cana- 
dian zone; found breeding at Big River and Hud- 
son Bay Junction. 


463. Empidonax faviventris. YELLOW- 
BELLIED FLYCATCHER.—Apparently rare. One 
taken at Lake Athabaska, August 21, 1920, US. 
Biol. Survey, and a specimen (1236) taken at Lake 
Johnston, August 29, 1921. 


466. Empidonax trailli trailli. TRAILL’S 
FLYCATCHER.—Apparently this form, as well as 
E. t. alnorum, occurs in the province. Specimens 
in the Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, taken 
at Cypress Lake, May 31 and June 2 and 10, 1921, 
by P. A. Taverner, have been referred to this form. 


466a. Empidonax trailli alnorum. ALDER 
FLYCATCHER.—Not common. Apparently of more 
northern range than trailli. Specimen (565) from 
Churchill River, June 6, 1914. Noted as fairly 
common at Hudson Bay Junction, 1923. 


467. Empidonax minimus. LEAST FLy- 
CATCHER.—Common summer visitant. Noted as 
breeding through the south, and probably so 
throughout the province. 


469. Empidonax wrighti. WRIGHT’S FLY- 
CATCHER.—Fairly common. Noted as breeding 
in Cypress Hills (northern slopes). Specimens 
also taken at Cypress Lake, May 31, June 2, 1921, 
by P. A. Taverner. These small Flycatchers, 
with the three or four listed above, are difficult to 
differentiate in life, their notes or “‘songs’’ being 
the best guide. 


474a. Otocoris alpestris arcticola. PALLID 
HORNED LARK.—Only available specimen record 
of this sub-species for the province is of birds 
taken at Indian Head, April 7, 1892, and referred 
to this form by P. A. Taverner; in the Victoria 
Memorial Museum, Ottawa. 


474b. Otocoris alpestris praticola. PRAIRIE 
HORNED LARK.—Now apparently uncommon 
southeast in transition zone. A specimen taken 
at Regina, April 5, 1913, has been compared with 
a series of eastern birds and referred to this form 
by J. H. Fleming, Toronto. 


112 


474¢e. Otocoris alpestris leucoleema. DES- 
ERT HORNED LARK.—Common summer visitant 
south in transition zone, fewer northward; speci- 
mens from Cypress Hills district and from Big 
River. These Saskatchewan prairie birds will 
probably be recognized as O. a. enthymia, “‘Saskat- 
chewan Horned Lark’’, of Oberholser, eventually. 
Besides the three forms here included, possibly 
O. a. hoyti will be found to occur in the province. 


475. Pica pica hudsonia. AMERICAN MAG- 
PIE.—Common resident south in lower transition 
zone, especially in Cypress Hills; numbers noted 
in parts of Qu’Appelle Valley and wooded areas to 
Quill Lake. 


A477. Cyanocitta cristata. BLUE JAY.— 
Fairly common as noted in lower Canadian zone. 
Found breeding in Moose Mountain and the Qu’ 
Appelle Valley. 


-478. Cyanocitta stelleri. STELLER’S JAY.— 
A Steller’s Jay was taken near Indian Head, May 
24, 1923, by Geo. Lang. Specimen in his posses- 
sion has been examined and is apparently referable 
to C. s. annectens. 


484. Perisoreus canadensis. CANADA JAY. 
—Common resident from lower Canadian zone 
northward. Some winters numbers migrate south 
to Regina. Commonly known as “Whisky Jack’’. 


486a. Corvus corax principalis. NORTHERN 
RAVEN.—Fairly common resident north in Cana- 
dian and Hudsonian zones; found breeding on 
Churchill River. 


488. Corvus brachyrhynchos. AMERICAN 
Crow.—Common throughout most of the pro- 
vince; most abundant in Qu’Appelle Valley and 
Moose Mountain. Found nesting on and near 
the ground in treeless areas. The Crows of 
Saskatchewan do not show unmistakable differen- 
tiation from C. b. brachyrhynchos. 


491. Nucifraga columbiana. CLARKE’S 
NUTCRACKER.—Uncommon visitant from the west. 
Specimen from Ravenscrag, Cypress Hills, Septem- 
ber 19, 1919, taken by Spencer Pearse, who noted 
several on his ranch in that year. 


494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. BOBOLINK.— 
Not common summer visitant south in transition 


zone, occurring locally north to about Prince 
Albert. 


495. Molothrus ater. COWBIRD.—Cowbirds 
are common summer visitants in transition and 
Canadian zones; probably less so in Hudsonian 
zone. Specimens from Cypress Hills district 
taken and referred to M. a. artemisix, by P. A. 
Taverner. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. 
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.—Common summer 
visitant south in transition zone. From Churchill 
River scarce into Hudsonian zone. 


498. Agelaius phoeniceus. RED-WINGED 
BLACKBIRD.—Red-winged Blackbirds are mostly 
common throughout the province, breeding more 
abundantly through the south. Northern birds 
at least may prove to be referable to A. p. arcto- 
legus Oberholser. 


501.1. Sturnella neglecta. WESTERN 
MEADOWLARK.—Common summer visitant south 
in transition zone, mostly so on treeless prairies. 
Scarce northward. A pair found breeding at 
Hudson Bay Junction. 


507. Icterus galbula. BALTIMORE ORIOLE. 
—Fairly common summer visitant south in lower 
transition zone, breeding mainly Moose Mountain 
to Moose Jaw districts. Scarce westward in 
Cypress Hills district. 


(508. JIcterus bullécki. BULLOCK’S ORIOLE.—No records 
available, but numbers taken or seen at Medicine Hat, Alber 
(less than 35 miles from the Saskatchewan boundary). It no 
doubt occurs in the Maple Creek or Cypress Hills district. 
Apparently this district marks the eastward limit of bullockz 
as wena the approximate westward limit of galbula. Hypo- 
thetical. 


509. Euphagus carolinus. RUSTY BLACK- 
BIRD.—Fairly common as migrant south in trans- 
ition zone; found breeding at Big River—8 pairs 
noted—and northward into Hudsonian zone. 


510. Euphagus cyanocephalus. BREWER’S 
BLACKBIRD.—Common summer visitant, breeding 
through the south mostly in lower transition zone. 


511b. Quitscalus quiscula ceneus. BRONZED 
GRACKLE.—Common summer visitant, breeding 
through the south, and from Churchill River north- 
ward. 


514. Hesperiphona vespertina. EVENING 
GROSBEAK.—Evening Grosbeaks are irregular and 
not usually common winter visitants in the south. 
Noted in Qu’Appelle Valley, at Indian Head, and 
at Prince Albert. 


515. Pinicola enucleator. PINE GROSBEAK. 
—Pine Grosbeaks are usually common winter 
visitants through the south. Birds from the west- 
ern part of the province at least may be referable 
to P. e. alascensis. 


517. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. 
PURPLE FINCH.—Fairly common summer visitant 
as noted in Canadian zone, breeding at Big River 
and Hudson Bay Junction. Observed only as 
migrant in lower transition zone. 


521. Loxia curvirostra minor. AMERICAN 
CROSSBILL.—Common at times in migration 
through the south; no breeding records for the 


VoL. XX XVIII 
May, 1924 


province. Large flock at Regina in late October. 
Taken in June and July in Cypress Hills. 


522. Loxia leucoptera. WHITE-WINGED 
CROSSBILL.—Not common. Five taken at Lake 
Athabaska, July 27, 1920, by U.S. Biol. Survey 
party. Specimens from Moosomin in March, 
Cypress Hills in July, and Regina in November. 


524. Leucosticte tephrocotis. GRAY-CROWN- 
ED Rosy FINCH.—Unccmmon winter visitant from 
the west. Specimens (1300-1804-1414) from East- 
end taken by L. B. Potter, November 26, 1921, 
and January 20, 1922. Mr. Potter has noted this 
species in that district for several years in small 
numbers and in flocks of about thirty individuals 
each. “Most winters a few are to be seen at 
Indian Head.’”’—Geo. Lang. 


527a. Acanthis hornemanni exilipes. 
HoARY REDPOLL.—Apparently rare. Specimen 
(807) from Fort Qu’Appelle, November 4, 1913. 


528. Acanthis linaria linaria. COMMON 
REDPOLL.—Fairly common as winter visitant in 
the south, in lower Canadian zone and transition 
zone. Probably breeds in Hudsonian zone. 


529. Astragalinus tristis. AMERICAN GOLD- 
FINCH.—Goldfinches are common summer visitants 
through the south, noted as less common in lower 
Canadian zone, as at Big River and Hudson Bay 
Junction; center of abundance along Qu’Appelle 
Valley. Birds of the lower transition zone, in the 
south-west at least, are no doubt referable to A. t. 
pallidus, Pale Goldfinch, but those of more north- 
ern and eastern occurrence are not, apparently, so 
well defined at present. Commonly called ‘‘Wild 
Canary’’. 


533. Spinus pinus. PINE SISKIN.—Fairly 
common, mostly in fall migration, but noted at 
times during summer, through the south. Found 
breeding in pine trees on Experimental Farm, 
Indian Head, by Geo. Lang, also apparently breeds 
in Cypress Hills, but no nesting records available 
for the north. 


Passer domesticus. HOUSE SPARROW.—An 
undesirable alien, first introduced from Europe 
(England?) to New York State in 1851-1852, and 
now spread practically over the whole of North 
America. Appears to have invaded Saskatchewan 
about 1898; now to be found throughout the 
province (even north to Lake Athabaska). Usual- 
ly called “English” Sparrow. 


534. Plectrophenax nivalis. SNOW BUNT- 
ING.—Common, but local, winter visitant; in 
transition zone mostly seen in early winter and 
early spring. Also called “Snowbird” and ‘“‘Snow- 
flake’. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


113 


536. Calcarius lapponicus. LAPLAND LONG- 
SPUR.—Fairly common transient visitant as noted 
in the south. It seems improbable that the form 
C. 1. alascensis occurs in migration through this 
province. 


537. Calcarius pictus. SMITH’S LONGSPUR. 
—Uncommon transient visitant as noted in the 
south. Specimen (234) Craven, October 1, 1913, 
taken by Buchanan. One taken at Lake Atha- 
baska, August 7, 1920, by U.S. Biol. Survey party. 
Also known as ‘“‘Painted Longspur’’. 


538. Calcarius ornatus. CHESTNUT-COL- 
LARED LONGSPUR.—Common summer visitant 
south in transition zone, mainly in the lower trans- 
ition zone. 


539. Rhynchophanes mccowni. MCCOWN’S 
LonecspuR.—Fairly common summer visitant 
locally through lower transition zone; a few noted 
breeding in Regina district some years. 


540a. Pooecetes gramineus confinis. WEST- 
ERN VESPER SPARROW.—Common summer visit- 
ant through the south in transition zone, mainly 
in the lower transition zone. Scarce in the north. 


542b. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudin- 
us. WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.—Savannah 
Sparrows noted as common summer visitants 
throughout the province. While the majority of 
specimens from at least western side of the pro- 
vince agree with alaudinus, birds from extreme 
north-east and from south in lower transition zone 
may be of other subspecific forms. 


545. Ammodramus bairdi. BAIRD’S SPAR- 
ROW.—Not common summer visitant except 
locally through the south in transition zone. 


546a. Ammodramus savannarum bima- 
culatus. WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.— 
Apparently rare and local. Recorded at Lake 
Johnston, 1922, by C. G. Harrold, as follows: 


““A male was taken on the lake-shore on May 16. 


This was the only example seen or heard.” Mr. 
Harrold later sent the specimen to England. 
548. Passerherbulus lecontei. LECONTE’S 


SPARROW.—Not common; probably breeds 
throughout the province. Specimens from Moose 
Mountain, Hudson Bay Junction and Churchill 
River. 


549.1. Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni. 
NELSON’S SPARROW.—Not common summer visit- 
ant as noted south in transition zone—mainly 
south-east. 


552a. Chondestes grammacus strigatus. 
WESTERN LARK SPARROW.—Uncommon south in 
lower transition zone; specimen (1415) taken near 


114 


Eastend, June 4, 1922, by L. B. Potter, who reports 
it of nearly regular occurrence in that district. 
Reported seen in Lake Johnston district, May, 
1895, by Spreadborough. 


553. Zonotrichia querula. HARRIS’S SPAR- 
ROW.—Common transient visitant as noted through 
transition zone. Probably breeds in portion of 
Hudsonian zone, extreme north-east. 


554. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys. 
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.—Common summer 
visitant as noted breeding in Cypress Hills— 
northern slopes. Observed only as migrant else- 
where in lower transition zone. 


554a. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli. 
GAMBEL’S WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.—Not com- 
mon; noted in Cypress Hills and at Lake Johnston. 
There is a specimen in the Fleming collection from 
Reindeer Lake, July 16,1914. Five taken at Lake 
Athabaska, August 14, 1920, by U.S. Biol. Survey 
party. 

558. 
ED SPARROW.—Common summer visitant; breeds 
throughout the province, but mostly in Canadian 
zone; fewer northward and scarce as a breeder 
south in transition zone. 


559. Spizella monticola monticola. TREE 
SPARROW.—Common in migration, especially in 
spring, through the south. Found breeding at 
Reindeer Lake, July, 1914. (Probably the West- 
ern Tree Sparrow, S. m. ochracea, occurs, at least 
in migration). 


560. Spizella passerina passerina. CHIP- 
PING SPARROW.—Common summer visitant in 
Canadian zone, apparently less so northward; 
also breeds sparingly in Moose Mountain and 
Cypress Hills. (Specimens taken at Lake Atha- 
baska, August, 1920, are included in U-S. Biol. 
Survey list as S. p. arizone, Western Chipping 
Sparrow.) 


561. Spizella pallida. CLAY-COLORED SPAR- 
ROW.—Common summer visitant, breeding through 
the south mainly in transition zone, and more 
sparingly through the north. 


562. Spizella breweri. BREWER’S SPARROW. 
—Uncommon and local south in lower transition 
zone. Specimen (993) taken in valley of French- 
man’s River, Cypress Hills, June 18, 1919, where a 
few were evidently breeding in the sagebrush. 
One taken at Lake Johnston, May 16, 1922, by 
C. G. Harrold. 


567. Junco hyemalis hyemalis. SLATE- 
COLORED JUNCO.—Common summer visitant in 
Canadian zone and northward, noted only as 
migrant south in transition zone. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Zonotrichia albicollis. WHITE-THROAT- — 


[Special Number 


567h. Junco hyemalis mearnsi. PINK- 
SIDED JUNCO.—Common summer visitant as noted 
breeding in the Cypress Hills, but mostly on the 
northern wooded slopes. (Birds of puzzling plum- 
ages suggesting other forms are seen about Regina 
in migrations.) 


581. Melospiza melodia melodia. SONG 
SPARROW.—Song Sparrows are common and breed 
throughout the province. A pair taken at Rein- 
deer River, June 28, 1914, are referred to this form 
by J. H. Fleming; it apparently breeds through 
Canadian and Hudsonian zones. Birds of the 
south, breeding at least in lower transition zone, 
appear to be referable to M. m. juddi, a subspecific 
form, however, that seems to be open to doubt. 


583. Melospiza lincolni lincolnt. LINn- 
COLN’S SPARROW.—Not common as noted south 
in transition zone in migration. Specimens 
have been taken in the Cypress Hills, May 18; 
at Regina, September 29; at Big River (evidently 
breeding), June 17; and at Reindeer River, June 
29. 


584. Melospiza georgiana. SWAMP SPAR- 
ROW.—Uncommon as summer visitant in the north 
and as migrant through the south. Specimen 
(763), Churchill River, June 6, 1914. One taken 
at Lake Athabaska, August 2, 1920, by U-S. Biolo- 
gical Survey party. One from Cabri Lake, Sep- 
tember 10, 1920, is in the Victoria Memorial 
Museum, Ottawa. 


585. Passerella iliaca iliaca. FOX SPARROW. 
—Uncommon through the south in migration; 
apparently breeds from upper Canadian zone 
through Hudsonian zone. Specimens from Pon- 
teix, September 18, 1914, and Reindeer Lake, 
June 11, 1914. 


588. Pipilo maculatus arcticus. ARCTIC 
TOWHEE.—Not common summer visitant. Breeds 
sparingly through the south, mostly in lower 
transition zone. (The eastern form, P. m. erythro- 
phthalmus, has not been recorded in the province 
authentically.) 


595. Hedymeles ludovicianus. ROSE- 
BREASTED GROSBEAK.—Fairly common summer 
visitant, breeds all through the south and more 
sparingly northward. 


596. Hedymeles melanocephalus. BLACK- 
HEADED GROSBEAK.—Uncommon summer visitant 
south in lower transition zone. Specimen (867) 
from Eastend, May 27, 1917. One taken at Lake 
Johnston, May 15, 1922, by C. G. Harrold. 
Reported eastward to Estevan. 


598. Passerina cyanea. INDIGO BUNTING. 
—Rare visitant from the east; noted only south 
in transition zone. A male taken at Estevan by 


VoL. XXXVIII 
May, 1924. 


D. L. Thorpe, May 28, 1893 (Seton, Auk, XXV, 
1908, p. 454). Two reported seen at Indian Head 
in June, 1890, by Geo. Lang. 


[599. Passerina amoena. LAZULI BUNTING.—May be a 
rare visitant from the west; reported only south in transition 
zone. Reported as follows: ‘‘One seen July 1 and 2, 1908, 
about the buildings on the ranch; it remained two days and 
was tame enough io allow of- certain identification.”—L. B. 
Potter, Eastend. ‘“‘Two taken May 24, 1890; another May 
26, 1892, at Indian Head.’’—Geo. Lang. Specimens not 


extant. Hypothetical.] 
604. Spiza americana. DICKCISSEL.—Rare 
Specimen (1485), 


south in lower transiticn zone. 

a male, taken at Lake Johnston, 3 pairs seen, 
June 20, 1923, by H. McCrae. This species 
is also called “‘Black-throated Bunting’’. 


605. Calamospiza melanocorys. LARK 
BUNTING.—Common summer visitant through the 
south in lower transition zone, especially so in 
Lake Johnston district. Scarce northward in 
upper transition zone. 


607. Piranga ludoviciana. WESTERN TANA- 
GER.—Not common; noted only in western part 
of Canadian zone. Specimens (1384-1413) taken 
at Big River, May 23, 1922. 

(608. Piranga erythromelas. SCARLET TANAGER.—Ap 
parently rare. This eastern species no doubt occurs, at least 
in extreme south-east. Geo. Lang writes: “‘Harvey found one 
dead after a snowstorm in late May, 1891, at Indian Head, 


which he mounted.’’ Reported seen at Estevan and Moose 
Mountain. Hypothetical.] 


611. Progne subis subis. PURPLE MARTIN. 
—Fairly common summer visitant locally. Found 
breeding in Moose Mountain and Prince Albert 
districts. 


612. Petrochelidon lTlunifrons lunifrons. 
CLIFF SWALLOW.—Fairly common summer visit- 
ant, breeding more or less throughout the province. 


618. Hirundo erythrogastra. BARN SWAL- 
LOw.—Common summer visitant through transi- 
tion zone, breeding more sparingly northward; 
recorded at Lake Athabaska. 


614. Iridoprocne bicolor. TREE SWALLOW. 
—Fairly common summer visitant locally, breed- 
ing throughout the province. 


616. Riparia riparia. BANK SWALLOW.— 
Common summer visitant, breeding throughout 
the province in suitable localities. 

[617._ Stelgidopteryx serripennis. ROUGH-WINGED SWAL- 
Low.—Probably occurs along or through extreme south, in 
lower transition zone. A pair seen near Wood Mountain in 
July, 1915, and another pair near Willowbunch, July, 1922, 
but identity not certain in either case. Hypothetical.] 

618. Bombycilla garrula. BOHEMIAN WAX- 
WING.— Usually fairly common as winter visitant 
through the south; probably breeds sparingly in 

’ upper Hudsonian zone. 


619. Bombycilla cedrorum. CEDAR WAXx- 
WING.—Common summer visitant, breeding main- 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


115 


ly in transition zone, more sparingly northward at 
least to upper Canadian zone. 


621. Lanius borealis. NORTHERN SHRIKE. 
—Uncommon as noted in migration through the 
south; rarely seen in winter. Apparently breeds 
north in upper Hudsonian zone. 


622a. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. 
WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.—Fairly common summer 
visitant in transition zone; noted breeding in 
Cypress Hills and more sparingly eastward. 


624. Vireosylva olivacea. RED-EYED VIREO. 
—Common summer visitant, breeding throughout 
the province, but mainly through the south. 


626. Vireosylva philadelphica. PHILADEL- 
PHIA VIREO.—Apparently rare. A specimen (116) 
taken at Indian Head by Geo. Lang, May 24, 1908. 
“One was secured by Dr. Bishop in the Maple 
creek timber on June 8, 1906.”’—A. C. Bent, in 
Auk, XXV, 1908, p. 32. 


627. Vireosylva gilva gilva. ‘WARBLING 
VIREO.—Fairly common summer visitant as noted 
south in transition zone. Two taken at Cypress 
Lake, 1921, by P. A. Taverner have been referred 
to the western form V. g. swainsoni. 

[628. Lantvireo flavifrons. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.— 
Possibly of rare or accidental occurrence south-east in lower 
transition zone. Reported taken at Moose Jaw by M. Christy, 


July 19, 1884, by Seton. Macoun, Cat. Canadian Birds. 
Hypothetical. ] 


62g. Lanivireo solitarius solitarius. BLUE- 
HEADED VIREO.—Fairly common summer visitant 
through Canadian zone, especially so as noted at 
Big River and Hudson Bay Junction. Observed 
only as migrant in lower transition zone. 


6386. Mniotilta varia. BLACK-AND-WHITE 
WARBLER.—Fairly common in migrations through 
lower transition zone, apparently breeding north- 
ward in Canadian zone. 


645. Vermivora  ruficapilla  ruficapilia. 
NASHVILLE WARBLER.—Apparently rare. Preble 
includes this species in Athabaska-Mackenzie report 
—North American Fauna, No. 27 in part as follows: 
“Richardson figured and described a specimen 
obtained at Cumberland House, May 15, 1827.” 
“Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p.220, 1831.” Bent, 
on the authority of Bishop, states that a specimen 
was seen June 8, 1906, Maple Creek district, Auk, 
XXV, 1908, p. 33. 


646. Vermivora celata celata. ORANGE- 
CROWNED WARBLER.—Fairly common summer 
visitant in parts of transition zone, notably so in 
Cypress Hills—northern and southern slopes. 
Found breeding also at west end of Qu’Appelle 
Valley, and recorded northward to Lake Atha- 
baska. 


116 


647. Vermivora peregrina. TENNESSEE 
WARBLER.—Common as noted in spring migration 
at Big River. Occurs throughout the province, 
but apparently breeds mainly in Hudsonian zone. 


650. Dendroica tigrina. CAPE MAY WARB- 
LER.—Fairly common as noted in spring migration 
in lower Canadian zone; three specimens from Big 
River. May 19-23, 1922. Apparently rare migrant 
in lower transition zone. Recorded at Lake Atha- 
baska. 


652. Dendroica cestiva cestiva. YELLOW 
WARBLER.—Common summer visitant south in 
transition zone. (Probably this form also occurs 
throughout the province.) Specimens from Lake 
Isle a la Crosse, May 27, and Reindeer Lake, 
July 4, are referred to this form by J. H. Fleming, 
while one from Big River, May 30, he regards as 
suggesting D. a. morcomi, a sub-species described 
from middle west but not recognized. Other 
northern specimens taken at Lake Athabaska, 
August 6-10, are referred to D. a. rubiginosa in 
U.S. Biological Survey list, 1920. 


655. Dendroica coronata. MYRTLE WARB- 
LER.—Common as migrant south through trans- 
ition zone; found breeding at Hudson Bay Junc- 
tion and northward through Hudsonian zone. 


656. Dendroicaauduboni auduboni. AUDU- 
BON’S WARBLER.—A western species only: once 
recorded in the province as far as known. ‘Mr. 
Eastgate shot a female with food in its mouth, in 
a grove of pines in the Cypress Hills on June 28, 
1906.”—Bent, Auk, XXV, 1908, p. 33. 


657. Dendroica magnolia. MAGNOLIA 
WARBLER.—Uncommon migrant as noted south 
in transition zone, but more numerous in Canadian 
zone. Specimens from Last Mountain Lake, 
May 24 and August 30, 1920; Big River, May 21, 
1922; and Hudson Bay Junction, June 6, 1923. 


659. Dendroica pensylvanica. CHESTNUT- 
SIDED WARBLER.—Uncommon as noted in migra- 
tion south in transition zone; one taken at Vale- 
port, May 30, 1916, but found fairly common and 
evidently breeding at Hudson Bay Junction; 
specimens taken May 26, June 14, 1923. 


660. Dendroica castanea. BAY-BREASTED 
WARBLER.—Apparently uncommon, noted only 
as migrant through the south. One specimen 
(182) taken at Valeport, May 24, 1918, and one 
at Big River, May 25, 1922. 


661. Dendroica striata. BLACK-POLL WARB- 
LER.—Fairly common in migration through the 
south. Apparently breeds at least in upper Hud- 
sonian zone. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


(Special. Number 


662. Dendroica fusca. BLACKBURNIAN 
WARBLER.—Rare. Recording this species taken 
at Lake Johnston in 1922, C. G. Harrold writes: 
“A male was obtained on May 20. It’s song 
betrayed its presence in a patch of Choke-cherry 
bushes.”’ (The specimen was later sent to Eng- 
land.) Geo. Lang states: “It was noted at 
Indian Head and in the Qu’Appelle Valley during 
months of May in 1888, 1890, and 1895. Harvey 
had two males and one female in his collection, 
taken at Indian Head in May, 1901.’ One 
reported seen at Last Mountain Lake, 1920, by 
C. H. Young. 


667. Dendroica virens. BLACK-THROATED 
GREEN WARBLER.—Not common in migrations as 
noted in transition zone. Specimens from Last 
Mountain Lake, 1920, and Big River, where it was 
apparently breeding on June 20, 1922. 


672. Dendroica palmarum palmarum. 
PALM WARBLER.—Not common migrant as noted _ 
through the south. One taken at Valeport, May 
13, 1913; two at Big River, May, 1922, and three 
at Lake Athabaska, 1920 (U.S. Biol. Survey). 


674. Seiurus aurocapillus. OVEN-BIRD.— 
Fairly common summer visitant; occurs more or 
less throughout the province. Noted in Moose 
Mountain district, Qu’Appelle Valley, Cypress 
Hills and at Big River. 


675. Seiturus noveboracensts. WATER- 
THRUSH.—The Water-Thrush occurs more or less 
commonly throughout the province; specimens 
from Beaver, Churchill and Reindeer Rivers have 
been referred to S. n. noveboracensis; others from 
Cypress Hills and Lake Athabaska have been 
referred to S. n. notabilis. 


[678. Oporornis agilis. CONNECTICUT WARBLER.—Pro- 
bably occurs rarely at least in eastern Canadian zone. Re- 
corded in the Duck Mountains, Manitoba, near Saskatchewan 
boundary, by Seton, 1884. Thought to have been seen at 
Hudson Bay Junction, 1923, but as it resembles the next species 
closely, identification was doubtful. Hypothetical.] 

679. Oporornis philadelphia. MOURNING 
WARBLER.—Fairly common locally through the 
south. Several noted and evidently breeding at 
Big River, June, 1922, and at Hudson Bay Junc- 


tion, June, 1923. 


680. Oporornis tolmiet. MACGILLIVRAY’S 
WARBLER.—Common summer visitant. Found 
breeding in the Cypress Hills, southern and north- 
ern slopes; scarce eastward in lower transition 
zone. Also known as Tolmie Warbler. This 
species, like the Connecticut, resembles the 
Mourning Warbler. . 


68la. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. 
WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.—Common summer 
visitant through Cypress Hills district; less com- 
mon eastward and through Qu’Appelle Valley. 


_Vou.. XX XVIIL 
May, 1924. 


A pair noted at Big River. Apparently the Mary- 
land Yellow-throat is represented by this.form in 
Saskatchewan. 


683. Icteria virens virens. YELLOW-BREAST- 
ED CHAT.—Recorded only in the extreme south- 
west. A male specimen in the Victoria Memorial 
Museum, Ottawa, was taken at Cypress Lake, 
June 4, 1921, (another seen) by P. A. Taverner. 
L. B. Potter, Eastend, writes under date of July 
10, 1922, in part: “‘. . and I have discovered a 
pair of Chats, which are most certainly nesting 
just outside my east fence’, 


685. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla. WILSON’S 
WARBLER.—Common through the south in migra- 
tion. Probably breeds through the north, mainly 
in Hudsonian zone, but no nesting records avail- 
able. 


686. Wilsonia canadensis. CANADIAN WARB- 
LER.—Fairly common and apparently breeding at 
Hudson Bay Junction; observed as scarce in 
migrations south in lower transition zone. 


687. Setophaga ruticilla. AMERICAN RED- 
START.—Fairly common summer visitant through 
the south. Less common northward, but appar- 
ently breeds throughout the province. 


697. Anthus rubescens. AMERICAN PIPIT. 
—Fairly common transient visitant. Noted most- 
ly in spring migration south in transition zone. 


700. Anthus spraguei. SPRAGUE’S PIPIT.— 
Fairly common locally; noted as breeding mainly 
in central parts of transition zone. The “Skylark 
of the prairies’’. 


(702. Oreoscoptes montanus. SAGE THRASHER.— 
Though nearest available record is from Montana, this species 
may be expected to occur at least in extreme south-west, along 


the boundary and south of the Frenchman River. Hypo- 
thetical.] 
704. Dumetella carolinensis. CATBIRD.— 


Common summer visitant south in transition zone, 
mostly in lower transition zone. Not noted north 
of Prince Albert. 


705. Toxostoma rufum. BROWN THRASHER. 
—Fairly common summer visitant. Found breed- 
ing through Qu’Appelle Valley and other wooded 
areas south in transition zone, mainly in lower 
transition zone. 


715. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus. ROCK 
WREN.—Not common; noted, and found breeding, 
only in extreme south-west from Cypress Hills to 
Wood Mountain districts, in outcropping sand- 
stone. Specimens (907-8) from near Ravenscrag. 


721la. Troglodytes aédon parkmani. WEST- 
ERN Hous—E WREN.—Common summer visitant 


through transition zone, fewer northward. Noted 


as common at Big River but scarce at Hudson Bay 
Junction. 


“THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Sialy 


722. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. WINTER 
WREN.—Uncommon; one specimen (1389) (of a 
pair seen), taken at Big River, June 10, 1922. 
Previously recorded as seen in the same district by 
Prof. J. S. Dexter, 1919, Noted as rare migrant 
south in transition zone. 


724. Cistothorus stellaris. | SHORT-BILLED 
Marsh WREN.—Not common, but local in trans- 
ition zone, specimen (726) from Quill Lake (where 
several were found breeding), June 23, 1915. 


725d. Telmatodytes palustris iliacus. 
PRAIRIE MARSH WREN.—Fairly common summer 
visitant, breeding in suitable places through 
transition zone and parts of lower Canadian zone. 
(A subspecies of the Long-billed Marsh Wren.) 


726. Certhia familiaris americana. BROWN 
CREEPER.—Not common in migration south in 
transition zone; more numerous and evidently 
breeding at Big River in 1922. Two specimens 
(1063-1114) from south end of Last Mountain 
Lake, May 12-14, 1920. Two seen at Regina in 
spring migration, 1913-1923. 


727. Sitta carolinensis. |WHITE-BREASTED 
NUTHATCH.—This species occurs but sparingly 
through the south, noted mainly in transition zone. 
Specimens (375-723) from Prince Albert, March 
23, 1914, and Regina, September 28, 1914. Also 
recorded in Cypress Hills, Qu’Appelle Valley and 
Moose Mountain. Saskatchewan birds show little 
indication of form S. c. aculeata. 


728. Sitta canadensis. RED-BREASTED 
NutTHATCH.—Common in migration through prai- 
ries of lower transition zone. Apparently breeds 
mainly in Canadian zone. ‘‘One observed in 
winter south of Cumberland Lake on January 11.” 
—A. Buchanan. 


735a. Penthestes atricapillus septentrion- 
alis. LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE.—Common, noted 
as resident at least in transition zone. Apparently 
breeds throughout the province. 


740. Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus. 
HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.—Not common resident 
from Prince Albert northward, breeding to north- 
ern boundary. Specimens taken at Lake Atha- 
baska, Big River, Prince Albert and Hudson Bay 
Junction. 


(748. Regulus satrapa satrapa. GOLDEN-CROW NED 
KINGLET.—Apparently rare. The nearest record is that of 
a male taken May 27, 1901, at west end of Lake Athabaska in 
Alberta—Preble, Athabaska-Mackenzie Report. This species 
no doubt occurs, at least in the north half of Saskatchewan. 
Hypothetical.] 


749. Regulus calendula calendula. RUBY- 
CROWNED KINGLET.—Fairly ,common as migrant 
through lower transition zone, and common as 
found breeding at Big River and Hudson Bay 


118 
Junction. Recorded at Reindeer and Athabaska 
Lakes. 

754. Myadestes townsendi. TOWNSEND’S 


SOLITAIRE.—Apparently rare or accidental visitant 
from the west. C. G. Harrold reports this bird 
from Lake Johnston: “A male of this species was 
taken on May 10, 1922. The bird was flycatching 
from a wire fence’. The specimen was sent to 
England. One seen at Regina, September 30, 
1923.—H. H. M. 


756a. Hylocichla fuscescens _ salicicola. 
WILLOW THRUSH.—Common summer visitant, 
breeding south through transition zone; in Cana- 
dian zone found fairly common at Hudson Bay 
Junction and less so at Big River. 


757. Hylocichla alicice alicice. GRAY-CHEEK- 
ED THRUSH.—Not common through the south in 


migration. A pair recorded on Churchill River, 
June 18. Probably breeds through Hudsonian 
zone. 


758a. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. OLIVE- 
BACKED THRUSH.—Fairly common migrant south 
through transition zone, mainly through the lower 
transition zone. Recorded on Churchill River, 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


June 14. Probably breeds mostly through Cana- 
dian zone and northward. 


759b. Hylocichla guttata pallasi. HERMIT 
THRUSH.—Not common in migration south in 
lower transition zone, but common and apparently 
breeding at Big River and Hudson Bay Junction. 
Recorded at Isle a la Crosse and Lake Athabaska. 


761. Planesticus migratorius migratorius. 
AMERICAN ROBIN.—Common summer visitant, 
breeding more or less throughout the province. 
This “red-breasted” relative of the Thrushes 
shows, as far as Saskatchewan is concerned, but 
little indication of forms other than P. m. migrat- 
orius. 


766. Sialia sialis sialis. BLUEBIRD.—Fairly 
common summer visitant locally through transi- 
tion zone, found breeding in Cypress Hills and 
Moose Mountain and northward to Hudson Bay 
Junction. 


768. Sialia currucoides. MOUNTAIN BLUE- 
BIRD.—Fairly common summer visitant, breeding _ 
through the Cypress Hills district, less numerous 
eastward. Recorded at Regina and at Edam- 
Battleford district. Its range overlaps that of 
the above species, the Eastern Bluebird, S. s. sialis. 


REFERENCE LIST OF HYPOTHETICAL SPECIES 


Bittern): east. 22. scckccce 208 pe ee eee 106 
IBiohationee, ILEVADI ly pie ee a ho as ok 115 
Grane lnittle Brown. een Bate 106 
Duck Greater Scaupwe ee ees 105 
Flycatchers@resced. eens. so IE 
GOOSEN et ee hex ten ge ene tee Seay Pee ie 105 
Hawk s@oopers. ete AUR Ee Soe cae es S 108 
Jaeger SPandsivies. Mavi ce alee: «aerate 103 
Kin Ot sinaztit aha se cea eo ae 107 
Kate Swallowatalleder = een ee ere 108 
Kinglet, Golden-crowned................ TY 
T,00n, Paciiics.ai Oe eee aee tee eee 103 
oon eYellow—billedea iene ee 103 
Onl, Avrnerivonin areal oy oy osc be ln bo Sole 109 
Owl. GreatnG Taye iio. se eee woe epee 109 


Owl, Screeches. nade. ya Lee 110 
Oriole Bullock’ss.ce4 4/0 cae ee 112 
Plover; Mountain. .=..j.¢ 3232.3 108 
Poor-willaws¢6 & ode ee ae ast 
Raily Yellows 2.0. 0 oS ee cc 106 
Swift, Chimneyui.ce 0s aot Do hoy Se ee 111 
Swallow, Rough-winged................. 115 
Terns Caspian 20) 208 P79. nee 104 
Tanager,’ Scarlet: £292. sa o: eee oats C/U) 
Thrasher Sage. ....02 005 2. ee eee 117 
Vireo, Yellow-throated........... CEA EAL Eee 115 
Woodcock, American... ... 2... «chee 106 
Woodpecker, American Three-toed....... 110 
Warbler, Connecticut::.. 7. oicu7.- see eee 116 


VoL. XXXVIIL 
May, 1924. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


119 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 


NOTE TO LIBRARIANS 


The regular May issue was inadvertently 
marked ‘‘No. 6” instead of being marked “‘5’’. 


LARGE NUMBERS OF MALLARDS REMAIN IN 
BUFFALO LAKE, ALBERTA, THROUGHOUT WINTER. 
—Approximately 2,000 Mallards have remained 
till this date, February 4th, 1924, in and around 
Buffalo Lake, Alberta, and from every indication 
intend to remain Canadians, if it is at all possible. 
On account of the drying up of the thousands of 
small sloughs and lakes in this part of Alberta the 
past season, all kinds of Ducks were forced to 
seek the larger lakes for resting and watering 
places. During October and November countless 
flocks of Mallards gathered at Buffalo Lake, and 
fed on the stubble of the wheat farms in that 
vicinity. When this lake froze over, many of the 
Mallards and all other varieties moved on south, 
but a number estimated at about 2,000 continued 
to feed on the bare fields, and spent the night in 
a hole in the ice about 35 feet across, and about a 
mile from shore. Even in the temperature of 36° 
below zero they were able to keep this space open, 
probably through their movements, and from the 
heat of their bodies. About the 20th of January 
several inches of snow fell, and the thermometer 
went down to 36° below zero. The Mallards were 
seen flying to the fields and returning before their 
usual time, and upon investigation it was found 
that they were unable to uncover the scattered 
heads of wheat, and were not procuring the neces- 
sary food. A few dead birds were found near the 
water hole, and they had evidently died from 
starvation, as their crops were empty. Coyotes 
and Snowy Owls were on the watch, and were 
seen to capture those that could not reach the 
water hole, atter becoming chilled on the ice. 
This condition of affairs began to look serious and 
the Parks Branch of the Department of the 
Interior at Ottawa was notified, in the hope that 
some action would be taken to save the Mallards. 
The Department immediately appropriated $500, 
which was to be used to feed the birds and to give 
the needed protection from pot hunters and other 
enemies. During the following week the weather 
became milder, straw and grain were scattered 
around the water hole, and the Mallards are now 
making themselves quite at home. On Sunday, 
the 3rd of February, the hole was visited, and at 
least 1,500 of the birds arose in a cloud, and, with 
the noise of thunder, left for their feeding grounds 
a few miles to the northwest of the lake. Fifteen 
dead ones were found in the water hole, all of 
which were in very poor condition. Mr. George 


Cook, Guardian of the Buffalo Lake Sanctuary, 
and Frank Crossley, of the Alberta Provincial 
Police, have the matter in hand, and a sufficient 
amount of feed will be available for the Ducks 
from now on. One of the most gratifying inci- 
dents of the peculiar and unusual situation was 
the wholehearted way in which the sportsmen and 
citizens of the province generally offered aid and 
assistance to those who had the matter in charge. 
—-FRANK L. FARLEY. 

NOTES ON CROSSBILLS.—Current literature, at 
least any to which I have had access, contains 
little, if any, reference to the song of the Crossbill. 
Whether this is because few ornithologists have 
heard these birds in song, or whether their vocal 
efforts are as erratic as their other habits and do 
not always measure up to the standard, suffice it 
to say that their performance in Maine during the 
summer of 1922 seemed so outstanding that I 
would like, if possible, to put it on record so that 
others might enjoy with me the pleasures of that 
experience. 


Where I live (London, Ontario), both White- 
winged and American Crossbills are irregular 
winter visitors, the latter being the commoner 
species. During years when they are common 
they occasionally stay well on into May or June 
and give us snatches of their song, which resembles 
somewhat, at that season of the year, a mixture 
of the songs of Goldfinch and Purple Finch. This 
is no doubt far from a perfect performance, as is 
the case with other migrants tuning up as they 
journey to the nesting grounds. The White- 
winged Crossbill I have never heard at London. 


During 1922 it was my privilege to spend the 
month of July with a keen, bird-loving friend in 
the State of Maine. Among the trips we took to 
points of interest was one to the northern part of 
the state, our objective being “Troutdale Cabins”, 
on Moxie Lake. The afternoon of our arrival, 
July 18th, we went for a walk to Mosquito Pond. 
On the way Crossbills were flying over, calling, 
and at last one alighted in a tree beside the trail 
and started to sing. Through our glasses we made 
it out to be a White-wing in the rosy plumage 
and my notes, made at the time, state that it was 
the finest bird song to which I had ever listened. 
It is rather difficult, perhaps unfair, to compare 
the song of one species of bird with that of another, 
and of course personal tastes may vary, but the 
impression made upon me at that time still re- 
mains most lasting, deepened, if anything, by the 
lapse of time. 


The song began with a trill on one key, changing 
to one a little lower in pitch, then to one higher. 


120 


These three trills were followed by a series of 
chirps and throaty notes (so my pencil states), 
similar to those of a tame Canary, the only bird 
whose song this one might be said to resemble. 
The song continued with chirps, trills and warbles 
and seemed to last some minutes, although we did 
not actually time it. 


During the three days of our stay Crossbills 
were in evidence most of the time and sang equally 
well on the wing or on the tip top of a spruce tree 
(usually a dead one), which seemed to be their 
favorite perch. All the singers that we were able 
to put the glass on proved to be White-wings in 
the rosy plumage, in fact we saw only two green 
ones all told. Those flying over, of course, were 
not always in sufficiently good light for us to 
identify them positively as to either species or 
plumage, but it is not unreasonable to suppose 
that the birds were all White-wings, as no Ameri- 
ean Crossbills were seen during the trip. My 
friend had seen plenty of them earlier in the 
summer on Mount Desert Island, near Bar Harbor, 
Maine, the White-wings being the absentees on 
that occasion. We never saw more than two or 
three of the birds together at one time, but they 
were continually flying around, calling or singing, 


which made an estimate of their total numbers 


more or less guesswork. 


The following notes with reference to Crossbills 
at London may also be of interest. 


The first is the taking of two specimens of 
Bendire’s Crossbill on May 24th, 1892. This isa 
large form of the American which has been thrown 
out and reinstated again by the A.O.U. on different 
occasions. I believe it appears on their latest 
check-list. 


The others are breeding notes. In 1902 two 
White-wings were shot a few miles from the city 
in an evergreen woods. Both were in the mottled 
plumage and it is presumed that they were young 
which had been bred there. The other record is 
more definite in that the nest and eggs were 
actually taken. This nest was found some two 
miles east of London on April 28th, 1909. It was 
in a maple tree and was situated some forty-five 
feet from the ground, being placed against the 
trunk of the tree. It was composed mainly of 
bark strips with some grasses and twigs and was 
lined with fine bark strips. It contained four eggs, 
three Crossbill’s and one Cowbird’s, and incuba- 
tion had begun. There is unfortunately some 
doubt as to the species, but indications point to 
it being the American.—E. M.S. DALE. 


MystTerRY BANDS.—Mr. F. R. Butler, Secretary 
of the Game Conservation Board for British 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[Special Number 


Columbia forwarded to me, under date of Decem- 
ber 6th, 1923, an aluminum band bearing the 
figure 21, but with no other inscription. This 
was taken from the leg of a Blue Grouse, shot on 
Raza Island, British Columbia, by Mr. L. A. 
Schibler, of Church House, who asked to be ad- 
vised of its origin. It is obviously a home-made 
band, apparently cut out of a sheet of aluminum 
with scissors or tin shears. The figures are 
stamped in and show no abrasion.—J. A. MUNRO. 


BIRDS MoBBING FELTING ON A FENCE-POST.— 
On August 6, 1923, several miles south of Ottawa, 
Ontario, seven Bluebirds, two Chipping Sparrows 
and one Kingbird were observed hovering around 
a fence-post. The excited “nose-dives’” made by 
the Kingbird, especially, drew attention to a small 
dark object reposing on the top of the post. On 
investigating, I found a piece of machinery felting 
about one inch square and three inches long. At 
first glance, in size and color, the oily felt resembled 
a Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda).—-C. E. 
JOHNSON. 


OCCURRENCE OF THE LEAST BITTERN IN MANI- 
TOBA.—On October 12th, 1923, Mrs. H. J. J. 
Smith, of Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, found in 
her yard a Least Bittern which had been injured 
by flying against the wires during the night. The 
bird was living when found, but died soon after- 
wards. It was taken for identification to Mr. 
Hamilton, the principal of the Collegiate Institute, 
and eventually was mentioned in the Winnipeg 
paper. Isaw this report and wrote to Mr. Hamil- 
ton with a view to securing the bird fer our 
museum. The skin had been preserved by one 
of the collegiate teachers and I was able to pur- 
chase it and have had it mounted and placed in 
our collection, at the Normal School, Brandon, 
Manitoba. 


Owing to our not having received the bird in 
the flesh, it was impossible to make measurements 
which would be considered strictly accurate. 
The following are approximate: L. 18 inches; 
wing, 42 inches. The extent was not noted as it 
could not be even approximately judged from the 
skin. The plumage is that of the adult male. 

While there are several records of this bird 
having been seen in Manitoba, so far as I know this 
is the only specimen taken in the province that 
has been preserved.—B. J. HALES. 


Mr. Hales accompanied the above note by a 
photograph of the specimen in question. There 
can be absolutely no question as to identity.— 
PART 


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ries 
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Affiliated Societies 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF 
: MANITOBA 
1923 ~ 


Hon. Presidenis: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D.; W. G. ScorTT; 


_ President: Pror. V. W. JACKSON; Vice-Presidents: NORMAN 


CRIDDLE; J.J. GOLDEN; Mrs. C. P. ANDERSON; PROF. C. H. 
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SOCIETY ae 
rs (Incorporated) . 


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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 


COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


The Officers for the above Society for the year ending 
March 81st, 1923, are as follows:— 
President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
‘NATION; Treasurer: Miss S. M. THORNTON. Commiitee:— 
Miss C, G. Fox, Miss A. F. GARDINER, Miss I. CATHCART, 
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AND F. W. GoDSAL. Trustees: —REV. R. CONNELL, Dr. C. F. 
NEWCOMBE AND G. HARVEY. . 


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Hon. President: Hon. Gro. HOADLEY; Hon. Vice-President: 
H. A. Craic; G. W. SmitH, M.P.P.; J. J. GAETZ; President: 
C. H. SNELL; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS; Dr. 
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Deer; Directors: Mrs. H. GEORGE, Red Deer; Mrs: G. F. 
Root, Wetaskiwin; K. BowMAN, Edmonton; F. S. Carr, 
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Deer; S. PAMELY, Red Deer; C. G. S. CrosBy, Red Deer; 
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eer; Dr. H. GEORGE, Red Deer; Mammals: Dr. H. GEORGE, 
Red Deer; Fishes: F. C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer Flowers: 
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11050 1238rd St., Edmonton; Lepidoptera, K. BOWMAN, 9914 
115th St., Edmonton; Odonata, F.C. WHITEHOUSE, Red Deer. 
The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 

last Friday of each month except during July and August and 
perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 


- on the last Friday in November. 


ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 
LONDON, ONT. 


President: T. D. PATTERSON, 562 Waterloo Street; Recording 
Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McKoNngE, Worthey Road; Correspond- 
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President: JoHN Davipson, F. L. S., University of B.C.; 
Vice-President: FRED PERRY; Hon. Secretary: C. F. CONNOR, 
M.A., 3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: 
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Westmount, Que.; Miss EDITH Morrow AND Miss EMILY 
LUKE, c-o Secretary. © 


ay 
SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
NATURELLE DU CANADA 


Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: DoctEuR S. GAUDREAU; ler vice-président. ABBE 
A. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: A.-R.-M. BOULTON; 
Secrétaire-trésorier: Louts-B. Lavorm; Chef de la section 
scientifique: A.-A. GopBoUT; Chef de la section de propaganda 
éducationnelle: DoctEuR A. DrRyY; Chef de la section de pro- 
tection: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; Chef de la section d information 
DoctEur J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: 
R.-F. Linpsay; Jos. MATTE; G.-S. AHERN. 


a 


THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO- 
< GISTS’ UNION 


Officers for 1923 


Hon. President: HON. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria 
Vice-President: T, L. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. Munro, Okana- 
gan Landing; Dr. Ketso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. RAcry, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. 


THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 


President: PRoressorR R. B. THOMSON: Vice-Presidents: 
PROFESSOR E. M. WALKER, Dr. A. CoseEns, J. H. FLEMING; 
Secretary: W. F. GreGoRY, 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: F. H. BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH; 
Librarian: Dr. LyMAN B. Jackes. BIRD GROUP:— 
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FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H. B. Sirton: Secretary: 
Miss J. G. WRIGHT, Pu.D.; INSECT GROUP:—Chair- 
man: PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: Miss NoRMA ForD, 
PH.D. MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R. DYMOND; 
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GROUP:—Chairman: SHELLEY LOoGIER; Secretary: T. B. 
Kurata. PROGRAM COMMITTEE:—Chairman: Dr. 
W. A. CLEMENS. WILD LIFE PRESERVATION GOM- 
MITTEE:—Chairman: RussELL G. DINGMAN. EDUCA- 
TIONAL COMMITTEE:—Chairman: TayLor STATTEN. — 


= NM > 
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-- VOL. XXXVIII, No. 7 iB : : _ SEPTEMBER, 1924 


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THE OTTAWA FIELD- NATURALISTS’ CLUB 
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: Fee | President: HoyeEs Lioyp. ‘i 
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KERMODE; PRor. R. = THOMSON; THE EDITOR. 


Editor: 
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Associate Hditors: eet : 
GAP ER Goh hie eee aes Bee a: Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN... 


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ATs ON VTA Bice sic, Tee cee pe ww oes ae Botany — P. A. TAVERNER 

BOR? LATCHTORD. Ao qe A Conchology 

ME BYe WaGLIAMSS. 4 0 See | Peas Sata berth Geology = —— BR. M. ANDERSON... ...... ss 
ARTHUR GIBSON...... Baia Entomology — CLYBE Dy BATCH RC cee 


CONTENTS ae 


Observations on the Habits of Sphex procera in Manitoba. By Norman Conde Sgt tae 
Notes on the Canada Goose in Captivity. By Rev. Brother Wilfrid................. ian 
List of Birds Recorded from the Island of Anticosti, Quebec. By Harrison F. ‘Lewis. Or 
from Page 90) ae 
The Home Life of the Columbian. Ground Squirrel. By William Shaw se ee on 
‘The ee Bee of an Equisetum from the Lance Formation of Saskatchewan. By Pro 
zs ET 8 oro icra We Paonia nen mse AUNT AL i nieve hs Aeon aca ee Bieri 
Notes on the Sphingide of Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. By Ww. H. A. Preece. Seats dares s re) 
Official Canadian Record. of Bird-Banding Returns. Bee Meh Me cats opts ane araae a aye Belen aia 
Notes and Observations :— oe 
To Make the Detachable Funnel Trap for Bird Banding. By G. D. Sprot.. ae 
Notes on Flickers’ Roosts. By C.E.Johnson..... Dong ie eae ene rip gel Nie ae a 
A Red Squirrel’s Christmas Dinner. By C. E. Johnson....... a tees S ween < Tae 
Horned Larks Wintering in Alberta. By_ Frank L. Farley Bi Soe Ra UAE aN Rae 
Holboell’s Grebe in Winter in Ontario. By W.E. Saunders.......... ARENSON Sh ish 
The First Ottawa Field-Naturalist. By F. R. Latehford AN ek aes res aan Rea ars 2 3, 
A Towhee in the Battle River Valley, ee ‘By C. a. Snell. We eee peanut nt 


arte 1 


Correspondence ......... EU) igs the sd CUakalas abe Die ROR) NAD aR aera: eae Degen era 


THE CANADIAN FIRLD-NATURALIST, lately THE Oia OMe 
thirty-seven years ago, “‘to publish the results of ‘original research or investigation 1 
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ap ON ame 


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ume of over 300 pages, entitled: 


Autobiography of 
John Macoun, M.A. 


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Director and Naturalist to the Geological Survey 
of Canada—1831-1920. 

z 33 

This volume is an account of the life of this veteran K 
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VOL. XXXVIII 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, SEPTEMBER, 1924 


No. 7 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS OF SPHEX PROCERA IN MANITOBA 
By NORMAN CRIDDLE 


~ @ WS INTERESTING objects for study the 
A Hymenoptera probably rank above all 

peers} other insect orders, and owing to the 

——<=—# diversity of their habits they perhaps 
excel even some of the higher groups of animals 
such as birds. Much has been written concerning 
them, but vastly more remains to be told. Indeed 
their activities are all around us and their in- 
fluences. upon our daily life are manifested in 
innumerable ways. 

It is not my intention here, however, to enlarge 
upon so general a subject, when there are already 
so many works available for reference. The writ- 
ings of Henri Fabre, the Peckhamsand, the Rausesin 
particular provide numerous fascinating studies. 
I propose instead to present a short paper on the 
life-history of Sphex procera Dahl. in Manitoba. 
This wasp has already been studied in Texas by 
Carl Hartman and to a lesser extent by the Rauses, 
but there are gaps in its biography still to be filled 
and it is hoped that this paper will shed light upon 
them. 

_ For the benefit of those not acquainted with 
Sphex procera, I may state that the insect is a 
large blackish wasp, very wiry in appearance and 
in shape long and slender, with an elongate thread- 
like waist which even the extremists in fashion 
could hardly imitate. This wasp is also long- 
legged and, when in company with others, often 
indulges in a dance-like motion produced by the 
combined action of iegs and wings together. It 
rejoices in the hot sunshine and is partial to sandy 
situations. 

On September 12, 1916, being in need of relaxa- 
tion after some wearisome laboratory occupation, 
I set forth into the wilds in search of adventure. 
It was necessary for me to pass through a garden 
in my wanderings, and on the threshold I was 
brought to a stop by the following incident which 
eventually led to the writing of this paper. There 
at my feet a large wiry digger-wasp was busy in 
the not unfamiliar occupation of dragging a cater- 
pillar many times her own size along the ground. 
The larva, to all appearances, was stiff and lifeless, 
and the wasp, grasping it behind the head partly 
carried and partly dragged it upon its back to- 
wards her lair. Exactly where the kill had taken 
place or what the distance covered by the hunter 


with her game cannot be definitely stated but as 
the nearest food plant of the caterpillar, a cherry 
tree, was more than a hundred feet away it may 
be safely assumed that the final hunting scene had 
taken place at least that distance away from the 
home of the wasp. When I first met the Sphex 
with her prey, which proved to be a larva of 
Smerinthus geminatus, she had still fifty feet to 
travel to her nest, but in spite of various obstacles 
in her path, such as a rhubarb plant, she moved 
steadily onward towards her goal without hesitat- 
ing in her direction and without once relaxing the 
hold upon her victim. 

The Sphex moved directly towards her burrow, 
which she had already prepared for the reception 
of such game as this. In due course she arrived 
at her destination, but only to find another of her 
species in possession. The latter immediately 
darted at her, and the ensuing fight terminated in 
the hasty retreat of the intruder. The rightful 
owner of the caterpillar at once returned to her 
quarry and, after dragging it a little nearer to 
some holes clearly visible in the ground, left it 
nearby whilst she surveyed her surroundings, 
apparently having some doubt as to the exact 
situation of her lair. Becoming satisfied she 
grasped the larva and,straddling it in the custom- 
ary manner, she made a circle with it around the 
entrance to her burrow. Then placing her burden 
near the entrance she entered the burrow, return- 
ing soon afterwards with a small stone. This 
operation was repeated until seven stones had 
been brought to the surface. Then followed 
various unsuccessful efforts to place the caterpillar 
in position for insertion into the burrow. This 
was at length accomplished by placing the larva 
in such a position that its head was as near as 
possible to the entrance. The wasp then entered 
the burrow backwards, dragging the caterpillar 
after her. 

The horn-like tail of the larva had hardly vanish- 
ed down the hole when the second wasp, already 
referred to, again appeared upon the scene. Look- 
ing eagerly about, as if to make sure that her 
rival was absent, she advanced towards the hole 
and ventured down it. On encountering the tail 
end of the caterpillar she at once rushed out in 
great excitement and, grabbing a stone, she hastily 


122 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


dropped it into the hole and as quickly followed it 
with others. Soon all the available stones were 
blocking the entrance and then to complete the 
operation she speedily kicked sand over them. 
These wasps are impish at the best of times, but 
this one seemed particularly so as she strove to 
bury her sister alive. 
outcome the buried Sphex forced her way to the 
surface, rage being depicted in her every move- 
ment. The invader for a moment remained 
motionless with astonishment, and then literally 
took to her wings and fled with the owner of the 
burrow in hot pursuit. The chase, however, was 
of short duration and number one was soon again 
busy at work with her buried caterpillar. 

It may have been the second wasp that had 
actually opened the burrow in the first place in 
preparation for using it herself. Whether the 
second wasp really knew, when she so hastily piled 
stones over the caterpillar, that she was also 
actually burying her rival can only be speculated 
upon. Her haste might lead one to believe this 
to be so, but I do not think it really was. It is 
probable that she was more concerned in using 
the larva later on for her own progeny. We will, 
however, avoid speculation and return to our first 
Sphex. 

After chasing the intruder away she spent the 
next few minutes in again removing the stones 
and sand from the entrance of the burrow, 
carrying them in her jaws and placing them a 
few inches away. Having thus completed the 
excavation to her satisfaction she returned each 
stone to its position in the hole, making a low 
buzzing sound as she did so. Her manner in 
performing this work was very different from that 
of the second wasp; it was not merely a case of 
dropping the stones into the hole, but each was 
moved back and forth and steadily pressed into 
place in order to make it fit closely, the sand 
being used to fill up the spaces between. Nine- 
teen stones were gathered in all, each slightly less 
than a quarter of an inch in width and irregular 
in shape, and arranged in this manner. Larger 
stones were tested but the difficulty in holding 
them with her jaws usually obliged the wasp to 
discard them. After the stones were in place 
they were covered with earth, the latter being 
kicked into place with the front legs after having 
first been loosened by means of the jaws, the 
whole operation being always accompanied by 
that half-angry buzz as if the wasp were taking 
vengeance on the soil because of its hardness. 

The care with which the Sphex filled her burrow 
was equalled only by the thorough way in which 
she hid all traces of it. She not only obliterated 
all signs of the hole itself, but she also dug up the 
earth fully four inches in every direction from the 


As I was speculating on the 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


entrance of the burrow, so that it became quite 
impossible to distinguish the original hole. The 
wasp inspected her work many times and smoothed 
over or dug the soil a little more wherever it seemed 
necessary, but she did not, as others have reported, 
use either stick, leaf or moss to assist in hiding the 
hole. The whole operation described as I observed 
it took an hour and forty-three minutes, not in- 
cluding, of course, the original digging of the bur- 
row or the caterpillar hunting. 

Several other Sphex wasps of the same species 
were present in the vicinity, all busily working or 
dancing if there was nothing more important to do. 
When any of them drew near to our worker they 
were easily driven off, as if they realized that 
they were trespassing. Ants, too, frequently 
came near but although the wasp evidently had 
some fear of them the safety of her offspring over- 
came all other considerations, and, as the easiest 
means of ensuring safety, she took the ants by 
the middle and dropped them at some distance 
away. In most cases the ants seemed little the 
worse for this drastic treatment. Occasionally 
they were seen to be in a dazed condition showing 
that they had suffered somewhat in the process of 
removal. ; 

On one occasion a large, hairy caterpillar blun- 
dered into the hole while the Sphex was digging and 
I really looked for something interesting-as a 
result, but the wasp, after mistaking the cater- 
pillar’s head for a stone, showed no further interest 
other than a decided aversion to coming into 
contact with its bristly hairs. 

On the following day I again visited the Sphex’s 
home. Soon after my arrival she appeared upon 
the scene and at once commenced to undo the 
work of yesterday by digging out the burrow. 
The disguised entrance so elaborately arranged on 
the previous day in no way misled her as to the 
exact location of the burrow, and, digging directly 
in, she removed the carefully placed stones and 
within a comparatively short time dragged forth 
the caterpillar. After examining it she seized it 
behind the head and, despite its inertness, thrust 
her sting twice into its thoracic segments. Having 
performed this operation she once more set to 
work to clean out the burrow. Taking advantage 
of her disappearance below ground, I removed the 
caterpillar and examined it carefully for signs of 
an egg but none was to be seen. I then placed 
it on the ground some distance away from the 
burrow and awaited results. The wasp continued 
to dig unconcernedly for some time and when 
ready for the caterpillar turned to secure it. She 
seemed considerably surprised at its absence and 
immediately commenced to circle around the 
burrow, increasing her distance from it with each 
revolution. In this way she soon discovered her 


September, 1924] 


prey, which she then dragged back to the burrow. 
This was followed by a little more digging and 
the larva was once more buried out of sight. 
The wasp remained below with it for about three 
minutes while ovipositing and then returned to the 
surface. The work of filling in the hole was per- 
formed in the same careful way as before, twenty- 
three stones being used this time, some of which I 
had placed conveniently near. The Sphex then 
covered the stones with soil, packing it with her 
head and, having hidden all traces of her work by 
digging up the surrounding ground, departed from 
the spot. 


The habit of burying a caterpillar one day with 
out depositing an egg, and of exhuming it the day 
following for that purpose, has not, to my know- 
ledge, been previously observed, although Hart- 
man reports digging up two caterpillars without 
eggs upon them. This habit needs to be verified, 
however, in view of the difficulty of identifying 
individual wasps. Judging from the habits of 
| wasps of other genera this practice is not an un- 
usual one, and it might indeed be suspected from 
the fact that burrows are often prepared several 
days before they are used. 


I visited the spot on the following day and found 
a wasp, perhaps the same one, still presént. She 
kicked the soil about from time to time and drove 
away intruders but made no effort to dig up the 
caterpillar. Several other females were at work 
close by. I saw three digging holes, two removing 
the soil by flying with it in their jaws, and the 
third by running with it, as in the case of the 
individual mentioned in my first notes. Each 
filled the opening with a few stones and concealed 
the entrance with material of such a condition and 
color that it merged into its surroundings perfectly 
so that no one would suspect the presence of a 
burrow in the neighborhood. 


It was on the third afternoon that I witnessed 
another strange habit of these creatures. A 
smooth-skinned caterpillar had unwarily crawled 
onto the sand near to a burrowing Sphex. and 
eventually fell into the hole in which she was 
working. The wasp showed considerable aston- 
ishment at first, the astonishment giving place to 
anger followed by satisfaction at having so easily 
secured fresh meat for her larder. After a violent 
struggle she dragged the larva forth, and grabbing 
it behind the head lifted it onto its feet and twice 
inserted her powerful sting between its forelegs, 
and after altering her position slightly, again 
further back. This speedily had its effect and in 
a few moments the caterpillar became paralyzed, 
to remain fresh but incapable of escaping until 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


123 


the larva of the wasp should be ready to feed upon 
it. A wonderful provision this for keeping meat 
fresh in hot weather and how simple in comparison 
with our elaborate systems of cold storage. 

Having prepared her victim in the manner des- 
cribed, the Sphex ran with it twice around the 
entrance to her burrow, then, placing it nearby, 
she continued her digging. Much to my surprise 
she ultimately dragged from her burrow a large 
Sphingid caterpillar that had unquestionably been 
buried for some time, followed by a shiny white 
larva which was evidently one of her own kind 
that had been feeding upon the caterpillar. This 
last was placed among the stones. As she pro- 
ceeded with her work it soon became evident that 
the wasp was considerably mystified by the pre- 
sence of two caterpillars. First she would drag 
one a little way, and then the other. The Sphin- 
gid, too, had commenced to decay, and its juices 
proved far from pleasant to her. It was indeed 
quite amusing to watch her after handling this 
larva, rubbing her head in the sand and cleansing 
her antennae as if attempting to free them from 
the putrified matter. This cleansing process was 
repeated whenever she handled the caterpillar and 
she rested several times as if overcome from the 
effects. 

In due course she modelled the burrow to her 
satisfaction and had the freshly killed larva in 
place and the Sphingid partly down. I believe 
the attempt to place both of the larvae in the 
burrow was due to the wasp’s inability to dis- 
tinguish between them or failure actually to 
recognize that there were two. The wasp had 
finished her work of cleaning out the surplus earth 
and had begun to lay the stones before she became 
aware that the Sphingid caterpillar was not in 
place. After hesitating for some time she ultim- 
ately dragged it from the burrow, carried it some 
distance away and abandoned it. The final task 
of fillimg in the hole was then resumed. Twice 
she flew away to rest, but, finally completing her 
work, she hid the burrow entrance by digging up 
the surrounding earth, and departed to return no 
more that afternoon. 

The Sphingid caterpillar was left on the surface 
of the ground to be devoured by ants and the wasp 
larva for whom it was intended as food remained 
on the surface of the soil to die of hunger and 
exposure. One might ask whether this wasp was 
the mother of the larva thus left to perish or only 
an intruder into the nest of another, and finally, 
what would she have done had the second cater- 
pillar not fallen upon her? These are questions 
for future investigators to solve. To me they 
remain a mystery. 


124 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


NOTES ON THE CANADA GOOSE IN CAPTIVITY 


By REV. BROTHER WILFRID, 
Poultry Hasbandman, La Trappe, Quebec. 


IN 1903 I procured from Mr. Duval at 
Batiscan a couple of Canada Geese one 
year old. They did not lay in the 
= following year, as these birds never lay 
until they are three years of age, a fact which is 
well known. 

In 1905 seven eggs were laid, which proved to 
be unfertile. When the spring of 1906 brought a 
similar failure I concluded that the male was un- 
suitable for breeding purposes and in the fall of 
the same year I bought another from an old stock- 
raiser and hunter at Nicolet, Quebec; one that 
this hunter had used as a decoy for twenty years 
when hunting Geese. Naturally, this man had 
kept this bird a prisoner, fastened by one foot, in 
order to prevent its flying away with visitors of 
its kind. In fact the bird bore marks of this 
captivity and limped badly. This lameness was 
aggravated by age, with the result that last year 
the gander could no longer walk and forage for 
himself and finally died. When I bought him I 
was told that he had been raised by the seller 
himself and that this bird was fully twenty-five 
years old, the truth of which was corroborated by 
witnesses from Nicolet. The bird could not have 
been less than forty years of age when he died. 


He was an example of perfection both in vitality 
and in colour and had all the qualities called for 
in a breeder. 

The first spring that I mated this bird, that is, 
in 1907, the female laid two settings of six. and 
seven eggs, respectively, giving me twelve goslings 
that rustled well for themselves. 


A second setting was obtained in the following 
years on the occasions when I found t possible to 
remove the first setting. This is not always an 
easy matter as birds of this kind do not like to be 
disturbed during the course of reproduction. 


I am inclined to consider it undesirable to secure 
double settings, as these birds, not unlike other 
animals for that matter, would rather follow the 
natural order of things. 


One of the characteristics of the Canada Goose 
is certainly the care she takes in hiding herself 
from the inquisitive looks of all living creatures, 
when she is about to lay. In fact, one must 
follow her with field-glasses to discover her nesting 
site, which is generally among tangles of brush 
where nobody would be inclined to venture. 


When the nest is made and the female begins to 
sit, the male shows real cunning and keeps away 
from his mate, sometimes at a very long distance, 
to make believe, as it were, that the nest was 
within the circle of his guard and to entice away 
any one that might be in search of it. At any 
rate he will let nobody approach the place without 
flapping his wings vigorously. 

I never have been able to find the second nest. 
The eggs of the first setting were hatched either by 
hens or by an incubator. Incubation lasts thirty 
days. 

The artificially reared goslings are perfectly 
tame; they will follow you everywhere from the 
time they are only a few days old. 

They are very greedy and eat all the time when 
they are not on water, and, thanks to their excep- 
tional voracity, they are, at the age of half a 
month, as large as chickens three months old and 
at six months it is difficult to distinguish them 
from the adults. Adults, however, eat very little. 
The pair which I bought in 1903 had each been 
carelessly pinioned to prevent them from flying: 
such an operation is nonsensical. The poor birds 
could not fly, however hard they tried. They 
seemed to me to protest against such an absurdity. 
It is much better to cut the tip off each wing. 
I was keeping these birds as an amateur, and I 
cut nothing, asI enjoyed seeing them take flight 
at migration time in the spring and fall. There is 
nothing so beautiful as when they soar into the 
air, gabbling and singing in their own way, flying 
around three or four miles, sometimes risking their 
lives; for more than once some hunter of the 
neighborhood would shoulder his gun to get one 
of them, but at second thought he would bring 
down his weapon and move on, saying, “They 
must be Brother Wilfrid’s wild Geese.”’ 

The birds always came back home from their 
seasonal flight, sometimes after an absence of 
several days. At all other times the birds stayed 
within the boundaries of their park, placid and 
prim in their gait, except when troubled by some 
human visitor. Then they would put up a fight 
and chase the intruder. 

I must complete the story of my flock by men- 
tioning the fact that the female disappeared a few 
months ago and I lost all trace of her. It is 
possible that she longed for a change or wanted to 
impress on me the fact that she was of age, which 
indeed she was, being then twenty-one years old. 


September, 1924] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


125 


LIST OF BIRDS RECORDED FROM THE ISLAND OF ANTICOSTI, QUEBEC 
By HARRISON F. LEWIS 


(Continued from page 90) 


OLIVE-SIDED 
Rare. Brooks: 


105. Nuttallornis borealis. 
FLYCATCHER.—Schmitt: Summer. 
Saw one September 3, 1919. 

106. Empidonax flaviventris. YELLOW- 
BELLIED FLYCATCHER.—Brewster: Rather com- 
mon in thickets of mountain maples about the 
edges and openings of the woods at Ellis Bay. 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Brooks: On 
September 8, 1919, saw a pair of adults with a 
brood of young at Ellis Bay. Lewis: Common in 
woods near Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 


107. Empidonax trailli alnorum. ALDER 
FLYCATCHER.—Schmitt: Summer. Fairly com- 
mon. Lewis: Fairly common near Ellis Bay in 
June, 1922. Several singing males were repeatedly 
observed in a bushy area east of the settlement. 


108. Empidonax minimus. LEAST FLy- 
CATCHER.—Lewis: On June 15, 1922, I saw a male 
Least Flycatcher, chebec-ing most vigorously, in 
’ trees not far from the head of the pier at Ellis 

Bay. It was very carefully observed with the aid 

of binoculars and its distinctive size and coloration 

were wellseen. Although I had been at Ellis Bay 

since June 10 I had not previously observed this 

bird. Southerly winds (chiefly south-east) had 

prevailed for the twenty-four hours preceding this 
- observation. 

109. Otocoris alpestris alpestris. HORNED 
LARK.—Schmiti: Occurs in small flocks at the 
beginning of May. Much larger flocks in the fall 
migration, end of September, first of October. 
Fairly common. Some are seen after the end of 
March. Two wintered at English Bay in 1902- 
1903. Dionne: Fairly common spring and fall. 
Lewis: On June 10, 1922, I was shown in a cage 
at Ellis Bay a Horned Lark which I was told had 
been taken on the island. 

110. Cyanocitta cristata cristata. _ BLUE 
JAY.—Combes: Recorded this species at West 
Point Light. Schmit: Arrives in May, leaves in 


October. Common in certain years, rare in others. 
111. Perisoreus canadensis canadensis. 
CANADA JAY.—Verrill: Common. Young ones 


full-grown shot July 15. Brewster: Abundant 
resident. Schmitt: Throughout the year. Com- 
mon. Dionne: Verycommon. Brooks: Took ten 
specimens, which formed the basis of his descrip- 
tion of Perisoreus barbouri as a new species. 
Lewis: Several observed at Ellis Bay, June 10-16, 
1922. 


112. Corvus corax principalis. 
RAVEN.—Verrill: Not very common. 


NORTHERN 
Brewster: 


Evenly distributed, but nowhere really abundant. 
Combes: Recorded this species without comment. 
Schmitt: Throughout the year. Fairly common. 
Young leave the nest early in July. Dionne: 
Fairly common. Brooks: Common about the 
shores of Ellis Bay. 


113. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhyn- 
chos. CROoW.—Verrill: Very abundant. Brew- 
ster: Abundant. Combes: Recorded this species 


without comment. Schmitt: March-early Novem- 
ber. Fairly common. In 1908, first arrivals 
March 8, bulk of species March 23. Some winter 
every year. Dionne: Fairly common. Brooks: 
Very abundant in the vicinity of Ellis Bay. 
Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay, June 10-16, 1922. 


114. Molothrus ater ater. CowBIRD.— 
Lewis: On June 10, 1922, I was shown a male 
Cowbird in a cage at Ellis Bay. Mr. Martin- 
Zédé, Director of the island, told me that it had 
been captured in the residence of Senator Menier 
at Ellis Bay about a month prior to that time. 


115. Euphagus carolinus. RUSTY BLACK- 
BIRD.—Schmitt: Only in the fall migration, end of 
September-early November. Fairly common. In 


1902, September 14-December 4. Dionne: Ob- 
served in small flocks. 
116. Quiscalus quiscula ceneus. BRONZED 


GRACKLE.—Dionne: Apparently rare. 


In a letter dated February 29, 1924, Mr. W. 
La Brie supplies the following information con- 
cerning his observations of this species on Anti- 
costi: “The Bronzed Grackle which I mention in 
my observations on the birds of Anticosti was, 
beyond all doubt, an individual of that species, 
which is common here at Kamouraska in the 
spring. 

“T observed that bird on Anticosti in June, 1916, 
for the first time; it was alone and I was able to 
approach near enough to it to distinguish clearly 
the yellow color of the iris of the eye as well as 
the purplish iridescence of the neck and breast, 
which made me realize at once that the bird was 
indeed a Bronzed Grackle. Moreover, the bird 
uttered its ery, which is peculiar to this species, 
and with which I am very familiar. 

“In May, 1917, I again heard the voice of the 
bird in the woods near the ‘Villa Menier’ at Ellis 
Bay, but I was not able to see the bird.” 


117. Pinicola enucleator leucura. PINE 
GROSBEAK.—Schmiti: Throughout the year. Fair- 
ly common. Dionne: Fairly common. 


126 


118. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. 
PURPLE FINCH.—Brewster: “We heard its rich 
song . . In the lonely forests of Anticosti.” 
Lewis: On June 10, 1922, I was shown Purple 
Finches in a cage at Ellis Bay and was told that 
they had been captured lecally. On June 14, I 
observed two at liberty near Ellis Bay. 


119. Passer domesticus domesticus. 
EUROPEAN HOUSE SPARROW.—Schmitt: A male 
and two females appeared at Ellis Bay in Decem- 
ber, 1901. Captured the male and one female 
and made skins of them. The other disappeared 
some time later. 

Mr. Martin-Zédé, Director of Anticosti, is pre- 
pared to take prompt action to suppress any 
invasion of the island by this species. 


120. Loxia leucoptera. WHITE-WINGED 
CROSSBILL.—Brewster: Two pairs of adult birds 
with their young seen in one flock at Ellis Bay, 
July 24. Schmitt: Throughout the year. Fairly 
common. Dionne: Fairly common. Taverner: 
Two seen at Ellis Bay, July 138, 1915. Brooks: 
A single one seen at Ellis Bay on August 28, 1919. 


121. Astragalinus tristis tristis. GOLD- 
FINCH.—Dionne: Apparently rare. Brooks: Saw 
a small flock on September 3 at Ellis Bay. Lewis: 
At Ellis Bay I saw two on June 14 and one on 
June 15. 


“122. Spinus pinus. PINE SISKIN.—Brew- 
ster: Found in flocks, July 24, in evergreen 
forests about Ellis Bay. Schmitt: Throughout 
the year. Fairly common. Found all winter in 
the forest. Young have left the nest by the end 
of July. Brooks: A large flock seen on September 
3. Lewis: Three observed at Ellis-Bay, June 14. 


123. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis. SNOW 
BUNTING.—Schmitt: At the time of its migrations. 
End of March, beginning of April. End of 
October—early November. Fairly common. 
Dionne: Common spring and fall. 


124. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus. 
LAPLAND LONGSPUR.—Dionne: Common. 
Presumably in migration only. 


125. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. 
SAVANNAH SPARROW.—Verrill: Common. Breeds. 
Brewster: Abundant. Brooks: Common at Ellis 
Bay. Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 


126. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys. 
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.—Schmitt: Summer. 
Rather rare. Dionne: Rather rare. Lewis: On 
June 10, 1922, I was shown White-crowned Spar- 
rows in a cage at Ellis Bay and was told that they 
had been captured locally. 


I doubt if this species remains on Anticosti to 
breed. 


‘THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


127. Zonotrichia albicollis. WHITE-THROAT- 
ED SPARROW.—Verrill: Very common. Brewster: 
Abundant. Schmitt: May-October. Fairly com- 
mon. Dionne: Very common. Brooks: Exceed- 
ingly abundant. Lewis: .Very common at Ellis 
Bay in June, 1922. 


128. Spizella monticola monticola. TREE 
SPARROW.—Verrill: Common. Breeds. Dionne: 
Rare. 

Brewster, not finding the Tree Sparrow on Anti- 
costi, suggested that Verrill, twenty years earlier, 
had mistaken Swamp Sparrows (not recorded by 
Verrill) for Tree Sparrows. In a letter dated 
January 26, 1924, Prof. Verrill says, concerning 
his field-diary, containing notes on his visit to 
Anticosti in 1861, “‘I find several entries of flocks 
of birds, seen but not identified. Most of them 
were recorded as sparrows, not near enough to be 
identified, but one shot, is recorded as the tree 
sparrow. Others, not named, may, of course, be 
the swamp sparrow.” 

I consider it not yet settled that the Tree 
Sparrow breeds on Anticosti; though it may do so 
to some extent. 

129. Spizella passerina passerina. CHIP- 
PING SPARROW.—Lewis: Two males in song seen 
and carefully identified at Ellis Bay on June 14 
and again on June 15, 1922. 

Needless to say, I am thoroughly familiar with 
this species in the field. 


130. Junco hyemalis hyemalis. SLATE- 
COLORED JUNCO.—Verrill: Common all summer. 
Brewster: Generally distributed on the shores and 
islands of the Gulf. Schmitt: May-October. 
Common. Found one in his shed, February 11, 
1902, and kept it until spring. Dionne: Fairly 
common. Brooks: Astonishingly abundant dur- 
ing my stay at Ellis Bay. Lewis: Not common at’ 
Ellis Bay in June, 1922. Not more than two 
individuals recorded in one day. 


131. Melospiza melodia melodia. SONG 
SPARROW.—Dionne: Very rare, only two seen. 
Lewis: A male in song observed at Ellis Bay on 
June 14 and 15, 1922. 


132. Melospiza lincolni lincolni. LINCOLN’S 
SPpARROW.—Brooks: A female taken September 6 
in a small swamp, which was so boggy that I did 
not attempt to determine serveral other Sparrows 
that resembled Lincoln’s Sparrows. 


133. Melospiza georgiana. SWAMP SPAR- 
Rrow.—Brewsier: Abundant. Schmitt: Summer. 
Rare. Dionne: Fairly common. Brooks: Appar- 
ently rare. One taken at Ellis Bay, September 5. 
Lewis: Rather common near Ellis Bay in June, 
1922. 

134 Passerella iliaca iliaca. 
—Verrill: Common. Breeds. 


Fox SPARROW. 
Two specimens 


September, 1924] 


described as P. obscura, sp. nov. Brewster: Par- 
ticularly abundant at Fox Bay. Schmiti: Sum- 


mer. Rather rare. Dionne: Common. Brooks: 
Quite common. Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay. 
135. Hedymeles luadovicianus. ROSE- 


BREASTED GROSBEAK.—Schmitt: 
rare. 

Mr. Dionne assures me that this was included 
among the species of which he received one or 
more specimens from Schmitt for identification. 

136. Spiza americana. DICKCISSEL.— 
Dionne: Accidental. Mr. La Brie found a speci- 
men dead on the island. This specimen was 
examined by Dionne. 

This specimen is now mounted and in Mr. La 
Brie’s private collection, where I have seen it. 


Summer, very 


137. Petrochelidon lunifrons lanifrons.— 
CLIFF SWALLOW.—Verrill: Breeding in large 
numbers on the cliffs of Cape Eagle, at the entrance 
to Ellis Bay, July 15. 

Apparently this colony no longer exists, as more 
recent visitors to Anticosti have sought for it in 
vain. 

138. Hirundo erythrogaster. BARN SWAL- 
LOW.—Schmitt: Summer. Rare. Arrives in the 
first fortnight of May. Dionne: Observed rarely. 


139. TIridoprocne bicolor. TREE SWALLOW. 
—Verrill: Common. Probably breeds. Brew- 
ster: Two seen at Fox Bay, July 9. Schmitt: 
Summer. Fairly common. Arrives in early May 
—leaves in August. Nest with young about to 
leave found June 15, 1902. Dionne: Fairly com- 
mon. Taverner: Two seen at Ellis Bay, July 13, 
1915. Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 


140. Riparia riparia. 
Verrill: Common. 


141. Bombycilla cedroruam. CEDAR WAx- 
WING.—Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. 


142. Lanius borealis. 
—Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. 
the end of April, more common in fall. 
Common. 


143. Vireosylva olivacea. 
—Verrill: Common. 


144. Mniotilta varia BLACK AND WHITE 
WARBLER.—Brewster: A male heard singing at 
Fox Bay, July 9. One secured nearby on July 11. 
Dionne: Rather rare. Brooks: On September 3, 
8, and 13 saw a single specimen each day. Saw 
two on September 12. Lewis: Rather common at 
Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 


145. Vermivora_ ruficapilla  ruficapilla. 
NASHVILLE WARBLER.—Lewis: Two individuals 
of this familiar species were observed at Ellis Bay 
on June 13, 1922. 


BANK SWALLOW.— 


NORTHERN SHRIKE. 
Some seen at 
Dionne: 


RED-EYED VIREO. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


127 


146. Vermivora peregrina. TENNESSEE 
WARBLER.—Brewster: A male in song shot near 
Fox Bay, July 11. Lewis: At Ellis Bay in 1922 I 
saw two individuals of this species on June 14 and 
one on June 15. 

147 Compsothlypis americana pusilla. 
NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER.—Brewster: <A 
single male seen at Fox Bay, July 11. 

148. Dendroica cestiva cestiva. YELLOW 
WARBLER.—Verrill: Afew. Brewster: One of the 
most abundant of its family at Fox Bay. Schmitt: 
Summer. Rather rare. Lewis: Fairly common 
at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 

149. Dendroica coronata coronata. MYRTLE 
WARBLER.—Schmitt: Summer. Fairly common. 
Dionne: Common. Brooks: Saw several on Sep- 
tember 3 and August 27. On September 10 a 
single individual was seen. Lewis: Fairly com- 
mon at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 

150. Dendroica magnolia. MAGNOLIA 
WARBLER.—Verrill: Specimen taken at Ellis Bay, 
July 15. Brewster: More abundant than any 
other species of its family at Fox and Ellis Bays. 
Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Dionne: Com- 
mon. Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 

151. Dendroica striata. BLACK-POLL WARB- 
LER.—Brewster: Fairly common. Dionne: Rath- 
errare. Brooks: Saw afew on August 24 and 27. 
Lewis: Fairly common at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 


152. Dendroica virens. BLACK-THROATED 
GREEN WARBLER.—Brewster: Observed at Fox 
and Ellis Bays. Only 2 or 3 seen on Anticosti. 
Dionne: Three specimens seen. Brooks: Observed 
several on August 27 and September 5 and 6. 
Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 

153. Seiurus aurocapillus. |OVEN-BIRD.— 
Verrill: Specimens obtained at Ellis Bay, July 15. 
Brewster: A single pair observed at Ellis Bay, 
July 24. Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Dionne: 
Rather rare. Lewis: At Ellis Bay in 1922 I 
observed two of this species on June 13 and one 
on June 15. 

154. Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracen- 
sis. _WATER-THRUSH.—Brooks: saw several near 
Ellis Bay nearly every day from August 27 to 
September 8. Lewis: At Ellis Bay in 1922 I saw 
one on June 13 and three on June 14. 

iS. 
LAND 
summer. 


Geothlypis trichas trichas. Mary- 
YELLOW-THROAT.—Verrill: Common all 
Brewster: Two seen at Fox Bay. One 
of them, a male, shot July 11. Schmitt: Summer. 
Fairly common. Dionne: Rather rare. Brooks: 
Saw only three; a pair September 1 and a single 
male September 5. Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay 
in June, 1922. 


(Concluded in the October issue) 


128 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


THE HOME LIFE OF THE COLUMBIAN GROUND SQUIRREL 
By WILLIAM T. SHAW 


é NE OF the most familiar summer animals 
{e) of central and western Canada is the so- 
(wen called gopher or ground squirrel. This 
eae ~onimal has increased with favorable con- 
ditions of cultivated, grain-producing fields, until 
it has become an economic problem of great im- 
portance. The animal is a true ground squirrel 
belonging to a genus, Citellus, of wide range and 
abundant species in western North America. The 
kind given close consideration in this paper is the 
Columbian ground squirrel, (Citellus columbianus 
columbianus), (Fig. 1) of the Columbia Basin, an 
animal extending into British Columbia and 
Alberta from the south and west. 


Though the appearance of ground squirrels dur- 
ing summer months is of common, every-day note, 
still the interest they excite in us is not fully 
developed until we start investigating their under- 
ground houses. Some time ago a most thorough 
investigation of the life of this animal was carried 
on by the writer at the Washington Experiment 
Station and the results as shown and recorded in 
this paper will present the home life of the interest- 
ing little rodent. 


This work of investigation, which extended over 
a period of about five years, was most searching 
and during that period 163 dens were excavated 
in search for information on all phases of the life 
history, 22 of the excavations being made with a 
desire for direct information regarding its summer 
home life. 


As a rule the underground houses of these 
animals are located on gently sloping hill sides, 
more commonly those facing the sun, though some 
dens are found on the northern exposures. The 
depth, texture and drainage of the soil are probably 
the most important factors in determining the 
location of the den. The squirrels seem to avoid 
stiff clay hill-tops and low flats even if the latter 
are wet only a part of the year. A fence row of 
snowberry shrubs (Symphoricarpos) is a very 
favorable place for a burrow. The snowberry 
stems in the center of the thicket are quite desti- 
tute of leaves for a foot or so up, then take on an 
abundant foliage, affording excellent shelter. 
Clumps of bushes conspicuous on north slopes, 
when snow is on the ground, are often a mark of 
the squirrel den. The two might well go together, 
as the squirrel throws out quantities of loose dirt, 
making a favorable place for plant development. 


Locally there seem to be three intergrading types 
of summer dens; those in shallow soil, one foot to 
18 inches in depth, for extending the feeding range; 


those on the rimrock with 24 feet of soil where 
young are frequently raised and those in deep soil 
where old squirrels commonly hibernate. These 
types consist of a series of radiating burrows very 
much interlaced near the center. From these are 
often found many short blinds, probably unfinished 
burrows for passing or turning places. There is 
no large excavated cavity. The only expansions 
found are those which usually occur at the inter- 
section of burrows and these are not large, being 
sufficient only to accommodate the summer nest 
or the slightly larger brood nest. These nest 
cavities are typically arranged in a circle or quad- 
rangle about a large central mass of earth which 
is not burrowed into to any extent. (Fig. 2). 
From this common center some burrows rise at an 
angle of 45 degrees. Others sometimes start deep 
and gradually rise until they are near the surface 
then continue radially for many feet, their function 
being to extend the area for safe pasture. Other 
burrows leading from the nests drop deep down 
into the lower parts of the den. The dens, though 
non-communicating, are often placed in colonies, 
the periferal holes a rod or so apart. 


PATHS.—When the colony of squirrels is well 
established, even early in the season and especially 
after the young have appeared, frequently trips 
from hole to hole soon. wear paths in the grass. 
Ever watchful, the ground squirrel has learned to 
take no risks, and when crossing a‘den or going 
some distance, it almost invariably runs in a 
straight line between any two burrow entrances if 
they are at all in the desired direction. By June, 
paths a few inches wide lead from burrow to 
burrow, and radiate from the dens into the feeding 
grounds. A path 90 feet long was observed, 
leading between two dens, without intermediate 
holes. On August 7-9 many paths through the 
dead weeds or over the green grass and clover of 
the flat were noted leading from the roadside to a 
wheat field. These paths had holes here and there 
along the way to dodge into in case of danger. 
Another path studied led from a field of winter 
wheat to a den at the bottom of a hill and was 54 
yards long. 


THE ENTRANCE.—There are two distinct types 
of entrances to the burrows of the Columbian 
ground squirrel. One is small and round and not 
much if any larger than the burrow itself. There 
generally is no loose earth around it, a1 the dirt 
having been hauled below. In the other type the 
mouth of the burrow has been enlarged into a 
funnel-shaped opening sometimes several inches 


September, 1924] 


across. Upon one side of it is a mound of earth 
thrown out by the squirrel. (Fig. 1). 

The single entrance is sometimes converted into 
a double entrance which would have the advantage 
of greater safety in case of pursuit. These two 
entrances join into the same burrow a foot or so 
below the surface. A still further development of 
this type of hole has resulted in the formation of 
a protective entrance, in which the burrow term- 
inates in four, five or more shallow troughs spread- 
ing out over the surface of the ground. (Fig. 3). 
This is undoubtedly a means of protection for the 
fleeing squirrel when closely pursued by an enemy. 
In most cases such protective entrances have no 
fresh dirt thrown about them, the dirt being 
hauled down through the burrow. These pro- 
tective troughs are sometimes found on the mounds 
of loose earth cast out of a burrow. They are 
usually started about a month after the squirrel 
comes from hibernation. The number of entrances 
to a squirrel den is sometimes large. Careful 
count of the number of entrances to sixty dens 
gave an average of 11.16 entrances per den, the 
number varying from two entrances for a small 
den to 35 entrances for a large den. 


THE DEPTH OF BURROWS.—The depth of the 
burrow is taken as the distance from the surface 
of the soil to the top of the burrow and is usually 
determined and limited by the sub-soil or by the 
hardpan, as they seldom go far into these harder 
strata. (Fig. 4). However, even in deep soil 
outlying burrows are sometimes shallow at the 
distal ends, probably because the soil is easier to 
‘dig nearer the surface. One large, open burrow 
was followed for 20 feet in a more o less straight 
line at an average depth of 4 feet. One burrow 
was found at a depth of 5 feet on a hardpan and 
another at a depth of 2 feet 3 inches. Sometimes 
outlying burrows will run more or less continuously 
in one direction for many feet. Usually they 
interlace towards the center of the den. Some of 
the very complicated dens show a great interlacing 
of burrows. One den was excavated where two 
burrows crossed so closely that there was not one 
inch of earth between them. 


It is a matter of common observation that 
ground squirrels have the habit of returning to 
the surface for a cautious look after being chased 
into the den. This habit was noticed in young 
squirrels only 24 days old. This survey seems to 
be for the purpose of reconnoitering leisurely the 
situation from which it fled in haste. If forced to 
go down a second time, it remains there indefin- 
itely. It is not surprising then to find a pocket 
in the side of the burrows where it can turn around 
without the necessity of going down to a nest 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


129 


cavity or a point of intersection of burrows. 
Such pockets are usually within a few inches of 
the exit, especially in long radiating burrows. 


THE SUMMER NEsT. This type of nest is usually 
located at the juncture of burrows and is not 
elaborated. It generally consists of a little dead, 
dry wild grass matted down, though sometimes in 
spring it is roofed over, and it probably serves as 
a resting place for the squirrels during the day. 

Some of these nests in undisturbed ground are 
located as near the surface as seven inches, prob- 
ably for the heat they gain in early spring when 
the deeper soil is damp. Deeper nests probably 
serve for hot summer weather. Not infrequently 
these nest cells, as well as the cells of brood and 
hibernation nests, are empty suggesting that the 
nest material has been transferred to a more 
desirable location in the den. Such transfer was 
frequently observed among captive squirrels. 
The depths of different nests in a given den vary 
considerably, six nests in one den being located at 
depths of 18, 19, 22, 24, 30 and 31 inches respec- 
tively, or at an average depth of 24 inches. Obser- 
vations made of nests in a burrow in deeper soil 
showed an average depth of 3 feet 2 inches, the 
depth to different nests varying from 1: feet to 
5feet. Although the soil of this region is naturally 
provided against flooding by large numbers of 
earthworm burrows extending even as deep as 
eleven feet, the summer nests are frequently 
placed on the upper, drier side of the den to guard 
against the excess moisture. 

THE DURABILITY OF DENS.—These dens are 
very durable, especially in clay soil. Very per- 
fectly preserved burrows unused for at least eight 
years were exposed by street grading in Pullman. 
An excavation of a den equally old showed several 
open and other plugged burrows. The nose prints 
in the plugs were as distinct as if recently formed. 
This tends to show how easy it would be for them 
to reinhabit a territory if they were not held in 
check. In many cultivated fields, slight, broad 
elevations still remain, indicating the position of 
old squirrel dens. In periods when the squirrels 
are less disturbed they sometimes return and in a 
very short time open the entrances and transform 
these old dens into used ones. 


A TYPICAL DEN.—FEarly in these investigations, 
a fairly large, fresh den located in a pasture above 
the high water mark on a sloping hill side, facing 
the northwest, was excavated for study (Fig. 2). 
The greatest depth of any burrow was two feet. 
The burrows dropped at an angle of about 45 
degrees to this depth, where they met the clay 
sub-soil and seldom went much deeper. At inter- 
vals, especially at or near the intersections of these 
burrows, the tunnels were enlarged from the 


130 


average diameter of 33 inches to a diameter of 
from 7 to 10 inches_but were not much increased 


in height though they were somewhat. The total 
length of burrows was 63 feet 8 inches. 
Two of the nests found were old ones. One old 


nest was reconstructed and two new ones were 
found on the upper side of the den, which is 
significant from the view point of drainage. Other 
dens were excavated and similar conditions were 
found. 

Owing to the comparatively short period of 
activity of this animal, it is natural that the 
breeding season should occur very soon after the 
squirrels come from hibernation. So prompt are 
they in this that the adult squirrels are out and 
rutting before the young of the previous season 
are up from hibernation. 


_ THE BREEDING SEASON.—Breeding commences 
shortly after the adult females have appeared from 
hibernation and continues actively for a period of 
about three weeks, in conformity with the appear- 
ance of the young squirrels of the previous season. 
It.is influenced by local conditions, such as those 
represented in north and south slopes, and, as in 
birds, is retarded by unfavorable weather condi- 


tions. 


RELATIVE NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES.— 
It was desired to determine the relative number of 
males and females at large. This was done by 
taking a census between June 10 and July 10 of 
the year 1910, at the season when they would, in 
our judgment, be the most uniformly distributed 
as a species. The squirrels were collected by 
being shot in the fields at various times during 
the day. In all, 28 squirrels were taken. Of 
these, 17, or 60 per cent, were females and 11 were 
males. These figures are relatively the same as 
those given on a much larger scale by Foster, 
(1911, p. 2) Bulletin of Washington Experiment 
Station, in which he records 69 per cent of females 
to 31 per cent of males out of 545 squirrels ex- 
amined. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


- RuttTinc.—The rutting period is one of great 
activity for the squirrels. Then the colony is 
thrown into a state of the most intense animation, 
and what appears to be the most confused condi- 
tion of the squirrel community manifests itself at 
this time. 


PERIOD OF PREGNANCY.—The excitement of the 
rutting season has scarcely quieted down when the 
female begins to select a den suitable and secure, 
for nesting purposes. During the brief gestation 
period of 24 days she must do this and construct 
a nest for the reception of her very helpless young. 
For the first few days of this period she feeds 
quietly. Now by chance she may be observed 
carrying material for the nest and soon she be- 
comes quite antagonistic towards other females. 
Her desire for seclusion seems to grow, especially 
during the two or three days before parturition, 
when she eats very little. After parturition the 
female takes on a gradual activity which grows 
more pronounced with the rapid development of 
the young, for it is necessary that she provide 
nourishment for them. This necessitates the con- 
stant gathering of food during the entire day. 
In 1911 this period, as determined by the presence 
of embryos and fetal scars, was found to extend 
between March 20 and April 14. 


THE BrRooD DEN AND Its LOCATION. The 
brood den, selected by the squirrels is very often 
found on a warm southern exposure, where the 
soil is shallower and drier, and on which the 
vegetation is more advanced. It is frequently 
chosen in some old uncultivated pasture or wild - 
land and is simply an old summer den, a portion 
of which is used for the brood nest, often located 
12 to 15 inches below the surface. The excavation 
for the nest, about 9 by 9 by 8 inches, is usually 
made at the intersection of burrows, though some- 
times greater privacy is secured by plugging one 
of its entrances. Communication burrows from 
these nests frequently drop down to deeper parts 
of the den. 


(Concluded in the October issue) 


Notge.—The Canadian-Field Naturalist is again fortunate in being able to present its readers with illus- 


trations of varied interest. 


Those which appear in this number are published through the kind 


assistance of Messrs J. H. Fleming, W. E. Saunders and P. A. Taverner, the Geological Survey of 
Canada and the Canadian National Parks Branch.—EDITOR. 


Fic. 1.—The Columbian ground squirrel at the entrance of a burrow leading to its underground 
home. These animals, when frightened into their den, have the habit of returning in a few 
moments to reconnoiter the situation from which they may have fled in haste. 


Photo from life by WILLIAM T. SHAW 


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Fic. 3.—Having been pursued for ages by enemies such as hawks and 
coyotes, the squirrel has learned to provide his burrow entrances with safety 
devices in some form or other, one of which is shown in this illustration as a 
series of radiating troughs all leading to the burrow mouth. It is evident that 
a burrow mouth of this nature would be much easier found in times of great 
haste than a small round hole. 


Photo by WILLIAM T. SHAW 


Fic. 4. ey. a rule the depth of the burrows is determined by some hard, underlying 
stratum into which they do not like to dig. The lighter lower stratum here 
shown is of a hard, gritty, slightly cemented material. 
Photo by WILLIAM T. SHAW 


Fic. 1.—Equisetum arcticum Heer, a fossil plant which probably 
figured in the Dinosaur bill of fare. 


September, 1924] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


131 


THE FOOD VALUE OF AN EQUISETUM FROM THE LANCE FORMATION OF 
SASKATCHEWAN* 


By PROFESSOR EDWARD W. BERRY 
of The Johns Hopkins Institute 


T MAY well be doubted if it is ordinarily 
possible, in the absence of anatomical 
characters, to distinguish between most 
—e fossil species of Equisetum, and the 

literature of systematic paleobotany contains a 

very large number of so-called species based on 

fragments of stems or rhizomes. Where these 
have a stratigraphic value they are doubtless 
justified, on the well known principle that analysis 

should precede synthesis. Where, however, a 

variety of so-called fossil species have been des- 

cribed from a similar or identical geological 
horizon, it may be an advantage, at least from the 
botanical standpoint, to consider many such illy- 


characterized fragments that have been described. 


as representing a single botanical species. The 
justification for this is the well known extensive 
geographical range of most of the existing species 
of Equisetum. — 

The late Oswald Heer described HEquisetum 
arcticum from the Tertiary of Spitzbergen in 1868 
and subsequently identified somewhat doubtful 
remains from Grinnell Land as the same species, 
which has also been recorded by Penhallow from 
Red Deer River, and possibly also from Porcupine 
Creek and Great Valley in Canada. A pronounc- 
ed feature of the Spitzbergen material was the 
numerous and large tubers on the rhizomes. 
These are well shown in Heer’s second contribu- 
tion to the fossil flora of Spitzbergen.t 

During the summer of 1921, C. M. Sternberg, 
working for the Geological Survey, collected what 
appears to be this same species of Equisetum from 
an exposure on Rocky Creek, Saskatchewan (Sec. 
15, Township 1, Range 5, West of 3). These 
have the largest tubers that I have ever seen on 
an equisetum—they are bigger than good-sized 
lima beans, and as large as some of the tubers 
which. in the uplands of Bolivia and Peru, are 
considered sufficiently good potatoes to warrant 
their cultivation and marketing. 

The tubers of Hquisetum arcticum are borne in 
clusters at the nodes of the rhizomes or under- 
ground stems, and one specimen from Rocky Creek 
shows a verticil of three of these at a single node. 
Heer figures four somewhat smaller tubers at a 
single node in one specimen from Spitzbergen. 
The sandy clays of the Lance formation are packed 


*Published by permission of the Director of the Geological 
Survey of Canada. 

‘}Heer, O., Kgl. Svenska Vetens-Akad. Handl., Bd. 8, No. 7, 
pl. 1, 1870._ ; 


with these tubers at the outcrop on Rocky Creek. 
They are flask-shaped and run up to 4 centi- 
meters in length by nearly 2 centimeters in maxi- 
mum diameter in the somewhat flattened condition 
in which they are preserved. 

The most interesting feature in connection with 
their occurrence in Saskatchewan is their associa- 
tion in a series of “somber” clays and sandstones, 
which Sternberg calls the Lance formation, with 
dinosaurian remains. The collector mentions 
only the genus Triceratops as in actual association 
with fossil plants, but speaks of Dinosaurian 
remains as very common throughout these beds 
in this section, and as the other herbivorous forms 
were probably not far away when Triceratops was 
around, it occurred to me at once that here we 
have a promising article of diet on the Dinosaurian 
bill of fare. 

It has always been a subject for speculation as 
to what the herbivorous dinosaurs fed on, and 
although some seem to have been well fitted by 
nature for browsing, others, like Trachodon and 
its allies, would seemingly have found it difficult 
or impossible to have availed themselves of hard 
or coarse food such as leaves or grasses. Other 
students have indulged in speculation regarding 
the few calories in such types of food and have 
compared this with the great bulk of a large 
number of the dinosaurs, and have sought to 
ealeulate the prodigious amounts of such low- 
grade food that an individual would consume. 

Equisetums are gregarious plants which would 
probably have been present on the Lance river 
flats in great abundance, their rhizomes would 
ramify near the surface of the mud or sand, and 
if they formed tubers as abundantly as the fossils 
appear to indicate, they would seem to offer a 
highly concentrated food. These tubers contained 
a percentage of starch as high as, or even higher 
than, that contained by the modern potato, and 
although all animals do not thrive on a starch diet, 
some, such as hogs, can live almost wholly on a 
starch diet and transform it into fats, and there 
is no legitimate basis for thinking that dinosaurs 
might not do the same. 

I am reproducing an illustration of a specimen 
of the Saskatchewan Equisetum, natural size, to 
show the size of its tubers, and there follows the 
synonymy of Equisetum arcticum, in which I have 
included a number of supposedly different, named 
forms from the Laramie, Hanna, and Fort Union 
formations, that appear to me to represent the 


132 


same species, or closely related forms of not over- 
good standing. 


Equisetum arcticum Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct., Bd. 1, 
Dp. 156; pl, 29) igs! 39e, 1, S68. Bd. 2, pale 
pl. 1, figs. 1-15; pl. 2, figs. 1-4, 1870. (?) Bd. 5, 
Nbba 1) p. 19; iplidy figeday Asis: 


Penhallow, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 2nd ser., 
vol. 8, sec. 4, p. 49, 1902. Rept. Tert. Plants Brit. 
Col., p. 538, 1908. 


Physagenia Parlatorit Dawson (not Heer), Rept. 
Geol. & Res. 49th Parallel, App. A, p. 329, pl. 16, 
figs. 38, 4, 1875. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


Equisetum root, Dawson, Trans. Roy. Soe. 
Canada, vol. 4, sec. 4, p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1887. 


Equisetum Parlatorii Penhallow (not Schimper) 
Rept. Tert. Plants Brit. Col., p. 54, 1908. 


Equisetum Haydenii Lesquereux, Ann. Rept. 
U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Terr., p. 284, 1871 (1872). 
Tertiary Flora, p. 67, pl. 6, figs. 2-4, 1878. 


Equisetum levigatum Lesquereux (not Al. Braun) 
U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept. for 
1873, p. 395, 1874. Tertiary Flora, p. 68, pl. 6, 
nes. 6, 1, Lolo: 

Equisetum perlevigatum Cockerell, West. Ann. 
Sci., vol. 6, p. 154, 1889. 


NOTES ON THE SPHINGIDZA OF SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO 
By W. H. A. PREECE 


OR MUCH of the information utilised in 
the preparation of the following notes I 
am indebted to Mr. Arch. Nicholls, who 
has collected in this vicinity for the last 
eight years. My own records cover 1923 only. 

The total number of species so far recorded here 
is only sixteen and comparatively few of these can 
be regarded as common. Two species not pre- 
viously recorded were taken here this year (1923), 
namely, Darapsa pholus, and Proserpinus flavo- 
fasciata. Celerio lineata and Celerio intermedia, the 
latter usually one of the most abundant species, 
were the only previously recorded species not 
taken in 1928. 

Ceratomia undulosa Wilk. Quite the commonest 
species here. All specimens were taken at light, 
with one exception, which was found resting on a 
tree during the day. First taken, June 12th; 
last, July 6th. 

Sphinx kalmize A. & S—Five records 1923, only 
one previous record. All taken at light, first 
June 13th; last June 24th. 

Sphinx gordius Cram.—Four records 1923; 
a few are recorded yearly. All taken at light, first 
June 25th; last, July 6th__. 

Sphinx drupiferarium A. & S.—One record; 
taken at light, June 24th; two previous records. 

Smerinthus cerisyi Kirby.—Common, all speci- 
mens taken at light, first taken June 12th; last, 
June 28th. 

Smerinthus jamaicensis Dru.—Fairly common, 
all specimens taken at light, first taken June 10th; 
last July 17. 

Paonias excaetata A. & S.—Not common, all 
sepcimens taken at light, first June 18, last July 4. 


Paonias myops A. & S.—Three records 1923, 
June 15 and 24, and July 1. Twice recorded in 
previous years. 

Pachysphinx modesta Harris—Fairly common, 
all specimens taken at light, first taken June 12, 
last July 13. The local form is very fine and 
appears to be considerably darker than the typical 
one. 

Hemorrhagia thysbe Fabr. (Form eimbiciformis 
Steph.).—Quite common, first taken June 10, last 
July 1. Appears to favour choke-cherry blossoms. 

Hemorrhagia diffinis Boisd., var. xthra Stkr.— 
Common, first taken June 9, a number were seen 
up until the early part of July but, owing to their 
battered condition, none were taken after June 12. 
A newly emerged specimen, however, was taken 
on August 12, which tends to show that this 
species is partially double-brooded here. Most 
specimens were taken at the blossoms of blue- 
berry and pin-cherry, a few at wild strawberry. 

Darapsa pholus Cram.—One taken at light, 
July 4. No previous record. 

Amphion nessus Cram.—Two specimens taken, 

one on the wing, late in the afternoon of June 10, 
the other inside a shop window in the morning of 
June 19. One previous record. 
Proserpinus flavofasciata Wlk.—Two specimens 
taken, one in a sphagnum swamp, May 27, the 
other inside a freight-shed, June 9. No previous 
record. 

Celerio lineata Fabr.—Not recorded 1923. So 
far as is known, only one specimen has been taken 
here, which is in Mr. Nicholls’ collection. 

Celerio intermedia Kirby.—Not recorded 1923; 
usually one of the most abundant species. 


September, 1924] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


133 


OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS* 


(Continued from page 93) 


BLACK DUCK, No. 101,155, banded by H. 8S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 20, 
1922, repeated until September 5, 1922, and was 
shot at Caesarea, Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Octo- 
ber 28, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,168, banded by H. 8S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 21, 
1922, was recaught at the same station on October 
10, 1922, and was killed at Lake Scugog, Ontario, 
on September 11, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,165, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 21, 
1922, was killed at Reeds Egg Island, off Brant 
Beach, in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, on Decem- 
ber 8, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 101,180, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 22, 
1922, was shot near Orillia, Ontario, on September 
aoe 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,184, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 23, 
1922, was shot on the marshes above Saginaw, 
Michigan, on November 6, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,189, banded by H.S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 23, 
1922, was killed at a place ten miles northwest of 
Peterboro, Ontario—date not given, but reported 
on January 31, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,196, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 24, 
1922, was killed near Dollis Creek, on the Gulf of 
Mexico, Florida, on December 4, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,226, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 26, 
1922, was killed at Quimby, Virginia, on January 
de 1923: 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,233, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 27, 
1922, was killed at Bayou Biloxi, St. Bernard 
Parish, Louisiana, on December 3, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,245, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 28, 
1922, was killed at Reelfoot ace Tennessee, on 
eeernee 11), IS2e. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,256, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ove. on August 29, 
1922, was killed about seven miles northeast of 
Ocracoke Island, North Carolina, on November 7, 
1923. 

MALLARD, No. 101,258, banded by H. S. 
_ Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 29, 
1922, was recaught on September 7, 1922, and 
killed at the same place on October 10, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,283, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 31, 


*Published by authority of the Canadian National Parks 
Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada. 


1922, was killed about four miles southeast of 
Houma, Louisiana, on December 14, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,287, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 31, 
1922, was killed near Wachapreague, Virginia, on 
November 25, 1923. ’ 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,293, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 1, 
1922, was killed at Grape Vine Point, near the 
mouth of the Bohemia River, Cecil County, Mary- 
land, on December 23, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,300, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 1, 
1922, was killed at Sweet Hall, Virginia, on Decem- 
ber 5, 1922. 

FLORIDA GALLINULE, No. 207,518, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 3, 1922, was shot at Rice Lake, Ontario, 
on September 18, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,521, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 4, 
1922, was shot at Kent Island, Maryland, on 
January 25, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,529, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 5, 
1922, was killed in a marsh near Odessa, Delaware, 
during the latter part of January, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,530, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 6, 
1922, was caught in a steel trap on the marsh of 
Chester, Kent County, Maryland, on January 11, 
1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,531, banded by H. S. - 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 6, 
1922, was “caught”? at a marsh near Barley’s 
Island Bay, Currituck County, North Carolina, 
on December 21, 1922. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,557, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 13, 1922, was recaught at the same station 
on September 80, 1922, and shot at Noonan, North 
Dakota—no date given, but reported on October 
17,1923: 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,585, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 14, 1922, was shot at Port Lambton, 
Ontario, on September 20, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 207,624, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 17, 
1922, was shot on the south shore of Lake Poygan, 
Wisconsin, on October 19, 19238. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,648, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19, 
1922, was recaught at the same station on Septem- 
ber 25, 1922, and was killed at Agamaski, James 
Bay, on August 8, 1923. 


134 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,653, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19, 
1922, was killed in Cape May County, New Jersey, 
on October 24, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,657, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19, 
1922, was shot on the Trent River, six miles south 
of Campbellford, Ontario, on October 6, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,665, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19, 
- 1922, was killed in Section 35, Riley Township, 
Sandusky County, Ohio, about December 21, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,666, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19, 
1922, was killed off the shore of Franklin City, 
Virginia, on January 23, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,667, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19, 
1922, was shot in the waters of Chincoteague, 
eastern shore of Virginia, on January 18, 1923. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,674, banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 20, 1922, was shot at West Point, Nebraska, 
on October 19, 19238. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,724, banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 20, 1922, was killed at the same place on 
October 21, 1922. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,734, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 20, 1922, was shot on Lake St. Louis, 
thirty-five miles from Montreal, Quebec, on Sep- 
tember 6, 1923. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,735, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 20, 1922, was killed near Garretson, South 
Dakota—no date given, but reported on October 
ipl Z ce 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,738, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 21, 
1922, was killed at Green Creek, New Jersey, on 
October 18, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,741, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 21, 
1922, was killed at the same place on October 10, 
1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,747, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 21, 
1922, was shot at Hay Bay, Lennox County, 
Ontario, on October 19, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,755, banded by H. S. 
. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22, 
1922, was killed on the marshes of Dorchester 
County, Maryland, on December 21, 1922. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,757, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22, 
1922, was killed on the Shenango River at And- 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


over, Ohio—no date given, but reported on De- 
cember 3, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,762, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22, 
1922, was killed at Bayou Meto, Arkansas County, 
Arkansas, on November 23, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,767, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22, 
1922, was killed at Cedar Island Beach, Virginia, 
on December 15, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,772, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22, 
1922, was killed at Port Rowan, Ontario, on 
November 24, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,774, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22, 
1922, was killed at the same place on October 22, 
1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,788, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 23, 
1922, was killed on the Ocklocknee River, Florida, 
about January 25, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,790, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 23, 
1922, was killed near Artificial Island, Salem 
County, New Jersey, on December 12, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,791, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 23, 
1922, was shot at the mouth of the South Santee 
River, South Carolina, on January 11, 1928. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,793, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 23, 
1922, was shot near Georgetown, South Carolina, 
on December 18, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,410 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 24, 1922, was killed on the Delaware River, 
off Elsinboro, above Alloway Creek, New Jersey, 
on January 22, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,406 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. 8. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 24, 1922, was shot at the Santee Club 
Preserve, South Santee River, South Carolina, on 
December 18, 1922. 

MALLARD, No. 37,425 (A.B.B.A.), banded by 
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem- 
ber 25, 1922, was killed at the same place on 
October 16, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,433 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 25, 1922, was killed at Hog Island, Virginia, 
on November 10, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,440 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 25, 1922, was killed at Quiver Creek, near 
Havana, Illinois, on November 30, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,443 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 


September, 1924] 


tember 25, 1922, was killed about seven miles 
northwest of Onancock, Virginia, on November 3, 
1922. : 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,455 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 25, 1922, was killed at Pecan, Mississippi, 
two miles from Mississippi Sound, on December 
Ziff ahs ype 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,465 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler,-at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 26, 1922, was killed on Sipsey River 
Swamp, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, on Jan- 
uary 16, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,469 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 26, 1922, was killed at Deals Island, 
Somerset County, Maryland—no date given, but 
reported on February 20, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,470 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 26, 1922, was killed near the Ohio River, 
Clermont County, Ohio, about December 1, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,474 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 26, 1922, was recaught several times at 
the same station until October 11, 1922, and was 
killed at a place seven miles from where it was 
banded, on October 27, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,475 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 26, 1922, was killed on Chicamuxen Creek, 
Charles.County, Maryland, thirty-five miles from 
Washington, D.C., on January 22, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,482 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 26, 1922, was killed at the same place on 
October 15, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,486 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 26, 1922, was killed at Corson’s Inlet, 
Strathmere, New Jersey, on December 20, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 37,498 (A.B.B.A.), banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 27, 1922, was found dead on the mainland 
shore of Great South Bay, at Speonk, Long Island, 
New York, about December 24, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,902, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27, 
1922, was shot at Kent Island, Maryland, on 
January 25, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,906, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27, 
1922, was killed at Hog Island Bay, Accomack 
County, Virginia, on December 7, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,907, banded by H. 8 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,- 
1922, was shot at Rondeau Bay, Ontario, on 
November 8, 1923. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


135 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,925, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28, 
1922, was captured at Lower Peach Tree, Alabama 
—date not given, but reported on January 29, 
1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,927, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28, 
1922, was accidentally caught in a muskrat trap, 
near Woodland Beach, nine miles from Smyrna, 
Delaware—date not given, but reported on Jan- 
uary 26, 1923. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,929, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28, 
1922, was recaught at the same station on October 
20, 1922, and was killed on the Kalamazoo River, 
about eighteen miles southeast of Saugatuck, 
Michigan, about December 9, 1922. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,935, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29, 
1922, was killed at the Currituck Shooting Club, 
North Carolina, on December 21, 1922. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,943, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30, 
1922, was killed on the Potomac Creek, Virginia, 
on November 10, 1922. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,946, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30, 
1922, was killed at Muscamoot Bay, Michigan, on 
November 23, 1922. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,940, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30, 
1922, was killed at Tar Bay, Maryland, on No- 
vember 21, 1922. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,954, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1, 
1922, was caught in a trap at Cut Off, Louisiana, 
on January 10, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,962, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1, 1922, 
was shot in a marsh of Mitchell’s Bay, Kent 
County, Ontario, on November 17, 1923. 


PINTAIL, No. 207,964, banded by H. S. Osler, 
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1, 1922, was 
killed at the same place on October 20, 1922. 


ROBIN, No. 104,491, banded by R. W. Tufts, 
at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, on October 2, 1922, was 
found dead within one hundred yards of the place 
where it was liberated, on November 6, 1922. 
This bird appeared sick when banded, and appar- 
ently died shortly afterwards. 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,978, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2, 
1922, was killed at the same place on October 10, 
1922. 


(To be continued) 


136 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 


To MAKE THE DETACHABLE FUNNEL TRAP FOR 
BIRD BANDING.—Take a piece of 3’’ wire netting 


4’x3’. Cut down the dotted lines AAAA Fig. 1. 
Fold along the double lines, Fig. 1. Overlap the 
corners to give double strength. 

Take 2 pieces of 4’ board 14’’x8’”. Tack one 
on top of the other and cut out of both a half 
circle as Fig. 2. Separate them and tack one to 
the trap at C., Fig. 1. (Do not tack the wire to 
the inner edge of arch as the funnel has to pass 


under here when completed). 

Cut the wire away through 
the arch, this gives the main 
entrance. 

Take a piece of wire netting 
about 12’’x20’ and cut roughly 
as Fig. 8. Bend up the edges 
along the dotted lines and press 
sides together to form Fig. 4. 
(This must be done to suit your 
special requirements. I find a 
useful size for Jays and smaller 
birds is an opening at the small 
end of the funnel of 3/’x3’’. 
This size requires no altering 
nor projecting wires.) 

Place your arch over the 
large end of the funneland tack 
on along the inner edge of the 
arch. This now fits in against 
its fellow arch at C., Fig. 1, and 
can be removed when desired. 
_ Cut away an opening 4” high 
by 3” wide at D., Fig. 1, 2” or 
3’ away from the _ corner. 
Keep a collecting box covering 
this opening at all times. 


NOTES IN CONNECTION WITH 
THIS TRAP 


I have experimented with a great 
many traps during the last eight 
months, trying them out under all pos- 
sible conditions, and I find that under 
the conditions prevailing here, Mill 
Bay, Vancouver Island, I am unable 
to get sufficient repeats -with resident 
species to satisfy me, with either the 
Sieve Trap (drop-trap) or the Govern- 
ment Sparrow Trap, because the for- 
mer ‘slams’ and makes certain species 
highly nervous, whilst the latter with 
its fixed funnel never becomes popu- 
lar as a regular feeding platform. 
The Detachable Funnel Trap, how- 
ever, allows birds to feed in and out of 
it through the entrance whenever the 
trapper so desires, which is very neces- 
sary inregaining the confidence of over- 
trapped or very shy species. Birds 
caught in this trap are never so ner- 
vous or ‘jumpy’ in going under the 
arch, as a drop-trap repeat is when re- 
entering the drop-trap. I also find 
that the drop-trap will often spoil cer- 
tain species from entering any other 
traps unless hard pressed for food, but 
after feeding unmolested for a few 
days in the Detachable Funnel Trap 
they seem to regain confidence and repeat fairly steadily if a 
little judgment be used on the part of the trapper in handling 
the funnel. : 

I also found the Government Sparrow Trap too high, 
causing unnecessary bad bruising, also too narrow, and with 
the funnel at the end instead of the side, it makes two funnels 
necessary when one should do, as well as requiring projecting 
wires. Neither of the latter are necessary as far as I have 
experienced, with the Detachable Funnel Trap, nor need the 
size of the opening be altered, for I have caught Quail, Jays, 
and Sparrows equally well without to my knowledge having 
lost a bird, and I have often, on purpose, given them all chances 
to find their way out. For larger birds than Sparrows I advise 
pegging down the corners with forked sticks or tacking the 
bottom edges of two opposite sides to light poles. 


This trap may be used as a ‘slam’ trap by placing a wire 


September, 1924] 


door in place of the funnel to drop at the pull of a string, but if 
repeats are desired it does not give good results, only frighten- 
ing them. The wooden arch is not absolutely necessary, 2 
square or triangular one may be just as good and perhaps 
easier for some people to make, but ! strongly advise it be made 
of wood, and not all wire. 
vious guide to the entrance. If birds get stale, I raise the whole 
trap 4’’-6’’ up by stones at the corners and leave it so for 2 or 
3 days, feeding heavily under and around it. 

I am careful to remove the funnel every time I may be 
away for over an hour. 

When working it steadily I remove the funnel in any case 
at dark, allowing birds an hour or more in the mornings to feed 
unmolested. I replace the funnel about 8 a.m. till noon, 
removing it again till about 4 p.m., replacing it until dark. 
After a week or so I reverse the order of things. 

I get my best results with the back of the trap against 
bushes at the edge of some clump. If the front faces the 
bushes, captured birds running up and down this side, which 
they do, are quite likely to find the exit. I keep the collecting 
box always in position and birds run in on my approach saving 
unnecessary dashing around. 

I always carry a cover and lay it over the trap if birds are 
wild. The whole trap is simple, as well as easily, cheaply, and 
quickly made and the best I have used yet for resident repeats. 

I hope, with several of these traps, to be able to keep up 
an interesting record of repeats, and also to do away with drop 
traps, box traps, and other nerve shockers for seed eating 
species. I have but a few birds here and I like to make the 
most of them. For hurrying migrants a drop-trap and others 
may be necessary as well, though I missed few migrants (seed- 
eaters) as far as I know with this trap, examinations during 
the daytime find my few visitors nearly all carrying bands, and 
being fresh shiny bands at that I think they were all christened 
at this station—G. D. Spror. 


NOTE ON FLICKERS’ Roosts.—For five nights 
in succession a juvenile Flicker roosted in a niche 
beneath the eave on the gable-end of a residence 
on Cameron St., Ottawa South. Each evening 
at dusk the bird was observed as it climbed the 
stucco wall to its roost, August 13-17, 1923. 

Another Flicker, an adult male, under observa- 
tion for the greater part of two weeks, and later 
banded, was using a shallow depression in the 
side of a decayed fence-post, Ottawa, May 6-17, 
1923.—C. E. JOHNSON. 


A RED SQUIRREL’S CHRISTMAS DINNER.— While 
taking part in the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club 
Bird Census of December, 1922, I found a Red 
Squirrel perched on a rail fence and tearing the 
papery husk from a ground cherry. His many 
trips over well-beaten snow-trails to a pile of 
short logs near by revealed his cache beneath. 
On the snow, around the fence, was strewn a pint 
of the husks, some of which were collected and 
kindly identified by Dr. M. O. Malte as those of 
Physalis pubescens.—C. E. JOHNSON. 


HORNED LARKS WINTERING IN ALBERTA.—On 
the 30th of January, 1924, while motoring between 
Camrose and Monitor, I observed two pairs of 
Horned Larks feeding along the road. One pair 
was about ten miles south of the Big Bend of the 
Battle River, while the second pair was about 40 
miles farther south-east. They appeared in the 
best of condition and had evidently remained in 
this latitude on account of the extremely mild 
winter, and the freedom from snow covering the 
prairie. It was impossible to tell whether they 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


It serves as a perch and is an ob-- 


137 


= 


were of the type form or of one of the sub-species, 
but the characteristic pink coloring was very 
prominent. The fact that the birds were paired 
is worthy of note. In more southern localities 
where these birds winter they are generally seen 
in flocks. This is the first record that I have of 
these birds wintering this far north, although it is 
possible that a few remain the entire winter in 
southern Alberta, especially when the winters are 
such as the present.—FRANK L. FARLEY. 


HOLBOELL’S GREBE IN WINTER IN ONTARIO.— 
Once in a while the attention of some one is 
attracted by a large bird in the back yard or on 
the farm in the cold winter months, the bird being 
unable to fly; and frequently it turns out that the 
stranger is the Holboell’s or Red-necked Grebe. 
The present winter (1923-4) has produced two such 
records,one at Guelph, when the bird was picked 
up on Essex St., near the river, on February 20 
and came into possession of H. Howitt, and the 
other reported from near Ripley, which is within 
eighty miles of Guelph, on February 12th. Both 
birds were alive when found, but refused food 
and died in a few days. 

There is in my collection a bird of this species 
which was shot near London on January 18, 1910, 
and Mr. W. D. Hobson has another which was 
brought to him on February 20, 1901, the exact 
day of the month for the Guelph bird of this 
winter. 

The smaller Grebes seem to escape from this 
sort of semi-suicdie, but the Red-throated Loon 
may suffer from the same cause, as I had one 
brought to me in November, 1898, which had been 
caught in a strawberry patch near London. 

The fact that these birds are unable to rise from 
the land places them under an enormous handicap, 
when, by accident or otherwise, they alight at 
any considerable distance from the water, but just 
why they should attempt considerable flights in 
midwinter and thus get caught, is not easy to 
surmise. Both species are rare on the rivers, and 
the lakes are not frozen over this winter, whatever 
may be the case in other winters. Of course it is 
always possible that the birds may have been liv- 
ing on a river which has offered them a constantly 
diminishing area of open water, and that doubtless 
is the reason why some of them fly in midwinter, 
but when flight is necessitated, they should be able 
to reach one of the larger lakes, with which this 
part of Ontario is almost surrounded.—W. E. 
SAUNDERS. 


THE FirsT OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALIST.—T hree 
centuries ago, late in July, 1623, several parties of 
Hurons at intervals of a few days passed upward 
over the portage -by the Falls of the Chaudiere, 


138 


on what was then often called La Riviere des 
Prairies, a name still retained by a branch of the 
Ottawa at Montreal. Dispersed among the 
Indians were three followers of that great nature 
lover, St. Francis of Assissi—Fathers Joseph le 
Caron and Nicholas Viel, and Brother Gabriel 
Sagard-Theodat, with eleven Frenchmen furnish- 
ed by Champlain and two donnés—all on their 
way to the Huron Mission begun by Le Caron in 
1615. 

Sagard, as he is commonly called, was the 
chronicler of the expedition. His Grand Voyage 
au Pays des Hurons is a fascinating story. It was 
published in 1632, the year in which the first white 
man to ascend the Ottawa, “Le Truchement’’ 
Etienne Brulé, met his death among the savages, 
many of whom he is said to have warmly but 
unwisely loved. 

In bis book, Sagard relates that in passing the 
Falls—‘‘the most admirable, dangerous and 
terrifying of all he had seen’”’ —he noticed that the 
rocks were covered with what seemed to be small 
stone snails (petits limas en pierre). “T am,”’ he 
says, ‘unable to account for this, unless it is ow- 
ing to the nature of the stone itself, or that the 
result has been produced by mist from the falling 
waters.”’ His uncertainty as to the origin of 
fossils, abounding now as then in the vicinity, is 
not surprising in view of the state of natural 
science at the time. Da Vinci’s conjectures were 
doubtless unknown to him; and John Ray and 
Martin Lister’s correct theories as to the origin of 
fossils were not advanced until half a century 
afterward. Sagard mentions also that he found 
“at this place’—along the portage, no doubt— 
“plants of a scarlet lily which had but two flowers 
on each stalk.’”’ It differed, he observes, from a 
martagon or turk’s-cap lily, “not found in the 
Huron country”, which he had seen “in Canada’, 
a name then restricted to the settlements on the 
St. Lawrence. 


The lily noticed by Sagard at the Chaudiere is 
known botanically as Lilium philadelphicum, and 
locally as the wild orange lily. It has persisted 
there since Sagard’s time, but, like the Falls! them- 
selves, especially those of the Petite Chaudiere, 
has almost disappeared before the advance of 
industrialism. A few plants may still be found 
among the red cedars south of the Aylmer Road, 
and on Lemieux Island; and it abounds on thin 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


soil over limestone along the Canadian Pacific 
Railway west of Stittville. 

The lily seen by Sagard “in Canada’’ was the 
indigenous L. canadense. It grows, or did grow 
abundantly thirty years ago, in the vicinity of 
Quebec, on the mainland and on the island of 
Orleans. Frequently attaining a height of more 
than five feet, it is in the estimation of many the 
most beautiful of all our native flowers. 


Champlain had previously (1613) noted the oc- 
currence of the red cedar on the islands at Les 
Chats; but Sagard is better entitled to be con- 
sidered the first Ottawa Field-Naturalist. 

—F. R. LATCHFORD. 


1There were two “‘falls’? and two ‘“‘kettles’’, the big and 
the little. While the former could be seen from the canoes as 
they came up to the “‘port’”’ or landing—the ‘‘Summer Land- 
ing’ was within a hundred yards of the present bridge, and all 
the “‘ports’’ were on the Quebec side—it was by the little falls 
and Chaudiere that the portage route passed. When the 
waters were in flood, the “‘port’”’ was at the mouth of the gorge 
opposite the foot of Lyon Street or even as far down as where 
the Eddy Sulphite Mill now stands. The water was always 
taken again near the east end of the present viaduct across 
Brewery Creek. The “Second Portage of the Chaudiere,”’ 
mentioned by Alexander Henry and others, was at the next 
rapids, now known as the “Little Chaudiere’’. I have not 
been on this portage for many years, but in my boyhood it was 
a well-defined trail. From the hidden mouth of Squaw Bay 
at its foot, the Iroquois, according to tradition, were wont to 
sally forth in foree upon passing Hurons and Algonquins who, 
seeking to escape by paddling out from the shore, were often 
caught in the smooth but treacherous “draw’’ and swept to 
certain death in one or other of the cold, yet boiling, cauldrons 
below. The true Little Chaudiere should not be confounded 
with the rapids of that name. It is shown in its proper place 
on several of the old maps. 


A TOWHEE IN THE BATTLE RIVER VALLEY, 
ALBERTA.—On August 4, 1923, while working 
along the steep valley of the Battle River in 
Alberta in Township 47-6-4, I was surprised to 
hear and see a Towhee—evidently a male in good 
plumage. I watched it for some minutes through 
the telescope of a small level that I was using and 
was near enough to see its bright red eyes. I have 
seen the Towhee in the Frenchman Valley in 
southern Saskatchewan, but I did not know that 
it ranged as far north as the Battle River—C. H. 
SNELL. 


Nore.—P. A. Taverner (Birds of the Red Deer 
River, Alberta, Auk, XXXVI, 1919, pp. 257-258) 
reports that in descending the river in 1919 the 
first Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus) was seen 
in Township 34, almost exactly Lat. 52° north, 
where the first definitely arid conditions prevailed. 
It is seen that Mr. Snell’s record adds a consider- 
able northern extension of range to this.—P. A. T 


CORRESPONDENCE 


Epitor, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Ont. 
Dear Sir:— 
May I add a few words to the controversy 
aroused by J. A. Munro’s article, The Necessity for 


Vermin Control on Bird Sanctuaries, and your 
Editorial on that subject, both of which appeared 
in the November, 1923, number of your magazine. 

Some statements regarding the prevalence of 
certain predatory birds in Great Britain have 


September, 1924] 


appeared from several pens. These statements 
require correction, or at least amendment. I have 
had a good many years of intimate acquaintance 
with game preserves and preserving in Great 
Britain, and I believe that I am competent to 
correct some impressions which have no doubt 
been created. 

Certain correspondents would have us believe 
that Great Britain is one vast Game Preserve, 
wherein all vermin is systematically destroyed. 
This, of course, is absurd. I very much doubt if 
game is preserved over more than a fifth of the 
country; indeed, I consider this a generous 
estimate. To cite a few examples of the non- 
preserved areas, little or no preserving is carried 
on in the Midlands, which are devoted to Fox- 
hunting, in the vast areas in Scotland, set aside 
as deer forests, in the Welsh mountains, on Ex- 
moor and Dartmoor in the West Country or on 
the Downlands of the South. Plenty of suitable 
strongholds for predators, one would imagine, 
though as I will show later these strongholds have 
proved inadequate as preservers of most of the 
British species of predatory birds. 

The next impression created is that there are 
and have been but two species of predators in 
Great Britain, namely, the Crow and the Sparrow- 
hawk and that these, despite the eternal war 
waged upon them, are everywhere abundant; 
therefore, it is inferred, no matter what is done in 
Canada it would be impossible to exterminate the 
Canadian predators. This seems to me to be 
taking the exception and calling it therule. There 
are, or perhaps it would be more correct to say 
have been, some sixteen British species rightly or 
wrongly, several of them certainly wrongly, 
regarded as vermin and treated as such: of these 
the Carrion Crow and Sparrow-hawk alone survive 
to any appreciable extent; the remainder have 
been exterminated or placed in grave danger of 
extermination by the gamekeeper-collector com- 
bination. The other fourteen species to which I 
refer are:—Raven, Corvus corax Linn.; Short-eared 
Owl, Asio accipitrinus Pall.; Marsh Harrier, 
Circus zruginosus Linn.; Hen Harrier, C. cyaneus 


Linn.; Montagu’s Harrier, C. cineraceus Mont.; 
Common Buzzard, Buteo vulgaris Leach.; Rough- 
legged Buzzard, B. lagopus J. F. Gmelin; Golden 


White-tailed 
Kite, Milvus 


Eagle, Aquila chrysaetus Linn.; 
Eagle Halizetus albicilla Linn.; 
ictinus Savigny; Honey Buzzard, Pernis apivorus 
Linn.; Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus Tunst.; 
Hobby F. subbuteo Linn; Osprey, Pandion 
haliaetus Linn. 

Before proceeding further I may say that I 
ascribe the fact of the Sparrow-hawk and the 
Carrion Crow still existing in Great Britain in fair 
numbers (I do not consider either species abund- 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


139 


ant) to their undesrability from the collector’s 
point of view almost as much as to their having 
large areas over which they can roam with a con- 
siderable measure of immunity from ‘‘keepers’’. 

“Game-farm”’ is a term which several corres- 
pondents seem to have employed when referring 
to what would more correctly be termed a Game 
preserve, though even at that it is a pretty futile 
comparison when applied to a Bird Sanctuary. 
In Great Britain a game-farm consists of pens 
similar to chicken-runs, which are wired at the top 
as well as at the sides; consequently, winged pre- 
dators are amongst the very least of the game- 
farmer’s worries. The business of the game-farmer 
consists of supplying eggs and young birds, princi- 
pally pheasants, to the owners and tenants of pre- 
serves. 

A game preserve may be described briefly as an 
area which by artificial stocking and feeding is 
caused to carry possibly some fifty times as many 
head of game as would exist upon it under normal 
circumstances and natural conditions. This “‘arti- 
ficial”’ stock which is placed on the preserve each 
summer, forms the bulk of the “‘bag”’ in the ensu- 
ing fall and winter. 

Surely it is preposterous to compare a Bird 
Sanctuary with either a game-farm or a game 
preserve; I can only conclude that those who have 
made such comparisons have done so through lack 
of first-hand knowledge of the conditions and mis- 
understanding of the real meanings of the terms. 

After perusal of the correspondence so far 
published, it seems very evident that the lack of 
agreement amongst the participants in the con- 
troversy is not due merely to difference of opinion 
on a question of policy in the administration of 
Bird Sanctuaries, but also and rather to a differ- 
ence of understanding as to the essential reasons 
and purposes on account of and in pursuit of 
which such sanctuaries have been established. 
In view of this it is not my intention to enter 
into this controversy since, until these reasons and 
purposes are definitely established, it hardly seems 
possible to discuss questions of policy intelligently. 

May I suggest, Mr. Editor, that you tabulate 
your understanding of the reasons and purposes 
alluded to. The criticisms, suggestions, etc., 
which would doubtless ensue, might help to clear 
the air. 

Yours very truly, 


W. H. A. PREECE. 
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., 


April 17, 1924. 


NotEe:—The information requested in the final paragraph 
of our correspondent’s letter has already been published in an 
Editorial on the subject of ’’Bird Sanctuaries’? which appeared 
in The Canadian Field-Naturalist for November, 1923, pages 
149-150.—EDITOR. 


140 


Epitor, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Ont. 
Sir:— 

The reference to the late Dr. Brodie of Toronto 
in the April number of The Canadian Field-Natur- 
alist reminds me that about forty years ago I had 
some correspondence with him and, being in 
Toronto soon afterwards, called to see him. In 
the course of an interesting talk on natural history 
subjects, he took me out to the yard behind his 
dental office and showed me a collection of live 
rattlesnakes which he was keeping in barrels sunk 
in the ground to about three-quarters of their 
depth. He put his arm down into one of the 
barrels among the snakes in a way that made my 
flesh creep, but he assured me that so long as he 
was careful to keep his hand behind a snake’s 
head, there was no danger of its striking. He also 
explained that, although the barrels were open at 
the top, there was no possibility of the snakes 
being able to climb out. No doubt he was right; 
but what an amount of confidence in his judgment 
his neighbours must have felt that they did not 
register a most vigorous protest against his being 
permitted to keep the snakes in such an exposed 
place in a crowded quarter of a large city. As I 
recall, there were several people about when the 
snakes were shown to me, but. none of them seemed 
at all concerned.—W. L. Scott. 


Ottawa, Ont. 
April 17, 1924 


Note.—A rattlesnake will seldom strike except 
to secure living rodents for food or to defend itself 
when accidentally or intentionally injured. Never- 
theless a person who handles one in full vigor is 
supremely foolhardy, for, although the bite of a 
rattlesnake does not usually prove fatal, it is an, 
extremely serious proposition.—C. L. P. 


Epitor, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Ottawa, Ont. 
Sir:— 

In the May number of The Canadian Field- 
Naturalist, Mr. E. M.S. Dale states that current 
literature contains little if any reference to the 
song of the White-winged Crosshill. To his ear it 
is the finest bird song to which he had ever listened. 
This opinion corresponds rather closely to my own. 

When the beautiful glades of caribou moss be- 
come a blaze of glory with orchis and butterwort 
in Labrador and in the James Bay region, the 
clean, transparent air vibrates all day long with 
the melody of hundreds of songsters. Among 
them all four birds in particular have always made 
particular appeal to me. 

The White-throated Sparrow exchanges greet- 
ings of hearty optimism with his neighbors of the 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


bush. The Hermit Thrush in a voice of spiritual 
ecstasy invites us to join him in elevation of our. 
thoughts. The Water Wagtail gives ringing wel- 
come to the morning sunshine, but the Cross-bills 
have above all other birds the sweetest tones of 
harmony with life and its living. 

A few years ago Doubleday Page & Co. pub- 
lished a book for me entitled ““A Surgeon’s Philo- 
sophy’’. It is now out of print because nobody 
cared to read it, but in this volume I write of the 
song of the “‘Red Cross-bill’. It was probably 
the White-winged Cross-bill in rosy plumage, but 
I would about as soon shoot a baby in the eradle 
as to kill one of them for purposes of exact identi- 
fication. What I wrote on Page 215 of the book 
was this: 


“The unnatural character of much of our high 
culture music produces an artificial taste which 
dulls the sensibilities against appreciation of real 
music. I have often called the attention of a 
companion who was humming some refrain from 
Debussy or from Wagener to a bird like the Red 
Cross-bill that was singing near at hand. My 
friend would stop for a moment and exclaim, “Yes, 
fine!’’—and then go on humming his Debussy or 
Wagner again while the Red Cross-bill was still 
singing. That was an impious interruption of 
Jehovah who was speaking to us at that moment 
straight out of his great heart from his own won- 
derful throne! I have never made any comments 
when my friends have done this, but away down 
deep there was a feeling of pity—a feeling of shame 
for the misdeeds of culture. 


“The song of the Red Cross-bill is the inspired 
voice of comradeship—a clear song of vibrant cheer 
from the roads of his merry flock among the very 
tip tops of dark pointed firs. From the fragrant 
resin of their cones he abstracts a spicy virility 
which accords with the sprightly vigor of his 
manner and presence. High winds, high sun; 
these he braves with a choice that belongs to his 
nature, yet he cares not a bit for lowering cloud 
nor driving rain so long as companions are near.” 
—RosBeErtT T. Morris. 


114 E. 54th St., New York, N.Y. 
June 24, 1924. 


We think this correspondent makes the common 
mistake of attempting to compare unlike and in- 
comparable things. Bird songs are not music in the 
musician’s meaning of the term, though we may 
call them music as a figure of speech or in lieu of 
another word of designation. This statement is 
not derogatory to either bird songs or human music. 


‘Both are admirable in their separate ways, but 


those ways are too far apart for a just comparison. 
—ORNITHOLOGICAL EDITOR. 


Sweet Canada 


Eleven Bird Songs and a Round 
by 
Louise Murphy 


Author of “SA Little Book of Bird Songs, 
Rhymes and Tunes for Tiny Tots’’ 


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%) 


- ‘THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 
SOCIETY 


: (Incorporated) 


Hon. President: Mr. ADAM Brown; President: Mr. R. O. 
MERRIMAN; ist Vice-President: Dr. H. G. ARNOTT; 2nd Vice- 
_ President: Mr. C. D. Cook; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss RUBY 

_ R. Mitts, Public Library, Hamilton; Directors: Dr. H. G. © 
_ Arnott; C. D. Coox; Dr. J. A. Dickson; Miss M. EB. GRaA- 
HAM; Miss RuBy R. Minis; M. Hotton; M. JOHNSTON; 


ee _ Mrs. F. E. MACLOGHLIN; R. O. MERRIMAN. 


_. COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


March 3ist, 1923, are as follows:— : 


President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 


2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: 
NATION 2380 Windsor Road, Victoria, B.C. 


; 
i 


SIncLair, Peace River. 


q Te She ‘meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 
_ last Friday of each month except during July and August and 
perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 


on the last Friday in November. 


By 
i ger aie, < 

eee , LONDON, ONT. | Sati 
President: T. D. PATTERSON, 562 Waterloo Street; Recording 


ing Secretary and Treasurer: EK. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.; 
_ Members qualified to answer questions: W. HE. SAUNDERS, 240 © 
Central Ave.; C. G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South; J. R. 
McLuop, 355 Wortley Road; J. F. CALVERT, 461 Tecumseh 


9 


a Ave.; E. M. S. DALE, 297 Hyman St. 


Mal 


_ Bain, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C. — 


___ Fortnightly meetings in the University Buildings from 
f laa eel to April (inclusive). Semi-monthly excursions from 


- May to August (inclusive). 


Affiliated Societies 
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF | 


_ Hon. President: V. W. JACKSON; President: J. J. GOLDEN; 
 Vice-Presidents: H. M. Spemcuiy, A. M. Davipson, A. G. 
_ LAWRENCE, NORMAN CRIDDLE; Mrs. C. BE. BASTIN, Mrs. 
°C. P. ANDERSON; General Secretary: A. A. McCouBRBY, 307 
_ C.P.R.- Depot, Winnipeg, Man.; Executive Secretary: R. M.- 
_ THomas; Treasurer: Miss HELEN R. CANNOM; ORNITH- 
OLOGICAL SEC'TION:—Chairman: B. W. CARTWRIGHT; 
Secretary: C. L. BRoLEY. ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION: 
: A. V. MiITcHENER; Secretary: A. SHIRLEY 
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_ Secretary: Miss Grack Cameron. GEOLOGICAL SEC-. 
_ TION:—Chairman: A. A. McCousrny; Secreiary: J. M. 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 


The officers for the above Society for the year ending 


h Treasurer: Miss 
S. M. THORNTON; Commitiee:—Miss C. G. Fox, Miss A. F. 
GARDINER, Miss I. CatHcart, WM. Downes, A. HALKETT. 
Auditors:—J. KEITH WILSON AND F’. W. GODSAL. _ Trustees:— 
REv. R. CONNELL, DR. C. F.NEWCOMBE AND G. HARVEY. | 


ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


Hon. President: Dr. Hy. Gnorcs, Victoria B.C.; Hon. Vice- 
President: Mr. J. J. GAETZ, Red Deer; President: Mr. C. H. 
_ SNBLL, Red Deer; ist Vice-President: Mr. G. C. 8. CrosBy, 
5 Red Deer; 2nd Vice-President: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS, Red 
_ Deers Hon. Sec.-Treas.: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red Deer; Direc- 
tors: Mrs. G. C. S. Crospy, Miss E. C. Irvine, Mr. W. A. 
CASSELS AND Mr. S. PAMELY, Red Deer, Mrs. G. F. Root, 
Wetaskiwin, Mr. K. Bowman, Edmonton, Mr. B. LAWTON, 
Bs connor: Mr. T. RANDALL, Castor, Mr. F. L. FARLEY, 
_ Camrose, Mr. W. C. McCALLA, Bremner, and MR. D. M. 


_ McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 


cc Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McKons, Worthey Road; Correspond- 


4 VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


_ Hon. President: L. S. KuInck, L.L.D., Pres. University of B.C.; 
_ President: JoHN DAvipson, F.L.S., University of B.C.; Vice- 
_ President: FRED Perry; Hon. Secretary: C.F. CONNOR, M.A., 
3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: A. H. 


PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 
PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: L. MclI. TERRILL; 
Vice-Presidents: ALEX MACSWEEN, NAPIER SMITH, E. ARNOLD; 
Hon. Corresponding Secretary: W. S. Hart, P.O. Box 1185, 
Montreal; Hon. Recording Secretary: Miss H. STONE; Hon. 
Treasurer: Miss M. ARMITAGE, 63 Arlington Ave., Westmount; © 
Directors: Miss EpitH Morrow; Miss Louise MurRpPHy; 
Miss Emity Luke; Mr. AND Mrs. C. F. DALE; Mrs. J. T.) 
Ayers; Miss JEAN MCCONNELL; W.A. OSWALD; A. F. WINN; 
Mr. AND Mrs. WALLACE H. Ross; W.G. WRIGHT. Members 
qualified to answer questions: L. McI. TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., 
St. Lambert, Que.; NAPIER SMITH, Bank of Montreal, Magog, 
Que., E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St., Montreal; W. A. OSWALD, 
301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G., Montreal; C. N. ROBERTSON, c-o 
Ross Realty Co., Room 805, Lewis Bldg., St. John St., Mont- 
real, Que.; Dr. ARTHUR WILLEY, McGill University, Montreal; 
W. J. Brown, 250 Oliver Ave., Westmount, Que.; Miss EDITH 
Morrow AND Miss EMILY LUKE, c-o Secretary. 


SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
NATURELLE DU CANADA 
Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: DoctauR S. GAUDREAU; Jer vice-président: ABBE 
A. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: A.-R.-M. BOULTON; 
Secrétaire-trésorier: Louts-B. Lavon; Chef de la section 
scientifique: A.-A. GopBouT; Chef de la section de propaganda 
éducationelle: DoctEUR A. DERY; Chef de la section de pro- 
tection: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; Chef de la section d'information 
scientifique et pratique: DOCTEUR J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: 
R.-F. Linpsay; Jos. MATTE; G.-S. AHERN. 


THE BRITISH COLUMIBA ORNITHOLO- . 
GISTS’ UNION 
Officers for 1923 


Hon. President: Hon. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria; 
Vice-President: T. LL. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSoN, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana- 
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VOL. XXXVIII, No. 8 : _ OCTOBER, 1924 


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ht int 


ent: 
Ist Vice-President: G. A. MILLER. ( oY Cj i0 Ms 
‘Secretary: es ea se 
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(Geological Sy Ottawa). See eae « Sic. BOW Otte ont & 


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4 


Additional Members of Council: W. mT. MAcoun; iss M. E. Comin C. M. STERNBERG; H. I. SMrra; 
F. W. WaucH; P. A. TAVERNER; E ‘SAPIR; E. M. KINDLE; W. J. WINTEMBERG; Ro E. DELURY: 
ARTHUR GIBSON; M.O. MAuts; R. M. ANDERSON: leh GROH; Miss F. FyYLEs; C. MB: HUTCHINGS: a 
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C. H. SNELL; deekys McLEop; JOHN DAVIDSON; ‘L. MclI. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; TES 
KERMODE; PRoF. 1p dB} THOMSON; THE EDITOR. 


Editor: 
HARRISON F. LEWIS, 


Canadian National Parks Branch, 5/63. Pe eae 
Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. ial at eens a 


Associate Editors: . — | i ee Cos 


HE SARIR: Cac e nie. sntaaon ce tire Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN......... . ..Marine J 

WO NEPALI oc ee an eee Botany PLAS TAVERNER 10 i ee . ..Ornithol 

ghey WATCHRORD «2a See kaa ues Conchology Hy MOKINDLE, Yo, 2): yee. Pelagonto 

NE WARE TAMS) ic) aghiik ones nee Geology R. M. ANDERSON. . . i Sica eo 

ARTHUR GIBSON, . 2). 6058s oe” Entomology CLYDE L. Patcu.. sie .Herpei 
CONTENTS 


A Sea Report on the Destruction of Birds at Lighthouses on the Coast of Bai Columbia. 


Boy Je SA Mumia eae ee RL RMA iia GS RN hoe Ve Utes ee GL Rs a 
List of Birds Recorded from the Island of Anticosti, Quebec. By Harrison F. Lewis........ ie pee 
Miscellaneous Bird Notes from Southern Vancouver Island, 1923. By J. A. Munro. ........2.. 
A New Genus and a New Species of Gastropod from the Upper Ordovician of British Columbia. 

By Alice Bie Wilsoris 2 eae rhc ie ie tk ieee Wiel Shy ae te ge ke eR Rar sti Saige 
The Home Life of the Columbian Ground Squirrel. By William T. Shaw:......... : ae aes 
Official Canadian Record of Bird-Banding Returns........................4 LS eee 


Notes and Observations:— van 
Marine Investigations on the West Coast of Vancouver Tend 1909. By J abn Macoun. Pela 


Lesser Snow Geese. (By -Ki Racey. 00 ca cee See lak ee see fal Siem cane 
Notes on Gray Squirrel in New Brunswick. By Susan K. Squires....... ne Reis dikes. 
Salamanders Lost ,Strayed.or 7: By H. Groh. : 220.0. oe ike ee Here Eee pe 
- Notes on Robins Wintering i in British Columbia. By F. C. Whitehouse.......... ses cit 
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The Canadian Field-Naturalist 


Vou. XX XVIII 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, OCTOBER, 1924 


No. 8 


A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS AT 
LIGHTHOUSES ON THE COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 


By J. A. MUNRO 


ITHIN recent years there has been con- 
siderable discussion amongst bird protec- 
(y2e,) tionists regarding the destruction of 
SBS migrating birds at lighthouses on the 
Canadian coasts; whether such destruction was 
serious or slight; under what weather conditions 
and by what means birds are usually killed, and 
whether preventive measures should be undertaken 
by the Dominion Government. 


Asa first step towards dealing with the question 
of control it appeared desirable to establish the 
extent of the destruction and to clear up, as far 
as possible, the more controversial points. Accord- 
ingly I was instructed by the Commissioner of 
Canadian National Parks to obtain whatever data 
were available in reference to conditions on the 
British Columbia Coast. With this object in view 
a questionnaire was forwarded to all resident light- 
keepers. Information was requested on thirteen 
‘points, as follows: 


1. Give details in regard to the light in your 
charge—whether it is a fixed or a revolving light 
and whether there is a resident lightkeeper? 


2. Give location of your lighthouse; the eleva- 
tion and whether situated on an island or on the 
mainland? ° 

3. Are birds ever killed at the lighthouse? 


4. If so, give estimates concerning the number 
of birds found dead. 


5. At what season of the year is such mortality 
greatest? 

6. During what kind of weather is the greatest 
mortality noted? Atwhattime? Stormy nights? 
Clear nights? Thick, foggy nights? Daytime? 

7. Does the destruction of the birds seem due 

to their flying violently against the glass or do 
they become confused and fly around and against 
the glass until they become exhausted and fall to 
the ground? 

8. Are there more dead birds on one particular 
side of the lighthouse than on the other sides? 

_ 9. Have you noticed any marks of injury on 
such birds as you have picked up about the light- 
house? If so, state nature of injury. 

10. Is there a railing around your lighthouse, 
or any support upon which birds might rest? 


11. Name as many birds as you can which have 
been found dead at your lighthouse. If you do 
not know them by name—were they sea-fowl or 
land birds, or both? 

12. Is the number of birds killed at lighthouse 
stations increasing or decreasing? 

13. Do you consider that any means could be 
employed to reduce the mortality? If so, state 
the particulars. 

In due course all the questionnaires, forty-five 
in number, were returned. The answers to the 
various questions have been carefully studied and 
a summary of the information obtained is sub- 
mitted herewith. 

The reader, when analyzing this summary, 
should bear in mind that it is based on casual 
observations, which, in all probability, were not 
considered of much importance at the time they 
were made, and, consequently—human memory 
not being infallible—due allowance should be made 
for a margin of error. 

Light stations are referred to in the sequence 
adopted in the “List of Lights and Fog Signals of 
the Dominion of Canada on the Pacific Coast and 
Rivers and Lakes of British Columbia’, published 
by the Department of Marine. From the same 
publication is taken the information submitted 
regarding equipment, elevations, and location of 
lights. 

QUATSINO STATION, situated on an island 
in Quatsino Sound, has a fixed light at an elevation 
of 89 feet. The officer in charge, on duty since 
June 16th, 1922, reports that no birds have been 
killed during his term of residence, although pieces 
of down have been found adhering to the glass in 
front of the light. 

NOOTKA STATION, on San Rafael Island in 
Nootka Sound, has a 15-second occulting light at 
an elevation of 108 feet. The attendant reports 
that three casualties have occurred during the 
past three years—two land birds and one sea bird. 
These were found after foggy nights in the summer 
and were killed by flying against the glass. 

ESTEVAN POINT STATION, on the south- 
western extremity of Estevan Point, south of 
Nootka Sound, is a 10-second group-flashing light 
at an elevation of 125 feet, with a radius of seven- 


142 


teen miles in clear weather. The lightkeeper 
reports that heavy casualties occur on stormy 
nights during the spring and fall migrations. 
The victims are chiefly Geese, Brant and Ducks, 
and the number of birds found dead is estimated 
at “a barrel a night for three nights’. This 
station is equipped with wireless apparatus and 
the destruction of birds is said to be due to their 
flying against the masts, guy wires and the light- 
house itself. 

LENNARD ISLAND STATION, on Lennard 
Island in Clayquot Sound, is equipped with an 
85 mm. flashing vapour light, at an elevation of 
115 feet. The present attendant has been on duty 
since October, 1922, and reports that only one 
bird has been killed since that date. This was a 
Mallard Duck, picked up after a stormy, misty 
night. 

CAPE BEALE STATION, at the entrance to 
Barkley Sound, is equipped with revolving oil 
lamps and reflectors at an elevation of 190 feet. 
The lightkeeper reports that no birds have been 
killed since he was transferred to the station in 
‘August, 1922, a condition he ascribes to the low 
power of the light—half of which is coloured red— 
and to the close proximity of the powerful Pachena 
Light. 

PACHENA STATION, situated on Vancouver 
Island, nine miles south of Barkley Sound, has a 
powerful group flashing light of 180,000 candle 
power, at an elevation of 200 feet. The light- 
keeper reports that numerous land birds and a 
few sea-birds are killed at this light, the majority 
through hitting the lantern and the remainder from 
exhaustion, which I presume is due to flying 
continuously around the light. Some of the dead 
birds were noted to have damaged heads. 

The period of August, September and October 
is the season during which the greatest mortality 
occurs; thick, foggy nights are reported as being 
the most destructive, while some casualties also 
occur on stormy nights. 

The lightkeeper is of the opinion. that the 
number of birds killed at this station is increasing. 
He considers that the mortality would be reduced 
if a six-inch wind-break was built around the 
lighthouse platform—a structure which would 
not interfere with the light. His idea is that birds, 
when stunned by flying against the glass, would 
drop to the platform and there remain until 
recuperated—without a wind-break such birds 
are usually carried away by the force of the wind. 

CARMANAH STATION, on a mainland point 
of Vancouver Island about 12 miles south of Clo- 
oose, is a 3-second flashing light at an elevation of 
173 feet. The attendant states that “two or three 
dozen birds’’, chiefly Sparrows, are killed annually 
during the autumn migration on thick, foggy 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


nights. Their destruction is said to be due to 
their flying violently against the glass. 


SHERINGHAM POINT STATION, situated 
on the mainland of Vancouver Island near the 
mouth of the Jordan River, is equipped with a 
group-flashing light at an elevation of 90 feet. 
The lightkeeper reports no casualties. 


RACE ROCKS STATION is a lighthouse of 
the old tower type, built of solid masonry by the 
Imperial Government in 1860. The light is a 10- 
second flash at an elevation of 118 feet. The 
tower is situated on Great Race Rock, an island 
of approximately one acre, in the Strait of Juan 
de Fuca, nine miles south of Victoria. 

It is reported that about two dozen birds are 
killed in the course of the year through flying 
violently against the glass. The greatest mortal- 
ity is said to occur during very dark nights in the 
autumn and “‘broken beaks” is given as the injury 
noted on the dead birds, some of which are identi- 
fied as Northern Phalarope, Rusty Song Sparrow, 
and ‘‘Wild Canaries’. It is also stated that more 
dead birds are found on the north side of the light- 
house than on any other side. The lightkeeper 
has no suggestion to offer regarding methods that 
might be employed to reduce the mortality. 

I visited this station on November 23rd, 1923, 
and found the remains of several Shearwaters and 
Murrelets which had recently been killed. Un- 
fortunately the bodies had been partly eaten by 
the lightkeeper’s dog, so it was impossible to 
obtain any information from these specimens. 
A few days later an Ancient Murrelet was found 
dead beside the tower and sent to me in the flesh. 
Examination of the body showed a bruised area on 
the breast, but no other injuries. 


FISGARD STATION, “at the entrance of 
Esquimalt Harbour, is equipped with a fixed white 
light with red sector at an elevation of 67 feet. 
No casualties are reported from this station. 


TRIAL ISLAND STATION, close to Shoal 
Bay, Victoria, has a group flashing light at an 
elevation of 85 feet. The officer in charge states, 
“Birds are never killed around our lighthouse’. 


FIDDLE REEF STATION, on a reef close to 
Discovery Island, near Victoria, has a stationary 
light at 30 feet elevation. It is reported that no 
birds are killed at this station. 

DISCOVERY ISLAND STATION, is equipped 
with a white occulting light at an elevation of 91 
feet. The lightkeeper reports that no birds have 
been killed during the seventeen years of his 
residence. 

SATURNA ISLAND STATION, on East point 
of Saturna Island, is equipped with a fixed and 
group flashing light at an elevation of 125 feet. 
The officer in charge reports that two birds, a 


October, 1924] 


Grebe and a Merganser, have been killed during 
the past two years. 

PORTLOCK POINT STATION, situated on 
the northern extremity of Prevost Island, is 
equipped with a fixed light at an elevation of 55 
feet. The lightkeeper reports that no birds are 
killed at this station. 

BARE POINT STATION, on extremity of 
point in Chemainus Bay, is equipped with a white 
fixed light at an elevation of 36 feet. It is said 
that no birds are killed at this light. 

PORLIER PASS STATION, at the north end 
of Galiano Island, has two fixed lights, one on 
Race Point, elevation 21 feet, and one on Virago 
Point at an elevation of 32 feet. The lightkeeper 
reports that sometimes over one hundred birds are 
found dead at these lights and that the mortality 
is greatest in the autumn. A few birds are killed 
in the daytime during stormy weather, but the 
majority during dark, stormy nights. 

The casualties are entirely small land birds, 
“pretty little fellows”. They “become confused 
as they fly around and round” and, presumably, 
are killed by flying against the glass, as “‘broken 
necks” is stated to be the injury noted on the 
dead birds. 

POINT ATKINSON STATION is situated on 
the mainland, near North Vancouver. The light 
is described as a revolving vapour flash, giving 
twenty-four flashes per minute. The officer in 
charge reports that an average of twenty-five birds 
are killed annually, usually during nights of strong 
south-east wind accompanied by rain. He states 
that the birds are killed through flying against the 
glass and remarks that he has several times picked 
birds off the glass and carried them out of the 
range of the light, to which they immediately 
returned when released. He is of the opinion 
that no means could be successfully employed to 
reduce the mortality. The birds found dead are 
described as “mostly small birds resembling the 
wild canary with long pointed beak—insect 
eaters’. 

PROSPECT POINT STATION, under bluff at 
Prospect Point, First Narrows, Burrard Inlet, has 
a white light with red sector, occulting 9 seconds, 
at an elevation of 28 feet. The lightkeeper states, 
“T have been in charge for twenty-four years and 
there has only been one dead bird found that was 
killed by flying against the lantern, a loon on a 
stormy night’’. 

FIRST NARROWS STATION, at the mouth 
of the Capilano River, is furnished with a kerosene 
lamp using a Mammoth Duplex Burner occulting 
six seconds; the elevation is 20 feet. Itis reported 
that no birds are killed at this station. 

BROCKTON POINT STATION, on the First 
Narrows, near Vancouver, is furnished with a low 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


143 


power occulting vapour light at 25 feet elevation. 
The lightkeeper reports that no birds have been 
killed during his twenty-four years’ attendance. 

ENTRANCE ISLAND STATION, on an 
island in north entrance to Nanaimo Harbour, is 
furnished with a fixed and flashing diamond vapour 
light, at an elevation of 65 feet. No birds are 
killed at this station. 

MERRY ISLAND STATION, situated at the 
south-east entrance to Welcome Pass, has a fixed 
light at an elevation of 57 feet. The lightkeeper 
reports no casualties. 

BALLENAS ISLAND STATION, on north 
point of North Ballenas Island, north of Nanoose 
Bay, has a fixed and group flashing light at an 
elevation of 70 feet. It is stated that no birds are 
killed at this light. 

SISTERS STATION, on rock, west of Lasqueti 
Island, has a group flashing light at an elevation 
of 46 feet. In reference to this light the officer 
stationed at Pachena writes as follows: 

“At the Sisters Lighthouse I used to go up to 
the tower with a box and pick the birds off the 
platform and fill the box and let them go in the 
morning. Calm, foggy nights in September and 
October are the worst. Birds include canaries, 
sparrows, sea pigeon, and a bird that looks like a 
parokeet, nearly all red’. (Male Pine Grosbeak?) 

The officer at Cape Beale Light writes: ‘‘Whilst 
on Sisters Rocks there were two migrations, but 
no birds killed in either. These birds fluttered 
round the lantern for two nights on each occasion. 
They were, I think, of the canary family, being 
colored in yellow and black’’. 

The lightkeeper now in charge reports that two 
Ducks have been found dead during the past 
twelve months. These were killed on clear 
autumn nights by flying violently against the 
building. 

YELLOW ISLAND STATION, situated on a 
small rocky island near the east end of Denman 
Island, is equipped with a 6-second flashing light 
at an elevation of 83 feet and a fixed white light 
at an elevation of 48 feet. The lightkeeper reports 
that one Gull and one Grebe have been killed 
during the past seventeen months. 

CAPE MUDGE STATION is situated on 
Valdez Island, south of Campbell River, and the 
flashing light is at an elevation of 57 feet above 
high water. 

It is reported that twenty to thirty sea-fowl are 
killed annually, through striking the glass on 
stormy or foggy nights during the fall and winter. 

This report also states that some of the birds 
which strike the glass are only temporarily dis- 
abled and recover upon being put in the water; 
that more birds are found on the south side of 
the building, and that the number of casualties is 


144 


decreasing. 

PULTENEY POINT STATION, situated on 
Malcolm Island, in Queen Charlotte Strait, north 
of Alert Bay, is equipped with a fixed light at an 
elevation of 38 feet. According to the light- 
keeper’s report, three birds have been injured, 
during the past ten years, by flying against the 
glass during thick fog. Two of these were Petrels, 
the third was not identified. 

SCARLETT POINT STATION, on Balaklava 
Island at the entrance to Christie Passage, is 
equipped with a fixed light at an elevation of 90 
feet. The attendant states that no birds are killed 
at this station. 

PINE ISLAND STATION, situated on Pine 
Island in the entrance to Queen Charlotte Strait, 
is equipped with a light which shows two flashes 
every 10 seconds; the elevation is 80 feet. The 
lightkeeper estimates the yearly casualties at fifty. 
These are chiefly Crows, Sparrows, Woodpeckers 
and Robins. The greatest mortality is reported 
as occurring in summer and autumn during stormy 
weather with a south-east wind, and birds are 
killed in the daytime as well as at night. The 
dead birds, which are said to have the neck broken, 
are found chiefly on the north-west side of the 
building. The number of birds killed is thought 
to be decreasing. 

The lightkeeper expresses the opinion that no 
means could be employed to lessen the mortality, 
as the casualties take place during heavy gales. 
He reports that the birds inhabiting the island are: 
Golden Eagle, Bald Eagle, Hawks, Snowy Owl, 
Sparrows, Robin, Woodpeckers, Humming-bird, 
Wild Pigeon, Wild Canaries, Snipe, Puffin, Mal- 
lard, Whistlers, Black Duck (Scoter), Sawbill, and 
remarks that: “The most of the destruction of 
birds on this Island is caused by Hawks and 
Eagles. In fact, the Hawks have killed 6 of our 
Chickens and an Eagle tried to fly away with our 
dog. It tore one of the dog’s eyes out. The 
Hawk only sucks the blood out of the birds and 
leaves the carcass. The Eagles will tackle any- 
thing. While watching them I have seen them 
swoop down and seize a salmon weighing anything 
from 20 to 30 lbs. Not once have I witnessed the 
above, but on several occasions.” “N.B. Iwrote 
the above thinking it might be of some interest to 
you. If you should like any special information I 
would be only too glad to give it if it is in my 
power.” 

A later report from this station dated September 
28th, 1923, refers to twenty-three sea-birds of two 
species which were picked up on the platform after 
a stormy night accompanied by heavy rain. The 
descriptions given of these birds seem to fit the 
Rhinoceros Auklet and Sooty Shearwater. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIIT 


EGG ISLAND STATION, on the summit of a 
small islet on the west side of Egg Island, which 
is in Queen Charlotte Sound, has a revolving light 
at an elevation of 85 feet, flashing every 30 seconds. 
The attendant reports that he has “collected as 
many as two pails full of dead birds, mostly land 
birds”. The majority of these were killed through 
contact with the glass; the heads were noted as 
being badly mutilated. The greatest mortality is 
said to occur on dark nights during the spring and 
autumn migrations. It is stated that the largest 
number of dead birds are found on the south side 
of the building during the spring and on the north 
side during the fall. 


ADDENBROOKE STATION, on west point of 
Addenbrooke Island, Fitzhugh Sound, is furnished 
with a fixed light at an elevation of 81 feet. The 
lightkeeper reports that no dead birds have been 
found during her two years’ residence. 


POINTER ISLAND STATION, situated on 
the south-east end of Pointer Island—a small 
rocky island of approximately two acres, two 
hundred yards off shore at the entrance to Lama 
Passage, near Bella Bella—is equipped with a 
fixed light of the third class at an elevation of 42 
feet. The lightkeeper states that birds are rarely 
killed and only during thick, snowy nights in the 
winter. In this connection he writes as follows: 


“T have received your Questionnaire re destruc- 
tion of birds at lighthouses. In reply I must say 
that I have been living at this light station for 
over 23 years. In that length of time not over 
one dozen birds have been attracted by the light. 
They were of the following varieties: 4 or 5 
Plover, 4 or 5 Petrel, 1 small Owl and one small 
Sea-bird (Puffin?). Of these only the owl was 
killed. The others, although striking the glass 
with force, were not even stunned, but sat on the 
platform surrounding the lamp, blinking stupidly 
at the light until I went over and picked them up, 
which I did at once, to prevent them fouling the 


_roofs, from which we collect our drinking water. 


It was my practice to take them down to the 
ground, away from the rays of the light, when, on 
being released, they at once flew away. The birds 


‘struck the light on thick snowy nights in Winter, 


never in fog and never in Summer. They always 
came down the wind, sometimes from the North 
and sometimes from the South-west, but always 
from the quarter from which the wind was blow- 
ing. Seagulls often approach the light in thick 
weather, but never strike, being always able to 
save themselves by swerving aside. No birds have 
struck the light recently, the last that I remember 
was four years ago.” 


DRYAD POINT STATION, situated on Cape 
Carpenter, near Bella Bella, is equipped with a 


October, 1924] 


fixed white light at an elevation of 50 feet. It is 
reported that no birds are killed at this station. 

IVORY ISLAND STATION is situated on an 
island, approximately one and a half miles long 
by one mile wide. This station is equipped with 
a number two duplex burner, a fixed light of low 
power at an elevation of 66 feet. The lightkeeper 
reports that no dead birds have been found during 
his five years’ residence. On the back of his report 
appears the following: ‘Quite a number of birds 
call and stay here awhile, the first is the Hedge 
Sparrow, then another bunch comes—they are a 
little bigger, they have yellow feathers round their 
neck and then comes Mr. Robin, the best of them 
all. There are some small birds, which stay all 
winter. We have the crows and eagles here all 
the time. I have only seen one grouse since I 
have been here. A pair of Herons nest here on 
the Island, and have their young every year. 
No birds get killed here as we are pretty near the 
mainland and there are lots of Islands all round. 
Deer, also, come now and again.” 

LAWYER ISLANDS STATION, situated on 
the summit of the northernmost island of the 
group, is furnished with a group flashing light at 
an elevation of 126 feet. There is the usual railing 
about the structure and the lightkeeper, who has 
been on duty for seventeen months, states that he 
has observed a few land birds resting thereon dur- 
ing the early autumn, but no dead birds have been 
found. 

HOLLAND ROCK STATION, situated on a 
small, bare island, eight miles south of Prince 
Rupert, has a fixed light of the fourth order at an 
elevation of 45 feet. The lightkeeper reports that 
during his eight months’ residence he has found no 
dead birds. 

LUCY ISLAND STATION, on the north-east 
extremity of East Lucy Island, is equipped with a 
white occulting light. It is reported that no birds 
are found dead at this station. 

GREEN ISLAND STATION is situated on 
Green Island, twelve miles west of Port Simpson. 
The powerful light flashes 2 seconds and is eclipsed 
43 seconds: the elevation is 81 feet. There is a 
two-tier guard railing below the light. 

The lightkeeper reports that in the spring and 
fall birds are frequently killed during nights of 
high wind accompanied by rain. There are few 
casualties on clear nights and none on thick, 
foggy nights or during the day time. The great- 
est number found dead at one time is estimated 
at 200; this was in October, 1921, but there has 
been no great mortality since that date. The 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


145 


species include Goose, Duck, Auk, Murrelet, 
Warblers, Sparrows, Robins, Snipe and Grebe. 
Regarding the cause of destruction the lightkeeper 
states that: “The birds are blown against the 
glass. During moderate winds they circle the light 
for hours without casualty and resume their journey 
at dawn without apparent exhaustion.’ Dead birds 
are not found on any particular side of the build- 
ing and this is ascribed to the fact that the wind 
carried the birds away after they had been killed 
or stunned. 

Injuries noted are, broken necks, broken wings, 
eyes knocked out, and badly bruised breasts, and 
it is stated that “many birds that are merely 
stunned I bring indoors and release in daylight 
after they have recovered.” 

In reference to the question of reducing the 
mortality the lightkeeper states: ‘“‘My observa- 
tions go to show that the mortality here is caused 
by the strong winds at migration time. Addition- 
al perches would help by inducing the birds to 
perch instead of circling.” He goes on to say 
that: 

“On one occasion, in Spring, 1919, I found all 
available space for perching, around the cupola, 
on the bars that tie the chimney, and the chimney 
itself fully occupied by birds, and in addition 
there were many on the platform of the lantern. 
Many more birds were circling round. The night 
was stormy, with rain, and there was a heavy toll 
taken before dawn permitted the birds to resume 
their journey. The birds were of several species, 
and did not appear frightened when I walked 
among them. As it was my first experience with 
bird migration at close range, I picked several of 
the birds off the rail and examined them. They 
acted much as chickens act if picked off the perch 
at night and several of them cuddled down to 
sleep again when I restored them to the rail. 
A few others flew to another part of the railing. 
The birds appeared to be tired, but by no means 
exhausted, and I noticed that of all the birds that 
had encircled the light all night not one lighted on 
the ground to breakfast, and at daylight Green 
Island’s feathered visitors had all departed, except 
those that were casualties. 

“This was the only time the perching facilities 
had appeared to be inadequate. 

“Many hundreds of snipe stay with us through- 
out the winter, and in misty weather they often 
rise and circle the light all night, and resume feed- 
ing at dawn. Odd ones often are killed through- 
out the winter months, but they do not rise in 
flocks to circle if the wind is strong.” 


(Concluded in the November issue) 


146 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


LIST OF BIRDS RECORDED FROM THE ISLAND OF ANTICOSTI, QUEBEC 
By HARRISON F. LEWIS 


(Concluded from page 127) 


156. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla. 
WARBLER.—Brewster: Adults seen feeding newly- 
fledged young at Hllis Bay. Schmitt: Summer. 
Rather rare. Brooks: Saw them only on August 
24, when they were common back of the settle- 
ment at Ellis Bay. Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay 
in June, 1922. 

157. Wilsonia canadensis. CANADA WARB- 
LER.—Dionne: Rare, only two observed. 

In a letter dated January 11, 1924, Mr. Willie 
La Brie has kindly furnished me with the follow- 
ing details concerning the observations, made by 
him, upon which Dionne’s record, quoted above, 
was based: “I found a pair of these birds, male 
and female, during the summer of 1917. Isaw 
this pair several times, and I believed that they 
nested there, for I saw the female in June carrying 
fibrous material in her beak. I saw the same pair 
again in July at the same place, apparently much 
distressed at my presence, causing me to believe 
that their nest must be near. I saw only this pair. 

158. Setophaga ruticilla. REDSTART.— 
Verrill: Very common. Young just able to fly 
seen July 18. Brewster: Several seen at Fox Bay. 
Common at Ellis Bay in hardwood timber and 
mixed growth a little back from the shore. Schmitt: 
Summer. Ratherrare. Dionne: Fairly common. 
Brooks: Noted a considerable number at Ellis Bay 
until the night of September 9, when there was a 
migration. After that saw but one—on Septem- 
ber 13. Lewis: Very common at Ellis Bay in 
June, 1922. 

159. Anthus rubescens. Pipit.—Schmitt: 
May-September. Fairly common. Dionne: 
Common, especially in autumn. Brooks: At Ellis 
Bay saw a flock of 30 on September 11 and a flock 
of 50 on September 13. 

160. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos. MOCK- 
INGBIRD.—Schmitt: A single specimen, captured at 
English Bay, August 8, 1902. 

Mr. Dionne informs me that this specimen was 
submitted to him for identification. 

161. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. WINTER 
WREN.—Verrvill: A small Wren, apparently of this 
species, seen at South-west Point in July. Schmitt: 
Summer. Ratherrare. Dionne: Fairly common. 
Brooks: One seen at Ellis Bay, September 3 and 4. 
Lewis: Fairly common at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 


162. Sitta canadensis. RED-BREASTED 
NutHatcyu.—Verrill: Common. Dionne: Com- 
mon. Brooks: Common at Ellis Bay. Lewis: 


Two observed at Ellis Bay on June 14 and again 
on June 15, 1922. 


WILSON’S - 


163. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus. 
CHICKADEE.—Verrill: Very common. Schmitt: 
Throughout the year. Common. Dionne: Com- 
mon. Brooks: Common. 

164. Penthestes hudsonicus  littoralis. 
ACADIAN CHICKADEE.—Dionne: Common. Brooks: 
Quite common. Specimens secured by him were 
referred to P. h. nigricans Townsend, Labrador 
Chickadee. Lewis: One obesrved at Ellis Bay on 
June 14, 1922. 

Possibly all representatives of this species on 
Anticosti are nigricans, not littoralis, but nigricans 
has not yet been recognized in any supplement to 
the A.O.U. ‘Check-List’. 

165. Regulus satrapa satrapa. GOLDEN- 
CROWNED KINGLET.—Schmitt: May. September. 
Rather rare. 

166. Regulus calendula calendula. RuByY- 
CROWNED KINGLET.—Brewster: A female seen at 
Fox Bay, July 11. Schmitt: May-September. 
Rare. Dionne: Common. Lewis: Not common 
at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 

167. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens. 
VEERY.—Brewster: A pair seen very distinctly and 
positively identified at Ellis Bay, July 24. Not 


taken. Judged by their actions to have a brood 
of young near. Schmitt: Summer. Fairly com- 
mon. 


Mr. Dionne assures me that one or more speci- 
mens of this species were submitted to him by 
Schmitt for identification. 

168. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. OLIVE- 
BACKED THRUSH.—Verrill: Very common. Brew- 
ster: An adult female collected at Fox Bay, July 
11, 1881. Schmidt: Summer. Common. Many 
found dead at West Point light, October 3, 1902. 
Brooks: A male seen and taken on September 3. 
Lewis: Common at Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 

169. Hylocichla guttata pallasi. HERMIT 
THRUSH.—Verrill: Common. Brewster: Abund- 
ant. Schmitt: Summer. Rather rare. Dionne: 
Common. Brooks: An immature bird was taken 
at Ellis Bay on September 6. Lewis: Two 
observed at Ellis Bay on June 13, 1922. 

170. Planesticus migratorius migratorius. 
RoBIN.—Verrill: Not common. Seen chiefly at 
Ellis Bay. Brewster: Common at almost every 
point where our vessel touched. Fully-fledged 
young seen at Ellis Bay, July 24, 1881. Combes: 
Common in all the island. Schmitt: March or 
April to end of September. Common. First 
arrival in 1902, March 10. Young left nest July 
15, 1902. By September 26, 1902, no Robins 


October, 1924] 


remained on the Island. First arrival in 1904, 
April 25. Dionne: Common. Brooks: Quite 
common about Ellis Bay. Lewis: Abundant at 
Ellis Bay in June, 1922. 


[HYPOTHETICAL. Oe¢enanthe oenanthe leucorhoa. GREENLAND 
WHEATEAR.—Mr. Willie La Brie, in a letter dated January 11, 
1924, states concerning this species as follows: ‘‘I noticed an 
indiviudal of this species for the first time at the end of April, 
1913. This bird first drew my attention by its strange manner 
of taking flight. It appeared to turn a somersault in taking 
flight, somewhat as does sometimes a bird which has been shot, 
but not instantly killed. I thought it was wounded, but as I 
was able to observe it for three or four days, I quickly perceived 
that it was actually a Greenland Wheatear and that the strange 
manner of its taking flight was really a distinctive trait which 
would aid in recognizing this species. As this was in the spring 
the color appeared to me to be the same as that of the engrav- 
ing which appears in ‘Birds of Eastern North America’’ by 
Chester A. Reed. The habits of this bird appeared to me 
similar to those of the Horned Lark and the Lapland Longspur, 
with which it was associated. It was in the fields near the 
houses at Rentilly Farm, where the Horned Lark and the Lap- 
land Longspur are always common in the spring, that I saw 
this species.” In a later letter, dated February 18, 1924, Mr. 
La Brie adds: ‘‘I used the word scmersault, but it was so in 
appearance only. The bird, on taking flight, raises its tail very 
high as if it would flap it over on its back, meanwhile lowering 
its head, which resembles a somersault, but is not one. In 
Nature Neighbors, Vol. VI, page 762, Mr. Saunders writes, 
‘From early spring onward, the Wheatear is to beseen jerking 
its white tail as it flits along, uttering its sharp ‘‘chack chack’’, 
on open marshes, moors, and uncultivated places.’ I think 
that this writer intended to allude to this bird’s manner of 
taking flight. 

““When I observed this bird for the first time, I did not think 
that my observations would be useful to any one, or I would 
have made more detailed observations. 


“Tf Mr. Dionne did not include this species in the paper that 
he published, it was because he forgot it, or perhaps it was I 
who forgot to include it in the notes that I furnished him.”’ 


Personally, I believe Mr. La Brie’s identification and record 
of this species to be correct. But the record was not included 
by Mr. Dionne, in his list of Anticosti birds, based on La Brie’s 
field-work; the species is rare and of uncertain status in North 
America; and detailed notes of appearance, written at the time 
are not available. Therefore it seems best to record this species 
as hypothetical until further evidence is at hand.] 


171. Sialia sialis 
Schmitt: Summer. 


sialis. BLUEBIRD.— 


Rather rare. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


147 


ADDENDA.—The following titles should be added 
to those contained in the Bibliography which was 
published with the first instalment of this list. 
In this connection I am indebted to Mr. J. H. 
Fleming, who corresponded with me concerning 
them and kindly lent me his copy of one of them. 


Verrill, A. E.—Description of a Species of Passerella, supposed 
to be new, from Anticosti. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 
IX, pp. 143-146. Boston, 1865. Description of Passerella 
obscura. 

Rowan, John J.—The Emigrant and Sportsman in Canada. 
London: Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, S.W., 1876. 
Chapter VIII is devoted to Anticosti, the greater part of it 
being abridged from a description published by the same writer 
about ten years earlier, in the Field newspaper. This book 
lists 37 species of birds as being found in Anticosti, and states 
that, except the Brant, they all breed there. Species thus 
given by Rowan which are not included in this present list are: 
Black-throated Loon, Blue-winged Teal, Buffle-head, Ruffed 
Grouse and Pileated Woodpecker. It seems almost certain 
that this record of the Ruffed Grouse, at least, must be in 
error, and as various evident errors are to be found in other 
ornithological records in this book, and as all these records are 
given without any supporting details, I am unable to accept 
any of them as correct, though some of them may be so. 


In correspondence Mr. Fleming has also fur- 
nished the following interesting information: 

“My copy of ‘Notes on the Natural History of 
Anticosti’ by A. E. Verrill, is paged 132-151 (birds 
137-145), you give the paging as 137-148 and the 
date 1865, my copy is dated 1862...” 

“Ridgway, B.N. & M.A., Vol. I, under Fox 
Sparrow, quotes the date as December 1862, my 
copy is dated October, 1862, and paged as in the 
Proceedings, not as a separate, but at the end is 
an errata slip which says, ‘The extra copies of the 
preceding paper having been printed, by mistake, 
before the final proofs had been returned, the 
following errors should be corrected.’ My copy 
is the one actually reviewed in the [bis in October, 
1863 .. 7. 


MISCELLANEOUS BIRD NOTES FROM SOUTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND, 


1923 


By J. A. MUNRO 


HE COMPARATIVE scarcity of litera- 
ture relating to the bird-life of southern 
Vancouver Island is my reason for sub- 
mitting the following meagre notes, 
obtained at irregular intervals during a busy year. 
As Iam a newcomer to this district and unfamiliar 
with local conditions, these observations have 
been of personal interest, an interest no doubt 
stimulated by the fact of their having reference 
largely to birds which hitherto I had met rarely 
or not at all, or else encountered under totally 
different conditions. Personal interest, so I am 
told, is a fairly reliable standard by which to 
judge the value of casual observations on the 
distribution and life histories of birds; therefore, 
it may be, these notes will prove of interest to 
others. 

Brachyramphus marmoratus. MARBLED MURRE- 
LET.—Fairly common on Cowichan Lake, twenty 


miles from the sea, on November 28th, 1923. 
They were in pairs, as is usual, and difficult to 
approach, more so than is generally the case when 
on salt water. Mr. George Buchanan Simpson, a 
resident of the district for the past ten years, 
stated that Marbled Murrelets wintered regularly 
on the lake and had also been noted, during the 
months of May or June, flying through a timbered 
draw some distance from the lake shore. To find 
this species inhabiting fresh-water lakes I believe 
to be unusual, and it would be of interest to dis- 
cover the nature of their food under these con- 
ditions. Those under observation on Cowichan 
Lake were diving, and apparently feeding, in deep 
water, some distance out from shore. 

The only other record I have of their occurrence 
on fresh water was obtained at Henderson Lake, 
Vancouver Island, where several birds were seen 
on November 10th, 1922. This did not seem 


148 


particularly worthy of note, however, as Hender- 
son Lake is only a short distance from the sea, 
and various sea-birds, and also seals, wandered to 
the upper end of the Lake. 

Stercorarius pomarinus. POMARINE JAEGER.— 
A Jaeger of this species, picked up in a dying 
condition at Shoal Bay, Victoria, by Mr. Clement 
Kauffman, was brought to me in the flesh. This 
specimen is an immature male in the interme- 
diate phase. 

Larus glaucescens. GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.— 
During the mild winter of 1923-24, large flocks of 
Glaucous-winged Gulls—attracted by the plough- 
ing operations then in progress—visited the fields 
in the Saanich Peninsula and Metchosin District. 
While I was driving through the country during 
December, Gulls were always in evidence, flying 
over the fields, walking across ploughed land or 
standing on the shores of the winter ponds which 
had formed on low-lying meadows. After five 
weeks absence I returned in mid-February to find 
even more birds in the fields, and at the time of 
writing, March 6th, 1924, there has been no 
apparent decrease in their numbers. At least 
ninety-five per cent are birds in fully adult plum- 
age. 

Every fresh ploughing observed, during frequent 
trips through the Saanich District, was occupied 
by Gulls, and I did not encounter a farmer plough- 
ing without a flock in attendance. Fearless in 
their eager search for what insect-food might be 
turned up, they followed close behind the plough, 
scrambling over each newly turned furrow. The 
gleaning quickly done, a number would rise 
suddenly, circle over the ploughman, and drop 
again on fresh ground, while, from further in the 
rear, came others to alight upon the widening 
space between the foremost birds and the slow- 
moving team drawing the plough. 

The sight of a human being walking over a field 
frequently attracted passing birds to circle over- 
head. Chinese gardeners, cultivating their vege- 
table gardens by hand, were often attended by a 
band of tame Gulls. In one such garden, where 
three Chinese were hoeing, I counted 81 birds 
spread out in a long straggling line and indifferent 
to the presence of the gardeners working ten yards 
away. 

A flock of, say, one hundred large Gulls con- 
centrated on a single field, and systematically 
combing every foot of earth turned over by the 
plough, must destroy a large number of noxious 
insects in the pupal and larval stages. No plough- 
ing escapes their attention and as this habit is not 
peculiar to the Gulls of Vancouver Island—the 
same has been observed frequently in the Fraser 
Valley—their value from an agricultural stand- 
point is of sufficient importance for consideration 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


by those who advocate removal of the protection 
now afforded this species under the Migratory 
Birds Convention. 

~ Larus philadelphia. BOoNAPARTE’S GULL.—A 
flock of yearling Bonaparte’s Gulls, estimated to 
number fifty, was noted on the sea beach near 
Courtenay on June 22nd, 1923. Several were 
teasing a Bald Eagle that stood perfectly motion- 
less upon his perch on a tall pile in the water, 
while the Gulls swooped repeatedly close over his 
head. 

Xema sabini. SABINE’S GULL.—On October 
20th, 1923, at Whiffin Spit, Sooke Harbour, I 
picked up an adult male Sabine’s Gull in winter 
plumage. The bird had evidently been killed 
through contact with crude oil, as a thick deposit 
of this substance adhered to the feathers between 
the shoulders. It was possible, however, to clean 
and preserve the specimen, which is now in my 
collection. ; 

Puffinus griseus. SOOTY SHEARWATER.—On May 
22nd, 1923, a friend living at Shoal Bay, Victoria, 
advised me that he had picked up four Shearwaters 
on the beach. The same evening we made a 
further search and found six others, half buried in 
the drifted kelp and rubbish on the beach. A 
careful examination of four specimens, which were 
fresh enough to preserve, did not reveal the cause 
of death. All were fat and apparently in healthy 
condition. They had not been shot, or killed 
through contact with oil. 

Aix sponsa. Woop Duck.—Report received 
last autumn from Somenos Lake and other local 
points indicate that ‘the Wood Duck, never 
particularly common on Vancouver Island, is 
showing a slight increase due, possibly, to the 
protection afforded during the past six years. 

Marila collaris. RING-NECKED DucKk.—A flock 
of seven seen on Cowichan Lake, November 28th 
to December 1st, 1923, and subsequently reported 
by Mr. G. Buchanan Simpson. 

Stomach contents of one male and one female 
taken on December 11th, at Cowichan Lake, are 
as follows: 3 Odonata nymphs (sp.?), 1 Chryso- 
melid beetle (Donacia proxima), 14 small bivalves 
(Pisidium variabile), approximately 30 seeds of 
Yellow pond-lily (Nymphea), and root stalks of 
horsetail (Equisetum palustre). 

Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus. WESTERN 
HARLEQUIN Duck.—The Island coast between 
Oyster River and Campbell River has been noted 
as a favorite resort for drake Harlequins during 
the summer months. At the former point on 
June 22nd, 1923, two flocks were under observa- 
tion, one numbering 66 and the other 26. The 
smaller flock, when first seen, was resting on a 
gravel bar lying across the river’s mouth; the 
larger flock on the sea a hundred yards from shore. 


October, 1924] 


Later these birds swam to the beach, in small 
detachments, and rested on the shingle close to 
the water’s edge. The swimming birds occasion- 
ally voiced a rather plaintive call when approach- 
ing the shore but those on land were silent. I 
stalked this flock carefully and was able to 
approach within ninety yards without disturbing 
them and observed that all were drakes in full 
breeding dress. 

Later in the evening, when the birds had com- 
menced feeding close to shore, I lay concealed in 
a depression in the beach while my companion 
made a wide detour to come out on the shore 
beyond them with the object of driving a portion 
of the flock towards me. This plan was successful 
and a flock of twelve worked slowly along shore 
in my direction, feeding as they came. In diving 
they disappeared simultaneoulsy and emerged 
together. 

It has been noted that other species of diving 
ducks, when feeding in bands of this size, do not 
as a rule submerge together, but at short intervals, 
so that generally some birds are always on the 
surface. Even when all are below together, there 
may be only a few seconds interval between the 
dive of the last bird and the re-appearance of the 
bird that submerged first. This habit, probably 
not a conscious manceuyre, tends to protect the 
flock from enemies. 

In the case of the twelve Harlequins under 
observation it would have been possible, when all 
were below the surface, to rush to the water’s 
edge and “brown” the flock when it emerged 
They were not shot at, however, but at my sudden 
appearance on the beach, swam a short distance 
out to sea, with necks outstretched, and then rose 
in a body. 

North of Oyster River, on the following day, 
other smaller flocks were seen from the Island 
Highway. A particularly fine view was obtained 
of eight drakes and four ducks clustered on a 
small rounded boulder, forty yards from shore. 

Branta canadensis minima. CACKLING GOOSE.— 
On November 28th, 1923, while I was travelling 
along the side of a wooded mountain above 
Cowichan Lake, a male Cackling Goose rose from 
behind a clump of madronas and was secured as 
it flew through the open woods. Examination of 
the stomach contents showed the bird had been 
feeding on Kinnikinnik berries (Arctostaphylos 
uva-ursi), and the terminal twigs of club-moss 
(Selaginella wallacet). The entire length of the 
gullet was filled with the latter material. 

Arquatella maritima. PURPLE SANDPIPER.—Two 
Purple Sandpipers were noted on November 20th, 
1923, on a rocky point in Shoal Bay, Victoria. 
It may be stated that I examined these birds for 
ten minutes or longer from a distance of twenty 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


149 


feet, also that I am familiar with the appearance 
of this Sandpiper in life. In all probabliity these 
were couesi, as to this race has been referred a 
series of specimens collected on Graham Island, 
British Columbia. 

Actitis macularia. SPOTTED SANDPIPER.—As 
this species is rarely encountered in British Colum- 
bia during the winter months it is considered 
advisable to record that one was noted at Sooke 
Harbour on December 10th, 1923. Other winter 
records for this Province are: Chilliwack, Decem- 
ber 8rd, 1895 (Brooks), and Oyster River, Feb- 
ruary 14th, 1921 (Munro). 

Arenaria melanocephala. BLACK TURNSTONE.— 
While it was known that this species winters 
regularly at various points on the coast of Van- 
couver Island, it gave me considerable pleasure to 
find them within the city limits of Oak Bay. 
This was at Shoal Bay on January Ist, 1924, when 
six birds, conspicuously black and white in flight, 
came twisting in from the sea and alighted on the 
rocks at my feet. There, standing motionless 
with the contrasting black and white no longer 
visible, they might have passed for slight projec- 
tions on the rock, so close was the harmony. 

Columba fasciata fasciata. BAND-TAILED PIGEON. 
—On June 9th, 1923, I had occasion to investigate 
a report that Band-tailed Pigeons were causing 
damage to sprouted wheat on a small bush farm 
in the Sooke District. The farm in question was 
found to include a portion of a large beaver 
meadow—one of the few open areas in this heavily 
wooded region—the balance comprising rough 
timbered hillside, and a wooded ravine through 
which flows a small stream. About eight acres of 
the meadow had been seeded to wheat and oats— 
by hand—and as always is the case with this 
method of sowing, a large percentage of the seed 
was on the surface. This exposed seed had 
germinated. 

Pigeons commenced feeding on the wheat field 
shortly after my arrival, so, in order to study 
them at close quarters—for they are invariably 
wild when in the open—I made a careful stalk 
through the wooded ravine and reached, unob- 
served, a suitable hiding-place at the edge of the 
field. From this position it was seen that 53 
Pigeons were feeding. Usually in flocks of this 
size, small detachments from the rear keep flying 
over the main flock to alight in front of the fore- 
most birds, but on this particular day the birds 
kept their formation—an undulating blue ribbon 
—and slowly moved across the field in my direc- 
tion until a scant sixty yards distant, when they 
suddenly arose, circled several times, and then 
dropped on another part of the field—there to 
spread out immediately and commence feeding as 
before. From several dead trees amongst the 


150 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


green timber behind me came other birds, singly 
as a rule, and joined the feeding band. Close 
observation with binoculars showed that only sur- 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


face seed was being taken, the young plants from 
buried seed were not pulled up. 
(Concluded in November issue) 


A NEW GENUS AND A NEW SPECIES OF GASTROPOD FROM THE UPPER 
ORDOVICIAN OF BRITISH COLUMBIA* 
By ALICE E. WILSON 


HURING the field work of 1922, Mr. J. R. 
Marshall, of the Canadian Geological 
Survey, found a considerable thickness of 
Upper Ordovician rocks at a new locality 
in the Kananaskis-Palliser area of the Rocky 
Mountains near the Palliser Pass. These rocks 
have yielded a new genus of gastropod. As long 
ago as 1886 in sections near Golden, B.C., about 
75 miles northwest of this locality, R. G. MeCon- 
nell noted* a series of dolomites and quartzites 
which he termed “Halysites” beds. He assigned 
the Graptolite beds below them to the Cambro- 
Silurian—the Ordovician of later authors—and the 
““Halysites’’ beds to the Silurian because of the 
presence of Halysites, known then only from the 
Silurian. Walcottt later referred the coral beds 
of the Beaverfoot Range to the ‘“‘Silurian?”’, intro- 
ducing for them the name Beaverfoot formation. 
Burling§ confines the term ‘‘Beaverfoot’’ to the 
Richmond portion of the Ordovician of the Beaver- 
foot Range. Both these localities are north and 
west of the Palliser Pass exposures, and until 
further work is done upon the fauna they cannot 
all be definitely correlated with the Halysites beds 
of the Palliser Pass locality. Detailed study of 
the fauna from Palliser Pass shows that the Haly- 
sites beds of this section belong to the Richmond 
fauna of the Upper Ordovician. The two gastro- 
pods here described are from these beds. 
Family EUOMPHALIDAE de Koninck 
Palliseria gen. nov. 

Shell with a rapidly enlarging sinistral whorl and 
a depressed turbinate spire, a deep open umbilicus, 
and whorls ornamented by several carinze and cross 
striations. 

The genus is like Maclurina in its sinistral whorl, 
but is without an operculum so far as is known. 
It differs from Maclurina essentially in its turbin- 
ate spire and in its ornamentation, in both of 
which respects it more closely resembles some 
members of the Trochoturbinide. (See Pl. I, fig. 
1, 2., Pl. Il, fig. 1, 2). 

Palliseria robusta n. sp. 
Pl tioned eine are 
Large robust turbinate shell, largest specimen 


*Published with the permission of the Director, Geological 
Survey, Canada. 

+Geol. Surv. Can. Ann Rept., 1886, pp. 15d, 21D. 

{Mise. Coll. Smithsonian Inst., vol. 67, no 8., p. 463, 1923. 

§Geol. Mag., vol. 59, no. 700, D. 4538. 


though incomplete measuring 34 inches across and 
2% inches high Umbilicus open and deep, ex- 
tending to the apex of the shell, five or six rapidly 
enlarging whorls, closely coiled, highy ornamented 
by the various carinz of the whorls and by growth 
lines. There is a gradual evolution in the shape 
of the whorl from the nepionic to the gerontic 
stage. In the early stages the whorl is narrow 
and deep, the margin of the umbilicus being 
sharply defined, the other carine are only faintly 
indicated or not yet developed. As the shell 
grows its proportions become more robust, the 
whorl increases in thickness more rapidly than in 
depth, each whorl impressing itself upon the 
succeeding whorl. The carine of the gerontic 
stage are well defined. In the section of the last 
whorl preserved there are six outstanding angles 
formed by the carine. The preceding whorl is 
impressed broadly and deeply, producing two 
angles on the outline of the whorl, one at the 
umbilicus, one a sharply defined shoulder at the 
suture line. Exposed top of whorl evenly convex. 
The outside of the whorl presents a broad, flat 
band-like surface, limited above by a rounded 
carina and below by a more sharply defined one. 
The band and its limiting carine are only evident 
in the later stages. The fifth angle on the section 
of the whorl is 

the acute margin 

of the umbilicus. 

The umbilical 

margin of each 

whorl is free from 

the surface of the 

following whorl 

and projects into 

the umbilicus in 

a most striking 

manner. In addi- 

tion to this there 

is a sixth carina 

entirely within 

senriatt ecucline asi pete See the umbilicus, be- 
showing the various carina. (Nat. size) tween the margin 
and the suture along the line of contact with the 
preceding whorl. This carina is pointed slightly 
inward and downward toward the umbilical margin. 
Growth lines, after a very slight backward 
inclination from the suture line, pass forward with 


FIGURES NATURAL SIZE 


PLATE I. 


Fig. 1.—Palliseria robusta gen. nov. Natural sections of two specimens, the lower one show- 


ing the six angles of the section, and the umbilical ridge projecting into the umbilicus. 
The upper specimen is at an angle. 


Fig. 2.—The same, seen from the opposite side, showing the broad, flattened band-like area 
on the last whorl, and the surface markings across it and on the under side. 


PLATE II. 
FIGURES NATURAL SIZE 


Fig. 1.—Palliseria robusta. The same specimen showing the growth lines on the upper sur- 
face of the upper shell. 
Fig. 2.—The same, from below, showing the piled up growth lines on the umbilical ridge. 


Fig. Os hemosaia occidentalis. n. sp. Showing the general shape and natural section of the 
last whorl. a little foreshortened. 


FIGURE 1. 


Pachena Station, on west coast of Vancouver 
Island, British Columbia. This station is 
equipped with a powerful group-flashing light 
at an elevation of 200 feet above sea level. 
A large number of land-birds and a few sea 
birds are killed at this light during the autumn 


migration. 


FIG. 2 


Green Island Station, twelve miles west of Port 
Simpson, British Columbia. The powerful 
flashing light at this station at an elevation of 
81 feet aboye sea level is responsible for num- 
erous casualties. 


LIGHTHOUSES ON THE COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 


Illustrations accompanying “A Preliminary Report on the Destruction of Birds at Lighthouses on 
the Coast of British Columbia’’, by J. A. Munro. Pages 141-145. 


Fig. 5—Young Columbian ground squirrels, one day old. Very young 
squirrels resemble young field mice; they are quite imperfect, being blind, 
toothless and hairless; but develop very rapidly, even doubling their original 
weight in five days. 


Fig. 6.—Here is represented a nest of young wild Columbian ground 
squirrels at about 25 to 30 days old, at or a few days before the time when 
they areready toleavethe home den. Their early development is very prompt, 
in keeping with the short summer life of activity as lived by this species. 


Photos by WILLIAM T. SHAW 


October, 1924] 


a sigmoid curve to the top of the flattened band 
area, across the band they incline backward at a 
gentle angle, crossing the lower carina, where they 
again curve slightly forward; at the umbilicus 
margin they turn sharply back and pile upon one 
another, making a ridge around the umbilicus. 
This ridge, as stated above, is not confined to the 
last whorl but projects into the umbilicus from the 
base of each whorl. The growth lines again curve 
slightly forward until they meet the sixth carina 
where they again pile up; from here they incline 
slightly forward to the point of contact with the 
whorl above. 

Shell substance very thick, composed of three 
layers, the inner and outer layer apparently 
similar and much stronger than the intermediate 
one, which appears to have been more porous. 
Its place is generally filled by the matrix; where it 
is partially preserved it is more or less granular. 

Horizon and Locality. Upper Ordovician, Pal- 
liser Pass, Rocky Mountains, B.C., collected by 
J. R. Marshall. 

Lophospira occidentalis n. sp. 
Pl. ties 3: 


Greatest width 17 mm., greatest length 19 mm. 
Five whorls, that at the apex but partially pre- 
served. Each whorl sharply defined by a pro- 
minent carina, a little less than a third above the 
contact of the whorl with the succeeding one. 
Slightly convex below the carina, giving each whorl 
the aspect of overhanging the succeeding one. 
The final whorl shows that the convexity becomes 
somewhat flattened towards the narrow umbilicus. 
Above the carina the whorl slope is flat except for 
the slight unevenness produced by the band on 
the carina. Upon reaching the overhanging por- 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


151 


tion of the carina of the whorl above, the upper 
portion rounds in toward the suture, leaving a 
narrow flattened area below the carina of the whorl 
above. Whorl 
nearly quadrate 
in section, the 
upper edge being 
rather shorter 
than the other 
sides and _ the 
angles more 
rounded. Edge 
of umbilicus not 
exposed. 

The ornamen- 


= = Fig. 2—Lophospira occidentalis 
ation 1 - o18 EID AUSTY UGS thls U- 
tation is _preserv Restoration of the growth lines on a 
ed only on one portion of a whorl. xX 214. 


small section, but it shows the notched lip of 
Lophospira and the lines of growth sweeping 
back toward the band both above and below he 
carina. Of the Upper Ordovician species des- 
cribed L. occidentalis seems most nearly to resemble 
L. tropidophora in general outline, but it differs 
from it in having more whorls and consequently 
narrower ones in the same sized shell, and in hay- 
ing the lower portion of the lip rounded rather 
than projecting, with the consequent difference in 
the section of the whorl. The same differences are 
more pronounced between L. occidentalis and L. 
perlamellosa and its tendency to have a convex 
rather than a concave slope above and below the 
carina differentiates it from most other species of 
the genus. 


Horizon and Locality. Upper Ordovician, on 
the slope east of Palliser Pass, Rocky Mountains, 
B.C. Collected by J. R. Marshall. 


THE HOME LIFE OF THE COLUMBIAN GROUND SQUIRREL 
By WILLIAM T. SHAW 
(Concluded from page 130) 


THE Nest.—The nest is large and bulky and 
made of dead wild grass or straw leaves, usually 
the material at hand. The outer portion is of 
coarser material and the lining of the nest is made 
of very finely shredded grass blades. This fine- 
ness is due not altogether to selection, but rather 
to the nest material having been shredded by the 
squirrel. These linings are very dry, soft and 
warm, quite a fit cradle blanket for any little 
squirrel. At first the brood nest is arched over, 
but when the young are nearly grown, they break 
it down completely and lie on top of it. (Fig. 6.) 

Squirrels are very industrious when building 
their nest. When once they start they make 
repeated trips in rapid succession, seeming to 
delay for nothing. They appear to roll the nest 


material with a quick motion of the front paws, 
packing it back to the grasp of their teeth alter- 
nately on either side of the mouth, so that no loose 
ends will interfere when they get into the burrow. 
Five of these brood nests were excavated and 
studied with care. 

THE USE OF DENS BY SEXES DURING THE 
RUTTING SEASON.—The rutting season is one of 
great confusion among the squirrels. From 
March 8, 1915, when rutting was first noticed on 
the north slope, until March 22, at which time it 
was about over for the season, excavation in- 
vestigations carried on showed that the sexes were 
found indiscriminately in the same dens. Ten of 
twelve dens treated with gas contained both sexes. 
The same condition was recorded on March 7, 


152 


1914, though another den treated and excavated 
on that date showed only one sex. 

THE USE OF DENS BY SEXES DURING THE 
GESTATION SEASON.—During this time of den 
selection and nest making, the male squirrel is not 
allowed near the den. He shows no interest in 
the life history of the species after the mating has 
taken place. Indeed, the antagonism shown by 
the female toward the male and the fact of these 
squirrels being cannibalistic would lead us to be- 


lieve that his presence in the den would be not. 


only undesirable, but dangerous to the growing 
young. That the sexes remain isolated at this 
season in the matter of den occupation is shown 
by the fact that of 3 dens excavated for gassed 
squirrels on March 28, 24 and 26, one male and 
two females were found living each in a separate 
den. 


THE USE OF DENS BY SEXES DURING BROODING 
SEASON.—Roughly speaking, the brooding season 
extends from about the 15th of April until the 
10th of May and is a time of segregation, for now 
the helpless young are in the dens. 

On April 28, two males were taken in one den. 
Nearby, two females were taken, each from a 
separate den. This was at a time when the young 
were in the nest, and before they had appeared 
above ground. The following year, on May 4, 
four females were taken in as many dens. These 
dens were completely excavated and no males 
found in them. The next year, however, an 
observation was made on May 10, in which a den 
containing a brood nest was excavated and found 
to contain one male, one female and five young. 
It must be noted here, however, that this occur- 
rence of a male squirrel in a den with young may 
have been due to his having been surprised and 
compelled to take refuge there, and to the fact 
that the young were now running about. In no 
other instance, during the six years of this investi- 
gation, has a male squirrel been found in a den 
with a brood nest and young. 

THE YOUNG.—The young are quite undeveloped 
when born but undergo a most remarkable and 
rapid growth. (Fig. 5.) About two months after 
the squirrels have come from hibernation and 
about 30 days after their birth the little brood 
make exit to the open world. (Fig. 6.) We be- 
lieve from observations made with the captive 
squirrels they probably begin to move about in 
the den two or three days before showing them- 
selves, or during the time of the opening of their 
eyes. On the morning of their appearance they 
look like a small bunch of downy precocious birds, 
all huddled about the little round entrance. 
When approached, they crowd about this diminu- 
tive squirrel door in curious wonderment, all in a 
compact furry ball, ready to scramble precipitately. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


At the warning whistle of the mother they dis- 
appear like a flash, but the instinct of Citellus 
curiosity impels them to peep again for another 
look at the stranger; sometimes giving the call 
note just as would an adult. At first they appear 
at one entrance only, which can be told by its dust 
appearance, made so by the many little claws 
scratching about. This is the opening of a burrow 
leading rather directly to the nest. This behavior 
continues for a day or so, and then they appear 


scattered in their den, slyly looking from the doors 


of as many burrows as there are pairs of sharp 
black eyes. Then, after a little more brooding by 
the mother in attempting to protect them from 
their enemies, and a day or two of play and tussle 
on the mounds of dooryard earth, they scatter 
indiscriminately over their slope, wherever dens 
and burrows exist, for this is the beginning of their 
local migration. 

NUMBER OF LITTERS PER YEAR.—Regarding the 
number of litters raised each year there has been 
considerable controversy. Appearing so abun- 
dantly and spontaneously from the brood nests, 
they are apt to give the casual observer the idea 
that they are more prolific than they really are. 
Moreover, we have been accustomed to compare 
the smaller rodents, for lack of exact knowledge, 
with related species, and being familiar with the 
better known rabbit and the remarkably pre- 
cocious and prolific Guinea pig, have hastily con- 
cluded that the squirrel is likewise prolific. Our 
investigations have shown that, beyond a doubt, 
for this locality there is, and can be, but one brood 
per annum. It could not be otherwise, for the 
active season of the squirrels is not much more 
than five months. Over two months of this 
period is taken before the squirrels can mate, 
reproduce, and develop the young sufficiently to 
make it safe for them to expose themselves to the 
dangers of the open fields. This leaves but a 
comparatively brief space of time, three months, 
during which period the somewhat exhausted 
females, to say nothing of the maturing young, 
must make provision for an approaching period of 
adversity and subsequent aestivation and hiberna- 
tion. It is further known that the growth of the 
young is arrested during this first summer, and 
taken up in the following spring. These facts 
prohibit the possibility of a second brood; and 
also the likelihood of the still more extreme asser- 
tion that the young females of a first brood were 
breeding during the summer in which they were 
born. The young females do breed, however, the 
following spring, which would be at the age of 
about eleven months. The data gathered in the 
investigation will bear out these statements. In 
the case of a litter which was bred under wild 
conditions, we have a fair illustration of the regular 


October, 1924] 


sequence of events. The wild squirrels appeared 
from hibernation on February 19, 1914, and were 
rutting on March 7. On April 1, young were 
born. These young, although reared in captivity, 
were well cared for and developed normally, but 
did not come out into the daylight until April 30. 
So, two months and more have passed out of the 
five or six months, at most, of the active life of 
the squirrels and the young are not yet weaned. 
Were the female to breed again, immediately, 
which she does not do, her second litter would 
have but one month instead of three, during the 
most adverse season, in which to prepare for 
aestivation. The facts are that these of the first 
brood go into aestivation before reaching matur- 
ity, finishing. their growth the following year. 

These and still other factors may enter into the 
problem as a further hindrance to the production 
of a second litter. One of these factors is found in 
the sexually impotent males, which became so 
after the brief rutting season had passed, and 
remained so throughout the active season, a fact 
which precludes the possibility of a second litter. 

That there is a regular order of events through 
the actlve season of the squirrel is further shown 
by the case of squirrels in captivity. The litter 
was born on May 12, 1911, six weeks later than 
normal. The young did not go into hibernation 
until September 28, nearly six weeks later than 
the wild squirrels. These same squirrels had 
aestivated the next year by July 31, however, 
going in at the usual time for the species. One 
of them appeared from hibernation at the usual 
time, March 21, 1923. 

It has been argued that the females are bred in 
the fall before going into hibernation. This has 
been disproved many times by observing the 
females in captivity. They do not breed unless 
allowed with the males in the spring, though they 
have run with them the previous autumn. This 
is shown in the case of the males and females 
permitted to run together all summer and later to 
hibernate together. The following spring they 
were separated as they came from hibernation, 
and as a result it was found they had not bred. 

THE NUMBER OF LITTERS DURING THE LIFE- 
TIME.—In regard to this question, we can only 
infer that there is one litter per season from the 
time the squirrel is one year old until she has run 
her course. That this is the case would seem true, 
owing to the fact that almost never was a squirrel 
found which had not bred during the season. 
Only once, in all the investigation, was such a 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


153 


squirrel found. 

AVERAGE NUMBER OF YOUNG PER LITTER AS 
SHOWN BY EmBrRyOS.—For the determination of 
this point 176 dissections of female squirrels were 
made. Of these, 56 bore embryos, the smallest 
number being 2 and the largest being 7. The 
average number for the 56 was 5.4 embryos. 

AVERAGE NUMBER OF YOUNG PER LITTER AS 
SHOWN BY FETAL SCARS.—As in the case of other 
Rodentia, the placentation is discoidal, resulting 
in the formation of a congested spot on the wall 
of the uterus at the time of the birth of the young. 
This dark spot remains some weeks after the birth 
of the young, and may be looked for in determin- 
ing the number of young per litter after partur- 
ition. At least two cases in the citellary, and a 
female taken with her brood on May 4, 1912, 
showed the number of the litter and the number 
of fetal scars to coincide exactly. That these 
scars remained distinct for several weeks, e.g., 
88 days, made them of value as an indicator. 
Using the fetal scars as an index, twenty-one 
squirrels were examined. The smallest number 
of fetal scars was 2 and the largest 10. The aver- 
age of the 21 was 5.09 scars. 

DESTRUCTION OF YOUNG BY MOoTHER.—That 
the reduction of the number of the litter may be 
effected by the cannibalistic instinct of the mother 
is possible, although no direct evidence has been 
obtained. One of the seven squirrels in a captive 
litter disappeared when they were fifteen days old. 

RELATION OF AGE AND MATURITY TO SIZE OF 
LitTteER.—That the size of the litter would appear 
but slightly affected by the age and maturity of 
the female would seem the case by examining data 
compiled from squirrels taken in March, April and 
May, 1911, showing that, out of 64 pregnant 
females examined, 24 above the average weight 
had a litter average of 5.32. 

The heaviest squirrel weighed 536 grams. 

The lightest squirrel weighed 228 grams. 

RELATION OF AGE TO TIME OF BREEDING.—That 
the mature females would breed before the younger 
ones, we would naturally infer from the fact that 
they appear from hibernation first. Careful dis- 
section of five females showed the adult females 
about three days in advance of the immature. 

This, in brief, is an account of the home life of 
the Columbian ground squirrel, strangely modified 
by its environment. That other phases of its cycle 
have shown phenomena of equal interest would 
lead one to-believe that many small mammals of 
obscure habit have lives of unusual interest. 


sin 


154 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS* 
(Continued from page 135) 


BLACK DUCK, No. 207,980, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2, 
1922, was shot at Go-Home Bay, Georgian Bay, 
Ontario, on November 15, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207, 991, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 3, 
1922, was killed within one mile of the trap on 
November 6, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,994, banded by H. 8S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 3, 
1922, was shot in a marsh on Lake Erie, between 
Detroit and Monroe, Michigan, on December iL, 


1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,406, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog. Ontario, on October 6, 
1922, was caught in a muskrat trap in the marshes 
along the James River, Virginia, about January 30, 


1923" 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,411, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
1922, was caught in a muskrat trap in New Castle 
County, Delaware, on December 15, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,412, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
1922, was killed at a point five miles west of Snow 
Lake, Desha County, Arkansas, on December 12, 
1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,421, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
1922, was killed on the Upper Chester River, 
Kennedyville, Maryland, on January 10, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,429, banded by H.S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
ye was killed at the same place on October 15, 
1922 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,434, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
1922, was killed at Gilette, Arkansas, on January 
2D. 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,436, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
1922, was shot twelve miles east. of Belleville, 
Ontario, at the east end of Big Island, on the Bay 
of Quinte, on November 7, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 238, 440, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 
1922, was killed at the same place on October 20, 


1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,450, banded by H. 8S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
1922, was killed at Big Spring, Kentucky, on 
January Qe Zee 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,454, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
1922, was killed in Jackson County, close to Mata- 
gorda Bay, Texas, on January 1, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 456, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
1922, was killed at Hog Tsland Bay, Northampton 
County, Virginia, on December 28, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,457, banded by H.S8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
1922, was killed on the Nanticoke River, Dor- 
chester County, Maryland, on January 6, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,458, banded by H. Ss. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 


*Published by authority of the Canadian National Parks 
Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada. 


1922, was killed at Stevenson, Alabama, on De- 
cember 29, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,461, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
1922, was shot on the Canadian Marsh, by a 
ae of Detroit, Michigan, on November 20, 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,470, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
ee was killed at the same place on October 20, 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,471, banded by H.S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
1922, was killed near Fort Mott, New Jersey, on 
December 28, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,480, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
ee was killed at the same place on October 15, 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,485, banded by H. 8S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
1922, was shot on Gull Lake, 49°45’ N., 76°45’ Ww. 
Waswanipi River, Quebec, during the first part of 
May, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,487, banded by H. 8S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 
ee was killed at the same place on October 20, 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,500, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 10, 
1922, was shot twelve miles east of Belleville, 
Ontario, at the east end of Big Island, on the Bay 
of Quinte, on November 18, 1922. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 228,501, banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Octo- 
ber 10, 1922, was shot at Forman, North Dakota, 
on September 30, 1928. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,502, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 10, 
1922, was shot on the shores of South Carolina, 
one mile from Savannah, Georgia—no date given. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 519, banded by H.S. 
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on October 10, 
1922, was shot one mile above. Catskill, on the 
Hudson River, New York, on October 16, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 533, banded by HVS: 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 13, 
1922, was killed on Lac au Sable, about twenty 
miles east of Obijuan, on the head waters of the 
St. Maurice River, Quebec, on March 3, 1923. 
(Date of return appears improbable. —ED. y 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,537, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 138, 
1922, was killed on the south fork of the Halston 
River, in Smyth County, Virginia, during the 
month of November, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,541, banded by H. S- 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 13, 
1922, was killed at Thirty Thousand Islands, 
Ontario, during the month of October, 1922. 

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, No. 26,411, band- 
ed by B. W. Cartwright, at Sturgeon ‘Creek, 
Manitoba (three miles west of the limits of Winni- 
peg), on October 15, 1922, was found dead at the 
same place, on October 19, WA. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,555, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 16, 
1922, was killed on the marshes adjoining Lake 


October, 1924] 


Erie, in Ottawa County, they miles east of 
Toledo, Ohio, on November 30, 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 566, eeaaea by H.S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 16, 
1922, was killed in Bogue Sound, Carteret County, 
North Carolina, on January 1, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 567, banded by Hs; 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 20, 
1922, was killed within one mile of the trap, on 
November 6, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,582, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 20, 
1922, was shot at Savannah, Georgia, about 
December Aveo? 2p 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,598, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 20, 
1922, was killed at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on 
October ZAR Gee 

BLACK ‘DUCK, No. 228,604, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 21, 
1922, was killed within one mile of the trap, on 
November 6, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,608, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 21, 
1922, was killed at McCuller’s Mill Pond, Burke 
County, Georgia, twelve miles from Waynesboro, 
Georgia, about November 30, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 609, banded by H. 8S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 21, 
1922, was killed at Fredericksburg, Virginia—no 
date’ given, but reported on January 3, 1924. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,623, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 21, 
1922, was killed at Reydel, about forty miles south 
of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, on December 23, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,647, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 29, 
1922, was killed forty miles from Fredericksburg, 
Virginia, on December 38, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,670, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 6, 
1922, was recaught at the same station on Novem- 
ber 10, and 11, 1922, and was killed on the Grand 
River, five miles from where it empties into Lake 
Erie, on November 25, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,674, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 10, 
1922, was shot at Bainbridge, New York, on 
October Bs Apa 

MALLARD, No. 1,402, banded by Miss Gussie 
Innes, at Kinalmeaky Farm, Headingly, Mani- 
toba, on November 11, 1922, was shot at Matlock, 
Manitoba, on October 31, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 678, banded by H. §S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 11, 
1922, was shot on the east shore of Lake St. Clair, 
near Mitchell’s Bay, Ontario, on December 6, 1923. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228, 680, banded by a Se 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 11, 
1922, was killed at Gray Court, South Carolina, 
on December Ue, WOE. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,692, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario,’ on November 13, 
1922, was shot at Pine Brook, on the Passaic 
River, New Jersey, about December iL alse. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,699, pene by H.S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 16, 
1922, was shot on Lake Ontario, at Point Breese, 
Orleans County, New York, on November 20, 

MALLARD, No. 230,074, banded by F. C. 
Lincoln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


155 


on November 16, 1922, was shot at Portage la 
Prairie, Manitoba, on October 15, 1928. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 202,502, banded by H.S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 18, 
1922, was shot in Port Rowan Bay, Ontario, on 
November 30, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 230,541, banded by F. C. 
Lincoln, at the ’Sanganois ‘Club, Browning, Illinois, 
on November 22, 1922, was shot near Eyebrow, 
Saskatchewan, on September 15, 1923. 

BALD EAGLE (Species?), No. 202,114, banded 
by Herman Battersby, at Oak Lake, Manitoba, 
on November 23, 1922, was killed on the banks of 
the Souris River, two miles west of the town of 
Hartney, Manitoba, on November 24, 1922. 

MALLARD, No. 230, 651, banded by F.C. Lin- 
coln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois, on 
November 24, 1922, was shot at Red Earth, 
Saskatchewan, one hundred miles in a straight 
line from The Pas, Manitoba, on October 2, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 230,726, banded by F. C. Lin- 
coln, at the Sanganois Club, "Browning, Illinois, on 
November 24, 1922, was killed at Carmel, Saskat- 
chewan, on October 15, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 230, 764, banded by F. C. Lin- 
coln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 24, 1922, 
was "shot at Englefield, Saskatchewan—no date 
given. but reported on November 20, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 230,999, banded by F. C. Lin- 
coln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 28, 1922, 
was killed in the vicinity of Wainwright, Alberta, 
on September 15, 1928. 

MALLARD, No. 231 ,030, banded by F. C. Lin- 
coln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois, on 
November 28, 1922, was killed at the north end of 
Burnt Wood Lake, Saskatchewan, on May 12, 
1928. 

MALLARD, No. 231,048, banded by F. C. Lin- 
coln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois, on 
November 28, 1922, was shot thirty miles east of 
Edmonton, Alberta, on September 15, 1928. 

MALLARD, No. 231,284, banded by F. C. Lin- 
coln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois, on 
December 5, 1922, was killed in the vicinity of 
Cupar, Saskatchewan, on October 17, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 231, 302, banded by F. C. Lin- 
coln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois, on 
December 5, 1922, was shot ten miles north of 
The Pas, Manitoba, on October 6, 1923. 

GREEN-WINGED TEAL, No. 504,440, band- 
ed by E. A. Mellhenny, at Avery Island, Louis- 
iana, on December 27, 1922, was killed at Leth- 
bridge, Alberta, on September Te S23}. 


SONG SPARROW, No. 12,045, adult , banded 
by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue. 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 1, 1922, repeated on 
April 5, 1922. returned to the same station on 
April 27, 1923. and repeated on May 10, May 18. 
and May 25, 1923. This bird screeched when 
taken and bit the fingers savagely. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 12,047, adult male, 
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont 
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on April 1, 1922, repeat- 
ed at the same station on July 9, 1922. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 12, 053. adult female, 
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont 
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on April 11, 1922, 
repeated several times at the same station until 
June 28, 1922. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 12,055, 
adult male, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 
Fairmont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on May 3, 


156 


pone mee re-caught at the same station on May 
4, 

WHITE. THROATED SPARROW, No. 26,802, 
adult male, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 
Fairmont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on May 6, 
1922, fed about the trap from which it was banded 
for a week before and after banding. 

CHIPPING SPARROW, No. 26,813, adult 
female, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fair- 
mont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on June 24 1922, 
was re- ~caught, at the same station on July 24, 1922. 
This bird fed about a trap in front of Mr. DeLury’ s 
house during the month of July. 

ROBIN, No. 104,127, adult “emai banded by 
Hoyes Lloyd, at 406 Queen Street, Ottawa, On- 
tario, on July 1, 1922, returned to the same trap 
on April 26 1923, and was seen every day or so 
in the same locality until May 1, 1923. 

CHIPPING SPARROW, No. 26,825, adult 
male, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fair- 
mont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on July 24, 1922, 
was re-caught at the same station on J uly 30, 1922. 
returned to the same place, but toa different trap, 
on May 12, 1928, and repeated several times at 
the same station until J uly 24, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 26, 828, adult male, 
banded by Ralph EH. Delury, ‘at 330 Fairmont 
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on July 30, 1922, was 
re- ~caught at the same station on August 22. 1922. 


SONG SPARROW, No. 26,829, adult female, 
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont 
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on August 6, 1922, was 
re-caught at the same station on August 19, and 
August 26, 1922, returned to the same station on 
April 29, 1923, "and repeated on May 138, and 
May 17, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 26,716, banded by K. 
Grant McDougal, on Lot 50, East Kildonan Road, 
Winnipeg, Manitoba, on September 7, 1922) 
iepeated at the same station on September 24, 

2 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 26,720, 
adult. banded by K. Grant McDougal, on Lot 50, 
East Kildonan Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, on 
September 9, 1922, repeated at the same station 
on September 11, 1922. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 26,731, adult, banded 
by K. Grant McDougal. on Lot 50, East Kildonan 
Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, on September 18, 
nee repeated at the same station on September 

Be ey. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 26.741, 
adult, banded by K. Grant McDougal, on Lot 50, 
East Kildonan Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, on 
September 19, 1922, repeated several times at the 
same station until September 28. 1922. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 26,431, 
adult male, banded by K. Grant McDougal, at 
Lot 50 East Kildonan Road, Winnipeg, Man- 
itoba, on October 5, 1922. repeated at the same 
station on October 7, IGA. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 26,439, 
adult male, banded by K. Grant McDougal, on 
Lot 50, East Kildonan Road. Winnipeg, Manitoba, 
on October 15, 1922, repeated at the same station 
on October 17, 1922. 

FOX SPARROW No. 28,135, adult, banded by 
K. Grant McDougal, on Lot 50, East Kildonan 
Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, on October 15, 1922, 
repeated at the same station on October 16, 1922. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 26,444, 
adult male, banded by K. Grant McDougal, on 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


Lot 50, East Kildonan Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 
on November 4, 1922, repeated at the same station 
until November 12, 1922. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 26,445, 
adult male, banded by K. Grant. McDougal, on 
Lot 50, East Kildonan Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 
on November 4, 1922, repeated twice at the same 
station on November 5, 19227 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 26,447, 
adult male, banded by K. Grant’ McDougal, on 
Lot 50, East Kildonan Road. Winnipeg, Manitoba, 
on November 5, 1922 repeated at the same station 
several times until November nD a A ay 

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 101,735, banded 
by E. A. Mellhenny, at Belle Isle Lake, Lousiana, 
on February 21, 1922, was found dead in a musk- 
rat trap, in Tp. 59, R. 16, W. 3rd M., on the south 
shore of Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, during the 
early part of May, 1923. 

MALLARD DUCK, No. 102,090, banded by 
L. 'V. Walton, ‘at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
February 21, 1922, was shot at Tangleflags, Sask- 
atchewan, on November 16, 1923. 

PINTAIL DUCK, No. 102,812, banded by 
F. C. Lincoln, at the Sanganois Club, Browning, 
Illinois, on March 13, 1922, was shot on Great 
Slave Lake, near Resolution, Northwest Terri- 
tories, during the month of September, 1928. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207, 702, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 20, 1922, was killed in the Black Lake 
Bottoms, Kentucky, on April 20, 1924. 

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,718, banded 
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep- 
tember 20, 1922, was killed near Cranks, Harlan 
County, Kentucky , about April 28, 1924. 

BLACK DUCK, ‘No. 207,901, banded by H.S. 
Osler at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27, 
1922, was shot at Bennett’s Cove, Presque Isle 
Bay, on the north shore of Lake Ontario midway 
between Coburg and Belleville, during the last 
week of November, 1922. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,910, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27, 
1922, was killed four miles north of Ocean City, 
Maryland, on January 4, 1924. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 26,7387, 
adult, banded by K. Grant McDougal, on Lot 50, 
East Kildonan Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, on 
September 19, 1922, repeated at the same station 
on September 20, 1922, and September 22, 1922. 
On September 22nd the bird was found to have a 
broken leg, and it died on this day. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,934, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29, 
1922, was killed in Ponds Creek, at the head of 
Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, on Je anuary 27, 1924. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,447, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 1922, 
was killed at Golden Hill, Maryland, on March Ze 


1924. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,562, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 16, 
1922, was killed in the same vicinity on the day 
on which it was banded. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,011, banded by Jos. 
Pulitzer, at Spring "River Pond, Hancock County, 
Maine, on October 31, 1922, was killed at Wedge- 
pat Yarmouth Co., Nova Scotia, on January 18, 


1924. 
MALLARD DUCK, No. 230,298, banded by 
F. C. Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 


October, 1924] . 


20, 1922, was killed on Gull Rock Lake, in the 
District of Patricia, Ontario, on April 23, 1924. 
BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 504,165, banded 
by E. A. MclIlhenny, at Avery Island, Missouri, 
on November 23, 1922, was shot on the east side 
of Lake Manitoba, seventy-five miles north of 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


157 


Winnipeg, Manitoba, on September 16, 1923. 
MALLARD, No. 230,885, banded by F. C. 
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 26, 
1922, was shot at Richardson’s Lake (known as 
Jack Fish Lake), about thirty miles south of Fort 
Chipewyan, Alberta, about September 26, 1923. 


(To be continued) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 


MARINE INVESTIGATIONS ON THE WEST COAST 
OF VANCOUVER ISLAND, 1909.—The Biological 
Station at the head of Departure Bay was 
established in the spring of 1908 and the 
Rey. G. Taylor, one of our fellows, was placed in 
charge. That summer the writer was on Van- 
couver Island collecting Natural History speci- 
mens, and two months were spent at the station. 
The writer had suggested in spring that Mr. C. H. 
Young should come out late in summer and 
attempt to prepare specimens of star-fishes and 
crabs for the National Museum. He came and 
our success was so apparent that permission was 
granted for the writer, Mr. C. H. Young and 
Mr. W. Spreadborough to spend the summer of 
1909 on the west coast of Vancouver Island and 
make collections of the Marine fauna and flora. 

We reached Ucluelet on the west side of Barclay 
Sound on May 38, 1909, and, having been offered a 
fine new house by Mr. Sutton, we moved in and 
established ourselves at once. Our residence was 
about two miles up Ucluelet Inlet, which extended 
about four miles farther to the west. Collections 
were made along the whole coast of the Inlet and 
on the outside of the Peninsula and for about 16 
miles amongst the islands towards Toquart. 

Besides the shore collecting, dredging was 
carried on by the aid of a motor launch and many 
fine things were secured at depths ranging from 
5 to 30 fathoms. On the outer coast and the 
shores of all the islands, collecting was very diffi- 
cult, owing to the wonderful growth of seaweed, 
the slippery and jagged rocks, and, not infre- 
quently, the heavy swell from the Pacific Ocean, 
which never wholly ceased. 

Being on the exposed coast the tides were very 
regular; and we soon found that the afternoon 
tide was never low, and that the low tides to suit 
-were between:3 a.m. and 9a.m. On this account 
our work every alternate week commenced .at 4 
a.m. To get out of the inlet we had two miles to 
row and if we went outside we had to cross the 
inlet and force our way through almost impassable 
undergrowth to the outer coast. 

The whole coast outside the Inlet was lined with 
kelp, the belt being from 50 to 200 yards in width. 
Between the shore and the kelp line was the part 
laid bare at low tide and in this were boulders, 
ledges, and pools, all covered by a most luxuriant 
growth of seaweed. As usual, Fucus of numerous 


varieties covered the rocks down to half tide. 
Below that to the line of the kelp below low water 
were various species of Alaria, Agarum, Costaria, 
Laminaria, Lessonia, Postilosia and Egeria; these, 
with multitudes of smaller species, hung from rocks 
and stones and made a slippery floor that covered 
everything and was a complete shelter for all kinds 
of marine life. The kelp belt consisted of Macro- 
cystis pyrifera and Nereocystis Luetkiana. 'The 
former extended inwards to almost extreme low 
water, while the latter formed the outer fringe. 
No doubt many animals found shelter in this belt, 
but we were unable to see to any considerable 
depth, owing to the color of the water. 

Mr. Young and Mr. Spreadborough soon learned 
the hiding places of crabs and their allies, and four 
hours’ collecting gave them material to work on 
for the remainder of the day, which often did not 
end until dark. My work was chiefly collecting 
seaweeds and marine life, seldom below half tide. 
Our collections were sorted out and each member 
of the party did his own special work. Mr. 
Spreadborough prepared the alcoholic and forma- 
line specimens. Mr. Young prepared the crabs 
and star-fishes, while I mounted sea-weeds, took 
charge of the shells and collected land plants. 

Every alternate week dredging was done, either 
at the mouth of the Inlet, or amongst the islands 
towards Toquart. Many valuable specimens 
were obtained in this way and we learned the 
character of the bottom. Dredging had to be 
done early in the morning, as the Pacific swell 
became too great when the forenoon waned. 
Decapods, fish and shells were the chief results 
obtained in this way. 

The only drawback we had was the change in 
the color of the sea-water. ‘Towards the last of 
June the water became milky and from that time 
forward we ceased to collect from pools. This 
condition remained with us for the remainder of 
the season, but was not so bad late in August. 
The whalers told us that at first it was only about 
five miles from shore; but it kept extending out- 
ward, and by the middle of August was over 30 
miles from shore.—JOHN MACOUN. 
NoteE—Professor Macoun in no way better showed 
his enthusiasm in collecting and the broadness 
of his interests than in undertaking in 1908 and 
later the collection of marine animals. The 
results of his labours and of those of his collabor- 


158 


ators have been of very considerable value in 
extending our knowledge of marine forms. The 
material collected has been only in part worked 
up, but has figured prominently in Dr. Fraser’s 
publications on Hydroids, in those of Drs. Dall 
and Bartsch on Mollusks, and in our own on 
Ascidians. We were so fortunate as to visit 
Professor Macoun at Ucluelet in 1909, and have 
still a vivid recollection of his activity, his kind- 
ness, and of his conversation, so stimulating to a 
young man. 

He has well described the interesting conditions 
at Ucluelet, but we might add a few personal 
observations. The heavy rainfall of that coast 
was well shown during our stay, the sun rarely 
being visible, and the clouds always in evidence 
around the mountain behind the village, and 
lowering daily to give one or more showers. It 
was stated that the stumps removed in clearing 
land could with difficulty be burned, and were 
more usually piled up or overturned into the sea. 
Rotting of wood must proceed but slowly, as we 
found in one case three generations of trees grow- 
ing one on top of another, the two lowermost of 
course fallen, but their stumps still in evidence. 
All of the trees would be considered large. 

The fauna of the intertidal zone was found to be 
wonderfully rich on the shore exposed to the open 
Pacific, and well repaid the struggle through wet 
forest and thickets that was necessary to reach it. 
It would seem that the uniformity in temperature, 
ensured by the ocean influence and by the clouds 
serving as a shield from the sun, had permitted 
many sensitive forms to succeed in situations 
where they were exposed twice daily to the air. 
The comparative protection from the direct rays 
of the sun that the clouds afforded was doubtless 
also a factor, as so many of the marine animals 
are killed by exposure to direct sunlight. Profess- 
or Macoun and his assistants were lavish in help 
to enable us during our short stay to explore the 
neighbouring shores and obtain a large series of the 
Ascidians or sea-squirts of that district, which 
formed the main objective of our trip to Ucluelet 
and which were found growing in great luxuriance. 
—A.G.H. 


LESSER SNOW GEESE.—On February 9, 1924, I 
had the opportunity of closely observing these 
birds at Terranova, Lulu Island, B.C. The five- 
foot low tide was about 4.45 p.m. From the dyke, 
great flocks of Geese could be seen feeding along 
the mud flats, the white patches of birds showing 
up in sharp contrast to the gray and dark brown 
of mud and sedge roots. As I approached, the 
Geese arose with harsh raucous honking and a 
roar of wings, like distant thunder. Turning and 
twisting, they flew in great masses about a quarter 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


-[VoL. XX XVIII 


of a mile farther on, alighting and beginning to 
feed once more. 

A Swan was noticed flying along the foreshore, 
and later I saw it feeding on the flats. It allowed 
me to approach within about two hundred yards of 
it, and then, uttering several peculiar harsh cries, 
and with loud flapping of wings, it arose and flew 
over to join a flock of Geese feeding farther oe 
the shore. 

It was a beautiful sight to view these birds fly- 
ing by in flocks of from three or four to many 
hundreds, the black wing tips contrasting sharply 
with the pure white of the rest of their plumage. 
Sometimes they flew in V-formation, sometimes in 
long lines, sweeping over the water, and at other 
times in cloud-like masses. 

I investigated the stomach contents of five of 
these Snow Geese. One contained a large quan- 
tity of tule roots and some fine gravel, the four - 
others were almost empty except for fine gravel 
and a few of the same roots. Four were fat and 
the fifth, a male bird, was thin. 

I understand from old hunters that in years gone 
by the Snow Geese used to feed at night in the 
fields of Lulu Island, but now they no longer do 
this, but content themselves with feeding on sedge 
roots along the foreshore at low tide. 

This winter the Lesser Snow Geese have been 
more numerous than usual and appear to confine 
themselves entirely to the tide flats lying to the 
north of Lulu and Sea Islands. 

On the afternoon of February 16, in company 
with Dr. M. Y. Williams, I visited the flats and 
it was not until about 4 p.m. that the Geese put 
in an appearance. when they came drifting along 
in countless numbers from the direction of the Sea 
Island foreshore. The tide was about half out 
and they flew up and down the shore, then finally 
settled on the flats near the Stevenson breakwater. 
—K. RACcEY. 


NOTES ON GRAY SQUIRREL IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 
—As far as I can learn, the gray squirrel is not a 
native of New Brunswick. I have asked those 
who should know, such as the Chief Forester and 
others, if they ever saw a gray squirrel in our 
New Brunswick woods and in each case was 
answered in the negative. 

a It seems as if they have been coming here* for 
several years, probably on the train. One of our 
city school teachers told me that she saw one six 
or seven years ago and I believe she knew what 
she was talking about, although her statement was 
scoffed at by others. Two years ago last October 
I saw one myself. Of course, I was curious to 
know where it came from. Later I learned that 
four had arrived in the city in a carload of grain 
from some point in Ontario. I doubt if any of 
*Fredericton, N.B. 


October, 1924] 


these four survived, as three or four were seen 
some weeks later at the local taxidermist’s. He 
said that they had been shot in the woods near 
the city 

One that has been wintering here was seen first 
about the middle of last August, and two others 
were seen in other parts of the city. The one on 
our property was very wild at first and will hardly 
sit still to be looked at, even yet. This seems very 
strange to one who has been accustomed only to 
the impudent red squirrel. 

When he first came, he fed on the butternuts 
that had been left on the ground the previous fall. 
Nuts were very scarce last fall, I could not find 
more than half a bushel, under about a dozen 
trees, but these I collected and placed under a 
large butternut in front of the house, so the squ'rrel 
would be forced to come where [ could watch him. 
_ After he had eaten or carried away all of the fresh 
nuts, I carried out dry ones from the house. 

Early in the fall, he would come to the tree, two 
or three times a day, eat three nuts each time, 
wash his hands and face and then go back to his 
nest. As the weather grew colder, he came only 
once a day and sometimes skipped a day, but 
when he did come he would eat as many as seven 
nuts without stopping. About Christmas, he 
stopped coraing and lived on the food he had 
stored until the first of March. 

I do not know enough about gray squirrels to 
know what kind he is. I should judge he is about 
eighteen or twenty inches long, about half of which 
length is a beautiful tail. When he came his feet 
and face were a reddish brown but when he got 
his winter coat of fur, his feet became clear gray 
and his face almost the same. The rest of his 
body is a beautiful, clear gray. 

The red squirrels declared war on him at sight 
but he would not fight with them, although so 
much larger. He would dodge them and run 
away. I have been wondering if I could tame him 
but am doubtful, as he is so extremely wild.— 
SUSAN K. Squires, (Mrs. NATHAN C. SQUIRES). 


SALAMANDERS LOST, STRAYED OR ?.—On the 
morning of April 19, 1924, I found a half-dozen 
salamanders, Amblystoma jeffersonianum, five or 
six inches in length, scattered about within a few 
rods, and mostly close together, on the new Gov- 
ernment driveway where it passes through the 
woods at the rear of the Lady Grey hospital, 
Ottawa. Most of them had been crushed or 
crippled by passing automobiles, but some, even 
though injured severely, wriggled their tails when 
disturbed. One which was apparently unharmed, 
except for a coating of sand adhering to it, was 
scarcely livelier than the rest. The query which 
suggested itself was this: Was this some gregarious 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIS1 


159 


and unseasonable migration that our zoological 
friends would be glad to have on record, or did 
some prowler in the woods find them under a log 
or logs, and lose or leave them in this unseemly 
place? The latter explanation seemed a plausible 
one until on May 1, another specimen, also freshly 
crushed by traffic, was found a little farther along 
the driveway; and on May 6 still another, dead, 
was found on a street close to the same woods and 
driveway. On each occasion rain had preceded 
their appearance, and earthworms also were 
strewn about in abundance.—H. GRoH. 


Notes ON ROBINS WINTERING IN BRITISH 
CoLtumpiA.— At Nelson all through this winter 
(1928-24) the very extraordinary sight of Robins 
perched in the trees could be seen. If it were 
only a case of one or two of these birds wintering 
north, it might be attributable to injury, and to 
unwillingness, or inability of the part of the birds 
to make the southern flight, but I counted on one 
occasion as many as fourteen in one flock, and 
there is not a doubt that the unusual course 
was premeditated. Some local bird observers 
attributede the matter to the fact that the 
mountain ash trees were loaded with berries— 
which was true; and others to foreknowledge on 
the part of the birds that the winter would be a 
very mild one—which, mercifully, it was. 
The behaviour of the birds was | sluggish; 
they fed around quietly with their feathers fluffed 
out. I heard one on a sunny day essay a little 
song, but it was only half-hearted and pp., as if 
he appreciated the fact that there was something 
irregular in the whole proceeding.—F. C. WHITE- 
HOUSE. 


- THE EXHIBITION OF WILD LIFE PHOTOGRAPHS. 
—As previously noted in The Canadian Field- 
Naturalist, the collection of Wild Life photographs 
assembled by the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club 
and affiliated societies was exhibited in Quebec 
under the auspices of the Provancher Society of 
Natural History of Canada. 

Owing to the interest created by the collection 
on this occasion, a second request was received for 
the loan of the pictures for exhibition in Quebec 
during National Week, June twenty-fourth to July 
first, organized by the Municipal Commission of 
the Quebec Provincial Exposition. 

Unfortunately only 185 pictures were available 
for lending, as the balance of the original ensemble 
had been returned to the respective owners. 

The Secretary of the Exposition reported as 
follows regarding the showing of the Wild Life 
pictures. ‘We made a beautiful display of what 
you sent us. More than 20,000 persons had the 
opportunity of seeing, admiring and studying the 


160 


collection of photographs, which was very valuable 
to us in the whole of our programme.”’—CLYDE L. 
Patcu, Chairman, Wild Life Photographic Exhibt- 
tions Committee. 


NotE.—The extra expense incurred in connec- 
tion with the illustrations in this issue of The 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


Canadian Field-Naturalist has been met by Prof. 
William T. Shaw, the Geological Survey of Canada, 
and the Canadian National Parks Branch, to each 
and all of whom our thanks are tendered. We 
wish also to acknowledge with thanks our obliga- 
tion to our printers for material reductions in the 
prices charged for special glazed paper for illus- 
trations in this and the preceding issue-—EDITOR. 


BOOK REVIEW 


RESEARCH METHODS IN THE STUDY OF FOREST 


ENVIRONMENT. By Carlos G. Bates and 
Raphael Zon. U.S. Dept. Agriculture Bulle- 
tin No. 1059. 


Ecology, which, in its early days, was largely 
observational and entirely qualitative, has now 
become definitely quantitative in its aims, and as 
a result the selection and use of instruments of 
precision for measuring the various factors of the 
environment is a matter of paramount importance 
in ecological work. In this bulletin the authors 


describe the various instruments which are avail- 
able for the measurement of the factors of terres- 
trial habitats, with special emphasis on those of 
the greatest service in forest investigations, and 
give instructons and precautions as to their use. 
In addition to this the various ecological factors 
and their interrelationships are discussed in a 
careful yet lucid manner. The statement that 
“A great deal more is to be learned as to the 
requirements of different species by closer observa- 
tion of individuals’ is true not only in ecology but 
also in natural history in general.—A. B. K. 


PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 


Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. Messina, 1924. 

The Provancher Society of Natural History of Canada. Annual 
Report, 1923. Quebec, P.Q. 

Bulletin de la Ligue Francaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux. 
Trieziéme Année. Nos. 2-3—Février-Mars, 1924. Paris. 

Bulletin de la Ligue Francaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux. 
Trieziéme Année. No. 4—April, 1924. Paris. 

Bulletin de la Ligue Francaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux. 
Trieziéme Année. No. 5—Mai, 1924. Paris. 

Bulletin de la Ligue Francaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux. 
Trieziéme Année. No. 6—Juin, 1924. Paris. 

Bulletin de la Ligue Francaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux. 
Trieziéme Année. Nos. 7-8—Juillet-Aout, 1924. Paris. 

Le Gerfaut, 1924, Fascicule I-II. Bruxelles, Belgique. 

Report of the Director of Forestry for the Fiscal Year ended 
March 31, 1923. Ottawa, 1924. 

Hemlock. 'Tree Pamphlet No. 4. 
ment of the Interior. Ottawa, 1923. 

Western Hemlock. Tree Pamphlet No. 5. 
Department of the Interior. Ottawa, 1924. 

Red Pine. Tree Pamphlet No. 6. Forestry Branch, De- 
partment of the Interior. Ottawa, 1924. 

The Preservative Treatment of Fence-Posts. Circular No. 16. 
Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior. Ottawa, 1924. 

Pulping Qualities of Fire-killed Wood. Bulletin No. 76. 
Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior. Ottawa, 1924. 

The Influence of certain Ductless Gland Substances on the 
Growth of Plant Tissues, by Professor Robert A. Budington, 
Oberlin College Laboratory Bulletin No. 37. Oberlin, 1919. 

Journal of Scientific Transactions. British Association for 
the Advancement of Science. Toronto, 1924. 

Construction and Control in Animal Life, by Professor F. W. 
Gamble, D.Sce., F.R.S. Toronto, 1924. 

Breeding, Feeding, and Other Life Habits of Meadow Mice 
(Microtus), by Vernon Bailey. Reprinted from Journal of 
Agricultural Research, Vol. XXVII, No. 8. Washington, D.C., 
February 23, 1924. 


Summary Report, 1923, Part A. of the Geological Survey of 


Forestry Branch, Depart- 
Forestry Branch, 


Canada. Ottawa, 1924. 

Coquihalla Area, British Columbia, by C. E. Cairnes. Mem- 
oir 139. Geological Survey. Ottawa, 1924. 

Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Volume 


XI: Geology and Geography. Part A.: The Geology of the 
Arctic Coast of Canada, west of the Kent Peninsula, by J. J. 
O’Neill. Part B.: Geographical Notes on the Arctic Coast of 
Canada) by Kenneth G. Chipman and John R. Cox. Ottawa, 
1924. 


The Geographic Setting of Chengtu, by Professor George D- 
Hubbard, Oberlin College. Laboratory Bulletin No. 34, 
Oberlin, 1923. 

1. The Antimony Mines of Shiu Chow, China. 2. The 
Antimony Ores of Shiu Chow, China. 8. Concretions in Lake 
Deposits, Elyria, Ohio. By Professor George D. Hubbard, 
pertn College. Laboratory Bulletin No. 35. Oberlin, 1922- 

Dimensions of the Cincinnati Anticline, by Professor George 
D. Hubbard, Oberlin College. Laboratory Bulletin No. 38. 
Oberlin, 1893. 

1. Amphibian Footprints from the Mississippian of Virginia. 
2. Dinichthys Intermedius Newberry from the Huron Shale. 
By E. B.’Branson, Oberlin College. Laboratory Bulletin 
No. 41. Oberlin, 1908-10. 

Materialization along the Dikes of Southern Vermont, by 
Harriet G. Bray and Alden H. Emery, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 
Ohio. Laboratory Bulletin No. 38. Oberlin, 1923. 

Chromatic Emulsions, by Harry N. Holmes and Don. H. 
Cameron, Oberlin College. Laboratory Bulletin No. 32. 
Oberlin, 1922. 

Cellulose Nitrate as an Emulsifying Agent, by Harry N. 
Holmes and Don. H. Cameron, Oberlin College. Laboratory 
Bulletin No. 39. Oberlin, 1922. 

A Movement to Develop Research in Colloid Chemistry, by 
Harry N. Holmes, Oberlin College. Laboratory Bulletin No. 
40. Oberlin, 1919. 

Thirty-fourth Annual Archxological Report, 1923, by Dr. R. 
B. Orr, being part of Appendix to the Report of the Minister 
of Education, Ontario, ‘Toronto, 1924. 

A Chapter in American Education. Rensselaer Polytechnic 
Institute, 1824-1921, by Ray Palmer Baker, Ph.D. New York. 
Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1924. 

Boletin Oficial de la Secretaria de Agricultura y Fomento. 
Mexico, 1923. 

Monthly Record of Meteorological Observations in the Dominion 
of Canada, and the Colonies of Bermuda and Newfoundland. 
November, 1923. Issued by the Meteorological Service of 
Canada. Ottawa, 1924. 

Ford News, Vol. 6, No. 4. Ford, Ontario. 

Monthly Weather Map, Meteorological Service, Dominion of 
Canada. August, 1924. 

Report of the Provincial Museum of Natural History for the 
year 1923. Victoria, B.C., 1924. 

Animal Life in the Yosemite: An Account of the Mammals, 
Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in a Cross-section of the Sierra 
Nevada, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Irwin Storer. Berkeley, 
California, 1924. 


Sweet Canada 


Eleven Bird Songs and a Round 
by 
Louise Murphy 


Author of ‘‘A Little Book of Bird Songs, 
Rhymes and Tunes for Tiny Tots’’ 


PRICE $1.00 


Longmans, Green & Co. 
210 Victoria Street, Toronto 


L. C. Smith & Bro. 


Typewriter 


Ball bearings in every frictional part of 
> the L. C. Smith insure long life, light 
touch and easy operation 


Ottawa Typewriter Co. Limited 


191 QUEEN ST., OTTAWA 


Card Filing Systems 


for Naturalists 


As makers of the Library 
Bureau line of Card Filing 
Devices in Canada, we are 


in a position to supply all 

Naturalists with cards and 

trays where they can read- 

ily index all their observa- 
tions and notes 


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gppropriate gee cta e editor ' ae 
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Galley proof wi e submitted to authors resident in f E 
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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF 


= MANITOBA 

me 3 19240. | be eee 
is, Hon. (Dresdente: Vv. VG JACKSON; Peeutents J. J.: GOLDEN; 
_ Vice-Presidents: H. M SPEECHLY, A. M. pavineoN, A. G. 


_ LAWRENCE, NORMAN ‘CRIDDLE; Mrs..C. E. Bastin, Mrs. 
P. ANDERSON; General Secretary: A. A. McCousrey, 807 


a . 


ss 


z Sg “P.R. Depot, Winnipeg, Man.; Hxecutive Secretary: R. M. 
HOMAS; Treasurer: liss HELEN NNN, RNITH- 
 OnOGIGAL SECTION:—Chairman: B. CARTWRIGHT; 


Secretary: C. L. BROLEY. GNTOMOLOGICAL SECTION: 
—Chairman: A. V. MITCHENER; Secretary: A. SHIRLEY 
BROOKS. BOTANICAL SECTION :—Chairman: C. W. LOWE; 
% ee: Miss GRACE CAMERON. GEOLOGICAL SEC- 
2 -TION:—Chairman: A. Hgere COME REY; Secretary: J. M. 
z _ BENSON. ae 

“ aa « Stee ie 


THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 


Spa SOCIETY 
S 3 BS ~ (Incorporated) 


Hon. President: Mr. ADAM BROWN; President: Mr. R. O 

_ MERRIMAN; ist Nise Eresinen ts Dr. H. G. ARNOTT; 2nd Vice- 

_ President: Mr. C. D. CooKk; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss RuBy 

_ R. Mitts, Public Library, "Hamilton: Directors: Dr. H. G. 

Arnott; C. D. Coox; Dr. J. A. . Pickson; Sa M. E. Gra- 

HAM; Miss Rusy R. aoe HOLTON; . JOHNSTON; 
- Maks. F. E. Mactocauin; R. O. Gn 


_ NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 
COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


The officers for the above Society for the year ending 
_ March 31st, 1923, are as follows:— 
President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
_ 2nd Vice-President: C. C.- PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
NATION 2380 Windsor Road, Victoria, B.C. Treasurer: MIss 
S. M. THORNTON; Commitiee:—Miss C. G. Fox, Miss A. F. 
GARDINER, Miss I. CATHCART, WM. DOWNES, A. HALKETT. 
Auditors:—J. KEITH WILSON AND F. W. GopsaL. Trustees:— 
~— Rev. R. ConNELL, DR,.C. F.NEWCOMBE AND G. HARVEY. 


7 


- ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


a 
Hon. President: Dr. Hy. GnorGE, Victoria B.C.; Hon. Vice- 


President: Mr. J. J. GAETZ, Red Deer; President: Mr. C. H. 
SNELL, Red Deer; 1st Vice-President: Mr. rae . S. CROSBY, 
Red Deer; 2nd Vice-President: Mrs. W. CASSELS, Red 
Deer; Hon. Sec.-Treas.: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red Deer; Direc- 
tors: Mrs. G. C. S. CrosBy, Miss E. C. IRVING, a W. A. 
CASSELS AND Ma S. PamELy, Red Deer, Mrs. G. F. Root, 
Wetaskiwin, Mr. K. BOWMAN, Edmonton, Mr. B. LAWTON, 

Edmonton, Mr. T. RANDALL, Castor, Mr. F. L. FARLEY, 
Camrose, Mr. W. C. McCALuA, Bremner, and MR. D. M. 
SINCLAIR, Peace River. 

a The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 
last Friday of each month except during July and August and 
perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 
on ae last Friday in November. 


a. 
i 


“a McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 
. LONDON, ONT. 


_ President: T. D. PATTERSON, 562 Waterloo Street; Recording 

_ Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McKonsg, Worthey Road; Correspond- 

ing Secretary and Treasurer: BE. M.S. eet 297 Hyman St.; 
_ Members qualified to answer questions: W. EK. SAUNDERS, 240 
_ Central Ave.; C. G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South; J. R. 
_ McLeop, 355 Wortley Road; J. F. CALVERT, 461 Tecumseh 
_ Ave.; E. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St. 


_ VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 
- Hon. ‘President: L. s. Kurnck, L:L.D.., Pres. Draweraiey ot BiG sie 


President: JoHN Davipson, F.L.S., “University of B.C.; Vice- 

_ President: FRED PERRY; Hon. Secretary: C.F. Connor, M.A., 
 8529-W. 2nd Ave., . Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: A. H. 
a Bain, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B. (Sete 


Fortnightly | meetings in the University Buildings from — 


as 
a aeGtemtier to April (inclusive). Semi-monthly excursionsfrom 
‘ 


De to August piel anal 


y 


' PROFESSOR FE. ue WALKER, DR. 


pete ‘Affiliated Societies 


PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 
: PROTECTION OF Baie 


Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: Mel. TERRILL} 
Vice-Presidents: ALEX MacSWEEN, NAPIER spe as E. ARNOLD? 
Hon. Corresponding Secretary: W. S. Hart, P.O. Box 1185, 
Montreal; Hon. Recording ecretary: Miss H. Stone; Hon. 
Treasurer: Miss M. ARMITAGE, 63 Arlington Ave., Westmount; 
Directors: Miss EDITH Morrow; Miss Louise MurpHy; 
Miss Emity Luks; Mr. AND Mrs. C. F. DALE; Mrs. J. T. 
AYERS; Miss JEAN MCCONNELL; W. A. OSWALD; A. F. WINN; 
MR. AND Mrs. WALLACE H. Ross; W. G. WRIGHT. Members 
qualified to answer questions: L. Mcl. TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., 
St. cae Que.; NAPIER SMITH, Bank of Montreal, aero 
Que., E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St., entices W. A. OSWALD, 
301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G., Montreal: C. N. ROBERTSON, c-o 
Ross Realty Co., "Room. 805, Lewis Bldg., St. John St., Mont- 
real, Que.; Dr. ARTHUR WILLEy, McGill University, Montreal: 
W. J. BROWN, 250 Oliver Ave., Westmount, Que.; Miss EpITH 
Morrow AND Miss EMILY LUKE, c-0 Secretary. 


‘ 


SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
NATURELLE DU CANADA 
Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: Docrsur S. GAUDREAU; Jer vice-président: ABBE 

A. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: A.-R.-M. BOULTON; 

Secrétaire-trésorier:. Louis-B. LAvoin; Chef de la section 

scientifique: A.-A. GopgouT; Chef de la section de propaganda 
éducationelle: DocTtEUR A. DERY; Chef de la section de pro- 

tection: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; Chef de la section @information 

Scientifique et pratique: DocTEUR J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: 

R.-F. LInDsAy; Jos. MATTE; G.-S. AHERN. 


THE BRITISH COLUMIBA ORNITHOLO- 
GISTS’ UNION 
Officers for 1923 


Hon. President: Hon. ‘MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: uence KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria; 
Vice-President: L. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSON, Hanunedens Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana- 
gan Landing; Dr. KeLso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. RACBEy, Vancouver: T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. 


THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 


THORSON Vice-Presidenis: 

COsENS, J. H. FLEMING; 
Secretary: W. F. GreGory, 151 ra onan Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: F. H. BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH: 
Librarian: Dr. LyMAN B. Jackres. BIRD GROUP:— 
Chairman: STUART THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIB. 
FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H.B.Sirton; Secretary: 
Miss J. G. WRIGHT, PH.D.; INSECT GROUP -—Chairman: 
PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: a NorMA ForD, PH.D. 
MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R. Dymonp; Secretary: ; 
L. SNYDER. REPTILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN GROUP: > 
—Chairman: SHILLEY *LOGIER; Secretary: T. B. KURATA. 
PROGRAM COMMITTEE:—Chairman: Dr. W. A. CLEM- 
ENS. WILD’ LIFE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE:— 
Chairman: RussELL G. DINGMAN. EDUCATIONAL COM- 
MITTEE:—Chairman: TAYLOR STATTEN. 


President: .PRoFESSOR R. B. 


We would ask the Officers, and more 
~ particularly the Secretaries, of all the 
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our 
task of building up the circulation of 
this magazine. By securing every 
member as a subscriber we can truly 
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‘igheinaleg i SHAAN fa hse 0 ia, atlas Bow Pe re 
aca “vor. XXXVI, No. rere cave NOVEMBER, 1924 _ 


5 OTTAWA FIE LBA SIRL a on CLUB 


_ ISSUED NOVEMBER 28, 1924 
_. Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as Rec pred- class matter 


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THE OTTAWA FIELD- NATURALISTS se 


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ist Vice-President: G. A. MILiER. 
See 


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(Geological Surveys Gttdipeye ied , : ea 


DOI ON Cn PA eee ne 
Additional ee of boat stag ma ACouN; Miss M. E. Cowan; 1, OF M. See RG; 
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re : Editor: 
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BH: Sapir 324.2: Nias a NaN! Anthropology _ A. G. HUNTSMAN......... 

ME COSINVAU DE ee nar n.: ., etre Botany — --P. A. TAVERNER,........ 

EGR) LATCHEORD! 2). aera es Conchology E. M. KINDLE....... Ps: 

M. Y. WILLIAMS....... 2 2G Mamepe nec © Geology R. M. ANDERSON.......... 

ARTHUR GIBSON... Gio Entomology SOY DENG "BATCH 2c eee ee 
CONTENTS ~ | Ah SS, 


A Biological Excursion to Anticosti Island. By Frits JONANSEM ikl ihe SRS es 
Notes on vee Painted Turtles (Chrysemys: marginata belli) in British Columbia. B: 
, Milas eh zh wee nati cen aan Wines pe Me aA aaa) ECR aah AC US WES ee Raa Un eee 
Eagle Snaring Among the Bellacoola Indians. By Harlan Te Grit aie a ae Soe 
The National Aspect of Game Conservation. By Harrison Se wise ce aon Didone 
Notes on the Catocaline of Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. By W. H. A. Preece............ 
A Preliminary Report on the Destruction of Birds at Lighthouses on the Coast of British Cc 
By ds Aa Munro) (Conctudedyiexo 7ie ee act stacey gee eee arte als ete ee eeu me 
Miscellaneous Bird Notes from Southern Vancouver ‘Island, 1928. By J. A. Munro C 
Official Canadian Record of Bird-Banding Returns..... fe AONE CARS aan ABM A sane es 
In Memoriam—Edward J. Whittaker. By E.M.K...... BO the te ie esters os mine 
Notes and Observations:— 2 
Notes a Pg Ngeyel hae ae and Soft Parts of Three Gane: Swans Cygnus 
UUILTO. 60 he SoBe eine se eee eee, eect en anata ae 
aN Jorthern sca of the wild Girawberry t in ‘the Mackenzie River Basin. a 
(ll Uae SR Ona cof ait A AER Cin Ngan cai oh ane oun GERM tn Tv cne namo a enokeeosc, DIG tb ag f 

‘Field Sparrow Hed Towhee at Christie: ee Ontario. By Hoyes Lloyd" 
Late Freezing of the Mackenzie River. B yE. MaoKindles 7 (ne 2 
Annual Meeting, Ottawa Tiel Natanalisie, Club: By J. F.Wright......... 
Canadian Field-Naturalist PRG ees Fund; “By PoA. Taverner..4 00 ee 

PG ibORS NOLES a: ace Oe ho ees Mee ae la ee cee Gee ie: Digs 

Book Review:— As av 

Twenty-Fourth Aaeual Archeological Here 1923. Se J.W.. ; 
Publications Received... 1.0.0... aims cpr Coal aig rtm bans SRE CL aeons arte teeta Dine 


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nN 


DEC 8 


The Canadian Field-Naturalist 


VOL. XXXVIII 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, NOVEMBER, 1924 , 


No. 9 


A BIOLOGICAL EXCURSION TO ANTICOSTI ISLAND 
By FRITS JOHANSEN 


RING the end of July and the first half 
of August, 1923, I spent a couple of 
weeks on Anticosti Island, in the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence, for the sake of marine and 

freshwater investigations. Apart from a four 

days’ sailing all around the island in the guards’ 
boat with a stop-over for half a day at Fox Bay, 
on the north-east end of the island, I stayed at 

Ellis Bay, exploring the west end of the island. 

No freshwater Isopods were found, but woodlice 
(Oniscide) were common all over the island, under 
stones, in decayed trees, etc., and I kept a female 
with eggs from Ellis Bay, August 1, which has 
been identified by Mr. C. R. Shoemaker of the 
U.S. National Museum as Porcellio scaber Latr. 
Apparently this is the first definite record of 
terrestrial Isopods from this island. 

The only freshwater Amphipods recorded from 
the island so far are Gammarus limnezus Smith, 
listed by Dr. J. Schmitt, in his “Monographie de 
V’Ile d’Anticosti”, Paris, 1904, p. 256, from both 
the east (Fox Bay) and west (Baie St. Clair and 
Ellis Bay) ends of the island. These specimens 


from the west end of the island (Cape Ruisseaux 
and Lake St. George) are found both in the local 
museum at Ellis Bay (Port Menier), where I saw 
them and retained a couple for the Ottawa Mu- 
seum, and in the U.S. National Museum, they 
having been identified for Dr. Schmitt by Mr. S. 
J. Holmes of Washington, D.C., and now re- 
examined by Mr. C. R. Shoemaker (letter of 
April 5, 1924). On August 31, 1923, I also col- 
lected a specimen of G. limnzus in Lake St. George 
(Gamache Lake); and on August 10,.1923, a 
couple in Lake Princeton, in the interior of the 
west end of the island. But I obtained other 
freshwater Amphipods too, in 1923. 

Thus on July 30 I walked up along the Gamache 
River, from its outlet in Ellis Bay to the place 
where it is dammed up by a large rotating water- 
wheel, which supplies the Chateau Menier with 
fresh water. In the streaming water, just below 
this water-wheel (which was moving at the time 
of my visit) I noticed aquatic insects and schools 
of small brook-trout, and coming down with the 
current were a number of freshwater Amphipods, 


eee 
ar 


Outlet of Gamache River into Lake St. George, Anticosti Island, P.Q., August 3, 1923. 


(Seen from north end of the lake) 


Photo by F. Johansen 


162 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


Lake St. George, Anticosti Island, P.Q., August 3, 1923. 


which I was able to secure in the deeper pools of 
the channel of the river, where the water was more 
quiet, as they attached themselves to the scattered, 
submerged vegetation there. These Amphipods 
have been kindly identified by Mr. C. R. Shoe- 
maker of the U.S. National Museum, as probably 
Gammarus fasciatus Say, hitherto not recorded 
from this island. I noticed at the time of capture 
that, because of their smaller size, the red-brown 
lining of the metamers, etc., they did not look like 
G. limnzus, but rather like the freshwater Amphi- 
pods I collected last summer on Prince Edward 
Island (see The Canadian Field-Naturalist for 
December, 1922, p. 178). 

On August 3 I walked all around Gamache Lake 
(Lake St. George), which is an artificial widening 
of Gamache River, caused by the damming up 
and the locks placed in this river just north of the 
settlement at Ellis Bay, about 20 years ago, for 
the sake of lumbering. Now the lumber-cutting, 
floating, and export has been abandoned and 
practically no water comes through these locks 
from Lake St. George down the artificial ditch 
(St. George’s Channel) to the pulp mill at Port 
Menier; but it is allowed to follow the original 
brook-bed (Gamache River) down to the sea, 
except for what is diverted to the chateau by the 
above-mentioned waterwheel and pipes placed 
astride the river near its outlet (see Bayfield’s 
detail-map, 1828, of Ellis Bay, “‘Plans in the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence”, No. 308, Brit. Admiralty). 
Gamache Lake (Lake St. George) has, in the 
course of time, developed a rich vegetation around 


(Seen from south-east end, looking north) 
Photo by F. Johansen 


and in it, as will be seen from the photograph I 
took of it, and is shallow, though quite extensive. 
At the time of my visit it was much dried up along 
the margin, exposing sand-bars, mud-flats, or the 
level limestone-floor (bed-rock), so that it was not 
difficult to walk all around it. The woods, which 
formerly practically surrounded it, are now found 
only along its north side; along its east side they 
have been replaced by a shrubbery of alder, etc., 
and along its south and west sides by grass-swamps 
or agricultural fields, etc. The shores of the lake 
are everywhere low and consist of loose material 
(gravel, sand, clay, etc.); at the east end is a peat 
deposit, formerly used, and at the north-west end 
is much cleared land, owing to the model-farm 
being situated here. Gamache River falls into 
the lake on its north side and leaves it again at 
its south-west end; at both places in the form of 
a sluggish brook. 

Out in the lake and along its margin still stand 
the remains of the earlier lumber industry, in the 
form of platforms, piers or shacks, ete.; and 
particularly in the bights along its south shore are 
washed-up logs, not needed any more now. 

In one of these bights with Juncus vegetation 
on the south side of this lake I collected among 
the bottom deposits of saw-dust, mosses, etc., or 
from the underside of smaller pieces of wood, 
stones, etc., a number of invertebrates, snails 
(Lymnexa); Oligochaete worms; small, pale 
leeches* with young (identified by Prof. J. P. 


*First record for the island. 


November, 1924] 
ry 


Moore of Philadelphia as Helobdella stagnalis); 
yellow-green Sponges (Spongilla); aquatic insects, 
etc., and also samples of the tadpoles and stickle- 
backs so common here. Most interesting to me 
was however the finding of a great many fresh- 
water Amphipods (Hyalella azteka) here; and I 
collected a number of them, both females with eggs 
and other adults, besides young ones. This is the 
first record of this species from Anticosti Island. 

On August 10 I accompanied the party of 
Senator Gaston Menier on an excursion to the 
(supposed) largest lake in the interior of the island 
(Lake Simonne), and on the way back I got off 
the train and went down to Lake Princeton, which 
lies about half way between the north and south 
shores of the island, about eight miles north-east 
of Ellis Bay. We remained only half an hour at 
Lake Simonne. 

Both Lake Simonne and Lake Princeton are 
beautiful bodies of water, all surrounded by the 
woods, except where the latter have been cleared 
for the purpose of laying the railroad-track and 
the resulting lumber-cutting, along the north side 
of Lake Simonne and along the west side of Lake 
Princeton. Lake Simonne has a small, heavily 
wooded island in it; but the banks surrounding 
Lake Princeton are higher, except at its north and 
south ends, where a brook comes in and runs out 
in grass-swamps. Both lakes have extensive and 
shallow marginal water (though they are said to 
be deep in the middle); and dry up very much 
here, so that the mudflats and limestone bed-rock 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


163 


floor forming their bottom are exposed all around. 

I took a picture of Lake Princeton from its west 
shore, looking north, which shows well these 
characteristics of the natural lakes on Anticosti 
Island, namely, the woods surrounding them, the 
extensive exposure of the limestone “beach” all 
around, owing to drainage and evaporation during 
the summer; their clear water and the general 
lack of aquatic plants, apart from bights with 
more muddy bottom and the places where brooks 
come in or run out. Upon the east shore of the 
lake will be seen, in the photograph, a burned-over 
part of the forest; and the wooded point to the 
left separates the bight south-west of it from the 
north end of the lake. 

This bight had a vegetation of high Juncus, and 
a bottom of deep mud mixed with empty shells of 
small Mbolluses (Lymnza, Planorbis, Physa, 
Spherium and Pisidium). Large freshwater clams 
(Anodonta marginata) were also common here, as 
well as in Lake Simonne; often with a freshwater- 
sponge (Spongilla) spreading over the umbo. 

I secured here also, attached to moss or small 
pieces of wood, Oligochaete worms, and both adults 
and young of the same species of freshwater 
Amphipods (Hyalella azteka), which I had collectedl 
a week before in Lake St. George. The bight was 
the favorite resort for great schools of Killifish 
(Fundulus diaphanus}) of all sizes from the fry to 
adults, which were continually jumping up in the 
water, after the manner of. small trout, to catch 


}Identified by Prof. P. Cox of Fredericton, N.B. 


North end of Lake Princeton, Anticosti Island, P.Q., August 10, 1923. 


(Seen from west bank) 
Photo by F. Johansen 


164 


the swarms of gnats, Ephemeroids and Trichop- 
tera, flying above. A stickleback (Gasterosteus 
atkinsil) was also secured here. 

While fresh bear-tracks were seen in the mud 
flats surrounding these lakes that I visited on 
Anticosti Island, and the red deer was often seen 
coming out to them for drinking, their lack of bird- 
life was most conspicuous. No waders, Grebes or 
Loons, etc., hardly a song-bird in the bush or 
woods nearby; and only an occasional Eagle sail- 
ing through the sky far above, or a couple of Gulls 
circling over them. Lake St. George is a little 
more enlivened by the presence of noisy Terns, 
which may nest upon the abandoned platforms out 
in the lake; but the silence of the inland country 
upon this island is most oppressive. It is prob- 
ably different in the spring, when the northward 
migration of the birds take place; and the wealth 
of fishes (Fundulus) and invertebrates in these 
lakes cannot fail to attract their attention and 
make them linger for a while on Anticosti Island. 

It is not my intention, in this article about the 
freshwater Amphipods of Anticosti Island, to 
write as fully as I could about all that I saw there 
during a two weeks “holiday”. The freshwater 
invertebrates which I collected have only been 
partly identified yet, and I intend to write later 
an account of the fishes of this island, based upon 
the many specimens I collected. I also collected 
a number of insects (particularly bees), ete., which 
have been presented to the National Collection 
here in Ottawa and will be identified in the course 
of time, and a number of marine invertebrates, for 
a description of the fauna in shore-waters around 
the island. 

As the late Prof. J. Macoun has done the botan- 
ical collecting upon the island so wonderfully well, 


{Identified by Prof. P. Cox of Fredericton, N.B. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 
6 


I collected only an occasional plant, particularly 
things (aquatic forms) which he perhaps did not 
secure. Among them are Chara foetida from the 
merging of Gamache River into the north end of 
Lake St. George, and Chara fragilis from pools in 
the bed of Fox River, on the east end of the island, 
August 6, both submerged plants, and typical for 
calcareous bottom; they have been kindly identi- 
fied for me by Dr. M. A. Howe of the New York 
Botanical Garden. 

My observations on the birds upon the island 
will be found in Mr. H. F. Lewis’ account of the 
Avifauna of Anticosti appearing in this volume of 
The Canadian Field-Naturalist; and Mr. Bryant 
Walker, of Detroit, has kindly identified the fresh- 
water Molluses I collected there. So there will be 
further notes or articles about the freshwater 
fauna of this island. 

But we already have now the first records of 
several lower animals from this island, and it is 
ample reward for my two weeks’ efforts last sum- 
mer to know that the only representative collec- 
tions of fishes and terrestrial invertebrates from 
this island are now found in the small, local 
museum at Ellis Bay and in the National collec- 
tions here in Ottawa. 

I take this opportunity to express my apprecia- 
tion for the many courtesies and the kind assis- 
tance shown me by the Administration of Anticosti 
Island during my stay there last summer, which 
enabled me to accomplish my purpose so well. 
It is only as we gradually find out what this island 
exactly contains of wild life that we understand 
that Anticosti Island is one of the very few ex- 
tensive, real sanctuaries in southern Canada, if not 
the only one, and that we owe a debt of gratitude 
to the late Mr. Menier and to his brother, the 
present owner of the island, for having preserved it 
as such for the last thirty years. 


NOTES ON BELL’S PAINTED TURTLES (Chrysemys marginata bellii) IN 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 
By T. L. THACKER 


MISTRIBUTION. Bell’s Turtles appear 
to be plentiful in suitable places in the 
whole of the Okanagan Valley, from the 

Boundary as far as the south end of 
Okanagan Lake. From there northwards they 
are not so plentiful, but have been met with at the 
north end of the lake. I have been able to get 
no definite information as to whether their range 
extends further north, but I have heard a rumor 
that they occur somewhere about Kamloops or 
Nicola. I have never heard of them up the North 
and South Thompson Rivers, nor do they appear 
to be known on the main Thompson River below 


Kamloops, nor in the Fraser Valley. A corres- 
pondent in the Cariboo has not heard of them. 

Their distribution may at one time have been 
more extensive, for near Yale, some years ago, 
several stones carved in the shape of tortoises 
were dug up, and one has recently been found 
near Lillooet. 

Turtles occur in the Columbia Valley near both 
Grand Forks and, I believe, Cranbrook. They 
are probably the same species. In the Southern 
Okanagan, I had trustworthy information that 
they occur above Elkhorn Lake at an elevation of 
over 3500 feet, and this is corroborated by Mr. 


November, 1924] 


Latimer, C.E., who says he has seen them high 
up on the Naramata road, which goes eastward 
into the valley of the Kettle River. 

While they may occur in the lower part of the 
Similkameen Valley, they are not known near 
Princeton nor on the Tulameen River. 

According to Mr. C. F. Kaufmann, of Victoria, 
turtles also occur at Turtle Lake, between Nana- 
imo and Alberni on Vancouver Island, but those 
existing in Beacon Hill Park and Langford Lake 
near Victoria are supposed by him to have been 
introduced; Dr. C. F. Newcombe, however, states 
that he was told by Dr. Maynard, one of the early 
residents of Victoria, of turtles frequenting a 
stream which flowed near what is now Yates 
Street. 

Hasits. In the spring of 1922 (a late spring) 
the first turtles were seen at Vaseaux Lake, South 
Okanagan, on the 22nd of April, but in other 
years they may appear a week or two earlier. 
Very shortly after this, turtles were moving freely 
about the shore, as was evident from the tracks 
left upon the sandy beach; and on the 29th of 
April they were travelling across a ridge about a 
hundred feet high between a pond, lying in a 
hollow a quarter of a mile away from the lake, 
and the main lake. Almost any morning from 
then on, the tracks of turtles could be seen in the 
dust of the road which here passes along the ridge. 

Lakes and ponds are found in the neighbour- 
hood almost in any direction and at greatly vary- 
ing elevations, but in many of the lakes which we 
examined closely we did not see any tortoises; in 
others they were extremely plentiful, and it seems 
that a good deal of migration takes place between 
the lakes which they occupy, but for some reason 
they confine themselves to certain routes and so 
are not met with in similar lakes near at hand, 
which to every appearance would be suitable 
habitats. 

A closer study of their local distribution would, 
we believe, raise some interesting problems. 

Mou.TiInG. Many of the specimens we ob- 
tained seemed not to have finished completely 
what we assume must be an annual moult of the 
top layer of the carapace. This flakes off in thin 
chitinous sheets, and we noticed that the sheets 
of the marginal shields nearest the nuchal shield, 
on the left side, remain longest attached. 

The brightness of the outer coverings of these 
turtles, and their clean and polished smoothness, 
when compared with the snapper (Chelydra ser- 


pentina), might lead one to the conclusion that — 


this species casts off the outer “skin” of its cara- 
pace a great deal more often. Whether this takes 
place during the time that the turtle is buried in 
the mud, or immediately it regains the water, we 
do not know, but quite a number of these thin 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


165 


sheets were found in an undamaged condition on 
the sand of the lake bottom. Since good-sized 
waves often break on the shores of the lake, it 
seems unlikely that such delicate objects could 
have been long in the water and still remain, as 
we found them, entirely unabraded. 

S1zE. We may note that Mr. E. Thompson 
Seton, in The Ottawa Naturalist for November, 
1918, states that in Manitoba this species may be 
“recognized by its size (about 434 inches along the 
back)’’, but at Vaseaux Lake there were many 
twice as long as this, and a few even longer. 

Sex. As far as we were able to tell without 
dissecting, there is little in their appearance by 
which to distinguish the sexes; but from the fact 
that one gentleman insisted that there were two 
kinds of turtles here—the one distinguished from 
the other by being yellower and of much greater 
pugnacity, “showing fight upon every occasion 
when poked at’, and from our own observations 
that there appeared to be some specimens with 
lighter-coloured shells, considerably flatter and less 
convex in transverse section, and that none of this 
kind were found making nests or depositing eggs, 
we think that these lighter-coloured ones with the 
flattened carapaces were males. 

BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION. Very little was 
learned about their mating. On one occasion, 
May 11th, we recorded a large individual acting 
in a peculiar way in the water with two smaller 
ones, and a friend reported that he saw one chas- 
ing others in a pond at Osoyoos on May 10th. 

One female which we examined on the 29th of 
April contained a mass of eggs (all without shells) 
the largest of which was about three-quarters of 
an inch in diameter, the two next about half an 
inch, and the rest smaller down to minute specks. 
There were at least a hundred eggs in the whole 
mass. 

The first nest was found on the last day of May. 
A diagram is submitted showing a section of this 
nest, which was in coarse sand about fifteen feet 
above the water near the northern end of a pond 
in a deep hollow. The sun fell full upon the spot. 
The sand here was fairly loose, being much 
trampled by cattle during the spring. The hole 
had been made in slightly sloping ground, and the 
sand dug out had been placed at the lower end in 
the form of a small mound, which showed plainly 
that it had been scooped up in “‘handfuls’”’ by the 
tortoise—at any rate the upper part of it—from 
the depth of the hole. 

The total depth from the top of the Re to 
the bottom of the hole was seven and a half inches, 
and it is obvious from the diagram that the turtle 
in this instance had practically sunk her whole 
body below the natural surface of the slope before 
starting to scoop out what we may term the 


166 


Diagram showing transverse section of nest of Bell‘s Painted Turtle 


‘neck of the bottle” and the nest-hole itself. It 
would have been impossible for the hole to have 
been dug so deep had she not first buried herself 
as far as the “neck’’. 

When we found her, she was lying with her head 
up the slope, and directly she moved away we 
noticed that all the newly excavated sand was 
quite wet, and the neck of the hole was also wet, 
smoothly rounded so that it was sufficiently solid 
to stay in place and did not fall on the eggs. 
The undisturbed sand away from the hole was dry 
to a depth of four or five inches; only the sand 
from the lowest part of the nest-hole would 
naturally have been at all moist, and none of it 
would have been moist enough to cohere suffi- 
ciently to form the overhanging portion had not 
the turtle itself supplied the necessary moisture. 

When the turtle left, the eggs were plainly 
visible in the hole; and when it was excavated we 
found five eggs in the bottom layer, two more 
resting above these. The largest number of eggs 
taken from any nest was thirteen, and these com- 
pletely filled the hole, some of them lying as a 
third layer. 

Some nests were filled with sand on top of the 
eggs, but none that we saw had been entirely 
closed, though it is quite possible that this may 
regularly be done. 

Our endeavours to determine the period of 
incubation were inconclusive, nor was anyone able 
to tell us definitely when the eggs usually hatch. 
The following facts give us some data: Late in 
March, 1922, Mrs. Jukes, of Penticton, saw a nest 
which had been exposed during the construction 
of the new railway, and from it were taken several 
young ones, someof them jvst breaking out of the 
shell. It is said that at this time the frost was 
still in the ground immediately beneath the nest. 
A record of the hatching of eggs in the spring was 
also given me by Mr. Val Haynes, of Osoyoos, who 
stated that a Chinaman in his employ was, a few 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


years back, clearing out the hearth 
in a smoke-house in the month of 
April, when he found several small 
turtles, less than a fifty-cent piece 
in size, one of which Mrs. Haynes 
kept alive for ten days. 

Though all our party kept a good 
look-out for newly-hatched speci- 
mens, we did not succeed in find- 
ing any until the 2nd of June (two © 
days after we had found the first 
nest), and up to the middle of the 
month we saw only one other. 

From this we are inclined to 
conclude that the eggs that are 
laid from the beginning of June on- 
wards hatch the same season; but 
it may be a fair assumption that eggs that are 
laid too late in the year to get the necessary 
conditions of temperature and moisture to hatch 
out that season may survive—or at any rate, 
some of them—over the winter and hatch the 
following spring. 

If this is not the case, it would seem that in- 
cubation must extend over more than twelve 
months, for we found practically no young ones 
before we left the district in the middle of June. 


Ae 5LoPe — 


Foop. Inside one female, which had been 
crushed by a car, we found one insect larva and 
what was probably the remains of another. 
The larva seemed to be that of a caddis fly, for 
parts of what may have been its case were mixed 
with it. Lower in the intestine were masses of 
vegetable matter, which had been cut in lengths of 
about half an inch; most of this we easily recog- 
nised as the young tips of tules (Scirpus lacustris 
occidentalis), for they retained their shape and 
structure exactly. Under the low power of a 
microscope this was plainly established. We also 
noticed in one pond that the young growth of tules 
in deep water had been eaten off, presumably by 
turtles. 

Mr. Vincent Green, of Osoyoos, states that a 
neighbour of his declares that the turtles pull down 
young Geese below the water by their legs; if 
this is so (and not a memory of the snapping 
turtle) the good reputation given them by Mr. 
Thompson Seton in Manitoba must be attributed 
to the small size that they attain in that province. 


From Mr. De B. Green we learned that they are 
omnivorous and regularly clean out cooking-pots 
set to soak in the water at Elkhorn Lake. We 
ourselves succeeded in keeping quite a number in 
good condition for some weeks in a small pen in 
shallow water. We fed them upon shoots of the 
tules, water-weed of several kinds, and small 
pieces of bacon, as well as the scrapings of the 


November, 1924] 


porridge pot, and it surprised us to find what a 
quantity of these delicacies disappeared. 

Mr. Schoonover, of Vaseaux Lake, further told 
us that the turtles annoy fishermen by nibbling at 
their baits and, if caught, are very troublesome to 
get off the hook. 

ENEMIES. The eggs, without doubt, are often 
destroyed; horses roll frequently in certain places 
where they are deposited, and cattle trample the 
sand as well. Predatory animals such as weasels 
take their toll; snakes also and crows probably 
destroy many eggs where the holes are not properly 
closed by the female, or naturally filled up by the 
sand drifting or drying out and falling in upon the 
eggs. 

Many young turtles, too, must be destroyed 
before they even reach the water, and there, as 
well, the larger fishes probably eat their share. 
We collected a few bigger turtles with their shells 
badly damaged, and one which had lost part of a 
leg. 

In conclusion, we may tell that an acquaintance 
of the writer, of whom enquiries were being made, 
offered to question his wife, whose mother was an 
Indian woman, as to the knowledge which the 
natives possess of the habits of the turtles. Some 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


167 


days later—we believe in all innocence—he retailed 
the following information. (We might, however, 
suspect an experiment upon the credulity of his 
questioner.) 

The old Indian woman had told her daughter 
that the eggs were laid in June, and that the male 
turtle attended at the ceremony and fertilised them 
after the manner of the male salmon; that they 
did not hatch until the following June, and that 
the female returned at the right time to assist her 
offspring to see the light of day. She further went 
on to relate that on one occasion she had discovered 
a nest of young turtles emerging from the shell, 
but was surprised that the mother was not present. 
She had picked one up to examine it more closely, 
and had turned aside with it in her hand. On 
looking round she saw the mother turtle with the 
remaining young ones, moving rapidly about from 
one to another in what appeared a state of great 
distress. Realising at once what was amiss, she 
gently laid down beside its parent the one she 
held in her hand, and the mother turtle immediate- 
ly recognised it, gathered up her brood and made 
off as fast as possible to the lake near by. 

Thus joyously is the humble student of Nature 
entertained in his pursuit of knowledge. 


EAGLE SNARING AMONG THE BELLACOOLA INDIANS 
By HARLAN I. SMITH 


HE FOLLOWING account of Eagle snar- 
ing among the Bellacoola Indians was 
secured by means of Chinook jargon from 

Captain Schooner, an old Bellacoola 

Indian, June 26, 1923. It has been translated 
and arranged. Captain Schooner has since died. 
A snare, called Sticlése in Bellacoola, was used 
for taking Eagles, and was specified as being an 
' Eagle snare. The hunter, when operating this 
snare, sat concealed in a little house or blind. 
This was made of two poles, of any kind of wood, 
about six feet long and two inches in diameter, 
placed parallel and horizontally, and tied at the 
ends to upright stakes about four feet from the 
ground, the rear pole being a little lower than the 
front. Similar horizontal poles tied at the ends 
to the uprights closed in the front and ends. The 
back was left without them. Bark of red cedar 
was put on top to keep off the rain. The entire 
structure was well hidden with material to match 
that at which it was built—evergreens, cotton- 
wood branches, or grass, but moss was not used. 
Stumps were sometimes used. The blind 
was not made in the day time, but just before 
dark, when there were no Eagles about. It might 
take two days to make such a blind, and it was 
repeatedly used by the hunter and his friends or 


young men, each hunter supplying his own snare. 

The snare, made of a three-strand cord of nettle 
fibre, was hung in the notched or split end of a 
pole, and the line run straight back along the pole 
about fifteen to eighteen inches and tied with a 
single knot. The sliding loop was slid back to 
this place, leaving one string of the snare hanging 
down. The line was then run back and tied 
about four feet from the end. The pole was long 
and light, never heavy, carefully made and well 
rounded. It was made of red cedar because that 
is light, never of other wood. The pole was 
manipulated from the little house, the snare- 
bearing end being projected between the poles in 
front while the butt might project out through the 
rear where there was only the horizontal pole at 
the top, which held up the lower edge of the roof. 
The places selected for snaring Eagles were sandy 
points, not rock noses, projecting into the river 
near a creek mouth up which salmon run, and 
where the water made a noise so the Eagles could 
not hear the hidden hunter moving. Fresh cohoe 
salmon was used for bait, placed ten to twelve 
feet from the blind. It was threaded through 
with twisted red cedar twig and tied to the top of 
a stake driven in the beach in such a way that 
both withe and stake were hidden. One or more 


168 


Eagles would come and sit on the sandy point to 
eat fish. Eagles are not good in summer, but just 
before winter they are fat. When about to eat 
fish an Hagle is cautious and it starts slowly. It 
eats slowly and watches. It often looks back 
between its legs. 

The hunter went to his blind early in the morn- 
ing, about half an hour before sunrise. When at 
last an Eagle was eating the bait, the hunter had 
the handle of the snare held close so that the near 
end of the snare was among the horizontal poles 
of the house front. He moved cautiously and 
slowly, watching the Hagle’s eyes. An Eagle 
gets so it does not see well when it eats and does 
not look sharply. Then the hunter slowly and 
carefully puts out the pole as quietly as possible, 
the noise of the river helping to drown any noise 
he may make. The Eagle may see the nettle cord 
but its attention is attracted by the bait. It puts 
its head down to tear the bait and the hunter 
pulls up the pole. When he pulled back or the 
Eagle flew forward, the snare came out of the 
notch in the end of the handle and closed up on 
the Eagle’s neck. The hunter quickly pulled the 
pole in until the Eagle’s head came in between the 
crossbars of the house front. These being tight 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


above and below prevented the Eagle from reach- 
ing the hunter with his talons and wings. Taking 
the bird by the head, he wrung its neck. Then 
releasing the snare and dropping the bird on the 
outside of the bars he took it in under the lower 
bar of the blind, re-arranged the snare and waited 
for an opportunity to take another Eagle. In this 
way he possibly got five in one day. 

The Eagle meat was eaten; the down, called 
spook, was highly regarded for use on some 
ceremonial paraphernalia and some or all dancers; 
the large white tail feathers were used; the tails 
were used for spring salmon charms; and the large 
wing feathers were used for feathering the sort of 
imitation spears, called Seekclayak, used in a 
game. A spring salmon charm was made by ty- 
ing an Eagle tail on a pole about ten feet long. 
Eagle down was also put on the pole. The first 
spring salmon caught in a trap at a fish dam was 
tied to the stake. One or two of these were set 
up, each by tying it to a stake driven in the river 
bottom, in a still part of the river. They were 
kept there a number of nights. If put in swift 
water the salmon might be washed away. All 
the spring salmon, according to Bellacoola Indian 
belief, thought well of this procedure. 


THE NATIONAL ASPECT OF GAME CONSERVATION* 
By HARRISON F. LEWIS 


S A CONFERENCE of truly national 
A character, whose members have assembled 

from all sections of the Dominion, we 

may well give our attention for a few 
minutes to a consideration of the national aspect 
of game conservation. Without special considera- 
tion of the subject, we are apt to become so 
engrossed with the local aspects of the problems 
wit& which each of us is called upon to struggle 
that we lose sight, to a certain extent, of the 
national character of many of the interests in- 
volved. Canada, as a nation, is a Unit, and 
whatever benefits any. part of that Unit benefits 
the whole. Success in any phase of game con- 
servation in one province is certain to have its 
beneficial effect in neighboring provinces and 
throughout the country. 

For special reasons wild game conservation can 
be viewed with benefit from the national stand- 
point. One of these reasons is the fact of the 
great mobility of wild game. Many birds on their 
migrations pass from province to province; some 
breed in one province and pass the entire winter 
season in another. The desirability of national 


*Address delivered at the conference of federal and 
provincial game officials, Ottawa, Ontario, February 7, 1924. 


and even international protection of such species 
has resulted in the adoption of the Migratory Birds 
Convention and the passage of its enabling act. 
Many game mammals also have more or less 
regular habits of migration. It is well known 
that the caribou of northern Canada migrate long 
distances in great herds. The movements of the 
marten have often been the subject of discussion 
and the moose is believed to be changing its range 
as conditions alter. Thus the protection or non- 
protection of a game bird or animal in one pro- 
vince may have a distinct effect upon the abund- 
ance of that bird or animal in the neighboring 
provinces. 

The natural mobility of game also permits of its 
artificial introduction into regions where it was 
naturally wanting or had been extirpated. White- 
tailed Deer have been introduced into Nova Scotia 
and the Island of Anticosti, where they have been | 
distinctly successful. The European Hare has 
been accidentally introduced into southern On- 
tario. Quail or Bob-white are frequently intro- 
duced into areas where their numbers have been 
depleted through over-hunting. The Hungarian 
or European Gray Partridge, successfully intro- 
duced in Alberta, has spread into Saskatchewan. 
Through such introductions the game supply in 


November, 1924] 


one province may be increased from the stock in 
another province. 

Furthermore, it is not the game alone which is 
mobile and, to a certain extent, inter-provincial. 
The people who must conserve the game and from 
some of whom the game must be protected also 
move about from province to province to a large 
and increasing extent. Those provinces which, 
like the western provinces, receive large accessions 
of population from elsewhere are interested in see- 
ing that their new settlers are game conserva- 
tionists. A satisfactory popular interest in 
conservation, upon which the best results are 
dependent, can be secured only through nation- 
wide educational efforts. Fortunately efforts of 
this kind are already being put forth, and results 
are becoming increasingly apparent. 

It is to be remembered also that Canada’s great 
northern game area, including the Northwest 
Territories and the Yukon Territory, is the pro- 
perty of the entire nation, and that all Canada is 
therefore interested in its development and control. 
Game is one of the great assets of this region, and, 
if properly conserved, it will always be among its 
major assets. 

In some cases, as in the protection of migratory 
birds and of antelope, questions of game conserva- 
tion are of an international character and involve 
dealings with other powers. In such instances, 
of course, the Canadian interests involved must 
be safeguarded by national action. 

It was observed again and again by all who were 
present at the conference in December, 1922, that 
a surprisingly large number of problems relating 
to important details of administration in the 
several provinces were nearly or quite identical. 
It was also found that through a national con- 
ference, bringing together from all the provinces 
those officials who were accustomed to dealing 
regularly with these problems at first-hand, the 
problems in their provincial aspects could be co- 
ordinated, and a nation-wide view could be 
obtained, to the benefit of all who participated. 
I believe that the holding of a second conference 
of that nature will bring a renewal of benefits of 
this kind and that the truly national character of 
many of the problems involved will be still more 
clearly revealed. 

Even where actions or conditions in one province 
do not directly affect conditions in other provinces 
they have a very marked indirect effect, because, 
through the medium of the press and, more 
recently, the radio, news concerning changes in 
game laws or in the abundance of game in any 
province is soon known throughout Canada, thus 
producing nation-wide re-actions. 

As indicating what this conference may accom- 
plish I shall briefly report the results of the 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


169 


resolutions passed by the first conference. 

A. Action concerning the following resolutions 
could be taken only by the provinces themselves. 

1. Resolution concerning prohibition of sale of 
game birds and mammals, except fur-bearers. 

2. Resolution approving of the principle of all 
provinces requiring permits allowing wild life to 
be shot, and requiring returns on these permits. 

38. Game license fee charged a non-resident 
British subject to be lower than that charged an 
alien non-resident by any province. 

B. The following resolutions involved co- 
operation with the United States. They have 
been discussed with the United States’ authorities, 
who considered it inadvisable to take action con- 
cerning any of them at present. 

1. Resolution urging the adoption of a daily 
and season bag limit in Canada and the United 
States covering migratory birds. 

2. Resolution proposing absolute protection for 
the Harlequin Duck. 

3. Resolution respecting a permanent close 
season for the Golden and Black-bellied Plover. 

4. Resolution respecting negotiations for the 
inclusion of Murres, Auks, Auklets, and Puffins in 
the game bird list under the Treaty. 

C. A Resolution urging the Department of 
Indian Affairs to continue to instruct Indians in 
the observation of Provincial and Federal Game 
Laws. ‘This has been referred to the Department 
of Indian Affairs. 

D. A Resolution respecting protection of great 
marine mammals has been referred to Dr. E. E. 
Prince, Chairman of the Biological Board. 

E. Asa result of a resolution respecting a pro- 
posed Act covering the interprovincial shipment 
of game, a draft of such an Act has been prepared 
and will be submitted to this conference for dis- 
cussion. 

F. Resolutions requiring independent action 
by the Dominion authorities have resulted as 
follows: 

1. A Resolution respecting the Department of 
the Interior and an active educational campaign 
in co-operation with the various Provinces and 
Territories. 

ACTION: Pamphlets on Attracting Birds with 
Food and Water and Hints for Hunlers have been 
published. These, together with pamphlets pre- 
viously published, such as Bird-Houses and Their 
Occupants and Lessons in Bird Protection are being 
distributed by tens of thousands. The total of 
pamphlets on protection and conservation of wild 
life distributed by the Wild Life Division of the 
Canadian National Parks Branch in 1923 is more 
than 75,000. 

Eight cartoons on wild life conservation are 
being prepared for distribution and samples of 


170 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


some of them are now before you. 

2. A Resolution respecting protection of the 
Hider Duck in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in 
the Maritime Provinces, and in the adjacent States 
of the United States. 

Action: The close season for the Eider Duck 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the Maritime 
Provinces was extended by Regulation under the 
Migratory Birds Convention Act until January 31, 
1924. 

3. A Resolution respecting restriction of sink 
boxes in Tabusintac Lagoon, New Brunswick. 

AcTION: Regulations respecting sink boxes in 
Tabusintac Lagoon were included in the amend- 
ment to the Regulations under the Migratory 
Birds Convention Act in 1923. 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


4. A Resolution respecting Mergansers, Loons, 
and Great Black-backed Gulls in certain counties 
in the Province of Quebec. 

Action: An amendment to the Regulations 
under the Migratory Birds Convention Act, deal- 
ing with these birds in Quebec, was, by agreement 
with the authorities of that Province, made a part 
of the Regulations in 1923. 

The importance of the national aspect of our 
problems of game conservation is, therefore, 
apparent. While each one of us has a part of the 
work to perform, and while at times we may seem 
more or less isolated, yet in a representative 
gathering of this nature the national point of view 
may well find expression. 


NOTES ON THE CATOCALINE OF SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO 
By W. H. A. PREECE 


T IS improbable that the species here 
eT} dealt with are all that occur in this 
CEA vicinity, as prior to this year Mr. Arch. 

Nicholls, the only other local collector, 
had never been able to devote much time to 
collecting. It is hoped therefore, that these notes 
may be of service to future workers in this group. 

Careful notes were made of the positions 
assumed by the various species encountered, the 
actual attitude in which they rested, the kind of 
tree upon which they were found, etc. This 
information together with the method of capture 
proved to be most successful is included in the 
notes on the different species. 

The year referred to in the following notes is 
1923. 


Catocala relicta Wlkr. 


This is the commonest species occurring here. 
Some fifty specimens were taken or examined this 
year. First taken August 15, last observed 
October 3. Invariably found resting-on young 
poplars with the head pointing upwards and fre- 
quently touching the underside of a branch, at a 
height of from five to seven feet from the ground. 
This species is not so difficult to remove from the 
tree as most; it is best taken by placing the killing- 
bottle beneath it and scraping it in with the lid, 
though no time must be lost in the operation. 
The form most frequent here approximates to 
bianca Edw.., rather than the typical one and about 
fifteen per cent have very little light marking on 
the fore-wings and appear to be considerably 
darker than the typical bianca. 


Catocala concumbens Wlkr. 


_ Not so abundant as relicta but by no means 
uncommon. First taken August 11, last Septem- 


ber 9. This species is rather erratic in its habits, 
resting on fence-posts, telegraph-poles and dead 
cedar stumps, head pointing down, and usually 
about four feet from the ground. The safest 
method of capture was found to be to place the 
mouth of the killing-bottle over the specimen, 
blocking the avenues of escape with the hands and 
retaining that position until the moth became 
stupefied. This is possibly the easiest species to 
capture but is by no means the sluggard that its 
trivial name might lead one to suppose. 


Catocala unijuga Wlkr. 


Not uncommon but more often seen than taken. 
First taken August 11, last August 29. Likes a 
high perch on an old poplar; none were seen that 
could be taken without climbing. Usually by the 
time one has ascended to about half way, off goes 
the moth. All seen were resting head up and 
consequently if it is possible to get within range, 
the method employed in taking relicta is best. 
If, however, the specimen can be reached with the 
net from the ground and a clear sweep can be 
obtained, it is probably best to attempt to capture 
in that way as it is so rarely possible to get within 
“bottling distance” by climbing, the slightest jar 
or shake being sufficient to scare these moths off 
their perch. 


Catocala briseis Edw. 


Never common, only one or two specimens 
being taken each year. One was taken this year 
on August 29. It was resting head downward on 
a young poplar, about two feet from the ground. 
The method of capture employed was as suggested 
for concumbens. 


a 


November, 1924] 


Catocala parta Guen. 


One record only, a specimen taken by Mr. A. 
Nicholls, August 28, 1921. 


Catocala ultronia Hub. 


Not uncommon; quite a number were seen, 
invariably at a sufficient height from the ground 
to necessitate climbing. This was far the most 
' elusive species to contend with and I must confess 
to defeat in each and every encounter. Mr. 
Nicholls obtained one specimen which was in 
reach of his net and which he swept from the 
tree. Specimens were observed from August 11 
to August 29, all resting head downward on old 
poplars. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


Lal 


Catocala cerogama Guen. 


In eight years collecting here Mr. Nicholls has 
taken three specimens only, one of them this year 
on August 29. It was resting head upward on a 
dead poplar about five feet from the ground. 


Catocala blandula Hulst. 


Twice recorded this year. Mr. Nicholls took 
one at rest on a railway car at Franz on July 22 
and I took the other here on August 11 resting 
head upward on an old poplar about seven feet 
from the ground. There is no record of this 
species having occurred here prior to this year. 


A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS AT 
LIGHTHOUSES ON THE COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 


By J. A. MUNRO 


(Concluded from page 145) 


TRIPLE ISLAND STATION is situated on 
the north-easterly rock of the Triple Islets group. 
This station is equipped with a light which shows 
a double flash every eight seconds; the elevation 
is 97 feet. 


A former lightkeeper reports that birds are 
killed at this light chiefly on hazy or misty, rainy 
nights, occasionally on clear nights and thick, 
foggy nights. An estimate is not given of the 
number of birds killed. The cause of destruction 
is said to be from flying violently against the glass 
or against the white building upon which the light 
is reflected. Marks of injury noted were broken 
necks and broken wings. The species recorded 
are Sparrows, Thrushes and other land birds, Rails, 
Snipe, Petrel, Murres, Murrelets, one Brant and 
an occasional Duck. 


A further report from this Station indicates a 
serious destruction of Jand birds during the spring 
migration. It is stated that “about three thou- 
sand” birds were killed in 1923, chiefly during the 
month of May. These are said to have been 
“mostly grey birds, many canaries, a few robins and 
linnet”. This destruction occurred on misty, 
foggy and rainy nights, and was due to the birds 
flying violently against the glass on the lee side of 
the tower. 


MASSET INLET STATION, on Graham 


Island, at entrance to Masset Inlet, has a fixed 
light at an elevation of 63 feet. It is reported 
that one bird has been found dead during the past 
eight years. 


LANGARA STATION, on Langara Island, of 
the Queen Charlotte Islands group, is equipped 
with a high power five-second flash light at an 
elevation of 160 feet. The lightkeeper reports 
that three birds have been killed during the past 
three years. These were Petrels, and in each 
case were killed by flying against the glass. 


CAPE ST. JAMES STATION is on St. James 
Island, which lies near the south end of Kunghit 
Island. The light is a 55 mm. five-second flash, 
310 feet above high water. 


The officer in charge states that from three to 
fifteen birds, both sea-birds and land birds, are 
killed nightly from early spring until late fall. 
The time is given as from 8 p.m. until daylight, 
during stormy nights and clear nights, but not on 
thick, foggy nights. Destruction is said to be 
due both to striking the glass and tower and to 
exhaustion from flying around the light. Injuries 
noted are crushed bills, broken wings and legs. 
The number of birds killed is said to be approxi- 
mately the same from year to year. 


172 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


TABLES SHOWING TYPE OF LIGHT, LOCATION AND YEARLY CASUALTIES 


F. FrxeD—a continuous steady light. 


EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS 


F. and Fl. 


FIXED AND FLASHING—fixed light, varied by single 


Fl. FLASHING—showing single flashes. white or colored flashes, which may be preceded and 
Gp. Fl. Group FLASHING—showing groups of two or more followed by short eclipses. 
flashes in succession, separated by eclipses, followed by Rev. RErvoLvinc—light gradually increasing to full effect 
a longer eclipse. then decreasing to eclipse. 
Oce. OccULTING—a steady light suddenly and totally eclipsed. 
3 a8 
BS) Ee 28 es 
g Re Ge 3a > 39 Bee 2 
2& 8 $6 gax FES 2 ae. = 
a. 5 eats yr 3 B ors alee! a 
60S 3 Sse Sian Sa wos a0 sg 
He 3 fice ane See S.ES eae ® 
= De oO a2 3 3 E S| og a 
ms BO AS ae 
Q n iNe| n = 
8 & 5 | 
1. Quatsino On S.E. end of En- F 89 None Officer reporting has been 
trance Island Quatsino on duty 6 months. 
Sound. 
2. Nootka On summit of San oce. 15 108 1 Foggy nights. Both 2 land birds and one sea 
Rafael Island just secs. Summer. bird in three years. 
Inside of Yuquot Pt., 
Friendly Cove, Nootka 
Sound. 
3. Estevan S.W. extremity of Gp. Fl.10 125 Large Stormy nights Sea . 
Point Estevan Pt., V.1. secs. number Spring & Fall Birds 
4. Lennard On S.W. point of Fl. 114 115 1 Stormy misty Officer reporting has been 
Island Island, W. Coast, V.I. secs. night. on duty five months—1 
Mallard found dead. 
5. Cape Beale S.E. point of entrance Rev. 30 178 None is Officer reporting has been 
to Barkley Sound secs. on duty four months. 
6. Pachena On Pachena Pt., West Gp. Fl. 74 200 Large Thick foggy Chiefly Officer is of opinion that 
Coast, V.I. secs. number = nights;Aug.to land destruction is increasing— 
October birds has had experience at three 
lights. 
7. Carmanah On point 3 miles from F]. 173 30 Thick foggy Land 
Bonilla Pt., West Coast nights. birds 
V.I. Autumn 
8. Sheringham On Sheringham Pt., Gp. FI. 72 None i 
Point West Coast, V.I. 7% Secs. 
9. Race Rocks Great Race Rock in Fl. 10 118 24 Dark nights Both 
Juan de Fuca Strait secs. autumn 
10. Fisgard On Fisgard Island, west b 67 None 
side of entrance to white, red 
Esquimalt Harbour sector. 
11. Berens West side of entrance oce. 20 44 None 
Island to Victoria Harbour secs. 
12. Trial On S.W. side of south- Gp. Fl.10 85 None 
Islands ernmost Island near secs. 
Victoria 
13. Fiddle Reef Near Victoria F. white 30 None 
; red sector 
14. Discovery On extremity of Island Oce. 15 91 None 
Island in Haro Strait secs. 
15. Saturna On N.E. point of F. Gp. Fl. 125 1 Both 
Island Island, Georgia Strait 24 secs. 
16. Portlock On N.E. extremity of F. white, 72 None 
Point Prevost Island, Georgia red sector 
Strait 
17. Active Pass On Georgian Pt., Mayne occ. 10 55 None 
Island, Georgia Strait secs. 
18. Bare Pt. On extremity of point. F. 36 None 
Chemainus Bay 
19. Porlier On Race Pt. on Virago F. 21. Large Dark stormy Land 
Pass Pt., Galiano Island F, 32 number nights, autumn birds 
20. Point N. point of entrance to Gp. Fl.5 108 25 Stormy nights Land 
Atkinson Burrard Inlet secs. accompanied birds 
by rain 
21. Prospect First Narrows, Bur- Occ. 9 sees. 28 1 casualty during 24 year 
isi rard Inlet White, red 


sector 


November, 1924] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 173 
id iol ols] 
(3) o be oo 
Bae 2 or =n 
Sea ge 23 3g” 
os : sz SF dep 8 BSB 4 z 
£S = Sa sae oc BS bis Pag 5 
ae 8 fo ens coe a, wow “a (0 § 
4s 3 San Sider (eeoiees 5.65 ar 3 
n a ON Gr Sia 3 awBE on fe 
o oe oe go n 2 
ms seo as we 
3 g] 5 | 
22. First N. shore of W. entrance Occ. 6 25 None 
Narrows’ to First Narrows secs. 
' 23. Brockton Entrance to Vancouver F., Red, 40 None 
Point Harbour white sector 
24. Entrance On island nerthern F. & FI. 65 None 
Island approach to Nanaimo 5 secs. 
25. Merry S.E. extremity ofisland, F. 57 None 
Island S.E. entrance to Wel- 
come Pass 
26. Ballenas On N. point of North F.and Gp. 70. None 
Islands Ballenas Island Fl. 18 secs. 
27. Sisters On easterly and largest Gp. Fl.10 46 Large Calm foggy Both Chiefly land birds. 
Sisters rock, Georgia secs. number nights, 
Strait autumn 
28. Yellow On eastern extremity Fl.6 secs. 83 2 2 casualties in 17 months. 
Island of Island. 
29. Cape On Valdez Island Fl. 5 secs. 57 25 Stormy and Sea Casualties said to be de- 
Mudge foggy nights, birds creasing 
winter 
30. Pulteney Extremity of Point on F. 38 3 casualties in 10 years. 
Point Malcolm Island ; 
31. Searlett Pt. On point at entrance F. 90 None 
to Christie Pass 
32. Pine Island S.W. point of Island F]. 10 sees. 80 50 Stormy weather Land 
night & day birds 
33. Egg Island Summit of small Islet, Rev. 30 85 Large Dark nights Land 
west side of island secs. number __ spring & fall birds 
34 Addenbroke West point Island, F. 81 None 
Fitzhugh Sound 
35. Pointer S.E. end of island, S. F. 42 1 bird killed in 23 years. 
Tsland of EK. entrance to Lama 
Passage 
36. Dryad Pt. N. entrance, Main Pas- F., white 38 None 
sage, Seaforth channel red sector 
37. Ivory Surf Pt., Milbrook Sd. F. 66 None 
Island 
38. Lawyer 14 miles from Prince F. Gp. Fl. 126 None 
Islands Rupert on summit of 24 secs. 
northernmost island at 
its N.W. end 
39. Holland Near Prince Rupert F 45 None 
Island 
40. Lucy On N.E. extremity of F 65 None 
Island E. Lucy Island 
41. Green On S.W. point of island, Fl. 5% 81 Large Nights of wind Both 200 in one night. 
Island 12 miles west Pt. secs. numbers accompanied 
Simpson by rain 
42. Triple On the N.E. rock of the Fl.8secs. 97 Large Misty, rainy, Both 
Island Triple Islets Group numbers nights 
43. Cape South of Kunghit Fl. 5 sees. 310 1200 Stormy nights Both 
St. James Island clear nights 
44. Masset West extremity of F. 63 One casualty in 8 years. 
Inlet Entry Point 
45. Langara On Langara Island Fl. 5 sees. 160 Sea birds 


174 


LIST OF DEAD BIRDS IDENTIFIED BY 
LIGHTKEEPERS 

It would appear from the following list of dead 
birds, identified or described by the lightkeepers, 
that the relative number of casualties amongst the 
land birds and sea-birds is about equal. But this 
is not the case. With two exceptions (Cape Mudge 
and Estevan Point), all reports indicate a much 
higher proportion of land birds and it may be 
stated that the sea birds listed below are chiefly 
records of single birds: No. of 

Species times recorded 


AC (CMEUT TSE Armeres ONE 2 SAR See 
Miurrele tes pseiuscdite picrcieee eas a cy crane oat 


Sootyasheanwaten sae: eae 
Mienganserivnasiniee ke: ane... de ean 
POT CLE eee Ae Peete ean aetna, Skeet 


Norchermpshalaropenmenene nr ecree 
Sand piper Sygate caenctes 
Snipe (Sandpiper?)..................... 
LEMON el tara Mette oak ae bt A em Ee eR NCR 


Woodpecker ayes ate prees wares eames ome 
COW is eee oe are mi pel od ieee oe 
Redo et ee ae I cao ba Cie Ma We 
PIM eNSiskin i pee win Weg cere lo eae 


SAGE OW ere i ate Cr ae eeu C200 Lenn oe 
White-crowned Sparrow................. 
Golden-crowned Sparrow................ 
SONU SPAarnOwiee tse a aerate man ste ene 
Wiarlolericeic tos Sa Met ad Gata is aca IRS 


WOE QE HEHE BRE NRP BPE PREP DP PENN WHE NYP RPP WP Pe wD 


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 

Destruction of birds at lighthouses on the British 
Columbia Coast is believed to be confined to the 
following stations, viz.: Estevan Point, Pachena, 
Porlier Pass, Sisters Rock, Egg Island, Green 
Island, Pine Island, Triple Island, Cape St. 
James, Cape Mudge, Carmanah, Point Atkinson 
and Race Rocks; the casualties at the last four 
lights being merely nominal. Casualties at other 
stations, from which reports have been received, 
are so rare they may be considered accidental. 
As some reports do not give an estimate of the 
yearly mortality, merely stating that a large 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII _ 


FIGURE 3—Map of British Columbia showing location of the 
lighthouses which are destructive of bird-life 
@ Stations where serious destructions occur. 
© Stations where destruction is slight. 


3. Estevan Point. 19. Porlier Pass. 33. Egg Island. 

6. Pachena. 20. Pt. Atkinson. 41. Green Island. 
7. Carmanah. 27. Sisters. 42. Triple Island. 
9. Race Rocks. 29. Cape Mudge. 438. Cape St. James 


32. Pine Island. 


number of birds are killed or “two pails full have 
been picked up in one day”’, etc., it is not possible 
to submit figures regarding the total number of 
birds killed annually on the entire Coast. In all 
probability, however, the average number of birds 
either killed or stunned exceeds 6,000 annually. 
The destruction is said to be increasing at Pa- 
chena, the same from year to year at Cape St. 
James and Race Rocks, and decreasing at Pine 
Island, Cape Mudge and Porlier Pass. From a 
study of the reports it is gathered that a large 
number of birds which are picked up by the light- 
keepers afterwards recuperate sufficiently to fly 
away and these may eventually recover from their 
injuries. Although several reports state that some 
birds die from exhaustion due to flying around the 
light, the concensus is that the majority are killed 
through striking violently against the glass or the 
tower. Apparently the greatest mortality occurs 
on dark, stormy nights during the autumn migra- 
tion. Several reports specify nights of high wind 
accompanied by rain as the most dangerous—a 
condition that would be described merely as 
“stormy”’ by the majority of observers. 


November, 1924] 


That more destruction takes place during the 
autumn migration than during the spring migra- 
tion may be accounted for in part by the fact that 
young birds on their maiden voyages form a large 
percentage of the migrating flocks in the autumn, 
and it is thought probable that young birds are 
more liable to disaster than are adults. Another 
factor conducive to heavy mortality in the autumn 
is the less favorable weather conditions at that 
season as compared with the spring. 

A study of the data collected indicates two 
factors chiefly responsible for the destruction of 
birds at lighthouses, namely, the geographical 
position of the station, and the power of the light. 
The type of light would seem to make little differ- 
ence, for fixed lights, single flashing, and group- 
flashing lights are equally destructive under 
certain conditions. Neither has the elevation of 
the light above sea level much bearing on the 
question for the lights at which serious destruction 
occur vary from 21 to 310 feet in height. 

The report submitted by Mr. John Moran, 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


175 


lightkeeper at Green Island Station, is considered 
of particular value. His opinions would appear 
to be formed on careful observation, prompted by 
an interest in bird study which he is known to 
possess. His statement to the effect that birds 
may circle the light for hours, during light winds, 
without damaging themselves, is supported by 
that of a former lightkeeper at Sisters Rock, and, 
assuming the correctness of these observations, the 
building of additional perching places, on light- 
houses where there is serious destruction, would 
appear to be justified. Installing canvas wind- 
breaks on the platform railings as an additional 
protection might also be considered. The idea of 
a windbreak is to afford shelter to the birds which 
fall to the platform after being stunned through 
flying against the glass. It is reasonable to be- 
lieve that without such protection many tempor- 
arily disabled birds would be blown away, either 
out to sea where, if land birds, they would drown, 
or on to the land to be eaten eventually by their 
natural enemies. 


MISCELLANEOUS BIRD NOTES FROM SOUTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND, 
1923 
By J. A. MUNRO 


(Concluded from page 150) 


Rain had been falling all morning and towards 
eleven o’clock the downpour increased. Possibly 
for this reason the flock left suddenly about 11.15 
and flew into some tall firs on a rocky hillside near 
the edge of the meadow and many individuals 
perched on branches that were directly exposed to 
the rain. No sound had come from the feeding 
birds, but, once in the trees, the loud cooing note 
was given repeatedly. 

Two hours later, twenty-five birds alighted in a 
tall dead cedar and no doubt would have flown to 
the wheat field had I not shot two out of the flock. 
These proved to be male and female in breeding 
condition. In the crop of the male were found 
321 wheat kernels; the crop of the female con- 
tained 89, the stomach 50 wheat kernels and 1 oat 
kernel. All these seeds were swollen, many 
sprouted, and to 27 kernels were attached root 
stalks averaging one inch in length. Forty-one 
pebbles were found in the gizzard of the female 
and thirty-five in the male, the majority being 
attractive pieces of pink and white water-worn 
quartz, none greater in bulk than a grain of wheat. 
With the exception of five pieces, all are light in 
colour. This would seem to indicate that pebbles 
are selected and not picked up hap-hazard. I do 
not mean to suggest that Band-tailed Pigeons 
exercise aesthetic discrimination in the choice of 
pebbles, but I do think it probable that light- 


coloured pebbles attract their attention—that 
their choice happens to please the human eye is 
merely accident. 

To determine how the destruction of surface 
seed would affect a stand of wheat, I visited this 
farm again four weeks later. It was noted that 
exposed seeds had produced vigorous plants 
averaging six inches in height, and that the crop 
was thin in comparison with an adjoining oat crop 
which had not been molested by the Pigeons to 
any extent. This might be accounted for in part 
by a difference in soil favouring the oat-field but 
there can be little doubt that, by removing much 
of the exposed seed, Pigeons were largely respons- 
ible. 

Pigeons remained later than usual in the autumn 
of 1923, perhaps because of the heavy crop of 
acorns. During the last week of September many 
birds congregated in the oak woods near Cedar 
Hill, the last flock being noted on September 28th. 
The crop of an immature male taken on September 
22nd contained 8 whole acorns and in the stomach 
was found another, partly digested, and eight dog- 
wood seeds (Cornus nutiallit). 

Accipiter veloc. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.—I have 
at hand a series of twelve Sharp-shinned Hawks 
from the Victoria region, as follows: 1 adult male, 
March 22nd, 1922; 3 immature males, November 
1st, 1922, January 15th, 1923, and November 


176 


26th, 1923; 7 adult females, March 23rd, 1922, 
March 24th, 1922, March 25th, 1922, November 
Ist, 1922, July 28th, 1923, February 26th, 1924, 
March 2nd, 1924; 1 immature female, November 
Ist, 1922. The female taken July 28th, 1923, is 
in a state of moult from the immature plumage to 
the adult, while the majority of the others are in 
fresh unfaded plumage. It is also considered that 
all these birds are migrants, presumably from the 
north-west coast. 

A study of this series, together with one breed- 
ing female from the same region, and comparable 
material from the interior would seem to indicate 
the existence of a north-western form of the 
Sharp-shinned Hawk (as suggested by Swarth*) 
characterized by darker and richer colouration of 
the underparts and tibia. This is apparent in 
adults of both sexes and immature males. The 
only immature female available is of the pale form. 

Asio wilsonianus. LONG-EARED OwL.—Notably 
less common than in the interior of British Colum- 
bia. Eight have been trapped at the Cedar Hill 
Pheasant Farm during the past three years. 

Otus asio. SCREECH OwL.—In my collection is 
a series of thirteen Screech Owls, (taken in the 
Victoria region during the months of January, 
February, March and April), which have been 
identified as kennicotti. Of these, seven are in the 
gray phase and six in the brown phase. Within 
the past two years I have examined eight other 
specimens in the flesh, all of which were gray birds. 
Apparently this is the commoner type locally, 
although Ridgwayt, in his description of kenni- 
cottt mentions that the gray phase is relatively 
rare. Gray birds are fairly uniform in color on 
the underparts but show considerable individual 
variation in the depth of color on upper parts. 
A color variation is noticeable also on the upper 
parts of brown birds, and in addition to this, 
there is some degree of difference in the shades of 
tawny which suffuse the under parts. 

Nine stomachs were examined from specimens 
taken in the Victoria region on the following dates: 
March 21st, 1922, March 25th, 1922, April 26th, 
1922, February 24th, 1924, March 10th, 1924, 
March 18th, 1924, March 21st, 1924, March 24th, 
1924. These contained insect remains only. 
Three stomachs held respectively 60, 65 and 80 
cutworms (Noctuide), five others contained frag- 
ments of elytra and tarsi of ground beetles (Cari- 
bide). 

Glaucidium gnoma. PyGMy Owu.—A Pygmy 
Owl shot at Cowichan Lake at 8.30 p.m. on June 
20th, 1923, had in its stomach the remains of a 


*Swarth, Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska 
Expedition, pp. 60-61. 


TRidgway, Bulletin 50, Vol. 6, p. 698. 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


nestling Russet-backed Thrush. It is known that 
the Pygmy Owl is an inveterate enemy of small 
birds but this is the first evidence of nest-robbing — 
that has come to my notice. 

Asyndesmus lewist. LEWIS’ WOODPECKER.—A 
common summer resident of local distribution. 
Two winter records as follows: William Head, 
November 28rd, 1923. Oak Bay, January 5th, 
1924. 

Empidonax difficilis dificilis. WESTERN FLy- 
CATCHER.—As illustrating the ready acceptance of 
unusual, man-made, nesting sites by certain species 
of Flycatchers, I would cite the following example, 
which may be unique. Several times during the 
first two weeks of August, 1921, I noticed a 
Western Flycatcher in a certain large apple tree, 
growing close to the veranda of a suburban bunga- 
low. From the bird’s actions it was obvious she 
was nesting, but close scrutiny of the surroundings 
failed to reveal the nest. I called for assistance 
in my search and we studied the situation from 
every angle, while the Flycatcher lamented at 
arm’s length. The search was continued at odd 
moments over a period of two weeks until August 
14th, when, by accident, I discovered the mossy 
nest, containing two fledglings, on top of an 
electric-light meter just above the front door of 
the bungalow and about eight feet distant from 
the nearest limb of the apple tree—plainly visible 
to anyone who had not settled ideas as to where 
a Western Flycatcher should nest. 

Cyanocitia stellert stellert. STELLER’S JAY.— 
Little is known regarding the erratic migratory 
movements of this Jay. During some winters 
it is abundant, in others comparatively scarce. 
Throughout the winter of 1922-23, Jays were very 
plentiful in the Victoria district—approximately 
200 were caught in Quail traps by Provincial Game 
Officers. The following winter, with traps set on 
the same ground, only seven were taken and a 
scarcity of Jays was noted on many parts of the 
Island. Mr. G. D. Sprot, Cobble Hill, is banding 
Jays whenever possible and could this work be 
carried on systematically by a number of observers 
something might be learned of the seasonal move- 
ments of this interesting species. 

Tachycineta thalassina lepida. NORTHERN 
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.—In the interior of Brit- 
ish Columbia this Swallow usually nests in rock 
crevices, rarely, if ever, about buildings, while on 
Vancouver Island they do so commonly. Natural 
cavities in trees or old Woodpeckers’ holes are 
also used, in fact, locally, this species in its breed- 
ing habits closely resembles the Tree Swallow, 
which is scarce on Vancouver Island. 

Vireo huttoni. HUTTON’S VIREO.—Comparative- 
ly rare. A male taken at Cowichan Lake on 
November 29th, 1923, was associated with Sitka 


November, 1924] 


Kinglets and Chestnut-backed Chickadees. Lack- 
ing comparable material, and in view of Grinnell’s 
remarks on the status of obscurus*, I have not 
attempted subspecific identification. 

Thryomanes bewicki calophonus. SEATTLE 
WREN.—The fact that this Wren nests readily in 
bird houses may be worth recording for the in- 
formation of bird-house enthusiasts. 


*Grinnell, The Condor, Vol. 24, p. 32. 


OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


LAG 


Regulus calendula grinnelli. SITKA KINGLET.—An 
abundant resident. Found commonly at Cowi- 
chan Lake on November 30th, 1924, associated 
with Chestnut-backed Chickadees. I am in- 
formed by Mr. G. D. Sprot that Ruby-crests 
winter regularly at Mill Bay. A male taken on 
the above date is noticeably darker in colour and 
can readily be distinguished from Okanagan speci- 
mens which have been referred to this race by 
Oberholser. 


OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS* 


(Continued from page 157) 


BLACK DUCK, No. 36,929 A.B.B.A., banded 
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Octo- 
ber 17, 1918, was re-caught at the same station 
on October 26, 1918. 

JUNCO, No. 50,682 A.B.B.A., adult, banded 
by R. O. Merriman, at 96 West Second Street, 
Hamilton, Ontario, on October 26, 1920, was re- 
caught in another trap in the same locality, on 
January 25, 1921. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 5,182, banded by H. S. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 15, 
1921, was shot at Long Point, Port Rowan, On- 
tario—no date given, but reported on February 
28, 1924. 

BLACK DUCK, No. 4,799, banded by H. 8. 
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24, 
1921,. was killed in Muhlenburg County, Ken- 
tucky, four miles from McNary, Kentucky, on 
December 28, 1923. 

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH, No. 
26,844, adult male, banded by Ralph E. De- 
Lury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, 
on January 11, 1923, was re-caught several times 
at the same station until March 18, 1923, repeated 
on September 22, 1923, and several times after 
that date until December 30, 1923. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 30,861 
banded by R. W. Tufts, at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, 
on February 6, 1923, repeated several times at the 
same station until March 26, 1923. 

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH, No. 
26,845, adult female, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, 
at 330 Fairmont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on 
February 15, 1923, repeated several times at the 
same station until March 27, 1923. 

DOWNY WOODPECKER, No. 15,836, adult 
male, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fair- 
mont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on February 18, 
1923, was re-caught several times at the same 
station until February 19, 1924. 

CHICKADEE, No. 36,566, adult, banded 
by Adolf L. Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on March 
21, 1923, repeated at the same station on March 
31, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 51,029, banded by 
Willis H. Ropes, at Danvers, Massachusetts, on 
March 24, 1923, was caught and released at Wey- 
mouth, Digby County, Nova Scotia, during the 
month of June, 1923. 

FOX SPARROW, No. 13,600, banded by R. W. 
Tufts, at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, on March 27, 


*Published by authority of the Canadian National Parks 
Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada. 


ae was retaken in the same trap, on March 28, 


SONG SPARROW, No. 30,863, banded by R. 
W. Tufts, at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, on March 
ae ey was retaken in the same trap, on April 2, 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 30,864, 
banded by R. W. Tufts, at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, 
on March 28, 1923, was retaken in the same trap, 
on April 2, 1923. 

CHICKADEE, No. 386,569, adult, banded 
by Adolf L. Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on April 7, 
1923, repeated several times at the same station 
until February 17, 1924. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 26,849, adult, banded 
by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 8, 1923, repeated at the 
same station on April 10, 1923. 

ROBIN, No. 18,931, adult male, banded 
by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 14, 1923, was re-caught 
in the same trap, on April 16, 1923. 

ROBIN, No. .18,933, adult male, banded 
by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 18, 1923, repeated at 
the same station on April 25, 1923, and on August 
10, 1923. 

ROBIN, No. 15,182, banded by Howard F. 
Cant, at Galt, Ontario, on April 21, 1923, repeated 
at the same station, on May 19, 1923. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 35,156, 
banded by K. Grant McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on April 22, 1923, repeated at the same 
station several times until April 27, 1923. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 35,160, 
banded by K. Grant McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on April 22, 1923, repeated at the same 
station until April 26, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 52,357, adult, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 22, 1923, was re-caught 
in a different trap at the same station on May 13, 
1923: 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 35,165, 
banded by K. Grant McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on April 23, 1928, repeated at the same 
station on April 24, 1923. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 35,166, 
banded by K. Grant McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on April 23, 1923, repeated at the same 
station twice on April 27, 1923. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 35,180, 
banded by K. Grant McDougal, at East Kildonan, 


178 


Manitoba, on April 25, 1923, repeated at the same 
station on April 26, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 52,358, adult, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 25, 1923, was re-caught 
in a different trap at the same station, on April 27, 
1923. 

SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO, No. 35,182, 
banded by K. Grant McDougal, at East Kildonan, 
Manitoba, on April 26, 1923, repeated at the same 
station on April 27, 1923. 

ROBIN, No. 18,934, adult female, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 27, 1923, repeated 
several times at the same station in different traps 
until July 6, 1923. and again on October 6, 1923. 

DOWNY WOODPECKER, No. 15,838, adult 
female, banded by Ralph KH. DeLury, at 330 
Fairmont Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on April 29, 
1923, repeated several times at the same station 
until May 5, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 527359, adult, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 30, 1923, repeated 
several times in different traps at the same station 
until July 29, 1923. . 

SONG SPARROW, No. 65,772, adult, band- 
ed by W. E. Hurlburt, at 71 Alexandra Boulevard, 
North Toronto, Ontario, on April 30, 1923, re- 
turned to the same station on April 9, 1924, and 
repeated several times at the same station until 
June 7, 1924. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 34,948, banded by 
Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex County, 
Ontario, on May 2, 1923, repeated several times 
at the same station until May 30, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 52,3860, adult, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on May 6, 1923. repeated at the 
same station in a different trap on May 29, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 64,021, adult, 
banded by K. Grant McDougal, at Hast 
Kildonan, Manitoba, on May 6, 1923, repeated on 
May 15, 1923, returned to the same station on 
April 27, 1924, and repeated there on June 9, 1924. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 54,796, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 
County, Ontario, on May 8, 1928, repeated at the 
same station on May 12 and 138, 1923. 

WHITEH-THROATED SPARROW, No. 54,798, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 
County, Ontario, on May 8, 1923, repeated at the 
same station on May 9, and several times on May 
10 Beer 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 54,799, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 
County, Ontario, on May 8, 1923, repeated several 
times at the same station until May 16, 1923. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 54,800, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 
County, Ontario, on May 8, 1923, repeated several 
times at the same station until May 18, 1923. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 54,801, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 
County, Ontario, on May 8, 1923, repeated several 
times at the same station until May 11, 1923. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 42,786, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 
County, Ontario, on May 9, 1923, repeated at the 
same station on May 12, 1923. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 54,802, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


County, Ontario, on May 9, 1923, repeated at the 
same station on May 12, 1923. 

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 54,805, 
banded by Mrs. W. B. Perley, at Ojibway, Essex 
County, Ontario, on May 9, 1923, repeated at the 
same station on May 11, 1923. ' 

CHIPPING SPARROW, No. 52,363, adult, 
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont 
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on May 12, 1923, re- 
peated in a different trap at the same station on 
May 14, 1923. 

CHIPPING SPARROW, No. 52.364, adult,: 
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont 
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on May 12, 1928, re- 
peated several times at the same station in different 
traps until June 3, 1923. 

CHIPPING SPARROW, No. 52,365, adult, 
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont 
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on May 15, 1923, re- 
peated several times in different traps at the same 
station, until May 31, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 52,366, adult, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on May 20, 1923, repeated in 
different traps at the same station on that day, 
and on May 23, 1923. 

HOUSE WREN, No. 21,1338, banded by Howard 
F. Cant, at Galt, Ontario, on May 21, 1923, re- 
peated at the same station on June 9, 1923. 

HOUSE WREN, No. 36,575, banded by A. L. 
Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on May 26, 1923, 
repeated at a bird house five feet west of the one 
at which it was banded, on June 4, 1923. 

HOUSE WREN, No. 86,576, banded by A. L. 
Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on May 27, 1923, re- 
peated at a bird house a few feet north of the one 
at which it was banded, on June 28, 1923. 

TREE SWALLOW, No. 58,592, banded by H. 
Battersby, at Oak Lake, Manitoba, on May 27, 
1923, returned to the same bird box, on May 10, 
1924. 

BARN SWALLOW, No. 54,769, banded by 
Reuben Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on 
May 27, 1923, was re-captured at the same station 
on June 28, 1924, and built its nest in the same 
building in which it built in 1923. 

HOUSE WREN, No. 21,1385, banded by How- 
ard F. Cant, at Galt, Ontario, on May 29, 1923, 
repeated at the same station on June 10, 1923. 

FLICKER, No. 111,138, adult male, banded 
by Adoif L. Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on May 29, 
1923, repeated on June 3, 1923, and returned to 
the same nesting hole on May 18, 1924. 

HOUSE WREN, No. 36,577, banded by A. L. 
Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on May 31, 1923, 
repeated at the same place on June 3 and 4, 1923. 

HOUSE WREN, No. 36,579, banded by A. L. 
Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on June 1, 1923, 
repeated at the same place on June 4 and 7, 19238. 


SONG SPARROW, No. 52,368, adult, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on June 2, 1923, repeated at the 
same station on June 3, 1923. 

TREE SWALLOW, No. 36,580, adult, band- 
ed by Adolf L. Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on June 
3, 1923, was re-captured at a place one-half mile 
from where it was banded, on July 8, 1923. 

SONG SPARROW, No. 52,369, adult, band- 
ed by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont Avenue, 
Ottawa, Ontario, on June 3, 1923, repeated at the 
same station on August 4, 1923. 


November, 1924] 


TREE SWALLOW, No. 36,581, banded by A. 
L. Holm. at Otto, Manitoba, on June 4, 1923, 
repeated at the same station on June 5, 1923. 

FLICKER, No. 110,136, male, banded by 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


179 
Dan Patton, at Midnapore, Alberta, on June 7, 


1923, returned to the same station on April 15, 
1924. It mated with the same female and nested 


in the same place as it did in 1923. 


eee et co a 


IN MEMORIAM 
0 Edward J. Whittaker 


0 Born Spobentber 12, 1891 


sae ie Oo 


Died September 14, 1924 


PPE PPP PEEEEEEPE EP REPEEEEPEEEEPEE 


Through the death of Edward J. Whittaker on 
the 14th of September, the Geological Survey of 
Canada has lost one of its most promising younger 
members. The deplorable accident which closed 
a scientific career just at its beginning occurred 
while Mr. Whittaker was enjoying a holiday with 
his wife and friends among the Gatineau hills a 
few miles from Ottawa. 

Edward J. Whittaker was born November 12, 
1891, at Toronto, Ontario, the son of John W. and 
Mary Whittaker, née Mary Somerville. He was 
married in 1916 to Miss Winnifred Robertson. 
His mother and wife survive him. 

Mr. Whittaker was a graduate of Toronto 
University, where he received the M.A. degree in 
1913. He became a member of the Geological 
Survey of Canada in 1913. Leave of absence was 
granted him in 1922 to complete his university 
training at Yale University. The thesis under- 
taken during his residence at Yale was nearly 
completed at the time of his death. Mr. Whit- 
taker was a member of The Ottawa Field-Natur- 
alists’ Club and of the Paleontological Society of 
America. 

Field work with various members of the Geolo- 
gical Survey staff during his college vacations had 
given him an. unusually extended acquaintance 
with many of the problems dealt with in survey 
~ work. Mr. Whittaker’s work for the Survey in- 
cluded several seasons in the Mackenzie River 
basin, a season in southern Alberta, and work in 
various parts of Eastern Canada. His published 


work includes papers in The Canadian Field-Natur- 
alist, Nautilus, and the Summary Reports of the 
Geological Survey of Canada, and other scientific 
publications. Mr. Whittaker will be remembered 
by readers of The Naturalist as an occasional 
contributor to its pages. Naturalists interested 
in freshwater shells will find his illustrated paper, 
Bulletin 33, Geological Survey of Canada, on the 
mollusean fauna of the marl bed near Ottawa of 
permanent value. 

It was the writer’s good fortune to be closely 
associated with Mr. Whittaker both in the field 
and in the office for a decade. The wide variety 
of problems which were taken up during that 
period always enlisted his enthusiastic interest 
and energetic co-operation. The cheerful optim- 
ism which was the keynote of Whittaker’s disposi- 
tion had won for him a host of friends. He had 
never learned the meaning of the word ‘“‘can’t’’. 
The discomfort, difficulty, or hazard of any piece 
of work was never a deterrent to him if it needed 
tobe done. Whether the work was taking bottom 
samples from Ontario lakes in mid-winter, crossing 
the widest part of Lake Ontario in a small and 
antiquated launch, or threading the rapids of un- 
explored rivers, Whittaker did it cheerfully as part 
of the day’s work, worthy of no more serious 
comment than a jest. 

Such men are very rare and it is with a feeling 
of deep personal loss that the writer records that 
Fate has written finis so early in a career that 
promised so much for Science.—E.. M. K. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 


NOTES ON THE MEASUREMENTS AND SOFT PARTS 
OF THREE TRUMPETER SWANS, Cygnus buccinaior. 
—In view of the scarcity of Trumpeter Swans in 
collections it would seem desirable to publish the 
following notes relating to three specimens taken 
in British Columbia during recent years. The 
two adults referred to are in the Brewster-Sanford 
collection in the American Museum of Natural 
History, New York; the immature @ is in the 
writer’s collection at Victoria, British Columbia. 

Adult o'—British Columbia, April 2nd, 1918. 


Weight 261 lbs.; tail feathers 22; bill black; 
roof of mouth lavender, shading to green on outer 
margins; lameleze dark flesh, base salmon red; 
tarsus olivaceous black, darker at joints; toes and 
webs black; iris fuscous black. 

Adult 9 —British Columbia, April 2nd, 1918. 
Weight 222 lbs.; tail feathers 22; colors of soft 
parts as above. 

The stomach and gullet of each specimen con- 
tained seeds of sago pondweed, Potamogeton pecti- 
natus. 


180 


Immature 9 —British Columbia, January 7th, 
1924. Weight 17 lbs.; tail feathers 22; bill dull 
black, clouded with purplish-vinaceous, above and 
below nostril; tarsus and toes nearest to honey 
yellow, darker at joints; webs deep mouse gray, 
becoming brighter and merging into honey yellow 
_ near angle formed by toes; claws mouse gray. 


MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS FROM SPECIMENS 


IN FLESH 

3 $ <35 xf g ea v =. 
= S sRielsh |S 8] sc 
S) 2 a= ‘3 ~Y S 
Q 3 ES OTs < |= SS 
aS S15 SIN 9 |-S Ss 
= Fas][ scale = 

= SQUAD 
Ad. ‘ot 1555] 615 117) 195] 118 73| 141) 44] 38 
Ad. ie) 1500} 610 116) 177) 115 74) 144) 44) 37 


Im. 115} 179} 112 70| 136) 45 


G(~ NORTHERN RECORDS OF THE WILD STRAWBERRY 


IN THE MACKENZIE RIVER BASIN.—During the 
summer of 1928, a geological survey party had 
occasion to ascend the valley of the Dahadinni 
River, a western tributary of the Mackenzie, 
which joins the latter about lat. 64°N. When the 
party was about 15 miles up the river, several 
patches of the wild strawberry were noticed, 
These grew on the flats of the river. 

In the-Geogr. Review, Vol. 10, 1920, p. 395, Dr. 
Kindle says: 

i ‘The wild strawberry is abundant along the 
Mackenzie as far north as Simpson, at the 
mouth of the Liard, which appears to be near 
the northern limit of its range.” 

I am informed, however, that the National 
Herbarium of Canada has a record of strawberries 
collected by Bell from the west shore of Great 
Slave Lake. This puts the limit at least 150 miles 
farther north. : 

Other berries met w'th were raspberries, a blue- 
berry, black currants, and red currants. These 
latter two were found on the west shore of what 
is called Whitefish Lake about lat. 65°30’ N. 
This is one f several lakes drained by Brackett 
River (Willow River on old maps), which flows 
into Great Bear River. about 10 miles east of 
Fort Norman.— WILLIAM H. KELLY. 


FIELD SPARROW AND TOWHEE AT CHRISTIE 
LAKE, ONTARIO.—Christie Lake lies in the south- 
western corner of Lanark County, some twelve 
miles south-west of Perth. In connection with 
these occurrences it is of interest to observe as 
well that it is almost equidistant from Arnprior 
and Kingston, Ontario, being 39.5 miles north of 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


Kingston. Mr. James White in “Altitudes in 


Canada” gives the altitude of the lake as 542 feet 


above mean sea-level, whereas Lake Ontario 
(1871-1899) is given as 245.8 feet, and the Central 
Station at Ottawa, as 213.7 feet. I spent July 
22nd and 28rd, 1923, and July 25-28, 1924, in 
bird instruction work at a boys’ camp located 
there. On July 22, 1923, I was out at 4.15 a.m. 
on my first real bird walk in this very attractive 
locality, which, with its rocky winding roads, 
reminded me strongly of the days at Sulphide, 
Ontario, just about forty miles to the westward. 
A pleasant surprise awaited me, for the song of 
the Field Sparrow came to me clearly on the fresh 
morning air. There were two singing males 
found, and, as though to mark Christie Lake 
definitely as more southern than Ottawa, a pair 
of Towhees was discovered at the same spot. 
Additional confirmation of a southern influence 
reaching this locality was found in the fact that 
the Black Squirrel was fairly common, and that 
the red juniper occurred. In the course of my 
1924 visit the Towhees were found again, and, 
while I believe the Field Sparrow’s Song was 
heard in the distance, I am not positive of this 
species for this year. 

Both the Towhee and the Field Sparrow are 
rare and irregular at Ottawa, although W. E. 
Saunders records the Field Sparrow from Kazu- 
bazua, Quebec, forty miles north of the city, and 
I have heard has evidence of the occurrence of 
the Towhee at River Desert, near Maniwaki, 
Quebec, sixty-seven miles to the north of the 
capital —Hoyes Luoyp. 


LATE FREEZING OF MACKENZIE RIVER—A 
letter recently received by one of the associate 


editors from Mr. T. W. Harris, who has resided - 


for many years at Simpson, on the Mackenzie 
River, states that ““We had a late fall; the Ma- 
ckenzie did not freeze till December 3rd, which 
has rarely happened. At the moment of writing 
(January 21st, 1924) the thermometer stands at 5 
below zero, whch is mild for this time of year.”— 
HB. M. KINDLE. 


ANNUAL MEETING, OTTAWA FIELD-NATURAL- 
Ists’ CLUB.—The Annual Meeting of the Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists’ Club was held in the lecture 
amphitheatre of Victoria Memorial Museum on 
Saturday evening, December 8th, 1923. President 
Lloyd presided and in opening the meeting briefly 
outlined the activities of the Club during the past 
year, and gave a summary of the aims of the Club 


| 


November, 1924] 


during the coming year. 

Article VI of the Constitution was changed and 
approved so that Presidents of affiliated societies 
are ‘now ex-officio members of Council. The 
reports of Council and of the Treasurer were read 
and accepted. 

The following officers and members of Council 
were elected: President, Mr. Hoyes Lloyd; 1st 
Vice-Pres., Mr. G. A. Miller; 2nd Vice-Pres., 
Mr. Norman Criddle; Secretary, Dr. J. F. Wright; 
Treasurer, Mr. B. A. Fauvel; Council: W. T. 
Macoun, Miss M. E. Cowan, C. M. Sternberg, 
H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, P. A. Taverner, E. 
Sapir, E. M. Kindle, W. J. Wintemberg, R. E. 
DeLvury, Arthur Gibson, M. O. Malte, R. M. 
Anderson, C. B. Hutchings, C. L. Patch, H. Groh, 
’ Dr. H. M. Ami, D. Jenness, Miss Fyles, H. F. 
Lewis. 

Following the business meeting, Mr. Frank 
Morris of Peterborough delivered an address on 
“Hudson, the Naturalist”. This address has been 
published in the February and March Naturalists. 
—J. F. WRIGHT, Secretary. 


CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST PUBLICATION 
FuND.—The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club has 
been notified by the Department of Education, 
Province of Ontario, that the Club’s usual grant 
of two hundred dollars was not voted for the fiscal 
year of the Province, November 1, 1924—October 
31, 1925. The Club has been in receipt of an 
annual grant from this Department of the pro- 
vincial Government since 1898, and it is the feeling 
of the present members of Council that very ample 
return has been made to the people of Ontario, 
throvgh the publication of The Ottawa Naturalist 
and, subsequently, of The Canadian Field-Natur- 
‘alist, through public lectures, and by instruction 
given the pupils of the Normal School, Ottawa. 
The original note concerning the grant will be 
found in The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XII, 1898-9, 
pp. 8-9. The Hon. G. W. Ross was then Minister 
of Education, and the name of Dr. S. P. May, 
then Inspector of Mechanics’ Institutes and 
Libraries, is mentioned in this connection. 

The withdrawal of the financial support of the 
Provinee of Ontario may be serious to the well- 
being of the Club and. The Canadian Field-Natur- 
alist unless every member takes the question to 
heart and makes an urgent endeavor to meet the 
situation. 

The publication of The Canadian Field-Natur- 
alist for one year, including nine issues of eight 
hundred copies each, costs fourteen hundred fifty 
dollars. A single volume of nine numbers costs 
one-eight hundredth of this sum, or one dollar, 
eighty-one cents. Moreover, the entire eight 
hundred copies are not sold. The number of 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


181 


copies of an issue which are sold is at present 
only about 575. The remaining 225 copies are 
required to supply twenty-five free copies to each 
author of a leading article and to maintain a 
moderate reserve. It thus appears that, dividing 
the cost of publication equally among the present 
575 paid subscriptions, the fair share of the cost 
which must be apportioned to each of them is 
two dollars, fifty two-cents, or one dollar, two 
cents, more than is received from the subscriber! 
This deficit has hitherto been met by The Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists’ Club, with the assistance of the 
provincial grant which is now withdrawn. The 
Canadian Field-Naturalist will suffer in size and 
quality unless other means are taken to make up 
for this withdrawal. Increase in the number of 
subscribers is of fundamental importance, as 
ultimate relief can be expected only from that 
source. But in the present emergency quicker 
means of raising funds are necessary. One affiliat- 
ed organization, The Province of Quebec Society 
for the Protection of Birds, has already this year 
given substantial help by making a cash con- 
tribution of $125.00 to the Naturalist. Other cash 
donations have been received from individuals 
who are aware of our need and of the importance 
of the Naturalist to Canada. Such contributions, 
which are in addition to assistance received to 
meet the cost of special paper and cuts for illustra- 
tions, will form the nucleus of a special ‘‘Publica- 
tion Fund’’, which is now open for additional 
donations. This fund will be used to help in the 
publication of our magazine, thus keeping in 
existence a Canadian Natural History periodical. 
This is an opportunity for every subscriber and 
every affiliated organization to help, either by a 
donation, or by bringing the matter to the atten- 
tion of others who may be interested. Your aid 
is solicited. 

Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurers 
Mr. B. A. Fauvel, Mounted Police Headquarters, 
Laroque Building, Ottawa. 


Cash contributions already received this year 
are listed below. 


CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST PUBLICATION FUND 


The Province of Quebec Society for the 
Brotectiontolebirds eye $125 .00 


Drevin ON Malte Ottawa s.r no OFO0 
Rritsiohansenve Ottawa. eee 10.00 
iE vieredithm@ucbees renin 10.00 
Cole WankaVWioodm@ichechr eter 5.00 
De Jenness@bbawary cress ie eee 50 .00 

Motalerecelviedey sane styler $230 .00 


P. A. TAVERNER, 
Chairman, Publications Committee. 


182 


Note.—The Canadian Field-Naturalist for 1924 
has been much improved by the generous donation 
of cuts and special paper upon which to print 
illustrations. Some of these donations have been 
by authors, and others by those who have a 
friendly interest in the success of the paper. 
Credit has been given to all who have assisted in 
the number of the paper they have helped improve, 
but in view of the opening of the special Canadian 
Field-Naturalist publication fund it seems desirable 
to recapitulate and give a list of those who have 
helped by providing illustrations and paper, for 
some have given so generously in this way that 
their donation to the special fund must be affected. 
In some instances cuts have been furnished, and 
the cash value of the donation is not exactly 
known. 


BOOK 


TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL ARCHASOLOGICAL RE- 
PORT, 1923, by Dr. R. B. Orr, being part of 
Appendix to the Report of the Minister of 
Education, Ontario, Toronto, 1924, pp. 141. 


This report is a continuation of the Annual 
Archeological Reports, which were issued by the 
late Dr. David Boyle, curator of the archeological 
section of the Canadian Institute, 1886-1893, and 
later (1894-1909) Superintendent of the Provincial 
Museum. This is the twelfth report issued by 
Dr. Orr. The articles of a purely archeological 
nature are as follows: Primitive Cultures in the 
State of Maine, by W. K. Moorehead: Effigy Pipes 
in Stone (Sixth Paper), by Col. George HE. Laidlaw; 
Unusual Stone Artifacts from Ontario, by W. J. 
Wintemberg; Prehistoric Iroquoian Culture, by 
G. E. Rhoades; Exploration of the Ossuary Burial 
of the Huron Nation, Simcoe County, by J. Hugh 
Hammond; and Regional Notes on Specimens of 
Primitive Copper Craft, by Frank Eames. Under 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


W. J. Brown,(Estimated).............. $15.00 
Frits Johansen Suse). ake 47.00 
R. E. DeLury No tela tae See ann 22 .50 
Ira Cornwall CT ockittase «is eae - 5.00 
Canadian National Parks Branch(Hst.).. 9.00 
P. A. Taverner (Estimated)... 20.50 
Victoria Memorial Museum (Estimated) . 3.00 
Geological Survey $3 . 19.00 
JH wMlemine*. se fee eye ee co set LOROO 
W. Bie Saunders) +e esse) o5 ee eee 10.00 
William T. Shaw (Estimated).......... 24 .00 
The Publishers of the C.F.-N........... 12.00 

—EDITOR. 


Note—The Canadian Field-Naturalist is indebt- 
ed to Mr. Frits Johansen, the Canadian National 
Parks Branch and the Geological Survey of Cana- 
da for the illustrations which appear in this 
issue.—EDITOR. 


REVIEW 


“New Accessions to the Museum”, some of the 
more important accessions to the Museum during 
the year are described and illustrated. We would 
suggest that in future issues the illustrations be 
designated by serial numbers instead of by the 
catalogue numbers of the specimens, which are 
too unwieldy for direct reference. Other articles 
in the report are: The Crees of New Ontario, by 
R. B. O.; When the Crees Moved West, by Chief 
Buffalo Child Long Lance; The Unveiling of 
Memorials in Huronia; Where Champlain Lost His 
Way, by W.S. Herrington; The Indian Tribes on 
the St. Lawrence at the Time of the Arrival of the 
French (from Histoire de la Colonie Frangaise en 
Canada,)by Abbé Faillon (Villemarie, 1865), Tome 
I, pp. 524-533), translated by Prof. John Squair; 
and The Jemez Indians, by Albert B. Reagan. 
The report concludes with an obituary of the Rev. 
Dean Harris, who has done so much to create and 
keep alive an interest in archzological and histor- 
ical matters in Ontario.—W. J. W. 


PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 


The Magnetic Mechanical Analysis of Manganese Steel by 
Sir Robert Hadfield, F.R.S., and Messrs. S. R. Williams and 
I. S. Bowen. Oberlin College. Laboratory Bulletin No. 36. 
Oberlin, 1920. 

Reptile Lore of the Northern Indians by Frank G. Speck. 
Reprinted from American Journal of Folk-Lore, Vol. 36, No. 
141, July-September, 1923. 

A Note on the Breeding Habits of Sceloporus by F. G. Speck. 
Copeia, Number One Twenty-Hight, for March 31st, 1924. 

Some Remarks on Birds by Dr. George T. McKeough, with 
A List of the Birds of the County of Kent by Dr. G. T. McKeough 
and J. H. Smith, I.P.S. Kent Historical Society, Papers and 
Addresses. Vol. 6, 1924. Pages 49-74. 

Aiming a Camera at a Wild Mountain Goat by William T. 

Shaw. Reprinted from Natural History, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, 
1924, pp. 381-87. 
_ Monthly Record of Meteorological Observations in the Dom- 
inion of Canada, and the Colonies of Bermuda and Newfoundland. 
April, May, June and July, 1923. Issued by the Meteorolo- 
gical Service of Canada. Ottawa, 1924. 

Lichens Collected on the North-Coast of Greenland By the Late 
Dr. Th. Wulff by B. Lynge. Copenhagen, 1923. 


The Vegetation of the North-Coast of Greenland Based Upon 
the Late Dr. Th. Wulff’s Collections and Observations by C. H. 
Ostenfeld. Copenhagen, 1923. 


Some Mosses from N.W. Greenland (Wolstenholme Sound and 
Inglefield Gulf) and Mosses Collected on the North Coast of 
Greenland by the Late Dr. Th. Wulff by Aug. Hesselbo. Copen- 
hagen, 1923. 


Flowering Plants and Ferns from Wolstenholme Sound (ca. 
76°30! N. Lat.), and Two Plant Lists from Inglefield Gulf and 
Inglefield Land (77°28 and 79°10’ N. Lat.), N.W. Greenland 
by C. H. Ostenfeld. Copenhagen, 1923. 


Critical Notes on the Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Some 
Flowering Plants from Northern Greenland by C. H. Ostenfeld. 
Copenhagen, 1923. 

Dr. Thorild Wulff’s Plankton-Collections in the Waters West 
of Greenland. Metazoa by P. Jespersen. Copenhagen, 1923. 

Dr. Thorild Wulff’s Hydrographical Investigations in the 
Waters West of Greenland. Report Worked Out by Martin 
Knudsen in August, 1918. Copenhagen, 1923. 
x La Science Moderne. Numéro 3. Mars, 1924. 

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_ NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF 
MANITOBA 
1924 


_ Hon. President: V. W. JAcKSON; President: J. J. GOLDEN; 


Vice-Presidents: H. M. SpmECcHLY, A. M. Davipson, A. G. 
LAWRENCE, NORMAN CRIDDLE; Mrs. C. E. Bastin, Mrs. 
C. P. ANDERSON; General Secretary: A. A. MCCOUBREY, 307 
C.P.R. Depot, Winnipeg, Man.; Executive Secretary: R. M. 
THOMAS; Treasurer: MisS HELEN R. CANNoM; ORNITH- 
OLOGICAL SECTION:—Chairman: B. W. CARTWRIGHT; 
Secretary: C. L. BRoteYy. ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION: 
—Chairman: A. V. MITCHENER; Secretary: A. SHIRLEY 
Brooxs. BOTANICAL SECTION:—Chairman: C. W. LowE; 
Secretary: Miss GRACE CAMERON. GEOLOGICAL SEC- 
ee re ane A. McCousrny; Secreiary: J. M. 
ENSON. : 


JHE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 
SOCIETY ‘ 
- ‘ (Incorporated) ~ 
Hon. President: Mr. ADAM Brown; President: Mr. R. O 
MERRIMAN; 1st Vice-President: Dr. H. G. ARNOTT; 2nd Vice- 
President: Mr. C. D. Cook; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss RUBY 
R. Mitis, Publie Library, Hamilton; Directors: Dr. H. G. 
ARNOTT; C. D. Cook; Dr. J. A. DICKSON; Miss M. BE. Gra- 
HAM; Miss Ruspy R. Mitts; M. Hotton; M. JOHNSTON; 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 
COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


The officers for the above Society for the year ending 
March 3ist, 1923, are as follows:— — 
President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
NATION 2380 Windsor Road, Victoria, B.C. Treasurer: MIss 
S. M. THORNTON; Commitiee:—Miss C. G. Fox, Miss A. F. 
GARDINER, Miss I. CATHCART, WM. DOWNES, A. HALKETT. 
Auditors:—J. KEITH WILSON AND F. W. GODSAL. Trustees:— 
Rev. R. GONNELL, DR. C. F.NEWCOMBE AND G. HARVEY. 


ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


Hon. President: Dr. Hy. GEorGE, Victoria B.C.; Hon. Vice- 


ay 


SNELL, Red Deer; ist Vice-President: Mr. 
Red Deer; 2nd Vice-President: Mrs. W. A. CASSELS, Red . 


September to April (inclusive). 


President: Mr. J. J. GAETZ, Red Deer; President: Mr. C. H. 
G. C. S. CrosBy, 


Deer; Hon. Sec-Treas.: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red Deer; Direc- 
tors: Mrs. G. C. S. Crospy, Miss E. C. IRvING, Mr. W. A. 
CASSELS AND MR. S. Pamety, Red Deer, Mrs. G. F. Root, 
Wetaskiwin, Mr. K. Bowman, Edmonton, Mr. B. LAwrTon, 
Edmonton, Mr. T. RANDALL, Castor, Mr. F. L. FARLEY, 
Camrose, Mr. W. C. McCAuia, Bremner, and Mr. D. M. 
SINCLAIR, Peace River. esl 


The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 


Jast Friday of each month except during July and August and 


perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 
on the last Friday in November. : 


iat ni : 


McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 
_ LONDON, ONT. 


President: T. D. PATTERSON, 562 Waterloo Street; Recording 
Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McKone, Worthey Road; Correspond- 
ing Secretary and Treasurer: E. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.; 
Members qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 
Central Ave.; C. G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South; J. R. 
McLeop, 355 Wortley Road; J. F. CALVERT, 461 Tecumseh 
Ave.; E. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St. 


VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY > 


Hon. President: L. S. KLinck, L.L.D., Pres. University of B. C.; 
President: JOHN Davinson, F.L.S., University of B.C.; Vice- 
President: FRED PERRY; Hon. Secretary: C.F. CONNOR, M.A., 
3529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: A. H. 
BAIN, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C. . j 


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PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: L. MclI. TERRILL; 
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. P.O. Box 1185, Montreal; Hon. Recording Secretary: Miss H. 


Stone; Curator: Miss E. G. Luks; Commitice: Miss M.. 
ARMITAGE, Miss E. BENNETT; W. J. BROWN; Mr. AND Mrs. 
C. F. DALE; H. A. C. JAcKson; Miss E. Morrow; Miss L. 
Murpuy; A, MACSWEEN; Miss H. McLacuian; L. Mcl. 
SPACKMAN; Mrs. W. W. WALKER; Dr. ARTHUR WILLEY; W. 
H. Ross; Members qualified to answer questions: L. MclI. 
TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, Que.; NAPIER SMITH, 
Bank of Montreal, Magog, Que., E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St., 
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Bldg., St. John St., Montreal, Que.; DR. ARTHUR WILLEY, 
McGill University, Montreal; W.J.BRowN, 250 Oliver Ave., 
Westmount, Que.; Miss EDITH MoRROW AND Miss EMILY 
LUKE, c-o Secretary. 


SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
_ NATURELLE DU CANADA 
Bureau de direction pour 1923 


Président: DocrfaurR S. GAUDREAU; ler vice-président: ABBB 
A. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: A.-R.-M. BOULTON; 
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scientifique: A.-A. GODBOUT; Chef de la section de propaganda 
éducationelle: DoctEuR A. DERy; Chef de la section de pro- 
tection: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; Chef de la section d’information 


' scientifique et pratique: DocTEUR J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: 


R.-F. LINDSAY; Jos. MATTE; G.-S. AHERN. 


THE BRITISH COLUMIBA ORNITHOLO- 
GISTS’ UNION 
Officers for 1923 


Hon. President: HON. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria; 
Vice-President: T. L. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana- 
gan Landing; Dr. KELSO, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. Racmry, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. is 


THE ‘TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 


President: Prorpssor R. B. THOMSON; Vice-Presidenis: 
PROFESSOR E. M. WALKER, Dr. A. COSENS, J. H. FLEMING; 
Secretary: W. F. Grecory, 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: F. H. BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH; 
Librarian: DR. LYMAN JACKES. BIRD GROUP:— 
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FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H. B.Sirton; Secretary: 
Miss J. G. WRIGHT, PH.D.; INSECT GROUP:—Chairman: 
PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: Miss NORMA ForpD, PH.D. 
MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R. DyMOND; Secretary: 
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—Chairman: SHILLEY LoGIER; Secretary: T. B. KURATA. 
PROGRAM COMMITTEE:—Chairman: Dr. W. A. CLEM- 
ENS. WILD, LIFE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE:— 
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MITTEE:—Chairman: TAYLOR STATTEN. : 


J 
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leading Natural History publications 
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VoL. XXXVIIT, No. 10 : | o DECEMBER, 1924 


an 
ut 


ISSUED JANUARY 24, 1925 
Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as secu: class matter 


THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB 


~ Batrons: a 
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND THE LADY BYNG OF viMy q 


. 


President: HOYES LLOYD. 


lat Vice-President: G. A. _ Mae Be, 2nd Vice-President: ‘Noman cone 
mii cee 
oe F Warcn f ae ce Cee vam 
GHT Ciny RHO 4 he AUVEL i 
(Geological Suey, Oia) CNG Gu 321 McLeod St. “ys 


COE Ea te ec Ottawa, Ont. 


Additional Members of ee i: Ts iicckae Miss M. EF. Cowan; C. M. STERNBERG: nee 7 Seamee | ! 
F. W. WaucuH; P. A. TAVERNER; E. Sapir; E. M: KINDLE; W. J. WINTEMBERG; x E. DeLury; 7 
ARTHUR GIBSON; M.O. Matte; R. M. "ANDERSON; H. GRoH; Miss F. FYLES; Gs . HUTCHINGS; a 
H. M. Ami; CLype L. PAtcH; 'D. JENNESS; V. W. Jackson; R. O. MERRIMAN; Ww. N. KELLY; 7 
C. H. Snett; J. R. McLeop; JoHN Davipson; L: Mcl. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; ‘PRancis q 
KERMODE; Pror. R. B. THOMSON; THE EDITOR. - ON aii ea oh 


Editor: 
HARRISON F, LEWIS, a pa 
Canadian National Parks Branch, Won eG 


ne Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. : 

Associate Editors: i a 
SOR SAPIRG GE hy vec a eet, Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN........ ... Mari 
MU OUMALTE S305 ven. Rei he Rue Botany IP WAS TWA VERINER? a icee it. ase 
A RaWATCHPORDs ss ee ak Se Conchology E. M. KINDLE........ Suen 
WEN) WALLIAMS 7 oe Seige ee eae Geology R. MOANDERSON: 3 ))52 saan seem oolo 
ARTHUR GIBSON. 2... 0.5.2. e cee ae Entomology : CLYDE bn PATCH. 30 2258 ........Herpetolo 

CONTENTS ; 


. ; P. 
® An Raplertion into the Northern Plains North and East of Great Slave Lake, Including the Source 
of the Coppermine River. By G. H. Blanchet, F.R.GS............ 020-002 eect eee 


Notes on Some Game Birds in the County of Kent, Ontario, Season of 1924. By Geotge Ty -MeKeough 
Finding Range for Canada’s Buffalo. By Maxwell Graham.,.............-...- eae eee 
Official Canadian Record of Bird-Banding Returns We osig cis eee ee Cures gi Sikes Been to 


In Memoriam:— : can 
Charles Frederick Newcombe, M.D..... SE OP 8 Now 0. 534 BERS Gee acs Prato seks ae 
William: Datly Hopson 3 yee cis OO ee ee ee eS Be eee eA . Hoshaven 


Notes and Observations:— i 
On a New Case of as Between Hehinpden: and Annelid: By Edith Berkeley “ 
Display of the Killdeer Plover. “By Theed Pearse... ¢.0..5..:04.0 1 1)..2.. ees tee 


An Old Breeding Record for the Herring Gull at Lac des Nes, Labelle County, Quebec - By 
=F EV OMOS TOV OCs GU SUSE Ne any CL an ota en ae sag enpaiots Ae ate sie VARs aa HORE ac ar 

A Fulmar at Arnprior, Ontario. By Hoyes Lloyd ‘iain pee 

A North-eastern Colony of Purple Martins. By D. A. Dery.......... SS thin. oe ena 

The White-fronted Goose in the Province of Quebec. By D. A. Dery.......... Waele ies 

Reprints from Our Pages. By hes Lloyd. Navan Gis tele eS apo ase wean aa oN Na oon oe 

PGItOr S-NOUCS. se ie ee ees oO ae atone Sp scan ea ahine Ce eee oe see a eee ; 


Canadian Field-Naturalist Publication Fund......... ieee CoM hance ee one 
Index to Wool: OK VO ae eT SR eA A la er © aie ANE A a Ce ea 


| THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST, lately THE OTTAWA NaTuRALisr, establisl 
#= thirty-seven years ago, “to publish the results of ‘original research or investigation in all d2par 
EE ments of natural history,” is issued monthly, excepting for the months of J une, July and August. 
HH Papers, notes and photographs should be addressed to the Editor. Manuscript should be 
#2 typewritten. 

Subscriptions cover the current year, except those taken out during last quarter, when 
they will be applied on the following year, the remaining numbers of current year being sent 
free. Payments should be made to the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. B. A. Fauvel, 321 McLeod St. 
: Ottawa. Price of this volume, $1.50; single copies 20c each. 


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VoL. XXXVIIT 


he 


OTTAWA, ONTARIO, DECEMBER, 1924 


No. 10 


“a 
AN EXPLORATION INTO THE NORTHERN PLAINS NORTH AND EAST OF 


GREAT SLAVE LAKE, INCLUDING THE SOURCE OF THE 
COPPERMINE RIVER 


By G. H. BLANCHET, F.R.G.S. 
of the Topographical Survey of Canada 


HERE has been a growing interest in 
recent years in the great unknown 
stretches of Northern Canada. Dis- 
coveries of oil, minerals, timber, pulp- 
wood and waterpowers have been drawing industry 
into the north from Labrador to the Mackenzie 
basin. Developments in transportation—land, 
water and air—have given interest to districts 
formerly considered inaccessible. It is natural, 
therefore, in the course of investigating our out- 
lying districts for new resources, that attention 
should be directed to that great block of country, 
described as the “‘Sub-Arctic Barren Lands’. 


It is interesting to note here some remarks made 
by Mr. G. M. Dawson, in a paper read before the 
Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club some forty years 
ago. He said: “Fortunately or unfortunately, as 
we may happen to regard it, the tendency of our 
time is all in the direction of laying bare to inspec- 
tion and open to exploitation all parts, however 
remote, of this small world in which we live. It 
is, therefore, rather from the point of view of 
utility than any other that an appeal must be 
made to the public or the government for further 
extension of explorations, and my main purpose 
in addressing you is to make such appeal and to 
show cause, if possible, for the exploration of such 
considerable portions of Canada as still remain 
almost or altogether unmapped.’’ He goes on to 
call attention to the lack of proper authorities for 
much of the topographical information on the 
outlying districts of the country, making the maps 
often of little service. He also makes the point 
that should the exploration of an area reveal no 
resource of value the work will not have been 
wasted as the sign “no thoroughfare’? may be 
marked authoritatively on it. 

In the period which has elapsed since this paper 
was read, much development has taken place in 
portions of northern and western Canada to which 
Mr. Dawson called attention, and there has also 
been a great extension of surveys to meet it, 
particularly by the Topographical Survey of 
Canada, but large areas still exist of which there 
is only the vaguest knowledge, often based on 
questionable authority. 


LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE SvUB-ARCTIC 
REGIONS. 


If lines were drawn from the east end of Lake 
Athabaska, northwesterly to the mouth of Mac- 
kenzie River and easterly to Fort Nelson on Hud- 
son Bay, the figure included between them and 
tidewater would be roughly that to which the 
term ‘‘Sub-Arctics” is applied. It has an area of 
about 650,000 square miles, one-sixth of the 
Dominion. Due to the influence of the mountains 
on the west and of Hudson Bay on the east, clim- 
atic zones in western Canada take a northwesterly 
course. For the purpose of illustration, if the area 
were turned on its northwesterly axis until it stood 
upright it would nearly duplicate conditions found 
in a high mountain—the wooded base with tim- 
bered valleys extending up the slope, the dwindling 
forests terminating at the timber line, the bare 
higher regions crowned by the ice cap with glaciers 
descending from it—all are represented here and 
in the same sequence. 

The conditions existing at the base and the 
summit—the forested country and the ice cap— 
are well known, but the intermediate region has 
received little study. Much of this country is 
accessible, and, though its climate is severe, with 
exaggerated extremes, it would not prohibit 
development if resources of sufficient value. were 
discovered. 


EXPLORATION AND TRAVEL IN THE PAST. 


The first exploration into the country was made 
by Samuel Hearne, in 1770-71, when he made a 
spectacular journey into the then unknown inter- 
ior, in company with a band of Indians making 
war against the Eskimos. His journey touched 
recognizable features at certain points, of which 
the Arctic coast at the mouth of Coppermine River 
and Great Slave Lake, his farthest west, were the 
most important. During the first half of the last 
century expeditions by Franklin, Back, Simpson 
and Dease crossed the northern portion of the area, 
using its waterways to reach their objective—the 
Arctic coast. However, though the exploration 
of the interior was of a secondary nature on these 
trips, the information which they obtained gave 


184 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


SCALE OF MILES 
25 


ee 


Outlines of latest survey..............0..25 


According to previous information ...... 


TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF CANADA 


FIGURE 1—COMPARATIVE MAP 
Showing the Waterways, north and east of Great Slave Lake, as they were previously mapped and as now surveyed. 


the form to features of the country which furnishes 
the map of to-day. Little has been added or 
corrected, nor has much been done to verify their 
estimates of conditions obtaining there or to con- 
sider them in the light of development of the 
country to the south and the general developments 
of the last century. 

In more recent years the southern portion of 


the area was investigated along the lines of several 
exploration routes extending from the interior to 
Hudson Bay. There has also been a certain 
amount of information supplied by travellers who 
have entered and explored the country in a private 
capacity and by official patrols made by the 
EC AViGe: 

It may be taken, therefore, that something is 


[VOL. XX XVIII 


December, 1924] 


FIGURE 2—WHITE WOLF PUPS 


Taken at Talthelei, July first. 
five and are about two weeks old. 


known of the main physical features and that we 
have a collection of reports on the character of 
the country made at widely different times and 
seasons. However, there is a certain vagueness 
in the minds of most people as to the real nature 
of our vast hinterland ‘areas grouped under the 
name of “‘Sub-Arctic Barren Lands’. Both these 
terms suggest country of a most forbidding 
character, and call up pictures of rock and ice and 
desolate plains. Unfortunately the narratives of 
explorers and travellers who have penetrated 
these regions are concerned with incidents of 
travel rather than with presenting clear pictures 
of the country. The impressions left on the minds 
of the observers have been coloured strongly by 
the conditions under which they had been living, 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


They are from a litter of 


185 


often those of an accidental nature. It 
must also be borne in mind that in so 
vast a region a variety of conditions pre- 
vails, which makes it inadvisable to gen- 
eralize too broadly. But here as else- 
where cause and effect are fundamental 
laws, and the tyre will be found to be 
the result of certain definite conditions. 

The observer entering the Barren 
Lands should maintain an open mind, re- 
cording the various conditions met with, 
but reserving his judgment until, as the 
topography, soil and geology are stud- 
ied, and the physical history of the 
country is considered, the resultant con- 
ditions become clear. 


ENTRY INTO THE “BARREN LANDS” BY 
THE GREAT SLAVE ROUTE. 


At Great Slave Lake the highway to 
the north by way of the Mackenzie 
system forks. To the westward lies the 
route to the Arctic, by way of the Mac- 
kenzie River, which approaches and flows 
through the Rocky Mountains and main- 
tains in its valley conditions characteris- 
tic of the Alberta plateau to the south. 
Proceeding north and east from the lake 
one passes abruptly from conditions of 
the Alberta plateau, through those 
classed as Hudsonian, and into the tree- 
less plains of the north. There is, here, 
a most sharply drawn natural boundary, 
which is rendered remarkable from the 
fact that on the same lake such different 
conditions prevail. Great Slave Lake 
offers an unusually interesting route into 
these regions, both in the comparatively 
easy conditions of travel and in features 
peculiar to itself. Successively, you pass 
through the Slave delta with its heavy 
growth of timber, the rocky archipelago, 
with its intricate channels and the variety in the 
form and arrangement of its islands, and, opening 
from these, the easterly portion of the lake, with 
its massive enclosing hills on the north and re- 
markable mural cliffs on the south. 

The Narrows of Talthelei might be said to be 
the point at which the ordinary life of the country 
ends and from which all trails lead off into a 
country only hazily known. For the Indians 
travelling beyond here life may only be maintained 
by their skill in living off the country, and to-day, 
as before the coming of the white man, the nor- 
arrival of the caribou or the failure of the fisheries 
means starvation. A generation ago the Yellow- 
knives, Dogribs, and Slave Indians from Great 
Slave Lake spent most of the year in the so-called 


Barren Lands, and their trading was chiefly 
caribou meat and skins. Gradually conditions 
changed. They found it easier to trap and trade 
furs and to support themselves on the fisheries of 
the lake, supplemented by trade goods. In this 
change they lost their roving characteristics. 
The long expeditions after the muskox and eari- 
bou, which formerly took them nearly to the 
Arctic coast, have been reduced to short trips in 
the fall to meet the caribou, during which they 
seldom leave the last woods. Life has become for 


them simpler and more secure, but the change has" 


been accompanied by a certain physical and moral 
decay. They lack the courage to attempt a long 
and difficult trip and the stamina to accomplish it. 
GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INTERIOR COUNTRY. 

The great interior plateau, which has an eleva- 
tion of about 700 feet above Great Slave Lake, 
approaches to within a few miles of it and the 
descent is abrupt and of very rugged character. 
When leaving the lake, therefore, to travel north 
or east one is immediately confronted by this 
barrier. Due to the hardness of the rock the 
streams discharging from the interior have been 
unable to cut channels but tumble over the es- 
carpment in a succession of cascades and falls. 
This situation has also forced drainage northward 
in many places from comparatively near the lake. 
The accumulated drainage has gathered into a 
series of great shallow depressions lying in an east 
and west direction and immediately to the south 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


FIGURE 8.—YOUNG FOXES, THREE CROSS AND ONE RED 
Taken on the north shore of Great Slave Lake. 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


of the Arctic-Mackenzie height of land. The 
drainage through them is easterly, finally swinging 
south and southwest and entering the east end of 
Great Slave Lake by Lockhart River. This river 
follows the valley which is the continuation of the 
great transverse valley of the lake but, in spite of 
this natural valley and the tremendous erosive 
action of its waters, its discharge being over 20,000 
cubic feet per second, its course is a succession of 
rapids and falls. The importance of the interior 
waterways may be appreciated when we consider 
their extent and their situation, close to the height 
of land, thereby giving access to waters flowing 
easterly to Hudson Bay and northerly to the 
Arctic. They form an important highway for 
patrol, investigation and development of the vast 
areas lying to the north and east of Great Slave 
Lake. The two chief difficulties which have had 
to be overcome by those entering the country 
were the ascent to the interior plateau and the 
fuel supply when travelling through it, for most of 
the country is destitute of timber. 


THE CLIMB FROM THE LAKE TO THE INTERIOR 
PLATEAU. 


In the past attempts have been made at several © 
points to ascend rivers flowing into Great Slave 
Lake and, though the interior lakes were reached, 
the journey entailed great hardships and supplies 
had to be cut down to absolute essentials. The 
Indians never use the Rivers but follow portage 


Though nervous, they became 


quite tame and were very playful. 


December, 1924] 


routes, taking advantage of chains of lakes. Al- 
though there are several of these, there is only one 
practicable for heavy loads, namely, that first 
noted by Warburton Pike in 1890 and to which 
his name has been applied. It unites Great Slave 
Lake with Artillery Lake, the first of the great 
lake series. The distance between them is 24 miles 
and includes ten small lakes. The only difficult 
portage is the first, by which the climb out of 
the valley is made by a sandy glacial spill-way. 
It may be said that anything that can be man- 
handled can be taken over the portage. 

Entering the interior, the impression of isola- 
tion from familiar things which the east end of the 
lake produces becomes intensified. The struggle 
for existence becomes more and more apparent in 
the plant and animal life. The less sturdy types 
are one by one eliminated, perhaps to re-appear 
at some more advanced point, especiaily favour- 
ably situated, but thereby only drawing attention 
to the fact that they may not normally live there. 
At first the changes are gradual, conforming with 
the variations in the character of the country, but, 
as the Barren Lands are approached, one sees in 
rapid succession the last birch, the last Robin and 
the last sign of the animals.whose home is in the 
timber. Finally the elimination reaches a point 
of stability. The stragglers disappear, and the 
fauna and flora natural to sub-Arctic conditions 
prevail with some uniformity. 

The natural ruggedness of the border of the 
plateau has been accentuated by the erosion of its 
drift-filled valleys, and a condition has been pro- 
duced of open, rocky hills, covered with boulders 
and sometimes approaching buttes, and of irregu- 
larly disposed valleys containing many lakes. In 
the shelter of the valleys trees still reach fair 
development, but in the exposure of the hill tops 
only the most hardy varieties survive in stunted 
form. However, as the forests dwindle, their 


NOTES ON SOME GAME BIRDS IN 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


187 


place is taken by a variety of mosses, lichens and 
shrubs which, to a large extent, relieve the country 
from any appearance of barrenness. 

An illustration of the immediate response of the 
vegetation to favourable conditions may be wit- 
nessed in the lower valley of Lockhart River. 
An extensive sandy plain formed in this portion of 
the valley in glacial times, through which the 
river has cut a new valley some six hundred feet 
deep, reaching bed rock. In the valley frost comes 
out early and there is protection from the wind, 
permitting a growth of vegetation remarkable both 
in variety and development as compared with that 
of the surrounding country. Lockhart River was 
examined for some distance from the lake to verify 
the reports of its spectacular waterfalls and the 
general situation as to navigability. It was not 
necessary to travel far to realize the impossibility 
of attempting to bring any craft through its suc- 
cession of rapids, cascades and falls. Here is a 
powerful river constrained to flow through a 
narrow, unyielding, rocky valley and making a 
big drop in a comparatively short distance. The 
drop is distributed in four large falls and almost 
innumerable rapids and cascades which keep its 
course broken by white water. Parry Falls are 
the most striking, They had been estimated by 
Back to be four hundred feet high and the most 
spectacular he had seen in his travels in many 
parts of the world. Actually they have a drop of 
about one hundred feet, and they justify their 
reputed wildness. It would be impossible to 
imagine a more imposing effect of powerfully 
driven water forcing its way through a torn and 
broken rocky chasm. From the portion of the 
river seen it was decided that as a power pro- 
position it is almost unrivalled, but it is unnavig- 
able. 


(Continued in the January issue) 


THE COUNTY OF KENT, ONTARIO, 


SEASON OF 1924 
By GEORGE T. McCKEQUGH 


HE TOPOGRAPHY of the County of 
Kent and its place on the map make it a 
favorite domicile for many varieties of 
birds. Besides, we are in the line of a 
great migration and, during that period of passage, 
an auspicious pausing place for many migrants, 
both land birds and shore birds and other water 
fowl. We are partly embraced by two links of 
the great chain of lakes, and here and there, 
contiguous to the lakes, are acres of marsh lands 
with wild rice and celery beds, rushes and grasses 


interminable, intersected with sluggish streams 
and placid, lonely pools, ideal rendezvous for many 
species of water fowl. 

Golden Plover were at one time very abundant 
during fall migration. Mr. E.. W. Sandys, in 
Outing, December, 1897, writes that on October 
15th of that year there were hundreds of them 
scattered over the fields near Mitchell’s Bay, Lake 
St. Clair, a regular tornado at times. Eleven 
dropped to the two barrels of his gun on the initial 
firing and more and more followed. He also 


188 


obtained 40 Snipe that day and concludes his 
article by stating that it was a rare good day’s 
shooting when he had so many birds he was 
ashamed to kill more. Since that carnage, this 
fine game bird gradually diminished in numbers 
each season and for many years one looked in 
vain for one in their old forage grounds. Last 
autumn (1923) I wrote a series of articles for a 
local paper on water fowl and, during August and 
September, frequented almost daily the lake shores 
and adjacent fields of the county. Numerous 
species were observed: Spotted, Solitary, Red- 
backed, White-rumped, Semi-palmated and Least 
Sandpipers, Sanderlings, a few Upland Plover, 
Killdeer, Semi-palmated and Piping Plover, 
Turnstones, Dowitchers, Willets, Greater and 
Lesser Yellow-legs, Hudsonian Curlew, Jack 
Snipes, and Biack-bellied Plover, but no Golden 
Plover; but on the 30th of September this year 
(1924) they returned to their old resorts in the 
township of Dover near Lake St. Clair. Their 


numbers were estimated at between five and six 
hundred and they have been seen in lesser num- 


bers since, and a few have been shot to my know- - 


ledge, the absence of the hind toe confirming the 
diagnosis. 

Another of our popular game birds which was 
almost exterminated, the Quail, or Bob-White, 
more precious and valuable, however, to farm life 
than to the epicure or sportsman, is making our 
fields reverberate again with its melodious and 
plaintive call, bob, bob-white; scarcely a day has 
passed this summer that one or more have not been 
seen or heard, and as I write these notes, a bevy 
of fifteen to twenty run across our lawn. Thanks 
to a more universal knowledge—broadcasted 
largely by the teachers of our public schools—of 
their immense importance to our agriculturists, it 
is doubtful if they will ever become so near extinct 
as they were a few years ago. The farmers have 
learned that they are one of their very best friends 
of infinite service and enormous utility in the 
production of profitable crops, and, even if legis- 
lators grant sportsmen certain privileges, they will 
be up against ‘‘no shooting permitted on these 
premises”. Furthermore, the farmers’ wives and 
daughters, living amid nature with all her subtle 
suggestiveness, have learned to love beauty and, 
with the advent of more serviceable utilities in the 
home, they have greater leisure to devote to 
beautifying and making attractive their gardens 
and premises and in this respect nothing can 
emulate trees, flowers and their bird consorts and 
no birds are more winsome, alluring and lovable 
about farm abodes than Quail. 


Mr. W. D. Elliott, of High River, Alberta, in 
an interesting article in Rod and Gun, October, 
1924, states that in 1908 the local sportsmen in 
Alberta, assisted by the Alberta government, 
imported 300 pairs of Partridges from Hungary; 
after these birds were liberated, little was heard 
of them for many years, but since 1917 they have 
increased at a rapid rate until to-day there is a 
covey to almost every field and they are the 
premier resident game bird of Alberta. In 1914 
the Hon. Dr. Reaume, then Minister of Public 
Works for Ontario, imported a number of these 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


birds, and some were distributed in the county of 
Kent. I obtained three pairs. They were fed 
bountifully and every effort was made to subdue 
their restlessness, but it was of no avail and in 
the following spring they were released and soon 
disappeared. They were not observed and noth- 
ing was heard of them until late that autumn, 
when a small covey returned and remained for 
some time. They continued to return every 
autumn for several years, when they disappeared 
altogether for three or four years. Last fall they 
again returned, a covey of twenty or more, and 
remained in our ravines and meadows for two 
months and were not nearly as wild as formerly. 
We have not seen any as yet this fall, but they have 
been reported in other parts of the county. Our 
gardener, an Englishman and familiar with Eng- 
lish country life, maintains they are similar to the 
English Partridge, and Mr. Elliott, in his article, 
states that he is assured by those who should 
know that they are the same bird. 


That splendid game bird, the Wilson’s Snipe, 
which at one time was so abundant with us, and 
was shot with little compunction, as it did not 
take up a permanent residence here, has either 
acquired another migrating route or has diminished 
greatly in numbers, for they are almost a curiosity 
now and usually give rise to some happy exclama- 
tory expression when noted. 

The Woodcock, however, which was a rara avis 
for many years is apparently increasing in num- 
bers. A pair nested in one of my gullies and 
another nest was found in a neighbour’s marshy 
meadows, but the northern section of the county, 
in the neighbourhood of the Snye Ecarté River, 
has always contained their favorite feeding and 
nesting grounds, and reports from there indicate 
that they are multiplying slowly. 

The old familiar drumming of the Ruffed Grouse 
was occasionally heard during the spring and 
summer in the southern part of the township of 
Orford and some were shot during the short open 
season for them. The palate, however, of very 
few fastidious epicures would be gratified by such 
a delicacy. 

Another game bird becoming plentiful in the 
southern portion of the county is the English 
Pheasant, and nothing gives one a pleasanter 
thrill than suddenly and unexpectedly to arouse 
one of these beautiful birds in a walk through rural 
regions. Very few days of the past summer went 
by without either flushing them or hearing their 
characteristic call. Independent of their aesthetic 
interest and paramount rank in the bird kingdom 
they are pre-eminently useful in consuming weed 
seeds and weeds are flourishing beyond compare 
with any other vegetation in this luxuriant 
agricultural neighbourhood. Mr. Goldworthy, 
our park superintendent (Rond Eau), deserves 
much praise for liberating, distributing and sub- 
sequently looking out for several of these birds, 
These, together with those that the late Mr. 
William Chaplin, of St. Catherines, sent us, which, 
after being confined for some time, were also set 
free, have multiplied largely and become the ex- 
tensive colony that inhabits the fields adjacent to 
Lake Erie. Last summer a pair built their nest 
in one of my neighbour’s fields, fourteen eggs were 
laid and thirteen were hatched. Although the 
nest was cautiously inspected daily, the young 
birds were never seen, for, as soon as they left 
their shells, they disappeared. 


December, 1924] 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


189 


FINDING RANGE FOR CANADA’S BUFFALO* 
By MAXWELL GRAHAM 


YANADA’S herd of Buffalo at Wainwright 
Park is outgrowing its accommodation. 
The number has increased to a point 
where there is insufficient pasture and 
forage, and new areas must be provided for the 
overflow. It is proposed to ship annually from 
one to two thousand of the young buffalo from 
Wainwright Park to the new Wood Buffalo Park 
near Fort Smith, N.W.T. 

The park at Fort Smith already contains buffalo 
which from time immemorial have thrived there 
and the bison transferred from Wainwright will be 
placed on one or two selected locations in the 
southern range of the Wood Buffalo Park, where 
they will meet with and come under the protection 
and leadership of adult wild bison in those areas. 
Otherwise they would be defenceless against pre- 
datory animals such as wolves. 

The first shipment will consist of stock from last 
season’s calf crop in sex proportion of one male to 
five females; later shipments, navigation permit- 
ting, will include two-year-old heifers but no males 
of any age. It is heped that some 2000 young 
stock as above described will be thus transported 
by rail and water during the coming season. 
The cost of shipping adult bison, as an alternative, 
would be prohibitive, since they would have to be 
crated and other precautions taken. 

Objection may be made that plains bison should 
not be allowed to mingle and breed with the only 
known sub-species of their race on this continent, 
the wood-bison, but the theory advanced as to the 
so-called wood-bison being a sub-species has 
recently been considered doubtful. 
the writer’s report, Observations in the Wood Buffalo 
Park, published by the Department of the Interior 
in 1922: 4 

“Our wood buffalo has been classified as a 
sub-species oftthe American bison and is referred 
to as Bcs (Bison bison athabasce, but whatever 
differences there are between it and the buffalo 
of ‘he plains are largely owing to environment.” 

To those who believe that Rhoads, in 1897, was, 
and has since been, justified in describing our 
northern bison as a sub-species under the name 
Bison bison athabasce, the following information 
should be welcome. The specimen on which 
Rhoads based his contention was an adult bull 
bison, taken by Indians 50 miles south of Fort 
Resolution, in March, 1892, the mounted speci- 
men being now at the Victoria Memorial Museum. 
Study of the map will show that 50 miles south of 
Resolution lies in the northern portion of the 
northern range of wood-bison. This northern 


*Published by authority of the Director, North-West Ter- 
ritories Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada. 


As stated in © 


range is bounded on the north by the Nyarling 
River and its north branch; on the east by the 
Little Buffalo River; on the south by the upper 
reaches of this river and the Caribou Mountains; 
on the west by Buffalo Lake. This northern 
range, like the southern range, is self-contained as 
a sanctuary for bison, having its own seasonal 
feeding areas. The important point, also, in 
connection with this northern range is that not 
only does it contain bison estimated at 500 but, 
according to Doctor Charles Camsell and others, 
the bison inhabiting this area never enter the 
southern range nor do those in the southern range 
at any time enter the northern range, presumably . 
owing largely to physical conditions, such as 
swamps and extensive muskegs. Quoting from 
Dr. Camsell’s report of November 21st, 1916: 
“The wood buffalo of northern Alberta and 
the adjacent portion of the North West Terri- 
tories are in two separate bands occupying two 
distinct ranges, and there does not seem to be 
at present or within recent years any migration 
of buffalo from one range to the other.” 

Since it is into the southern range only that it 
is proposed to introduce plains bison from the 
Wainwright Park, in which range some 1000 
wood-bison are at present established, those bison 
indigenous to the northern range, one of which 
was the type taken as representative of Rhoads’ 
sub-species, will remain inviolate so far as admix- 
ture with the introduced bison is concerned. 

A definite decision as to the action to be taken 
regarding the first shipment will shortly be ren- 
dered. The preliminary work will be done by the 
Canadian National Parks Branch. This consists 
of segregation, corralling and placing on cars at 
Wainwright of selected young stock, while the 
work of the Northwest Territories Branch will 
consist of shipping the animals to Waterways, via 
Edmonton, transhipping at Waterways to a barge 
on the river, and thence by water to either Peace 
Point or LaButte in the Wood Buffalo Park. 

If the project above dealt with is successfully 
carried out, the introduced plains bison, under the 
leadership and protection of the adult wild ones 
now in the southern range of the Wood Buffalo 
Park, should so multiply that a future source of 
food supply may be assured to the natives in 
surrounding districts. While in the immediate 
future this project holds out a promise of re-stock- 
ing vast areas suitable for the propagation of bison, 
at comparatively little cost, it will also be the 
means of saving for posterity the calf crop at the 
Wainwright Park for 1922-23 and succeeding years, 
which otherwise cannot, apparrently, be saved. 


190 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS* 
(Continued from page 179) 


LOON, No. 5,481, immature, banded by R. W. 
Tufts, at Albany, on Trout Lake, Annapolis 
County, Nova Scotia, on June 23, 1923, was caught 
in a net and drowned in Gold River, Lunenburg 
County, Nova Scotia—no date given, but re- 
ported on October 27, 1923. 

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,667, adult, 
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at St. Mary’s 
Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, (Canadian 
Labrador), on July 24, 1923, was found dead in 
the same crack in the rock in which it was banded 
on August 12, 1924. The bird was probably 
killed three weeks before by a dog. 

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,668, adult, 
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at St. Mary’s 
Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, (Canadian 
Labrador), on July 24, 1923, was found dead in 
the same crack in the rock in which it was banded 
on August 12, 1924. The bird was probably 
killed three weeks before by a dog. 

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,716, adult, 
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at St. Mary’s 
Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, (Canadian 
Labrador), on July 24, 1923, was found dead near 
the crack in the rock in which it was banded, 
about July 28, 1924. The bird was probably 
killed one week before by a dog. 

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. No. 5,584, 
partly fledged young, banded by Harrison F. 
Lewis, on an islet near Fog Island, Saguenay 
County, Quebec, (Canadian Labrador), on July 
18, 1923, was caught on a fish hook at Point-du- 
Pep, sence Islands, Quebec, about September 

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 
204,706, partly fledged young, banded by Harrison 
F. Lewis, at St. Mary’s Islands, Saguenay County, 
Quebec, (Canadian Labrador), on July 21, 1923, 
was caught in a fish net at Cove Head Bay, Queen’s 
County, Prince Edward Island—no date given, 
but reported on October 17, 1923. 

HERRING GULL, No. 231,393, banded by 
F. C. Lincoln, at Hat Island, twelve miles north- 


east of St. James, Michigan, on July 22, 1923, was . 


killed in the St. Lawrence River at the eastern 
end of Montreal, Quebec, on September 9, 1923. 

HERRING GULL, No. 236,807, banded by 
F. C. Lincoln, at Hat Island, near St. James, 
Michigan, on July 22, 1923, was found dead on 
the north shore of Lake Ontario, near Toronto, 
Ontario, on September 10, 1923. 

HERRING GULL, No. 236,993, banded by 
F.C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan on July 25, 
1923, was caught in an Indian’s trap at a place 
about ten miles north of Gull Bay Outpost, Lake 
Nipigon, Ontario, on November 7, 1923. 

HERRING GULL, No. 209,565, young, banded 
by Wm. M. Duval, at Bonaventure Island, Gaspé 
County, Quebec, on July 28, 1923, was captured 
ef bauevepte Beach, New Jersey, on November 

, 3. 

HERRING GULL, No. 209,571, young} banded 
by Wm. M. Duval, at Bonaventure Island, Gaspé 
County, Quebec, on July 30, 1923, was found at 
anita Bay, Keansburg, New Jersey, on October 


*Published by authority of the Canadian National Parks 
Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada. . 


COMMON CORMORANT, No. 204,741, part- 
ly fledged nestling, banded by Harrison F. Lewis, 
at one mile east of Cape Whittle, Saguenay 
County, Quebec, on July 17, 1923, was shot at 
Kegashka (about twenty-five miles east of Natash- 
aaa Saguenay County, Quebec, on January 14, 

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No. 
232,048, young, banded by Reuben Lloyd, at Last 
Mountain Lake, Saskatchewan, on July 1, 1923, 
was shot at a place six miles north-east of Gran- 
ville, McHenry County, North Dakota, on Octo- 
ber 14, 1923. 

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No. 
204.756, downy nestling, banded by Harrison F. 
Lewis, on an islet near Fog Island, Saguenay 
County, Quebec, (Canadian Labrador), on July 
13, 1923, was caught and found dead in a pound 
net at a place five miles north of Cape Hatteras, 
North Carolina, on October 18, 1923. 


MALLARD, No. 200,355, female, banded by 
L. V. Walton, at Cu'v-e Island, Missouri, on 
January 11, 1923, was killed about five miles north 
of Cross Lake Post of Hudson’s Bay Company, 
which is about one hundred miles almost due 
north of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba—no date 
given, but reported on July 17, 1923. ' 


MALLARD, No. 200,385, banded by Jos. 
Pulitzer, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January 
11, 1923, was shot at a place three miles west of 
Saltcoats, Saskatchewan, on October 27, 1923. 


MALLARD, No. 200,417, female, banded by 
L. V. Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
January 12, 1923, was shot at Sled Lake, Saskat- 
chewan, in Tp. 63, R. 10, W. 8rd M., during the 
spring of 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 200,494, banded by Jos. 
Pulitzer, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January 
13, 1923, was shot at a place eighteen miles north 
of Oak Lake, Manitoba, on October 26, 1923. 


MALLARD, No. 101,924, banded by L. V. 
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January 
15, 1923, was shot at a place forty miles north of 
Mine Centre, Ontario, about the middle of Novem- 
ber, 19238. 

MALLARD, No. 200,534, banded by L. V. 
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January 
16, 1923, was killed in a rat trap at a place twenty 
miles southwest of The Pas, Manitoba, near the 
Saskatchewan River, on May 1, 1924. 


MALLARD, No. 203,305, female, banded by 
John Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on 
January 22, 1923, was caught in a trap, at a point 
sixty miles east of The Pas, Manitoba, on the 
Saskatchewan River, on April 29, 1923. 


MALLARD, No. 205,131, female, banded by 
Jos. Pulitzer, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
January 25, 1923, was shot at a place four miles 
south-east of Spy Hill, Saskatchewan, on Novem- 
ber 15, 1923. ; 

MALLARD, No. 205,196, female, banded by 
L. V. Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
January 28, 1923, was shot at Lake Mamawi, 
about fifteen miles south of Chipewyan, North- 
west Territories, on August 29, 1923. ‘ 


MALLARD, No. 205,230, banded by L. V. 
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January 


December, 1924] 


28, 1923, was shot at Long Lake, Strasbourg, 
Saskatchewan, on September 28, 1923. 


MALLARD, No. 102,186, banded by Allen 
Green, at Oakville, Iowa, on January 30, 1923, 
was killed at Regina Beach, Saskatchewan, on 
November 2, 19238. 

MALLARD, No. 203,758, banded by John 
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on Feb- 
ruary 4, 1923, was killed at Herbert, Saskat- 
chewan, on October 13, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 205,291, female, banded by 
Jos. Pulitzer, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
February 7, 1923, was shot at a place nine miles 
south of Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on Novem- 
ber 3, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 203,443, male, banded by John 
Baker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on Feb- 
ruary 8, 1923, was killed in Northern Saskat- 
chewan, at a place about one hundred miles north- 
west of Battleford, Saskatchewan, on May 12, 
1924. 

MALLARD, No. 203,446, female, banded by 
Joseph Pulitzer, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, 
on February 8, 1928, was killed at the Oak Lake 
Country Club, eighty miles west of Winnipeg, 
Manitoba, during the latter part of October, 1923. 


MALLARD, No. 205,378, banded by L. V. 
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on February 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


191 


23, 1923, was shot at Allan, Saskatchewan, on 
September 17, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 205,437, banded by L. V. 
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on February 
24, 1923, was shot in Tp. 32, Sec. 27, R. 1, W. 4th 
M., Alberta, on November 3, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 205,440, female, banded by 
Jos. Pulitzer, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on Feb- 
ruary 24, 1923, was shot at Kipling, Saskatchewan 
—no date given, but reported on October 22, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 205,544, banded by L. V. 
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on March 1, 
1923, was shot at a place twenty miles south-west 
of Unity, Saskatchewan, about October 25, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 205,545, female, banded by: 
L. V. Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
March 1, 1923, was shot at a place six miles south 
of Springside, Saskatchewan, on October 10, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 205,603, female, banded by 
L. V. Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
March 4, 1923, was killed at Spy Hill, Saskat- 
chewan, about October 17, 1923. 

MALLARD, No. 205,640, female, banded by 
Jos. Pulitzer, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on 
March 8, 1923, was shot at a place about eighteen 
miles north of Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, on 
October 20, 1923. 


(Continued in January issue) 


IN MEMORIAM 


CHARLES FREDERICK NEWCOMBE, M.D. 
Died at Victoria, B.C., October 19, 1924 

In the death of Dr. C. F. Newcombe, British 
Columbia has lost its most distinguished naturalist. 
There is not, I make bold to say, a working student 
in the field of nature in the province who, if he 
ever came into contact with him, and few had not, 
does not feel the poorer to-day. Certainly in 
Victoria he placed us under the greatest obliga- 
tions to him by his ever-ready help in the un- 
ravelling of the problems we met. As one who 
knew him well and received many kindnesses from 
him, I wish to record not only my own impres- 
sions, but also something of his services to science. 
I first met him at a session of the Natural 
History Society of British Columbia, in their 
rooms at Victoria. A short, spare man, with the 
complexion of one who was much in the open-air, 
and keen alert blue eyes, his personality breathed 
interest and sympathy. On hearing that my 
interests were geological and botanical, he was 
greatly pleased. His own reputation as a botanist 
was no mean one, and he was in close correspon- 
dence with men of international repute who valued 
to the full his careful judgment. To me, there- 
fore, his interest in what I was doing was a great 
encouragement, and over and over again he 
rendered me his invaluable aid. His interest in 
geology was largely palaeontological. He was, if 
I mistake not, the first collector of the fauna of 


the Sooke and Carmanah Tertiary beds and on 
his material Dr. Merriam based his monograph 
of 1896 on Two Tertiary Faunas from the Rocks of 
Southern Vancouver Island. The procuring of these 
fossils wasno easy task in those days before the era of 
gasoline launches and motor stages; some of the 
places could be reached only by small boat. He 
made a further contribution to the geology of 
the island by the publication in the Ottawa Natur- 
alist of November, 1914, of an article on Pleisto- 
cene Raised Beaches at Victoria, B.C. This 
article crystallised the knowledge of the evidences 
known at that time and gave an impetus to further 
study both on his own part and on that of others, 
with the result that new localities have been added 
to those he there enumerates and additional fossil 
remains have been recorded. [Illustrating his 
interest in palaeontological geology, there lies 
before me a letter he wrote me on October 23, 1916. 
It contains an outline of an evening’s lecture 
scheme at a Natural History Society’s meeting, 
dealing with the fossil mammal of the Sooke beds, 
then known by a single tooth and identified with 
Marsh’s Desmostylus hesperus, but, since the find- 
ing of a second tooth, named by Dr. O. P. Hay 
Cornwallius sookensis. Of the three short lectures 
to be delivered, the first, on the tooth and its 
faunal relations, was in due course delivered by 
himself and was an excellent example of his width 
of knowledge and keenness of spirit. 


192 


Thirty years ago he took an active part in the 
promotion of the pursuit of marine hiology, and, 
although other interests came to crowd the study 
out, he never lost touch with his old science. To 
the end he was as interested as ever in the shells 
of the coast and, I believe, had latterly been 
spending much time over his large and representa- 
tive collection. Last year, during a visit of Dr. 
O’Donaghue, of the University of Manitoba, he 
invited me to be one of a dredging party operating 
_ off Brotchie Ledge, and among us none was more 
enthusiastic over our finds than he. I remember 
as we were gathered on the wharf before going on 
board an elderly man came up and hailed him, 
and the two were soon in the flood of reminiscence. 
He had in earlier days taken Dr. Newcombe about 
the waters of San Juan Harbour on one of his 
exploratory trips. 


There is no doubt that Dr. Newcombe’s best- 
known work was done in the field of anthropclogy. 
Mr. Kermode, Curator of the Museum at Victoria, 
to whom I am greatly indebted for the use of his 
material and for his personal information, tells in 
his notes of his old friend’s life how he accompanied 
the Doctor on his first visit to the Queen Charlotte 
Islands in 1895. Around the shores of these 
islands, then practically unknown scientifically, 
they went in open rowboats. The very wildness 
of the region made it an attractive one to the 
student of primitive races, hardly touched by 
civilization, as well as for the field-naturalist. 
Dr. Newcombe now began a thorough investiga- 
tion of the manners and customs of the tribes of 
the northwest coast and as a result he became 
widely known as a working anthropologist. He 
did remarkable work for the Provincial Museum 
and he had the pleasure of seeing the fruits of his 
labor in the admirable Anthropological Depart- 
ment opened a year or two ago, in which the life 
habits of the aborigines are enshrined. The appre- 
ciation in which he was held by men of first rank 
is shown by the fact that he was invited in 1905 
to superintend the arrangement of the Indian 
collection in the Northwest Hall of the Field 
Museum at Chicago. 


Among the duties which came to him was one 
which showed his breadth of interest and his 
adventurous spirit. The Fisheries’ Board of 
Canada asked him to report on the life-history of 
the sea-lions. These animals are found on the 
sea-girt islets off the shores of Vancouver and 
Queen Charlotte Islands, little more than pro- 
jecting rocks amid the Pacific breakers. Of 
necessity the work was dangerous, for only small 
boats could be used to make the landings Those 
who have been up the west coast will appreciate 
what that means. Later, as a result of his work, 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


he acted as one of the Commission appointed by 
the Biological Board to report on the sea-lions in 
relation to the salmon. 

It is to be regretted that his busy life did not 
permit him to publish more, for few men knew 
the coast.as he. In addition to the article I have 
already spoken of, he compiled the Guide Book 
to the Anthropological Collection of 1909. Then, in 
1914, he published The First Circumnagivation of 
Vancouver Island, an interesting and readable 
summary of the established facts. Last year he 
edited for the Archives Department of the Pro- 
vince Menzie’s Journal of Vancouver's Voyages 
with a Botanical and Ethnological Index. He also 
wrote a short account of the Indian Petroglyphs 
of the British Columbia Coast. 

One of the most modest and unobtrusive of 
men, he never seemed happier than when helping 
some younger man, either from the stores of his 
own experience or from his large and extensive 
library of natural history. On a journey into the 
country he was a delightful companion. Every- 
thing was full of matter for observation. One of 
the last letters he received related to the identifica- 
tion of a fern new to this locality, and I am told 
that, ill as he was, his pleasure at the receipt was 
as great as ever. He died in harness, as he him- 
self would have wished, with his powers of mind 
unimpaired. Physically he was wonderfully active 


for his years; he had just returned from one of | 


his northern journeys when he fell ill. Of late 
deafness had made attendance at meetings irk- 
some, so that he had dropped out of public rela- 
tions to some extent. The visit of the British 
Association delegation to the coast was a great 
delight to him, enabling him to renew many old 
acquaintances and exhibit to them the treasures 
in the collecting of which he had played so large 
a part. 

Born in Neweastle-on-Tyne, he had attained 
the age of 73 years, thirty-five of which were spent 
on the Pacific Coast where, in Victoria, he made 
his home.—R. C. 


WILLIAM DAILY HOBSON 
Died October 10, 1924 


On October 10th, 1924, William Daily Hobson 
passed away. Mr. Hobson was in his seventieth 
year and had spent nearly all of the latter half of 
his life in Woodstock, Ontario, which city he has 
served as Mayor. He was an ornithologist and 
botanist of standing, very careful in his identifica- 
tions and a keen hunter of the beautiful and 
interesting in nature, though he rarely carried a 
gun. In earlier years he made a collection of 
birds and these are still in the possession of Mrs. 
Hobson. The main outstanding rarity that he 


December, 1924] 


took was a specimen of the White-eyed Vireo, now 
in the writer’s collection. He had also local 
specimens of the Great Gray Owl and the Canada 
Jay, both of which are exceedingly rare in the 
district. 

During the last ten years his attention had been 
turned more particularly to botany and he made 
many paintings of our native orchids and other 
beautiful wild flowers. 

Mr. Hobson was widely known through the 
province as a lecturer on birds, in which capacity 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


193 


he was a very useful citizen. His early life was 
largely spent in the mining districts of the West, 
and he had many interesting tales of the wild life 
of those days. 

He is survived by his wife, who was Catherine 
Cawson before her marriage. 

Mr. Hobson will be missed particularly by the 
members of the MclIlwraith Ornithological Club, of 
London, with whom he was a welcome guest 
nearly every winter, and whose members held him 
in high regard.—W. E. S. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 


ON A NEw CASE OF COMMENSALISM BETWEEN 
ECHINODERM AND ANNELID.—(From the Biological 
Station, Nanaimo, B.C.).—Commensalism between 
Echinoderms and Polychetes is not uncommon. 
In the neighbourhood of Nanaimo the Polynoid 
Halosydna pulchra is found commensal with the 
Holothurian Stichopus californica and with Solas- 
ter stumpsoni, Pteraster tessalatus and other species 
of starfish; Halosydna fragilis is commensa! with 
Evasterias troschelii, Orthasierias leptolena, Orthas- 
terias columbiana and other starfishes; and a 
species of Myzostoma is very common with the 
local Crinoids. 

No-case of commensalism of Polychete with a 
Synaptid has, however, been described from this 
locality nor, indeed, elsewhere, so far as I have 
been able to ascertain from a consultation of the 
literature at my disposal. A recent observation 
of such a case seems, therefore, worth recording. 

In 1923 I described a new species of Polynoid 
under the name Malmgrenia nigralba (Contribu- 
tions to Canadian Biology, New Series, Vol. 1, p. 
213). The description was based on a few speci- 
mens collected at very low tide mark on a sand 
bed in a lagoon in the vicinity of the Biological 
Station. In spite of frequent searches in the same 
place at low tides during the Spring of this year I 
filled to find another specimen of the species, nor 
had I better luck elsewhere. Later in the year, 
whilst digging for Leptosynapta inherens at a con- 
siderably higher level of the lagoon the explana- 
tion was found. This Synaptid lives in almost 
vertical burrows in coarse gravelly sand. Within 
some 20 per cent of the burrows excavated the 
Polynoid Malmgrenia nigralba was found. The 
occurrence was far too frequent to be accidental 
and there is no doubt it represents a true case of 
commensalism. The few individual Polynoids 
originally found free-living had in all probability 
been washed out of destroyed Synaptid burrows. 
—EDITH BERKELEY. 

Note—Since the foregoing note was written 
I have found areference, in Fauvel’s recently pub- 


lished volume on the Polychete in the Fawne de 
France, to a Polynoid, classified as Harmothe 


lunulata, var. Synapiz, which is found commensal 
with Synaptids on the north and west coasts of 
France.—E.B. 


DISPLAY OF THE KILLDEER PLOVER.—The habit 
of the Killdeer Plover of feigning injury to draw 
off intruders is well known, but the actions of one 
of a pair that came under my notice this month 
seemed to raise a very interesting question as to 
the possible relationship of such actions to sexual 
display. 

The Killdeer Plover is found practically the year 
through in the Comox Valley, Vancouver Island; 
isolated pairs breeding, particularly on the re- 
claimed delta land. A pair evidently had their 
nest on a ridge adjoining a slough there, as at my 
approach, one bird at once started the usual com- 
motion, soon to be joined by the mate. As soon 
as the danger zone was passed the latter bird left 
(returning presumably to the nest as I did not see 
it again until returning over the same ground); 
the male continued flying around and, when I sat 
down, he alighted and kept running around a few 
yards away, calling frequently with the usual note 
and every now and then settling down as though 
on a nest, sometimes calling when so sitting. 
On two occasions that I saw, on getting up he ran 
a short distance and then went through what 
looked like a sexual display, crouching on the 
ground and leaning towards one side with wings 
lowered and then opening the tail in fan shape 
over the back so that the cinnamon tail coverts 
came conspicuously into view, at the same time 
uttering a trilling note. 

The bird could not have been so acting to entice 
me away from the nest as this must have been 
over fifty yards away (judging from the actions 
of the two birds); furthermore, the bird was 
between me and the nest and, had I followed it 
when disvlaying, I should have been going in the 
direction of the nest —THEED PEARSE. 


AN OLD BREEDING RECORD FOR THE HERRING 
GULL AT LAC DES ILEs, LABELLE COUNTY, QUE- 
BEC.—Following the publication of ““The Birds of 


194 


Ottawa, 1923’, Mr. F. W. Warwick, B-Sc., 
formerly of Buckingham, Quebec, but now of Galt, 
Ontario, has acquainted me with a breeding record 
for the Herring Gull in the locality given in the 
title. He has in his collection two eggs taken from 
a nest on a small rocky islet situated about the 
middle of the lake, the respective dates being 
May 138th and 15th, 1900. The nest was of moss, 
sticks, and grass and was placed in a corner of 
rock. During three days spent at the lake, only 
three Gulls were seen. Mr. Warwick was familiar 
with the species from twenty years’ residence, 
1850-70, at Southend, Essex, England, “being at 
that time also a lover of birds’’. 

The measurements of the eggs as given by the 
collector, Mr. Warwick, are: 2.98 x 1.90 and 
3.13 x 1.98. The locality where this nesting 
occurred is about seventy-one miles almost due 
north of Ottawa, and hence outside the defined 
“Ottawa District”’. Nevertheless it is of interest 
to the student of the birds of our vicinity, and no 
doubt the species once nested even much nearer 
the capital than this——HoyEs LuLoyp. 


A FULMAR AT ARNPRIOR, ONTARIO.—Mr. A. L. 
Gormley, of Arnprior, reports in The Auk, XLI, 
1924, pp. 470-1, the capture of a specimen of 
Fulmaris glacialis glacialis at the mouth of the 
Madawaska River, where it empties into Lac des 
Chats. This is near Arnprior, and, as shown by 
the map, the spot mentioned is thirty-one and a 
half miles almost due west of Ottawa, just outside 
the thirty mile radius defining the “Ottawa Dis- 
trict’’. Mr. Gormley is certainly to be congratu- 
lated upon his rare find and upon securing the 
specimen for the Canadian National Museum. 
Truly ornithology is full of surprises—HOYES 
LLOYD. 


A NORTH-EASTERN COLONY OF PURPLE MARTINS 
——At the suggestion of The Provancher Society of 
Natural History of Canada, Rev. Father Bois, a 
bird-lover, had some forty bird-houses erected at 
Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, Kamouraska County, 
Quebec. In 1924 four of these bird-houses were 
occupied by Purple Martins, about forty-five in 
number. I identified them on the occasion ofa 
visit to the locality in the last week of July, 1924. 
Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere is in latitude 47°23’ N., 
longitude 70°2’ E. from Greenwich.—D. A. DERY. 

THE WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE IN THE PROVINCE 
OF QuEBEC.—A White-fronted Goose (Anser 
albifrons subsp.?) was killed at Cap St. Ignace. 
Montmagny Co., P.Q., among a flock of Canada 
Geese, in the week of October 15, 1924. The bird 
was sent to the market in Quebec, where I pur- 
chased it. It is now being prepared for permanent 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


preservation by Mr. C._E. Dionne, of Laval 
University, Quebec. It will be donated to the 
“Provancher” collection. Owing to the condition 
of the specimen, the sex could not be definitely 
ascertained, but it is presumed that the bird is an 
adult male, as the white area on the forehead is 
large and the white is very pure. 

The only known previous record of the taking 
of this species in the Province of Quebec is that of 
one killed in the autumn of 1870 at Lake Jacques 
Cartier, and preserved in the Museum of Laval 
University. (See Dionne, Les Oiseaux de la 
Province de Quebec, page 111.) Wintle reports 
having seen three at Lake St. Louis, near Montreal. 
—D. A. DERY. 


REPRINTS FROM OuR PAGES.—It is interesting 
to observe that the Canadian National Parks 
Branch of the Department of the Interior has 
made use of two articles which appeared in The 
Canadian Field-Naturalist by reprinting them. 
The first article to be reprinted was “‘Bird Houses 
and Their Occupants,” by P. A. Taverner. There 
have been three editions in English of this reprint 
and two in French, the total number of copies 
amounting to two hundred and fifteen thousand. 
The later editions have been on very fine tinted 
paper, bound in pamphlet form, with the picture 
of Mr. P. A. Taverner’s Purple Martin house on 
the cover. The next paper to be reprinted from 
The Naturalist was the article entitled “The 
Pileated Woodpecker,” by J. A. Munro. This is 
illustrated with a cut of the Pileated Woodpecker 
by Major Allan Brooks, and the edition of the 
separate amounts to thirty thousand copies.— 
Hoyes LuLoyp. 


NotEeE—Illustrations in this issue were provided 
by Topographical Surveys, Department of the 
Interior, Canada, to whom we express our 
obligation 

We are also indebted to Lowe-Martin Ltd. and 
The Graphic Advertisers for donating to the use 
of the magazine their paid advertising space in the 
November and December issues, thus enabling 
us to publish two extra pages of printed matter 
in each issue.—Editor. 


CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST PUBLICATION FUND 
Statement of Receipts 


Previously acknowledged......... .... $230 00 
ND reds U Dhar 10 Boal SanaVGll VEY EON Wn eh. ca Beebo g-o00 10.00 
Gre Aes Mii ert ae Spe ites ee he 10.00 
A Re ywis a ee Ce ea 5.00 
GXGOORTICh eres ees. Bieri Cb eee 5.00 

Totalitteisct ta deals ca oeee $260.00 


December, 1924] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 195 


INDEX TO VOLUME XxXXVIII : 


Acanthis hornemanni exilipes... 113 Baer Baa sited te ie 68 [Bithal operon eee taraieetcnye 189 
_ inaria linaria.........-. 113 Baiey Alfred M., review. of Biticshead eee eee 19, 105, 147 
Accipiter..............--- euee 36 anticlel by ase ake 39 Bunting, Black-throated....... 115 
Accipiter coopert.........-. oe 08 (BULOMUSHOS Ss 32s eee che 42 indigowe eee 11, 21, 24, 114 
UUM Som bonocdcapae 89, 108, 175 VCUartOsusiin. oe ener ett e 41, 42 Tariceee 20. cet s Lene 115 

Acer spicatum.....-....--+--- 80 Crenavuss wl) sean aan 43 Bartle: (eae) ee 115, 118 
Actitis macularia......... 75, 107, 149 ROSITOLUSI. | nthe en eae 42, 43 Snow ose ee 10, 17, 113, 126 
Adam and Eve...........---- 62 Baldpatesyet te ee see eat 104  Buteoborealis............:---- 109 
Adder’s Mouth, Green........- 61 Baltimores shen mene eee 83 borealis borealis........-- 89 

\WNOpoieempigmls de orale sic 62 BAL nacle seen te tiers sete 41, 42 borealis calurus.........- 109 
Adiantum pedatum var. aleuticum 51 Bartramia longicauda.......-.. 107 borealis krideri.........-- 109 
Admiral, Red.......-....-.--- 83 Basilarchia archippus.......... 83 lagopus cei 139 

\ WARDS 5 oc dopane oa oon _ 83 arthenis ee et eee | 83 platypterus platypterus. . 109 
Adceus.............-- sorte 68 IBasilemysma een eee 68 EDGIISONI. coe peenepones 109 
Aechmophorus occidentalis. ..... 103 Batson oe ee ee ee 58, 76, 95 PULG OTIS a: eo eee 139 
AGsculus.. 0.1.12. 66 BROWNS ee ete ak 76 Buttenthye ees eee ee * 82, 83 

TC GULS a ee: > elem res 69 Bates, Carlos G., review of his Muanteriss..- oe ee 83 
Agarum.........----+.eese ee 157 “Research Methods in the Butterwortee soos oss esse 140 
Agelaius phoeniceus........-.- 112 Study of Forest Environ- Buzzard....--.-.-----"----"- 35 

phoeniceus arctolegus...... 112 mente ce De 160 Cotto 139 
Aglais antiopa........-.---+-+ 83 Batrachiane ene ee 68 Honey ne eee eas 139 

_ _milberti........-.-----.- 83 Bauer, Miss, article by........ 17 Rough-legged.........--- 139 
Aix SpGnsd.........-----+++: 104, 148 Baxter, Donald, article by..... 17 Turkeye pee ee 76 
TGP, Se OS Gis GS OS 6 ODIO orcas 157 Bear Cy ORE 2 RE eR val 
Albatross..........----+--+:- 97 Beauty, Camberwell........... 83 
Alea torda.............-.+---: 45 Beaverton em ee es 70, 71, 72 
Alces americanus.........+---- 27 Beaches it Se Ree: 35 
Alga, Freshwater........-.--- 40 Beetle, Chrysomelid........---. 148 Calamospiza melanocorys...--.- 115 
Alga-mould.............----- 7 Ground? 2.3) ee 176 Calcarius lapponicus.......---- 113 
AIG Gils sonBie be ages poclueme er 45 Bent, scohon Cleveland, review lapponicus alascensis . . 118 
Amblystoma j2ffersonianum..... 159 of his “Life Histories of lapponicus lapponicus . ..10, 126 
Ambystoma tigrinum ........-- 81 North American Petrels ornatus SE ee. ANNE 113 
Amelanchier canadensis.......- 78 and Pelicans and Their DiCtuseen a ert I eer 113 
Ammodramus bairdi.......---- 113 Allies”? and his “Life His- Calidris canutus......---+- 16, 74, 107 

EQUGACIIUS == Oe ae: 10 tories of North American Calopogon.........---+--++-:: 

savannarum australis. ...- 10 Wild Fowl”... <0... 2222. 96 Calopogon pulchellus.......---- 87 

savannarum bimaculatus... 113 Bernicla canadensis.......-.---- 74 Calypsomenr joer tae 61, 62, as 
Amphion nessuS.......-+-+---- 132 Berry, Edward W.., article by.. 131 bulbosa.......22--225--\-= A 
Am dvhipod PT en eet Sah wich 161, 162, 163 Berry, Ss. Stillman, review ae Camptolaimus eid cao prtbLs oo 
Anas platyrhynchos........-.-- 104 articlibyeeee ee te 19  Camptorhynchus labradorws . a 

RLDLO DES ee ee hee 72,104 Biological Excursion to Anti- Camptosorus.....-.-+++++-+7°" a 
Anderson, "Rudolph Martin, ar- costi Island, A.........-- 161 rhizophyllus.....----+--- 

RIGID Totewio oes titular 27 Birches (et ae ee 187 Canachites canadensis......---- 108 
ANCURYEIIG ieee eens cine cio ciccacton 193 Birds of Ottawa, Theo. ee 10 canadensis canace.....--- x8 
Anodonta marginata.......---- 163 Birds of Saskatchewan.......-- 101 Canada Goose at Home, The. . 7 
Anser albifrons.........----- 105, 194 Bison ee eee REX) Canaryewee oe ee 120, 143, 171 
nitelope:taeee ae eee ss oe 169 Bison bison athabascz.......--- 189 WailGlcacceccoe 113, 142, 148, 144 
Anthus rubescens.......-- 15, 117, 146 Bittern’. ope hare eee 32, 74, 87 Canvasback.......------++-«-- 

Spraguet...-....-..--:-: 117 ee EP GR Bia se eso cies 106 Cardinaleshhs: eee 11,17, 18 
Antrostomus vociferus vociferus.. 111 eastern tee 10, 106,118,129  Cardinalis cardinalis.......---- 18 
ANOIS 05 Ep Seana come 20 Reed Cuckoo inieviemnt: cardinalis cardinalis...-.- 11 
Aplectrum hyemale........---. 62 taba; whee. oe 64 Cardium corbis.......---++++-- a 
Apocynum androsaemifolium.. 80 Blackbird, Brewer’s.........-- 20, 112 Caribidae......----++2+ 2 a 
Apomotis cyanellus.........--- 85 Red-winged.........-.-- 112 @aribou ee 5 c0 seeped 168, 185, 186 
Aquila chrysaétos.......-- 89, 109, 139 Reece ie ED 20, 112, 125 Barren Ground......---- 
Aquilegia canadensis........--- 86 Yellow-headed.......... 20, 112 Carpodacus purpureus DUDES ane 
Aralia coloradensis.........--- 69 Blarina brevicauda........---- 120 112, 2 
Arche sabre sep ievega = 2 = ies 83 Blueberry..........0..0--0005 180 Carterocephaius palaemon.....-- 8 
Archibuteo ferrugineus....-.--- 109 Bluebird 1 16, 17, 21, 39, 58, 118, 120, 147 Catbindeeeen maar ete 15, AD: 117 

lagopus sancti-johannis. . .89, 109 Stee een 118 Cathartes aura septentrionalis. . 108 
Archilochus colubris.....-..--- 90,111 WMourtainee en. cases 11g Catocala blandula......-.----- 171 
PANT CUIC NG m eerste Srile  2 2 = 82 BObG line hee el rca 112 . briseis....-5-+2---222-5- 170 
Arctostaphylos uva-urst........- 149 Bob-whites. (220 o:.6 2.02 168,188 cerogama.....-+.--+-++-+-: 171 
Ardea herodias..... pode ume an< 106 Bonasa umbellus togata.......-. 108 concumbens....----+-:+-- vue 

herodias herodias.......-- 74 Bombycilla cedrorum...... 12,115, 127 jNehttHe sain ob aocp A220 988 = an 

herodias treganzai........ 106 garrulas...6. 2 A 12,115 relict@. ....--+2-4+5+-5:- 7 
Arenaria interpres morinella....75, 108 [Bow sia GHAGITROS - oo oe 189 A VOnI Gee eee Oe ie 

melanocephala.........-- 149 Botaurus lentiginosus......-.-- 74,106 UNIJUGA...-------+ 2220 a 
Arquatella tO odo e Hibs Oo 149 Botrychium obliquum var. onei- Catocalinze:.... 3. 5-6-5: --- 325 

maritima couesi.....-...- 149 dense Shoes ttc. ee 50 Catoptrophorus seminalmains in- 
ASCidianis ite ac be be ae 158 SUIHDIECS 2 3 4 op octeararc l= 50 OTNGLUS!\2 6 aac eee 107 
Asio accipitrinus..........---- 139 virginianum............. 50 Wedart eres wat ce tee ete ies 

YATES. 4 cig a8 eo bec 89, 109 virginianum var.europzeum 50 Red... -.. EO. O ri Sa Sidr © 132 

WwilsontanusS.........+-- 109, 176 Bowles, J. Hooper, review of Celerio intermedia......--+---- 
Aspiderites AS biG als ow cto osbroIe.o6 68 article Lap tab ntaeetheneNccranaed 20 lineata.....-.- Deis ee 132 
Asplenium platyneuron......... 50 Brachyramphus marmoratus.... 147 Centrocercus urophasianus...--- 108 

Trichomanes........----- 50, 51 Branchinecta.............---- 23 Cepphus grylle.......-----++-° 45 
IASter te Gate rea eed saat Daludosa.- 52-2 at Ceratomia undulosa..:..-------- 182 
Aster puniceus............+++- 82 Brantee anne ke 74, 142, 147,171, ue Cerchneis sparveria SE ar ae 117 
Astragalinus tristis............ 113 Branta bernicla glaucogastra.. Certhia familiaris americana 

PUSte SOLO me.) eee 113 CONAGENSISE eT Pe ee oF Ceryle alcyon......------++77 7° sO 

tristis tristis............. 126 canadensis canadensis... . .74, 105 alevon clio Ne ae 90,111 
Astur atricapillus atricapillus. ..89, 109 Geers hutchinsi...... 105 a eae Etat ahi Daren 
Asyndesmus lewisi........... 110,176 _,. canadensis minima. ...... 149 ULL ASOD ela aatical sb 164 
Athyrium anguatum var-etatius. " 50 British Association, The Toronto 4 ON tg 21a 164 
JEN VC es Aen On Pre One maha 145, 169, 174 Brooks eAllaniireviéw ob articles Charadrius melodus....------- 75, 108 

Greats seeking 58 z ; Mipalnaties ee eee 75,108 

yas paces tes iat een 19, 20 SEED 

Razor-billed............. 45 BOGIESAA is odode onc ue ee 161 Charitonetia albeola.......----- 105 
INVISISESS oo bos oecte0o.bR200K0 169 Brown, Roland, article by...... 17 Chat, Yellow-breasted......--- 117 

Rhinoceros............. 144,174 Bubo virginianus.............. 110 Chaulelasmus streperus....---- 72, 104 
Avocet, American............. 106 virginianus pallescens..... 110 Checker-spot, Harris’........-- 83 


AEOLDLES nt tn she apy eria swe ress ee 81 virginianus subarcticus.... 110 Chelydra serpentina........-,-- 165 


196 

Chen caerulescens.........----- 105 
hyperboreus hyperboreus. . 105 
hyperboreus TULO CLS eee 73, 105 
TOSS Ieee cos ee 105 
Chenopodiwme......-.--2---- ie 
(Chana, Gmominel, sssecsuassrse 137 
Chickadee. .... 15, 17, 18, 60, 146, 177 
INGAGKETN. 6 bcs to oe eobooeT 146 
Black-capped............ 17,18 
Chestnut-backed........ 16,177 
SINCE OMEN, cog dacoAo coos 16, 117 
IploraGlor. 5 cscaccoboooc]e 146 
Long-tailed............- 117 
Chicken, Prairie............-- 108 
Chimaeroid OREO ae RAD ean! 5 64 
Chlidonias nigra surinamensis.. 104 
Chondestes grammacus strigatus. . 113 
Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. . 111 
virginianus virginianus. . -.90, 111 
Chrysemys marginata bellit....- 164 
Chrysodomus tabulatus......--- 43 
Chthamalus dalli........------ 42 
Cinclus mexicana unicolor.....- 48 
Cinquefoil, Three-toothed.....- 51 
Circus aeruginosus.......---+-- 139 
CUNCTOCEWS) w|i 139 
CYANCUS.. 0... c cece eee ee 139 
hudsonius.......+-+++++: 89, 108 
Cirripedianeeee eae kee er Al 
Cistothorus stellaris.........++- 15, 117 
(Cons 6 bo kb aoe pam omes4. 55 128, 152 
columbianus columbianus.. 128 
Cladocera samewe scree ciel if 
Cladodactyla miniata.......---- 56 
Clam, Freshwater.......------ 163 
Clam=shrimpys. cs. see = a 7 833 
Clangula hyemalis......-.----- 73, 105 
Clark, Hubert Lyman, article by 54 
Cloak, Mourning.....-..-.--- 83 
ChubsmaGss: oa ees ie 149 
Coccyzus Cry inonI alia YB onasiteat 90, 110 
Cock-of-the-W oods.. Shas 110 
Colaptes auratus borealis EPA ch owade 90, 110 
cafer collaris......----+- 110, 111 
Columba fasciata fasciata.....-- 149 
Columbine, Wild..........---- 86 
Colymbus auritus......-+-+++:- 44,103 
[AGUOOAIB shoo ceceooeueers 103 
nigricollis californicus....- 103 
Coyoleneer Hone eer oie 119 

Comeau, Napoleon A., obituary 

GAS Ree oe cloitecate Ce 
Commas Green)... -)-).6--- 1 - = -= 83 
Aina (Citss/ooueocodcenanes 83 
Compeloma producta.......-: reir 69 

Compsothlypis americana Pusillt 
1183 i UAT 


Concentration of Migratory 
Birds at Sault Ste. Marie, 
Ontario, in the Spring, The 9 
Condor, The, review of......-. 19, 39 
Conference of Provincial and 
Federal Officials........-- 


Cooks Ga) tarticlelibyiase eer WY 
Cook, Mrs. C. D., article by- . . 17 
(CoG Pane aaniscamerd do cau 74 
INGEN Go aonddoboGcCs 106 
Copepod....... AS Rates she OO ES iy A 
Copper, American..........--- 82 
IByWOMVADS Gopocagcedso0g44 82 
IUCERS ann don ooo owe DS 0 82 
Corallorhiza maculata........-- 62, 87 
CoraleRootrmycka iter ek ek 6 
COrmoranter. eee kn 72 
Common eerie 190 
Double-crested.....- 72,104, 190 
Cornus nuttallias a. eset eee 175 
Cornwall, Ira E., article by.... Al 
Cornwallius sookensis.......... 191 
CorpolithesSarc. ment sce 69 
Corvus brachyrhynchos........- 112 
brachyrhynchos brachyrhyn- 
COS ise s5 > cope te A RAS 112, 125 
CONG OSs och tosh 0) EN 139 
corax principalis........ iV. a 
Corydalis, Pale. i Pee eats NSPE a 
Corydalis sempervirens......... 51 
COSA IGE ier ans, NER eS BT, 
Coturnicops noveboracensis...... 106 
Coturniculus passerinus........ 10 
Cowbird.. .15, 16, 36, 58, 112, 120, 125 
Cox, Philip, article by ADEN = ee 85 


Crab. 2A ee 43, 157 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


INDEX—Continued 


Crane, Little Brown......... 106, 118 
Nand hills see eee 106 
Wihoo pin gaan een ee ete 106 

Creeper, Brown........ bowler oueploleg 

Creeper) Virginias eee 18 

Criddle, Norman, article by. . 121 

Crinoid. ERR EEE Ons tlic chick SNC NICHE NE 193 

Croceihiaalban nee een 75, 107 

Crocodgiian te A eres BPE one 68 

Crocodylusse eee Lee 68 

Crossbillteeeeeee 20, 37, 119, 120, 140 
Aimericaninscroacnciers 1125 1195 120 
Bendire’s 020. .00h.5. 66 120 
1810 ASS Mee: Wee rr oc eae 140 


White-winged...... 

efefaje set 7, 118, 119, 120, 126, 140 
Crow, 9, 17, 18, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 
59, 60, 64, 125, 139, 144, 145, 167, 174 


ANTONE blo aoclaoo aod 50 112 
(Chitin oSooobbace cla ddoo 139 
Crustacean cee pric iaria neerrion 1 
Cryptoglaux acadica..........- 110 
acadica acadica.........- 90 
funerea richardsoni....... 109 
Cuckoo, Black-billed.17, 64, 65, 78, 90 
Yellow-billed Pera CU ais As 10 
Cucumartaye eee eo. baysh. La\s}., B70 
Cucuinarnian een oe ane: 54, 57 
COMMON soo 50ncdevanes 54 
chronhkjelmt...........--- 5b, 57 
lissoplaca.........-.--- 55, 57 
ire 5 Sab seo os bon aon ec bby 57 
MONO oo snadacadane ate 56 

DUDE OLO eete eree 56 
DODULUCT ae cis een terekt 56 
OMNIA s 5 soos ooe 55, 56, 57 
trachyplaca......------ 55, 56 

OER: son obs Sn OS oe Ceo e 57 
CurlewaBiskimon. 951 eser ia 15 
lnlibioormeha eno caae SouDoc 75, 188 
Long-billed......- teh 108 
Currant blacks] oer eer 180 
1geeVol seers og piaye Ooo b,c. cure 180 
CuGworm eee nee ec 176 
Cyanocitta cristata........-.--- 112 
cristata cristata........--- 125 
ISECLLCT UR ate oie eee a 112 
stelleri annectens......--- 112 
stelleri stellert....-------> 176 
Cyclodusigigas. =. -22 AT 
Gyiclostomenee eerie eis 64 
Cygnus buccinator.......-.--- 105,179 
columbianus.....---++-:: 105 
(Chymmatoechivnen, Gace sasoncesas 62 
Cypripedium.......++++++++++ 62 
artelinwm......--++-+--> 61, 87 

RAPS WET eee aie ele: 62, 87 
PASSETINUM....--- +++ 222 62 


Dofilonacutawee ne 1h eae eens 73 
acuta tzitzihoa........ 16, 73, oe 
Dale, EH. M.S., article by....-. 
Danaus archippus.....-.++++++ 82 
Darapsa DUGUISHR Eien eis 132 
Dean’s Bibliography of Fishes. 63 
Deer PR et: ed RS Ein ae CANE 28, 145 
See SUR Ott Biel crc tc Otocg 164 
Pinte. (AML de cacs dance 28,168 
DeLury, Ralph E., article by. . 21 
Dendroica aestiva aestiva. 5 ils}, 116, 127 
aestiva morcomt......---+ 116 
aestiva rubiginosa.....--- 116 
auduboni auduboni....... 116 
caerulescens caerulescens. . . 13 
HOM NA, oacecadsvondued 4,116 
(pak Saab andaodoodee aon 1 
COTGRGEG a) «tare le\oileoeeieini> =n 13,116 
coronata ccronata......--- 127 
GUSCOLO TMU eer steed 58 
AMAT ials | clause algae sae, 2 14,116 
MMGAGMGUUG) ays ale) ates ets 13, Ars, 127 
palmarum hypochrysea. . 14 
palmarum palmarum.....- 14, 116 
pensyluanicd.......+..-+. 14,116 
SUMOLO ARR atch 14, 116, 127 
MOURA OO Mc orace omibin eo oO 13,116 
OO Ed les nob niece ton oo 14 
VULENS ae ee eaten bette 14, 116, 127 
Desmostylus hesperus.......+-- 191 
Diatom, Freshwater........... 40 
Diekeissellcs seach 11, 44, 115, 1127 


[VoL. XXXVIII 


Dictamus fraxinella............ 17, 78 
Digger-wasp).4 0. oh saree 121 
Dinosaurs ss a. eee 67, 68, 69, 131 
Dinesaurig?. .. ) 22 eee 68 
Dippere oie cjs0cconee oe eee 48, 49, 50 
DogsWiater. (. sues eeeee 
Dogbane, Spreading........... 80 
Dogwood: : .. ice noe 175 
Dolichonyx oryzivorus.........- ue 
Donacia prowima..........+-+- 
Dove, Mourning. . .10, 89, 108 
Dovekie.’. S405 0008 See eee 
Dowitcher 94.4.0 reeeee 107, 188 
Long-billed............. 107 
Dryobates pubescens.........-- 110 
pubescens medianus....... 90 
pubescens nelsoni........- 110 
VULGSUS 0... ce 90 
villosus leucomelas........ 110 
Dryopteris as ene eee 50 


pub os, A. D., review of article 
Duck, Sinn as 71, 13;) 18) STeoe. 
91, 142, 148, 145, 171, 174 


Black... .72, 84, 92, 93, 104, i1s8) 
134, 135, 144, 154, 155, 156, 177 
Eider a /\awalla Melle okenetenenay eee 170 
Greater Scaup.......... 105, 118 
Harlequint eerie 73,169 
Wabradorse eee 58, 73 
Lesser Scaup....... Page ates 73, 105 
Mallard) \iemiserieieens 78, 142, 136 
Old=squaw.) seni 
Pin-tail) 0. Speers 15 EXO ibe 
Ring- netke ccayeaeee 
Sse , 93 ,96, 105, 148, 136 
Ruddy hc. eee 
Scaup).)...10 set eee te 
Tealesitc) ee ae 76 
Western Harlequin..... 148, 149 
Wood, nis see 91, 104, 148 
Dumetella carclinensis.......-- 15,117 
Eagle. ..35, 60, 144, 145, 164, 167, 168 
Bald,..:..-5. ae 144, 148, 155 
Golden......... 89, 109, 139, 144 
Kamchatka Sea......-... 20 
Northern: Balden-eieier 89,109 
White-tailed.:....:-.-.-- 139 
Eagle Snaring among the Bella- 
coola Indianse ere 167 
Echinoderm.........-----+++: 193 
Ectopistes migratorius .......-- 89,108 
1A ReecianiNnc ciclo to's O60 63 
Hider syahiccs ¢ se cle eee ees 73 
King... ic aur eee ene 13 
INonthernie oes 13 
IQ ET EG. Soins aves cine eee ene eee 157 
Elanoides forficatus.........--- 108 
Elfin, Brown........+--+5-+-> 82 
Empidonax difficilis difficilis. . 176 
flaviventris........-«.-- init, 125 
MAUNAMUS. «0-6 oe lee ies Talal alps) 
trailli alnorum......---- 111, 125 
tratlli traille 2 2.- ~ eels BBl 
MPA AORS domo a bcd so ae ce 111 
Enodia portlandia........----- 83 
Entomostraca.. .- = ser rae a 
Ephemeroid.........-+---++++: 164 
Epipactis, Broad-leaved....... 62 
EUPUDACtS). ..-.....+ mie) heen nee 87, 88 
Unies ogncoacanacasc: 62 
PUbESCENS. ...- +++ -e-e-e= 61, 88 
Gorski sabnococ ss a eteye 62 
Eptesicus fuscus fuscus.....-..- 95 
MN Quisetumseee rs erence fet 
Equisetum.....-+- +++ seers eens 
arcticum......--+-+> 69, 131, 13 
Haydentts. . . =. sess sa 132 
laevigatum......-..+.++-- 1382 
POUUSITE, we cls 2 ener 148 
Parlatonivea ce ae etree 132. 
perlaevigatum.......+.+++: 132 
Ereunetes pusillus......+-+-+-+-- 75,107 
Erismatura jamaicensis.......- 105 
HBubranchipus........--.2- 552 250 
GARB. cons nooo 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8 
Euomphalide............--+:> 150 
Euphagus carolinus........--112,125 
cyanocephalus........-+-- 112 
Euphydryas phaéton.........-- 83 


December, 1924] 


Huphyllopoday. )\arse asi est 7,8 
Euphyllopods, Further Notes on 
(Canadian eee cies s « if 
Eupomotis auritus............. 86 
Eurymus philodice...........-- 83 
Evasterias troscheliit............ 193 
Exhibition of Wild Life Photo- 
eraphsy UNE rset ees 159 


Exploration into the Northern 
Plains North and East of 
Great Slave Lake, Includ- 
ing the Source of the 


Coppermine River, An.... 183 
Eye, Pearly........ Seg Eee 83° 
HaIny=SHGIMN Pc < cls oes sss es i, 4b BS 
Falco columbarius columbarius. .89,109 
columbarius richardsont . 109 
ISUCUILOLLOS EMM hn vaish ess eacd “89, 109 
MICE LTCIIUILS Sea Rese = faua\-syisasych 109 
DELEGUERUS = 3) o:)4 snes layeree 139 
peregrinus anatum........ 89,109 
rusticolus gyrfalco........ 109 
rusticolus obsoletus........ 89 
rusticolus rusticolus 109 
ETEGOOULE OMe nieces. ss sisoaas ole 139 
Falcon, Peregrine............- 32,139 
PRET Tie ees ar Oe. = cis asses Batre 50, 51, 87 
2 Alpine Maidenhair....... 51 
Bram Se evollivens «eee 51 
GACY Aree os maps secieve sess 50 
Little Grapes ve.cchosyass = 50 
Wiaidenthains a. csc = 9-1 51 
PVA GoleSNa keen isrsisl ie) oi 50 
Spinulose Wood.........- T7 
AVViaUlE eR oo. see ers cctieue ee 50 
Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy. . 113 
Purple.. Pig ol oos 112, ‘119, 126 
Sharptailed ote tre ies ee ae 10 
Finding Range for Canada’s 
Tita Ole) eae ocecamsuedensisncaes 2 189 
WMiickereir: sciesisse: 39, 58, 137, 178, 179 
ONG aleeseae cipees. cParsktbecele shoe 90,110 
INI@EWB EO oa sia eae ee 110 
Red-shattediic... 06+... 110 
Yellow-shafted.......... 110 
Flycatcher, Acadian........... 10, 37 
INGSES hoo a hee Supple 125 
Crested......... 1) Pls lala iB) 
MGC ASCE evenel Siaie ictias=).s sys 37, 111, 125 
Olive-sided ol aa 87, 87, 111, 125 
PES eyes, 5 2s vapeua occ = apaleges 111 
WES ee peo no Bo een 176 
VEE HSS 5 Bip oie Clonee 111 
Yellow-bellied.......... ible 117455 


Food Value of an Equisetum 
from the Lance Formation 


of Saskatchewan, The.... 131 
NOX peera ys Sieve Shot encase ois yaa. che 186 
Fratercula arctica arctica....... 44 
IDG 5 SiS Ho doen oe CO OTe ae 157 
iieananvenrvcand. .. 2 .0-+.--- 74, 106 
SMT a aay teeersrrey- ro eens iete bsasps sesh 194 
Fulmaris glacialis glacialis...... 194 
FUR GUL Se oy iaresc se NINE ort 0i 35 164 

UNCED KIS > ocae oad baeos = 163 
Further Notes on the Ferns of 

Hatley Quescssvisiee aisha 50 


Further Notes on the Orchids of 
Hatley, Stanstead County, 
Quebec, 1923.......-5.... 61, 86 

Further Notes on the Rhopalo- 
cera or Butterflies of Hat- 
ley, Stanstead County, 


MuchbecmOZ8 ee oc aca 82 
Gadwall anes cron eee ate) ave 72, 93, 104 
Gallinago delicata............. 74, 106 
Gallinula chloropus cachinnans. . TA 
Gallinulets 6 Siaates. asatecee 92 

PlOrid ay sey eka oe See 74, 133 
Gammarus fasciatus. .......... 162 

US TUCO a6 sabe eed oo 161, 162 
Ganneta7k foes fais De: 44, 46, 93, 96 
Ganoidtn Wie et ee Shs ied aaee 4 
Garpikey in sve eto) os, eee 66 
Gasterosteus atkinst............ 164 


Gastropod)..:... shed aan Ace 150 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


INDEX—Continued 


Gayicadanstaep eee eee 103 
ANUIMOT ever osentioe rales Binns ee 44,103 
DACiCH sce tt ee 103 

Ganaistellatasy. eee 44,103 

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. . . 116 
trichas trichas........... 15 27 

Gerrhonous as: sso eee 47 
scincicauda scincicauda.. . 47 
Scincicauda webbii........ AT 

Gilbert, Charles H., review of 
articleby Stes oeee e nae 20 

Glaucidium gnoma............. 176 

Glaucionetta clangula americana.73,105 
Aslan cane ee 73 

Godwit, Hudsonian........... 107 
Marbled’yx face boone 107 

Golden=ey ers sss 75 <a oer. i, 183 
American............ 17, 73, 105 
IBaLrowsSen ass se eee ee 73 

Goldfinch hae eee 17, 18, 119, 126 
Americans. 42S 113 

ESS ee a Retele Cone Suse 113 

Goodyera Perk Re ee 88 

Goosen...) eee 27, 142, 145, 166, 174 
IBlUGH ce ee ee 105, 118 
Cackling) iss. eee 149 


Canada. .44, 59,70, 71, 72, 74,90, 
91, 105, 124, 194 


Greater Snow........... 73, 105 
Grey eee omen Seen 78 
Hutchinsa eee eee 105 
Messer Snow. ajocceaee 105, 158 
IVOSSiSi SO Wee See 5 
SNOW Meena tor Ghee Aes 74 
White-fronted. . .44, 74, 105, 194 
Gophers ncaa ea eee 128 
Goshawkes espe ror noe 8, 89, 109 
American ery onc tee 
Gates ose ieee ieee 164 
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray........ 10, 16 
Gracklere ccd soph eee 5o 
Bronzed. .17, 18, 36, 64, 112, 125 
Grasshopper caeee eee eee eee 24 
Greben sek e be 137, 143, 145, 164, 174 
Bareg eee ae 103 
iHoliboellish sees 31, 103, 137 
Horned’... ieee eee 44,103 
Ried-billede ape eeee 103 
Red=neeked../......)... 137 
Westerns. sosassaeeee 31, 103 
Grinnell, J., review of article by 20 
Grosbeak, American Pine...... 20 
Black-headed............ 114 
BIVenIn gS pera 18, 36, 112 
Pine, 17, 18, 36, 112, 125, 148, 174 
Queen Charlotte......... 20 
Rose-breasted....... A a, 
Grousen york tin teas 32, 145 
IB IhbiS ete ee eas cee Sa eee 120 
Canada Ruffed Syne cian eee 108 
Pinnated-anck come pee 108 
Prairie Sharp-tailed...... 108 
Ruffed. . .17, 18, 40, 77, 147, 188 
SAGE wdc A oe hs eee 108 
Spruceny tease eee 77,108 
Gisiaientcan ine ee 106 
comadensisee tee eee 106 
Mexican tetear 106 
Guillemot, Black.............. 45 
Pigeon wae. corte 174 
Gull. . .20, 34, 36, 84, 91, 143, 164, 174 
Bonaparte’s........46, 104, 148 
Californians ase so) oe 103 
ran loliness.erereeasisustalerseehe 103 
Glauecoustere ee eee 20, 45 
Glaucous-winged........93, 148 


Great Black-backed...... 
Beste 45, 92,170, 190 


Herring...... 
te 18, 45, 103, 190, 193, ae 
ae Eis gcecs operant ae 
TV. OLY Sao eee ee i le een re 
Ring_billed BR cco esKap ave 17, 45, 103 
Sabine'stctn ce coe oeiers 104, 148 
SEA ais cccusecee orcverncus 144 
Short-billedaa.sasneee ee 103 
Western). 4o..e.-2004s aoe 20, 34, 36 
Gyrfalecontepistpiie coset cree 109 
Blackay gia ss 5 lev eene 89 
Grayvee feces seo cl hieneianr. 109 
WihIteN esc. c enh eecenets 20, 89, 109 


197 
Habenaria Andrewsii.......... 
blephariglottis...... +..51, 61, 87 
blephariglottis var. holo- 

DELAldice rumen see 61, 87, 58 
bracteata eee eee 
UMM eee ogncuaisonouscc ae 
dilatata var. media....... 61, 88 
lOO eee int tat 3 eee 1 
Hooker ee a eee 86 
Der DOred ee 88 
TLACTODICUIL ee ee 87 
OLDiCuloLg eee eee 87 

Habrosyne scripta............. 83 


Haemorrhagia diffinis, var.aethra 132 
thysbe (Form cimbiciformis) 132 


Hairstreak..... Rcghbicet aera se 82 
Acadianiaa dace oncom 82 
Striped) fo 24 epee 82 

Haren at albiccllopeee eee 139 
leucocephalus alascanus...89, 109 

Halosydna fragilis............. 193 
Dulchtan eee 193 

are sh oropeaneeeenen eee 168 

Harmothae lunulata, var. Syn- 

ADEA ceos eee enees ne 193 
Harporhynchus cinereus........ 15 
Harriers ja npeye ee eee 35 

ene a cree ee 139 

Marshiso ee eee tee 139 

Montagu epi 139 
Hawk. .8, 17, 31, 32, 35, 36, 59, 60, 102, 

144, 174 

American Rough-legged.. . 109 

American Sparrow....... 109 

Broad- -winged IoC 109 

Coopersh eee: 32, 108, 118 

Ducken eee 37, 89, 109 

Ferruginous Rough- legged. 109 

USNs ech ee 109 

Miarshi. ence ci 34, 89, 108 

Pigeons eee eee noe 89, 109 

Red-tailed. ............. 89, 109 

Rough-legged............ 89 


Sharp shinned.. . . .32, 33, 60, 89, 

108, 175, 176 
Sparrow:cee oo eee 17, 32, 89 
Swalnsonis-e eee eee 109 


Western Red-tailed...... 


Hedymeles ludovicianus. ...11, 114, 127 
melanocephalus.......... 114 
FHelleborine) i a een 62, 63 
Helobdella stagnalis............ 163 
Henheathetrps cs. oe) reroee 34 
Prairies eisai wetter 108 
Henderson, A. D., articles by... 8, 70 
Heodes epixanthe.............. 82 
hypopiic GShan eee nee 82 
LOCALS USS So 82 
FELCRONI ee, ee ee 33, 87, 145 
Black-crowned Night..... 106 
GreathBlucheen iene 74, 106 
erring eee 1 serene 43 
Hesperiphona vespertina........ 112 


Hirundo erythrogastra. ....12, 115, 127 
Histrionicus histrionicus histrion- 


COWS re cacsuss stays esta ee 73 

histrionicus pacificus...... 148 
Hobby-ante ote ck eee ee ee 139 
Hobson, William Daily, obituary 

Ob etats odes eee ee 192 
Holothuria inhaerens........... 54 
Eiolothuniane eee nee 54, 55, 193 


Home Life of the Columbian 


Ground Squirrel, The. . .128, 151 
HMorsetaill ey56.. heen oes 148 
umm ing bird ase ees 144 

Ruby-throated....... 90, 94, 111 
Haalellajiaztek@ein = ane aeen see ee 163 
Hydrobates pelagicus..:........ 46 
ly GOId sae cet eee Te 158 
Hylocichla alicig alicie........ 16, 118 

alicie bicknelli........... 16 

fuscescens fuscescens...... 16, 146 

fuscescens salicicola....... 118 

guttata pallasi....... 16, 118, 146 

MUUStELINGde Nee oe 16 

ustulata swainsoni. . .16, 118, 146 
Elymenopteray eae ei 121 


198 
Icteria virens virens.........+-- 117 
Icterus bullocki...........-.--- 112 
GHbinltin a aceon0ns00905¢ 112 
PGuanduus:. 22... - 22-2 ee 68 
Tncisalia augustus........-.--- 82 
Indian, Menomini...........-- 40 
INGHAM Goooogcsnoudes 40 
ahUSOnia eee ieee ieee aorta 7 
Intelligence Behaviour in Lizards 47 
Tridoprocne bicolor.......- PA, italy, WAT 
lOO bo AcoeooavovansoadanaHs 161 
liar CROC. 2 ooconboGoudosOr 83 
Txobrychus exilis..........---- 106 
Jack, Whisky..........------- 112 
Jaeger, Long-tailed...........- 45 
Parasitic oe eveiei-tst 45, 103, 118 
IPOMAariner eerie treater 103, 148 
JEMfaba ceo te eed eilsidios clabic'o oc 44, 136 
WIS. c seed 40 17, 18, 39, 112, 125 
Canadaseeee ence 12S T255 193 
© SMES. os'clod. goes cleo 12, 176 
Johansen, Frits, articles by...:. 1, 161 
Johnstone, M., article DYsrereiey ste 17 
HUN. eg socseoemoodads nave mac 17 
Pink=sicdledeamneeeeie 103, 114 


Slate-colored....11, 92, 114, 126, 
154; 155, 156, 177, 178 
Junco hyemalis hyemalis. . pala 114; 126 


hyemalis mearnsi........- 114 
TULNCUS a OE ee 162, 163 
JUWMAD IOAN os coda doesonasiesass¢ 718 
IMMA odomedaasanbe pation cos 58 
Kabara-goya.......-....----- AT 
LONGER. oa cooacespno anus 75, 108, 188 
Killer Whales at Green Island 

ILrelovE NOTRE), a6 Gocco ska G05 = 84 
LGAs, Me deo unooadeccUSGe de 163 
USAC. Soocoagancasexe 90, 111, 120 

INDANIERE 4 5 Aco kh coo eso. 111 
LUGmyaidne, o odbooooesoeoogeEe 49 

Belted aracus seueneek 17, 90, 110 
‘Kinglet, Golden-crowned... .16, 17, 21, 

24, 87, iblyG, 118, 146 

Ruby-crowned...... 16, 117, 146 

Soi Ee), Saha cup ees cree cheep tates. oc 177 
Kingston, Lois R., article by... 18 
ieoaralioiavalie. op > com eeaodco noo 149 
EUG Ea sate tore oie naire ches weeenelate Motes 35, 139 

Swallow-tailed.......... 108, 118 
Kea ttiwakesarinen cence Er 45 
LeGaolrn APS cue gtearchoeo actors 74,107,118 
WacerimMoccellavwsnnname nee 47 
Ladies’ Tresses, Hooded....... 62 

INoddingeererreaeinn ice 61, 88 

Slender: <ceeen sence Me 
adyabaimtedeamennk icine: 83 
Lady’s Slipper, Ram’s Head.... 61, 87 

SHOW Wisc: ene isle ieteeneney or 62, 87 
Lagopus lagopus lagopus....... 88,108 

rupestris rupestris........ 89 
LHR. coe doob eo dobesoe a6 157 
LGONTUSIOOTEAUIS aera eee IZA, satis). AAT 

ludovicianus excubitorides. . 15 

ludovicianus migrans...... 12 
Lanivireo flavifrons............ 113), TUL 

solitarius solitarius....... 13,115 
Laportea canadensis........... 80 
WG OTLB «sy eto ecsya sale cred Cae 20 
Lark, Desert Horned.......... 112 

HoOrnednweree oe Wyle Pays Bits TIAN 

Paldtornediys aac 111 

Praiievkloune Wer ere Wala 

Saskatchewan Horned.... 112 
Lorusiorgentanisnmerna enn cee 45, 103 

brachyrhynchus.......... 103 

CANWTORNICUS aE et 103 

delanwonensishs seen ee 45, 103 

eh MTU Ar Pin eo ae RO 103 

DLOUCCBCE ER reine eee : 148 

WY DERDOTCUB ye tee ee 45 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


INDEX—Continued 


Larus leucopterus ............ 45 
MOTUNUS 2.6 8 Ee mi ep 
philadelphia 46, 104, 148 

TFOETAS eee 2c S se eae ee 

Teeehi ts, 5: iit De ennep eee 162 

TEM NGEN Les Go}. GS eek a ALA nods 66 
SCULALE ay Ah Rene he eek 69 

Lepisosteus occidentales......... 68 

Leptosynapta inhaerens........ 54, 193 

LESSON eso as 5 ERG oe 157 

Leucosticte tephrocotis.......... 113 


Lewis, Harrison F., articles by 
APR ale bs 43, 72, 88; 125, 146, 168 


Eilium canadense:............- 138 
philadelphicum........... 138 
ily Scarlet... caer 138 
Murkis-capene eis eeee 138 
WildiOrangene iene 138 
amenitisisvby lla eee 83 
JOT PONS cis eR A ooo oe " 
OAD s nanooscnencec 6 
OULU Ie eee eee re ie AS Grat 
Limnodromus griseus griseus. 107 
griseus scolopaceus.......- 107 
TiMOSCHEdOG Met ee 107 
ROCTIOST CC Na eee 107 
D Gyba'il oft) pee cee enor eRD ee NY et de 43 
RANT C tPA a) SM seals enlace aes 171 
iEipariswsoeseliinn eee 62 


List of Birds Recorded from the 
Island of Anticosti, Que- 


beckeriscuncicens: 43, 72, 88, 125, 146 
Listera auriculata............. 61 
Wizards Hai gecrs.siscs wos se cn AT, 8k, 82 

Alligators. Sosatine ae AT 

NC ee eee en lices AT 

Platedea ys ciacecc iss cients 47 
Lloyd, Hoyes, articles by.....-. 10,17 
Lobipes lobatusi ni he ee 74,106 
Longspur, Chestnut-collared. ..10, 113 

Lapland....... 10, 113, "126, 147 

WMic@ownisnna.areeecnte 113 

ainted yee hrce cee ere i513} 

SMIthis* 05) is oe ee 113 
Moonteeeenor 44, 60, 148, 164, 170, 190 

Black-throated crete 108, faa! 147 

Commons eee eee eee 9,103 

Pacifics) nce ibs’ 118 

Red-throated....... 44,103,137 

Yellow-billed...........- 39, 103 
Lophodytes cucullatus.........- 72,104 
LOpiGSpincp ee eee eee eee 151 

occidentalis...........- 151 

(OOM TVONISO 5 co 55505022200 151 

LODLCODROnCe pee at 151 
Loxia curvirostra minor.......-- 112 

lewcoptera........... 87, 113, 126 
LOHAN ho Gu IRRe Recto petals 162,163 


MacLoghlin, Mrs. F. E., article 


LON get nen cree ooo a ily 
Wingibinhe. soccodeuuouaabe 4c 150 
Macrocystis pyrifera..........- 157 
Miao pies ia riareiants. ciqsgcuanees 19, 34, 36 

American es 2) 2 sysucnchonek 112 
WAGE NTTUURUs aocecoaconobouee 63 
Malaxis monophyllos.......... 62 

AMUOULG renee teehee 61, 62 
Malcolm, Miss, article by...... 17 
Mallard... .98, 104, 119, 133, 134, 144, 

155, 157, 190, 191 
Malmgrenia nigralba........... 193 
MAI POMS s5 0000000000000 6€ 63 
Man we rehistonl caster erie 17 
Maple, Mountain............. 80 
Mareca americana............. 104 
WICH CHOI soo oa non anno pod 73, 105 

(WPAPURMMno ogo doacevoebs 73, 105 

collaniseer Saeki 73, 105, 148 

LON COLLETA EL eR eR EERE BCs hole 73, 105 

OHOSHOATO GK 6 o's hod 6 noe ae ero 105 
Marta on eniveetiiaiairate ney anes 138 
Martens tennis sivaauchdiesunue 168 
Miaxtinesetinplenerienaecer 12,115, 194 
McKeough, George T., article By 187 
MeMillan, G. O., article by.. 17 
McQueston, (Oe, article LOMO o.cnis 17 
Meadowlark.................. 58 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


Melanerpes erythrocephalus..... 110- 
erythrocephalus erythroph- 
thalmus.....2 .1.:< coe 110 
Melospiza georgiana....... 11, 114, 126 
lincolni lincolni...... 11, 114, 126 
melodia juddi.........--- 114 
melodia melodia..... 11, 114, 126 
Melitzohartisisss see oes 83 
Merganser....... 18, 72, 143, 170, 174 
‘Americans, ose eee 19, 96, 104 
Hooded: «ohn, 2 ..cep bee 72, 104 
Red-breasted.........--- 72,104 
Mergus americanus........-.-- 72,104 
serrator :.. .ccens anne eee 72, 104 
Merlin, Richardson’s.........- 109 
Merula migratoria........-.-+- 38 
Micropalama himantopus......- 107 
Microstylis ophioglossoides..... - 61 
Microtus: oo 54 eae 37 
Mills, Miss, article by.......-- ile 
Milousictinus: fee eee 139 
Mimus polyglottos polyglottos. . 146 
Miner, Jack, review of his "Jack 
Miner and the Birds”. 59 


Miscellaneous Bird Notes from 
Southern Vancouver Is- 
land, -1923))2 009s eee 147, 175 
Mitchell, Tei, Hedley, article by. 101 


Mniotilta varia. ...!.. +... 13, 115, 127 
Moccasin Flower, White....... 62 
Mocking birds3 eee 146 
Mollusks); 2) eee ~,... 158,163 
Molothrusiater). a0. 2 oe ee 112 

ater artemisig......----+-- 112 

ater ater: ..02)-e eee 125 
Monarchi. -) eee eee 82 
Monitor... eee eee eee AT 
Monster; Gila)... so eee AT 
Moose). 3 2 icin keculaae eee 27, 28,168 
Moran, J., article by.....-.--- 84 
Moris bassana.......---+--+-+ 46 
Morris, Frank, article by. ...-. 24, 51 
Moss, Caribou.......- 0.52" 140 
Mouse, Lemming......-...---: 37 

Pine’. |. So Re eee 37 


Red-backed......-.----. 37 
Mousley, Henry, articles by, 61, 82, 86 
Mudpuppy-.. ese eee 81 
Munro, J. A., articles by...... 

48, 141, 147, 171, 175 
Munro, J. A., review of article by 20 


Murre ss eeer 20, 34, 45, 169, 171, 174 
Common-eee eee 190 
Murreletit sion erate 142, 145,171 
JAN cient.) ci steerer 142 
Miarbledi ie. aerineeet 147 
Musk=0x25 2 Sy oye cin cacti eaernes 29, 186 
IMuskr ath innimraticisieicet teeta 
Missal ee ei itevrcestsdetet nie rales 42 
Myadestes townsendi..........- 118 
Myitarchus crinitus........---- 111 
Myjiochanes richardsoni richard- 

SONU bi sdecs enereeee eR 111 
Myladephus bipartitus......... 68 
Myotis lucifugus.......-....-- 76, 95 
Mytella polymerus...........-. 42 
Mig tilusve cules erent ete 42 
Miyzostomaeeie sic teh eee 193 


Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. .15, 117, 146 
National Aspect of Game Con- 


servation, The........... 168 
Neecturuser icine <.cje ee eee 81 

MMGCULOSUS. . os case ene 81 
Nepeta glechoma........ abd 83 
Nereocystis Luetkiana.......... 157 
Nesting Habits of the American 

Goshawk:)) = dh ane eee 
Neition carolinense.........--- 72,104 
Nettle slenGeney.:..1-)iemiraennens 2 


Wood 
New and Rare Records of Cer- 
tain Freshwater Fishes in 


Canadair ssi steiclenbenucttens 85 


New Genus and a New Species of 
Gastropod from the Upper 
Ordovician of British Col- 


timbiaseAy, 2 1.+.)ieieenaencneene 150 
Newcombe, Charles Frederick, 
M.D., obituary of........ 191 


December, 1924] 


IN pnb oe 3 eee ia yeu. 90, 93, 111 

SYeYaNaVEVA Shs ("4 1/5 ee 111 
IN(CXGTED NAN Bee pee A 2 83 
IN CHENG OIE ES, Oo tie nema 176 


Notes on Some Game Birds in 
the County of Kent, On- 


tario, Season of 1924..... 187 
Notes on the Canada Goose in 

WADtlvaGyis cm aie ieee anet 124 
Notes on the Catocaline of Sault 

Ste. Marie, Ontario...... 170 
Notes on the Lance Formation 

of Southern Saskatchewan 66 


Notes on the Relation of the 
Dipper (Cinclus mexicana 
unicolor) to Fishing In- 
terests in British Columbia 


AMOSAIDEGtA. 5.2 v stetee 2 evens 48 
Notes on the Sphingide of Sault : 

Ste. Marie, Ontario...... 132 
Nucifraga columbiana.........- 112 
Numenius americanus........- 108 

DOMCULTSE ie greeecRefers = ec « alos (6) 

PUEOVCUISS S5e0addn0be mS 15 
Nuteracker, Clarke’s.......... 112 


Nuthatch, Red-breasted...... 
mys) e oe 15, 17, 18, 117, 146 
White-breasted...... 
Bret: tay 2s TUB, TUT, TU a ata keis SLery 


Nuitallornis borealis ...... 87, 111, 125 
INS ELC OMI CLEC 2p = aie -.c seen fake -louene 90, 110 
Nycticorax nycticorax naevius... 106 
IN RDO So ea ae Re OOO eee 148 
Waker Carletis sa 2c hmayss decxyotra’s 35 


Observations on the Habits of 
Sphex procerain Manitoba 121 


Oceanites ocednicus............ 46 
Oceanodroma leucorhoa.........- 46 
Goran racy sears ite hs © ’ 148 
Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa.... 147 
Official Canadian Record of 
Bird-Banding Returns...... 
see 91, 183, 154, 177, 190 
Oidemia americana...........- 73 
CN TAS YO Seats Beene 73, 105 
Merspicwulahd.. = 2. => - 73,105 
Qin Gtihai/5 Oa a cern Cate e oreo 13 
Oras. dao 2 ee ere 44 
COULMOLANUS)....-.5----.- 74 
Oise Os 6 qed eer Olne antes ooo 161 
OID OWS) oretcheea cme cetecks -)252 ieee 35 
OMPISOUMUS CPUS. 2655 2-0 AT 
Oporornis agilis.. .......-+-..- 14,116 
JDO 656 dadeo ape acces 14 
piiladelphia........---.- 15,116 
EOUIULE Bete pa aoe: Oa 116 
(ONKCE x ROOD coo orcs eee eS 
Onehiidecs eewrecucess. 61, 86, 87, 88, 193 
IO GK TASH a erates scesetsiersy exe 2 
OTCHISR eee ogire core oe cscgenagenhe, seers 140 
Andrew’s Fringed........ 61 
(Granepilyae ieee cron 62 
Large Round-leaved...... 87 
Mong=bractedi occ ea 86 
Northern White......... 88 
Northern White Bog..... 61 
Rallevywinites Oar ener 86 
Avibercledi cc a.seeraceersas« 61 
White Fringed........ 51, 61, 87 
Oreoscoptes montanus.......... 117 
Oriole peal timorenneeee eee 112 
Billockisns eee 103, 112, 118 
LORE ONULTIUUS 9 aie er oreye ed (aces ok 68 
Ornithorhynchus....:...-:.....- 2 


Orr, Dr. R. B., review of his 
"Twenty-fourth Annual 
Archaeological Report, 


Se ne ic ee 16 182 
Orthasterias columbiana........ 193 
GUAT eo Mee ae eo 193 
OSPLCYVE coe eee eee A siete 36, 89, 139 
PAWMIET ICA sy iye voc 3c .pe susuches ie 109 
OStracod rcs eee clin ea eee 145.7 
Otocoris alpestris alpestris...... 125 
alpestris arcticola......... 111 
alpestris enthymia........ 112 

CLUDES ITSHILOU Liner eee ieee 112 
alpestris leucolaema....... 112 


alpestris praticola........ 111 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


INDE X—Continwed 


Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 


Annual Meeting..:...... 180 

OWN GOs a pwols Sue occ etods 110, 176 
asio kennicotti Leese heart See 176 
Oven=pird) asia eee ene 14, 116, 127 
Owl, 8, 9, 31, 32, 35, 36, 59, 60, 144,174 
American Barn Agee: 109, 118 
American Hawk......... 110 
Arctic, Horned pester) 110 
Barred ficou tes Suey yaa eihtels 90 
WON MIN Gao nab oogeoes 110 
Great Gray........ 109, 118, 193 
Great Horned. Be 9; 32, 28h Wl) 
Bawls sews cyt cistepsiess ys 90 
Hong-caredaaneereniee 109, 176 
IPaahioiga obmes bnad ceo c 0 176 
Richardsonise 5 -ciie: . ee 90, 109 
Sawewhetariciasseiesrs: citer 90, 110 
Sereech....17, 18, 31, 35, 58, 60, 

110, 118, 176 

Short-eared......... 89, 109, 139 
SiTOWAZs 55 coo0ce 90, 110, 119, 144 
Oxyechus vociferus...........-- 108 
vociferus vociferus.......- 15 
Pachysphinz modesta.......... 132 
nig nao) GHWO 54500 00ceccarns 45 
1A oh) Se ean s o orolocrole a.qoo 69 
Paliurus pulcherrium.......-.- 69 
PAMISETIGh. 52 ee arte ee 150 
TVOGUSEG se eb ers pets 150 
Pandion haliaétus............- 139 
haliaétus carolinensis..... 89, 109 
Paonias excaetata...........-- 132 
MY ODS See yh eee eae 132 
Papilio cresphontes............ T7 
glaucus canadensis........ 82 
IRODDICHUY Sree ce ene 68 
lett eos aoe cUoe eae a lad 19 
PEABO has apa gd sada so nae oO 188 

Canada) Sprucesmrric-. eee 108 
IDWS Noe Gelobolo6 sha han ee 188 
European Gray.........- 168 
Hudsonian Spruce....... 108 
Ison VMN, oR eas hoc booe 108, 168 
LWihtibe  etolin. ctecelyseaeeewenees 108 

POTS IU NESCETUSt re tuciciet- tetera 16 

IPasseridomestucwSicc etter 10,113 
domesticus domesticus..... 126 

Passerculus sandwichensis alaud- 

KSA D AS PAOD Cat A ILS} 

sandwichensis savanna 10, 126 
PekcrGibeoygeamers gee Golomnd 147 
Passerella iliaca iliaca..... 11, 114, 126 

(RAM Ue oes cocoon ae 127; 147 
Passerherbulus caudacutus...... 10 

leconteveewi sy reeks uit 113 
nelsoni nelsoni..........- 10,113 

sp SS LOS enc oO OIne 115 
Feito Capek teatro CoEN ed pee 114 
Patch, etre L., articles by.... 18, 81 
[DGRITD HS Lada dadaobes se 43 
Pediecetes phasianellus campes- 

URS s ete to eis Me ias eee tioneae 108 

phasianellus phasianellus.. 108 
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos...... 104 
eta, Wile. 5 oalsaoaoac 2058 92,104 
Pelidna alpina sakhalina....... 107 
Pentacta frondosa............. 54 

(OPO 3c ao Soon boacecue 56 
ODUCT Eee A eee ee 56 

Penthestes atricapillus atricapil- 

LISS SES SRS ee AEB ROD , 146 
atricapillus seplentrion alse 117 
hudsonicus hudsonicus....16, 117 
hudsonicus littoralis....... 146 
hudsonicus nigricans...... 146 

IAG C8 WORM Bs soa Sa oek oN oon 108 
Periene oregonensis...........- 43 
Perisoreus barbouri...........- 44,125 

(GHPOMAPSOS 5 6.016 odoin ueac 44,112 

canadensis canadensis..... 125 
EGS GIDWOGUIDs oo boa 04 abou oe 139 
IPE ONNYSCUS He ee eae Etre ie 37 
Petre lie ec tenets ey temaeue 144, 171, 174 

TC ACHES AA ysis cela chekoesyedeceny 46 
SCORN ews eve ke answer ohana wate 46 
WalSOnyS): firs, = fucmehet eaeemeuete 46 


Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons 
TA, THB, AY 


199 

Pewee, Western Wood......... o2, 111 
Phalacrocorax auritus.......... 104 
CUILUS CUT See 72 
CORDON ent ee 72 
Phalaenoptilus nutialli......... 111 


Phalarope, Northern...... 
iin aeetees 74, 106, 109, 142, 174 
74 


React, ba are ee , 106 
Wilsonisiteners sents oe 74, 106 
Phalaropus fulicarius.......... 74, 106 
Pheasant, Bnglishe= 52 ses ee 188 
Phleotomus pileatus abieticola... 110 
IPhocbes ccc. 3c ee 94,111 
SAY Sscjapa.tseey aaron 103, 111 
Rhragmitesis.5.4 ees Aone ee 69 
Phrynosoma blainvillei......... A7 
Rhyllopod’..93,.5 eee Ee ee if 
Phyllopod-nauplii............. 2 
Phys 2ccitas. ce eer 163 
Physagenia Parlatorii.......... 132 
Physalis pubescens...........- 137 
Pica pica hudsonia............ 112 
Picoides americanus........... 110 
americanus americanus... . 90 
americanus fasciatus...... 110 
ONCtUCUS sae rete lS aati 90,110 
Pigeon, Band-tailed.......... 149,175 
Passenger: 3'-/... sense cae 89, 108 
Sea Stance ap teee sien a iene 143 
Wilaiks Meer, Girt oe 144 
Pinicolayenucleaton. |... se: Wile 
enucleator alascensis...... 112 
enucleator carlotiae........ 20 
enucleator leucura........ 125 
(Pintaillt 25. oc Beene 93,135 
IAIn CEiGAN neice mesic enters 73, 104 
Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythro- 
DRLOUIUSE ee eee 11 
MULCULGLILS see ea ete ake 138 
maculatus arcticus........ 114 
maculatus erythrophthalmus 114 
IPIDIE er hapincs eacenincs helene e , 146 
aL Ameri Canis severe ain ke ial) 
Sprague’shige. \camsiscs sc 117 
Piranga erythromelas........... SEs abst 
(OKO ccaecoboagess 115 
PPASCES).1 «acc. ¢. scape tate nae- Rate ee oe 68 
RUSUAUIETU tess Ge ees 163 
MW UCTIGOULE Wola Oa ER cteR 148 
2) SOUUOIO CLT. Une eae ene 107 
IESCZCOULUS pee eee ee 74, 106 
MMC Too nosacdoatonoc 74,106 
MONE 74, 106 
Pittman, H. H., article by..... 64 
Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides.. 37 
Planesticus migratorius......... 38 


migratorius migratorius 
16, 118, 146 


PVANOTDUS Ree Sate take avers aE 163 
(Riamts Gastar. ccncclercr ccna ootetonets 78 
Plantain, Downy Rattlesnake. . 61, 88 
Rattle-snake............ 87, 88 
iciae odor eee ee 68 
Pla GAMUS eros sacccy sre eee eee eRe 69 
Platanus acercides latifolia...... 69 
guillelmae heertt.......... 69 
MODUS en a er oe eee 69 
Plectrophenax nivalis.......... 113 
MUVGtUS UVC UISs = eee 10,126 
PIOVER LAE tion Aston eee 144,174 
American Black-bellied . 15, 108 
American Golden........ 108 
Black-bellied........... 169, 188 
Goldenaeeeeree 75, 169, 187, 188 
Killdeer2:3)3 2 aytesseemries 193 
Mountaineer 108, 118 
Piping al 75, 108, 188 
Semipalmated....... 75, 108, 188 
Wipland! errs ewe 3 107, 188 
Pluvialis dominica dominica....75,108 
Podasocys montanus........... 108 
Podilymbus podiceps........... 103 
RO LONIA eae ter peel eee 87 
Pogonia ophioglossoides........ 87 
Polioptila caerulea............. 16 
Roly. chactenar scm rea 193 
PolycladGsm2neato eee 56 
POY GONG ey velo wiecede a=). See 83 
FAUNUS ack tee Se eA 83 
UNLETROUAILONUS I aaa rae 83 
DHOGNE see ae carsateye 83 
SCLYT USS crue odes ae: ek 83 
Polygoniimas anes eee 11 


200 


OKANO. codcoboenocdoogouNe 
Polypodium virginianum forma 

bipinnatifidum..........- 

DULG One es ene 
Polypody, Common........... 
Polystichum Braunii........... 
Pond-Lily, Yellow............- 
IPondweeds sagOne nee re eel 
Poecetes gramineus confinis..... 

gramineus gramineus..... 
Roamnbsssoeckeeuvoveoocous 
Populus speciosa..........---- 
Porcellio scaber............--- 


Porzana caroling.........----- 74,106 


IPostilosiad eon oo ee 
Potamogeton pectinatus........- 
Potentilla tridentata..........-- 
Preliminary Report on the Des- 
truction of Birds at Light- 
houses on the Coast of 
British Columbia, A...... 
Preece, W. H. A., articles by 


ee * 132, 138, 170 

Progne subis subis.........-.-- WZ, 
Prosecutions...........------ 
Prosperpinus flavofasciata.....- 
Psaliriparus minimus........-- 
Psolus chitonoides.......-..-.- 
Ritarmicaneeeeer aes eee 

RO Cee loe ete eteratesstsene 88, 89 

WWallowsee n= fase ec 88, 89, 108 
Pteraster tessalatus........-.-- 193 
Publication Fund, Canadian 

Field-Naturalist SE 181, 194 
Publications Received... . .97, 160, 182 
Jeo S AeBaco bo eo one 44, 144, 169,174 
Puffinus griseus.......-.--.+-- 46, 


Purple, Banded:.....-.-.-..-- 


Purpura crispata.........----> 
IRutty-ooteeeae seer re 
(QUDENINE o ccto tree ceeeeb 136, 168, 176, 188 
Querquedula cyanoptera........ 104 
GiSCOTS ee eee 73, 104 
Quiscalus quiscula aeneus..... 112,125 
TR ai be NORA Pee ge Steen aren re ie a 171, 174 
SOME Soe occa ke Depo pte 
Wirral, 5 55 a00000e00059 
BYell ow Arn. ici stat ara net eetnic 106, 118 
Rallus virginianus............- 
Range of the Moose Extending 
INothwand eer 
IRENA o covdeecccssseoou0 
atblesna kerri eeraa rarer 
VA VEM 5 tite se orci ce ehepes ances tana 
IN@aI NM oooasascucs4ac ila, PAs 
Recurvirostra americana........- 
Jaeerol Opes Wits cos eccaesbece 
Redheadsen nee errieir err 73, 105 
Redpollnc.ccoeee ee eee 17, 18,174 
Common naan 
OAL Yi scgeye seis cco ene 
Redstartaccecsccric ee ee 15, 146 


INTIME 5 5 bo bi50.2.60.0.0.60 


4 
Regulus calendula calendula.16, 117, “ane 


calendula grinnelli........ 


satrapa satrapa.. .16, 87, 117, rues 


CDEC ie stern s Rene ee noes 
Rhopaloceraye ose sasha see 
Rhynchchocephalia............- 
Rhynchophanes MECOWN. . = 2) 


RDO UD ONC 2), Malay, ma 


Rissa tridactyla tridactyla....... 


Robin, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 38, 39, 49, on 
92, 93, 135, 144, 145, 146, 156, 
159, 171, 174, 177, 178, 187 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


INDEX—Continued 


Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus.... 


Some Holothurians from British 
Some Littoral Barnacles ‘from 
William Head, British Col- 


Spargenium stygium 
. .383, 126, 186, 142, 148, 144, 
145, 171, 174 


75, 107, 149, 188 


ippin 
iol, Ail, 24, 114, 120, 126, 156, 178 
Clay-colored 


Western Solitary 
White-rumped...... 
Sapindus affinis 
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied 
Saunders, W.E., article by..... 


European House..... 
w ele gia GRO EE 180 

-11, 114, 126, 147, ise. 177 
Gambel’s ’White-crowned.. 
Golden-crowned 
Grasshopper 


aielialliaiie/telepfoll'e)/ai/ain tier els\relve ts} 1 GOOG) el ene eck CLS Clotete oitan ait alas t aia memeiee 


Sitios aoe a SiC 
Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa.... 


0 

Song, 11, 17, 21, 39, 92, 114, 126, 
155, 156, 174, 177, 178 

11, 114, 126 
11, 17, 114, 126 
Western Chipping 
Western Grasshopper..... 
Western Lark 


Seiurus aurocapillus 
noveboracensis 
noveboracensis notabilis. . . 
mone bgnacensts noveboracen- === =~—~—C Western Tree............ 
Western Vesper 
White-crowned..11, 114, 126, 
White-throated 

11, 92, 114, 126, 140, 156, 

Sparrow-hawk 

Spatula clypeata 

Speck, Frank G., article by.... 

Speck, Frank G., review of his 
“Bird-Lore of the North- 


Selaqinene wallacet 
Serapias Helleborine 
Setophaga ruticilla 
Shaw, William T., article by. "128, 151 


46, 144, 148, 174 
1 


Speotyto cunicularia hypogea. . . 


White-rumped 
Sialia currucoides 


"18, 113, 126, 174 


Sphinx drupiferarium 2 Se ee 


carolinensis aculeata 
carolinensis carolinensis... 


VaTLUS VATLUS 
Spidodela scutata 
Spinus pinus 
Spiranthes cernua 


cernua var. ochroleuca..... 


Thei@hequeredeas oe seein (Oli) nnn nOTCLCOL? Steerer teeta ae 
Romanzofiana 
Spiza americana 
Spizella breweri 
monticola monticola. 


monticola ochracea 


Smerinthus cerisyt 


Smith, Harlan I., article by. . 

Smith, Huron H. ., review of his 
“Bthnobotany of the 
Menomini Indians’”’ 

Smith, Miss, article by 


passerina arizonae 
passerina passerina. 
pusilla pusilla 
Spleenwort, Ebony 


-11, 114, une 


wee e eee te ee ee ee ee ee EE MPOTUGUIGM. ww ee eee ee ee ee eee ee 


Squatarola squatarola cynosurae . 
6, 75, 108 
32, 34, 35, 36 
180 


CC ee re 


Solaster stimpsoni 
Solitaire, Townsend’s 
Somateria mollissima borealis... 

mollissima dressert 


Some Experiences in Bird-Band- 


Field-Naturalists’ 


[VoL. XX XVIII 


113 


114 


113 


11, 21, 114, 126 


113 
174 


178 
139 
104 

47 


.11, 114, 126 


114 


8, 159 


December, 1924] 


Statement, Receipts and_Dis- 

Ke = - bursements, Ottawa Field- 
Naturalists’ Club, 1922-23 19 

Statement Trust Funds Com- 


PONTE LCC ese ecsecntotereiaistane sinha = 96 
Steganopus tricolor. Bnd So ae 74, 106 
Stelgidopteryx Serrinen tite: Patigeyi 12,115 
Stercorarius longicaudus.. Bat 45 

parasiticus..........-++. 45, 103 

pomarinus Neal ener R Ss, 103, 148 
Sterna caspia imperator........ 104 

TRAE OO OA OOO Oe 104 

(Mri hp eter oe ooodD oT 46, 104 

DETTE Solon dao. oN 104 
Sternberg, Charles M., article aby. 66 
Stewart, D.A., article by.. 81 
Stichopus badinotus...........- 55 

CWURTONIUUCT a 25-250. -2- = «rs /over 193 
SiO kana k es See apenas 163, 164 
Strawberry, Wild............. 180 
Strix varia varia 90 
Strymon acadica 82 

(DAT Sco coe Boose OSC OAeS 82 
Sturnella neglecta.........----- 112 
Sturnus vulgaris.........5..--- 58 
Subscribers, List of.........-.- 97 
Sulphur, Clouded............- 83 
Sun-fish, Green..........-.--- 85, 86 

Long-eared Seep cr 86 
Surnia ulula caparcch.......-- 90, 110 
Swallow, Bank....-.......- TPA, Iles, Tee 

BARN eects cases T2115; L205 178 

(O17 RS asec Reeenee PA, Talby, WeE 

Northern Violet-green. . 176 

Rough-winged...... 12, ‘115, 118 

Tree..... TA, PAIL, Cys GBI "115, 127, 

17 6, 17 8, 179 
Swallowtail, Giant............ 71, 78 

PUNE OT Naa cece ahaa cr clomever ers are 82 
SWeaneeIVnUGes aes ac eich fe ates 27 

Trumpeter...... 57, 58, 105, 179 

Wihistling! 222%. 2 26, 27, 74, 105 
Swift, Chimney........-. 90, 111, 118 
Symphoricarpos........--+----- 128 
Dy Map Ldes sees cteiere le eeu) oe 193 
Synaptomys fatuus..........-- 37 
Tachycineta thalassina lepida. . 17 3 
Tadpole-shrimp.............-.- 
Tanager, Scarlet...... 10, 11, 1s: ug 

Westerner eres cle sels 103, 115 
Taverner, P. A., review of ar- 

iE s edcoe 6 SAO oF 20 


Teal, Blucsiwadt 73, 92, 93, 104, 133, 
134, "147, 156, 157 


Cinnamon oa -er 104 
Green-winged.72, 93, 97, 104, 155 
Telmatodytes palustris iliacus. . . 117 
palustris palustris.......- 15 
Perma eae ire eo cee ae enehepater tare 164 
INROR CS ORE Oe ae Cans. oan 46, 104 
LEUNG ee, o: Bee tists Abe Ieee OS 104 
CWaspianie nyse ec ee 104, 118 
Common...... 2 eh eeens at 46, 104 
MOTSLOTAS ttoc-ceene-ces =) sees 104 
Thacker, T. L., article by...... 164 
Thalassogeron chrysostomus cul- 
(OOOO Reena Sea DOS OCOe 97 
TROMNOPRIS Scie fates = eae ee 35 
dhelypterise tee ee be 50 
spinulosa var. americana. . 51 
Thescelosaurus neglectus........ 68 
MRESCeLUS hye era ese ec csie sca 68 
TR CSPeStUSe sy. -earaere an 67, 68, 69 
ONVTHATLS 5 3s coe ROO UNO 68 
Thompson, Stuart L., article by 17 
Thrashers Srownere a. 2 UES Al, ality 
SARC ieee = sc teeters 117, 118 
Sanvleueasr sper cc cist 21 15 
Thrush ceo se e2 Bates 171 
@inereous 6 sac s.c0e. eae 15 
Gray-cheeked........... 16, 118 
Hermite eee 16, 118, 140, 146 
Olive-backed........ 16, 118, 146 
Russet-backed........... 176 
IWATE GieGicpeeeispestceiis seer 39 
Witlloweeerce eins comer 118 
(1s [eee ene, th cheers Mea 10,16 


Wo 
Thryomanes bewicki calophonus. . 177 


THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 


INDEX—Continued 


Thuja occidentalis..........-.. 80 
Tiger Salamander at Ninette, 
Manitoba, The.......... 81 
Tiliqua scincoides............- AT 
Tips He wViolet). cc cnieincin ese eves 83 
Tipularia discolor............. 62 
Mitesueast bushi... ceeeeceier esis. 94 
hoadeeHornned seen pees AT. 
Tortoise-shell, The American... 83 
OLATWSHLOUUDEE eee eee lee: 107 
melanoleucus...........- 75, 107 
Mowheer. 3% Me.. 8 10, 11, 138, 1s0 
IAT CtIO Nee icers rc 6 elec iciese 114 
SDPOLLEC Ae era a ers 138 
Townsend, Charles Wendell, re- 
view of his ‘““Beach Grass” 60 
Toxostoma rufum..........-.--- 15,117 
Trachodonws.: =. ss gehen eee 131 


Trap, Detachable Funnel..... 136, 13% 
TaD OVOTEGLtScie eee eile 


IMTAGATTOOS- coos oan6n06 67, 68, 69, 181 
DTOTSUSE ere aisha ee 68 
Mrichopterae eee ees 164 
Tringa solitaria cinnamomea... - 107 
solitaria sclitaria......... 75, 107 
Trochoturbinidae............- 150 
Troglodytes aédcn aédon.......- 15 
aédon parkmani........-- 117 
IDEOUL ean ore chord oe raccioee 48, 49 
Cut-throateeosaeee see 48, 49 
Tryngites subruficollis.......-.- 107 
LU EYERS, ac es cheaters Gero ate Oe 166 
Turdus migratorius......------ 38 
ARurnstonem ener] Veer ker rte 188 
IB ackiniaec a ater tane racks 149 
Ud diygy sapere erect lek = 75, 108 
ULC lem rt ene ae rcbavacieeseeye 66, 68 
Bell’s Painted..164, 165, 166, 167 
SNappinceee eae retent 166 
Tash dineseer meee cer 68 
Twayblade, Auricled.......... 61 
ILGEEG Hoss siodoooremou san < 62 
Tympanuchus americanus ameri- 
CONUS OP et eneierere et 08 
Tyrannus tyrannus..........-. 90, 111 
VETUCALISH eile 111 
Tyto alba pratincola........... 109 
(OKADA UD coco to oe AIRS O 69 
Urialomurar nemo ore eee 45 
troille troille........----- 45 
Utica gracilis 4. -14-)-)5 6) 80 
Vanessa atalanta.............- 83 
(i tise te ciao Eton oOo 83 
DUTGUNIENSIS....-.-..----- 83 
Van Rossem, A. J., review of 
BINS NV, 50600000000000 39 
Varanus salvator.........-.--- 47 
NGGAy os ciclbiuea coodem neon dos 16, 146 
Veemiiore celata celatdenceeeeia 13,115 
peregrind........... 13, 116, 127 
ruficapilla ruficapilla.13, 115, 127 
Wicerony, Aas sacoensenonenos 83 
Winco wAnthonyerra sm oeeiaieriat 20 
Blue-headed............ 13,115 
Muttonystee. secre 176 
Weastaccts aoa cae oe 13 
Piiladelphiay seer 12,115 
Red-eyed.........-- We TS 
Warblingaeescee oer 12; 13; i 
White-eyed............. 193 
Yellow-throated..10, 18, 115, 118 
WRAY (IL CUETS 8 Gdis O11 6 COORIOISE ore 13 
Rutten eck eke oe 176 
huttoni huttoni........... 20 
huttoni insularis......... 20 
huttoni obscurus.......... 20, 177 
MUDD Bsns Sap eoonege ones 13 
Vireosylva gilva gilva.......... 125 E15 
gilva swainsoni........... 115 
OLVOCERR Rete ae 12, 115, 127 
philadelphica............ 12,115 


201 
WVultureics Js eee eee 35 
Turkey ie eee nes ee seas 76, 108 
Woaetaill, Water... ser 140 
Walker, Ernest P., review of 
APticle|DYi.75ctoc suslova'svs@ sree 19 
Warblenictcsice doo deene eee 145,174 
Anidubonispeysese serie 116 
Bay-breasted...........- 14,116 
Black and White. ...13, 115, 127 
Blackburnianee. eer 14, 116 
Black-poll....... 14, 93, 116, 127 
Black-throated Blue...... 13 
Black-throated Green.14, 116, 127 
Canadatn i gars seer = eletess 15, 146 
@anadianteeere-re eter 
CapelMayrrn acer ee 
Ceruleanss.) sien orissce 
Chestnut-sided 
Connecticut 
Golden-winged........-- 10 
Kentiekyrrceecce ssa 14 
Macgillivray’s........... 116 
Magnoliasseneenenen LS SLNGS 127 
Mourning Sees 15, 116 
Myrtle...... 13, 18, 38, 116, 127 
Nashvillessaeeeeen a: 13, 115, 127 
Northern Parula..... rig) 87, 127 
Orange-crowned...... TE ee ole 
Pal nee aye a ee 14,116 
BIN @se as cenicie tere siavstane 14 
Prairie. aoe cakes fe cieleter 58 
Tennessee.......... Be aD, ar 
(Polmies as-is sees carers Neve 116 
Wilsonisinaceiccrsst: 5 AG 
Yellows 22 seesre2 ts: 13, 116, ae 
Yellow Palm............ 
Wasp. inaepearionyapewoteswalens iPArl, SAR. 133 
Water-Thrush............ 14 116, 127 
Louisianasseaes soon eee oT 
Northern? cet coisa 37 
Waxwing, Bohemian.......... 12,115 
Cedar: .s Sasser 12,115, 127 
Weasel 6 hone ores new ne 31, 32, 64 
WihalewKallers screeners 84 
Wheatear, Greenland.......... 147 
W. H. Hudson, The Naturalist, 
(USAIEI9 22) Ree eae 24, 51 
Whip-poor-will............... 111 
Wihistlersee ne Sve terre ele steie ie 144 
Whistling Swans in Ontario. 26 
Whittaker, Edward J., obituary 
Ol eae eee enone 179 
Widgeon, American........... 104 
Wilfrid, Rev. Brother, articleby 124 
NMG esenertun coe Sole cod cold 188 
Wresternts cesses cree eee 107 
Willey, A., article by.......... 63 
Wilson, Alice E., article by.. 150 
Wilsonia canadensis bees 15, AU 146 
pusilla pusilla....... 15, 117, 146 
Wilke 2c s oe Se oe ea ee ere 28, 185 
Wiood=bisoninsas<eeencm ee 189 
iWood-bufialosss.-e meee te 189 
WiOOdeOCKe ee =e eee 10, 74, 188 
VAMETICAT ee eieiercnccers 106, 118 
Woodlices ces. ocn.. coe ee 161 
Woodpecker... . .58, 111, 144, 174, 176 
American Three-toed.. ..110, 118 
Arctic Three-toed.....37, 90, 110 
Downyeeece- 
LM, is, 21, 24, 90, eae 177, 178 
Hairy Se cence erate se 8, 24, 90 
TiC wiS|Seae ee Say 110, 176 
Nelson’s Downy........-.- 110 
INorthermmH airy. eee 110 
Northern Pileated........ 110 
Pileated? 2.6.2 ee deo 147, 194 
Red-bellied.............-- 10, 37 
Red-headedtee masses 10, 110 
Mhree=-tocdannewrere cies 90 
IWioodsias Rustya eee eee 51 
Woodsia ilvensis............--- 51 
Worm, Oligochaete.......... 162, 163 
Ap 2) 0 ERPs lepers re re Scam arid lin 50 
Bewick’ss.s ess ton ee ente 94 
House... ..15, 21, 35, 92, oe 178 
Long-billed Marsh....... 15, iG LY 


202 THE CANADIAN FIBLD-NATURALIST (VoL. XX XVIII 


INDEX—Concluded 


Wren, Prairie Marsh.......... 117 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. . 112 Zenaidura macroura carolinensis.89, 108 
EVO Cha et v6 ost as ans 117 EXCMOANSMDIT IAN | ee eee 104, 148 Zon, Raphael, review of his 
Seattlenpasnrc ns niin cmeaerne 177 “Research Methods in the 
Short-billed Marsh....... TS}, ILi4e Study of Forest Environ- 
Western House.......... 117 ment?.2. 2)... 20 oe 160 
Winters) sels 15, 94, 117, 146 Zonotrichia albiccllis...... 11, 114, 126 

leucophrys gambeli........ 114 

Yellow-legs, Greater...... 75, 107, 188 leucophrys leucopkrys.11, 114, 126 

Messer s vere est ee eee 107, 188 querula................. 114 
Yellow-throat, Maryland. .15, 117, 127 
Western) 2oc as wnat 116 


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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF 
. MANITOBA : 
"1924 


~ 


Hon. President: V. W. JACKSON; President: J. J. GOLDEN; 


~ 


- THOMAS; 


vt 


Vice-Presidenis: H. M. SPEECHLY, A. M. Davipson, A. G. 
LAWRENCE, NORMAN CRIDDLE; Mrs. C. E. BasTIN, Mrs. 
C. P. ANDERSON: General Secretary: A. A. MCCOoUBREY, 307 
C.P.R. Depot, Winnipeg, Man.; Executive Secretary: R. M 


OLOGICAL SECTION:—Chairman: B. W. CARTWRIGHT; 
Secretary: C. L. BROLEY. ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION: 
—Chairman: A.- V. MITCHENER; Secretary: A. SHIRLEY 
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ANSON. 


THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION 
- SOCIETY ‘ 
_ (Incorporated) 


Hon. President: MR. ADAM BROWN; President: Mr. R. O 
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HAM; Miss Rusy R. Mitts; M. Hotton; M. JOHNSTON; 
R. O. MERRIMAN. 

~ DS 


= \ pe 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH 
COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. 


~The officers for the above Society for the year ending 
March 3lst, 1923, are as follows:— 
President: W.N. KELLY; 1st Vice-President: A. R. SHERWOOD; 
2nd Vice-President: C. C. PEMBERTON; Secretary: H. T. 
NATION 2380 Windsor Road, Victoria, B.C. Treasurer: Miss 
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ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


Hon. President: Dr. Hy. Gzeorcs, Victoria B.C.; Hon. Vice- 


President: Mr. J. J. GAETZ, Red Deer; President: Mr. C. H. 
SNELL, Red Deer; 1st Vice-President: Mr. G: C. S. CrosBy, 
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The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the 


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perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer 
on the last Friday in November. — rast ; 


McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, 
LONDON, ONT. artices 
President: T. D. PATTERSON, 562 Waterloo Street: Recording 


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tng Secretary and Treasurer: E. M. S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.; 


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as 


VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 


Hon. President: L. S. Ku1ncK, L.L.D., Pres. University of B. C.; 
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Affiliated Societies 


PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE 


PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


Hon. President: I. GAMMELL; President: L. McI. TERRILL; 
Vice-Presidents: NAPIER SMITH, E. ARNOLD, W. A. OSWALD; 
Hon. Corresponding Secretary and Acting Treasurer: W. S. HART, 
P.O. Box 1185. Montreal; Hon. Recording Secretary: Miss H. 
STONE; Curator: Miss E. G. LuKE; Committee: Miss M. 
ARMITAGE, Miss E. BENNETT; W J. BROWN; MR. AND Mrs. 
C. F. Date; H. A. C. JAcKson; Miss E. Morrow; Miss L. 
MurpnHy; A, MACSWEEN; Miss H. McLacHLAn: L. MclI. 
SPACKMAN; Mrs. W. W. WALKER; Dr. ARTHUR WILLEY; W. 
H. Ross; Members qualified to answer questions:’ L. MclI. 
TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, Que.; NAPIER SMITH, 
Bank of Montreal, Magog, Que., E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St., 
Montreal; W. A. OSWALD, 301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G., Montreal; 
C. N. ROBERTSON, c-o Ross Realty Co., Room 805, Lewis 
Bldg., St. John St., Montreal, Que.; Dr. ARTHUR WILLEY, 
McGill University, Montreal; W. J. BRCWN, 250 Oliver Ave., 
Westmount, Que.; Miss EDITH MorROoW AND Miss EMILY 
LUKE, c-o Secretary. 


SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE 
NATURELLE DU CANADA 


Bureau de direction pour 1923 


f 

Président: DocTEUR S. GAUDREAU; Jer vice-président: ABBE 
A. VACHON, M.A.; 2éme vice-président: A.-R.-M. BOULTON; 
Secréiaire-trésorier: Louis-B. Lavorm; Chef de la section 
scientifique: A.-A. GopBOUT; Chef de la section de propaganda 
éducationelle: DocteuR A. DERy; Chef de la section de pro- 
tection: R. MEREDITH, N.P.; Chef de la section d’information 
scientifique et pratique: DocTEuUR J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: 
R.-F. LInDsAy; Jos. Matte; G.-S. AHERN. 


THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO- 
GISTS’ UNION 
Officers for 1923 


‘Hon. President: HON. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria; 


President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Vietoria; 
L. THACKER, Hope; Secreltary-Treasurer: 
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Drrectors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana- 
gan Landing; Dr. KmLso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING, 
Agassiz; K. RacEy, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; 
W. N. KELLY, Victoria. 


THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ 
CLUB 


President: . PROFESSOR R. B. THOMSON; Vice-Presidents: 
PROFESSOR E. M. WALKER, Dr. A. COSENS, J. H. FLEMING; 
Secretary: W. F. GreGorRY, 151 Ellsworth Ave., Toronto; 
Treasurer: F. H. BRIGDEN; Honorary Librarian: C. W. NASH; 
Librarian: Dr. Lyman B. Jackes. BIRD GROUP:— 
Chairman: STUART THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. 
FLOWER GROUP:—Chairman: Dr. H.B.Strton; Secretary: 
Miss J. G. Wricut, Pu.D.; INSECT GROUP:—Chairman: 
PROFESSOR WALKER; Secretary: MisS NoRMA Forp, Px.D. 
MAMMAL GROUP:—Chairman: J. R. DyMOND; Secretary: 
L. SNYDER. REPTILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN GROUP: 
—Chairman: SHILLEY LOoGIpR; Secretary: T. B. KURATA. 
PROGRAM COMMITTEE:-—Chairmen: Dr. W. A. CLEM- 
ENS. WILD LIFE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE:— 
Chuirman: RUSSELL G. DINGMAN. EDUCATIONAL COM- 
MITTEE:—Chairman: TAYLOR STATTEN. 


We would ask the Officers, and more 
particularly the Secretaries, of all the 
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our 
task of building up the circulation of 
this magazine. By securing every 
member as a subscriber we can truly 
make this magazine into one of the 
leading Natural History publications 
of America. 


SPeers 
FOR SALE 


Back Nambers of — 
The Ottawa Naturalist 


The Club has for sale complete sets of its 

publications. 

should be addressed to the Secretary of the 

Club, Dr. J. F. Wright, Geological Survey, 
Ottawa, Canada. 


Any member having copies of the March, 1896, 

January, February, March and August, 1898, and 

December, 1900, issues of The Ottawa Naturalist, 

and who desires to dispose of the same, is request- 
ed to communicate with the Secretary. ~ 


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