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- FEBRUARY, 1946 No. 1

NADIAN

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Contents — Page

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; Faweett, Alberta. By Bernard W. Baker and Lawrence H. Walkin-

Bele eeeeeerry eeesencceses seeneeseseees : : . : eceee 5
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al Standing, ‘The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, November 28,1945..14

Meeting of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists? Clb sw: eee Ae

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The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club

Patrons

HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND HER ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE PRINCESS ALICE

President : REV. F. HE. BANIM

1st Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY 2nd Vice-President: A. L. RAND
Treasurer: I. Ll. CONNERS, Secretary: O. H. Hewitt,
Division of Botany National Parks Bureau,
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Norlite Bldg., Ottawa. i

Additional Members of Council: F.J. ALcock, R.M. ANDERSON, A. W.A. Brown,
Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. CRAWForD, R. E. DELURY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. GROH,
J. W. Groves, C. C. HEIMBURGER, D. LEECHMAN, Harrison F. LEWIS, Hoyes Lioyp,
Mrs. WILMoT Luioyp, A. E. Porsitp, H. A. SENN, PAULINE SNURE, JAMES H. Sopmr,
V. E. F. Souman, C. M. STERNBERG, E. F. G. WuitTe, M. E. WILSON. if

Auditors: W. H. LANCELEY and HARRISON F. LEWIS

Editor pes

Dr. H. A. SENN, ; ;

Division of Botany "to

Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa 45
Associate Editors

Di SENNUSS i o2c..neecaaconee Anthropology

BAD AMS ios es ere enn . Botany ann ,

A> PEAROCQUE:) «.:, 22s Conchology A. G. HUNTSMAN quem “Marine .Bakey

ARTHUR GIBSON eoseccccscessscssnsseee Entomology Ald RAND Te BT a ee Ornitholegy on

Fd. (ALCOCK (= 2 ee . Geology W. ABET, Seen ee ‘Palwontelogy a
Jae AD YIMONDE te: aae ee ;

The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ ane hate esi! i
since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalisi
1879-1886, two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-t vO
ames : and these have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date.
Canadian Field-Naturalist is issued bi-monthly. Its seope is the publication © ae

iA

results of original research in all departments of Natural History. ee. Se
Price of this volume (6 numbers) $2.00; Single copies ala each

| a emeneerecmmmemeeae

Subscriptions ($2.00 per year) should be forwarded to .. fate ar nee Conner
Div. of Bere Central Experimen

The Canadian
Field-Naturalist

VOLUME 60
1946

ae THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

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Sutton West, Ontario, Canada

946

Lip RARYL

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stad eae) Paver
DOTOOS MOU CUMS

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_ The Pe inadian Field- Naturalist

SUTTON WEST, CANADA JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1946

NOs

“HIS PAPER is not farena to be in any way
a key, nor description of species, but an
annotated list of species which have been

found in the county during recent years.
Following the list proper is a short additional
list of species which, whilst they have not, so
far as is known, been recorded in Oxford
county, are known to exist in bordering
- counties, and some of them at least may turn
ce Im. OU own county sooner or later.

Class: AMPHIBIA.

Order: CAUDATA.

Family: NECTURIDAE.

- Mudpuppy.

Necturus m. maculosus (Rafinesque).— Com-
mon throughout district, but are seldom seen
due to nocturnal habits. Occurs in numbers in
Southside Park. Eggs have been found fast-
we ened beneath stones near the confluence of the
_ stream running through the grounds of the
Ontario Hospital, and the Thames River.

Family: SALAMANDRIDAE.

7iturus v. viridescens (Rafinesque).— Quite
‘eommon and widespread, chiefly in moist hem-
ock habitats. In the green phase, are often
ae in the sedgy shallows of Hodges’ Pond:

and Bicabein

ted Salamander.
ystoma maculatum (Shaw).— Not com-

—Received for publication October 3, 1944.
rie Vol. 5O:< No. 6,

November-December,

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
OF OXFORD COUNTY,

By HERBERT MILNES
Woodstock, Ont.

ONTARIO?

mon but well distributed. One fake under a
pine log on a knoll in Sweaburg Swamp; one
in a similar situation in Concession IV of
Blenheim Twp; and two others in low moist
deciduous woodland in Concessions V and VI
of Blandford Twp. A specimen was brought
to me on Nov. 17, 1984, having been dug out
of sandy soil near Hastwood.

Family: PLETHODONTIDAE.
Four-toed Salamander.
Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel). One
specimen was taken by F. W. Darrock, one
mile east of Wolverton and sent to R.O.M.Z.
As there are many suitable places in the
county where their apparently preferred habi-

tat of sphagnum moss overhanging tiny
streams occurs, further specimens should
come to light.

Red-backed Salamander.

Plethodon c. cinereus (Green).— Most com-

mon of our salamanders, being found in both
red and grey phases in almost every moist,
wooded habitat. Taken in the Karn Bush,
Bower Hill: Tobin Bush, City: sugar bush at
Huntingford; Downey Wood, East Oxford -
all deciduous habitats. Blenheim, Sweaburg
and Brazee swamps - predominently cedar
swamps. North Blenheim Swamp - mixed de-

*ciduous and coniferous (cedar, pine, and hem-
Two albino specimens were taken at

lock).
Huntingford.

Order: SALIENTIA.

Family: BUFONIDAE.
Common Toad.
Bufo a. , americanus (Holbrook) .— Wide-
spread and very common. Found in and near
every pond and puddle - including fish ponds
in city gardens. Date of first singing: Apl.
13/38 &41; 23/48; 28/37; 29/40. Date spawn
found: Apl. 15/38; 20/41; 25/42; 27/35;
May 2/36; 5/40; 9/37. Tadpoles: May 17/26.

1945 was issued May 4, 1946,

ee EEE

\

2 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ~

Family: HYLIDAE.

Swamp Tree Frog.

Pseudacris nigrita triseriata (Wied).— Com-
monest of our tree frogs. Found in every
small pool, temporary or permanent, in or
near woodland in the early Spring. After
breeding season, not so readily found as they
scatter. Date of first singing: Mch. 13/38;
23/30) 1 28/865. & ) 43. Apls 2742. ° 7/41 *
9/33; 10/40; 11/37; 22/39. Date spawn found:
ep 13/40; 19/35. & ai.

Pickering’s Hyla.

Hyla c. crucifer Wied.— Distribution wide-
spread, but individuals not common. Taken
at Hodges’ Pond, Sweaburg, Brazee and Blen-
heim swamps, Embro, Beachville and Inger-
soll.

Common Tree Frog.

Hyla v. versicolor (Le Conte).— Quite com-
mon, but heard much more than seen. To be
found in all major swamps.

Family: RANIDAE. 5 ,,
Bullfrog.

Rana catesbeiana Shaw.— Not plentiful, but
occurs in most deep, fairly cool waters.
Apparently at one time very common, but its
numbers were probably thinned considerably
by frog-leg hunters. f

Green Frog.

Rana clamitans Latreille— Occurs in cooler
swamp habitats, where it is not uncommon,
and along streams where it is less common.
On two occasions have found this frog swim-
ming in~streams during the taking of the
Christmas Bird Census.

Leopard Frog.

Rana pipens Schreber.— Most common of our
frogs; to be found where there is the least
suspicion of water. Date of first singing:
Bln /All= 115/382 023/385 27/40. spawa
found: Apl. 14/35; 28/33; May 1/48 (ready
to emerge). Tadpoles: May 5/40 (emerging) ;
14/38; 29/37. One leopard frog was found in
stomach of dissected screech owl by H. Sivyer
- Dece., 1943.

Pickerel Frog.

Rana palustris Le Conte.— Not common, but
is probably to be found in, most sizable
springs. First taken at the City Springs,
Sweaburg on June 12, 1937,

~ - 5 Wey

[Vol. 60

Wood Frog.

Rana s. sylvatica Le Conte.— Quite common
in all woodland. A number of extremely large,
beautifully marked and colored specimens
were taken at a small pond in an open field
near Brazee Swamp in the late summer of
1948. Niclas

Order: SQUAMATA.
Sub-order: SAURIA.

Family: SCINCIDAE.
Blue-tailed Skink.
EHumeces fasciatus (Linné).— Our only re-
cord is that of a specimen taken from the
woodyard of T. L. Hay & Co., on Apl. 3/39,
where it probably came in with a load of lum-
ber, and is or accidental occurrence.

.

Sub-order: SERPENTES.

Family: COLUBRIDAE.
Hog-nosed Snake.
Heterodon c. contortrix (Linné).— Whilst not
a common snake, one or more are usually seen
each year. All specimens seen to date have
been of an unmarked olive color. Taken at
Bright; near the Thames River in Blandford
Twp; Blenheim Swamp and the vicinity of
Pine Pond in Blenheim Twp. They are fre-
quently reported from the Horner Creek
drainage. The largest taken was a female
43142” long, on May 25, 1936 this snake laid
31 eggs, each measuring 35.5 * 20 mm. but
they proved to be infertile. A specimen found
dead on road on Sept. 27, 1943 measured 35”
in length.

Milk Snake.

Lampropeltis t. triangulum (Lacépede) -—
Much more common than would at first
appear; being very secretive in habit and sel-
dom seen. Specimens have been taken at Em-
bro, Beachville, East Oxford, Blandford, Blen-
heim and: Norwich. ;

Water Snake.
Natrix s. sipedon (Linné).— Not common;
specimens have been taken in Blenheim

Swamp and along Horner Creek. In the latter
place they are quite commonly seen.

Brown Snake.
Storeria dekayi. (Holbrook).— Occur in al- ~
most any place where there is a place to hide; ,
at the same time they are not common. The ©
exception is a gently rising field near Embro,

Wd
*

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.

a

be where many Nbase rocks provide a_ hiding
place. They appear to favour this type of

field rising from marshy ground, but have
been taken in deep cedar swamp.

Peed polled: Snake.

Storeraria occipitomaculata (Storer).— Dis-
tribution is spotty. Found in the same habitat
as, and often with the preceding species. Spe-
cimens taken near Embro (under stones on

a hill side); Sweaburg Swamp (under debris
_ close to, but not in swamp, and under a hem-

lock slab on a swamp surrounded knoll) ;
Sweaburg-Curries side road, (under hemlock

logs in woodland clearing); north Blenheim

Swamp (under loose bark on pine stumps and

under boards in dry, sandy situation).

Young were born in captivity on August

7, 1943 numbering 11.

Ribbon Snake.

if

Thamnophis s. sauritus (Linné).— Very local.
They have been taken only in the Blenheim
swamp area, where, however, they are quite
plentiful; ftir oe or four often being found
under one board. They appear to keep close

_ to cover when basking, and the least move-

ment sends them quickly out of sight. On Oct.
5, 1940, on was found basking in a ray of
sunshine, 34% feet from the ground on slender
raspberry twigs. Ten young were born in cap-
tivity on Sept. 5, 1940.

Garter Snake.

Thamnophis s. sirtalis (Linné)— Our com-
- monest snake, appearing even in city gardens.
: _ A breeding pair was seen at Huntingford on

_ April, 11, 1948. Young were born in captivity

on Fuly 28, 1938; Aug. 4, 1988; Aug. 10, 1943;
Oct. 9, 1933. On Aug. 18, 1938, nine young

were born during or immediately after a
thunderstorm, and 24 more were born of the

same female on Sept. 5, 1933. The first nine
were all stillborn or died soon afterwards,

__whilst of the second 24, all survived.

s -Fowler’s Toad.
Bufo fowleri (Hinckley).—To be found on

SPECIES OF WHICH THERE ARE NO

the sandy beaches of Lake Erie, Norfolk
“eee Not much likelihood of its occurring
in Oxford.

: Smooth ~Green Snake.
Opheodrys v. vernalis (Harlan)— Taken a

KNOWN

THE CANADIAN .FIELD-NATURALIST Ma ss

Order: TESTUDINATA.

Family: CHELYDRIDAE.
Snapping Turtle.
Chelydra s. serpentina (Linné).— Quite com-
mon in ponds, ditches and rivers. Eggs were
laid at Hodge’s Pond on June 20, 1937. Young
emerged from a nest at the same place on
Sept. 20, 1942. Few of the eggs laid annually
on the pond embankment hatch, as skunks
have been seen repeatedly to follow the tur-—
tles round, digging up the eggs almost as
soon as the turtle covers them over.

Family: TESTUDINIDAE.

Spotted Turtle.

Clemmys guttata (Schneider).— Two speci-
mens only have been taken to date; within 200
yards of each other, on the small marsh off
the Curries-Sweaburg side road; April 20,
1941 and April 18, 1942. Both were in water
3” - 6” deep.

Blanding’s Turtle.

Emys blandingti (Holbrook).— One specimen
was seen swimming in Benwell lake, another ©
was taken on a flooded path to the same place
on April 28, 1940. One was seen basking on
flattened reeds at Embro on Oct. 26, 1941 in
company with large numbers of marginata.

Western Painted Turtle.
Chrysemys bellii marginata (Agassiz).—
Very common throughout district, and may-be

. found in almost every body of water. Pair

seen in copuli Apl. 12, 1941.

Family TRIONYCHIDAE.

Soft-shelled Turtle.

Amyda s. spinifera (Le Sueur) .— One speci-
men only has been taken - in the Thames
River at Beachville and sent by W. E. Saun-
ders to the Dept. of Biology, University of
Toronto on July 8, 1930.

FROM OXFORD COUNTY

few miles south of Tillsonburg in Norfolk
County.

Pilot Black-snake.

Elaphe o. obsoleta (Say).— On June 6, 1940
a newly cast skin was taken in Norfolk
County, just south of Tillsonburg; the snake
itself having been seen but not collected the
previous week. Quite possible that it may
occur on Oxford’s southern boundary.

SPECIMENS

sone but | appears to. be os ke. the
ge marshes along Lake Erie.

oh

a Say), Has been

van Middlesex “counties. Very “Sess

T LD-N
Ean

st

ne hamnophi:

Map Turtle. ‘

Graptemys geographica (Le

: the south west ae of Middlesex.

Sueur) —

3

Bp tr RENO

ruary, 1946] _

BIRD NOTES FROM

By BERNARD W. BAKER and

ITH THE AID of William Rowan of the Un-
iversity of Alberta and of Mr. Frank L.
» Farley of Camrose, Alberta, the authors
spent from May 19 until June 2, 1942 doing
__jntensive bird study eight miles. davectiy west
of Fawcett, Alberta. Fawcett is 54.5° North
Latitude and slightly west of 114° West
Longitude. The area studied was directly be-
tween the Pembina and. Athabaska Rivers, a
- distance of approximately seven miles. All of
the field work had to be done afoot from our
an camp, which was located about half way be-
___ tween these rivers, and we never reached a

: ‘rivers nor a point farther than eight miles
es to the south of camp. The elevation of the
area is slightly under 2000 feet.

A variety of habitats were found in this
region. There were numerous sand ridges
~ originally covered with stands of Banksian
(jack) pine over which many fires have burn-
ed. Interspersed through the knolls and ridges
were extensive areas of lowland brushy habi-
tat, often spruce forests and muskeg with
many lakes. These habitats have their par-
ticular fauna and are classified ‘as:

_ Running Water Habitat. The Pembina and
Athabaska Rivers were of this habitat. Little
time was spent along them.

Open Water Habitat. Many open lakes were
of this habitat. Loon and Holboell’s Grebe
were found nesting in some of the shallower
_ lakes. Pied-billed Grebe, Canada Goose, Mall-

eye, Bufflehead and Blue-winged Teal were
found feeding. |

Marsh Habitat. There was some open
_marsh habitat along the lake borders during
1942, probably more during normal years,
but the water levels were low due to lack of
rain. These areas were covered with grasses
and sedges with a few inches of standing
ater. On them were found nesting Horned
rebe, Canvasback Duck, Sora Rail and Red-

eceived for publication December 12, 1944.

point as far north as the union of the two

ard, Ring-necked Duck, Lesser Scaup, Golden- |

THe CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST - 5

FAWCETT, ALBERTA.’

LAWRENCE H. WALKINSHAW

Marne and Battle Creek, Michigan

into the former and the following one. Cover-
ed heavily with moss, through which often
protruded small willows and dwarf birch with
eriss-crossing or parallel rows of tamarack,
these semi-frozen areas joined the lakes and
were often surrounded by spruce bogs. Here
were found nesting on the ground the Canada

-Goose, Mallard, Marsh Hawk, Sandhill Crane,

Palm Warbler, White-throated Sparrow, Lin-
coln’s Sparrow and Song Sparrow while in
the trees and stubs were Bonaparte’s Gull,
Great Horned Owl, Flicker, and Hudsonian
Chickadee.

Lowland Brush Habitat. Grown to willows
and other shrubs. Usually found between the
spruce forests, the burned or unburned Bank-
sian pine highlands and the muskeg country
was where Ruffed Grouse, Yellow Warbler.
and Canada Warbler were found, the latter
near the Pembina River.

Spruce-Tamarack Forest. Sometimes fairly
open, again dense with a layer of moss over
frozen sub-soil. Here were found Spruce
Grouse, Great Horned Owl, Olive-sided Fly-
catcher (at the borders), Canada J ay, Crow,
Red-breasted Nuthatch, Ruby-crowned King-
let and Pine Siskin.

Areas of thick Aspen. Here were found the
Golden-eye, Red-tailed Hawk (also in other
wooded habitats), Ruffed Grouse, Pileated
Woodpecker, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Least
Flycatcher and Red-eyed Vireo.

| Banksian or Jack-Pine Ridges, Often these
ridges had been burned and were covered with —
the towering trunks of previous pines. On the
unburned areas were found Crow, Robin,
Hermit ‘Thrush, Myrtle Warbler and Slate-
colored Junco while on the burned areas
where the stubs and fallen logs were plenti-—
ful were found Sharp-tailed Grouse, Sandhill
Crane (feeding), Upland Plover, Greater
Yellow-legs, Hairy Woodpecker, Tree Swal-
low, Purple Martin and such birds as the
Clay-colored Sparrow where small shrubs and
trees had started to grow.

The snow-shoe rabbit was the most common
mammal on the area, a total of 35 were
counted during a 3% hour period May 31 and
a total of 65 in ten hours during that day. An

/

6

estimated total of 746 was observed by Walk-
inshaw during 203 hours of field work. Dur-
ing the same period three porcupines, one red
squirrel, one muskrat,
chipmunks, five mule deer, and one moose

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

were observed.

one woodchuck, i:

DV ntaica, « s,

[Vol. 60°

The following list of birds was observeri on
the area during 203 man-hours by Walkin-
shaw. This does not include such birds as
Brewer’s Blackbird, found commonly east of
the Pembina around the farming areas to

Fawcett.

No. . Seen Species
1 106 Common Loon
Pp 35 Holboell’s Grebe
3. 13 Horned Grebe
4, 4 Pied-billed Grebe
Dy 17 American Bittern
6. 32 Canada Goose
Te 113 Mallard
Sy 13 Blue-winged Teal
Bh 229 Ring-necked Duck
10. 2 Canvasback
ial, 10 Lesser Scaup
We 16 American Golden-eye
ile 37 Buffiehead
14, 44 Red-tailed Hawk
15. 28 Marsh Hawk
16. 31 Sparrow Hawk
ie 4 Spruce Grouse
18. 22 Ruffed Grouse
19. 37 Sharp-tailed Grouse
20. 96 Sandhill Crane
Palle 2 Sora Rail
Doe 15 Killdeer
36 27 Wilson’s Snipe
24. 13 Upland Plover
25. 4 Spotted Sandpiper
26. 8 Solitary Sandpiper
Zils 127 Greater Yellow-legs
28. 94 Lesser Yellow-legs
ZO: 26 Dowitcher
30. 6 Wilson’s Phalarope
$84 32 Bonaparte’s Gull
32. 1 Forsters’ Tern
38. 112 Black Tern
34. 2 Mourning Dove
35. 19 Great Horned Owl
_ 36. 2 Short-eared Owl
37. 14 Night Hawk
38. 5 Belted Kingfisher
39. 57 Flicker
A0. 6 Pileated Woodpecker _
Al. 28 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
42. 29 Hairy Woodpecker
43. 38 Eastern Kingbird
44. 2 * Hastern Phoebe
AD. 30 Least Flycatcher
46. 83 Western Wood Pewee
ay Ee 34

Olive-sided Flyeateher

* —Around dwelling along Pembina River.
** —-Along Pembina River.
* —Cleared land wear Pembina River.

TABLE I. — Number of Birds Observed, Fawcett, Alberta, May 19 — June 2, 1942.

No. No. Seen Species -

48. 95 Tree Swallow

AQ. 18 Purple Martin

50. . 164 Canada Jay

51. 2 Blue Jay

O25 126 Crow

58. 5 Black-capped Chickadee
54 17 Hudsonian Chickadee
55 49 Red-breasted Nuthatch
56. 11 House Wren

Sie 114 Robin -

58. 39 Hermit Thrush

59. 26 Mountain Bluebird

60. 65 Ruby-crowned Kinglet
61. 1 Blue-headed Vireo

62. 9 Red-eyed Vireo

63. 8 Warbling Vireo

64. 2 Black and White Warbler
65. 2 Tennessee Warbler

66. 11 Yellow Warbler

67. 65 Myrtle Warbler

68. 6 Black-poll Warbler

69. 37 Western Palm Warbler —
70. 1 Ovenbird

vals 1 **Grinnell’s Water Thrush
WZ 1 Canada Warbler

72, 20 * English Sparrow

7A, 105 Red-wing ~

75. 5 Baltimore Oriole

76 82 Rusty Blackbird

a 12 Bronzed Grackle

78 48 Nevada Cowbird

79. 23 Western Tanager

80. 6 Rose-breasted Grosbeak
81. 13 Purple Finch

82. 6 Pine Siskin

83. 39 Savannah Sparrow

84, 8 Leconte’s Sparrow

85. 3 yVesper Sparrow

86. 77 Slate-colored Junco —
87. 76 Chipping Sparrow

88 94 Clay-colored Sparrow
89. 53 White-throated Sparrow
90. 126 Lincoln’s Sparrow

91. _ 4 Swamp Sparrow

92. 46 Song Sparrow

Oe ow lig Ses X

1. Lake near Fawcett, Alta,

2. Nest of young Canada Geese, May 26, Fawcett.

, Sandhill cranes, May 29, Fawcett,

5S.
Re

ere

t,

awcet

May 28, ir

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ill

its b

in

with food

Chickadee,

jan

Hudson

4

2 ry-February, 1946]

ommon Loon.

‘avia immer.— Two nests, one about 30 to
- 45 meters from shore in a lake, May 26; the
second on a small grassy island May 29, with
two eggs. The nest measured 39x36 ecm. in
diameter. The eggs measured 86xX51.6 mm.,
wt. 126.4 grams; and 86.5x53 mm., wt.,
132.1 grams.

olboell’s Grebe.

Colymbus grisegena holboellii— A nest about
. 100 meters off shore in a small lake’was found
ay 28, with eggs. It was hard to determine
e number but the parents were watched for
me time going to the nest. Another similar
st with an incubating parent was found
ay Sie

Horned Grebe.

Colymbus auritus.— A nest was found in the
sedges along a small lake border, May 21,
> with three eggs. On May 23 it eombaened four ;

i (24, five; May 26, six. On May 26, five
sian and weighed:

. 50.5 x 29.5 mm. 19.5 grams.

- 52 x 30.5 mm. 19.9 grams
x 30.5 mm. 20.0 grams.
x. 29:2, mm: 19.6 grams.
x 30.0 mm. 19.3 grams.
billed Grebe.

A dead

gy
a
4

ta canadensis.— A nest was found May
vith seven eggs about 31 meters from the
of a Sandhill Crane, both on the same
1 island. On May 21, six of the seven eggs
‘e pipped with young peeping inside and
he adults were observed near there with
fen young May 31. Another nest, May 27,
large muskeg area, a long distance from

still wet. They weighed 115, 105.2, 105.2,
107.8 and 97 grams
platyrhynchos.— Two

found during 1942:

pe cimen was found May 20, but not in condi- |

, lake contained six newly hatched young,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Fy

Blue-winged Teal.
Anas discors.— First observed May 22.

Canvasback.

Nyroca valisineria.— A female was flushed
from a nest with eight eggs along a sedge
grown lake shore May 22; still incubating
May 29.

American Golden-Eye.

Glaucionetta clangula americana. Nest
found May 27, with female incubating. She
was observed twice; again several times June
1. Baker observed a pileated woodpecker in
this same opening May 25.

Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo borealis— The following nests were
May 19.-32 feet up in live spruce, egg
shells underneath.
May 19.-40 feet up in dead spruce, parent
scolding.
May 20.-40 feet up in dead poplar, parent
scolding.

May 22.-very high nest, parent scolding.
May 25.-25 feet up in dead spruce, both
parents scolding.
May 28.-35 feet up in dead spruce, both
; parents scolding.

Marsh Hawk.
Circus cyaneus hudsonius._ Nests were found:
_ May 20, one egg, female on.

May 21, two eggs, female on.

May 22, five eggs.

-May 27, five eggs.
The eggs in the third nest weighed 36.9, 38.9,
38.9, 38.0 and 38 grams respectively and those
in the fourth nest, 31.1, 32.7, 33.38, 28.9 and
33.9 grams. The last nest was located among
small birch, on the ground ag usual.

Sparrow Hawk.
Faleo sparverius—— A parent was flushed
from a nest 15 feet up in a dead stub May 25.

Sandhill Crane.

Grus canadensis tabida.—Considerable time
Was spent studying this species. Two nests
were found; one on May 20, with one egg,
which hatched either May 28 or May 29. This
egg measured 95.5 X 60.5 mm. and weighed,
May 21, 190 grams. The egg was laid on a
smal] grassy island with no signs of a nest.
The second nest, found May 22, contained

two eggs which measured 99 x 62 mm.,

8 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

weight, 170.0 grams (May 23) and 96 x 60
mm., weight, 159.1 grams (May 28). These
eggs hatched May 30. The young weighed
111.8 and 125 grams each. One died and was
retained as a specimen. (Now in University
of Michigan Museum of Zoology with other
specimens). Photographs were taken at the
second nest and on May 29 when we were at
the blind, as the parents stood bugling nearby,
six cranes in a group came walking across
the muskeg finally rising to fly about us
several times. Cranes were heard calling as
early as 3:30 A. M., Mountain Standard
‘Time, and as late as 10:15 P. M., M. S. T.

Sora Rail.

Porzana carolina.— Not abundant; on May
28, the remnants of a sora’s egg were found
along a marshy lake border.

Greater Yellow-legs.

Totanus melanoleucus— The most, common
yellow-legs of the region. On the morning of
May 28, when it was very cold, three newly
hatched young were found with their parents.

Dowitcher.

Limnodromus griseus griseus.— inp ns at
times along muddy lake borders. A male was
taken May 25. His weight was 103.2 grams
His stomach was full of small seeds. |

Wilson’s Phalarope.
Steganopus tricolor— A pair observed on
each day May 27, May 28, and May 31.

Bonaparte’s Gull.
Larus philadelphia.— Three nests were found.
The first May 19, with one egg nine feet up
in a tamarack tree near the border of a small
lake. On May 21 it contained two eggs which
measured and weighed:

1. 50 x 34.5 mm. 30.1 grams.

2. 48 x 35.7 mm. 30.6 grams.

The second nest May 20, was 12 feet up in
another tamarack but did not yet contain
eggs. The third nest found May 29, contained
three eggs which measured 47.5 X 35.5, 50
x 85 and 48.2 x 35.4 mm. It was 12 feet up
in a tamarack only a few rods from an occu-
pied crow’s nest and a mallard’s nest.

Forster’s Tern.

Sterna forsteri— A female tern taken May

31, proved to be this species (Pierce Brod-
korb, University of Michigan, Museum of

Great Horned Owl.

Bubo virginianus— Two nests were found
May 26, both with young. Both were about 25
feet up in spruce trees. Underneath the first
were found many pellets and several snow-
shoe rabbit feet. Underneath the second was
a headless rabbit and several baby ones. The
parents at both nests flew around snapping
their bills.

Flicker.

Colaptes awratus.— Five nests were found:
May 19, five feet up in tamarack; May 26,
four feet from ground in a dead spruce; May
27, 15 feet up in an old dead aspen; May 28,
five feet up in an old dead tamarack, eggs;
and May 29, 12 feet up in a dead spruce.
Parents were flushed from all of these nests.

Pileated Woodpecker.

Ceophloeus pileatus—— Observed entering a
large opening 30 feet up in a dead aspen May
25.
aspen grove the same afternoon.

Hairy Woodpecker.

’ Dryobates villosus— Two nests with young ~
were found; one, May 19, 18 feet up in a
the other, May 20, 15 |

dead burned spruce:

pin Te ye
[Vol. 60.

Another pair was observed in a large

feet up in another dead spruce. Both nests —

were on the ridges.

Eastern Phoebe.

Sayornis phoebe.— A pair was observed at |
David Major’s house May 19, near the Pem-—
bina River. An empty nest was found there —

June 2.

Western Wood Pewee.

Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni.— A male
was taken May 21 at the border of a spruce

bog. He weighed 16.8 grams.

Tree Swallow.
Iridoprocne bicolor.— Nests were found May |

19, 15 feet up in a dead spruce and May 27, —

in a dead aspen.

Canada Jay.
Perisoreus canadensis.— A family group cca
at our table daily. We always left them scraps

me aed tres

of food. On June 1, an immature bird was :
, caught which seahed 76.2 grams and had : a fe

wing of 143 mm.

American Crow.

Zoology). The specimen weighed 136.7 grams. ‘us daily. Another nest was found near | he 6

ua ry, 1946]

River - 26. This nest was four

Bs trom the ground in an old tamarack
ib was found May 20. While photographing

adults, May 29, the male fed the female
the nest three times between 12 and 1:30
_M. while she brooded. At 1:40 P. M. she
the nest and did not return until after
P. M. when we left the area.

rican Robin.
us nugratorius.— A nest with four eggs

n May 31, which weighed 34.1 grams.

ern Palm Warbler.

of fine grasses lined with finer grass,
rs and rootlets. It measured 50 mm.
inside and 42 mm. deep and 80 mm.

16.4 x13 mm.
16.9 x 13~ mm.
eOexoT3:5¢ mint
16.5 x 13.8 mm.
16.5 x 13.4 mm.
They weighed 7.2 grams averaging 1.44

ay a ee ei A female was found

ig a nest tees 22. This nest contained —

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ~

Rusty Blackbird.

Euphagus carolinus— On May 20, a ‘male
was taken with enlarged gonads. He weighed
66.5 grams.

Bronzed Grackle.
Quiscalus quiscula aeneus— A male was
taken May 27, which weighed 140.8 grams.

Nevada Cowbird.
Molothrus ater artemisiae.— A male Vicia
56.6 grams was taken May 23.

Western Tanager.
Piranga ludoviciana— A female weighing
01.9 grams was taken May 21.

Eastern Purple Finch.

Carpodacus purpureus purpureus.— A sing-
ing male was taken May 23; weight, 27
grams.

Pine Siskin.

Spinus pinus pinus.— A aid was taken May
24, in a dense soutice forest. He weighed 12.2
grams.

Leconte’s Sparrow.

Passerherbulus caudacutus.— A singing male
was shot but could not be found May 24. The
first bird was observed May 22.

Slate-colored Junco.

Junco hyemalis hyemalis.— A nest with five
eggs was found on the ground in the moss un-
derneath moderately dense spruce and tama-
rack May 19. On May 27 it contained three .
young , on May 28, four young. On May 23,
a second nest was found in moss on the side
of a bog. It contained five eggs. A third nest
was found on a dry side hill in a tangle of
vines on the ground with five eggs May 24. A
male was taken May 21, which weighed 17.7
grams,

Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella passerina.— Two nests,which were
being built by the female were found May 25,

both in small Banksian pine.

Clay-colored Sparrow.

Spizella pallida— This species increased in
abundance on May 20, May 26 and May 27.
A male was taken May 20, which weighed
12.8 grams. Four nests were found, three on
June 1, two of which were being built and the
third with four eggs. A fourth nest was

found under construction June 2. All were

in small spruces near the muskeg borders yet

10 f

near the ridges. The spruces were from 18
inches to two feet tall. The nests were 30 cm.,
40 cm., 25 cm. and 30 cm. from the ground.
‘They were made of dead grasses, lined with
finer grasses, three with some horse and deer
hair, The four eggs in the one nest measured:

Ly yal6-b x, 22.a7mm:

2. 18.0 x 12.7 mm.

Spe alesse als Me rater,

AL EG. onk le =) Im,
They weighed 5.4 grams averaging 1.35
grams. .

Lincoln’s Sparrow.
Melospiza lincolni lincolniim A very common

-THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ~

WS BABVol. 604

species. Males were present May 19, increas-_ q
ing considerably May 20 but the first female ©
was not observed until May 27. They had not
yet started building nests when we left June —

2. A male taken May 24, weighed 16.4 grams.

Swamp Sparrow.

Melospiza georgiana— A singing male was
taken May 31, where he had been observed
before. They were very scarce. This male
weighed 17.1 grams.

Song Sparrow. ‘i
Melospiza melodia. A female was found ~
building a nest May 22. yo

LE
S&o
\

*
AS

xs

SS

rouse, May 21, Fawcett.

G

Spruce

5. Female

6. Bonaparte Gull, May 21, Fawcett,

Fig. 1. Mule deer doe with single antler.

‘tions of the testis
_changes noted, including the development of

experiments in castration and its

ry-February, 1946] ‘THE CANADIAN

FIELD-NATURALIST esi

ANTLERED DOE MULE DEER?

By IAN

McT. Cowan

Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.

HE DEVELOPMENT of antlers by apparent

females of the normally antlerless species
of deer constitutes one of the more frequently
noticed gross anomalies of these animals.

In an earlier paper (Cowan, 1936:187) it
was pointed out that antlered does fall into
two distinct classes. Of less frequent occurr-
ence are does that develop antlers of the type
grown by castrated bucks; viz. non-decid-
uous antlers, of irregular form and with per-
sistent velvet. An example of this type is
described by Dixon (1927:289) and though
the internal genitalia are described as norm-
al the mammary glands were those of a null-
iparous animal. The assumption was that dis-
ease of the ovaries producing sterility had at
the same time led to the growth of antlers.

The type of most frequent occurrence is
that in which perfect antlers, like those of
the sexually normal “male, are developed.
These mature at the same time as those of
bucks, shed the velvet, and in all ways appear
to follow the normal male cycle of antler

_ growth and shedding.

- One animal with antlers of this type was
held in captivity for several years (Cowan,
op. cit.) and during the rut manifested all
the behavior patterns and anatomical changes

; of a functional male. I have been unable to

find any account of a dissection of such an
animal to determine the true nature of the
internal genitalia. However, the logical
assumption is that this represents true
hemaphroditism and that the hormone secre-
induce the anatomical

antlers of the male type.

Consideration of these facts along with
influeuce
upon antler growth conducted by Zawadowsky
(1926:18) led to the suggestion (Cowan, op.
cit.) that in deer of both sexes there existed
a factor for the development of antlers. And
that an additional factor, or factors, pre-
sumably the testicular hormones, were neces-

sary to induce maturation and sheddiny of

4

1. —Received for publication June 26, 1945.

‘

the antler. It was suggested also that the
presence of the female sex hormone alone
suppressed the first factor and resulted in
the absence of antlers in normal females.
It followed that atrophy of the ovary or per-
haps hypofunction of the pituitary would so
reduce the concentration of the necessary
ovarian hormone that suppression of the first
factor would be removed and antler growth
begun. Because of the absence of testicular
hormone the antlers of does so affected would
be the type grown by castrated bucks. On the
other hand, hermaphrodites, with testicular
hormone present, would go through the nor-
mal male antler cycle.

If the above explanation is valid and suffi-
cient it would not be expected that an ant-
lered doe could bear fawns. An animal with ©
the norma] female hormone balance so far
disturbed as to induce even the partial as-
sumption of the secondary sex characters of.
the male would hardly be expected to be
sufficiently normal sexually to be fertile.

There are no records of ‘‘does”’ with the per-
fect male type antler bearing young. There is,
however, the statement by Berry (1932 :282)
that he Seas a doe with the castrate type
antler suckling a fawn.

On June 12, 1944, while engaged in big
game studies in the Rocky Mountains of

Central Alberta, I had the opportunity of

making a dissection of another antlered doe:
This specimen bears a single spike antler on
the left side (fig. 1) and is without any
indication of the right member. Furthermore,
though the antler was in the velvet, as also
were those of all males at that season, the
presence of a well developed corona is reason-
ably reliable indication that this antler is of
the normal male type, and would have ma-
tured in due course, and shed the velvet.
The animal was approximately six years of
age and in good condition.

The reproductive tract, ovaries and mam-
mary glands of this doe were normal in every
respect and the functional effectiveness of the
animal’s hormone balance is testified to by
the twin fawns in her uterus,

12 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

The instance cited by Berry suggests that
the ovarian hormone may not be of primary
or exclusive importance in influencing the
presence or absence of castrate type antlers
in the female. It is well known among physi-
ologists that hyperfunction of the adrenal
cortex can, in. the human female, induce the
development of secondary sex characters of
the male and a similar explanation may be
applicable in deer. With a threshold of suffi-
cient delicacy it is conceivable that the adre-
nal cortex, while not over active enough to
suppress the normal sexual cycle, could be,
none the less, adequate to induce antler de-
velopment; or rather to remove the suppress-
ion of antler development.

~

The present instance, however, can hardly
be explained thus. To my knowledge it is the
first case of a sexually normal female deer
with a male type antler. The presence of the

antler on one side only may be significant in.

this regard. It may be that the explanations

offered above are operative in the instances —

where antlers are developed with some degree
of bilateral symmetry, but that in the Alberta
doe the unilateral development has a more
deep-seated genetic or systemic background.

The writer would welcome communication
from others who have had opportunity of
studying antlered does at first hand, either
alive or by dissection.

Literature cited

Berry, L. J. 19382. A horned blacktail doe
with fawn. Journ. Mammal. 13 (38):
282-283. :
Cowan, I. McT. 1936. Distribution and_var-
jation in deer (genus Odocoileus) of the
Pacific coastal region of North America.
Calif. Fish & Game. 22 (3) :155-246.

Dixon, J. S. 1927. Horned does. Journ. Mam-
mal. 8:289-291, 2 pls.

Zawadowsky, M. 1926. Bilateral and unilat-
eral castration in Cervus dama and
Cervus elaphus. Trans. Lab. Exp. Biol.
of the Zoopark of Moscow. 1:18-48.

% [Vol. 60 i

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es ( ae Harrison F. Lewis
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ek: AUDITORS I. L. Conners ice ie
BS es. 1945. Treasurer
tee, ae yr) hy

eee va Nn ra’ gi gaith fey RR PED eR PN Masa a te ‘
: oruary, 1946] | THE CANADIAN Frevd-N ATURALIST of aes: 13
STATEMEN TO RINANCTAT:. STANDING:

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB
NOVEMBER 28, 1945

CURRENT ACCOUNT

fi

e j
14 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

SIXTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

OF

THE OTTAWA FIELDNATURALISTS”: CLUB :

REPORT OF COUNCIL

MEETINGS. — Three meetings of Council were
held ag follows: December 5, 1944, with 18
members present; March 8, 1945, with 15
members present; November 24, 1945, with
14 members present.

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE. — Five thousand
field check lists for bird observations were
ordered, and part has been made available for
use. A new contract was made with the
printer, Mr. V. H. Sheppard of Sutton West,
Ontario, that includes a_ definite’ scale of
prices for reprints. Volumes of the Canadian
Field-Naturalist, that had been set aside for
institutions on the continent of Europe, have
been forwarded to them, with the exception
of those for the Lenin Library, Moscow,
U.S.S.R. These will be sent as soon as the
Post Office accepts parcels for Russia. During
the period from “December 1st, 1944 to Decem-
ber Ist, 1945, six numbers of the Canadian
Field-Naturalist, with a total of 220 pages,
were issued!. In the corresponding period of
1943-44 seven numbers, with a total of 210
pages, were issued. Following is a summary
of the’ papers, notes and reviews published
during 1944-45.

Papers Notes Reviews
TBONIE OND Meramec 4 5 Ue
' Entomology ......... ile
GEOlOMy: «eet. 1
\
Herpetology _.......... 2
Ichthyology ............ 2 >
Mammalogy ......... 6 4 4
Ornithology ......... 10 24 14
Palaeontology _... 2
Obituaries © ow... 2
Miscellaneous _.... : 3
1. —When this report was prepared, it was confidently
expected that the Jnly-August, 1945 number would
appear before the end of November. Actually it was
published December 2], 1945. Thus fire numbers
with a total of 180 pages were issued in the period
mentioned. The summary of manuscripts published
should he reduced as follows: Botany 1 review;
Mammalogy 2 papers, 1 note; Ornithology, 8 papers,
1 mote, —KXditor,

EXCURSIONS AND LECTURES COMMITTEE. — Dur-
ing 1945, the committee held three meetings,
and arranged five lectures, two special meet-
ings, eight Saturday afternoon field trips,
six early morning bird walks, and two picnics,

Lectures:

Janke Shera lve tn the Animal
~World by Professor J. R. Dy-
mond of Toronto.

Feb. 15 — Research on Natural Rubber
in Wartime by Dr. W. H. Min-
shall and Dr. H. A. Senn.

Prn9

Mar. 15 — Some Aspects of Conservation
by Mr. A. H. Richardson of
Toronto.

Oct. 25 — The National Parks of Canada
by Mr. R. J. C. Stead.

Nov. 15 — Reports of summer éxpeditions

by four members, A. L. Rand,
O. H. Hewitt, H. F. Lewis and
A. E. Porsild.

Special Meetings:

On April 12, at the Museum, Dr. O. H.
Hewitt gave a short talk on birds of the Ot-
tawa District, illustrated with a coloured
film and bird song recordings. One of the
Crawley films, “The Four Seasons,” was also
shown.

On April 26, a very successful dinner meet-_
ing was held in the Administration Building
of the Central Experimental Farm. About 90
members and guests attended. The speaker >
was Mr. Hoyes Lloyd, who related the story
of earlier days in the Ottawa Field-Natura-—
lists’ Club as known to him personally or as
recorded by former Club members. One of the
features of the evening was an exhibit of
very fine photographs of Ontario ferns, taken’
by Bruce Metcalfe of Thistledown, Ontario.
Other exhibits were provided by H. Groh, and —
by the Division of Biology of the National

Museum of Canada.

pad I

THE CANADIAN

May - 5 —Experimental Farm

4 May 12 —Taylor’s Hill
of White’s

May 26 Vicinity Bridge,
ae Rideau River
June 2 —Deschénes Mills, Quebec
=f June 6 —Experimental Farm
Sept. 8 —White’s Bridge, Rideau River
Sept. 15 —Wychwood, Quebec
Sept. 22 —The Quarries, Taylor’s Hill

_ In addition there were six early morning
3 bird walks through the Experimental Farm

and Dow’s Swamp. In spite of poor weather
y ‘for some of the excursions and bird walks,
_ the attendance was excellent.

a ‘On August 16, a picnic was held on the
; -main lawn of the Central Experimental Farm,
es attended by about 60 members and guests.
ac Dr. EK. S. Hopkins, Associate Director of Ex-

- perimental Farm Service, spoke on the work
"of experimental stations in various parts of
Canada. Members of the Division of Botany
S - condueted groups on a tour through the Ar-
- horetum and Botany’ greenhouses.

We Pcie

ae
2

FIELD-NAvTURALIS1 15

A special excursion was held on August 26
to the Canadian Youth Hostel near Kings-
mere, Quebec.

The Committe received an advance of $75.00,
of which $56.69 was expended, leaving a ba-
lance of $18.31.

BIRD CENSUS COMMITTEE. The Chrismas
Bird Census was taken on Diecember 24, 1944
by 19 members. A total of 27 species, and
2442 individuals were recorded. The report
was published in the Jan. - Feb. number of
the Canadian Field-Naturalist.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. — The thanks of the
Council are extended to all speakers who
have addressed the club; to those who have
supplied illustrations; to those who have pro-
vided rooms and equipment; to those who
have acted as leaders or have otherwise
assisted at excursions; to Station C.K.C.O.
for radio announcements and to the Ottawa
Citizen and Ottawa Journal for press reports.
A special vote of thanks is extended to
Bruce Metcalfe and to the National Museum
of Canada for providing exhibits, to Crawley
Films and to the National Film Board for
films and operators, and to the Canadian
Youth Hostel Organization for their hospi-

tality on the all-day excursion.
OuiverR H. HEwitTT, Secretary

16 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

CHRISTMAS BIRD

Port Hoop, CAPE BRETON. N. S.— December
25, 1945; 8. 30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Wind north,
light; 6 in. snow; temp. 14°F. at start; one
observer; about 14 miles on foot. Bald Eagle,
2; Ruffed Grouse, 1; Great Black-backed
Gull, 1; Herring Gull, 3; Hairy Woodpecker,
1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Canada Jay, 3;
Raven, 1; Crow, 9; Black-capped Chickadee,
11; Acadian Chickadee, 27; Brown Creeper,
1; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 17; Starling, 9;
Pine Siskin, 1; Tree Sparrow, 1. Total, 16
species, 89 individuals.— Austin W. Cameron.

Port MOUTON, QUEEN’s Co., N. S.— Dec-
ember 27, 1945; 12.00 noon to 4.30 p.m.;
cloudy, moderate southwest wind; 30°F. at
7. am., 38°F. at 4.00 p.m.; six to eight inches
of soft snow in woods, fields mostly bare. One
observer. 20 miles by auto, 1% miles on foot.
Canada Goose, 2000-3000; Black Duck, 200;
American Golden-eye, 40; Bufflehead, 1; Amer-
ican Merganser, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Bald
Eagle, 38; Black Gyrfaleon, 1; Ruffed
Grouse, 1; Great Black-backed Gull, 20;
Herring Gull, 100; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; Raven, 4;
Crow, 20; Black-capped Chickadee, 3; Acad-
ian Chickadee, 2; Evening Grosbeak, 1; Pine
Grosbeak, 7; Slate-colored Junco, 5. Total
23 species; 3125 individuals. Dr. H. F. Tufts.

Hauirax, N. S.— January 8, 1946. Clear;
temp. 30°F.; strong NW wind. Common Loon,
5; European Cormorant, 6; Barrow’s Golden-
eye, 3; American Merganser, 10; Red-breasted
Merganser, 3; Goshawk, 1; Bald Eagle, 3;
‘Ruffed Grouse, 3; Great Black-backed Gull,
180; Herring Gull, 1770; Ring-billed Gull, 115;
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3;
Blue Jay, 3; Raven, 19; Crow, 17; Black-cap-
ped Chickadee, 114; Acadian Chickadee, 6;
Starling, 300; English Sparrow, 500; Slate-
colored Junco, 102. Total, 21 species, more
than 3000 individuals.—Roger Bidwell, Gillian
Bidwell, Robert Bidwell, Keilor Bentley.

WOLFVILLE, N. S.— December 27, 1945;
10 a.m. to 4.00 p.m.; overcast; fairly brisk
southwest wind; mostly bare ground, slight

1. Received for publication January 31, 1946.

-aven, 3;

SENSUS — 19451 ee

traces of crusted snow; temp. 30°F.; two ob-
servers, part together and part separated;
59 miles by auto, 4 on foot, within a radius
of 10 miles of Wolfville. Black Duck, 7;
American Merganser, 4; Ruffed Grouse, 2;
European Partridge, 6; Ring-necked Pheas-
ant, 4; Wilson’s Snipe, 2; Herring Gull, 11;
Snowy Owl, 2; Crow, 245; Black-capped
Chickadee, 3; Robin, 1; Starling, 32; Eng-
lish Sparrow, 248; Goldfinch, 16. Total, 14
species, 583 individuals. The Wilson’s Snipe
was found in a quaking bog which never
freezes, being fed by warm springs. It is not —
uncommon for this species to winter in this
area, whuch is restricted to a few acres.
—R. W. Tufts and John S. Erskine.

WINDsor, HANTs County, N. S.— Dec-
ember 28, 1945; 10 a.m. to 4.00 p.m.; light
N wind; ground bare except for a few patches
of crusted snow; temp. 26°F.; two observers
together on foot within a radius of three
miles of Windsor. European Partridge, 18;
Marsh Hawk, 1; Great Black-backed Gull, 3;
Herring Gull,’5; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Ra-—
Crow, 13; Black-capped Chickadee,
14; Acadian Chickadee, 4; Brown Creeper, 2;
Robin, 4; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 9; Stan
ling, 14; aolicn Sparrow, 103; Rocamne Gros-_
beak, ae Pine Grosbeak, 8; Tree Sparrow, 2.
Total, 17 species, 208 individuals.— James C.
Morrow and R. S. Morrow.

Sant JOHN, N. B. —December 22, 1945.
10.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.; clear; north wind,
20 m.p.h.; temp. 3°F.; about a inches of |
crusted snow. Area cri half mile of New
Brunswick Museum. American Golden- eye,
52; Great Black-backed Gull, 25; Herring
Gull, 500 (est.); Ivory Gull, 1; Boat Dove,
220 (est.) ; Raven, 2; Black- capped Chickadee,
1; Starling, 2; Rugiiens Sparrow, 100 (est.) ;
Bie Gcehene 12. Total 10 species, 915 in-_
dividuals. Seen Dec. 21, Hairy Woodpecker,
1; Dec. 27, Snowy Owl, 1. may A. - Squires,

:
3
4
New Brunswick Museum. i
t
er.

and colt course, s SCharleahoure: ane ee
igan Power Transmission Line to Quebec Zoo-

: eee oa é

“92%, coniferous toresins 17%, "dedi.
ee woods, 6%, mixed woodlands, 39%,
a, 8%) ; Dec. 27; 7.30 a.m. to 4.30-p.m.;

a ; 12- 18

in. snow on Pea. i rivers ee

_ frozen over, large moving ice fields on St.
| Lawrence River; seven observers in 5 parties;

— total hours, 32 on foot; total miles, 34 on foot. —
' golf course, 10%, village and gardens 25%).

Busted Grouse, 2; Teelaca Gaull Ser; =A, )i
= Bibek backed Gull, 3; Herring Gull, 13;
Panory Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; eae
Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay,.5; Crow, 1: Black-
Je capped peices. 70; Acadian Ghickaded, dls
Robin, 1; Kinglet (sp.?) 3; Starling, 60 (est.) ;
MY nglish Sito, 2a; Bie Grosbeak, 13; Com-
mon Redpoll, 72. Total 17 species, about 276
individuals. — Mrs. G. Langelier, Louis-A.
Lord, Louis Lemieux, Lionel Cinq-Mars,
: jerre-A. Cayouette, Alexandre Desmeules,
_ Raymond Cayouette. (La Société Zoologique
nae. Québec. )

ei) hee

Montrear, Que. —(Mount Royal, Cote St.
La Salle Woods, Verdun, Nun’s Island,
South Shore of the St. Lawrence River

; temperature, minimum, 7°, maximum
".; visibility good; 3 inches of old hard
y on feround ; 22 observers in 8 parties;

il total ree 38. ounesiechs
C en-eye, ae American Merganser, 15;

hawk, 8; Rough-legged Hawk, 1; Ring-
ed Pheasant, 75; Herring Gull, 6; Great

Crow, 2; Black-capped
74; White-breasted Nuthatch,
n Creeper, 15; Robin, 1; Northern
1; Starling, 700: Wuplich Sparrow,

ed-winged Blackbird. 1; Pine Gros-
‘Tree Sparrow, 1; Snow Bunting,
one species, - 23; total individuals,

_ (partly estimated). Seen on Dee.
Duck Hawk. —M. Bower, J. Callaghan,
M. Candlish, J. A. Decarie, C. Frankton,

THe CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 17

LeMoine, A. R. Lepingwell, R. A. Outhet,
W. H. Rawlings, M. Robinson, J. A. Rolland,
D. Ryan, E. A. Sherrard, EH. E. Terrill, L.
Macl. Terrill, V. C. Wynne-Edwards. (Pro-
vinee of Quebec Society for the Protection of
Birds.)

Hupson HEIGHTs, P. Q. —(west part of the
village of Hudson adjoining Hudson Heights
on the east, Hudson Heights, Whitlock Golf
Club property and vicinity and Mr. N. M.
Yuile’s farm south side of Highway 17 about
1% miles south of Como Station; mixed ever-
green and deciduous woods 25%, second-
growth and brush 20%, open farmland 20%,

Dec. 30, 7.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.; dull, poor
visibility; snowfall, 9.00 a.m. to 11.15 a.m.

‘and 1.80 p.m. to 3.00 p.m., rain from then to

dark; wind E by N, 1 m.p.h.; temp. 26°F.-
34°F.; bar. 29.82; 8 inches snow on ground;
some streams and areas of flood water open.
Twenty-two observers in eight parties. Total
hours, 28% (18 on skis, 10% on foot); total

miles, 434 (30 on skis, 184 on footy. Ruffed
Grouse, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy
Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 65; Black-capped

Chickadee, 146; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Starling, 48; English Sparrow, 53; Purple
Finch, 1; Evening Grosbeak, 4; Pine Gros-
beak, 46; Pine Siskin, 60; Tree Sparrow, 3.
Total 13 species, 488 individuals. (Evening
Grosbeaks, up to 28 in one flock, seen at-fre-
quent intervals during December) . Small
count reflects bad weather conditions; very
few birds noted, even at feeding stations —
Violet Bryan, Amy Clarke, Mr. and Mrs.
E. D..Croll, Jim F. Davis, Lindsay Hall,
John and Roy Legate, Althea Macaulay, Mr.
and Mrs. Dunbar Mullan, Mr. and Mrs. John
Mullan, Cecil Nelson, Mr. and Mrs. Geoff.
Ommanney, Betty Puxley, Mary Pike, Mr.
and Mrs. George Riley, Arthur Terrault, Mac.
Yuile.

OTTawA, ONT. (radially about city).—Dec-
ember 23rd, 1945. Dawn to dusk; clear; wind
N to NW, 10 to 25 m.p.h.; temp. —2°F to
12°F.; 6 to 12 inches of snow with hard
crust; open water near rapids; 16 observers
in 7 parties; total party hours, on foot 26, by
car 7. Black Duck, 1; American Golden-eye,
120; American Merganser, 3; Ruffed Grouse,
4; Pheasant, 24; Rock Dove, 126; Hawk Owl,
1; Barred Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 1;

18 Tur CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Black-capped Chickadee, 86; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 2; Brown Creeper, 2; Cedar Wax-
wing, 25; Starling, 847; English Sparrow,
931; Cardinal, 1; Evening Grosbeak,80; Red-
poll, 12; Pine Siskin, 42; Goldfinch, 26; Slate-
colored Junco, 4; Tree Sparrow, 2. Total,
25 species, 2350 siathyalalre Seen in district
Dec. 24 - Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Snow
Bunting, 8; Dec. 26 - Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Dee. 30 - Pine Grosbeak, 15. —-Ottawa Field-
Naturalists’ Club - R. M. Anderson, C. H.
Bennett, A. E. Bourguignon, G. Cooch, R. E.
DeLury, B. A. Fauvel, R. Frith, H. Groh, G.
HW. Hammond, T. S. Hennessy, O. H. Hewitt,
Hoyes Lloyd, A. L. Rand, V.E.F. Solman, R.
Solman, Mrs. A.T.J. Watts.

PAKENHAM, LANARK CO., ONT. —December
24th, 1945. 8.80 a.m. to 4.15 p.m.; clear; mod-
erate wind in morning; 4 inches of well-crust-
ed snow; all waters frozen except falls and
rapids on Mississippi River; temp. 2°F. to
12°F.; 3 observers, 6 miles on foot, 14 by car.
American Golden-eye, 1; Ruffed Grouse, 4;
Rock Dove, 98; Hairy Woodpecker, 7; Downy
Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 20; Black-capped
Chickadee, 22; White-breasted Nuthatch, 9;
Starling, 41; English Sparrow, 102; Evening
Grosbeak, 6; Redpoll, 2. Total 12 species, 314
individuals. —Edna G. Ross, Verna M. BOR:
Allan F. Ross.

PETERBOROUGH, ONT. (Jackson’s Park, Lily
Lake, Nassau) — December 24th, 1945. 9 a.m.
to noon, 1 to 4.380 p.m.; clear; temp. 0°F. to
15°F.; wind NE, 3 to 5 m.p.h.; 3 inches snow.
American Golden-eye, 49; Ruffed Grouse, 5;
Barred Owl, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue
Jay, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 31; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Northern Shrike, 2;
Starling, 8; English Sparrow, 9; Evening
Grosbeak, 4; Goldfinch, 17. Total 12 species,
131 individuals. —J. L. McKeever, R. L. Hale
(part time).

RUTHERGLEN, ONT. (24, miles east of North
Bay to 10 miles west of Mattawa). — Open
farmland, 20%, coniferous farm woodlots 5%,
second growth forest mixed coniferous and
deciduous 65%, lakes and rivers, 10%. Dec-
ember 24th, 1945; clear to cloudy; ‘temp.
—82°F, to17°F.; wind SW to EH, 2 to 10 m.p.h.;
10 inches of snow; hoar frost which dis-
appeared; rapids only open. Black Duck, 3;
American Golden-eye, 4; Ruffed Grouse, 1;
Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Canada Jay, 1; Blue

SO Re ee oe Se SN: bled hue ee > ae ey ee

Pie Gah ae Sh

[Vol. 60

Jay, 38; Black-capped Chickadee, 31; ‘Pine —
Grosbeak, 2; Redpoll, 11. Total 9 species, ca. 3
60 individuals.— Louise deKiriline Lawrence.

CoBouRG, Ont. (Pratt’s Pond n.e. to Balti-
more; open farmland 55%, deciduous farm
woodlots, 10%, cedar bush 380%, cattail
marsh, 5%). —December 23rd, 1945. 9 a.m.
to 5 p.m.; clear; 10°F.; wind NW, 8-25
m.p.h.; 8 to 4 inches snow; pond frozen, creek
partly open; 8 hours, 8 miles on foot. Ruffed
Grouse, 6; Herring Gull, 7; Great Horned ©
Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Wood- ~
pecker, 2; Crow, 8; Black-capped Chickadee,
12; Brown Creeper, 1; Starling, 30; Pine
Grosbeak, 3; Pine Siskin, 377; Goldfinch, 12; :
Tree Sparrow, 6; Snow Bunting, 7. Total, 14
species, 471 individuals. —Alee Lucas. ;

TORONTO, ONT. —December 28, 1945. 7.45
a.m. to \o.lo p.m; fair’ temp. —4° h. to, LO ahaa
about four inches of crusted snow; 61 ob-
servers in eight routes. Mallard, 54; Black
Duck, 696; Canvasback, 1; Greater Scaup
Duck, 1477; American Golden-eye, 223; Buffle- 4
head, 19; Old-squaw, 1044; American Mer- ©
ganser, 31; Sharp-shinnned Hawk, 2; Red- 4
tailed Hawk, 17; Rough-legged Hawk, 20;
Bald Eagle, 1; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sparrow ~
Hawk, 12; Ruffed Grouse, 11; ueae ane LD s a
Slencare ‘Gull, als Great Black-backed Gull,
22; Herring Gull, 1641; Ring-billed Gull, 8; —
Mourning Dove, 1; Screech. Owl, 4; Geet 4
Horned Owl, 17; Snowy Owl, 12; Barred Owl,
1; Long-eared Owl, 5; Short-eared Owl, 12;
Saw-whet Owl, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1;
Flicker, 1; Pileated Woodpecker, 1; Hairy
Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 68; Arc-~
tic Three-toed Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 29; —
Crow,9; Black-capped Chickadee, 541; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 41; Brown Cremer 19;
Robin, 1; Golden- Enotmed Kinglet, 12; North- |
ern Shmike, 10; Starling, 1633; Haeuch Spar- —
row, 1859; Red-winged Blackbird, 1; Cardinal,
39; Evening Grosbeak, 49; Pine Grosbeak, 1; _
Common Redpoll, 1; Pine Siskin, 10; Gold-
finch, 88; Slate-colored Junco, 198; Oregon
Junco, 3; Tree Sparrow, 235; White-throated —
Sparrow, 1; Song Sparrow, 14; Lapland
Longspur, 35; Snow Bunting, 130. Total 58 —
species, 10036 individuals. —J. L. Baillie, F. —
Banfield, A. Bunker, F. Cook, O. E. Devitt, —
R. Dingman, T. Dwight, Y. Edwards, F. ee 4
Emery, B. Falls, A. Gordon, H. Halliday,
Paul Harrington,’ Peter Harrington, C. E. 4
Hope, M. Jackson, R. Jamies) S. Kennedy, °

G. Lambert, R. Lanning, R. V. Lindsay, C.
Long, C. Lord, J. W. MacArthur, R. Mac-
- Arthur, D. MacDonald, D. Malcolm, N. Mar-
tin, W. Martin, R. Miller, Mrs. O. Mitchell,
D. Muir, N. Nielsen, G. North, R. Ritchie,
'G. Roberts, J. Runnings, T. Russell, R. J.
Rutter, J. Satterly, R. Saunders, D. Scovil,
bad, Sherrin, T. M. Shortt, Mrs. W. J. Sisman,
_ F. Smith, W. W. Smith, L. L. Snyder, H. H.
- Southam, J. Speakman, P. Speakman, J. M.
Spiers, E. Stark, T. Swift, S. L. Thompson,
~R. Trowern, R.D. Ussher. (The Brodie Club).

VINELAND, ONT. — December 24, 1945. 1
p.m. to 4.30 p.m.; sunny, later overcast;
strong E. wind; 5 inches snow. American
Rough-legged Hawk, 6; Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Blue Jay, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 4;
‘ White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Brown Creeper,
1; Bluebird, 1; Starling, 6; English Sparrow,
2) Total 9 species, 34 individuals.
Clarke, G. H. Dickson, W. E. Hurlburt.

: the ‘HAMILTON, Ont. (Ancaster, Dundas, Ham-
- ilton and Harbor, Burlington Beach, Bronte,
; Aldershot). — December 30, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.;
continuous rain; temp. 40°F.; wind S, 10
- mp.h.; 1 to 2 inches of old snow; harbor
_ frozen, lake open. Twenty-two observers in
- 10 parties and at 4 separate feeding stations.
_ Total hours 46; total miles, 81 on foot, 15
by car. Horned Grebe, 1; Black Duck, 2;
_American Golden-eye, 59; Buffle-head, 2;
_Old- squaw, 1; Am. Merganser, 350; Red-
breasted Merganser, 3; Red-tailed Eee 33
se Rough- legged Hawk, as Marsh Hawk, 1;

Rare,

ee Hawk, 4; Ruffed Cro 4; Bheee.

Snowy Owl, 2; Long-eared Owl, 1; Kingfisher,
1; Hairy Woodpecker, 13; Downy Wood-
pecker, 23; Blue Jay, 53; Crow, 3; Black-cap-
ay a Chickadee, 178; Wives sezetad Nuthatch,
2138 ; Brown Creeper, 2; Golden-crowned King-
lete2: Cedar ee aly 3; Starling, 358; Eng-
lish Sparrow, 796; Cardinal, 35; Goldfinch,
ra 6; Slate-colored Junco, 87; Tree Henney 69;
Bt, Song Sparrow, 4; Snow Bunting, 1. Total, 37
4 species, 3554 fee adele —Ken Cox, cae A.
osby, Esther Elstone, Bob Finlayson, Ian

yay, Miss J. -E. Magee, Miss E. Malcolm,

Mrs. H. C. Nunn, Miss B. Raynsford,
‘Sargeant, Miss L. Stewart, Mrs. M. R.

~~

—D. R..

\

FIELD-NATURALIST 19

Williams, Miss Laurel Williams, (members
Hamilton Nature Club). Seen recently :Great-
er Scaup Duck, 6; Goshawk, 1; Bald Eagle,
1; Gray Partridge, 1; Glaucous Gull, 2; Red-
breasted Nuthatch, 2; Evening Grosbeak, 55;
Pine Grosbeak, 8; Pine Siskin, 3.

BARRIE, ONT. —December 26, 1945. 10 a.m.
to 3 p.m.; snowing heavily all day,-about 12
inches on ground; temp. 28°R.; bay frozen;
six miles on foot. Rock Dove, 30; Hairy
Woodpecker, 1; Arctic Three-toed Woodpeck-
er, 1; Blue Jay, 3; Black-capped Chickadee,
12: White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Robin, 1;
Starling, 20; English Sparrow, 100; Evening
Grosbeak, 50; Slate-colored Junco, 2. Total,
11 species, 224 individuals. —C. D. Stewart,
K. L. Brereton.

MEAFORD, ONT. (East half of town, and
shoreline eastward two miles, llth Line N.
St. Vincent Twp.) -—December 26th, 1945.
10.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m.; temp. 32°F.; sky
overcast, visibility good; wind west; 2 parties.
American Golden-eye, 1; American Merganser,
20; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Ruffed Grouse, 2;
European Partridge, 3; Herring Gull, 225;
Rock Dove, 40; Snowy Owl,1; Pileated Wood-
pecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay,
1; Black-capped Chickadee, 18; White-breast-—
ed Nuthatch, 3; Brown Creeper, 1; Starling,
90; English Sparrow, 95; Cardinal, 4; Pine
Grosbeak, 20; Tree Sparrow, 1. Total, 19
species, 530 individuals. — L. Moore, W. V.
Brown, L: H. Beamer.

KITCHENER-WATERLOO, ONT. (basic 15-mile

. circle this year quite fragmentarily covered,
‘one party of two observers reaching 8 miles
south via Parkway, Doon, etc.; second party
of two reaching just 2 miles north via Bridge-
port, etc., both coursing the Grand River lo-
cally). —-December 27, 1945; 7 a.m. to 4.30
p.m. Sky mostly clear, with light snowfall in
midafternoon; wind NW to W, moderate to
fresh; temp. 22-29-25°F.; 3-4 inches snow,
crusted, waters mainly frozen. Hours afield,
18; miles, 28, (11 on foot). Mallard, 30;
Black Duck, 400; American Golden-eye, 240;
American Merganser, 45; Cooper’s Hawk, 1;
Sparrow Hawk, 1; Ruffed Grouse, 4; Pheas-
ant, 5; Herring Gull, 30; Great Horned Owl,
1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker,
3; Horned Lark, 1; Blue Jay, 6; Black-capped
Chickadee, 45; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5;
Brown Creeper, 4; Golden-crowned Kinglet,

20 THE CANADIAN

2; Starling, 30; English Sparrow, 200; Car-
- dinal, 14; Goldfinch, 122; Slate-colored Junco,
5; Tree Sparrow, 11; Snow Bunting, 30+.
Total, 25 species, 1287 individuals (part est.).
(Dec. 27, 6 miles south of area: Bald Eagle,
2 imm.; Sparrow Hawk, 1-W.B., R.B.)
W. Bergey, R. Bowman, G. W. Knechtel,
(secy.), K. Moon.

LONDON, ONT. —(Valley of Thames river
from London to Delaware; Spruce swamp,
(Redman’s); pasture 5%; deciduous wood-
land, 20%; swamp, 20%; mixed wooded river
bank 55%. December 29, 1945, 8 a.m.-4.30
p-m.; sky overcast; visibility poor; wind 5
m.p.h., SW; 4 in. crusted snow on ground;
temp. 8 a.m. 28°F.; river mostly frozen over
with occasional open stretches. Thirty-one
observers in 14 parties, mostly out in the
morning. Total party hours 60, (all afoot) ;
total party miles 40 (all afoot). Great Blue
Heron, 1; Canada Goose, 15; Mallard, 3;
Black Duck, 54; American Golden-eye, 242;
American Merganser, 249; Red-breasted Mer-
ganser, 2; Hawk (unidentified), 1; Cooper’s
Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Bald Eagle, 2;
Ring-necked Pheasant, 6; Wilson’s Snipe, 1;
Herring Gull, 11; Mourning Dove, 5; Screech
Owl, 2; Great Horned Owl, 2; Snowy Owl, 1;

Long-eared Owl, 2; Short-eared Owl, 2; Belted

Kingfisher, 5; Hairy Woodpecker, 9; Downy
Woodpecker, 43; Arctic Three-toed Wood-
pecker, 1; Blue Jay, 73; Crow, 18; Black-cap-
ped Chickadee, 232; White-breasted Nuthatch,
35; Brown Creeper, 6; Robin, 1; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 5; Cedar Waxwing, 15;
Starling, 104; English Sparrow, 115; Car-
dinal, 110; Goldfinch, 74; Slate-colored Junco,
160; Tree Sparrow, 216; Song Sparrow, 8.

Total 38 species; 1736 individuals. (Seen in
area Dec. 14: Pileated Woodpecker; Dec. 15:
White-crowned Sparrow; Dec. 21: Evening

Grosbeak; Dec. 27; White Pelican, (Port Stan-
ley), the bird is very tame and has been re-
ported here for over two weeks.) —Rae
Brown, Jean Brown, Dr. G. Cummings,
Mrs. G. Cummings, J. F. Calvert, Mrs.
J. F. Calvert, Harold Calvert, Eli Davis,
Kay Fetherston, Frank Girling, Harry
Girling, William G. Girling, Mrs. W.
G. Girling, Ted Garside, Mary Harvey, Geo.
Harvey, Keith Horton, Louis Harpur, Gladys
Holdom, J. C. Higgins, Mrs. J. C. Higgins,
Alan Loughrey, James Leach, H.McMahon. M.
Marshall, Keith Reynolds, Mrs. K. Reynolds,
M. Stewart, R. Standfield, D. Sutton, Ted Ro-
herts, —(MclIlwraith Ornithological Club).

F'IELD- NATURALIST

HOW: Stewart, Dr:

Sparrow, 4, Total 16 species, 1439 ind

‘Vol. 60

CHATHAM, Ont. — December 27, 1945. Partly
cloudy, no wind, visibility good until late
afternoon. Temperature at 7:00 A. M. 28 de-_
degrees F, at 1:00 P. M. 32 degrees F. Snow ©
one to three inches in the open, some drifting ;
along fence rows and edges of woods. Marshes
and Lake St. Clair frozen over; some open —
water at the mouth of the harbour at Erieau. —
Twenty observers: nine in five cars all day, ~
four in two cars half day or less and seven ©
observing around home. ‘

Great Blue Heron, 1; Mallard, 16; Black q
Duck, 177; Greater Scaup Duck, 5; American —
Golden-eye, 91; Buffle-head, 6; Common Mer- —
ganser, 27; Red-breasted Merganser, 15; Gos- —
hawk, 1; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 4; Cooper’s q
Hawk, 5; Red-tailed Hawk, 16; Red- —
shouldered Hawk, 1! Rough-legged Hawk, 42;
Bald Eagle, 1; Marsh Hawk, 6; Sparrow
Hawk, 3; Bob-white, 5; Ring-necked Pheasant, —
11; Herring Gull, 3; Rock Dove, 102; Mourn- °
ing Dove, 45; Screech Owl, 5; Great Horned —
Owl, 3; Long-eared Owl, 6; Short-eared Owl, ©
1; Yellow-shafted Flicker, 5; Hairy Wood-—
pecker, 12; Downy Woodpecker, 32; Horned —
Lark, 52; Blue Jay, 19; Crow, 1153; Black- —
capped Chickadee, 136; White-breasted Nut- |
hatch, -15; “Brown Creeper, 7%; Robin, 5am
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Cedar Waxwing,
25; Starling, 447; English Sparrow, 13389;
Rusty Blackbird, 2 (G.M.S.); Cowbird, 80; |
Cardinal, 72; Goldfinch, 6; Slate-coloured 4
Junco, 236; Tree Sparrow, 930; Song Spar-—
row, 21; Lapland. Longspur, 150; Snow Bunt-—
ing, 85. Total 49 species, 5430 individuals. ©

D. A. Arnott, Miss Melba Bates, Dr. L. J.@
Bohn, J. A. Dunlop, Harold English, John
Keil, W. M. Gray, C. H. Hand, F. Jordon, G.
McGarvin, M. E. Morgan, Metro Sass, Rev.
Gry MM. Stirrers Lg
Williams, A. A. Wood, H. B. Wressel, D. H.!
Young, C. H. Zavitz, R. P. Zavitz. (member: :
Kent ‘Nature Club and others.)

SARNIA, ONT. (Sarnia Bay, St. Glew Rive 4
Lake Huron).- .December 27th, 1945,. 8: 30.
A. M. to 3:30 P. M.; temp. 24°F. to 29°F
wind 1 m.p.h.; 2 a ane snow on ground; clear.
Black Duck, 10; Scaup Duck, 200 plus;
American Golden-eye, 147; Old-squaw, 3
American Merganser, 300 plus; Red-breasted
Merganser, 22; Pheasant, 8; Herring Gull,
200 plus; Mourning Dove, 7; Downy Woo 1-
pecker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 3; Starling,
200; English Sparrow, 300; Cardinal, 4; Tr

peg

’

THr CANADIAN

ORT. ARTHUR - Fort WILLIAM, ONT. ¢— (incl.
- Slate River and Whitefish Lake). December
(28th, 1945. Clear in morning; temp. 24°F.;
rind west, 5 m.p.h.; 12 inches snow; two
_ observers, five hours in field. Herring Gull,
58; Canada Jay, 1; Blue Jay, 1; Raven, 3;
Forow. 5; Black- fenned Chickadee: Ate ay hibe
- breasted Nuthatch, 2; Red-breasted Nusateh:
ri, ‘Starling, 255 nolch Sparrow, 28; Eve-
ning Grosbeak, 9; Pine Grosbeak, 9. Total,
12 species, 146 “a Gees A. E. Allin and
E S. Dear.

oe

as

/

‘ ~-Yorxron, Sask.— Dec. 26th. Area covered 15 |

tiles in diameter with Yorkton,as center,
ime, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; Morning overcast;
f ternoon bright but ding in a light snow-
flurry; Wind SE, about 10 m.p.h.; 6 inches of
‘snow on fields; Temp. -2°F. at ont Seder
h; 10 observers in 6 groups; Total party

party miles 46% (39 by car and 7% on
-Goshawk, 1; Sharp-tailed Grouse, 6;
irian Partridge, 13; Snowy Owl, 3;
Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker,
Canada Jay, 1; Blue Jay, 1; Magpie, 6;
5; English Sparrow, 139; -Snow
nting, 568 (est.). Total, 12 species, approxi-
mately 748 individuals. Two Black-capped
Chickadees were noted Dec. 29. This species
has been decidedly scarce here this winter.—
Ray Adam, Mrs. Barrie, Brother Clarence,
Stuart Houston, Dr. C. J. Houston,. Fred
ngstaff, Eddie Lawrence, Mrs: J. Meekma,
ana Priestly, Mrs. I. M. Priestly.

ROSE, mAs == (25, miles. along Battle
Ri sr).- December 27th, 1945. 10 A. M. to 4
.; clear; light E find tempey Ova 9
eS snow on ground. 3 miles on foot, re-
nder by car. Goshawk, 1; Golden Eagle,
-heasant, 20; Great Horned Owl, 7; Snowy
2; Pileated Woodpecker, 3; Hairy Wood-
ecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; American
‘hre Be teed Woodpecker, 1; Blue jae 3; Mag-
ie, 50; Black-capped grerades: 30; Bo-
n Waxwing, 22; English Sparrow, 200;
Grosbeak, 6; Hoary Redpoll, 2; Redpoll,
Total, 17 species, 401 individuals.- F. L.
. y; Rolly Hawkins, Calvin Waterson,
xordon Waterson.

~

NTON, ALTA. -— (Black Mud Creek}
er 28th, 1945. temp. 15°F.; S, E.

FIELD-NATURALIST 21

wind, 10 m.p-h.; 8 inches snow. Ruffed Grouse,
1; Sharp-tailed Grouse, 3; Pheasant, 3; Great
Horned Owl, 1; Snowy Owl, 1; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 2;
Magpie, 6; Black-capped Chickadee, 8; Brown
Creeper, 1; English Sparrow, sev.; Redpoll,
26; White-winged Crossbill, 25. Total 13 spe-
cies, 80 plus individuals. -R. Anderson.

SUMMERLAND, B. C. — (South Okanagan Val-
ley).- December 23rd, 1945. 8 A. M. to 3:30
P. M.; low fog, clearing in P. M.; little wind;
temp. "30°F.-40°F.; six inches anor 12 miles
lake front, 4 miles of fruit benches to pineclad
hills. 4 parties in A.M., 3 in P. M. Holboell’s
Grebe, 1; Horned Grebe, 4; Pied-billed Grebe,
5; Mallard, 25; Gadwall, 74; Baldpate, 4;
Redhead, 50; American Golden-eye, 1; Bar-
row’s Golden-eye; Buffle-head, 3; Hooded
Merganser, 2; Goshawk, 1; Richardson’s
Grouse, 1; Hungarian Partridge, 4; Cali-
fornia Quail, 75; Pheasant, 195; American
Coot, 2000; Killdeer, 1; Wilson’s Snipe, 1;
Herring Gull, 2; Pigmy Owl, 1; Belted King-
fisher, 2; Northwestern Red-shafted Flicker,
37; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Black-headed Jay,
1; Magpie, 42; Raven, 6; Long-tailed Chicka-
dee, 3; Pygmy Nuthatch, 9; American Dipper,
1; Winter Wren, 3; Robin, 6; Varied Thrush,
1: Western Bluebird, 16; Townsend’s Soli-
taire, 4; Bohemian Waxwing, 80; North-
western Shrike, 2; English Sparrow, 250;
Meadowlark, 8; Red-winged Blackbird, 25;
Pine Grosbeak, 3; Evening Grosbeak, 33;
Goldfinch, 40; Red-backed Junco, 460; Song
Sparrow, 40. Total, 45 species, 3386 indivi-
duals. Eric M. Tait, H. M. Simpson, A. Ben-
nie, S. J. Darcus, W. C. Fosberry. —

-NeEw WESTMINISTER, B. C. — January Ist,
1946. 10:30 A. M. to 4:30 P. M.; dull; temp.
48 to 50°F.; 7 miles mostly on foot. Great
Blue Heron, 1; Mallard, 1; Greater Scaup,
137; Black Brant, 30; Sharp-shinned Hawk,
1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Pheasant, 1; Glaucous-
winged Gull, 12; Herring Gull, 6; Red-shaited
Flicker, 8; Gairdner’s Woodpecker, 6; Harris’
Woodpecker, 1; Crow, 2; Oregon Chickadee,
A3- Coast Bush-tit, 7; Winter Wren, 2;
Seattle Wren, 5; English Sparrow, 8; Varied
Thrush, 29; Pine Siskin, 30; Oregon Junco,
56; Oregon Towhee, 7; Song Sparrow, 36.
- W. S. Maguire, Harry Middleton.

CRESCENT, B. C. — (Bushland and coastline
between Ocean Park and Crescent on foot,

22 a ' Tur CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST.

Estuary of Nicomekl River by boat).- De-
cember 29th, 1945; 8:15 A. M. to 4:15 P. M.
in the
morning; temp 45° at sunrise. Two observers

Overcast. Moderate southeast wind

together nearly all day. Common: Loon, 16;
Horned Grebe, 24; Western Grebe, 13; White-
crested Cormorant, 3; Pelagic Cormorant, 3;
Northwest Coast Heron, 13; Mallard Duck, 1;
Baldpate, 1?; Green-winged Teal, 1; Canvas-
back, 6; Greater Scaup Duck, 56; American
Golden-eye, 26; Barrow’s Golden-eye, 2?;
Buffle-head, 14; Old-squaw, 1; Harlequin Duck
15; White-winged Scoter, 45; Surf Scoter, 34;
American Scoter, 23; Ruddy Duck, 1; Americ-
an Merganser, 1; Red-breasted Merganser, 6;
Duck Hawk, 1; Pheasant, 1; Ruffed Grouse,
2; Killdeer, 1; Black Turnstone, 25; Red-
backed Sandpiper, 1000; Glaucous-wingea
Gull, 35; Short-billed Gull, 7; Belted King:
fisher, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 6; Pileated
Woodpecker, 1; Gairdner’s Woodpecker, 1;
Crow, 50; Oregon Chickadee, 10; Winter
Wren, 2; Seattle Wren, 5; Robin, 2; Varied
Thrush, 6; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4; Eng-
lish Sparrow, 6; Oregon Towhee, 3; Oregon
Junco, 45; White-crowned Sparrow, 1; Song
Sparrow, 10. Total 48 species, 1533 + indi-

viduals; Also California Murre, 1; (Dead
bird).- EK. Woodford, M. W. Holdom.
MARPOLE, DINSMORE ISLAND, B. C. — Decem-

ber 25th, 1945. Fine, misty; 6 miles on foot.
Western Grebe, 1; Cormorant sp. 3; Great
Blue Heron, 5; American Bittern, 1; Mallard,
5; Pintail, 6; Green-winged Teal, 2; Greater
Scaup Duck, 11; Golden-eye sp. 8; Old-squaw,
1; White-winged Scoter, 5; American Mer-
ganser, 2; Hooded Merganser, 2; Marsh
Hawk, 1; Pheasant, 4; Glaucous-winged Gull,
54; Herring Gull, 55; California Murre, 2;
Short-eared Owl, 7; Red-shafted Flicker, 4;
Crow, 3; Oregon Chickadee, 14; Long-billed
Marsh Wren, 3; Winter Wren, 2; Seattle
Wren, 1; Robin, 4; Crested Mynah, 2; Eng-
lish Sparrow, 26; Meadowlark, 7; Red-winged
Blackbird, 7; Pine Siskin, 19; Oregon Towhee,
26; White-crowned Sparrow, 12; Savannah
Sparrow, 15; Song Sparrow, 38.- Harry
Middleton. ; |

18; Golden- inonaial angice 10;

[Vol. 60

SEA IsLaAND, B. C. — (Riverbank, foreshore |
and fields).- December 14th, 1945. 9 A. M. to
5 P. M.; fog; frosty; about 14 miles on foot.
Westerh Grebe, 8; Cormorant sp., 7; Great
Blue Heron, 8; Mallard, 117; Baldpate, 40; —
Pintail, 69; Blue-winged Teal, 15; Green-—
winged Teal, 22; Shoveller, 18; Canvasback,
19; Seaup Duck, 118; American Golden-eye, —
129; Scoter sp., 9; American Merganser, 5; |
Pheasant, 7; Killdeer, 30; Red-backed Sand- —
piper, 67; Glaucous-winged Gull, 210; Her- |
ring Guil, 310; Gull sp. 200; California Murre,
3; Short-eared Owl, 1; Black-capped Chicka-
dee, 8; Long-billed Marsh Wren, 4; Robin, »
51: Varied Thrush, 1; English Sparrow, 62;
Meadowlark, 6; Red-winged Blackbird, 30;
Brewer’s Blackbird, 50; Goldfinch, 1; Spotted
Towhee, 6; Oregon Junco, 20; White-crowned
Sparrow, 13; Fox Sparrow, 1; Song Sparrow, —
31;- Harry Middleton. 4

CoMox DISTRICT, VANCOUVER ISLAND, B. C. —
December 28th, 1945.9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; Fair, ©
then rain, dull; temp. 42°F.; wind light east; q
one party, 10 miles on foot. Common, Loon, ~
4; Horned Grebe, 7; Western Grebe, 2; Pied-_
billed Grebe, 1; Double-crested Cormorant, ©
1; Pelagic Cormorant, 4; Northwest Coast ~

Heron, 2; Mallard, 100; Baldpate, 60; Canvas- —
back, 3; Greater Scaup, 100; American |
Golden-eye, 50; Barrow’s Golden-eye, 5; Bu--

fehead, 50; White-winged Scoter, 1000; Surf
Scoter, 150; American Scoter, 12; Hooded
Merganser, 2; American Merganser, 10; Red- ©
breasted Merganser, 1; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; |
Pheasant, 1; American Coot, 32; Wilson’s |
Snipe, 1; Red-backed Sandpiper, 500; Glauc- —
ous-winged Gull, 1000; Thayer’s Gull, 2;
Short-billed Gull, 14; Pygmy Owl, 1 (dead); ~
Belted Kingfisher, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 9;
Harris’ Woodpecker, 2; Gairdner’s Wood-
pecker, 3; Raven, 2; Sho, 200; Winter Wren,
6; Seattle Wren, 10; Robin, 2; Varied Thrush, |
Engi
Sparrow, 50; Audubon’s Warbler, 1; Brewer’s”
seth 80; Purple Finch, 4; Pine Siskin,

; Oregon Junco, 150; Fox paren. 35 Song
Sues 23. Total, 48 species. Seen’ recently,
Bald Eagle, 1; Killdeer, 1; Black Turnstone,
1 SASSER: Dayidsor: Theed Pearse. a

AFFILIATED

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
MANITOBA

OFFICERS FOR 1944-45

President Emeritus: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D.;
Honorary President: W. H. RAND; Past Presidents:
H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D., V. W. JACKSON, M. Sc.,
J. J. GOLDEN (Dec.), C. W. LOWE, M.Sc., J. B. WALLIS,
M.A., A. A. McCOUBREY, B.Sc. (Dec.), A. M. DAVID-
SON, M.D., R.A. WARDLE, M.Sc., G. SHIRLEY BROOKS,
A. G. LAWRENCE, B. W. CARTWRIGHT, L. T. 8.
NORRIS-ELYE, B.A., P. H. STOKES, MRS. A. SIMPSON ;
President: HAROLD MOSSOP; Vice-Presidents: L. W.
KOSER, H. J.BRODIE, Ph.D.; Treasurer: G. SHIRLEY
BROOKS; General Secretary: MISS M. F. PRATT;
Auditor: L. W. KOSER; Executive Secretary: MRS.
A. H, SHORTT; Social Convenor: MRS. H. T. ROSS.

SECTIONS—

Ornithological: A. H. SHORTT, Chair.; W. ADAMS, Sec.
Entomological: W. C. McGUFFIN, M.Sc., Chair.; R. LE-
JEUNE, M.Sc., Sec.. Botanical: H J. BRODIE, Ph.D.,
Chair.; MRS. A. J. SEARLE, Sec.. Geological: W. S.
YARWOOD, M.Sc., Chair.: MRS. R. kK. HELYAR, Sec..
Mammalogical: J. D. SOPER, Chair.; L. T. S. NORRIS-
ELYE, B.A, Sec.; Microscopy: Zoology—R. A. WARDLE,
M.Sc.: Botany—C. W. LOWE, M.Sc., Chair.; R. HADDOW,
See.. Herpetology: R. K. STHWART-HAY, M.Sc. Chair. ;
W. BLACK, Sec.

Meetings are held each Monday evening,
holidays, from October to April, in the physics theatre
of the University, Winnipeg. Field excursions are held
each Saturday afterncon during May, June and Septem-
ber, and on public holidays during July and August.

except on

SOCIETE PROVANCHER D‘HISTOIRE
NATURELLE DU CANADA

BUREAU DE DIRECTION — 1946

Président: ODILON
T. J. A. HUNTER; 2eme Vice-Président; DR. D. A.
DERY; Secrétaire-Trésorier: GEORGES A. LECLERC:
Chef de la section scientifique: DR. VIGER PLAMONDON ;
Chef de la section protection: IAN BREAKEY; Chef de
Ja section d’information scientifique et pratique; DR.
GUSTAVE RATTE; Chef de la section de propaganda
éducationnelle: HUBERT DUCHENE. Directeurs - I. D.
ROSS, A. C. DOBELL ROBERT HUNTER, J. C. PRICE,
ULRIC G. TESSIER, REX MEREDITH, CHAS. A. DUMAS;
G. STUART AHERN. Adresse du _ secrétaire-trésorier :
Georges A. Leclerc, 85, des Franciscains St., Québec, P. Q.

MARCEAU; ler Vice-président :

THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’
CLUB

OFFICERS for 1945-1946

President: MR. C. A. WALKINSHAW; Vice-President.
DR. L. E. JAQUITH; Membership Secretary and Treas-
urer: MISS MARY LIGHT; Corresponding Secretary:
MISS LILIAN PAYNE, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s
Park; President of Junior Club: MRS. J. W. BARFOOT;
Vice-President of Junior Club: MRS. L. E. JAQUITH;
Members of Executive Council: JAS. L. BAILLIE, JR.,
MAJOR W. K. W. BALDWIN, A. C. CAMERON, MISS
WINNIFRED CHUTE BROTHER DENIS, 0. E. DEVITT,
PROF. T. W. DWIGHT, DR. MADELINE FRITZ, H. M.
HALLIDAY, MISS MARY KIRKWOOD, PROF. A. J. V.
LEHMANN, A. A. OUTRAM, F. GREER ROBERTS, H. H.
SOUTHAM, SPRAGUE TROYER; Past Presiddents: F.
C. HURST DR. R. M. SAUNDERS, PROF. T. F. Me-
ILWRAITH.

Meetings are held at 8.15 p.m. on the first Monday of
each month from October to May at the Royal Ontario
Museum, unless otherwise announced. Field trips are
held during the spring and autumn and on the second
Saturday of each month during the winter.

SOCIETIES

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS — _ {946-1947

A. M. MacKENZIE, M.M.
Past President: IAN McTAG-
Ph.D.; President: A. H. BAIN;
Vice-President: J. J. PLOMMER; Corr. Secretary: A. R,
WOOTON; Rec. Secretary: MISS STELLA BOYSE; Asst.
Secretary: F. TIMMIS; H. Treasurer: F. J. SANDFORD;
Librarian: MRS. F. MORGAN ; Chairmen of sections -
Botany - J. DAVIDSON, E'L.S., F.B.S.E.: Geology -
M. Y. WILLIAMS, B.Sc... Ph.D., F.G.S8.A.: Entomology -
A. R. WOOTTON: Ornithology - J. HOLMAN: Photo-
eraphy - P. fT. TIMMS: Mammalogy - Ian McT. COWAN,
B.A., Ph.D.: Marine Biology - R. W. PILLSBURY, M.A.:
Junicr Section - MISS M. L. ELLIOTT: Additional
Members of Executive - MISS E. SUTHERLAND, (GC.

Hon. President: DR. NORMAN
B:-A., Li.M, LI.Bt, Li.D.;

GERT COWAN, B.A.,

GOUGH, K. RACEY, G. R. WOOD. Auditors - H. G.
SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS.
All meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Science

Building, University of British Columbia, unless other
wise announced.

McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB
LONDON, ONT.

OFFICERS FOR (946

President - DR. R. G. CUMMINGS, 429 Oxford St.
Vice-President - MR. J. K. REYNOLDS, 912 Dufferin Ave,
Corr. Sec. & Treas. - Mrs. W. G. GIRLING,

530 English St.
Rec. Sec. - MR. ALAN LAUGHREY, 786 Wellington St.

MR. W. G. GIRLING,
530 English St.

Programme Convenor - MRS. E. M. DALY, 297 Hyman St.

Migratory Bird Recorder -

Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Publie Library
building on the second Monday of each month from

October to April.

Field trips are held during the spring and a special
excursion in September.

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR
THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC.

OFFICERS FOR SEASON — 1945-46

President: MRS. L. Mel. TERRILL; Vice-President: J. P.
ANGLIN; Vice-President: G. G. OMMANNEY; Treasurer:
J. D. FRY; Secretary: MISS R. 8. ABBOTT; Committees:
Major J. D. CLEGHORN, J. A. DECARIE, Dr. M. 3.
DUNBAR, G. HARPER HALL, W. S. HART, Miss G. HIB-
BARD, *Mrs. C. L. HENDERSON, H. A. C. JACKSON,
J. G M. LeMOINE, A. R. LEPINGWELL, H. MOUSLBY,
Miss L. MURPHY, Miss M. ROBINSON, Maj. J. A. ROL
LAND, Miss M. SEATH, Mrs. 8. A. SHERRARD, L. Mel.
TERRILL, Lt.-Com. V. C. WYNNE-EDWARDS.

Meetings held the second Monday of the month except
during summer.

Headquarters of the Soctety are:
REDPATH MusztuM Brirp Room,
McGILL UNIVERSITY,
MonrtTREAL, P.Q.

BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND
MAMMAL SOCIETY

President: KENNETH RACEY: Vice-President: H. M.
LAING: Secretarv: IAN McT. COWAN, Dept. af”
Zeology, University of Bnitish Columbia, Vancouver, B.C,

New Era of
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Price -- $1.00 per 100

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Published by the Ottawa ‘FiciaoNeeecatnta! Club si
and available in any quantity from the following ih ee of
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MR. I. L. CONNERS, Div. of Botany and Plan
Central Experimen

SE ees

Vol. 60 MARCH - APRIL, 1946 No. 2

The CANADIAN

yoons
—
eee ee

FIELD-NATURALIST

Li sn AR

Contents Page
The grizzly and the set-gun. By T. T. McCabe .-rcrccmsnsnnsinmnnnaenmeenmemmaremrmemmnmnnmannnnnt 23
“Carlton House on the Saskatchewan”. By Frank L. Farley -svrssssssmmsmmmetnemeneennanne 26

A trapper’s record of animal abundance in the Oba-Hearst area of Ontario for the years

1931-1944, By Quimby F. Hess on eescsesssssssassasmsensnnessesnsnesenemeetnenesanssnmesaisuatisnnuamesneessinanensusnetan 31
Some records of blood parasites from Ontario birds. By C. H. D. Clarke «neces 34
A list of insects of the Mackenzie river basin. By Rev. Arthéme Dutilly, O.M.D. sccm 35
The history of the gray fox in Ontario, By Stuart C. Downing .errccesssrnneenrarmresnneeinseamncrmussmen 45

Published by the
Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club

Entered at the Post Office at Sutton West, Ont., as second class matter

The Ottawa S teld- Naturalists’ Club

President : Rev. F. E. BANIM

1st Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY 2nd Vice-President: A. L. RAND

Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, Secretary: O. H. HEWITT,
Division of Botany National Parks Bureau,
Central Experimental Farm, Ohne. Norlite Bldg., Ottawa.

Additional Members of Council: F.J. ALcock, R.M. ANDERSON, A. W.A. Brown,
Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. CRAWForD, R. E. DeELURY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. GROH,
J. W. Groves, C. C. HEIMBURGER, D. LEECHMAN, HARRISON F. LEWIS, HoyEs LLoyp,
Mrs. WiLMoT Lioyp, A. E. Porsttp, H. A. SENN, PAULINE SNURE, JAMES H. SOPER,
V. E. F. SomMAN, C. M. STERNBERG, E. &. G. WHITE, M. E. WILSON.

Auditors: W. H. LANCELEY and HARRISON F. LEwIs

Editor :
Dr. H. A. SENN,
Division of Botany
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa

Associate. Editors

D. JENNESS 2 .cecnnsiinssn . Anthropology — CLYDE L. PATCH wenn Horpetes
PAPA AMS 4 toc) eee 0s Eee . Botany — R. M. ANDERSON ............... _Mammale
ACU ICA ROCQUB yan ates ae Conchology A. G. HUNTSMAN qn. Marine Bie
ARTHUR GIBSON ..................... Entomology OS A BOTS ORVAGN yy eer eae an
Food? AYCOCK 2s eee (Geology Wig. SBE: teen roe

J. R. DyMoNnpD ssvemnnennnenmnn Ichthyology

The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB fe been isaued ee
since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, |} |
1879-1886, two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two vol-
umes : and these have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The
Canadian Field-Naturalist is issued bi-monthly. Its seope is the publication pr the
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Price of this volume (6 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 40¢ each

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‘4 us

e ‘The Canadian

ne ARY

ield-N aturalist_

VOL. 60 SUTTON WEST, CANADA sted APRIL, 1946
“4 THE GRIZZLY AND THE SET-GUN'* 384¢¥3
. By T. T. McCase mnt rN
Berkeley, California JUN 28 1946
| ene
HORT OF Porson, the set-gun is the only believe, unknown, nor did I hear of the

technique that can seriously threaten a po-
population of grizzly in rough,’ unexploited,
densely-timbered mountain country. Such, for-
tunately, is the habitat of most of the great
populations that still exist in British Colum-
bia and southeastern Alaska. The only prob-
able exception is systematic shooting at the
: mouths of salmon streams.

_ Set-gunning was a virulently epidemic but
surprisingly rare abuse of the transition
period of the northwestern wilderness eco-

“necting the days of the free and numerous
Indians and the old-timers who lived continu-
| ously on their traplines, hunting grounds, or
claims, and the motley human tide that fol-
lowed the “opening up of the country”, radi-
| ating from stagnant mining camps or left by
the backwash of land or timber booms, in
| possession of an unaccustomed liberty which
meant, for the most part, license to kill and
| to bea: These in due course of necessity were

followed by the police and at last by the game
f _ warden, —all part of the ae of the old

& The miracle is that the habit, as far as I
| know, during the period when adequate old
i § ans, about “ghost” camps and ee

eee

i. area, centering around the Cariboo dis-
| trict of British Columbia. Elsewhere I have
und one or two old frames on the Clear-

practice in the course of a four month trip
the previous year between Banff and the
Athabasca. Even more remarkable is the de-
gree to which the coast and the Cassiar
appear to remain uninfected, though I speak
of the latter with relatively limited first-hand
knowledge. In years of hunting and climbing
on the B. C. coast, and in much lesser degree
in southeastern Alaska, I never saw a frame
or heard of a set-gun nearer to the salchuck
than those mentioned on the Atnarko and
Texas Creek. This in spite of the fact that at
Kooeye, Khutze, and many another obscure
river-mouth, grizzly at salmon time can be a
nuisance. This suggests the possible import-
ance of the absence of “sportsmen”, —as bear
hunting for sport on the B. C. coast in recent
years has been almost nil. I know nothing of
the great northern Brown Bear islands. The
home of the great stand of grizzly of the
lower Stikine and Iskut I have glimpsed only
in passage, but, always with due regard to
the avoidance of suggestion through inform-
ative questioning, I was able to hear nothing
of set-gunning. About Telegraph and Dease
I have hunted over some of the famous big-
game ground and acquired a good deal of
information at second hand, and get the same
impression, in spite of the great killings by
hunting parties in the past. If this impression
is correct, it is interesting in view of the fact
that the long-vanished populations of the
Lakeland and Porter’s Landing camps and of
Glenora were analagous, and often individu-
ally identical, with those of Barkerville. This
is evidence that it was not the old-time pros-
pectors who started the idea, though they
were the ones who sometimes possessed reas-
onable excuse. It must be remembered that in
northern, open, low-timberline, interior
country like the Cassiar and beyond, with
easy travel and easy glassing, bear hunting
by legitimate means is relatively easy.

sega.)
Vol. 60, No. 1, January-February, 1946, was issued May 27, 1946.

eee

ae ee fc. J
5 { nid Saal
: ay phone 4g ASTRAL |
no virtue in broadcasting the specifications
of the apparatus. Suffice it to say that it is
of the utmost simplicity and perfectly deadly

and that the line ot fire is downward, not .

24

Even at the present d

horizontal, without much danger to human
beings. It is the one quick, cheap, and easy
way to kill a grizzly. The high-number steel
traps, even when lawful and available were
always rare, expensive, heavy, and difficult to
pack and considering the spread of a grizzly’s
foot, its power to fight and drag, and willing-
-ness to leave toes behind, it was hard to hold

a bear without a set of several. The great
cross-log spring-pole was a terrific job to
make and adjust. It is a wonder that the in-
terior Indians made them as often as they did,

but in the matter of single traps (not of
lines) they were neither lazy nor lacking in
mechanical skill. Any Indian is a wizard with
a spring-pole or dead-fall, of any size.

In cache or tepee country or during light
summer prospecting there used to be adequate
excuse for protective methods. The writer, has
had better than six laboriously established
camps destroyed by grizzly, and so have many
others. I speak, of course, of wild and remote
country under old-time conditions, not of
parks with their peculiar problems and easy
supply. But rarely indeed were any of the sets
_I have mentioned or am about to tell of the
answers to such problems, —the orgies of
killing were objectless. Hides were rarely
saved. The Cariboo was a country of inveter-
ate cabin-building. They accumulated for two
generations, and a trapper or prospector was
rarely enough caught without one if only a
kennel four logs high. There was not a cache-
platform of the mainrange or northern Alber-
ta type in the district, —very little’ use of
tents, and none of tepees. The vast majority
if not all the tales of bear entering cabins
through the roof are apocryphal. The nearest
exception I know is of a grizzly which tore
through the roof of an old cabin converted
into a pen-trap and killed a black bear which
had been caught, There is also a rather cir-
cumstantial account of a grizzly which killed
a sick man either in or at the door of a cabin
near the snout of the Salmon glacier near
- Hyder. In general, however, men and supplies
in a cabin are as safe as in a citadel.

DIAM Finup-N ATURALIST

.vived on the continent into the twentieth cen-

_shots of bear fallen at frames were to be s

-too-common attitude by saying “a season

Making every allowance for astronomi
exaggerations, there still remains no doub
that the inner western margin of the Cari
Mountains from south of Quesnel Lake to
yond the bend of the Fraser supported one a
the largest populations of grizzly which sur= |
tury. It was far greater, area for area, tha |
the best parts of the B. C. coast, for the n
able coast populations are simply sal
stream concentrations, and the suitable main-
land streams are not of unlimited numi
Years of climbing, for instance, on the mount=—

ains between Vancouver Island and Dixor

Entrance have taught the writer how litt
grizzly sign there is over the country as. a)

a

whole as compared to many an interior lo-
cality, and especially as compared to the Cari-
boo, even when I began to hunt it in 1922. But”
then the sign of a far greater population was
still fresh, the diggings still bare, and it
needed no reliance upon doubtful report to)
read the story of the previous ten or fifteen
years. Then in the course of slide-hint
climbing, and collecting along a single -fi
odd miles of lakeshore I counted over sixty gu:
frames, for the most part sound and compa
tively new. It is impossible to guess how m
I missed. Many of the builders were
present, unconcerned and quite ready to tal
Hardly a wrecked“remnant of a cabin b
contained its weird assemblage of old g
and ammunition, with bored stocks and
variety of attachment rigging. Even sn

so close, in some cases, to the “outside”
the habit extended. One friend expressed the
don’t seem rounded-off-like without a_
grizzly in the spring.” Yet very few of
hides were brought out.

Indeed it is a fact that the fascination of
the April slides in the lake country, gard
spots crowded by bear, caribou, and m
while all around lies under heavy ice
snow, usually close to spring beaver trapp
to be had only by wintering or by movin
with hand-sleds on the winter ice, is irr
able, —yet this fascination too often t
lated itself, by whatever psychology, in
vish killing for bait and subsquent
gunning. tis ROR

Y Vv,
all ath: the old ae kee It was not, cer-
Bi tainly, the trappers who brought in many of
the old guns, —a few old-model Winchesters
and Marlins but more old Hnglieh single-shot
target rifles, picked up in Vancouver and
largely Seat and an occasional worn-out
Ee Marble game-getter, the latter very light and
p handy for the purpose, with a .44 ball. Pieces
of half-inch pipe were also sometimes used
with .44 cartridges. I have only handled one
_ of these last but have been told of others. The
‘ “one I saw had a common pipe-cap on one end
a with a drilled hole, a nail for a firing pin,
and two spiral springs lashed alongside, to be
“held at stretch by a chip whieh served as a
rigger.
After 1910, however, and the penetration of
th district by a great population of moose, the
try was discovered by
ers, mostly from the far south. “Guiding”

mining industry, a fabulous resource. Of
axarly-comers some, perhaps a few out of
y, were unfortunate selections. There is no

iehe ein: which works while one sleeps
» quickly appreciated, —and an orgy set in.
One illuminating instance (both guide and

(0) 200d slide lakes could be worked,
e a canoe and supplies were waiting.
1 and moose were killed at convenient

sophisticated

me for the time, .at a starvation point in

is. The hunter returned on the first open _

THE eters Pep Nyon Acie 25

water with nine grizzly hides. When the guide,
himself well-enough disposed and concerned
for his license, demurred, the hunter was clever
enough to place the B. C. Game Act in his
hands and defy him to find any prohibition of

set-gunning, —-which was actually in the

Criminal Code.

This is one example out of many, though per-
haps the best-organized and met destructive.
It is impossible to make a close estimate of the
number killed from about 1910 to 1924, but I
believe 60 to 75 grizzly set-gunned in the
hundred mile square best known to me in that
region would be a considerable underestimate.
In 1924, on Swamp River, a brand new frame,
the gun, as it proved, removed the previous
day, was stumbled upon, and the action taken
by the authorities ended, I believe, the- reign
of widespread set-gunning.

In how many of the other districts I have
mentioned the practice may have been wide-
spread but forever concealed by the simple ex-
pedient of removing the framesy it is impossible
to say. That alone, a three-minute job, is re-
quired forever to conceal the crime. (Despite
common report to the contrary it is not by any

means possible, if the work is done. intelli-
‘gently, to recognize a set-gunned hide.) Yet,

people who set guns being what they usually
are, —the whole thing being a manifestation
of social irresponsibility, the precaution, I be-
lieve, is seldom taken. It certainly was not in
the Cariboo, where even the guns were often
enough left hanging, as I have seen.

It is worth remembering that the threat is
ever-present. Recently in south-eastern Alaska,
at a point where a popular resident had been

killed by a grizzly, I heard the threat system-

atically to set-gun the district made in a group
of trappers and miners. It was quite certain,
however, that the speaker was the only one of
the group of experienced men who was familiar
with the method.

26 | THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

“CARLTON HOUSE ON THE SASKATCHEWAN”? _
By FRANK L. FARLEY

Camrose,

6(™ARLTON House on the Saskatchewan’ is a
well-known phrase to those who are fami-

liar with that epic of northern zoology, (Fau-_

na Boreali Americana) published in 1831, by
William Swainson and Dr. (later Sir) John
Richardson. It appears many times when the
240 species of birds described in Part Two
of that admirable work are being considered.
Twenty-seven of these birds were found and
collected in the vicinity of Carlton House,
while another fifty-five were recorded in
areas nearby, ‘on the plains’ or ‘on the banks.
of the Saskatchewan river’. In the same gen-
eral localities five birds new to science, were
discovered, by members of the Franklin Over-

(1). American Grey Shrike
(White-rumped Shrike)
Gray-crowned Linnet
(Gray-crowned Rosy Finch)
Arctic Ground Finch
(Arctic Towhee)

(2).
(3).

| (4). Clay-colored Buntling
(Clay-colored Sparrow)
(5). Painted Buntling

(Smith’s Longspur)

The name Carlton House was first applied
to a Post established in 1776, by the Hudson’s
Bay Company, at a point a short distance be-
low the forks of the North and South Saskat-
chewan rivers. It was named in honor of
“Carlton House”, the London residence of
the Prince of Wales, afterwards, King George
IV. In 1805 it was replaced by a Post at a
location on the South Saskatchewan river, a
few miles above the site of “South Branch
House” which was destroyed by fire about the
year 1794. In 1810, the Carlton House with
which we are concerned was established, this
time at the present site, a few miles below the
“Crossing Place”. The council of the Northern
Department of the North-west Territories
was regularly held at Carlton House, from
1874 to 1882. In October 1884, some of the
buildings were leased to the Canadian Goy-

1, —Received for publication February 7, 1945.

-to England, and there described and named by ©

Lanius excubitorides

(Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides)
Linnaria (leucosticte) tephrocotis
(Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis)
Pyrgita (pipilo) arctica

(Pipilo maculatus arcticus)
Emberiza pallida

(Spizella pallida)

Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta
(Calcarius pictus)

Alberta

land expedition in search of the Polar sea.
The ornithologists of the party were Dr. John
Richardson, physician to the expedition, and
Thomas Drummond, assistant naturalist, who q
apparently was the active fieldman. Speci-
mens of the newly discovered birds were taken

the eminent
Swainson.
These birds, their common and scientific
names originally given them, followed in
brackets, by the names presently used and >
currently recognized in the latest edition ©
(1931) of the American Ornithologists’ Un-—
ion Check List, are:

British naturalist, William |

ernment, and occupied until the following —
spring by the North-west Mounted Police. —
The Post was finally abandoned on March 27, ~
1885, during the North-west rebellion. It was —
shortly thereafter burned by the rebels.
During a period of more than 80 years ~
Carlton House was the chief supply depot of —
the Hudson’s Bay Company for much of the.
vast territory lying between Fort Garry and
Fort Edmonton, an area nearly 800 miles in
length, by between 200 and 300 miles in-
breadth. Situated on the main overland route, —
almost midway between those two important —
centres of the fur-trade, and close toa suitable —
ford on the North Saskatchewan river, it
served both land and water lines of transpose
tation. It was here that the freighters over —
the plains, and the crews of the river-boats
halted to rest, or to adjust and change their 4
loads. sf

"March-April, 1946]

There were, however, other factors besides
the fur-trade “that brought Carlton House
into prominence. During the Fort’s existence,
it was to a large extent the social and com-
mercial center of the great plains country,
and was frequently visited by noted travel-

ers, scientists, explorers and buffalo hunters.
Captain Palliser and his party, including J.
W. Sullivan, Dr. Hector and Captain Blaki-
‘ston, spent the winter of 1857-58 at the Post.
This party was sent out by the British gov-
ernment for the purpose of exploring and
investigating the country lying between the
head of Lake Superior, and the Rocky Mount-
- ains. This work was carried on between the
years 1857 and 1860. It was during this period
_ that Captain Blakiston conducted his study of
the fauna of the lower Saskatchewan river,
and secured many specimens. A report of his
_ investigations appeared in the “Ibis” in the
years 1861-62.

Carlton House, (also known as “The Wait-

ing Place”) stands out quite prominently on
_ the pages of Canadian history. It was here
that one of the most important Treaties ever
consummated by the Canadian government
and the western Indians was signed. By it the
Plains and Wood Crees ceded to the govern-
p ment 120,000 square miles of territory, much
B. of which was later to be known as “The

Fertile Belt”. To commemorate this moment-
: - ous event, a Monument has been erected close
to the highway, at a point a few miles east

of the old site of Carlton House. On it is °

__ inscribed: -
“Treaty Number Six”. “Here, in August,

and at Fort Pitt, in September, 1876,

E-?, “Commission of the Crown negotiated
_ Treaty Number Six with the Crees, who

st thereby surrendered their rights to 120,

000 square miles - - - This treaty allayed

the unrest amongst these Indians and

assisted the peaceful settlement of the

Region”.

The territory included in this transfer ex-
ids from a point near Cumberland House
n the east, to the foothills of the Rockies,
nd has a depth of many miles, both north
md south of the Saskatchewan river. Much
this land has now been brought under
and annually produces many
ons of bushels of the world’s finest wheat.
1 advent of the railroad in the ’80’s, con-
i Winnipeg and Calgary was respons-
x changed methods of transportation,

<

_ National railways.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 27

and Carlton House, lying far to the north
of the new line, was shortly thereafter aban-
doned. Today, nothing remains of the old
Post but its crumbled stone foundations and
caved-in cellars.

I can find few published records of Dr.
Richardson’s impressions of Carlton House.
Commenting on the appearance of the spar-
row hawk, page 42 of the “Fauna”, he devotes
a few lines comparing the terrain about the
Post with familiar scenes of his homeland.
He says: ‘In the vicinity of Carlton House,
where the plains are beautifully ornamented
by numerous ‘small clumps of aspens, that
give such a rich picturesque effect to the
landscape, which I have never seen equalled,
even in an English park, this small falcon
was frequently discovered”. And again refer-
ing to the catbird, he remarks; “The country
is more open about Carlton House, and culti-
vation is carried to a greater extent there,
than any other part north of Lake Superior
which we visited, and there only did we see
the catbird”’.

Many times during my long residence in
the Canadian west, and only a day’s journey —
from Carlton House, had I longed to visit the
historic spot. That wish was gratified in late
July 1939, when, with my grandson Cahill
Knox, I left Camrose by auto, in the early
morning of July 25th, and traveled south-east
as far as Wilkie, Saskatchewan. From there
we followed an indirect route over rough
country roads and reached Battleford (the
old Capital of the North-west Territories), at
which point we crossed the Battle River near
its junction with the North Saskatchewan
river. Continuing south-easterly along the
Edmonton-Saskatoon highway, we arrived at
a small village a few miles north of Saska-
toon. Here we turned north, traveling through
a well settled country, and late in the after-
noon reached the small hamlet of Carlton,
located on a branch line of the Canadian
This place, named after
the old Post, comprises a few stores, several
grain elevators, railway depot and a half
dozen houses. From one of the villagers we
learned that the ruins of the old Post would
be found about six miles to the north-west.
Following a well-graded road we were not
long in reaching the crest of the hill, from
which we had a fine view of the broad Sas-
katchewan valley. A winding trail down the
sparsely wooded slope, and across the wide
flat, brought us to a fringe of heavy timber

28° . trad THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 3 [Vol. 60

- and shrubbery, which formed a border along
the river bank. Here, in this ideal camping
site, we met, by pre-arrangement, a party of

three naturalists, who had motored all the

way from Toronto. It was their intention to
spend a month in the prairie - provinces,
making collections of birds and mammals,
some of which would be deposited in the
Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology. One of
the party, a great nephew, Farley Mowat,
was interested in obtaining topotypes of spe-
cies which had been described from this
region. They had arrived earlier in the day,
and already were ‘in camp.

Although the object of our search was less
that 300 miles from Camrose, and in the
same latitude (53°N), we had traveled more
than 400 miles to reach it. The additional
mileage was occasioned by the fact that the

main highways, running east and _ west

through the northern portions of the prairies,
follow a south-easterly direction, paralleling
the railways connecting Edmonton and Winni-
peg. Throughout the day we had traveled over
a beautiful country. It was a land of prairies,
parklands, wide fields of ripening grain, and
innumerable small lakes and meadows. On
and about. the lakes large numbers of water-
fowl and waders were noted busily engaged
in looking after their young. A dozen species
of ducks were identified, all undoubtedly hav-
ing nested locally. On the shores were willets,
marbled godwits, avocets and yellow-legs.
Seeing a pair of brown thrashers along the
roadside was a pleasant surprise. These fine
songsters are certainly. moving westward
with the settlement of the country.

On the evening of our arrival we called on

owner of the land on which once stood the
old Post. He was much interested in our
visit and freely offered us valuable informa-
tion relative to the surrounding country and
the location of the historic ruins. Much of this
he had obtained from Indians, halfbreeds,
and early settlers. His farm buildings were
snugly set in a cottonwood grove on the
eastern side of the river flat, some distance
south of the trail) we had followed to the
river. A spring of good water is located a
short distance east of the buildings. This may
have been a deciding factor in the selection
of the site for the important Post. The suit-
able ford on the river, a few miles to the
south may also haye had an influence in the

farm, and inspected his wonderful crop of —
fifty bushels to the acre. The soil on this flat,

upper prairie, this. being accounted for, no —
doukt, by. the oceasional overflowing of the —

field, and close to the trail, we were shown 7

_ redwillow, saskatoon and wild rose, these
Mr. Servais Rahier, a Belgian settler, the —

poplar, some of the former being of immense

choice of the location, For present day acco- |
modation a ferry is operated for the conven- —
ience of farmers on both sides of the river, 4
which at this point is 850 feet wide. Just
below the ferry and close to the east bank of |
the river, a narrow sandy island extends — {
along the east side of the river for a mule
and a half.

- Inv the ae) ‘shades: of the long eve-
ning we-enjoyed. a walk over Mr. Rahier’s ©

|
|

Thatcher wheat which promised a yield of

we were told is even richer than that of the —

river in past ages, with the resultant silt —
deposits. Portions of this field have been in |
production since the Post was first estab- —
lished in 1810. On the northern end of the ©

the old stone foundations of the fort, now —
level with the surrounding ground, Within —
these were several caved-in cellars, now over-
grown with a thick mat of weeds and grasses.
North and west of the ruins could be seen thon
remains of an old lime-kiln, which doubtless 4
had furnished the lime used in the construc-_
tion of the foundations and chimneys of the
Fort, and other buildings.

The river flat extends a considerable dis- —
tance to the north and east of the ruins, and 4
little of this. has been cultivated. It is dotted —
here and there with clumps of poplar and —
willows. These wooded oases, are, for the
most part encircled with thick growths of —
shrubbery, including among others, buckbrush,

viding ideal nesting sites and cover for
a variety of birds. Along the river, forming a-
border, are heavy stands of cottonwood and —

size—one near our tent was” nearly three |
feet in diameter. This tree, we mused — may
have been a sapling at the time Richardson and —
Drummond carried on their investigations in ‘
the neighborhood. After plans for the morrow ~
had been arranged we. retired. Throughou
the night the quiet of the solitude was fre
quently broken by bird-voices from both —
sides of the river. In the tree-tops above our

tents, a pair of mourning doves kept up a

monotonous conversation with others of their
kind—the enchanting notes of olive- hae

thrushes came from the deeb woods nearby ; 4

North Saskatchewan River, above old Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan.

Fort Carlton from a contemporary drawing. Reproduced from “Ocean to Ocean”
by Rev. George M. Grant, James Campbell & Son, Toronto, 1873.

plata

isu
Mie

The morning proke clear and bright, and
ag hough the season for bird song was on the

Ms ane, numbers of the common birds were
- early singing about camp. After breakfast
? e set out to explore the territory north and
ast of the trail. Within a short time we de-
cted two of the five birds that had been
rst described from the region—the clay-
lored sparrow, and the Arctic towhee. The
wzzing notes of the sparrows came from
1e brushy clumps which were numerous on
the flat, while a male towhee flushed from
he ground at the edge of a thicket, alighted
n the top of a sapling and sang his little ditty.

I found it difficult to explain to the young
mbers of the party why we should find an
etic” bird, apparently nesting here, on this
t+ sweltering day in July. Later in the day
veral pairs of white-rumped shrikes were
en, the third species found by us that had
en first described from this territory. The
ther two, now known as Smith’s longspur,
od the gray-crowned rosy finch, being sum-
ler residents of the Arctic Life zones, would
2 £ course, not be present at the time of our
sit. It is a matter worthy of note that we
und a number of birds in the vicinity of
y Iton House, that are not mentioned at
all in the “Fauna”, as having been recorded
in hat region. Of these, the house wren and
the spotted sandpiper might be mentioned,
th found by us to be quite common.

Vithout doubt the outstanding songster
untered in the territory covered on the
ip, was that minstrel of the prairies, the
oa meadowlark. In this setting of
é © ‘parklands, ‘copsewood and flowing riv-
this popular bird appeared in all his glory.
hough the early naturalists were acquain-
with this striking bird, they failed to diff-
tiate between it and the eastern form.
is oversight may be explained by the
lihood that neither Richardson nor Drum-
d had ever heard the song of the latter
. The honor of describing the western
owlark fell to Audubon, who in 1843
2d specimens in North Dakota. The
ic name assigned to it (neglecta) was

oric ground our thoughts naturally
a the long a80, when the hardy

iately chosen. As we wandered over

i, <)* Wibe F MA Sa 2 7. 3, sing at 1" ad

29

of new knowledge. A feeling akin to rever-
ence was experienced when in compiling our
list, we met those birds that had first been
described from the locality.

The nomenclature employed by Swainson ir
naming two of the birds secured in the Carlton
House region is, I believe,opento criticism
even at this late date. The inappropriate
name, Arctic, given to the towhee that spends
the summer in the central portions of Alberta
and Saskatchewan, is not only misleading,
but ridiculous. This bird belongs strictly to
the Transition and Upper Austral life-zones,
and as far as I am aware has never been
found within 900 miles of the Arctic Circle.
The A. O. U. Check List gives its summer
range as follows; “Breeds in the Upper Aus-
tral zones, from southern Alberta and the
forks of the Saskatchewan rivers, south, to
south-west Montana and north-western Ne-
braska”. It seems incredible as well as inex-
cusable that the misnomer “Arctic” should
have been allowed to stand unchallenged for
so many years.

Carlton House was early the center of orni-
thological research in that vast region, which
was later to become a part of our Dominion.
It was for years the headquarters of promi-
nent naturalists attached to expeditions of —
discovery, yet with such distinction, its name
has never been associated with any of the
birds discovered in the area. How different
with scores of other localities on this conti-
nent, whose only claim to honours rested on
the discovery of a single species, and in some
cases merely subspecies. Carlton House is
worthy and deserving of recognition, and I
would respectfully suggest that our towhee of
the prairie parklands be renamed the “Carl-
ton Towhee”. I believe this to be a real oppor-
tunity to remedy a serious oversight, and at
the same time remove an undesirable name
from the Check List.

'

- During Dr. Richardson’s absence with the
Franklin expedition in the Arctic regions,
Drummond continued his investigations in
the country traversed by the North Saskat-
chewan, and the Athabaska rivers, and on the
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. Here
it was that he spent the greater part of two

_ winters—reaching the headwaters of the

Smoky river. At times his only shelter was “a
hut built of branches”. Under such conditions,
in a country beset with severe winters, he

30 THE CANADIAN

\

must have suffered many hardships and pri-

vations. One cannot help reflecting on the
make-up of a man who could stand up to
such a life. The loneliness at times must have
been appalling. He would be dependent on
the country for a living and while many of us
would enjoy a few days of such a life, few
would have put up with what Drummond did,
and all in the name of science. As a result of
that extended side-trip, Drummond again
added new birds to his already creditable list
of discoveries.

Referring to the accomplishments of Drum-
mond on his lonely and hazardous expedition,
Preble, in his ‘Biological Investigations of the
Athabaska-Mackenzie Region” says; ‘The na-
tural history material and notes accumulated
on this expedition, were so extensive, that it
was decided they should be published sepa-
rately, instead as an appendix to the narra-
tive. The result was the series of magnificent
volumes of “Fauna Boreali Americana”.

Drummond returned to Carlton House with
his collections in April 1827, where he awaited
the return of the other members of the expe-
dition from the Arctic. During this interval
he again collected specimens in the vicinity of
Carlton House. It was at this time that he
secured the new longspur, out of a flock of

FIELD-NATURALIST

Lapland longspurs (Calearius lapponicus).

One bird only was seen. This was described by
Swainson and named the painted bunting
it was renamed —

Later
(Calcarius pictus).

(Emberiza picta).

Smith’s longspur The

“Smith” part of the present name seems to —

come from Audubon, who described an im-
mature plumaged bird of this species as an-

other species, Plectrophanes smithi in 1884. —

It is not only remarkable, but it is to be
regretted that Drummond’s name has not been
associated with any of the birds that he dis-
covered in this new land. This was most likely
an oversight on the part of Swainson and Dr.

Richardson. The name Smith was originally —

given to this bird through a misunderstand-
ing. Would it not be in order to commemorate

and honor the man who brought this beauti- —
ful bird to the attention of science, by re- |

naming it Drummond’s longspur?

In conclusion I would like to suggest, that

in view of the historical and scientific associ- |

ations connected with Carlton House, the
naturalists of Canada, make a request to the

Canadian Government, asking it to acquire

the site and establish the area as a National
Park, thus preserving to posterity, this land-
mark in the exploration of our rich Canadian

‘fauna.

-[Vol. 60”

- tie st
Pickle PIE Sparc 1

Suptee Yate Ye aan 5 - nee ca rate Peete 2 AES teeta,

ar

sia:

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st an

a

Sessassondtiss

(*onTiINvous ReEcorps of the comparative
“abundance of animals from year to year

are valuable in attempts to detect periodic
ctuations and other population phenomena.
or that reason, the following record of the
numbers of mammals and birds taken each
ear for thirteen years by Mr. Douglas
_ Mitchell on his trap line in the Oba-Hearst
area of Ontario is believed to be of consider-
ble interest. This record has been given me
y Mr. Mitchell, a trapper who acts as forest
anger in the summer. It is believed that the
methods of trapping used gave a roughly

each year.

_ Mr. Mitchell runs a 8914 mile trap line in
q the townships of Talbott, Templeton, Ebbs,
. cholfield and Caithness. These townships are
- located nine miles north of Oba, Ontario, and
% are nearly wholly east of the Algoma Central
and Hudson Bay Railway which terminates
at at Hearst, Ontario. The accompanying map
"delineates the trap line exactly. Of these
1 ‘townships, Templeton and Caithness are pri-
- vately owned and the others are pulpwood
"concessions.

Be hese townships lie within the Clay Belt
_ region of northern Ontario and as such are
elatively flat with the soil of a mor classifi-

,

d for publication February 16, 1945,

.

equal chance of taking the various species |

Tue CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Pain $1

' A TRAPPER’S RECORD OF ANIMAL ABUNDANCE
IN THE OBA-HEARST AREA OF ONTARIO

FOR THE YEARS 1931-1944!
By QuimBy F. HE&ss:

Kapuskasing, Ontario

hazel and dogwood. The average yearly tem-
perature is 32.5°F. and the average yearly
percipitation is 27.53 inches. Mr. Mitchell de-
scribes the area passed through by his trap
line as 50% spruce bush of which large areas
have been cut for pulpwood, 25% bog and
swamp, and 25% high rocky country. He says
only a relatively small percentage of the area

has been burnt over.

As is shown in the map Mr. Mitchell’s trap
line is 8914 miles long with ten camps. It does
not go with the streams and rivers but cuts
across them, which he finds profitable. His
trapping season opens November ist and ends
February 28th for fisher, fox, mink, marten
and otter; December ist to 21st for beaver;
and April 1st to May 21st for muskrats.
Muskrats here can be trapped only after the
ice goes out in the spring which for the lakes
is around May ist to 10th.

Mr. Mitchell states that his trap pens have
remained in the same place over a period of
years. Sometimes there is not a trap per mile,
in other places there may be six or seven to
the mile. On the average there would be four
to five traps to the mile. He:says further that
although there seems to be plenty of breeding
stock in the spring, still sometimes in the fall
certain birds and mammals seem to be scarce.
He believes they move to new feeding grounds.
Further, some mammals seem to move away,
coming back a year or so later to run the —
same runways they did previously and acting
the same towards all the traps they knew
about, especially in the case of fox and fisher,

(Jie)

1)

Numbers of various species of mammals and birds taken on 89% mile trap line
each year from 1931 to 1944. ~

Mammal or Bird 1931-32 22-33 33-34 34-35 35-36 36-37 37-38 38-39 39-40 40-41 41-42 42-43 43-44

Canada Jay, 429.160 191. 81 120,180) 272), 189°, 215,104 166,292) 1827 eee
Red Squirrels | 51. 472. 282 808-158 1230. 7183872959 AA9 Way od 3b tbs) ae
Flying Squirrels OF. BBB. BO MO E598 0 Bl aes ey) 1B y a 4 Ghee ee
Varying Hare 271 218 584 505 209 145 90 140 34- 64 109 201 188 4
Porcupine By SO et LO eee, “en WBZ MeL, 10 pete et hin (Ota au oe the Le cate) a
Weasel 75, 814° 1277184) 58 21 210 184 156 89 164) 140 eben
Fisher 1S DO Aa dea AE Blunt nel aay dee Oar
Lynx BNO OA, Oak (5 BS, 0 MODE. SO eee ah
Skunk BOE NOM ma TELS SND ME 246s ROW ROM Ome cri iy aetna ees q
Red Fox LO Bee SM NSS BAL AD eh AN IG V5. Oe Sayed eas a ee
Cross Fox 1 ad 2 2 5 2 0 1 2 ae 0) 0 1 2 a
Muskrats? DT53. V7OY 5 14. 24° 158. 266.220 170 142" Sa
Marten AB ORE OS 100) 0 uit sees ACR an One ON ase ci Otel a
Owls OF Ge 5. aIBL TEA eS": £ LOn Shan Ones 80. oan q
Hawks 1 ye OE Osha ee Ok) Be. Oe TORE) nO) 4 On le
Mink OPiS Ms pee eS tly Uke he Ak Alar Omene TO) eT Okman ;
Otter Oni; 1 Osu 20RD: VDE TKO eNO Oe yet a tials cece ones a
Silver Fox OL ON OOP 2 SOR Os 40 =O Oy hl 20.) ae
Wolf OO" Ou SOAs HOG ROR, My. OOS ears cata On ar OM tne O Sapa) a
Beaver? - - - Not trapped for - - - 10 6 10°) 10"! 10.4
Raven B82 On NO OS TO. SOI RON FiO" lee 20 MO) ca Oe a

2. —Muskrats were not trapped during the seasons 1935-3. —Bteaver figures give no indication of relative

36 and 1936-37.

Tue CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Vol. 60°

dance as legal limit imposed here.

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34

SOME RECORDS OF
FROM

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

BLOOD PARASITES

ONTARIO BIRDS*

-

By C. H. D. CLARKE

Department of Lands

NFORMATION on the occurrence of blood par-

asites in birds is still very incomplete. On
reading Herman’s (1944) summary of avail-
able information on the subject, the writer
realized that he had a number of unpub-
lished host records that could profitably be
added to those in print, and that data on
the rate of infection in 111 birds of various
species were of some interest. These are
arranged in Table 1 according to locality
and year. The principal localities are Brule
and Biggar Lakes in Algonquin Provincial
Park, and Frank’s Bay on Lake Nipissing.
Isolated records from 9 other parasitized

birds, where the rate of infection cannot be >

given, are added.

The parasites in this list are not identified
specifically. They include flagellates of the
genus Trypanosoma, sporozoa of the genera
Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus, and the
blood-inhabiting stages of filaroid nematodes,
undoubtedly representing a variety of species
and genera, all called Microfilaria. The Leu-
cocytozoa can be separated readily into two
groups, round and fusiform, according to
host-cell morphology, and this separation has
been made.

Host records not in Herman (1944) total
6 in Trypanosoma, 7 in Leucocytozoon and
4 in Haemoproteus.

The most notable feature of this list is
the absence of Plasmodium, or true bird-
malaria. It igs not easy to detect and may
have been missed, but many slides have been
re-examined especially for Plasmodia, with
no success, and their incidence must have been
lower than that of other Haematozoa with
respect to the birds, places and years listed.

The list has been arranged by year and
place as well as host species because when
_ this is done there is a suggestion that in-

1, —Received for publication January 24, 1945,

and Forests, Toronto.

fection rates may vary according to time and
place. The sampling is a little too casual to
form the basis of positive assertions.

During the years in which the collection
was made the writer was engaged in a more
intensive study of the Haematozoa of Ontario
grouse (Clarke 1936, 1938), which indicated
that such organisms might be associated with
variations in numbers of the host species.
Fluctuations in numbers of several bird
species in the Toronto region have been
demonstrated by Speirs (1939).

Smears of fresh blood were made as soon

as possible after the birds were collected,
often at the time of collection. They were

fixed with absolute alcohol and stained by ~

the Romanowsky-Giemsa method. Tissue
smears were not made. Nomenclature of the
birds listed follows Taverner’s “Birds of
Canada”.

REFERENCES

Clarke, C. H. D. 1936-Fluctuations in num-
bers of ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus
(Linne), with special reference to On-
tario. Univ. of Toronto Studies, Biol.
Ser. No. 41.

Clarke, C. H. D. 1938-Organisms of a ma-

larial type in ruffed grouse, with a de- |

scription of the schizogony of: Leucocy-
tozcoon bonasae. Journ. Wildl. Manag.,
2:146-150.

Herman, Carlton M. 1944-Blood protozoa of

North American birds. Bird - Banding,
15 :89-112.

Speirs, J. Murray 1939 - Fluctuations

numbers of birds in the Toronto region. —

Auk, 56:411-419.

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Research Associate in Biology,

HE COLLECTION of insects listed below was
made by the writer in the Mackenzie River
_ Basin at five stations between Chipewyan and
F Mdavit. It is therefore representative of the
insect fauna of the region adjoining that,
studied by the Canadian Arctic Expedition
- (1913-18) and to some extent is a subarctic
complement to the arctic fauna published by
that Expedition.

These five stations form one side of a V
whose other side is the east-west line of the
oan. Arct. Exp. (1913-18). These two lines
“measure 630 miles from Chipewyan (lat.
58° 45'N) to Aklavik (lat. 68°14’N) and 1400

miles from Teller, Alaska (long. 145°W) to
me Bathurst Inlet, N. W. T., Canada (long.
~108°W) respectively.

_ The specimens of insects of the Can. Arct.
_ Exp. were collected in the treeless region or
the so-called barren grounds, and are from
localities with strictly arctic climate, all north
of the July isotherm of 10° C. The specimens
i collected by the author are from the adjoin-
y ing subarctic region (Aklavik is south of the
F 10° C. isotherm though north of the Arctic

Circle).

Trees grow farther north along the Mac-
_kenzie River than in other parts of the
American Arctic. Consequently, the insects
listed below are species of the forest region
and of the transition zone between the Arctic
and the sub-Arctic.

The climate and other environmental fac-
tors of the Mackenzie River Basin have been
& often and so well described in different
Canadian Government publications that fur-
ther description in this report is unnecessary.
The richer vegetation of the region of the
Mackenzie River with its comparatively long
and warm summer is accompanied by a far
cher insect fauna than that of the other
Arctic regions of the same latitude.

_ Plant and insect life are so intimately con-
nected that the study of one involves the
study of the other. The composition of a flora

Tl i Sa i OES ee ee et le i ea

ik ah Se

a —Received for publication January 9, 1945.

THr CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 35

“A LIST OF INSECTS
OF THE MACKENZIE RIVER BASIN?

r : By Rev. ARTHEME DUTILLY,
| Naturalist of the Arctic Oblate Missions
and

The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

O.M.1.

especially determines the presence of various
non-predacious insects such as certain-coleo-
ptera, diptera, lepidoptera and hymenoptera
(see: Can. Arct. Exp., 1913-18, Vol.III, Part
K). In the reports of the various specialists
(Parts A to J), information is given concern-
ing the seasonal occurrence of the different
insects in their immature stages, and it will
be seen that life-history of insects is much
the same in the Canadian Arctic as in more
southern latitudes.

The list of insects here recorded is evi-
dently far from complete for this region, be-
cause the purpose of this expedition was pri-
marily the collecting of plants and because
the difficulties incident to any trip of this
description often result in the loss of a large
number of specimens while other specimens
are too depauperate. Airplane travel preven-
ted the author’s carrying the specimens with
him and they were not available to him until
15 months later.

The author acknowledges with gratitude
the kind assistance of the Roman Catholic
Mission and more specially of Bishop Brey-
nat. The opportunities they provided for
travel and their kind hospitality made poss-
ible this collection.

The following list of insects collected in the
Mackenzie River Basin in 1934 and in 1940
includes 12 Orders, 85 Families, 178 Genera
(plus 3 not determined), 128 species (plus 97
to be determined), 5 sub-species, and 7 vari-
eties.

Twenty-six entomologists of the U.S. Nat.
Museum, Washington, made the determina-
tions. One hundred and eighteen specimens
were retained for the collection of the U.S.
Nat. Museum. These specimens fall in 9
Orders, 31 Families, 49 Genera, 37 species
(+ 21 species to be determined).

Thirty-eight of these specimens are without
specific locality although definitely from the
same region. The remaining specimens are in
the collection kept at the Arctic Institute of
the Catholic University of America (Dept. of
Biology).

36

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Forty-seven species of this list were men-
tioned in the Can. Arct. Exp. 1913-18.

Chipewyan, Lat. 58° 45’ N.
June 26, 1940.
Aklavik, Lat. 68° 13’ N.

Fort Norman,
Fort Resolution,

Fort Simpson,

July 7-15, 1934.
Lat. 64° 55’ N.
July 7, 8, 1940.
Lat. 61° 10’ N.

June 6, 1934; June 28, 29, 1940.

Lat. 61° 50’ N.
June 25, 1934.

|

List OF SPECIES COLLECTED

A. Arachnida

il

Argiopidae

1. Aranea sp., (immature), -
Lot No. 38-8508, det. by Irving
Fox.

B. Coleoptera

2.

3.

4.

Buprestidae
ap Melanophila acuminata
(DeG.), Aklavik, July 15, 1934 -
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by W. S.
Fisher.
Cantharidae
3. Cantharis sp., Chipewyan,
Alta., June 28, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by H. S. Barber.
A, Silis pallida Mann., Chipe-
wyan, June 26, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by H. S. Barber.
Carabidae
5. Amara sp., Fort ReubINttoR
June 24, 1934. Lot No. 38-3508,
det. by L. L. Buchanan.
6. A. brunnipennis Dej., Fort
Resolution, June 24, 1934. Lot No.
38-3508, det. by L. L. Buchanan.
he A. haematopa Dej., Fort
Resolution, June 24, 1934. Lot No.
38-3508, det. by L. L. Buchanan.
8. Bembidion (Notaphus) ni-
gripes Say, Chipewyan, June 26,
1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by
J. M. Valentine.
9. Curtonotus infaustus Lec.,
Fort Resolution, June 29, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by J. M.
Valentine.

The five localities where this collection ‘was.
made are:

oy

Long. 111° 10’ W.

Long. 135° W.

along the river.

Long. 125° 35’ W.

along Mackenzie and Bear Rivers. —
Long. 118° 40’. W.

Long. 121° 20’ W

10. Platynus cupreus Dej., Fort 4
Lot No. 38- a

Resolution, 24-6-34.
3508, det. by L. L. Buchanan.

11. Pterostichus (? mandibu-

laris Kby.) Lot No. 38-3508, det.
by L. L. Buchanan.

Cerambycidae

12. Acmaeops proteus
Aklavik, July 15, 1934.
38-3508, det. by W. S. Fisher.

13. Criocephalus agrestis Kby., q
Lot No. —

Aklavik, July 15, 1934.
38-3508, det. by W. S. Fisher.

14. Monochamus scutellatus Say, 7
Aklavik, July 15, 1934. Lot No. 43- —
9230; Fort Norman, July 8, 1940.

Lot No. 88-3508, det. by W. S. |
Fisher. ef:
Chrysomelidae 4
15. Altica tombacina Mann.? —

Fort Resolution,
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by H. Saq
Barber. '

16. Calligrapha elegans a
Lot No. —
43-9230, det. by H. S. Barber. <a
17. Chaetocnema sp., Fort Res-—

Quebec, Aug. 7, 1939,

olution, June 24, 1934. Lot No.
38-3508, det. by H. S. Barber.
18. Chalcoides sp.,
June 26, 1940. Lot No. 48- ee
det. by H. S. Barber.

19. Donaciasp., Fort Resolution, |

June 24, 1934. Lot No. 38-35
det. by H. 8. Barber. —

Bi ah mee

I ONS EE a

ia

Kby.,
Lot No. —

June 24, 1934. ]

‘Chipewyan, -

q

las), Fort Resolution, June 24,
1934. Lot No. 38-3508, det. Di H.
'S. Barber.

21. E: americanus Brown, Fort
Norman, June 8, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by H. S. Barber.

22. Galerucella sp., Fort Res-
olution, June 29, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by H. S. Barber.

23. Hippuriphila modeeri (L.),
Chipewyan, June 26, 1940, Lot
No. 438-9230; Ft. Resolution, June
24, 1934; Lot No. 38-3508, det.
by H. S. Barber. :

24. Orsodacna atra (Ahr.) var.
Fort Resolution, June 24, 1934,
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by W. S.
Barber.

25. Phytodecta sp., Fort Resolu-
tion, June 24, 1934. Lot No. 38-
3508, det. by H. S. Barber.

26. © Psylliodes punctulata
(Melsh.), Fort Resolution, June
29, 1940. Lot No. 48-9230, det. by
H. S. Barber.

27. Psylliodes sp., Fort Resolu-
_ tion, June 24, 1934. Lot No.388-
- 3508, det. by H. S. Barber.

Cicindelidae

28. Cicindela
Fort Resolution,
Lot No. 43-9230,
Valentine.

Iiigilabris Say,
June 29, 1940.
det. by J. M.

_ Coccinellidae—
29. Adalia frigida Schin’, Lot
No. 38-8508, det. by E. A. Chapin.
80. Anisoctista bitriangularis
(Say), Chipewyan, June 26, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by E. A.
~ Chapin.
81. A. (bitriangularis Say) =
_ strigata Thumb., Chipewyan,
June 26, 1940. Lot No. 38-3508,
op det. by E. A. Chapin.
bs Cryotophagidae
VANSBi Anchicera ephippiata Zimm.,
‘ Aklavik, July 15, 1934. Lot No.
Olge 3508, det. by W. S. Fisher.
_ Anchicera sp., Aklavik, July

ae Lot No, 38- ee det. by
S. Fisher,

20. Entomoscelis adonidis (Pal-,

10.

i

ate

13.

i 414,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 37

34, Atomaria sp., Chipewyan,
June 26, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by W. S. Fisher.

Cucujidae

35. Pediacus fuscus Er., Lot

No. 43-9230, det. by W. S. Fisher.
36. Pediacus sp., Chipewyan,
June 28, 1940.

Curculionidae

387. Anthonomus sp., Lot No.
43-9230, det. by L. L. Buchanan.
- 38. Apion cavifrons Lec., Lot
No. 43-9230, det. by L. L. Bu-
chanan.

389. A. walsht Smith, Lot No.
43-9230, det. by L. L. Buchanan.
40. Ceutorhynchus pusio (Dietz.
not Mannerheim), Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by L. L. Buchanan.

ADH, Ceutorhynchus sp., Lot No.
43-9230, det. by L. L. Buchanan.

42. Lizellus filiformis Lec., Fort
Resolution, June 24, 1934. Lot No. —

88-3508, det. by L. L. Buchanan.

43. Orchestes parvicollis Lec.,
Fort Resolution, June 24, 1934.
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by L. L. Bu-
chanan.

44. O. rufipes Lec., Fort Res-
olution, June 24, 1934. Lot No.
38-3508, det. by L. L. Buchanan.

45. Pseudanthonomus sp., Simp-
son, June 25, 1934. Lot No. 38-
3508, det. by L. L. Buchanan.

46. Sitona scissifrons Say, Fort
Resolution, June 24, 1934. Lot No.
38-3508, det. by L. L. Buchanan.

Cyphonidae

47. Cyphon sp., Fort Resolution,
June 24, 1934. Lot No. 38-3508;
Fort Resolution, June 29, 1940,
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by H. S.
Barber.

Dasytidae

48. Dasytes hudsonicus Lec., Ft. -

Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by H. S. Barber.

Dystiscidae
A9. Hydroporus sp.,
162171, det. by L. L. Buchanan,

Lot No, —

16.

inte

18.

19.

20.

Zits

22.

24,

26.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Elateridae
50. Campylus variabilis Esch.,
Aklavik, July 15, 1934. Lot No.

88-3508, det. by W. S. Fisher.
Eucinetidae

51. Eucinetus terminalis Lec.,

Fort Resolution, June 24, 1934.
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by H. S.
Barber,

Haliplidae

52. Haliplus sp., Lot No. 162171,

det. by L. L. Buchanan,,.
Heteroceridae

53. Heterocerus sp., Chipewyan,
June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by H. 8S. Barber.

Lathridiiae

54. Lathridius costicollis Lec..
Chipewyan, June 26, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by W. S. Fisher.

55. Melanophthalma alberta
Fall, Chipewyan, June 26, 1940.
Lot No. 48-9230, det. by W. S.
Fisher,

Mordellidae

56. Mordellistena sp. close to
aspersa Melsh., Chipewyan, June
26, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by
J. M. Valentine.

Orthoperidae

57. Orthoperus sp. Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by W. S. Fisher.
Phalacridae

58. Phalacrus sp., Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by W. S. Fisher.
Pythidae

59. Salpingus sp., Chipewyan,
June 26, 1940. Lot. No. 48-9230,
det. by J. M. Valentine.
Scarabaeidae

60. Aphodius fimetarius L., Lot
No. 38-3508, det. by E. A. Chapin.
Silphidae

61. Silpha (Thanatophilus) lap-
ponica Hbst., Aklavik, July 15,
1934. Lot No. 38-3508, det. by
W. S. Fisher.

Staphylinidae

62. Micropeplus sp., Gaps
June 26, 1940. Lot No, 43- 2290,
det. by E. A. Chapin,

[Vel. 60

63. Omalium- sp., Lot. No. 38- a

9508, det. by E. A. Chapin,

64, Philonthus sp., Chipewyan,
June 26, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by E. A. Chapin.

65. Stenus sp., Lot No. 38- 3908,
det. by E. A. Chapin.

Diptera
27. Agromyzidae

66. Leucopis - probably nigri-
corms Egger, Fort Norman, July
8, 1940. Lot No. 48-9230, det. by
Cry Ua Greene:

28. Anthomyiidae
67. Coenosia alticola Mall., Fort
Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by M. T. James.

68. C. cilicauda Mall., Chip-

ewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No. 48-

9230, det. by M. T. James.

69. C. nigrescens Stein, Chip-

ewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-

9230, det. by M. T. James.

70. Coenosia sp., Chipewyan,

June 28, 1940; Ft. Norman, July

8, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by

M. T. James.

71. Coenosia spp., Fort Norman

July 1940 (8). Lot No. 43-9280,

det. by M. T, James. |

72. Helina sp., Chipewyan, June

28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by

M. T. James.

73. Hylemya sp., Fort Norman,

July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det.

by M. T. James.

74. Hylemya spp., Fort jenn.
.. dune 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230

det. by M. T. James.

75. Pogonomyia sp., Fort Reso-

lution, June 28, 1940. Lot No. 48--

9230, det. by M. T. James.
76. Schoenomyza chrysostoma
Lw., Fort Resolution,
1940. Lot No.
M. T. James.
29. Calliphoridae
77. Calliphora vomitoria
July, 1938. Distribution 999387, det. a
by, D. G. Hall. Py
78. Cynomia cadaverina Me bE ) -
Robineau-Desvoidy, July 48, ae
det, by Ps G. Peary

48-9230, det. by

>

June 29, 7

La

4

_ March-April, 1946] ,

79. Phormia terrae-novae(RD),
July 18, 1938. Lot 99987, det. by
D. G. Hall.

30. Chironomidae

80. Genus and species indeter-
minable. Lot No. 38-3508, det. by
Alan Stone.

Chloropidae

81. (damaged) Fort Norman,
July 8, 1940.

82. Chloropisca glabra Mg.,
July 18, 1938. Lot 99937, det. by
._D. G. Hall.

88. Chlorops obscuricornis Lw.,
Chipewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by M. T. James.

84. Chlorops sp., Chipewyan,
June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by M. T. James.

85. Elachiptera decipiens(Lw.),
Chipewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by M. T. James.

86. Meromyza americana Fitch,
‘Chipewyan, June 28, 1940, Fort
Resolution, June 29, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by M. T. James.

87. Oscinella frit (L.), Fort
Norman, June 8, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by M. T. James.

88. O. frit var. nitidissima
(Mg.), Fort Resolution, June 29,
1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by M.
T. James.

89. Thaumatomyia (=Chloro-
pisca) glabra (Mg.), Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 48-
9230, det. by M. T. James. |

Culicidae
90. Aedes excrucians (Walk.),
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by Alan
Stone.

91... A. nigripes (Zett.), Fair-
way Island, Aug. 4, 1986 and
Baker Lake, Aug. 7, 1936. Lot No.
38-3508, det. by Alan Stone.

92. Aedes sp., Chipewyan, June
26, 1940; Fort Resolution, June
29, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by
Alan Stone.

~ 98. Aedes spp., Fort Resolution,

June 29, 1940; Fort Norman, July

8, 1940; Chipewyan, June 28,

1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by

A. Stone,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 39

. Dolichopodidae

94. Dolichopus brevipennis
Meig., Fort Norman, July 8, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by C. T.
Greene.

95. Dolichopus sp., Fort Nor-
man, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by C. T. Greene.

96. Thrypticus sp., Fort Nor-
man, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by C. T. Greene.
Empididae

97. Drapetis sp., Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by C. T. Greene.
Ephydridae

98. Notiphila (macrochaeta
Lw.?), Chipewyan, June 28, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by M. T.
James.

99. Scatella setosa Coq. July
18, 1938. Distribution 99937, det.
by D. G. Hall,

100. S. stagnalis (Fall.), Fort
Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by M. T. James.

101. Scatella _sp., Chipewyan,
June 28, 1940; Fort Norman, July
8, 1940, Lot No. 43-9230, det. by
M. T. James.

102. Scatophila cribrata(Stenh.),
Fort Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot
No. 438-9230, det. by M. T. James.
Fungivoridae

103. Fungivora sp., Chipewyan,
June 26, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by A. Stone.

104. Lycoria sp., Fort Norman,
July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det.
by A. Stone.

105. Macrocera sp., Fort Nor-
man, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by A. Stone. |
Heleidae

106. Bezzia sp., Fort Norman,
July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det.
by A. Stone.

38. Helomyzidae

107. Anorostoma marginata Lw.,
Fort Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot
No. 43-9230, det. by M. T. James.
108. Leria sp. Lot No. 38-3508,
det. by David G, Hall,

40 ; 7 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 6C

89. Miscidae

-109. Musca domestica L., July ~

18, 1938, det. by D. G. Hall.

40. » Mycetophilidae
110.. Trichonta (?) sp., July 18,
1938. Lot 99987, det. by Alan
Stone.
41. Otitidae
111. Melicria occidentalis Coq.,
Chipewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot
No. 43-9230, det. by C. T. Greene.
42. Sapromyzidae
112. Lauxania cylindricornis(F.),
Fort Norman, July 8, 1940.
Lot No. 48-9230, det. by M. T.
James.
plalioe Minettia lupulina (F.),
Ft. Resolution, June 29, 1940. Lot
No. 43-9280, det. by M. T. James.
114. Sapromyza annulata Mel.,
Chipewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by M. T. James.

lise Sapromyzal Sp) July ie:
1988. Lot 99937, det. by D. G. Hall.
116. Genus and species? det. by
David G. Hall.

43. Scatophagidae
M7. wscatophaga, Sp. July 948;
1938. Lot 99937, det. by D.G. Hall.
44. Sciomyzidae :
118, Pherbellia fuscipes (Macq.),
Chipewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by M. T. James.
119. Genus and species? Lot No.
38-3508, det. by David G. Hall.
120. Tetanocera sp:, Chipewyan,
June 28, 1940. Lot No. 438-9230,
det. by M. T. James,

45. Simuliidae

121. Simulium venustum Say.
122 Simulium sp., July 18, 1988.
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by Alan
Stone.

46. Stratiomyidae
123. Beris annulifera luteipes
Johns., Fort Norman, July 8, 1940.
Lot No. 48-9230, det. by M. T.
James.

47. Syrphidae
124. Eristalis arbustorum Linne,

July 18, 1938. Lot 99987, det. by
C. T. Greene.

125. H. tenax Linne, July 18
1938. Lot 99937, det.. by C. T..%
Greene. ; a
126. Neascia macrofemorallis q
' Curran, Chipewyan, June 26, 1940. ’
Lot No. 48-9230, det. by C. T.
Greene.

127. Sphaerophoria — sp., iad q
ewyan, June 26, 1940. Lot No. 43- _
9230, det. by C. T. Greene. - ;

128. Pyrophaena | granditarsus
Forster, Chipewyan, June 28,
1940. Lot No. 48-9230, det. bya a
C. T. Greene. a

48. Tabanidae y
129. Tabanus affinis Kirby, Fort —
Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43- —
9230, det. by A. Stone. yf

49. Tachinidae ”

130. Genus and species, July 18,
1938. Lot 99937, det. by D. G. Hall.
50. Tendipedidae | :
131. Prodiamesa sp., Fort Nor- |
man, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43- —
9230, det. by A. Stone. -

132. Spaniotoma sp., Fort Nor- —
man, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43- —
9230, det. by A. Stone. oe
133. Tendipes sp. probably, - -Fort —
Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 4
' 9230, det. by A. Stone.
51. Tipulidae “
134. Limonia sp. Lot No. 48-
9230, det. by A, Stone. “ae
135. Pales. ferrugineus (F.), Chip- ee
ewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No. 4
9230, det. by A. Stone.

136. Polymeda hybrida (Mg.),
Fort Norman, July 8, 1940. L
No. 43-9280, det. by A. Stone.

\

Hemiptera i SF
52. Aradidae ea
137. Aradus lugubris Fall., Ak
vik, July 15, 19384. Lot No.
3508, det. by Gee ‘Barber.

kK

53. Lygaeidae
138. Peritrechus sp., shfohe
n. Sp., Chipewyan, June 28,
_ Lot No. 42-0280, det by
- Sailer. Se ie

ned

’

59.

(56.

oe Homoptera

oT.

-April, 1946]

beh,

Miridae

139. Capsus simulans Stal., Ak-
lavik, July 15, 1934. Lot No. 38-
3508, det. by H. G. Barber.

140. Lygus hesperus Knight,
Fort Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot
No. 48-9230, det. by R. I. Sailer.

My AL esd: oblineatus rubidus

Knight, Chipewyan, June 28,
1940; Fort Norman, July 8, 1940.
‘Lot No. 48-9230, det. by R. I.
‘Sailer.

142. L. pratensis (L.), Aklavik,
July 15, 1934. Lot No. 38-3508,

_ det. by H. G. Barber.

148. Plagiognathus sp., Fort

Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-

9230, det. by R. I. Sailer.

144. Stenodema trispinosa Reu-
ter, Aklavik, July 15, 1934. Lot
No. 38-8508, Fort Norman, July
8, 1940; Chipewyan, June 28,
1940; Fort Resolution, June 29,
1940. Lot ‘No. 43-9230, det.. by
R. I. Sailer.

-Saldidae

145. Ischnorrhynchus resedae
(Panzer), Chipewyan, June 28,
1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by
R. I. Sailer.

146. Saldula sp. “shore bug”, Lot
No. 162171, det. by H. G. Barber.
Fort Resolution, June 29, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by R. I.
Sailer. :

147. S. interstitialis (Say), Fort
Resolution, June 29, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by R. I. Sailer.

- Tingitidae

148. Corythucha mollicula O. &
_D., Fort Resolution, June 29, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by R. I.
Sailer. —

149. C. salicata Gibs., Aklavik,
July 15, 1934. Lot No. 88-3508,
det. by H. G. Barber.

Aphididae

150. M acrosiphum granarium

_ (Kirby), Fort Norman, July 8,

1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by
-P. W. Mason. ny Sat et ED

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Al

Cicadellidae

151.Balelutha punctata (Thumb. ie
Chipewyan, June 26, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by R. H. Beamer.
152. Colladonus belli brunneus
(Osb.), Chipewyan, June 28, 1940.
Lot No. 438-9230, det. by R. H.
Beamer.

153. Dikraneura sp. @, Fort Re-
solution, June 29, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by R. H. Beamer.

154. Empoasca sp. 2, Fort Nor-
man, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by R. H. Beamer.

155. Hebecephalus sp. Lot No.
38-3508, det. by P. W. Oman.

156. Helochara communis Fitch,
Fort Resolution, June 29, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by R. H.
Beamer. ;

157. Laevicephalus abdominalis
(Fabr.). Lot No. 38- B06, det. by
P. W. Oman.

158. L. affinis (G. & B.). Lot No.
38-3508, det. by P. W. Oman.

159.- L. striatus- (L.)..°. Tot Nid
38-3508, det. by P. W. Oman.

160. Laevicephalus sp. 2, Fort
Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by R. H. Beamer.

161. Latalus configuratus (Uh-
ler), Chipewyan, June 28, 1940.

Lot No. 43-9230, det. by R. H.

Beamer.

162. Macrosteles divisus (Uhl.).
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by R. H.
Beamer ; Chipewyan, June 26,
1940. Lot No. 38-3508, det. by

: P. W. Oman.

163. Thamnotettix
(Prov.) Chipewyan, June 28, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230, det. by R. H.
Beamer.

. Psyllidae

164. Aphalara spp., Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29,1940. Lot No. 43-

- 9230, det. by L. M. Russell.
165. A.alaskensis Ashmead, Fort

Resolution, June 29, 1940. Lot

No. 43-9230, det. by L. M. Russell,

chlamidatus

ES fe 5355

See eee oe ee

42

F.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

166. A. angustipennis Crawford
Fort Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot
No. 43-9280, det. by L. M. Russell.
167. A. nebulosa kincaidi Ash-
mead, Fort Resolution, June 29,
1940. Lot No. 48-9230, det. by
L. M. Russell.

168. Psylla stricklandi Caldwell,
Fort Norman, July 8, 1940. Lot
No. 48-9230, det. by L. M. Russell.

Hymenoptera
60. Andrenidae

169. Halictus sp., Lot No. 388-
3508, det. by Grace A. Sandhouse.

Araeopidae

170. Delphacodes spp. Chipe-
wyan, June 26, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det.. by R. H. Beamer.

171. D. pallucida (Fabr.). Lot
No. 88-3508, det. by P. W. Oman.

Bombidae

172. Bombus arcticus Kby. (7).
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by Grace A.
Sandhouse.

178. B. frigidus Cress., Chipe-
wyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No.
165550, det. by J. C. Crawford.
174. B. kincaidit Ckll., Wolsten-
holm, Aug. 24, 1936. Lot. No. 38-
3508, det. by Grace A. Sandhouse.
175. Bombus sp., Lot No. 38-
3508, det. by Grace A. Sandhouse.
176. Psithyrus ashton (Cr.).
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by Grace A.
Sandhouse.

177. P. fernaldae Franklin, Lot

No. 38-3508, det. by Grace A.
Sandhouse.

Braconidae

178. Dacnusa sp., Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by C. F. W. Muesebeck.

179. Microplitis bradleyi Mues.,
Chipewyan, June 26, 1940. Lot
No. 43-9230, det. By C.F.W. Mues-
ebeck.

180. Myriocephalus sions
(Wesm.), Chipewyan, June 28,
1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by
C.F,W. Muesebeck.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

. Fort Resolution,

Chrysididae

181. Chrysis (Chrysis) sp., Fort —

Resolution, June 29, 1940. No.
165550 Part, det. by H. K. Townes.
182. Omalus sinuosus
Chipewyan, June 26, 1940. No.
165550 Part, det. by H. K. Townes.
Cypselidae .
183. Leptocera fontinalis (Fall.),
Fort Norman, July 28, 1940. Lot
No. 48-9230, det. by M. T. James.
Diapriidae
184. Belyta sp. ¢, Lot No. 38-
3508, det. by C.F.W. Muesebeck.
Chipe-
Lot No.

185. Propantolyta sp.,
wyan, June 26, 1940.

43-9230; Mackenzie D., Fort Res- a

olution, June 29, 1940.
C.F.W. Muesebeck.

det. by

Eurytomidae

186. Eurytoma sp., Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by A. B. Gahan.

187. Harmolita sp., Lot No. 38-
3508, det. by A. B. Gahan.

Formicidae

188. Formica fusca lL. var.,
Chipewyan, June 26, 1940. Lot No.

43-9230. Lot No. 38-3508, det. Py

M. R. Smith.

189. Formica sp., 2 Chipewyan,
June 28, 1940; Fort Resolution,
June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by M. R. Smith.

Hylaeidae (Prosopidae)

190. Hylaeus sp. (Prosopis), Lot
No. 38-3508, det. by Grace A.
Sandhouse.

Ichneumonidae

191. Amblyteles superbus Prov.,
June 28, 1940.
Lot No. 43-9230,
Cushman.

192. Amblyteles sp., Lot No. 38-

3508, det. by R. A. Cushman.

193. Angitia hellulae Vier.,
Chipewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot

No. 48-9230, det. by R.A. Cushman. _
Chipe-
wyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-

194. Hadrodactylus_ sp.,
9230, det. by R, A, Cushman,

tibia
nee

-[Vol. 60 “|

(Say),

peetisheect

det. by R. A.

=a

_

Pe a ar Pe Se

aS

195. Hyposoter sp., Fort Resolu-
_ tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by R. A. Cushman
196. Megastylus sp., Chipewyan,
June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by R. A. Cushman.
| a 197. Mesochorus sp., Chipewyan,
ae June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by R. A. Cushman.
— —- _:-«: 198. Orthocentrus sp., Ft. Nor-
, ; man, July 8, 1940. Lot No. 43-
aa 9230, det. by R. A. Cushman.
Ba 199. Phygadeuon sp., Chipewyan,

«June 28, 1940; Fort Resolution,
a. _ June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230;
oy Lot No. 38-3508, det. by R. A.
Bian, Cushman. -
_ is 200. Plectiscus sp., Chipewyan,

June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
det. by R. A. Cushman.

of 201.

Sagaritis perdistinctus
-_ ~~~ (Vier.), Chipewyan, June 28,
. 1940. Lot No. 43-9230, det. by R.
a. ono - A, Cushman.

— —— «202. ~Seambus sp., Chipewyan,

‘ June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
: det. by R. A. Cushman.

wf 203. Stenomacrus sp., Lot No.
gs. 38-3508, det. by R. A. Cushman.
a ~ 204. Syrphoctomus minimus
— —s (Cress.). Lot No. 38-3508, det by
Be R. A. Cushman.

.* 205. Tryphon sp., Chipewyan,
ese. June 28, 1940. Lot No. 43-9230,
. det. by R. A. Cushman.

Megachilidae

206. Megachile latimanus Say,
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by Grace A.
Sandhouse. |

a 72. Ptermolidae

- 207. Habrocytus sp., Chipewyan,
June 26, 1940. Lot No. 43- 9230,
det. by A. B. Gahan.

78. Scelionidae

. 8508, det. by C.F.W. Muesebeck.
14, Tenthredinidae

209. Dolerus apricus Nort.,

a 43-9230, det. by R. A. Cushman.

208. Platygaster sp., Lot No. 38-

Chipewyan, June 28, 1940. Lot No.

G.

THe CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 43

210. Dolerus similis (Nort.),
Chipewyan,June 28, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by R. A. Cushman.

211. Dolerus 8 of similis group,
Chipewyan, June 26, 1940. Lot No.
43-9230, det. by R. A. Cushman.

212. Dolerus sp., Lot No. 38-3508
det. by Grace A. Sandhouse.
2138. Pontania sp., Fort Resolu-
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 43-
9230, det. by R. A. Cushman.
214. Prostiphora sp., Lot No.

38-3508, det. Pes Grace A. Sand-
house.

75. Vespinae

215. Vespula maculata (L.), Lot
No. 38-3508, det. by Grace A.
Sandhouse.
216. Vespula vulgaris (L.), Lot
No. 38-3508, det. by Grace A.
Sandhouse.

Lepidoptera

76. Glyphipterygidae
217. Glyphipteryx impigritella
Clemens, Fort Smith, Sept. 1,
1934. Lot No. 38-3508, det. by
August Busck.

77. Nymphalidae

218. Brenthis freija tarquinius

Curt., Lot No. 38-3508, det. by ©

J. F. Gates Clarke.
78. Papilionidae

219. Papilio machaon aliaska

Seudd., Lot No. 38-3508, det. by
J. F. Gates Clarke.

Neuroptera

79. Chrysopidae

220. Chrysopoda
Fort Resolution,
No. 165550 Part,
Townes.

oculata Say,
June 29, 1940. —
det. ‘by H. K.

Odonata

80. Coenagrionidae

221. Coenagrion angulatus Wk.
> “@ No. 165550 Part, det. by H. K
Townes.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Pict a ieee -[Vol. 6
81. Libelulidae -- lution, June 29, 1940; Chipewyan, —
4 a”
Si ie Tune 26, 28, 1940. No. 165990 Pard,
38-3508, det. by A. B. Gurney. thes eae
; K. Plecoptera
Orthoptera
82. Acrididae (— Locustidae) - Be. henlidae
223.Acrydium subulatum (L.), ee Bel se ae a ug.
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by A. B. Pe T286. Jot, Noy oe 3000) ae
G A. B. Gurney.
urney. ;
224. Camnula pellucida (Se.), L, Trichoptera
Lot No. 38-3508, det. by A. B.
Gurney. F 85. Limnophilidae
225. Melanoplus sp., probably 228. Apatania sp., Lot No. 38-
mexicanus (Sauss.), Fort Resolu- 3508, det. by A. B. Gurney.
tion, June 29, 1940. Lot No. 38-
3508, det. by A. B. Gurney. 229. Discomoecus sp., Lot No. 38- |
83. Tetrigidae | _ 8508, det. by A. B. Gurney.
226. Tetrix subulata (L.), Fort 230. Limnephilus sp., Lot No. 38-
Norman, July 8, 1940; Fort Reso- 3508, det. by A. B. Gurney.

_ THRovcH THE KIND CO-OPERATION of the
Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries,
_ the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology has re-
¢ cently received the first three gray fox (Uro-
q —cyon cinereoargenteus) specimens for Ontario
in modern times. The Museum owes its acqui-
sition of this material not only to the help
_ received from Messrs. P. Revill, L. Huddart
and L. Pelz of the Game and Fisheries staff
in securing the specimens, but also to their
ability in first recognizing the animals.

Our earliest knowledge of the gray fox in
ntario is gained from remains found in In-
ian village sites. Wintemberg (1921) found
their remains almost as common as those of
ed fox (Vulpes fulva) in the UrenVillage
te, Oxford County. In a later report on this
‘site, Wintemberg (1928) dated it as pre-
istoric. The same author (1939) found the
gray fox to be sixteenth and the red fox
eleventh in order of abundance of mammal
emains found in the Lawson Village site,
iddlesex County. This site was dated as
pens toAl626.:. 7

2 The report on archaeological investigations
carried out by the Royal Ontario Museum of
Archaeology at the Pound village site, Elgin

Hs, County, has béen delayed by war conditions.

2 g Permission has been kindly granted to use the
_ data on the mammal remains, which were

B "identified by the Museum of Zoology. The

oe site has been dated as eleventh century. In

. all, thirty-nine fox bones were identified to
“species; of these twenty-one were red fox and
_ eighteen gray fox.

- The remains from these three Indian vill-

we sites leaves little doubt but that the gray

ox almost equalled the red fox in numbers
nd was not an uncommon mammal in south-
rn Ontario previous to European occupation.

_ The question which now arises is what hap-
pened to the species in southern Ontario. Was

i driven out or exterminated by the white

/se ttlers, or was its. numbers and range re-

eS

one HISTORY OF THE GRAY

a. By Stuart C. DOWNING
Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto

THe CANADIAN Pee er 45

FOX IN ONTARIO!

to support the latter possibility. The writings
of our early travellers contain no reference
to the gray fox in Ontario. If it were present
in the numbers suggested by the remains in
the Indian village sites, one would hardly ex-
pect its tree-climbing habits to have escaped
comment by some early writer.

Audubon and Bachman (1849) state “in
Canada we have heard of its occasional ‘but
rare appearance”. This could possibly refer
to Ontario. Seton (1925) recorded a specimen
of the gray fox from Point Pelee, Essex
County, on the authority of P. A. Taverner.
I wrote to Taverner for details of this record
and he replied that Seton had made an error
in assigning the record to him, for he has no
knowledge of such an occurrence. The gray
fox then was probably absent from Ontario
for at least three hundred years without a
single authentic record of its occurrence.

The data on the three modern specimens,
now all in the Museum collection, are as
follows: The first one (R.O.M.Z. 15,707) was-
trapped four miles west of Alexandria, Glen-
garry County, in January 1942, by E. Leroux
and shipped to a Toronto fur dealer as a cross
fox. The second one (R.O.M.Z. 16,214) was
captured six miles east of Kaladar, either in
Lennox and Addington County or Frontenac
County, in February 1944, by R. Knight, and
sent to the Department of Game and Fisher-
ies for the wolf bounty. The final specimen >
(R.O.M.Z. 16,311) was taken at Wild Potato
Lake, Rainy River District, on October 2nd,
1944, by S. Boy, and it also was sent in for
the wolf bounty. In addition to the above ©
actual specimens, P. Revill has informed me
that since 1939 he has seen four or five gray
fox pelts in the hands of the fur dealers. All
of these skins were from eastern Ontario.

W. J. Hamilton, Jr. (1948) states that the
gray fox has been increasing in the northern
parts of New York, Michigan and Wisconsin
during the last twenty years, and has only
recently reached the northern limits of its
range in the northern states. This extension
of range has reached the point where the
gray fox is now invading Ontario again.

46 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

_ That this invasion is indeed recent and not
that a rare mammal has been overlooked, is
attested by the following evidence: It is only
since 1939 that Inspector Revill has noticed
gray fox pelts in the fur dealers’ storerooms.

P. Huddart who classifies the hides sent to
the Department of Game and Fisheries for
the wolf bounty, had never received a gray
fox pelt until last year, 1944. The three Mu-
seum specimens were all captured by men
who hunt and trap for part of their liveli-
hood and the anima] was certainly unknown
to them . It was mistaken for a cross fox in
one case and a small wolf in the other two.

There is no material in the Museum collec-
tion for comparison, but from descriptions,
the Rainy River specimen is referable to the
western race ocythous, and the two eastern
specimens to the northern race, borealis.
These are the races occupying the country to
the south of where the Ontario specimens
were secured.

A summary of the history of the gray fox
in Ontario presents a pattern of distribution
unknown, I believe, for any other Ontario
mammal. Previous to European occupation
it was a common mammal in southern On-
tario. Exterminated by either the European
settlers or some unknown agency before their
~ coming, it was absent from the province for
over three hundred years. Following a north-
ward extension of range and an increase in

[Vol. 60

numbers in the northern states, it is now in-
vading Ontario again.

Naturalists along our southern borders
should keep a special watch for this species.
Any observation of the species or records of
animals captured should be carefully record-
ed, so that if the gray fox does establish
itself in Ontario again, we shall be able to
trace the course of its reoccupation.

LITERATURE CITED | é

Audubon, J. J. and Rev. J. Bachman, 1849.
Quadrupeds of North America (New York)
WON 505 ANE

Hamilton, W. J., Jr., 1948. The Mammals of
Eastern United States (Comstock, Pub. Co.,
Ithaca, New York) pp. 176 and 177.

Seton, E. T., 1925. Lives of Game Animals
(Doubleday, Doran and Co., Garden City,
New York) Vol. 1, p. 576. -

Wintemberg, W. J., 1921. Archaeological Evi-
dence Concerning the Presence of the Gray
Fox (Urocyon sp.) in Ontario. Can. Field-
Nat. 35: 19-20.

Svat vee Mi Reine 1928. Uren Prehistoric
Village Site, Oxford Co., Ontario. Nat. Mus.
Canada Bull. 51, Anthropological Series

No. 10, p. 3.

Aes hee Bh ks ae Reker ree de 1939. Lawson Prehis-
toric Village Site, Middlesex Co., Ont. Nat.
Mus. Canada Bull. 94, Anthropological —

Series No. 25, pp. 8 and 2.

icdeconag SOCIETIES

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

Past lsrouidcnta® EXECUTIVE OFFICERS — 1946-1947

HLY, mane ui, v. W. JACKSON, M. 8c., Hon. President: DR, NORMAN A. M. MacKENZIE, M.M.
NE OWE, M.Sc., J. B. WALLIS, Bp... LIM, LiB., LID.; Past President: LAN McTAG-
B. (Dec.), A. M. DAVID- GERT COWAN, B.A., Ph.D.; President: A. H. BAIN;
# G. SHIRLEY BROOKS, Vice-President: J. J. PLOMMER; Corr. Secretary: A. R.
Gee L. T. ea WOOTON; Rec. Secretary: MISS STELLA BOYSE; Asst.
20 ae des H.S ES, MRS. A. SIMPSON; ~ Secretary: F. TIMMIS; H. Treasurer: F. J. SANDFORD:
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KOSER; Executive Secretary: MRS. A. R. WOOTTON: Ornithology - J. HOLMAN: Photo-
Social Convenor: MRS. H. T. ROSS. graphy - P. T. TIMMS: Mammalogy - Ian McT. COWAN,
i B.A., Ph.D.: Marine Biology - R. W. PILLSBURY, M.A.:
SHORTT, Chair.; W. ADAMS, Sec. Junior Section - MISS M. L. ELLIOTT: Additional
6. McGUFFIN, M.S8c., Chair. ; R. LE- Members of Executive - MISS E. SUTHERLAND, C.
Botanical: H J. BRODIE, Ph.D., GOUGH, K. RACEY, G. R. WOOD. Auditors - H. G.
“J. SEARLE, Bae Geological: W. 8. SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS.
zt tn AT ir.; x. Pg NORRIS:
nt air. ; RIS- —s All _ meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Science
Sec. ; Microscopy : Zoology—R. A. WARDLE, Building, University of British Columbia, unl ther-
GW. LOWE, MiSc,, Chair; B. HADDOW: wise anounced, Tae

ae gy: R. K. STEWART-HAY, M.Sc. Chair.:

eh ld each Monday evening, except on

ctober to April, in the physics theatre McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB
canada during May, June and Septem- LONDON, ONT.

epic holidays during July and August.

| OFFICERS FOR 1946
es fe President - DR. R. G. CUMMINGS, 429 Oxford St.

ie . Vice-President - MR. J. K. REYNOLDS, 912 Dufferin Ave.
: PR ANCHER Poet Corr. Sec. & Treas. - Mrs. W. G. GIRLING,
\ AN 530 English St.
cn sacie ws DU Cc AD Rec. Sec. - MR. ALAN LAUGHREY, 786 Wellington St.
RE U DE DIRECTION — 1946 ' Migratory Bird Recorder - MR. W. G. GIRLING,

sae 530 English St.

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DER AS

, Pe Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Publie Library
“GEORGES. A. een Baris "on the second Monday of each month from
DR. VIGER PLAMOND October tava pel

N BREAKEY; Chef de ;

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; Chef de la section de propaganda excursion in September.

ara DUCHENE. Directeurs - F. D.

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ANGLIN ; Vice-President: G. G. OMMANNEY; Treasurer:

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_—s;PUNBAR, G. HARPER HALL, W. 8. HART, Miss G. HIB-

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tor (1945-1946 --J. @ M. LeMOINE, A. R. LEPINGWELL, H. MOUSLBY,

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a: ae LAND, Miss M. SEATH, Mrs. B. A SHERRARD, L. Mel.
: ae ‘TERRILL, Lt.-Com. V. C. WYNNE-EDWAEDS.

Meetings held the second a of the month except
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earner of the Society are:
RepPatH Museum Birp Room,
McGILu UNIVERSITY,
ppt tes P.Q.

BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND
| President: KENNETH RACEY: Vice-President #8. M.

7) Secretarv: IAN McT. COWAN, Dept. of
" University of Bnitick) Columbia, Vaneouver, B.C,

PBR SR MR aS EEG Is A 2

Ne eet a RIAD HO

Ads EF x ee ae A OE LI RAE CRIN EN a

New Era of
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READ .

“CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY-SIX DEGREES” i
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ae
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Published by the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ ! Club
and available in any quantity from the following o |
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A ee eee na AE TERE | BC AY OE RL A IEE REE ANN RC SER

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MAY - JUNE, 1946 No. 3

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NOTES ON

THE

erta on the north, the towns of Lund-
, Pincher Creek, Cardston and Kim-
Alberta, on the west and Ravenscrag,
atchewan, on the east. Seven and one
ranges, (a width of 45 miles) lie in
‘west Saskatchewan, the rest in Alberta.
he region belongs to the third prairie
eppe and consists of gently rolling plains
an average elevation of about 3000 feet.
e plains are incised 200 to 450 feet by

erta of 4800 ft. The Milk River ridge
south, rises to 4450 feet. The Sweet
ee of Montana are so close to the

eat and Cardston and ae
aks have been planted by farmers.
d groves of willow and aspen grow

1 uce and black poplar
rom about 4500. feet on the south and

BS Vol. 60. No, 2, March-April,

onl gee WEST, CANADA

: , —47—
1946, was issued June 25, 1946,

MAY-JUNE, 1946 No. 3

THE VERTEBRATES

SOUTHERN PLAINS OF CANADA, 1923-1926'
By M. Y. WILLIAMS

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.

balance between precipitation, run-off and in-
solation, plus ground water seepage. The area
is in the dry belt. The portion east of the
branch of the C.P.R. between Lethbridge and
Coutts is predominantly a ranching country;
the area to the west includes ranch land, dry
wheat land and large areas of irrigated land
where sugar beets are extensively grown
along with various other crops. The control
of vegetation depends only in part upon rain-
fall, as the subsoil is of vital importance in
the control of available moisture. The boun-
daries indeed, between the agricultural and
ranching areas coincide closely with the boun-
daries of the underlying geological formations.
Porous sandstone and its erosion products
provide a subsoil which very rapidly depletes
the surface supply of water; but subsoil de-
rived from shale is nearly impervious and
maintainsa high water table. The soil and
climatic factors are fundamental in the con-
trol of plant and animal life.

The region falls into three life zones. The
upper Austral includes the lower Milk River
valley and adjacent coulees, and the south-
ward drainage slope south-east of Many-
berries in Alberta and the southwest corner
of Saskatchewan centering about Nashlyn

and Govenlock. The sage grouse is the rep-

resentative bird and cactus and sage brush
are dominant. The Transition Zone includes
the rest of the area excepting the hilly and
plateau regions with elevations over 4000
feet. These higher areas are generally for-
ested and belong to the Canadian Zone.

The drainage in the west, including the
Oldman, Waterton, Belly and St. Mary riv-
ers, is a part of the South Saskatchewan
system emptying eventually into Hudson Bay.

The Milk river heads in Montana, flows
for 130 miles through high land in southern
Alberta and returns to Montana only 24 miles
west of the Saskatchewan border. Between

, it and the Saskatchewan river system to the

north, are a number of dry or ree dry

a ite fe

SAVE ore Calg

CAME IUIR ET ph

48 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

coulees which diverted the water southward
from the glaciers as the Wisconsin Ice Sheet
made its final retreat. Such are Chin, Centre,
Etzikom and Verdigris coulees. In each are
shallow lake expansions during wet seasons,
some of which are retained by dams. Thus
the dam at Crow Indian Lake destroyed
Lake Pakowki of early fame, by retaining
the water which otherwise would have flowed
into it. The dry coulees have formed natural
migration routes for the rattle snake and
horned toad from the Missouri drainage to
the south.

The earliest scientific report on this reg-
ion is that by G. M. Dawson on the ‘“Geol-
ogy and Resources of the Region in the Vie-
inity of the Forty-ninth Parallel ete.” Brit-
ish North American Boundary Comm. 1875.
See geological map and appendices A-F on
plants, fossils, insects, freshwater molluscs
etc. His vertebrates were sent to the British
Museum. Elliott Coues of the same Survey
reported to the United States authorities on
the zoology of the region.

The southern plains include many places
of historic interest. Forts Stand Off and
Whoop Up were located on the Blood Indian
Reserve south of Lethbridge not far from
the varied coloured Makawan Butte, at the
foot of which the Blood Indians were wont
to hold their Sun Dances. The forts were
important centres during early days when
the rum-runners brought their cargoes from
Fort Benton into Canada. Fort Walsh, Sask.
on Willow River in the heart of Cypress
Hills, was the ~-headquarters of the
R.N.W.M.P. from which Major Walsh set out
to receive Sitting Bull when he fled into
Canada after the Custer Massacre. Cardston,
Raymond, and Magrath are Mormon centres
of irrigation and thrift. The magnificent
granite temple at Cardston is far famed.

Lethbridge is a beautiful modern city, with
lush trees, parks and gardens, demonstrating
what irrigation can do on a treeless prairie.
The Blood Indian Reserve southwest of Leth-
bridge and the Peigan reserve south of
Brocket, provide a haven for comfortable
and self-respecting Indians of the plains.
Macleod is famous in the annals of the
Northwest Mounted Police and Pincher Creek
figures in early ranch history.

The notes here summarized were made by
the writer during the summers of 1923-26
inclusive, while preparing the geological data

‘when found dead or wounded.

tionists and others who are interested in the

for the southern part of the Calgary Map
Sheet (Geological Survey of Canada Map
204A, 1928) and for the “Geology of Southern —
Alberta and Southwestern Saskatchewan” —
being Memoir 163 of the Geological Survey —
of ‘Canada, by M. Y. Williams, W. S. Dyer 7
and P. S. Warren. Thus, from early in June —
until mid-September, for four seasons, the
writer and his assistants, by auto-truck, on q ;
foot and on horseback, combed the region —
described in detail. Living in ‘tents for the
most part, nature was but the thickness of
canvas away, and gophers and mice even
entered the tents. By means of the damnit
note books supplied by P. A. Taverner, Dom- q a
inion Ornithologist, notes were made very ~
easily and hundreds of observations were ve-
corded. A limited number of birds and an- 1
imals were collected, several being salvaged — j
It is to be, |
remembered however that the work started —
after the main spring migration had ended,
and was always subsidiary to geological in- 4 |
vestigation. The writer is not familiar with —
some of the more obscure sparrows, and there q
are doubtless a number of unnoticed species. —

After a series of very dry years, the ©
rains returned in earnest in 1923, and the
heavy precipitation continued for the four
years concerned. Even in 1923, sloughs filled q
up to the maximum elevations recalled by —
the oldest inhabitants. Consequently these —
records may be of value to game conserva- —

}
|
|

zoological cycle as controlled by climate. A
large number of observations are offered be- ;
cause of the niirked difference in the plains, 3
coulee, irrigated and upland habitats and be- a
cause of the three life zones represented, —
Places in Saskatchewan are marked “Sask.” —
except for some of the towns; and places ©
not so marked are in Alberta.
During the season of 1923 the writer had
as one of his assistants, Ralph D. Bird,
graduate of the University of Manitoba, a
now Dr. R. D. Bird of the Entomologica
Division of the Department of Agriculture, —
Ottawa. To him thanks are due for a num
ber of observations and for assistance
collecting and preparation of specimens.

. FISHES

Western Goldeye. Set sae
Amphiodoy alosoides— 1923: July De On
caught nygar mouth, of Be, ae River

at tomus. sp?.— 1924: June 12. Hundreds
id on shore of Crow Indian Lake. Species
tain.

AMPHIBIANS

Chern Frog. |

udocnis.— 1924: June 18, heard at One
; Milk River, July 21, one and again

ug. 4. Common shane Magrath from
mid le to end of August.

"Salamander.
bystoma aaa 1928: ee 21, one

was palecdine from fly bites. When picked
Pp by the tail to be thrown back into the
ater, ett Cs violently and made a bark-

REPTILES
rna te Horned Lizard.

“ynosoma orbiculare ornatissimum.— 1923:
oremost, Aug. 28, caught 2 in Chin Coulee;
den, Aug. 29, caught 4 in Bear Gulch. 1924:
n Coulee, June 24, one, and on 26th caught
ee and saw four more. 1925: late August
ight one in Lost River; one east of Many-
ES; and one in lower Milk River gorge.
e beautiful and harmless little “toads”
found only in coulees connecting with
“Milk River Valley. They live on south
g slopes where in the torrid sunshine
dsummer they scamper among the sage-
1 and prickly pear.

Breer Snake.
oad Milk: River cvs July 11 - Sept.

, when 6 were observed. 1924: Chin Coulee,
une 23 and 28, one each day; Etzikom Coulee,

gulch
killed.

iridis.— 1923: Bathe wiate
eee, Tune” 25, one

= “Apparently: mee are caused by air
e Tunes. pera ect Ed

4 i

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 49

Snakes were reported to have lived here py
the score in past years. 1924: Pakowki Cou-
lee, July 19, two dead on a fence; Milk Riv-
er, July 21, killed one. 1926: Aug. one near
Black Butte, and another near the carcass of
a cow in the lower Milk River valley. These
snakes occur in coulees and valleys connecting
with the Missouri drainage. They were num-
erous south of Manyberries creek, but were.
not known north of it.

BIRDS
Eared Grebe.
Colymbus nigricollis.— Tyrrell Lake, July —
21, 1923, about 20 observed; Crow Indian

Lake, June 12, 1924, very common including
one immature and common also on July 22;
Ross Lake, Aug. 19, several; Reed Lake, Aug.
23, several; Cypress Lake, Aug. 28, 1926,
two.

_ Western Grebe.

Aechmophorus occidentalis— Crow Indian
Lake, June 1, 1924, one; Ross Lake, Aug. 19,
one; Cypress Lake, Aug. 25, 1926, two dead

on shore, much dessicated and Aug. 28 twce_
live birds observed. °

White Pelican.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.— Ross Lake, Aug.
18, 1924, island covered with white birds and
identified with certainty through ‘glasses.

Great Blue Heron.

Ardea herodias herodias—— Widely distributed
and one or two seen in almost all suitable
localities each day throughout the period of
investigation. In Sec. 16, Tp. 6, Range 29 W
3rd Mer. Sask. July 15, 1926, was a heronry
in balsam poplars with 8 nests, 4 pr. of young
nearly full grown and 8 pr. of young flying.

American Bittern.

Botaurus lentiginosus—— Crow Indian Lake,.
June 12, 1924, heard; Coulee Lake, Sask. July
28, 1926, one seen and reported as common;
Cypress Lake, Aug. 28, two.

Canada Goose.

Branta canadensis.— Frenchman River, Sask.
Aug. 18, 1926, twenty-five; ‘Cypress Lake,
Aug. 25, a flock of about 100.

Mallard.

Anas platyrhynchos— 1923: lLundbreck,
June 18, 12 males; June 30 female and 6
young; St. Mary River, two to several July
3, 6, 10, and 12; Milk River, several July 16,

29th and a female on July 14;

50 Tur CANADIAN

17, a flock of 25 young July 20 and 21, and

a flock on the 26th; Kimball, Aug. 18,
twelve; Milk River Aug. 19-22, several;
Aden, Sage Creek and Coutts, Sept. 1-13,

common on ponds; Kimball, Sept. 16 about
125. 1924: Crow Indian Lake, June 12, com-
mon; Nashlyn, Sask. June 18, common; Et-
zikom coulee, July 11, female and 5 half-
grown young; Ross hake Aug. 19 and 23,
common. 1925: St. Mary River, June 25,
female and young. 1926: Elkwater Lake,
Sask., June 17, female and 7 eggs also June
21, twelve birds and common on June 25 and
26 and a female and twelve young on June
The Gap,
Sask. July 21, common in ponds; Ravens-
crag, Sask. Aug. 1-12, common in ponds,
twelve seen on Aug. 12; Cypress Lake, Sask.

Aug. 25-31, common; Nashlyn, Sask. Sept.
1-7, common.

Baldpate.

Mareca americana.— 1923: Verdigris Lake,

Aug. 5, flocks, sp?. 1924: Crow Indian Lake,
June 12, several; Nashlyn, Sask., June 18,
2 pair. 1926: Coulee, Sask., July 14, female
with 10 young; Ravenscrag, Sask., Aug. 12.

a male, female and 6 young; Cypress Lake, .

Sask., Aug. 25, two.

Pintail. B GN ise

Dafila acuta.— 1924: Crow Indian Lake, June
12, several; Nashlyn, Sask. June 18, common,
and July 22, several; Reed Lake, Aug. 23,

common. 1926: North Frenchman River, Sask. |

Aug. 7, three young, semi-tame, eating grain
at Stewart Ranch; Mogdpile Coulee, Aug. 2,
several.

Blue-win os Teal.

Querquedula discors.— 1924: Crow Indian
Lake June 12, several; Nashlyn, Sask., June

18, common; Etzikom Coulee, July 12, female ©
Lonely Valley,

and 5 very small young. 1925:
July 11, one female. 1926: Elkwater Lake,
June 21, 4 males, 2 females and two seen
June 24; Coulee, Sask., female and 10 young;

Cypress Lake, Sask., Aug. 25, several; Nash-
lyn, Sask., Sept. 7, five.
Shoveller. al iri:

Spatula clypeata.— 1924: Crow Indian Lake,
June 12, several; Nashlyn, Sask., June 18,
common; Reed Lake, Aug. 23, common. 1926:
Elkwater Lake, June 17, several; Cypress
Lake, Sask., Aug. 25-28 common; Lower
Battle River, Sask., Sept. 4, several,

FIELD-NATURALIST

Lesser Scaup Duck. 4
Nyroca affinis— 1924: Crow, Indian Lake, —
June 12, six. 1925: Reed Lake, several in late
June. 1926: Elkwater Lake, June 17, twelve;
also June 21, six adults and twelve young;
and June 25, several.

Ruddy Duck.

Erismatura jamaicensis. —1924: Crow Indian @
Lake, June 12, eight males; Reed Lake, Aug.
1, two. 1926: Elkwater Lake, Sask. June 30,
several; Cypress Lake, Sask. Aug. 25, two.

American Merganser.

Mergus merganser americanus. —1923: St.
Mary River near Lethbridge, June 22, 25 and ¥y |
29, one each day. 1924: Magrath, Aug. gi 4
nine, immature, Sp.? : :

Turkey Vulture.

Cathartes aura— A vulture seen late in a
Aug. 1925 on the Montana side of the Milk ~
River, Range 5 W 4th Mer. appeared to be ss
of hie species.

Sharp- shined Hawk.

Accipter velox 1924: Nashlyn, Sask. Tunes q
20, one sp.?; Magrath, Aug. 8, one; Ross —
Lake, Aug. 18, one. /

et] 4
pert Sen a
Buteo swainsoni.— 1923: Lethbridge, June a
23, one; also 28th common; 29th two; and 7
30th common; between Teeneriee! and mile
River, July 1 - 25, ten recorded, one male —
tome collected near Warner; Milk River
Aug. 1, five; Aug. 14, one immature bird
ee the species was common along. th
river ine from Coutts east to Aden durin:
Aug. and on Sept. 15; a female taken Sept
12 at Coutts. 1924: Horomia and south fairl;
common during June; Nashlyn, Sask tw
seen June 20th; Etzikom Coulee July . 1283
common; Milk River and Warner, fairly’
common, 5 seen July 26 at Mapratee
Mary Bien and Ross Lake, dark chocol
_birds were common during Aug. 1925: C
“mon in Cardston district in early sum:
and nesting on cross arm of telegraph — p
southwest of Kimball; Porcupine Hills no
of Brocket very common in July. 1926:
water Lake and Cypress Hills to south

Swainson’s Hawk.

1-14; Meryyflats, Sask. a 22, four;
Lodge, July 24 one ee bird

y ume, sce ' THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST | 52

enserag, Nashlyn and Cypress Lake com-
nest hawk everywhere Aug. 1 to Sept. 5;
immature female in dark brown Agee
taken near Nashlyn on Sept. Ist.
_ During late summer these birds gorge
hemselves on grasshoppers: otherwise their
‘ood appears to be mice and gophers. Large
and tame, this useful hawk fell to the guns
of ill-informed men as indicated by the
~ hawk’s dead bodies hanging on the fences.
eet rricinous: Rough-leg.
— Buteo regalis.— 1923: Lundbreck June 22,
me; 25, two ; 29 and 30 common; 2 young
in nest of sticks on top of “hoo-doos’ along
wu Mary River, near Lethbridge; at War-
er, Coutts and along the Milk River valley,
uly to Sept. 12 this beautiful hawk was the
ommonest bird of prey. One dark bird was
een with a light bird at Milk River on Aug.
; an injured female was taken near Kim-
all, Aug. 11, 1924; Canal Creek, June 17, a
st and two young on top of small hoo- aaa:
miskam, June 23, a nest with 5 downy
ung on hoo-doo along Chin Coulee, where
ds were common June 27 and 28; Milk
ver July 21, several; St. Mary River, Aug.
-13, common along rivers and coulees; Ross
ke, Aug. 18, not so common as Swainson’s.
wk. 1925: Waterton, St. Mary and Old Man
ers, common June and July; Porcupine
lls, Aug. common on bluffs. 1926: Elk-
ter Lake, Sask.. June 29, one; Willow
k, Sask., July 1, four; The Gap, July
wo; Cypress Hills, about Coulee, Rav-

mn along coulees away from timber.
is arama bitd appears almost

t is more secluded in its nesting | ee
1 more wary than Swainson’s hawk, it
not fall to the aim of the ignorant
er as often.

Eagle.

_chrysaétos._- 1923: Verdigris. Lake,
, one; West Butte, Montana, Aug. 30,
L924 : ee Strike, aly 14, one; Milk

we us i
vudsonius.— 1923: Lundbreck, June

9 miles south of Lethbridge, June 22, a pair
swooped at us repeatedly. The male later
came in whistling with a mouse in his claws.
The female flew below him, and caught the
mouse as he dropped it, and flew apparently
to the young. The writer has observed this
interesting food delivery by the male marsh
hawk on several occasions. One to three
marsh hawks seen every day or two during
late June and July from Lethbridge to Milk
River town, 26 notations being made; Kim-
ball and the valley of the Milk River, com-
mon during August and to Sept. 12; three
grey males were recorded August 1 and one
on September 4. At Aden on August 29, a
grey marsh hawk struck a _— sharp-tailed
grouse knocking out feathers. The grouse lit
and the hawk flew on. 1924: fairly common
across Alberta and to Robsart, Sask.; at Ross
Lake on August 19 I saw one kill a blackbird. -
1925: fairly common along St. Mary River
during July; 2 grey males seen. 1926: Elk-
water Lake, Sask., June 20 one, also 24th
one male, and 30th one female; Cypress
Hills, Ravenscrag, Sask. and vicinity, fairly
common, July to September 7, and males seen
July 14, August 26 and dark young birds
in flight, August 7. .

=

Prairie Falcon.

Falco mexicanus.— 1924: Lucky Strike, July
14, one; Milk River, July 21, one, and com-
mon August 1-6; Ross Lake, August 18, sev- _
eral. 1925: Kimball, July, five or six seen.
1926: Cypress Hills, Sask., July 20, two;
Coulee. July 25, one, and 29th, several;
Ravenscrag, Cypress Lake and Nashlyn,
fairly common, August 11 to September 5.

Duck Hawk.

Falco peregrinus anatum.— 1923: St. Mary
River, June 22 - July 12, rather common ;

Milk River Valley, from Milk River town to ;

Aden, fairly common August 1 - September
13, one or two being seen almost every day;
Kimball, September 15, two. 1924: Monarch,
July 2, vee spars Wiens August T'2s SDaes
1926: Thelma, June 22, two. Except under
very favourable teanrases this species is
likely to be confused with the prairie falcon.
The latter however lives in the semi-arid
regions and the above observations which
were very carefully made, seem to be sub-
Spanally correct.

52

Richardson’s Merlin,

Falco columbarius richardsoni.— 1924:
Cypress Hills, Sask., June 19, one; Warner,
August 5, one. 1926: Elkwater Lake, June
23, a pair; Cypress Hills, Sask., July 15,
two, also 20th two, 24th two and- August
2, two; Oxarat, Sask. August 11, one. This
beautiful, light blue-grey falcon is fairly
common in the wooded, broken land of south-
west Saskatchewan. A female taken had its
crop full of grasshoppers.

American Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverius.— 1923: Lundbreck, Leth-
bridge, St. Mary River, and Milk River, seen
almost every day, June 12-July 24. 1924:
Milk River Valley and Kimball, fairly com-
mon August 13 - September ie meres
three seen near Robsart, Sask.; Milk River
Valley, July 12, one and 21st, one; St.
Mary River, August 6 - 16, common. 1925:
St. Mary River, July, took one male in be-
draggled plumage. 1926: Elkwater Lake and
Cypress Hills, Sask., fairly common, June
and July, becoming very common — during
August and September.

Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Pediocetes phasianellus.— 1923: Milk River,
July 30, one; Verdigris Lake, August 1, two
young; Milk River valley eastward to Sas-
katchewan, August 18 - September 6, com-
mon; Kimball, Sept. 15, two. 1924: Nashlyn,
Sues June 24, two; Milk River valley, July
“7A five, and 26th, one; Magrath, August 8 -
31, common. 1925: St. Mary River and Wat-
erton River, fairly common during July.
1926: Elkwater Lake, Sask. and Cypress
Hills to Coulee and Cypress Lake and Nash-
lyn, June 22 to July 8, several each ae) and
later common to August, 24.

Sage Hen.

Centrocerus wrophasianus.— 1925: saw sev-
eral in the bad lands southeast of Many-
berries; Mr. Higdon of the Higdon and
Higdon Ranch, reported birds being shot
occasionally by grouse hunters by mistake.
He stated the flesh was unfit for food. 1926:
September 4, a flock of 8 seen in Tp. 1R. 23,
W 8rd, Mer. Sask. This immense grouse
gives the bird lover a great thrill when seen
for the first time.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

‘

. June 3, three;

Warner;

Hungarian Partridge.
Perdix perdix.— 1923: well established, — |
Lethbridge and south to Milk River town —
and east and west across province. Recorded —
June 25 - September 15. On July 9 and 11th, ©
young were seen along St. Mary River; on
July 23, 26 and 28, a female with 12 young
was seen each day in Milk River’ valley;
August 12 - September 11, a flock almost
every day in Milk River valley and west to
Kimball. 1924: June 18, a flock near “One
Four’; Etzikom Coulee, July 12, a dozen
small young; July 26, and 27, several near
common south of Magrath in Aug-

dk

ses
Re aie Te me Re een ee

Se

a

4
ust. 1925: July, common, with young, in St. 4
Mary and Waterton River valleys. 1926: —
Elkwater Lake, Sask., June 18, five, and 4
24th, two with 24 small chicks; Battle Creek, —
Sask., July 15, one; Merryflats, 23rd, two;

Ravenscrag, August 11, one. The Cypress
Hills seemed less suited to this introduced.
species than did the lower wheat land_ to
the west.

hit ania

American Coot. 4
Fulica americana.— 1924: Crow Indian Lake, —
June 12, very common; Nashlyn, Sask., 18, —
common; Reed Lake, August 23, common. al
1926: Elkwater Lake, Sask., June 30, several; 4
July 7, common, several young; The Gap, ©
Sask., July 21, several. BS
Killdeer Plover.

Oxyechus vociferus.— 1923: Lundbreck, June
12, two; Lethbridge, June 19 and 29, one —
each day; St. Mary River. to Milk River, in-
creasing in numbers to maximum, 20 or more — }
each day; July 20, 21, at Tyrrell Lake; Milk
River rare in August — several on 12th, a
few on 14th and two on 20th — none later. |
1924: Southern Alberta, June 12 - August —
30, very common in all suitable localities. —
1925:. common in southern Alberta. 1926:
common in southwestern Sask. ‘Te

Long-billed Curlew. he
Numenius americanus.— 1923: lLundbreck,
June 19 two, 20th one, 28th four, 29th two,
30th one; St. Mary River Mouth, July 1 two
and 12th four; Kimball, August 10, two.
1924: Robsart, Sask. June 19, two; Fishburn,
Alberta, July a pair. 1926: Hagle Butte,
Alkwater Lake, June 24 and
25, one each Bee Battle Creek, July 17, a
mele collected with three young; Ravensera a
August 2, fifteen. Ng

oe 4s
ecg Be Fg

n ete ahaa 1923: Lethbridge,
» 28, one; St. Mary River, July 11, two,
; Milk meee July 17, nod August 12,

: Middle Coulee east of Warner, July 25,
; Lonely Valley, July 11, one. 1925: com-
near Macleod in July; common, Milk

tis macularia.— 1923: Lundbreck, June
| 22, four, and nest and two eggs on 22nd;
Lethbridge, June 30, one young; St. Mary
River, July 1 - 11, several, including two
young on ‘11th: Milk River, July 30, four,
gust 12, one, and 17th, two. 1924: Milk
er, July 21, two; St. Mary River, August
common. 1925: June and July, fairly com-
along St. Mary and Waterton rivers.

itary Sandpiper.

ga solitaria.— 1923: Tyrrell Lake, July
nd 21, one each day; Lake Weston, July

one; Aden, August 24, three and 30th,

1924: Robsart, Sask. June 18, several;
om Coulee, July 12, four; Middle
ee, July 27, several; Magrath, August,

on around ponds etc. Also seen in Lonely

ey early July. Not recorded in south-
ern Shae in 1926.
stern Willet.

semipalmatus inornatus.—

R ptrophorus

: Suds Lake, July 20, one. 1924: Crow
ndian Lake, June 12, four; Nashlyn, ‘Sask.
8, one; ecous Coulee, July 12, zou.

Chiee
emiate) ;

ter Lake, Sask., June 24, one;
August 10, six (took one

z)

e lavipes— Cypress Lake, Sask.,

1926, several.

Pr he THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 53

Marbled Godwit.

Limosa fedoa.— 1924: Etzikom Coulee, July
12, two. 1926: Elkwater Lake, Sask., July 12,
a male, female and four young; Merryflat,
Sask., July 22, two, SP. ?; Cypress Lake, Sask.,
Aug. 28, several.

American Avocet.

Recurvirostra americana.— 1923: Warner,
July 13, two; Tyrrell Lake, July 20 and 21,
more than 20 (took one female); wake Wes-
ton, July 23, six; Milk River, August Te sie
1924: Crow Indian Lake, June 12, several;
Ktzikom Coulee, July 12, one; Milk River,
July 21, two. 1925: Lonely Valley, early July,
one. 1926: Coulee Lake, Sask., five.

Wilson’s Phalarope.

Steganopus tricolor_— 1924:
Lake, June 12, several.

Crow Indian

Northern Phalarope.

Lobipes lobatus.— 1923: July 2, took a male
at St. Mary River; Tyrrell Lake, July 20-21,
common, took a female.

Herring Gull.

Larus argentatus.— 1924: AMS 27. SSpuu Ste
Mary River; August 19, several at Ross
Lake. 1925: June 23 - July 14, common
along St. Mary and Milk Rivers. 1926: June
24, one seen at Medicine Hat; Cypress Lake,
Aueast 25 and 28, several, some young, Sp.?.

Ring-billed Gull.

Larus delawarensis.— 1923: St. Mary River
Valley, July 4, several and 7th - 12th, com-
mon; Verdegris Coulee, August 1, forty.

Franklin’s Gull.

Larus pipixcan.— 1923: Tyrell Lake, July
20-21, about 500. 1924: Crow Indian Lake,
June 12, very common and found a female
with crop full of wheat apparently soaked in

gopher poison; Chin Coulee, June 28, com-
mon.

Forster’s Tern.

Sterna forsteri.— 1924: August 18, several
terns probably of this species around Magrath
pond. A tern in Lonely Valley, July 11,
1925, was either of this EBACE, or a com-
mon tern.

54 THE CANADIAN

Black Tern. ae
Chlidonias nigra.— 1924: Crow Indian Lake,
June 12, common. 1925: Lonely Valley, July
iy One: 1926: Elkwater Lake, June 17-30,
one or two most days but on June 31, twelve,

and common to July 7; The Gap, Sask., July”

22, several.

Mourning Dove.

Zenaidura macroura.— 1923: Lethbridge,
June 17-22, heard and June 25-30, one or two
every day; Mouth of St. Mary River, July
1-12, common in “song”; July 16, one at
Milk River; August 30, two at Miners Coulee.
1924: Ketchem Creek, June 19, two; Milk
River, July 21, two. 1925: common in groves
along St. Mary, Waterton and Oldman Riv-
ers, June 23-July 80; Higdon’s Ranch, 7 miles
south of Manyberries, common (one _ spec-
imen) August 1-31. 1926: Medicine Hat,
June 16, five; Elkwater Lake, June 30, heard;
Cypress Hills, Sask., Coulee to Ravenscrag,
July 1 - August 23, in valleys near trees,
several most days; Nashlyn, Sask., Septem-
ber 3, several.

Black-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus.— 1923: Lund-
breck, June 18, 27 and 30, heard each day;
St. Mary River Mouth, July 3 and 11, heard.
1925: St. Mary’s river, June 23rd - July 14,
in song.

Great Horned Owl.

Bubo virginianus.— 1925: St. Mary River
Mouth, June 25, one immature bird; Aden,
September 2, one reported; Coutts, Septem-
ber 9, one. 1925: Raymond, early July, a
light coloured bird sp.?; Porcupine Hills
north of Brocket, late July, three. 1926:
Elkwater Lake, June 25, heard; Cypress
Hills., Alta., July 6, four; July 8, three dead
on trail; The Gap, Sask., July 22, one; Rav-
enscrag, August 7, one on August 13, took
female of the year ans 16-21, heard every
night.

Burrowing Owl.

Speotyto cunicularia.— 1926: Fox, Sask.,
July 28, one; Lower Battle River, Sept. 5,
took a male of the year.

American Long-eared Owl.

Asio wilsonianus.— 1925:
about middle of July, one.

Waterton River,

FIELD-NATURALIST

¥

Short-eared Owl. a

_Asto flammeus.— 1928: Lethbridge, qanes 25,
two; Mouth St. Mary River, July 11, two;
‘Tyrrell Lake, July 20, one; Aden, Aueusel
24, one and September 3, one. 1924: Fore-—
most, June 7, one; Etzikom Coulee, July 12,
one; Warner, August 5, one; St. Mary River,
on 9, one; Mapear adie of August, ©
quite common. 1925: common on Waterton
river, July 14-30; Cypress Hills, Alta. Sept-—
ember 6, one. 1926: Elkwater Lake, June”
17, one; June 21, one, sp.?.

Nighthawk.

Chordeiles minor.— 1923: Lundbreck, June |
12-29, common; Lethbridge, August 31, com- —
mon; St. Mary and Milk Rivers and Tyrrell -
Lake, occasional, July 1-20; West Butte,
Mont. August 31, two. 1924: Ketchem Creek,
June 17, very common; Cypress Hillis, Al-—
berta, June 19, common; Chin Coulee, June
28, female, nest and sno eggs; Etzikom |
enaice, July 12, common, a nest with one
egg and one young bird; Foremost, July 1743
several. 1925: St. Mary and Waterton riv-@
ers, June 23-July 30, common. 1926: Hlk-
water Lake, June 20-30, fairly common; —
Cypress Hills, Sask., July 1-August 14, fair- |
ly common; Ravenscrag, August 21, heard. —

Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Archilochus colubris.— 1923: Aden, Septem-_
ber, 6, one.

Belted Kingfisher. ae
Megaceryle aleyon.— 1923: Lundbreck, Ju

12, two. 1924: Ketchem Creek, June 17, one
St. Mary River, August 16, one. 1925: St a
Mary and TViebeeton rivers, yather commor ny |
June 23 - July 30. 1926: Thelma, June =
and 23, two each day; Coulee, Sask., July :
one; Ravenscrag, Sask. Aug. 12-13 and 20,
one seen each day and rather rare to e 1d
of month. Eh

be aa
Northern Flicker. ye

Colaptes auratus luteus.— 1928: Lundbreck,
June 12-29, fairly common; Lethbridge and
St. Mary nae, month ine 30 to July
fairly common; Sage Creek, Sept. 5 an
and Kimball, Sept. 15, reported. 1924: Cyp
Hills, Alta., June 19, two; Milk River,
21, two; Magrath, Aug. 16, heard. 1
Eagle Butte, Alberta, June 23, two; El
water Lake, June 26 and 29, one each «
Cypress Hills, Sask. to Ravenscrag, J uly
to August 24, occasional ; Nashlyn, 4

27, one. sf

Pics ie 1925: St. Mary and Water-
Rivers, June 23-July 30; Cypress Hills
rth of Thelma — September 6, one; Hig-
wikanch, 7 miles south of Manybercies:
ugust 1-31. Red-shafted and yellow-shafted
ickers were both common and arpa realy,
idizing.

Peheaded Woodpecker.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus.— 1924: Ketchum
meek, June 17, one. This is a sight record
ut, fhe Sine plumage could scarcely be

common. at
Leth-

1923:
common at

y tyrannus.—
undbreck, June 1-30;

iver and Coutts and east to Aden, July 1-
: Se tember 1. 1924: common at Foremost and
hin Coulee, June 9-28; Milk River, July 21,
common; Warner, Magrath and the irrigated
ountry in general very common during
\ugust. 1925: common on St. Mary and Wat-
n rivers, June 23 to July 30. 1926: com-
in Sask. Elkwater Lake, Cypress Hills,
venscrag, Nashlyn and vicinity, June 20-

ty River, Tuly 4-12, six cadorded 1924:
emost, fae 12, not quite so common as
species; occasional in irrigated country,
r, Magrath and vicinity in August.
rare, one near Raley on St. Mary Riv-

Phoebe.

rnis saya.— 1923: Lethbridge, June 27,
Xe ale with a nest and 6 eggs in a shack;
St. Mary River, July 7 and 8, one each day;
Mili River and Coutts, Secneion ail July 14-
, becoming common over the whole of the
Ik River valley, Coutts to Aden up to
a ember 8 and one seen September 9. 1924:
zikom Coulee, June 14, nest and young;
t, Sask., June 18, nine; Etzikom, Fore-
nd west to Warner, July 12-27, a few
very day; Warner and Magrath, Aug-
common. 1925: St. Mary and Water-
rs, common, June 23 - July 30. 1926:
t and War Lodge, Sask., July 22
one each day; North Frenchman

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 55

river, August 10, one; Nashlyn, August 27-

September 7, common.

Least Flycatcher.

Empidonax minimus.— 1923:
June 28, recognized by its
August 19, one, sp.?.

Lethbridge,
“song”; Aden,

Horned Lark.

Otocoris alpestris— 1923: Lundbreck, June
18-September 13, common over whole of
southern Alberta. 1924: common everywhere;
one found in dying condition, July 25, in
Middle Coulee. 1925: common everywhere.
1926: common everywhere in Saskatchewan.

Bank Swallow.

Riparia riparia.— 1923: Saint Mary River
mouth July 1-9, a nesting colony; Verdigris
Coulee and Milk River, common, July 23-

August 8. 1926: Coulee, Sask., July 25, a
nesting colony. !
Barn Swallow.

Hirundo. erythrogaster.— 1923: Verdigris

Coulee, a pair nesting, July 26; August 1 at
Verdigris Lake. 1924: Robsart, Sask., June’
18, several; Etzikom Coulee, July 12, two.
1926: Verdigris Coulee, July 22, two; Centre |
Block, Sask., July 20, two.

Cliff Swallow.

Petrochelidon albifrons—— 1923: Lundbreck,
June 13, common; Lethbridge, June 30-July
8, many nests under sandstone ledges along
St. Mary and Oldman rivers and 100 nests
at mouth of Pot Hole River also common
along Milk River to end of August with many
nests along sandstone cliffs. 1924: Robsart,
Sask., June 18, several; July 21-26, common
along Milk River and Middle Coulee; St.
Mary’s River, near Magrath, hundreds of
nests in August. 1925: common along river
cliffs and at McIntyre Ranch north edge of
Milk River ridge. 1926: July, nesting near
Coulee, Sask.

Magpie.

Pica pica.— Common everywhere along river
valleys and near trees and bushes, especially
near ranches and occasional near irrigation
areas: Lundbreck, June 11, 1923, nesting in
cottonwoods along Crow’s Nest River with

several young in each nest.

tee

56 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST a

American Crow.

Corvus brachyrhynchos.— Common near civ-

ilization, e.g. Lundbreck, Lethbridge and the
farming land southward to Milk river; scarce
on the ranching land along the Milk River
valley, but generally one or two seen each
day; young flying along Waterton Yiver,
June 23, 1925; very common at Elkwater
Lake and across Cypress Hills to Ravens-
crag and Nashlyn, up to Aug. 25. Forty were
seen on a dead cow at Coulee, July 1s.

_Clarke’s Nutcracker.

Nucifraga columbiana.— West Butte, Mon-
tana, Aug. 30, 1923, three in the alpine for-
est, which includes Douglas fir, at about
5000 ft. elevation. ;

Black-capped Chickadee.

Penthestes atricapillus.— 1923: Lethbridge
and vicinity, June 31-July 9, noted four times.
1925: Manyberries and vicinity, common in
August. 1926: Elkwater Lake, Cypress Hills
to Ravenscrag and Nashlyn, fairly common,
June 21-August 22.

Red breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta canadensis.— 1923: Foremost, June 29,
heard, sp.?; Warner, July 27, one; Magrath
and Ross Lake, common, August 7-24.

House Wren.

_ Troglodytes aédon.— 1925: Waterton River,

July 14-80, common; tried to nest in tent.
1926: Medicine Lodge Creek, Sask., June 26,
a pair with nest and 7 eggs; Coulee, Sask.,
July 14, two.

Rock Wren.

Salpinctes obsoletus.— 1923: Frank, June 14,
two; Lundbreck, June. 25-30 noted three
times; Lake Weston, July 238-27, several;
Lower Milk River gorge and Aden, August
13-September 1, noted six times. 1924: Fore-
most, Ketchem Creek, Milk River, St. Mary’s
River, Robsart, Sask., and Cypress Hills,
common along rocky slopes, July to August
12. 1926: Medicine Hat, June 16, common in

song; and common at Elkwater Lake and

southwest Sask. until August 14.

Cat Bird.

Dumetella carolinensis 1923: common in
song at Lundbreck and at St. Mary’s river
mouth, June 18-July 11. 1924: Fortymile
Coulee, June 27, one; Milk River town, July

[Vol. 6
21, one, and again on August 1; near Ma-
grath, August 12, one. 1925: common St.
Mary and Waterton rivers, June 23-July 30,
also at Higdon ranch in August. 1926: heard —
at Willow Creek and Battle Creek, Sask., —
July 1 and 15 and at Ravenscrag on Aug-
ust 5. 4

$a

Brown Thrasher. 4
Toxostoma rufum.— 1925: lower Milk River —
valley, middle of August, two. .

American Robin. a
Turdus migratorius— 1923: lLundbreck, ~
June 11-30; St. Mary river. mouth, July 1-12, ©

fairly common; scarce elsewhere. 1924: © |
Ketchem Creek, June 17, one; Cypress Hills, ~

June 19, one; Magrath, August 9 and 24, — |
one each day. 1925: St. Mary river, common
in song, June 23-30. 1926: Elkwater Lake,
Sask., fairly common June 21-29; Coulee and ©

Battle river fairly common during July ; 3
Ravenscrag, Aug. 10 and 12, two noted and |
nine seen later in year. The robins remain ~

near the well-watered human habitations. ~ 4
Olive-backed Thrush. 4
Hylocichla ustulata.— 1925: Belly River, e
July 20, heard. 1926: Elkwater Lake, June —
19-30 in song; Cypress Hills, Sask. in song —
until July 22. The species noted above are
doubtful. The birds of the Cypress Hills ma;

be the grey-cheeked thrush as the elevatio
is higher and the climate more northern. —

Mountain Bluebird.

Sialia currucoides.—— Lundbreck, June 11
common; Lethbridge and country to sou
fairly common and more so in late Aug
and September until the 14th. 1924: Fo
most, June 9, fairly common and a_ pai
feeding young in nest in roof of shack ea
in July; less common south and west th
in 1928. 1925; fairly common along Wat
ton River, July 14-30. 1926: June 16, you
at Medicine Hat; fairly common at Elkwater
Lake and at Coulee, Sask. June 22-July 31 ;
North Frenchman River, August 9, thr ae
Ravenscrag, August 20, several; Nashl
September 7, one. vey

American Pipit. AS ai
1923: Sage Creel

Anthus spinoletta.—
September 5, several; Kimball, Septembe
two.

ite-rumped Shrike.

us ludovicianus excubitorides.— 1923:
k River valley from Milk River Town east-
rd to Aden, four seen, August 14-28.

‘Sask., ee to Nashlyn, Hecarded 9
es dione August; a male taken near
venscrag, August 14. CCS

f

ellow Warbler.

28, recorded in song five times. 1924:
Sian Creek, June. 17, one; Fortymile
alee, June 27, one; Milk River Town,
y 21, one; Magrath, August 10, heard.
5: Cardston and Waterton River, very
amon, June 23-July 30, and in song till
fuly 14; common among willows of Higdon’s
ch during August. 1926: rare in Sask;
rd? Elkwater Lake, June 25; Battle
ek, July 15;
avenscrag, east iis
eptember 1st.

4 :
onnecticut Warbler.

and at Nashlyn,

, one; North Frenchman River, August 10,

, one male. 1926: Beats Lake, Willow
* and Coulee, Sask., common in song,

Sparrow.
_ domesticus.— 1923:

Meadowlark.
chee 1928: common in song,

Merryflat, July 22; seen,

porornis agilis.— 1926: Ravenscrag, August,

20-July 15, and song ceased by July

common about.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 57

July 1 and in song again August 21 to Sept-
ember 6, providing the only bird music in
September.

‘Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus— 1928:
Taber, June 7, several; Crow Indian Lake,
June 12 and July 22 very common; Reed
Lake, August 1, several; Woolford, August
28, a flock. 1925: Reed Lake, common. 1926:
Elkwater Lake, June 20, common.

Red-winged Blackbird.

Agelaius phoeniceus.— 1923: Lundbreck,

. June 11-26, several; St. Mary River, July 1-

11, six recorded; Tyrrell Lake, July 21, one

‘pair. 1924: Ketchem Creek, June 16, several;

Forty Mile Coulee, June 27, several; Etzikom
Coulee, Milk River and Middle Coulee, com-
mon, July 12-25; Magrath, occasional dur-
ing August. 1925: St. Mary and Waterton

_Yivers, common in suitable places. 1926: com-
mon Medicine Hat, Elkwater Lake and Cou-

lee, Sask., June 16-July 31, when song
ceased; Ravenscrag, August 7 and 20, one
seen each day.

\

Rusty Blackbird.

Euphagus carolinus— 1924: Forty Mile
Coulee, June 27, common; Etzikom Coulee,
July 13, one; Foremost, July 18, common;
Warner and Magrath, August 1-23, fairly
common. 1925: common about livestock, June
23-July 30, on St. Mary and Waterton rivers.

Brewer’s: Blackbird.

Euphagus cyanocephalus.— 1923: Lundbreck,

June 11-12, several; Lethbridge to Milk Riv-
er, June 30-July 20, common; and later to
September 6, in flocks over all southern
Alberta. 1926: Elkwater Lake and _ south-
west Saskatchewan, common, and in flocks

after August 1; took a male at Elkwater

Lake, July 5.

’ Cowbird.

Molothrus ater.— 1923: Lethbridge, June 30,
two males, three females; a few near mouth
of St. Mary river, July 1-7; Lake Weston,
July 23, a male; Verdigris Coulee, July 26,
two. 1924: Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan,
June 20, two. 1925: Cardston, several, June
23-July 14. 1926: Eagle Butte, June 23, one;
Elkwater Lake, June 25, two and 26, one;
Willow Creek, Saskatchewan, July L four,

axl Se a
PE Nie 7) Se ee ep ee

58 THE CANADIAN

Western Tanager.

Piranga ludoviciana.— 1923:

Lundbreck,
June 11, one in song. ;

Grosbeak.

Hedymeles sp.?.— 1923: Lundbreck, June 22-
30, heard commonly; St. Mary river, July 9-
11, heard, sp.?. 1925: Cardston, June 23,
July 14, heard. Identification of above song
records unsatisfactory, as no birds were pos-
itively identified. Those on the St. Mary may
be of the Black-headed Grosbeak.
Pine Siskin. eg
Spinus pinus.— 1924: St. Mary River, Aug-
ust 7, two.

American Goldfinch.

Spinus tristis— 1923: Lundbreck, June 18,
several; Milk River, July 25, reported; Aden,
August 22, reported; Sage Creek, Septem-
ber 5, one male. 1925: Waterton River, July
20, one. 1926: Elkwater Lake and vicinity,
June 23, several and 25th, one; Coulee, Cyp-
ress Hills, Ravenscrag and Nashlyn, com-
mon, July 9-August 27.

Northern Spotted Towhee.

Pipilo maculatus arcticus.— 1923: Lundbreck,
common in song, June 18-30; St. Mary River
mouth, common in song, July 1-13. 1925:
Aden, several in August. 1926: Willow Creek,
Saskatchewan, July 1, a pair; centre Block
Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, July 20, one;
Ravenscrag and vicinity, August 5-21, com-
mon. (N.B. subspecies based on location).

Lark Bunting.

Calamospiza melanocorys.— 1923: common
over plains, July 1-August 25, and in song,
July 13-28. 1924: common on plains, June 12-
August 10; in song, June 17; nest and 3 eggs,
Foremost, July 18. 1925: Waterton river,
fairly common, July 14-30; males had _ lost
male plumage by mid August in Many-
berries district. 1926: Elkwater Lake, June
20, two; on lower prairie only about Cypress
Hills of Saskatchewan, July 1-14; two seen
in the “Gap”.

Western Vesper Sparrow.

Pooecetes gramineus confinis.— 1923: Leth-
bridge, June 29 and 30, one each day; com-
mon over plains till August 14 and in song
during July 12-17. 1924: fairly common on

plains from June 12; Cypress Hills, Alberta,

FIELD-NATURALIST

four times, including a young bird on the

{[Vol. 60

nest and 5 eggs, June 19; common in vicinity
of Foremost July 12-27; several at Magrath, —
August 20. 1925: common Waterton river, :
July 14-30; Manyberries, common in August.
1926: fairly common at Elkwater Lake, June
18; and in flanks of Cypress Hills, Saskat-
chewan, till July 20.

Pink-sided Junco.
Junco mearnsi.— 1925: Cypress Hills, Al-
berta, elevation about 4500 ft., common. 1926:
Elkwater Lake, June 20, two and 23rd, a —

female and eight young; Willow Creek and
Coulee, July 1-17, fairly common; Ravens-
crag and Cypress Hills, August 1-15, occas-
ional, Hi,

Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella passerina.— 1923: Milk River town,
July 17, one; Coutts, July 18, one in song.
1926: Elkwater Lake, June 20-30, recorded

30th; Ravenserag, Saskatchewan, one, Aug-
ust 4; Cypress Lake, one, August 25.

White-crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys.— - 1926:
Elkwater Lake, June 17-30, common in
song; Willow Creek, Saskatchewan, July 1,
two in song.

Chestnut-collared Longspur.

Calearius ornatus.— Lundbreck; June .20, —
1923, one; common over Southern plains till
September 15; young on July 31. 1924: June
12, Crow Indian Lake, common; Etzikom ~
Coulee nest and 2 eggs, June 14; in’ song, -®
June 17, common on plains until July 25. |
1925: common on plains; nest in Lonely
Valley, July 11, 3 eggs. 1926: Elkwater Lake,»
June 18-25, common; Willow Creek and ia t
Coulee, Saskatchewan, fairly common on ben- a
ches; Centre Block, the Gap, and south, —
common July 20-31; Ravenscrag to Nashlyn,
common, August 15-26, scarcer to Septem- 7
ber 7, ae

MAMMALS rian

Long-tailed Weasel.
Mustela frenata longicauda.— 19238: mouth
St. Mary river, June 25, one; Lethbridg
July 2, one; Milk river, July 28, took a fem

hern Plains Skunk.

ephitis mephitis hudsonica.— 1923:
1, September 15, smell evident;
skatehewan, July 13, one.

Kim-
Coulee,

mon Badger.

idea taxus taxus. — 1923: ranching
ry of Milk River valley and adjoining
lees, observed nineteen times, July 7-Sept-
mber 3; Kimball, one, September 14; took
fe Ble at Wainer, July 12. 1924: June 24,
kam, one; Syokemost, June 30, one.
Lower Milk River, not numerous. 1926:
29, Elkwater Lake, one; Coulee, Sask.
13, one; Frenchman river, August 14,
eae Creek, August 26, one; Wood-

pes velox velox.— 1923: about June 17,
animal of this type watched us and darted
o a hole in the road, some miles south of

10 nis s latrans.— 1923: St. Mary River mouth,
ne 29 and 30, one each day; Pothole River,
11, one; Verdigris Coulee, August 3,

n, August 22-29, heard at night,
seen; Milk River lease, September 4,
Coutts, September 12, one; Kimball.
1924: Etzikom Goulet,

t, common. 1926: Elkwater Lake, June
, saw two, and heard them at night;
, saskatchewan, July 1-10, two; War

_ July 24, a young one; a yeueerss
inity, nae 7 and 14, saw three;
August 21- Sept eraber 7, very

s ‘lupus.— 1923: August 22, two with
reported near Aden; Milk River,
ae one head was, brought to Geo.

a steR ie: 1925; ee Hills,

ii ; : :
1946]. - THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 59
By; one. 1924: Nemiskam, Juner24* ones 9/5) mi north of Thelma, wolves howled at
t, June 30, one. 1926: Merryflat, night.
Lynx.

Lynx sp.?.— 1923: reported occasionally seen
in winter on the southern ranches. Though
reported as lynx they were more probably
wildeats, Lynx rufus.

Richardson’s Ground Squirrel.

Citellus richardsonu.— 1923: very common
almost everywhere; near Milk River town
half acre lots of wheat were eaten off; eleven
killed at camp. 1924, 1925 and 1926: common
in all suitable localities; less common at
Ravenscrag.

Western Chipmunk.
Eutamias amoenus (or minimus).— 1926:
Coulee, Sask. very common, July 8-29 sp.?.

Canadian Beaver.

Castor canadensis.— 1926: Head of Mountain,
Cypress Hills, Alberta, fresh cuttings and
successive dams on streams and saw one

beaver. Their ponds were common _ along
Battle Creek.

White-footed Mouse.

Peromyscus maniculatus.— 1925: our camp

on Higdon Ranch, 7 miles south of Many-
berries, was among willows in the winter
shelter for the cattle. Here the mice were
very numerous. One female established her
nest and young in the stuffing of our Ford
truck which was on the road 8-10 hours al-
most every day. 1926: in camp near Ravens-
crag, Sask., we trapped 8 in one week.

Muskrat.

Ondatra zibethica— 1923: Verdigris Coulee
and Milk River, eight noted July 31-August
17. 1926: Elkwater Lake and vicinity, June
21-26, 6 noted; Coulee, Sask., July 13, one.

Yellow-haired Porcupine. ;

EHrethizon dorsatum epixanthum.— 1923:
Burmies, June 12, examined a live one; Ver-
digris Coulee found a quill; West Butte,
Montana, found a skull. 1925: Glenwoodville,
Alta., July 25, a live one examined on road.

Varyin g Hare.

Lepus americanus.— 1925: Manyberries
Creek, hares common and dying, 2 young
died near camp late in August; Cypress

Hills, Alberta, Sept. 1-15, dark wood rabbits

60 THE CANADIAN

common. 1926; Elkwater Lake and Cypress
Hills, common in timber; Coulee, July 12,
one; Ravenscrag, August 12, one.

White-tailed Jack Rabbit.

Lepus townsendu campanius.— 1923: mouth
of St. Mary river, June 25-28, three; Ver-
digris Coulee and Milk River valley, common,
July 18-August 14; Aden, August 24-25, sev-
eral;
to September 18. 1924: Foremost, Cypress
Hills, Milk River, common during June and
July; Magrath and St. Mary river, occasional
during August. 1925: Manyberries, jack
rabbits dying off. 1926 Elkwater Lake, June
17-29, very common; not on the plateau of
Cypress Hills, but fairly common about
Coulee during July; Ravenscrag to Nashlyn,
common during August and until Sept. 15.

Wapiti.
Cervus canadensis.— Antlers
-yanch house near Manyberries.

collected at

Plains White-tailed Deer.

Odocoileus virginianus.— 1924: Cypress Hills,
reported. 1926: Elkwater Lake, June 23, a
female and on 30th, one; Coulee, Sask., July
14, three; Merryflat, July 21, a doe and
fawn seen.

MEMBERS OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB
AND~-SUBSCRIBERS TO.
CANADIAN FIELD- NATURALISY

THE
MAY,

HONORARY MEMBERS Taverner,

Gibson, Arthur

Ottawa, Ont. Cambridge, Mass., U.S
Apt. 6, 30 Cooner Street SUSTAINING LIFE MEMBERS
evar Ont. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS De Lury, Ralph E. (1933)
Rr aes Dominion Observatory,
(ieee baa Prope ie iaer alee Won (1932)
150 Laurier Avenue, West 3027 Newark Street, 216 ven Street, ar «kat
Ottawa, Ont. Washington, D. C., U.S.A. Ottawa, Ont. ese ee

FIELD-NATURALIST

Milk River valley and Coutts, common .

Po AY
45 Leonard Ave.,

Mule Deer. Ay
Odocoileus hemionus.— 1925: Cypress Hills,
September 1, a deer ran ahead of car which
appeared to be of this species. It was not a
white-tail.

Pronghorn.

Antilocapra americana.— 1923: June 19, one
reported 9 miles north of Lethbridge, and on
23rd, a male and female near.town; Verdigris _
Coulee, July 25, one; Milk River valley, Aug- ©
ust 25 and 26, fourteen each day and again
on September 4, two bands of four and eight.
1924: Skiff, June 7, four; Nemiskam reserve,
250; Skiff, June 28, one; Ghin Coulee, Etzikom
Coulee, Milk river and Milk River ridge,
eleven counted, July 8-23. 1925: August,
Lower Milk river, a dozen seen together two
or three times, and on 16th seen near Lost
River; individuals seen almost every day on — ’
ranches. 1926: July 17, ten seen on Battle
Creek; Woodpile Goulce on Montana Hele
Somenen 2, seven and 8rd, one.

Bison.
Bison bison.— Skulls and bones still found
along St. Mary river. Tyrrell Lake, Milk
River, Verdigris Coulee, Etzikom Coulee and
elsewhere in low wet places.

1946 sgt

Raup, Dr. H. M. Rik
Gray Herbarium .
Harvard University

ne, 1946] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 61 .
LIFE MEMBERS _ Anderson, E. G, ~ Brandt, Herbert y
; a Division of Botany, 2245 Harcourt Drive
ph, (1938) Central Experimental Farm Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. i
ministration Bldg., Ree ont, Brietung, August J ne
r sity of Kansas, : Anderson, R. M. DOO RESchiObn: Awe
geanis., U.S.A. 58 Driveway tase Can Y i
Ottawa. Ontario us Beg che ae ,

: Anderson, Miss Winifred Brennan, Jean W.,
eee Herta 407 Elgin St. apt. ll - 357 Hinton Ave.,
(1933) Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa, Ont.
nical Division, } 2 Brereton, E. L.
ntral Experimental Farm Ee, ms F. Box 99,
Montreal, P. Q. arrie, Ont.
sun 6: W. Go ae Atkinson, R. G. Brewer, Mrs. G.
penlana Lane Dominion Laboratory of Plant 155 ‘Arlington Sts
alifield, ‘Surrey, England Dearie he Ottawa, Ont.
C..N. (1932) oat orcas hitea ak ae Brewer, Miss Winifred M.
pt. 601, The Claridge Austin, O. L. 475 MacLareu St,
1 Clarendon Ave., ; Tuckahoe, Ottawa, Ontario
ro! Ont.. Westchester Co., N.Y., U.S.A. Brigden, F. H.,
la BR ; ~ (1935) js Oswald Crescent
6 i Alcina Avenue Toronto, Ont.
‘oronto, Ont.. —

Brimley, J. F.

1936) i 4 , Welli
\ ee Baillie, J. L. Jr., ' GELne tony OnE aa
Ottawa, Ontario. f : Royal Ontario Museum British Columbia Provincial Museum
i : Bloor Street, The Library,
: e ; \ Toronto, Ont.. Victoria, B. C.
MBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS Baker, Dr. G. R., British Columbia, University of
Quesnel ,B.C. aie Library,
. ieee : = Ball, SC. : ancouver, B. C.,
ae z Curator, Dept of Zoology, rooman, R. C.,
Nae Science Peabody Museum, 7 Glen Banner Sie
5 ‘4 N ory WA. 7 St. if a
fiddeiphia.” Pal, . U.S.A. ee Haven, Conn., U.S.A | Thomas, Ont. ;
adian Naturalist Library, : Banim, F. E. Brown, Capt. A. W. A.
niversity of New Brunswick, St. Patrick’s College Experimental Station,
redericton, N. B. Ottawa, Ont.. Suffield, Alta..
‘ Barnsley, Roland H. Brown. Miss F. A,.
castle St : Graduate Student, Grimsby Beach, Ont.,
? Dept. of Floriculture & Orna- Brown, Miss M. S.
Hay : mental Horticulture, 36. K
Cornell University H jieaee Mee
68 Fairmont Avenue, : EE. - 2 alitax, Ss.
e Ithaca, N. Y., WEeS x sae Brown, N. Rae aa
‘AFSAT Gentral Librar Beamer, L. H., Department of Forestry,
a TAC ace 2093 : _ Box 56, 5 University of New Brunswick,
al , U.S.A. Meaford, Ont.. N Fredericton, N. B. |
; ronasimont of Becker, Mrs. Paul eae V. N. i
inion Botanist, 251 East Phelps a Irving Avenue, E
Experimental Farm, j Owatonna, Minn., U.S.A. ; tawa, Ont..
: Bennett, Chas. H. See Rael : ‘ate a
ulture, Department of 80 Belmont Ave., omologica aboratory, a
inion Entomologist, Ottawa, Ont. ; Vineland Station, Ont.
pecrauion Building, Bent, A. C. Buckell, E. R.
140 High Street, Dominion P. 0. Bldg.
Department of _ Taunton, Mass., U.S.A. Kamloops, B.C.

Confederation Block

Bidwell, R. G. S., Buckle, J. W.
329 Quinpool Rd., ‘ 83 Coolbreeze Ave., Lakeside
Department of Halifax, N.S. Montreal 33, P. Q. .
TD Ce) AWS VAL Biology, Library of : Buffalo Museum of Science oe
eG. Ss : _ Mont Saint-Louis Institute Research Library, ih, eae
Ala: arte, } 224 Sherbrooke Street Hast, Humboldt Park, *)
oa, pce Montreal, P. Q. vet Buttalo 1 sINey Wee eas ya
Y Bird, Dick, Bunker, A. G. Rint
ersity of Alberta, ¢-o Bird Films Ltd., 462 Ossington Ave., :
ton, Alta, : ; 1849 Scarth St., Toronto 4, Ont.

Regina, Sask.

DS Saas Burnett, Miss Frances L.,
é ird, p 4 ; Proctor St.,
olog: a Survey, Z Sites eel a ; Manchester, Mass., U.S.A,
Doris, See eae ae een ation
West End Branch, ‘ 450" Bradford “Street, # Ea ction
e Le Public MDT AMG Pasadena, Cal., U.S.A. A Rs
ont Ave., ; Boston Society of Natural History tf
nt. 234 Berkeley Street —C— .
ae Ds CG: CMe Boston, Mass., U.S.A. i i
Ss ie, Byinatinhin: Alfred cEuuene: California Academy of Sciences, | ae
‘Mass.,_ TULSA. 52 Powell Avenue, c-o The Librarian is
eo Ottawa, Ont. San Francisco, Cal., U.S.A. (
ener ticey : Bowman, Robert |. California, University of
m, Ont. ‘ 220 Frontenac St., Epes Ga US gs:
_Museum of Natural His- — Simeston,, Out. ae ce ah a ; yi
Boy Scouts’ Association, University of California, Library Sk
set and Central Park We Canadian General Council, 405 Hilgard Ave., i Sean
Kk ie Y., US cae Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ont. Los Angeles, 24, Calif. U.S. A0
ft ft 3

ym Tee

62

Calvert, E. W.
County Home,
Lindsay, Ont.

Cameron, Austin W.
Port Hood,
Inverness Co., N. 8.

Campagna, E.

Department de Botanique,
Ecole d’Agriculture,

Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, 125),

Campbell, Donald,
499 Cambridge Ave.,
Peterborough, Ont.

‘Campbell, Malcolm,

88 Victoria Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

Cannon, Milton
Beaverton, Ont.
Carnegie Library,
Ottawa, Ont..

Carnegie Museum
Schenley Park
Pittsburgh IS kale U.S.A.

Cartwright, B. W.
e-o Ducks Unlimited, (Canada) ;
201 Bank of Commerce Building

Winnipeg, Man..

Charette, Leopold A.,
27 Ferguson Ave.,
Burlington, Vt., U.S.A.

Chicago Natural History Museum
General Library,
Chicago, LL, U.S.A.

Chicago University Libraries ad
Periodical Department-Harper M22
Chicago 37, ILL, U.S.A.

Chief, Protection of Plants,
Dept. of Agriculture
Parliament Builings,
Quebec, P.

Clark, Thomas H.
Peter Redpath Museum,
Montreal, P. }

Clarke, C. H. D. |
c-o Royal Ontario Museum of
Zoology, +
100 Queen’s Park
Toronto, Ont..

Clarke, Squ.-O. Mary A.,
305 Gilmour Street,
Ottawa, Can.

Clarkson, F. Arnold,
42) Bloor St., West,
Toronto, Ont.

Clemens, H. P.,
Ontario Hospital,
London, Ont.

Glemens, Dr. W. A. i
University of British Columbia,
Dept. of Zoology,

Vancouver, B C.

Cleveland Museum of Natural
History,

29717 Euclid Avenue.,

Cleveland 15, Ohio, U.S.A...

Cole, Miss M. P.
Box 385,
Red Deer, Alta..

Columbia University Library
South Hall, Columbia Univ.,
New York 27, N.Y., U.S.A.
Conners, |. L.

719 Island Park Drive, we
Ottawa, Ont.
Cooch, Graham

685 Echo Drive,

Ottawa, Ont..

Cook, Frankland S.

12 Bracken Avenue,

Toronto 8, Ont.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Cornell University Library,
Ithaca, | Nee We, sURScAe

Coventry, Prof. A. F.
Dept. of Zoology,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ont.. :

Cowan, lan McfT.,

Dept. of Zoology,
Univ. of British Columbia,
Vancouver, B.C.

Cowan. Miss M. E.
97 Stanley Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont..

Cox, E. D.
Silverton, B. C.

Craigie, Dr. J. H.
Division of Botany,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.

Crawford, H. G.
Entomological Branch
Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont..

Crerar Library,
Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.
Crevalin, 4d.
Dollard, Sask.
Crickmay, C. H.
Haney, B. C.

Criddle, Stuart,
Treesbank, Man..

Crosby. John A.
56 Broadway Ave.,
Toronto, Ont..

pat 9 poe

Dansereau, Pierre,
Service de Biogegraphie,
Université de Montréal,
2900 Boulevard du Mont Royal,
Montreal, P. Q.

Dartmouth College Library,
Hanover, N. H., U.S.A..

Dartmouth College

Office of the Naturalist,
Hanover, N. H., U.S.A.
Davis, Eli,

MR ORS sip

London, Ont..

Dear, L. S.
Boxe mee, -
Port Arthur, Ont..

Becarie, J. A.
4121 Martowe Avenue
N.D.G., Montreal, Que..

Delano Joint Union High School
Box 817,
Delano, Calif., U. S. A.

Denyes, Artiss,

722 McKinley Ave.,

Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.
des Rivieres, H.

86 St. Louis Road, Apt. 6,
Quebec, P. ~Q..
Devitt, O. E.

218 Eglinton Ave., East
Toronto, Ont..

Director, Museum of Nat. History
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.A.

Division of Entomoiogy,
Dept. of Public Health
Edmonton, Alta.

Dore, W. G.,
Division of Botany,
Ont. Agriculttwal Colege,
Guelph, Ont. 1)

Douglas, George M.
Lakefield, Ont..

Doutt, J. K.
Curator of Mammalogy
Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh,, Pa., U.S.A.

Downes, Winona
118 Windermere Avenue,
Fort Garry, Man.

Ducks Unlimited, (Canada),
201 Bank of Commerce Bldg., —
Winnipeg, Man.. e

Dunbar, Dr. M. J.
Dept. of Zoology
McGill University,
Montreal, P.Q.

Dwight, T. W.
12 Lytton Blvd.,
Toronto, Ont..

Dymond, J. R.

Royal Ontario Museum, .
Toronto, Ont..

Ap

Eastham, J. W.
Court House,
Vancouver, B. C.

Les Editions de |!’Arbre, :
60 ouest, rue Saint-Jacques,
Montreal, P. Q.

Edwards, D. (Kemp,
Bayswater Avenue,
Ottawa, Ont..

Edwards, R. Y.
426 Castlefield Avenue,
Toronto, Ont.,

Elton, C. S.,
Bureau of Animal Population,
University Museum,
Oxford, England.

Emery, F. H.
29 Old Mill Terrace
Toronto, Ont..

Enstone, J. A.,
21 Second Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Errington, P. L.
Iowa State College,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.

Ewing, K. H.
Geodetic Service of Canada
Ottawa, Ontario

ae

Falls, J. B.
173 Arlington Ave.
Toronto, Ontario

Fargo, W. G.
506 Union Street
Jackson, Mich., U.S.A.

Fetherston, Miss K. E.,
Kernow Hall,

Cornell University,
Ithacas Nes Ye UeSon.

Field, Miss C.
38 Hampton Court
1461 Mountain Street,
Montreal, P. Q.

Field, Dennis,
269 Sheldrake Blvd.,
Toronto 12, Ont

Fish and Wildlife Service Library,
Room 22584 South Interior Bldg
Washington, D. C. U.S.A. |

Fletcher, J. F. S.
Dimock P. 0O.,
Susquehanna Co.,

Sr iiey,

0 se St., Apt. 15

mig (0. Bok 31,
oronto- ay Ont. ~

/

an “Trade Corp., Ltd.,
1332. William St.,
ntreal, “Py: Q..

er, ‘Dr. G.,
41 Pontiac Street,
hae Que.

Capt. CG. E:,
_ Algoma St.,
Arthur, Ont.

‘Angus,

Hudson’s Bay Co.,
dson’s Bay House,

‘Winnipeg, Man.

Major Otto Wm., Q.M.
G. Headquarters,
Alaska.

ical Survey Library,
of Mines and Resources,
lational Museum,

wa, Ont. y, se

Geological Survey Library,
rtment of Interior, —
ashington, D.C., U.S.A.

mt Surveys,
3 mes and Resources,
Ontario

sborgs Stadsbibliotek,
pperes Sweden

Proerea Farm,

Irs. oN w., :
Dye mage

‘THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

HH

Halferdahl, Mrs. A. C.

140 Minto Place,
Rockceliffe Park,

Ottawa, Ont..
Hall, E. R.,

Museum of Natural History,
University of Kansas,
Lawrence, Kans., U.S.A.

Hamilton Nature Club
c-o George W. North
249 Charlton Ave., W.
Hamilton, Ontario

Hammond, G. H.
Aylmer, Que..

Harkness, W. J. K.
Department of Biology
Toronto University
Toronto, Ont. .

Harper, Francis
Moylan, Penn., U.S.A.

Harrell, Byron E. |
/ 1594 Stanford Ave.,
St. Paul 5, Minn., U.S.A.

Hart, J. L.

Pacific Biological Station
Nanaimo, B. C.

Hart, W. S.

Province of Quebec Society for
Protection of Birds,

PP) 0: “Box. 1185,

Montreal, PR.

‘Harvard Beavers
Gray Herbarium,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

Harvard University
Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

Hawkins, Roland W.,
Biology Division,
National Museum
Ottawa, Ont..

Heimburger, C. C.
Dominion Forest Service
Dept. of Mines and Resources
Ottawa, Ont..

Heming, W. E.

Whittier College,
Whittier, Cal., U.S.A.

Henderson, A. D.,

Belvedere, Alta.

Henderson, Dr. Peter F.,
Westminster Hospital,
London, Ont.

Hess, Quimby ~

Box 543,

Kapuskasing, Ont.

Hewitt, Oliver H.,

National Parks “Bureau,
Department of Mines & Resource:
Ottawa, Ont..

Hickey, Dr. M. Allan
Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

Hicks, Miss Caroline B.
43 Florence St.,
Ottawa, Ontario
Hill, Edith E.
8 Pretoria Avenue,
Ottawa, Ont..
Hill, J. E.,
Am. Museum of Natural History,
Central Park West at 79th St.,
New York 24, N.Y., U.S.A.
Hoare, Catharine A.,
336 Tweedsmuir Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Holdom, M. W..
Lindsay Cottage,
Crescent, B. C.

Holmes, Chas. F.,
Dollard, Sask,

\

63

Houston, C. Stuart
Box 642
Yorkton, Sask.

Hoyme, Odean
Camrose, Alta.

The Manager, Fur Trade Dept.
Hudson’s Bay Co.,
Winnipeg, Man..

Humphrey, S.

Unity, Sask.

Hunter, Fenley
Box 96, Flushing, L.1.,

ING s WoW SUA
Huntsman, A. G.

University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ont..

a

Ide, F. P.
Department of Biology,
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ont..

Illinois University Library
Urbana, TIll., U.S.A.

IIiman, Wm.,

Division of Applied pine
National Research Ccuncil,
Ottawa, Ont..

Indiana University Library
Bloomington, Ind., U.S.A.

International Pacific

Salmon Fisheries Commission,
Dominion Bldg.,

New Westminister, B.C.

lowa State College
Library,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.

so gs

Jackson, C. F.
College of Liberal Arts,
Durham, N. H., U.S.A.

Jackson, H. A. C.
35 Campbell Ave.
Montreal West, P.Q. yy

Jaquith, Mrs. L. E.
72 Hudson Drive,
Toronto, Ont..

Jarrett, H. V.,
312 Second Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Jellison, Wm. L. ;
Division of Infectious Diseases
Rocky Mountain Laboratory
Hamilton, Mont., U.S.A.

Judd, Wm. W.
297 Glen Road,
Toronto, Ont..

pay a

Kansas Unlversity
Periodical Dept.,
Lawrence, Kans., U.SA..

Kilby, Roy L.

5684 Aberdeen St.,
Vancouver, B. C.

Kindle, C. H.

Dept. of Geology,

City College,

New York, N. Y., U.S.A.
Kitto, V.

ROR Novo Malton, Ont.
Krug, Bruce A.

c-o Howard H. Krug
Chesley, Ontario

pia Yat,
Laing, H. M.
Comox, B. C.
Lambden, David W.,
143 Beresford Ave,
Toronto 3, Ont.

Ae veas

A he ee
OFF * ere ses

at it

z

64

Lanceley, W. H.
23 Elmdale Avenue,
Ottawa, Ont.

‘Landes, Dr. Margaret L.
Division of Botany,
Central Experimental Farm
Ottawa, Ont.

Lanning, Robert G.,
56 Chatsworth Drive,
yoronto, Ont.

LaRocque, A.,
Museum of Zoology
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.

Laval University
LeBibliothécaire,

Faculte des Sciences,
Quebec, P. Q.

Lawrence, A. G.

City Health Department,
Winnipeg, Man..

Lawrence, Mrs. Louise de K.,
Kutherglen, Ont.
Leechman, D.
National Museum,
Ottawa, Ont..
Leim, A. H.

P.O. Box 254,

St Andrews, N. B..
Leith, Prof. E.
University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Man.. »
Leonard, Evelyn

324 O’Connor St.,

Ottawa, Ont.
Leopold, Aldo

424 University Farm Place,
Madison 6, Wis., U.S.A.
Lepingwell, A. R.

3800 St Joseph St.,
Lachine, Montreal 32, P. Q.

LeSueur, Ernest A.,

429 Daly Avenue,

Ottawa, Ont..

Lewis, Grace S. —

Dominion Bureau of Statistics,
Ottawa, Ont..

Lewis,. Mrs. Harrison Fa

IBpxe Cy S2i,

Westboro, Ontario

Lewls, Harrison F.

c-o National Parks Bureau,

Dept. of Mines and Resources,

Ottawa, Ont..

Lewis, Stephen F. .
187 Edinburgh Rd. S.,
Guelph, Ont.

Linda Hall Library
5109 Cherry St.,

Kansas City 6, Mo., U.S.A.
Lindquist, Miss Hazel
433 Besserer St., Apt. 1

Ottawa, Ontario
Livingstone, Miss May E..,.
9 Penetang St.,
Barrie, Ont.
Lloyd, Hoyes,

582 Mariposa Ave.,
Rockelitfe Park,
Ottawa, Ont.
Lloyd, Wilmot,

582 Mariposa Ave,,
Rockeliffe Park
Ottawa, Ont.

Logler, Shelly,

Royal Ontario Museum,
Toronto, Ont..

London Public Library
London, Ont..
Loughrey, Alan,

786 Wellington St.,
London, Ont.

Louisiana State Univ. Library,
University 3, La., U.S.A.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Lowe, C. W.,

University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Man..

Lucas, Alec.

Pole Son Stee
Cobourg, Ont..
University Library,

Lund, Sweden

—=M=—

MacFayden, Chas.,
6362 Elm St.,
Vancouver, B.C.

MacFayden, Clifford J.
60 Montgomery Ave.,
Toronto 12, Ont.

Mack, H. G.
c-o Gilson
Guelph, Ont..

MacLulich, D. A.,

15 Bellwood Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

MacMeekin, Bertha

43 Florence St,,

Ottawa, Ont..

Macrae, Dr. Ruth,

Division of Botany,

Central Experimental Farm
Ottawa, Ont..

Magee, M. J.

603 South Street,

Manufacturing Co.,

Sault Ste. Marie,“ Mich., U.S.A.
Maguire, W. S. 7
1,03 Douglas Rd.,

New Westminster, B. C.
Maine,~ University of,

Library,

Orono, Maine, U.S.A.

Manitoba Natural History Society,
Winnipeg Auditorium Museum,
Memorial Blvd.,

Winnipeg, Man.

Manitoba, Province of,
Game and Fisheries Br.,
254 Legislative Bldg.,
Winnipeg, Man..

Manitoba, University of
Science Library,
hort Garry Site,

Winnipeg, Man.,

Manning, Lt. ¥. H., R.C.N.V.R.,
80 Arlington Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Marcotte, Leon,

St. Charles Seminary,
Sherbrooke, P. Q.

Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole,

Massachusetts, U.S.A
Massachusetts State College,
«oode.l Library,

Amberst, Mass., U.S.A.

Matheson, A. J.,
Neilbury, Sask.

McCabe, T. T.,

4004 Life Science Bildg.,
Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A.
McCalla, W. CG. ©

1312 Ninth St., N.W.
Calgary, Alta.
McFadden, R W. E.

4 Hart Street,
Brantford, Ont..

McGill University Library,
3459 McTavish Street, *
Montreal, P. Q..

Mcllwraith Ornithological Club,
c-o Mrs. W. G. Girling,

530 English St.,

London, Ont..
Mellwraith, T. F.

30 Strathallan Blvd.
Toronto 12, Ont.

Montreal University,

McKeever, J. L.,

516 Homewood Avenue,
Peterborough, Ont..
McKinnon, Mrs. J. S.,

24 Jeanne d’Arc Street,
Hull, P. Q. ,
McLearn, Dr. F. H.
Geological Survey,

Dept. of Mines and Resources.
Ottawa, Ont.

McManus, Jr., Wm. Reid,
Memramcook, N.B.

Melburn, Myrtle C.,
161 Somerset St., W.
Ottawa, Ont..

Meredith, R.

93 St. Peter Street,
Quebec, P. Q.

Merrill, Anne,

4 Prince Arthur Avenue,
Toronto 5, Ont.

Metcalfe, Mrs. Billie

Thistletown, Ont. -

Michigan State College tee
East Lansing, Mich., U.S.A.
Michigan, University of
General Library,
Ann Arbor, Mich.,
Miller, W. J.,
Apt. 5, 30 Kincaid St.,
Brockville, Ont.

Mills, R. Collin, i
20 Ravenscliffe Ave.,
Hamilton, Ont.

Minaker, Marion E.,-
126 Bayswater Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Minnesota University Library,
University Farm,
St. Paul, Minn.,

Minshall, W. H.
Division of Botany,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont..

Missouri, University of,
Library,

Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.

Mitchell, Mrs. O. S.,

R.R. No. 1,
Streetsville, Ont..

Moeran, E. H.,

541 Bronx River Road,
Yonkers, N.Y., U.S.A.

Montana State Univ. Library,
Missoula, Mont., U.S.A.

Montgomery, F. H.
17 Earl St., "
Kitchener, Ont..

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

Montreal Mechanics’ Instituie,
Atwater and Tupper Streets,
Westmount, P. Q.-

Montreal Public Library \
Sherbrooke Street, E.,
Montreal, Que.

Botanical Institute,
4101 Sherbrooke St. East,
Montreal, Que.

Universite de Montreal
Institute de Geologie
2900 Blvd. du Mt. ae!
Montreal, P. Q.

Universite de Montreal
Sciences — Biologie
2900 Blvd. du Mt. Royal
Montreal, P. Q.

Moore, R. J..
Biology Building,
University, Va.,

Morgan, J. C.,
P.O. Box 178, Ottawa, Ont..—

Mousley, H.,

4073 Tupper > Street, —
Westmount, Montreal, P.Q.

“U.S.A.

.
(ia

May:

eh id [ee
Apt. 9, 388 Olivier Ave.,
_ Westmount, Montreal, 'P.Q.

iN

National Audubon - Society.
1006 Fifth Avenue,

_ New York, N.Y., U.S.A.

National Parks Bureau,
Dept. of Mines and Resources
Ottawa, Ont. :

New Hampshire University,
Hamilton Smith Library,
Durham, N.H., U.S.A.

_ New York Botanical Garden

_ Bronx Park,

_ Fordham Branch P. 0.

& New York, N. Y., U.S.A.

A Pe New York State College of Forestry
ag ‘Forest Library

& Syracuse, N.Y., U.S.A.
New York State Library,
_ Albany, N.Y., U.S.A.

- Nichols, C) K.,) 4
_ 232 Hamilton Road,
Ridgewood, N.J., U.S.A.
Noble, Dr. Ethel H.,

384 Huron Ave.,

Ottawa, Ont.

Nobles, Dr. Mildred K.,
Division of Botany,
Central Exp, Farm ‘
Ottawa, Ont.
_ Normal School,
_ Elgin Street,
— Ottawa, Ont..
North Carolina State College,
=D &H. Gill rey ;
- Raleigh, N. C., U.S.A.
Nova Scotia Agricultural College
Biological Division,
as N. S.
7 —0—
Oberholser, Harry C.
Cleveland Mus. of Natural’ History
2717 Euclid Ave.,
‘Cleveland 15, Ohio, U.S.A.
$), * - y
bs Connor, J. L. |
_ Dominion _ Observatory,
_ Ottawa, Ont..
cer-in-Charge, Air, Univ. Library
Maxwell Field, Ala., U.S.A.
(33-038) 46 - 4564 - AF
Ohio State University,
Library,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
klahoma Agricultural and Mech-
anical pCorleus
Library, :
‘Stillwater, Okla., USA.
~ Ommanney, G. G.
Hudson Heights, P.Q.
ntario Agricultural College,

rio Legislative Assembly,
ibrary,

_ Toronto, Ont..

- Royal Ont. Museum of Zoology,
Room 316, Royal Ontario Museum,

ueen’s. Park, Toronto, Ont.

is, Oregon, U.S.A.

R. A.,
- 'T¥emblant, Be?

a ae

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

‘

Parliamentary Library,
Ottawa, Ont..

Pearse, Theed,

ate Osea ol Ohi nace
Momo xa Vey le. CO

Penn. State College,
Agricultural Library,
Room 101, Patterson Hall,
State College, Pa., U.S.A.

Pennsylvania University Library,
' 34th Street and Woodland Ave.,
Philadelphia 4, Pa, U.S.A.
Peters, H. S.,
54 Folly Rd.,
Charleston 50, S. C.,

Pettingill, O. S., Jr.,
Dept. of Zoology,
Carleton College,
Northfield, Minn.,
Phelps, Frank M.
312 Fifth Street,
Elyria, Ohio, U.S.A.
Porsild, A. E.,
National Museum,
Ottawa, Ont..
Porsild, M. P.,

Disko, Greenland.

Price, James C.,
267 Laurier Avenue,
Quebec, P. Q.

Princeton University Library,
Princeton, WN. J., U.S.A.
Prinsze, S. R.,

414 Castle Building,

1410 Stanley St.,.
Montreal, Que.

Pritchard, A. L.,

Pacific Biological Station,
Nanaimo, B. C..
Putman, W. L., —
Entomologeal Laboratory,
Vineland Station, Ont. -

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

—qQ—
Quebec Society Protection of Birds,
c/o Ruth Abbott,
Senneville, Que.

Quebec Zoological Gardens,
-Charlesbourg, Que..

Queen’s’ University,
Douglas Library,
Kingston, Ont..

€ fone
Racey, Kenneth,

3262 W. Ist Avenue,
Vancouver, B. C.

Randall, T. E.,
Dickson, Alta. :

’ Rand, Austin L.
National Museum of Canada,
Ottawa, Ont..

Ransom, Miss Maud L.,
Post Office Box 1454
Denver 1, Colo., U.S.A.

Rawson, D. S.,

Department of Biology, 5
University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Sask..

Richards, J. P., :
420 Sunnyside Avenue, -
Ottawa, Ont..

Richardson, L. R.,
Victoria University College,
P. O. Box 1580,
Wellington, W.L.,

Ricker, Wm. E.,
Dept. of Zoology,
Indiana University,
Bloomington, Ind.,

Ritchie, R. C.,;
60 Chatsworth Drive,
Toronto 12, Ont.

New Zealand

U.S.A,

65

Robb, Donald L.

272 Sheldrake Blvyd.,
Toronto, Ont..
Robb, Margaret,

101 Western Ave.
Ottawa, Ont.

Roberts, Brian

Scott Polar Research Institute,
Lensfield Rd.,

Cambridge, England.
Konayne, John

Pemberton, B. C.

Ross, D. A.,
Dept. of Agriculture,
Division of Entomology,
Ottawa, Ont..

Ross, Miss Edna G.,
Box 385,
Almonte, Ont.

Ross, Noel C.,
Beaver, Aiaska

Ross, Miss Verna,
370 Cooper St.,
Ottawa, Ont..

Rosser, Fred T.

7 Orrin Ave. i
Ottawa, Ontario

Russell, Loris S.,

Koyal Ontario Museum,

100 Queen’s Park,

Toronto, Ont..

Rutter, R. J.,

29 Mann Avenue,

Toronto 12, Ont.

gue

Sanson, N. B.,
110 Muskrat St.,
Banff, Alta.

Sarnia Collegiate Institute,
Sarnia, Ont. d
Saskatchewan Provincial Museum,
Normal School,

Regina, Sask.

Savile, D. B. O.,

497 Golden Ave.,

Ottawa, Ont..

Selby, Mrs. J. A.,
kes Silt
Ridgeville, Ont.

Senn, H. A.,

Division of Botany,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont..

Shaw, W. T.

1002 Cambridge Ave.,
Fresno, Cal., U.S.A.
Shelford, V. E.

200 Vivarium Building,
Champaign, Ill, U.S.A.
Shephard, J.,

General Delivery,
Kaslo, Alta.

Sheppard, R. W.,

1805. Mouland Avenue,
Niagara Falls, Ont..

Shinners, Lloyd H. j
Inst. of Techn & Pl. Industry,
Southern Methodist University,
Dallas 5, Texas, U. S. A.

Sifton, H. B.,

10 Rathnally Ave.,
Toronto, Ont..

Sinclair, G. Winston,
Department of Geology,
University of Western Ontario,
London, Ont.

Smithsonian Institution
Library, '
Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A.
Snell, C. H.,
Box 101,
Red Deer, Alta.

66

Snure, Dr. Pauline,
National Research Council, -
Ottawa, Ont.

Snyder, L. L.,
Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology
Toronto, Ont.

Societe Provancher d’Histoire Na-
turelle du Canada,

85 rue des F'ranciscains,

Quebec, P. Q.

Solman, V. E. F.
National Parks Bureau,
Dept. of Mines & Resources
Ottawa, Ont,

Soper, J. D.,

827 Riverwood Ave., ~
Fort Garry,

Winnipeg, Man..

Soper, Dr. James H.,
Division of Botany,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.

Southam, W. M.,
Rockeliffe Park,
Ottawa, Ont..

Spencer, G. J.,
Department of Zoology,
University of British ‘Columbia,

Vancouver, B. C.

Spiers, J. Murray,
17 Wolfrey Ave.,
Toronto 6, Ont.

Squires, W. A.,
New Brunsw ick Museun,
Saint John, N. B.

Stefansson, V.,
67 Morton Street,
New York, N. Y., U.S.A.

Sternberg, Chas. M.
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont..

Steward, Charles C.,

S.S. ‘Cartier Park”

¢-o Can. National Steamship Co..
384 St. James’ St.,

Montreal, P. Q.

Stewart, R. M.
Massett, B. C..
Stewart, F.O. T. W.,

165 Carling Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.
Stillwell, Mrs. W. H.,
568 Golden Avenue,
Ottawa, Ont.

Street, Maurice G.
Nipawin, Sask..

Stuart, Miss Mary E.
410 Queen St.
Ottawa, Ontario

pt aes

Tait, Eric M.

Summerland, B. C.

Taylor, B. W.,

Room 211, Biological Building,
McGill University,

Montreal, P. Q..

Templeman, Dr. Wilfred.
Director, Government Lab.,

Water St., Hast.,

St. John’s Nfld.

Terrill, Lewis M.,

216 Redfern Avenue,
Westmount, P. Q..

Texas Agri. Exp. Station,
Library,

College Station, Texas, U.S.A.

Texas, University of,
Serial Aquisitions,. _
Austin, Texas, U.S.A.

-~Utah State Agriculiural

Te Oe ae

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

“ 4
Thacker, T. L.,

Little Mountain,

Hope, B. C.
Toronto Field Naturalists’ Club,
198 College Street,

Toronto 5, Ont..
University of Toronto,

Dept. of Geological Sciences,
Toronto 5, Ont.

Toronto University Library
Toron'o, Ont..

Tufts, Dr. Harold F.,

Port Mouton, Queen’s Co., N.S.
Tufts, R. W.,

Wolfville, N. S..—

Turnbull, J. F.,

R. R. No 3, Orillia, Ont.
Turner, G. H.,

Fort Saskatchewan, Alta..
Tyrrell, J. B.,

1312 Metropolitan Building,
Toronto 2, Ont..

—U—

Urquhart, F. A.,

Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology

ovonto, Ont..

Ussher, R. D.,

Nancy Lake Farm, R.R. No. 2,
King, Ont..

Forest Library,

Utah State Agric. College, ~

Logan, Utah, U.S.A
College
Library,

Logan, Utah, U.S.A.

wala 8
Van Gann, J. E:

Agricultural Extension
Lafayette, Ind., U.S.A.

Vancouver Natural History Society,
e-o Mrs. F. Morgan,

4626 West 8th Ave.,
Vancouver, B. C.

Vancouver Public Library,
Main and Hastings Ave.,
Vancouver, B. C..

Service,

Victoria Public Library,
Victoria, B. C. :

Viadykov, V. D.,
Dept? des Pecherics Maritimes
Parliament Bldgs.,-
Quebec, P. Q.

eg Pepe
Walkinshaw, C. H.,

loi Highbourne RKd.,
aoronto 12, Ont. ,

Walkinshaw, L. H.
1705 Central Tower,

Battle Creek, Mich., U.S.A.
Wallace, Miss Esther,
Iroquois, Out.

Waller, Sam

The Pas, Man. 8

Walsh, M. J.,

Box 133,

Ottawa, Ont..

Washington State College Library,
Pullman, Wash., U.S.A.
Washington University Library
Seattle Wash., U.S.A.

Weems, F. C.,

Box 16, Wall Street Station,
New) Mork.) ING ee U SSA:

Wells, Oliver N.,
Edenbank Farm,
Sardis, B. C.

Western Ontario University
Lawson Memorial Library,
London, Ont...

Waostern Reserve _University,
Library, Sy
Cleveland, Ohio,

Whitbourn,
TR IR NOE Os
Mt. Brydges, Ont.

White,
Angela Hotel,
Victoria, B.C.

Whitehead, A. B.
302 Grande Allee,
Quebec,

Whitehurst, Miss M. F.
48 Willard Ave., —
Ottawa, Ont..

Whitton,
369 Danforth Ave.,

Ottawa, Ont..

Sir George Williams College,
The -
1441 Drummond St.,
Montreal,

Williams, M. Y.., r
University of British Columbia,
Vancouver,

Wilson, Dr.
Geological Survey
Ottawa, Ont..

Wilson,
231 Elm Avenue,
Westmount, P. Q.. _
University of Wisconsin Library.
Periodicals Division, F
General Library, |
Madison 6, Wis., U.S.A

Witty, Miss Audrey,

180 Dufferin Kd., .
Ottawa, Ost..
Wood, Kerry,

Box 122,

Red Deer, Alta. ~
Wood, Wm.,

59 Grande Allee,

Quebec, P. Q..

Wright, A. H..
Zoological TY.aboratory,
Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.,

Wright,
c-o Biology Dept.,
Fredericton, N. B.

Wright, ;
1024 Drummond Medical Bldg.,
Montreal, ‘

Wright,
347 Gilmour Street,
Ottawa, QOnt.. -

Wright, W. H. .

Plant Products Division
Dept.
Ottawa, Ont.

Wyman, j
Amerada Petroleum
Beacon Bldg., P.O. Box 2040
Tulsa 2, Okla., U.S.A..

Wynne, J.,.
Enderby, B. C.—
Wynne-Edwards, Prof, V. C.
Marischal College, :
Aberdeen, Scotland _ ;
oye
Yanchiniski, W.
Box “43,
Naicam, Sask.
» y SA, "
Zinck, M. N.,

Botany Division, SACO
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont..

Zoological
Regents Park,

London N. W. 8, ogland
. * sir
ike

» RE as ch Ms

[Vol. 60.
Rone:
WeSA:
Harold,
Ed. F. G.,

PE Os

W. Ross,

Librarian,

PaeQ:

pa\h ACO :
Alice E.

Miss W. E.,

U.S.A.
Bias
Univ.> of NiB:,

Dr. Henry P.,

I Pe sone
Miss SE.

of Agriculture,

E. A:
Corp.,

Society, London,

ber Chek ee

- une, 1946]

> URING 1942- 43 recovery had been main-
tained throughout the Yukon, and although
bbits were not yet abundant some observers
tated that they were increasing rapidly.
crease was still the dominant report from
e Northwest Territories where rabbits were

enzie River

In northern British Columbia snowshoe
bbits had_ probably reached their peak of

th less abundance was observed through-
out the central part of the province. In the
‘south: once again there was no appreciable
4 variation in numbers.

qt

In the prairie provinces the peak had been
ssed over a very wide region, reports of

year’s average of 7% to 38, 44.5 and 48% in
‘the three provinces. However, there were still
‘some areas reporting increase or no change,
abundant: in Alberta, around Edmonton and
north of Lake Athabaska; in Saskatchewan,
jin n | the vicinity of Prince hatberts and in Mani-
* toba, in the south-east and along the Ontario
order. Observers in these localities reported
h damage to young trees, and, in many
S, increases in the numbers cf foxes,
tes and owls.

acc mpanied ty mention of abundance. In the
ae oe in the aoe district, there

igh in 1941 42, rabbits still increasing in

localities. The course of the cycle has

upgrade in New Brunswick as well.
other hand the general scarcity in

=A

id to have been plentiful all along the Mac-

undance during 1942-43, whereas increase »

decrease having jumped from the previous —

' population.

t been very clearly shown by the replies”
01 New Brunswick, but, as the eee

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 67

&

ag ‘THE SNOWSHOE RABBIT ENQUIRY, 1942-43.
% By HELEN CHITTY

- Bureau of Animal Population, Oxford, Bnalend.

CANADA

mortality were received had extended in 1942-
43 to include north-eastern British Columbia
and a wide band across central Alberta and
Saskatchewan tapering off across south cen-
tral Manitoba. Another focus seemed to be
forming in Quebec east of James Bay where
rabbits were still plentiful. Symptoms ob-
served were essentially the same as in 1941-
42.

The population trends and location of epi-
demic areas in 1942-43 were strikingly simi-
lar to those of nine years before (1938-34).

Unitep States AND ALASKA

Recovery was general during 1942-43
throughout the states concerned in this en-
quiry. Observers in Minnesota reported a defi-
nite increase except in the western part of the
state of which Mr. G. K. Gigstead stated
“There has been no extreme variation of
snowshoes during the past several years.”

All but two men noted increase, in some
places considerable, in Wisconsin. The other
two reported decrease, Dr. T. T. Chaddock

stating that the population was “spotty”, and
Mr. R. F. Zirrer that very heavy summer
storms had killed off the young rabbits in his
area. Shooting records showed a drop in the
bag from 173,683 in 1941-42 to 109,185 for
the past season but Mr. W. E. Scott believed
this to be due to effects of the war and there-
for not indicative of the state of the rabbit
In Michigan almost the same
percentage of observers reported increase as
in the previous year. Of those who reported
no change one remarked that there were
slightly more in some areas and another that —
rabbits were abundant. Rabbits were not
plentiful in the Eastern States although re-
covery was apparent generally. Mr. P. W.
Eadie reported that snowshoe rabbits had
damaged a great many apple trees in Orange
County, New York during the winter of 1942-
43. There was some indication of scarcity in
eastern Maine.

All reports from Alaska noted recovery but
the increase was only slight in.most areas.
Mr. J. W. Warwick stated that rabbits were
plentiful around Cirele City, the locality
in which Mr. O. M. Geist saw the first real
increase in 1941-42.

68 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 60

' TABLE I

Reports for 1942-43 about changes in abundance of snowshoe rabbits in Canada
compared with 1941-42 (each year ending 31 May). /

No. of Observers % of Observers
No | No ;

Increase|Decrease Change | Total |Epidemic | Increase|Decrease| Change | Epidemic ||
Yukon 10 0 OF eh 0 83 0 17 0 |
Northwest Territories | 17 5 8 SOK DIRE Gl 56.5 | 16.5 27 eae
British Columbia 29 1133 24 66 6 44 20 36 9 ||)
, Alberta : Lal 34 PN) 90 OXS) II axe! 38 28 29 |
Saskatchewan 13 24 18 50 18 26 | 48 26 36 ||
Manitoba 11 | 20% | 14% |. 46 5 yn fay Sey Was catiL

Ontario 46 7 26 719 0 Doman 33 0
Quebec and Labrador 2416 | T. (10% 42 4 58 17 25 Ora
New Brunswick 9 Py eG 17 ORF || eae 12 Si oi

Nova Scotia 9 16 14 39 1 23 41 - 36 2.5
Total 119914 |128% | 148 | 471 | 61 || 42.3 ieee 30.4 |. 13 |!

j
TABLE I

Reports for 1942-48 about changes im abundance of Sone rabbits in U.S.A.
(L. americanus only) compared with 1941-42 (each year ending 31 May).

State No. of Observers | AA
| No |
|Increase|Decrease| Change | Total |: F
Maine [Kye TO COs eae \
Massachusetts 1 0 0 1 .
Michigan 10 1 5) 16
Minnesota 3 0 ey 5
New Hampshire 1 0 0 al sf
‘New York 2 OF 1 Shain ,
Pennsylvania il 0 0 AS 5
Vermont 2 Oi dh 3
West Virginia it 0 0 173)
Wisconsin ee 2 0 8
sy Total 29 4 11 44
5 Percentage 66 SOS RS

HUDSON

BAY

: Fig. je Reports for 1942-43 about changes in apindatios of Snowshoe rabbits com-

sd with 1941-42. Each circle of 30 miles diameter (100 Arlee in Alaska) marks the
" approximate centre of a stretch of country reported on by one or more observers.
‘anadian Field-Naturalist, 54: 117). INCREASE reports are shown black, DE-
c EASE white, NO CHANGE, ABUNDANT large irregular dots: all other NO
E ‘stippled. Where reports at the same centre disagree the circle is divided up
proy rtion EO ie number of opinions of each kind. Each scale represents 200 miles.

69

oe

Fig. 2. Reports of disease and epidemics in snowshoe rabbits during 1942-43.
Hach circle of 30 miles diameter marks the approximate centre of an area in which
mortality was reported by one or more persons. :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There were 504 reports from Canada for
the season ending May 31, 1948, only 30 of
which were not used. These reports were sent
in by 117 men in the Royal Canadian Mounted
Police, 146 provincial game wardens, 54 Na-
tional Park wardens, 150 Hudson’s Bay Com-
pany post managers and 37 others. Forty-
four reports were mapped out of 49 received
from observers in the United States; of the
five reports from Alaska four were again
supplied by Mr. F. Dufresne. Our thanks are
due to these 555 observers and to Mr. Hoyes
Lloyd of the National Parks Bureau, Ottawa,
Mr. R. G. H. Bonnycastle of the Hudson’s
Bay Company, Winnipeg, and Dr. H. H. T.
Jackson of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice, Washington who have organised the
collection and forwarding of the data.

The work in Oxford has been carried on
with the financial assistance of the Governor

and Committee of the Hudson’s Bay Company.

+

SUMMARY

Reports from 555 observers in Canada, the
United States and Alaska revealed wide vari- —
ations in the state of the population of. the
snowshoe rabbit or varying hare, Lepus amer=
icanus, during 1942-43. In the prairie pro-
vinces, the previous year’s peak had heen
passed, rabbits were decreasing and consider- a
able numbers of corpses had been seen. In aed
other parts of their range they were at their
peak or still in the recovery phase except i
Nova Scotia where the cycle was probably — a
near or at its lowest. The situation is much :
the same as that in 1933-34. ‘

RERHAIN CEE AND ERRATUM

This is the twelfth report of a series cover
ing the years 1931- 43. Previous papers are i
the Canadian Field Naturalist, 56:17-21, 19
(which includes earlier references) ; 57:64
and 136-41, 1948. In vol. 57, p. ee ie
year read years. |

AFFILIATED

URAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
MANITOBA
"OFFICERS FOR 1944-45

HH. M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D.;
+ W. H. RAND; Past Presidents:
LY, MD LL.D., V. W. JACKSON, M. a

an M.Sc., G. SHIRLEY ae
CH, B. Ww. CARTWRIGHT, L. T. 8.

” General nue: MISS M. F, PRATT;
ae W. KOSER; Executive Secretary: MRS.
Social Convenor : MRS. H. T. ROSS.

lo cal: A. H. SHORTT, Chair.; W. ADAMS, Sec.
eel al: W. C., McGUFFIN, M.Sc., Chair. ; R. LE-
c., Sec.. Botanical: HJ. BRODIS, Ph.D.,
J. SEARLE, Sec.. Geological: W. S.
Sc., Chair. ; MRS. R. K. HELYAR, Sec..
J. D. SOPER, Chair.; L. T. S. NORRIS-
ee.; Microscopy: Zoology—R. A. WARDLE,
W. LOWE, M.Sc., Chair.; R. HADDOW,
: R. K. STEWART- HAY, "M.Sc. Chair. ;

held each Monday evening, except on
tober to April, in the physics theatre
Winnipeg. Field excursions are held
ernoon during May, June and Septem-
holidays during July and August.

U cS DIRECTION — 1946

IN MARCEAU; ler Vice-président :
_ 2eme Vice-Président; DR. D. A.
GEORGES A. LECLERC;
Bc Eeientifiqdel. DR. VIGER PLAMONDON ;
section protection: IAN BREAKEY; Chef de
mation scientifique et pratique; DR.

_ Chef de la section de propaganda

RS for 1945-1946.

: WALKINSHAW ; Vice-President.
V Secretary and Treas-
rresponding Secretary :

Co) eee 100 Queen 8

nd on the second
inter. Bu:

we
be

: oy a
‘Field ak ont ee

SOCIETIES eta

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS — 1946-1947

Hon. President: DR. NORMAN A. M. MacKENZIE, M.M.
B.A., LI.M, LI.B., L1.D.; Past President: IAN McTAG-
GERT COWAN, B.A., Ph.D.; President: A. H. BAIN;
Vice-President: J. J. PLOMMER; Corr. Secretary: A. R.
WOOTON; Rec. Secretary: MISS STELLA BOYSE; Asst.
Secretary: F. TIMMIS; H. Treasurer: F. J. SANDFORD;
Librarian: MRS. F. MORGAN; Chairmen of sections
Botany - J. DAVIDSON, F.L.S., F.B.S.E.: Geology -
M. Y. WILLIAMS, B.Sc.. Ph.D., F.G.S.A.: Entomology -
A. R. WOOTTON: Ornithology - J. HOLMAN: Photo-
graphy - P. T. TIMMS: Mammalogy - Ian McT. COWAN,
B.A., Ph.D.: Marine Biology - R. W. PILLSBURY, M.A.:
Junior Section - MISS M. L. ELLIOTT: Additional
Members of Executive - MISS E. SUTHERLAND, C.
GOUGH, K. RACEY, G. R. WOOD. Auditors - H. G.
SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS.

All meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Scienee
Building, University of British Columbia, unless other-
wise announced.

McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB
LONDON, ONT.

OFFICERS FOR i946

President - DR. R. G. CUMMINGS, 429 Oxford St.
Vice-President - MR. J. K. REYNOLDS, 912 Dufferin Ave.
Corr. Sec. & Treas. - Mrs. W. G. GIRLING,

530 English St.
Rec. See. - MR. ALAN LAUGHREY, 786 Wellington St.
Migratory Bird Recorder - MR. W. G. GIRLING,

530 English St.
Programme Convenor - MRS. E. M. DALE, 297 Hyman St.

Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Public Library
building on the second Monday of each month from
October to April.

Field trips are held during the spring and a special
excursion in September.

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR
THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC.

OFFICERS FOR SEASON — 1945-46

President: MRS. L. Mel. TERRILL; Vice-President: J. P.
ANGLIN; Vice-President: G. G. OMMANNEY; Treasurer:
J. D. FRY; Secretary: MISS R. 8S. ABBOTT; Committee:
Major J. D. CLEGHORN, J. A. DECARIE, Dr. M. J.
DUNBAR, G. HARPER HALL, W. 8S. HART, Miss G. HIB-
BARD, Mrs. C. L HENDERSON, H. A. C. JACKSON,
J. G@ M. LeMOINE, A. R. LEPINGWELL, BH. MOUSLEY,
Miss L. MURPHY, Miss M. ROBINSON, Maj. J. A. ROL-

‘LAND, Miss M. SEATH, Mrs. B. A. SHERRARD, L Mel

TERRILL, Lt.-Com. V. C. WYNNE-EDWARDS.
Meetings held the second Monday of the month except

- during summer.

Headeuarters of the Society are:
ReppatH Museum Birp RoeM,
McGILL UNIVPRSITY,
MontTREAL, P.Q.

BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND
| MAMMAL SOCIETY
President: KENNETH RACEY: Vice-President A. M.

LAING: -Secretarv: IAN McT. COWAN, Dept. of
_ Zoology, Universty of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

New Era of
Development of the Resources a
of Northern Canada is beginnings

READ 1]

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by that eminent scientist, the late Dr. E. M. Kindle |
AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED
AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY OR YOUNG MAN

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Two MAMMALOGISTS, _ 2,580 - $3,000, plus home, light —
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Full particulars in Post Offices, National me
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isa asd

1e CANADIAN
D-NATURALIST

>
: Contents ; Page
al notes from the ‘east side of Hudson Bay. By T. H. Manning ................ fa
‘la from ES ae, Yukon. By Morten P. Porsihd: ..cccnccccsccsscstsince eet 85

G a ‘Toner sere HRI Hate MOR UAB UGE ites ad! Me 2 a Pie Ee ee OT CY Pad bees Ee RUE anes aaa 86

“Fox . sha See ee ea IO Ble Ba MEME ice et) Lanter ot RNR UE Oh se reer Lae RE ae Fees leprae Se NR ee 90

¢

Marsh.,

in Ontario.

92

_Hydroids. By A. G. Huntsman ......... “Rec etre eae inate oem 94

Published by the |
Fietd-Naturalists Club

Che Ottawa PHield- Naturalists’ Club

——Patrons

Their Excellencies the Governor-General and the Lady Alexander

President : Rey. F. E. BANIM
ist Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY 2nd Vice-President: A. L. RAND

Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, Secretary: O. H. HEWITT, Be
Division of Botany National Parks Bureau,
Central Experimentai Farm, Ottawa. Norlite Bldg., Ottawa.

Additional Members of Council: F.J. Aucock, R.M. ANDERSON, A.W. A. BROWN, —
Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. CrAwrorp, R. E. DeLuRY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. GROH
J. W. GRovEs, C. C. HEIMBURGER, D. LEECHMAN, Harrison F. LEWIS, HoyveEs LLoy
MRS. WiLMOT LLoyp, A. E. Porstnp, H. A. SENN, PAULINE SNURE, JAMES H. SOPER, _
V. E. F. SoLMAN, C. M. STERNBERG, E. F. G. WHITE, M. E. WILSON. ‘

Auditors: W. H. LANCELEY and Harrison F. LEwIs

Editor
Dr. H. A. SENN,
Division of Botany
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa

Associate Editors

DD. pBMNESS 2808 con Anthropology CLYDE) Ta.8 PATCH) ceca
SVAN AMES) eee al eee hae ae . Botany R. M. ANDERSON cescscncsnntee
A. LAROCQUEB oeecssssmsscsssesnees Conchology A. G. HUNTSMAN ........... Mart
ARTHUB GIBSON ooccccssssssenn Entomology A. Ts. SROAIND ae eee es we

Food: ALCOCK 28.2 ee ee . Geology W. A. BELL wae als
Jeeek. SON MOND ie se enters Ichthyology ie

The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB have beer
since 1879. The first were The Transactions of: the Ottawa Field-Na
1879-1886, two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thi
umes : and these have been continued by The Canadian Field-Natura ast t
Canadian Field-Naturalist is issued bi-monthly. Its seope is the publica
results of original research in all departments of Natural | History. a

Price of this volume (6 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 40¢ each hg

ne Peanadian Field- istars list

SUTTON WEST, CANADA

ee 8 Se Z
us, ‘of ay Lt i :
BPG hs
st

JULY-AUGUIST, 1946 No. 4

(\

(

Seid. AND

INTRODUCTION

TT HE INFORMATION given below was obtained
_“ during delays caused by bad weather while
working for the Geodetic Service in the sum-
mer of 1944. One hundred and eighteen birds
1 forty mammals were collected. All the
mmals and a few of the birds were given
the National Museum of Canada; the ma-
jority of the birds to the Royal Ontario Mus-
eum of Zoology.

Most of the collecting was done on the
ng George and Sleeper Islands, along the
st between Povungnituk post and the Na-
poka River, and at points from 10 to 50
es inland on that coast. The only collec-
ns of birds previously made in. this area
re those of Shortt in 19388 and Peters in
39 (Shortt and Peters, 1942), duririg the
call made by the R.M.S. Nascopie at
Harrison. Doutt (1939) and Twomey
)42) together visited the southern Sleeper
inds to collect walrus in 1938 after spend-
the summer on the Belcher Islands. Their
entific reports have not yet been published
{ it is not apparent that birds, or mam-
Is other than the walrus, were collected

tanical expedition sponsored by the Catholic
liversity of America called at the Ottawa
Sleeper Islands and places on the main-
. (Gardner and Wilmot, 1943). No zoo-
al work was done on this expedition.

y assistant in the survey work, Mr. A. R.
Taylor, a graduate botanist of Toronto
ve ersity, made a collection of plants at all
Su and it is hoped that a full list of these
1 be published in due course. Mr. Taylor
indly read this paper and made useful

-

rief descriptions of plant life in the

visited. I am indebted to Dr. R. M.
on who has examined and _ identified
mmal “specimens, andsytor Dir... AG als,

ived for. publication February 23, 1945.

north of the Belcher Islands. In 1939 a bo- |

estions which have been incorporated in

bee MAMMAL NOTES

FROM THE EAST SIDE OF-HUDSON BAY'
By T. H. MANNING |

80 Arlington Ave.,

Ottawa

Rand who assisted in the sub-specifie identifi-
cation of the birds. Dr. Snyder kindly fur-
nished the identification of Cepphus grylle
mandtti and the juvenile specimen of Acan-
this flammea flammea, My wife, as usual has
typed and retyped the manuscript and has
given much helpful criticism.

DESCRIPTION OF THE POINTS VISITED

Lake Mushalagan, June 11-16 and 28.2

Lake Mushalagan is 900 feet above sea
level. On the east side, hills rise about 700
feet above the lake. The tops of these hills
are almost treeless; elsewhere the country is
moderately densely wooded. ;

The forest consists predominantly of mod-
erate-sized spruce with patches of white birch
and poplar. Under the trees, Labrador tea
and other ericaceous plants grow luxuriantly
but caribou moss is found only on the sandy
ridges where jack pine also grows. Alder and
willow make the marshes almost impenetr-
able.

Sawbill Lake, June 17 and 18.

This lake is about 1,000 feet? higher than
Lake Mushalagan, and in consequence the
spruce is smaller and sparser. No white birch
was seen. Along a brook which flows into the
lake, the spruce is rather larger and inter-
mingled with larch. A thick carpet of caribou
moss, Cladonia, interspersed with some Ice-
land moss, Cetraria, covers a sandy soil — °
surely an excellent winter caribou range. To

‘the west and northwest, lichen-covered hills
“yise above the tree limit. Marsh land was

searce in the vicinity of our camp, most of the
country being covered by sandy eskers. Birds
were numerous both as to species and indi-
viduals. Sawhbill Lake would certainly repay
an extended ornithological study.

2. —These dates are those between which notes were
made on the birds and mammals at each station.
They do not necessarily coincide with the dates of
arrival and departure.

3. —This and the following altitudes were obtained fron:
a single aneroid and cannot be considered accurate
to within more than 100 feet,

~Yol. GO, No, 3, May-June, 1946, was issued October 29, 1946

AG,

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Map of the east side of Hudson Bay.

Panchia, June 21-27.

jake is about 1,500 feet above sea
. The country around it closely resembles
at about -Lake Mushalagan except that it
flatter. There is a mixture of black and red
spruce with some larch near the lake.

Lake Minto, July 1-2.

Our camp was at the west end of Lake
Minto on an island about three miles long by
one wide. Not more than one-fiftieth of the
island is wooded. In some sheltered places
_ spruce grows to a maximum height of 12 feet,
in others it forms mere prostrate clumps.
a _ There are some willow thickets. On the main-
land and larger islands the wooded areas aie
larger and more numerous, and the trees
probably taller. Lake Minto is about 450 feet
above sea level. The highest point of the
island is about 150 feet and the highest hills
in the surrounding country are not more than
200 feet above the lake. There are several
mall cliffs on the neighbouring islands. Cari-
u moss grows luxuriantly over most of the
untry. There was very little marshland, and
ly one smal] lake on the island.

Bush Lake, Lat. 58°20’: Long. 76°44’, July 5-9.

The country is very similar to that at Lake
Minto, and the vegetation is about the same
on the island at which we camped. Large
kes are numerous, but only one grass marsh

A little northwest of Bush Lake even the
st sheltered valleys are destitute of spruce.
he treeline runs in a general N.E.-S.W.

ne in Se plants: Thisk is a

haere

rit Bee for horned larks.

Tue CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 13

Scoter Lake, Lat. 57°50’ : Long. 75°58’,

July 15-20.
Caribou moss grows luxuriantly everywhere
except on the top of the hills which are often
bare, glaciated rock, and in a few damp
valleys where there are grass and willow
marshes. The willow grows to a maximum of
4 feet in sheltered places. The complete lack
of sandpipers was surprising, as there were
several suitable marshes. This lake is about
360 feet above sea level and the highest of
the neighbouring hills do not rise above 150
feet.

Twenty-five Miles North of Harrison and Ten
Miles Inland, July 21-22.
This is low land with numerous grass
marshes and lakes of varying sizes. Most oi
the lakes are very shallow. The hills and
ridges rise only about 30 feet above the sur-
rounding country and their tops are often
barren, glaciated rock. There are a few sandy
beaches on the lake shores. Iceland 1vas,
Cetraria, partially replaces caribou moss, but
neither is as plentiful or luxuriant as farther
inland.

Coast hetween Port Harrison and Langland
River, July 27 and 30.

Hills border all this coast
rapidly in height and barrenness about 30
miles south of Port Harrison. There are no
cliffs on the mainland coast, but precipitous
cliffs of varying height are frequent along the
islands. Several of these cliffs are occupied by
glaucous gull colonies. Rough-legged hawks
also nest there in numbers, particularly on
the Nastapoka Islands, which are rather
higher than the Hopewell Islands.

Kikkerteluk River, July 28 and 29. ;

Hills rise steeply from the sea to about 800
feet with smooth,
of vegetation. A little inland this may reach
1,500 feet or more.
scarce, but more might have been seen if I
had walked along the shore,

The Islands.
The island chain which bondeta most of the
coast from Cape Dufferin to Richmond Gulf is

rather more barren than the mainland, owing

perhaps both to the type of rock (trap and
iron formation as opposed to granite and

gneiss), and to the effects of the sea, ice and ;

fog.
The King George, Sleeper
Islands are so affected by the surrounding

increasing

rocky sides almost devoid —

Birds were extremely |

and Ottawa ©

74 Tur CANADIAN FIELD-N ATURALIST

cold water, ice and fog, that the growth of
vegetation compares unfavourably with thav
on larger land masses several hundred miles
north. A comparison of the species in these
islands, the barrens of northern Quebec, and,
say, northern Baffin Island, might be of con-
siderable interest.

Christie Island, Nastapoka Chain, August 1-6.
Our camp was on a low, sandy point at the
south end of the island. The higher parts of

the island are almost bare of vegetation. On

the east side there are higher cliffs. In shel-
tered places willow grows thicklyay, 04
height of about 2% teet. There are a few
fairly large lakes and a little moderately dry
grass land, a mixture of mosses, grasses,
lichens and sedges, but little or no marsh.
There is not much caribou moss.

Mouth of Nastapoka River, August 7.

Willow and alder grow to a height of 8 to

12 feet in sheltered places, especially in the
vicinity of the falls where I spent most of the
time. There are also clumps of prostrate juni-
er. On the north side of the river are some
sand dunes.

King George Islands,
August 9-14.

This is a low, flat island, not more than
about 50 feet high. There is some rock in situ,
often covered with huge angular boulders, but
much of the higher ground is composed of
raised pebble beaches. There are a few cliffs
10 or 12 feet high, several small lakes, and
some marshland. But the latter did not seem
to be sufficient to provide nesting ground for
all the sandpipers seen along the beaches.
What little willow there is on the island
creeps along the ground and provides no ap-
preciable cover. The growth of caribou and
Iceland moss is insignificant. Most of the
time was spent along the beaches where both
sandpipers and passerines were beginning to
congregate in flocks. These beaches consist
mostly of pebbles. In some places, however,
there is smooth, flat rock in situ. In small
coves there were huge, rotting heaps of kelp
which made attractive feeding grounds for
shore birds.

Driftwood Island,

Husky Island,’ King George Islands, Aug. 16.

This island is about as high as Driftwood
Island, but considerably smaller. It consists
mostly of barren rock and raised beaches.
There is very little marshland.

“[Vol. 6

{
At Sea in the TelEREoneebad of the Kin

George Islands, August 8 and 15. :

Several of the small islands or islets make
excellent nesting grounds for sea birds. Be-
tween Christie Island and the neighbourhood
of the King George Islands, the only birds
seen were a few Mandt’s guillemots.

Beach Island, King George Islands, Aug. 17.

This small island is little more than a bar-
ren, pebbly, raised beach. It is a favourite
nesting place for bern and eiders.

Kidney Island, Sleeper Islands, August 18-21.

Although not much higher than Driftwood —
Island, this island is much more broken and —
hilly. There is more rock in situ, and the low, ‘
flat beaches are lacking. The main island is —
surrounded by many small, rocky islets. The
extent of lake area is about the same as on ~
Driftwood Island, but there is less vegetation 3
on the hilltops. =

Digit Point, Sleeper Islands, August 22-23.

North of Kidney Island are several small
islands pointing like a finger to the north. We ©
visited the three most northerly, of which the —
largest was about 300 yards wide and half a
mile long. It was a typical nesting ground for ©
terns, eiders and guillemots. There were one —
or two small lakes or rock pools, but no marsh _
and very little vegetation. The sandpipers
were nearly all migrants, but the snow bunt- —
ings were probably residents, .

Marcopeet Islands, August 24. | 4 4

We landed and spent about one hour on the
largest of these islands. It consists only of
rock, and raised pebble beaches, with scarcely
any vegetation. The only birds seen were her-
ring gulls, arctic terns, ‘Hudson Bay eide

and a few aos in the surrounding
water. 4

Farmer Island, August 24.

This island is structurally and ecologica
similar to the Marcopeet Islands — possi
even more barren, Most of the guillemots ° were
seen while entering the harbour. The highest
point is not more than 50 feet.

House Island, Ottawa Islands, Were 25. i
This jlond is similar to, though not BG. ;

there on hanes 25th, “the ori birds

+t me!

——

3 1. Looking east along Lake Minto. Our camp was near the far end of the island
in the foreground. The dark patches are chiefly spruce.

é 2. Bush Lake. Spruce scrub in foreground,

lver,

. Just above the falls at the mouth of the Nastapoka R

SD)
v

~

%

4. Kidney Island,

y-August, 1946]

re three American pipits, two snow bunt-
s and three loons. The latter, doubtfully
lentified as red-throated loons, consisted of
two young and one adult.

_ At Sea in vicinity of Ottawa Islands, Aug. 25.

_ Unfortunately it was very foggy during
‘much of the time making birds difficult to see
and identify.

Se amour Island, Ottawa Islands, Aug. 26-29.

a Our camp was near the head of a long bay
which penetrates aout three miles into Gil-
‘mour Island. This bay is surrounded by high
rocky hills except at its head where there is
a fine sand beach and grassy valley. No real
& marshland was seen. There was one small
‘mud flat in the vicinity of our camp where
most of the birds were seen. There were sev-
eral sheltered, gravel slopes which appeared
suitable for horned larks and perhaps some of
those seen at the Ottawa Islands had nested

ote on the table:

Until July 1, I did not have opportunity to
om lake more than casual observations on the
birds. On July 1, we camped at Lake Minto,
from that Bae I recorded a daily esti-
ate of the number of birds of each species
“seen, together with the length of time I
‘spent looking for birds (hours walking on
4 able 1). In table 1, the total number of the
different species of birds seen at each place
ted after July 1 is given. This number
ludes downy
otherwise stated. The figures in brackets are
the number of specimens collected. In the text,
erence is made to 4 species of birds (i.e.,
uce grouse, spotted sandpiper, three- toed
woodpecker, slate-coloured junco) which are
10t included in the table because they were
een only prior to July 1. Of the species seen

Be sapacicon of the ee density of
different species can be made by dividing
umber of birds seen at any one place by

- allowance must be made for the distance
which species ‘of differing size and habit
ay be seen.

young and nestlings unless

number of hours walking at that place,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 15

here. The absence of snow buntings was sur-
prising. The highest point on the island is
1800 feet (Bell 1885).

Povungnituk Post, September 1-3.
In this region there is low, broken country
with hills rising not more than 50 feet. Lakes
of varying depths and sizes are numerous.
There are several small mud flats along
the shore with associated marshes. There are
also some inland marshes among the dry,
rocky hills, where Cassiope, blueberries and
great numbers of bake-apples grow and
provide fine feeding for ptarmigan. Ptarmi-
gan are said to be extremely numerous a little
later in the fall. The country is not greatly
different from that ‘Twenty-five Miles North
of Harrison’. The Harrison coastal range be-
gins in the neighbourhood of Portland Pro-

montory.

Mistake Bay, September 4.
The country is very similar to that at Po-
vungnituk.

BIRDS

Common Loon.
Gavia immer (Briinnich).

Pacific Loon.
Gavia arctica pacifica (Lawrence).

Red-throated Loon.

Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan)— The loons
seen on the King George Islands were mostly
flying, and owing to the continuous fog it was
hard to identify them. I think they were
mostly stellata, and it may be that this is the
only species occuring on the King George,
Sleeper and Ottawa chain, since no arctica
were seen, and certainly the characteristic
call of «mmer was never heard.

Ungava Canada Goose.

Branta canadensis interior Todd.— The Es-
kimos killed a considerable nuanber of geese
in the Mistake Bay area at the end of July.

I saw 10 or 15 of them, and all belonged to

the large form. The natives agreed that they
were the ‘large goose’ and that the others
were the same. The smaller races probably
do not breed on the mainland. I am fairly
certain that the geese seen on the islands
also were the large Canada goose, but wheth-
er they had bred there or migrated from the
mainland could not be determined.

76 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST = = ~——‘LVo

ft

Table 1 —— Bird Records from the east side of Hudson Bay, 194

: ar
Unbracketed figures — number of =
individuals seen. a as
: i = halle
Bracketed figures —= number of + S&S = Slo :
specimens taken. Ao et ee
of Penh Oi
(a) Excluding downy young ri? o =| = £ e a
: Set rl ode ome | ee
(b) Excluding young in nest a = evil OU lot ee Aes ie
ra fl = =~ H —
(c) These were only heard > | io | 5 Sole Bs Se ae
el and seen indistinctly in the = a bd i. = = ist Z e ae = £ Ee
we fog. They could have been ee Sar le ay ei pms | oz wo) Pp | Se
| Black-Bellied Plovers, Squata- S73] .F/ 23/8 elm |S alu Ss
rola squatarola. Je fie a ae et .N/R a |S eo
pe et > PW "Os.
= mM w a ENA BROT Pp R-
: : HIS BiG al, S/..N/SS/8 &
x These species are discussed Oe .ieet eee olen ae elas |e
in text as 3 Yon erm Ne eat idles pestis
Aa (Moalaalnal lat l[/ ae Mo
[tle a Dials Seem eal riaiey a | a6,
‘ Loon | [2 | PDE eG | a Nail,
} - Gavia sp. * | ‘| | | | |
Common Loon | | | | 1 | 4 |
Re Gavia immer (Briinnich) x * | | |
iB Pacific Loon | | | | | Sih
i Gavia arcticu pacifica (Lawrence) x | hy fb (2) |
Red-throated Loon Nn abel | | |
Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan) x | | ¥|
Ungava Canada Goose | | al | |
Branta canadensis interior Todd x | | | | li
American Pintail | [Sak |
Anas acuta tzitzihoa Viellot x 5 | ob aae Sal esta)
Old Squaw : | | | | 24 |
Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus) x A! | } (1) |
Eider ge ates | | 15 pa:
Somateria sp. | | pital LL 24
Hudson Bay Hider | | | es ae
Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder x | [et el a
King Hider : eG as a
Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus) x a as ei
| American Scoter ; a) - | be
| Oidemia americana Swainson Mea 4
American Merganser _ | | | 135 |
Mergus merganser americanus Cassin x Ol:
Red-breasted Merganser ee athe | Dw 1
Mergus serrator Linnaeus x mg |. Weal Delia. oes ts Ae
Rough-legged Hawk 2 2 2 6 |
Buteo lagopus s-johannis’ (Gmelin) x “f (Se Mersey Mae 4) Saal ae
Duck Hawk 4 Pia | 2 | |
Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte x | i Pei fee CO} aCe wdn cae.
Willow Ptarmigan ap T(ayi9 (@) Al. |
Lagopus lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus) x (4) | (3) Joa)
Rock Ptarmigan | | Frei:
Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin) 2 Sh Pal)
Semipalmated Plover ayers lis | (#) 20] oer sy
Charadrius _uaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte x | (4)| | |
American Golden Plover | | io
Pluvialis dominica dominica (Miiller) | | Leet a

(CONTINUED ON FOLLOWING PAGES) ae

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- THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

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78 Pe THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST s ee
1 20 | a

Ruddy Turnstone
Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus) x

-Hudsonian Curlew |
|
|

Phaeopus hudsonicus (Latham)

|
|
|
Greater Yellowlegs |
Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin)
American Knot |
Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson)
Purple Sandpiper |
Arquatella maritima (Briinnich) x |
Pectoral Sandpiper |
Erolia melanotos (Vieillot) x |
White-rumped Sandpiper | |
Erolia fuscicollis (Viellot)| x ‘ |
Least Sandpiper | |
Erolia minutilla (Vieillot) x
Red-backed Sandpiper |
Erolia alpina sakhalina (Vieillot) | |
Semipalmated Sandpiper | |
Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus): |
Sanderling
Crocethia alba (Pallas) |
Northern Phalarope |
|
|
|
|
|

Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus)
Parasitic Jaeger

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus)
Long-tailed Jaeger |
Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot
Gull

Larus sp. Buh lee Lee's
Glaucous Gull &

Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus x |
Herring Gull |
Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues x [=
Arctic Tern | |
|
|

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan x

Mandt’s Guillemot 2

Cepphus grylle mandtti (Mandt) x

Snowy Owl ?

Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus)

Northern Horned Lark |

Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnaeus) x

Northern Raven aa |
|
|

Corvus corax principalis Ridgway
Black-backed Robin
Turdus migratorius nigrideus Aldrich & Nutt x
American Pipit
Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall)
Black-polled Warbler 8 15 |
Dendroica striata (Forster) Hab)
Common Redpoll : 8 2}
Acanthis flammea flammea (Linnaeus) x (2)]
Savannah Sparrow |
Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe x |
Eastern Tree Sparrow 8 a5
Spizella arborea arborea (Wilson) (2) |
Eastern White-crowned Sparrow oe rm TOM aes6 |
|
:
|

Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster)
Lapland Longspur ‘
Calearius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus)

Eastern Snow Bunting |
Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus)

79

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Tur CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

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80 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Pintail.

Anas acuta tzitzihoa Vieillot— A _ single
downy young (No. 785) of this species was
found on the King George Islands. It seems
certain that this duck breeds in considerable
numbers in the Povungnituk region, and
probably also on the King George and Sleeper
Islands.

Old-squaw.

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus).— Downy
young were seen in a lake and on the sea at
the King George Islands. At the Sleeper Is-
lands a large number of young unable to fly
were seen on the sea.

Hudson Bay Eider.

Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder.—

King Eider.

Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus).--- Hiders
were collected only from the King George and
Sleeper Islands. All six were typical Soma-
teria mollissima sedentaria. I am fairly cer-
tain that there were no king eiders at the
King George or Sleeper Islands, and the ei-
ders seen around the small, rocky, southern
Ottawa Islands were probably all S. mollissi-
ma; S. spectabilis was identified near the
larger of the Ottawa Islands only. One eider’s
nest was found on the King George Islands on
August 8. The eggs were well incubated.
Most of the young seen at the King George
Islands appeared at least 10 days old. Slightly
under half the eiders seen on the water or
sitting along the shore had young, but if
those flying were counted, only about one-
eighth of the total had young. About 10 per-
cent of those seen at the King George Islands
were male, but after we left those islands,
only females were seen.

American Merganser.

Mergus merganser americanus Cassin.— The

three mergansers collected at sea were male
M. m. americanus as were several others killed
by the natives for food. No female mergansers
were observed at sea. -

Red-Breasted Merganser.

Mergus serrator Linnaeus.— Only four mer-
gansers were seen inland. Of these, two were
collected and proved to be Mergus serrator;
the others, a mating pair at Sawbill Lake,
seen on July 18th, were unidentified.

Rough-legged Hawk.
Buteo lagopus s.-johannis (Gmelin).—-: The
colouring of this species is very variable. No.
714 was an exceptionally dark individual with
a tail strikingly barred throughout its length.
The mate of this bird, though not collected,
appeared equally black. All the other rough-
legged hawks seen, though variable, were
much lighter than this pair. On Christie Is-
land, and probably on several of the other
Nastapoka Islands, where there were suitable
cliffs, there was one nest to a little over a
square mile. Of two nests examined on
Christie Island, one contained four, the other
six, young. Two young from the latter nest
were collected on August 6. They were com-
pletely feathered. The youngest in this nest
was considerably smaller, and the head was
still covered with down only. The young in the
other nests were just developing feathers on
the head at the same date. .

Duck Hawk.

Falco: peregrinus anatum Bonaparte.— There
was one nesting pair on Christie Island. The
nest could not be reached, but it was so diffi-
cult to flush the female that it seemed likely
she was sitting, although it was the beginning
of August. The duck hawk seen at King
George Island was being attacked by two
parasitic jaegers. The jaegers, flying at twice
the speed of the hawk, continually dived at
it — to which proceeding it paid no attention.
The stomach of the duck hawk collected at
Scoter Lake contained the remains of a lem-
ming. Lemming were very numerous there.

Spruce Grouse.

Canachites canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus).

— Only two were seen, one at Lake Panchia

and one at Lake Mushalgan. The'latter was

collected. It was distinctly darker than any

C. c. canadensis in the National Museum, i

most of which were from the Wood Buffalo
Park. j

Willow Ptarmigan.
Lagopus lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus).— At

Bush Lake, (July 5-9), several broods of wil-

low ptarmigan were seen, all probably under a
week old. One nest with eggs was also found.

At Scoter Lake one brood was seen on July 19. a
They could just fly. On three occasions, I _

saw a female and young accompanied by a
male, which, on being flushed, flew only a few
yards, then ran crouching close to the ground

ale of the pair at Point 7 flew directly
alighting only a few feet away. After-

J (Gmelin) .— Three
3 seen in September 5 and 6 still gave the

ating call when alighting, though not with

same gusto as in spring and summer.

ipalmated Plover.

wradrius hiaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte.

uddy Turnstone.
renaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus) .—

King George and

Ac itis macularia (Linnaeus).— One was col-
at Lake Panchia where they were

ake Mushalagan, but none at Sawbill

uw urple Sandpiper.

atella maritima (Briinnich) .— One ju-
e with down still adhering to the neck
as taken on Driftwood Island, and two or
other young birds were seen. Small
s almost’ certainly nest on the King
Islands and probably on the Sleeper

1 Sandpiper.

melanotos (Vieillot)— Those seen at
igit Point were probably migrants.

ite rumped ‘Sandpiper.

lia fuscicollis (Coues).— Several hun-
d white-rumped sandpipers were seen
10ugh to be sure that no Baird’s sand-

rass. A careful. watch was kept
pecies among the

qoute eine
«DMO ee

ry numerous. About eight were also seen ~-

semipalmated

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 81

Glaucous Gull. ie
Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus.

- Herring Gull.

Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues.— No
immature gulls of either species were seen un-
til we arrived at the Sleepers. There, about 5
percent were immature. No cliffs were seen
at either the King George or Sleeper Islands,
and it therefore seems probable that these
birds were wanderers perhaps from the colon-
ies on the Hopewell and Nastapoka Islands.
On August 28, at the Sleeper Islands, the
first juvenile herring gulls were seen flying.
Herring gulls just able to fly were also seen
at Farmer Island.

Arctic ‘Tern.

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan.— I saw sev-
eral large downy young at the King George
Islands. On August 23, young unable to fly,
and with down still adhering, were seen at
the Sleepers. At Mistake Bay, several young
just able to fly were seen. ie aes

Mandt’s Guillemot.

; Cepphus grylle mandtii (Mandt).— Several

young guillemots were found on ‘the north
end of the Sleeper Islands still under the nest
rock. They were almost as big as the adults,
and nearly fully feathered. Until the time we
left, I saw no young in the water. Apparently
they do not move out from under the rocks
until quite full grown.

Eastern American Three- toed Woodpecker.

Picoides tridactylus bacatus Bangs. —_ One ‘
was collected at Lake Panchia. es adh
Northern Horned Lark. se

Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnaeus) .—

Probably most of the larks seen on the King
George Islands were migrants, since the
country did not appear suitable for their ~

nesting, The Sleeper Islands were more suit- ~

able, and it is surprising that more were not —
seen there. Most of the larks seen and col-
lected on the mainland and on Christie Island
were either mated pairs or were accompanied
by young which they were still feeding.

Black-backed Robin.

Turdus migratorius nigrideus Aldrich &
Nutt.— The backs of male adults of this spe-
cies seen in the field at Lake Minto and Bush -
Lake appeared glossier than those of On-
tario birds. They were extremely wild and

82 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

only two juveniles were secured. The backs
of these, compared with T. m. migratorius

‘from Ontario in the National Museum of Ca-

nada and the Royal Ontario Museum, were
distinctly black, and the spots on the under
parts were both larger and blacker. It was
recently shown (Peters & Burleigh 1944)
that the robin of the Labrador coast was T. m.
nigrideus, and Aldrich (1945) assigns two
breeding males taken at Chimo to the same
race. It seems probable that this race extends
along the edge of the tundra across the Lab-
rador Peninsula to Hudson Bay.

Common Redpoll.

Acanthis flammea flammea (Linnaeus) —

[Vol. 60

The Specimen collected at Scoter Lake was a_ 4
juvenile and had probably been raised in the _

vicinity. q
A

Savannah Sparrow.

Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe.
— The four adults collected are as dark as —
any P. s. labradorius in comparable plumage —
in the National Museum of Canada or the ©
Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology. They —
closely match two birds collected by Shortt —
(Shortt and Peters, 1942) at Wakeham Bay. —

Slate-coloured Junco.

~ Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus).— One —

was collected at Lake Panchia.

MAMMALS

Ungava Barren Ground Caribou.
Rangifer arcticus caboti G. M. Allen.—

Eastern Woodland Caribou.

Rangifer caribou caribou (Gmelin).— Owing
to the scarcity of scientific specimens, the
boundary between the territory of barren
ground and woodland caribou in the Labrador
Peninsula rests chiefly on supposition and
it is therefore most desirable that supplemen-
tary specimens be collected to determine the
range limits of the two species. Following
Anderson’s map (1934), lakes Mushalagan,
Sawbill and Panchia are within the range of
the woodland caribou. Lake Minto on the edge
of the wooded country is well within the
winter range of the barren ground caribou,
and is a favorite hunting district for the
Port Harrison and Povungnituk Eskimos.

During the summer we fiew over 2,000
miles and throughout I kept a careful watch
for caribou, but none were seen either from
air or ground. Most of the flying was done

between 2,500 and 3,000 feet above the ter-

rain, and small herds might have been missed, .
ip _ peared to be the result of a single fire. It —

especially in wooded country.. Undoubtedly
any caribou census conducted by plane would .
have to be done when the snow was onthe

ground so. that tracks could be seen from the-.

air. On June 28, I saw three or four sets of
caribou tracks not more than a few days old
at the north end of Lake Mushalagan. At
Lake Minto, I saw one old track.

Mention of the abundance of caribou moss
at the inland stations and at Port Harrison

has been made in the ecological descriptions of .
lichen-

the points visited. From the air,
covered areas show very clearly as _ pale,

-_marshy areas were untouched. In some places, —

grayish patches. South of the height of land 1
in the Mushalagan district, lichen did not —
cover more than about 4 percent of the e
country, but towards Sawbill Lake, it rapidly ;
increased, amounting to over 50 percent on ©
much of the route. From there down to Lake

Panchia, the country is comparatively flat

and marshy with only 10 percent lichen. A 4

little to the west of Lake Panchia, the per- —

centage increased to 80, but dropped in the
Ashwanipi Lake region. Northwest of Lake
Mushalagan, the trees become sparse and the
amount of lichen-covered ground increases to —
about 30 percent, which is the average main-
tained between there and Port Harrison.

Se ee ee

It is sometimes said that the almost com-
plete destruction of caribou in northern Que-
bec was started by extensive forest fires. We
saw no signs of any such immense burns but —
there was a large number of comparatively
small burnt areas. The two largest were to-
ward the head of the Moisie River, and at
Lake Nichikun. The Moisie River burn ap-

ii let espa

:

it ia renee Speen

covered an area of about 600 square miles. —
_In this area, 80 percent of the dry ground —
(ie., ground covered by lichen), or 50 per-— 4
cent of the whole, had been burnt. In nearly —
all the burns seen, the trees growing in —

, the undergrowth alone had been burnt, leav-—
‘Gneg the trees uninjured, but the destruction ©
of the lichen and soil was just as complete. |
The Lake Nichikun ere was of about the

several ane apart.- stan numerous other plac

“

2 various stages of recovery, indicating re-
surrent fires. Possibly these were places regu-
arly frequented by Indians, or perhaps a
new fire starts more easily amongst the
_ charred wood of an old burn.

I estimated that. 8 percent. of the caribou

_ by fire in the last 20 years. This would be an
g average destruction of 0.4 percent per annum.
_ Judging from the size of the spruce in areas
I of regrowth, complete recovery of the lichen
4 oy take 30 years. A more accurate estimate
of fire damage could be made from _high-
a altitude survey photographs. In the sparsely
2 ooded but excellent winter caribou range
_ bordering the barren ground, we saw practi-

__ eally no sign of fires.

a
cat

_ Bonaparte Weasel.

Mustela erminea richardsonii Bonaparte.—
_ The only weasel seen was at Mistake Bay.
‘This was collected on September 7th.

_Ungava Red Squirrel.

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ungavensis Ander-
son.— One was seen and collected at Lake
Mushalagan. Four were seen and one collected
Sawbill Lake. Several were heard but not
een at Lake Panchia.

abrador Collared Lemming.

icrostonyx hudsonius (Pallas).— Specimens
f Dicrostonyxz hudsonius were taken at the
ollowing places:
Port Harrison ..... 5
_ Christie Island .. 9 Driftwood Island..5
Mistake Bay .......... 2. (King Geo. Is.)

_ Twenty-five miles north of Harrison and
ten miles inland

Scoter Lake ........ 5

At the beginning of July we saw no fresh
ns of lemming at Lake Minto or Bush
ike. The numerous freshly-dug burrows seen

7 plentiful, indicating that the population
2 was at the same stage on these islands

re there had been fires, the vegetation was

_ moss in the wooded area has been destroyed.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 83

‘ney without food. On the Sleeper and Ottawa

Islands there were no signs of lemming, so
that these islands have apparently not yet
been colonized, although the distance between
the Sleeper Islands and the King George Is-
lands is less than that between the latter and
the mainland. If it is normal for the lemming
cycle in two neighbouring but separated areas
such as the above to parallel each other so
closely, this fact may indicate a line of in-
vestigation into the cause of the cycle.

Att Lake Miinitto, three piles of lemming or
mouse droppings were seen close together.
Each pile must have weighed at least one
pound. Three similar but fresher piles were
seen at Scoter Lake. There was no sign of —
ants or other insects likely to have collected |
these droppings into piles.

Little Labrador Meadow Mouse.

Microtus pennsylvanicus labradorius Baieree
This species also was on the increase during

the summer. It was numerous at Povungnituk

(two specimens), Port Harrison (one speci-

men), and Mistake Bay (three specimens). At

-Port Harrison and Povungnituk a number

were living in the warehouse. A juvenile spe- —
cimen of M. pennsylvanicus collected at Lake
Panchia could not be determined sub-
specifically. No signs of Microtus were seen on
any of the Islands including Christie Island.

Arctic Hare.

Lepus arcticus Ross.— None were seen, but
two nights running at Christie Island a hare
visited our camp and chewed up a cardboard
box containing cans of paint. Its tracks and
droppings were seen next day.

Snowshoe Rabbit.

Lepus americanus americanus Erxleben.—
One of six seen at Lake Mushalagan was col-
lected. I saw none elsewhere.

Harbour Seal. ’
Phoca vitulina Linnaeus.— The Port Harrison ~
natives forming the crew of our boat appar-
ently considered the harbour seal, kasigia, to
be confined entirely to fresh water, and were
surprised on being told that they occur in the
salt water of Hudson Strait and on the west
side of Hudson Bay; but Doutt (1942, p. 85)
says that they are occasionally seen on the
coast as far south as Great Whale River and
the Belcher Islands. Best known to the Eski-
mos as a lake where these seals occur is Kasi-
gialik (The Harbour Seal Place). From their

84 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

description of this lake it is almost certainly
Lake Minto, and Low (1902, p. 34), who was
the first white man to visit it, refers to it by
that name. Doutt (1942, p. 65-6), however,
was told by Great Whale and Richmond Gulf
natives, that there were no seals in Lake
Minto. Specimens of Phoca vitulina were col-
lected from Lower Seal Lake by the Carnegie
Museum Expedition in 1938, and have been
described by Doutt (1942) as a distinct sub-
species P. v. mellonae. In mid-July Dozois
(1944, p. 7 and oral communication) saw a
seal, presumably of this species, in Beneta
Lake, a body of water about 214 miles wide
and about 1,000 feet above sea level (aneroid
measurement). This lake is situated in lati-
tude 57°11’ and longitude 72°17’, and lies a

few miles north of the Larch River. The seal _

was only 200 feet from shore, and was clearly
seen both by Dozois and his assistant.

Rin ged Seal.

Phoca hispida Schreber.— This is the common
seal of the region, and large numbers of skins
are traded at Port Harrison. Occasional seals
of this species were seen all along the coast,
around the islands, and at sea power the is-
land groups. Sat ek so

Harp Seal. ns Alaa ty)
Phoca groenlandica Piaclehon = iilevs saw: two
schools of about six each, one in the entrance
to the harbour at Gilmour Island, the other.
just outside Port Harrison. .

Bearded Seal.

Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben).— Accord-
ing to the Eskimos, these seals occur all along
the coast. We saw three in the neighbourhood
of the King George and Sleeper Islanus.

Atlantic Walrus.

Odobenus rosmarus Camnsene — I found

LITERATURE CITED

ALDRICH, John W vag ree
1945 Additional Breeding and: Mier itinn Re-

cords of the Black-backed “Robin.— The -

Auk, Vol. 62, pp. 310-811.

ANDERSON, R. M.

1934 The Distribution, Abundance, and Eco-
nomic Importance of the Game and Fur-
bearing Mammals of Western North
America. Reprinted from Proc. 5th Pa-
cific Sci. Congress, Victoria and Van-
couver, B.C., 1933, pp. 4055-4075.

‘continue to decrease.

killed a female and its calf. The stomach of
the adult contained only the remains of a

a ae

-— [Vol. 60

one dead walrus on Driftwood Island and we
thought that a native party killed three at
the Sleepers while we were there. Later, we
heard that this party had obtained two boat
loads, probably around forty walrus, either
at the Sleeper or North Belcher Islands. Mr.
P. Nichols, post manager at Port Harrison,
said that last year few if any walrus were
seen at the Sleeper Islands, and that the Port
Harrison natives therefore hunted at the
Belcher Islands. Walrus are now rarely ob-
tained at the Ottawa Islands. Unless the —
present wasteful hunting methods of the na-
tives are curbed, walrus in Hudson Bay will

White Whale.
Delphinapterus leucus (Pallas)— We saw
about 150 white whales in and about the
mouth of the Nastapoka River on August 15,
and Curran and Adams (1908 ?, p. 40) re-
cord seeing a school of at least 50 there in mid-
August, 1907. Apparently they are frequently
to be found there at that time of year, and
our natives were prepared, but it was only
after much chasing and shooting that they

white-fleshed fish, probably a rock cod.

It is unfortunate that whale nets are not
regularly used or drives organized among the
Port Harrison natives, since the status of the
white whale is far more satisfactory than aa

‘that of the walrus. A few white whales are i

killed when seen from the camp or while out
seal hunting, but wher hunting singly, Peter- a
head boats and even powered whaleboats turn
too slowly to make them efficient for white
whale hunting. According to Mr. L. Bradbury, _
post manager at Povungnituk, over a hundred
whales had been killed in a most successful —
drive near that post.

CURRAN, W. Tees and ADAMS, H.P.

_ Land of Hidden Treasure. 45 pp. 1 Map ‘
BELL, Robert

Map.
DOUTT, J. Kenneth tos
1939 The Expedition to Hudson Bay. Car-—
negie Mag. Vol. 12, pp. 227-236. li

y-August, 1946]

DOUTT, J. Kenneth oye
1942 A Review of the Genus Phoca. Ann.
_ Carnegie Mus. Vol. 29, pp. 61-125.

‘DOZOIS, L. 0. R.

June-September, 1944. Astronomical De-
a terminations in Ungava, Quebec, and

- Patricia District, Ontario. 23 pp. MS in
Geodetic Service files.

GARDNER, Gerard and WILMOT, Brian E.
1943 Exploring in Labrador and Hudson Bay.
| Reprinted from Revue de 1’Université
d’Ottawa. Jan.—March & July—Sept
ee 71 pp.

LOW, A. P.

1902 Report on an Exploration of the East
Coast of Hudson Bay from Cape Wol-

a
se

1944 Narrative Report of L. O. R. Dozois, °

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 85

stenholme to the South End of James
Bay. Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Can., Vol.
18, Pt. D, pp. 1 D-84 D. 4 Maps.

PETERS, Harold S. and BURLEIGH, Tho-

' mas D.
1944 Two New Records from Newfoundland
Labrador. The Auk Vol. 61, pp. 472-473.

SHORTT, T. M. and PETERS, Harold S.

1942 Some Recent Bird Records from Cana-
da’s Eastern Arctic. Can. J. Research.
D, 20, pp. 338-348. Map.

TWOMEY, Arthur C. and HERRICK, Nigel

1942 Needle to the North: the Story of an
Expedition to Ungava and the Belcher
Islands, 360 pp., Boston.

A NEW ANTENNARIA FROM WHITEHORSE, YUKON*

tennaria leuchippi n. sp. Incrementi modus
atorius, innovationibus humifusis sat
osis apicibus adsurgentibus dense foli-
is, aetate caulibus lignosis ecorticatisque
ntractione radicum subterraneis. Harum
y+rosulata utrimque tomento albido denso,
amen subtranslucente, objecta subspatulata
ervia mucronulata, 20-25 mm. longa, 4mm.
a. Caules floriferi erecti floccosi purpur-
mtes, 25-30 cm. alti, foliis 13-15-16 sicut in
liis rosulatis utrimque tomentosis, inferior-
| majoribus quam folia innovationum,
aepe 30 mm. longis vel ultra, subspatu-
; superioribus gradatim brevioribus lan-
atis usque ad linearibus, omnibus mu-
onibus subulatis eonspicuis munitis. Inflor-
scentia cymosa calathiis 6 - 10 glomerulatis
evipedicellatis, pedicellis tomentosis. Invo-
cra maturitate turbinata 5 - 6 mm. alta
fer e tomentosa, phyllariis quadriseriatis
obtusis vel interioribus subacuminatis in-
partibus scariosis albis, perpaucis
is roseatis evanescentibus. Corolla
rea 3.0 - 3.3 mm. longa lobis pila parva

us. Stylus inclusus. Achaenia pro
atura plantae parva 0.90 - 1.01 - 1.04mm.
n .3 mm. lata. Planta mascula ignota.

By Morten P. PORSILD
The Danish Arctic Station, Disko, Greenland

Ut opinor e grege A. roseae Greene.

A. alborosea A. E. Porsild (sched.) abunde
differt foliorum paginis superioribus vir-
idescentibus, foliis caulinis paucioribus:
9 - 11.5 - 12, calathiis majoribus: involucris
6 - 7 mm. altis, phyllariis primo roseatis
deinde apicibus vel ultra albidis stramineisve,
styli ramis exsertis, achaeniis majoribus:
1.4 x 0.4 mm. (Vidimus ejusdem specimina
No. 10.325: Canol Road, S.E. Yukon, at. Mile
77 (immaturum), Mile 102, July 19, 1944,
A. E. Porsild & A. J. Breitung No. 10.633 et
No. 3.648: Great Bear Lake (maturum) ).

Abundant specimens of A. leuchippi were
taken on gravel benches at Whitehorse, July
11, 1944 by Axel and R. T. Porsild and re-
ceived in Greenland, March, 1945. The per-

_fectly mature achenes were sown at once and

growth started immediately. The cultures
have been kept indoors since; they will prob-
ably flower this year. The young seedlings
differ from seedlings of Greenland species in
having narrower and glabrous cotyledons.
Type specimen is im herb. M. P. Porsild; part
of type collection i in the National Herbarium,
Ottawa.

~

86 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

NOTES ON

OF THE LOWER CHILCOTIN

Waietes Sa Bea a aie cee i

THE MAMMALS

RIVER REGION,

CARIBOO DISTRICT, B.C. *-
By G. C. TONER

HE LOWER CHILCOTIN RIVER of the Cariboo

District, B.C., has seldom been explored by
naturalists. It is fairly inaccessible except
by pack and saddle horses and, as a result,
has escaped detailed attention. While Riske
Creek is on the Cariboo Highway and has
been visited by a number of persons interest-
ed in nature most of them have gone further
to the southwest toward Chilko Lake or to
the west and the upper Chilcotin River.

In August, 1944, the International Pacific
Salmon Fisheries Commission.sent a party
into the mouth of the Chilcotin River to ob-
serve and report on the salmon runs. These
notes and observations were made during the
party’s stay and are neither as complete nor
as full as the writer would wish. They form
only a small part of the summer’s work but
as the area has never been explored from the
zoological viewpoint they are presented for
what they are worth. .

The region known as the lower Chilcotin

is about 15 miles wide and about 30 miles
long. On the east is the Fraser River; the
southern boundary is the Saddle Horse Moun-
tains; it is delimited in the west by a line
drawn between Big Creek and Riske Creek;
the northern boundary is the road from Riske
Creek to the Fraser River at Chimney Creek
Bridge.

(Most of the region is rolling uplands with
many small alkaline lakes. These uplands are
about 3000 feet above sea-level and through
them the Fraser River has cut a deep gorge
with abrupt slopes. The Chilcotin flows
through a canyon in them for several miles,
then its valley widens and the canyon walls
give way to scattered cut-banks up to 300 feet
in height. The Fraser in this region is about
900 feet above sea-level while the Chilcotin
slopes from 900 feet at its mouth to about
1100 feet at Farwell Canyon. As far as could
be ascertained the Chilcotin has no falls but
the 15 miles upstream from its mouth has a
very rapid current.

1. —Received for publication May 238, 1945.

As this region is part of the dry Interior
Plateau the precipitation is comparatively
scanty. The run-off from the winter’s snow is
swift and the gullies and dry stream beds
contain many large boulders that have been
carried by the spring floods. The whole area
has been glaciated as the large boulders on

' the uplands show.

The sub-soil is, to a great extent, gravel
laid down in horizontal beds. The top-soil is
sandy loam or clay. Rock outcrops occur in
several places along the Chilcotin and an ~
examination of some of these showed them
to be metamorphic rocks.

The vegetation is largely herbaceous though :
in places trees and shrubs grow to a large
size. The southern slopes of the hills are ©
usually covered with grasses of various kinds
and the northern slopes have stands of Doug-~
las fir. Along the creeks is found a mixed
stand of Alnus, Acer, Populus, Cornus and
other genera. Populus also grows in pure
stands where seepage is present but water
does not stand on the surface. Sage brush -
thrives on the dry slopes along the rivers and
prickly pear cacti may be present in almost
pure stands on dry washes or on flats.

The whole region is heavily overgrazed.
Cattle from the various ranches keep the
grass short and such poisonous plants as
milk vetch and loco weed have been able to
increase. Grasshoppers were a plague in spots —
in August, 1944. They had eaten nearly all —
the vegetation from patches 8 to 10 acres in —
extent along the trail from the river mouth —
to Farwell Canyon. 4

Beta os a gto Ny
See ee ne a Naa eS ame a eee Nee Een aa ae ee ee

Trinomials have not been used in this pa- —
per for the nomenclature of British Columbia —
fauna is still in a shifting state. Long series —
of specimens are needed from many regions —
before the taxonomic problems can be settled. —

Thanks are due to the many trappers and —
residents who have helped to make this paper
possible by freely giving information on the
habits and numbers of the animals. In pa
ticular the writer wishes to thank Mr.

y- ugust, 1946]

asper, Riske Creek, for his help in many
ways; to thank Game Warden Leon Jobin,
Williams Lake, for his information on the re-

_ Shrews.
_ Sorex spp.— Shrews: of unidentified species,
_ were said to be very abundant during the
winter of 1942-48. One of the trappers des-
5 eribed their numbers as being “thousands
_ upon thousands.” .

Bats.

_ Bats, of unidentified species, were observed
in flight at the river’s mouth and at Farwell
Canyon. On August 29th several were noted
at the Canyon-about one half hour after sun-
_ set. No information as to caves in the vicin-
ity could be had and it is probable that cre-
vices in the eroded banks of the river may
hide them in the daytime.

- Black Bear.

_ Huarctos americanus.— The brown phase of
the black bear appears to be common through-
out the region. One was noted near the mouth
on August 17th.

b Grizzly or Sifjertip.

Ursus spp.— Grizzlies are rarer but occasion-
ally taken. One was shot on Riske Creek in
1941.

Fisher.
i lartes pennantii— Fisher are rare at the

\

hb yy the trappers.

‘Martin.

Viartes spp. The martin is almost extinct
1 the region. None has been taken in 10
rs. The species may be. caurina or it may
americana.

Weasel. ere }
M Mustela erminea.— The weasel is ee

stela vison The mink is common along

-ereeks and rivers and may occasionally

and my informants have no recollection
ry being taken in the past thirty years,

present time. One or two are taken each year

_along the F
_Chileotin region several times in the last ten

of Mr.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 87

gion; and to thank Dr. I. McTaggart Cowan,
University of British Columbia, for reading
and criticising this manuscript.

ANNOTATED LIST OF MAMMALS

the creeks and rivers. The trappers state
these animals kill mink and muskrat for food.
They have asked for an open season and I
am told that their demands have been satis-
fied.

Skunk.

Mephitis mephitis—— The skunk is quite plen-
tiful but is seldom caught for fur as the
trappers do not relish the smell.

Badger.

Taxidea taxus.— Badgers are quite rare. One
was shot near Riske Creek during the winter
of 1940. On August 18th while riding on the
high prairie about 5 miles north of the river’s
mouth, a badger ran across in front of my
horse and up a little draw. I galloped after
it but it went to earth after running for
about 300 yards.

Coyote.

Canis latrans.— Coyotes are very plentiful.
Together with red squirrel they make up
most of the fur catch of the district. About
110 skins were taken in the vicinity of Riske
Creek during the winter and spring of 1944
of which Mr. Jasper shipped 26 to the fur
markets.

Wolf.

Canis lupus.— Wolves are uncommon in the
region. A large black male was taken in the
vicinity of Riske Creek in the winter of
1943-44.

Red Fox.

Vulpes fulva.— Foxes are not common. I was
told that only one was taken in the vicinity
of Riske Creek in the winter of 1943-44.

Cougar.

Felis concolor. Cougars are, still present
but they are quite rare. They have been taken
Fraser at Soda Creek north of the

years. Mr. Jasper states that these big cats
occasionally wander into the district from the
mountains to the west. ‘

_ Canada Lynx.

Lynx canadensis Lynx seldom are noted
but during the winter of 1948-44 one was
taken by an Indian on the registered trapline
Jasper.

7

88 >

&.

Lynx Cat or Bob Cat.
Lynx rufus (fasciatus?) subsp.— These an-

imals, much smaller than the lynx, are quite

plentiful in the lower Chilcotin region. Game
Warden Jobin showed me a number of pic-
tures of this smaller cat. He has sent a num-
ber of skulls to Dr. I. McTaggart Cowan.

Marmot.

Marmota spp.— The only marmot noted was
heard along the Riske Creek Williams Lake
road where it crosses the Fraser River. It
gave its characteristic whistle within the
mouth of its den. The species was probably
M. monaxz, which has been taken near here.

Chipmunk,

Tamias amoenus.— Racey (1936) mention-
ed having seen chipmunks near Riske Creek
and several of these small animals were noted
while in camp at the mouth of the river. Bur-
rows were found in numerous places but no
chipmunks were taken in the traps.

- Red Squirrel.

‘Tamiasciurus hudsonicus.— Squirrels are not
as abundant as they were a few years ago.
Workings of these animals were noted near
the river’s mouth and near Farwell Canyon.
They command a fair price in the fur market
at the present time and about 6000 were ta-
ken from the vicinity of Riske Creek in the
winter of 1948-44.

Flying Squirrel.

Glaucomys sabrinus.—Trappers of the region
regard the flying squirrels as pests on their
lines. The pelts are worthless and many a
set for other animals is sprung by these

creatures. They are said to be common every-.

where in the wooded areas of the district.

Beaver.
Castor canadensis.—Beaver have been almost
exterminated. They were plentiful in the
1880’s but from that time were pursued so
mercilessly that they have become almost
extinct. In isolated places they. have managed
to--exist and I was told -by the Indians that
there were two or three in Black Canyon of
the Chilcotin. These beaver cannot be molest-
ed for they are in an inaccessible place.

White-footed Mouse.

Peromyscus maniculatus.—White-footed mice
were particularly abundant throughout the
region in August, 1944. Nine specimens were
taken and sent to the Royal Ontario Museum
of Zoology. The traps were set in the dry
sage brush areas and along the bluffs.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ane.

lakes of the region have one or more families ~

- them as common. One was noted near the

“AWOL (60.°-4
Bushy-tailed Wood Rat. )
Neotoma cinerea.— Wood rats were » plentiful
at the river’s mouth and at Farwell Canyon.
One specimen was taken near old placer
workings at the junction of the two rivers
and two others were killed in the cookhouse
of the camp at Farwell Canyon. The first
specimen is now in the R.O.M.Z. but the
others were not preserved. Several houses —
were examined near the mouth of the river.
Usually wood rats build sheltered houses but
one was set up over a short log that had been
hauled some distance from the river by the
placer miners and was at least one quarter
mile from the nearest trees. The house, of
sticks and bark, was built over the log, like
an ant-hill and the rats apparently burrowed
into the ground for safety.

Red-backed Mouse.

Clethrionomys gappert.—Game Warden Jobin
showed me pictures of these mice from this
region.

Vole.
Microtus pennsylvanicus.— Meadow mice are
quite plentiful in the irrigated alfalfa fields.
At the Farwell Camp of the Gang Ranch
they were abundant curing. July and EUS
1944.

ee ee Oey

te EE

corns ar = _--Se,

Muskrat.
Ondatra zibethica— Most of the pot- -hole

—

of muskrats. Fifteen hundred skins were
shipped from Riske Creek in phe spring of
1944.

eS ne oa eS SY Sees

lh Se

Jumping Mice.
Zapus spp.— Residents of the ree on: know
these mice as Kangaroo mice and regard

mouth of the river on August 14, 1944. They]
may be either Z. princeps or Z. hudsonius for: @
both are found in this general region. | 7

Porcupine. |

Erethizon dorsatum sp.— Racey (1936) noted
poreupines near the Fraser River. One was ~
noted on August 28, 1944, about two miles ~
east of Farwell Canyon. They are said to be
common in the region. a

Varying Hare.
Lepus americanus.— Varying hares are said
to be common in the forested regions. They
are said to have been abundant about 1924
and 1931 which may have been peak years.

N
:

- Ovis canadensis— Bighorn sheep range over
this region to the north of the Chilcotin
‘River. Forty were seen on August 10, 6 were
seen on August 19, 10 were seen on August
26 and I was told that about 100 lambs and
ewes were on the range. Game Warden Jobin
told me that the herd was down to three
sheep in 1934, only 10° years ago, but that
careful protection had brought their numbers
_. back to some degree. The land, over which
_ the sheep range, is privately owned and the
proprietor does not allow hunting. These
_ sheep would be normally expected on moun-
tains but they were grazing on open prairie.
Being familiar with pronghorns on the plains
the first sight of the sheep recalled them and
it was only after closer scrutiny with the
glasses that I realized I was looking at moun-
tain sheep.
Elk. -
Cervus canadensis— Elk ranged over this
g region till about 1885 when they either mi-
grated or were wiped out by disease or hunt-
ing. Very little is known of the cause of their
_ disappearance. Elk horns are found occasion-
ally even at this late date.

ia/

aa

{" ath

Carl, G. Clifford and George A. Hardy.

1942.

Report on a collecting trip to the Lac la

Hache area, British Columbia. Rept.
' Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. B. C., 1942 (1948)
HH25-HH49.

_ Racey, Kenneth

Bb, 1936.

Notes on some mammals of the Chilcotin,
British Columbia. Can. Field-Nat., 50

(2) 15-21.

t

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 89

Moose.

Alces americana.— Thirty years ago there
were no moose in this region and Mr. Jasper
states that they first appeared in 1917 when
one was shot near Riske Creek. They were

known to be plentiful north of the Prince

Rupert line of the C.N.R. and apparently
came south from that region. Moose are com-
paratively plentiful at the present time. On
an abandoned homestead near the mouth of.
the river there is a patch of alfalfa that is
cut for hay. I was told that 8 moose were
killed while feeding on this field in the spring
of 1941. Moose are considered as a nuisance
around hay stacks in winter, for no matter
how often they are scared away they will
return to feed on the hay.

Mule Deer. e

Odocoileus hemionus.— Mule deer are very
abundant in this region and the older resi-
dents state they have greatly increased since
the -moose came in. The Indians are said to
leave the deer alone for the larger moose pro-
vide more meat. Mr. Jasper states that in the
fall of 1918 he killed 4 deer in one day about
two miles from the mouth of the river.

LITERATURE

Sherman, R. S.

1935

Insect and plant associations of the Chil-
cotin. Rept. Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. B.C.,
1985 (1986) : H80-H34.

and Fred Perry.

Whitford, H. N. and R. D. Craig

1918 :

Forests of British Columbia. Comm. Cons.,
Canada, Ottawa, 1918. pp. 288-290.

90 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

FIELD BIRCH IN ONTARIO?
(Betula populifolia Marsh.)
By E. M. WALKER and W. SHERWOOD FOx

University of Toronto, Toronto, and

FIELD BIRCH IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO

TH FIELD BircH (Betula populifolia
Marsh.)2 seems never to have been re-
corded from any definite locality in Ontario,
although listed as an Ontario tree in the
Atlas of Canada3, and in “Native Trees of
Canada” by B. R., Morton and R. G. Lewis?,
in which the map of its distribution includes
a’ part of eastern Ontario in the vicinity of
the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. No re-
cords are given by Macoun), nor by Sargenté
in his detailed account of its distribution.
Because of the lack of definite information
on its occurrence in Ontario it was omitted
by Professor J. H. White from his book on
the Forest Trees of Ontario.7 ‘

Having become familiar with the Field
Birch while spending part of the summer of
1923 at St. Andrews, N. B., I recognized it
immediately on my return trip by railway,
soon after crossing the Quebee boundary
line into Ontario. The exact locality was not
noted but the matter was kept in mind for
future confirmation when the opportunity
should arise. Thus, when in 1928 I motored
from Toronto to New Brunswick by the lake
shore road (Highway No. 2). I kept a close
watch for specimens of Field Birch. It is
readily distinguished from the Paper or
Canoe Birch (B. papyrifera Marsh.), even at
a considerable distance, by its shiny foliage,
narrow crown, and its habit of springing up
in numbers in clearings on poor soils, espec-
ially abandoned farm lands (hence the name
Old-field Birch).

No signs of the tree were met with until
we were about seven miles west of Brock-
ville, when, suddenly, the highway ran
through a dense, almost pure, stand of Field
Birch. We stopped immediately and I entered

1. —Received for publication June 5, 1945.

-—Also known as White Birch, Gray Birch and Old-
field Birch.

4. —Department of the Interior,

tre

Canada, 1906, man 8.

4. —Yepartment of ithe Interior, Canada Rorestry
\Braneh, 1921, Bull. 61

5. —Macavn, J., Cat. Canad. Plants, part Ill, 1886,
DM. 486)

G6. --Sarrent. © S. Manual of the Trees of North Am-
erjea, 1926, p. 210.

7. Department of Wands and Forests, Ont.. Forestry

Branch, Toronto, 1925.

University of Western Ontario, London.

the larger part of the stand on the north
side of the road. Most of the trees here were
small, ten to fifteen feet high, and had ev-
idently grown up in what was at one time

a field. But there were some half dozen in-

dividuals of about thirty-five feet in height,
which is about the maximum size for this
species.

Continuing our journey to within a mile or
so of Brockville, we again stopped and en-
ered the rocky woods between the highway
and the St. Lawrence River, for I had never
seen the Pitch Pine (Pinus riaida Miller)
in Canada and thought this was a likely
place for it, although at that time it had
been recorded from Ontario only from the
Thousand Islands. To my extreme delight I
found plenty of pitch pine here, along with
red and white pine, and there was also a
scattering of mature trees of Field Birch,
which were apparently being gradually elim-
inated by the conifers and other larger
trees. They seemed, at any rate, to be grow-

‘ing under thoroughly natural conditions.

No more Field Birch were seen in Ontario

on this trip, but on more than one occasion.

since, while travelling through the. St.
Lawrence lowlands by the Canadian National
Railway, I have seen large stands of this
tree, from near the Quebec boundary to the
vicinity of Cornwall, Ontario. This appears
to be the region where it is really abundant
in Ontario. ;

— E. M. WALKER, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.

FIELD BIRCH IN WESTERN ONTARIO

At the annual meetings of the Federation —

of Ontario Naturalists held in April. 1948.
Professor E. M. Walker of the University of
Toronto gave a brief but clear account of
stands of field birch he had himself examined
along the St. Lawrence near Cornwall] and
Brockville. His account constitutes the first
part of this dual article. The story as he

first told it to the naturalists attracted con- | q

siderable attention and led a number of them

to study the distinevishing characteristics of @

the field birch. Of this group I happened to

be one. With the features of the tree sharply — 3

defined in my memory I was prepared to

_ Although it was known that Deam (Flora
of Indiana, Indianapolis, 1940, pp. 375-376)
had reported for 1898 and 1911, “remnants
of a relic colony” of field birch in northwest-

een Indiana near the Lake Michigan shore,
_ nobody gave any thought to the possibility
of the species existing in the Lake Huron

_yvegion. Nevertheless, here it was that I
_ found a stand of it early in August, 1944.
One day I set out from Goderich to study
the numerous hawthorns in the valley of a
Spring creek tributary to the Maitland at a
‘point between three or four miles from the
shore of the Lake. The east-west roadway
which crosses the valley here is little fre-
quented and the soil on both sides of it is
‘relatively poor. On the south side stands a
dense second growth of the original mixed
hardwood forest typical of the region; the
area on the north side which slopes to the
-_ ereek seems to have been burnt over many
_ years ago and because of its infertility was
left unclaimed by agriculture. Thus it be-
came an easy prey to the motley army of
_ trees and shrubs which are quick to invade
~ neglected lands: —choke cherry, pin cherry,
blackberry, raspberry, aspen, balsam poplar

LEEPER LE RE ERE I IO:

NI ees
“i eit

2.4

side, though some of it has been chopped
down and the remaining slash left scattered
at random over the ground.

Naturally, the birch trees stand out con-
‘spicuously amid the tangle, but as soon as
I saw them I perceived that they repre-
sented two species, the common paper birch
i and another. Upon close scrutiny the other
_ turned out to be none else than populifolia,
4 - the field birch. Specimens were collected and
F hocked by myself and colleagues. Three
Be teks later I compared them’ with the cor-
_ vesponding parts of living trees in natural
_ stands at Brockville. Only on Friday last
bt / (May 12, 1945) Professor Hart of our De-
a partment of Botany accompanied me on an
"inspection of the stand near Goderich.

Here the field birch exists in all stages of
_ growth ranging from seedlings and suckers
Be. on the one hand to moribund trees on the
_ other. None of the fully grown specimens
& ‘exceeds thirty feet in height and all show in
some way that the process of decline has set

in. This conforms to the habit of the species

Bey h a yeoar ae

and birch. This is the present cover on that

great expanse of Lake

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 91

in the eastern regions where it is abundant:
a single stand usually survives no longer
than a generation. The comment of the late
Frére Marie-Victorin (Flore lLaurentienne,
pp. 145-150) is very pertinent.

“In the alluvial plain of the St. Lawrence
it (Betula populifolia) takes possession of
abandoned fields and forms a small pure
forest which, however, is but transient.
These birches last for only a generation in
one spot, since their seeds cannot germinate
in the shade. The stand is soon invaded by
conifers or other trees and the birches dis-
appear. They scatter their fruits in the
course of the winter that follows ripening.
The catkins fall apart and the winged seeds
are driven over the icy crust of the snow
to great distances. In the spring thaw they
are left scattered at random over the soil
which if left without cultivation they are
quick to occupy.”

The discovery of the field birch in a re-
mote corner of Western Ontario rouses many
questions and comments. There is no doubt
that the stand is native. From what source,
then, came the seeds from which it sprung?
Apparently, they had been brought there by
winter winds. In this region the two pre-
vailing winds of winter are from the north-
west and the southeast. But in this case the
wind from the former quarter can scarce-
ly be the conveyor, for it comes off the
Huron. Probably
then we should, within broad limits, seek
our source in the southeast. This tent-
ative conclusion reminds me of the state-
ment made to me only recently by the
Kitchener botanist, Mr. Fred Montgomery,
that the late Mr. Herriot recorded finding
the field- birch in Waterloo County but left
no specimens from that source in his col-
lection. Even though this remark offers us no
finality, it does at least suggest a geograph-

ical line of search.

My last word is to state that on our trip
to Goderich this week Professor Hart and I
brought home five healthy young specimens of
Betula populifolia; these are now planted in
the modest arboretum of Western Ontario’s
native trees situated on the Arts Campus of
the University.

—W. SHERWOOD Fox, UNIVERSITY OF WEST-'
ERN ONTARIO.

92

ADDITIONAL RECORDS

Betula populifolia Marsh.,

By Harotp A. SENN

Division of Botany and Plant Pathology,

ATEN ON has been called to the occurrence
and distribution of old field birch (Bet-
ula populifolia Marsh.) in Ontario by Walker
and Fox (page 90 this number). This
species has a large number of common names.
In addition to white birch, gray birch, old
field birch, and field birch mentioned by
Walker and Fox (l.c.), it is also known as
American white birch, poverty birch, broom
birch, and pin birch. In Nova Scotia the
name in common use is wire birch. This
name does not appear to be used in any of
the current manuals, but Halliday and Brown
(Ecology 24(3): 358-3878. 1943) have used
it in their discussion of the distribution of
forest trees in Canada. In New England the
common name is old field birch. Field birch
is apparently used only by Walker and Fox
(l.c.). Since this species is now also known
to occur in the Ottawa District we are pre-
senting herewith the information available
to us.

Intensive collecting was carried out in the
Ottawa District during 1939 to 1941 with a
view to amplifying and bringing up to date
our knowledge of the flora. At this time we
had in mind the possibility of finding Betula
populifolia since it was reputed to occur in
southeastern Ontario only a relatively short
distance from the boundary of the District.
Eventually in 1941 the species was recog-
nized and collected (Russell Co., Cumberland
Twp., 3 miles east of Carlsbad Springs,
Senn 2017). Two years later, in 1943, it was
again recognized and collected, this time
much closer to Ottawa (Carleton Co., Glou-
cester Twp., along Rideau River, eee C. INE
railway, Zinck eee

During 1944 another station close to Ot-
awa was located (Carleton Co., Nepean
Twp., Wright’s Grove on Prescott Highway
about 5 miles south of Ottawa, Zinck 1445,
1447, 1448). Betula populifolia occurs here
as scattered trees intermingled with white

1. —Contribution No. 835 from the Division of Botany
and Plant Pathology, Science Service, Department
of Agriculture, Ottawa. .
2. —Received for publication October 17, 1945.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST
j . 7

OLD FIELD BIRCH
IN ONTARIO®?

ond M. N. ZINcK
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

OF

a
|
G|
4

eee

birch, Betula papyrifera. Subsequently the-
material in the Divisional Herbarium was re-—
examined and it was found that B. populifolia
had been collected but not recognized at this-
locality in 1939 (Minshall 28, 91). 4

the National Herbarium of Canada has re-—
vealed only one Ontario specimen, which is,
in reality, the first collection of the species A
in the Ottawa District (Mer Bleue peat bog”
near Ottawa, A. E. Porsild 6419, May 27,
1938). This specimen had been determined a3
B. papyrifera. The locality is only a few
miles from the first noted above.

From these data it is apparent that old
field birch occurs in _ occasional scattered |
stands in the southeastern portion of the
Ottawa District. These stands are possibly
more or less continuous with those alone
the St. Lawrence River mentioned by ae

and Fox (lc.).

Centain further information respecting the
general range in Ontario is also available.
The Division of Botany Herbarium has spec-
imens collected along the pa

Examination of the Betula specimens A |
4

through the courtesy of Mr. L. T. Owens of
Toronto a specimen of old field birch from
York County (Scarborough Twp., woods bor-
dering Lake Ontario, Owens s. n., July 7
1945). Stroud (Can. Field- Nat. 55: 74
1941) reported Betula populifolia as occur
ring.in Wellington Co. and Dr. J. H. Sope
has kindly advised us that he has seen th
following specimens in the herbarium of the
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph: Wel- ;
lington Co., Arkell, McCallum s. n., and
Wellington Co., Guelph, Kalham s. n. These
specimens are probably the basis for Stroud’s
report. ‘

Walker and Fox (I. c.) report “that th
late Mr. Herriot recorded finding the fiel
birch in Waterloo County but left no speci-
mens from that source in his collection.
Dr. Soper also advises us that he has s
_a specimen collected at Galt, Waterloo —

THE ons Prex-NavunaList 938

1902 by W. Herriot.3 This speci-
1 the Herriot Herbarium now in the
Monroe Landon,

WN Sas)

funns (U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 287:
6. 1988) -has presented a map which
ws B. populifolia occurring
from the Quebec boundary along the
Lawrence river to the eastern end of Lake
tario. The map does not indicate an inland
nge of more than a few miles. Halliday and
rown (l. c.) also published a map showing
proximately the same Ontario range.

- Recently (October, 1945) we have had an
opportunity to secure specimens of old field
ch and to examine hurriedly its distri-
tion in the southeastern counties of On-

in Ontario

antagenet Township, 2 miles east of Plan-
enet (Senn ard Zinck 2273) and in East
Hawkesbury Township,
ute -4-Blondeau (Senn and Zinck 2274).
both of these localities
hr b of fencerows but at the latter station
e are also a considerable number of small
es along the edges of woodland. Between
tawa and Plantagenet no old field birch
as seen although white

it occurs as a

No stations were located in the north-
eastern part of Glengarry Co. but in the
heastern section
undary B. populifolia was located in Lan-
ste one-half mile
End (Senn and Zinck 2275).
e birch was seen here and both large and
ll trees of old field birch were common. -
roc eding west along No. 2 highway, field
‘ch is abundant in old pastures and at the
un aries oe. woodland. In many places it

southeast of

rlottenburgh Twp. (Glengarry Co.) near
outh of the Raisin River, just west of
Lancaster (Senn and Zinck 2276). At
‘tation some trees reached a height of
and there were individuals of many

Ontario. The species was not seen in Stor-
mont, Dundas or Grenville counties either
along the St. Lawrence river or in a few
brief trips along little used inland roads.
Inland, white birch again became the dom-
inant species.

The stations, west of Brockville, to which
Walker and Fox (lI. ¢.) refer are evidently
part of an area at least several thousand
acres in extent. A collection was made in
Elizabethtown Twp. (Leeds Co.) one-half
mile west of Brockville (Senn and Zinck
2277) and another in the same township a-
bout 5% miles west of Brockville (Senn and
Zinck 2278). At the latter station the tree
was colonizing rocky pastures much as it
does farther east in Glengarry Co. and in
the Maritime provinces. The western boun-
dary of this area appears to be about eight
miles west of Brockville but it was not
possible to determine the northern boundary.
We were unable to verify the Kingston re-
cord established by Burgess in 1880.4.

From examination of specimens on the
margins of the areas in which Betula populi-
folia is common it would appear that there is
some suggestion of hybridization with B.
papyrifera. According to Rehder (Man. Cult.
Trees and Shrubs, 2nd rev. ed., p. 129, Mac-
millan Co., New York, 1940) such hybrids
have been observed in Massacheusetts. South-
eastern Ontario might well be a promising”
locality for a critical study of what . may
prove to be another instance of introgressive
hybridization.

From the paper by Walker and Fox (1. c.)
and the above information the known distri-
bution of Betula populifolia in Ontario may
be summarized as follows:

Prescott Co.: North Plantagenet Twp., 2

miles east of Plantagenet; East
Hawkesbury Twp., 2 miles south of
Chute - 4 - Blondeau.

Glengarry Co.: “near Quebec boundary to ©
vicinity of Cornwall’, Walker and
Fox lc.; Laneaster Twp., % mile
southeast of Bridge End; Charlotten-
burgh Twp., % mile west of Raisin
River.

4. ee nice this paper was completed and submitted for
publication Mr. J. M. Gillett of Queen’ s University
has kindly sent to us a specimen collected in
Kingston (City Park, near corner Park Ave. and
Barrie St., 25 ft. high, J. M. Gillett, Nov. 1, 1945).
\He states that there ‘were three trees at this
‘station. Being located in a park, the trees may
have been planted although this species is yery
rarely cultivated.

94 THE CANADIAN

Russell Co.: Cumberland Twp., 3 miles east
‘of Carlsbad Springs.

Stormont Co.: ‘near Quebec boundary to
vicinity of Cornwall’, Walker and
Fox l.c. In view of our recent sur-
vey the actual occurrence in Stor-
mont Co. should be considered doubt-
ful.

Co.: Gloucester Twp., Mer Bleue
peat bog, and Rideau River near Ot-
tawa; Nepean Twp., Wright’s Grove,
Prescott Highway, 5 miles south of
Ottawa.

Carleton

FIELD-N ATURALIST

Leeds Co.: Ulvabethtowa Twp., from Brock-
ville to approximatly eight miles
west of Brockville. ;

Frontenac Co.: Kingston.

York Co.: Searborough Township.

Wellington Co.: Guelph and: Arkell.

Waterloo Co.: Galt.

Huron Co.: Goderich (Walker and Fox eos

All specimens cited with the exception of
those otherwise indicated are in the Herbar-
ium of the Division of Botany and Plant

Pathology, Department of Agriculture,

tawa.

f

BOOK REVIEW

ATLANTIC HyprRoips

Sponsored by the National Research Coun-
cil, the University of Toronto Press published
in 1944 a book of 451 pages and 94 plates on
“Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North
America” by Dr. C. McLean Fraser, now re-
tired from the chair of Zoology in the Uni-
versity of British Columbia. This fine, illus-
trated account of the group will be indispens-
able to the student who wisnes to different-
iate any of the 426 species of the region. It
contains keys, figures and descriptions as well
as synonymy, literature references and dis-
tribution records of the various species.

Before going to the Pacific coast where
he has been for many years Dr. Fraser did
spend two summers collecting hydroids while
investigating the marine life of the Atlantic
coast at the Biological Station, temporarily
located in 1901 and 1902 at Canso, N. S. It
was under Prof. Nutting at the University
of Iowa that he began in 1910 a serious
study of these attractive plant-like animals
that grow in colonies attached usually to the
bottom of the sea, and he dealt first with
Pacific forms, of which his first collection
was made in 1903 at the Minnesota Seaside
Station on the outer coast of Vancouver

4

Island. Through the years since that time,
his interest in these forms has never flagged,

and he has neglected no opportunity of ex-
tending our knowledge of their taxonomy and

distribution on both coasts.
For the Atlantic, he is able to state nee

over one hundred papers dealing with these

hydroids have been published since the first

in 1854, the “Synopsis of the Marine Invert-

ebrates of Grand Manan” by William
Stimpson of Boston, Mass. Never have more
than three years passed by in that period
without at least one paper appearing.

While he finds evidence of larger numbers

of species in tropical as compared with north-
ern waters, the difference is not extreme -
202 species south of Florida as compared with
129 north of Cape Sable (to Hudson Bay),
or 215 north vs. 275 south of Cape Hatteras.
He has 77 species common to Atlantic and
Pacific coasts at the north, apparently
through connection by the Arctic route. He

reaches the somewhat surprising result that q

there are more species in the Atlantic than

in the Pacific (426 vs. 336), although further

collecting may. modify this.—
—A. G. tle Toronto.

[Vol. 60

Otte

Se Pee

AFFILIATED

AL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
_ MANITOBA —
s _ OFFICERS: FOR 1944-45 —

iH. M, SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D. ;
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: A. H. SHORTT, Chair.; W. ADAMS, Sec.
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c., Sec.. Botanical: H J. BRODIE, Ph.D.,
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; sc., Chair.: MRS. R. K. HBELYAR. Sec..
al: J. D. SOPER, Chair.; L. T. S. NORRIS-
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: e held each Monday evening, except on
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sity, Winnipeg. Field excursions are held
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DE DIRECTION — 1946
,ON “MARCEAU; ler Vice-président :
is 2eme- Vice-Président; DR. D. A.
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HUBERT DUCHENE. Directeurs - F. DL
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5). CLUB
OFFICERS: for 1945-1946

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CAMERON, “MISE
S$, 0. E. DE

SOCIETIES

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS — 1946-1947

Hon. President: DR. NORMAN A. M. MacKENZIE, M.M.
B.A., Li.M, LIB, L1.D.; Past President: IAN McTAG- .
GERT COWAN, B.A., Ph.D.; President: A. H. BAIN;
Vice-President: J. J. PLOMMER; Corr. Secretary: A. R.
WOOTON; Rec. Secretary: MISS STELLA BOYSE; Asst.
Secretary: F. TIMMIS; H. Treasurer: F. J. SANDFORD;
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eraphy - P. T. TIMMS: Mammalogy - Ian McT. COWAN,
B.A., Ph.D.: Marine Biology - R. W. PILLSBURY, M.A. :
Junior Section - MISS M. L. ELLIOTT: Additiona!
Members of Executive - MISS E. SUTHERLAND, C.
GOUGH, K. RACEY, G. R. WOOD. Auditors - H. &.
SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS.

Ail meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Science
Building, University of British Columbia, unless other-
wise announced.

McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB
LONDON, ONT.

OFFICERS FOR 1946

President - DR. R. “G. CUMMINGS, 429 Oxford St.
Vice-President - MR. J. K. REYNOLDS, 912 Dufferin Ave.
Corr. Sec. & Treas. - Mrs. W. G. GIRLING,

530 English St.
786 Wellington St.
GIRLING,

530 English St.
Programme Convenor - MRS. E. M. DALE, 297 Hyman St.

Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Public Library

building on the second Monday of each month from
October to April.

Field trips are held during the spring and a special
excursion in September.

Rec. Sec. - MR, ALAN LAUGHREY,
Migratory Bird Recorder - MR. W. G.

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR
THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC.

OFFICERS FOR 1946 - 47

President: MRS. L. Mel. TERRILL; Vice-Presidents:
J. P. ANGLIN and G. HARPER HALL; Treasurer: J. D.
FRY; Secretary : iss R. S. ABBOTT; Committe: W. RB.
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H. A. C. JACKSON, A. RB. LEPINGWELL, G. H. MONT-
GOMERY, Jr., MISS I. MURPHY G. G. OMMANNEY,
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LAND, MISS M. SEATH, L. MclI. TERRILL, VY. C.

WYNNE- EDWARDS.

Meetings held the second Monday of the month excep?

during summer.

Headauarters of the Soctety are:
ReppatH Museum Birp Roem,
McGi.t UNIVERSITY,
Monrtreat, P.Q.

BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND
MAMMAL SOCIETY
President : “KENNETH RACEY: Vice-President 4. M.

LAING ; ‘Secretarv: [AN McT. COWAN_ Went. of
ous a Universty of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

New Era of | 3 i
Development of the Resources.
of Northern Canada is beginnin;

READ ab
“CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY-SIX DEGR

by that eminent scientist, the late Dr. EB. M. ‘Kindle — ee
AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY ILLUST RATED 4
AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY OR YOUNG MAD rae

For Sale By i
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PRICE — per copy _ FIFTY =)

ay

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1946 No. 5

e CANADIA

Contents Page

| ew race of the purple finch, Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin). By A. L. Rand ...... 95

dea of women naturualists: Mrs. Stewart - Mrs. Traill - Mrs. Moodie.

seh lunes tee ON fo 0 OL ale 0 SO a OI RM ops ae nA OE ee rer 97

: (genus Ochotona) from British Columbia. By I. MceT. Cowan and Ken-
neth | acey ee ee Sion sree ine One a eee eR Fes FAR, a Oa 102
: idae Pmeneees 8 Bay ivillisa OB app, Die lees ems nan ia ann enha ith oct ben 105

lower Chilcotin River, Cariboo District, British Columbia. By G. C. Toner 106

ns Royle in Canada. By H. Groh and BE. G. Anderson .-ceccceecceeeeenenene 116
S135 ds CPi) OF Mil ho) cK pteneresepaeer erie ne 117
at Meaford, Ont-

117
118
PSG Sina ge) STL Aa eae ee eg es rere toa 118

¥

- , "Published by the
Fete otiara liars Club

The Ottawa Field-Maturalists’ Club —

——Patrons

Their Excellencies the Governor-General and the Lady Alexander —

President : Rev. F. E. BANIM
1st Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY ) 2nd Vice-President: A. L. |

*) .
Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, Secretary: O. H. HEWITT, | :

Division of Botany National Parks Bu |

Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Norlite Bldg., Otta

Additional Members of Council: F.J. Aucock, R.M. ANDERSON, A.W. A. BRO
Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. CrAwrorp, R. E. DELURY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. Gri
J. W. Groves, C. C. HEIMBURGER, D. LEECHMAN, Harrison F. LEwWis, Hoyves Lio

he TE

V. E. F. SOLMAN, C. M. STERNBERG, E. F. G. Warre, M. E. WILSON. ’

Auditors: W. H. LANCELEY and Harrison F. LEwIs

ee ee

Editor Aa eae

Dr. H. A. SENN, Mv icc,
Division of Botany fe
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa

Associate Editors

D. JRRONESS oocecccccscsscncsninn Anthropology CLypE L. Patcu

aneenanacscconnsonss:
%

Fe A A ed eh eee . Botany R. M. ANDERSON
A: RAROCQUE ec) ee Conchology A. G. HUNTSMAN
ARTHUR GIBSON ....... wun Egntomology Al Ta RAND ene
Bid ALCOCK coon BOn os cue ates . Geology Wij AGW BE, eee

J. R. DyMownp ........... ila tell Ichthyology

The official publications: of THE OTTAWA FIELD- Nareniere
since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa .
1879-1886, two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 11
umes : and these have been continued by The Canadian Fie
Canadian Field-Naturalist is issued bi-monthly. Its scope
results of ongma Pegearch in all Eos of Net Hi

of ik oc ~ 00l0gy ee
¢ APR 25 1947

=e Ware

re VOL. 60 SUTTON WEST, CANADA

> A NEW RACE OF

A

3 NUS G6Mb, 2001 y (sy.
nA IPTG E AG

‘The eee ian Field: Naturalist”

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1946

No. 5

THE, PURPLE FINCH

” Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin) *
ee By A. L. Ranp .
9g : National Museum of Canada, Ottawa

Be eatin of the purple finches in the
a National Museum of Canada collection in-
& dicates that the birds from the central west-
ern part of the range of the species repre-
sent .a well marked, unrecognized race that
_ is here described as:

a Carpodacus purpureus taverneri, new sub-
species. Type No. 25387, National Museum
of Canada; male adult; Government Hay

Camp (Park Headquarters), Wood Buffalo
_ Park, Alberta; May 26, 1933; collector, J.
_- Dewey Soper.

Diagnosis:— Most similar to purpureius of |

eastern Canada but differs in the male in
_ spring plumage being
coloured; the red of the head, rump, and
breast, and the reddish wash of the back
3 being lighter; the brownish edgings of
rectrices, remiges, and upper wing coverts
being paler; the underwing and underwing
-coverts being whiter; the partly concealed
_ edgings of the feathers of the neck and up-
a per back that give a streaked effect being
4 more evident and more white, less greyish;
the grey of lores and nostrils being paler;
and the bill being light horn, rather than
dark horn in color.

The females are much less different, but av-
erage slightly paler brown above, with the
_ paler, greyish-white, partly concealed, feath-
4 er edgings more conspicuous; and average
_ paler underwings.

_ Measurements: male adult, wing (chord)
(10) 82-87 (av. 83.6 mm.); tail (10) 56-61
v. 57.6 mm.); bill (exposed culmen)

Specimens taken in the breeding
ason outline the breeding ranges as from
rthern Alberta to central Manitoba, south
Jasper, Indian Head and Clear Lake;
ergrading with C. p. purpureus in south-

—Received for publication February 19, 1946.

Yol. 60, No. 4, July-August,

considerably lighter

ern Manitoba; northern and eastern British
Columbia birds probably also belong to this
form.

Specimens examined.

C.p. purpureus: Total, 79;
1 (Cape North); New Brunswick, 3 (Youg-
hall, 1; Miscou Island, 1); Quebec, 18 (Perce,
3; Natashkwan, 1; Moisie Bay, 8; Richard-
ville, 3; Hatley, 1; Meach Lake, near Hull,
2); Ontario, 42 (Ottawa, 18; Galetta, 11;
Germanicus, Renfrew Co., 1; Picton, 1; Tor-
onto, 2; London, 3; Arden, 1; St. Mary’s, 1;
Pt. Pelee, 3; Longwood, 1; Fairmount, 1;
Georgian Bay, 1; Kapuskasing, 5; Lac Seul,
3); Michigan, 5 (Trenton, 1; Rockwood, 3;
Greenfield, 1); Manitoba, 10 (Selkirk, 1;
Whitewater Lake, 1; Oak Lake, 2; Mee tiles
Shoal Lake, 52).

C. p. taverneri: Total, 30; Manitoba, 6
(Clear Lake, 2; Dauphin, 2; Swan River, 1;
The Pas, 1); Saskatchewan, 1 (Indian
Head); Alberta, 23 (Wood Buffalo Park, 7;
Peace River Landing, 1; Lac La Nonne, 8;
Belvedere, 1; Edmonton, 3; Red Deer River,
1; Canmore, 1; Jasper Park, 1).

C. p..rubidus: Total 35; British Colum-
bia, 35 (Douglas, 4; Huntingdon, 5; Chilli-
wack, 4; Agassiz, 2; Brackendale, 3; Burr-
ard Inlet, 2; Lillooet, 4; Victoria, 3; Comox,
4; Kimsquit, Dean River, 3; Hagensborg, 1).

C. p. californicus: Total 3; California
(Palo Alto, 3; Haywards, 1).
Remarks:— The taxonomic treatment of

the purple finches in Canada now stands as
follows:

C. p. purpureus Gmelin; Nova Scotia,
to Ontario and southern Manitoba, inter-
grading with the next form in south west
Manitoba.

2. —Show a tendency toward taverneri.

ania Yea
1946, was issued Marvh 17,

1947.

Nova Scotia, —

bad

MOODS SMO CUR ay

og (AN A DOTAE

C. p. tavernert Rand; central and north-—

ern Manitoba to northern British Columbia
(at least to Telegraph Creek and the Cari-
boo). No area of intergradation with the
next form is known.

C. p. rubidus Duvall;
British Columbia, at least north to Kimsquit
and east to Lillooet.

Manitoba specimens from Oak Lake and.

Shoal Lake show an approach to taverneri,
but the populations are best referred to
purpureus; those from Clear Lake north-
ward are definitely tavernert. No area of in-
tergradation between tavernevi and rubidus
has been demonstrated. Swarth (1922, Univer-
sity of California Pub. Zool., 24, p. 232) refers
' to Telegraph Creek specimens as unequivoc-
ally C. p. purpureus, and Munro (1945, Can.
Jour. Research D, 28, p. 88) says Lac La
Hache specimens are typical of C. p. purpur-
eus. Laing (1942, Condor, 44, p.181) records
C. p. purpureus from the Bella Coola area,
but says that Allen Brooks found the speci-
mens intermediate, the color favoring cal-
ifornicus, the wing formula purpureus. These
specimens (Hagensborg and Kimsquit) are
now in the National Museum, and they are
plainly referable to rubidus in color. Their
measurements (wing, male, 78, 82; female,
78, 78) while not conclusive, permit the
same allocation. Apparently the main reason
for considering them purpureus was the wing
formula. Ridgway (1901, Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. No. 50, part 1, p. 180) says one of
californicus characteristics is that it usually
has the 9th (outermost) primary shorter
than the 6th. A survey of the present mater-
ial of rubidus from south west British Col-
umbia and taverneri from Alberta and Man-
itoba gives the following results.

9th Primary

9 and 6 | Shorter

sub-equal! than 6th
5 examples| 13 examples
5 examples | 6 examples

| Longer

| than 6th
PUDAUS -oessessee | 16 examples
taverne?’? ..... | 20 examples|

Thus there is a slight average difference,
but it is not diagnostic, and Duvall (1945,

‘ f
if) THE CANADIAN FIELD- NATURALIST

southwestern’

Condor, 47, p. 202) in his recent work on

this species did not mention this character.
Though the material available of C. p. cal-

ifornicus to compare with the recently des-— a

cribed C. p. rubidus (Duvall, l.c.) is scanty,
the present material substantiates Duvall’s
conclusions that Canadian birds be referred
to rubidus.

‘Duvall has shown that rubidus intergrades

with californicus near Fort Klamath, Oregon.»

The trends in variation in this species do
not run smoothly from one edge of the range
of the species to the other. The characters
seem fixed over considerable areas, with ap-
parently narrow zones of intergradation. Nor

do the characters show progressive changes —

when comparing the four subspecies in geo-

graphical sequence. Arranging the subspecies ©

thus:

(1) C. p. purpureus east

(2) C. p. taverneri north central
(3) C. p. rubidus west

(4) C. p. californicus south west

In size (1) and (2) contrast with (3) and
(4). In depth of color (2) is palest, followed
by (4), (8) and (1). In intensity of streak-
ing the sequence is (2) most prominently
streaked, followed by (1), (8) and (4).

Thus is is
tavernert are intermediates between the two
extreme geographical representatives; rubidus
with the obscure streaking of californicus
represents a darkened condition,
with increased humidity ; tavernert, with the
streaked condition of purpureus intensified, is

a paler form correlated with the low rainfall ie
of its range. C. p. taverneri is more different __

from rubidus than is purpureus.

Apparently the main break in the species,
from a taxonomic viewpoint is central British

Columbia; ‘to the east are the larger, streaked —
forms C. p. purpureus and C. p. taverneri; to —
the south are the smaller, less streaked fo :

aah and californicus.

seen that neither rubidus nor

correlated |

Cas Gin, }
: a Ni eietis bat a oh a te
Sea) ee cae ee CLR ee eae, Pr eree

eptember-October, 1946]

MRS. STEWART — MRS.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 97

THE OTONABEE TRIO OF WOMEN NATURALISTS:
TRAILL — MRS.

MOODIE**

By G. H. NEEDLER, |
Toronto, Ont.

YEAR AGO we listened here to the fascin-

ating story of Mr. Fothergill, who lived

for a few years on the Otonabee River, near

a where it joins Rice Lake. Today I have to

-ask you to come with me some twenty-five

miles upstream, to the theadwaters of the

river, to that nine-mile stretch of turbulent

water between what is now Lakefield and

‘% Peterborough, — the rapids which gave the

whole river its beautiful Indian name, Oton-
abee, “Flashing water running fast”. —

To this forest wilderness, beyond any white
settlement at that time, came the Stewarts
in the year 1822. Then followed Major Strick-
land in 1831, the Traills in 1832, and the
Moodies in 1834. (As is well known, Mrs.
Traill and Mrs. Moodie were sisters of Major
Strickland, and of Agnes and Elizabeth, the
authors of The Lives of the Queens of Eng-
land.) Soon after Waterloo the stream of
immigration from Britain had set in, now
passing through the French- Canadian St.
_ Lawrence gateway, ‘to secure possession of
the upper province, whose British character
4 had been definitely settled by the loyalists
from the American revolution and the heroic
__. defenders of 1812. Cobourg was the port of
entry for the venturesome settlers who push-
ed their way far inland to the hinterland of
the midland district of the province. From
d Cobourg an overland journey of 12 miles
brought them to Gore’s Landing on Rice
Lake, from which a steamboat was plying
_ aeross the lake and up the Otonabee. After
a halt during the winter months at Cobourg
_ while her husband did what little he could
to prepare their new site, Mrs. Stewart and
_ her three very young daughters reached their
‘forest home’, just above where Peterborough
-- now stands.

To most ‘people these three women are
known - if known. at all - each by a book:
_ Mrs. Stewart by Our Forest Home, Mrs.
Traill by The Backwoods of Canada, and

: 1 Received for publication Nawanitier 15, 1945.

_ 2. —Presented at the 13th annual meeting of the Fed-
¥ eration of Ontario Naturalists at Toronto, Ontario,
on ‘April 2, 1945.

Mrs. Moodie by her Roughing it in the Bush.
Mrs. Stewart’s authorship begins and ends
with this one book, which is made of her cor-
respondence during fifty years of continuous
residence in the Otonabee district, and was
published after her death, which occurred in
1872. Mrs. Traill’s book is a series of letters
written during her first three years on the
upper Otonabee and was published in London
almost immediately (1836). Mrs. Moodie’s
Roughing it in the Bush gives her experiences
of 6 years at Rice Lake and on .1e Otonabee,
but was not written until some years later at
Belleville, where her husbana was now sheriff.
Mrs. Moodie had already before her marriage
published a volume of poems, and in Life im
the Clearings continued her account of life
in Canada. Mrs. Traill, while still Miss Cath-_
arine Parr Strickland, had published several
stories, chiefly for young people, before com-
ing to Canada; and out here she wrote some
seven besides The Backwoods of Canada,
mainly for the instruction of intending sett-
lers. In nearly all of these the browsing Can-
adian naturalist may make interesting glean-
ings. Here I will refer first to those in the
main books of Mrs. Stewart and Mrs. Moodie.
Mrs. Traill’s work as a systematic botanist
calls for more extended notice, along with the
numerous items of natural history in The
Backwoods of Canada. I need hardly remind
you that all three books are Canadian litera-
ture in the wider sense, and valuable mainly
as authentic records, by three brilliant writ-
ers, of the early history, the social and econ-
omic life of Upper Canada.

Mrs. Stewart’s interest in botany ee

leaving Ireland led her to provide herself

with a work of reference for use in her new ©
Canadian home, This was Pursh’s North Am- .

_erican Flora, which had appeared in London |

eight years earlier. I will postpone further
mention of Pursh’s work until I come pres-
ently to speak of Mrs. Traill’s botanical stu-
dies, as it was through it that, as she very
generously acknowledges, she received such
valuable assistance from Mrs. Stewart. A

98 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

couple of years after arriving on the Oton-
abee, Mrs. Stewart received what must have
been a flattering request. Dr. Hutchison
(of Cavan)............ told me that Mr. Sheppard of
Quebec, who is going to publish a ‘Canadian
Flora’, wrote to ask him to request ‘Mrs.
Stewart of Douro’ to lend him her counte-
nance and assistance, to feel interested in his
work and to endeavour to procure him speci-
mens.” This Mr. William Sheppard lived in
the Eastern Townships of Quebec; he was a
member of the Legislative Council ot Lower
Canada 1837-1841. To the Transactions of
the Literary and Scientific Society of Quebec
he contributed, in 1829, “Observations on the
plants of Canada described by Charlevoix in
his History”, and in 1831 “Notes on the
plants of Lower Canada.” A third paper
appeared in 1861 in the Annals of the Botan-
ical Society of Canada under the title “The
geographical distribution of the Conifera in
Canada”. A complete Canadian Flora by
Sheppard apparently did not appear. The
work he had in hand when he asked Mrs.
Stewart’s assistance was probably the glean-

ings from the History of the Jesuit historian

.

Charlevoix.

From the day when, down on the St. Law-
rence, she first saw the ‘white clover and blue
irises which looked charmingly gay’, the Can-
adian flowers were a source of joy to Mrs.
Stewart, as may be seen in Our Forest Home.
The references to plant, bird and animal life
are, of course, not systematic, but only inci-
dental to the whole story of the busy and diffi-
cult life of the cultured pioneer. But they are
worthy of note as the earliest of such records
for the district. The variety and beauty of
the wildflowers, the majesty of the forest
trees, the legion of new birds, partridges,
wild ducks etc., the deer, the wolves and the
bears close at hand, — what a paradise for
the lover of nature then, but in these hundred
years all but vanished. One reference by Mrs.
Stewart might be worth following up by
somebody who knows Peterbororugh. She
tells, in 1851, of a “fine museum of animals
and stuffed birds” owned by a prominent
townsman named Wallis.

The correspondence in Mrs. Stewart’s Our
Forest Home introduces us to a circle of cul-
tured people in her native Ireland. She her-
self was closely related to the HEdgeworths,
Wallers, Beauforts and others. As we look
back to the pioneer days of a century ago,
it is fascinating to picture the mail bringing

to the Otonabee forest wilderness a presenta-

to the Lieutenant-Governor for an official post

, Episodes and digressive stories pleasingly re-

[Vol. 60
tion copy to Mrs. Stewart of each new novel
of Maria Edgeworth, from the authoress. (It
might be mentioned that among many descen-
dents of Mrs. Stewart, one -a grandson - was
for many years an honoured member of the
Faculty of Applied Science in the University
of Toronto.)

The relevance of Mrs. Moodie’s Roughing
it in the Bush to the main theme of my paper
is not great. Most Canadians who know their
country, reading this book today, will find it,
I imagine, a rather overdrawn picture in
retrospect of the hardships to which the
Moodies succumbed, and from which they
escaped by a personal appeal by Mrs. Moodie

for her husband. But it was more widely read
in England, probably, than that of her sister.

lated, with much of her own poetry - occas- —
ionally almost good - made up a very readable —
book. Those parts that deal directly with —
pioneer life in the bush contain many refer- a
ences to the flowers, the trees, the birds and —
the animals about them, which are worthy of 4
scrutiny by the naturalist of today. Mrs. ©
Moodie was a skilful artist, who delighted in —
painting flowers, birds and even portraits of 4
her Indian friends. In this connection we a
should not forget the gratitude we owe to her a
as the mother of Mrs. FitzGibbon.

Nature notes, chiefly botanical, are aa
thickly through Mrs. * Traill’s Backwoods of |
Canada; at one point, indeed, a whole cheng
ter is devoted to flowers alone. In this book, —
made of letters written in Canada immediat- ;
ely following her arrival, we have the account —
of the endless new ieee teees of flowers —
hitherto unknown to her. With what literary
charm and pioneer’s enthusiasm the book i
written can only be felt by those who read
for themselves. Here I cannot go into deta
about it. Those who are interested in asses
ing Mrs. Traill’s merits as a systematic bot-
anist will find the material for that brought :
together in her later writings, the Studies of ©
Plant Life, and Pearls and Pebbles.

At the beginning of those studies of Ca:
adian plant life which she carried on wi
such thoroughness as to give her a pla :
among: scientific botanists, she was assl
materially by her friend, Mrs. Stewart, >
settled on the Otonabee ten years ear
This help she has gracefully acknowledge
these words: “Having experienced the
of some more familiar work giving the »
mation respecting the names and habits

ctober 1946]

ea of turning the little knowledge which
eaned from time to time to supplying a
k which J had felt the great want of my-
3 but I hesitated to enter the field when
I had gathered had been from merely
udying the subject without any regular sys-
' tematic knowledge of botany. The only book
that I had access to was an old edition of
‘North American Flora’ by that industrious
nd interesting botanist, Frederick Pursh.
his work was lent to me by a friend, the
only person I knew who had paid any at-
tention to botany as a study, and to whom I
as deeply indebted for many hints and for
e cheering interest that she always took in
y writings, herself possessing the advan-
wes of a highly cultivated mind, educated

id trained in the society of persons of
scientific and literary notoriety in the Old
ntry. Mrs. Stewart was a member of the
brated Edgeworth family. Pursh’s ‘Flora’,
ortunately for me, was written chiefly in
atin. This was a drawback in acquiring the
formation I required; however, I did man-
ge to make some use of the book, and when
came to a standstill I had recourse to my
band, and there being a glossary of the
common names, as well as one of the botan-
‘ica cal, I contrived to get a familiar knowledge
of both. My next teachers were old settlers’
es, and choppers and Indians. These gave
knowledge of another kind, and so by slow
s, and under many difficulties, I gleamed
plant-lore.”

Pursh’s Flora Americae Septentrionalis,

_ Wis. Systematic Arrangement and Descrip-
a of the Plants of North America, is
thing if not scientific. Its two volumes con-
in a record of over seven hundred species,
h endless varieties. It is the result of some
years of rambling through America;

owing to the outbreak of hostilities be-
een Britain and the United States, in 1812,
uthor took his material to England for
ation. (Apparently he had lived in Eng-
, and he tells us that he was educated in
den.) The English-Latin Index of some

ts of habitat ete. for some, opened the
k for use by the indomitable Mrs. Traill.
ides, it contained 24 coloured plates. It
aps not too much to say that these
ere the inspiration for the beautiful
an Wild Flowers, to which work, how-
he merely contributed the text. This
ble volume owes its character, and

/of the plant names, along with brief ac--

_the shores of lake and iverson

THE CANADIAN FIELD- NATURALIST 99

indeed most of its value, to her gifted niece,
Mrs. FitzGibbon, who lithographed and
painted the plates. (Mrs. FitzGibbon’s hus-
band was a son of the heroic Captain James
FitzGibbon of the war of 1812, the “soldier
of fortune” of Mrs. Jameson’s Winter Stud-
ies and Summer Rambles in Canada, of
whom she says elsewhere: “He is quite an
original, has a strong mind and a most ex-
cellent heart, with that overflow of animal
spirits, that swperflu de vie, which seems pe-
culiar to my countrymen. We have not yet
absolutely sworn an eternal friendship, but
IT like him very much.” Captain FitzGibbon
was one of the only two men of Toronto in
whom she could take any interest. “The
women J have seen are all below par.’”) The
flowers depicted by Mrs. FitzGibbon are not
those of the Otonabee district, but were
gathered about the Humber and her home on
the Dundas road. The book contains ten large
plates, with an average of three flowers
grouped in each plate. It appeared in 1868,
and was at once in demand, in 1895 a fourth |
revised edition was published (the author-
ess had now become Mrs. Chamberlin) with
the same flowers sketched, but the plates
newly lithographed and painted, the a-
rrangement slightly altered, and the edition
altogether more decorative. To me the ar-
tistic quality of the first edition is rather
higher. The work as a whole, the first of its
kind in our country, is a noteworthy land-
mark in the history of Canadian botany; the
more so when we consider that Mrs. Fitz-
Gibbon was entirely self-taught, both as a
lithographer and a painter of flowers. The
Department of Botany in the University of
Toronto is the fortunate possessor of copies
of these and other works of Mrs. Traill and
her gifted niece, generously presented by

members of the Moodie family. They include

a large number of further coloured drawings
of botanical specimens.

Mrs. Traill’s chief botany book is her
Studies of Plant Life in Canada, which ap-
peared in 1885, when the authoress was in
her 88rd year. Its value lies in the accurate
account of 268 native wild flowers, 59 flower-
ing shrubs, and the 7 pages dealing with
grasses. “It is not a book for the learned”, as
Mrs. Traill herself says. “The aim of the
writer is simply to show the real pleasure
that may be obtained from a habit of observ-
ing what is offered to the eye of the travel-
ler, - whether by the wayside path, among
the trees of the forest, in the fields, or on
As civili-

100
zation extends through the Dominion and the
cultivation of the tracts of forest land and
prairie destroys the native trees and the
plants that are sheltered by them, many of
our beautiful wild flowers, shrubs and ferns
will, in the course of time, disappear from
the face of the earth and be forgotten. It
seems a pity that no record of their beauties
and uses should be preserved... any addi-
_ tion to the natural history of the country
that supplies this want is therefore not
without its value... But for the Can-
adian forest flowers and trees and shrubs,
and the lovely ferns and mosses, I think I
should not have been as contented as J have
been away from dear old England. It was
in the hope of leading other lonely hearts to
enjoy the same pleasant recreation that I
have so often pointed out the natural beauties
of this country to their attention, and now
present my forest gleanings to them in a
simple form, trusting that it may not prove
an unacceptable addition to the literature of
Canada, and that it may become a household
book, as Gilbert. White’s Natural History of
Selborne is to this day among English read-
ers”. It is a book deserving to be entitled
scientific. At the same time it is a pleasantly
readable book with a literary flavor. Twenty
years later (in 1906) a new edition was
brought out by her neice (now Mrs. Cham-
berlin), illustrated with some twenty plates
in color or half-tone, photographed, and re-
duced in size, from the fourth edition of Can-
adian Wild Flowers.

Mrs. Traill’s studies were by no means
limited to plant life alone, as is seen by her
remaining work of a more or less scientific
character, Pearls and Pebbles, or Notes of an
old Naturalist, which appeared in 1894. Here
the veteran is not a botanist merely, but a
naturalist at large. This book, added to the
Studies in Plant Life, brings the authoress
perhaps a little nearer to her ambition to be
the Canadian Gilbert White. Along with the
botanical chapters are others on her friends
among the insects, the birds and animals,
interspersed with autobiographical memories,
the whole making a most pleasingly readable
book, whose value is enhanced by a compre-
hensive biographical sketch of Mrs. Traill,
finally authoritative in character, by her
grand-niece, Mary Agnes FitzGibbon.

Instead of grouching about hardships, Mrs.
Traill - the indomitable, benevolent and more
practical - wrote a book to help the newcomer,
particularly the women folk. This valuable

.
THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

little volume appeared in Toronto in the year
1854 under the title The Female Emigrant’s
Guide. Later editions had slightly altered —
titles. I make no apology for introducing it —
here. For to the naturalist of today it is
broadly interesting and enlightening. Well %

have always to oss in mind the fact that, —
however intense their interest in the wild life
about them, these pioneers were carried by ~
sheer necessity beyond the scientific or artis-
tic aspects. The qualities of the flora as food ©
or medicinal herbs were of prime importance. —
This was the case especially with the Stew-
arts who plunged boldly - or rashly - into 4
the heart of the forest wilderness a full
decade in advance of the others. They, to take ~ 4
one instance from scores, had to use for
months at a time a brew of hemlock leaves |
for tea, and for coffee the root of the dande- |
lion. (The latter, by the bye, was to the 4
Strickland sisters a quite palatable substi-.
tute. Mrs. Moodie was the champion dande-—
lion coffee maker, and her recipe is given»
here. But not so Hemlock tea. Even after her
brother, to show her how good it was, had im- —
bibed six cups of it, Mrs. Traill maintained —
that it was an ‘‘odious decoction”). Indian
corn, tomatoes and other things, of whi
this generation hardly knows whether they
are native, American or European, were no--
velties to Mrs. Traill. The pumpkin comes in
for special praise,-if properly handled. Scores
of native fruits and vegetables are canvassed
for their qualities for present use, or to be ~
preserved. The high-bush Gabe is good
for jelly but not for jam. Indian rice is a
valuable stand-by. The mandrake makes a
delicious preserve. Indian corn and the dishes
that can be made of it claim ten of Mrs.
Traill’s pages. Maple vinegar, beer and wine
are noted, along with details regarding the
making of that most important staple, maple e
sugar.

\

“Pigeons are good anyway you cook the
roasted or in pies.” Mrs. Trail did not then
dream that she herself would live to see these
birds vanish to be seen no more. When J was
a boy, the scores of pigeons that went yearly
into the family pot could not make a per
tible hole in the clouds of them that still
ated Durham County; though it is true
we no longer. saw the millions of Mr. Foti
gill’s estimate. Fortunate we are indeed
such a fine collection of these graceful —
ished birds is now preserved in this Mu
chiefly through the enlightened eto
Mr. Paul Hahn.

er-October, 1946]

Irs. Traill pays tribute to the black squir-
as an article of food, also to the Canadian
e. While the plentiful fish supply is re-
membered, the maskinonge and the black bass
ounding especially in the Otonabee and
Rice Lake. (Why, I ask as a protesting na-
tive, was Rice Lake stocked a few years ago
with pickerel, slowly but surely putting the
porting tiger, the maskinonge, out of busi-
B, mess’). In a sort of calendar summary to her
little book, Mrs. Traill tells the new settler
: _ what to expect month by month through a
- normal Canadian year. Here she does not fail
40 note her special favorites, the flowers.

Two more of Mrs. Traill’s Canadian writ-
_ ings lie within the scope of this paper, -Can-
_ adian Crusoes: A Tale of the Rice Lake
Plains, and Stories of the Canadian Forest.
Pada Crusoes is a book which only Mrs.
_ Traill could write. The three children lost in
_ the woods for months save themselves through
uch resourcefulness in wood-lore as she
lone could ascribe to them, in great detail
and with easy naturalness. Here she draws
rom her inexhaustible store of firsthand
_ knowledge of fruits and herbs, of the deni-
- zens of forest and stream. Into the quite
ingenious, pathetic and exciting tale Mrs.
Traill has woven a true picture of the early
ntario forest scene, which the naturalist of
today, particularly the younger generation,
will find very instructive and stimulating.
he second little book, Stories of the Can-
adian Forest, is too obviously didactic, and
s designed fu very young folk. But it, too,
itains much that is interesting about the
ce Lake wild life of a hundred years ago.

Illustrations by the famous wood-engraver,
- Harvey, add to the value of both these books.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

101

As I close this brief recital of Mrs. Traill’s
activities as a naturalist, it is pleasing to —
note an enduring honour that was paid to
her by attaching her name to a variety of
the fern Aspidium marginale found by her at
Lakefield.

The glory of flora and fauna that charmed
Mrs. Traill about the Otonabee a hundred
years ago has departed, inevitably. It needs
a Frank Morris to find more than a very few
descendants of the orchids that bloomed there
so plentifully. But the majestic white water-
lily is still there, and always will be, in the
many sheltered places where smaller streams
join the river. The present generation of
frogs, big and little, are as musical and as
numerous as their ancestors that piped so
startlingly and so entrancingly to Mrs. Traill
or were later to the boy, Archibald Lampman,
at school at Gore’s Landing, his “Breathers
of wisdom won without a quest”. The river
of the flashing water running fast has been
yoked to the ignoble task of operating one of
the world’s great lift-locks. Yet the mad on-
rush of our mechanized age has brought some
compensation: the motor car and the motor
truck have banished the steamboat from these
waters; while that outrage of noise and smell,
the motorboat, has little inducement to invade
the out-of-the-way sanctuary. Now again |
the lover of nature can enjoy the perennial
beauties of the noble Otonabee, not too rudely
molested. That is, he can glide along its
shores, that are still festooned with the wild
grapevine, in the boat that does not dese-
crate, - his own canoe. And as he does, he
will perhaps bestow an occasional] backward |
thought on the three notable women whose
heroic lives have hallowed the scene.

102 THE CANADIAN FIELD-N ATURALIST

’

By I. McT. Cowan

Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver, BC

N AN EXPEDITION to the headwaters of Measurements:—_ Adult male type, total 4

the Chilcotin River in west central Brit-
ish Columbia in July and August, 1931, one
of us (K.R.) penetrated into the Itcha moun-
tains, a little known, geographically isolated
range situated at 52° 45’ north latitude,
125° west longitude.

Pikas were scarce in this region, but tw
specimens were taken from the few that were
seen in the endless wilderness of lava rock-
slides. The peculiar characteristics of these
animals were recognized at the time but we
have refrained from describing the race in
the continuing hope that additional speci-
mens might be obtained.

This hope seems no nearer realization now
than it was 14 years ago and in order to
draw attention to the existence of a distinct
geographic race of pika in this area, hitherto
terra incognita in the range of the genus, we
take this opportunity of naming it and des-
eribing it as follows:

Ochotona princeps septentrionalis ssp. nov.

Type — Adult male, No. 851 Kenneth Racey
collection, taken in the Itcha Mountains,
British Columbia, altitude 6500 feet, on
August 13, 1981.

Distribution: — known only from the type
locality.

Diagnosis:— The most pallid of the pikas
found west of the Rocky Mountains. Pal-
er in color and with less rufescent tinge
on side of face than O. p. brooksi or O. p.
brunnescens. Apparently smaller in size
than any of the described races with ad-
jacent ranges. Profile of dorsal outline
of skull strongly convex but with a de-
pression midway down the nasals that
gives the rostrum a concave outline.

——__

}. —Recelyed for publication December 10, 1945.

A NEW PIKA (Genus Ochotona) FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA! —

and KENNETH RACEY

Comparison:— Septentrionalis requires com-—

est race to the southeast in the interior —

length 184 mm., tail 12.5 mm., hind foot
30 mm., ear 15.5 mm. Juvenal male top-
otype, K.R. No. 850, total length 170
mm., tail 10 mm., hind foot 27 mm., ear _
14.6 mm. a

Cranial dimensions:— The adult is given —

first in each instance. Basilar length of —
Hensel, 32.8 mm., 29.6 mm.; condylobasal —
length 38.7, 35.0; zygomatic width 20.6, —
20.0; least interorbital width 4.9, 5.0;
mastoid breadth 19.8, 19.0; length of
nasals 13.6, 12.7; length of upper molar
row 7.9, 7.3; length of lower molar row
7.7, 6.9; height of skull above posterior —
molar 13.7, 12.6; width of nasals %
4.3, 4.0. é

parison only with brunnescens, the nea
est described race to the south in the
Coast Range, and with brooksi, the near- —

mountain ranges of British Columbia. .
a basis of comparison a series of 14 a
ult male brunnescens from Alta Lake, —
B.C. and a series of 8 topotype brooksi
have been used. An analysis of variati
in ten cranial dimensions and two e
ternal dimensions of each of these is gi
en on table 1. : i

Using a probability value of .01 as t
criterion of significant difference, it h
been found that the single adult me
septentrionalis is significantly small
than brunnescens in total length, leng
of hind foot, condylobasal length, :
toid width, least interorbital width
length of upper molar row; and probab
significantly smaller in width of na
and length of lower molar row. (P
less than .02 in each instance.) “ha

Comparing septentrionalis with broo
it has been found that septentri
is significantly smaller in respe
length of upper molar series, le

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smber-October, 1946]

104 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST fee

lower molar series and width of nasals;
and possibly shorter in total length of
tail and body (P = .05).

Remarks:— In view of these quantitive dif-
ferences, apparent in comparison of the
material representing the Itcha moun-
tains population with brunnescens and
brooksi, together with the qualitative dif-
ferences in form of skull not represented

in the above measurements and the col-.

or characteristics of the Itcha mountain
population, it can safely be assumed that

ee], ee
this population represents a geograpl
race hitherto undescribed and that ou
material, meagre though it is, could not
have been drawn from any of the named

races with contiguous distribution.

_ Reports have been received that pikas _
are present in several other mountain ~
masses between the Itcha mountains and
Ootsa Lake and it may well be that sep-
tentrionalis will be found to range over
this entire north west corner » of the
species range of Ochotona princeps.

EVERAL YEARS AGo I received from Brother
“Joseph Ouellet, C.S.V., a small collection of
ipunculidae. Several of these specimens
proved to be new and were described in
Entomological News.

- Since our knowledge of zoogeography of
this family is very limited, it is the aim of
is paper to increase our knowledge of the
distribution of the Pipunculidae. There is
possibly some relationship between the dis-
ay ribution of Leafhoppers and Pipunculidae,
but until we know more about the host re-
_ lationship we cannot speculate on this matter.

The following specimens were collected by
_ Brother Joseph Ouellet, unless otherwise men-
tioned. All types of Quebec specimens des-
ribed by me are deposited in the Academy
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Chalarus
halarus latifrons Hardy
: oo 14-v-41

3 * Nephrocerus

. ieahrocerss slossonae Johnson
} Rigaud, 5-vi-41

Cephalosphaera

ohalosphaera brevis (Cresson)
St. Hilaire, 11-7-1938

Pipunculus
ipunculus aequus Cresson

Rigaud, 18-vi-41

unculus affinis Cresson
Montreal, 11-ix-41

unculus apicalis Hardy-Knowlton
Gaspe, 9-vii-39

unculus ater Meigen

(19-vili-42 (A. Robert)

—ontribution No. 260 from the Department of Ento-
‘ology, | University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
ceived for publication September 10, 1945.

W. F., Jr., Entomological News, vol. 54

seek Se, (S-ppcrt A irae Beh SI eB de le NO a
BetUS pa a fe Ni Nes ?
oe eal f 7

Montreal, 1-vi-34, 21-viii-40, La Ferme,

| THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 105

THE PIPUNCULIDAE OF QUEBEC?*?
(Diptera)
By WILLIAM F.

RAppP, JR.

Pipunculus atlanticus Hough
LaTrappe, 10-vi-42 (2), 25-v-42
Pipunculus cinctus Banks
Gaspe, 9-vii-39
Pipunculus loewti Kertesz
Montreal, 1-vi-34, 8-vi-34

Pipunculus nigripes Loew
Montreal, 12-xii-41,
LaTrappe, vii-35

Rigaud, 8-viii-17,

Pipunculus nudus Rapp
La Trappe, 8-viii-35, 20-vil-35, 28-viii-34,
Montreal, 17-vi-34
Pipunculus nudus tangomus Rapp
Rigaud, 21-vii-41, St. Placide, 30-viii-34,
LaTrappe, 11-vii-35, 20-vii-35
Pipunculus stigmaticus Malloch
Rigaud, 15-viii-14
Pipunculus tarsalis Banks
LaFerme, 24-vii-42 (A. Robert)
Pipunculus varius Cresson
Ue Jesus, 1-vi-33, Montreal, 21-vi-18, St.
Remi, 27-vi-20, LaTrappe 25-vii-34

Allomethus

Allomethus mysticus Rapp
St. Placide, 17-viii-34

Dorylomorpha

Dorylomorpha exilis (Malloch)
La Trappe, 20-vii-35

Tomosvaryella
Tomosvaryella appendipes (Cresson)
Montreal, 8-vi-34, 10-9-17, LaTrappe,
14-vii-34
Tomosvaryella coquillettt (Kertesz)
LaTrappe, 11-vii-48; Quebec 28-v-38_

(J. I. Beaulne)

Tomosvaryella subvirescens (Loew)
Montreal, 1-vi-34, LaTrappe, 24-vil-37

Tomosvaryella sylvatica (Meigen)
Rigaud, 15-viii-14

oP epee

106

PLANTS OF THE LOWER CHILCOTIN RIVER,
CARIBOO DISTRICT, BRITISH COLUMBIA. fi
By G. C. TONER
Vancouver, B. C.

URING AuvuGusT, 1944, the International

Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission
sent a field party into the area at the mouth
of the Chilcotin River. As the main purpose
of the trip was to ascertain the number of
sockeye salmon passing to the upper reaches
of the river, only a limited time could be
allowed for collecting plants. About thirty
species were taken and these are all typical

of the dry interior plateau of the province. °

Most of the plants were collected within
one-half mile of the river’s mouth and only
the north bank was examined. The area is
an old flood plain of the Chilcotin and Fraser

Equisetum prealtum Raf. Tall Scouring Rush.

Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain
Juniper.

Pseudotsuga tawifolia (Lamb.) Britt. Doug-
las Fir.

Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte.

Slender Wheat Grass.
Elymus canadensis L. Canada Rye Grass.
Elymus condensatus Presl. Giant Rye Grass.

Populus trichocarpa T. & G. Black Cotton-
wood.

Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Bebbs Willow.
Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. Interior Alder.
Chenopodium album L. Lamb Quarters.

Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Small Flower

Clematis.

Geum triflorum Pursh var. ciliatum (Pursh.)
Fassett. Long-plumed Purple Avens.

Prunus demissa (Nutt.) D. Dietr. Choke-
cherry.

Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Wood’s Rose.
Melilotus alba Desr. White Sweet Clover.

1. —Received for publication May 26, 1945.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

- identification and is now in the Herbarium >

rivers and shows the typical bench land
that are found along the Fraser. The ec
lection came from these benches below t
50 foot contour above the rivers. The soil is
waterwashed gravel covered with shallow, 5
sandy loam. a

The collection was sdlimitied. to Mr. By 4
W. Eastham, Plant Pathologist of the Brit- |
ish Columbia Department of Agriculture, fo: :

of the Department at Vancouver. The auth-
or is under a debt to Mr. Eastham whose
kindly interest and suggestions before °
trip was undertaken were very much appre¢
iated.

Acer glabrum Torr. var. Douglasit (Hook.)

Dipp. Douglas Maple. hee
Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Prickly Pear. 4
Rhus Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy.
EHlaeagnus argentea Pursh. Silverberry.

Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red O

Dogwood.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. "Bear
berry.

Aenean cannabinum L. Indian Hemp.

Symhoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. Snowb

Achillea Millefolium L. var. lanulosa ’

Piper. Yarrow.
Artemisia dracunculoides Pass: .
Sage-wort.
Artemisia frigida Willd. Pasture Wormwe

Aster ericoides L. var. prostatus (Kunt:

Blake. White Wreath Aster.

Aster conspicuus Lindl. Rough Aster. Z

Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Ritt.
albicaulis (Nutt.) Hall & Cle
Rabbit Brush.

Solidago december Greene var:
(Rydb.) Fern. Goldenrod. :

Tragopogon pratensis L. Goats! B ;

4 iG ih j
mber-October, 1946]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

ALFRED HENRY BRINKMAN’
1873 — 1949

107

By E. H. Moss and W. C. McCann
ees . Edmonton and Calgary,

Alberta

; BY THE DEATH of Alfred Henry Brinkman
B, western Canada has lost a keen student of

natural history and an authority on certain

aspects of the Alberta flora. Brinkman was
' born in London, England, came to Canada
at the age of thirty-five, and died at Hanna,
Alberta, on July 21, 1945, after a mercifully
___ brief final illness. He is survived by his widow
: and son at Craigmyle, Alberta, two daughters
in British Columbia and two grandsons.

_ After working as a telegraph boy, he be-
came a lighthouse keeper, serving at Plymouth,
at Guernsey and finally near Milford Haven,
% Wales. To relieve the loneliness of the long
watches on the lighthouses, he began the
study of plants. At Milford Haven, he found
y help and inspiration in the company of local
- __ botanists, and soon started to correspond with
___ others. Among these early correspondents was
Professor John Macoun, who doubtless did
much to arouse his interest in Canada. After
coming to Alberta in 1908, Brinkman home-
steaded near Craigmyle on the farm where
he lived until the time of his death. Through
Mr. A. O. Wheeler, he obtained part-time
___—-work for a few years on topographical survey
parties in the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
_ With boundless enthusiasm and energy he
began to study the natural history of the
mountains, and soon had secured important
plant collections. The hepatics had a parti-
7 cular fascination for him at that time, and
continued to engage his attention during

the long winters of subsequent years on his
i prairie farm. After 1914, he had few oppor-
tunities to botanize Bend his home district.
The flora of that area, especially the prairie
grasses, the came to know very well. A few
years were spent as a weed supervisor and
- two summers as a botanist with a Dominion
forestry field party, ‘investigating forest site
types in Alberta. Through the years he
‘earried on an extensive correspondence and
exchanged a with taxonomists, near and

far. His closely typed letters, crowded with
pithy remarks and searching questions, were
in some respects unique. Despite repeated
crop failures, oft-recurring privation, and

-alleged lack of encouragement on the part of

certain professional botanists he carried on
his scientific studies. Without courage and
perseverance of a high order he could not
have continued this work under such very
severe handicaps and obstacles. .

His contribution to natural history, par-
ticularly in the fields of bryology and ecology,
is indicated by the list of his published papers.
Critical studies in the Hepaticae, his favorite
group, led him to propose many new species

and varieties most of which, however, were

never published. Jamesoniella myriocarpa
Brinkman, is in the official list of North
American hepatics. He was inclined to see
species which most authorities could not
accept. At the same time, he was sound and
progressive in his thinking about taxonomic
concepts, as his own words show:“
human ideas, and as long as they serve to
point out relationships, they serve their main
purpose”. His publications on _ ecological

aspects of bryophytes ‘and lichens are of i

special interest. Other ecological papers were
in course of preparation. He was particularly
interested

one of the few who could see practical value

‘in studying the inter-relationship of vegeta-

tion, soil and climate. The geological features
of our.region fascinated him, especially as
they relate to the origin of our flora and the
distribution of plants. In a popular article,
“The Hand Hills”, published in the Hanna

Herald, Jan. 9, 1940, he gives a vivid account

of the geological history of the region and
suggests how the flora may be at least par-
tially explained

to publish a map of the floral provinces of
Alberta. His correspondence on this project
will doubtless induce others to work towards
the production of such a map.

ispecies are ©

Peo oy Ey pe Ay etd eae ear ae Be ae

in the application of biological
principles to agriculture and forestry. He was

in terms of post-glacial
events. One of his unrealized ambitions was

aR Le =
2 a a ee

Wy!

eI

108 : THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Brinkman’s contribution to science is to be
evaluated not merely in terms of published
articles. Numerous botanists, with whom he
shared collections, observations and _ ideas,
have doubtless profited greatly by his crit-
cisms and have often been stimulated to re-
newed effort. As early as 1913, he was for-
_warding to experts collections of rare and
new species from the Rocky Mountains and
offering sets of Canadian Hepaticae for sale.
His numerous collections of bryophytes, wil-
lows, grasses, sedges and other plants have
been widely distributed and many of them
critically examined by leading taxonomists.

Brinkman was a man of many parts. He
read extensively in geology and genetics, and
a few years ago, tried to comprehend atomic
structure as then conceived by physicists.
From his early days as a chorister in England,
he took great delight in organ music. He was
a close observer of world affairs, with a keen
interest in social problems and a deep concern

for the welfare of mankind. After years of ~

immense activity, and in one of his more
philosophical moods, he wrote as follows: “We
all have sooner or later to admit the impossi-
bility of knowing very much in a whole field
of possible knowledge, even of knowing very
much in a very much more limited field”.

A visit from A. H. Brinkman was always
an interesting and stimulating experience. He
“was independent in thought and action and
forthright in expressing his opinions. One
soon found that these were not snap judg-
ments but were based on extensive reading
and thoughtful study. The breadth of his in-
terests and his detailed knowledge of many
subjects surprised at times even his close
friends. A summer visit would include little
field trips enlivened by his keen observation
and his shrewd comments. In winter long
hours would be spent at a table covered with
herbarium specimens and botanical literature.
Each plant was studied and discussed with

thoroughness before a decision was reached.

Conversation around the fireplace and some-
times piano music by our guest would close

a pleasant day. That these visits are ended 4
- brings a sense of sadness and loss, but happy — “7
memories remain. ) .

Rambles among the Canadian Rockies. Bry-

ologist 18: 85-87. 1915.
Rambles in the Canadian Rockies, II Banff.
List of British Columbia Hepatics. Can.
List of Alberta Hepatics. Can. Field-Nat.

Notes on some Canadian Hepatics. Bryologist

Hepatics and sites: A short study in the

»Notes on some Canadian Hepatics II.
Lichens in relation to forest site values.
Notes on Canadian Hepatics III. Bryologist
List of Hepatics of the Pacific Coast and

Nat. Hist. (1983), 24-33, Victoria BGk a

Notes on Pacific Coast Hepatics. Rept. Prov.
Some Notes on Grimmia. Rept. Prov. Mus.
Mosses in relation to Cajander theory of
Hepatics of the Pacific Coast and adjoining 4
The genus Diplophyllum in western North

The study of Hepatics (liverworts) in Can-
ada. Can. Field-Nat. 54: 40-42, 1940,

PUBLICATIONS oF A. H. BRINKMAN

Bryologist 18: 49-51, 1915.
Field-Nat. 37: 94-96, 1923.
37: 105-106, 1923.

31: 75-83, 1928.

ecology of Hepatics. Bryologist 32:
29-30, 1929.

Bryologist 34: 13-16 and 38-44, 1981.
Bryologist 34: 66-71, 1931.

36: 49-58, 1933.

adjoining territory. Rept. Prov. Mus. a
1934. x

Mus. Nat. Hist. (1934), 14. Victoria
B.C., 1935. ‘

Nat. Hist. (1984), 14-15, Victoria B.C.
1935.

forest types. Forestry Chronicle 12: 4
300-314, 1936. Pe

States. Rept. Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist.
(1987), 21-28, Victoria B.C., 1988. is

America. Bryologist 48: 38-45, 1940.

OF THE

HE MANNER of normal copulation of the
; poreupine Hrethizon dorsatum is still not
_ definitely known, though much has been writ-
ten about it. It has long been a matter for
- eamp fire tales, some of them obviously drawn
from imagination. Taylor, 1935, Univ. Ariz.,
m Biol. Sci) Bull., ~No. 3, pp. 110-111, in a
review of the habits of this porcupine, writes
that available accounts of the actual mating
\ process do not agree. He cites three accounts
of observed copulation, all of very different
methods. One was a trapper’s account, in
_ which a pair of poreupines copulated eect
ing up, belly to belly. The second account
_ cited was of a female lying on her back and
__-the male above her belly to belly. The process
= occupied perhaps fifteen minutes. The third
~ mating, is from Struthers on captive animals
(1928 Jour. Mammal., 9, pp. 300-308). In
this observation the female stood with the
tail held sharply to one side and the quills
on the back lying very flat. The male stood
- on his hind legs, while the front legs grasped
the sides of the female. The process lasted
for several minutes.

The following is an account of porcupine
copulation I observed on April 28, 1945, near
- Camrose, Alberta. While walking sine wel: a
_ thick. tangle of willows along the banks of
Stoney Creek, my attention was attracted by
d ‘ a series of grunts, punctuated with sharp
eries. Unfamiliar with these sounds I inves-

_ staging a wrestling match tn a small grassy

»>.. clearing... Concealing myself about thirty feet
= ey: FE sat down to watch them. |

‘The ‘male, the -smaller-of- the eno tniwials
- chasing the female around in a. Beis which

‘Their gait was a sort of lumbering gallop,

hind feet and commenced sparring, a good

tigated to find two porcupines apparently ~

os was evident from later observations, began: .-
f ° would be approximately ten feet in diameter.

good deal faster than the normal walk. |

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ~ 109

MATING BEHAVIOUR
PORCUPINE,

By R. W. HAWKINS
* Ottawa, Canada —

EKrethizon dorsatum '

mockery of young bear cubs. While cuffing
each other the male emitted a series of grunts
while the female uttered sharp plaintive cries.
After a few seconds of this they resumed
their positions on all fours. Facing each other
the male continued to grunt but in a much
lower and deeper tone. Continuing to grunt
the male began circling the female during
which time no contact was made between the
two animals. After being circled half a dozen
times the female began rolling on the ground.
Still circling her, the male discontinued his
grunts, to replace them with a low pitched
growl, finally contacting the female who was
now on her back. At this time, the peak of
copulation, one of the animals emitted sharp
cries almost describable as squeals. The per-
iod of copulation lasted approximately four
to five minutes. The entire period of mating
I watched would be around ten to fifteen
minutes, although how long the animals had
been performing before my arrival I do not
know.

Comparing these observations with data in
Taylor’s monograph several points emerge.
The date of copulation: evidence seems al-
most unanimous that mating occurs in the
fall, and young are born in the spring. Taylor
indicated the gestation period of 16 weeks,
given by Struthers, may have dated from
copulation with a gravid female. Thus the
above mating I observed in April was surely
an out of season mating.

The preliminary actions of the animals I

_watched, in standing up on their hind feet,
_--euffing each other and Sper tme: recalls the

first account cited by Taylor.

- If Struthers’. observed mating was with a
nee female as- Taylor suggests the be-
haviour may not have been carried out in a
normal manner.

My observations though also out of seas-
on, compare well with the second account

cited by Taylor in the final manner of copu-—
lation, though in my observations there was
considerable mating display before coition —

occurred.

110

.

T INTERVALS for over 20 years I have dev-

voted considerable attention to the life his-
tory of the blue goose(Chen caerulescens (Lin-
naeus)). This has resulted in the production
of two major papers, the first published in
1930 and second in 1942. Since the latter
year, new information on the species has been
acquired and it now seems advisable to pre-
sent this in a supplementary article. :

When the 1930 brochure was prepared we
knew relatively little about the blue goose
migration at James and Hudson Bay. This
was markedly increased by the time the next
work went to press. However, the bulk of our
knowledge in this connection concerned the
north and south movements of these birds
around James Bay and along the east side of
Hudson Bay. There was a dearth of records
for the west coast. Indeed, there was so little
evidence of its occurrence there that one was
completely justified in coming to the conclus-
ion that no appreciable migration, nor any
nesting took place in that region at all. In
fact, anywhere along the west coast of Hud-
son Bay, the species appeared to be only an
extremely rare straggler. In my 1942 mono-
graph (pp. 149 and 192-194) I presented all
the data then available, which was very
seanty. The notable rarity of blue geese in
that sector, years ago, seems amply apparent
from the fact that in several important pap-
ers on the birds of the Port Churchill region
(including Taverner and Sutton, 1934) the
species is not even mentioned.

In view of the above, recent information is
of special interest. After my 1940 work was
published, Dr. A. L. Rand came upon a let-
ter in the files of the National Museum of
Canada which was received from Mr. Ro Me
Shirley, Mile 70, Hudson’s Bay Railway (vic-
inity of Hargrave Lake), dated July 13, 1987.
In part, he remarks as follows:

“J have been domiciled at this point since
the autumn of 1929 and never in all those

1. —Received for publication April 20, 1946.

Tue CANADIAN FYELD-NATURALIST

’ SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CONCERNING
THE BLUE GOOSE*

By J. DEWEY SOPER |
Winnipeg, Manitoba

“May 18, 1937, the flight was northward, ;

‘Flights which I reported at Lakes Dauph

years have J seen a single example of the E
blue goose during the fall months. But each a
spring, without any exception, I have seen a 4
relatively large number go north. These were _
not in immense flocks......... -but in numbers —
running well into the thousands. The usual —
date of passing was May 13, with the ex- 4
ception of the two years, 1933 and 1985. In 4
these years they made their flight on May
15 and 16, respectively, only a very limited -
number was seen in 1935 — not more than —
about 500. | Bi

“Hach year, up to the present, they fol
lowed a course paralleling, and above, th
Hudson Bay Railway. Here they travelled
not exactly in massed formation, but rathe:
in small flocks of from 20 to about 180 indiv.
iduals. Such groups travelled more or less
abreast and........... always seemed to centre dir
ectly over the line of the railway. This le
the writer to suspect that just possibly they —
took the railway as a landmark, but their
passage in 1937 deviated somewhat from th
For many miles after leaving the Pas, th
railway runs in a northeast-southwest dire
tion; consequently, the flight was northea
erly [directly toward Hudson Bay], but

most at right angles to the railway. Th
birds seen by the writer were travelling at
much greater altitude than those observed
previous OCCaSIONS.......... In every instance
small number of lesser snow geese accompan:
ied the -blues.” A

It would appear certain that these fli
were aimed at the west coast of Hudson
in either Manitoba, or Keewatin, or bot.

and St. Martin (1942, p. 193) are more ea
ily comprehended in the light of the a
noted migration along the Hudson Bay .-
way. Furthermore, in relation to the mo
ate blue goose migration which is now kn
to oecur along the northwest coast of H

‘ Pigitade any
ptember-October, 1946]

Pal F Manitoba (loc. cit. pp. 193-194). In-
stead of the then incomprehensibly wide
_ swing ostensibly to reach the west coast of
7 orthern Quebec, this flight, in actuality,
seems clearly to have been bound for the
west coast of Hudson Bay instead. Such a
B possibility was then completely obscured by
_ the total absence at that time of any spring
_ records for the region concerned.

In attempting to trace further the scope
of the spring migration from south to east-
entral and northern Manitoba I wrote to the
rnithologist, Mr. Sam Waller, The Pas, Man-
_ itoba; in a letter of February 25, 1946, he re-
_ marks: “I have often made inquiries regard-
i ing the blue goose, but it is not known in
hese parts, not even as a straggler. Many
oca] hunters have examined an Ontario spec-

1ew bird to them.” From this it is apparent
that the migrations noted by Mr. Shirley, a-
- bout 70 miles northeast of The Pas, do not
straggle so far west as the latter point.

As may be gathered from the foregoing in-
ormation, the speculative concept of a mi-
gration to the west coast of Hudson Bay was
‘some time ago induced by the evidence for-
worded by Mr. Shirley. It is now positively

pported by new information from Mr.
Angus Gavin (discoverer of the breeding
grounds of Ross’s goose in 1940) who in rec-
t years (1943-1945) was established at
‘ape Eskimo, District of Keewatin, North-
vest Territories. In a personal interview
vith Mr. Gavin, the furnished me with the
lowing facts:

During his yery first season at Cape Es-
mo (1943) blue geese were noted in con-
siderable numbers migrating along the coast.
e birds went over in relatively small flocks
several days associated with lesser snow
e. The first were seen on June 6. Two
later, while exploring the tundra some
e distance northwest of the post, he came
a feeding flock of about 2,000 geese, the

rminated about June 10. On September 21
a i a yeas 63 blue es were seen

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

men in my collection, but it proves to be a.

rity of which were blue geese. Numbers

111

migration of lesser snow and blue geese in
about equal numbers. Thousands of the latter
species passed over, or in the vicinity of,
Cape Eskimo during the next few days. Later
in the season, Mr. Gavin discovered blue
geese nesting with lesser snows about 12
-miles south of the post — the first breeding
record for the west coast of Hudson Bay.
He found evidence of the two species inter-
breeding, as also occurs on Southampton Is-
land. According to local Eskimos they had
nested here each year for a long time. Mr.
Gavin’s description of this territory shows
that its physical characteristics are essent-

ially similar to those existing at the blue:

goose breeding grounds on Baffin and South-
ampton Islands. That is, back from the coast
for some distance, the terrain is low and

gently undulating with extensive swampy
tracts sprinkled with innumerable small
ponds and lakes.

The 1945 Cape Eskimo migration com-

menced with the vanguard arrival of a few
Canada, lesser snow and blue geese on June
9. The flight was soon greatly increased by
the successive appearaance of many flocks
passing along the coast to the north. Among

these were several thousand blue geese. As in |

the previous year, a number was found to
have remained behind to nest on the swampy
coastal tundra of this locality.

In connection with the above, it will be

noted that not only has Mr. Gavin established |
the fact that there is at least a present day

migration of caerulescens along the west
coast of Hudson Bay, but he has also dis-
covered a second breeding place of the spec-
ies on the North American mainland. His
first record in this respect was for two pairs
found nesting among Ross’s geese near Perry

River, south of Queen Maud Gulf (Gavin,

1940, p. 9).

In a letter received from Mr.
kimo Point Post, January 8, 1945,
marks as follows in relation to the fore-
going data: “It is said that the blue geese
nesting on Southampton Island are part of
the main flight which comes up the east
coast of Hudson Bay and splits in the vic-
inity of Cape Smith, or Kovik Bay, some go-
ing to Baffin Island and some to Southampton
Island [Soper, 1942, p. 195]. I have no inten-
tion of disagreeing with this, but where do
the bulk of the blue geese nest that pass over
Eskimo Point every spring? Would it not be
reasonable to presume that this flight may

“represent a substantial portion of the blue

Gavin, Es-
he re-—

SiS coe

‘ = Sag a4 : 2
BLESS tg aoe oR a MR

eweas ans ait ne es

=

Be

112

goose population that nests on Southampton
Island? It appears from what little inform-.
ation I can gather that this migration, which
runs into thousands of birds, follows this
coast as far north as Rankin Inlet, or there-
abouts, and from there presumably heads for
Southampton Island, as blue geese do not
make an appearance at Chesterfield Inlet.”

Undoubtedly Mr. Gavin is correct in this
assumption. However, earlier investigations
by qualified observers gave no hint of any
such movement along the west coast of the
Bay. Consequently there is a strong sugges-
tion that the flight which Mr. Gavin de-
scribed is a comparatively recent one, appar-
ently indicating a late change in the mi-
gratory habits of a part of the blue goose
population destined for the Southampton
nesting area. Such a conclusion seems to be
supported by substantially negative evidence
in Preble’s valuable book on the Hudson Bay
region (1902, p. 89); though he covered the
coast in summer from Churchill north to
the vicinity of Cape Eskimo, he saw no blue
geese. Then there is a record by Mr. Norris-
Elye, (Manitoba Museum) in the form of a
blue goose specimen taken by an Eskimo in
July, 1928, along the Hudson Bay coast near
the northern boundary of Manitoba; this Hs-
kimo is said to have stated that he never
saw a goose like it before. Again there is
corroboratory information of similar nature
from the Ven. Archdeacon R. Faries, a res-
ident of York Factory for a long period. In
a letter of March 19, 1946, he states that
only a very rare blue goose straggler is seen
among the flocks of lesser snow geese that
appear at York Factory during either the
spring or fall migrations. In relation to the
reported migration and nesting of blue geese
in the Cape Eskimo territory he remarks:
“J have been in touch with the Eskimos a-
round there for 40 years and I never heard
them speak of the blue goose either passing
or nesting in that area.”

With reference to the spring migration

known to occur along the Hudson Bay Rail-

way and at Island Lake, and again at Cape
Eskimo (with a wide regional hiatus, be-
tween, devoid of records), it is strange, in-
deed, ‘that the species apparently avoids the
coastal country in the general vicinity of
York Factory and Port Churchill. Of the
many ornithologists who have recently
worked in the latter territory, not one, to my
knowledge, has ever seen, or recorded, a
single blue goose within it at any season:

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

~ known.

[Vol. 60,
Does this mean that the migrants recorded ;
by Mr. Shirley northeast of The Pas travel
directly to the coast near Cape Eskimo? And —
further, does the more eastern migration over

Island Lake, Manitoba, operate in a similar t
manner? §

There are evidently only two other altern- —
atives to these questions; first, that the birds
fly at such a high altitude along the Man-
itoban coast that they are not observed at
York Factory, or Port Churchill, while en |
route to Cape Eskimo; or, second, that the :
flight in extreme eastern Manitoba takes a
direct northeast course across Hudson Bay ~-
to Southampton Island. This latter tactic,
however, would involve a long and question- — 2
able non-stop flight of much endurance with-
out food, or rest, which could be easily ob-

_viated by adopting a slightly longer course

along the coasts of Manitoba and Keewatin. ~
Possibly the future will bring more to light a
regarding this newly-discovered spring mi- ~
gration along the northwest coast of Hudson <<
Bay.

It has been surmised that perhaps the ac-
tivities of the blue goose in the latter region
is of relatively recent origin. That a change “-
of habit may have taken place is by no ~
means improbable. Thus, it is to be noted —
that the species has shown its capabilities in —
this direction in respect to a recent modifica- _
tion in the character of the spring flight —
through southern Manitoba. Annually, up to —
the time of writing my 1942 monograph on q
the species, millions of blue geese had poured —
through the latter territory in April and ~
May en route to the Arctic regions. This had —
been a long-established practice, occurring —
for as far back as oral, or written testimony _
is available. Then suddenly in 1943 the reg- — :
ular pattern of this behaviour was oe
rupted; instead of the usual avalanche of —
prodigious numbers, only a trickle reached —
the southern Manitoba plains. This dearth ©
was repeated in the spring of 1944 and a-
gain in 1945. The conclusion was tentatively
reached that the main spearhead of t
migration went directly by the shortest route
from the middle States to James Bay, thus
by-passing the north-central states’ and Man- i
itoba. Complete facts of the case are not ~

We may well wonder as to the underly yn
cause for this digression. Certainly it w
not for lack of suitable conditions in
Manitoba environment. In 19438, and

October, 1946

]
feeding grounds in this country were more
( attractive than during many earlier seas-
ons. Grants Lake was full of water, myriads
of snow-water ponds dotted the landscape
and conditions continued normal over fields
and prairies where for generations the hordes
of blue and lesser snow geese had fed and loit-
ee ered contentedly in April and early May. Then
_ what caused the sudden change? Some have
' suggested that because Grants Lake had be-

come rather densely covered with emergent
aquatic vegetation (owing to several wet
seasons) that the area was no longer suit-
able to the geese. This could not have been a
fundamental cause, as the tract, in relation
to the whole, is too insignificant. Further-
more, blue geese tarried in immense numbers
in southern Manitoba when Grants Lake was
totally dry and therefore alternatively un-
available.

ber

THE CANADIAN

Another theory was that the day and night
flights of training war pilots from relatively
nearby flying fields scared the geese away.
This is more to the point, as evidently geese
are terrified by low-flying planes and in this
respect are vastly more disturbed than most
other species of waterfowl. But whether, or
not, such spotty disturbance over an hered-
itary territory of strong appeal and wide

113

FIELD-NATURALIST

extent could cause such a mass deflection is,
indeed, problematical. But the fact remains
that such a divergence did occur and the
cause, or causes, thereof, is a matter of
conjecture. It will be more than interesting
to observe if the future will again restore
the mass spring migration of blue geese to
the plains of southern Manitoba.

LITERATURE CITED
Gavin, Angus and B. W. Cartwright, 1940 —
Where the Ross’s Geese Nest. Part 1 —
The Story of the Search. Part 11 — The
discovery. The Beaver, H. B. Co., Outfit
271, Dec. 1940, pp. 6-9.

Preble, Edward A., 1902. — A Biological In- /
vestigation of the Hudson Bay region.
N.A.F, No. 22. U.S. Dept. Agric., pp.
140.

Si
Joie

wis

“Soper, J. Dewey, 1930 — The Blue Goose, <)¥

N.W.T. and Yukon Br., Dept. of Inter- »
jor, Ottawa, pp. 64.
i NRT Oa ae >

Blue Goose. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., \
Vol 42, No. 2, pp. 121-225.

> Taverner, P. A. aand G. M. Sutton, 1934. — ;
The Birds of Churchill, Manitoba. An-

S

1942. — Life History of the yh

a

nals Carnegie Muse., Vol. XXIII, p. 1-838.

114

THE CANADIAN FIBLD-NATURALIST

BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS IN CANADA ~ |

T A RECENT MEETING of the Council of

the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club it was
proposed to publish, in the Canadian Field-
Naturalist, as complete a list as possible of
all Canadian herbaria privately or publicly
owned. The object of such a list would be
to put on record the existence of such collec-
tions together with pertinent data on the
location, origin, composition, ownership, etc.,
ete. Such a list would be useful to any bot-
anist, whether amateur or professional, inter-
ested in plant distribution or taxonomy in
Canada, and would make it easier in the fu-
ture to trace small private collections that
might, otherwise, be forgotten.
tend to stimulate collaboration and exchange
among amateur and professional botanists.

A committee was appointed by Council
consisting of A. E. Porsild, Chairman, H. A.

Senn, H. Groh and James H. Soper to assem-

ble this information and arrange it suitably
for publication. As a preliminary step it is

proposed to send out the following ques-

tionnaire to all persons and institutions in
Canada known to have collections of plants.
Readers of the Canadian Field-Naturalist are
asked to collaborate with the committee in
bringing the matter to the attention of all
owners or custodians of herbaria.

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Do you or does your institution maintain
a herbarium of Canadian vascular or
cryptogamic plants Yes (.......) No(.......).

2. If so, please state the approximate num-
ber of specimens in the collection, as
follows:

(a) vascular plants, mounted (.......... i)
unmounted (but not counting dupli-
Gates). ts Cie es Wi

(b) named MOSSES (ores )

(c) named liverworts (occu)

(d) named lichens (...cccc )

(e) named algae (on. Me

(P)einamed finer (Gene...)

3. Exsiccati in the collection:

(a) vascular plants

(b) cryptogams

4. The specimens comprising the bulk of
the collection are from what provinces,
Counties or Districts? If collections from
foreign countries are kept, please sym-
marize,

’

Also it would’

10.

Male

Name of person or institution to who

Name of person answering questionnaire

Address

The committee will be grateful to you fo:
bringing this questionnaire to the attenti
of interested persons or institutions who ha
not already been circularized.

When, approximately was your collection
Seed and is it being pees to regu- |
larly?
Has your collection or part of it been
studied and critically annotated by spec-
ialists? If so, please give details.

In the case of larger collections not
entirely the work of the person answer-
ing the questionnaire please list (a) the
more important collections (b) principal
collectors who have contributed to the
collection and (c) collections of histori-
cal or special interest.

Are any particular families, genera or
groups of plants especially well repre-
sented in your collection?
How many type specimens have you?
Have you in your collection (a) photo- —
graphs of plants (b) Kodachrome trans- _
parencies (c) standard lantern slides —
(d) microscopic slides. ,
Do you or does your institution carry on — ‘
regular exchanges with other collectors — 3
or institutions? If so, please state (a) _
where important sets of your plants navel
been deposited; (b) what material, if —
any, is available for exchange.
If a private collection, what ultimate
disposition have you planned for it?
Additional remarks concerning collection
not covered by above questionnaire.

collection belongs, if not the same me
person answering questionnaire

Seaneeaneapecsecgaeseseneacseneesstarsceessasapeusesuaeusuenenssgentensenesusamssasenesse®

(Signed) : <
A. E. Porsild, Nation

Museu
H. Groh, Division of poet!
Plant Pathology, Dept. «
H. A. Senn, Division
Plant Pathology, Dept. |
J. H. Soper, Division
Plant Pathology, Dept.

Chairman,

het-October. 1946]

~GuLLs TAKING FISH FROM MERGANSERS.—
On Oct. 17, 1945, in Lake Ontario at the foot
of Cherry St., Toronto, the weather was fine,
_ temperature 50, and a light on shore wind
from southwest of about ten miles was blow-
ng. I first went down to the lake about 4 p.m.
nd saw a lot of excitement out in .the lake
about a quarter mile. There were about 200
_ ved-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator)
_ swimming and diving in the water making it
hard to count. All I could see had reddish
_ brown heads. I would think they were young
_ females and probably some males in the fall
a _ plumage. The excitement was probably caused
Og a school of fish. The birds were moving in
a west direction so J went out on the ‘end of
the eastern gap and waited until they came
4 right close where I could see what was going
on. It appeared to me as if there was a school
; & small fish about three to four inches long.
_ The mergansers were diving down and catch-
ing them and the gulls were diving in and
- taking the fish from the mergansers when
they came ‘up. The mergansers appeared to

_ THE YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO (Coccyzus am-
ericanus (Linn.)) IN Manitopa. — At the
invitation of L. E. McColl of West Selkirk,
the writer went to Selkirk on the evening of
he 19th, July, 1945, to investigate an alleged
esting record of the above species. The nest
‘was some eight feet from the ground on a
all maple tree that had been bent over
izontally by heavy snow and the stem was
ntwined with bittersweet. The adult was at

ed as the yellow-billed cuckoo. In the nest
s cne young bird only which could be

s the leaves of the bittersweet formed an
ymplete dome over the nest.

The bird was collected by the writer and
imned out to be a male. No one has seen both
rents at any time together.

The writer asked Mr. McColl to observe
sely if the other parent came to feed the
oung; failing this to take both the young
_the nest.

n. the 24th’ July, Mr. McColl came to the
Museum with the nest, as requested and
ted that the other parent did not appear,

e nest on our arrival and was soon identi-—

wed with difficulty by means of a mirror,

_ THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 115

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

bring the fish in crossways in their beak and
when they went to turn them to swallow them
the gulls, if lucky, would take them away
from the mergansers and eat them themselves.
This seemed a matter of course to the mer-
gansers, and they would dive and get another
fish. There were about 100 gulls, about half
herring and half ring-billed gulls (Larus ar-
gentatus and L. delawarensis) ‘and one old
black-back (Larus marinus) who was just
sitting on the water and watching all the fun.
When I first saw them they were off the foot
of Cherry Street and from Cherry Street to
the eastern gap is about a half mile which
took them about one hour.

There must have been thousands of fish
eaten as the birds were continuously diving
and feeding. The next day I went down to the
same place and found only a few, a dozen or
two mergansers spread about on the lake and
the Toronto Bay, with plenty of gulls resting
on the gap. Only one or two mergansers re-
mained about a week later. —ALF. BUNKER,
462 OSSINGTON AVE., TORONTO, ONT.

had climbed to the tree tops and was calling
continuously. He therefore secured the young
bird and had it in a cage and fed it on
powdered bread-toast mixed with egg custard
with a spoon; the bird thrived upon this
fare!

The nest was quite firm and thick for a
cuckoo, made of dead sticks and lined with
rootlets and some leaf petioles and the lining
appeared to have been firmly cemented with
saliva. There were some dead leaves in the
lining. The inside cup of the nest was 3 inches
in diameter and the outside about 7 inches.
The nest was sprinkled with sheath scales.

Ais far as can be learned, this is the first
report of this species anywhere in the prov-
ince. The adult was mounted for the Manito-
ba Museum. The young bird was released by
its —present owner when it could fly and feed
itself. This is the third species this year
new to Manitoba bird list.

Some years ago, Mr. McColl was respons-
ible for the discovery of the nest, eggs and
young of the Evening grosbeak also in the

town of West Selkirk. — L. T. S. Norris- —

ELYE, Director, MANITOBA MUSEUM, WIN-
NIPEG.

116
NOTES AND

‘Impatiens Roylei? IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
The report by W. EH. Squires (Can. Field-Nat.
59(2): 69, 1945) of the occurrence of Impat-
iens Roylet Walp. near St. John, N.B. was of
considerable interest to me _ since I have
known this plant for some time in British
Columbia.

It is apparently well established at two
places in the Vancouver area of this province.
In 1937 I found it in some quantity over a
considerable area of low ground adjoining
Still Creek, Burnaby. It had the appearance
of having been there for sometime. Later, I
found it again on several occasions and al-
though I have not visited this spot recently

)

More IMPATIENS ROYLEIL. IN CANADAL 2? — A
recent note on the occurrence of Impatiens
Roylei Walp. at St. John and Campobello,
N.B. (Squires, W. A. Can. Field-Nat. 59(2):
69.1945) has brought forward another (Hast-
ham, J.W. Can.Field-Nat. 1946). This still

does not exhaust the subject. In the herbar- -

ium of the Division of Botany and Plant
Pathology, Science Service, Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa, are specimens which had
not been reported, and other records for which
there are not specimens, as below:

Nova Scotia: Guysboro, 1940, Anderson, be-
side old building; Ship Harbour, Halifax Co.,
1940, Anderson (recorded from neglected
yard in town).

NEw BRUNSWICK: St. John, 1948, Squares.

OnTaARIO: Brockville, 1943, Groh 1922, road-
side dump; near Arnprior, Fitzroy Tp., And-
erson, (recorded over a period of years).

BrRiTIsH COLUMBIA: Prince Rupert, Aug. 9;
1939, Groh 475, roadside ditch.

Of even greater significance than the above
is a record from Dorval, Que., secured by

841 from the Division of Botany

1. —Contribution No.
Department

and Plant Pathology, Science Service,
of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada,

2. —Weatherby (Rhodora 48: 412. 1946) has. recently
shown that the correct name of this species is
Impatiens glandulifera Royle. He reports I. glandu-
lifera Royle forma. pallidiflora (Hook. f.) Weatherby
from St. John, N.B. and Port Moody, B.C. This
form has pale pink corollas with brownish or red-
dish spots on the sac. The material cited by Groh
from Prince Rupert, B.C., also appears to be this
form. —HEditor.

Tur CANADIAN: Freup-NaTURAtist

OB SERVATIONS

uy have no doubt that it is still there. Many 2
plants were five feet or more tall. 4
In 1941 I noticed the species along the
ditches and roadsides at West Vancouver, and
it seems to have spread considerably since _ q
then, especially along ditches. I have also had
it brought in from the same area for ident-
ification as a wild flower. om

W. C. Muenscher (Flora of Whatcom

County, State of Washington, Ithaca, N. Y. —
1941) includes J. Roylei as “Escaped on ~
springy banks, Chuckanut Bay”. Whatcom —
County is contiguous to British Columbia at
the coast. —J. W. EASTHAM, DEPT. OF AGRIC

CULTURE, VANCOUVER, B.C.

Bernard Boivin in company with James Kucy-
niac and reported in Annales de )ACFAS 6:
108. 1940. The date of the Dorval collection
is not here stated but in a subsequent repo
(Boivin, Bernard, Le Nat. Can. 69(8 and 9
206. 1942) it is given as 1939. With it is re-
ported a collection of Marie-Victorin, Rolland
Germain and Bernard Boivin in 1940 from
Coteau-du-Lac, Que.

Some of these colonies are undoubtedl:
self-perpetuating by seed; this is true par
ticularly of that near Arnprior. While not —
seen seriously invading good land, the mere _
establishment of a coarse and succulent plan
like this creates untidinesss. It is then a wee
although, used judiciously in plantings,
lush foliage, large, purple flowers and eas
cultivation have horticultural value.

Another introduction, Impatiens parviflorc
DC., is established at Charlotteown, P.
where collection in railway yards, and wast

o Groh in 1937. Another report by O
Beaudoin from Chateauguay - Bassin, P
appeared in Annales de VACFAS 6: 108
1940. It also has profuse foliage, with smal
and less attractive flowers, and in Europe
regarded as a weed. Both species possess —
novel, explosive pod for seed dispersal.
a eounis for the colloquial name, tou
not, as also ae ace ue poner

are Ale ut
. Pa)
eG x

Jaa

HE GRASSHOPPER SPARROW IN PEEL CoUN-
, ONTARIO.— During May and June, 1944,
_ the writer was engaged with Dr. A. M. Fal-
of the Ontario Research Foundation in a
study of the ruffed grouse in a number of

_ observations were made on other forms of
wildlife. One of these concerned the grass-
A hopper sparrow(Ammodramus savannarum).
: - Our first observation of this species was
“made on May 8th, when two singing males
5 were observed. On May 12th nine were noted,
all singing birds. Of eight singing males
_ recorded on May 16th, two were collected and
~ proved on dissection to be in breeding con-
_ dition. All these observations were made a-
4 bout one mile west of the village of Palgrave.
E.On. June 1st fourteen singing males were en-
countered just west of Palgrave and on the
same day three were recorded near Colerdine
_ and one near Cedar Mills. These villages are
_ about twelve and four miles south of Pal-
_ grave, respectively. On June 20th just west of
_ Palgrave two singing males were noted and
a -a breeding record was obtained when three
_ juveniles, recently out of the nest, were col-
j lected along with the parent female.

The habitat frequented by the grasshopper
a sparrow, in this area, consisted of coarse pas-

MIGRATION OF THE AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED
. HAWK, Buteo lagopus, at MEAFoRD, ONTAR-
10. — This flight began at noon on Oct 17,
4945, and stopped at 1. o’clock, Oct. 19,
1945. As usual, the birds appeared in the
_ East and South East, passed over the town
toward the North West, in general following
the ridge that lies to the South and West of
the town. Most of them were flying low.

Observations were made from the High
chool grounds by a party of three, using
; power binoculars. who marked the exact
e of the first appearance of each bird.

, nie the afternoon of the 17th, the count was
On the following day, there were 241, and
on the ‘19th, there were 65, the last one ap-
Dp ring at 1 p.m. when there was a decided
re in the weather. Of the 333 noted, all.

eek MRM eT (UN SONY CAAT AP EH RPM RMON Gok oy LAME Na Mer My bee
i, Salven : Me

_ woodlots in northeastern Peel County, Ontar-'
io, thirty miles north of Toronto. Incidental |

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 117

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

ture on dry slopes. With few exceptions the -

presence of last year’s flowering stalks of
common mullein (Verbascum Thapsus) was
associated with this species. Males used them
frequently as singing posts. The stalks were
from three to five feet in height. The vesper
sparrow was closely associated with the
grasshopper sparrow in this habitat.

Of the eleven adults obtained ten were
males and one a female. The ten males aver-
aged 17 grams in weight. The one female
weighed 16 grams.

So far as is known, the presence of the
grasshopper sparrow in northeastern Peel
County marks the most northerly area in
Ontario where this species has occurred in
large numbers. Records of small numbers and
individual birds occurring in Simcoe County
and Parry Sound have been published by
Baillie, 1939, and Devitt, 1948.

Literature cited:

Baillie, J. L., Jr., 1989 — A Northern Occur-
rence of the Grasshopper ‘Sparrow.
Wilson Bull., Vol. 51, No. 3, p. 186.

Devitt, O. E., 1948 — The Birds of Simcoe

County, Ontario. Trans. Royal Can.
Inst., Vol. 24, part 2.

—C. E. Hops, Birp Division, RoYAL ONTARIO
MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY.

‘

duck hawk, a marsh hawk and a goshawk.

Usually the hawks appeared singly,
though at times ten or more could be seen in
the sky at once.

Movement was heaviest from nine to ten

_in the morning, and from twelve to one

o’clock.

The weather, as usual in such migrations,
was bright and mild with a definite breeze
from the South West.

In these regions, rough-legs are usually

noted in the fall between Oct. 18th and Oct. |

20th. For previous years the following were
the outstanding flights.

OSES iN ces eles 100 (estimated)
500 (estimated)

g 1 2 Oe eo Iie 200 (actual count)

1945 ey 73 (actual count)

—L. H. BEAMER, MEAForD, ONTARIO.

118

CURRENT LITERATURE .

CARTWRIGHT, B. W. The “Crash” decline in
Sharp-tailed Grouse and Hungarian Partridge
in western Canada and the role of the pre-
dator. Trans. Ninth North Amer. Wildlife
Conference, pp. 824-329, 1944.

A sketch is presented of the crash in the
prairie area in 1942, 1943 when the birds
were abundant and then collapsed like a
pricked balloon. Cartwright shows that the
temperatures were below and rainfall above
normal during the critical hatching period.
In the falls of 1942, 1943, hunters’ bags were
composed largely of adults without the pro-
portion of young of the year that would be
expected after a successful nesting season.
Young gallinaceous birds are very vulnerable
to cold, wet weather. Evidently the bad wea-
ther at hatching time greatly reduced the

BOOK REVIEW

'

Our HERITAGE OF WILD NATURE (with a sub-
title A PLEA FOR ORGANIZED NATURE
CONSERVATION). By A. G. Tansley, Cam-
bridge University Press, 1945, pp., 74,
with 26 photographs, many of them full-
page (The MacMillan Canadian Co., Tor-
onto, $2.50).

Professor Tansley, who has devoted a life-
time to the teaching of ecology, in “Our Heri-
tage of Wild Nature” most successfully ex-
plains “Ecology” to the layman. In 16 short
chapters he first presents the case for con-
servation of Nature and Wild Life in the
United Kingdom, then describes British wood-
lands, grass and moorland, commons, heaths,
lakes and rivers, fenland, bog and sea coast,
and finally explains why each particular type

of landscape is inhabited by just those plants

and animals.

oe)

¢€

ae

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

/

are destroyed by predators results in some —

Se Ny | mae UY eek
ee a on Poe

}
4

young produced. Sharp-tailed Grouse have
a life span of about three years. Three ad-_
verse nesting seasons, with bad weather at
hatching time might wipe out a species with
a three year life span. Renesting after eggs

broods hatching later, with a chance of better —
weather for the young, and consequent sur- q
vival. Predators by destroying a substantial —
proportion of the first and even second nest-
ings, stagger the nesting attempts and thus
may be a major factor in the survival of the
species. This may be an important factor for
upland game birds. It is not applicable to
waterfowl, where later hatched young may
find surface water dried up and thus mor- —
tality aggravated. This is an important con-
tribution to the problem of predator versus —
prey. ~ —A. L. RAND.

In the last five chapters he deals with
nature conservation as practised in the past
in the United. Kingdom, and with the effe
of recent changes in land uses due to the
and to social and economic changes.

Although the problems confronting
Conservationist in densely populated England
and Scotland are very different from those in
Canada, much that is fundamental in v
life conservation applies equally well to C
ada. The book is a fine example of prac
applied ecology and might well be req
reading for Natural History teachers and: fo:
everyone concerned with the preservation |
nature and wild life; in fact this little
makes delightful Sortie for anyone w
interested in nature and nature study.
reader not familiar with British ver <
plant names would wish that Professor ‘
ley had given the technical names —
species mentioned. The photographs :
eellent as is the subject index. oA

— A. E. PORSILD.

SE]

sident: W.

iCE, B.

jon

'; Social

"MANITOBA
OFFICERS FOR 1944-45
leritus: HH.

M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D.;
H. RAND; Past Presidents:

Dec.), C. W. LOWE, M.Sc., J. B. WALLIS,
McCOUBREY, B.Sc. (Dec.), A. M. DAVID-
. WARDLE, M.Sc., G. SHIRLEY BROOKS,

W. CARTWRIGHT, L. T. 8.

‘ .A., P. H. STOKES, MRS. AS SIMPSON ;
sident : : HAROLD MOSSOP; Vice-Presidents: L. W.
_ J.BRODIE, Ph.D.; Treasurer: G. SHIRLEY
eneral Secretary : MISS M. F. PRATT;
W. KOSER; Executive Secretary: MRS.

Convenor: MRS. H. T. ROSS.

A. H. SHORTT, Chair.; W. ADAMS, Sec.
BWC: McGUFFIN, M.Sc., Chair.; R. LE-
Sec.. Botanical: H J. BRODIB, Ph.D.,

a J. SEARLE, Sec.. Geological: W. S.

Se., Chair. ;

Rk:

rnoon

BUREAU DE

; MRS. R. K. HELYAR, Sec..

gical : J. D. SOPER, Chair.; L. T. S. NORRIS-
_, See.; Microscopy : Zoology—R. A. WARDLE,
ny a LOWE, M.Sc., Chair.; R. HADDOW,

STEWART- HAY, "M.Sc. Chair. ;

eld each Monday evening, except on
ictober to April, in the physics theatre
Winnipeg. Field excursions are held

during May, June and Septem-

holidays during July and August.

¥

DIRECTION — 1946

MARCEAU; ler Vice-président:
2eme Vice-Président; DR. D. A.

‘résorier: GEORGES A. LECLERC:

e: HUBERT
'ESSIER EX

85, de

scientifique: DR. VIGER PLAMONDON ;
n protection: JAN BREAKEY; Chef de |

scientifique et pratique; DR.

; Chef de la section de propaganda

DUCHENE. Directeurs - F. D.

OBELL ROBERT HUNTER, J. C. PRICE.

MEREDITH, CHAS. A. DUMAS:
Adresse du_ secrétaire-trésorier :
s Franciscains St., Québec, P. Q.

; Vice-President.
} Secretary and Treas-

rio Museum, 160 Queen’ 5
RS. J. Ww. BARFOOT;

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS — 1946-1947

Hon. President: DR. NORMAN A. M. MacKENZIE, M.M.
B.A., LL.M, LLB., L1.D.; Past President: LAN McTAG-
GERT COWAN, BLAS Ph. D.; President: A. H. BAIN;
Vice-President: J. J. “PLOMMER ; Corr. Secretary: A. R.
WOOTON; Rec. Secretary: MISS STELLA BOYSE; Asst.
Secretary: F. TIMMIS; H. Treasurer: F. J. SANDFORD;
Librarian: MRS. F. MORGAN; Chairmen of sections
Botany - J. DAVIDSON, F.L.S., F.B.S.E.: Geology -
M. Y. WILLIAMS, B.Sc. Ph.D., F.G.S.A.: Entomology -
A, R. WOOTTON : Ornithology - J. HOLMAN: Photo-
graphy - FP. fT. TIMMS: Mammalogy - Ian McT. COWAN,
B.A., Ph.D.: Marine Biology - R. W. PILLSBURY, M.A.:
Junior Section - MISS M. L. ELLIOTT: Additional
Members of Executive - MISS E. SUTHERLAND, C.
GOUGH, K. RACEY, G R. WOOD. Auditors - H. G.
SELWOOD, W. B WOODS.

All meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Science
Building, University of Britigh Columbia, unless other-
wise announeed.

McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB
LONDON, ONT.

OFFICERS FOR 1946

President - DR. R. G, CUMMINGS, 429 Oxford St.
Vice-President - MR. J. K. REYNOLDS, 912 Dufferin Ave,
Corr. Sec. & Treas. - Mrs. W. G. GIRLING,

. 530 English St.
Rec. Sec. - MR. ALAN LAUGHREY, 786 Wellington St.
Migratory Bird Recorder - MR. W. G. GIRLING,

530 English St.

Programme Convenor - MRS. E. M. DALE, 297 Hyman St.

Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Public Library

building on the second Monday of each month from

October to April.

Field trips are held during the spring and a special
excursion in September.

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR
THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC.

OFFICERS FOR 1946 - 47

President: MRS. L. Mcl. TERRILL; Vice-Presidents:
J. P. ANGLIN and G. HARPER HALL; Treasurer: J. D.
FRY; Secretary: MISS R. S. ABBOTT; Committe: W. R.
B. BERTRAM, te A. DECARIE, DR. C FRANKTON_ W.
S. HART, MRS. L. ON MISS G. HIBBARD,
Ng Ava Ge cone R. LEPINGWELL, G. H. MONT-
GOMERY, Jr., MISS eh MURPHY G. G. OMMANNEY,
Vien ee RAWLINGS, MISS M. ROBINSON, J. A. ROL-
LAND, MISS M. SEATH, L. McI. TERRILL, Va.
WYNNE-EDWARDS.

Meetings held the second Monday of the month except
during summer.

Headquarters of the Soctety are:

RepepatH Musgsum Birp Roem,
McGILL UNIVsRS ITY,
MontTrREAL, P.Q.

BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND
-MAMMAL SOCIETY

President: KENNETH RACEY: Vice-President H. M.

LAING : Secretarv: IAN McT. COWAN, Dent. of

Zoology, Universty of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

by that eminent scientist, the late Dr. oa
AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY
AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY

Por Sale By i
The Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, Central |

ocT 14 1947

Lignan?

OCT 14 1947

(kinatiiaa). “By L. G seals pier ee aba ae 132

re ord ot the BES Sperane eva (Pesnen pice Ve VESPCTUNG) waninnrennen

o

great ‘ue heron. En Graham Cooch . on ae Walon sea ae BM EOE is 135

ville, 5s ee Ontario, By pera H. Mitchell Pee tee on

Club. *

) f fice eat Sutton West, Ont., as second cluss matter

ele ere a

she

Patrons

Their Excellencies the Governor-General and the Lady Alexander

Pres:dent : REv. F. E. BANIM
1st Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY 2nd Vice-President: AL. Sy,

Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, | 8 cee O. H. HEWITT,
Division ef Botany National Parks Bureau, —
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Additional Members of Council: F.J. Aucock, R.M. ANDERSON, A. ou =

Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. Crawrorp, R. E. DeLuRY, RowiEy FRITH, Ess
ue W. GROVES, C. C. HEIMBURGER, D. LEECHMAN, HARRISON F. ee ge Hoyes ne)

v. E. F. SOLMAN, C. M. Saeannee- ia Hee WHIT, M. ae eae

Auditors: W. H. LANCELEY and Harrison F. LEwIs

Editor
Dr. H. A. SENN, ~
Division of Botany ces tes te
Central Experimenta] Farm, Ottawa

_ Associate Editors aia ie tte

DD. JBINNESS csccceeecessscscsscecsene . Anthropology CLYDE es PatcH

J. ADAMS oe eee ee eee . Botany R. M. ANDERSON
A. LAROCQUE .......... wu Conchology
ARTHUR GIBSON -eccsscscscsansnse . Entomology

Fo.) ALCOCK) 2 een conn: . Geology
J. R. DyMonpD

The oficial publications of THE OTTAWA Frenp-NaTURALtsTs
since sere The first were The Transactions of the ( a

umes : and these have peed cancaned by The Canadian si eld
Canadian Field-Naturalist is issued bi-monthly. Its svope is the p
results of original research in> all departments of N atural History

. Price of this volume (Gi numbers) $2.00; Single

“

VOL. 60

‘a sVevivess &
OCT 14 194/
Ligpnaks

The

;

Canadian Field-Naturalist

SUTTON WEST, CANADA NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1946

NO. 6

Boe THE MEDUSA GONIONEMUS'!

By the late C. MCLEAN FRASER

Dept. of Zoology,

MONG THE MARINE MeEpDUSAE there are few,
if any, more attractive than Gonionemus.

- When the opportunity arises to watch the

living individuals in their habitat among the
eel grass as they rise to the surface with
rhythmical pulsations, turn over and sink
slowly to the bottom, can anyone be so blasé

- as to fail to pause to admire the grace of the

movements and the poses? The harmony of
the colouration emphasizes and enhances the

q genera] effect. The characters are so clearcut

nd so readily observed that it is little won-
der that it has been the subject for much re-

4 search. It may be preserved easily and well,

it stands transportation with little danger of
injury, and, in the preserved state, retains

much of its attractiveness, hence it is used

extensively for class purposes.

In 1862, Louis Agassiz (1) gave the name
Gonionemus vertens to a species of this genus
obtained in the Gulf of Georgia, Washington
Territory. In 1865, Alexander Agassiz (2)

' made some additions to the description and

provided figures of the species. Although this
species is widely distributed in the northeast
Pacific, and is often abundant, apparently
little attention has been paid to it in this

_ region except to give it passing reference.

In 1895 Murbach (3) discovered a species
of Gonionemus at Woods Hole, Massacheu-
setts, but he referred to it only as Gonito-
nemus sp. Other zoologists who referred to

j _the species in the years immediately follow-
- ing considered the resemblance to the species
described by Agassiz was close enough to
i: speak of the species as G. vertens, but in 1901,

Mayer (4) came to a different conclusion,

and described it as a new species which he
named G. murbachii. Most of the investiga-
_ tors who have worked with the species since
then,
_ have accepted Mayer’s conclusion. Much work

and there have been many of them,

University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, B. C.

‘has been done on the Woods Hole material

in life history, physiology, experimental zool-
ogy, and regeneration. Mayer (5) has given
an excellent summary of this work up until
1910.

I have no information as to what, or how

much, material Mayer had available for ex-

amination but I cannot believe that he was
justified in deciding that the Woods Hole
species is different to the species so abundant
in the strait of Georgia. I have observed
many living specimens in and from the Eel
Pond at Woods Hole, and much more numer-
ous living specimens from more than a score

of different locations in the strait of Georgia
area, as well as preserved specimens from
both sides of the continent, and I certainly
should not undertake to separate specimens
of the two from a mixed collection with any
hope of success.

Mayer says that Gonionemus vertens “is
distinguished by its high bell, long slender
tentacles and deep red gonads.” He gives the
number of tentacles as 60 to 70 in G. vertens,
and 60 to 80 in G. murbachit.

With regard to the height of the bell, in
G. vertens it is said to be 17.5 mm. while the
diameter is 15 mm.; that is to say that the

height is 117 percent of the diameter. In

G. murbachii, the height of the bell is given
as 9 mm., and the diameter, 19.5 mm., the -
height 46 percent of the diameter. In his
original description, L. Agassiz gave the
height of G. vertens as nine-tenths of an
inch (22.5 mm.) and the diameter as eight-
tenths (20 mm.). Either Agassiz’ specimens
must have been extreme as far as the height
of the bell is concerned, or the shape of the
bell must have changed considerably since
the specimens were collected, for I do not
know that I have seen a mature specimen of

Vol. 60, No. 5. Seprember-OQctoher, 1946, was issued April 22, 1947

120

this species in which the height of the bell
was greater than .the diameter. If there are
any such now-a-days in the strait of Georgia,
they must be few and far between. In 25
specimens measured from each of two quite
distant locations, the nearest approach to
equality in height and diameter was 85 per-
cent, and the lowest percentage was 44, some-
what less than the ratio given for G. mur-
bachw; the average was 57 percent. Only 4
out of the 50 had a higher percentage than
67, while 5 out of 50 had a lower per-
centage than 46, that given for G. murbachii.

The length of the tentacles varies so much,

depending on the amount of extension that
actual length given at any one time is of
little value. If the tentacles could be measur-
ed under similar conditions it is probable that
the length in the specimens from the two
sides of the continent would differ but little.

Mayer’s estimate of the number of tenta-

cles in G. vertens seems to be very wide of the
mark. In the same 50 specimens the average
number of tentacles is 76.6; the highest num-
ver is 96, and the lowest 64; 16 out of the
50 had more than 80 tentacles and only 12
out of the 50 had fewer than 70, the max-
imum number given by Mayer.

These 50 specimens were selected to give
as wide variety in size as possible. Table 1
showing the measurements and counts in de-
tail may be more convincing.

As to the colour of the gonads, the “deep
red” that Mayer speaks of, seems to be pretty
much of a rarity. The “rich brown” of the
gonads in the Woods Hole specimens seems to
be the prevalent colour in G. vertens as well,
although the particular shade varies through
a wide range.

Some attempts to follow through the life
history of G. murbachii have met with but
limited success; there is still much to be done
before the story is complete. No such work
has been done on G. vertens. It is possible
that if the complete life history were known
in both the Atlantic and the Pacific, it would
be an important factor in determining the
authenticity of the species G. murbachii. As
it is now, one must be excused for doubting
this authenticity.

In the business of collecting marine zoolog-
icalk material at low tide and in shallow water
along the east coast of the southern portion
of Vancouver island, the islands in the archi-

6 i
THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Vol. 60

peligo adjacent to this coast, and the islands
of San Juan archipelago, the presence of an
abundance of Gonionemus vertens has been
thrust upon my attention in so many different
locations to such an extent that the observa-
tions were recorded, that it may give a good
indication of the extent of the distribution if
these observations are arranged in order and
presented. It should be mentioned that the
region has never been definitely explored for
suitable collecting areas for the species. The
discovery of the species in each location was
simply incidental during the procedure of
general collecting or observing in the restric-
ted area in which they appeared.

Attention may be called to the fact that,
with one exception, all the records were ob-
tained during May, June and July. It is not
safe to conclude from this that the fully de-
veloped medusa stage of this species lasts
through this period only. It happens that all
the best daylight tides in this region are re-
stricted to these three months and, in conse-
quence, most of the shore collecting is done
during this period.

List oF LOocATIONS

In San Juan Archipelago

Argyle Lagoon, east side of San Juan Isl-
and, July 2, 1981.

Friday Harbor, east side of San Juan Isl-
and, June 380, 1931.

East shore of East Sound,
June 29, 1931.

West shore of Waldron Island, June 28, 1981.

Orcas Island,

In the Vicinity of Victoria, B.-C.
Off the outer wharf, Victoria, July 23-26,
JER,

In the Vicinity of Sydney, B.C.
South of Ferry wharf, Sidney, June 28, 1927.

Vancouver Island shore, one half mile north
of Sidney, June 24, 1926; July 28, 1927.
Shoal Harbour, approximately one mile north
of Sidney, June 14, June 24, July 7, 1926;

June ts lOZ7e

Different locations around Piers Island, May
30, 1926.
East of Knapp Island, May 30, 1926.
In the Vicinity of Nanaimo, B. C.

Southwest side of Galiano Island, near Por-
lier Pass, June 26, 1914; August 2, 1921;
June 26, 1922.

Cardale Point, Valdez Island, July 6, 1921.

Fe a eae aay Oe ee ee

Sess >

' November-December, 1946] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LUN 121

Table i
Se SE a a
ite No. of tentacles
No. Diameter in mm. Height in mm. Percentage in a quadrant

res

122 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Beach on south side of Mudge Island, Aug-
ust 30, 1913; June 28, 1915; May 29, 1919;
June 8, 1921; May 30, 1923.

Lock Bay, north side of Gabriola Island, July
6, 1914; June 25, 1915.

Rocky Bay, south side of Gabriola Island,
July 7,.1914; June 20, 1921.

Taylor Bay, west end of Gabriola Island,
June 10, June 28, 1922.

Duke Point, east of the estuary of the Nan-
aimo River, July 4, 1919.

Hast side of Newcastle Island, June 14, 1912;.

July 25, 1922.

Near Biological Station wharf, Departure
Bay, May 27-29, June 14, 1912; August 30,
1913; May 28, 1914; May 2, May 27, 1915;
May 18, 1917; June 29, 30, 1919; July
NG als; 192i June 245 27, 922:

Horswel]l Point, northern entrance to Depart-
ure Bay, June 29, 30, 1919.

Hammond Bay, June 8, 1917.

Ballenacs Islands, 13 miles northwest of De-
parture Bay, July 9, 1921.

North coast of Lasqueti Island, 20 miles
northwest of Departure Bay, June 19, 1912.

[Vol. 60

The extremes of these locations are less
than 100 miles apart. No information is
available as to how far the range of the
s»ecies extends either to the southward or to
the northwestward. Relatively little shore
collecting has been done in the northeast
Pacific outside of this region. One record on
July 3, 1936, from a small bay atthe north
end of Moresby Island, at the western en-
trance to Skidegate Channel, Queen Charlotte
Islands, indicates much extension of the
range to the northwest at least. —

}

REFERENCES

1. 1862, Agassiz, L. Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S.,
4300:

2. 1865. Agassiz, A. North American Acale-

phae, 128.
3. 1895. Murbach, L. Jour. Morph. Boston,
11, 493. /

4, 1901. Mayer, A. GG. Sci.
Inst. Mus., 1, No. 1, 5.

. 1910. Mayer, A. G. Medusae of the World,
2, 341-348.

Bull. Brooklyn

or

a

BROOKS,- ALBERTA!

November-December, 1946] | THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 123
BIRDS OF THE BHASTERN IRRIGATION DISTRICT,

By T. E. RANDALL,
Manola, Alberta

HE FoLitow1nG List of birds is compiled

from records obtained during the years
1943-44-45. During that time I was able to
cover the entire district quite thoroughly,
while on several large areas bird studies
were carried on over long periods of time.
Therefore J feel that this list is as compre-
hensive and complete as is possible in a large
district where practically all bird life is
migratory and where rare or occasional] vis-
itors are the rule rather than the exception.
The Eastern Irrigation District, with its
headquarters at Brooks, extends from Bass-
ano in the West to Tilley in the East, and
from the Red Deer river in the north to the
Bow River in the south. About 200,000 acres
ef this large area are irrigated.

The construction of the irrigation project
entailed the formation of several large res-

ervoirs. Of these, Lake Newell is the largest,

with an area of about forty square miles.
Cowoki, One Tree, Twelve-mile and Rocky
Lakes are other large areas of water. Num-
erous smaller Jakes and ponds, canals, ditches,
and extensive cattail-covered marshes pro-
vide ample water room and breeding grounds
for thousands of wild fowl. With the opening
of the ‘irrigation system belts of trees were
planted in the towns and around farmsteads
while poplar and willow thickets have sprung
up along the large canals and ditches. Here
song birds of many species, usually absent
from the prairie, are now abundant as vis-
itors during the periods of migration, and
many species now make their summer home in
the district. Within the past ten yeaws the
Eastern Irrigation District has become fam-
ous, for its excellent pheasant, Hungarian

_ pautridgie, duck and goose shooting. The ring-

necked pheasant was introduced in 1925 and
these fine birds are now so numerous that
a total bag of some 50,000 cocks is taken
annually.

The nomenclature used on this list is
largely that of the latest (1931) A.O.U.
check list, but, except where identity has

1. —Received for publication March 6, 1946.

been well established, no attempt has been
made to give sub-specific names. As no bird-
list of the Eastern Irrigation District has
previously been published, it is the hope of
the writer that this list may be of interest
to bird students and of assistance to others
undertaking field work in the district on
some future date. ; .

Gavia immer.

Common Loon.— Fairly common on the
larger lakes during spring and fall migrat-
ions. No nesting record.

Gavia arctica pacifica.
Pacific Loon. Two records, Lake Newell,

April 14, 1944, and Johnston Lake, April
29, 1945.

Colymbus grisegena holboelli.

Holboell’s Grebe.— Two pairs nest annually

on Johnston Lake; not seen elsewhere in the
district. ‘

Colymbus auritus.
Horned Grebe.—
ident, breeds.

A common summer res-

Colymbus nigricollis californicus.

Eared Grebe— Abundant; summer resident,
over 2,000 nests counted in one colony in
1945.

Aechmophorus occidentalis.

Western Grebe.— A few birds are seen in
spring. In the late summer it is abundant
on the larger lakes. No nesting record.

Podilymbus podiceps.
Pied-billed Grebe.— Fairly numerous sum-
mer resident; breeds.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.

White Pelican.— Summer resident. A colony
of pelicans became established on a small
island in Lake Newell very soon after the
Lake was formed. In 1945, 170 pairs were
nesting.

124

Phalacrecorax auritus auritus.

Double-crested Cormorant.— Summer yres-
ident. Some twenty-five pairs of cormorants
nest with pelicans on Lake Newell.

Ardea herodias herodias.

Great Blue Heron.— This bird was seen al-
most daily throughout the spring and sum-
mer but I could find no trace of its nesting.
It may, possibly, nest along the Red Deer
and Bow Rivers.

Botaurus lentiginosus.

American Bittern.— Summer resident. Nests
wherever cattail beds afford nesting sites.

Cygnus columbianus. :
“Whistling Swan.— Spring and fall migrants.
This beautiful bird is undoubtedly increas-
ing. Each year the flocks are larger and
more numerous.

Branta canadensis canadensis.

Canada Goose.— Summer resident. This fine
goose breeds in all parts of the district. The
islands of Lake Newell provide safe nesting
' places for about 150 pairs.

Branta canadensis leucopareia.
Lesser Canada Goose.— This sub-species is
abundant on spring and fall migrations.

Anser albifrons albifrons.

White-fronted Goose— Fall migrant only.
This goose rarely alights in the district but
small flocks are often seen passing over.

Chen hyperborea hyperborea.
Lesser Snow Goose.— Abundant in spring;
much less common in fall migration.

Chen rossi.

Ross’s Goose.—- Migrant. Not rare in spring,
coming later than the preceding species.
Rarely seen during fall migration.

Anas platyrhynchos.
Mallard.— Abundant summer resident; nests.

Chaulelasmus streperus.

Gadwall— Summer resident. Rather
plentiful than, the mallard; nests.

more

Mlareca americana.

Baldpate— Summer resident; nests. An-
other coramon duck which in 1945, showed
a considerable increase over previous years.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

B

[Vol. 60

Dafila acuta tzitzihoa.
American Pintail.— Summer resident; nests.

The commonest breeding duck of southern
Alberta.

Nettion carolinense.

Green-winged Teal— Summer resident;
nests. Fairly plentiful and slowly increasing.

Querquedula discors.

Blue-winged Teal— Summer resident; nests.
Abundant. It arrives late in the spring and is
the first duck to leave in autumn.

Querquedula cyanoptera.
Cinnamon Teal.— Summer resident, nests.
This western duck, usually rare in Alberta,
appeared in considerable numbers in 1944. J
succeeded in finding two nests. In 1945 only
three pairs were noted.

Spatula clypeata.

Shoveller++ Summer resident. An abundant
breeding species.

Nyroca americana.

Redhead.— Summer resident. A very com-
mon species. A large percentage of the
females deposit their eggs in nests of other
species of ducks. If the nests are those of
gadwall, baldpate, canvas-back or lesser
scaup, the parasitizing is often successful,
as indicated by redhead ducklings being seen
with broods of the above mentioned species.

Nyroca valisineria.
Canvas-back.— Summer resident. A _ fairly
common nesting species.

Nyroca affinis.

Lesser Scaup.— Summer resident; nests.
Abudant on all larger lakes where grassy
islands and shores afford nesting cover.

Glaucionetta clangula americana.
American Golden-eye.— Abundant spring vis-
itor. A few birds visit us in the autumn.

Charitonetta albeola.
Buffle-head.— Common in spring and fall. A

few non-breeders remain throughout
summer.

Melanitta deglandi. a
White-winged Scoter.— Summer resident. —

Breeds quite commonly on the islands of Lake
Newell.

the a

4
|

f
¥

i

November-December, 1946]

Erismatura jamaicensis rubida.

Ruddy Duck— A common summer resident;
nests.

Lophedytes cucullatus.

Hooded Merganser.— Occurs in small num-
bers as a spring and fall visitor.

“tergus serrator.

Red-breasted Merganser— A common spring
visitor. More rarely seen in autumn.

Aster atricepillus atricapillus.

CGoshawk— A common winter visitor. It
takes a heavy toll of the coveys of Euro-
pean partridge.

Accipiter velox.

Sharp-shinned Hawk.— An _ occasional vis-

itor.

Buteo borealis.

Red-tailed Hawk.— Summer resident. A few
pairs nest along the Red Deer River. An
occasional visitor elsewhere in the district.

Butsco platypterus.
Broad-winged Hawk. A regular transient
visitor in spring and fall.

Buteo swainseoni.

Swainson’s. Hawk. Common summer
ident, nesting wherever it can find a tree or
bush large enough to support its nest.

Euteo lagopus s-johannis.
American Rough-legged Hawk.— A common
spring and fall visitor.

EButeo regalis.

Werruginous Rough-legged Hawk.— Com-
‘mon sut:mer resident, nesting on the clay
cliffs of the Red Deer bad-lands and the cut-
banks of the Bow River.

Aquila chrysaetos canadensis.
Golden Eagle.— Often seen. One pair nests
on a cliff near the Red Deer River.

Haliaeetes leucocephalus.

Bald Eagle.— A common visitor in the spring
and fall.

Circus hudsonius.
Marsh Hawk.— Summer resident. A common
breeding” species. Adults are beneficial, prey-
ing on small rodents. The young, after leav-
ing the nest are very destructive to young
_ ducks, terns, etc.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

res-

Pendion haliaetus carolinensis.
Osprey.— One record, November 13, 1945.

Falco mexicanus.

Prairie Falcon.—
ident, breeding.

A common summer res-

Falco peregrinus anatum.

Duck Hawk.— Common, summer resident,
nesting on the cutbanks of the Bow and Red
Deer rivers.

Falco columbarius columbarius.
Pigeon Hawk.— A spring and fall visitor.

Falco columbarius richardsoni.

Richardson’s Pigeon Hawk.— Summer res-
ident. A few pairs nest in the district, using
old nests of the crow.

Falco sparverius.

Sparrow Hawk.— A regular spring and fall
visitor.

Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris.

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.— Permanent
resident, nests. Found in numbers only a-
long the Red Deer River.

Perdix perdix.

European Gray Partridge An important
species which has become plentiful; perma-
nent resident; nests.

Phasianus colchicus torquatus.

Ring-necked Pheasant.— Permanent resident,
nests. Another importation which has become
abundant.

Grus canadensis canadensis.

|
Little Brown Crane.— Many flocks of cranes
pass over in spring and fall. They rarely a-
light in the district.

Rallus limicola limicola.

Virginia Rail.—Rare summer resident. I
discovered a nest of this species in 1944. The
bird was very tame and identification was a
simple matter.

Porzana carolina.
Sora Rail.— A common
nests.

summer resident;

Coturnicops noveboracensis.

Yellow Rail One record. On October 4,
1945 I flushed a single bird. Its white’ wing
patches were sufficient identification.

126°

Fulica americana.

American Coot.— An
resident; nests.

abundant summer

Charadrius semipalmatus.
Semipalmated Plover.—.
and fall visitor.

A common spring

Oxyechus vociferus.

Killdeer Plover— A common summer res-
ident; nests.

Pluvialis dominica dominica.

American Golden Plover.— Abundant on

spring migration. A few adults drift south
about the middle of July. Large numbers of
immature birds pass through in late Sept-
ember and early October.

Squatarola squatarola.

Black-bellied Plover.— Abundant spring and
fall visitor.

Arenaria interpres morinella.
Ruddy Turnstone.— A rare spring visitor.
Not yet recorded during fall migration.

Capella delicata.
Wilson’s Snipe.— Quite plentiful in spring

and fall. A pair or two probably nest in the

district.

Numenius americanus.

Long-billed Curlew.— A
resident; nests.

common summer

Phaeopus hudsonicus.
Hudsonian Curlew.— One record. Two birds
seen May 12, 1945.

Bartramia longicauda.

Upland Plover—— Summer resident. “A few
nesting pairs scattered throughout the dis-
trict. |

Actitis macularia.

Spotted Sandpiper.— Common summer res-
ident along the Bow and Red Deer rivers,
where it nests.

Tringa solitaria.
Solitary Sandpiper.— A common visitor in
spring and again in late summer.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus.

Western Willet— A common summer res-
ident; nests.

FF

''HE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[Vol

Fotanus melanoleucus.

Greater Yellow-legs.— Fairly common dur-
ing spring and fall migrations. Single birds
are the rule.

Totanus flavipes. a
Lesser Yellow-legs— Abundant spring and
fall iSO j

Calidris wetaeie rufus. ‘
American Knot.— A rare visitor. One spring
record, several fall records. Usually seen
with black-bellied plover. 3

Pisobia melanotos.

Pectoral
and fall.

Sandpiper.— Abundant in spring

? ‘@
a

Pisobia bairdi.
Baird’s Sandpiper.—

Another common vis-
itor, spring and fall.

Piscbia minutilla.
migrant,

Least Sandpiper— A common
spring and fall.
Pelidna alpina sakhalina. a

Red-backed Sandpiper.— A flock seen Aug-
ust 3, 1944, is the only record for the dis-
trict. 5

Limnodromus griseus.
Dowitcher.— An abundant spring visitor
Reappears in large numbers in mid-July
these birds all leave when the first cold s
comes. A few days later they are a
plentiful. I am inclined to think that
earlier birds have nested in the muskeg
northern Alberta while the later arrivals are
the long-billed birds from the Arctic regions.

Micropalama himantopus.
Stilt Sandpiper.— A rather rare spring
fal] visitor.

Ereunetes pusillus.

Semipalmated Sandpiper.— A very cor
spring and fall visitor.

Tryngites subruficollis.

Buff-breasted Sandpiper.— A flock of tw
seen on August 30, 1945 is the cle record
for the district. .

Limesa fedoa. as
Marbled Godwit.— An abundant summe
resident; nests. — ee
Limosa haemastica. ‘el
Hudsonian Godwit. Six seen July 8, 1944 Mi

eh

November-December, 1946]

Crocethia alba.
Sanderling— Fairly common in the spring
and in late fall.

Recurvirostra americana.
American Avocet.— An abundant summer

resident; nests. /

Steganopus tricolor.
Wilson’s Phalarope-—— Another common nest-
ing species.

Lobipes lobatus.

“Northern Phalarope— Large flocks visit us
in spring and again in late summer.

Stercoraritis parasiticus.

Parasitic Jaeger.— One seen at Lake New-
‘ell, October 24, 1945. It was harrying a
ring-billed gull.

Larus argentatus smithsonianus.

Herring Gull— A _ rather
spring and fall.

rare visitor,

Larus californicus.

California Gull.

Larus delawarensis.

Ring-billed Gull— These two gulls are sum-
mer residents and have established large
nesting colonies at several places in the dis-
trict, the largest being on Lake Newell.

Larus canus brachyrhynchus.
Short-billed Gull— A patel common spring
and fall visitor.

Larus | pipixcan. ,
Franklin’s Gull Summer resident; nests.
A large colony is established at Cassils

Lake.

Larus philadelphia.
Bonaparte’s Gull— A rare spring and fall
visitor.

=

Sterna forsteri.

Forster’s Tern.— Probably occurs regularly
but has not been identified because of its
close resemblance to the following species.

Sterna hirundo.
Common Tern.— A common
ident; nests.

Summer res-

ma

Sterna paradisaea.
Arctic Tern— Spring transient. The first
terns in spring are undoubtedly of this
species.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

127

Chlidonias nigra surinamensis.
Black Tern.— A common summer resident;
breeding.

Zenaidura macroura.

Mourning Dove.— Fairly common summer
resident; nesting where trees and shrubs
have een planted.

Coccyzus erythropthalmus.

Black-billed Cuckoo— A somewhat rare

summer visitor but may sometimes nest in
the district.

Bubo virginianus.
Horned Owl.— A fairly common resident;
nests; becomes plentiful in the fall.

Surnia ulula caparoch.

American Hawk Owl.— One record, Nov.

12, 1944. /

Spectyte cunicularia kypugaea.

Burrowing Owl.— A fairly common summer
resident; nests.

Asio flammeus flammeus. .
Short-eared Owl.— Common, at times abun-
dant summer resident; nesting throughout
the district.

Chordeiles minor.
Nighthawk.— A few pairs nest and large
numbers pass through on migration.

Archilochus colubris.

Ruby-throated Hummingbird.— Summer res-
ident, nests. A familiar bird in the flower
gardens. :

Megaceryle alcyon.

Belted Kingfisher— A >rare summer visitor
except along the Red Deer and Bow rivers
where it nests,

Colaptes auratus.
Flicker—' A fairly
ident, nests.

common summer res-

Colaptes cafer collaris.
Red-shafted Flicker— lI.ess plentiful than
the preceding but not rare.

Ceophloeus pileatus.

' Pileated Woodpecker.— An accidental and

rare visitor in the fall.

Asyndesmus lewisi.
Lewis’s Woodpecker.— A rare spring visitor.

128

Sphyrepicus varius.

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.— A somewhat rare
spring visitor. )

Dryobates villosus.

Hairy Woodpecker.— Resident, but rather
scarces nests.

Dyyobates pubescens.

Downy Woodpecker.— A fairly common resi-
dent; nests.

Tyrannus tyrannus.

Kingbird. An abundant summer resident;
nests.

Tyrannus verticaks.
Arkansas Kingbird.— A rather scarce sum-

mer resident; nests.

Sayornis phoebe.

Eastern Phoebe.—
resident; nests.

Rather scarce summer

Sayornis saya saya.

Say’s Phoebe.— Summer resident. Much more
plentiful than the preceding species, nesting
in the towns, in farm buildings and the clay
banks of the badlands.

Empidonax flaviventris.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.— Often oceurs in
the spring migration.

Emeidonax trailli trailli.

Alder Flycatcher.— Another fairly common
spring visitor.

Empidonax minimus.

Least Flycatcher.— A common summer resi-
dent; nests, a

Myiechanes riehardsoni.

Wood Pewee.— A rare spring visitor.
Nuttallornis meseleucus.

Olive-sided Flycatcher.— Two records: May
2, 1944 and April 29, 1945.

Qtocoris alpestris.

HBorned Lark— An abundant breeding spe-
cies; a few birds staying through the winter.
Tridoprocne bicolor.

Tree Swallow.— A common spring visitor.

Riparia riparia.

Bank Swallow.—- An abundant summer resi-
dent; nests,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[Vol. 60

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis.
Rough-winged Swallow.— A fairly common
summer resident which may easily be con-
fused with the preceding species; not yet
found nesting.

Hirundo erythrogaster.

Barn Swallow.— A common summer resident;
nests.

Petrochelidon albifrons.
‘Cliff Swallow.— Summer resident. An abun-

_ dant nesting species.

Progne subis.
Purple Martin A fairly common spring
visitor.

Cyanocitta cristata.

Blue Jay— A somewhat rare visitor in the
fall and winter.

Pica pica hudsonia.
American Magpie.— A common resident.

Corvus brechyrhynchos.
Crow.— Summer resident. An abundant nest-
ing species.

Penthestes atricapillus

Black-capped Chickadee.— A fall and winter
resident.

Sitta canadensis.

Red-breasted Nuthatch A common spring
and fall visitor. A pair nested in a willow
stump in the town of Brooks in 1945.

Troglodytes aedon.

House Wren.— A common summer resident;
nests.

Telmatodytes palustris.

{
Long-billed Marsh Wren.—Recorded only at
Cassils Lake; summer resident; several pairs
breeding there in dense cattails.

Salpinctes obsoletus.
Rock Wren.— One record June 2, 1943.

Dumatella carolinensis.
Catbird.— Common summer resident; breeds.

Toxostoma rufum.

Brown Thrasher.— A fairly common summer
resident; breeds.

Turdus migratorius.
Robin.— An abundant

summer
nests.

resident ;

= ~.. wr

November-December, 1946]

Hylocichla guttata.

A

Hermit Thrush. Recorded twice on spring
migration, 1944-45.

Hylocichla ustulata.
Olive-backed Thrush.— A
and fall visitor.

common spring

Hylocichla fuscescens.

Veery.— A fairly common summer resident;
nesting.

Sialia currucoides.

Mountain Bluebird— Summer _ resident.
Found nesting only in the Red Deer Bad-
lands.

Myadestes townsendi.
Townsend’s Solitaire— Three birds: seen at
Brooks, a 18, 1945.

Regulus Be .

Golden-crowned Kinglet— One spring re-
- cord, April 16th, 1945.
2
Corthylio calendula.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet.— A common spring

visitor.
7

Anthus spinoletta rubescens.
American Pipit— An abundant species dur-
ing spring and fall migration.

Anthus spraguei.

Sprague’s Pipit— Summer resident. A few
pairs nest in the northern part of the dis-
trict.

Eombycilla garrula pallidiceps.

Bohemian Waxwing— A common winter
visitor. en 4
Bombycilla cedrorum.

Cedar Waxwing.— A common summer

res-
ident; nests, : j
Lanius borealis.

Northern Shrike-— A common fall and win-
ter visitor.

Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides.
White-rumped Shrike— A fairly
summer resident; nests.

common

Sturnus vulgaris.
European Starling.— Several pairs nested in
the district in 1944 and 1945.

Vireo solitarius.
ee headed ek Seen several times on

pasted dag of

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

129

Vireo olivaceus.
Red-eyed Vireo.— A common spring visitor.

Vireo gilvus.

Warbling Vireo. A common spring vis-
itor; scarce summer resident. A few pairs
nest in the district.

Dendroica aestiva.
Yellow Warbler.— A common summer res-
ident; nests.

Mniotilta varia.

Black and White Warbler.
Vermivora peregrina.
Tennessee Warbler.
Vermivora celata.
Orange-crowned ere
Dendroica magnolia.
Magnolia Warbler.

Dendroica coronata.
Myrtle Warbler.
Dendroica virens.
Black-throated Green Warbler.
Dendroica striata.
Black-poll Warbler.
Seiurus aurocapillus.
Oven-bird.

Seiurus noveboracensis.
Water Thrush.
Operornis philadelphia.
Mourning Warbler.
Wilsonia pusilla.
Wilson’s Warbler.
Setophaga ruticilla.
American Redstart.

All the above named warblers have been
noted one or more times during spring mi-
gration. They probably occur also in late
summer, but identification is much more
difficult at that time.

Geothlypis trichas.
Maryland Yellow-throat.— A fairly common
summer resident; nests.

Passer domesticus.

- English Sparrow.— An abundant resident;

nests.

Sturnella neglecta.
Western Meadowlark.—
mer resident; nests.

An abundant sum-

Xanthocenhalus xanthocephalus.
Yellow-headed Blackbird— Summer
dent; many large nesting colonies,

resi-

130

Agelaius phoeniceus.

Red-winged Blackbird.—
summer resident; nests.

Another abundant
Icterus galbula.

Baltimore Oriole— A fairly common sum-
mer resident; nests.

Euphagus carolinus.
Rusty Blackbird.— A spring and fall visitor.

Euphagus cyanocephalus.

Brewer’s Blackbird. A common
resident; nests.

summer

Quiscalus quiscula aeneus.

Bronzed Grackle-— A common summer res-
ident and nesting species.

Molothrus ater.

Cowbird.— Abundant. summer resident. Eggs
of this parasite species are often found in
nests of sparrows and warblers. ~

Firanga ludoviciana.
Western Tanager.— Two records,
and May 20, 1945; both males.

May 18,
Hedymeles ludovicianus.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak.— A spring visitor.

Hesperiphona vespertina.

Evening Grosbeak.— A common winter res-
ident. May occasionally nest here as a pair
of birds was seen on May 80, 1945.

Carpodacus purpureus.
Purple Finch.— A rather rare spring visitor.

Pinicola enucleator.

Pine Grosbeak. A fairly common winter
resident.

Passerina amoena.

Lazuli Bunting.— One_record June 15, 1945.

Leucosticte tephrocotis.

Rosy Finch.— Two birds seen November 10,
1945. s

Acanthis hornemanni exilipes.

Hoary Redpoll.

Acanthis linaria linaria.

Common Redpoll.— Large flocks of these two
redpolls spend the winter in the district.

foinus pinus.
Pine Siskin.— A large
1945.

flock seen June 6,

Spinus tristis.
Goldfinch. Common summer resident; nests,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[Vol. 60

Pipilo maculatus arcticus. j
Arctic Towhee.— Fairly common in spring

and fall; probably nests along the Red Deer
valley.

Calamospiza melanocorys.

Lark Bunting.— A common summer resi-
dent; nests.

Passerculus sandwichensis.

Savannah Sparrow.— Summer resident. An
abundant nesting species on low ground near
lakes and sloughs.

Ammodramus bairdi.
Baird’s Sparrow.— A rather scarce summer
resident; nests.

Passerherbulus caudacutus.

Leconte’s Sparrow.— Recorded only at Cas-
sils Lake, where, in 19438, several pairs were
nesting.

Ammospiza caudacuta.

Sharp-tailed eSparrow.— Summer resident.
Thinly distributed over areas suitable to its
nesting habits.

Pooecetes gramineus.
Vesper Sparrow.— A fairly . common sum
mer resident; nests.

Junco hyemalis.

Slate-colored Junco.- Juncos nest along the
valley of the Red Deer river. Elsewhere in
the district they are spring and fall visitors.

Spizella arborea.
Tree Sparrow.
Spizella passerina.
Chipping Sparrow. |.
Zonotrichia querula. | Pa
Harris’s Sparrow. re my

229

Zonotrichia leucophrys.
White-crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia albicollis.
White-throated Sparrow.

Passerella iliaca i
Fox Sparrow.

Melospiza lincolni.
Lineoln’s Sparrow.

Melospiza georgiana.
Swamp Sparrow.

The forgoing are all more or less plenti-
ful during spring and fall migration.

Spizella pailida.

Clay-colored Sparrow.— A _ fairly
summery resident; nests,

common

a

~November-December, 1946]

Melospiza melodia.
Song Sparrow.— Summer resident. A rather
scarce nesting species.

Rhynchophanes mcecowni.
MecCown’s Longspur.— A
resident; nests.

common summer

Calearius lapponicus.
Lapland Longspur.— Abundant, spring and
fall visitor.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

131

‘Calearius pictus.

Smith’s Longspur.— A rather erratic spring
visitor. Abundant in the spring of 1943, very
few were seen in 1944 and 19465.

Calcarius ornatus.

Chestnut-collared Longspur.— An abundant
summer resident; nests.

Plectrophenax nivalis.
Snow Bunting.— Abundant winter resident.

BOOK REVIEW

UN-
DRAINED BOTTOMLANDs IN ILLINOIS. By Frank
C. Bellrose, Jr. Journal of Wildlife Manage-
ment, Vol. 9, No. 3, July, 1945, pp. 161-

182.— In the Illinois River Valley, levee and

RELATIVE VALUES OF DRAINED AND

drainage developments have been very cost-
ly and have added to flood control problems.
The value of land in a typical levee and
drainage district is estimated to be $114 per
acre; value of unleveed bottomland fields
vary from $40 to $65 per acre; the value of

unmanaged Rice Lake, derived from the
harvest of fur, fish and game, is approx-
imately $23 per acre. Adequate inexpensive
management would increase the value of
wildlife resources in this area two or,three
times. The higher values of drained bottom-
lands are maintained at great expense to
Federal and State Governments.

This paper is designed to stimulate in-
vestigations of actual values of undrained
bottomlands. Such information is needed to
prevent unwise management of lowlands and
-marshes. — O. H. HEWITT.

182 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[Vol. 60

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

A SigHt RECORD OF THE LARK BUNTING AT
ToroNnTo. — In the early morning of Septem-
ber 21, 1941, a lark bunting (Calamospiza
melanocorys) in the brown plumage, probably
a young male of the year, was observed at
Sunnyside Beach, Toronto, by C. J. MacFay-
den, J. A. Crosby, and R. Y. Edwards. That
afternoon I saw the bird in the same place.
Unfortunately the .specimen could not be
collected as Sunnyside is within city limits.
However, careful notes were taken and all
the observers were agreed on the identity of
the bird. Among other things the following
points were noted — uninterrupted white
wing patches which showed conspicuously

Notes ON SPRING EXCURSION OF OTTAWA

FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLuB, 1944, Can. Field-
Nat., 58, pp. 188 and 189.—In the above ac-
count of this excursion on June 17, 1944,
some inaccuracies appear. Material pub-
lished in the Canadian Field-Naturalist is a
permanent scientific record. As I was group
leader in charge of a section and in a way
responsible for bird identification and dir-
ecting bird observations, some comment on
this report by Mr. Enstone is called for.

Page 188 — “Some members of our party
saw a tree sparrow.’ The tree sparrow re-
ported does not appear in my records of
this excursion and the record should be ig-
nored. The tree sparrow is a common spring
and fall migrant. It is an occasional winter
_ resident.

Page 188 — It is inferred that the Euro-

CANADIAN SOLPUGIDS (ARACHNIDA).— The
writer was recently surprised to receive a
solpugid collected in Saskatchewan, since

these Arachnids are usually found further
south in dry desert country. However, the

particular locality of collection is decidedly
dry and sandy. My. T. B. Kurata, of the
Royal Museum of Zoology has kindly identi-

in flight, a slight crest and an absence of
white in the tail.

Although a sight record, this contributes
the first in this region. The fact that the
observers were unfamiliar with the bird in
its normal range led us to defer publication
awaiting further information.

On August 24, 1945, at Bismarck, North
Dakota, I observed a lark bunting which was
identical to the Sunnyside bird.

With this additional evidence, we feel
that this record of the lark bunting at Tor-
onto is as free from possible error as a sight
identification can be. — J. BRUCE FALLS,
TORONTO, ONT.

pean starling and the bronzed grackle are
of the same family. The bronzed grackle is
of course a member of the American family
Icteridae. It is not in the same family as

the introduced starling of the European
family Sturnidae.
Page 188 — The rose-breasted grosbeak

that is reported as rare is in reality a mod-

erately common summer resident in the
Ottawa district.
Page 189 — The measurements given on

the length of the yellow warbler’s bill are

incorrect. They are given as % to % of an -

inch. The bird itself is only about 5” long

and its bill is nearer to % of an inch in.

length.
I suggest, that in future, reports of ex-
cursions be checked with group leaders for

accuracy before publication. — GRAHAM
CoocH, OTTAWA.
fied it as Hrembates scaber Krpl.; data,

Golden Prairie, 20 miles north of Maplé
Creek, Sask., Oct., 1948, coll. B. B. Powell.
In addition to this record Mr. Kurata wishes
me to record a specimen taken by him on a
sand bank at Summerland, B. C., July, 1928,
and also a specimen from Patricia, Alta.
—L. G. SAUNDERS, UNIVERSITY OF SASKAT-
CHEWAN, SASKATOON, SASK.

a,

November-December, 1946]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

133

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

BEAL’S PETREL BREEDING ON VANCOUVER Is-
IAND, B. C..-. — Beal’s Petrel Oceanodroma
leucorhoa beali does not appear to have defi-
nitely, been 1recorded as breeding on Van-
couver Island. Taverner’s Birds of Western
Canada states that the only breeding locality
is on the Queen Charlotte Islands; Bent, Life
Histories of American Petrels and Pelicans,
gives the breeding range as along the coast
of British Columbia. It seems therefore desir-
able to place on record a breeding colony on
“The Bird-rocks,” Pachena Bay on the West
Coast of Vancouver Island just South of
Barkeley Sound. !

I visited this place 19th August, 1944 and
then found small young in the burrows. Time
did not permit much of an examination of
the area aS my primary object was to band
glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens).
On 11th August, 1945, I paid a second visit
with the idea of banding some petrels as well
as gulls (unfortunately the rings I had taken
were much too large to stay on the petrels)
but was able to examine the petrels’ nesting
sites,

The Rock, more of an exposed reef, has an
area of some two acres above high tide, is
of an uneven surface cut up by small gullies
and a hillock rises on the south side some
fifty feet above the general level. On the
sides of this hillock and in the gullies there
is a considerable growth of vegetation, a

Harris SPARROWS AT HUNTINGDON, B. C. —

On May 138, 1945, a Harris’ Sparrow, Zono-
trichia querula, was seen on the ground under
a mountain ash bush near the house at our
rach, Huntingdon, B. C. It disappeared and
later was seen perched on the same bush,
where it was collected.

This bird proved ‘to be an adult female,

MisHaps To A STARLING.— Probably many
observers have noticed the habit that star-
lings (Sturnus vulgaris) have of perching on
chimney pots in severe winter weather. This
must lead to many fatalities to this non-
native species.

Twice I have heard flutterings in my
chimney and in pulling out the connecting

{

rush-like grass predominating. The result of
the yearly dying down of this vegetation plus
guano has formed peat-like areas and it is
in these the petrels have their nests. Without
attempting any count it was evident there
was a considerable number of nests scattered
through these peaty areas, particularly as
many burrows would not have been visible
owing to the vegetation.

In one burrow, opened up, there was a bird
and an egg but the condition of the latter,
congealed yolk, made it doubtful if it was
even this year’s laying (this egg is now in
the collection of Mr. Walter Maguire, New
Westminster, B.C.); other burrows did not
produce any birds but, as banding was off, I
did not attempt much in this way. The cap-
tured bird did not seem alarmed and remain-
ed quite quiet in the hand though it soon
scuttled back when returned to the burrow.

In 1945 I picked up a dead petrel and saw
the remains of others, also where three glau-
cous-winged gulls had been plucked, so it
looked as though some predator, possibly a
horned owl (Bubo virginianus) was working
the rock, which is only abeut four miles from
Vancouver Island.

Though I did not leave the rock, in 1945,
until 9.10 P.W.T. (not yet dark) there were
no signs of returning birds. —THEED Pwarsk,
Comox, V.I.,. B, C.

and on dissection proved to be very fat, the
ovarian mass measuring 4x6 mm. The stom-
ach contained unidentified crushed seeds.
The occurrence of the Harris Sparrow is
worthy of note, as it would appear that the
last record for this bird on this coast was on
January 8th, 1895, when two specimens were
collected at Sumas by the late Major Allan
Brooks. —-KENNETH RACEY, VANCOUVER, B.C.

stove pipe liberated a starling. Two similar
instances happened in my neighbour’s house.
Fortunately for the starlings im these four
cases the chimneys were duds, that is they
were not connected to heating equipment.
Other cases I know of where the birds had
less luck. — H. A. C. Jackson, MONTREAL
WEST, QUE.

134

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

SUMMER RECORDS OF THE EASTERN EVENING
GROSBEAK (Hesperiphona v. vespertina) FROM
QuEBEC. —In his paper “The Summer Dis-
tribution of the Eastern Evening Grosbeak”,
(Can. Field-Nat. 54 : 23, 1940) Mr. James’ L.
Baillie, Jr. mentions only one summer record
of the evening grosbeak for Quebec; two in-
dividuals seen by S. C. Downing near Sha-
winigan Falls on June 5, 1938.

Having been in charge of the ornithological
section at the Quebec Zoo for 8 years now,
the present writer has noted bird life almost
daily at the Zoo and the vicinity. From these
notes are taken the following records of the
eastern evening grosbeak which was seen at
the Quebec Zoological Garden, Charlesbourg,
Que. every summer since 1941.

On July 21 and 22, 1941, one evening gros-
beak was seen, and again, on August 2, two
birds were noted near an aviary containing
captive grosbeaks. The birds seen might have
been escaped ones from our aviaries, for no
checking had been done on our flock of cap-
tive grosbeaks at that time. i

The next year 1942, Sgt. Pilot H. P. Hollom
of Montreal, in a letter addressed to the
writer states that while visiting the Quebec
Zoo on August 12, he saw one male evening
grosbeak near the same aviary. This individ-
_ual, assumed to be the same one, was seen
again by me at the same place almost every
day from August 17 to 29. It was a wild
grosbeak; none had escaped from our aviaries,
and both observers had failed to detect any
sign of captivity on that bird which was ob-
served at very close range with binoculars.

In 1948, on August 10, one adult male was
seen at the Zoo.

In 1944, a pair was observed at close range
on May 16, 17 and 22; and on August 29, 6
were seen in the vicinity.

Last summer, 1945, a lone adult male was
noted on June 7 and 8, and again on July 13
and 19. On July 31, one immature female,

well able to fly was observed feeding near
the aviary containing captive evening gros-
beaks. That immature female was shot on the
next day, and is now in the bird skin collec-
tion of the Quebec Provincial Museum. More-
over the writer was much surprised to see
at the Zoo on August 7, a flock of 10 birds
in a cherry tree. One adult male, seen at
close range, was feeding an immature male
with the kernels of wild red cherries (Prunus
pennsylvanica) . During the process, the
young bird fluttered his wings and cried al-
most continually. That flock was seen again
on August 9, 13, 16 and 21.

At Levis, some 10 miles southeast of
Charlesbourg, the familiar cail notes of an
evening grosbeak were heard by the writer
on August 7, 1945. At Everell, near Quebec
city, two were seen on August 31.

The evening grosbeak is a regular winter
visitor in the region of Quebec. It has been
observed in more or less number every win-
ter at least since 19388. ;

Mr. Gédéon Boucher, a reliable bird ob-
server of L’Assomption, Qué., has kindly
permitted to add his own summer records.
On May 3, 1940, Mr. Boucher saw at —
L’Assomption, Québec, adult male evening
grosbeaks with bits of straw and horsehairs
in their beak. On June 18, 1942, at the same
place, he again saw one male with two root-
lets in his beak and on next June 22, that
male - assumed to be the same one - was
seen with a female feeding on raspberries. A
careful search for a possible nesting site in
the surroundings was unsuccessful.

Another, summer record worthy of note is
a “return” record of a banded bird from Mr.
M. J. Magee of Sault-Ste-Marie, Michigan.
That record, known to the writer through
personal correspondence is from St.-Félix-
de-Valois, Joliette County, Qué.: one banded
bird caught on about August 1, 1936.

—RAYMOND CAYOUETTE, QUEBEC ZOOLOGICAL
GARDEN, CHARLESBOURG. QUEBEC.

ee

-

not being

November-December, 1946]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST <

135

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

/

RARE INJURY TO GREAT BLUE HERON. — At
Golden Lake, Ont., Aug. 18th, 1945, while
paddling in a quiet bay with two companions
I noticed a male great blue heron (Ardea
herodias) standing with its head seemingly

held down by some hidden object. When we
approached the bird flapped off awkwardly to
a spot several yards away. As the bird tried
to fly past us down the beach we noticed that
the tail of a fish was protruding from its
mouth. Eventually the bird was captured
through our combined efforts. It was found to
be in an emaciated condition and seemed to

VIRGINIA RAIL, Rallus limicola limicola, Vieil-
lot, NESTING IN ALBERTA. —On June 6, 1943,
while exploring a small cattail-covered pond
on the outskirts of the town of Brooks, Al-
berta, I observed a rail leaving her nest, and
sure that it was a sora rail, I
waited quietly for several minutes and was
rewarded by seeing a virginia rail creeping
through the rush stems. The nest was a neat-

METHOD EMPLOYED BY A MARSH HAWK
STALKING SHORE Birps. — At Brittania, Ont.,
September 22nd, 1945, I was sitting in a con-
cealed spot beneath a breakwater. I was ob-
serving a fiock of 7 shorebirds (4 sanderlings
Crocethia alba and 3 semipalmated sandpip-
ers, Hreunetes pusillus) feeding on the sandy
beach in the shadow of some rushes three
feet high, when suddenly a large female
marsh hawk (Circus hudsonius) appeared
from somewhere down the beach. Apparently
unobserved by the shorebirds it flew quickly

have difficulty in breathing. When one of our
party attempted to remove the fish from the
bird’s gullet by placing one hand on its throat
something sharp jabbed into his hand. After
some difficulty the fish was removed and it
proved to be a 15” catfish. When swallowed
the horn in the dorsal fin had become lodged
in the bird’s gullet about halfway down. As
soon as it was relieved of its burden the bird
darted at one of my. companions who barely
escaped the flashing bill. However the bird
seemed contented by its actions and skulked
away into an alder swamp.—GRAHAM CoocH,
OTTAWA.

ly built basket of rush leaves and contained
four eggs. Several days later, I found the
nest had been partially destroyed, probably
by a muskrat. Two eggs were lying in the
shallow water under the nest, while a third,
in a badly damaged condition, was still in the
nest. No previous definite record of the oc-
currence or nesting of this rail in Alberta
appears to exist. — T. E. RANDALL, DICKSON,
ALBERTA.

inland. Rising to a considerable height the
hawk flew to a spot in a straight line with
the shorebirds, then swooping down towards
them flying, but a few feet off the ground and
always keeping the rushes between herself
and the flock. As soon as the rushes had been
skimmed over the hawk plummeted to earth
and pounced on one of the shorebirds. The
hawk then made its way across the lake. The
victim appeared to be one of the sanderlings
as only 3 were left. — GRAHAM CoocH, OT-
TAWA. 2

186

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[Vol. 60

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

CINNAMON TEAL Querquedula

(Vieillot) BREEDING IN ALBERTA — On May
27th, 1944, while at Lake Newell, five miles
south of Brooks, Alberta, with T. C. Main
and B. W. Cartwright, I flushed two males
and a female from the shore of an island.
Subsequently, I observed this teal at several
points in the Eastern Irrigation District.

On June 15th, at Louisiana Lakes, the
Ducks Unlimited project near Tilley, Alberta,

cyanoptera

LEAF-ROLLERS OF THE GENUS Cacoecia (Tor-
tricidae) ON Trillium. May 18th, . 1942,
Kirk’s Ferry, Quebec, a brown larva was
found on a flower Trillium grandiflorum
(Michx.) Salisb. It had tied together two
adjacent petals along their length to form
a tube and had eaten the stamens and pistil
entirely. The larva was placed on a fresh
flower and rolled one petal along its length.
On May 14 a second similar larva was found
on another flower. The two were reared in a
jar on flowers of Trillium. On May 20 one
larva pupated and on May 30 an adult em-
erged from this pupa. It was determined by
T. N. Freeman of the Systematic Unit, Ento-
mologica] Division, Dominion Department of
Agriculture, to be Cacoecia melaleucana
Walker. On May 27 there appeared on the re-
maining larva several cocoons of a parasitic
wasp, and on June 10 one adult emerged from
one of these cocoons. It was determined by

I was searching an island for duck’s nests
and flushed a teal from a nest containing ten
eggs. The bird alighted on the water about
thirty yards from her nest and was at once
joined by a male cinnamon teal.

Two days later I found a second nest under
precisely similar circumstances.

Although this teal has been taken in Al-
berta on a number of occasions, this seems
to be the first record of it breeding in the
province. —T. E. RANDALL, DICKSON, ALTA.

G. S. Walley, Systematic Unit, to be Macro-
centrus nigridorsis Viereck, (Braconidae).

May 14, 1942, Kirk’s Ferry, Quebec - A
flower of T. grandiflorum was found bearing
a green larva which had rolled the petals and
eaten the stamens. On May 16, two more
similar larvae were found on _ flowers of
trillium. On May 20, one larva pupated and
on May 27 another pupated. On June 1, two
adults emerged. They were identified by T. N.
Freeman as Cacoecia persicana Fitch. On the
same day a cluster of cocoons appeared on
the third larva and, on June 15, thirteen ad-
ult parasites emerged. They were identified
by G. S. Walley as Macrocentrus nigridorsis
Viereck.

The pinned specimens of C. melaleucana
and C. persicana and the wasp M. nigridorsis —
were deposited in the collection of the Forest
Insect Survey, Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa. —W. W. Jupp, ToronTo.

DICKCISSEL AT STREETSVILLE, PEEL COUNTY,
ONTARIO. — On th€®morning of May 25, 1945,
while standing in an alfalfa field listening to
a wood thrush singing in the adjoining wood-
land, I heard a bird song new to me. It was
sparrowy with a hoarseness faintly reminis-
cent of a white-crowned sparrow and I word-
ed it for myself as “Fuzz-buzz, dick, dick,
dick” - the three “dicks” being quite sharp
and quick. I searched for the singer in the
near-by ‘hawthorn hedge but was_ looking
too low and finally glimpsed it as it went off
over the alfalfa. The size was sparrowy too
and the colour, above, brownish.

That evening about 7 I went back hope-
fully, but a tour of the field drew a blank
and I was just turning toward home dis-

1 SE

couraged when I heard the song again in al-
most the same place as in the morning. This
time I looked higher and there was the singer
on the tip of a hawthorn and it was a male
dickcissel. I had not seen one before but
there can be no mistake about it. I watched
it through 8X binoculars for two or three
minutes and saw clearly its yellow breast,
black throat patch and other characteristic
markings.

This species, Spiza americana, has, I under-
stand, been seen before in the Toronto Reg-
ion, but seldom enough to warrant this note
on its appearance. Unfortunately I have not

_ secn or heard it since in this locality.

—M ARGARET ‘STREETSVILLE,

ONTARIO.

H. MITCHELL,

er Zooloay 44
Es)

OCT 144947 /

isan eg

November-December, 1946]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

INDEX TO VOLUME 60

Basis). (anes

BMRDILURODS; “PULVILIIEG, ossocccesposiesshonebeectnontenbes TA 18 Oe

POTMCMONN CM AUUDES 2csccccsccccetonnpeesscreetieernsel 136

1G EAE AES GTC 0 fe RR SEER TE oe 130
PPM EIER CIE WCLO No... foals stontecncesedtnsehecanscersictere lt 50, 125
Acer glabrum Var. Doug asta -rrreerececsssseseereen 106
Achillea Millefolium var. lanulosa ...ccccceeo 106
VACTTELC OPIS \IPVOLCUS: > sssccssessssvcccszessscsssttacisssecoscssossessessseecastcie 36
DIL LIC ys 8 7200 sal SRE aI aGaO Re 44
PROTA CUNT SULDULOEUAN, | sctapsoscsvcssssssintsvnissestsonevstetvon sce 44.
PRGHUUCS® TU CULOT IG, eit Pek cltccctlcstcnsctncrests 538, 81, 126
(AS INEIIS SS SU BOO IID 0 NR ee ae 37

Additional records of old field birch,
Betula populifolia Marsh., in
Ontario, by Harold A. Senn and

STN WATT gg de aR LE ae 92
Aechmophorus o6cidentalig -recscececesereenn 49, 123
FCO Come ea ee Nn ee a a
ERE TPE CETUS) Witt seek ala TT
EEOMICI IE Swe ce eke gic oltias ee UNA a

Agelaius phoeniceus

Ye ENO) ThAICAG (1 2s ne ae a

AQLODYTON ETACHYCOULUTI rececsssscsssssrinesseesssusessses 106

BM MELE CLTUE, cc once scossosesvasesecs cB ssslaverscnginive 89

‘Alder, Interior

ACY OBL GENS. : seth aN Re AEE eR

\ EUS UCUS hehe e cece ccl coe

Alnus tenutfolia

MUTT ECATIU ILC UIUC ste ctsocne ctccrsiate cos nnoptvs ites sovsscdesseticanes 36

ZAVTPYIATADR, pee eb ELT a Nt Ta LD 36
“TLM TTP BY CS RGD en ee 36
haematopa 36

“ALP Lin TA GH DS pe Re a RE 42
SDD OTD NS 0 tae se tacit Rie aaa eal ee nD 42

AMDYSEOMG MACULAE UWM. ssssecesssssssssesensssessessinsseesesee 1
PO OT (ae tereraerte eee eee eA 20 Ret eee AQ

AMMOAMTAMAS DAGTAL seessesssrsssssssssscssssrssensssssssssscesssanssees 130
SCG BYOM (OLIV OH DICT (ete eee ree T17

AMNIMNOS DIEM, COUDACULG, | :..screcteisvircisnrrscsiinerinintae LO

CAPPS BS TSE PER URL nel er nO ee eee a ne 1

Amphibians, Oxford County, Ont. ou. if

Amphibians and reptiles of Oxford

County, Ontario, by Herbert Milnes.....1
PETUNIA GOGH CLO SOCLES 6 isoscscccoservevnncnsovecovssseseactodbicosssta
Amyda spinifera spinifera
ANAS ACULA EZUEZINOD, -...erveesesseereeee

SST E 21S ARR Renee Crs OREN on eed eee ener an
GOUT IVY PLC TOS dei sci stecctdeaccestaseincd
DUGEYTRYNCHOS | servressrcissssssssestisntsvsvcsecormesstiscce in
AOR GEG | EA NII A ETE GE rte both. Se eM SO 37
: ZTE DIET ARO RIE Ee AE Vitae Av RE 37
Anderson, E. G. — See Groh, H. and
E. G. Anderson
BP RSSRL STRUNG 0 Socct Sec cranetccsasntesace Ciasornoectcpacesaasrepccvtecael 42
ENCORE AGATE Te NR RS oe Rr PND 42
Anisoctista bitriangularis 37
SUOGTR A: RE Tey ES Se a av en aM ee 37
BHA ALOVOSEOVUG< MUCT OCI, oe eccesescciesojeeiceegclersedecenpemeree 39
AnNser ALDIFTONS ALDUFTONS ..recsssecrisesecsssnccsesneses 124
PMIPECHUIOG CD OLOOT OSE, acre cercccciisettsscccsissecmeseceeeecorensina 85
Antennaria from Whitehorse, Yukon,
A new, by Morten P. Porsild ............ 85

{
137
Antennaria leuchippi 1. Sp. crcccccccsunnannece 85
PO SCO Wier teeter EUAN INGE oe oan de eld EAD Eh 85
Alas ED OMI TT GAG 0) scarlett ccaleetshadcic.sdl cde oe ae tam 88
AERO 1 OTHALS) ei Re vee Ue daeta es Gay Cll a aaa 37
Anthis spinala gta es. 2508 is ees eae 56
WILDCSCONLS say) cee ae. pee 78, 129
SIND QMEY Beste och bon Sesrsscts ee 129
ANECUOCAPTA CIMETECONG «escstrreeccsssseesisessntisssssetions 60

Antlered doe mule deer, by Ian McT.
Cowan
Apatania
AUD UU GOR ieee ced eA UR Rae
Glaskensist, (We) <8 le Nae i ae
GUGUSLIDETTISN OF iinet mad ee
nebulosa kincaidi -
APWIGIdae isco hel ee? UE eek a
Aphodius fimetarius
Apion cavifrons

WU OUES Tih RRA ahenah) kN ais ce ee
Apocynum cannabinum
A Gulia CHEYSMETOS |. ascites 3... coe a
COMOUOCIISIGY Ae 2A... cup gee,
Arachnida sat Bk te aR Rona
ARPA aes | ceils ue I a aol.
Aradus lugubris
ACO PUGALCM cit Sect ae acd sailed, Meet Mae a
VAY NOH AHEAD Pl del tee ed UL Ne AER Im OEIC APSO
AVEC IULOCHIUUS: ;COLLO TES pd nisin letra Aol ae 5g ea ar
Arctostaphylos Uvg-uUurst cack ee 106
AT AEE HETOOLOS” ee 20h 20 Aer: SVE 135
RET OOLCISM ie aiiene ao hae es 49, 124
Arenaria interpres morinella. ........... 78, 81, 126
ERO TO TIM ey sche tien en Mas ae «ion ieee nae 36
Arquatella maritima 78, 81
ATLCMUSEE ATOCUNCULOIDES® Fok. Secstsah ache 106
GO TG EDGED Sgt ES mete) Seat) ae ie
Asto flammeus
flammeus
MAULSONTUNUWGI IT. Meet AA. dca a eee
Aster conspicuus
CVICOIMES VAY. PYOSELACUS eesecsseceesenesenesiin 106
PSTECTS © A EUOUOI) shite scactbscenntcataeetet chee catch nee
White Wreath
Astur atricapillus atrica pills ercecssoseoreniene 125
Alsyride sims WOWGSt 2 thn. sc ato uals ea eae 127
Atlantic Hydroids, reviewed by A. G.
Phomtsma ns isean odin hs csi eee en 94
PR COT UCIT 1 PP ilitcedah ant ctvots pal tne ake 37
Avens, Long-plumed purple eee 106
IANVOCET VA MELICANY rs .inanun a nernne lees 53, 127
aie] 6 as
152100 (lc. eee ee EVM Lene ey Vinny ts. 87
Commo ieee uh coh 2 e 59
Baker, Bernard W. and Lawrence H.
Walkinshaw
Bird notes from Fawcett, Alberta ........... 5 4
EeclGhutha.: UN CEOLD ssl nee Al
| BH 101109 1 ae AR ee RE INN NT ZA 22 SOs ae
Bartramia longicauda 538, 126
1 Se WPA VRP Orane ee SLT HOI a wee Mee ON ate Ded ia ST Wl 619) 5 87
Beal’s petrel breeding on Vancouver
Pee) Kee 1383

Island, B.C., by Theed Pearse

‘
7 > } ci
138 es THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST _ [Vol. 60
Beamer, L. H. BUbO VIVGiNtQNus crrrsreessssesssoersesnicten 8 pA Zilas
Migration of the American rough- Butheheaad) 2620 senna ise 5, 6, 16, 18-22, 124
legged hawk, Buteo lagopus, at Mea- Bufo AMEPiCANUS AMETICANUS ecsessssssseecssseessiieee 1
ford, (A alt eV EN Oho deer cesta toreeean eee ene rere een tere center Sly) fowleri AEE GN LU OT Sheil a 3
Oe Tes eeday a tent etc acct. cstret Reet teeta arreaergestenner cee LOGS Budkontd ae tase ek hy ose ea alee Aba ae eee 1
TBC ey AETV G Fe ee area Ula tere oe pepe to ir ereteecene tn SW Ansel 50's U Gs 0) al Mtn MOND A ec R eon WE RL | 2
BCAVET eae ee ee aE LAS 32, 88 Bunker, Alf.
(PATINA rts cat eee Da a eit sunaeeren ee 59 Gulls taking fish from mergansefs ........... 115
Belyta Bunting: HMastern \Snow:e sence cnn 78
Bembidion (Notaphus) NUQripes vse ~ 36 1 Ee) apttaeremtorn ACA sea AN SSA Tk Dh 58, 130, 132
Beris annwlifera lUterqpee eeccessoersseresssenereserinseceen 40 saglik OA tale AOD Ne Sees SN A 130
Betula rrennnnnnnntstnennnnnnniannnnnnnnnnnnennt 92 Snow LIZ NEST
PUPYPUP OTD crrerrnennnninnniarirrrnnnnn 90, 92, 93 — Buntling, Clay-Colored -rmrscnnmmmnennnitinee 26
POPUlif OV eernnrnnnnninnmrnnnrninnsn 90-93 Painted 27 ii 90s, Old a Our atin 26, 30
Bezzia Be Mielee He MU NN Lees nlbn gulne Rush Laccconuscewaconasaced intacsnegaeenedtnones® 39 Buprestidae soe At na REALS EAMES Ses UTI LUM aR \ 86
Bushatit: Coast 2.22 ee ers auton tn 21
oe DORCAS) Le eI REY AR Un ae 7, 125
DOOD US. ee aN SBA TREES ONE ING roi al 117
GIA. esseesssnssensecnsonnceeretatenacecaneonnsnnetnneeuneunetants 90,92 SOLAS Da 76, 80, 125
Old-field AUREL MOUS EE Sa Cua ee poten ey 90, 92 DIGEY DECTUS) rake eee eh eee 125
an PP A une SL Ded ee ane ua: Heat sve laune Se pepoe nas eamess demrenpetasbuanesi ey 2 regalis ii rane bel ROT ean el Lee ee aD 51, 125
OV CTEE Yala eee aoe BLED Oe ea cs es teceee CHO SSONE Nn Sak eC ager
athite. 90, 92 swainsont Bb 50, 125
Wire Say iets
Bird and mammal notes from the east Cacoecig, Melaleuca Ma crrcsitcrecismcrcsccticcsthesgsitorte 136
side of Hudson Bay, by T. H. DETSICUNG Vite eh lod el 136
Manning Ere dlereactecaecancouscousevevastoccesnactvouascccessasvesscucrs 71 Calamospiza melanocorys ost ka RE 58, 130, 132
Bird notes from Fawcett, Alberta, by Calearius lapponteus rosecsscmeeusersieseseerinee 30, 131
Bernard W. Baker and Lawrence lappowtcns tk tk ae "78
H. Walkinshaw. occurrence 5 OP NOCUS. Pe hah ca eee ee ea 58, 131
Birds of the Eastern Irrigation Dis- (BLE) Tere Roan en MIRIAM BORDEN Nr 26,830,903 Iie
trict, Brooks, Alberta, by T. E. , CAMdris CANUTUS TUPUS recesses 78, 126
TERE Aire call 10S erect een res ccteeasscaeceeneectetreece 123) Calligrapha elegans crcrievsvsiesnnerssnisieisneensse 36
SOM ene ae de HANS DON Meh Geer aes 60° 2 Calliphora VOMttOria, Vee ence eee 38
BS O11 DES OV ere ccc sarees eer act areceoseeere Heart 60> 1 Galliphonidaenie. sci aU eee ee 38
Bittern, AMeVICAT occ 6, 22, 49, 124 Camnula pellucida 44
Blackbird, BYrewer’s. espessssssscessssseien 22, 57, 130 Campylus variabilis 38
COW. cecsecsscscssscssecenccrssecssessnesersessnvessvschsecescenssersecossenensennenssees 34a Canachites canadensis CANAAENSIS errs 80
Red-winged .. 9, 17,18, 21, 22,34a,57,130 Canadian Field-Naturalist, Subscrib-

RUSty eee races 6, 9, 20, 34a, 57, 130 CYS $0, MAY, 1946 eevccnermnennnmnnnnne 60
Veellow-ea ded -npeseeessessssssssssssssesessseereessssnesess 57, 129 Canadian Solpugids (Arachnida) _ by,
Black-snake, Pilot ...sseccsocssssssecsssssenessseunseeeensceteeseen 3 Ee 1G Sanrinidienrst ee ree 132

Bl]OOd PALASITES ooreeeesscsesssevsseneseemeeeensreiaertnnenaenennneenn 34 Canis LQ As ee EE eed

BI UCDI ceeeesssssssssssescccsssssesssccssssssccecsnnnseseceecnnnssesscnnsnneceeceeaunaseeseets LUPUS Me te eee, SS RENEE late ca aE
Mountain Cantharidaen ie ee ea Ae Soares
Western COWERATIS hice LA SOS eas

Bob Cat CaMV asipa Clan yt AN a eee mechs

18 o>] fol tral) Fel errreeenrereeee tevreoccar tree Capella delicata

Bob-white Capsus simulans

Bombidae Gar and ese RT OO See tno

BODUS ssevevsosssossssoresinseesisrsesnsossssonntesnneeeennengynnepenerounienat Cardinal] erecreeseeesnrneensensensnssneneisntnnensenssin
hincticits Caribou, Eastern Woodland

frigidus
kineaidu
Bommbycilla COAPOTUM rresesrenrenrnrenenneneennennenne 129
Garr Ula PALladice Ps eviseersrererroneennernenenmnen 129
Botanical collections in Canada ose _ 114
Botawrws lentiginosus ccsssreressecrereseeienrsncseee 49, 124
Braconidae 42
Brant, Back osseccsssssiceenessssseenensenctnenctnnennesne
Brant CANAMENSIS ceresssssscsssrseeeeneenseeseeeannnneserersannen
CONGCE WSUS .chsshessssctecscsectctetiesersessscssnccntsicencnseres
UNCOTION -ersssssscee
leucopareia
Brenthis freija tarquinius
Brinkman, Alfred Henry,

1873-1945,
by E. H. Moss and W. C. McCalla.....107

Ungava Barren Ground
Carlton House on the Saskatchewan, ©

by Frank: Lr “Warley vices th ciearesen: 26

CArVOMACUS DPUPWHEUS occcsternnasrrcsnnrerccanrceer 95, 130

COMET OFNACUS i cheodercttsesstaicincieerreiaee 95, 96

DUT PULCUS cressesssserrereesseseneecinnes 9... 95,96

TALOUOILS Lasoo Ra Mate SG ee eel or 95

taverneri SUDSP. NOV. oc 95, 96

COSEOr~ CONMEETSIS: crests stennatrclestertt fs, OOS

Garth indian ROM atniy, 2k eaten nanan 56, 128

Cathar bes \ Wer Bee aes CGR eee ceteris 50
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inorna-

{ALIS RRA A RiP RE AOR Re ee Se Uae 53, 126

Cato stomata si ieee eis Mnoaeecaenaae aerate eee 49

(Ee UG fh ots ame eae ani Urry KARIM on Ta A ee al eran 1

a a a i me eg i ea te St

November-December, 1946]

Cayouette, Raymond
Summer records of the eastern even-
ing grosbeak (Hesperiphona v.
vespertina) from Quebec

CENtrOCEvTUS UWLOPNASTANAS ssvrsesssssssssssesssrsessesssesee
CEO Plo eUs Pleats osviscsssccscedisnsesnssrssiovee
DOSES IIIS TO) s.ssikccsstsccussasnatinsSoeasststesnsSstbvanaguodsscdivosun

LO ESAS ISR Sie es ee Meee PAU TAL L SOR OR
Cepphus Grylle MANALI ceccecsscrsssssssssesssesees
(SEL Cilla sco FY ee
GCTUUSPCONAMETISIS » sissies
CIEE OMAINUCTULESS becccearet et testacciabat cand Met ssa AE MENT

BRB SMO wis Hees cheeks ccaslstac: atc lsstscsazes
Chaetocnema
COUNT OIG a eee eer ee creer

latifrons
De cect ok On a A oe a
Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus. ...... 76, 81

CURE PLTIVOEWS 2 f08 B hee NS 126
CG TILOMETED CLD COLA, \oshvscsccssssccstteczsrssssnnssstessnpsensciistouts 124
(OF 0A ES 00 SIRES AX a) 5 a 124
Cheludra serpentind SCTPeCNttNA erceecsssscssseveee 3
CEE GUST [cet Spe ane ere ee ed 3
Chen caerulescens

Fy per bored, MY Per Dore ecesssssssssssrvrsssesssssseees 124

TRESS -cukea line ie kee a a a aw a eR 124
CRAG PIOM ING. OLD WINE = csicsccatsssorsisincvetscsccosssstceisiensnttos 106
“DS EIEL Os VAVGTL Ui Sete Wiebe gan eR SD 134
ermekerdee) Aaa oil aa ssscteesccciees 16, 17

BACK -CAP PO | cecccssssscsscsssssesesssctecssses 6, 16-22, 128

temows-headed\eknd.ecntr lk 34a

PETER URSS OAL PMN 2305 at sna staesbtnedlGtsntossnsoden 5.6, °9

SELLE CI IIICe TG UM eave ere ta ee teenie vee 2

CR Ero AE AERA pee mE Nt aR ies CE 21,22

cal parE II ewes once et Me EEN te a 8 88

* DSACISAI ET Ea gE tien sel OE I Re A EP EER nd 59
CUETEY/ C107 15 2110 (2 = eas 39
Chitty, Helen

The snowshoe rabbit enquiry, 1942-48 ...... 67
OL UES = TOTES IO 10 0 Ree ee 54
SUUTIPA ILE TESES sc dnvek Alte AO 127
itkmmamidae ee cco Pk ee aE assault 39
OR OPCSCE, GLUT Oc keccacinateth ie ccpasdettotiiansittiet 39
SGT OOS ise ectsnc Eee ei AM 2, See Sa a.

OS CUTUCOTINIS) ene I La
VEE ES cl VST ee es Rc els one
BAM CILC SS FIVENOT osc secticsesessscuslunisicssietes Sirgcvotsees
Christmas Bird census - 1945

_ Chrysemys belli marginata ..........
( CRUE STC hi 0 ee ee eee re ee are
EU SEETS: oRe UU os COTE AEE OS AES SE
Chiasomelidae’)j sete ares Oe et
Chrysopidae ............. A Na perl onase anneal Chea A EN,
Rea SO Rodd ,OCULAE: scot a ie esl
Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. albi-
CORDLTS apse hen OE ie rae aC Re yh aces a 106
GE SG ORE Ron Gn Oe RSD Moe Al
Cicindela longilabris 37
Giemidelidaes onc essa ee ae 37
Cinnamon teal Querquedula cyanoptera
(Vieillot) breeding in Alberta,
1S AN OE G2 6 28 ene 136
CIrcws CYANCUS AUCSONAUS -cercscccesssecerereersnereesineseese 7
1 RUEISTTT CH) pe Let aR eae See

Citellus richardsonii
Clamgula RY CMaVas srescesssssesrsenresssssinypnrsysrersen

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Z

139

Clarke, C. H. D.
Some records of blood parasites from
Ontario birds

Clematis ligusticifolia

Clematis, Small Flower

CC LEMETOUYS: SG UWEDOROO \ pies nea Nhe te cep Aa
Clethrionomys gapperi
Clover, Wihite) Sweet 1.03 tl Vee
@Mocenmel Wide ee weir O6 .Ne e e eN
Coceyzus erythropthalmus eececsecssscsenen 54, 127
Goenagrion angulatus 00522 ee 43
Coenacrionidac ji cald.a:. ue eee ee em 43
COCHOStO a2 nse Ee en Ae Vee 38
ELI CONG aid, euta SNE OR Er Dey 38
UOC ieee er ont SO ele sve eae 38
TOT CSCONS eile Bi 28) LOT 0) aoa eed 38
Cola ples acer Otuss cn nn hac ee aera S127
PUECUSY Eien nat None NONE tea ae b4
(ECO (21 RI Ra rRReNSO Neth Ue DON ETL BY." 5 | 55
COUN ES pele caren ee ED 127
@oleonceray tei. sk Bion wkd ees id Me a 36
Colladonus belli brunneus 41
Wolu bride lee Ce iene, i see ene 2
Coiymbus auritus 7, 123
GrISeGeNd ROLDOCU A or cepecrmeccrecieese (Ogg OF:
MEG TOCOLL Sepa rena” MARIANNE Sh Shee 49
COLUPOTIVICHIS! apelin oak inal Oe 123
Cooch, Graham
Method employed by a marsh hawk
staligime (shore). binds, \cuhsc0 ce een 135
Notes on spring excursion of Ottawa
Wield-Naturalists’? Club, 1944 .2...ahctue 132
Rare injury to great blue heron .......... ie Sa
Coot, -AMMeriCan Tcccicacsscneescus 21, 22° S25) tA6
COMO REMI ee en Dee nl Meee Teen. Eee ea)
Double-crested
BV UMO DW Ga Heese try ie a ok
Brel aries ra ii eines | ori SG a a
Wihite-erested\Secac.ada tonnes pees 22.
Cornusistoloni feng a0: itt ce ek ae
Corthylio “culerdiula, ee i’ i Sire eee
Corvus brachyrhyNeNos rocco
corax principalis
Gorythucha molitcule sis, AN eo ee 41
ISCELUCIUEUN ek une ee tie et Wok Sie Ce 41
Catton wood, Black (68) es ae ae 106
COtUurntcops NOVEDOTACENSIS eassvessssssssssessicrsenseee 125
COME ETT eA ea ate a eho ia a thee 5 eee 87
Cowan, Ian McT.
Antlered doe mule deer -recccccccccun hia tala 11
Cowan, I. McT. and Kenneth Racey
A new pika (genus Ochotona) from
Bribish: (Colm 1a sco gency eee a 102
Otoniidon tec (utes een tare Meets Pian Nt 20; 57% 130
ING Vedas 938 Bite ea eae scene nuh anes eer , 9
ION OEE Bit, oss i Moa chal anne cia e ee SOE 87
NOTE MOON o..teccincetacam uel taser eee ts Jk: 59
Crane auitbley Brow |. cacsesccacac eu eens 125
SFE 6.C0 6171 MRIReeea Parent RC IERIE SPER ARO societies 5-7
“Crash” decline in sharp-tailed grouse
and Hungarian partridge in
western Canada and the role of
the predator, The, review by A.
Ti EVAN eee ee 5 SPAN Te saa iabors sol ere oul 118

THE CANADIAN FYIELD-NATURALIST

140 [Vol. 60

Creeper Browne Cee wee Men naau eee meses N6-21 5") Duck) Black on. knee nase 16-20, 34a

CrloCeDhalus: CO TESEIS Vecrpccrcemssten esses nitanenpaet 36 ‘CanVvasback nnd ccc ieee carne eee ale 5

GROCEONTA, CLOG iirinsvonccmtsitn chert 78, 27. A335 Seam te soseeenncnnvnnenuannnnncnnsegnanronsnnnt 18-20, oe

Crossbill, White-winged paAPEIRI AG aes VNB CREAN a1 TAeuan tae REPROD een eR ERE eee NEHER ERE ROE RARE RSE SER SEREERSEORSEERESERREOOREER EOE ES 50

COCs DETIGIS debi ha RE Tact 49 Walla say ie CT HPA ONDE MIRE

Crore eae 5, 6, 16-22, 34a, 128 ine noc eee ay
INGDOTETAN OEE Dope ce bere berm neon eettehaacra antart 8, 56 Ruddy och ete

Cryotophagidae rvvcwncnennennenemmentnmmnenmennnnn 37 SCAU fittest re eet teae SURE eee ce hates

Cuckoo, Black-billed neem 34a, 54, 127 — Pumatella carolinensis .snmenmnnnnnnnnnne 56, 128

Cucujidae 37 — Tyutilly, Arthéme

Culucidae 39 A list of insects of the Mackenzie

WuTGulionidaes josie! eee NE Ne ets 37 River basin ele ie OE ee 35

@urlew, Hudsoniam oo. co cee eects NS, M26: \Wiystiscidae sy dekcl}. sister quer trates 37
ong billed fe: tee ee eects 52, 106

CILOMOTUS IN] CUSLUS ete ee eee 36 Bei a|

Cyanocitta cristata SPAS REY, SURE A AW Serge Melee iMac 128 Basle Bald) (ise a 16, 18-20, 22, 125

Cygnus columbianus Golden as Ora . ON, Bl, 2125

Cynomia cadaverina

Cory Bek ue ee eke deat
Gyphonidae os eared in, datdnatetactgutitecnatealeme
@iyPSEl TG Bers ee Oe RS ae arta ale cages
abi |) Lee
DUCTUS We ate oe re Oe PARSE Fah ecb ee Ria dao 42
DONC TELC OL COULE GL os ethcisscs spake) dertesntmenseetcsrteetre eaten 50
W2UL ZU OT) a oe cone ne trea 124
Dalsytes hinGSONIGHs weet ni terete 37
AID eusiyatat Glad sper eerie tent tte a ease aR sets tcaraeiner ea 37
Weer ee Mi Gasset a Seer ee ese are 11, 60, 89
Plains White-tatled o.scccssessssssessssssseessssessee 60
Delphacodes 42
pallucida 42
Delphinapteraus leucus oshrcssvcssssssoreenssiereeneeneeres 84
DVCHOROUC) WESEUD Gs cite te ttc ctagre totem cst 57, 129
coronata
magnolia
POGLTIUUTUTIL. OVI UTI farce sessrccrterssetecttirencenaieh 9
HO TON HORE RS a ee SoU OL ADA AL he AE ei 78, 120
WUE TUS rie ees Cer D Se dite Aa ee 129
IAD TMCAC ie Ao we. Bo Ee aL Pees, 42
Dickcissel at Streetsville, Peel County,
Ont., by Margaret H. Mitchell ..... 136
' Dicrostonyx hudsonius 83
DTI OVCUTG este taln th Ratt Be cen te estaee ate
DUPER MPAMOUVC ATG res menren cence tierce nee
ADR te reyes teen ste ei ae meter eae nc
PD ESCORUG COSY een cir die oO Pes eee
Wop wood, “Red \Osier wi.hscicon As cssteeotectettes 106
IEDC Te bS Sn OH we FL Sas RUE, DORON Nee Sate te ane 43
CL IDIUCTE SV rei nee aie a ene Rete Sean ete gs nantee 48
SUIT! Neila eee: E lle hg Mee cc, MMR Ne LRN a 43
Dolichopodidwe::.d.cc ee A Me eee 39
Doli Ghopius iene a lo ott. eebsn nae ae ce 39
DF EMUDCINUS Waite sai sma Lae MoM ella eta s mr metice 39
Donacia
Dorylomorpha
CUS is eS NR ae ALN REA UR een 105
Dove: Mourning: ue G18) 20M aA 27
oY te aR Seer en CL eer Merete a SU 16-20
Dowitcher Go 26
Downing, Stuart C.
The history of the gray fox in Ontario.....45
TDD ECS eo eke Mclain steccteetecdt ee treater Mee eeeteccaees 39
DDT OR ULES PUOESCENIS Mirada tect, 128

DULOSUS Sita oceatiny Sa Sete Rertieeged 8, 128

Eastham, J. W.
Impatiens Roylei in British Columbia ..

116

erty foci ie Re a le Me aes
HirdsomeBaby, 2c cokee ee toned cosesausataoes
UNGh al caliente cr errs RE Whe. a wee aie
Elachiptera decipiens
Elaeagnus argentea
Elaphe obsoleta "Obsolete. cus chen ie
VULPUNGs GLOYCL ona ocoha ieee canted oe eree 4
DRI Hersh ah ot: K sy MMM ECOL CMM RS eRe RUORR OER tl VL 38
BS ic acer atcae lates ee codec a NE eee 89
EY INUSMCONQDUCNSYS \tectiecns ce 106
condensatus
Emberiza pallida
picta
Empididae
Hmpidonan, AGVivenbits lie cenusuersrtclpemente 128
AI UTUIIGUS, eR eet LL A cael ee 55, 128
braille wera. Kes ee ON a 128
EA POWSEG wif Meare Ae Les a ea eee eae, Al
Eimys blanding iin xckcn eit eee ee arg ents 3
EXntomoscelts AONIdIS vicccnascedcmennnctentitnns 37
UINET ICONS silts ee eee 37
Biphydridae (cee Wes palace eyean se enemy 39
Hguisetum prealtwnt teens an cusncs eee 106
Eremobates scaber
Erethizon dorsatum
CERT, Me Re en Sree ae ena ae 59
EiPCUNCEES | USUI S co tsctessusspesrtvale 78, 126) 135
EL TAGMALHUS (OUOWULS sae ee eee &4
FXTiSTAGTUTO,, JUMUOACENSIS riecceen-crecsccertteodsrteunenns 50
EHOW a KO Ain ceeeath ota cl aaeg ya HL 5
Eristalis arbustorum
CONE ido dccsh Bsr Eee RUN en cece aaah eaten
Errolia alpine SARRAINA ereecrcrsserrnrnsnssnioe 78
fusertollisy §. piscine. pao ehaencntst 8,20
PUCLOMOLOS: ciastiaatnmisieisensatenancecnenytaiedterte 78, 81
CAL OAC Co mire estine MHal ener ai Aden oASTTE on? 78, 81
FFU CEOS GIMETICUNWS cckvustementen cement 87
Eucinetus terminalis
EP UIMECES FH OSCULEUS | fect nliaricimpsjiscecacinnanst ia
Euphagus carolinus
CYHOAMO CEDRUS. \-.-cirserncaugrde dorenanrienteegtns 575, 130
EU OPE ONG, Y saicsestesahtontecicitepter bestiocctecteacacgetod trteeettaeaecrtoree 42
Bury bomaiidere | aarcct ston ncnvesatreetiet Sharan Mayan antag 42
E/WEQInAGs VEIMOCTIUS HM aruahec teen secant 59
TAINAN srrscerterzoer PO ARAMA ti «AMAL 59

*
'
;

November-December, 1946] Tur CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST — 141
eee ae Goat’s Beavd ..... eres tarrganseesterte cae oa 106
Ee earns colabartie ine) 125 Sia ee ascacat SM) A RATE RIAA Aha oP : A a
ar daoni: LUM ke avinah as, eta te parsiag es a air gps i
TORTS ke. UN aR ie Bhs 51, 125 GOIdEN-CYVE eeeeeeccscceeetteeeeenen BU ll ha dh Re 5 ee
PEVEOTINUS ANALWM srsssore 51, 76, 80, 125 American Basel Magna rae eee 6, 7, 16-22, 124
ES TIO-HNETEUEE Seca iacssleulraiastnc 7, 52. 125 Barrow. Sait cae scan ntaeagceae 216; 21, 22
122, SEU PGP baie aa ree Re ROE eee BUA, COLE SIT Od ere ee ctonlenadteciaapcsreedonsasci teased 106
Falls, J. Bruce Goldeyes “Western :.ssnsiiiscioliciisnaevauiteetta 48
A sight record of the lark bunting CGoldfinehy eee ea eed 16, 18-22, 130
7 # FEO oe spade aM eds domsteetonttvaeasdsMoiecrecteraaath abaneata h 132 ATIVE TTC Tees oes) EN Ge 34a, 58
Gee TO le GOON eMiigr LON Akon acne ee cee eae ae
Cation House on the Saskatchewan a5 OMEPMM rwnnnwen ee,
mean tn Ontario. by a M. on VETECNSK hiniduimn cine MeN Plait e 119; eb
Walker and W. Sherwood Fox ......... 90 hoe ae orcchtas co edocoorccentcecaeb ob cos f 7 eens 16, cet 20, 49, io
ROMO ASTEU IC” GC OUMG ioe fcrcen ie cnsscagestoneaacece 26 sid iG Cacia oe 194
CSISTLET (Oa i | eg ba 0) Fe anand 34a Tue haa pAictine seed BANE 124
astern Purple incite wn sea 9 Bue RONG ger ee eer 117 124
Gray-crowned Rosy ie ieiele Sibi ES es 26 OSSsSi se eet 4 PE ct Senet Soar ec eauttPce ase ae 9 76
Pelee ea 6, 17, 22, 95, 130 TO gavel CATE a ieee 15,
“EDS RR oe Uae ad "180 AVE Dro nied ame ceere ane rae Lat
ir noite: Varad abes cs ciasoto Ul ee 106 — GOSDAWK rrcrnnenrnrcnnnnnene 165) 1.75 29-20 ais a
TE TUSIL S05 rca ar eee a BO ST Ger ackles | RYOMZEG Rc thsesccatiese cass 6, 9, 180, 132
UIT GS geet ae 5, 6, 8, 18, 127 Fraptemys GEOGTAPNACH rmmomnnrmrennnmennnnn 4
“J oii: Biel Sf ene eee OE Oe 54 Grasshopper sparrow in Peel County,
Northwestern Red-shafted 0... 2M Ontario, The, by C. E. Hope .......... 117
Red-shatted mmcmnrerrnrnnnns At22). Do, 127 Grebe, Wamed: cic. iiucccued tala te 49, 123
2 (Sul ON ssl 2a 0 Maeda a aimee eee eee ae 20 Eliolhoells eM ee 572k 193
Flycatcher, Alder tnt 128 Piorned fet och Nae) 5 TAQ e212 22.128
ace cy ssntennenenennnsnencncen 5, i pnerey re Pied billed) Gore voce 8 5-7, 21, 22, 193
TeeGiLesO Dace Rates eee deal , 6, 34a, Westeriy lcuivoc arate 22, 49, 123
om ig aw PEM IGA enennnn ann Ty A SU oe ei i ae oo
feel cclimutililigdcucuns -ag Guay and the-set-gun, The, by T.T.
Mere etanor eo A ely wena: hl en Ser 42 MCR nee tagtere sengeare ire ie eat xe
ane Choss 39 Groh, H. and E. G. Anderson
ae oe MDD cncnecnnncnsenssstceccseusecensnsccessecssesenecseaessenguscssssssensasasessreses 45 More Impatiens Roylet in Canada b ged eal 116
ed BENCH SETH GaE MWR RA RM oe, 59 Grosbeak g sen Me Ue als eh ee ol ae 58
Red cstasceesnconansccnenccurensccnsserescsscatecvessoosassonenesebeatecssverses: 39 Brecon ie 87 Fastern Evening ARO MRA A e804 as Sy 134
Ee SO TNE WO: PANG aE RECON caine tv ieN Kat) Byun Cun 16-21, 31a, 130
i, ee been sieas : INGE MPR erica bes a ek Pine enn 16-19, 21, 130
Ox, erwoo Rose-breasted occ 6, 34a, 130, 132
AN ae E. M. and W. Sherwood Fox Grouse, Prairie Sharp-tailed 0c 125
raser, ©. McLean IRIChAr GSO NZS eee ee tk. Ae a 21
THE MEAUSA GONTONEVIUS ccecsscvcrccrscteeseeceesceee 119 Ruffed ale ceva) Rab te HV es 5, 6, 16-19, 21, 22
ROY OOMAMION | TLE! ssc ahd a lesceestocscetaectadseteseet 2 (Sharp-tailed 02, ee 5, 6, 20 52, 418
ie mene ener tnet ener eeen ss aaerantnacaatansattnedsncclusnasenes dace nevacesanetecca Spruce MARU ON) SURE ATION oe aA A LOO se 5, 6, 80
ee sere atest tin A Se ean eee Co OT AGO GON SER 125
eg rar ag 5 fbi ae! ee 7
SWAMP TLC vveccccncinnnnnninnnnnn 2 GUillemot, Mandt?s eeocnnmnmnmenmnnn 78, 81
\U0131 7 REO ee pe acane RUA GOCE. 3) Be eGR NT | asa Meat {Ucar ea a cn eee Ae 16, 22, 78
DI MTAC MARDER COTO \asscctraissiniesitercsliec pile 52). 126 Black-backed connie 19, 415
FUNGUVOTO, ceevscsessseen Beat ois So, We a CO 39 Bonaparte’ nvccrsnennrnnnrnnennnnen 5, 6, 8, 127
MEIEEI MOTI AS ylides A iiisciade tired Ae arcse lente 39 CAL FOLNIA o.nernnrnnnnnnmnnnnneenninnnnsnnns 127
Train Kelinmaggt ee ee, Ree A eae 53, 12%
CEC geids GIAWCOUS ay pmamnniccinira ak Me 18, 19, 78, 81
2 aero re | Glaucous-Winged ec renmennn 21, 22, 133-
plo eeii RAS SECTION MN UE etd sagen Great Black-backed ccm 16-18
Bhar 76 Eheim niet (ae 16-22, 53, 78, 81, 115, 127
Me maciieai ie ue 75. 76, 123 ee PORE NOE ERE REE ON DAO Lek 7"
TEMGUCTN PSA ch AON SB a Tye Toy TO, Mas Pan Y nilled EN ak tea 16. 18. 53. 15, 127
SE CUD EUs ee RL NM as a8 Oe eee 75, 76 Short-billed Gane) ; 4 i 22, 127
OLMIS PIES SET UCTS neo ntesvutscvicthiscveeativsdeeesottnsn 57, 129 eek Creal ch itt a as at se a
ee tore wan iciluiturh, os cuathak 106 eC Ones Git
Glaucionetta clangula AMETICANA ©... Ry 124 Gulls taking fish from, mergansers, by
GRO UCOMYS | SOCDTUIUS obocscssscnissonsstevcizeinstsbcesstsssenten tanto 88 Alf, Bunker. ececnnnnnnmnnnnnininnnnnn 115
Gly phipteryeidae « oi....cccucssessssesssssseeees Briececbteptaueop AS’ Grslo: UASCUS? erase Ca tilinc tink netaincbiiNac een a 87
Glyphipterya, UNpitgritelld..ucccccsseesojese Seabhie 43) (Gyrfalcon,) Black .....immsitihonnaiyipiaratamterns 16

142 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST
ca (es

TRG DMO CY TUB acre es ec treatise terra cr rect ete estrone eatin

FEUGIAT, CONTECH IDS; ots bibs rtictie ema sree

HAeMOProteus eves RY i te a eet

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

VOU CEU eee EG ON a0 MOR TE a RE

bali lade Wake ees EU a eee sear

TEA HAI S SATIS SNC es ee ena eee URC MOR RE abl

ae mAb! eesti da einai adi tee eiameeleege
WARN iret ceccnee marshes coe

MELO IOUDEC, MB es eae) Senta NAN NON saa eeed

Harris Sparrows at Huntingdon, B.C.,

by sImenmeth Racey (ine ar. cmencenes: 133

TE Bent Feet Alene Ua RSE A ae Stes a ee ae cee 2032
American Rough- Veg ged ecco UG), aaly, "125
AIMerican) SPAGEOWs meek cena 52
BrOad =-wWAMPed see eta diet etait bee ceeeaastestneae 125
COOPER'S deine teen teeta 19) 720.22
Pre lktee es Dey 22) AEG VOUn allie ua
Ferruginous Rough-leggeed orcs 125
Marsh 5-7, 16, 18-20, 22, 51, 117, 125, 185
PUR COME enn ee AMON Manca 34a, 125
Red-showlderedy ccs 20
Red=tavled) seen 5-7, 16, 18-20, 125
Richardson’s PiQeOn orcs 125
Roughly os ssssssses sssssssnssseessseesees 17-20, 76, 80
Sharp-shinned ...... 18, 20, 21, 34a, 50, 125
SATO Were acesleccnetibestseceseras 6,7, 18-21) 125
RUE NUDISKONO IS) Gentercanaeconrernnnenncemrbeeneem tenet 50} 25

Hawkins, R. W.
Mating behaviour of the porcupine,
Erethizon dorsatum

TCD ECE DINOS) ipedaeii nts cai crrcacteasettine terntSeerta eatte
JER LOMI IIIS) Uiretcenrek ier maree en yearn te aetteet ere acetate
LNAOVICILTIUS Ace ne ee
Heleidae
Helina
Helochara communis
elomiygidae cece die cos aumacuentse reas tare eemen
Hemidactylinrn, SCUtQtw I recrsssseesrsescerenneree al
ROTATES TAL, (0 daeeie Ae ee cesses. acbetesaseenenaas adders AO
J Bei: DGG NEDA heim waarmee tenet eaters e-cotain oem 106
Eeron Great BWC seuss. 20-22, 49, 124, 135
Northwest @ OaStu came ene 22
Hesperiphond, Vesper tana aecrcsssssresssaersenessssnseresin 130
DES DOMUUNGE | il erence te tatca ste carsiiee 134
Hess, Quimby ine
A ‘trapper’ s record of animal abun-
dance inthe Oba-Hearst area of Ont-
ario for.the years 1931-1944 ons 31
ME EVEGEGOCE TUCO ick ih ccccstietnctl eet sacsenuueenass 38
FIC LEO CETUS. Vick etek ot santa scene lett 38.
Heterodon contortria CONGOTE UA wesc 2
Hewitt, O. H.
Review of Relative values’ of drained
and undrained bottomlands of Illinois.....131
EAD PUTUPRUlA MOMEETE \j..crccctsrondesnnycecssiidacncmusers 37
EVAVUNAO CrYUTRTOGUSECT. vssictsscrerecscstsrcousnceriniees 5a, ales
History of the gray fox in Ontario, The
by Stuart (Cy) Dowling, is mensncn 45
ROMO PLE Tay A OA Bh REY eal AERIS itr Al

Hope, C. E.
The grasshopper sparrow in Peel
County, MONbALION fa. cnn acoa mcrae t ante 117
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated .....000 54, 127

[Vol. 60

Huntsman, A. G.
Review of Hydroids of the Atlantic

Coast of North: AMECTICA oceanic - O4
Eby rods) WA tlantic: ease ee ewe ate aae setae 94
LY ARODOTUS: loci neck et cites AU ee aa cetera anaae 37
Hyla crucifer crucifer 2

VEVSICOLOY VETSUCOLON ersvccssecsssseneredherrssseoresesnes 2
Hyla Pickering’ sc. ee ee a ees
Hylaeidae
Glo Cus! eee eae Oe eee ee Eimeevethertiy ds 4
Hylemya
TEA yi Gh eae 22 AT dese Nad Wado ee Nara ee rae
Hylocichla fuscescens

HY HEH OR EO arene ten ni eevee MBE eM cai cree Chere retry

MESEALU CUE GG ikon cen a teehee a Sd eas a
Hiymenopterat so scccusascctecce ee eee ye eee
TEX UDOSOECTN ORME ive Ciao Laas, RIE ANS OEE NE a
Tchneumomnidaie ie eee eee nara cunnemrennttes
hetenidae:) 2 ee
Icterus galbula
Tnipatiens cass

glandulifera

forma pallidiplora, concer 116

DUNVULOT Oc Pree Metre ee at nbd Aenea 116

ROY Ley AO SE ME ENN ESN Lan eae 116
Impatiens Roylet in British Columbia,

by Ja. WMasthamin. ook. incccoentes 116
Insects, Mackenzie River basin ou... 35
Tridoprocie DICOLOT vccisrntescastnnttonect 8, 128
TschnorrhryNchus P€SCUAGE rscssessssssessserereesereererereeeee 41
PVA POUS OM eet oT ALD as ont eee 106
\ rao)
Jackson, H. A. C.

Mishaps) tora (etary ieee uence 133
JHeLeV, WPAvasitie)sccracas gue aun hoya Ars
JSAMESONICLIA MYTLOCAT IO crreessessserseeeessianestenssoranes 107
Jay, Black headed (tery... gush vere tens 21

Bie ae soak 6, 16, 18-21, 34a, 128

Canadayecc aaa 5, 6, 8, 16- 18, 21, 32

Judd, W. H.
Leaf-rollers of the genus Cacoecia
(Tortricidae) on Trillium

JUNCO YENI Sg cs nt ae nee ee
RY CIVGIS serene
PVC CUETUSY (Veter Sie a ee Ee Lae ae
prea erowenl OaleseXoN al brencom meer n mst sten inetd on ccc: i
PINKS de dees died lecccoccsneeear aan ttre toate 58
Red-backed o/s ease eine hg ise omen 21
Slate-coloured ws 5, 6, 9, 16, 18-20,
34a, 82, 130
Tuniper, Rocky Mountain occ 106
Juniperus SCOPULOTAUIN, , onsiaternane munud 106
Mey) CLE
Kalida’ nek ec a a, a ae create 6, 21, 22
Hein oon he rs ncsnesec deerspannstsccebenancemanr screen laser easier 128
AR AMISAS 11a. ca conmea emit raccaniaencas ees 5d, 128
RIA SGePN))..cuncsperaugnaes o lacannnnndtadtcmeatert hen tn 6;5D
Kingfisher 19
Belted ic. Ac ane 6, 18, 20-22, 54, 127
Kein er etn dan cditusatitts ta eae 1 nie
Golden-crowned on. 16, 18-20, 22, 129
Ruby-erowned é wd aes 56 ree
Knot, “Aime rican py ie alias nnameaisan 78, 126

November-December, 1946]

Pe (Ee
HOU CCE ILOLUS,. ctcinida sth area Oe scanners 41
OC OMENGIIS incu ee ue a ei 41
MB REMES atecsctstccs hace 41
striatus Al
LAG Opus laGapus LAGOPUS reccsssssseeesessssereeesesees 76, 80
RULES TU DESERIS vcs baceccatsacmeheinecins 76, 81
retHNe QUAT COTS) (foes sth he ates iethe Ncsensloesssebnees 106
Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum. ........ 2
TE ACTREG O OT ECUUS Mose et eas ciots ek eR ST 129
CLEWDUCOTULES cee ers a ar 26
ludovicianus excubitorides ...... 26, 57, 129
Pieri rned ty SA alll 19, 20, 55, 128
Northern Horned) 0..).0in eit 78, 81
HCE TTU SMM oe teen NAT a NVALUE CN, SAUDI Pen! MLNS 78
REE SAVEGLU US. thee de ctscne ates casanctetespibiteet ievbizesaisaes 5a, Lis
SHIALHSONTATIIISY eet eat 18, 815/127
californicus
CONUS DOLACHYTRYNCHUS oereeessservsssssssssseersnnsee 127
delawarensis
glaucescens
hyper boreus
DTLOLTAOTUILS ed ooh ccs sscccctetcccacsoveces hcoetabontiocern
philadelphia
NOTE O25) aN Na aes A Meee Te MN aa aT
TGC EGUUES NCO TEPLGUTOUUES © oc nccstscceccccstsset iors tncsnesentsnacebcoeare
Latvidiiae cvcsrmerisensneinsnnnunennaneanenenin
Lathridiws COStICOLIS oeecccereeereeenen

Lauxania cylindricornis

iLeaf-rollers of the genus Cacoecia

(Tortricidae) on Trillium, by
“TIGERS E-SS F ek ane< eaeen P 136
Lemming, Labrador: Collared 83
Lepidoptera oeeeceecssssessssselesssssscnsssssscssssssesesssess 43
REPRE ET IL SF OW UEIOUUS 0. frais city oodivtenncccleaponrttciesetrtecs 42
HE CBU S OMVET TCD IVS: ices rnssttieresernttiecicitioseserins 59, 70, 88
ONUCTLGU MUS Ween iets I an eae 83

CULO US ee tena ne Sauk SC ae Su)

townsendi campanius
1 Ly BEATE SASS Re A

LL PSG DEC TAD EOI PR ee ee ea,
MUEAPRO PIES! MEGTUCOTIUS cles oven sccakecatccstessasteeiesias
WSCUCOSLICLS] TOPICTOCOUUS « cessecsscctccesssseactcsssntisncnsor ,
BEMIUEOCOLES A Mersin were psec ele lcd 26
‘Long ELLE VETS 21S ae VO a ao hl AGI 44
LOGIE OFC TOO IS aie a a EAR en NR se 44
MUEMUTLOG LOTUS: QTUSCUS * uictoncescicierorsonserceitioessaniess 126
griseus
Limnophilidae wissen ihc oa alae AT Me ERE BION.
LICTTEEC 1 RR es
Limosa fedod. ..errccssse
haemastica
METIONOLTLE \COPITOCOCUS) heicdii eid Beet ecco 26
immet, Gray-crowmed jini kl ed acne 26

List of insects of the Mackenzie River
Basin, A, by Arthéme Dutilly,

SL Ee A AMEE ata
TEASE TRS UG) OAL Daman en ale nee EE
Lizard, Ornate Horned
Lobipes lLoBatus: ecrecccessssssseersine
LEG) CAG SAG 2 eS NR Oe a UE
Longspur, Chestnut-collared «ccs 58, 131

ID ye TIAA TAS 2c ERE ee 30
Woatp leiden yk 18; 20,30; 84a, 78, 131
Di Walle Car sty pide abel atk Lai APN aR HS 131
(SAAD IE CS Sas MRT Aaa aR SIRE a CRC 26> 305 13k

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

143
Moonta oft 2 Ne kia eit LAA OA 2a a Sy et6
COMMON = erceprcnt 6; 7;-16, 22, 75) (oes
Rees hike lp MMe ee NAL MCA ONT CaM ene INT Ly 75, 16, 123
Red *throated'( we. e0 8. Ue eo 75s G
Lophodytes cwcullatus, 22 et. eee 125
Lutra canadensis 87
PY CORTE, HE. Re I al Oe: 39
Enpraerdae yeh foc ee CG 2 allah 40
Lygus hesperus ' 41
oblineatus rubidus Al
PRELETISIS. Vth ele elt ly tae a 41
TSG Mats) acini de elas BNO J oteeiele Sat 59°
CORGMLOTSUS icc NEL, MONS egy 87
TUPUS fasciatus) Lee esa 88
LID S01 Saaaeaet EAR mn io oAaeen MD ea INE YN Sooo
(Cama d aya en ls. big aos we ee eee 87
Rayne Cait 08a a ee Lee 88
abo
Macrocentrus NiGridOrsts rrceuyssssseessersassininiiin 136
VED EVO COTO ral Oka Pe el ed
Macrosiphum granarium
Macrosteles divisys) fccccuuiacth none
Nase cnet ie Uk. ale ete a cere
PAVING NG hoe Ua aT PRA eae EN ete
Mallat sista ene 2), aie

Manning, T. H.

Bird and mammal notes from the

east’ side of ) Hudson Bay ®....0...20ucuuiet 71
Maple, Douglas
MAG ECA, UMETICONA. -.reesssssssrscsessssscesrsesssssssstessssssene 50, 124
Marmot
Marmota

Marten

Martes
americana
caurina
pennantt

Martine» Purplep yao is Meee ah 5, 6, 128

Meeines behaviour of the porcupine,
Erethizon dorsatum, by R. W.
Hiawileinig’ (Met accconaca ick ere te

McCabe, T. T.

The grizzly ANd the Set-QUN .necercecsseseesaenen 23

McCalla, W. C.

— See Moss, E. H. and W.

Meadowlark

WVIESTOT Ti ii cael ee, Sen eae ee

Medusa Gonionemus ,The, by C. Mc-

Means Mrasen 2.26 ened ee walaveaee 119
Megaceryle alcyon
Megachile latvia us sei ictsionsusonntacee
Megachilidae
Megastylus
Melanerpes erythrocephalus
Melanttta \deqla nds cccscidliicdavunnsi eee
Melanophila Acuminat a eccossecresssseessieeen

Melanophthalma alberta
Melanoplus mexicanus
Melicria occidentalis
Melilotus alba

MElOSINZA GCOTGIONA neeettvtcssrrsernrtirtaiesangecsne
lincolni
lincolni

melodia

C. McCalla

Meee eeeeeeeeeeeceeesucassesessusncueueuessssssseseteeesnesssesesivencuns

OC eseenneaenascenseaseanenseseesesesensesecsetpastesesinnenassenene

144 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Members of the Ottawa Field-Niatura-
lists’ Club and subscribers to the
Canadian Field-Naturalist, May,

OQAG iene ia ha Loi ern oie ee ete 60
Mephitis mephitis 87
hudsonica 59
Merganser, American ....... 16-20, 22, 50, 76, 80
(COROT esi eet dsccrnt ee ts tt coe mneee 20, 34a
[Mp Od edt aap tih tate tessees 21, 22, 34a, 125
Red-breasted ............ HG, 192208225 Ose oO:
115, 125
Mergus Merganser GMeLICANUS ou... 50, 76, 80
SCHOLL ONES tie inn cette ete 76, 80, 115, 125
Merlin. 9 Richard son/s 75 e8s ans reiatscn i 52
WOROMAAD. CUVGULOH VOY, ccerprcoonrccorirrertrerciececmp rarer 39
IVICSOCH OTIS aa eet eee oie en aaa eet! 3

Method employed by a marsh hawk
stalking shore birds, by Graham
Cooch

WU Gtlcoreron ell a yreesttahy) ies ereoeeterte te ctresyerepee aseed Bes de va 34a

MVEGCrOPALAING "AAMANCOPUS co iiidiarcectssscsacrcteescecesler 126

VGC MOP C DLS) We Ae Mee HL tats, cata sethceRalaoetacteon ate

Microplitis bradleyi

VLC TOTES) lee ee tee aia dole Bar Uaaaa hs deccohaneaed Notas

pennsylvanicus
labradorius

Migration of the American rough-
legged hawk, Buteo lagopus, at
Meaford, Ontario, by L. H. Bea-

10621 ea ateaaee sh) PLE a0 vk AM Se Aare et et 117

Milnes, Herbert
Amphibians and reptiles of Oxford

County, Ontario cnc neces 1
Miirninet tia (rtp Ulin cecsccrcssserresssaresssisssssssanisessinnes AO
ANT cce aPeseeele AUe nter aRnSUR S Rea otras Bde! tell
1\N GUT [EW ahie ence on ROT RE eerie meee eee rere 41
TVET SCT Lea i es REE le Naa be clissibtchrs set tc 40
Mishaps to a aa by H.A.C. Jackson...133
Mitchell, Margaret H.

Dickcissel at Streetsville, Peel County,

ONTa VIO n ene athens ecbannie (136
INGE SANGRE MAA GD SHONOHTUGY ec lvesd bo pvitorentbpeeterereerneereneceneeeencbarcr ons 129
IVIOTOLUMIUDS (OCCT wast cad unt. Werutanrssneeace 57, 130

GNECINCSTLCM et ne nae 9
Monochamus scutellatus

Moodie.) WiGsee tani dtnds.rosdctssccidiscunssrctseaessritae
DVO See ea eR RAM I SD eel echemiesrroes ete titetsfcctoe
Mordellvdae nibs dlasectcsssecrtceas

Mordellistena aspersa

More Impatiens Roylei in Canada, by

H. Groh and E. G. Anderson .......... 116

Moss, i. H. and W. C. McCalla
Alfred Henry Brinkman, 1873-1945.......107
NEOUSSs: AMMA INO Casts nsontcuteccs ee eau irate 88
Little Labrador Meadow. jdm 83
JPHE (a I) ofaiCol tee lk meats See erat rere er SO Py errr 88
WIM GeHEOOLEG, Luck in. cenauteaccstcesMegtomanoes 59, 88
WVU el UI, fees tile viecpevacreirccpaaetenarbiiveeiei tee seelay ated ter 1
Wii cullen MC Gk Te 4h v'shop gh ibbpn ober taeaht erty pie ny treed nce ites IAN)
Murre, (California. cciissbsdscssseedubeatdeuaecmetaaen 22
VIGIS COLON LES TLC msn stluiWricinedccccnun tet eiiaaneteritse 4()
AVINIS HETPEV Gs toc Meehan seaseetitrsddeinatelnsatlbieratteiler aster 82;,59, 83
MAUSECL CHINO O Mitrcctsiitesceersscesescsesutpsousieisseen ere 87
PUCHULOSOVU | thc tenaaine tara nten 83
FLENACE LONGTCAWMA .srssssncssessssetesenresernerene 58
CHEK ON AU Re Re ATTA eT ALAN Re ole 87
MY GAatCS: LOW NSCTAL srerrstcsrsaetrrnsepeercatcrsster actin 129

Mycetophilidae

[Vol. 60

Myiochanes richardsont

AVCRONAS ONE ist oo Milena eae. Manele
Maynahe (Crested es ie ns sme ancc oe Nan
MUYfI0 Ce DIOLS! \DOODPS Nreteneuneemae a see
ie
IN Ginia septemutttata |eee kee ee 4
SUPEMON SIPECON eeessssssscssssven Me 29?
Neascia macrofemorallis 40
Ne@ctumidae jie wi 8 lieve cr agent ain Vie Nea sia 1
Necturus MACULOSUS MACULOSUS verses 1
Needler, G. H.
The Otonabee trio of women natura-
lists: Mrs. Stewart, -Mrs. Traill.
eMirs: *Moodien 28icce hie lam BNP 97
INC OCOINGNCINE TCO era Ee 88
INC DRL OCC TUSSI otH8 8 me eee nN ea Rs 105
SLOSSONME! rien cae MN ok Ae tote 105
INCCUOTEICUTOUNCTISC hee ee ea 124
ING UIrOp Eee tyes Am Lacs Leaner th Ear meu Mn ue enon 43

New race of the purple finch Carpo-
dacus purpureus (Gmelin), <A
by A. L. Rand

Nighthawk ica cee cn eee

Norris-Elye, L. T S.

The yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus
americanus (Linn.) in Manitoba ............. 115

Notes on spring excursion of Ottawa
Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1944, by
Grahgm Coochyer.- eee eee 182

Notes on the mammals of the lower
Chileotin River region, Cariboo
District, B.C. by,.G. €. Toner i..7. 86

Notes on the vertebrates of the south-
ern plains of Canada, 1923-1926,

by M. Y. Williams AT
Notophila, MAChOGIOCTC nce citnch hak emtet te 39
NUctir aga. [COluMDIONG sera eens 56
NWMENIUS AMETICUNUS revvvrvvecerssssssssssssessseesesesien 52. 126
Nuteracker! (Clarkels 20) enc ue Dee eee 56
Nuthatch | Py eimiya ernuneccne reas ee a Sane
Red-breasted. ............ ei)
Wihite-breastedy siemens t eee
Nuttallornis mesoleucus
NY CECA SCANAIACA orerreessssseessesieeeies
Nymphalidae i lia scatcsstsssnatesstearttu amin ener tars
Nyroca OS Wiarecete areas eee
QIMETICUNE,» bedtime A
UULSULCTAG, acne icon ate cee ee nae
are! @) EE
Oceanodroma lewcorhod bedIi nese Ber As 133i
Ocho bona, 0h OREM URN AE, sehen Seated cee caren 102
pr inceps saya you Mee steaeadas etbetoracameatere ta ateenatar toteren cates 104
brookst 102, 103, 104
DIUNNEFSCONG ssisresessssseseenee 102, 108, 104
septentrionalis subsp. nov. .....102-104
Odobenus rosmarus 84
Odocoilens hemionus ..... 60, 89
VULGIIMANUS vrrrcrissnrereen
Oconee ieee AEA Ni SPA Ra ce ac re 43
Oidemia americana 76
OAH Sytner Wee weneteatestsennststasustea ts 18-20, 22, 76, 80
Oaiec dient ee EC TGs AU OR a eee ea ioe 38
OLGUALS "SUPTUOSTUS, Wsestircccerousetctctre roemuntstndttsseerccsst A2
Ondatra: ZiDCtRACd) hide Mosicccancoiemenamint 59, 88
Opheodrys vernalis VELNALIS assesses 3
ONOTOTNIS , WO TUIS reccimeercesinsunriascndalabpiartogen se ee 57
VAL el PNA essesssyrssseesnsessstsnssreessseusnsnrenserecnanen 129

-
¢
a)
>
Fl

November-December, 1946]

Opuntia polyacantha
Orchestes parvicollis

CRIT UTTE Si as hoes oa ER i a Abs
Orioles Baltimore .ciiieanaln suas 6, 34a, 1380
Orsodacna atra 37
Orthocentrus - 43
Orthoperidae 38
Ortho pers rrressesen 38
Orthoptera _............. 44,
Oscinella frit 39

WELT LLELLUSSUIUML ener eee ee en 39
“LSC aie eee
CY EAESICG EVES ARE SS CAP ASE Nira a tele OL PASTE Cea EN
Otocoris alpestris
alpestris
Otonabee trio of women naturalists:
Mrs.Stewart- Mrs. Traill- Mrs.
Moodie, The, by G. H. Needler ...... OT

Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, Mem-
bers of the. and subscribers to
the Canadian Field-Naturalist,
IIe OA Ghee ie, ceca ee a 60

Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, The,
' Sixty-seventh annual meeting ........... 14
Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, The,

Statement of Financial Standing, y
INowember 2es) LOAD i sie i ssn 13
ROE eigen ee el ae ee
Our heritage of wild nature, review
[Oxy ca Oe] Cad Boog ast 16 Keen ml at ee
Oyen aire ate ee ls
Ovis canadensis

Owl

/NTERETEN CRI ee hye ae
American Long-eared
Barred
Burrowin i
Great Horned... 5, 6, 8, 17-21, 34a, 54
Hawk 7
Horned
Long-eared
TEST AC porte nae a a
Saw-whet
Sieve oN anes SOUR i aE ae Ra eR

Short-eared 0... 63:18; 20)" 228 54,127
PSMA Fe cc tices hte ee Sah 16-21, 78

Oxford County, Ontario, amphibians
and reptiles of, by Herbert Milnes..... 1
OTCENUS VVOCT CUS. ee ecg 52, 126

mn) eH

SUC PET TING ULCUS ote rece ectsteresresrarieterates 40
Pandion haliaetus CarolineNsts recesses

Papilio Machaon Glaskea .rrorceccssssssnsssssserssiessereesieeee 43
Papilionidae
Partridge, European
European Gray
Gray
Hungarian
Parus hudsonicus
Passer domesticus
Passerculus SANAWICNENSIS rvvevssssecsseesesesenennersees 130
labradorius

BOSSE TELULG WACO cenceaitelniiiacenaactecce settee
Passerherbulus CAWdacutus ocrececcsosecerseenee 9, 130
EXE SGELUIE LILOCTIG, Pai cate csee ee cect
HEgeed teh PETG ISL Yt tates tees sctaeabraa ie lepeccoltatiiancorsne

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

145
Pearse, Theed

Beal’s petrel breeding on Vancouver
TS enh EMG hen ee ke Coley WAC ES eal eer 133
IPC OMMCTIS) Wi srotetny at Agim elitr 2 | Ais ear en 37
PUES CUE REMC MIAN ERR ne rn Pe OW
Pedtoecetes PROSANELUS wiicrcscssorscasteseceeeees 52
COMUPESETIS cue ne A atest eT 125
Pelecanus erythrorhyncho rescscssnicreeeee. 49, 123
Helicams Wahi tela Gis hd aa ng a 20, 49, 123
Pelidna alpina salkchalina’ nth. ween cte 126

Penthestes atricapillus
CTO ETO T I es eu eee
Perisoreus canadensis
Peritrechus
Perla
Perlidae \
Peromyscus maniculatus
Petrel, Beal’s
Petrochelidon albifrons
Pewee, Eastern Wood

Western Wood

WOO GIR ee ey ture) 0S etl oy IO, Ae
Phaeopus NUdsonicas evsictsercsesssssssensusnseses
halacnida ck net es ae ek eee 38
Phalacrocoraa GUritus AUIItUS eesessssseeeeeee 124
PTO CHAU oN aN cis, take oka ani Se eR ae 38
Phalarope, Northern cccccsssccscosssssessssicdee Hay omelet

WaISOm? se ae eee ce ec ramens 6, 8,08, 120
Phasianus colchicus torquatus crrrccccccsecnseeeen 125
Piieatsemitrr ascites cee cage cats a eee a

Rin ge-eCK ede ...cecisccsssosssssesessnceesssssse
Pherbellia fuscipes
Philonthus
PROC OT OCTIONALEE nich acai aie, Ae nee 84

LY PSHCO CI aD cls ANON RIMM andl ls BS aay 84

ORC EEUUIIE: 2 nok eesti teh Oro Uc Ten aie te 83, 84

TLC LONGO setters WEN aU at eae
PHOebe MaStermynn yin ae ue hy eee 6, 8, 128

SEN GSD cc mere tile ae rn LAMA RURAL oi 55, 128
PROVIMAG: COTTGE-NOVGE ecco hes nfo cscadisnrs ciebie 39
Phrynosoma orbiculare ornatisstmum «eee 49
Phygadeuon
Piiyptodeetany 2 ee
PCO PDIED) inet meee

hudsonia
Picoides tridactylus bacatus
art Lace OY Peaks rm eee al AL MLM erm ceed mee or
Pika (genus Ochotona) from British

; Columbia, A new, by I. McT.
Cowan and Kenneth Racey. ...ccu. 102
W arligt 2 anil to) wt oad anne lace cette Tene otro Lc 90
Picola enucleatony se ee 130
IBAA ees seer ae hae. UES ie aes 22, 50

Aumemieamat ies ee dea ie ea 76, 80, 124
PENS TAG TOO) Ree IO Al Ue ie ek ea 90
Pipilo maculatus ArettCUs recess 26, 58, 130
Tits ARO T CAN ose feisnsisaccrsciceptere vcs 56, 78, 129

ISpRarie siya. eee aes ie Gre 129
Pipunculidae of Quebec, The, by Will-

FEET 6 atm! Chrys Qvr2 i 04 OVERS camel Mee ota Aha 105
Pipunculus

aequus

affinis

COTO Se a Ps RARE CL aaa ee oe 105

CEC Lee EN Baral ee a ean a een 105

CEU ETOUS OO Ree ic etek eG Diag, SD 105

cinctus
loewiu

P ;

:
146 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ; [Vol. 60 i
Pipinculus — Ptarmigan. Rocky cee era eae 76, 81
LURID Y LAS Nea eats de aan Pt ch 105 NWalllloy Ui dee ket area ae a ae, Se 76, 80
aus Racer ea eR eats ane ore uae Btermolidae, j:6u'. Ale Nah Mee irs ec canl, botade 43
|) OL UTOMTODIS, pases cries es econ an Dil) (PADPOSESS ALG. HEED LA a | 3¢
Bl Gees ; Payngita i (Ripiloy GGeeeny ya Enea 26 |
UU) renee cteece ena ea mddenenr Pion hieny Granditarais tie wally ae io.
DOO T AUIS Cette RED ele rete sek ee re Betiidaa taal ee tin shee kena Be ‘
Piranga ludoviciana 9, 58, 130 AIC Mae oa Maa . &
IEZVSODUGIIO OLGA eee ee ee mao @) Joh! f
MELANOEOS errrnnninnnnnnrrrnnnn Quail Calatormia’ eit.) ee) soo. Saale eee 21
CLIO COU Ta seer i ee eters OR a ?
, . } QUerQUedUla CYANOPECTA, -escecreesseceseeeseeneeiin 124, 136 ;
PUtWOPNAS SAYE orernernnnnrrnuinnnnninninemneminniin oD FS he ee Chia ei 50, 124
PVAGIOG MELAS | otic tenet eaten sen Quiscalus Quisculd GENCUS -cnecwneeneennenee 9, 130 ;
Plants of the lower Chilcotin River, \
Cariboo District, British Colum- eg Palen :
PA CSB abana at Tey HOG) | Rabbit sRarasli tic nna Ginn mare aeen ema 106m
Plasmodium SU UE Lets HeanaranE sabe ere titneteres cule reopstanaecacescene¥ZonmNnaae eras 34 Rabbit, CHowshoe i ee ee ee) 67, 32 &
IPHIGR EN GIOISUOIR ei ssbecceterbeceecee cco cierto erator 2 was White tailed: Saele eu. ie eee ea 60 é
POUT TUS CCUD TEMS terre cetuicatettoetesn casemate 36 Racey, Kenneth 5
PLOCOPTCTA ons rnersssescensetientnnsnnenesntnmaserm oneness 44 Harris sparrows at Huntingdon, B.C......133
TALE CEISCIUS| ees sstnnecnensnatntatntnennc NE Pe se ona 43 —See Cowan, I. McT. and Kenneth Racey. :
iccuromianes) smvibis Raul Sona eee en eee, ene 5, 6, 8,125
EN SOHPO LARS WOOT AES Nidounian 20 Wve wat) Tae "125,135
BIOOLNG, osocegietionio esis bens spat: Viellown tte ten se wh aes 125
Plethodon cinereus CUNETEUS orevrerersrrnrrnnennien Meals mieolaiinicolaek eee 125, 135 P
Blethodontidaes po 2 ee ee Ee aN eae Le Pa NOLO S DELETE Me Leen aan 2 #
Plover, American Golden... 76, 126 clamitans 2 b
Plackebellie dite ane 76, 126 palustris 2 ;
TECHIES yy ay ase ab ie lt mer Oa 52, 126 Dipiens: i Wie nat. ce Wes 2: a
Semipalematedinncen cee aee TO, "Sie 126 SULUOLICH SU LUGTICD (tna enn ne nena @
Upland ereneersnnenennnsninernenninnen 5, 6, 538, 126 Rand, A. L.
Pluvialis dominica COMANICA weoeereeerer 76, 126 ‘A new racevor the le fea (Cau:
Roly Us) POAEE IIS) Mee create rt te Nests 123 podacus purpureus (Gmelin) occ 95
DO ONCE DS Merete OE ean AS tea Mae ft i Review of the “crash” decline in sharp-
TRUDTRRON OL POD ILE aL ae TAR PIELER DRONE 38 tailed grouse and Hungarian part-
POLY TIVE CON WUD TAG Ohne tnt te ech eects ear tie 40 ridge in western Canada and the role
PROMUCOMUON ieee cs ctcssrchetsnctethtncatiente Nese cits Nat ee 43 of the: (predator. ..c.-.csacc ads eee 118
(IPOGECELES OT AINANEIUS | csssctec ntsc cence as 130° Randall, T. E:
CONUS ee ee ee NO na 58 Birds of the Eastern Irrigation Dist-
POD ULWS: LEIEC WO COMPU iets tteerctte ie mees tamer 106 Tet. (Brooks) sAlibertau rus: semen nes 123
(POTCUpIMIE | 2 Nese OGLE ee Nets 32, 88, 109 Cinnamon teal Querquedula cyanop-
‘'Yellow-hained™ Waa eM ae ooeen nine 59 tera (Vieillot) breeding in Alberta ........ 136
Porsild, A. E. Virginia Rail, Rallus limicola limicola
Recor Our heritage of wild nature.....118 Vieillot, nesting in Allberta emus 135
Porsild: uMbrteneaP Rangifer arcticus CLOOT SIGN ee 82
2 i : CONVO COTLOOU We ee 82
A new Antennaria from Whitehorse, Ranae 9
ROP Nees ae sal aia, MOARISLG DEL UR ea A ala Rapp, William F., Jr.
Protidm The Pipunculidae of Quebec wren 105
CL Rare injury to great blue heron, by
TPO ON ERUSUO US Were hate cunl caetirittasstedaastecleraa aetna Graben, Coos.
Pronghorn ON eed lean teat adden OO GRU Nat as Rat. Bushytaiteds woud
PU GDOTULOUUCO, UE Ne Rie Occ camaro hy beseeise Rawayi
PROS OPI G anc sateen eh adden eeiettauee teraaect Neher uae SE ie Naan
oss BAM RS al ree cat tate Records of blood parasites from Ont-
Prostiphora OER oe ario birds; Some, ‘by C. Hi: D.
PLUNUS ENISSH rommrnnnnnnnnnns Clarke’ wid Aen CI 34
pennsylvanica pea RECULVITOSELA AMELICANA essere Do, Lait
Pseudacris WgiUta tPVS€TUAt wren 2 Redhead: tae ea a ean One 21, 124
PSEUdANENONOMUS renner BTS) Redoolll (ul eu Ne esd sob ee lace ie GN ARAN 18,/ Oi
WES CU OCTIAS: ice Met Maca eset pene ane Common. neereenene ron
PPSCUOOLSILG Op LUGE OUION nrg rartokecssnsansnn esr es | Oo: austin rete kere eer Meck, ERA ROnD ARLE 2
PSU ASUS: | US IUEO NG aanaiten ct caver wsssstuastasenecteapicteer eae 42 Redstart, American
Pennaldd@e Per an.covers SPRINT! SNK Lae PR NN Be 42 Red-wing reeed athealtl SNCS OR SAN OR EMEIRRPS csg
Psylla stricklandi A? “Regulis! sabrapds leit. cinchmeone ean
e-CailUl ite oA eR Ae em cee IIo RA as hat 41 Relative values of drained and un-
Y Ay ae KS OM hei Geer eee is, Me beer Rte than atin 37 drained bottomlands in Illinois, a
DUGTCUALECEUO le fetal eek n eae. Sane ahve 37 review by ‘O. H. Hewitt, ic iiisteccsnaues 1319)

November-December, 1946] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 147
Reptiles, Oxford County, Ont. ences ME y \SCAMCTOL AG, etc ae Me Cah debe Me dl aC ch Oe 2
FRIAR STUDD UCOCLSTUCLTOTD © cssulsstdhiccvrsosestatcccécnctteccsatetscestne SClomiyzidae ws Leh aaah LU Oe eeealae 40
Rhynchophanes mecownt Scober Vetere ate cM gh Tan eee al 22
AMT DOTUC, ccn cree deerteasonoerctceecncttcrrn PANTIE CaN eM 2k EM ak ten Demet aoe Leta a 22, 76
Ge MIM A cs tence esccsleagencseeehpea acer SI Ug Ra Morn AGMA a eaten y en venue aeRO 22
PNMMTE TE CAM es ssccsstesssssseseene seca vccseottntaes White-wWin ged eccseccsssssee: ha Aa 22, 124
Black-backed -.msmmnmnmennnnnnnmnnee Seal Bearded yuticc.coscnisssauscy ae eon 84
BOSH WO0dS11 .srsonsisanntyrtsrinsicenensnnninnnenonieienssi arbour 516 y ik oe OE NEE se ee ane 83
FROSC, W000 'S) oseeeseninesnnnsesmmnsnineaninnmtninen Ta apy Misia aia cements ae a eae 84
Rough-leg, Ferruginous RITE Gia Ol SS alee area 84
Peas ne Weed SCOUTING: Aico eeccsstecsoseasese SEVUTUS AWLOCA PUTS crrrersersssscsessersgeessistnssecseneneeecessesstees 129
MMC ASS yO ATIAC AS csc ees scosetctsstcaceartnetucsseyen MOCVCDOTACETISUS caching sdecccesiseeesttetrmnstsciarettea 129
CS TETORS So al CRA ORES ADR RL REA NINES Senn, Harold A. and M. N. Zinck
Additional records of old field birch,
Sein Betula populifolia Marsh. in Ontario ....... 92
Serpentes 2
POMUGES TIC NOUSTUN CTS asesecssssctersessasesessstnsenestoeniones Aaah SOUS OTANIR hte a crn ta Mya AEs MER es neaeee 23
SMe MMS eet eso ceca sh ictssl bocctdutetondtshettodesudttesasbecneeaass et US CEO DRGOC, (NILELOULUC Senet cu tiaten.nccicu nna teticeee 129
GE VOL VTA eee coccsenssncenagectocogesneteconsuinernnctanerses TOG) See HME Toone eee ee Sal espe igeetereanae uw. = 89
Salamander, Four-toed) ...cccecsssssssscsssceeccssssesssseeeeee Bie SiON e Ley reuctese NnLe La R arya Atala Tena 22, 50, 124
PTT TSO MUS cores Meese. ld escscpssediacecdesdgecbeststenslenssssbeclbad Pe OS Tair pare hte egies ES Ae Ou aN tes ee a 87
BS dP CDs stece scoters ocak cetsnecqetoncitceptanbetned I ohasike. sAImericamnG rey? sivict cancun waromismee 26
BSH es Nate ns sgesencr stale ovtnch secs coonstecealnscct al INI@ IRD errin Seiires go wepicee cabs atothae Ie aler a l25)
Bre Gee TERME 8 UTA stench eaavatvadsoale cc ae aacssnitanbeeae 49 Northwestern: 4.) ces eae aia denen 21
NPAT RUN TL GHRETICL EAE soca oie cd Daas coeds davunposseacoeeabnneblcdesebiense 1 Wite-rUMPed oiereesscsscccsesseeeesssesnesne 26,) 51, b2o,
Ris ilc lis anette aR oo an eo Menge AL Sialic, CUT TUCOTMES cessssssssscsssssssssssssssssssssceesssseee 9, 56, 129
Saldula PRR ena ee ah ae ee i oS tia, Al Sight record of the lark bunting at
Bi LECT SUE OT HIS Me eee onan ae eetee neers Al Toronto, A, by J. Bruce Falls ......... 132
ASO 21/0: ia ae eae TA ENN GUE SUSE 0] 16 Ke Reece recor ae ere 36
Re OUD UTI Velo She lon bdeartminhenai le etre 106 — Stlpha lepponted wenn sinsinnnnnnnninnnonns 38
Salpinctes obsoletus .rviemscennnsnennnsesens 56, 128 Silphidae SNOT CTSA AEN Tene RODIN OH ORDERS ARSED. NUS 38
: } Salven berry iad ac Mee ene Ace Jalen a er 106
REPU TRU TECHIES) Psi feck ieee te cccsitttcaensigttcecrtiatstemetetin suchas 38 Sein 87
a é EET} 0) 2 lee eben erncooe peancencce tern rer Fa
SUE eae aaa CS, ABLEG OIE Fer E Enis /o aaea tet a nea TERME 40
SSZs 711; cS TeRN Bec We (SHAR ae DUO 126 . .
BPH MENIAL OW cool agcteselee cet saecssscdeesoston ccnantvenctatensch 126 SES uate kam i
Ba ree cote cbse aosanseniizerebsieces 78, 81, 126 Siskin, Pine....5, 6, 9, 16-19, 21, 22, 34a, 58, 130
Sia AS Ce TU a a ca bea NTE 78, yee ae Sitona scissifrons Peseer eh kl cosine ee tae toe LUN 37
Rage TARDE TMU nnn Gar te Sithacamddensis) . Uy nt Cane 56, 128
Red-backed BUEN Rm cad Ly ca ascaeeeartevanenvees Popa 78, 126 Sixty-seventh annual meeting of the ‘
OMMIPALIMAL] Kn secsecssseresseberecerenee 78, 126, 135 Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club ....... 14
SI 0) Oi eee Coe te 8, Slamics iplae-tailed utes 2 2. 0k ees aoe naane 2
SPOtted nnecencnrncnenemenneennenennee Baya woul il Om Seminole ie tenn ane CS NG le 32, 87
Syrerl MA IN I a cee EE po rere a REE 126 h AuNionthern: we lanns te Se ee 59
AMM TPATINIO OGL fe setstt chee baaecbegenssSsnerincecectlenton 78, Sich es eee ant Cd fk, wen Un a ls 2
SPT Ea Rae CEU Bi 40 Palme ee ae 49
GA ITLUDH LOH EG IN apo toe OR Tina a ety eg a 40 Retiocie (Corien A
PEPE TD VER UDA ZUA Yee Saal sane caesar scat tncecurenceaatesgeagttees 40 TR re ore ee EN sigeoc 3 eNO N 4
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied ......... 5, 6, 34a, 128 Craaberee ee dle Wed ocd et aie 3
Saunders, L. G. Hog-nosed PUES Oa AL a gd le mee aS) ff z 2
Canadian Solpugids (Arachnida) ........... 132 Milk i ON: CAMS AY Ms, Sh) ad AA os Ree 2
Serpe ie.e, ad aR ANDO GE eNO otra of ie NEN Pe aU 2 PAINS Garter ee eeeennnnnnumnnmaeieinn 49
ot PeVN GUAPO ie UE NSS RG ue my LOR Viney Ne 4
Se OCDE vets eet oe io enuemen mos 49
SY — vvvsseessrersesecseresnrerencensneeseesensesessssesscnceneneessasensncersnseassneaes Red-bellied Sh PRA AIR Uh acti kG 3
Bed er ae aa ig he Tee Pinbom ee ee ces ie LE 3
SCOMD US ennnsnnerrennnnnnnnnnnninninesnnnnnancnananitin 43 cnnern Greed 3
NS RTE AINA TCE nS HO atte iN 1S SE ea rd ue 38 TIVE ities eee Sel eh cae a 2
State UG 7 MUNG ATTRA oe aR SO WES mime.) WISDIS doer eeccuctees. 6, 16, 20- 22, 126
SLEPT ST | ge Nr BUA a cet rece cee ene SOP STO MDER By: tien dedcontnddeee Astana ate 106
SBA LRIIRUGUU USHA Natta oct atc ceebanevacatetciedpcicsasceacoesupteratrcaseae 389 Snowshoe rabbit enquiry, 1942-43, The
SUS TAE LUC ge antec feo Pe a PN pe Mae PRU ES te 40 x by (Helen! Chitty! 0 oe 67
PSC UO PMA CAGE yasiescere tres era tescascaainsrectesccecrenyeecensdtaueteceecete 40 Solidago decumbens var. OT COPMALA reccsssesccssene 106
Scatophila CRUDE ED 39 Solitaire, MO WATSCTUG Seren cee 21, 129
Scaup, (Gung SNET 0 oN SNE Rs ee DS AR oe Zile 2 Solpugid Cat phestrerredcabtacpen Batre aan ben reeras code Sbeheaceetben transite 132
eet Ppa IaMiee NRIa wai Re a By 6, 124 SOME earerererrnrerennrnrre siatnetnatseeenseatcenn aie 76
‘Sz Gcf1) (012 & a CED le ORD oer 43 MoOMAsstMA SCAENCATUA eenyreenneeneene 76, 80
Schoenomyza chrysostoma eae eA fh 38 SPECEUOUGS acsrrcetereeeremrectcsrstrmticcsnterereten 76, 80

148 THE CANADIAN FYELD-NATURALIST

Soper, J. Dewey
Supplementary data concerning the
LUE POOSE NER NOL LU GeO mH eV ea
ISOC a eo eat eae i bbe 2
SS PL MOLO NIG Renn een ee
Sparrow, Baird’s
Chipping: fee te teen ate
Clay-coloured
Eastern Tree
Eastern White-crowned oocccccccsscscscsseccssen 78
Blam Shay ese eae ea 6, 16-22, 57, 129
TLS eee eT ES ei) Aa 22
Grasshopper ..-eeccses Peper ane Nava rater TAG
Harris’s
Leconte’s

Lincoln’s
Savannah ...cccccscccn Ga22e 34a, 78, 82, 130
Sharp-tailed _.......... Perec Ne ee ere CRT 130
SHOT Oy al a een clic eae 5, 6, 10, 18-22, 34a, 131
SINGH On ONAN II Clie scan cc Uae 30)
Mee ee CRE UAC Me ele 16-20, "130, ley
VIE STICT cir tener Ue i UR ee 6, 130
Western" Vesper: cece aie 2 ee 58 «
Wihrite-Crowned o.seccesssccceseeee 20, 22, 58, 180
White-throated: See. 5, 6, 18, 34a
SINGLE ANU CLI) DOM CGNs natn. ero aera 50, 124
SEO ULO | CUMUCULOTOO 4 een eee nee eres ei 54
kypugaea
DOCH ODILONIG cee non eo went etic
SMU GO DICUS DOTS am ete a ie
SS POUIIUSY OCILIES) ett Mase rn Bae ae
PUTS Meee on Pearl arenes aly oedea
CARDS EMS eels nM Be NU Hid ee Eon Ee CEE

Spiza americana
Spizella arborea
arborea
MOWidaes Nock one Nees Dune vam 9, 26, 130
POUSSO RUNG j fect cette smn nea tee 9, 58,
PSMA EN brea ee ie there ese aantsrtee cee
Squatarola squatar ola ccc
S(O (UBUCl eg eve hal SU Ia 0 2a Roeser ph een at ey ror
SN] BSN IR” Reece Tec Rn as ne
Richardson’s Ground
WincavemRe deter se senc niu Ue soli Cu
Sib erp lava Cae) Vane ee Lo) Ot PR Ae cae een
Sitet ts ation iin ae GA LU Ae ee 16-21, 183
UO Dean eee ae 129132
Statement of financial standing, The
Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club,

November 28, 1945. occu. Be at 13
SEEGUNOPUS EPICOLOT, caieccreccccccccssccsesciorvenseneeee 8, 53, 127
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennts wee 128
SENOGEMIG ELIS DEMOSO) pice disniecn enreertenten 41
ISLC ILO MILLI AN ot asissteosis seat ae ctietettebeath ont aon adaetecetoneat ac 43
ISAC IOC Ite Sere Eee Te a eR ee er 388
SEETCOTATIUS ONGICOUAUS ceccrecsccsnrcerenseersreesrininee 78

MICU OUSULACILS © Weick bin Napier (un ey Anh eee 127
ISUE TIVE SROMSUE IG Niet cstntatcsrstlseetinaestnssCaasesiees 8.5 be, 127,
ATAU ees en Rn I, AED Were
/OXOUOKOMISONGY, Ceeccsanecens) oereenerecece ae Be PAs woasH eb IWeAT)
Sitevoanate IMIS eR eRe ceeaageercattasstivet tt 97
SSSEOHE TUG CHE ICO I Uy etree relearn era angccr eneaescencie 2
OCCUDUCOMACULO LD |e cuehnescnetenrcccnnier As 3
SEGAETOMNYIGAE) Vee Oee ccc kl nee cael scorcersbeeutiy 40
SCeRMEL a NEO LEO ei tem nates atm. c Ma 57, 129
SGU TRC ee, ceal aig Me ee aaa aa alae ibs
DLP TUS OWL GNIS) (Ba iactunssesenccnssccttetepnceiae 129, 138

SUCK ers ray Wee ae eee ae eee ade 49

Summer records of the eastern evening
grosbeak (Hesperiphona vy. ves-

pertina) from Quebec, by Ray-

mond: \CayoOuette) fioe decent conan 134
Supplementary data concerning the

blue goose, by J. Dewey Soper ........ 110

Surnia ulula eaparoch
Swallow, Bank

Barn call atin
GT eee a aa stale Se Ne
Rou sh=wangedy esac ctsc ne eee
Te GEE UU Be Ee Ta
Swany Wihist limos si i aac Men aiteene ae
Sweet. Clover: a Wehdite cuneate enn
SMUD CUTTY neetrertn e
Symphoricarpos albus :
Sy rap red enh ee Os Cans ean era Raa Rl eeeesata
SYPDROCLOMUS NINTINIS 2 ane ater eee 43
GREET apn gwKe Fe VeUse teenie Vineet a ch del eee MeN Ree ee 40
Tabanus affinis 40
evelndnd Wale ia ee Sai ire eee 0 oes at ee 40
BOMAGSMANUOENIUS ari tee ee 88
TPOAMAGSCIUTUS RUASONACWS eeccccctecneccnsecemanien 88
WH OKOMBOTOSOS: ccosrttern. opereneesororroomccreceerteoresneteconcien 83
Tanager, Scarlet
Western: (ee Sk. eee
Taxidea taxus
taxus
Teal, Blue-winged
Gi TA TON eee steanrecteteceenesncrstees
Green-winged
Telmatodytes polustpisi aac ere cne es 128
Tendipedidae
TREMOIDE SF see a atenee cae te: Mec tera
Tenthredinidae
Tern, Arctic
Bache tee Me eee ee IN oc ee
COMMOTION ean ates ea
TH ORSTOL/S = scucuie niin Sark 6, 8, 538, 127
Testudimatay) ai Nala Sinch a Sa te iano 3
Testidimidacy ce: 2 elke ie ene ae ae 3
PECCAMOCETO | AES OS ee A EER MN eL wea eae 40
Pet rigndave si eOn eos ie RSs Alea Maren ae ncaa 44
REErIR ) SUBULLOUGY ace. Ge eee eles fae. 44.
TRAMNODRAS DUCLEIT Ne tasers te pack Pe cee cee 4
POLLO N i eect OC SE REY GOI RSet Se 49
SUTPLQLIS 1SUPLCLIS A ee ee oe 3
SQUTUEUS! SQUTIEUS anatase css tenner 3
Tharrnotettio CRIMMIAtUS crecsseneenenn ae Al
PR aurcatomyig WQlGO Ta Vee srccrscneatatsseenscssnaee 39
Thrasher, GB imo want sere laure ere 56, 128
Thrush, Grinnel]’s Water once 6
TV G@Y IMIG tae acct tatineatt ath ues 5, 6, 84a, 129
Oline-backed |i. camalaamernenetes 34a, 56, 129
Varied Bile
NEC of eT er ANay eee OM HL Neti acc Mali mince
DTV Kron ata Rae amupane ert te tae nT el COU
NALOOG! NOU RU eae ere
TREY DIICIUS roan ena ete
Mingtidae tcc. an ated
Tignes ie eee ees
Toad, Common
POW ler eee EN NR ear

November-Diecember, 1946]

Tomosvaryella
appendipes
coquilletti
TOVOTES COTUS Nts ch eat etess Rete ec ae nett 105
Fara RITE CLR i stihl ee tacte ute sneak liehsacN cance Meret Noe 105
Toner, G. C. :
Notes on the mammals of the lower
Chileotin River region, Cariboo Dist-
BR SaE UES es oes ash ace lacastast tt Eeraa eostacteseergpse 86
Plants of the lower Chilcotin River,
Cariboo District, British Columbia. ........... 106
PROORTTUS NUL CU DES. Saceescnnceiacticctteossseselponsscotgeegientbvorssne 53, 126
MRELANOLEWCUS ceerrvicssssssssssssssvsedesveeere 8, 58, 78, 126
PROTECT OG. eee el peek cet rastesees sossscnanticctee Boones 116
DRONE ATRCULC 22s font delanesececbcteanertasnecsucserbonteoess 26, 130
Northern Spotted Pe eos
BURGE 8c ocs dct caecemrul csonateepasa neh 21,22
IS 70s ZELC EES | gene ee VBA MUR sinter a 22
PRINS TOILET f LITO ose ccsesenpoccssnsstcvmarcncéveseteceence 56, 128
DFO DOTOI DT ALECMSUS «a sacccssecsssrscecssonnsscnsdtersorsenssintavs 106
WMA NSS 8. ashes, se uceantsatesadareigionnendivasneoserveisn 97
Trapper’s reccrd of animal abundance
in the Oba-Hearst area of Ont-
ario for the years 1931-1944, A,
fy Quimby Hs Ties! a ic ceca 31
Tb 5 MTA ATs A a I Sn NER ee en ea 40
DU tbe RO FT 0 asses ccatct cscs Als atbegastetcnesprapsiseeneores 44
DUT OR OMAULON WING, anntetsnscecennecutetectegesasenvtcteeer 136
DOD PONS OLOLOT UG assescseccsctscenceegeeeectece eee ne 538, 126
SU Grreecad AMET CLEA ee ot ccc etecnsccanatcevetsacseseeasttndes HiMieassoncnitl es)
Triturus Viridescens ViTtdesCens dresses 1
EUG UIGUOC ECS: LOUOI © soeicccicatSotecctsetuscusccsneceteen
Tryngites subruficollis
PUTIN OIL O'S OTTUU Yc. co tetexcsetcoerscsteds pecsoosecosantoseHeeins
RSETOSAI NMOS OL TOS | YL oi ieee alcctetcsessssreeteceesseenstin
TETYUDUOOTON. | ee a rR Rete ae
TUr dus MAIGVACOTIUS verses. BBWC edad aaegal td 9, 56, 128
RPA PONE EO TDLUNS wi Siete Nei corte ti octet 82
MRO TES Ce ce Non Disc ended 78, 81, 82
“LENS EURISHEYO AICS al BNET rear reeteet eeee sP e voe D2
EC bey ee ce eT TB oke L2G
Preeti MN TINS cae Access csanesastedeelcoroecStagnidesenpes 3
ISVS) Thee PaaS cea cae Ea eo A eae ene 4
(S ran 2) eh ofa a earns CUAL ne a tes
TSNOIETESTS! GTC) Rey Ir pra rae EaI nee Me aR rea 3
RO belie es enint teal ee EN PRS eos Si, 3
ISS etree WN POeTTT aT ESN o ks aoe rte eee ear nn 38
TESTO OL OURS BLY ROH (OLA) sy ie rr A 55, 128
EE POURUS ch tig SP Mert ca gt Aeration thecbons 55, 128
, as
CVOCYON CINETECOMTGENCCUS aissvrcssssreorssssssneesssonssersenes 45
GO IAGTER HSS A UU ROR Me A Ok ORE 46
GUEIVOQUSS, fas ees ctiesesccacteosth oe Birch target cane et 46
LSS pte os I EAE NORE RM aN alice BEY 87
Bad Vaal
VE SE TEE AU PIR SO anal A ro ee eM AED 129
Verbascum Thapsus
Vermavord, COLCA crererrssssesesnnen
DEIC OREN) aren ec crater ee tes scnstie, BoaircoPerttaey
Vertebrates, southern plains of Canada... 47
seem cc Sete ra Td AE AN ctaadecstepopacs
_Vespula maculata
vulgaris
Vireo giluus

olivaceus
solitarius

DROP epARapappesssrasaeapaaeegrenepepeeesesesenseseassesassanssansneer ee

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Vireo, Blue-headed

Philadehphiay res renee ee one

Red Cyed iia ain scenustesuesesoey 5, 6, 34a, 129
DOMME A Ach eet ean aie erm eee acne 34a
NIV EEW EL OUI AER ‘ee ccaeek eestor eee ats reek amianee Peat de 6, 129

Virginia Rail, Rallus limicola limicola
Vieillot, nesting in Alberta, by

DEN Die Repel oo Feel a AAR Mwy ABS CAN RD A 135
NOt aan! ARAN 2 aM Fat Mal Ce AW MDL aR bes vt 88
VALUES! flu Gee eros ee se ha aad ae 45, 87
MELO? COLO We wisen eae he ain oe ee ya cee 59
Vulture, Turkey ....... FERN Mi Seater MMe (oe St 50
ED, fale

Walker, E. M. and W. Sherwood Fox

Hieldvbineh an Ontario pees eee eee 90

Walkinshaw, Lawrence H.
—See Baker, Bernard W. and-Lawr-
encer EL. Walkitishh awe :..2y ona anime ate 5
Walrus, Atlantic
NVIEUIOIIE TI pte hess rc tn NON, OU ia See epee te
Warbler, Audubon’s
Black and White

Black-polled oeccccsecee

Black-throatediy see en atin

Black-throated) Blue nsen..s.sene eee 34a

i Gop tralte Vo re ante RPO CTA Aree Rea MEDS RO MOE tet

‘Chestnut-sided

Connecticut yee te ea ee een

Magno lias een Me ala ese

Mourning: 53.53 G20 a ae ee

Miyrtlerscancnin aoe

Neal Fasyallid oye ae es les eee

Orange-crowned

DLT ye Sine ceca ects ana een so ae 5, 34a

AParailleiiaecc) har senna

Jira e Gy alae Nie NCE

MRGTIMESSCON estate nee

Western Palm

Wali Oraee Piss See ea | Nea ee eae eae

BV ell Ow ee ee. 5,63; Dia. PEO isg
\Wramowiing:. Toner iam asus cetaceans 21, 129

CWedarie. ksi rae wy 18-20, 34a, 129
AVA eaV (=) SRA heh esa late UP an suena te rae 32, 87

Bomaparte: tra etait a aatid cae mcnenee eee 83

Wane sbailedit so oer Plena cepacia eae 58
NV ANT oN oe EUS er oe nls ace eae 84
Wiheat.Grasst Slendenis a2 eee ane 106
Wallet a Westen tc fated tannin 58, 126
Williams, M. Y.

-Notes on the vertebrates of the
southern plains of Canada, 1923-1926 .....47

VMTN ope EERO See en cctsercedapetnceeteasoeacereemomtnaich 106
Walon PUsil ba scecesescsssssssssessssssnssensasnssesencenneenssonnn 129
NGO paras vt Meal er act MH IDSPURAD Se aera eet 32, 87

WIT Gare uit rs Scala RO ieee hn tee 59
AUVio liens mere toe alles, ae wet Soe iene a ea 87
Woodpecker, American Three-toed «0+ 21

Arctic Three-toed ices 18-20, 34a

TOA et Gh ae epee cent 16-21, 34a, 128

Eastern American Three-toed ou... 81

@aimdnenzci ener neg nicer, Lape

lary ee eee 5, 6, 8, 16-21, 128

Harris’ DA ee

11-25 SSP teeta I aa RE er al7Are

Pileated 5, 6, 8, 18-22, 127

Red-headed ......:... PRE Ne oda HOPI vee eel a 55

150 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 60

VWrormmwoods PaStue nde ettsccssscecrcertuccstscr rs 106 Yellow-legs, Greater ............... 5, 6, 8, 58, 78, 126

NVinen Ouse! kao 6, 9, 34a, 56, 128 Pi@Ssere, i eRe irs Naan eee 6, 58, 126

Tong-billed! Miarsiy) ee eateries 22,128 Yellow-throat, Maryland. .....u 84a, 57, 129

Toco ean ea mane Pe Dod ark te dace 56, 128

Seattle Ma) | Me CW ei 21, 22 —Z—

\ WOM a0 6 Garren eerccrenten einer rosettes ceeeececetic PAN MYA AY OTIS ear Pe a Ree nen SER eee Ath 88

PWS OTAUS Bee see cass eecco naar goatee ete caleeaeeaee 88

—X— UR UIICE IIS Tasted Hecap etre otacapes eee eta hea ee tt 88

Xanthocephalus cxanthocephalus ovo. BT, 129, Zenatdara MACTOWNE vercrcnerecrirncnionetenrest a4) ATT

Lar
Yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus ameri-
canus (Linn.) in Manitoba, by
Tek SGN OMris Hs liye) ets sc sercrssscrtscctes 115

Zinck, M. N.
—See Senn, Harold A. and M. N. Zinck

ZONOETICHIG LEUCOPICT YS aoa cccersstetacesscttceteltoateres 130
LewWCODNTYS Mew teense ence 58, 78
QUENT UUGis echo eh aettend rt see gists 130, 133

eS utd

AFFILIATED

"NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
bade MANITOBA

fea at OFFICERS FOR. 1944-45
presale: Emeritus:

H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D.;
Honorary President: W. H. RAND; Past Presidents:
#H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D., V. W. JACKSON, M. Sc., —
aside GOLDEN (Dec.), C. W. LOWE, M.Sce., J. B. WALLIS,
MLA, A. A. MeCOUBREY, B.Sc. (Dec.), A. M. DAVID-
‘ae SON, N.D., R.A. WARDLE, M.8Sc., G. SHIRLEY BROOKS,
“ap OA. G. “LAWRENCE, B. W. CARTWRIGHT, L—T. 8:
- NORRIS- ELYE, B.A., P. H. STOKES, MRS. A, SIMPSON;
_ President: ‘ HAROLD MOSSOP; Vice-Presidents: L. W.
_KOSER, H. J.BRODIE, Ph.D.; Treasurer: G. SHIRLEY
; BROOKS; General Secretary : MISS M. F. PRATT;
Auditor: L. W. KOSER; Executive Secretary: MRS.
: A. H, SHORTT; Social Convenor : MRS. H. T. ROSS.

SECTIONS—
__- Ornithological: A. H. SHORTT, Chair.; W. ADAMS, Sec.
3 __ Entomological: W. C. McGUFFIN, M.S8c., Chair. ; R. LE-
_ JEUNE, M.S8c., Sec.. Botanical: H J. BRODIE, Ph.D.,

sony Chair. ; MRS. A. J. SEARLE, Sec.. Geological: W. S.
" _YARWOOD, M.Sc., Chair. ; MRS. R. K. HELYAR, Sec..
ey Mammalogical: J.D. SOPER, Chair.; L. T. S. NORRIS-
_ ELYE, B.A, Sec.; Microscopy: Zoology—R. A. WARDLE,
M.Sc. : Botany—C. W. ee M.Sc., Chair.; R. HADDOW,
i Sec.. Herpetology : MR . STEWART- HAY, "M. Sc. Chair. ;
; Ww. BLACK, Sec.

Meetings” are held each Mantiay evening, except on
holidays, from October to April, in the physics theatre
ee the University, Winnipeg. Field excursions are held
> at turday afternoon during May, June and Septem-
ber, and on public: putas during July and August.

oe DE DIRECTION — 1946 :
MARCEAU ; ler Vice-président :
; 2eme Vice-Président; DR. D. A.
aire-Trésorier: GEORGES A. LECLERC;
section scientifique: DR. VIGER PLAMONDON ;
sctien protection: IAN BREAKEY; Chef de
a information scientifique et pratique; DR.
@ RATTE: Chef de la section de propaganda
tee, gels: HUBERT DUCHENE. Directeurs - F. D.
- ROSS A C. DOBELL ROBERT HUNTER. J. C. PRICE.

L G 'ESSIER, REX MEREDITH, CHAS. A. DUMAS;
AHERN. Adresse du_ serrétaire-trésorier :
Leclerc, 85, des Franciscains St.. Quéhec, P. Q.

- TORONTO. FIELD-NATURALISTS’
is vee ee CLUB —

«OFFICERS for 1945-1946

MARY LIGHT: ‘Corresponding Secretary >
f PAYNE, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s
sident of Junior Club: MRS. J. W. BARFOOT:
of Junior Club: MRS. L. E. JAQUITH;
f Executive Council: JAS. L. BAILLIE, JR.,
W. W. BALDWIN, A. C._ CAMERON, MISS
ED CHUTE BROTHER DENIS, 0. E. DEVITT.
ay coils DR. MADELINE FRITZ, H. M
MARY KIRKWOOD, PROF. A. Pan
aN = GREER ROBERTS, H. i

8.15 p.m. on the first Monday of
‘om October to May at the Royal Ontario
ss otherwise announced. Field trips are
the spring and ‘autumn and on the second
eee month Marine, the wanton:

-SELWOOD, W.

SOCIETIES

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 1946-1947

Prisident: DR. NORMAN A. M. MacKENZIE, M.M.
B.A., LIM, L..B., Li.D.; Past President: IAN McTAG-
CHiRT COWAN, B.A., Ph.D.; President: A. H. BAIN;
Vice-s resident: J. J. PLOMMER; Corr. Secretary: A. R.
WOOTTON; Rec. Secretary: MISS STELLA BOYSE; Asst.
Secretary: F. TIMMIS; H. Treasurer: F. J. SANDFORD;
Librarian: MRS. F. MORGAN ; Chairmen of sections
Lytany - J. DAVIDSON, ELS., F.B.S.E.: Geology -
M. Y. WILLIAMS, B.Sc. Ph.D., F.GS.A.: Entomology -
A. R. WOOTTON: Ornithology SUE HOLMAN: Photo-
graphy - P. T. TIMMS: Mammalogy - Ian McT. COWAN,
B.A., Ph.D.: Marine Biology - R. W. PILLSBURY, M.A.:
Junior Section - MISS M. L. ELLIOTT: Additional
Members of Executive - MISS E. SUTHERLAND, C.
GOUGH, K. RACEY, G. R. WOOD. Auditors - H. G.
B. WOODS.

Hon.

All meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Sciences
Building, University of British Columbia, unless other
wise announced.

fcILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB
LONDON, ONT.

OFFICERS FOR 1946

President - DR. R. G. CUMMINGS, 429 -Oxford St.
Vice-Presideiit - MR. J. k, REYNOLDS, 912 Dufferin Ave.

Corr. Sec. & Treas. - Mrs. W. G. GIRLING,
530 English St.
Ree. Sec. - MR. ALAN LAUGHREY, 786 Wellington St.

MR. W. G. GIRLING,
530 English St

Programme Convenor - MRS. E. M. DALE, 297 Hyman St.
Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Public Librars

building on the second Monday of each month fror
Oetober to April.

Field trips are held during the spring and a specia'
»xcursion in September.

Migratory Bird Recorder -

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR
THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC.

DREVCERS FOR 1946 - 47

President: MRS. so Mcl. TERRILL; Vice-Presidents:
J Pp. ANGLIN and G. HARPER HALL; Treasurer: ASL
TRY: Seer tary: MISS R. S. ABBOTT; Committe: w. R.
RB. BER 2TRAM, J. A. DECARIE, DR. C. FRANKTON. Ww.
S. HART, MRS. C. L. HENDERSON, MISS G. HIBBARD,
FE A. @. JACKSON, A. R. LEPINGWELL, G. H. MONT.
COMURY, Ir, MISS L. MURPHY G. G. OMMANNEY,
Ww. W. RAWLINGS, MISS M. ROBINSON, J. A. ROL-
Lix>, MISS M. SEATH, L. MclI. TERRILL, V. C:
WY NE-EDWARDS.

Meetings held the second Monday of the month except
during summer.

Headquarters of the Soctety are:
REDPATH Museu Bird Room,
McGiL UNIVERSITY,
MontTREAL, P.Q.

BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND
MAMMAL SOCIETY

President: KENNETH RACEY: Vice-President H. M

LAING: Seeretarv: TAN MeT. COWAN, Dept. of
Zoology, ce of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C

| New, Era of ot ae
of Northern Cee
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AUTHORITATIVE
AN yee EES PRESEN

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Date Due

ERNST MAYR LIBRARY

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